diff --git a/-Cve_SI6LQs.txt b/-Cve_SI6LQs.txt
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+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you mentioned before like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mentioned before like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mentioned before like we're
+talking about Trump not only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Trump not only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Trump not only in the
+popular vote so how do you feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular vote so how do you feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular vote so how do you feel about
+our system of voting in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of voting in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system of voting in the United
+States versus like a preferential voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States versus like a preferential voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States versus like a preferential voting
+system well that's a kind of her it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well that's a kind of her it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well that's a kind of her it's a
+fact known among political scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact known among political scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact known among political scientists
+but not the population that the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not the population that the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not the population that the American
+political system is so regressive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political system is so regressive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political system is so regressive that
+it would not be accepted by the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not be accepted by the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not be accepted by the European
+Court of Justice literally the some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court of Justice literally the some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court of Justice literally the some of
+the East European states that have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East European states that have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East European states that have come
+into the European Union have proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the European Union have proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the European Union have proposed
+voting systems like the American one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting systems like the American one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting systems like the American one
+they're rejected because they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rejected because they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rejected because they're so
+undemocratic this goes back to the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undemocratic this goes back to the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undemocratic this goes back to the if
+you take a look at them we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at them we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at them we don't have
+any political parties in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any political parties in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any political parties in the United
+States remember they do in Europe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States remember they do in Europe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States remember they do in Europe a
+political you can't be a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political you can't be a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political you can't be a member of the
+Democratic Party what you can do is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic Party what you can do is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic Party what you can do is go
+into the voting booth and put an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the voting booth and put an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the voting booth and put an X
+somewhere that's your role as a citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that's your role as a citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that's your role as a citizen
+elite party managers set up the programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite party managers set up the programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elite party managers set up the programs
+and pretty much picked the can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much picked the can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much picked the can't you
+know they vet two candidates only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they vet two candidates only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they vet two candidates only
+certain ones get through when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ones get through when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ones get through when you get
+you look at a ballot it says Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a ballot it says Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a ballot it says Republican
+Democrat nothing else those are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democrat nothing else those are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democrat nothing else those are your
+choices so these are candidate producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so these are candidate producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so these are candidate producing
+machines the role of the citizen is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines the role of the citizen is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines the role of the citizen is to
+show up every couple of years and put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up every couple of years and put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up every couple of years and put in
+an X and then go home that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and then go home that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and then go home that's not
+democratic politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratic politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratic politics
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but that's a deeply ingrained system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a deeply ingrained system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a deeply ingrained system it
+comes out of the way the party system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the way the party system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the way the party system
+developed here in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed here in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed here in the 19th century
+post-civil war mainly so that's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-civil war mainly so that's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-civil war mainly so that's I mean
+these are really serious issues it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really serious issues it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really serious issues it makes
+it almost impossible for an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost impossible for an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost impossible for an independent
+party to participate and those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party to participate and those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party to participate and those things
+are not graven and stone you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not graven and stone you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not graven and stone you know they
+can all be changed earlier concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all be changed earlier concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all be changed earlier concerns
+about blacks in America well you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blacks in America well you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blacks in America well you go back
+to the slavery lasted until the Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slavery lasted until the Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slavery lasted until the Civil
+War and incidentally it was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and incidentally it was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War and incidentally it was the most
+vicious system of slavery in world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicious system of slavery in world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicious system of slavery in world
+history there was never anything like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history there was never anything like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history there was never anything like it
+slavery is bad enough but the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery is bad enough but the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery is bad enough but the American
+system was unique also the it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was unique also the it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was unique also the it's worth
+remembering that the slave system is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that the slave system is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that the slave system is the
+basis of our prosperity the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of our prosperity the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of our prosperity the main
+commodity in the early 19th century was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity in the early 19th century was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity in the early 19th century was
+cotton cotton was the fuel of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton cotton was the fuel of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton cotton was the fuel of the 19th
+century Industrial Revolution cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Industrial Revolution cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century Industrial Revolution cheap
+cotton led to the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton led to the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton led to the manufacturing
+industries in New England the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries in New England the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries in New England the early
+manufacturing at big manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing at big manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing at big manufacturing
+industries in Lowell and Lawrence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries in Lowell and Lawrence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries in Lowell and Lawrence for
+textiles led to the development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textiles led to the development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textiles led to the development of the
+financial system credit loans and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system credit loans and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system credit loans and so on
+was mostly for the cotton based system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mostly for the cotton based system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mostly for the cotton based system
+Sam in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam in England
+that's why Liverpool was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why Liverpool was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why Liverpool was one of the
+richest countries and then you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest countries and then you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest countries and then you know in
+the world where the slave cotton came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world where the slave cotton came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world where the slave cotton came in
+so cotton if you look at it was the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cotton if you look at it was the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cotton if you look at it was the base
+real basis right through the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real basis right through the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real basis right through the 19th
+century for commercial and industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century for commercial and industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century for commercial and industrial
+development and was based on extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and was based on extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and was based on extremely
+cheap and highly productive labor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and highly productive labor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and highly productive labor the
+productivity of labour was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity of labour was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity of labour was
+improved by technology but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved by technology but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved by technology but the
+technology was very simple it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was very simple it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was very simple it was the
+whip and the pistol that's all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whip and the pistol that's all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whip and the pistol that's all you
+needed to improve technology the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to improve technology the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to improve technology the whole
+story is unbelievably hideous when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is unbelievably hideous when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is unbelievably hideous when you
+look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it
+okay theoretically it ended it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay theoretically it ended it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay theoretically it ended it was the
+Emancipation Declaration but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emancipation Declaration but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emancipation Declaration but that was
+only theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only theoretical
+there was a 10-year period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 10-year period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 10-year period of
+reconstruction in which federal troops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction in which federal troops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction in which federal troops
+were in the South Union troops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the South Union troops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the South Union troops and
+that's one of the decades in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the decades in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the decades in which
+African Americans had a small chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Americans had a small chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African Americans had a small chance to
+get into the system and they did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the system and they did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the system and they did they
+were elected they were there were people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were elected they were there were people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were elected they were there were people
+running towns and legislatures there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running towns and legislatures there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running towns and legislatures there was
+a bit of Economic Development and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of Economic Development and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of Economic Development and so on
+it ended in 1877 with the north-south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ended in 1877 with the north-south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ended in 1877 with the north-south
+compact that essentially let the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact that essentially let the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact that essentially let the South
+free to do whatever it wanted so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to do whatever it wanted so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to do whatever it wanted so what
+they did was reinstituted slavery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was reinstituted slavery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was reinstituted slavery
+literally in fact the main book on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in fact the main book on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in fact the main book on this
+is called slavery by another name wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called slavery by another name wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called slavery by another name wall
+street journal' the bureau chief who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street journal' the bureau chief who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street journal' the bureau chief who
+studied it in some depth I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it in some depth I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it in some depth I mean
+scholarship that known at the wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship that known at the wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship that known at the wrote a
+good popular book about it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good popular book about it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good popular book about it and what
+happened was black life was criminalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was black life was criminalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was black life was criminalized
+so if a black man is standing on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a black man is standing on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a black man is standing on a
+street corner he can be charged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street corner he can be charged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street corner he can be charged with
+vagrancy and given a fine which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagrancy and given a fine which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagrancy and given a fine which you
+can't pay so he's in jail forever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pay so he's in jail forever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't pay so he's in jail forever and
+the black man look something says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black man look something says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black man look something says
+somebody looked at a white woman okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody looked at a white woman okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody looked at a white woman okay
+he's in charge he's charged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in charge he's charged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's in charge he's charged with
+attempted rape was in jail for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted rape was in jail for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted rape was in jail for the rest
+of his life pretty soon most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his life pretty soon most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his life pretty soon most of the
+black male population was in jail that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black male population was in jail that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black male population was in jail that's
+a wonderful slave labor force from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful slave labor force from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful slave labor force from the
+point of view of the capitalist it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the capitalist it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of the capitalist it's
+much better than slavery because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than slavery because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than slavery because you
+don't have to sustain your workforce if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to sustain your workforce if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to sustain your workforce if
+you have slaves you have to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have slaves you have to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have slaves you have to keep them
+alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive
+if it's a prison population the taxpayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a prison population the taxpayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a prison population the taxpayer
+keeps them alive you just get the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps them alive you just get the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps them alive you just get the profit
+and a large part of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a large part of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a large part of the second
+wave of industrialization in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of industrialization in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of industrialization in the United
+States was based on that mining steel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was based on that mining steel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was based on that mining steel so
+on used essentially incarcerated slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on used essentially incarcerated slave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on used essentially incarcerated slave
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+I mean we're familiar with the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're familiar with the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're familiar with the chain
+gangs because you see them you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangs because you see them you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangs because you see them you know the
+AG work we don't see them but you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG work we don't see them but you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG work we don't see them but you didn't
+see them the agricultural workers but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them the agricultural workers but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them the agricultural workers but it
+was happening all over the economy well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening all over the economy well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening all over the economy well
+that lasted almost until the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lasted almost until the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lasted almost until the Second
+World War and now we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War and now we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War and now we have another
+version of it you know the high end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it you know the high end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it you know the high end
+partially massive incarceration since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially massive incarceration since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially massive incarceration since
+the Reagan years kind of reconstituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Reagan years kind of reconstituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Reagan years kind of reconstituted
+that in many ways well all of this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many ways well all of this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in many ways well all of this has
+to do with voting these people our vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with voting these people our vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with voting these people our vote
+what's more we have very harsh voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more we have very harsh voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more we have very harsh voting
+laws people convicted of what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws people convicted of what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws people convicted of what's called a
+felony which could be you know being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felony which could be you know being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felony which could be you know being
+caught with pot three times or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught with pot three times or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught with pot three times or something
+they don't vote anymore they're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't vote anymore they're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't vote anymore they're out of
+the system and this is a big part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and this is a big part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and this is a big part of it
+both of their families are destroyed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of their families are destroyed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of their families are destroyed so
+they know you know they live in I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know you know they live in I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know you know they live in I mean I
+once took a walk through and it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once took a walk through and it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once took a walk through and it with a
+sociologist friend through studies these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist friend through studies these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist friend through studies these
+things and through an area of the Bronx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and through an area of the Bronx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and through an area of the Bronx
+which I happen to know from childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I happen to know from childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I happen to know from childhood
+just a lot of my family lived there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lot of my family lived there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a lot of my family lived there
+these to be immigrant communities poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to be immigrant communities poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to be immigrant communities poor
+communities they were but now they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities they were but now they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities they were but now they've
+been gentrified you know high-rises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been gentrified you know high-rises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been gentrified you know high-rises and
+so on a night I asked asked this woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on a night I asked asked this woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on a night I asked asked this woman
+sociologist from Columbia what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist from Columbia what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist from Columbia what happened
+to the people and she said well the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the people and she said well the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the people and she said well the men
+are in jail and upstate New York and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in jail and upstate New York and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in jail and upstate New York and the
+women and children sort of followed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and children sort of followed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and children sort of followed them
+so they can visit them on Sunday you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can visit them on Sunday you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can visit them on Sunday you
+know so they're in upstate New York and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they're in upstate New York and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so they're in upstate New York and
+now the rich people live here things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rich people live here things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rich people live here things
+like captain that is happening in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like captain that is happening in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like captain that is happening in South
+Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+we've seen it you know in my lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen it you know in my lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen it you know in my lifetime
+that's happening all over the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening all over the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening all over the country
+these are things that are going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things that are going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are things that are going on
+constantly right in front of our eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly right in front of our eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly right in front of our eyes
+and voting sure it's knocking a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voting sure it's knocking a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voting sure it's knocking a large
+part of the population out of the voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the population out of the voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the population out of the voting
+list along with by now as I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list along with by now as I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list along with by now as I'm sure you
+know the Republicans particularly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Republicans particularly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Republicans particularly are
+dedicated to trying to reduce the vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to trying to reduce the vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to trying to reduce the vote
+because the more people vote the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more people vote the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more people vote the more
+trouble they're in so you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble they're in so you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble they're in so you have all these
+ludicrous Jeff Sessions the Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ludicrous Jeff Sessions the Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ludicrous Jeff Sessions the Department
+of Justice head at the part of Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Justice head at the part of Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Justice head at the part of Justice
+is now in charge of trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now in charge of trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now in charge of trying to figure out
+ways to what they call prevent voter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to what they call prevent voter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to what they call prevent voter
+fraud there's virtually no voter fraud I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud there's virtually no voter fraud I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud there's virtually no voter fraud I
+mean so miniscule it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so miniscule it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so miniscule it's difficult
+undetectable but that claim to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectable but that claim to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetectable but that claim to try to
+readjust voting so that you can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readjust voting so that you can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readjust voting so that you can keep
+poor and black people out like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and black people out like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor and black people out like the
+United States is the French election if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is the French election if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is the French election if
+you noticed was on Sunday there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you noticed was on Sunday there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you noticed was on Sunday there's a good
+reason for that Sunday people are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that Sunday people are free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that Sunday people are free
+so they can go in the vote here it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can go in the vote here it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can go in the vote here it's on
+a work day making it hard to vote except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work day making it hard to vote except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a work day making it hard to vote except
+for the rich they can do it easily if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rich they can do it easily if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rich they can do it easily if
+you're an executive you know leave your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an executive you know leave your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an executive you know leave your
+office your college professor mean take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office your college professor mean take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office your college professor mean take
+off you know but for a lot of people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you know but for a lot of people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you know but for a lot of people you
+just can't vote on a work day and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't vote on a work day and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't vote on a work day and there
+are all sorts of other rules now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of other rules now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all sorts of other rules now you
+have to have a driver's license photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a driver's license photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a driver's license photo
+IDs a lot of people don't have that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs a lot of people don't have that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs a lot of people don't have that okay
+people and all kind of along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and all kind of along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and all kind of along with the
+gerrymandering which is by no joke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerrymandering which is by no joke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gerrymandering which is by no joke the
+many devices are being used to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many devices are being used to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many devices are being used to try to
+prevent the limited democratic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the limited democratic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the limited democratic system
+from functioning but again all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from functioning but again all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from functioning but again all of this
+can be changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger gains have been won in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean look at what just take that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean look at what just take that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean look at what just take that I
+forget blacks think about women I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget blacks think about women I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget blacks think about women I mean
+if you go back to the early days of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the early days of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the early days of the
+Republic the women were not considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic the women were not considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic the women were not considered
+people literally they were property in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people literally they were property in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people literally they were property in
+our constitutional system in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constitutional system in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constitutional system in the early
+days a woman is the property of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days a woman is the property of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days a woman is the property of her
+father which is transferred over to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father which is transferred over to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father which is transferred over to her
+husband then she's his property in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband then she's his property in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband then she's his property in fact
+if you take a look at the early debates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a look at the early debates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a look at the early debates
+about whether women should be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether women should be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether women should be allowed to
+vote one of the arguments against it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote one of the arguments against it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote one of the arguments against it was
+that it would be unfair to unmarried men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be unfair to unmarried men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be unfair to unmarried men
+because a married man would have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a married man would have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a married man would have two
+votes his own both in the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes his own both in the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes his own both in the properties
+vote and this lasted for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote and this lasted for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote and this lasted for a long time
+until pretty recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until pretty recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until pretty recently
+it wasn't until 1975 it's not that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't until 1975 it's not that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't until 1975 it's not that far
+back that women had a right to serve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that women had a right to serve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that women had a right to serve on
+federal juries meaning being treated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal juries meaning being treated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal juries meaning being treated as
+peers that's a half the population it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers that's a half the population it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers that's a half the population it's
+not african-americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not african-americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not african-americans
+it's been a long way to go to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a long way to go to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a long way to go to achieve
+some kind of real right and a lot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of real right and a lot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of real right and a lot has
+been achieved a lot of victories sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been achieved a lot of victories sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been achieved a lot of victories sign of
+where you can go there's a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can go there's a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can go there's a lot of things
+we take for granted we just didn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take for granted we just didn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take for granted we just didn't exist
+years back I would say take this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years back I would say take this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years back I would say take this class
+when I came to MIT in 1955 it was white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I came to MIT in 1955 it was white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I came to MIT in 1955 it was white
+males period well dress ties and jackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males period well dress ties and jackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males period well dress ties and jackets
+deferential figure homework that was MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferential figure homework that was MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deferential figure homework that was MIT
+that's not what it is no that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what it is no that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what it is no that didn't
+happen that way but changed by magic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-M8swpL-Ij8.txt b/-M8swpL-Ij8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c910144c2fbd0a064994d82b682c44fa3677033c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-M8swpL-Ij8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'd like to examine the motion of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to examine the motion of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to examine the motion of two
+particles here's particle 1 and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles here's particle 1 and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles here's particle 1 and here's
+particle 2 and each particle can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 2 and each particle can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 2 and each particle can have
+some motion in between them is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motion in between them is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some motion in between them is the
+center of mass and what we'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and what we'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass and what we'd like to do
+is figure out how to describe the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out how to describe the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out how to describe the motion
+of each of these particles with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these particles with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these particles with respect
+to the center of mass so let's choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center of mass so let's choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center of mass so let's choose
+some coordinate system origin down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coordinate system origin down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coordinate system origin down here
+here's our particle R 1 here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our particle R 1 here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our particle R 1 here's our
+particle R 2 and here is our center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle R 2 and here is our center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle R 2 and here is our center of
+mass now in the reference frame of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass now in the reference frame of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass now in the reference frame of the
+center of mass we have position vector R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass we have position vector R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass we have position vector R
+1 prime and we have position vector R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 prime and we have position vector R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 prime and we have position vector R 2
+prime and what we'd like to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and what we'd like to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and what we'd like to do is find
+expressions for R 1 prime in our 2 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for R 1 prime in our 2 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for R 1 prime in our 2 prime
+in terms of the positions of R 1 and R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the positions of R 1 and R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the positions of R 1 and R 2
+now we're call that the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're call that the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're call that the position of the
+center of mass for this two body problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass for this two body problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass for this two body problem
+is given by M 2 m 1 R 1 plus M 2 R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by M 2 m 1 R 1 plus M 2 R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by M 2 m 1 R 1 plus M 2 R 2
+divided by the total mass and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total mass and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the total mass and here we
+use the vector triangle that R 1 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the vector triangle that R 1 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the vector triangle that R 1 prime
+equals R 1 minus our center of mass now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R 1 minus our center of mass now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R 1 minus our center of mass now
+remember this vector is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this vector is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this vector is equal to this
+vector minus that vector sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector minus that vector sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector minus that vector sometimes
+people like to say the vector R 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to say the vector R 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to say the vector R 1 is
+equal to R plus R prime and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R plus R prime and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to R plus R prime and that's how
+we get that relationship now we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that relationship now we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that relationship now we can use
+our result here that R 1 prime is R 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our result here that R 1 prime is R 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our result here that R 1 prime is R 1
+minus m1 r1 plus m2 r2 divided by m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m1 r1 plus m2 r2 divided by m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m1 r1 plus m2 r2 divided by m1
+plus m2 and when we combine terms let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 and when we combine terms let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 and when we combine terms let's
+just do this so you can see it R 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this so you can see it R 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this so you can see it R 1 minus
+m1 r1 plus m2 r2 divided by the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 r1 plus m2 r2 divided by the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 r1 plus m2 r2 divided by the total
+mass we now have the m1 r1 terms cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we now have the m1 r1 terms cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we now have the m1 r1 terms cancel
+and we have a common m2 over m1 plus m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a common m2 over m1 plus m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a common m2 over m1 plus m2
+times r1 minus r2 now r1 minus r2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times r1 minus r2 now r1 minus r2 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times r1 minus r2 now r1 minus r2 is a
+vector that goes from here's R 1 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that goes from here's R 1 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that goes from here's R 1 here's
+R 2 so the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r1 - r2 is the relative position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 - r2 is the relative position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 - r2 is the relative position of
+vector 1 with respect to 2 and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 with respect to 2 and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 with respect to 2 and let's
+give that a special name we'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a special name we'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a special name we'll call that
+r12 the relative position vector so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r12 the relative position vector so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r12 the relative position vector so we
+have m2 over m1 plus m2 r12 is r1 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m2 over m1 plus m2 r12 is r1 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m2 over m1 plus m2 r12 is r1 prime
+now you can easily see that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can easily see that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can easily see that if you
+interchange the indices 1 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the indices 1 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the indices 1 & 2
+the only thing that changes here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that changes here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that changes here is a
+sign and if we interchange 1 & 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and if we interchange 1 & 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and if we interchange 1 & 2 and
+this is an exercise that you can do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exercise that you can do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exercise that you can do then
+r2 prime is minus m1 I'm interchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 prime is minus m1 I'm interchanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 prime is minus m1 I'm interchanging
+the Innis indices the minus sign came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innis indices the minus sign came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Innis indices the minus sign came
+from the interchange of 1 & 2 and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the interchange of 1 & 2 and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the interchange of 1 & 2 and so we
+get M 1 over m 1 plus M 2 with the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get M 1 over m 1 plus M 2 with the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get M 1 over m 1 plus M 2 with the minus
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+r12 now what is the significance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r12 now what is the significance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r12 now what is the significance of this
+result if you know the position of r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result if you know the position of r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result if you know the position of r1
+and r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r2
+you know the relative velocity if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the relative velocity if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the relative velocity if you
+have information about this relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have information about this relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have information about this relative
+position if you know the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if you know the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if you know the relative
+position vector then you can separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector then you can separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector then you can separately
+get the locations of the two objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the locations of the two objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the locations of the two objects in
+the center-of-mass frame now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center-of-mass frame now this
+quantity in here will appear often and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in here will appear often and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in here will appear often and
+I'd like to introduce a new quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to introduce a new quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to introduce a new quantity
+called the reduced mass and that reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the reduced mass and that reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the reduced mass and that reduced
+mass mu is the product of m1 m2 over m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass mu is the product of m1 m2 over m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass mu is the product of m1 m2 over m1
+plus m2 it's a simple exercise to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 it's a simple exercise to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2 it's a simple exercise to see
+that 1 over mu is 1 over m 1 plus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1 over mu is 1 over m 1 plus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1 over mu is 1 over m 1 plus 1 over
+m + 2 and we'll encounter that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m + 2 and we'll encounter that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m + 2 and we'll encounter that a little
+bit later then I can write both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later then I can write both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later then I can write both of these
+vectors and this is our conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and this is our conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and this is our conclusion that
+r1 prime is the reduced mass notice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 prime is the reduced mass notice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 prime is the reduced mass notice we
+have an M 2 here so we have to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an M 2 here so we have to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an M 2 here so we have to divide by
+m 1 times the vector R 1 2 and our 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 1 times the vector R 1 2 and our 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m 1 times the vector R 1 2 and our 2
+prime is - the reduced mass again we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is - the reduced mass again we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is - the reduced mass again we now
+have to divide by M 2 and you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide by M 2 and you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide by M 2 and you see this
+nice symmetry of M 1 and 1/2 + 2 R 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice symmetry of M 1 and 1/2 + 2 R 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice symmetry of M 1 and 1/2 + 2 R 1
+and that's our key result
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-QcPo_DWJk4.txt b/-QcPo_DWJk4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08375c64789934d9f9fec8e17473f9f79724e63c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-QcPo_DWJk4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4360 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh feel free to populate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh feel free to populate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh feel free to populate the
+front row I'm not that scary but okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front row I'm not that scary but okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front row I'm not that scary but okay so
+today we're going to look at more greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to look at more greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to look at more greedy
+algorithms so I think you went over scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so I think you went over scal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so I think you went over scal
+lgorithm and how you do the sorting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lgorithm and how you do the sorting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lgorithm and how you do the sorting and
+sort in the lecture so so going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in the lecture so so going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in the lecture so so going back to
+make change from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make change from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make change from last
+recitation uh so this is like sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh so this is like sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh so this is like sort of a
+variant on that so instead of discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant on that so instead of discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant on that so instead of discrete
+coins we now have continuous coins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins we now have continuous coins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins we now have continuous coins in
+the sense of so like the analogy here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of so like the analogy here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense of so like the analogy here is
+let's say you have n metals and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have n metals and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have n metals and each of
+the metals has zump value given by CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals has zump value given by CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metals has zump value given by CI
+dollars per kilogram or whatever units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per kilogram or whatever units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per kilogram or whatever units
+you prefer and you want to achieve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer and you want to achieve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer and you want to achieve some
+value T you want to give someone t worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value T you want to give someone t worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value T you want to give someone t worth
+of metal and you want to do this while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal and you want to do this while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metal and you want to do this while
+minimizing oh so I should mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing oh so I should mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing oh so I should mention this
+Ki is the weight of every metal that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki is the weight of every metal that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki is the weight of every metal that you
+will give this give give to the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give this give give to the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give this give give to the person
+so you're taking Ki of metal I and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're taking Ki of metal I and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're taking Ki of metal I and you
+are going to and you have to ensure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to and you have to ensure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to and you have to ensure so
+basically you have to ensure that Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have to ensure that Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have to ensure that Su
+summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of
+Ki CI overall I is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki CI overall I is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki CI overall I is equal to
+T and in doing so you want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and in doing so you want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and in doing so you want to minimize
+the summation overall Ki so that Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation overall Ki so that Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation overall Ki so that Mak
+sense so you have bunch of metal some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you have bunch of metal some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so you have bunch of metal some of
+them are more expensive than others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are more expensive than others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are more expensive than others and
+you want to measure them out and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure them out and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to measure them out and give
+someone a certain fixed value so anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone a certain fixed value so anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone a certain fixed value so anyone
+have any ideas how to do this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be should should be the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be should should be the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be should should be the first thing that
+comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to
+mind so you have a bunch of metals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so you have a bunch of metals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so you have a bunch of metals some
+of them with certain costs and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them with certain costs and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them with certain costs and you're
+trying to uh create a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh create a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh create a value
+T and so which metal would you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so which metal would you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so which metal would you want to
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+so okay it should seem intuitive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay it should seem intuitive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay it should seem intuitive that
+you want to pick if you want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pick if you want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pick if you want to minimize
+the weight of the metal you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the metal you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the metal you would want
+to pick the the most expensive one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick the the most expensive one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick the the most expensive one per
+weight right so let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight right so let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight right so let's start by
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+by CI and we want to sort it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by CI and we want to sort it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by CI and we want to sort it in
+decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+order does that make sense so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order does that make sense so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order does that make sense so if you
+have the most expensive metal you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most expensive metal you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most expensive metal you want
+to use the as much of that as you can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the as much of that as you can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the as much of that as you can so
+that your weight is minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your weight is minimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your weight is minimized
+so once you sort by CI so let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you sort by CI so let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you sort by CI so let's say you
+have your costs right now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your costs right now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your costs right now are
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh let's call this some C1 C2 up to CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call this some C1 C2 up to CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call this some C1 C2 up to CN
+and these are in sorted order so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are in sorted order so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are in sorted order so it's
+increasing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this
+way so now you use so you now take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so now you use so you now take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so now you use so you now take your
+value T and you look at T by C1 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value T and you look at T by C1 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value T and you look at T by C1 and that
+that is the amount of weight you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the amount of weight you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the amount of weight you would
+need to generate T so you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to generate T so you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to generate T so you look at uh
+look at how much how much you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how much how much you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how much how much you have here
+so the amount of metal oh so constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount of metal oh so constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount of metal oh so constraint
+I forgot to mention you are given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot to mention you are given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot to mention you are given a
+limited amount of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of every
+metal okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal okay that
+that's that's okay that that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's okay that that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's okay that that it's not
+that trivial all right so you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trivial all right so you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trivial all right so you have uh
+let's mention that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's mention that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's mention that so you
+have so use notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay does that make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make more
+sense so so you look at T over C and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so so you look at T over C and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so so you look at T over C and if
+T over CI is uh lessor is uh greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over CI is uh lessor is uh greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over CI is uh lessor is uh greater
+than w i then you just use the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than w i then you just use the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than w i then you just use the amount
+amount you need to construct wi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you need to construct wi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you need to construct wi and
+you're done otherwise you use all of C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done otherwise you use all of C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done otherwise you use all of C1
+CI so if it is if it's less than W uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI so if it is if it's less than W uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CI so if it is if it's less than W uh in
+that case you uh sorry other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you uh sorry other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you uh sorry other way around
+if it's great than wi you use all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's great than wi you use all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's great than wi you use all you
+use all of it and then you move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all of it and then you move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all of it and then you move on to
+the next one and next one and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and next one and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and next one and so on so
+that seems like pretty intuitive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like pretty intuitive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like pretty intuitive uh
+let's actually do a formal proof of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually do a formal proof of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually do a formal proof of that
+so how you go about proving this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how you go about proving this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how you go about proving this is that
+so let's say so it's like called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say so it's like called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say so it's like called the
+current base method so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current base method so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current base method so basically what
+you have is let's say you're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is let's say you're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is let's say you're not using
+the most expensive metal you have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most expensive metal you have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most expensive metal you have at
+this point so let's say your most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so let's say your most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so let's say your most
+expensive metal has cost CI but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive metal has cost CI but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive metal has cost CI but instead
+you decide to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to use
+CJ so let's say you decide to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ so let's say you decide to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ so let's say you decide to use
+some KJ amount of CJ so the so the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some KJ amount of CJ so the so the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some KJ amount of CJ so the so the value
+you're getting from this is uh CJ KJ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from this is uh CJ KJ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from this is uh CJ KJ and
+instead if you use CI how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if you use CI how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if you use CI how much how much
+metal would you need to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal would you need to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal would you need to get the same
+value you would need CJ KJ over CI does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you would need CJ KJ over CI does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you would need CJ KJ over CI does
+that make sense so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense so this is this is the
+value you would obtain by using kjams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you would obtain by using kjams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you would obtain by using kjams of
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+metal so if you instead use this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so if you instead use this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so if you instead use this one
+You' get this value and since you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' get this value and since you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' get this value and since you so
+this was this was the most expensive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was the most expensive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was the most expensive one
+since CI is greater greater than CJ this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since CI is greater greater than CJ this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since CI is greater greater than CJ this
+value so this value is less than KJ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so this value is less than KJ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so this value is less than KJ so
+by using this metal instead of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this metal instead of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this metal instead of that one
+you are decreasing the amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are decreasing the amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are decreasing the amount of the
+weight you would need so your so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you would need so your so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you would need so your so your
+minimization goes down sense so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization goes down sense so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization goes down sense so that's
+like a very simple greedy algorithm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple greedy algorithm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple greedy algorithm it's
+and it's like the logorithm is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like the logorithm is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like the logorithm is exactly
+what you would expect and the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would expect and the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would expect and the proof
+isn't very hard so let's move on to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't very hard so let's move on to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't very hard so let's move on to a
+more slightly more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slightly more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slightly more interesting
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+let's Okay so this is process scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Okay so this is process scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's Okay so this is process scheduling
+so let's say you have a computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you have a computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you have a computer and
+you're running end processes and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running end processes and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running end processes and each of
+the processes has a time uh T1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes has a time uh T1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes has a time uh T1 through
+TN so V processes and you want to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so V processes and you want to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN so V processes and you want to order
+them in some way so first you will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in some way so first you will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in some way so first you will do
+process P1 then you'll do process P2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process P1 then you'll do process P2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process P1 then you'll do process P2 and
+so on and so forth uh then you define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth uh then you define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth uh then you define a
+completion time so completion time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time so completion time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time so completion time is
+simply when does process I end so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply when does process I end so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply when does process I end so when
+does process I end you just P1 plus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does process I end you just P1 plus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does process I end you just P1 plus P
+like the time for P1 plus time P2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the time for P1 plus time P2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the time for P1 plus time P2 up to
+the PN so basically you have all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PN so basically you have all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PN so basically you have all your
+processes so let's say this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so let's say this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so let's say this is this is
+P1 this is P2 and so on and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 this is P2 and so on and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 this is P2 and so on and the
+completion time for a certain process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time for a certain process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time for a certain process in
+the middle is just the sum of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle is just the sum of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle is just the sum of all the
+times before it that's completion time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before it that's completion time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times before it that's completion time
+and now what you want to do is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what you want to do is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what you want to do is you want
+to minimize the average completion time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the average completion time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the average completion time
+which is summation over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is summation over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is summation over all the
+completion times over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion times over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion times over
+n so any ideas what an algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so any ideas what an algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so any ideas what an algorithm for
+this would look like so essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like so essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like so essentially you
+want to minimize the sum of like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the sum of like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize the sum of like all
+these times so all these times you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these times so all these times you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these times so all these times you want
+to minimize the average of these so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the average of these so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the average of these so what
+do you want to do do you want to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to do do you want to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to do do you want to shift
+the slower shift the like the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slower shift the like the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slower shift the like the process
+take more time do you want to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more time do you want to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more time do you want to keep them
+to the end or do you want to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end or do you want to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end or do you want to keep them
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning so if you have like a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so if you have like a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so if you have like a bunch of
+small processes what do you do them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small processes what do you do them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small processes what do you do them at
+the end what do you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is comp so completion time is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is comp so completion time is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is comp so completion time is when
+does so let's say this is process pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so let's say this is process pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so let's say this is process pi and
+completion time for process Pi is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time for process Pi is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time for process Pi is like
+this distance like when does Pi get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance like when does Pi get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance like when does Pi get
+completed so it's summation of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed so it's summation of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed so it's summation of all the
+times so the time taken from P1 P2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so the time taken from P1 P2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so the time taken from P1 P2 up to
+so so you want to basically minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you want to basically minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you want to basically minimize the
+average of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of these
+values so would you put the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so would you put the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so would you put the smaller
+process would you put the shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process would you put the shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process would you put the shorter
+process at the end or at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the end or at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the end or at the beginning
+which one which one would decrease your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one which one would decrease your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one which one would decrease your
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+beginning makes sense right okay so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning makes sense right okay so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning makes sense right okay so yeah
+that makes sense so you basically want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so you basically want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense so you basically want
+to like scrunch these lines towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like scrunch these lines towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like scrunch these lines towards the
+beginning so your average is smaller uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so your average is smaller uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so your average is smaller uh
+note that this this this total this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this this this total this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this this this total this
+total length is always the constant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total length is always the constant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total length is always the constant it's
+like summation overall ti so anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like summation overall ti so anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like summation overall ti so anyway so
+let's go about so okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go about so okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go about so okay this is a
+strategy uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy uh again
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+TI and this is increasing order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI and this is increasing order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI and this is increasing order and
+that's it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it basically
+so this is your algorithm start by TI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your algorithm start by TI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your algorithm start by TI
+and put use the processing in that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put use the processing in that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put use the processing in that order
+so let's try to prove this so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to prove this so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try to prove this so the way
+you prove this is a pretty generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove this is a pretty generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prove this is a pretty generic
+method which is often used to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is often used to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is often used to prove
+algorithms so let's say that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so let's say that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so let's say that this is not
+the optimal let's say someone comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal let's say someone comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal let's say someone comes up
+to you and tells you okay I have I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and tells you okay I have I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and tells you okay I have I have
+a better I have a better sequence I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better I have a better sequence I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better I have a better sequence I have
+a sequence let's say called let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence let's say called let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence let's say called let's say I
+have a sequence of P1 to PN and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of P1 to PN and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of P1 to PN and that
+sequence does better than a sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does better than a sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does better than a sorted order
+so you're like okay so if if this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like okay so if if this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like okay so if if this is not
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+sorted uh then you have some elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted uh then you have some elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted uh then you have some elements in
+the middle let's say you call them pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle let's say you call them pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle let's say you call them pi
+is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ
+where PJ uh with I is less than J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where PJ uh with I is less than J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where PJ uh with I is less than J so
+there's some Pi here there's some PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Pi here there's some PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Pi here there's some PJ
+here such that this is greater than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that this is greater than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that this is greater than that
+so it's not it's not in SED order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it's not in SED order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not it's not in SED order so
+like you can always find a pair like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can always find a pair like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can always find a pair like
+that so now I'm going to now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I'm going to now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I'm going to now I'm going
+to claim that if you swap if you swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to claim that if you swap if you swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to claim that if you swap if you swap
+these two values so you swap pi and PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two values so you swap pi and PJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two values so you swap pi and PJ
+that'll actually decrease whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll actually decrease whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll actually decrease whatever
+current complet average completion time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current complet average completion time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current complet average completion time
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have so you have so initially you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you have so initially you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you have so initially you had
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+so U let's not draw the whole L there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U let's not draw the whole L there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U let's not draw the whole L there so
+let's say you had something like uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you had something like uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you had something like uh you
+had this process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this process so
+Pi actually this is the big process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi actually this is the big process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi actually this is the big process
+right so like this is pi and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like this is pi and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like this is pi and this is
+PJ and now I'm saying that and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ and now I'm saying that and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ and now I'm saying that and they have
+some stuff in the middle and my CL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff in the middle and my CL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff in the middle and my CL is
+that no this is not this is not optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no this is not this is not optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no this is not this is not optimal
+you would do much better if you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do much better if you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do much better if you move the
+PJ over here so you want to go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ over here so you want to go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ over here so you want to go from this
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+this and big process so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and big process so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and big process so let's see what
+what changes when you go from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what changes when you go from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what changes when you go from there to
+there so first of all observe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so first of all observe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so first of all observe that the
+completion times of everything behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion times of everything behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion times of everything behind
+this is the same they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same they all have the same
+completion nothing is affected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion nothing is affected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion nothing is affected and
+you're only changing like these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only changing like these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only changing like these two
+things like everything after this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like everything after this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like everything after this is
+also the same has the same completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same has the same completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the same has the same completion
+time so the only things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the only things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the only things that are
+changing are this one this one and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing are this one this one and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing are this one this one and all
+the ones up to this one even this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones up to this one even this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones up to this one even this one
+has the same completion time make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same completion time make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same completion time make sense
+so how much is this changing by let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much is this changing by let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much is this changing by let's
+define let's say so let's define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define let's say so let's define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define let's say so let's define this
+Delta is equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is equal to T
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Pi minus t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi minus t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi minus t of
+PJ so the difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ so the difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ so the difference between these two
+processes so what is the so the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so what is the so the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so what is the so the original
+completion time was of Pi was this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time was of Pi was this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion time was of Pi was this and
+now the corresponding process down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the corresponding process down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the corresponding process down here
+the completion time is decreased by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completion time is decreased by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completion time is decreased by
+Delta so completion time first goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so completion time first goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so completion time first goes down
+my mouth n is Delta this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mouth n is Delta this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mouth n is Delta this is just a
+summation completion time this divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation completion time this divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation completion time this divided
+by n is a constant so like that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n is a constant so like that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n is a constant so like that's you
+just want to minimize this so first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to minimize this so first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to minimize this so first it
+goes so this one it goes on minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so this one it goes on minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so this one it goes on minus Delta
+so let's look at the next process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the next process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the next process the
+next process is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next process is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next process is something like
+this so again is the these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so again is the these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so again is the these are not
+changed you're only swapping these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed you're only swapping these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed you're only swapping these two
+so this completion time also goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this completion time also goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this completion time also goes down
+minus Delta and so on and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta and so on and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta and so on and so forth so
+you just get a bunch of minus Deltas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a bunch of minus Deltas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a bunch of minus Deltas
+which is equal to however many processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to however many processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to however many processes
+you have but that that's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have but that that's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have but that that's not even
+important what is important is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what is important is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what is important is that that
+just by swapping you're going to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by swapping you're going to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by swapping you're going to get at
+least one minus Delta and Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one minus Delta and Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one minus Delta and Delta is
+positive because assumption uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because assumption uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive because assumption uh
+T assumption was that TPI minus tpj is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T assumption was that TPI minus tpj is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T assumption was that TPI minus tpj is
+positive so just by swapping you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so just by swapping you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so just by swapping you're
+going to always decrease it so the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to always decrease it so the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to always decrease it so the claim
+that that sequence was an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sequence was an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sequence was an optimal
+solution is wrong so you can always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is wrong so you can always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is wrong so you can always do
+better by swapping to inversions so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by swapping to inversions so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by swapping to inversions so like
+those that out of sorted order is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that out of sorted order is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that out of sorted order is called
+an inversion so if you swap an inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inversion so if you swap an inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inversion so if you swap an inversion
+you always get a better result okay does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get a better result okay does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always get a better result okay does
+that proof make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proof make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proof make sense
+yeah okay all right so that's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so that's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so that's a slightly
+more interesting resent algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting resent algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting resent algorithm so
+let's move on to the third one we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to the third one we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to the third one we have
+here the third one is even event overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the third one is even event overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the third one is even event overlap
+so this is how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how it works
+so so you wake up in the morning and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you wake up in the morning and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you wake up in the morning and you
+look at your calendar and being an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your calendar and being an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your calendar and being an MIT
+student your calendar looks pretty full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student your calendar looks pretty full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student your calendar looks pretty full
+so let's say this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say this is what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say this is what it looks like
+so these are your vents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are your vents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are your vents
+okay let's use some colors make it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's use some colors make it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's use some colors make it's a
+little clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little clearer
+possibly and let's say you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly and let's say you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly and let's say you have another
+event over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event over
+here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you
+have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have
+here have something here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have something here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have something here and you
+have something here okay so okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something here okay so okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something here okay so okay let's
+move this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually so so the problem here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so so the problem here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so so the problem here is that
+you have these bunch of vents planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these bunch of vents planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these bunch of vents planned
+out now clearly they're overlapping so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now clearly they're overlapping so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now clearly they're overlapping so
+you can't attend all of them so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't attend all of them so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't attend all of them so the idea
+you is you make a bunch of clones of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is you make a bunch of clones of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is you make a bunch of clones of
+yourself and so in this case so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and so in this case so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and so in this case so look at
+the matching color so if you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching color so if you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching color so if you create
+clone number one goes here and clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone number one goes here and clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone number one goes here and clone
+number two goes to to red and clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two goes to to red and clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two goes to to red and clone
+number three goes to Blue so then clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three goes to Blue so then clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three goes to Blue so then clone
+number one does this clone number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one does this clone number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one does this clone number three
+does the blue one one clone number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the blue one one clone number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the blue one one clone number two
+does uh red uh I guess we should move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh red uh I guess we should move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh red uh I guess we should move
+the red back a little bit or forward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red back a little bit or forward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red back a little bit or forward a
+little bit just to make it clear yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit just to make it clear yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit just to make it clear yeah
+there we go so and now now you can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so and now now you can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go so and now now you can so
+now you can easily see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can easily see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can easily see that this is
+optimal so you can you can you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so you can you can you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so you can you can you can do
+this with three clones and no less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with three clones and no less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with three clones and no less so
+you make three clones and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make three clones and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make three clones and then you can
+go after spring break and your schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after spring break and your schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after spring break and your schedule
+is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine
+so now how would you approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how would you approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how would you approach this
+problem so what is a greedy strategy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what is a greedy strategy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what is a greedy strategy to
+given a number of intervals how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a number of intervals how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a number of intervals how do you
+find the minimum number of phones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum number of phones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum number of phones you
+need to cover your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover your
+day any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day any
+ideas what is a naive thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so you want you want to do every you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so you want you want to do every you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so you want you want to do every you
+want to do every event but you but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do every event but you but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do every event but you but like
+so this clone can't so like clone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this clone can't so like clone number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this clone can't so like clone number
+one does this event then you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does this event then you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does this event then you can't do
+this event or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event uh you want to do all the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh you want to do all the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh you want to do all the events
+you want to minimize the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to minimize the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to minimize the number of
+clones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's like interval scheduling but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like interval scheduling but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like interval scheduling but you
+want to do all you want to do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do all you want to do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do all you want to do all the
+intervals and but you can but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and but you can but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and but you can but you're
+allowed to use multiple people to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use multiple people to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use multiple people to do all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+Yeah by end time okay what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah by end time okay what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah by end time okay what do you do
+after to Resort by end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're closed so you do begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're closed so you do begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're closed so you do begin by
+sorting but so it's you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting but so it's you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting but so it's you could actually
+do it by sorting by end time it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by sorting by end time it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by sorting by end time it's easier
+to visualize you sort by start time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize you sort by start time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize you sort by start time so
+leading from that anyone want to top in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so yeah essentially every time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah essentially every time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah essentially every time yeah
+every time you can't add it to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you can't add it to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you can't add it to one of
+your current clothes you create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current clothes you create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current clothes you create a new
+one you could also do it by end time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you could also do it by end time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you could also do it by end time
+because it's symmetrical right so you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's symmetrical right so you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's symmetrical right so you if
+you start by end time then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start by end time then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start by end time then you start
+with the smallest loudest end time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the smallest loudest end time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the smallest loudest end time and
+go backwards exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards exactly the same
+thing so let's write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so sort by start time and so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so sort by start time and so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so sort by start time and so actually
+let's let's work out this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's work out this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's work out this example
+so in this case you would go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you would go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you would go okay
+actually so once you sort so first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so once you sort so first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so once you sort so first you
+have one then you have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one then you have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one then you have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 6 so that's sorted by start time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 6 so that's sorted by start time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 5 6 so that's sorted by start time and
+then we have so you first you go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have so you first you go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have so you first you go for
+this one uh then you go for two and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh then you go for two and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh then you go for two and two
+intersects with two intersects with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects with two intersects with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects with two intersects with one
+so you put two into it so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put two into it so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put two into it so this is this
+is clone number one and then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clone number one and then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clone number one and then you have to
+create a new clone for it two so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new clone for it two so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new clone for it two so you
+create the new clone and there we go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the new clone and there we go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the new clone and there we go so
+then you go to three three clashes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to three three clashes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to three three clashes with
+both one and two so you have to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one and two so you have to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both one and two so you have to create a
+new clone again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new clone again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new clone again
+so in that case you go forth and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case you go forth and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case you go forth and create
+three then you go to four now four you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then you go to four now four you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then you go to four now four you
+see is not it's clash with two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is not it's clash with two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is not it's clash with two and three
+but it but is good it is good with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but is good it is good with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but is good it is good with one
+so you just put four over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just put four over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just put four over
+here and if you continue like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you continue like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you continue like this
+you'll essentially get uh this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll essentially get uh this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll essentially get uh this and
+this make sense so that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense so that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense so that's how you
+schedule it so does the logorithm make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule it so does the logorithm make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule it so does the logorithm make
+sense let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense let's
+try to prove its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctness so let's say let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness so let's say let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness so let's say let's look at
+the instance where you inserting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance where you inserting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance where you inserting the
+emth Clone so let's oh yeah let's uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emth Clone so let's oh yeah let's uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emth Clone so let's oh yeah let's uh so
+emth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clone so when the MTH clone is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone so when the MTH clone is created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone so when the MTH clone is created
+you already have some already have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have some already have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have some already have some
+values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in
+here so you have 1 2 all the way up to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you have 1 2 all the way up to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you have 1 2 all the way up to M
+minus one so now you bring in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so now you bring in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so now you bring in your
+interval and you see that it collides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and you see that it collides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and you see that it collides
+with all of these values so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of these values so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of these values so let's just
+draw the final interval for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the final interval for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the final interval for all these
+guys so let's say the final interval for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so let's say the final interval for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so let's say the final interval for
+this guy was out here let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was out here let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was out here let's say the
+final this interval for this guy was out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final this interval for this guy was out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final this interval for this guy was out
+here and so on and blah blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so on and blah blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so on and blah blah blah blah
+blah and so when you create the emth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah and so when you create the emth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah and so when you create the emth
+Clone you look at the start time so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clone you look at the start time so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clone you look at the start time so what
+happens is that the start time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the start time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the start time
+time start time is somewhere let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time start time is somewhere let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time start time is somewhere let's say
+here and now you know that because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now you know that because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now you know that because of
+this so you're only adding a new clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you're only adding a new clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you're only adding a new clone
+when you don't have an available slot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't have an available slot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't have an available slot so
+that means that there is some interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there is some interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there is some interval
+here which intersects with this guy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which intersects with this guy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which intersects with this guy okay
+so how do you prove so how do you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you prove so how do you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you prove so how do you show
+that there's one interval so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's one interval so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's one interval so like
+consider any level let's say there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any level let's say there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider any level let's say there is no
+interval intersects with it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval intersects with it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval intersects with it so that
+means that there's either so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's either so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's either so there's a
+so if there if there were a gap here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there if there were a gap here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there if there were a gap here so
+if there were a gap here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were a gap here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were a gap here so let's
+say at like this location this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at like this location this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at like this location this interval
+wasn't here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't here
+let's say if you if you extrapolate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you if you extrapolate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you if you extrapolate this
+line outward so this is this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line outward so this is this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line outward so this is this is your
+current starting value and let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current starting value and let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current starting value and let's say you
+look at this line and in this segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this line and in this segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this line and in this segment
+you can you can't have something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can't have something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can't have something which
+starts after this because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts after this because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts after this because this is the
+current highest starting starting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current highest starting starting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current highest starting starting time
+so there's no interval which starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no interval which starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no interval which starts
+after this so the only intervals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this so the only intervals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this so the only intervals that
+can exist have already ended here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exist have already ended here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exist have already ended here and if
+they've already ended here that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already ended here that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already ended here that means
+you could have added it here does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have added it here does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have added it here does that
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense Yeah so basically then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Yeah so basically then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Yeah so basically then you can
+show that okay so at every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that okay so at every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that okay so at every every
+existing if you're adding a new clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing if you're adding a new clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing if you're adding a new clone
+that means at every existing level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at every existing level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at every existing level you
+have something which intersects so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something which intersects so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something which intersects so what
+that means is that you have you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that you have you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that you have you have a
+single point of time where there m minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point of time where there m minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single point of time where there m minus
+one plus one intervals that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one intervals that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one intervals that means that
+you absolutely need M intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you absolutely need M intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you absolutely need M intervals
+regardless of what your strategy is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what your strategy is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what your strategy is so
+adding the MTH clone is necessary so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the MTH clone is necessary so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the MTH clone is necessary so if
+you go on continues the argument like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on continues the argument like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on continues the argument like
+let's say your total number of clones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your total number of clones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say your total number of clones
+was m so you can just do this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was m so you can just do this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was m so you can just do this this
+argument for M there you will show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for M there you will show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for M there you will show that
+oh if I followed all these rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if I followed all these rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if I followed all these rules
+correctly I can show that the start time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I can show that the start time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly I can show that the start time
+for M intersects with M minus one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M intersects with M minus one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M intersects with M minus one other
+intervals so there's no way I can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so there's no way I can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so there's no way I can create
+a a scheduling with less than M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a scheduling with less than M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a scheduling with less than M
+clones did the argument make sense or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clones did the argument make sense or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clones did the argument make sense or
+should I go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so yeah
+that's it's a bit hand baby but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a bit hand baby but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a bit hand baby but that
+should good okay any case Okay uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should good okay any case Okay uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should good okay any case Okay uh well
+that's the three problems so I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the three problems so I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the three problems so I guess we
+could go back to this one and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go back to this one and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go back to this one and sort of
+give the motivation for this so This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the motivation for this so This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the motivation for this so This
+Could for example be used in uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could for example be used in uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could for example be used in uh this
+could be used in scheduling processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used in scheduling processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used in scheduling processes
+for servers for instance so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for servers for instance so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for servers for instance so let's say
+your server gets requests to run end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your server gets requests to run end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your server gets requests to run end
+processes and they have times like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and they have times like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and they have times like that
+so this is like shortest time first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like shortest time first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like shortest time first so
+you take all the short like the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all the short like the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all the short like the smallest
+jobs and you execute them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and you execute them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and you execute them in the
+beginning and you wait for other jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and you wait for other jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and you wait for other jobs
+and this can also be done online so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can also be done online so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can also be done online so you
+going to have an online version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an online version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an online version of
+this so if you take this algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you take this algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you take this algorithm and
+you do it online so let's say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it online so let's say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it online so let's say your
+server is running jobs and you get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is running jobs and you get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is running jobs and you get a new
+request so you you get a new request so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so you you get a new request so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so you you get a new request so
+you already have some set of T1 to TN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have some set of T1 to TN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have some set of T1 to TN
+and let's say you're running J at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say you're running J at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say you're running J at at
+this at the current moment TI is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the current moment TI is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the current moment TI is your
+smallest job and you're running it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest job and you're running it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest job and you're running it and
+you're currently at this point so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're currently at this point so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're currently at this point so and
+then you can like in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can like in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can like in the middle of
+running it you can get like new request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it you can get like new request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it you can get like new request
+for jobs so how how would you modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for jobs so how how would you modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for jobs so how how would you modify
+this algorithm to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so you still want to maintain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you still want to maintain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you still want to maintain this
+like lowest average completion time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lowest average completion time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lowest average completion time
+thing so how would you handle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so how would you handle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so how would you handle this
+situation so let's say you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so let's say you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so let's say you're in the
+middle of a job and you get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a job and you get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a job and you get a bunch of
+new requests so your current set is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new requests so your current set is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new requests so your current set is all
+these existing jobs plus some plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these existing jobs plus some plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these existing jobs plus some plus some
+other things you get in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you get in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you get in here
+so what what what what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what what what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what what what would you
+consider switching to a different job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider switching to a different job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider switching to a different job
+here or would you keep doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this let's say one of the one of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's say one of the one of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's say one of the one of let's
+say one of the new jobs you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one of the new jobs you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one of the new jobs you get is
+really small small would use so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small small would use so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small small would use so what you
+would do in that case is that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in that case is that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in that case is that instead of
+continuing with this you would switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with this you would switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with this you would switch to
+the current smallest job so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current smallest job so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current smallest job so you you
+would look at the remaining time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at the remaining time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at the remaining time so
+that's important so you can forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important so you can forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important so you can forget about
+the amount of time you already spent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time you already spent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time you already spent on
+this you know what the remaining time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know what the remaining time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know what the remaining time is
+and that is all that's relevant so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is all that's relevant so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is all that's relevant so if
+you so you can just like consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can just like consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can just like consider this
+problem in a different framework it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a different framework it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in a different framework it's
+exact same it's the exact same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same it's the exact same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same it's the exact same question
+you just look at remaining time instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at remaining time instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at remaining time instead
+of like total time so if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like total time so if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like total time so if you're in the
+middle of a job and you a new one comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a job and you a new one comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a job and you a new one comes
+in which is smaller you switch to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is smaller you switch to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is smaller you switch to that
+complete that and go and then then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that and go and then then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that and go and then then look
+at the remaining times for everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the remaining times for everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the remaining times for everything so
+at some point of time you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point of time you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point of time you might have
+like a lot of half completed jobs just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of half completed jobs just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of half completed jobs just
+like lying around and you for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lying around and you for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lying around and you for all of
+them you'll update their TI values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you'll update their TI values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you'll update their TI values to
+remaining time rather than start time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time rather than start time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining time rather than start time
+and that gives you a nice way to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you a nice way to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you a nice way to like
+decide which processes to do in online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which processes to do in online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which processes to do in online
+and that gives you so this is assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you so this is assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you so this is assuming
+that all of your all of your tasks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of your all of your tasks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of your all of your tasks have
+equal weights so like all of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weights so like all of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal weights so like all of them have
+equal reward so obviously that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal reward so obviously that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal reward so obviously that's not
+always the case you might want you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case you might want you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case you might want you might
+be like pushing back a very long job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like pushing back a very long job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like pushing back a very long job
+forever because smaller things keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever because smaller things keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever because smaller things keep
+going in and that's might get important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and that's might get important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and that's might get important
+but if if everything is equally weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if everything is equally weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if everything is equally weighted
+then this is the optimal thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the optimal thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the optimal thing you can
+do and it's a very simple strategy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it's a very simple strategy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it's a very simple strategy that
+works anyway so those are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works anyway so those are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works anyway so those are the three
+problems I want to discuss uh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I want to discuss uh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I want to discuss uh do you
+guys have any other questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any other questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any other questions or
+comments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments or
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay uh we PR pretty early so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we PR pretty early so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we PR pretty early so I guess
+have a have a great spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a have a great spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a have a great spring
+break
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-wDIDaTtRwU.txt b/-wDIDaTtRwU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbd8de60d6cdc91b7395caff27ff54cf70608d50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-wDIDaTtRwU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today we are starting a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we are starting a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we are starting a new
+topic we're done with unary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we're done with unary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we're done with unary phase
+diagrams we are going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um reacting gas systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reacting gas systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reacting gas systems
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's useful not just because it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful not just because it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful not just because it's useful
+in its own right but because it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its own right but because it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its own right but because it's an
+entree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entree
+for Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Solutions
+so just a bit of topic here we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a bit of topic here we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a bit of topic here we have uh
+we have start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then and then we we we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then we we we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then and then we we we went to
+we did some heat engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did some heat engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did some heat engines
+we did a little bit of heat engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+and this is where this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this is where the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+this is where the course two people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the course two people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the course two people get
+off the bus at heat engines but we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the bus at heat engines but we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the bus at heat engines but we we
+stayed on the bus and then we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed on the bus and then we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed on the bus and then we're we're
+going to do a little bit of uh reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little bit of uh reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little bit of uh reacting
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+reacting gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting gases
+we're gonna do a little bit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do a little bit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do a little bit of that
+and after this this is where the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after this this is where the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after this this is where the this is
+where the course 10 people get off of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the course 10 people get off of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the course 10 people get off of us
+so they get off the bus here but but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get off the bus here but but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get off the bus here but but we
+we stay on the bus and reacting gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stay on the bus and reacting gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stay on the bus and reacting gas is
+we're doing it because in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it because in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing it because in addition to
+being useful it sets us up for Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I mean mixtures not not answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean mixtures not not answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean mixtures not not answers
+right okay so this is kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this is kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this is kind of you know
+where where this goes and I find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where this goes and I find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where this goes and I find this
+interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because
+um Thermo is a weird Topic in that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Thermo is a weird Topic in that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Thermo is a weird Topic in that it's
+taught by like seven or eight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by like seven or eight different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by like seven or eight different
+courses at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses at MIT
+you know you don't have that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't have that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't have that with
+multivariable Calculus right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable Calculus right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable Calculus right you don't
+have seven different classes teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seven different classes teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seven different classes teaching
+they're all multi and others but Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all multi and others but Thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all multi and others but Thermo
+is really unique in that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really unique in that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really unique in that we have
+so many different disciplines teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different disciplines teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different disciplines teaching
+Thermo and we each have our own flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo and we each have our own flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo and we each have our own flavor
+so that's that so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that so anyway
+um let's get started gas mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I mean
+homogeneous now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homogeneous multi-component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a complement of what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a complement of what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a complement of what we just
+did we did unitary right unary was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we did unitary right unary was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we did unitary right unary was one
+component multiple phases now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component multiple phases now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component multiple phases now we have
+multiple components one phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple components one phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple components one phase
+all right so let's get that clear in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get that clear in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get that clear in our
+head so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so let's talk about
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air what's an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air what's an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air what's an air
+here's my bucket of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my bucket of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my bucket of air
+what's in my bucket of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primarily ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily ox
+y nitrogen primarily nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y nitrogen primarily nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y nitrogen primarily nitrogen
+about 80 by moth then oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 by moth then oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 by moth then oxygen
+okay so it's a mixture of those what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a mixture of those what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a mixture of those what
+else is in there just kind of curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in there just kind of curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in there just kind of curiosity
+what else do you know to be in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you know to be in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you know to be in there
+what's the third dominant component um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry Argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Argon
+argon yes yeah sorry I had a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon yes yeah sorry I had a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon yes yeah sorry I had a hard time
+understanding you for a minute yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding you for a minute yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding you for a minute yeah
+argon is the third mate the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon is the third mate the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon is the third mate the third
+um it's not a principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not a principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not a principal component
+because one percent or something but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one percent or something but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one percent or something but you
+know it's I think the third most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's I think the third most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's I think the third most
+prevalent component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent component
+uh H2O we know H2O is an error we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H2O we know H2O is an error we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H2O we know H2O is an error we talked
+all about humid air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about humid air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about humid air
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+CO2 of course is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 of course is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 of course is in there
+and and there are others so so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are others so so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are others so so let's say
+that that's air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's air
+so there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we have
+our bucket of air so the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the components are what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components are what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components are what we just
+mentioned there's nitrogen there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned there's nitrogen there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned there's nitrogen there's
+oxygen there's argon there's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen there's argon there's water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen there's argon there's water
+there's carbon dioxide and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's carbon dioxide and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's carbon dioxide and so forth
+those are the components and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the components and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the components and the
+components are not to be confused with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are not to be confused with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are not to be confused with
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+elements are nitrogen oxygen argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are nitrogen oxygen argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are nitrogen oxygen argon
+hydrogen carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen carbon
+okay so um don't confuse elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um don't confuse elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um don't confuse elements and
+components although sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components although sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components although sometimes they
+overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get right into Dalton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get right into Dalton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get right into Dalton's
+lock because this is uh unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock because this is uh unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock because this is uh unfortunate
+we've talked about it in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about it in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about it in the previous
+lecture this is a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this is a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this is a little bit of a
+preview apparently Professor Carter has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview apparently Professor Carter has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview apparently Professor Carter has
+been talking about it so it's in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about it so it's in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about it so it's in the air
+get it there was a air pump okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it there was a air pump okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it there was a air pump okay
+darton's law of partial pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dalton's law of partial pressures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's law of partial pressures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's law of partial pressures all
+right so I'm just going to write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just going to write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm just going to write it out
+in a gas mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or gas mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gas mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gas mixture
+each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so this is
+um you know this is full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is full of
+thermodynamics terms here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics terms here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics terms here let's
+highlight on component mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight on component mole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight on component mole fraction
+partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also a mixture right it's full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a mixture right it's full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a mixture right it's full of
+thermal Concepts in here and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal Concepts in here and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal Concepts in here and I will
+Circle gas because that's not really new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle gas because that's not really new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle gas because that's not really new
+for us but all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us but all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us but all right
+um so what does that mean so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what does that mean so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what does that mean so for example
+if I have two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is how we label it the pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we label it the pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we label it the pressure of
+the system equals pressure one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system equals pressure one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system equals pressure one plus
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+I think you'll remember that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll remember that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll remember that we use
+subscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subscripts for components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we won't have any phase labels here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't have any phase labels here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't have any phase labels here
+because it's one phase it's only gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one phase it's only gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's one phase it's only gas so
+we don't have to worry about phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to worry about phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to worry about phase
+labels but we do have subscripts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels but we do have subscripts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels but we do have subscripts for
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+and in order to find the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to find the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to find the partial
+pressure for component I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure for component I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure for component I
+you take the total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the total pressure
+and you multiply by the moles of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply by the moles of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you multiply by the moles of I
+over the total moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the total moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the total moles
+of gas in the system and we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas in the system and we already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas in the system and we already have
+seen that we have a symbol we use x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mole
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well fraction X of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um there's a lot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um there's a lot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um there's a lot here
+actually it may look simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I was sort of a deceptively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was sort of a deceptively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was sort of a deceptively simple
+question our partial pressure is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question our partial pressure is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question our partial pressure is real
+are these real measurable things or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these real measurable things or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these real measurable things or are
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+Concepts that we just use out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that we just use out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that we just use out of
+convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience
+right the partial pressure is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the partial pressure is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the partial pressure is just like
+different pressures at different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pressures at different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pressures at different places
+within like a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're assuming that the pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're assuming that the pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're assuming that the pressure is
+everywhere uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it it can't be different places not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it can't be different places not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it can't be different places not
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+but maybe you're onto something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you're onto something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you're onto something
+I think like uh if you say like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like uh if you say like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like uh if you say like the
+pressure is uniform which is like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is uniform which is like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is uniform which is like kind
+of like force over area so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like force over area so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like force over area so if you take
+any random area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any random area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any random area
+uh since like very small fraction like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since like very small fraction like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since like very small fraction like
+50 percent or like it's 80 percent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent or like it's 80 percent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 percent or like it's 80 percent is
+nitrogen eighty percent of the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen eighty percent of the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen eighty percent of the like
+momentum hitting that area is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum hitting that area is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum hitting that area is from
+nitrogen molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen molecules
+so it's kind of like having 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of like having 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of like having 80
+contribution to the total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the total pressure
+but it's because of its small fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's because of its small fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's because of its small fraction
+I'm a black we have a chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a black we have a chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a black we have a chemical reaction
+that's only permitting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only permitting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only permitting one
+it would only work either there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would only work either there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would only work either there is
+like eighty percent pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like eighty percent pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like eighty percent pressure of the
+nitrogens that penetrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens that penetrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogens that penetrate
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's good so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so so
+um here's a gas mixture red and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a gas mixture red and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's a gas mixture red and green
+and there's gases in a box right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's gases in a box right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's gases in a box right so one
+thing you can think is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can think is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can think is okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+pressure is forced by area right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is forced by area right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is forced by area right so
+um these gases the molecules hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these gases the molecules hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these gases the molecules hit the
+side of the box and they bounce off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the box and they bounce off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the box and they bounce off
+and maybe eighty percent of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe eighty percent of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe eighty percent of the force
+experienced By Any Given patch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced By Any Given patch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced By Any Given patch of the
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+nitrogen and 20 comes from oxygen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and 20 comes from oxygen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and 20 comes from oxygen right
+if it's air 80 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's air 80 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's air 80 20.
+so that's that's a good way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a good way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a good way of thinking
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+or you could say eighty percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could say eighty percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could say eighty percent of
+all the molecules that hit the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the molecules that hit the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the molecules that hit the wall
+are nitrogen and 28 are air right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nitrogen and 28 are air right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nitrogen and 28 are air right so the
+pressure is proportional to the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is proportional to the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is proportional to the mole
+fraction that's exactly what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that's exactly what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that's exactly what we're
+saying right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right that
+but okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay that
+that's the right way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right way to think about it
+but you can really go down the rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can really go down the rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can really go down the rabbit
+hole because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole because
+uh if you have a force transducer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a force transducer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a force transducer
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+it measures Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it measures Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it measures Force
+it doesn't measure chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't measure chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't measure chemistry
+it doesn't know whether what hit it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't know whether what hit it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't know whether what hit it was
+a nitrogen molecule or an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen molecule or an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nitrogen molecule or an oxygen
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+so you can really head down this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really head down this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really head down this path
+and and you can convince yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can convince yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can convince yourself that
+partial pressure although it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure although it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure although it's very
+adjacent to a lot of measurable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to a lot of measurable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to a lot of measurable things
+and it's very very adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very adjacent to
+electrochemistry it may not seem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry it may not seem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry it may not seem that
+we're close to electrochemistry we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're close to electrochemistry we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're close to electrochemistry we
+really are we're very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are we're very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are we're very close to
+electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+um itself is kind of an immeasurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um itself is kind of an immeasurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um itself is kind of an immeasurable
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+anyway I don't want to go down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I don't want to go down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I don't want to go down that
+rabbit hole but it's worth thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit hole but it's worth thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbit hole but it's worth thinking
+about it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's interesting
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so uh let's let's move on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh let's let's move on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh let's let's move on with
+foundational Concepts here we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational Concepts here we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational Concepts here we did
+partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure
+let's talk about reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can change components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or they can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+or both right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+not elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so right now we're doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right now we're doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right now we're doing uh
+multi-component unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're dealing with reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're dealing with reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're dealing with reactions that
+can change components but everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change components but everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change components but everything is
+remaining in the gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining in the gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining in the gas phase
+so the phases that's that's later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the phases that's that's later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the phases that's that's later
+I mean we actually did that already when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we actually did that already when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we actually did that already when
+we did unary Transformations but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did unary Transformations but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did unary Transformations but we
+didn't talk about them like reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about them like reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about them like reactions
+but you can it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can it's fine
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+this is course 22 right so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is course 22 right so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is course 22 right so if you're
+changing the elements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the elements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the elements uh
+go to course 22.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to course 22.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to course 22.
+but the formalism is the same it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the formalism is the same it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the formalism is the same it
+actually is it's just you know all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is it's just you know all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is it's just you know all right
+so reactions can change components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reactions can change components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reactions can change components in
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+so here's an example let's see here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example let's see here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example let's see here's an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction
+that changes components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+reaction that can change its components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that can change its components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that can change its components
+but not phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not phase
+one half nitrogen gas I'll carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half nitrogen gas I'll carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half nitrogen gas I'll carry the
+phase some phase labels here just in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase some phase labels here just in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase some phase labels here just in a
+simple way just for because we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way just for because we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way just for because we're just
+getting started one half oxygen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+NO2 gas all right so right same phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 gas all right so right same phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2 gas all right so right same phase
+this is a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mixture
+changed components but not the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed components but not the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed components but not the face
+here's another example a reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+components and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a reaction that changes components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction that changes components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction that changes components and
+phase you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you could have
+H2 gas plus one half o two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 gas plus one half o two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 gas plus one half o two
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+go to H2O liquid okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to H2O liquid okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to H2O liquid okay so that's
+a common reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common reaction
+we're not going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to deal with
+reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting
+heterogeneous systems for weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous systems for weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous systems for weeks and
+weeks so we're not going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so we're not going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so we're not going to deal with
+that yet but I just wanted to let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but I just wanted to let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but I just wanted to let you
+know that you know everything we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know everything we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know everything we're
+writing down here the formalism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down here the formalism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down here the formalism for
+reactions will apply to more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions will apply to more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions will apply to more complicated
+situations now before I move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations now before I move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations now before I move on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I want to there's the attendance is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to there's the attendance is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to there's the attendance is low
+today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so
+if there are reasons for that that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are reasons for that that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are reasons for that that uh I
+should know please tell me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know please tell me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know please tell me right
+um you want to hurt my feelings I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to hurt my feelings I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to hurt my feelings I'm
+really curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really curious
+um why do I bring that up now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do I bring that up now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do I bring that up now I want to
+remind you those who are here today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you those who are here today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you those who are here today that
+uh the reading for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reading for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reading for today
+and a Monday is in Denby so that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Monday is in Denby so that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a Monday is in Denby so that the the
+PDF is on the website so we're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is on the website so we're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is on the website so we're changing
+books because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books because
+um Demby treats reacting chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Demby treats reacting chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Demby treats reacting chemical
+systems uh much better than the Hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh much better than the Hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh much better than the Hop
+Denby is a chemical engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denby is a chemical engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denby is a chemical engineer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh this is an exceptionally well written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an exceptionally well written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an exceptionally well written
+text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+so don't be put off by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't be put off by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't be put off by the fact that
+it's got um some years on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got um some years on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got um some years on it
+uh it's exceptionally well written and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's exceptionally well written and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's exceptionally well written and
+as with the rest of the class if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with the rest of the class if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with the rest of the class if you're
+not doing the reading associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing the reading associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing the reading associated with
+lecture if you're not doing the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture if you're not doing the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture if you're not doing the reading
+ahead of time and if you're not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time and if you're not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time and if you're not working
+the problems in the text you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in the text you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems in the text you're not
+getting your money's worth so please do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your money's worth so please do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your money's worth so please do
+keep up with the reading especially on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the reading especially on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the reading especially on a
+topic like this where where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic like this where where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic like this where where it's a
+little bit it's just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit it's just a little bit
+outside of the mainstream of of Material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the mainstream of of Material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the mainstream of of Material
+Science it's not to cover it into Hoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science it's not to cover it into Hoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science it's not to cover it into Hoff
+and there's so many textbooks on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many textbooks on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's so many textbooks on this
+topic and I've picked the one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and I've picked the one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and I've picked the one that I
+think is just the most elegantly written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is just the most elegantly written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is just the most elegantly written
+really until actually very clear so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really until actually very clear so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really until actually very clear so um I
+hope that you find the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you find the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you find the same
+also some of the problems on the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of the problems on the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of the problems on the piece
+that are straight out of Denver so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are straight out of Denver so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are straight out of Denver so let's
+do that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that too
+all right so let's uh let us move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh let us move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's uh let us move on
+more really foundational Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideal gas mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+throughout this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this course
+I often use mixers or Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I often use mixers or Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I often use mixers or Solutions
+interchangeably they're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably they're always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably they're always going to
+mean the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the same thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we're going to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to set up a
+little bit of a toy problem instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a toy problem instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a toy problem instead of a
+thought experiment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment here
+here's the thought experiment it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thought experiment it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thought experiment it's a
+really simple one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a box
+and that so often happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that so often happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that so often happens in
+thermodynamics we find ourselves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics we find ourselves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics we find ourselves with
+the box that's been partitioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box that's been partitioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box that's been partitioned
+and we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have now
+two components in their pure State not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components in their pure State not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components in their pure State not
+mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed
+it's kind of this pure number one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of this pure number one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of this pure number one you
+can think of this as nitrogen pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as nitrogen pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as nitrogen pure
+nitrogen gas if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas if you like
+it's at some it's at a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at some it's at a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at some it's at a temperature
+instead of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pressure
+and it it is at a volume and I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it is at a volume and I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it is at a volume and I'm using
+that tag there for extensive quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tag there for extensive quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tag there for extensive quantity of
+volume so there's pure number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so there's pure number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so there's pure number one and
+then we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got
+um in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the other
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+pure number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+orange and green I'm like three days too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and green I'm like three days too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and green I'm like three days too
+late for St Patrick's Day but I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late for St Patrick's Day but I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late for St Patrick's Day but I got
+there all right temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right temperature
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+and volume and and although it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume and and although it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and volume and and although it may not
+look like it in my drawing I intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it in my drawing I intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it in my drawing I intended
+for those volumes to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those volumes to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those volumes to be equal
+so here's a very simple situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a very simple situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a very simple situation and
+and you know this really brings us back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this really brings us back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this really brings us back
+to the baby book almost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the baby book almost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the baby book almost right
+we've got these uh gases and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these uh gases and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these uh gases and we're going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+mix them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them
+are there any other national flags that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other national flags that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other national flags that
+combine orange and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine orange and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine orange and green
+those colors have nice contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those colors have nice contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those colors have nice contrast
+orange and green Ireland I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and green Ireland I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange and green Ireland I think there's
+orange in the Indian flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange in the Indian flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange in the Indian flag
+this yeah I think the industry too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah I think the industry too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah I think the industry too
+called like the Ivory Coast that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like the Ivory Coast that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called like the Ivory Coast that's
+basically just the Irish flag reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just the Irish flag reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just the Irish flag reversed
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+any others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others
+Ivory Coast I think India has orange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ivory Coast I think India has orange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ivory Coast I think India has orange and
+green in the flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green in the flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green in the flag
+Ireland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway all right so so now we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right so so now we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right so so now we've got a
+mixture of these things so they mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so we have a mixture of one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a mixture of one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a mixture of one and two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a claim or just postulate for this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a claim or just postulate for this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a claim or just postulate for this model
+system the temperature didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the temperature didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the temperature didn't change
+the pressure didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure didn't change
+and we have twice the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have twice the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have twice the volume
+and uh if you don't believe me it's PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you don't believe me it's PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you don't believe me it's PV
+equals nrt it's all for the moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals nrt it's all for the moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals nrt it's all for the moles of
+this you solve for the moles of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you solve for the moles of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you solve for the moles of this you
+add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in a very simple situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it so simple
+it's because ideal gas molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't interact
+that's why it's so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they don't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't interact
+each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if
+it undergoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's kind of the less intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's kind of the less intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's kind of the less intuitive
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each component behaves as if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component behaves as if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component behaves as if it's
+undergoing an isothermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you could either choose to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could either choose to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could either choose to believe
+this or disbelieve this it may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or disbelieve this it may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or disbelieve this it may or may
+not make sense if it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make sense if it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make sense if it doesn't make sense
+that's fine just treat it as a model I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine just treat it as a model I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine just treat it as a model I'm
+showing you a model it may apply it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a model it may apply it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a model it may apply it may
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+all right so so we know uh we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so we know uh we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so we know uh we know how
+to treat that Delta G of component I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat that Delta G of component I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat that Delta G of component I
+equals n i r t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n i r t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n i r t
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's partial pressure
+over the total Crusher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this is a really critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a really critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a really critical
+equation that comes from this assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that comes from this assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that comes from this assumption
+we're using an expression for Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using an expression for Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using an expression for Delta G
+for an isothermal process in ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an isothermal process in ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an isothermal process in ideal gas
+and we are modeling that as an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are modeling that as an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are modeling that as an expansion
+from pressure p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to partial pressure Pizza by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the Gibbs free energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Gibbs free energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Gibbs free energy is
+its starting value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its starting value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its starting value
+plus the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where G I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where G I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where G I have not
+and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals it's some standard State however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals it's some standard State however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals it's some standard State however
+it started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they started off in a standard state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they started off in a standard state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is this this slide here um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this this slide here um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this this slide here um this
+board there's a lot of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board there's a lot of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board there's a lot of intellectual
+content here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the equations might look simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations might look simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations might look simple but
+there's a lot of intellectual content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of intellectual content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of intellectual content
+here so it's going to take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's going to take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's going to take a little
+while and some practice to to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and some practice to to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and some practice to to understand
+this fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fully
+um but I'll restate the Assumption here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'll restate the Assumption here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'll restate the Assumption here
+this model is that each component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is that each component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is that each component
+behaves as if it undergoes isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as if it undergoes isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as if it undergoes isothermal
+expansion and if you buy that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and if you buy that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and if you buy that then you
+can use the apparatus which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the apparatus which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the apparatus which we've
+already established which is calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already established which is calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already established which is calculating
+the change and Gibbs free energy for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change and Gibbs free energy for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change and Gibbs free energy for an
+isothermal process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal process
+as each gas expands from initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as each gas expands from initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as each gas expands from initial
+pressure p to partial pressure p sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to follow up on my earlier comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to follow up on my earlier comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to follow up on my earlier comment
+that we're really close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're really close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're really close to
+electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemistry
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for those of you who have seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who have seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who have seen the
+nernst equation or done any batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nernst equation or done any batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nernst equation or done any batteries
+research you know this this looks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you know this this looks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you know this this looks a lot
+like the next equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the next equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the next equation
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and it's just a hop skip a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's just a hop skip a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's just a hop skip a little
+bit of a center step from here to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a center step from here to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a center step from here to get to
+to talking about electrochemistry so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talking about electrochemistry so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talking about electrochemistry so if
+if you don't care about electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't care about electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't care about electrochemistry
+or haven't been exposed to that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or haven't been exposed to that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or haven't been exposed to that yet
+don't worry about it but I think those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it but I think those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it but I think those
+connections are kind of neat for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are kind of neat for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are kind of neat for those
+of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who
+have been exposed to that so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exposed to that so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exposed to that so now let's
+talk a little bit about notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just a reminder here this is a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a reminder here this is a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a reminder here this is a reminder
+G of I prime is an extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extensive property of component I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive property of component I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive property of component I that
+is the total Gibbs free energy of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total Gibbs free energy of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total Gibbs free energy of all
+the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff
+in component I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in component I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in component I
+G sub I without the prime is a molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sub I without the prime is a molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G sub I without the prime is a molar
+intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+Gibbs free energy of I per moles of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know you could read that Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you could read that Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you could read that Gibbs
+per mole of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a New Concept G of I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar
+Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of component I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in its standard state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is that I'm going to Define it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that I'm going to Define it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that I'm going to Define it for
+gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases
+standard state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a Pure Gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is unmixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at standard pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that is one bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same
+temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the solution
+or mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so concept concept concept concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concept concept concept concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concept concept concept concept
+um these two are are not new to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two are are not new to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two are are not new to you
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+um they are they can be confusing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are they can be confusing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are they can be confusing but
+they're not new today and and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not new today and and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not new today and and all of
+this is consistent with with the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is consistent with with the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is consistent with with the half
+this is new today we're introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is new today we're introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is new today we're introducing
+standard States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard States
+and standard states are defined somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and standard states are defined somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and standard states are defined somewhat
+differently than you might have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than you might have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than you might have seen
+them before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them before
+standard States for gases to be specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard States for gases to be specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard States for gases to be specific
+for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the Pure Gas non-mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Pure Gas non-mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Pure Gas non-mixed
+at one pressure but at whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one pressure but at whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one pressure but at whatever
+temperature the problem you're analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the problem you're analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the problem you're analyzing
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so it's not the same thing as STP it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not the same thing as STP it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not the same thing as STP it's
+not standard temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not standard temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not standard temperature and pressure
+that is it's not one bar 25 degrees C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's not one bar 25 degrees C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's not one bar 25 degrees C
+it's whatever you have before you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whatever you have before you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whatever you have before you make
+the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the process of making mixtures is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process of making mixtures is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process of making mixtures is so
+Central to Material Science I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central to Material Science I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central to Material Science I want to
+slide backwards here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide backwards here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide backwards here
+we have a pure gas and another Pure Gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a pure gas and another Pure Gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a pure gas and another Pure Gas
+a pure substance and another pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure substance and another pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pure substance and another pure
+substance they're both at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance they're both at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance they're both at the same
+temperature I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I don't know what
+temperature that is it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that is it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that is it's just a
+parameter that they're at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that they're at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that they're at the same
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+state of pure component one is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of pure component one is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of pure component one is this
+temperature and one bar the stamina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and one bar the stamina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and one bar the stamina
+state of pure component 2 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of pure component 2 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of pure component 2 is this
+temperature and one bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and those are those are standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are those are standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are those are standards
+because it's what you have before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's what you have before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's what you have before you
+make the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll use this analogy often in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll use this analogy often in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll use this analogy often in this
+course you imagine you have a beaker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you imagine you have a beaker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you imagine you have a beaker of
+a and a beaker of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a beaker of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a beaker of B
+and you're at whatever temperature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're at whatever temperature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're at whatever temperature you
+want to make your solution at whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make your solution at whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make your solution at whatever
+temperature you're processing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're processing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you're processing your
+material at Beaker of a beaker B they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at Beaker of a beaker B they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material at Beaker of a beaker B they're
+at temperature and you mix them Stir It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperature and you mix them Stir It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temperature and you mix them Stir It
+Around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around
+all right that's Material Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's Material Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's Material Science
+the standard state of a substance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard state of a substance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard state of a substance is
+however it's found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's found
+when it's pure at one bar at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's pure at one bar at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's pure at one bar at the
+temperature that you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that you're doing your
+solution for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+and ideal gas mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know that for any sort of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that for any sort of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that for any sort of change
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mole number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole number
+this is the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the change
+in chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemical potential
+so mu I and we've been here before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu I and we've been here before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu I and we've been here before
+equals DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DG
+dni at six temperature fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dni at six temperature fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dni at six temperature fixed pressure
+and fixed moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixed moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixed moles
+of everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this is now from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is now from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is now from uh from
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have mu of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have mu of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have mu of I
+equals mu I naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu I naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu I naught
+plus r t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r t
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+P of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of I
+over P now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so chemical potential is molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so chemical potential is molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so chemical potential is molar
+gives free energy we calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives free energy we calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives free energy we calculated the
+change and Molar gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and Molar gives free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and Molar gives free energy
+for the mixture process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mixture process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mixture process
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and so we can write an analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write an analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write an analogous
+equation for chemical potential so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for chemical potential so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for chemical potential so again
+how to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read this
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of component I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical potential of component I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of component I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of component I
+dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to its standard state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not dot dot
+at temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at temp
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+and partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the chemical potential component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the chemical potential component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the chemical potential component
+I relative to its standard State at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I relative to its standard State at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I relative to its standard State at
+temperature T and partial pressure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T and partial pressure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T and partial pressure right
+that's how to read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to use this so very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use this so very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use this so very very
+much it could deserve the purple Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going a little fast to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going a little fast to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going a little fast to do this
+material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so
+um I want to remind you to please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to remind you to please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to remind you to please
+interrupt me with questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it's a good let's get a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a good let's get a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a good let's get a question
+do ideal gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right do ideal gas is mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do ideal gas is mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right do ideal gas is mixed
+spontaneously here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously here's my
+setup from lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are ideal gases two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ideal gases two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ideal gases two different
+components are they going to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are they going to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are they going to mix
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do
+okay so so that you knew on day one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that you knew on day one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that you knew on day one I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+most of most of you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of most of you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of most of you sort of
+fought that on day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now we can answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we can answer this question
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+what is the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in on day one we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in on day one we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in on day one we talked about
+Randomness and entropy and it just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and entropy and it just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and entropy and it just sort
+of seemed like what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seemed like what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seemed like what would happen
+and we said oh this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said oh this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said oh this is going to be an
+entropy driven process which is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy driven process which is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy driven process which is true
+that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have uh
+a more useful way of analyzing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more useful way of analyzing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more useful way of analyzing this
+problem in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+what is the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving force
+is to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives free energy
+the total Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it gives free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives free energy
+equals the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the molar Gibbs free Energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the molar gives free Energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there reference values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there reference values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there reference values
+plus the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can combine these and I find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can combine these and I find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can combine these and I find that the
+Gibbs free energy is to give free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy is to give free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy is to give free energy
+before mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before mixing
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+due to mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Delta G due to mixing the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta G due to mixing the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta G due to mixing the change of
+good free energy when this spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good free energy when this spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good free energy when this spontaneous
+process happens and you can plug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happens and you can plug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happens and you can plug and
+chug here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chug here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+n i r t log p i over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's the kicker positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the kicker positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the kicker positive or
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+what should it be without forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it be without forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it be without forget the
+math what should it be should this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math what should it be should this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math what should it be should this be
+positive or negative if the process will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative if the process will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative if the process will
+happen spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+gotta be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta be negative
+if a process happens spontaneously at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a process happens spontaneously at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a process happens spontaneously at
+fixed temperature and pressure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and pressure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and pressure the
+driving force is lowering the good free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force is lowering the good free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force is lowering the good free
+energy the change of Gibbs for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the change of Gibbs for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the change of Gibbs for that
+process must be negative if it is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process must be negative if it is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process must be negative if it is to be
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+does the math work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the math work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the math work out
+this is strictly positive this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is strictly positive this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is strictly positive this is
+strictly positive this is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive this is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive this is strictly
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about the partial pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like bi is strictly lower than b so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bi is strictly lower than b so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bi is strictly lower than b so it's
+like a negative log p i equals x i p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a negative log p i equals x i p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a negative log p i equals x i p
+x i is less than or equal to one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i is less than or equal to one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i is less than or equal to one by
+definition you can't have a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you can't have a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you can't have a mole
+fraction greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction greater than one
+therefore P i's are less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore P i's are less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore P i's are less than or equal
+to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p
+so log p i over p is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log p i over p is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log p i over p is less than or equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is our driving force for mixing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our driving force for mixing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our driving force for mixing the
+driving force for mixing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for mixing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for mixing is that the
+chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential
+of each and every component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each and every component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each and every component
+is lowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowered
+by mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're um
+just a little more than 30 days past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little more than 30 days past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little more than 30 days past the
+start of the semester and at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the semester and at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of the semester and at the start
+of the semester you knew this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester you knew this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester you knew this would
+happen and you sort of uh you know I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and you sort of uh you know I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and you sort of uh you know I we
+were able to discuss why it would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to discuss why it would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to discuss why it would happen
+in a in a hand wavy and intuitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a hand wavy and intuitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a hand wavy and intuitive way
+and now a little under five weeks later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now a little under five weeks later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now a little under five weeks later
+we now see the same result but we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now see the same result but we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now see the same result but we have a
+formalism attached to it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism attached to it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism attached to it we can
+calculate the change of Gibbs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the change of Gibbs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the change of Gibbs free
+energy for this process and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for this process and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for this process and we can see
+that it's negative and we can quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's negative and we can quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's negative and we can quantify
+and count things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um I guess you could say we've come full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess you could say we've come full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess you could say we've come full
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um for the remaining 10 minutes or so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the remaining 10 minutes or so or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the remaining 10 minutes or so or
+eight minutes I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight minutes I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight minutes I'm going to talk about
+balancing chemical reactions which gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing chemical reactions which gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing chemical reactions which gets
+back to um you know for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to um you know for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to um you know for those of you who
+took chemistry in high school it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took chemistry in high school it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took chemistry in high school it would
+be high school chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be high school chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be high school chemistry
+and I'm just going to remind you of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to remind you of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to remind you of some
+basic facts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic facts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic facts so
+um this is probably the most opportune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is probably the most opportune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is probably the most opportune
+time for questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for questions on
+this mixing process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mixing process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mixing process and the
+thermodynamics of mixing ideal gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of mixing ideal gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of mixing ideal gases
+no there's a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's a check
+again I'm very slow on the uptake when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm very slow on the uptake when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm very slow on the uptake when
+it comes to chats when I'm lecturing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to chats when I'm lecturing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to chats when I'm lecturing so
+much work in this circle well then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work in this circle well then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work in this circle well then it
+took five weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if not then let's remind ourselves about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then let's remind ourselves about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not then let's remind ourselves about
+how to balance chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to balance chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to balance chemical reactions
+all right here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+give me one second I want to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me one second I want to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me one second I want to remind you
+of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something
+not a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a reminder
+it's a public service announcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a public service announcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a public service announcement
+here's a PSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a PSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a PSA
+p s a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fugacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Denby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the only count against using Denby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only count against using Denby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only count against using Denby
+at this point in this class is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in this class is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in this class is that
+Denby admits to the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denby admits to the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Denby admits to the existence of
+something called fugacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called fugacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called fugacity
+fugacity is the same as activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugacity is the same as activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugacity is the same as activity
+we haven't gotten there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't gotten there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't gotten there yet
+fugacity is a chemical Engineers term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activity is a material scientist term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is a material scientist term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is a material scientist term
+they have the same meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same meaning
+and as I said we haven't gotten there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said we haven't gotten there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said we haven't gotten there
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+and you can completely ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can completely ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can completely ignore the
+discussion of fugacity in that relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of fugacity in that relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of fugacity in that relevant
+chapter of Denver don't let it trip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of Denver don't let it trip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of Denver don't let it trip you
+out don't sweat it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out don't sweat it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out don't sweat it okay
+I'm glad I remember to say the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad I remember to say the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad I remember to say the public
+service announcement okay back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service announcement okay back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service announcement okay back to
+balancing chemical reactions so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing chemical reactions so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing chemical reactions so let's
+have a gas phase reaction a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gas phase reaction a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gas phase reaction a plus b
+equals two c everything's gases okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two c everything's gases okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two c everything's gases okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the reaction balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh is is uh can be written another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh is is uh can be written another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh is is uh can be written another
+way zero equals two c minus a minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh so this is pretty familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so this is pretty familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so this is pretty familiar
+the only here's something new but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only here's something new but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only here's something new but it's
+not that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that new
+we're going to use stoichiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use stoichiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use stoichiometric
+coefficients we're going to Define them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we're going to Define them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we're going to Define them
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stoichiometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients Nu sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients Nu sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients Nu sub I
+so maybe you've seen this before maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you've seen this before maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you've seen this before maybe
+you haven't but it's a pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't but it's a pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't but it's a pretty simple
+concept this way we can just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept this way we can just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept this way we can just um
+generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize
+so we have these stoichiometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these stoichiometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these stoichiometric
+coefficients new sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients new sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients new sub I
+the Nu sub I's they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nu sub I's they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nu sub I's they come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+conservation of atoms right balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of atoms right balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of atoms right balancing
+chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions
+conservation of atoms and by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of atoms and by convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of atoms and by convention
+news of i's are less than zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news of i's are less than zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news of i's are less than zero for
+reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants
+because they're consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're consumed
+and new sub I is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new sub I is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new sub I is greater than zero
+four products because they're created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so so that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so that's um
+balancing chemical reactions and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing chemical reactions and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing chemical reactions and and I
+want to just remind us what when we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just remind us what when we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just remind us what when we see
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+let me let me not use a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me not use a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me not use a bunch of
+different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors
+we should think of uh a fun some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think of uh a fun some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think of uh a fun some fixed
+temperature and pressure of volume of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure of volume of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure of volume of a
+a a a a a b b b b b b c c c right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a b b b b b b c c c right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a a a b b b b b b c c c right this
+is uh this is meant to be more gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is meant to be more gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is meant to be more gas
+molecules in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in a box
+right this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this isn't
+I took a and b and it went totally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took a and b and it went totally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took a and b and it went totally to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+we'll actually see that that that never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually see that that that never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually see that that that never
+happens except in zero Kelvin instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens except in zero Kelvin instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens except in zero Kelvin instead
+it's a system that's fluctuating back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a system that's fluctuating back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a system that's fluctuating back
+and forth reactions go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth reactions go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth reactions go to the right
+reactions go to the left nature doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions go to the left nature doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions go to the left nature doesn't
+care what you wrote on the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what you wrote on the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what you wrote on the left-hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+you could have easily written two C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have easily written two C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have easily written two C
+equals a plus B and H doesn't care it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a plus B and H doesn't care it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a plus B and H doesn't care it's
+a reacting mixture of gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in our case at a fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our case at a fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in our case at a fixed temperature
+and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure
+so that's a little bit about balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit about balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit about balancing
+chemical reactions let's keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+dnis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dnis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dnis
+right if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you remember
+d g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature and pressure
+equals mu i d and I right the total all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu i d and I right the total all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu i d and I right the total all
+the changing in Gibbs free energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing in Gibbs free energy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing in Gibbs free energy at
+fixed temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed temperature and pressure
+comes from changing of mole numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from changing of mole numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from changing of mole numbers
+it's going to come from these reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come from these reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to come from these reactions
+as some components are produced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some components are produced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some components are produced and
+other components are consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want to figure out what are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to figure out what are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to figure out what are our
+constraints on the dnis and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the dnis and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the dnis and I'll just
+write this down for the reaction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down for the reaction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down for the reaction which
+we saw on the previous slide DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw on the previous slide DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw on the previous slide DNA
+uh it's not meant to be DNA like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not meant to be DNA like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not meant to be DNA like
+dinucleic acid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinucleic acid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinucleic acid it's
+just DNA here's D and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new B
+equals g and C over new C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals g and C over new C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals g and C over new C
+so this is as true in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is as true in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is as true in general
+for any chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the term D and I over Nu I are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this defines for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this defines for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this defines for us
+a new variable which is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the reaction extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a unitless generalized parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a unitless generalized parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a unitless generalized parameter
+to describe whether the reaction runs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe whether the reaction runs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe whether the reaction runs a
+little bit to the left or a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to the left or a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to the left or a little bit
+to the right and maybe some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right and maybe some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right and maybe some of you have
+seen this before and and probably most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before and and probably most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before and and probably most
+of you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a series of M minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a series of M minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a series of M minus one
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in M variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M here is the number of components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M here is the number of components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M here is the number of components in
+the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction
+a b c three components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c three components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b c three components
+how many equal signs one two n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many equal signs one two n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many equal signs one two n minus one
+equations in M variables what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in M variables what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in M variables what does that
+mean if I have M minus 1 independent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I have M minus 1 independent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I have M minus 1 independent to
+linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations
+and M variables how many independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M variables how many independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M variables how many independent
+variables do I have linear algebra again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many independent variables do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent variables do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent variables do I have
+describing the change in moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the change in moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the change in moles
+as this reaction proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this reaction proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this reaction proceeds
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+independent variable that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable that's right so
+instead of having a sum a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a sum a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a sum a bunch of
+different dni's on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dni's on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dni's on the right hand side
+of my expression for DG I can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my expression for DG I can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my expression for DG I can simplify
+and have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have only one
+and I think you probably have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you probably have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you probably have an
+intuition for that if I have a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go to the right
+it can go to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go to the left
+it's like one variable right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one variable right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one variable right there's
+sort of one variable that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one variable that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one variable that tells you
+what's changing and go to the right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changing and go to the right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changing and go to the right it
+can go to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that comes out in the analysis one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out in the analysis one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes out in the analysis one
+independent variable so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so for example
+I can express d and a as new a over new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can express d and a as new a over new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can express d and a as new a over new
+c d and c and I can express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d and c and I can express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d and c and I can express
+DNB equals new B over a new C D and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNB equals new B over a new C D and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNB equals new B over a new C D and C
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+write DG totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write DG totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write DG totally
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+D and C that's just an example right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and C that's just an example right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and C that's just an example right I
+can eliminate an A and then B and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate an A and then B and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eliminate an A and then B and write
+the differential of Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential of Gibbs free energy
+totally with respect to one independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally with respect to one independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally with respect to one independent
+variable so again we're back to Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so again we're back to Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so again we're back to Counting
+independent variables to set up problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables to set up problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables to set up problems
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+another concept from introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another concept from introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another concept from introductory
+chemistry coupled reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupled reactions so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled reactions so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled reactions so for example
+four ammonias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ammonias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ammonias
+plus five oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus five oxygens
+can turn into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn into four
+nitrous oxides plus six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrous oxides plus six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrous oxides plus six
+Waters I'm going to call that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters I'm going to call that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters I'm going to call that reaction
+One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+and that is the same thing as four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the same thing as four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the same thing as four
+ammonias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+into nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nitrogen
+and hydrogen I'll call that reaction two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen I'll call that reaction two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen I'll call that reaction two
+two nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nitrogen
+plus three oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three oxygens
+becoming four n o molecules I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming four n o molecules I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming four n o molecules I'll call
+that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six hydrogens
+plus three oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three oxygens
+did I get my uh numbers right here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get my uh numbers right here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get my uh numbers right here or
+did I not becoming six Waters and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I not becoming six Waters and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I not becoming six Waters and that
+is reaction four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reaction four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reaction four
+and reaction one is simply the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaction one is simply the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaction one is simply the sum
+of reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction to
+reaction three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction three
+and reaction four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaction four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaction four
+this is a reminder of how you can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reminder of how you can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reminder of how you can break
+down chemical reactions into subordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down chemical reactions into subordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down chemical reactions into subordinate
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why am I telling you this I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling you this I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling you this I'm telling
+you this because of thermodynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because of thermodynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because of thermodynamics of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+in state variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+intermediate States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate States
+this is super useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again it's introductory chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's introductory chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's introductory chemistry so
+this hopefully is a reminder so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hopefully is a reminder so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hopefully is a reminder so for
+example Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example Delta G
+for equation one reaction one I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equation one reaction one I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equation one reaction one I should
+say is the same as Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is the same as Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is the same as Delta G
+for reaction to plus Delta G for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reaction to plus Delta G for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reaction to plus Delta G for
+reaction three plus Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction three plus Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction three plus Delta G
+for reaction four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is something that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is something that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is something that you'll
+use on the pset and preview for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use on the pset and preview for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use on the pset and preview for next
+time each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time each
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeys
+its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we will talk about equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will talk about equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will talk about equilibrium
+balance on Monday so that's it for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0MrkYxOg_Vo.txt b/0MrkYxOg_Vo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01a39581b8a0d78723192339bc42b457a2cd1235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0MrkYxOg_Vo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this problem, we're dealing
+with buses of students going
+
+to a job convention.
+
+And in the problem, we'll
+be exercising our
+
+knowledge of PMFs--
+
+probability mass functions.
+
+So we'll get a couple of
+opportunities to write out
+
+some PMFs, and also calculating
+expectations or
+
+expected values.
+
+And also, importantly, we'll
+actually be exercising our
+
+intuition to help us not just
+rely on numbers, but also to
+
+just have a sense of what the
+answers to some probability
+
+questions should be.
+
+So the problem specifically
+deals with
+
+four buses of students.
+
+So we have buses, and in each
+one carries a different number
+
+of students.
+
+So the first one carries 40
+students, the second one 33,
+
+the third one has 25, and the
+last one has 50 students for a
+
+total of 148 students.
+
+And because these students
+are smart, and they like
+
+probability, they are
+
+interested in a couple questions.
+
+So suppose that one of these
+148 students is chosen
+
+randomly, and so we'll assume
+that what that means is that
+
+each one has the same
+probability of being chosen.
+
+So they're chosen uniformly
+at random.
+
+And let's assign a couple
+of random variables.
+
+So we'll say x corresponds to
+the number of students in the
+
+bus of the selected student.
+
+OK, so one of these 148 students
+is selected uniformly
+
+at random, and we'll let x
+correspond to the number of
+
+students in that
+student's bus.
+
+So if a student from this bus
+was chosen, then x would be
+
+25, for example.
+
+OK, and then let's come up with
+another random variable,
+
+y, which is almost
+the same thing.
+
+Except instead of now selecting
+a random student,
+
+we'll select a random bus.
+
+Or equivalently, we'll select
+a random bus driver.
+
+So each bus has one driver, and
+instead of selecting one
+
+of the 148 students at random,
+we'll select one of the four
+
+bus drivers also uniformly
+at random.
+
+And we'll say the number
+of students in that
+
+driver's bus will be y.
+
+So for example, if this bus
+driver was selected, then y
+
+would be 33.
+
+OK, so the main problem that
+we're trying to answer is what
+
+do you expect the
+expectation--
+
+which one of these random
+variables do you expect to
+
+have the higher expectation or
+the higher expected value?
+
+So, would you expect
+x to be higher on
+
+average, or y to be higher?
+
+And what would be the
+intuition for this?
+
+So obviously, we can actually
+write out the
+
+PMFs for x and y.
+
+These are just discrete
+random variables.
+
+And we can actually calculate
+out what the expectation is.
+
+But it's also useful to exercise
+your intuition, and
+
+your sense of what the
+answer should be.
+
+So it might not be immediately
+clear which one would be
+
+higher, or you might even say
+that maybe it doesn't make a
+
+difference.
+
+They're actually the same.
+
+But a useful way to approach
+some of these questions is to
+
+try to take things to
+the extreme and see
+
+how that plays out.
+
+So let's take the simpler
+example and take it to the
+
+extreme and say, suppose a set
+of four buses carrying these
+
+number of students.
+
+We have only two buses--
+
+one bus that has only 1 student,
+and we have another
+
+bus that has 1,000 students.
+
+OK.
+
+And suppose we ask the
+same question.
+
+Well, now if you look at it,
+there's a total of 1,001
+
+students now.
+
+If you select one of the
+students at random, it's
+
+overwhelmingly more likely that
+that student will be one
+
+of the 1,000 students
+on this huge bus.
+
+It's very unlikely that you'll
+get lucky and select the one
+
+student who is by himself.
+
+And so because of that, you
+have a very high chance of
+
+selecting the bus with the
+high number of students.
+
+And so you would expect
+x, the number of
+
+students, to be high--
+
+to be almost 1,000 in
+the expectation.
+
+But on the other hand, if you
+selected the driver at random,
+
+then you have a 50/50
+chance of selecting
+
+this one or that one.
+
+And so you would expect the
+expectation there to be
+
+roughly 500 or so.
+
+And so you can see that if you
+take this to the extreme, then
+
+it becomes more clear what
+the answer would be.
+
+And the argument is that the
+expectation of x should be
+
+higher than the expectation of
+y, and the reason here is that
+
+because you select the student
+at random, you're more likely
+
+to select a student who is in a
+large bus, because that bus
+
+just has more students
+to select from.
+
+And because of that, you're
+more biased in favor of
+
+selecting large buses, and
+therefore, that makes x higher
+
+in expectation.
+
+OK, so that's the intuition
+behind this problem.
+
+And now, as I actually go
+through some of the more
+
+mechanics and write out what the
+PMFs and the calculation
+
+for the expectation would be to
+verify that our intuition
+
+is actually correct.
+
+OK, so we have two random
+variables that are defined.
+
+Now let's just write out
+what their PMFs are.
+
+So the PMF--
+
+we write it as little P of
+capital X and little x.
+
+So the random variable-- what
+we do is we say the
+
+probability that it will take
+on a certain value, right?
+
+So what is the probability
+that x will be 40?
+
+Well, x will be 40
+if a student from
+
+this bus was selected.
+
+And what's the probability that
+a student from this bus
+
+is selected?
+
+That probability is 40/148,
+because there's 148 students,
+
+40 of whom are sitting
+in this bus.
+
+And similarly, x will be 33 with
+probability 33/148, and x
+
+will be 25 with probability
+25/148.
+
+And x will be 50 with
+probability 50/148.
+
+And it will be 0 otherwise.
+
+ 
+
+OK, so there is our PMF for
+x, and we can do the
+
+same thing for y.
+
+The PMF of y--
+
+again, we say what is the
+probability that y will take
+
+on certain values?
+
+Well, y can take on the same
+values as x can, because we're
+
+still dealing with the number
+of students in each bus.
+
+So y can be 40.
+
+But the probability that y is
+40, because we're selecting
+
+the driver at random
+now, is 1/4, right?
+
+Because there's a 1/4 chance
+that we'll pick this driver.
+
+And the probability that y will
+be 33 will also be 1/4,
+
+and the same thing
+for 25 and 50.
+
+And it's 0 otherwise.
+
+OK, so those are the PMFs
+for our two random
+
+variables, x and y.
+
+And we can also draw out what
+the PMFs look like.
+
+So if this is 25, 30, 35,
+40, 45, and 50, then the
+
+probability that it's
+25 is 25/148.
+
+So we can draw a mass
+right there.
+
+For 33, it's a little
+higher, because it's
+
+33/148 instead of 25.
+
+For 40, it's even
+higher still.
+
+It's 40/148.
+
+And for 50, it is still higher,
+because it is 50/148.
+
+And so you can see that the PMF
+is more heavily favored
+
+towards the larger values.
+
+We can do the same thing for
+y, and we'll notice that
+
+there's a difference in how
+these distributions look.
+
+ 
+
+So if we do the same thing, the
+difference now is that all
+
+four of these masses will
+have the same height.
+
+Each one will have height 1/4,
+whereas this one for x, it's
+
+more heavily biased in favor
+of the larger ones.
+
+And so because of that, we can
+actually now calculate what
+
+the expectations are and figure
+out whether or not our
+
+intuition was correct.
+
+OK, so now let's actually
+calculate out what these
+
+expectations are.
+
+So as you recall, the
+expectation is calculated out
+
+as a weighted sum.
+
+So for each possible value of x,
+you take that value and you
+
+weight it by the probability of
+the random variable taking
+
+on that value.
+
+So in this case, it would be
+40 times 40/148, 33 times
+
+33/148, and so on.
+
+48 plus 25 times 25/148
+plus 50 times 50/148.
+
+And if you do out this
+calculation, what you'll get
+
+is that it is around 39.
+
+Roughly 39.
+
+And now we can do the
+same thing for y.
+
+But for y, it's different,
+because now instead of
+
+weighting it by these
+probabilities, we'll weight it
+
+by these probabilities.
+
+So each one has the same
+weight of 1/4.
+
+So now we get 40 times 1/4
+plus 33 times 1/4.
+
+That's 25 times 1/4
+plus 50 times 1/4.
+
+And if you do out this
+arithmetic, what you get is
+
+that this expectation is 37.
+
+And so what we get is that, in
+fact, after we do out the
+
+calculations, the expected value
+of x is indeed greater
+
+than the expected value of y,
+which confirms our intuition.
+
+OK, so this problem, to
+summarize-- we've reviewed how
+
+to write out a PMF and also how
+to calculate expectations.
+
+But also, we've got a chance to
+figure out some intuition
+
+behind some of these problems.
+
+And so sometimes it's helpful
+to take simpler things and
+
+take things to the extreme and
+figure out intuitively whether
+
+or not the answer makes sense.
+
+It's useful just to verify
+whether the numerical answer
+
+that you get in the
+end is correct.
+
+Does this actually make sense?
+
+It's a useful guide for when
+you're solving these problems.
+
+OK, so we'll see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0ZiDIqEkSvw.txt b/0ZiDIqEkSvw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2a4848b84bd289836522cafa829ca5064e7edce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0ZiDIqEkSvw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I hope now that you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I hope now that you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I hope now that you'll also
+begin to draw in a really explicit way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to draw in a really explicit way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to draw in a really explicit way
+although I know you've been doing it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I know you've been doing it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I know you've been doing it all
+semester anyway on your own memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester anyway on your own memory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester anyway on your own memory of
+pro of television programs Prim time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro of television programs Prim time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro of television programs Prim time
+fiction programs that have mattered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction programs that have mattered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction programs that have mattered to
+you folks and we're going to we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you folks and we're going to we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you folks and we're going to we're going
+to be looking uh within certain very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking uh within certain very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking uh within certain very um
+coercive limits at uh programs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive limits at uh programs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive limits at uh programs from the
+80s and 90s uh uh in the in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and 90s uh uh in the in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and 90s uh uh in the in the final
+few classes that we have beginning uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classes that we have beginning uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classes that we have beginning uh on
+next next week on the on on the uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next week on the on on the uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next week on the on on the uh on
+the 20th uh uh and and there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th uh uh and and there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th uh uh and and there's one
+aspect of this process on which I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this process on which I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this process on which I need
+to rely on you and I'm hoping that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on you and I'm hoping that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on you and I'm hoping that many
+of you will come armed with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will come armed with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will come armed with very
+succinct and and and and profound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct and and and and profound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct and and and and profound and
+clarifying comments about certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying comments about certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying comments about certain kinds
+of programs one turn that television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs one turn that television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of programs one turn that television
+takes you're all aware of it I'm sure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you're all aware of it I'm sure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you're all aware of it I'm sure uh
+as the network consensus be as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the network consensus be as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the network consensus be as the
+consensus system doesn't disappear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus system doesn't disappear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus system doesn't disappear but
+begins to break down and fray into and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to break down and fray into and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to break down and fray into and
+and and fragment into so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and fragment into so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and fragment into so many
+subcultural appeals that we even begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcultural appeals that we even begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcultural appeals that we even begin
+to see as you surely have realized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see as you surely have realized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see as you surely have realized by
+now particular networks cable networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now particular networks cable networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now particular networks cable networks
+especially but even some broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially but even some broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially but even some broadcast
+networks like Fox that are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks like Fox that are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks like Fox that are that are
+aimed at particular subcultures and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at particular subcultures and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at particular subcultures and uh
+rather than at the whole of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than at the whole of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than at the whole of the
+population and one can see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and one can see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and one can see what happens
+when that be when that when that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that be when that when that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that be when that when that process
+begins we one thing I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins we one thing I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins we one thing I'd like you to
+think about are some various pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about are some various pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about are some various pieces of
+evidence that reinforce and clar support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that reinforce and clar support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that reinforce and clar support
+that perspective and I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective and I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective and I'm talking about
+things like the emergence of MTV and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the emergence of MTV and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the emergence of MTV and the
+emergence of shopping channels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of shopping channels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of shopping channels and the
+emergence of a science fiction channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a science fiction channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of a science fiction channel
+that sort of thing but then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing but then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing but then then
+specifically in terms of fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in terms of fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in terms of fiction
+programming Sharice we're sitting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming Sharice we're sitting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming Sharice we're sitting over
+at this this end of the classroom today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this end of the classroom today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this end of the classroom today
+because of Tricks we want to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Tricks we want to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of Tricks we want to do with the
+camera uh one of the most distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera uh one of the most distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera uh one of the most distinctive
+features of the fiction programming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the fiction programming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the fiction programming that
+I know many of you know much more deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know many of you know much more deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know many of you know much more deeply
+than I do is what I'll call this turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I do is what I'll call this turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I do is what I'll call this turn
+toward a youth audience the the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a youth audience the the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a youth audience the the way in
+which a c a Rel relatively significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a c a Rel relatively significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a c a Rel relatively significant
+number of programs and in many ways some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of programs and in many ways some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of programs and in many ways some
+of the most distinctive and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most distinctive and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most distinctive and interesting
+programs that appear on television in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that appear on television in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that appear on television in
+the 80s and especially in the 90s are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s and especially in the 90s are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s and especially in the 90s are
+specifically targeted at younger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically targeted at younger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically targeted at younger a
+audiences at at uh at at teenagers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences at at uh at at teenagers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences at at uh at at teenagers and
+at young college students I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at young college students I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at young college students I'm thinking
+of course can you tell me the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course can you tell me the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course can you tell me the names of
+quickly of such programs what what such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly of such programs what what such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly of such programs what what such
+programs might be some of them of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs might be some of them of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs might be some of them of course
+are running on on the medium right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running on on the medium right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running on on the medium right now
+they go back a bit name some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back a bit name some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back a bit name some of them
+90210 9021 one of the earliest another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90210 9021 one of the earliest another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90210 9021 one of the earliest another
+one Dawson's Creek Dawson's Creek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Dawson's Creek Dawson's Creek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Dawson's Creek Dawson's Creek
+Felicity Felicity Buffy vampire Buffy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felicity Felicity Buffy vampire Buffy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felicity Felicity Buffy vampire Buffy
+the Vampire seven heaven reaks and Geeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vampire seven heaven reaks and Geeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vampire seven heaven reaks and Geeks
+Freaks and Geeks declar and in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freaks and Geeks declar and in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freaks and Geeks declar and in fact it's
+actually a distinctive it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a distinctive it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a distinctive it's a
+distinctive grouping or family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive grouping or family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive grouping or family of
+programs that maybe one of the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that maybe one of the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that maybe one of the most uh
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+significant developments in in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant developments in in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant developments in in uh in
+terms of in in terms of the the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of in in terms of the the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of in in terms of the the vast
+field of Television fiction of tele of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Television fiction of tele of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of Television fiction of tele of
+of uh television storytelling that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh television storytelling that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh television storytelling that one
+might identify in the 80s and 990s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might identify in the 80s and 990s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might identify in the 80s and 990s and
+we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes find that that's consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes find that that's consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes find that that's consistent with the
+film industry also I mean the ' 80s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film industry also I mean the ' 80s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film industry also I mean the ' 80s with
+the production of all the like John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of all the like John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of all the like John
+Hughes films and then the 90s when clu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hughes films and then the 90s when clu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hughes films and then the 90s when clu
+came out and sort of reinvigorated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and sort of reinvigorated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and sort of reinvigorated this
+like I think there is there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think there is there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think there is there is some
+influence from the film industry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence from the film industry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence from the film industry but
+remember I mean I think I think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I mean I think I think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I mean I think I think you have
+to remember that the that the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that the that the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that the that the film
+industry has been aiming at a younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has been aiming at a younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has been aiming at a younger
+demographic for 30 years and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic for 30 years and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic for 30 years and it's not
+nearly so decisive a feature we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly so decisive a feature we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly so decisive a feature we can go
+back into the late certainly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the late certainly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the late certainly into the
+into the uh 60s and early 70s and begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh 60s and early 70s and begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh 60s and early 70s and begin
+to see really clearly that that a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see really clearly that that a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see really clearly that that a a
+significant proportion of of movies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant proportion of of movies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant proportion of of movies are
+already realizing that that uh in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already realizing that that uh in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already realizing that that uh in order
+to uh succeed they need to appeal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh succeed they need to appeal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh succeed they need to appeal to
+that to that special de that teenage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that special de that teenage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to that special de that teenage
+demographic uh I think it becomes a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic uh I think it becomes a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic uh I think it becomes a a a
+factor in television because when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in television because when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in television because when we
+begin to have a proliferation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to have a proliferation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to have a proliferation of
+channels and perspectives and and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and perspectives and and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and perspectives and and and uh
+there this variety of choice uh becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this variety of choice uh becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this variety of choice uh becomes
+a a decisive feature of the television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a decisive feature of the television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a decisive feature of the television
+landscape in the country uh but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape in the country uh but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape in the country uh but I think
+there is an influence from some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an influence from some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an influence from some of the
+films and the and the and and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and the and the and and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and the and the and and in many
+ways in many respects uh uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in many respects uh uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in many respects uh uh the the
+youth oriented fil the youth oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth oriented fil the youth oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth oriented fil the youth oriented
+films do do I think uh uh uh begin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films do do I think uh uh uh begin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films do do I think uh uh uh begin the
+process in a certain way or that or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a certain way or that or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in a certain way or that or or
+another way to put it is that the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to put it is that the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to put it is that the I
+think the television programs are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the television programs are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the television programs are part
+as you suggest are partly influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you suggest are partly influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you suggest are partly influenced by
+those although there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those although there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those although there are other
+influences as well having to do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences as well having to do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences as well having to do just
+with what the neelen numbers the ratings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the neelen numbers the ratings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the neelen numbers the ratings
+numbers especially when they're broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers especially when they're broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers especially when they're broken
+down into demographic subgroups tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into demographic subgroups tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into demographic subgroups tell the
+uh programmers about what they're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programmers about what they're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programmers about what they're up to
+some of the cable stations and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cable stations and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cable stations and some of
+the new uh new networks like the Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new uh new networks like the Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new uh new networks like the Fox
+network or the uh the lifetime channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or the uh the lifetime channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or the uh the lifetime channel
+uh when they when they when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when they when they when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when they when they when they
+actually when they actually uh uh began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when they actually uh uh began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when they actually uh uh began
+to go out before before they were before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out before before they were before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go out before before they were before
+they began to broadcast programming when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to broadcast programming when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to broadcast programming when
+they actually went out to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually went out to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually went out to try to get
+financing for what they were doing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing for what they were doing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing for what they were doing they
+relied on demographic data and they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied on demographic data and they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied on demographic data and they and
+and part of their rationale for for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of their rationale for for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of their rationale for for in
+for investors was there is group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investors was there is group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for investors was there is group of
+people in the country to whom we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the country to whom we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the country to whom we think
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+appeal to whom the network the C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to whom the network the C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to whom the network the C the
+main networks the the the older networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main networks the the the older networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main networks the the the older networks
+that have that that uh existed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that that uh existed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that that uh existed before
+the Advent of of uh cable and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Advent of of uh cable and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Advent of of uh cable and and
+satellite broadcasting do not appeal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite broadcasting do not appeal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite broadcasting do not appeal or
+to or are not successfully appealing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or are not successfully appealing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or are not successfully appealing and
+uh one can see that the networks then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one can see that the networks then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one can see that the networks then
+also responded because programs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also responded because programs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also responded because programs like
+what what would be some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would be some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would be some examples of
+network programs that respond to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network programs that respond to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network programs that respond to this
+trend and try to reach those say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend and try to reach those say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend and try to reach those say
+something of that same audience shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that same audience shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that same audience shows
+like friends I think would be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like friends I think would be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like friends I think would be an example
+of that kind of thing and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that kind of thing and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that kind of thing and there are
+there are others as well the ne the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others as well the ne the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are others as well the ne the
+primary networks ABC NBC CBS are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary networks ABC NBC CBS are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary networks ABC NBC CBS are of
+course all in some sense are still uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all in some sense are still uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all in some sense are still uh
+more ambitious to reach a wider kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ambitious to reach a wider kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ambitious to reach a wider kind of
+audience than the than the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience than the than the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience than the than the more
+specialized cable networks but but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized cable networks but but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized cable networks but but that
+distinction is a very partial one these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is a very partial one these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is a very partial one these
+days and one can look at ABC's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and one can look at ABC's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and one can look at ABC's
+programming for example and see uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming for example and see uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming for example and see uh that
+it it it has been deeply uh uh affect Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it has been deeply uh uh affect Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it has been deeply uh uh affect Ed
+by competition from these other sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by competition from these other sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by competition from these other sources
+this process we might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process we might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process we might not
+parenthetically is not a totally new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetically is not a totally new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetically is not a totally new one
+and even in the era when there were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in the era when there were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in the era when there were not
+a lot of uh when there was not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh when there was not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh when there was not a lot of
+competition it was still possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it was still possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it was still possible to
+identify some networks as appealing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify some networks as appealing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify some networks as appealing to
+older and some networks as appealing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older and some networks as appealing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older and some networks as appealing to
+younger viewers ABC began to improve its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger viewers ABC began to improve its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger viewers ABC began to improve its
+ratings at a much earlier stage before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings at a much earlier stage before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings at a much earlier stage before
+the Advent of all these competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Advent of all these competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Advent of all these competitive
+systems by appealing to a younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by appealing to a younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by appealing to a younger
+audience and it was known in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it was known in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it was known in some sense
+as the audience of young people people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the audience of young people people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the audience of young people people
+for for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a while
+yes I was just wondering if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was just wondering if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was just wondering if there are
+any studies um correlating youth on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any studies um correlating youth on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any studies um correlating youth on the
+web and sort of acknowledge like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and sort of acknowledge like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and sort of acknowledge like the
+basic mass media acknowledgement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic mass media acknowledgement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic mass media acknowledgement of this
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+demographic I'm not I'm not aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic I'm not I'm not aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic I'm not I'm not aware of
+that of of specific studies but it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of of specific studies but it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of of specific studies but it but
+what you're but it is certainly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're but it is certainly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're but it is certainly true
+that that there there's a widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there there's a widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there there's a widespread
+recognition of this and when you mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of this and when you mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of this and when you mention
+the web I'm not sure this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web I'm not sure this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web I'm not sure this is what you
+have in mind but but uh one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind but but uh one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind but but uh one of the most
+distinctive features of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive features of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive features of of these
+programs is their web presence other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is their web presence other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is their web presence other
+words these programs now now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words these programs now now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words these programs now now all
+programs now have some kind of web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs now have some kind of web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs now have some kind of web
+identity but the but but but the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but the but but but the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but the but but but the ones
+that appealed to the younger audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appealed to the younger audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appealed to the younger audiences
+often created uh a kind of a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often created uh a kind of a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often created uh a kind of a series of
+separate dramas on the web that kept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate dramas on the web that kept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate dramas on the web that kept the
+audience uh engaged in a certain part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience uh engaged in a certain part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience uh engaged in a certain part of
+Their audience engaged in their programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Their audience engaged in their programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Their audience engaged in their programs
+through a kind of interactivity that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a kind of interactivity that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a kind of interactivity that had
+never been available to television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been available to television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been available to television
+before Buffy is a terrifically clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Buffy is a terrifically clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Buffy is a terrifically clear
+example of that and the creator of Buffy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and the creator of Buffy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and the creator of Buffy
+has talked about the way in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has talked about the way in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has talked about the way in which the
+web presence of the program feeds into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web presence of the program feeds into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web presence of the program feeds into
+and complicates his show and as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicates his show and as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicates his show and as we've
+suggested that is one also a distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that is one also a distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that is one also a distinctive
+and interesting feature of television in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting feature of television in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting feature of television in
+the in the of contemporary television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the of contemporary television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the of contemporary television
+the way in which it is uh uh creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which it is uh uh creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which it is uh uh creating
+alliances with other emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliances with other emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliances with other emerging
+Technologies in order to complicate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in order to complicate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in order to complicate and
+and enhance its capacity to reach an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enhance its capacity to reach an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enhance its capacity to reach an
+audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience
+Sharice uh last semester in Jenkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharice uh last semester in Jenkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharice uh last semester in Jenkins
+converging media class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging media class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging media class
+one the man who runs the Dawson's Creek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the man who runs the Dawson's Creek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the man who runs the Dawson's Creek
+website came in and talked to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website came in and talked to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website came in and talked to us and
+apparently the Dawson's Creek website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the Dawson's Creek website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the Dawson's Creek website is
+in is completely independent of the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is completely independent of the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is completely independent of the show
+like they don't even relate they hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they don't even relate they hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they don't even relate they hardly
+relate to the show they don't even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the show they don't even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the show they don't even get
+the scripts until a week in advance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scripts until a week in advance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scripts until a week in advance and
+uh and also I want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also I want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also I want to say that
+the that the existence of websites for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the existence of websites for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the existence of websites for
+television shows I think are keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television shows I think are keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television shows I think are keeping
+more and more shows on the air because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more shows on the air because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more shows on the air because
+not every everyone has a neelon box you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every everyone has a neelon box you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every everyone has a neelon box you
+know not every teenager has a neelon box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not every teenager has a neelon box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not every teenager has a neelon box
+but every teenager has a well every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every teenager has a well every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every teenager has a well every
+teenager has access in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager has access in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager has access in other words
+they're able to say look we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to say look we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to say look we're getting
+these many hits to our website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many hits to our website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many hits to our website and
+that's proof that there's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proof that there's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proof that there's a real
+audience even without the Neil that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience even without the Neil that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience even without the Neil that's an
+interesting point and an important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point and an important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point and an important one
+it's another example of the way the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another example of the way the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another example of the way the old
+Network hegemony is breaking down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network hegemony is breaking down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network hegemony is breaking down
+because one of the most interesting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the most interesting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of the most interesting we
+haven't talked about it in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about it in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about it in the course
+but one of one of the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of one of the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of one of the most interesting
+aspects what comical in a way or ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects what comical in a way or ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects what comical in a way or ironic
+aspects of the history of Television is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the history of Television is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the history of Television is
+the way in which the major networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the major networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the major networks
+embrac this this rating system which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrac this this rating system which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrac this this rating system which is
+really a very a very inadequate measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very a very inadequate measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very a very inadequate measure
+of what the audience uh is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the audience uh is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the audience uh is actually
+doing but because uh it was convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but because uh it was convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but because uh it was convenient
+for the networks to have a measure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the networks to have a measure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the networks to have a measure they
+didn't really I think they didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really I think they didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really I think they didn't really
+care whether the measure was accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether the measure was accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether the measure was accurate
+all they wanted to be able to do was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they wanted to be able to do was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they wanted to be able to do was to
+was to have a measurement they could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have a measurement they could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have a measurement they could use
+when they spoke to advertisers and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they spoke to advertisers and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they spoke to advertisers and there
+was even a kind of advantage to them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even a kind of advantage to them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was even a kind of advantage to them in
+not inquiring too deeply into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inquiring too deeply into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inquiring too deeply into the
+limitations of the neelen numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the neelen numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the neelen numbers but
+there have been from almost the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been from almost the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been from almost the very
+beginning uh systematic uh uh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning uh systematic uh uh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning uh systematic uh uh questions
+raised especially by social scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised especially by social scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised especially by social scientists
+who understand Principles of Scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who understand Principles of Scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who understand Principles of Scientific
+sampling about the way in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling about the way in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling about the way in which the
+neelson uh system has worked it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neelson uh system has worked it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neelson uh system has worked it has been
+refined over the years and improved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined over the years and improved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined over the years and improved but
+it is and I'm not suggesting that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and I'm not suggesting that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and I'm not suggesting that it's
+that that its measurement of audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that its measurement of audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that its measurement of audiences
+is entirely inaccurate but we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely inaccurate but we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely inaccurate but we know that
+there are venues in which television is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are venues in which television is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are venues in which television is
+widely used that neelen numbers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used that neelen numbers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used that neelen numbers don't
+take adequate account of one of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take adequate account of one of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take adequate account of one of them are
+is communal spaces the number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is communal spaces the number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is communal spaces the number of people
+who watch television in bars or in or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who watch television in bars or in or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who watch television in bars or in or in
+uh in dormitories right uh neelon neelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in dormitories right uh neelon neelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in dormitories right uh neelon neelon
+numbers don't really take account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't really take account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't really take account of
+that and that's also I think uh why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's also I think uh why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's also I think uh why uh
+many people have made an argument to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have made an argument to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have made an argument to the
+effect that the younger audience has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that the younger audience has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that the younger audience has
+been inadequately measured by the neelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inadequately measured by the neelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been inadequately measured by the neelon
+numbers and why shera's point about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and why shera's point about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and why shera's point about the
+websites is important Erin you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites is important Erin you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites is important Erin you have a
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other non-cable networks is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other non-cable networks is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other non-cable networks is really
+almost not a distinction at all anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost not a distinction at all anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost not a distinction at all anymore
+because like I for me like when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like I for me like when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like I for me like when I was
+growing up like I didn't know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up like I didn't know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up like I didn't know that you
+know they were the first three or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they were the first three or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they were the first three or that
+they had the most money or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the most money or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the most money or whatever and
+so there was no difference to me between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no difference to me between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was no difference to me between
+you know the WB and NBC like it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the WB and NBC like it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the WB and NBC like it was all
+sort of just the same they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just the same they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of just the same they were just
+like public they were available to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like public they were available to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like public they were available to you
+just the same but weren't you able you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same but weren't you able you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same but weren't you able you
+were certainly able to feel differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were certainly able to feel differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were certainly able to feel differences
+of style or opal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of style or opal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of style or opal
+well but I don't think that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I don't think that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I don't think that I don't
+think that like it it generally like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that like it it generally like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that like it it generally like it
+came off that one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came off that one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came off that one was
+more major or one was like I see I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more major or one was like I see I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more major or one was like I see I think
+you're of course and especially and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're of course and especially and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're of course and especially and I
+think that it made a big difference too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it made a big difference too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it made a big difference too
+that um you know as far as like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know as far as like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know as far as like you know
+programs weren't necessarily better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs weren't necessarily better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs weren't necessarily better or
+worse and and especially Sports moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and and especially Sports moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and and especially Sports moving
+off of the major networks now that fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the major networks now that fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the major networks now that fox
+has baseball and up very important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has baseball and up very important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has baseball and up very important point
+in fact the movement Fox spent a fortune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the movement Fox spent a fortune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the movement Fox spent a fortune
+to get some of the major sports events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some of the major sports events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some of the major sports events
+as a way of demonstrating that it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of demonstrating that it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of demonstrating that it was an
+equal player in this network game and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal player in this network game and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal player in this network game and I
+you're absolutely right that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right that one of the
+one of the distinctive features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the distinctive features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the distinctive features of the
+last five or 10 years has been the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last five or 10 years has been the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last five or 10 years has been the the
+the emergence of these secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of these secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emergence of these secondary
+networks into a into virtually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks into a into virtually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks into a into virtually equal
+status with the with the original big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status with the with the original big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status with the with the original big
+three in terms of in terms of actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in terms of in terms of actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in terms of in terms of actual
+numbers of viewers it Remains the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of viewers it Remains the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of viewers it Remains the case
+that ABC NBC and CBS almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ABC NBC and CBS almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ABC NBC and CBS almost always
+outdraw by a tremendously large Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdraw by a tremendously large Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdraw by a tremendously large Factor
+the the uh the the the newcomer networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the the the newcomer networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the the the newcomer networks
+but there have now been several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there have now been several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there have now been several
+instances including of course the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances including of course the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances including of course the some
+of the great sports events that fox now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great sports events that fox now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great sports events that fox now
+has control of in which that in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has control of in which that in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has control of in which that in which
+that domination has been has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that domination has been has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that domination has been has been
+undercut so there have been individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut so there have been individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut so there have been individual
+moments uh in the history of of re in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments uh in the history of of re in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments uh in the history of of re in
+the recent history of broadcasting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent history of broadcasting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent history of broadcasting when
+the Fox network has actually generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fox network has actually generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fox network has actually generated a
+larger viewership than than one of than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger viewership than than one of than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger viewership than than one of than
+ABC NBC or CBS but it still is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC NBC or CBS but it still is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABC NBC or CBS but it still is a
+relatively unusual uh event the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively unusual uh event the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively unusual uh event the the
+major what I'm calling the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major what I'm calling the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major what I'm calling the major
+networks the older networks are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks the older networks are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks the older networks are very
+concerned of course about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned of course about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned of course about this
+competition and they are they do various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and they are they do various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and they are they do various
+kinds of things to try to to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things to try to to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things to try to to try to
+counter uh the competition one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter uh the competition one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter uh the competition one of them
+is by duplicating some of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by duplicating some of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by duplicating some of their
+programming as as we've suggested but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as as we've suggested but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming as as we've suggested but I
+think Erin is certainly right that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Erin is certainly right that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Erin is certainly right that in
+the last that in the last decade uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last that in the last decade uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last that in the last decade uh many
+viewers and especially younger viewers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers and especially younger viewers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewers and especially younger viewers
+would not uh be at all conscious of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not uh be at all conscious of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not uh be at all conscious of a
+major distinction I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major distinction I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major distinction I think if you
+actually looked at the kinds of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at the kinds of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at the kinds of programs
+that are on Fox or on WB you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on Fox or on WB you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on Fox or on WB you would
+recognize that there that that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that there that that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that there that that they
+clearly belong that they clearly belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly belong that they clearly belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly belong that they clearly belong
+to a certain kind of family of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain kind of family of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain kind of family of of of of
+uh programming that they have that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programming that they have that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programming that they have that they
+share a certain kind of tone that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a certain kind of tone that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a certain kind of tone that they
+clearly are appealing to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly are appealing to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly are appealing to a different
+kind of demographic from and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of demographic from and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of demographic from and that
+they're certainly not trying to appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're certainly not trying to appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're certainly not trying to appeal
+to uh the whole of the population in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the whole of the population in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the whole of the population in the
+way in the way that some of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the way that some of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the way that some of the network
+programs still imagine themselves some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs still imagine themselves some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs still imagine themselves some
+of the major Network programs still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major Network programs still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the major Network programs still
+imagine themselves uh as capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine themselves uh as capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine themselves uh as capable of
+doing uh the one one implication that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh the one one implication that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh the one one implication that a
+lot of lot of uh people uh uh have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lot of uh people uh uh have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lot of uh people uh uh have have
+drawn from these developments is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from these developments is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from these developments is that
+the networks are the major networks idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networks are the major networks idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networks are the major networks idea
+of themselves as as broadcast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themselves as as broadcast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of themselves as as broadcast as
+broadcasters to the whole of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasters to the whole of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasters to the whole of the
+population is an anachronism and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is an anachronism and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is an anachronism and that
+it's going to that it's that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to that it's that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to that it's that not only
+has that system begun to be undermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that system begun to be undermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that system begun to be undermined
+but that it will eventually entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that it will eventually entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that it will eventually entirely
+disappear I'm not sure that that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear I'm not sure that that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear I'm not sure that that's true
+and I think that there have been there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that there have been there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that there have been there's
+been some evidence in recent months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been some evidence in recent months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been some evidence in recent months
+especially since the attack on the Twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since the attack on the Twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since the attack on the Twin
+Towers uh to suggest to us that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers uh to suggest to us that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towers uh to suggest to us that this
+that the that the that the consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that the that the consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that the that the consensus
+function of Television May of the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Television May of the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Television May of the medium
+may still be very important to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be very important to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be very important to the
+society although it may be fulfilled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society although it may be fulfilled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society although it may be fulfilled by
+by by the television system in ways very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the television system in ways very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by the television system in ways very
+different from those that from the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those that from the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from those that from the ways
+in which it was fulfilled in in in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it was fulfilled in in in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it was fulfilled in in in an
+earlier in an earlier era but your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in an earlier era but your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in an earlier era but your point
+is a crucial one exactly right what let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a crucial one exactly right what let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a crucial one exactly right what let
+me let me uh uh say a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me uh uh say a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me uh uh say a couple of things
+about before we're going to talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before we're going to talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before we're going to talk today
+about Norman Le and about Norman Le shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Norman Le and about Norman Le shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Norman Le and about Norman Le shop
+but I I hope you have the episode of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I hope you have the episode of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I hope you have the episode of of
+all in the family uh that we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the family uh that we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the family uh that we saw in the
+viewing period clearly in in in mind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing period clearly in in in mind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing period clearly in in in mind uh
+for our discussion I even I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our discussion I even I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our discussion I even I have that
+episode with me and I may actually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode with me and I may actually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode with me and I may actually show
+you a fragment from it if we have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a fragment from it if we have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a fragment from it if we have time
+today but I have some other Lear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I have some other Lear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but I have some other Lear
+materials I want to show you as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials I want to show you as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials I want to show you as well
+before I turn to that though I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I turn to that though I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I turn to that though I want to
+mention that I've been reflecting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that I've been reflecting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that I've been reflecting on the
+uh discussion we had last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussion we had last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussion we had last time and
+especially on the challenge that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the challenge that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the challenge that that
+Susanna and then after the class several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susanna and then after the class several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susanna and then after the class several
+other powerful intellig women made to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other powerful intellig women made to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other powerful intellig women made to me
+about the about her Susanna's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the about her Susanna's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the about her Susanna's
+reservations concerning that episode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations concerning that episode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations concerning that episode of
+The Mary Tyler Moore Show and uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Mary Tyler Moore Show and uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Mary Tyler Moore Show and uh they're
+right and I'm wrong I think um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm wrong I think um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm wrong I think um I think
+the women were right about this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women were right about this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women were right about this and I
+think it's characteristic of revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's characteristic of revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's characteristic of revealing
+you know that that a man would be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that a man would be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that a man would be less
+attentive to these nuances than women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to these nuances than women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentive to these nuances than women
+would be uh there is a problem there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh there is a problem there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh there is a problem there is
+a problem with the way in which at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with the way in which at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem with the way in which at the
+end of that program and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that program and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of that program and at the end of
+that fragment we were looking at Mary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fragment we were looking at Mary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fragment we were looking at Mary is
+so quick to forgive her boyfriend for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quick to forgive her boyfriend for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quick to forgive her boyfriend for
+his promiscuity there uh I I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his promiscuity there uh I I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his promiscuity there uh I I think the
+explanation is partly historical that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is partly historical that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is partly historical that is
+say and Susanna was acknowledging this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and Susanna was acknowledging this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and Susanna was acknowledging this
+when she was Raising her own doubts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was Raising her own doubts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she was Raising her own doubts I
+think I was not sufficiently attentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was not sufficiently attentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I was not sufficiently attentive
+or responsive to what she what what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or responsive to what she what what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or responsive to what she what what she
+intended and and uh after class she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended and and uh after class she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended and and uh after class she
+renewed her argument and Robin joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed her argument and Robin joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed her argument and Robin joined
+her and Mickey D pre-join her and I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and Mickey D pre-join her and I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and Mickey D pre-join her and I felt
+finally persuaded you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally persuaded you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally persuaded you see
+take maybe I'm slow but but I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take maybe I'm slow but but I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take maybe I'm slow but but I think they
+were right I mean there there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right I mean there there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right I mean there there is a
+problem there the problem is partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there the problem is partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there the problem is partly a
+function of historical distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of historical distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of historical distance
+historical change what would have seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical change what would have seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical change what would have seemed
+in the 1970s like a very daring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s like a very daring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s like a very daring and
+remarkable uh uh experience seems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable uh uh experience seems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable uh uh experience seems in the
+seems at the at the turn of the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems at the at the turn of the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems at the at the turn of the New
+Millennium to be rather retrograde uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium to be rather retrograde uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium to be rather retrograde uh
+and uh uh I think the difference we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I think the difference we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh I think the difference we're
+talking about is a Nuance but but but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is a Nuance but but but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is a Nuance but but but I
+think it is uh intellectually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is uh intellectually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is uh intellectually uh
+aesthetically a problem in that program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically a problem in that program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically a problem in that program
+uh it's partly built into the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's partly built into the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's partly built into the to the
+problematics of a of a half-hour sitcom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematics of a of a half-hour sitcom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematics of a of a half-hour sitcom
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+mean maybe if the program had extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe if the program had extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe if the program had extended
+this this uh moment of this Mary's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh moment of this Mary's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh moment of this Mary's
+thinking about it and then deciding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and then deciding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it and then deciding to
+take a chance on the on on her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a chance on the on on her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a chance on the on on her
+promiscuous boyfriend who's finally said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous boyfriend who's finally said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous boyfriend who's finally said
+okay I'll give up all my other women and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll give up all my other women and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll give up all my other women and
+and and I I really do love you if if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I really do love you if if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I I really do love you if if she
+hadn't made the decision in half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't made the decision in half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't made the decision in half a
+second it might have seemed uh uh a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it might have seemed uh uh a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it might have seemed uh uh a more
+a more plausible or a more or a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more plausible or a more or a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more plausible or a more or a more
+defensible Choice uh but I uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensible Choice uh but I uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensible Choice uh but I uh but I
+think that the primary point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the primary point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the primary point is that
+that in the context of the early 70s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of the early 70s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of the early 70s uh
+Mary's openness about sexuality to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary's openness about sexuality to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary's openness about sexuality to begin
+with and her struggles to uh because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and her struggles to uh because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and her struggles to uh because she
+comes from a conservative and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a conservative and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from a conservative and and uh
+middle American background and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle American background and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle American background and her
+struggles all the way through the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles all the way through the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles all the way through the show
+the series not just in that one episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series not just in that one episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series not just in that one episode
+to uh accommodate herself to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh accommodate herself to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh accommodate herself to adjust
+herself to the demands of the new world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself to the demands of the new world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself to the demands of the new world
+is uh is a is a recurring issue uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is a is a recurring issue uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is a is a recurring issue uh and
+it's dramatized in that episode with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dramatized in that episode with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dramatized in that episode with
+perhaps at the very end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps at the very end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps at the very end with
+perhaps too much too much speed and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps too much too much speed and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps too much too much speed and and
+and at the expense of uh psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the expense of uh psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the expense of uh psychological
+plausibility slightly uh other words I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausibility slightly uh other words I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausibility slightly uh other words I I
+don't think that it's a an utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that it's a an utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that it's a an utterly
+debilitating defect in that episode but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debilitating defect in that episode but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debilitating defect in that episode but
+it is a defect and it reminds us of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a defect and it reminds us of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a defect and it reminds us of how
+even even the most apparently liberated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even the most apparently liberated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even the most apparently liberated
+program of one era can seem much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of one era can seem much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of one era can seem much more
+conservative and unliberated in a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and unliberated in a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and unliberated in a later
+era it's uh an feminist understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era it's uh an feminist understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era it's uh an feminist understanding
+has now has now been sort of uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has now has now been sort of uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has now has now been sort of uh uh uh
+Incorporated in our in our general sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in our in our general sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in our in our general sense
+of the understandings have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the understandings have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the understandings have been
+Incorporated in our general sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in our general sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in our general sense of the
+world in a way that was not true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a way that was not true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a way that was not true in the
+early 70s and and uh helps to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s and and uh helps to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 70s and and uh helps to explain
+why today's audiences would react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why today's audiences would react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why today's audiences would react with
+greater skepticism and and resistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater skepticism and and resistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater skepticism and and resistance to
+an to a a moment that the creators of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an to a a moment that the creators of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an to a a moment that the creators of
+the program surely intended in a way not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program surely intended in a way not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program surely intended in a way not
+not quite the same as as uh the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same as as uh the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite the same as as uh the way in
+which we would read read the text today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would read read the text today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would read read the text today
+historical readings Are all uh re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical readings Are all uh re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical readings Are all uh re
+reading texts historically uh is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading texts historically uh is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading texts historically uh is always
+a difficult and complex process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficult and complex process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difficult and complex process and the
+episode dramatizes that for us all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode dramatizes that for us all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode dramatizes that for us all right
+let now what I'd like to do is turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let now what I'd like to do is turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let now what I'd like to do is turn to
+the other great uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Central Comedy shop of the early 70s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Comedy shop of the early 70s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Comedy shop of the early 70s uh
+in some ways uh uh and at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways uh uh and at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways uh uh and at the time and
+even more decisive and publicized EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more decisive and publicized EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more decisive and publicized EV
+then that was the emergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that was the emergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that was the emergence of the
+Norman leer programs I spoke last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman leer programs I spoke last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman leer programs I spoke last time
+about the way both the MTM and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way both the MTM and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way both the MTM and the and
+the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh
+Norman Lear shops them generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman Lear shops them generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman Lear shops them generated
+themselves a a whole series of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a a whole series of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a a whole series of other
+programs that uh grew out of the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that uh grew out of the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that uh grew out of the success
+of their initial their initial shows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their initial their initial shows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their initial their initial shows and
+there a couple of things to say at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a couple of things to say at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a couple of things to say at the
+start uh about the Norman lyric programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh about the Norman lyric programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh about the Norman lyric programs
+maybe the first and most important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the first and most important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the first and most important is
+that although videotape had been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although videotape had been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although videotape had been used
+before especially in sports broadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before especially in sports broadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before especially in sports broadcasting
+and in daytime television All in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in daytime television All in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in daytime television All in the
+Family to my knowledge is the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family to my knowledge is the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family to my knowledge is the very first
+prime time fiction programming to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime time fiction programming to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime time fiction programming to use
+videotape instead of film and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape instead of film and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotape instead of film and the
+production of a program in videotape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of a program in videotape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of a program in videotape as
+against film is itself a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against film is itself a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against film is itself a slightly
+different process because most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process because most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different process because most of the
+editing occurs on the Fly there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing occurs on the Fly there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing occurs on the Fly there are
+still three cameras but the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still three cameras but the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still three cameras but the director
+makes the decision about he sees three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the decision about he sees three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the decision about he sees three
+monitors uh but when he but the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors uh but when he but the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors uh but when he but the director
+makes the decision on the Fly while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the decision on the Fly while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the decision on the Fly while the
+program is while the show is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is while the show is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is while the show is being
+performed before the live audience about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed before the live audience about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed before the live audience about
+which cameras uh uh perspective is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cameras uh uh perspective is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cameras uh uh perspective is going
+to actually be saved on the videotape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be saved on the videotape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be saved on the videotape
+and they sometimes stop to do retakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sometimes stop to do retakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sometimes stop to do retakes
+when they when they don't get exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they don't get exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they when they don't get exactly
+what they want I was at a uh uh a taping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want I was at a uh uh a taping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want I was at a uh uh a taping
+of one of the Lear shows in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the Lear shows in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the Lear shows in the early
+70s when uh after the pro after the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s when uh after the pro after the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s when uh after the pro after the show
+was completed they asked the Audi they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completed they asked the Audi they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completed they asked the Audi they
+have an audience that's always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an audience that's always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an audience that's always an
+invited audience that's that sits up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited audience that's that sits up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited audience that's that sits up in
+a kind of Bleacher section watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Bleacher section watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of Bleacher section watching the
+program uh and they record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh and they record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh and they record the
+audience's laughter and the audience's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience's laughter and the audience's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience's laughter and the audience's
+presence is a is a something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence is a is a something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence is a is a something you're
+powerfully aware of even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully aware of even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully aware of even though you
+never SE see the audience in in in All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never SE see the audience in in in All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never SE see the audience in in in All
+in the Family and in other leer programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Family and in other leer programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Family and in other leer programs
+uh and I in the taping I witnessed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I in the taping I witnessed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I in the taping I witnessed they
+after the show was over they asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the show was over they asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the show was over they asked the
+audience to remain and they reshot an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to remain and they reshot an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience to remain and they reshot an
+entire scene and some members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire scene and some members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire scene and some members of the
+audience were grumbling because they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience were grumbling because they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience were grumbling because they had
+to go elsewhere and they and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go elsewhere and they and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go elsewhere and they and they
+actually left they refused to stay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually left they refused to stay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually left they refused to stay but
+most most remained and so what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most remained and so what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most remained and so what was
+supposed to be acted out in sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be acted out in sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be acted out in sequence in
+in a half an hour turned out to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a half an hour turned out to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a half an hour turned out to be a a
+process that took over over 90 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that took over over 90 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that took over over 90 minutes
+and the audience wasn't really delighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audience wasn't really delighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audience wasn't really delighted
+about that of course the the actors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that of course the the actors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that of course the the actors and
+actresses rehearse there the episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actresses rehearse there the episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actresses rehearse there the episode
+long before they actually perform it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before they actually perform it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before they actually perform it
+before the live audience so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the live audience so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the live audience so one of the
+things that happens uh for the in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens uh for the in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens uh for the in these
+tape before a live audience um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape before a live audience um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape before a live audience um um
+systems is that they retain something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that they retain something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that they retain something of
+a of a of a connection to to to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a of a connection to to to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a of a connection to to to the to
+the to the roots of drama in theater uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the roots of drama in theater uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the roots of drama in theater uh
+because the uh first the cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh first the cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh first the cast
+has each each individual program has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has each each individual program has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has each each individual program has a
+different kind of schedule but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of schedule but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of schedule but it
+basically Works uh like they it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Works uh like they it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Works uh like they it
+basically works like this they do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically works like this they do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically works like this they do not
+film out of sequence as they might very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film out of sequence as they might very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film out of sequence as they might very
+well do with other kinds of with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do with other kinds of with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do with other kinds of with other
+kinds of film uh programs they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of film uh programs they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of film uh programs they they have
+a they have a rehearsal period in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they have a rehearsal period in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they have a rehearsal period in which
+often The Writers come in and listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often The Writers come in and listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often The Writers come in and listen
+while the actors do a kind of readr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the actors do a kind of readr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the actors do a kind of readr
+sitting around the table this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around the table this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around the table this happens
+every week and they work on a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week and they work on a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week and they work on a very
+elaborate schedule uh because obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate schedule uh because obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate schedule uh because obviously
+how could you produce programs quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you produce programs quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you produce programs quickly
+enough if you to fill out a thir a 13 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if you to fill out a thir a 13 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if you to fill out a thir a 13 or
+a 26 week season if you didn't uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 26 week season if you didn't uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 26 week season if you didn't uh have a
+a very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very careful
+system uh they have a read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh they have a read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh they have a read through
+around the table the that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the table the that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the table the that's where the
+actors begin to learn their lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors begin to learn their lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors begin to learn their lines and
+it's also the point at which the writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the point at which the writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the point at which the writers
+make changes when they actually hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make changes when they actually hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make changes when they actually hear the
+actors speak the line sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors speak the line sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors speak the line sometimes the
+actors will say I'm having trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors will say I'm having trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors will say I'm having trouble with
+this line the writers will fix it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line the writers will fix it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line the writers will fix it right
+then the and and and they have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the and and and they have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the and and and they have a system
+for when they change it when they when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they change it when they when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when they change it when they when
+they change the script the scripts have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the script the scripts have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the script the scripts have
+some of you may know this have colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know this have colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know this have colored
+pages so that the script May begin as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages so that the script May begin as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages so that the script May begin as
+white and then you have orange Pages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and then you have orange Pages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and then you have orange Pages for
+the first revision and blue Pages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first revision and blue Pages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first revision and blue Pages for
+the second revision and in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second revision and in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second revision and in many cases
+the final script will have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final script will have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final script will have five
+different color colors of pages in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color colors of pages in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color colors of pages in them
+because there have been that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there have been that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there have been that many
+changes uh and then at a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh and then at a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh and then at a certain point
+the cast moves onto the Set uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cast moves onto the Set uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cast moves onto the Set uh and they
+walk through the role with the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the role with the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the role with the director
+tell giving them sort of basic blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell giving them sort of basic blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell giving them sort of basic blocking
+instructions then they often have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions then they often have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions then they often have a
+rehearsal in which the cameras are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal in which the cameras are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal in which the cameras are there
+but are not actually working so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are not actually working so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are not actually working so that
+they can they can they can practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can they can practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can they can practice
+their moves and then finally they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their moves and then finally they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their moves and then finally they move
+to a system in which the in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system in which the in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system in which the in which the
+they perform before the live audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform before the live audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they perform before the live audience
+and the C and and the cameras are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C and and the cameras are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C and and the cameras are
+everything go everything goes live uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything go everything goes live uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything go everything goes live uh
+and so so there is a kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so there is a kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so there is a kind of uh
+rehearsal process in which they refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal process in which they refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsal process in which they refine
+their performances for each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performances for each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their performances for each individual
+program and the actors tell told me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and the actors tell told me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and the actors tell told me that
+it was always the case that the walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was always the case that the walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was always the case that the walk
+that the rehearsal process was often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rehearsal process was often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rehearsal process was often a
+kind of walk through and they were never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of walk through and they were never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of walk through and they were never
+really aware of what was alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aware of what was alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really aware of what was alive and
+dynamic in the in the particular script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic in the in the particular script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic in the in the particular script
+until they got before the live audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they got before the live audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until they got before the live audience
+and they said it was always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said it was always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said it was always the case
+that the live audience energized them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the live audience energized them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the live audience energized them in
+ways that uh helped to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that uh helped to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that uh helped to explain the
+quality of the show videotape has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the show videotape has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the show videotape has
+a harsher quality it seems to me both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harsher quality it seems to me both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harsher quality it seems to me both
+both in in terms of its uh audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in in terms of its uh audit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in in terms of its uh audit
+auditory features and and Visually from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory features and and Visually from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory features and and Visually from
+what film does and I think that may uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film does and I think that may uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what film does and I think that may uh
+help to explain something of the feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to explain something of the feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to explain something of the feel
+something of the special atmosphere that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the special atmosphere that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the special atmosphere that
+was characteristic of All in the Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was characteristic of All in the Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was characteristic of All in the Family
+from the very beginning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning the
+show caused controversy almost from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show caused controversy almost from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show caused controversy almost from the
+start because it introduced in a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start because it introduced in a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start because it introduced in a much
+more explicit way than the Mary Tyler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit way than the Mary Tyler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explicit way than the Mary Tyler
+Moore Show did contemporary issues in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore Show did contemporary issues in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moore Show did contemporary issues in a
+contemporary setting it talked in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary setting it talked in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary setting it talked in a way
+that Prime Time television had not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Prime Time television had not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Prime Time television had not as
+openly ever had had not ever done as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly ever had had not ever done as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly ever had had not ever done as
+openly before about the about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly before about the about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openly before about the about the
+turmoil and difficulties in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil and difficulties in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil and difficulties in the in the
+outer culture uh it staged a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer culture uh it staged a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer culture uh it staged a kind
+of continual debate between the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continual debate between the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continual debate between the right
+and the left between the between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left between the between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left between the between the
+liberal son-in-law and the reactionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal son-in-law and the reactionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal son-in-law and the reactionary
+uh father-in-law uh that that uh was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh father-in-law uh that that uh was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh father-in-law uh that that uh was a
+kind of was a kind of symbolic standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of was a kind of symbolic standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of was a kind of symbolic standing
+for the generational uh debates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the generational uh debates and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the generational uh debates and the
+and the and the political disagreements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the political disagreements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the political disagreements
+that were organized in the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were organized in the country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were organized in the country and
+it was commonly the case in that program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was commonly the case in that program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was commonly the case in that program
+that contemporary political events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contemporary political events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contemporary political events
+including the Vietnam War were argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Vietnam War were argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the Vietnam War were argued
+vigorously and discussed on on Le's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorously and discussed on on Le's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorously and discussed on on Le's
+program uh at the time the show was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh at the time the show was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh at the time the show was
+imagined to be far more radical uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined to be far more radical uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined to be far more radical uh in a
+in a moral and political and even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moral and political and even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moral and political and even an
+aesthetic sense than it seems to us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic sense than it seems to us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic sense than it seems to us in
+retrospect I think to be and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect I think to be and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect I think to be and I've
+already suggested to you that it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suggested to you that it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suggested to you that it's one
+one measure of of how of how flexible a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one measure of of how of how flexible a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one measure of of how of how flexible a
+consensus system can be is All in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus system can be is All in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus system can be is All in the
+Family which after all does enable this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family which after all does enable this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family which after all does enable this
+kind of debate these very sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of debate these very sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of debate these very sharp
+divisions but at the same time remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions but at the same time remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions but at the same time remains
+at the end a kind of reassuring program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end a kind of reassuring program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end a kind of reassuring program
+cont continues to hold or to embrace uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont continues to hold or to embrace uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont continues to hold or to embrace uh
+ultimately the reassurance principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the reassurance principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the reassurance principles
+that are part of any consensus system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of any consensus system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of any consensus system
+because things remain All in the Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things remain All in the Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because things remain All in the Family
+because uh Archie and and his son-in-law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh Archie and and his son-in-law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh Archie and and his son-in-law
+never reached the point of killing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never reached the point of killing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never reached the point of killing one
+another or or Archie never reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or or Archie never reaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or or Archie never reaches the
+point of kicking his son-in-law out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of kicking his son-in-law out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of kicking his son-in-law out of
+the out of the uh house uh and the Very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of the uh house uh and the Very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of the uh house uh and the Very
+fact that the uh that that Archie Archie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the uh that that Archie Archie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the uh that that Archie Archie
+and Edith's daughter has moved back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Edith's daughter has moved back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Edith's daughter has moved back into
+their house with um uh her new husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house with um uh her new husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their house with um uh her new husband
+is a is a is is a is a mark of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a is is a is a mark of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a is is a is a mark of the
+uh Power of Family Ties uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Power of Family Ties uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Power of Family Ties uh in the
+program so so so it's a it's a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so so so it's a it's a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so so so it's a it's a the
+program is simultaneously disturbing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is simultaneously disturbing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is simultaneously disturbing but
+also reassuring in EX in in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reassuring in EX in in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reassuring in EX in in a certain
+sense in the in a in a way that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in the in a in a way that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in the in a in a way that I've
+suggested to you is is a a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested to you is is a a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested to you is is a a fundamental
+characteristic of of a consensus system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of of a consensus system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of of a consensus system
+Greg um actually happened to watch an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg um actually happened to watch an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greg um actually happened to watch an
+episode last night of All in the Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode last night of All in the Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode last night of All in the Family
+I was up late and it was an episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was up late and it was an episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was up late and it was an episode
+where um there was a new family moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um there was a new family moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um there was a new family moving
+in to the block that they lived on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the block that they lived on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the block that they lived on and
+um that there was a they said that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there was a they said that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that there was a they said that a
+minority family had put a deposit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority family had put a deposit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority family had put a deposit down
+on the house and aru was all upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the house and aru was all upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the house and aru was all upset
+because thought there was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because thought there was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because thought there was going to be
+another black family moving in and so Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another black family moving in and so Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another black family moving in and so Mr
+Jefferson comes in and they have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson comes in and they have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson comes in and they have a big
+fight about it and a lot Jefferson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight about it and a lot Jefferson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight about it and a lot Jefferson is
+the black neighbor of the who later is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black neighbor of the who later is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black neighbor of the who later is
+of course spun off into his own program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course spun off into his own program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course spun off into his own program
+right right and so they have an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and so they have an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and so they have an argument
+and like there's a lot of jokes in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like there's a lot of jokes in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like there's a lot of jokes in it
+but a lot of them have found were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of them have found were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of them have found were very
+uncomfortable while they did it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable while they did it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable while they did it and then
+it it turns out that this Puerto Rican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it turns out that this Puerto Rican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it turns out that this Puerto Rican
+family comes in and they're the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family comes in and they're the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family comes in and they're the family
+who's put the deposit down and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's put the deposit down and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's put the deposit down and suddenly
+Archie and Mr Jefferson are together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie and Mr Jefferson are together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie and Mr Jefferson are together
+going to sign this petition to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sign this petition to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sign this petition to get the
+Puerto Ricans out and and um in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Ricans out and and um in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Ricans out and and um in the end
+the house is sold to um to a white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house is sold to um to a white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house is sold to um to a white
+couple but one who is Italian and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple but one who is Italian and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple but one who is Italian and one
+who is um um Irish Catholic and Archie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is um um Irish Catholic and Archie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is um um Irish Catholic and Archie
+ends up offending them too and so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up offending them too and so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up offending them too and so it was
+by the end you know everyone was just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end you know everyone was just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end you know everyone was just I
+don't know it was it was uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it was it was uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it was it was uncomfortable
+kind of as I was going through it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as I was going through it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of as I was going through it but it
+was just the fact that looking back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the fact that looking back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the fact that looking back and
+knowing that Archie is you know supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that Archie is you know supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that Archie is you know supposed
+to be this person who is you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this person who is you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this person who is you know not
+accepting of these things or not um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting of these things or not um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting of these things or not um I
+don't know less open-minded and just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know less open-minded and just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know less open-minded and just you
+know the fights that they have on you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the fights that they have on you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the fights that they have on you're
+being generous to him I mean he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generous to him I mean he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generous to him I mean he was
+widely recognized to be a racial a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely recognized to be a racial a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely recognized to be a racial a
+racial bigot he was he was a bigot he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial bigot he was he was a bigot he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial bigot he was he was a bigot he
+was a pre deeply prejudiced he saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pre deeply prejudiced he saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pre deeply prejudiced he saw the
+world through racist perspectives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through racist perspectives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through racist perspectives and
+racist stereotypes and and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist stereotypes and and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist stereotypes and and one of the
+interesting things that occurred earli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that occurred earli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that occurred earli
+the example you're talking about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example you're talking about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example you're talking about is a
+characteristic one in the program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic one in the program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic one in the program and
+and there is a kind of boldness about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a kind of boldness about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a kind of boldness about it
+I mean think about it in another way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean think about it in another way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean think about it in another way is
+to say look this is an entertainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say look this is an entertainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say look this is an entertainment
+medium this is supposed to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium this is supposed to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium this is supposed to be an
+Entertainment form and and many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Entertainment form and and many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Entertainment form and and many people
+in the networks were very suspicious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the networks were very suspicious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the networks were very suspicious of
+what Norman Lear wanted to do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Norman Lear wanted to do because
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Norman Lear wanted to do because
+they said what people won't be amused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said what people won't be amused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said what people won't be amused by
+these kinds of arguments they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of arguments they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of arguments they'll be
+offended in fact they were wrong Lear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offended in fact they were wrong Lear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offended in fact they were wrong Lear
+was right about his sense that the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right about his sense that the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right about his sense that the you
+know was Lear trusted the audience to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was Lear trusted the audience to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was Lear trusted the audience to be
+more intelligent than the networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intelligent than the networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intelligent than the networks
+believed them to be because Lear said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed them to be because Lear said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed them to be because Lear said no
+the audience is not only is the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience is not only is the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience is not only is the audience
+capable of responding to characters who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of responding to characters who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of responding to characters who
+are flawed and damaged and ridiculous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flawed and damaged and ridiculous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flawed and damaged and ridiculous uh
+and and morally questionable like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and morally questionable like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and morally questionable like this
+race racist bigot but the audience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race racist bigot but the audience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race racist bigot but the audience is
+even capable of recognizing that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even capable of recognizing that there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+even capable of recognizing that there
+are certain that that person might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain that that person might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain that that person might be a
+might might be a bigot in one side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might might be a bigot in one side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might might be a bigot in one side but
+still be a loving father words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a loving father words the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a loving father words the
+program asked for a kind of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program asked for a kind of a kind of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+response to the comple to the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the comple to the complexity
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the comple to the complexity
+of of Archie's character and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Archie's character and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Archie's character and of the
+character of other other people around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of other other people around
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of other other people around
+him in a way that in simply assumed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in a way that in simply assumed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him in a way that in simply assumed the
+audience could understand the characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience could understand the characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience could understand the characters
+in the way they understood their bigoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way they understood their bigoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way they understood their bigoted
+uncle or the way in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle or the way in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncle or the way in which they
+understood their bigoted neighbor it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood their bigoted neighbor it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood their bigoted neighbor it was
+as if it it was as if Lear and I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it it was as if Lear and I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it it was as if Lear and I think I
+think it had also had to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it had also had to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it had also had to do with the
+fact that it was a moment in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was a moment in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it was a moment in American
+culture when there was so much turmoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture when there was so much turmoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture when there was so much turmoil
+and debate going on that it was a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debate going on that it was a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and debate going on that it was a a a
+propitious time for Lear to try this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propitious time for Lear to try this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propitious time for Lear to try this but
+at the time when he when the show came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when he when the show came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when he when the show came
+on the the networks were not the net the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the networks were not the net the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the networks were not the net the
+CBS network was very dubious and uneasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBS network was very dubious and uneasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBS network was very dubious and uneasy
+he faced continual arguments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he faced continual arguments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he faced continual arguments with
+sensors and in fact I mean I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and in fact I mean I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and in fact I mean I think he
+often when he described the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when he described the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when he described the program
+later after it was recognized as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later after it was recognized as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later after it was recognized as an
+extraordinary pioneering show and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary pioneering show and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary pioneering show and of
+course it had a very long run can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it had a very long run can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it had a very long run can
+someone Sean you have your book with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone Sean you have your book with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone Sean you have your book with you
+would you check the dates it starts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you check the dates it starts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you check the dates it starts in
+70 run in in in different incarnations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 run in in in different incarnations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 run in in in different incarnations
+toward the end of its run it changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of its run it changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of its run it changes its
+name it runs at least into the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it runs at least into the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name it runs at least into the next
+decade I forgot to into into the U early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade I forgot to into into the U early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade I forgot to into into the U early
+80s anyway under the title Archie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s anyway under the title Archie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s anyway under the title Archie
+Bunker's Place or something like that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunker's Place or something like that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunker's Place or something like that uh
+but um uh even in its original format it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um uh even in its original format it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um uh even in its original format it
+runs through most of the 70s uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through most of the 70s uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through most of the 70s uh and and
+another thing that happens of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that happens of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that happens of course is
+that we're we also get the pleasures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we also get the pleasures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we also get the pleasures of
+watching the characters themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the characters themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the characters themselves
+undergo certain kinds of evolutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo certain kinds of evolutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo certain kinds of evolutions and
+changes uh both the children or at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh both the children or at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh both the children or at one
+Point finally in the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point finally in the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point finally in the course of the
+series uh Mike stiic the son-in-law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh Mike stiic the son-in-law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh Mike stiic the son-in-law
+finishes school Archie's always mocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes school Archie's always mocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes school Archie's always mocking
+him for not earning a living because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him for not earning a living because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him for not earning a living because
+he's trying to get his PhD and become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to get his PhD and become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to get his PhD and become a
+a professor someplace and he does get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor someplace and he does get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor someplace and he does get a
+job but he gets a job in California and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but he gets a job in California and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but he gets a job in California and
+he's moving away and by this time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's moving away and by this time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's moving away and by this time of
+course what else has happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what else has happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what else has happened to the
+family they Gloria and Mike have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family they Gloria and Mike have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family they Gloria and Mike have had a
+child and the bunkers have a grandchild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and the bunkers have a grandchild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and the bunkers have a grandchild
+and uh one one of the one of in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one one of the one of in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one one of the one of in one of
+the most supposedly daring inire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most supposedly daring inire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most supposedly daring inire
+pioneering uh uh programs of the mid 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering uh uh programs of the mid 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering uh uh programs of the mid 70s
+Lear had a the baby had been born and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear had a the baby had been born and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear had a the baby had been born and
+they actually had a had a photograph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually had a had a photograph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually had a had a photograph of
+the baby lying on his back having his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby lying on his back having his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby lying on his back having his
+diaper changed and it was according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaper changed and it was according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaper changed and it was according to
+Leah the first time that a penis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leah the first time that a penis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leah the first time that a penis was
+shown on Prime Time television he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on Prime Time television he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on Prime Time television he was
+incredibly proud of this uh even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly proud of this uh even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly proud of this uh even though
+it was a tiny baby penis and it was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a tiny baby penis and it was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a tiny baby penis and it was and
+it was hardly visible uh but he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hardly visible uh but he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was hardly visible uh but he thought
+this was an extraordinary I I think Lear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an extraordinary I I think Lear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an extraordinary I I think Lear
+himself often underestimated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself often underestimated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself often underestimated the
+complexity of his own creation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of his own creation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of his own creation because
+he laid so he was he laid so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he laid so he was he laid so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he laid so he was he laid so much
+emphasis on his fights with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on his fights with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on his fights with the with the
+uh Network sensors uh uh and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Network sensors uh uh and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Network sensors uh uh and and and and
+in fact was so often so preoccupied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact was so often so preoccupied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact was so often so preoccupied by
+that side of the program can I can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the program can I can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side of the program can I can we
+not can we say dirty words which didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not can we say dirty words which didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not can we say dirty words which didn't
+happen until the next decade and uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen until the next decade and uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen until the next decade and uh but
+but can we can we uh can we say can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can we can we uh can we say can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can we can we uh can we say can we
+use racial epithets for example can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use racial epithets for example can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use racial epithets for example can we
+can we show certain forms of prejudice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we show certain forms of prejudice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we show certain forms of prejudice
+can we and and can we and can we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we and and can we and can we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we and and can we and can we deal
+with certain kinds of subjects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain kinds of subjects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain kinds of subjects that are
+that were ordinarily excl excluded from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were ordinarily excl excluded from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were ordinarily excl excluded from
+from uh situation comedy especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh situation comedy especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh situation comedy especially
+there are there are episodes of All in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are episodes of All in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are episodes of All in
+the Family that deal with with with rape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Family that deal with with with rape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Family that deal with with with rape
+and with attempted rape there's one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with attempted rape there's one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with attempted rape there's one one
+horrific two-part Series in which uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific two-part Series in which uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrific two-part Series in which uh uh
+an intruder comes into Archie's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intruder comes into Archie's house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intruder comes into Archie's house
+and and and uh tries to rape Edith and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and uh tries to rape Edith and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and uh tries to rape Edith and
+it's a very traumatizing and Powerful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very traumatizing and Powerful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very traumatizing and Powerful uh
+uh uh episode dual double episode uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh episode dual double episode uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh episode dual double episode uh
+there's a there's a very powerful early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a very powerful early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a very powerful early
+episode in which in which Gloria is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode in which in which Gloria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode in which in which Gloria is
+assaulted and comes home and try very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assaulted and comes home and try very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assaulted and comes home and try very
+upset and tries to hide it doesn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset and tries to hide it doesn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset and tries to hide it doesn't want
+people to know about it uh uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to know about it uh uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to know about it uh uh and of
+course the show dealt in a very open way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the show dealt in a very open way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the show dealt in a very open way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with with with the political
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with with with the political
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions in the country one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions in the country one of the most
+dramatic and Powerful of the All in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic and Powerful of the All in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic and Powerful of the All in the
+Family episodes uh had uh dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family episodes uh had uh dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family episodes uh had uh dealt
+with the extremes of the anti-war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the extremes of the anti-war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the extremes of the anti-war
+protest movement uh in a way that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest movement uh in a way that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protest movement uh in a way that was
+particularly memorable uh Mike of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly memorable uh Mike of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly memorable uh Mike of course
+is a liberal but he's not a bomb thrwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a liberal but he's not a bomb thrwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a liberal but he's not a bomb thrwing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical but he has friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical but he has friends and
+acquaintances who are much further to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances who are much further to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances who are much further to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left than he is and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left than he is and there's an
+episode of All in the Family in in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode of All in the Family in in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode of All in the Family in in which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these very far-left acquaintances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these very far-left acquaintances
+of Gloria and Mike's comes to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gloria and Mike's comes to visit
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie and and and at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie and and and at the very
+conclusion to the episode he leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion to the episode he leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion to the episode he leaves the
+uh house and he walks outside and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh house and he walks outside and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh house and he walks outside and you
+hear an explosion and Archie walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear an explosion and Archie walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear an explosion and Archie walks
+outside onto his p goes out onto his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside onto his p goes out onto his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside onto his p goes out onto his
+porch with his wife and they look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch with his wife and they look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porch with his wife and they look and
+there what's happened is the the guy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's happened is the the guy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's happened is the the guy a
+Car Bomb has blown him up and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Car Bomb has blown him up and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Car Bomb has blown him up and the and
+the episode ends on this note of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episode ends on this note of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episode ends on this note of death
+and Terror one of the interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Terror one of the interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Terror one of the interesting things
+about that apart from the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that apart from the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that apart from the fact that it
+it dramatizes the the turmoil in the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dramatizes the the turmoil in the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dramatizes the the turmoil in the and
+violence that was um occurring in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence that was um occurring in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence that was um occurring in the in
+the outer Society is that it violates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer Society is that it violates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer Society is that it violates
+one of the deepest conventions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the deepest conventions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the deepest conventions of
+situation comedy which is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy which is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy which is that you have
+to have a happy ending that wraps things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a happy ending that wraps things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a happy ending that wraps things
+up and again and again in All in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and again and again in All in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and again and again in All in the
+Family that convention was violated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family that convention was violated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family that convention was violated the
+single most powerful such instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single most powerful such instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single most powerful such instance of
+this process that I remember from All in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that I remember from All in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process that I remember from All in
+the Family was not one that dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Family was not one that dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Family was not one that dealt with
+political issues but one which dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political issues but one which dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political issues but one which dealt
+with something much more in a way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something much more in a way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something much more in a way uh
+Universal and less obviously dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and less obviously dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal and less obviously dramatic
+Archie sense of mortality and death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie sense of mortality and death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie sense of mortality and death and
+there uh his fear of death and his fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh his fear of death and his fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh his fear of death and his fear
+of aging and there's one episode of All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aging and there's one episode of All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aging and there's one episode of All
+in the Family which has its usual has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Family which has its usual has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Family which has its usual has
+has its usual hyinks and and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its usual hyinks and and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its usual hyinks and and and and and
+comic elements Archie decides he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic elements Archie decides he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic elements Archie decides he wants
+to invest in a in a uh in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in a in a uh in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in a in a uh in a in a
+get-rich quick device and he has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get-rich quick device and he has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get-rich quick device and he has the
+inventor of the device come to visit him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor of the device come to visit him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor of the device come to visit him
+in the house and much as made of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the house and much as made of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the house and much as made of the
+fact that the guy is a Jew and Archie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the guy is a Jew and Archie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the guy is a Jew and Archie's
+prejudices against Jews come out in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prejudices against Jews come out in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prejudices against Jews come out in in
+in richly comic and absurd fashion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in richly comic and absurd fashion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in richly comic and absurd fashion uh
+Archie makes his deal with the guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie makes his deal with the guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie makes his deal with the guy the
+and and and then and then the guy has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then and then the guy has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then and then the guy has a
+heart attack in Archie's living room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack in Archie's living room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack in Archie's living room and
+dies uh and at first Archie thinks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies uh and at first Archie thinks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies uh and at first Archie thinks the
+guy's fainted and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's fainted and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's fainted and it's a very
+traumatizing experience and the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatizing experience and the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatizing experience and the very
+final image again has Archie walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final image again has Archie walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final image again has Archie walking
+outside on the onto his little porch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside on the onto his little porch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside on the onto his little porch and
+Edith standing next to him and Archie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edith standing next to him and Archie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edith standing next to him and Archie
+holding himself like this and saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding himself like this and saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding himself like this and saying I'm
+cold I'm cold and the episode ends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold I'm cold and the episode ends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold I'm cold and the episode ends on
+that note again the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that note again the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that note again the the the the
+program took interesting and Powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program took interesting and Powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program took interesting and Powerful
+liberties with our expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberties with our expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberties with our expectations
+concerning the not only the content but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the not only the content but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning the not only the content but
+even the form of situation comedy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the form of situation comedy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the form of situation comedy and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the reasons it's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the reasons it's such a
+powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+program what I'd like to do is show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what I'd like to do is show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program what I'd like to do is show you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of episodes couple of fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of episodes couple of fragments
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+some uh parts of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh parts of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh parts of all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+family from some scenes in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family from some scenes in all the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+family in order to uh see if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family in order to uh see if we can get
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense of the show's visual style and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also of the power it had to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of the power it had to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of the power it had to do something
+that I suggested to you was happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I suggested to you was happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I suggested to you was happening in
+the episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show
+that we saw but I think happened much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw but I think happened much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw but I think happened much
+more decisively and regularly on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more decisively and regularly on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more decisively and regularly on the on
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+ align:start position:0%
+All in the Family one of the things that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+All in the Family one of the things that
+what were the dates show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the dates show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the dates show
+71 to 83 uh uh so it ran for uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 to 83 uh uh so it ran for uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 to 83 uh uh so it ran for uh the the
+O over the decade and and and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O over the decade and and and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O over the decade and and and the way
+could be said to have defined an aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be said to have defined an aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be said to have defined an aspect
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of television in this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of television in this period
+uh and that's this is the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's this is the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's this is the way in which
+comedy can suddenly modulate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy can suddenly modulate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy can suddenly modulate into
+something much more serious the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more serious the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more serious the way in
+which a mark of the maturity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a mark of the maturity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a mark of the maturity of
+Television the emerging maturity of
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+ align:start position:0%
+Television the emerging maturity of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television the emerging maturity of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in this in this moment in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in this in this moment in a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of the medium is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of the medium is the way
+in which not just that certain forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which not just that certain forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which not just that certain forms
+become hybrid forms and begin to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become hybrid forms and begin to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become hybrid forms and begin to borrow
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on borrow borrow from other genres but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on borrow borrow from other genres but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the the basic sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the the basic sort of
+what we might think of as atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might think of as atmospheric
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might think of as atmospheric
+conventions of of particular genres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of of particular genres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of of particular genres
+begin to begin to be complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to begin to be complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to begin to be complicated and
+even and even undermined so that you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and even undermined so that you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and even undermined so that you and
+and there were many many moments in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were many many moments in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were many many moments in all
+in a family sometimes extended passages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a family sometimes extended passages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a family sometimes extended passages
+in all our family that that were not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all our family that that were not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all our family that that were not at
+all funny that were not intended to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all funny that were not intended to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all funny that were not intended to be
+funny that were intended to be dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny that were intended to be dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny that were intended to be dis
+disturbing and moving and uh the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and moving and uh the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and moving and uh the show
+the show had an EXT once it got it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show had an EXT once it got it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show had an EXT once it got it once
+it understood what it was doing it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it understood what it was doing it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it understood what it was doing it took
+a little while before it before its its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while before it before its its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while before it before its its
+rockus vulgar tone uh was brought into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockus vulgar tone uh was brought into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rockus vulgar tone uh was brought into a
+kind of uh uh harmony with the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh harmony with the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh harmony with the character
+and my own explanation for that is I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my own explanation for that is I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my own explanation for that is I I
+think there were I think one reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there were I think one reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there were I think one reason for
+it although Norman leer I once was on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it although Norman leer I once was on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it although Norman leer I once was on a
+panel where Norman leer was taking part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel where Norman leer was taking part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel where Norman leer was taking part
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he got angry at this suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he got angry at this suggestion
+understandably because he said I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably because he said I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandably because he said I was
+denigrating him or he felt he felt I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denigrating him or he felt he felt I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denigrating him or he felt he felt I was
+underestimating his contribution but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating his contribution but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating his contribution but I
+think there's a lot of evidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot of evidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a lot of evidence to
+suggest that as Lear himself became less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that as Lear himself became less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that as Lear himself became less
+and less active in the actual creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less active in the actual creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less active in the actual creation
+of the program he was a writer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program he was a writer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program he was a writer and
+producer of course and in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer of course and in the early
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer of course and in the early
+episodes of the program in the first
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+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of the program in the first
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+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of the program in the first
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+ align:start position:0%
+season or so of the program even when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+season or so of the program even when
+Lear didn't write the show he looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear didn't write the show he looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lear didn't write the show he looked at
+every script and he approved every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every script and he approved every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every script and he approved every
+script and he made changes in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and he made changes in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and he made changes in every
+script but then his Empire began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script but then his Empire began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script but then his Empire began to
+expand and as because of the success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and as because of the success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and as because of the success of
+Wen family a whole series of other Lear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wen family a whole series of other Lear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wen family a whole series of other Lear
+programs began to be developed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs began to be developed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs began to be developed by the
+Norman Lear shop uh and that meant Lear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman Lear shop uh and that meant Lear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman Lear shop uh and that meant Lear
+had to back off and be concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to back off and be concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to back off and be concerned with
+other projects I think All in the Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects I think All in the Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects I think All in the Family
+got richer when that happened not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got richer when that happened not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got richer when that happened not but
+not because Lear was a foolish or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because Lear was a foolish or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because Lear was a foolish or
+unintelligent man but partly because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintelligent man but partly because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintelligent man but partly because he
+was he he was very political he saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he he was very political he saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he he was very political he saw the
+program as having a deep political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program as having a deep political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program as having a deep political
+character and as he backed off from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and as he backed off from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and as he backed off from it
+the political dimension of it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political dimension of it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political dimension of it didn't
+disappear but it was but it but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but it was but it but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear but it was but it but it was
+complicated by a recognition of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by a recognition of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by a recognition of other
+let's call them more personal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call them more personal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call them more personal or
+psychological energies that were partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological energies that were partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological energies that were partly
+embedded in the performances and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the performances and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the performances and I think
+the real heart of the Genius of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real heart of the Genius of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real heart of the Genius of all the
+family was especially uh drawn at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family was especially uh drawn at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family was especially uh drawn at least
+in part from from the performance by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part from from the performance by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part from from the performance by by
+by the extraordinary actor Carol oconor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the extraordinary actor Carol oconor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the extraordinary actor Carol oconor
+who plays Archie Bunker I me it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who plays Archie Bunker I me it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who plays Archie Bunker I me it's the
+role of a lifetime it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of a lifetime it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of a lifetime it's one of the
+classic roles in the in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic roles in the in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic roles in the in the history of
+any medium I mean it's a very remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any medium I mean it's a very remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any medium I mean it's a very remarkable
+performance uh and and uh what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh and and uh what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh and and uh what what what
+what what uh Carol oconor was able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what uh Carol oconor was able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what uh Carol oconor was able to do
+was Infuse a kind of humanity into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Infuse a kind of humanity into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Infuse a kind of humanity into a
+character who on the page might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who on the page might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who on the page might have
+seemed much more like a caricature what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed much more like a caricature what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed much more like a caricature what
+began to happen and remember one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to happen and remember one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to happen and remember one of the
+things about television is the writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about television is the writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about television is the writers
+and directors and even sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors and even sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors and even sometimes the
+producers change but the cast Remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers change but the cast Remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers change but the cast Remains
+the Same so powerful actors over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Same so powerful actors over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Same so powerful actors over the
+course of time can exert more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of time can exert more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of time can exert more and more
+uh um uh influence not even in over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh influence not even in over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh influence not even in over over
+the way the show develops not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the show develops not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the show develops not even
+necessarily because they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because they actually
+intervene in the writing process but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in the writing process but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in the writing process but
+because their mere presence their mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their mere presence their mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their mere presence their mere
+continuing presence begins to exercise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing presence begins to exercise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing presence begins to exercise a
+kind of control on the the writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of control on the the writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of control on the the writers
+imagine how the show could proceed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how the show could proceed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine how the show could proceed and
+and in Carol o Conor's case especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Carol o Conor's case especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Carol o Conor's case especially
+after he became a kind of Icon after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he became a kind of Icon after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he became a kind of Icon after the
+third or fourth season he was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or fourth season he was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or fourth season he was one of the
+most famous man men in America he was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous man men in America he was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous man men in America he was an
+ambitious man himself an intelligent man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious man himself an intelligent man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious man himself an intelligent man
+he actually is a playright he's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually is a playright he's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually is a playright he's written
+plays and so uh he he uh he began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays and so uh he he uh he began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays and so uh he he uh he began to
+take a somewhat more active role even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a somewhat more active role even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a somewhat more active role even in
+the writing process but I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing process but I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing process but I think the
+primary thing was that the humanity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary thing was that the humanity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary thing was that the humanity of
+the character that he created bodied on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character that he created bodied on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character that he created bodied on
+the stage began to seep into the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage began to seep into the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage began to seep into the writing
+in a way that deepened and complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that deepened and complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that deepened and complicated
+the program uh so so the moments I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program uh so so the moments I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program uh so so the moments I'm
+going to show you are not the rockus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you are not the rockus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you are not the rockus
+vulgar remarkably comic moments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulgar remarkably comic moments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulgar remarkably comic moments in the
+show they're other moments sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they're other moments sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they're other moments sometimes
+moments of quiet uh in which the charact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of quiet uh in which the charact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of quiet uh in which the charact
+in which the in which the camera's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the in which the camera's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the in which the camera's
+Behavior and the and the way the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and the and the way the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior and the and the way the camera
+interacts with the with the uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the with the uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the with the uh um uh
+faces of the of the performers uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces of the of the performers uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces of the of the performers uh uh
+helps to helps us to see what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to helps us to see what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to helps us to see what we might
+call the distinctive Lear style someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the distinctive Lear style someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the distinctive Lear style someone
+wanted to yes Becky I was just wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to yes Becky I was just wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to yes Becky I was just wondering
+um sort of like the serial nature of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of like the serial nature of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of like the serial nature of of
+Television um with the series um after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television um with the series um after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television um with the series um after
+the first season you say Le um started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first season you say Le um started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first season you say Le um started a
+lot more projects so how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more projects so how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more projects so how much do you
+think that the deepening of the show was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the deepening of the show was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the deepening of the show was
+sort of dependent on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dependent on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dependent on the fact that
+people were acquainted with the show and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were acquainted with the show and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were acquainted with the show and
+acquainted with the characters I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquainted with the characters I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquainted with the characters I think
+that's a part of it too of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a part of it too of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a part of it too of course they
+were sort of allowed to grow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of allowed to grow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of allowed to grow and the
+writers sort of recognize that yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers sort of recognize that yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers sort of recognize that yes I
+think of course that's important sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of course that's important sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of course that's important sure
+sure I mean I think I look I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I mean I think I look I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I mean I think I look I don't think
+there's only any one factor but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only any one factor but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only any one factor but but but
+I do in the cas case of All in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do in the cas case of All in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do in the cas case of All in the
+Family I think I think one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family I think I think one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family I think I think one of the things
+that began to happen was that that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that began to happen was that that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that began to happen was that that there
+there was an Impulse toward a it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an Impulse toward a it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an Impulse toward a it was it
+was more like a political satire the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more like a political satire the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more like a political satire the the
+satiric elements of the program was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiric elements of the program was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiric elements of the program was uh
+and the political commentary elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the political commentary elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the political commentary elements of
+the program were more powerful I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program were more powerful I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program were more powerful I think
+in the early Seasons than they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early Seasons than they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early Seasons than they were
+later not that they were they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later not that they were they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later not that they were they never
+totally disappeared but they they became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally disappeared but they they became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally disappeared but they they became
+they then they became mixed in with uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then they became mixed in with uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then they became mixed in with uh a
+range a range of other concerns as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range a range of other concerns as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range a range of other concerns as well
+I mean they never disappeared from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they never disappeared from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they never disappeared from the
+program they were always a part of it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program they were always a part of it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program they were always a part of it it
+was a politically conscious program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a politically conscious program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a politically conscious program and
+and and uh you know there were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh you know there were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh you know there were there
+were often elaborate debates uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were often elaborate debates uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were often elaborate debates uh on the
+show even about specific presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show even about specific presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show even about specific presidential
+candidates and and particular policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and and particular policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and and particular policies
+there was an ongoing argument about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an ongoing argument about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an ongoing argument about
+whether the United States should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the United States should be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the United States should be in
+Vietnam on the program it was part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam on the program it was part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam on the program it was part of
+the discourse of the anti of the of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discourse of the anti of the of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discourse of the anti of the of it
+was part of the discourse about uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the discourse about uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the discourse about uh uh
+the the the the project of the Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the project of the Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the project of the Vietnam
+War in in American society was part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War in in American society was part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War in in American society was part of
+that and I think an important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think an important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think an important part of
+that ongoing conversation when it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ongoing conversation when it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ongoing conversation when it when
+it appears although of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears although of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears although of course you have
+to remember that the anti-war mov by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that the anti-war mov by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that the anti-war mov by
+1970 was an immensely potent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 was an immensely potent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 was an immensely potent and
+powerful force in the in the country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful force in the in the country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful force in the in the country so
+again television is hardly leading it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again television is hardly leading it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again television is hardly leading it's
+really it's reflecting and even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's reflecting and even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's reflecting and even in a
+very kind of minor and modest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of minor and modest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of minor and modest way
+reflecting what was by the by by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting what was by the by by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting what was by the by by by the
+by 1968 and 69 was was was a gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1968 and 69 was was was a gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1968 and 69 was was was a gigantic
+mass movement I mean there you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass movement I mean there you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass movement I mean there you know the
+vast majority of people under 25 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people under 25 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of people under 25 were
+against the war by by the late 60s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the war by by the late 60s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the war by by the late 60s and
+there were mass movements and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were mass movements and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were mass movements and there were
+strikes on college campuses and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes on college campuses and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes on college campuses and you know
+the country was really in in in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country was really in in in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremend mendous conflicted turmoil over
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+failure to end the war and and uh the
+North Vietnam were not apparently like
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Vietnam were not apparently like
+the Taliban they didn't they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Taliban they didn't they didn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+disappear after a couple of weeks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear after a couple of weeks they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear after a couple of weeks they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a very tenacious and dangerous and
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+
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+were a very tenacious and dangerous and
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+ultimately we look at history a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we look at history a
+Victorious foe uh so by 1970 when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victorious foe uh so by 1970 when when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victorious foe uh so by 1970 when when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually January of 71 when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually January of 71 when the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+show debuts so I call it 70 was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+Peak and there were already now finally
+ 
+
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+Peak and there were already now finally
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment from from from a an episode of
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+
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+a moment from from from a an episode of
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+
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+think captur some distinctive features
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+ align:start position:0%
+think captur some distinctive features
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think captur some distinctive features
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe are less decisive and and and
+ 
+
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+that maybe are less decisive and and and
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+dramatic than the kind of thing we
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+
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+normally associate with this politically
+ 
+
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+normally associate with this politically
+explicit and often uh uh morally daring
+
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+explicit and often uh uh morally daring
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+
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+explicit and often uh uh morally daring
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+socially daring program but I think
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+
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+
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+we're at least as important to it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at least as important to it a
+Sentimental scene you might suggest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sentimental scene you might suggest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sentimental scene you might suggest but
+in some ways a surprising I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways a surprising I mean the
+ 
+
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+in some ways a surprising I mean the
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+fact is the program was full of such
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+
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+fact is the program was full of such
+moments of moving
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+moments of moving
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+
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+moments of moving
+intimacy uh and uh it was not simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy uh and uh it was not simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy uh and uh it was not simply a
+continual shouting match at all
+
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+continual shouting match at all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual shouting match at all
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+
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+especially after it found its found its
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+
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+especially after it found its found its
+uh its voice and think of the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its voice and think of the subject
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+
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+uh its voice and think of the subject
+matter of this episode that I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of this episode that I've just
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+
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+matter of this episode that I've just
+shown you uh again it doesn't it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you uh again it doesn't it's not a
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+
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+shown you uh again it doesn't it's not a
+political subject matter but it's a
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+political subject matter but it's a
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+
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+political subject matter but it's a
+traumatic and serious subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+traumatic and serious subject matter
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not the sort of thing you would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not the sort of thing you would
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+normally associate with what we would
+call an Escapist form like situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an Escapist form like situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an Escapist form like situation
+comedy glorious miscarriage and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy glorious miscarriage and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy glorious miscarriage and the way
+the family the way the family reacts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family the way the family reacts to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family the way the family reacts to
+it I hope you were paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I hope you were paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I hope you were paying attention to
+the incredibly beautiful and subtle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incredibly beautiful and subtle we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incredibly beautiful and subtle we
+the camera closed in and backed off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera closed in and backed off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera closed in and backed off and
+so forth I wanted I I we I I want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth I wanted I I we I I want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth I wanted I I we I I want to um
+jump to another version of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to another version of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to another version of this kind of
+thing where the where the camera's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where the where the camera's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where the where the camera's
+behavior is even more uh decisively
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+behavior is even more uh decisively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is even more uh decisively
+revealing of what I think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the as as the Lear style as the Lear as
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+the as as the Lear style as the Lear as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as as the Lear style as the Lear as
+the Lear visual
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+the Lear visual
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lear visual
+style you saw an instance of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style you saw an instance of this in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+style you saw an instance of this in the
+episode you saw about the Les Ian cousin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode you saw about the Les Ian cousin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode you saw about the Les Ian cousin
+uh and especially in the opening scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and especially in the opening scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and especially in the opening scene
+in the in the motel room and my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the motel room and my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the motel room and my my
+memory is Mickey told me that when she
+
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+memory is Mickey told me that when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is Mickey told me that when she
+showed the this is the Wally this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the this is the Wally this is the
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+
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+showed the this is the Wally this is the
+scene we shown on Wednesday nights when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene we shown on Wednesday nights when
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene we shown on Wednesday nights when
+you probably weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably weren't
+there um I hope all of you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I hope all of you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I hope all of you will get a
+chance to look at that episode because
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+chance to look at that episode because
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+
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+chance to look at that episode because
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+it's a very revealing one but but I
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+
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+it's a very revealing one but but I
+those of you who attended the viewing
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+those of you who attended the viewing
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+
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+those of you who attended the viewing
+will remember that Mickey dpri reminded
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+will remember that Mickey dpri reminded
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+will remember that Mickey dpri reminded
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+place outside of the domestic space of
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+place outside of the domestic space of
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+
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+place outside of the domestic space of
+the bunker home but it was still in an
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+the bunker home but it was still in an
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+the bunker home but it was still in an
+intimate domestic space I know the
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+intimate domestic space I know the
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+
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+intimate domestic space I know the
+domestic space of the of the motel room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic space of the of the motel room
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+
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+domestic space of the of the motel room
+and I hope you noticed that among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you noticed that among other
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+
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+and I hope you noticed that among other
+things there was a kind of intimacy in
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+ align:start position:0%
+things there was a kind of intimacy in
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+things there was a kind of intimacy in
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+Edith in her slip we saw them dressing
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+
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+Edith in her slip we saw them dressing
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+and so forth we saw them we saw them on
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+
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+and so forth we saw them we saw them on
+the bed that that sort well I want to
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+the bed that that sort well I want to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed that that sort well I want to
+show you another scene much more
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+show you another scene much more
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+
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+show you another scene much more
+decisive version of that kind of
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+decisive version of that kind of
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+experience this one inside the bunker
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+household the episode I'm I'm about from
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+household the episode I'm I'm about from
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+uh the end of the 70s it's just the
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+uh the end of the 70s it's just the
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+point at which Archie is about to buy
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+point at which Archie is about to buy
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+the need that Archie had to use his
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+whether or not and Edith was a joint
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+whether or not and Edith was a joint
+owner on the uh on the on the in the
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+owner on the uh on the on the in the
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+
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+co-sign uh any any any loan agreement
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+ align:start position:0%
+co-sign uh any any any loan agreement
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+co-sign uh any any any loan agreement
+and uh in the episode Edith doesn't want
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+and uh in the episode Edith doesn't want
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+and uh in the episode Edith doesn't want
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+to risk the house uh later on after the
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+shocking and amazing he forges Edith's
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+shocking and amazing he forges Edith's
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+shocking and amazing he forges Edith's
+signature to get the money and it's a
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+traum traumatizing threat to their
+relationship which uh is dramatized with
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+gratefulness but here part of what why I
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+gratefulness but here part of what why I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratefulness but here part of what why I
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+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see this is I I think I I I
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+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see this is I I think I I I
+think this is Carol o Conor at his
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+think this is Carol o Conor at his
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+
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+richest as a performer but it also tells
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+uh that when the show first appeared not
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+representation of Apu for people who
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know much about Hinduism and
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+
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+and you know what what about the
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+negative consequences of this there were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative consequences of this there were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+American liberals who who complained
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+American liberals who who complained
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+
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+bitterly uh uh and angrily about how
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+
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+retrograde this program was because it
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+retrograde this program was because it
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and who was uh oblivious
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and who was uh oblivious
+to to you know to to any Notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to you know to to any Notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to you know to to any Notions of
+Tolerance uh who was also sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tolerance uh who was also sort of the
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+
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+Tolerance uh who was also sort of the
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+star of the program and had and and and
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+
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+star of the program and had and and and
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+
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+uh uh there was great concern about this
+ 
+
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+uh uh there was great concern about this
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+
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+in the early days of the program I mean
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of the program I mean
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was a very condescending
+ 
+
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+I think it was a very condescending
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+
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+again it underestimated the audience's
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+
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+again it underestimated the audience's
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+
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+capacity to separate out the person's
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+
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+bigotry from his other qualities in fact
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+
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+bigotry from his other qualities in fact
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+bigots also are fathers and it's a it's
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+bigots also are fathers and it's a it's
+a the show the show did not endorse his
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+bigotry at all he was constantly
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+bigotry at all he was constantly
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+humiliated and exposed and some of the
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+
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+humiliated and exposed and some of the
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+greatest comedy in the program came from
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+
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+the fact that Archie was forced into
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+
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+
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+confrontation
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+
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+with people to whom who who belong to
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+
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+with people to whom who who belong to
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+
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+ethnic or racial categories to toward
+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+positions of authority and power over
+
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+positions of authority and power over
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+
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+positions of authority and power over
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+
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+him in fact in the episode whose
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+
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+him in fact in the episode whose
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+
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+fragment I'm about to show you that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment I'm about to show you that
+occurs because when he ends up going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs because when he ends up going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs because when he ends up going to
+the bank to try to get the loan he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank to try to get the loan he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank to try to get the loan he has
+to deal with a black woman a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a black woman a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a black woman a
+professional woman who's beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional woman who's beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional woman who's beautifully
+quaffed and dressed and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaffed and dressed and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaffed and dressed and and you know
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+
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+speaks with a much more educated accent
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+
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+speaks with a much more educated accent
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+
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+than poor Archie who and she has and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poor Archie who and she has and and
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+
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+part of Archie's discomforted and and
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+
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+part of Archie's discomforted and and
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+
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+and disturbing in the scene is that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbing in the scene is that he
+he's he's he he needs to he needs to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he he needs to he needs to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he he needs to he needs to uh
+uh uh have his loan approved by a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh have his loan approved by a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh have his loan approved by a by a
+by by a black person and uh that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by a black person and uh that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by a black person and uh that so so
+uh and again and again in the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again and again in the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again and again in the program
+the the uh Archie AR Archie's retrograde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Archie AR Archie's retrograde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Archie AR Archie's retrograde
+and racist attitudes are not endorsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and racist attitudes are not endorsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and racist attitudes are not endorsed
+they're they're exposed but Archie's but
+
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+they're they're exposed but Archie's but
+ 
+
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+they're they're exposed but Archie's but
+the but also the extent to which his
+
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+the but also the extent to which his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but also the extent to which his
+racist attitudes are connected to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist attitudes are connected to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist attitudes are connected to his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+social class connected to his sense of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+social class connected to his sense of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+disempowerment are also dramatized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disempowerment are also dramatized so
+it's a kind of a complex psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of a complex psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of a complex psychologically
+nuanced study of what creates certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuanced study of what creates certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuanced study of what creates certain
+kinds of racist attitudes um anyway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of racist attitudes um anyway this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of racist attitudes um anyway this
+is a sequence in a scene in which Archie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence in a scene in which Archie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence in a scene in which Archie
+talks to Edith about his desire to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to Edith about his desire to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to Edith about his desire to buy
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar I'm going to continue this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar I'm going to continue this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar I'm going to continue this in a
+second look at this look at look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second look at this look at look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second look at this look at look at the
+look at look at you can leave the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look at you can leave the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look at you can leave the lights
+down Clayton look look at look at this U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Clayton look look at look at this U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Clayton look look at look at this U
+uh closeup and look look at the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh closeup and look look at the way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh closeup and look look at the way
+we've modulated from high comedy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've modulated from high comedy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've modulated from high comedy into
+something much more poignant almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more poignant almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more poignant almost
+without our realizing it there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without our realizing it there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without our realizing it there's a
+there's a there's a complexity of tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a complexity of tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a complexity of tone
+in this program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this program that
+predicts the best later television that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the best later television that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the best later television that
+is as good as the best later television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as good as the best later television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as good as the best later television
+in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay eron I'd call that Shakespearean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay eron I'd call that Shakespearean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay eron I'd call that Shakespearean
+not South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not South
+Park that's serious uh and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park that's serious uh and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park that's serious uh and and and the
+the melding of t I think is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melding of t I think is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melding of t I think is a a
+remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+achievement one needs to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement one needs to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement one needs to be careful
+about comparisons but I was only half
+
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+about comparisons but I was only half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about comparisons but I was only half
+kidding when I said that was
+
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+kidding when I said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding when I said that was
+Shakespearean one of the marks of
+
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+Shakespearean one of the marks of
+ 
+
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+Shakespearean one of the marks of
+Shakespeare's genius is his power to do
+
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+Shakespeare's genius is his power to do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare's genius is his power to do
+this at the moment when Cleopatra is
+
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+this at the moment when Cleopatra is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the moment when Cleopatra is
+about to die and put the ASP to her
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+about to die and put the ASP to her
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+
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+about to die and put the ASP to her
+breast she makes jokes and the critics
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+breast she makes jokes and the critics
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast she makes jokes and the critics
+through the through the ages over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through the ages over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through the ages over the
+centuries have marveled at Shakespeare's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries have marveled at Shakespeare's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries have marveled at Shakespeare's
+power to dramatize High comedy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to dramatize High comedy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to dramatize High comedy in
+moments of high tragedy something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of high tragedy something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of high tragedy something like
+something at a at a on a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at a at a on a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at a at a on a much more
+modest level but maybe something just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest level but maybe something just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest level but maybe something just as
+precious is going on here in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious is going on here in the way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious is going on here in the way
+this program is able to move back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program is able to move back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program is able to move back and
+forth between wonderful satiric comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between wonderful satiric comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between wonderful satiric comedy
+and deepest kind of human interaction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deepest kind of human interaction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deepest kind of human interaction I
+I realized I made a mistake about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized I made a mistake about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized I made a mistake about the
+program it's not the mortgage it's their
+
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+program it's not the mortgage it's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it's not the mortgage it's their
+savings account that is in question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings account that is in question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings account that is in question in
+that in that moment I hope you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that moment I hope you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that moment I hope you also
+noticed a couple of other things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed a couple of other things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed a couple of other things about
+this episode that I want to rush a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode that I want to rush a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode that I want to rush a bit
+we won't have time to discuss as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't have time to discuss as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't have time to discuss as much as
+I would like because uh um we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like because uh um we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like because uh um we we're
+under these time constraints and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these time constraints and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under these time constraints and I I
+want to try to finish Lear today if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to finish Lear today if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to finish Lear today if I
+can even though it's not a an an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even though it's not a an an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even though it's not a an an optimal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal situation that is the way in
+ 
+
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+optimal situation that is the way in
+which the camera penetrates into the
+
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+which the camera penetrates into the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the camera penetrates into the
+most intimate spaces of the home by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intimate spaces of the home by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intimate spaces of the home by the
+time we get to All in the Family in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we get to All in the Family in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we get to All in the Family in most
+earlier situation comedy the dramas took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier situation comedy the dramas took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier situation comedy the dramas took
+place in the in the public rooms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the in the public rooms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the in the public rooms of the
+house by the time we get to All In The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house by the time we get to All In The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house by the time we get to All In The
+Family the camera goes in that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family the camera goes in that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family the camera goes in that in fact
+there are even scenes in in the bathroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even scenes in in the bathroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even scenes in in the bathroom
+and All in the Family a flushing toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and All in the Family a flushing toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and All in the Family a flushing toilet
+is a recurring comic device I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a recurring comic device I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a recurring comic device I thought
+actually overdone and vulgarly silly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually overdone and vulgarly silly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually overdone and vulgarly silly uh
+in All in the Family again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in All in the Family again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in All in the Family again and again
+sometimes Archie will run up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Archie will run up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Archie will run up the
+bathroom is upstairs they run upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom is upstairs they run upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom is upstairs they run upstairs
+and sometimes the flushing toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes the flushing toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes the flushing toilet
+punctuates important events in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuates important events in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punctuates important events in the in in
+the family's experience including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family's experience including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family's experience including
+comically uh the marriage between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comically uh the marriage between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comically uh the marriage between uh
+Mike and Gloria AR she goes upst flushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike and Gloria AR she goes upst flushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike and Gloria AR she goes upst flushes
+the toilet as a kind of punctuation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toilet as a kind of punctuation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toilet as a kind of punctuation and
+you hear the flushing toil it while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the flushing toil it while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the flushing toil it while the
+while the uh people are in there while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the uh people are in there while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the uh people are in there while
+while the wedding ceremony is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the wedding ceremony is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the wedding ceremony is in
+progress uh so there was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh so there was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress uh so there was a kind of
+vulgarity to it but there was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulgarity to it but there was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulgarity to it but there was also a
+sense that the camera the camera and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the camera the camera and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+spaces again obeying a kind of logic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+situation comedy itself which once in
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+situation comedy itself which once in
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+theater of the face and a theater of
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+realizes these Tendencies of both the
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+realizes these Tendencies of both the
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+realizes these Tendencies of both the
+genre of situation comedy and of the
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+genre of situation comedy and of the
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+genre of situation comedy and of the
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+nature of American television in a way
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+nature of American television in a way
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+that was U unparalleled for its time so
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+that was U unparalleled for its time so
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+this drama takes and as I say there
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+this drama takes and as I say there
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+there actually have been there there are
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+ align:start position:0%
+there actually have been there there are
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+some scenes in All in the Family which
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+some scenes in All in the Family which
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+literally take place in the bathroom you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and doing their business but I mean that
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+and doing their business but I mean that
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+that we that had to wait for HBO and the
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+that we that had to wait for HBO and the
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+breakdown of the network consensus
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+
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+breakdown of the network consensus
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+before that could happen uh uh although
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that could happen uh uh although
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+there are on n programs and have been
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+there are on n programs and have been
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+
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+toilet space and men have been urinating
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+toilet space and men have been urinating
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+toilet space and men have been urinating
+into Ur into urinals in men's room ever
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+ align:start position:0%
+into Ur into urinals in men's room ever
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+into Ur into urinals in men's room ever
+since uh uh at least Hill Street Blues
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+since uh uh at least Hill Street Blues
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+since uh uh at least Hill Street Blues
+if not if not uh if not earlier but but
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+if not if not uh if not earlier but but
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+ align:start position:0%
+if not if not uh if not earlier but but
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+but all in the family in a way is the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all in the family in a way is the
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+Pioneer of that uh of that dubious uh uh
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+
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+Pioneer of that uh of that dubious uh uh
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+interest that camera has in places of
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+elimination because there actually were
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+the bathroom but they were comic scenes
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+often a very confined space in with
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+often a very confined space in with
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+three or four people would be in the
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+
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+three or four people would be in the
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+room at the same time Archie's trying to
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+
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+room at the same time Archie's trying to
+shave and Meatheads sitting on the
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+shave and Meatheads sitting on the
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+shave and Meatheads sitting on the
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+toilet and Edith comes in for some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet and Edith comes in for some
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+ align:start position:0%
+purpose things of that kind but the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose things of that kind but the
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+notion that the that the family's most
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that the that the family's most
+intimate spaces is available for
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+intimate spaces is available for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate spaces is available for
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+ align:start position:0%
+dramatization and in fact that the that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatization and in fact that the that
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+ align:start position:0%
+that our individuality and and our and
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+
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+that our individuality and and our and
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+our deepest nature is most fully r red
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+
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+our deepest nature is most fully r red
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+that our individuality and our and our
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+that our individuality and our and our
+deepest nature are most fully revealed
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+deepest nature are most fully revealed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest nature are most fully revealed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these domestic and interior spaces is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these domestic and interior spaces is
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+ align:start position:0%
+part of the argument here and that's one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the argument here and that's one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why this scene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why this scene in the
+bedroom is such a powerful one and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom is such a powerful one and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bedroom is such a powerful one and it's
+you know we see we see Edith Edith in
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+ align:start position:0%
+you know we see we see Edith Edith in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we see we see Edith Edith in
+her night clothes Archie bouncing her in
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+ align:start position:0%
+her night clothes Archie bouncing her in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+her night clothes Archie bouncing her in
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+ align:start position:0%
+the bed talking to her on the in in this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed talking to her on the in in this
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+ align:start position:0%
+in this intimate and essentially private
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this intimate and essentially private
+space the All in the Family moved in
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+ align:start position:0%
+space the All in the Family moved in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the All in the Family moved in
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+those in into those spaces and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in into those spaces and
+dramatized uh those those moments of
+
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+dramatized uh those those moments of
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+dramatized uh those those moments of
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+intimacy in which we dangerously declare
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+intimacy in which we dangerously declare
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+our connections and our hostilities to
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+ align:start position:0%
+our connections and our hostilities to
+the people closest to us in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people closest to us in ways that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people closest to us in ways that
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+marked a real transition into a serious
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+
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+marked a real transition into a serious
+form of dramatic and literary maturity
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+form of dramatic and literary maturity
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+
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+form of dramatic and literary maturity
+on American television Kevin I want to
+
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+on American television Kevin I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on American television Kevin I want to
+uh just just comment on on how real and
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+uh just just comment on on how real and
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+
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+uh just just comment on on how real and
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+on and um just realistic this and
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+on and um just realistic this and
+natural the scene flows like with with
+
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+natural the scene flows like with with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural the scene flows like with with
+Arie jumping uh on the bed waking eat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arie jumping uh on the bed waking eat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arie jumping uh on the bed waking eat up
+that's that seems like a very natural
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+ align:start position:0%
+that's that seems like a very natural
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that seems like a very natural
+thing anybody would do to wake somebody
+
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+thing anybody would do to wake somebody
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+
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+thing anybody would do to wake somebody
+up I I could see a lesser writer would
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+up I I could see a lesser writer would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I I could see a lesser writer would
+just you know like tap her on the
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+ align:start position:0%
+just you know like tap her on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know like tap her on the
+shoulder or something but just it's just
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+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder or something but just it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder or something but just it's just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high comedy in it's comic because
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high comedy in it's comic because
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+ align:start position:0%
+of course he's so oblivious to her he's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course he's so oblivious to her he's
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+so excited and of course the most
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+so excited and of course the most
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+poignant thing you're right of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poignant thing you're right of course
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+Kevin the most poignant thing about the
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+
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+Kevin the most poignant thing about the
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+scene is the way Archie's own sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene is the way Archie's own sense of
+disappointment with his life and his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointment with his life and his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointment with his life and his own
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+yearnings to be something other than a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearnings to be something other than a
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+ align:start position:0%
+man who a working man who works on the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who a working man who works on the
+loading dock and is bossed around by
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+loading dock and is bossed around by
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+
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+loading dock and is bossed around by
+other people come out with such poignant
+
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+other people come out with such poignant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people come out with such poignant
+this is a man in his early 50s and we
+
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+this is a man in his early 50s and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a man in his early 50s and we
+and and and what and of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and what and of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and what and of course this
+doesn't come as a surprise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come as a surprise to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come as a surprise to the
+audience because aspects of this as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience because aspects of this as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience because aspects of this as this
+part of Archie's character have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Archie's character have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of Archie's character have been
+available to us from the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us from the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us from the very beginning
+and they help to explain they help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they help to explain they help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they help to explain they help to
+explain his superficial racism right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain his superficial racism right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain his superficial racism right uh
+they help to explain his hostility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help to explain his hostility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help to explain his hostility and
+his aggressiveness which is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his aggressiveness which is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his aggressiveness which is really a
+defensive aggressiveness that grows out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive aggressiveness that grows out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensive aggressiveness that grows out
+of his own frustrations his own class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his own frustrations his own class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his own frustrations his own class
+position that's serious that's what bzac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's serious that's what bzac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that's serious that's what bzac
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right that's what Dickens does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right that's what Dickens does
+that's what George Elliot does American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what George Elliot does American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what George Elliot does American
+television by now by this stage has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television by now by this stage has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television by now by this stage has
+become a narrative medium that justifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a narrative medium that justifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a narrative medium that justifies
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the same terms as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the same terms as the as
+our liter with our literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our liter with our literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our liter with our literary
+Heritage with the power to create its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage with the power to create its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage with the power to create its
+power to create character and to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to create character and to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to create character and to give us
+a sense of the motivations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the motivations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the motivations and
+psychological complexities of character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological complexities of character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological complexities of character
+comment ma yeah I was impressed by um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment ma yeah I was impressed by um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment ma yeah I was impressed by um uh
+how the camera was very aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the camera was very aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the camera was very aware of the
+intimacy between two people um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy between two people um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy between two people um I think
+that it effectively Zooms in on the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it effectively Zooms in on the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it effectively Zooms in on the face
+of Archie Bunker um uh but I was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Archie Bunker um uh but I was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Archie Bunker um uh but I was very
+impressed of how they got the emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed of how they got the emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed of how they got the emotions
+of Archie Bunker and in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Archie Bunker and in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Archie Bunker and in the background
+you saw his wife um uh and how uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw his wife um uh and how uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw his wife um uh and how uh they
+were so close in the bed together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so close in the bed together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so close in the bed together you
+know he's right on top of her and she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's right on top of her and she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's right on top of her and she's
+right there and the camera captured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and the camera captured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there and the camera captured the
+relationship they had without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship they had without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship they had without having to
+cut between them it was all a confined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut between them it was all a confined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut between them it was all a confined
+area of the yes I think you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the yes I think you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the yes I think you're right
+about that and I and one could one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and I and one could one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and I and one could one could
+one could do very good work and serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could do very good work and serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could do very good work and serious
+work by looking at the way the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by looking at the way the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by looking at the way the camera
+acts the way the camera behaves on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts the way the camera behaves on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts the way the camera behaves on uh
+All in the Family and in other leer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All in the Family and in other leer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All in the Family and in other leer
+programs as well but especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs as well but especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphantly in in All in the Family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphantly in in All in the Family and
+again this is a version of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a version of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a version of what we've
+said earlier it was partly a repeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier it was partly a repeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier it was partly a repeter
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+company remember the same often the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company remember the same often the same
+crew would work uh so they it was as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew would work uh so they it was as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew would work uh so they it was as if
+the people oper the camera operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people oper the camera operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people oper the camera operators
+themselves uh became sort of you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh became sort of you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh became sort of you know uh
+intimately familiar with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately familiar with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately familiar with the with the
+moves the actors might make and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the actors might make and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the actors might make and and uh
+there was a kind of even though even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kind of even though even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kind of even though even
+though sometime us usually a director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though sometime us usually a director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though sometime us usually a director
+would direct for the either a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would direct for the either a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would direct for the either a whole
+season or for an extended period within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season or for an extended period within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season or for an extended period within
+a season so even the director uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a season so even the director uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a season so even the director uh would
+be would stick would stick with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would stick would stick with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be would stick would stick with the
+program for for an extended period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for for an extended period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for for an extended period so
+and and it really was in that sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it really was in that sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it really was in that sense a
+kind of contained reparatory company I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contained reparatory company I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contained reparatory company I'm
+going to have to postpone my conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to postpone my conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to postpone my conclusion
+of Lear until next time and we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lear until next time and we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lear until next time and we'll just
+finish our discussion now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish our discussion now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish our discussion now I'm going to
+show you a fragment next time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a fragment next time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a fragment next time to
+complete the argument about Lear of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the argument about Lear of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the argument about Lear of the
+of the program of leers that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program of leers that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program of leers that could be
+said to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to sort of
+predict the post Network era and that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the post Network era and that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the post Network era and that of
+course is the is Mary Hartman Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the is Mary Hartman Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the is Mary Hartman Mary
+Hartman an episode of which was shown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartman an episode of which was shown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartman an episode of which was shown to
+you in the viewing on on Wednesday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the viewing on on Wednesday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the viewing on on Wednesday night
+and we'll look at a fragment maybe from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at a fragment maybe from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at a fragment maybe from
+I I think from the episode that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think from the episode that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think from the episode that was
+actually shown on Wednesday night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown on Wednesday night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown on Wednesday night and
+try to talk about the way in which Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to talk about the way in which Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to talk about the way in which Mary
+Hartman Mary Hartman which appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartman Mary Hartman which appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartman Mary Hartman which appears in
+1976 or 77 uh as and is and is one of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 or 77 uh as and is and is one of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 or 77 uh as and is and is one of a
+series of Lear programs but is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of Lear programs but is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of Lear programs but is the first
+leer program to go off Network to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leer program to go off Network to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leer program to go off Network to be
+sold through syndication because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold through syndication because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold through syndication because the
+networks were afraid to take it and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks were afraid to take it and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks were afraid to take it and is
+sold as a nighttime soap opera uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold as a nighttime soap opera uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold as a nighttime soap opera uh
+predicts uh the next in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts uh the next in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts uh the next in a certain sense
+the kernel of the next 20 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel of the next 20 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel of the next 20 years of
+Television is contained in the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television is contained in the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television is contained in the evolution
+from All in the Family to Mary Hartman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from All in the Family to Mary Hartman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from All in the Family to Mary Hartman
+Mary Hartman which is not a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary Hartman which is not a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary Hartman which is not a consensus
+program and those of you who have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and those of you who have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and those of you who have seen
+that episode will know uh that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that episode will know uh that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that episode will know uh that that's
+obviously true so next time Mary Hartman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously true so next time Mary Hartman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously true so next time Mary Hartman
+Mary Hartman to conclude the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary Hartman to conclude the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mary Hartman to conclude the argument
+and then we'll make a transition to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll make a transition to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll make a transition to uh
+one of the television oour that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the television oour that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the television oour that I think
+are are most interesting from the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are most interesting from the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are most interesting from the 80s
+and 90s the people uh um zwick and hich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90s the people uh um zwick and hich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90s the people uh um zwick and hich
+the people who are responsible for shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are responsible for shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are responsible for shows
+like 30-some and once and again and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30-some and once and again and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30-some and once and again and a
+Ser zwick was the director of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser zwick was the director of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser zwick was the director of the movie
+Glory and they're an interesting group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glory and they're an interesting group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glory and they're an interesting group
+that they're interesting gifted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're interesting gifted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're interesting gifted uh
+writer director uh producer teams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer director uh producer teams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer director uh producer teams that
+emerged in the 80s and 90s and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged in the 80s and 90s and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged in the 80s and 90s and we're
+going to do him we'll do those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do him we'll do those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do him we'll do those people
+after Lear next time Sharice you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Lear next time Sharice you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Lear next time Sharice you had
+your hand up we're gonna we'll have F we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up we're gonna we'll have F we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand up we're gonna we'll have F we
+have two more minutes for discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they you mean their physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you mean their physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you mean their physical
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah completely avoided or whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah completely avoided or whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah completely avoided or whether it
+was alluded to in you know subtle jokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluded to in you know subtle jokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluded to in you know subtle jokes
+or whatever I was just curious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever I was just curious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever I was just curious about
+that because it seems like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it seems like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it seems like a pretty
+sexually charged scene the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually charged scene the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexually charged scene the fact that
+he's jumping on the bed and she's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's jumping on the bed and she's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's jumping on the bed and she's still
+asleep in her night clothes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep in her night clothes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep in her night clothes and so on
+and so forth well I mean I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth well I mean I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth well I mean I think it's an
+intimate scene and it suggests something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate scene and it suggests something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate scene and it suggests something
+of the physical intimacy that married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physical intimacy that married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physical intimacy that married
+couples long together have with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples long together have with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples long together have with each
+other the show was not shy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the show was not shy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the show was not shy about
+acknowledging the sexual uh uh currence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging the sexual uh uh currence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledging the sexual uh uh currence
+that ran between Archie and Edith they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ran between Archie and Edith they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ran between Archie and Edith they
+it was not uh a dominant subject in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not uh a dominant subject in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not uh a dominant subject in the
+program and in fact the the Archie often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and in fact the the Archie often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and in fact the the Archie often
+made mocking and Disturbed comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made mocking and Disturbed comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made mocking and Disturbed comments
+about the way in which uh uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which uh uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which uh uh his
+son-in-law and Gloria were constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son-in-law and Gloria were constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son-in-law and Gloria were constantly
+running off to the bedroom to make love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running off to the bedroom to make love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running off to the bedroom to make love
+and and sometime they would kiss each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sometime they would kiss each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sometime they would kiss each
+other or hug each other touch each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or hug each other touch each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other or hug each other touch each other
+other in public and Archie was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in public and Archie was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in public and Archie was very
+offended by this uh he said you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offended by this uh he said you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offended by this uh he said you know he
+would say things like that's disgusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say things like that's disgusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say things like that's disgusting
+can't you keep do that in private of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you keep do that in private of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you keep do that in private of in
+the privacy of your bedroom where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy of your bedroom where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the privacy of your bedroom where it
+belongs that kind of thing so he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs that kind of thing so he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs that kind of thing so he has
+kind of prudish sexual attitudes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prudish sexual attitudes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prudish sexual attitudes but
+there are episodes that dramatize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are episodes that dramatize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are episodes that dramatize
+Archie's uh connection to Edith and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie's uh connection to Edith and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie's uh connection to Edith and
+there is the suggest more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the suggest more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the suggest more than a
+suggestion that of course they their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that of course they their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion that of course they their
+their sexual life is is Lively there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sexual life is is Lively there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sexual life is is Lively there are
+some episodes in which Archie is tempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some episodes in which Archie is tempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some episodes in which Archie is tempted
+by other women uh and and they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other women uh and and they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other women uh and and they they have
+a kind of comic Dimension but also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of comic Dimension but also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of comic Dimension but also a
+disturbing one especially because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing one especially because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing one especially because you're
+so by by the time these episodes appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by by the time these episodes appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by by the time these episodes appear
+you're already so invested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already so invested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already so invested in this
+marriage as a viewer that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage as a viewer that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage as a viewer that that that that
+Archie's uh impulse to stray is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie's uh impulse to stray is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie's uh impulse to stray is is uh
+shocking to you in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking to you in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking to you in some
+ways so so I I I hope this doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so so I I I hope this doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so so I I I hope this doesn't seem
+evasive Sharice I can't name specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evasive Sharice I can't name specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evasive Sharice I can't name specific
+episodes we don't actually ever see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes we don't actually ever see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes we don't actually ever see them
+uh lying on top of each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lying on top of each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lying on top of each other in
+postcoital pleasure but there is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcoital pleasure but there is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcoital pleasure but there is clearly
+the sense that they that they are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they that they are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that they that they are uh
+physically intimate with each other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically intimate with each other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically intimate with each other uh
+and that and that Ma and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that Ma and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that Ma and that that
+intimacy matters to both of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy matters to both of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy matters to both of them and
+there's certainly the this the sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly the this the sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly the this the sense we
+get uh from various episodes that uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh from various episodes that uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh from various episodes that uh at
+earlier stages in their in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stages in their in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stages in their in their lives
+they were they were very active there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they were very active there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they were very active there's
+some there's some sense you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some sense you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there's some sense you know that
+they that things have come down for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that things have come down for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that things have come down for them
+in what they regard as middle age yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what they regard as middle age yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what they regard as middle age yes
+how about James L Brooks will we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about James L Brooks will we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about James L Brooks will we have
+any opportunity James L Brooks Brooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any opportunity James L Brooks Brooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any opportunity James L Brooks Brooks
+well he's one of the mared Tyler Moore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he's one of the mared Tyler Moore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he's one of the mared Tyler Moore
+folks and and but but he since in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks and and but but he since in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks and and but but he since in the
+'90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'90s
+very Poli becomes a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Poli becomes a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Poli becomes a very important
+director movies doesn't he yeah well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director movies doesn't he yeah well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director movies doesn't he yeah well he
+he's also Terms of Endearment is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also Terms of Endearment is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also Terms of Endearment is one of
+his films yeah but but also The Simpsons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his films yeah but but also The Simpsons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his films yeah but but also The Simpsons
+in television Simpsons and um Mt about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in television Simpsons and um Mt about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in television Simpsons and um Mt about
+you is that James out Brooks I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that James out Brooks I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that James out Brooks I don't
+know whether Brooks is involved I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether Brooks is involved I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether Brooks is involved I don't
+think so but but Brooks is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so but but Brooks is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so but but Brooks is an important
+figure but but I think I think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure but but I think I think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure but but I think I think on
+balance probably although very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance probably although very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance probably although very you know
+he's connected to a lot of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's connected to a lot of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's connected to a lot of very
+important programs and and uh was a uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important programs and and uh was a uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important programs and and uh was a uh I
+think his a lot of his most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think his a lot of his most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think his a lot of his most interesting
+work in the movies re uh has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the movies re uh has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the movies re uh has an
+authority because he he did his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority because he he did his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority because he he did his
+apprenticeship in in television learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship in in television learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship in in television learned
+learned his skills on television and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned his skills on television and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned his skills on television and I
+think his movies have a kind of intimacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think his movies have a kind of intimacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think his movies have a kind of intimacy
+and psychological seriousness that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psychological seriousness that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and psychological seriousness that most
+other movies of the era do not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movies of the era do not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movies of the era do not have the
+reason is that he comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that he comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that he comes out of
+television and he values character in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and he values character in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and he values character in
+the way that television allowed him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that television allowed him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that television allowed him to
+Value character but we don't we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value character but we don't we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value character but we don't we won't
+have time for books Beyond a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for books Beyond a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time for books Beyond a few
+comments uh and there are other folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments uh and there are other folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments uh and there are other folks
+like Steven botko that we're not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Steven botko that we're not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Steven botko that we're not uh
+going to going to deal with beyond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to deal with beyond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to deal with beyond what
+we've already done with ill Street BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done with ill Street BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done with ill Street BL
+but but I'll mention a few of these otur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I'll mention a few of these otur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I'll mention a few of these otur
+types that begin to emerge uh in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that begin to emerge uh in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that begin to emerge uh in the in
+the in the in the era when the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the era when the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the era when the network
+system begins to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system begins to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system begins to break
+down we're finished for today folks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we're finished for today folks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we're finished for today folks I
+will see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you next
+week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0h3SCozKaR4.txt b/0h3SCozKaR4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b5b580180d67e3eb198d210fe21d3c71af8b64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0h3SCozKaR4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+In this problem, we are going to consider
+several instructions that we want to add to
+
+our beta.
+
+For each of these instructions, we will need
+to decide what the minimum requirement is
+
+to add that instruction.
+
+The simplest addition would be a macro that
+references a single already existing beta
+
+instruction.
+
+If our new instruction cannot be implemented
+by simply defining a macro, then we want to
+
+consider whether adding a new opcode, and
+producing the appropriate control ROM signals
+
+for it, will enable the new operation to be
+executed on our existing Beta datapaths.
+
+Finally, if neither the macro or Control ROM
+solutions work, then we need to specify that
+
+the instruction cannot be implemented without
+making actual hardware changes to the Beta.
+
+The first instruction that we want to consider
+adding to our Beta is a SWAPR instruction
+
+which swaps the contents of registers Rx and
+Ry in a single clock cycle.
+
+The constraint that this must be done in a
+single clock cycle points us to the fact that
+
+the Beta hardware does not have the ability
+to write to two different registers in the
+
+same clock cycle.
+
+Thus, in order to add this instruction to
+the Beta, new hardware would need to be added.
+
+The next instruction that we want to consider
+adding to our beta is a NEG instruction.
+
+This instruction should take the two's complement
+negation of register Rx and store it into
+
+register Ry.
+
+The first question we want to ask ourselves
+is whether or not we might be able to implement
+
+this using a macro.
+
+Since all we are trying to do is produce the
+negative of a given value, we can write a
+
+macro for this instruction which subtracts
+Rx from R31 and stores that result into Ry.
+
+Note that this macro will not work for the
+corner case which is the largest representable
+
+negative number because the negation of that
+number cannot be represented using 32-bit
+
+two's complement representation.
+
+For all other cases, however, this macro works
+as expected.
+
+The next instruction that we want to consider
+adding to our Beta is a PC-relative store
+
+instruction.
+
+The way this instruction works is that it
+writes the contents of register Rx to a location
+
+in memory whose address is computed by adding
+PC + 4 + 4*SEXT(C).
+
+The only existing store operation in the beta
+is a store that writes to the address that
+
+is computed by adding the contents of register
+Ry and the sign extended literal C.
+
+Since this is not equivalent to the store
+relative instruction's behavior that means
+
+that we cannot implement this instruction
+as a macro.
+
+So next we consider whether or not we can
+implement this instruction using our existing
+
+Beta datapaths.
+
+This beta diagram highlights in red the dataflow
+through the existing Beta datapaths that would
+
+perform the desired PC relative store instruction.
+
+The way this instruction works is that the
+extra adder under the instruction memory is
+
+used to compute the value of the effective
+address which is PC + 4 + 4*SEXT(C).
+
+The ASEL, or A select signal is then set to
+1 to pass that value to the ALU as the A operand.
+
+The ALUFN is then set to A to continue passing
+that value through the ALU in order for it
+
+to be used as the address for the data memory.
+
+This address is labeled MA, or memory address
+in the beta diagram.
+
+The value that is written to memory is the
+value of register Rx.
+
+In store operations, the first operand corresponds
+to register Rc.
+
+So we set RA2SEL = 1 in order to select Rc,
+which is Rx in this case, as the register
+
+whose contents should be written to memory.
+
+The value of this register is made available
+via the RD2 register file port which then
+
+feeds the MWD, or memory write data signal
+for the memory.
+
+There are a couple other memory related signals
+that we need to set appropriately.
+
+They are MWR, which stands for memory write
+read, and controls the write enable of the
+
+data memory.
+
+In order to be able to write to the memory,
+the write enable must be set to 1.
+
+MOE is the memory output enable.
+
+We set this to 0 to specify that no output
+should be enabled from the memory.
+
+Note that you may think that MOE should be
+a don't care since we are never making use
+
+of the MRD, or memory read data, signal in
+our datapath.
+
+However, by setting it to 0 we allow ourselves
+to potentially use the same databus for the
+
+read and write data of the memory.
+
+This is not explicitly shown in our beta diagram
+but is the reason that MOE is specified as
+
+0 for us.
+
+The other control signal that we must set
+to 0 is WERF, which stands for write enable
+
+register file.
+
+Setting this signal to 0 ensures that no value
+will be written back into our register file.
+
+This allows us to then set WDSEL and WASEL
+to don't cares.
+
+The last control signal is BSEL which is also
+a don't care because the B operand is ignored
+
+by the ALU for this instruction.
+
+Finally, the PCSEL = 0 in order to increment
+the PC by 4 so that the next instruction will
+
+be fetched.
+
+So our completed Control ROM for the STR operation
+is shown here.
+
+The last instruction we want to add to our
+beta is the BITCLR(Rx, Ry, Rz) instruction.
+
+This instruction performs a bitwise AND of
+the contents of register Ry with the complement
+
+of the contents of register Rx.
+
+There is no existing beta instruction that
+performs this functionality so using a macro
+
+is not an option.
+
+Next, we want to consider whether or not we
+could implement this instruction using our
+
+existing datapaths with changes to our control
+ROM.
+
+To answer this question, you need to realize
+that the operation that you are trying to
+
+perform here is a boolean operation.
+
+In module 1, when implementing the ALU lab,
+we learned that the way that the bool module
+
+works is that if you set the ALUFN to 10abcd,
+then the ALU would produce the output defined
+
+by this truth table for every pair of bits
+Bi and Ai.
+
+So for example, to implement the AND function,
+we simply set a = 1, b = 0, c = 0, and d = 0
+
+as shown in this truth table which is the
+truth table for an AND function.
+
+The truth table for the BITCLR operation is
+shown here.
+
+One additional column, NOT(Rx)[i] has been
+added to show the intermediate step of negating
+
+Rx[i].
+
+Then if you take the AND of the Ry[i] column
+and the Not(Rx)[i] columns you get the result
+
+Rz[i].
+
+This means that the ALUFN for the BITCLR operation
+is 10 followed by 0100.
+
+The rest of the control signals can be determined
+by looking at this highlighted beta diagram
+
+which shows in red the paths that must be
+followed in order to properly implement the
+
+BITCLR operation.
+
+The instruction memory specifies the registers
+Ra and Rb, in our case Rx and Ry, that are
+
+to be used by this operation.
+
+Setting RA2SEL to 0 tells the register file
+to read Rb, or Ry, as the second operand.
+
+Then setting ASEL and BSEL to 0 passes the
+values of Rx and Ry to the ALU.
+
+The ALUFN is used to specify the particular
+boolean operation that we are performing.
+
+Then WDSEL = 1 in order to feed the results
+of the ALU back to the register file.
+
+The Rc register is Rz and it is the register
+that the result should be written to.
+
+To make that happen, we set WASEL = 0, and
+WERF = 1.
+
+To avoid anything being written to the data
+memory, MWR is set to 0.
+
+MOE can be a don't care because we are not
+using the memory for reading or writing and
+
+setting WDSEL to 1 ignores anything that is
+on the MRD, or memory read data, line.
+
+Finally, the PCSEL = 0 in order to increment
+the PC by 4 so that the next instruction will
+
+be fetched.
+
+So our completed Control ROM for the BITCLR
+operation is shown here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0oBJN8F616U.txt b/0oBJN8F616U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e65d494947d441adf7572d1c49cac0cdd0892daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0oBJN8F616U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the one and only review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the one and only review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the one and only review
+you could say of linear algebra my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say of linear algebra my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say of linear algebra my
+website I just think linear algebra is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I just think linear algebra is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website I just think linear algebra is
+very important you may have got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important you may have got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important you may have got that
+idea and my website even has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and my website even has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and my website even has a little
+essay called too much calculus because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay called too much calculus because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay called too much calculus because I
+think it's crazy for all all the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's crazy for all all the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's crazy for all all the US
+universities do this pretty much you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities do this pretty much you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities do this pretty much you get
+semester after semester differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester after semester differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester after semester differential
+calculus integral calculus ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus integral calculus ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus integral calculus ultimately
+differential equations you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations you run out of
+steam before the good stuff or you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam before the good stuff or you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam before the good stuff or you run
+out of time and and anybody who computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time and and anybody who computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time and and anybody who computes
+who's living in the real world is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's living in the real world is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's living in the real world is is
+using linear algebra you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using linear algebra you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using linear algebra you're you're
+you're taking a differential equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking a differential equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking a differential equation or
+taking your model making it discrete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your model making it discrete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your model making it discrete and
+computing with matrices I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing with matrices I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing with matrices I mean that's
+you know the world's digital now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the world's digital now not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the world's digital now not
+analog so I I hope it's ok to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog so I I hope it's ok to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog so I I hope it's ok to start the
+course with linear algebra and so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with linear algebra and so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with linear algebra and so but
+many engineering curricula don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many engineering curricula don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many engineering curricula don't fully
+recognize that and so if you haven't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that and so if you haven't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that and so if you haven't had
+a official course linear algebra stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a official course linear algebra stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a official course linear algebra stay
+with 1808 v this is a good way to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1808 v this is a good way to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1808 v this is a good way to learn
+it you sort of learning the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you sort of learning the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you sort of learning the what's
+important so my review would be and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so my review would be and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so my review would be and then
+this is so future Wednesdays we'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so future Wednesdays we'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so future Wednesdays we'll be in
+our regular room for homework review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our regular room for homework review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our regular room for homework review
+questions of all kinds and and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of all kinds and and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of all kinds and and today
+questions too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions too
+shall I just fire away for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just fire away for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I just fire away for the first
+half of the time to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the time to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the time to give you a sense of
+what how I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how I see
+the subject or least within that limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject or least within that limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject or least within that limited
+time and then questions are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then questions are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then questions are totally
+welcome always welcome actually right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome always welcome actually right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome always welcome actually right so
+I'll just start right up so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just start right up so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just start right up so I
+essentially linear algebra progresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially linear algebra progresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially linear algebra progresses
+starting with vectors to matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with vectors to matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with vectors to matrices and
+then finally to subspaces so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally to subspaces so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally to subspaces so that's like
+the abstraction you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstraction you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abstraction you could say
+abstraction but it's not difficult that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction but it's not difficult that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction but it's not difficult that
+you want to see until until you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see until until you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see until until you see the
+idea of a subspace you haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a subspace you haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a subspace you haven't really
+got linear algebra okay so I'll start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got linear algebra okay so I'll start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got linear algebra okay so I'll start at
+the beginning what do you do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning what do you do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning what do you do with
+vectors answer you take their linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors answer you take their linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors answer you take their linear
+combinations that's what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that's what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that's what you can do with
+a vector you can multiply it by a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector you can multiply it by a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector you can multiply it by a number
+and you can add or subtract so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add or subtract so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add or subtract so so that's
+the key operation suppose I have vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key operation suppose I have vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key operation suppose I have vectors
+u V and W let me take three of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u V and W let me take three of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u V and W let me take three of them and
+so I can take their combinations so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can take their combinations so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can take their combinations so some
+combination will be say some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will be say some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will be say some number
+times U plus some number times V plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U plus some number times V plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times U plus some number times V plus
+some number times W so these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number times W so these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number times W so these numbers are
+called scalars so this would these would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called scalars so this would these would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called scalars so this would these would
+be called scalars and the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called scalars and the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called scalars and the whole thing is
+a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination
+let me abbreviate those words linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me abbreviate those words linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me abbreviate those words linear
+combination and you get some answer say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and you get some answer say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and you get some answer say
+B okay but let's pin it down make it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay but let's pin it down make it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay but let's pin it down make it to
+make this whole discussion specific yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this whole discussion specific yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this whole discussion specific yeah
+I started a little early I think good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started a little early I think good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started a little early I think good
+night okay so let me I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night okay so let me I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night okay so let me I'm going to take
+three vectors u V and W and take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors u V and W and take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors u V and W and take their
+combinations so my U is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so my U is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so my U is going to be
+their carefully chosen my U is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their carefully chosen my U is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their carefully chosen my U is going to
+be 1 minus 1 0 and I'll take vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 minus 1 0 and I'll take vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 minus 1 0 and I'll take vectors in
+three dimensions so that means their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so that means their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so that means their
+combinations will be in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations will be in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations will be in three dimensions
+are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three
+three dimensional space I so that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional space I so that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional space I so that'll be
+you and then V let's take zero I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then V let's take zero I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then V let's take zero I think
+one and - what okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and - what okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and - what okay
+suppose I stopped there and took their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I stopped there and took their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I stopped there and took their
+linear combinations it's very helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations it's very helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations it's very helpful to
+see a picture in three dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a picture in three dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a picture in three dimensional space
+I mean the great thing about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the great thing about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the great thing about linear
+algebra it moves into n dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra it moves into n dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra it moves into n dimensional
+space 10 dimensional hundred dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 10 dimensional hundred dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 10 dimensional hundred dimensional
+where we can't visualize but yet our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can't visualize but yet our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can't visualize but yet our
+instinct is right if we just follow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct is right if we just follow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct is right if we just follow so
+what's your instinct if I took those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your instinct if I took those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your instinct if I took those two
+vectors and notice they're not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and notice they're not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and notice they're not on the
+same line there one isn't a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same line there one isn't a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same line there one isn't a multiple of
+the other there they go in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other there they go in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other there they go in different
+directions if I took their combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if I took their combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions if I took their combinations
+see x1 times u plus x2 times V oh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see x1 times u plus x2 times V oh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see x1 times u plus x2 times V oh now
+this is all let me push this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all let me push this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all let me push this is a
+serious question if I took all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious question if I took all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious question if I took all their
+combinations so let me try to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so let me try to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so let me try to draw a
+little bit okay I'm in 3-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay I'm in 3-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay I'm in 3-dimensional
+space and you you go somewhere maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you you go somewhere maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and you you go somewhere maybe
+there and V goes somewhere maybe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and V goes somewhere maybe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and V goes somewhere maybe here
+now suppose I take all the combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I take all the combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I take all the combinations
+so I could multiply that first guy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could multiply that first guy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could multiply that first guy by
+any number that would fill the line I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number that would fill the line I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number that would fill the line I
+can multiply that second guy V so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply that second guy V so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply that second guy V so this
+was you and this was V I can multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you and this was V I can multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you and this was V I can multiply
+that by any number X 2 that would fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by any number X 2 that would fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by any number X 2 that would fill
+its line each of those lines I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its line each of those lines I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its line each of those lines I would
+later call a one dimensional subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later call a one dimensional subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later call a one dimensional subspace
+just a line but now what happens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line but now what happens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line but now what happens if I
+take all combinations of the two what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all combinations of the two what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all combinations of the two what do
+you think you get a plane get a plane if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you get a plane get a plane if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you get a plane get a plane if
+I take anything on this line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take anything on this line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take anything on this line and
+anything on this line and add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on this line and add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on this line and add them up
+you can see that I'm not going to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I'm not going to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I'm not going to fill
+3d but I'm going to fill a plane and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d but I'm going to fill a plane and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d but I'm going to fill a plane and and
+that maybe takes a little thinking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe takes a little thinking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe takes a little thinking it
+just then it becomes sort of you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just then it becomes sort of you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just then it becomes sort of you yeah
+you get you see that that's what it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you see that that's what it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you see that that's what it has
+to be ok now I'm going to have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ok now I'm going to have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ok now I'm going to have a third
+vector ok my third vector will be 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector ok my third vector will be 0 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector ok my third vector will be 0 0 1
+ok so that 0 0 1 is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that 0 0 1 is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that 0 0 1 is there
+on the X zero on the Y and one in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the X zero on the Y and one in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the X zero on the Y and one in the Z
+direction so there is W okay now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so there is W okay now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so there is W okay now I want
+to take their combinations okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take their combinations okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take their combinations okay so let
+me do that very specifically how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that very specifically how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do that very specifically how do I
+take combinations ha this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take combinations ha this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take combinations ha this is important
+seems it's very simple but important I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems it's very simple but important I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems it's very simple but important I
+like to think of taking the combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of taking the combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of taking the combinations
+of some vectors I'm always putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some vectors I'm always putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some vectors I'm always putting
+vectors into the columns of a matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors into the columns of a matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors into the columns of a matrix so
+now I'm going to move to step two matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to move to step two matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to move to step two matrix
+I'm going to move to step two and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move to step two and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move to step two and maybe
+I'll put it well now I better put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it well now I better put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it well now I better put it
+here okay step two is the matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay step two is the matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay step two is the matrix has
+those vectors in its columns so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors in its columns so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors in its columns so in this
+case it's three by three okay that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's three by three okay that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's three by three okay that's my
+matrix that I'm going to call it a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I'm going to call it a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I'm going to call it a and
+now I'm going to how do I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to how do I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to how do I take
+combinations of vectors I well I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of vectors I well I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of vectors I well I could
+have I should have maybe done it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I should have maybe done it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I should have maybe done it in
+detail here but let me I'll just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but let me I'll just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here but let me I'll just do it
+with the matrix here watch this now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the matrix here watch this now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the matrix here watch this now I'm
+good if I multiply a by the vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if I multiply a by the vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if I multiply a by the vector of
+X's what that does so this is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's what that does so this is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's what that does so this is now a
+times X so very important of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X so very important of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X so very important of matrix
+times a vector what does it do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vector what does it do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a vector what does it do the
+output is just what I want this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is just what I want this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is just what I want this is the
+output it takes x1 times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it takes x1 times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it takes x1 times the first
+column plus x2 times the second plus x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column plus x2 times the second plus x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column plus x2 times the second plus x3
+times the third that's the way matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the third that's the way matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the third that's the way matrix
+multiplication works by columns and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication works by columns and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication works by columns and you
+don't always see that because what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always see that because what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always see that because what do
+you see you know how to probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you know how to probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you know how to probably know
+how to multiply that matrix by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to multiply that matrix by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to multiply that matrix by that
+vector let me ask you to do it okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let me ask you to do it okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let me ask you to do it okay what
+do you get what's the so everybody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get what's the so everybody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get what's the so everybody does
+it a component at a time so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a component at a time so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a component at a time so what's the
+first component of the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of the answer
+x1 yeah how do you get that its Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 yeah how do you get that its Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 yeah how do you get that its Rho
+times the vector and when I say times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vector and when I say times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vector and when I say times I
+really mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean that
+dot product at this time plus this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product at this time plus this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product at this time plus this plus
+this is x1 and what about the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x1 and what about the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is x1 and what about the second row
+minus x1 plus x2 or I'll just say x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 plus x2 or I'll just say x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 plus x2 or I'll just say x2
+minus x1 and the third guy the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 and the third guy the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 and the third guy the third
+component would be x3 minus x2 right ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component would be x3 minus x2 right ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component would be x3 minus x2 right ok
+so right away I'm going to say I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right away I'm going to say I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right away I'm going to say I'm going
+to call this matrix a a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call this matrix a a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call this matrix a a difference
+matrix it always helps to give give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it always helps to give give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it always helps to give give
+names to think so this a is a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names to think so this a is a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names to think so this a is a difference
+basic matrix because it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic matrix because it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic matrix because it takes
+differences of the X's and I would even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of the X's and I would even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of the X's and I would even
+say a first difference matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a first difference matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a first difference matrix because
+it's just just the straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just just the straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just just the straightforward
+difference and we'll see second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we'll see second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we'll see second
+differences in class Friday ok so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in class Friday ok so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in class Friday ok so that's
+what a does but you remember my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a does but you remember my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a does but you remember my first
+point was that when a matrix multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was that when a matrix multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was that when a matrix multiplies
+a vector the result is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector the result is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector the result is a combination of
+the columns and that's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns and that's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns and that's not always
+because see I'm looking at the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see I'm looking at the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see I'm looking at the picture
+not just by numbers you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just by numbers you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just by numbers you know with
+numbers I'm just doing this stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I'm just doing this stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I'm just doing this stuff but
+now I'm stepping back a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm stepping back a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm stepping back a little bit and
+saying I'm combining it's this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm combining it's this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm combining it's this vector
+times x1 that vector times x1 plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x1 that vector times x1 plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x1 that vector times x1 plus this
+vector times x2 plus that 1 times x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times x2 plus that 1 times x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times x2 plus that 1 times x3
+added together gives me this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together gives me this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together gives me this same
+nothing complicated here let's just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing complicated here let's just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing complicated here let's just look
+at it by vectors also okay now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it by vectors also okay now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it by vectors also okay now suppose
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so it's a little interesting already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little interesting already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little interesting already
+here we multiply these vectors by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we multiply these vectors by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we multiply these vectors by
+numbers x1 x2 x3 that was what that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers x1 x2 x3 that was what that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers x1 x2 x3 that was what that was
+our thinking here now I think he here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thinking here now I think he here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thinking here now I think he here is
+a little we've switched slightly now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little we've switched slightly now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little we've switched slightly now I'm
+multiplying the matrix times the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the matrix times the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the matrix times the numbers
+in X just a slight switch multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X just a slight switch multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X just a slight switch multiply the
+matrix times the numbers and I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times the numbers and I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times the numbers and I get some
+answer B which is this this is B ok ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer B which is this this is B ok ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer B which is this this is B ok ok
+and of course I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can do
+a specific example like suppose I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific example like suppose I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific example like suppose I take
+well I could take the squares to be in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could take the squares to be in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could take the squares to be in X
+so suppose I take a x the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I take a x the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I take a x the the first
+three squares 1 4 9 what answer what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three squares 1 4 9 what answer what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three squares 1 4 9 what answer what I
+get just just to keep it clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just just to keep it clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get just just to keep it clear that
+we're very specific here so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very specific here so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very specific here so what would
+be the output be this I think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the output be this I think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the output be this I think of this as
+the input the 1 4 9 the X's now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the 1 4 9 the X's now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input the 1 4 9 the X's now the the
+machine is a multiplied by a and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is a multiplied by a and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is a multiplied by a and there
+here's the output and what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the output and what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the output and what would be the
+output what numbers am I going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what numbers am I going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what numbers am I going to get
+there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah
+1 3 something 1 3 5 which is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 3 something 1 3 5 which is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 3 something 1 3 5 which is actually a
+little neat that you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little neat that you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little neat that you find the
+differences of the squares are the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of the squares are the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of the squares are the odd
+numbers that appealed to me and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that appealed to me and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that appealed to me and in
+school somehow and that that was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school somehow and that that was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school somehow and that that was already
+a bad sign right this dumb kid notices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad sign right this dumb kid notices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad sign right this dumb kid notices
+it that you take differences of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you take differences of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you take differences of squares
+you get numbers right whatever okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get numbers right whatever okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get numbers right whatever okay so
+now is a big step this was the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a big step this was the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a big step this was the forward
+Direction right input and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction right input and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction right input and there's the
+output but now the real reality that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but now the real reality that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but now the real reality that's
+easy and important but the there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and important but the there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and important but the there's the
+more did the more deep problem is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more did the more deep problem is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more did the more deep problem is what
+if I give you B and ask for X so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you B and ask for X so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you B and ask for X so again
+we're switching the switching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're switching the switching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're switching the switching the
+direction here okay we're solving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here okay we're solving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here okay we're solving an
+equation now a or three equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now a or three equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now a or three equations and
+three unknowns ax equal B so if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns ax equal B so if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns ax equal B so if I give
+you this B can you get X okay how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this B can you get X okay how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this B can you get X okay how do you
+solve three equations so this it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve three equations so this it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve three equations so this it's just
+we're looking backwards now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking backwards now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking backwards now
+that won't be too hard for this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be too hard for this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be too hard for this matrix
+for this particular matrix that I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular matrix that I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular matrix that I chose
+because it's triangular we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's triangular we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's triangular we'll be able to
+find we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find we'll be able to
+go backwards so let me do that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards so let me do that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards so let me do that let me
+take b2b it's it's a vector it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take b2b it's it's a vector it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take b2b it's it's a vector it's got
+three components and now I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components and now I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components and now I'm going to go
+backwards to find X or we will okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to find X or we will okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards to find X or we will okay so
+do you see the three equations here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the three equations here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the three equations here they
+are X 1 is B 1 this is B 2 this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X 1 is B 1 this is B 2 this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are X 1 is B 1 this is B 2 this that
+difference is B 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is B 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is B 3
+those are my three equations three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my three equations three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my three equations three
+unknowns X's three up three known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns X's three up three known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns X's three up three known
+right-hand sides or I think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand sides or I think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand sides or I think of it as a
+times X is a matrix times X giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X is a matrix times X giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X is a matrix times X giving a
+vector B what's the answer okay as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B what's the answer okay as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B what's the answer okay as I
+said we're going to be able to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're going to be able to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're going to be able to do this
+we're going to be able to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to solve this
+system easily because it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system easily because it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system easily because it's already
+triangular and it's actually lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and it's actually lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and it's actually lower
+triangular so that means we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular so that means we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular so that means we'll start
+from the top so the answers the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top so the answers the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top so the answers the solution
+will be what let's make room for it x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what let's make room for it x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what let's make room for it x1
+x2 and x3 I want to find and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and x3 I want to find and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and x3 I want to find and what's the
+answer what what can we just go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what what can we just go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what what can we just go from
+bottom to top to bottom now what's x1 be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to top to bottom now what's x1 be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom to top to bottom now what's x1 be
+one great what's X 2 so x2 minus x1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one great what's X 2 so x2 minus x1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one great what's X 2 so x2 minus x1 this
+these are my equations so what's x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are my equations so what's x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are my equations so what's x2
+minus x1 well is be 2 so what is X 2 b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 well is be 2 so what is X 2 b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 well is be 2 so what is X 2 b1
+plus b2 right and what's B what's x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b2 right and what's B what's x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b2 right and what's B what's x3
+what what do we need therefore X 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we need therefore X 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we need therefore X 3 so
+I'm looking at the third equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the third equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the third equation that
+will determine x3 when I see it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine x3 when I see it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine x3 when I see it this way
+I see those ones and I see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see those ones and I see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see those ones and I see it
+multiplying X 3 and what do I get yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X 3 and what do I get yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying X 3 and what do I get yeah
+so x3 - this guy is B 3 so I have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x3 - this guy is B 3 so I have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x3 - this guy is B 3 so I have to add
+in another B 3 right I'm doing sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another B 3 right I'm doing sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another B 3 right I'm doing sort of
+substitution down as I go once I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution down as I go once I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution down as I go once I learned
+that I learned that X 1 was B 1 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned that X 1 was B 1 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I learned that X 1 was B 1 I
+used it there to find x2 and now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it there to find x2 and now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it there to find x2 and now I'll
+use x2 to find x3 and what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x2 to find x3 and what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x2 to find x3 and what do I get
+again x3 is I put the x2 over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again x3 is I put the x2 over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again x3 is I put the x2 over there
+I think it's you've got it B 1 plus B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's you've got it B 1 plus B 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's you've got it B 1 plus B 2
+plus B 3 ok so that's a solution not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 3 ok so that's a solution not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 3 ok so that's a solution not
+difficult because the matrix was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because the matrix was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because the matrix was
+triangular but let's think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular but let's think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular but let's think about that
+solution that solution is a matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that solution is a matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that solution is a matrix times
+B when you look at that when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B when you look at that when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B when you look at that when you look at
+that so this is like a good early step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is like a good early step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is like a good early step
+in linear algebra when I look at that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra when I look at that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear algebra when I look at that I
+see a matrix multiplying B I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a matrix multiplying B I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a matrix multiplying B I mean we
+take that step up to seeing a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that step up to seeing a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that step up to seeing a matrix and
+and you can just read it off so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just read it off so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just read it off so let me
+let me say what's the matrix there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say what's the matrix there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say what's the matrix there
+that's multiplying B to give that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from remember the columns of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember the columns of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from remember the columns of this matrix
+well I don't know how you want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know how you want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know how you want to read
+it off but one way is to think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off but one way is to think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off but one way is to think the
+columns of that matrix are multiplying B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of that matrix are multiplying B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of that matrix are multiplying B
+1 B 2 and B 3 to give this so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 B 2 and B 3 to give this so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 B 2 and B 3 to give this so what's the
+first column of the matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of the matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of the matrix it's
+whatever's whatever I'm reading off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's whatever I'm reading off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's whatever I'm reading off the
+coefficients really a B 1 here 1 1 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients really a B 1 here 1 1 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients really a B 1 here 1 1 1 and
+what's the second column of the matrix 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the second column of the matrix 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the second column of the matrix 0
+1 1 good 0 B 2 is 1 1 ok and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 good 0 B 2 is 1 1 ok and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 good 0 B 2 is 1 1 ok and the third
+is 0 0 1 good okay now so lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 0 1 good okay now so lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 0 1 good okay now so lots of things
+to comment here this is let me write up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment here this is let me write up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment here this is let me write up
+again here this is X that was the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here this is X that was the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here this is X that was the answer
+X it's it's a matrix times B and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's it's a matrix times B and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X it's it's a matrix times B and what's
+the name of that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of that matrix
+it's the inverse matrix if ax gives B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the inverse matrix if ax gives B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the inverse matrix if ax gives B
+the inverse matrix does it the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix does it the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix does it the other way
+round X is a inverse B let me just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round X is a inverse B let me just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round X is a inverse B let me just put
+that over here if if ax is B then X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over here if if ax is B then X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over here if if ax is B then X
+should be a inverse B now you could so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a inverse B now you could so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a inverse B now you could so
+what we had inverse where I wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had inverse where I wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had inverse where I wrote down
+inverse this morning but without saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this morning but without saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse this morning but without saying
+the point but so you see how that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point but so you see how that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point but so you see how that comes
+I mean if I want to go formally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if I want to go formally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if I want to go formally I
+multiply both sides by a inverse if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by a inverse if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by a inverse if
+there is an a inverse that's a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an a inverse that's a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an a inverse that's a critical
+thing as we saw is the matrix invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as we saw is the matrix invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as we saw is the matrix invertible
+the answer here is yes there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here is yes there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here is yes there is an
+inverse and what does that really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what does that really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and what does that really mean
+the the inverse is the thing that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the inverse is the thing that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the inverse is the thing that takes
+us from B back to X it is think of a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from B back to X it is think of a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from B back to X it is think of a as
+kind of a multiplying by a as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a multiplying by a as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a multiplying by a as kind of a
+mapping mathematicians use a word or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping mathematicians use a word or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping mathematicians use a word or
+transform transform would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform transform would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform transform would be good
+transform from X to B and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform from X to B and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform from X to B and this is the
+inverse transform okay so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform okay so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transform okay so it doesn't
+have to have happen to be the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have happen to be the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have happen to be the discrete
+Fourier transform or a wavelet transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform or a wavelet transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform or a wavelet transform
+it's a well actually we could give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a well actually we could give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a well actually we could give it a
+name this is kind of a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name this is kind of a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name this is kind of a difference
+transform right that's what a did took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform right that's what a did took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform right that's what a did took
+differences so what does a inverse do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so what does a inverse do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so what does a inverse do it
+takes sums it takes sums that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes sums it takes sums that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes sums it takes sums that's why you
+see 1 1 and 1 1 1 along the rows because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 1 1 and 1 1 1 along the rows because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 1 1 and 1 1 1 along the rows because
+it's just adding in your city here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just adding in your city here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just adding in your city here in
+fully displayed it's a sum matrix I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully displayed it's a sum matrix I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully displayed it's a sum matrix I
+might as well call it s for sum so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well call it s for sum so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well call it s for sum so that
+matrix that some matrix is the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that some matrix is the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that some matrix is the inverse
+of the difference matrix yeah ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference matrix yeah ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference matrix yeah ok and
+maybe I just since I hit on calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just since I hit on calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just since I hit on calculus
+earlier you could say the calculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you could say the calculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you could say the calculus is
+all about one thing and it's inverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about one thing and it's inverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about one thing and it's inverse the
+derivative is a and what's s in calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a and what's s in calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is a and what's s in calculus
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+the whole subject is about one operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole subject is about one operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole subject is about one operation
+now admittedly it's not a matrix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now admittedly it's not a matrix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now admittedly it's not a matrix it
+operates on functions instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on functions instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on functions instead of just
+little vectors but that's the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vectors but that's the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vectors but that's the main point
+the fundamental theorem of calculus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem of calculus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental theorem of calculus is
+is telling us that integration is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us that integration is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us that integration is the
+inverse of differentiation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of differentiation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of differentiation okay so
+that's this is good and I could put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is good and I could put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is good and I could put in
+if I put in B 1 3 5 for example just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put in B 1 3 5 for example just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put in B 1 3 5 for example just to
+put in some numbers if I put in B equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some numbers if I put in B equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in some numbers if I put in B equal
+1 3 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 3 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 3 5
+what would the X that comes out be 1 4 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the X that comes out be 1 4 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the X that comes out be 1 4 9
+right because if it takes us back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if it takes us back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if it takes us back here
+previously we started we took difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we started we took difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we started we took difference
+as a 1 4 9 got 1 3 5 now if we take sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a 1 4 9 got 1 3 5 now if we take sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a 1 4 9 got 1 3 5 now if we take sums
+of 1 3 5 we get 1 4 9 okay now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 3 5 we get 1 4 9 okay now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 3 5 we get 1 4 9 okay now we have a
+system of linear equations now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of linear equations now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of linear equations now I want to
+step back and see what was good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and see what was good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and see what was good about
+this matrix somehow it has an inverse ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix somehow it has an inverse ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix somehow it has an inverse ax
+equal B has a solution in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B has a solution in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B has a solution in other words
+and it has only one solution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has only one solution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has only one solution right
+because we worked it out we had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we worked it out we had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we worked it out we had no
+choice that was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that was it
+so so there's just one solution there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's just one solution there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's just one solution there's
+always one and only one solution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and only one solution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and only one solution it's
+like a perfect transform from the X's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a perfect transform from the X's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a perfect transform from the X's to
+the bees and back again yeah it's a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees and back again yeah it's a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees and back again yeah it's a so
+that's that's what an invertible matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what an invertible matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what an invertible matrix
+is this is a perfect map from one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a perfect map from one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a perfect map from one set of
+X's to the bees and you can get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's to the bees and you can get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's to the bees and you can get back
+again ok right yeah questions always ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again ok right yeah questions always ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again ok right yeah questions always ok
+now I think I'm ready for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think I'm ready for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think I'm ready for another
+example they're only two examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they're only two examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example they're only two examples and
+actually this is on this this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is on this this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is on this this example
+these two examples are on the 1806
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two examples are on the 1806
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two examples are on the 1806
+webpage if you want to some people asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webpage if you want to some people asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webpage if you want to some people asked
+after class ok how to get sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class ok how to get sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class ok how to get sort of a
+review of linear algebra well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of linear algebra well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of linear algebra well the the
+1806 website would be definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 website would be definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 website would be definitely a
+possibility so that's well I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so that's well I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility so that's well I'll put
+on the OpenCourseWare website MIT edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the OpenCourseWare website MIT edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the OpenCourseWare website MIT edu
+and then you would look at the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would look at the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would look at the linear
+algebra course or the the math one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra course or the the math one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra course or the the math one
+what is it web dot math dot edu is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it web dot math dot edu is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it web dot math dot edu is that
+it no maybe that's an MIT not so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no maybe that's an MIT not so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no maybe that's an MIT not so is it
+math I can't live without edu at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math I can't live without edu at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math I can't live without edu at the end
+right yeah is it just e to you whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah is it just e to you whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah is it just e to you whatever
+you your and then that that yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your and then that that yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you your and then that that yeah okay
+so that website has well all the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that website has well all the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that website has well all the old
+exams you could ever want if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams you could ever want if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams you could ever want if you wanted
+any and and it has this example in a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and and it has this example in a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any and and it has this example in a you
+click on starting with two matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on starting with two matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on starting with two matrices and
+this is one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of them
+okay ready for the other so here comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready for the other so here comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready for the other so here comes
+the second Matrix second example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Matrix second example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Matrix second example that
+you can contrast alright second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can contrast alright second example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can contrast alright second example
+is going to have the same you let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have the same you let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have the same you let me put
+our matrix I'm going to call it what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix I'm going to call it what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our matrix I'm going to call it what am
+I going to call it maybe see okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to call it maybe see okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to call it maybe see okay so
+it'll have the same you and the same V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have the same you and the same V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have the same you and the same V
+but I'm going to change W and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to change W and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to change W and that's
+going to make all the difference my W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make all the difference my W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make all the difference my W
+I'm going to make that into W okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make that into W okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make that into W okay
+so now I have three vectors I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have three vectors I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have three vectors I can take
+their combinations I can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their combinations I can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their combinations I can look at the
+equations see X equal B I can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations see X equal B I can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations see X equal B I can try to
+solve it all the normal stuff with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it all the normal stuff with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it all the normal stuff with with
+with those combinations of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those combinations of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those combinations of those three
+vectors okay so and we'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so and we'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so and we'll see a
+difference okay so now what happens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so now what happens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so now what happens if I
+do can I even like do just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do can I even like do just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do can I even like do just a little
+erased too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased too
+to deal with see now how does C differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with see now how does C differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with see now how does C differ
+if I change this multiplication from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change this multiplication from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change this multiplication from A
+to C to this new matrix then what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C to this new matrix then what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C to this new matrix then what we've
+done is to put in a minus one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to put in a minus one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to put in a minus one right
+that's what we'd see only change we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'd see only change we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'd see only change we made
+and what's the change in CX this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the change in CX this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the change in CX this I
+change the first row so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the first row so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the first row so I'm going to
+change the first row of the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the first row of the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the first row of the answer to
+what x1 minus x3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x1 minus x3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x1 minus x3 okay
+so you could say again as I said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say again as I said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say again as I said this
+morning you've sort of changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning you've sort of changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning you've sort of changed the
+boundary condition maybe you've you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition maybe you've you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition maybe you've you've
+made this difference equation somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this difference equation somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this difference equation somehow
+circular that's why that I'm using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular that's why that I'm using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular that's why that I'm using that
+letter C yeah is it different oh yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter C yeah is it different oh yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter C yeah is it different oh yes I
+didn't get it I didn't get it right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get it I didn't get it right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get it I didn't get it right here
+thank you thank you very much absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you very much absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you very much absolutely
+I mean that it would have been another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that it would have been another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that it would have been another
+matrix that we could think about but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that we could think about but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that we could think about but it
+wouldn't have made the point I wanted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have made the point I wanted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have made the point I wanted so
+I'm thanks that's absolutely great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thanks that's absolutely great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thanks that's absolutely great so
+let me yeah so now it's correct here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me yeah so now it's correct here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me yeah so now it's correct here and
+this is correct and I can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct and I can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct and I can look at
+equations but can I solve them can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but can I solve them can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but can I solve them can I
+solve and you're guessing already no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and you're guessing already no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and you're guessing already no we
+can't do it right because so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it right because so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it right because so now let me
+let me maybe go to a board but work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me maybe go to a board but work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me maybe go to a board but work
+below because I hate to erase that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below because I hate to erase that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below because I hate to erase that was
+so great that being able to solve it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great that being able to solve it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great that being able to solve it in
+a nice clear solution and some matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice clear solution and some matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice clear solution and some matrix
+coming in but now how about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in but now how about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in but now how about this one
+okay so one plot one comment I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one plot one comment I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one plot one comment I should
+have made here suppose the bees were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made here suppose the bees were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made here suppose the bees were
+zero suppose I was looking at originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero suppose I was looking at originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero suppose I was looking at originally
+at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time
+sex equal all zeroes what sex if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex equal all zeroes what sex if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex equal all zeroes what sex if all the
+bees were zero in this this was the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees were zero in this this was the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees were zero in this this was the this
+was the one that dealt with a matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that dealt with a matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that dealt with a matrix a
+if all the bees are 0 then the X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the bees are 0 then the X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the bees are 0 then the X's are
+zero the only way to get 0 right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the only way to get 0 right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the only way to get 0 right hand
+sides bees was to have zero X's right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides bees was to have zero X's right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides bees was to have zero X's right it
+was it didn't if you if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it didn't if you if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it didn't if you if you wanted to
+get zero out you had to put zero in well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero out you had to put zero in well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero out you had to put zero in well
+you can always put zero and get zero out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always put zero and get zero out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always put zero and get zero out
+but here you can put other vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you can put other vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you can put other vectors in
+and get zero out so I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get zero out so I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get zero out so I want to say
+there's a solution with with zeros out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution with with zeros out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution with with zeros out
+coming out of C but some non zeros going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of C but some non zeros going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of C but some non zeros going
+in and of course we know from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of course we know from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and of course we know from this
+morning that that's a signal that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning that that's a signal that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning that that's a signal that it's a
+different sort of matrix there won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of matrix there won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of matrix there won't be
+an inverse we got questions now what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse we got questions now what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse we got questions now what so
+what is what are this what our tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are this what our tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what are this what our tell me
+all the solutions all the solutions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions all the solutions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solutions all the solutions so
+actually not just one well you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not just one well you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not just one well you could
+tell me one tell me one first one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me one tell me one first one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me one tell me one first one one
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay
+now tell me all see see see yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tell me all see see see yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now tell me all see see see yeah that
+whole line through 1 1 1 and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line through 1 1 1 and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line through 1 1 1 and that would
+be normal so this is a line of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normal so this is a line of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be normal so this is a line of solutions
+right a line of solutions I think of 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a line of solutions I think of 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a line of solutions I think of 1 1
+1 is in some solution space and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is in some solution space and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is in some solution space and then all
+multiples that whole line later I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples that whole line later I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples that whole line later I would
+say it's a subspace when I say what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a subspace when I say what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a subspace when I say what that
+word subspace means it's it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word subspace means it's it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word subspace means it's it's just this
+linear algebra is done its job beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is done its job beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is done its job beyond
+just 1 1 1 okay so and and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 1 1 okay so and and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 1 1 okay so and and again it's
+yeah it's just it's it's as fact of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just it's it's as fact of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just it's it's as fact of if
+we only know the differences yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only know the differences yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only know the differences yeah you
+can see different ways that this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see different ways that this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see different ways that this is this
+has got problems so that's C times X now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got problems so that's C times X now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got problems so that's C times X now
+we can one way to see a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can one way to see a problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can one way to see a problem is
+say oh we can get the answer of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh we can get the answer of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh we can get the answer of all
+zeros by putting constants all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros by putting constants all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros by putting constants all that's
+saying is in words the differences of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is in words the differences of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is in words the differences of a
+constant vector are all zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant vector are all zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant vector are all zero right
+that's that's all that happened another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all that happened another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all that happened another
+way to see a problem if I had if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see a problem if I had if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see a problem if I had if I had
+this system of equations how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations how would you
+see that there's a problem and how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a problem and how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's a problem and how would
+you see that there is sometimes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there is sometimes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that there is sometimes an
+answer and even decide when I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and even decide when I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and even decide when I don't know
+if you can take a quick look if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can take a quick look if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can take a quick look if I had
+three equations X 1 minus X 3 is B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations X 1 minus X 3 is B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations X 1 minus X 3 is B 1
+this equals B 2 this equals B 3 why yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals B 2 this equals B 3 why yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equals B 2 this equals B 3 why yeah
+do you see something that I can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see something that I can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see something that I can do to
+the left sides that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left sides that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left sides that that that's
+important somehow if those suppose I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important somehow if those suppose I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important somehow if those suppose I add
+those left-hand sides what do I get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those left-hand sides what do I get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those left-hand sides what do I get so
+I'm allowed to do that right if I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to do that right if I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm allowed to do that right if I've got
+three equations I'm allowed to add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations I'm allowed to add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations I'm allowed to add them
+and I would get 0 if I add I get 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would get 0 if I add I get 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would get 0 if I add I get 0
+equals B adding I have to add the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B adding I have to add the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B adding I have to add the right
+sides of course B 1 plus B 2 plus B 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of course B 1 plus B 2 plus B 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of course B 1 plus B 2 plus B 3
+that's I don't I hesitate to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I don't I hesitate to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I don't I hesitate to say a
+fourth equation because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth equation because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth equation because it's not
+independent of those three but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of those three but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of those three but it's a
+consequence of those three so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of those three so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of those three so actually
+this is telling me when and when I when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling me when and when I when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling me when and when I when
+I could get an answer and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could get an answer and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could get an answer and when I
+couldn't if I get 0 on the left side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't if I get 0 on the left side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't if I get 0 on the left side I
+have to have 0 on the right side or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have 0 on the right side or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have 0 on the right side or I'm
+lost so I could actually solve this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost so I could actually solve this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost so I could actually solve this when
+B 1 plus B 2 plus B 3 is 0 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 plus B 2 plus B 3 is 0 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 plus B 2 plus B 3 is 0 that would be
+that would know so I've taken a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would know so I've taken a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would know so I've taken a step
+there I've said that ok we're in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I've said that ok we're in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I've said that ok we're in trouble
+often but in case the right side adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but in case the right side adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but in case the right side adds up
+to 0 then we're not and if you'll allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 then we're not and if you'll allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 then we're not and if you'll allow
+me to jump to a mechanical meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to jump to a mechanical meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to jump to a mechanical meaning of
+this if these were Springs or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if these were Springs or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if these were Springs or something
+masses and these were forces on them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and these were forces on them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and these were forces on them so
+so I'm solving for displacements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm solving for displacements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm solving for displacements of
+masses that will see very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses that will see very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses that will see very soon
+and these are forces what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are forces what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are forces what I'm saying is
+what that equation is saying is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that equation is saying is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that equation is saying is because
+they're they're sort of cyclical it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're sort of cyclical it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're sort of cyclical it's
+somehow saying that if the forces add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow saying that if the forces add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow saying that if the forces add up
+to zero if the resultant force is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if the resultant force is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if the resultant force is zero
+then you're okay the the springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're okay the the springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're okay the the springs and
+masses don't like take off or start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses don't like take off or start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses don't like take off or start
+spinning or whatever that's so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning or whatever that's so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning or whatever that's so there's a
+physical meaning for that condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning for that condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning for that condition that
+it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay
+provided if the bees add up to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided if the bees add up to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided if the bees add up to zero but
+of course if the bees don't add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if the bees don't add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if the bees don't add up to
+zero we're lost right yeah yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're lost right yeah yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're lost right yeah yeah okay so
+ax equal B could be solved CX equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B could be solved CX equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B could be solved CX equal B
+could be solved sometimes but not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be solved sometimes but not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be solved sometimes but not always
+and so you see that we're seeing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see that we're seeing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see that we're seeing the the
+difficulty with C is showing up several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty with C is showing up several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty with C is showing up several
+ways it's showing up in a C times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's showing up in a C times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's showing up in a C times a
+vector X giving zero that's bad news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X giving zero that's bad news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X giving zero that's bad news
+because no C inverse can bring you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no C inverse can bring you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no C inverse can bring you back
+I mean it's like you can't come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's like you can't come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's like you can't come back
+from zero once you've got to zero C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero once you've got to zero C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero once you've got to zero C
+inverse could never bring you back to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse could never bring you back to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse could never bring you back to X
+right a took X into B up there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a took X into B up there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a took X into B up there and then
+a inverse brought back X but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse brought back X but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse brought back X but here
+there's no way to bring back that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to bring back that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to bring back that X
+because I can't multiply zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't multiply zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't multiply zero by
+anything and get back to X so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and get back to X so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and get back to X so that's why
+I see it's got troubles here here I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see it's got troubles here here I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see it's got troubles here here I see
+it's got troubles because if I add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got troubles because if I add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got troubles because if I add the
+left sides I get zero and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sides I get zero and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sides I get zero and therefore the
+bright sides must add to zero so you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright sides must add to zero so you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright sides must add to zero so you got
+troubled several ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled several ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubled several ways
+oh let's see another way let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's see another way let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's see another way let's see
+geometrically why we're in trouble okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically why we're in trouble okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically why we're in trouble okay
+so let me let me draw a picture to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me draw a picture to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me draw a picture to go
+with that picture so there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that picture so there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that picture so there's three
+dimensional space I didn't change you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space I didn't change you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space I didn't change you I
+didn't change V but I changed W to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change V but I changed W to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change V but I changed W to minus
+1 what does that mean - one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what does that mean - one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 what does that mean - one sort of
+going this way maybe zero one is the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way maybe zero one is the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going this way maybe zero one is the Z
+Direction somehow I change it to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction somehow I change it to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction somehow I change it to there
+so this is W star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is W star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is W star
+maybe a different W this is the W that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a different W this is the W that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a different W this is the W that
+gave me problems what's the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me problems what's the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me problems what's the problem in
+for the how does the picture show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the how does the picture show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the how does the picture show the
+problem oh I'm not sure I don't my might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's a problem with those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a problem with those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a problem with those three
+vectors those three columns of C and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors those three columns of C and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors those three columns of C and why
+are they yeah they're in the same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they yeah they're in the same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they yeah they're in the same plane
+they're in the same plane W star gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the same plane W star gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the same plane W star gave us
+nothing new we have the combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new we have the combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new we have the combinations of
+U and V made a plane and W star happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V made a plane and W star happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and V made a plane and W star happen
+to fall in that plane so this is a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall in that plane so this is a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall in that plane so this is a plane
+here somehow and and goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somehow and and goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somehow and and goes through the
+origin of course the that what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of course the that what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of course the that what is that
+plane this is all combinations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is all combinations all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is all combinations all
+combinations of u v and the third guy W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of u v and the third guy W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of u v and the third guy W
+star right is a plane and I drew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star right is a plane and I drew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star right is a plane and I drew a
+triangle but of course I should draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle but of course I should draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle but of course I should draw the
+plane goes out to infinity but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane goes out to infinity but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane goes out to infinity but the point
+is there are lots of bees lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are lots of bees lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are lots of bees lots of
+right-hand sides not on that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what would if I drew all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what would if I drew all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what would if I drew all
+combinations of UV W the original W what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of UV W the original W what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of UV W the original W what
+have I got so let me bring that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got so let me bring that picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got so let me bring that picture
+back for a moment if I took all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for a moment if I took all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back for a moment if I took all
+combinations of those does W lie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those does W lie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those does W lie in the
+plane of U and V no right I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of U and V no right I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of U and V no right I would call
+it independent these three vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it independent these three vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it independent these three vectors are
+independent these three UV and W star I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent these three UV and W star I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent these three UV and W star I
+would call dependent because I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call dependent because I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call dependent because I did not
+the third guy was a combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third guy was a combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third guy was a combination of the
+first two okay so yeah tell me what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two okay so yeah tell me what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two okay so yeah tell me what do I
+get now so now you're really up to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now so now you're really up to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now so now you're really up to three
+D what do you get if you take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D what do you get if you take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D what do you get if you take all
+combinations of UV and W say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of UV and W say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of UV and W say it again
+the whole space all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space all
+combination if taking all combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination if taking all combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination if taking all combinations
+of uvw give you the whole space why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uvw give you the whole space why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uvw give you the whole space why is
+that what we just showed when it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we just showed when it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we just showed when it was a
+we showed how did we show that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed how did we show that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed how did we show that we could
+get every B we wanted the combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every B we wanted the combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get every B we wanted the combination
+that gave B and we found it so we in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave B and we found it so we in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave B and we found it so we in the
+beginning when we were working with uvw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we were working with uvw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when we were working with uvw
+we found if this was they this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found if this was they this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found if this was they this was a
+shorthand here we this said find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand here we this said find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand here we this said find a
+combination to give B and this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to give B and this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to give B and this says that
+combination will work and we wrote out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will work and we wrote out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will work and we wrote out
+what X was now what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what X was now what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what X was now what's the difference
+okay here so so that those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here so so that those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here so so that those were
+dependent those were I'm sorry those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent those were I'm sorry those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent those were I'm sorry those
+were independent I would even call those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were independent I would even call those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were independent I would even call those
+three vectors a basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors a basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors a basis for
+three-dimensional space that word basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space that word basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space that word basis
+is a big deal so a basis for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big deal so a basis for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big deal so a basis for five
+dimensional space is five vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space is five vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space is five vectors that
+are independent that's one way to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent that's one way to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent that's one way to say it
+the second way to say it would be their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way to say it would be their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way to say it would be their
+combinations give the whole five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give the whole five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give the whole five
+dimensional space a third way to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space a third way to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space a third way to say it
+see if you can finish this sentence this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can finish this sentence this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can finish this sentence this
+is for the independent the good guys if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the independent the good guys if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the independent the good guys if
+I put those five vectors into a five by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put those five vectors into a five by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put those five vectors into a five by
+five matrix that matrix will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five matrix that matrix will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five matrix that matrix will be
+invertible that matrix will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible that matrix will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible that matrix will be
+invertible so an invertible matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so an invertible matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so an invertible matrix is
+one with a basis sitting in its columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a basis sitting in its columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a basis sitting in its columns
+it's it's a it's a transform that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's a transform that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a it's a transform that you
+that has an inverse transform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an inverse transform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an inverse transform this
+matrix is not invertible those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not invertible those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not invertible those three
+vectors are not a basis they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are not a basis they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are not a basis they're
+combinations are only in a plain by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are only in a plain by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations are only in a plain by the
+way a plane is a subspace so what plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a plane is a subspace so what plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a plane is a subspace so what plane
+would be a typical subspace you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a typical subspace you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a typical subspace you know
+it's like it filled it out you took all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it filled it out you took all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it filled it out you took all
+the combinations you did your job but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations you did your job but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations you did your job but in
+that case the whole space would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case the whole space would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case the whole space would be a
+count as a subspace too that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as a subspace too that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as a subspace too that's the way
+you get subspaces by taking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get subspaces by taking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get subspaces by taking all
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+okay now I'm even going to push you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm even going to push you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm even going to push you one
+more step and then this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more step and then this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more step and then this example is
+complete can you tell me this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete can you tell me this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete can you tell me this is what
+vectors do you get you all combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors do you get you all combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors do you get you all combinations
+of uvw let me let me try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uvw let me let me try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uvw let me let me try to write
+something this gives only a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we've got two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've got two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've got two independent
+vectors but not the third okay I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but not the third okay I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but not the third okay I don't
+know if I should even ask did we know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I should even ask did we know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I should even ask did we know an
+equation for that plane well I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for that plane well I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for that plane well I think we
+do if we think about it correctly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we think about it correctly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we think about it correctly all
+vectors that all combinations of UV W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that all combinations of UV W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that all combinations of UV W
+star is the same as saying all vectors C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is the same as saying all vectors C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is the same as saying all vectors C
+times X right very yeah do you agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X right very yeah do you agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X right very yeah do you agree
+that this those two are exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this those two are exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this those two are exactly the same
+thing that this is this is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this is this is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this is this is the key
+because we're moving up to two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're moving up to two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're moving up to two vectors
+combinations and now come subspaces if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and now come subspaces if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and now come subspaces if I
+take all combinations of UV W star I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all combinations of UV W star I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all combinations of UV W star I say
+that that's the same as all vectors C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the same as all vectors C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the same as all vectors C
+times X why is that it just it's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X why is that it just it's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X why is that it just it's what I
+said in the very first sentence at four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the very first sentence at four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the very first sentence at four
+o'clock the combinations of UV W star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock the combinations of UV W star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock the combinations of UV W star
+how do I produce them I create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I produce them I create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I produce them I create the
+matrix with those columns I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with those columns I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with those columns I'm
+multiplying them by X's and I get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying them by X's and I get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying them by X's and I get all
+the combinations and this is just C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations and this is just C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combinations and this is just C
+times X so what I've said there is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X so what I've said there is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X so what I've said there is just
+is just another way of saying how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another way of saying how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another way of saying how does
+matrix multiplication work put the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication work put the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication work put the guys
+in its columns I multiply by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its columns I multiply by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its columns I multiply by a vector
+okay so that's so we're getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's so we're getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's so we're getting all
+vectors C times X and now I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors C times X and now I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors C times X and now I was going to
+stretch it that little bit further can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch it that little bit further can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch it that little bit further can
+we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see
+can we describe what vectors we get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we describe what vectors we get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we describe what vectors we get so
+the so that's my question what bees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so that's my question what bees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so that's my question what bees
+what bees so this is B equal B 1 B 2 B 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bees so this is B equal B 1 B 2 B 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bees so this is B equal B 1 B 2 B 3
+do we get we don't get them all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we don't get them all that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't get them all that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't get them all that's the
+trouble with C we only get a plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with C we only get a plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with C we only get a plane of
+them and now can you tell me which bees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now can you tell me which bees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now can you tell me which bees
+we do get when we look at this at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do get when we look at this at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do get when we look at this at all
+combinations of these 3 dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these 3 dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these 3 dependent
+vectors well I've done a lot today let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors well I've done a lot today let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors well I've done a lot today let
+me just tell you the answer because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just tell you the answer because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just tell you the answer because it's
+here the bees have to add to 0 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the bees have to add to 0 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the bees have to add to 0 that's
+the equation that the bees have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that the bees have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that the bees have to
+satisfy if because when we wrote out CX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy if because when we wrote out CX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy if because when we wrote out CX
+we notice that we always got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that we always got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that we always got the
+components always added to 0 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components always added to 0 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components always added to 0 so that
+which bees to which bees that we get we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bees to which bees that we get we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bees to which bees that we get we
+get the ones where the components add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the ones where the components add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the ones where the components add to
+0 in other words the there's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in other words the there's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 in other words the there's that's the
+equation of the plane you could say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the plane you could say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the plane you could say yeah
+actually that's a good way to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a good way to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a good way to look at it
+all these vectors are on the plane do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these vectors are on the plane do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these vectors are on the plane do
+the components of you add to 0 look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components of you add to 0 look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components of you add to 0 look at
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+yes do the components of V add to 0 yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do the components of V add to 0 yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do the components of V add to 0 yes
+add them up do the components of W star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up do the components of W star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up do the components of W star
+now that you fix it correctly for me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you fix it correctly for me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you fix it correctly for me do
+they add to 0 yes so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add to 0 yes so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add to 0 yes so all the
+combinations will add to 0 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations will add to 0 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations will add to 0 that's the
+plane that's the plane you see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's the plane you see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's the plane you see there's
+so many different ways to see and none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different ways to see and none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different ways to see and none
+of this is difficult but it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is difficult but it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is difficult but it's coming
+fast because we're seeing the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because we're seeing the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because we're seeing the same thing
+in different languages we're seeing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different languages we're seeing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different languages we're seeing it
+geometrically in a picture of a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically in a picture of a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically in a picture of a plane
+we're seeing it was a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing it was a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing it was a combination of
+vectors we're seeing it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we're seeing it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we're seeing it as a
+multiplication by a matrix and we saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by a matrix and we saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by a matrix and we saw it
+sort of hereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hereby
+operation operating and simplifying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation operating and simplifying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation operating and simplifying and
+getting the key fact out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the key fact out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the key fact out of the
+equations well okay I had I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well okay I had I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well okay I had I wanted to
+give you this example because it the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this example because it the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you this example because it the two
+examples because they bring out so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples because they bring out so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples because they bring out so many
+of the key ideas the key idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key ideas the key idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key ideas the key idea of a
+subspace shall I just say a little what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace shall I just say a little what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace shall I just say a little what
+that word means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word means
+a subspace what's a subspace well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace what's a subspace well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace what's a subspace well what's
+a vector space first of all a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector space first of all a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector space first of all a vector
+space is a bunch of vectors and the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a bunch of vectors and the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a bunch of vectors and the rule
+is you have to be able to take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to be able to take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to be able to take their
+combinations that that's what linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that that's what linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that that's what linear
+algebra does takes combination so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra does takes combination so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra does takes combination so a
+vector space is one where you take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space is one where you take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space is one where you take all
+combinations so yeah so it finally took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so yeah so it finally took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so yeah so it finally took
+like just this triangle that would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just this triangle that would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just this triangle that would not
+be a subspace because what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a subspace because what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a subspace because what one
+combination would be to you and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination would be to you and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination would be to you and it would
+be out of the triangle so the subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be out of the triangle so the subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be out of the triangle so the subspace
+just think of it as a as a plane but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as a as a plane but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as a as a plane but
+then of course it could be in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it could be in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it could be in higher
+dimensions you know it could be a seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions you know it could be a seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions you know it could be a seven
+dimensional sub space inside fifteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sub space inside fifteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sub space inside fifteen
+dimensional space and I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space and I don't know if
+you're good at visualizing that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good at visualizing that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good at visualizing that I'm not
+but it's never mind you you've got seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's never mind you you've got seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's never mind you you've got seven
+vectors you think okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you think okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you think okay they're
+combination to give us seven dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to give us seven dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to give us seven dimensional
+subspace each vector has 15 components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace each vector has 15 components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace each vector has 15 components
+no problem I mean no problem for MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem I mean no problem for MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem I mean no problem for MATLAB
+certainly it's got what a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's got what a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's got what a matrix with
+105 entries it did deals with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 entries it did deals with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 entries it did deals with that
+instantly okay so a subspace is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly okay so a subspace is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly okay so a subspace is like a
+vector space inside a bigger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space inside a bigger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space inside a bigger one
+that's why the word the prefix sub is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the word the prefix sub is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the word the prefix sub is
+there right and and mathematics always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right and and mathematics always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right and and mathematics always
+counts the biggest possibility too which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the biggest possibility too which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the biggest possibility too which
+would be the whole space and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the whole space and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the whole space and what's the
+smallest so what's the smallest subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest so what's the smallest subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest so what's the smallest subspace
+of r3 so I have three dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r3 so I have three dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r3 so I have three dimensional space
+you could tell me all the subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell me all the subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell me all the subspaces
+of our three so there is one a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our three so there is one a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our three so there is one a plane
+yeah tell me all the subspaces of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tell me all the subspaces of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah tell me all the subspaces of our
+three and then you'll have a have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then you'll have a have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then you'll have a have that
+word kind of dot down a line so planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word kind of dot down a line so planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word kind of dot down a line so planes
+and lines over you could say the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lines over you could say the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lines over you could say the real
+the proper subspace is the best of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper subspace is the best of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper subspace is the best of the
+right ones but there are a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ones but there are a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ones but there are a couple more
+possibilities which are a point which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities which are a point which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities which are a point which
+point the origin the only of the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the origin the only of the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the origin the only of the origin
+because if I had if you tried to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I had if you tried to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I had if you tried to say
+that point was a subspace no way why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point was a subspace no way why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point was a subspace no way why not
+because I wouldn't be able to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wouldn't be able to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wouldn't be able to multiply
+that vector by five and and I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector by five and and I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector by five and and I would be
+away from the point but this the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the point but this the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the point but this the zero
+subspace the the really small subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace the the really small subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace the the really small subspace
+that just has the zero vector it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just has the zero vector it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just has the zero vector it's got
+one vector in it not empty it's got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector in it not empty it's got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector in it not empty it's got that
+one point but that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point but that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point but that's all
+okay so planes lines the origin and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so planes lines the origin and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so planes lines the origin and then
+the other possibility for a subspace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other possibility for a subspace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other possibility for a subspace is
+the whole space right right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space right right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space right right so the
+dimensions could be three for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions could be three for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions could be three for the whole
+space two for a plane one for line zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space two for a plane one for line zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space two for a plane one for line zero
+for a point it's just yeah it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a point it's just yeah it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a point it's just yeah it's just
+kicks together okay how are we for time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks together okay how are we for time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks together okay how are we for time
+maybe I went more than the half but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I went more than the half but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I went more than the half but now
+now is a chance to just ask me if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a chance to just ask me if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a chance to just ask me if you
+want to like anything about the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like anything about the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like anything about the course
+is it all linear algebra no but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it all linear algebra no but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it all linear algebra no but I think
+I can't do anything more helpful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't do anything more helpful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't do anything more helpful to you
+than to for you to see begin to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to for you to see begin to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to for you to see begin to see when
+you look at a matrix begin to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a matrix begin to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a matrix begin to see what
+is it doing what is it about right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doing what is it about right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doing what is it about right and
+of course matrices can be rectangular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course matrices can be rectangular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course matrices can be rectangular so
+I'll give you a hint about the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a hint about the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a hint about the what's
+coming in the in the course itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the in the course itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in the in the course itself is
+will have rectangular matrices a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have rectangular matrices a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have rectangular matrices a okay
+they're not invertible they're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not invertible they're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not invertible they're taking
+seven dimensional space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven dimensional space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven dimensional space to
+three-dimensional space or something no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space or something no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space or something no
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+you can't invert that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't invert that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't invert that but
+what comes up every time I thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes up every time I thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes up every time I thought of
+got the idea finally every time I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea finally every time I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the idea finally every time I see a
+rectangular matrix maybe 7 2 by 3 7 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular matrix maybe 7 2 by 3 7 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular matrix maybe 7 2 by 3 7 that
+would be 7 rows 3 columns then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 7 rows 3 columns then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 7 rows 3 columns then what
+comes up with a rectangular matrix a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with a rectangular matrix a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with a rectangular matrix a is
+soonerlater a transpose sticks its nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soonerlater a transpose sticks its nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soonerlater a transpose sticks its nose
+in so and multiplies that a so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so and multiplies that a so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so and multiplies that a so so the
+matrix that I and we could do it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I and we could do it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I and we could do it for the
+original for our a here actually if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original for our a here actually if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original for our a here actually if I
+did it for that original matrix a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it for that original matrix a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it for that original matrix a I
+would get something you'd recognize so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get something you'd recognize so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get something you'd recognize so a
+trend it's it's what I want to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend it's it's what I want to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend it's it's what I want to say is
+that the course focuses on a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the course focuses on a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the course focuses on a transpose a
+and I I'll just say now that that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll just say now that that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'll just say now that that matrix
+always comes out square because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes out square because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always comes out square because this
+would be 3 times 7 times 7 times 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 3 times 7 times 7 times 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 3 times 7 times 7 times 3 so
+this would be 3 by 3 and it always comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be 3 by 3 and it always comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be 3 by 3 and it always comes
+out symmetric that's a that's the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out symmetric that's a that's the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out symmetric that's a that's the nice
+thing and even more will see more yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and even more will see more yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and even more will see more yeah
+so that's that's like a hint of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's like a hint of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's like a hint of where
+watch for a transpose a in what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for a transpose a in what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for a transpose a in what's coming
+because and watch for it in applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and watch for it in applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and watch for it in applications
+of all kinds yeah I mean in in networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all kinds yeah I mean in in networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all kinds yeah I mean in in networks
+an a will be associated with Kirchhoff's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a will be associated with Kirchhoff's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a will be associated with Kirchhoff's
+voltage law and a transpose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law and a transpose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage law and a transpose with
+Kirchhoff's current law they just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirchhoff's current law they just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirchhoff's current law they just you
+know they're just teamed up together I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just teamed up together I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just teamed up together I
+will will see more all right now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will see more all right now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will see more all right now let me
+give you a chance to ask any question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a chance to ask any question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a chance to ask any question
+whatever homework so did I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever homework so did I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever homework so did I mention
+homework you may have said that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you may have said that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework you may have said that's a
+crazy homework to to to say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy homework to to to say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy homework to to to say three
+problems in 1.1 I've never done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in 1.1 I've never done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in 1.1 I've never done this
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so essentially you can get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you can get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you can get away with
+anything this week and indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything this week and indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything this week and indefinitely
+actually MIT how many are is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MIT how many are is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MIT how many are is this the
+first day of MIT classes oh wow ok well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of MIT classes oh wow ok well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day of MIT classes oh wow ok well
+welcome to MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to MIT and
+I hope you like it it's it's a very it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you like it it's it's a very it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you like it it's it's a very it's
+not so high pressure or whatever you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so high pressure or whatever you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so high pressure or whatever you is
+the associate is associated with MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate is associated with MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate is associated with MIT
+it's kind of tolerant you ask at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of tolerant you ask at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of tolerant you ask at least
+if my advisees ask for something I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my advisees ask for something I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my advisees ask for something I will
+say yes it's easier that way and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes it's easier that way and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes it's easier that way and and
+much have much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much have much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much have much better
+I just and let me just just again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just and let me just just again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just and let me just just again and
+I'll say it often in private so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it often in private so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it often in private so you know
+this is like a grown up course I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a grown up course I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a grown up course I'm
+figuring you're here to learn so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring you're here to learn so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring you're here to learn so it's
+not my job to force it my job is to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my job to force it my job is to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my job to force it my job is to help
+it and I hope this is some help
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/14_8tzAd1rA.txt b/14_8tzAd1rA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dccb8a61af37fdd9e6f0cb6ba478ee15ef077a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14_8tzAd1rA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2835 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HONG LIU: OK, let us start.
+
+So first, let me
+remind you what we did
+
+at the end of the last lecture.
+
+So we can see there's a
+large N matrix field theory.
+
+And then we saw that when
+you write down your Feynman
+
+diagrams to calculate
+things, then
+
+there's a difference now between
+the order of contractions.
+
+Which is now
+refracted whether you
+
+have a Planar diagram or
+non-planar diagram, et cetera.
+
+And that in turn, also
+affects your end counting.
+
+So at the end, we
+discussed two observations.
+
+One observation we said, is for
+the example to be considered is
+
+the non-planar diagram, even
+though it cannot be drawn
+
+on the plane without
+crossing lines,
+
+can actually be drawn on the
+torus without crossing lines.
+
+So the diagram can actually be
+straightened out on the torus.
+
+And another observation,
+is that the power of N
+
+is related to the number of
+faces you have in your diagram
+
+after you have
+straightened it out.
+
+So now, I'm going to generalize
+these two observations.
+
+So first, I will
+tell you a fact.
+
+Many of you may
+already know this.
+
+So I'll first tell you a
+fact that any orientable two
+
+dimensional surface is
+classified topologically
+
+by integer, which I will call h.
+
+So this h is called a genus.
+
+So heuristically, this genus
+is equal to the number of holes
+
+a surface has.
+
+So for example, if
+you have a plane,
+
+the plane topologically
+is actually
+
+equivalent to a
+sphere, so when I
+
+draw a sphere,
+that means a plane,
+
+because if you
+identify the point
+
+on the plane of the infinity,
+then it becomes a sphere.
+
+So topologically, a plane is
+no different from a sphere.
+
+So this genus 0.
+
+So this is plane.
+
+So h is equal to 0.
+
+And then for torus,
+then there's one hole,
+
+and this is just genus 1.
+
+So this is torus.
+
+You can also draw surfaces
+with as many holes as you want.
+
+So this is surface
+with two holes.
+
+A surface with two holes,
+and so this is genius 2.
+
+So the remarkable thing
+is that this actually
+
+classifies the topology of
+all two-dimensional surfaces.
+
+And this so-called
+topological invariant,
+
+there's a topological number
+a so-called Euler number,
+
+which is defined to be Chi
+is equal to 2 minus 2h.
+
+So if h labels the
+topology, and so the Chi
+
+is related to h in this way.
+
+So any two surfaces
+with the same topology
+
+will have the same Chi, because
+if they have the same h,
+
+they have the same Chi.
+
+So Chi is what we call the
+topological invariants.
+
+So this is just a
+mathematical fact.
+
+So now I'm going
+to make two claims.
+
+So these two claims
+are in some sense,
+
+still evident after you
+have studied a little bit.
+
+I'm not going to prove it
+here, will just make the claim,
+
+and then I will leave the
+task to familiarize these two
+
+claims to yourself.
+
+But as I said, these two claims
+are actually self-evident,
+
+if you just do a
+little bit of studying.
+
+So claim one-- so
+this is regarding
+
+the structural Feynman diagrams.
+
+So remember, the example
+theory we conceded last time
+
+was something like this, which
+phi is [INAUDIBLE] matrix.
+
+So if you can look at
+the Feynman diagrams
+
+of the theories, the
+claim is the following.
+
+for any non-planar
+diagram, there
+
+exists integer h
+so that the diagram
+
+can be straightened out.
+
+Straightened out just means
+non-crossing on a genus h
+
+surface, but not on a
+surface with a smaller genus.
+
+So actually, you can classify
+all the non-planar diagrams
+
+by drawing it on
+a genus h surface
+
+on two-dimensional surfaces
+with non-trivial topology.
+
+And then you should be able
+to find the number h, which
+
+is the lowest genus you
+need to make this diagram
+
+to be non-crossing,
+instead of crossing.
+
+Last time, we saw an example
+which you can stretch it out
+
+on the torus, but it was
+a more complicated diagram
+
+and torus would not be enough.
+
+You would need, say, a genus
+2 surface or higher genus
+
+surface.
+
+So you can easily
+convince yourself
+
+that this is doable
+just by some practice.
+
+Also, this is very reasonable.
+
+Do you have any questions
+regarding this claim?
+
+Good.
+
+So this was claim one.
+
+The claim two-- and
+this is a generalization
+
+of the second observation.
+
+It's a claim of
+the generalization
+
+of the first observation
+of last time,
+
+and claim two will
+be the generalization
+
+of the second observation.
+
+For any diagram, the power
+of n coming from contracting
+
+propagators is given
+by the number of faces
+
+on such a genus h surface.
+
+As we explained last
+time, the number of faces
+
+just means the number of
+these connected regions
+
+in the diagram.
+
+But if you are
+stretching it out,
+
+then there's an
+ambiguous way you
+
+can count the number
+of disconnected regions
+
+In the diagram.
+
+And that number is the power of
+n coming from the contracting
+
+propagators.
+
+So this claim is
+also self-evident
+
+because each power of n comes
+from a single connected line.
+
+And essentially, a
+single connected line
+
+will be circles some face and
+so the number of independents
+
+inside the face of course, are
+just the number of power n.
+
+Any questions regarding
+the second claim?
+
+Good.
+
+So based on these two claims,
+now immediately write down
+
+the independents.
+
+So from this, we can
+find a vacuum diagram.
+
+Again, we have been only talking
+about the vacuum diagram.
+
+Vacuum diagram means the
+diagram has no external lags,
+
+has the full independence.
+
+So from here, we
+immediately conclude
+
+that the vacuum diagram has
+the following, g squared
+
+and dependence.
+
+So g squared is just
+the carpeting constant.
+
+So remember, each propagator
+is proportional to g squared
+
+and that each vertex
+is one over g squared.
+
+Just from there.
+
+So let's just take an
+arbitrary vacuum diagram.
+
+Let me call this amplitude
+to be A. And A should
+
+be proportional to g
+squared to the power
+
+E. E should be the
+number of propagators,
+
+because each propagator gives
+you a factor of g squared.
+
+And also minus V.
+And V is the number
+
+of vertices below to
+the number of vertices.
+
+And each vertex gives
+you one over g squared,
+
+so that should
+give you E minus V.
+
+And then we just multiply
+N to the power of F,
+
+and F is the number of faces.
+
+So without doing
+any calculation,
+
+so this has essentially
+characterized the N and the g
+
+and the accompanying
+dependents of any diagrams.
+
+Now, if you look
+at this expression,
+
+you say we are doomed, because
+this kind of expression
+
+does not have a
+sensible [INAUDIBLE]
+
+So remember our goal, the
+original goal of the 't Hooft
+
+is that you treat
+this N as a parameter
+
+and then you want to
+take it N to be large
+
+and then to it's ranking, one
+over N. Doing expansion in one
+
+over N means you are expanding
+around the including infinity.
+
+You want to expand around
+the including infinity.
+
+But if you look
+at this expression
+
+and then go to infinity, it's
+not a well-defined limit,
+
+because I can draw a [INAUDIBLE]
+Feynman diagram, which
+
+F can be as large as possible.
+
+So you just have
+sufficiently many vertices,
+
+and sufficient to be mainly
+propogators, F is unbounded.
+
+So then, there's another
+well-defined angle
+
+to infinity limits.
+
+So this expression is not a
+sensible N of infinity limit.
+
+If you don't have a
+sensible N infinity limit,
+
+then you cannot talk about
+doing a longer expansion,
+
+and you cannot even define
+the limit we just finished.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I remember people
+do partial sum to-- can
+
+they do the same thing here?
+
+Put the large in the
+denominator pattern from series
+
+of singular bubbles and--
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Like a random
+face approximation--
+
+HONG LIU: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Somehow they
+can infinite a sum
+
+over an infinite number
+of A, and put the margin
+
+into like 1 minus N something
+for the denominator--
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah.
+
+So people certainly have
+been talking about expansion.
+
+And certainly, if
+this just failed here,
+
+we will not be
+talking about this.
+
+I'm just setting
+up a target, which
+
+I'm going to shoot it down.
+
+Right.
+
+Yeah, I would just say if
+you do the margin expansion,
+
+this probably would be the
+place which would turn you back.
+
+You say, ah, there's
+no margin limits,
+
+and that's from another problem.
+
+But hopefully, that's
+no ordinary person.
+
+And so remember, there are
+several nice mathematical
+
+tricks you have to go through.
+
+First, you have to invent the
+stop line notation so that you
+
+can count the end very easily.
+
+Yeah, first you have to come
+up with this margin idea.
+
+I think maybe not due to
+him, maybe other people
+
+already considered similar
+things like right here.
+
+But first you have to think
+about the double line notation
+
+to make your computation easier,
+and then even after you reach
+
+the staff and then you need
+to know this kind of topology,
+
+et cetera.
+
+After you reach this
+staff, still, there
+
+is a roadblock here.
+
+But 't Hooft found a very
+simple way to go around it.
+
+Because when I say this
+limit it is not well-defined,
+
+I made the assumption that
+when I go to infinity limit,
+
+the g is kept fixed.
+
+So that's the reason
+that this will blow up.
+
+But then 't Hooft came up
+with a different image.
+
+He said when you can see
+that N goes infinity,
+
+but at the same
+time, you can see
+
+that g squared goes to zero.
+
+At the same time, you can see
+that g squared goes to zero.
+
+Because the problem
+with this, is
+
+that if you have a
+diagram with lots of faces
+
+and if you multiply
+by a finite number,
+
+if you take g equal to
+0, then you have infinity
+
+multiply something
+potentially goes to 0,
+
+maybe you will get
+something finite.
+
+One second.
+
+So you said let's
+consider this limit,
+
+so that the product of
+them is kept finite.
+
+Let's consider this limit.
+
+So in this limit, the end
+counting will be different.
+
+So this A will be g squared
+N, E minus l, because we
+
+want to keep this fixed.
+
+So we put an N factor here,
+then we take the N factor out.
+
+N plus F plus V
+minus E. And then
+
+let me just write this
+slightly differently.
+
+So this is Lambda.
+
+If I use this notation,
+Lambda now is finite.
+
+So this is E minus
+V. So let me just
+
+write it as Lambda L minus
+1 N to the power of Chi.
+
+Now, let me explain [INAUDIBLE].
+
+First, L is equal
+to E minus V plus 1,
+
+is the number of
+loops in the diagram.
+
+So do you guys remember this
+formula, why this is true?
+
+The reason this is true is
+very easy to understand.
+
+So if you look at the Feynman
+diagram, the number of loops
+
+is exactly the
+same as the number
+
+of undetermined momentum.
+
+And each propagator will carry
+momentum, and at each vertex,
+
+you have momentum conservation.
+
+But then this overall
+momentum conservation,
+
+which is guaranteed, so the
+number of independent momentum
+
+is E minus V and then plus 1.
+
+Yeah, it's just E
+minus V minus 1,
+
+because there's only V
+minus 1 independent momentum
+
+constraints.
+
+So this is the number of
+independent momentums,
+
+and so this is the
+number of loops.
+
+And the Chi is just defined
+to be the number of faces
+
+plus the number of vertices
+minus the number of edge.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any--
+in general, is there
+
+a relation between E, V, and
+F, like are they completely
+
+independent to each other?
+
+HONG LIU: E, V, and F?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah, that
+I'm going to explain.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: So the reason
+that you can take the F
+
+to infinity limits
+without taking it
+
+to 0, is that why we can't
+apply this to QCD to get a--
+
+HONG LIU: No, because
+we apply this.
+
+AUDIENCE: But if g is not small?
+
+HONG LIU: It doesn't matter.
+
+So this is an expansion scheme.
+
+And you can apply
+it to QCD, then
+
+you can ask whether this
+particular expansion scheme is
+
+a good approximation or not.
+
+That's a separate question.
+
+And the focus is pretty
+good, it's not that bad.
+
+Yeah, focus of each
+squaring is finite.
+
+AUDIENCE: But it's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+HONG LIU: No, here
+it does not tell you
+
+if lambda has to be small.
+
+Lambda can be very big here.
+
+It just tells you the lambda
+in this limit has to be finite.
+
+Lambda can be convening
+and it can be very big.
+
+And actually, in the
+future, we will take lambda
+
+to go to infinity.
+
+So now, in order to have
+a well-defined limit
+
+still depends on this chi.
+
+So now, you ask why this works
+because we still have this chi,
+
+but now again, we need
+another piece of mathematics.
+
+First, when you
+draw, let me remind
+
+you some diagram
+we had last time,
+
+so this is the simplest diagram.
+
+And there's a lot of
+non-planar diagrams
+
+which you can draw
+on the torus, which
+
+is the non-planar version
+of this, et cetera.
+
+And you can also have
+more complicated diagrams.
+
+So suppose you are
+on the torus, I
+
+can consider more complicated
+diagrams, like that.
+
+For example, such diagrams.
+
+So if you think about such
+diagrams, then in a sense,
+
+each Feynman diagram
+can be considered
+
+as a partition of the surface.
+
+So if you draw a diagram of
+the surface into polygons.
+
+Yeah, it's very clear here.
+
+I drew this now with wavy
+lines, just make them straight.
+
+And this one topologically,
+I can just draw like this,
+
+and then I have one, one, and
+the other part, similarly here.
+
+So each Feynman diagram
+can be concealed
+
+if you just partition whatever
+surface you draw the diagram.
+
+Is this clear to you?
+
+So this is a very
+important point.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you repeat that?
+
+HONG LIU: Yes.
+
+Look at this diagram.
+
+So this is a Feynman
+diagram drawn on the torus.
+
+Does this look like a partition
+of torus into polygons?
+
+Yes, so that's what
+I'm talking about.
+
+And the statement that this
+would apply for any Feynman
+
+diagrams.
+
+Yes, so this is like a
+partition of a sphere.
+
+You separate a sphere into
+three regions, one, two, three.
+
+Any questions about this thing?
+
+Yes, do you have a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, in that case
+the third one isn't abandoned,
+
+is it?
+
+The third--
+
+HONG LIU: So this one
+I am going to show you,
+
+you should view the
+plane as a sphere.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+HONG LIU: Topologically,
+it's the same as a sphere.
+
+So now, once you
+recognize this, now you
+
+can use a famous
+theorem due to Euler.
+
+Some of you could have learned
+it in junior in high school,
+
+because the-- so this theorem,
+given a surface composed
+
+of polygons-- so if you're
+not familiar with this,
+
+you can go to Wikipedia-- with F
+faces, E edges, and V vertices.
+
+Suppose you have a surface
+like this, and then
+
+this particular
+combination chi, which
+
+is defined to be F plus V
+minus E is precisely equal
+
+to 2 minus h.
+
+So this is the-- this is why
+this is called Euler's number.
+
+And they only depend
+on the topology.
+
+So this combination only depends
+on the topology of the surface
+
+and nothing else.
+
+So we can imagine 't Hooft a
+very good high school student.
+
+So he already knew this.
+
+So now, we can
+rewrite this thing
+
+as A, reading script A lambda
+to the power L minus 1 N
+
+to the power 2 minus 2h.
+
+So remember h is
+greater than zero.
+
+So now this expression
+has a well-defined limit.
+
+So now this has a well-defined
+analogy and limit.
+
+So to the leading order,
+and in particular,
+
+this N dependence only depends
+on the topology of the diagram.
+
+Only depend on the
+topology of the diagram.
+
+For example, to leading
+order in large N,
+
+then the leading order will be
+given by the planar diagrams.
+
+Because that should
+be the diagrams with h
+
+equal zero because
+h is not negative.
+
+So the leading term
+is given by h zero.
+
+So all of the planar
+diagrams in this limit,
+
+in this so-called
+'t Hooft limit,
+
+will have N dependence
+which is in N squared.
+
+N squared.
+
+So now if you go
+back to your loads,
+
+above the fourth diagram
+we started last time,
+
+above the two planar diagrams
+we started last time,
+
+you can immediately
+tell that indeed it
+
+is N squared in this limit.
+
+Then you still haven't
+explained in terms of lambda.
+
+So you can do Feynman
+diagrams, et cetera.
+
+Say lambda just depends
+on the number of loops.
+
+So if you have one
+loop, then start it
+
+with a lambda equal to zero,
+start it with some constant.
+
+If it's two loops, then lambda,
+three loops, lambda squared,
+
+et cetera.
+
+So the sum of four--
+sum of all planar
+
+diagrams, we have
+this structure.
+
+So you can imagine
+you can sum all this,
+
+if you're powerful enough.
+
+And then you can write
+it as N squared, then
+
+some function of lambda.
+
+So the planar diagram would
+be just N squared time
+
+some function of lambda.
+
+So if you are powerful enough to
+compute this f0 lambda exactly,
+
+then you can say you
+have solved the planar.
+
+You have solved the large
+N limit of this series.
+
+Unfortunately for lambda being
+in gauge theory we cannot do
+
+that.
+
+We don't know how
+to compute this.
+
+We can on only compute
+perturbatively which
+
+actually does not work for QCD.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: But N
+going to be infinite.
+
+It just seems like-- why does
+this overcome the same problem
+
+that we had before?
+
+HONG LIU: Because this
+is a specific power.
+
+Here there's no specific power.
+
+That F can be as
+large as you want.
+
+AUDIENCE: But wasn't
+the other problem also
+
+that N was going to infinity?
+
+HONG LIU: No that's
+another problem.
+
+Because here, there is a
+specification limit, when
+
+you take N going to infinity.
+
+In there, there's
+no specific limit.
+
+There's no limit when you
+take N go to infinity.
+
+No, the limit is N squared.
+
+I can say-- this is
+your essentially,
+
+your vacuum energy, right?
+
+I can say E0,
+divided by N squared
+
+has a well defined limit.
+
+So the key is that this is
+a specific dependence on N.
+
+But there it's unbounded.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess
+another question
+
+is, we didn't assume that
+lambda is a small prohibiter.
+
+HONG LIU: No we did
+not assume lambda.
+
+AUDIENCE: So isn't this kind
+of perturbative analysis,
+
+saying that that series
+converges to some function,
+
+is that OK?
+
+HONG LIU: It's a very good
+question, and it is OK.
+
+But the reasoning
+is more complicated.
+
+The reasoning is
+more complicated.
+
+The keys are falling.
+
+What I'm writing here
+you can understand
+
+using two perspectives.
+
+Just one is heuristic.
+
+Just one say, suppose you can
+only do perturbation series,
+
+and that would be the
+thing you compute.
+
+And then say, if you
+are powerful enough
+
+to solve the theory
+with perturbity,
+
+then you're guaranteed just to
+find some general functions.
+
+Yeah but whether
+this series actually
+
+converges is an important
+mathematical question,
+
+of course, one has to answer.
+
+It turns out, actually
+this is convergent.
+
+You can mathematically
+prove this is convergent,
+
+for very simple reasons.
+
+Yeah this is a side remark,
+but let me mention it
+
+because this is a cool fact.
+
+So if you do just
+lambda of g 5, 4 series,
+
+just do the standard
+Feynman diagram
+
+calculation, input
+the basic series,
+
+the series is divergent.
+
+The series is
+divergent, no matter how
+
+g is small, just as the
+radius of convergence
+
+is 0 for any non-zero value.
+
+Yeah the radius of convergence
+is 0 in terms of g,
+
+no matter how small g is.
+
+The reason that
+it's divergent is
+
+because the number of diagrams.
+
+So when you go to Nth order, it
+increases exponentially in N.
+
+So the coefficient of
+g-- say to the power
+
+N-- the coefficient
+can become huge.
+
+Because of the
+number of diagrams
+
+to increase exponentially
+in N. So you think,
+
+I have g to the power N times N
+factorial, something like that.
+
+And that series
+is not convergent.
+
+But the thing that
+is convergent here,
+
+because can see the planar
+diagram, the number of planar
+
+diagram is very, very small.
+
+It only increases with
+N as a power of N,
+
+rather than as a
+factorial of N. And so you
+
+can make lambda small enough,
+then this can be convergent.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Didn't we already see
+at the end of the last lecture
+
+that only planar diagrams keep
+the biggest contribution, so
+
+why is that equal to--
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: So at the end of the
+last lecture, we saw that--
+
+HONG LIU: No not necessarily.
+
+That is only for
+the two diagrams.
+
+If you look at this thing, I
+can draw arbitrary complicated
+
+non-planar diagrams, with
+a very large F. They only
+
+depend on F. It does not
+depend on anything else,
+
+if you do this.
+
+OK so in general,
+then of course if you
+
+include the higher non-planar
+diagram, et cetera--
+
+so in general the vacuum
+energy, which you would normally
+
+call log z.
+
+OK log z is, essentially, the
+sum of all vacuum diagrams.
+
+So this is the
+partition functions,
+
+so it's a path integral.
+
+So log z, then we'll
+have the expansion from h
+
+equal to 0 to infinity,
+N two the power 2
+
+minus 2h, F h lambda.
+
+OK so at each genus
+level, you will
+
+have some function of lambda.
+
+Yeah the leading, order
+we just showed is f0.
+
+And then if you add
+the Taurus now--
+
+we'll add to the torus now
+our on non-planar diagram.
+
+It's order one.
+
+And then, for the
+two genus, it's
+
+f over n squared, et cetera.
+
+So let me just write
+down z explicitly.
+
+Z is the partition
+function, i S phi.
+
+So if you compute this, with
+the right boundary condition--
+
+if you compute
+this path integral,
+
+with the proper
+boundary conditions,
+
+then that gives you
+the vacuum diagrams.
+
+The log z is the sum of all
+connected vacuum diagrams.
+
+I should say, the sum of all
+connected vacuum diagrams.
+
+Any questions regarding this?
+
+Good.
+
+Now there is a heuristic way we
+can understand this expansion.
+
+So it's actually a
+heuristic way to understand
+
+this one-way expansion.
+
+So let's just look at
+this path integral.
+
+So let's look at the Lagrangian.
+
+So the Lagrangian I wrote there.
+
+In this 't Hooft
+limit, I can write it
+
+as minus N divided by lambda.
+
+So I want to write things
+in terms of lambda.
+
+So I multiply the pre-factor N
+downstairs, and then upstairs.
+
+So g squared N give me lambda.
+
+And then I have a
+trace, et cetera.
+
+So now it's easy to see
+that you're leading order,
+
+this things should give
+you order N squared.
+
+Because there is already a
+factor of N here, and the trace
+
+is the sum of N things.
+
+So generically, this should
+be of the order N squared.
+
+So now we-- a little
+bit leap of faith--
+
+say supposing the large N
+limit, since the leading order
+
+is order N squared, you can
+argue that actually all the N
+
+squared is the
+expansion parameter,
+
+if you do scatter
+point approximation.
+
+And then naturally, you
+will see the power will
+
+be given by 1 over N squared.
+
+any questions regarding this?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What does N
+over lambda factor to?
+
+HONG LIU: It's--
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+HONG LIU: So clearly
+this discussion
+
+actually does not-- so
+when I say clearly here,
+
+it requires a little
+bit of practice.
+
+But clearly, our
+discussion only depend
+
+on the matrix nature of the
+Lagrangian and the fields.
+
+So I'm going to make a claim.
+
+It says for any Lagrangian,
+of matrix valued fields
+
+of the form L, which is N
+divided by some coupling
+
+constant, times a
+trace of something.
+
+Doesn't matter what you
+put inside the trace
+
+here, as far as you
+have a single trace.
+
+Such a series will always
+have the expansion like this.
+
+It will always have an
+expansion like this.
+
+So let me just summarize.
+
+In the 't Hooft limit--
+by 't Hooft limit,
+
+I always mean this form-- the
+coupling constant is defined
+
+such that you have some
+coupling concept here,
+
+and then you have over N factor.
+
+And then of course, you can
+also have some coupling constant
+
+inside here.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+As far as those coupling
+constants are independent of N.
+
+And as far as things inside
+the trace are independent of N.
+
+So for such a kind of series,
+the 1 over N expansion
+
+is equal to the
+topological expansion.
+
+It's the expansion in terms of
+topology of Feynman diagrams.
+
+So this is a very,
+very beautiful--
+
+and as I said, it's [INAUDIBLE],
+because in principle, it
+
+puts a very simple structure
+into something that's,
+
+in principle, very complicated.
+
+Yeah, any questions
+regarding this?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe it's not
+can I just understand it
+
+in such a way that he
+kind of treats the Feynman
+
+diagram as a triangulation
+of different spaces.
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah for example, you
+can think of from that point.
+
+Yeah, so we use that to
+derive, to use this formula.
+
+Yeah and that picture will be
+very useful in a little bit
+
+from now on.
+
+Keep that picture in mind.
+
+The Feynman diagram is like
+the partition of some surfaces.
+
+And that will be
+very useful later.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does there
+ever arise a situation
+
+in which you care not
+about two surfaces,
+
+but Feynman diagrams on
+three surfaces or something
+
+like that?
+
+Because this asks
+the question, you
+
+don't necessarily
+have to consider
+
+the topology of two surfaces.
+
+Are there any situations in
+which it's more complicated?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah but we
+always draw Feynman diagrams
+
+on the paper, which
+is two dimensional.
+
+Yeah it's enough.
+
+Two dimensions is enough.
+
+You don't need to go
+to three dimensions.
+
+Yeah and this
+structure only comes
+
+when you go to two
+dimensions, because if you
+
+go to three dimension, of
+course, they don't cross.
+
+In three dimension,
+you can no longer
+
+distinguish planar or
+non-planar diagram.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well if you did-- OK.
+
+HONG LIU: Good any
+other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is it always
+orientable surfaces?
+
+HONG LIU: That's
+a good question.
+
+It's because those lines
+are orientable because when
+
+we draw the double
+roation, so you
+
+have this two, double rotation.
+
+So essentially those
+lines are orientable.
+
+They have a direction.
+
+And essentially, this is,
+of course, one and two.
+
+Yeah so those Feynman diagrams
+actually have a direction,
+
+have a sense of orientation.
+
+So I'm going to mention,
+by passing in nature,
+
+but let me just
+mention also now.
+
+So if it's not
+[INAUDIBLE] matrix,
+
+say if it's a real symmetric
+matrix, then the then
+
+there's no difference
+between two index.
+
+And then there's no orientation.
+
+And that would be related
+to m orientable surfaces.
+
+And then you need to
+slightly generalize this.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Now you
+mentioned that it
+
+has something to do
+with string theory,
+
+but does that it has anything
+to do with scatter particles--
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah, so we're
+going to talk about that.
+
+No, we're going to
+talk about that.
+
+Good?
+
+So now let me talk about
+general observables.
+
+I think we're a little
+bit short on time,
+
+if we want to reach
+the punchline today.
+
+So right now we only have
+looked at the vacuum diagrams.
+
+So now let's look at
+the general observables.
+
+Before talking about
+general observables,
+
+let me just again
+make a side remark,
+
+Which is the gauge
+versus global symmetries.
+
+So in the example
+we talk about here--
+
+let me call this a, equation a.
+
+Then let me write
+down another equation
+
+b, which is a Yang-Mills theory.
+
+So the difference between
+a and b-- so a is this guy.
+
+So the difference
+between a and b,
+
+is that a, as we
+discussed last time,
+
+is invariant on the
+global symmetry,
+
+is a U(N) global symmetry.
+
+It's that phi is invariant under
+the acting of a unitary matrix.
+
+But this U must be constant.
+
+Only for a constant
+U is this a symmetry.
+
+But if you have studied a
+little bit of gauge theory,
+
+or if you have not
+studied gauge theory,
+
+just take my word
+for it, the b is
+
+invariant under a local
+symmetry, a local U(N)
+
+symmetry.
+
+He said A miu-- so
+A mu is what make up
+
+the F-- U x A mu x, U dagger
+x minus i partial mu U x.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+The only thing I want to say
+is that this U x is arbitrary.
+
+It can have arbitrary
+space time dependence.
+
+Just like of the
+generalization of the QED,
+
+it's the gauge symmetry.
+
+So the key difference
+between the two.
+
+the key difference between this
+local and the global symmetry,
+
+are manifested in what kind of
+observables we can see there.
+
+For example, for a--
+
+AUDIENCE: I think that should
+be U dagger, partial mu and then
+
+U dagger.
+
+HONG LIU: HONG LIU:
+So this difference,
+
+you can say what's the big deal?
+
+in one case, this is
+constant, and this
+
+is dependent on space time.
+
+So the key difference
+between them
+
+is that in the case for a,
+operator like this phi squared,
+
+phi is a matrix.
+
+So phi squared is a matrix.
+
+Phi squared x is an
+allowed operator.
+
+So this operator is
+not invariant under
+
+this global U(N) symmetry.
+
+But it doesn't matter because
+this is a global symmetry.
+
+So this is an allowed operator.
+
+But if you have gauge
+symmetry, all operators
+
+must be gauge invariant.
+
+That means that
+all operator must
+
+be invariant under this
+kind of transformations.
+
+So the analog of this
+is not allows operators.
+
+So observables in the gauge
+theory are much more limited.
+
+So we will be interested
+gauge theories.
+
+We will be interested
+in gauge theories.
+
+So that means we are always
+interested in observables,
+
+which are invariant
+under the symmetry.
+
+So we're interested
+in gauge theories.
+
+So that means we're always
+interested in gauge invariant
+
+operators.
+
+So the kind of Lagrangian
+does not matter.
+
+So you can have
+the gauge fields.
+
+You can also have
+some other field,
+
+say some matrix phi, et cetera.
+
+As phi is the Lagrangian
+of this form, it's OK.
+
+We always only consider the
+Lagrangian of that form.
+
+But it doesn't have an
+arbitrary number of fields,
+
+and with arbitrary
+kind of interactions.
+
+So you start your theory.
+
+So let's for simplicity, this
+can see the local operators.
+
+In this kind of theory, then
+allowed, say local operators,
+
+must always have some
+kind of trace in it.
+
+Say you must have some
+form trace, F mu U, F mu U,
+
+a trace phi squared, et cetera.
+
+A trace phi to some power F N,
+phi to some power k, et cetera.
+
+You can also have operators
+with more than one
+
+trace, say trace phi squared,
+trace F mu U, F mu U.
+
+So we are going to
+make a distinction
+
+because the operator
+with only a single trace,
+
+we call them single
+trace operator.
+
+And the operator with
+more than one trace,
+
+we call them multiple
+trace operators.
+
+OK so the reason for this
+distinction will be clear soon.
+
+So multiple trace operators--
+it's self-evident again--
+
+that multiple trace
+operators can always
+
+be written as products of
+single trace operators.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+Is it a possible case to have a
+local gauge invariant operator,
+
+the F mu U times F mu U?
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah I always can
+see the local gauge invariant
+
+operators.
+
+We can see the gauge theories.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this combination,
+F mu U times F mu U, it's only--
+
+HONG LIU: No this
+is gauge invariant.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the only
+gauge invariant component?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this is
+the only gauge invariant
+
+component that we can use
+to construct the gauge
+
+invariant local operators?
+
+HONG LIU: Sorry, I don't quite
+understand what you mean.
+
+No this is just one
+specific operator.
+
+No, you can take F to the power
+N, an arbitrary number of-- as
+
+far as they're inside the trace,
+it's always gauge invariant.
+
+AUDIENCE: I see.
+
+HONG LIU: I'm just writing
+down a particular example.
+
+So just for
+notational simplicity,
+
+I will just write-- so
+from now on I will just
+
+denote the single trace
+operators collectively just
+
+as O with some script
+n, which denotes
+
+the different operators.
+
+so n denotes
+different operators.
+
+And then for the multiple trace
+operator, then you have O1, O2.
+
+That would be a
+double trace operator.
+
+And O1, O2, O3,
+say times O3 would
+
+be a triple trace operator.
+
+n just labels
+different operators.
+
+I'm just using
+abstract notation.
+
+And the reason for this-- a
+distinction will be clear soon.
+
+Then for such gauge theories,
+the general observables,
+
+in the quantum field theory
+is just correlation functions
+
+of gauge invariant operators.
+
+So by gauge invariant
+operators, you
+
+can have local operators,
+non-local operators, et cetera.
+
+So for simplicity, I will
+restrict my discussion only
+
+on the local operators.
+
+But local operators
+means that the fields
+
+evaluated at a single point.
+
+So the typical
+correlation functions,
+
+then the typical observables
+will have this form,
+
+will be just a product of
+some correlation functions,
+
+a product of some operators,
+and I say their correlation
+
+functions.
+
+By c I mean the connected
+correlation functions.
+
+So you can see
+immediately, these multi
+
+trace operators are
+just the product
+
+of a single trace operator.
+
+And the correlation function
+of a multiple trace operator
+
+can be obtained from those
+of a single trace one.
+
+You just identify
+some of the acts.
+
+Then that will be enough.
+
+So we only need to talk about
+the correlation function
+
+of single trace operators.
+
+So now the question-- let
+me call this equation one.
+
+So now the question follows
+what we discussed before,
+
+is how do we decide the
+N dependence of the guy?
+
+Previously we determined
+the N dependence
+
+of this vacuum diagrams
+of this petition function.
+
+But now want should
+be the N dependence
+
+of general
+correlation functions?
+
+One way to do it, you just
+start immediately calculating.
+
+And then you can find
+some root, et cetera.
+
+But actually there's
+a very simple trick.
+
+There's a very simple
+trick to determine
+
+the N dependence of this.
+
+So now I will explain.
+
+Now I will tell you.
+
+So I will not give
+you any examples
+
+because this trick is so nice,
+and it just works very easy.
+
+And so the question, what
+is N dependence of one?
+
+So this is the question
+we want to address.
+
+so here is a very
+simple, beautiful, trick.
+
+So let's consider the following
+generating functional.
+
+So in quantum field
+theory, when we
+
+talk about
+correlation functions,
+
+it's always convenient to
+talk about the generating
+
+functional.
+
+So whatever is your field,
+you do the path integral
+
+of all fields.
+
+And then you look at the action.
+
+So you have your regional
+action, which I call S0.
+
+And then that's add
+those operators.
+
+Ji x, O i x.
+
+Yes so this is a standard story.
+
+When you take the
+derivative over Ji,
+
+then you will bring
+down a factor of O i.
+
+Then that essentially give
+you the correlation function.
+
+You have, for example,
+a correlation function,
+
+the connected
+correlation function.
+
+O n, the connected
+correlation function
+
+would be just you take
+the derivative of log z.
+
+And then delta J1 x delta Jn xn.
+
+And then you set
+J equal to zero.
+
+You set all the J equal to zero.
+
+And that gives you the
+end point function.
+
+I should write i here,
+so i to the power n.
+
+So now here is the
+beautiful trick.
+
+You can determine this
+in a single shot, the N
+
+dependence of this guy.
+
+And this simple trick
+is just to add N here.
+
+You add N here.
+
+In order to get the
+correlation function,
+
+we need to divide it by
+N to the power N. Now you
+
+wanted to get O i, you need
+to divide-- take the root of N
+
+times Ji, so you also need
+to divide it by 1 over N.
+
+But why does this help?
+
+Why does this help?
+
+It helps for the
+following reason.
+
+Let me call this whole
+thing iS effective.
+
+iS effective, so
+the key thing is
+
+that this O i, single
+trace operators,
+
+then this S effective
+then has the form
+
+N times the trace something.
+
+Because you already know S0,
+which is our starting point,
+
+has this form.
+
+And now the term you added in,
+precisely, also has this form,
+
+is the N factor times
+something single trace.
+
+So that means the whole
+thing still has this form.
+
+Then now we can
+immediately conclude
+
+this log z J1, Jn, must
+have this expansion.
+
+h from 0 to infinity,
+and to the 2 minus 2h, f
+
+h lambda J1, et cetera.
+
+So adding that N is a
+powerful, powerful trick.
+
+So now you can immediately,
+just from here,
+
+we can immediately find out
+that for endpoint function,
+
+connected endpoint function,
+the leading order is 2 minus n,
+
+because the leading
+order is n squared.
+
+Yeah it's 2 minus n.
+
+And then suppressed by 1
+over N squared, et cetera.
+
+Good?
+
+So for example, if you look
+at a 0 point function, which
+
+is essentially the partition
+function, so this is order
+
+N squared.
+
+So this is what we found
+before, to leading order.
+
+And if you look at the
+one point function,
+
+some operator,
+then, will be order
+
+N. If you look at the two point
+function, connected two point
+
+function of some operator,
+so it would be order one.
+
+And the three point
+function of some operator
+
+will be order 1 over N,
+as the leading order.
+
+And then all higher order
+just down by 1 over N
+
+squared, compared to
+the leading order.
+
+And again, the leading order is
+given by the planar diagrams.
+
+Because of the leading
+order contribution to here,
+
+in terms of this S
+effective is planar diagram.
+
+And then they must be,
+under those things,
+
+just obtained by through
+[INAUDIBLE], so they
+
+must be planar diagrams.
+
+so again this comes
+from planar diagrams.
+
+Good?
+
+So now let's talk about the
+physical implications of this.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+So we have found out, this is
+our N dependence for our gauge
+
+invariant operators.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+Now let me talk about
+physical implications.
+
+AUDIENCE: What did one of
+those [INAUDIBLE] have with--
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah, I
+defined them without chi.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then something like--
+
+HONG LIU: You define something.
+
+So when you write
+down your theory,
+
+you define this 't Hooft limit.
+
+Then everything is
+already in terms of lambda
+
+or some other order one number.
+
+So that can depend on those
+numbers in an arbitrary way.
+
+It doesn't matter can
+depend on coupling constants
+
+in an arbitrary, but it cannot
+have N dependence defined
+
+inside the operator.
+
+Once we introduce
+this 't Hooft limit,
+
+then the operator can depend
+on the coupling in the 't Hooft
+
+limit in an arbitrary way.
+
+Because they're all just
+all the one constant.
+
+Let's talk about physical
+implications of this.
+
+It turns out, these simple
+and [INAUDIBLE] behavior
+
+actually has a very simple
+physical picture behind it.
+
+So first he said, in the
+large N limit-- so let's just
+
+look at leading order behavior.
+
+So in a large N limit, if
+we consider this state of O
+
+i x acting on the vacuum.
+
+So some single trace operator
+acting on the vacuum.
+
+So i, again, just
+labels different state,
+
+different operators.
+
+These can be interpreted as
+creating a "single particle"
+
+state.
+
+I'm first describing
+the conclusion.
+
+Then I will explain why.
+
+So you can see that
+the state obtained
+
+by adding a single trace
+operator on the vacuum,
+
+then this can be interpreted
+as a single particle state.
+
+So if you add on the double
+trace operator on the vacuum,
+
+then this can be interpreted
+as two particle state.
+
+Similarly, say O n
+acting on the vacuum
+
+would be N particle states.
+
+So why is this so?
+
+Why this is so.
+
+So I will support this
+statement using three arguments.
+
+First remember O i O j, the
+connecting Green function
+
+of any two operators
+of order one.
+
+So we can actually
+just diagonalize them.
+
+If you can just diagonalize
+them, so that O i O j
+
+are proportional to delta i j.
+
+So in some sense, a
+two point function,
+
+those operators can be
+considered as independent.
+
+And now the second statement.
+
+So if you want to call
+this single particle,
+
+this two particle, multi
+particle, then they
+
+should be that
+they don't overlap.
+
+Because a single particle cannot
+overlap with two particle,
+
+et cetera.
+
+And then to see the overlap
+between a single particle
+
+with a multi particle, you look
+at these correlation functions.
+
+So if you look at the overlap
+of a single particle state,
+
+with a two particle state, say
+some double trace operator.
+
+Let me just, to
+avoid confusion, let
+
+me just use the inside--
+use this notation
+
+to see this as a
+single operator.
+
+So you can see
+that the overlap we
+
+saw of the single trace
+operator with this double trace
+
+operator.
+
+And they start off--
+this whole thing
+
+is like a three point function.
+
+Just put these two
+over the same point.
+
+So from our discussion here,
+is how you connect the Green
+
+functions of order 1 over N.
+
+So this goes to 0, compared
+to this overlap with itself.
+
+So that means in the N
+goes to infinity limit,
+
+there is no mixing between
+what we called single particle
+
+state, single trace, and
+the multiple trace states.
+
+So the third thing
+is that now let's
+
+look at the two point function
+of two double trace operator.
+
+So O1 O2 x, say O1 O2 and y.
+
+OK double trace operators.
+
+So let's look at the
+two point function
+
+with double trace operators.
+
+So there's an even
+contribution to this.
+
+So let's include all diagrams.
+
+Also these can all be
+connected So leading order
+
+is a disconnected diagram,
+which is essentially
+
+O1 x O1 y and O2 x and O2 y.
+
+Because I have a
+diagonal next to them.
+
+have And then plus
+the connected Green
+
+functions, which is
+order 1 over N squared.
+
+So if you see this leading
+order contribution,
+
+it's just like two independent
+particle propagating.
+
+Just like the product of
+two independent propagators.
+
+So it's sensible
+to interpret this
+
+as just the propagating
+of two particles.
+
+So it's sensible to
+interpret this two particle
+
+state, this double
+trace operator
+
+as just creating some
+two particle state.
+
+Yeah, again this goes to
+zero, in the large N limit.
+
+So I should emphasize when we
+call this a single particle
+
+state, it's not
+necessary they really
+
+exist on a shell particle
+corresponding to this state.
+
+We're just saying that the
+behavior of these states
+
+can be interpreted as some
+kind of single particles.
+
+The behavior you can just
+interpret as single particles.
+
+It's not really
+necessary they exist
+
+as stable on shell particles.
+
+In certain cases,
+there might be.
+
+There might be actual
+particles, actual stable,
+
+on shell particles associated
+with these kind of states.
+
+But for this
+interpretation to be true,
+
+it does not have to be.
+
+So in QCD actually sometimes--
+so I just say they exist.
+
+So we call them
+"glueball" state.
+
+For example, in QCD, the
+analog of this kind of operator
+
+can create some state,
+which they are short-lived.
+
+They are not long-lived.
+
+They quickly decay.
+
+And so they're typically
+called the glueball state.
+
+So from now on we just
+call them glueballs.
+
+Call them glueballs.
+
+So this is one of the
+first implication--
+
+the first indication
+is that they're just
+
+a single particles.
+
+A single trace operator
+can be interpreted
+
+as creating single
+particle states,
+
+and the multiple
+trace operator can
+
+be interpreted as creating
+multi particle states.
+
+Another second, he said if
+this glueball operators, so
+
+fluctuations of
+glueballs suppressed.
+
+So let me explain
+what this means.
+
+So let me suppose some
+single trace operator, O,
+
+which has a non-zero
+expectation value,
+
+suppose some state has a
+non-zero expectation value.
+
+And then let's look at the
+variance of this operator,
+
+the variance of the
+expectation value, which
+
+is given by O squared, minus
+O squared for the fluctuation.
+
+And this is, by definition, just
+a collected Green function of O
+
+squared.
+
+The is the full O squared.
+
+This is the disconnected one.
+
+So this is just a collected
+part of the O squared.
+
+And this one, N
+dependence, we know
+
+this is order one,
+order N to the power 0.
+
+So that means that these
+to below this order
+
+N. So the variance of this,
+compared to the expectation
+
+value of this operator itself is
+surprising, the large N limit.
+
+So essentially, in
+the large N limit,
+
+so that means the variance
+provided by the operator
+
+itself is 1 over N because of
+the 0 in the large N limit.
+
+So assuming that if you have
+a two point function-- so
+
+suppose each two point
+function, so each O2
+
+have a non-zero
+expectation value,
+
+then you can factorize
+this O1 O2, plus O1 O2.
+
+So this is disconnected part.
+
+And again this will
+be of order one.
+
+But this part is
+of order N squared.
+
+So essentially the disconnected
+the part is always factorized.
+
+So the disconnected part
+is always factorized.
+
+Yeah this connected
+part is always small,
+
+compared to the
+disconnected part.
+
+So this is like a
+classical theory.
+
+AUDIENCE: We have
+just five minutes.
+
+We can proceed before it's 5:00
+
+HONG LIU: Yeah but it
+may go to 10 minutes.
+
+It's just hard to say.
+
+Yeah, let me do it next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1A1kWkxK3QY.txt b/1A1kWkxK3QY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c2573305a63f38df4b684a90aeeac8da5e11a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1A1kWkxK3QY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I I decided to teach 18156 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I I decided to teach 18156 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I I decided to teach 18156 this
+semester about something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about something called
+projection theory. Um I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um I think that
+projection theory although it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory although it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory although it's not
+usually highlighted in graduate real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually highlighted in graduate real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually highlighted in graduate real
+analysis is a fairly fundamental thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is a fairly fundamental thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is a fairly fundamental thing
+in analysis a little bit like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analysis a little bit like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analysis a little bit like like the
+isoparametric inequality or the solef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoparametric inequality or the solef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoparametric inequality or the solef
+inequality. maybe not quite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. maybe not quite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. maybe not quite that
+fundamental, but uh but a a fairly basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental, but uh but a a fairly basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental, but uh but a a fairly basic
+thing that comes up in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes up in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes up in a lot of
+different places. Um and um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places. Um and um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places. Um and um I was
+excited to teach you about it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to teach you about it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to teach you about it this
+semester for a few reasons. Um uh so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester for a few reasons. Um uh so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester for a few reasons. Um uh so one
+is that some some of the like core basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some some of the like core basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some some of the like core basic
+question one of the core basic questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one of the core basic questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one of the core basic questions
+in projection theory was just figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projection theory was just figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projection theory was just figured
+out in the last couple years and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the last couple years and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the last couple years and it's
+something that I'm excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm excited about
+learning about. Um so I wanted to so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about. Um so I wanted to so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about. Um so I wanted to so for
+so that was one reason I was excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one reason I was excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one reason I was excited to
+teach about it and the other reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach about it and the other reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach about it and the other reason is
+that I have gradually seen it appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have gradually seen it appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have gradually seen it appearing
+in more and more different places. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more and more different places. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more and more different places. Um
+and so I wanted to sort of highlight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I wanted to sort of highlight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I wanted to sort of highlight the
+way it comes up in a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it comes up in a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it comes up in a bunch of different
+parts of math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of math.
+Um so today in the first class I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so today in the first class I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so today in the first class I'm going
+to tell you do like an overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you do like an overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you do like an overview of
+projection theory. I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. I'm going to tell you
+what like what it is um what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like what it is um what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like what it is um what the
+questions are and um about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are and um about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are and um about some of the
+different applications and maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications and maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications and maybe a
+little bit about some of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of the different
+ways we think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we think about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we think about it.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess it's a little crowded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's a little crowded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's a little crowded in the
+back. Uh are we I guess the seats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Uh are we I guess the seats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Uh are we I guess the seats are
+full. I'm going to start slowly. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full. I'm going to start slowly. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full. I'm going to start slowly. So if
+you want if you want to grab a chair or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want if you want to grab a chair or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want if you want to grab a chair or
+anything, feel free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So, the setup is that we are in RD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, the setup is that we are in RD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, the setup is that we are in RD
+or maybe also a vector space over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe also a vector space over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe also a vector space over
+another field later. And then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another field later. And then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another field later. And then we have
+orthogonal projections. So V in RD is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projections. So V in RD is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projections. So V in RD is a
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and pi subv is the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pi subv is the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pi subv is the orthogonal
+projection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um and so so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and so so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and so so what we're going to
+do is we're going to consider some set X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to consider some set X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to consider some set X
+and RD and then you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RD and then you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RD and then you can take the
+orthogonal projection of X in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projection of X in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projection of X in many
+different directions for many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions for many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions for many different
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+um and we sort of study how that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we sort of study how that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we sort of study how that all
+fits together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits together
+X and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and this guy
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a slightly corny metaphor for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a slightly corny metaphor for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a slightly corny metaphor for what
+we're doing is we're studying some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're studying some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're studying some set
+and you can kind of look at the set from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of look at the set from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of look at the set from
+many different directions. Um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different directions. Um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different directions. Um and we
+want to uh sort of uh put together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh sort of uh put together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh sort of uh put together the
+information from these different points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from these different points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from these different points
+of view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view.
+All right. So let me make a picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+So we'll come back to this picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll come back to this picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll come back to this picture a
+bunch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch.
+So maybe X is a set of red dots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can take the
+projection of this set X onto different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this set X onto different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this set X onto different
+planes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes.
+So if I draw sort of a I'll draw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I draw sort of a I'll draw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I draw sort of a I'll draw one
+plane over here. And if I project X onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane over here. And if I project X onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane over here. And if I project X onto
+this plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Then I will get this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there is pi V1 of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is pi V1 of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is pi V1 of X.
+Okay. But I have rigged this. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But I have rigged this. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But I have rigged this. So if I
+project it onto a different plane,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it onto a different plane,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it onto a different plane,
+something uh a bit interesting will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh a bit interesting will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh a bit interesting will
+happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+here is a a different plane V2. And if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a a different plane V2. And if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a a different plane V2. And if I
+project my set onto V2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project my set onto V2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project my set onto V2,
+all of those points will kind of line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those points will kind of line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those points will kind of line up
+on top of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each other.
+And all of those points will kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all of those points will kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all of those points will kind of
+line up on top of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And all of these points kind of line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all of these points kind of line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all of these points kind of line up
+on top of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So here are my observations about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here are my observations about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here are my observations about this
+situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So x itself is eight dots. And when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x itself is eight dots. And when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x itself is eight dots. And when I
+projected x onto v1, there was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected x onto v1, there was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected x onto v1, there was still
+eight dots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight dots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight dots.
+But when I projected it onto v2, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when I projected it onto v2, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when I projected it onto v2, there
+were only three dots because there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only three dots because there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only three dots because there were
+a lot of coincidences where dots got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of coincidences where dots got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of coincidences where dots got
+pushed on top of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed on top of each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed on top of each other.
+Okay. Now uh intuitively v2 is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now uh intuitively v2 is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now uh intuitively v2 is kind of
+special and v_sub_1 is more typical. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and v_sub_1 is more typical. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special and v_sub_1 is more typical. So
+most most of the v's will be like v1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most of the v's will be like v1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most of the v's will be like v1 but
+there'll be a few exceptional ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a few exceptional ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a few exceptional ones that
+are like v2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So intuition
+is that uh v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh v2
+uh type situation is rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh type situation is rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh type situation is rare
+and one of our goals is to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of our goals is to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of our goals is to make that
+precise make a precise question and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise make a precise question and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise make a precise question and and
+say precisely how rare is that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say precisely how rare is that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say precisely how rare is that sort of
+behavior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so informally if the set X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so informally if the set X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so informally if the set X is
+kind of spread out, most of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spread out, most of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spread out, most of its
+projections will also be kind of spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections will also be kind of spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections will also be kind of spread
+out. There could be a few projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. There could be a few projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. There could be a few projections
+where X gets kind of squished together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X gets kind of squished together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X gets kind of squished together.
+And a projection estimate means we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a projection estimate means we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a projection estimate means we'll
+try to quantify how often that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to quantify how often that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to quantify how often that happens
+and show that it's rare.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it's rare.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it's rare.
+Okay. So we will u make this precise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we will u make this precise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we will u make this precise in
+a bunch of different ways. Um and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different ways. Um and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different ways. Um and um I
+think the the most uh simple to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the most uh simple to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the most uh simple to ask
+question is when the set x is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is when the set x is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is when the set x is a finite
+set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So so now let's suppose that x is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so now let's suppose that x is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so now let's suppose that x is a
+finite set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set.
+Okay. And I'm going to use a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I'm going to use a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I'm going to use a notation
+that absolute value of x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolute value of x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolute value of x is the
+cardality of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+all right. So here's my setup. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So here's my setup. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So here's my setup. I'm going
+to take X in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take X in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take X in R2
+and E subs of X is going to be the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E subs of X is going to be the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E subs of X is going to be the set
+of V. Oh, let me actually let me mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V. Oh, let me actually let me mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V. Oh, let me actually let me mention
+another piece of notation. So, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of notation. So, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of notation. So, you know,
+we're going to talk about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about all these
+different subspaces V. So, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subspaces V. So, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subspaces V. So, there's a
+name for the family of all subspaces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the family of all subspaces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the family of all subspaces.
+It's called the Grossmanian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called the Grossmanian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called the Grossmanian.
+Um so another piece of grossman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so another piece of grossman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so another piece of grossman is
+notation is that the grossmanian of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is that the grossmanian of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is that the grossmanian of k
+planes in RD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes in RD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes in RD
+this is the set of uh v and rd where v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of uh v and rd where v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of uh v and rd where v
+is a kdimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kdimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kdimensional
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so e subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so e subs
+is the set of v these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of v these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of v these are going to be
+one-dimensional subspaces in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional subspaces in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional subspaces in R2
+with the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the cardality of pi v ofx is at most s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so going back to our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so going back to our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so going back to our basic
+picture, if these red dots were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, if these red dots were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, if these red dots were just
+points, um then this v2 would be in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, um then this v2 would be in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, um then this v2 would be in e
+sub3 of x because pi v2 is only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub3 of x because pi v2 is only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub3 of x because pi v2 is only three
+points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So the first question if you like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first question if you like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first question if you like of
+projection theory would be estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory would be estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory would be estimate
+how many of these directions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these directions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these directions there are
+the size of E s of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of E s of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of E s of X
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+S and the size of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what would be an interesting set X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what would be an interesting set X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what would be an interesting set X
+to consider? What would be a set X of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider? What would be a set X of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider? What would be a set X of of
+points or red dots that in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or red dots that in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or red dots that in many
+different directions things would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions things would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions things would get
+squished a lot?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do people have any thoughts? What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do people have any thoughts? What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do people have any thoughts? What would
+be an interesting X to look at?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting X to look at?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting X to look at?
+>> Grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Grid.
+>> A grid. Yeah. Okay. So as an example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A grid. Yeah. Okay. So as an example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A grid. Yeah. Okay. So as an example,
+let's look at a square grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So x is going to be the set of pairs a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x is going to be the set of pairs a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x is going to be the set of pairs a b
+where a and b are integers and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a and b are integers and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a and b are integers and they go
+from one up to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, good. So, this set has small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, this set has small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, this set has small
+projections in a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in a bunch of different
+directions. Let me make a a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. Let me make a a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. Let me make a a little bit
+bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. So, so X has n squared points,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so X has n squared points,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so X has n squared points,
+16 points in my picture. If I project it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 points in my picture. If I project it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 points in my picture. If I project it
+down, I only get four points. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, I only get four points. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, I only get four points. If I
+project it to the side, I only get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it to the side, I only get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it to the side, I only get four
+points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points.
+Um, if I project it at 45 degrees, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if I project it at 45 degrees, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if I project it at 45 degrees, I
+also get rather few points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get rather few points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get rather few points.
+Um, I project it at 45 degrees, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I project it at 45 degrees, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I project it at 45 degrees, the
+fibers of the projection will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers of the projection will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers of the projection will look like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+And they'll each have many points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they'll each have many points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they'll each have many points.
+And so, the projection itself will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, the projection itself will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, the projection itself will be
+pretty small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there other angles as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there other angles as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there other angles as well
+where I could project it and uh it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I could project it and uh it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I could project it and uh it would
+be pretty small?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah, some rational angles. Yes. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, some rational angles. Yes. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, some rational angles. Yes. Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if we project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we project
+x at a rational angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then uh
+high v of x would be small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high v of x would be small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high v of x would be small.
+I'll draw one more um which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw one more um which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw one more um which I think is
+enough to get the to get the idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get the to get the idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get the to get the idea.
+I remember when I first saw it I I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when I first saw it I I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember when I first saw it I I could
+see the 45 degrees and the vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the 45 degrees and the vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the 45 degrees and the vertical and
+the horizontal. Um so if I project it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal. Um so if I project it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal. Um so if I project it
+perpendicular to these orange lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to these orange lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to these orange lines
+where it has slope like left one and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it has slope like left one and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it has slope like left one and up
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of those fibers will will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those fibers will will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those fibers will will also be
+large and so that projection will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so that projection will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so that projection will also
+be small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+Okay. Um cool. So we will compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um cool. So we will compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um cool. So we will compute it
+tomorrow in the overview class. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow in the overview class. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow in the overview class. I'm not
+going to do computations with you. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do computations with you. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do computations with you. But
+if you do that, you will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that, you will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that, you will find the
+following thing that ES of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing that ES of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing that ES of X
+is around S^2 over the size of X for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around S^2 over the size of X for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around S^2 over the size of X for a
+big range of of values of S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big range of of values of S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big range of of values of S.
+So in between X to the half and say half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in between X to the half and say half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in between X to the half and say half
+of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, for the grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, Erdos did basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, Erdos did basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, Erdos did basically this
+computation in the 1960s and he made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the 1960s and he made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the 1960s and he made a
+conjecture that the grid is the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that the grid is the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that the grid is the shape
+that makes these the biggest. He said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes these the biggest. He said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes these the biggest. He said
+slightly different language, but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different language, but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different language, but his
+conjecture implied that the grid is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture implied that the grid is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture implied that the grid is the
+configuration that makes these sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that makes these sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that makes these sets the
+largest. Um and that turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest. Um and that turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest. Um and that turned out to be
+true and it was proven in the early 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it was proven in the early 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and it was proven in the early 80s
+by Sami and Troder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So they proved that if X is in R2 and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they proved that if X is in R2 and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they proved that if X is in R2 and S
+is at most size of X over two um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the size of ES of X is at most is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of ES of X is at most is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of ES of X is at most is at
+most 1 plus a constant times what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 1 plus a constant times what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 1 plus a constant times what you
+see for the grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this can be considered in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this can be considered in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this can be considered in a way
+one of the fundamental theorems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fundamental theorems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fundamental theorems of
+projection theory. Um and I'll mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um and I'll mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um and I'll mention a
+couple interesting things about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple interesting things about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple interesting things about the the
+proof. Um okay so one so one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Um okay so one so one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Um okay so one so one thing is
+the background of these people Erid Sami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background of these people Erid Sami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background of these people Erid Sami
+and Troder um the these are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Troder um the these are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Troder um the these are people who
+come from cominatorics. So this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from cominatorics. So this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from cominatorics. So this theorem
+represents a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a connection between
+combinotaurics and and projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinotaurics and and projection theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinotaurics and and projection theory
+and we'll talk about some other aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about some other aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about some other aspects
+as we go along. Um however this proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along. Um however this proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along. Um however this proof is
+is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a
+at least at the time was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the time was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least at the time was not a
+traditional combinatorial proof. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional combinatorial proof. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional combinatorial proof. So they
+first played around with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first played around with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first played around with a lot of
+cominatorial things double counting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cominatorial things double counting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cominatorial things double counting and
+things like that and they couldn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and they couldn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and they couldn't prove
+it. Um and then the proof eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and then the proof eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and then the proof eventually
+uses in a crucial way the topology of R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in a crucial way the topology of R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in a crucial way the topology of R2
+a sort of interesting uh connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of interesting uh connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of interesting uh connection
+between um topology and and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um topology and and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um topology and and and this
+stuff. Um so I I'll just put here proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Um so I I'll just put here proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Um so I I'll just put here proof
+based on topology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this story uh is one important story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this story uh is one important story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this story uh is one important story
+in projection theory but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projection theory but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projection theory but it's a very
+discreet story about finite sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet story about finite sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet story about finite sets and
+there's another more continuous more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another more continuous more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another more continuous more
+analytic story which will be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic story which will be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic story which will be important
+in our class um where instead of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our class um where instead of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our class um where instead of taking
+a finite set and projecting it we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite set and projecting it we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite set and projecting it we take a
+function which you can think of as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which you can think of as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which you can think of as like
+a density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a density function
+before I transition there actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I transition there actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I transition there actually let
+me pause here and see if there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pause here and see if there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pause here and see if there are there
+any questions or comments so far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. Um so for that theorem that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um so for that theorem that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um so for that theorem that the
+grid is kind of the maximizes es of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is kind of the maximizes es of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is kind of the maximizes es of x
+like is is that like kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is is that like kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is is that like kind of the the
+only example or a kind of big class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only example or a kind of big class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only example or a kind of big class of
+other examples that also reach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples that also reach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples that also reach that
+bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound.
+>> Okay cool. So the question is um is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay cool. So the question is um is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay cool. So the question is um is the
+grid the only example that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid the only example that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid the only example that's kind of
+tight for this theorem or are there lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight for this theorem or are there lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight for this theorem or are there lots
+of other examples? Yeah. So another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other examples? Yeah. So another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other examples? Yeah. So another
+actually a third thing I like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a third thing I like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a third thing I like about
+projection theory is that it's it's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory is that it's it's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory is that it's it's full
+of open questions. So it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open questions. So it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open questions. So it is a
+long-standing open question whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing open question whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing open question whether the
+grid is basically the only example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is basically the only example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is basically the only example or
+whether there are lots of others. Um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are lots of others. Um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there are lots of others. Um in
+terms of other examples that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of other examples that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of other examples that we know
+about there are a few but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are a few but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are a few but I would
+describe them all as very minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them all as very minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them all as very minor
+variations on the grid and we can meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the grid and we can meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on the grid and we can meet
+them as we go along. Um but in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as we go along. Um but in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as we go along. Um but in terms of
+a theorem in the other direction we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem in the other direction we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem in the other direction we know
+very little. So it could it may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little. So it could it may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little. So it could it may or may
+not be the case that there are many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the case that there are many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the case that there are many more
+examples out there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nice. Um, other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, great. So, okay. So, now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. So, okay. So, now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. So, okay. So, now let me
+describe a much more analytic framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a much more analytic framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a much more analytic framework
+that also involves projections and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also involves projections and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also involves projections and and
+we'll see that it's sort of related that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that it's sort of related that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that it's sort of related that
+it's related to this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now instead of having a set suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now instead of having a set suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now instead of having a set suppose I
+have a function on R and D say complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function on R and D say complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function on R and D say complex
+value um and um I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um and um I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um and um I'd like you to
+visualize this as a density function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize this as a density function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize this as a density function.
+Um, so actually a good a good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so actually a good a good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so actually a good a good thing to
+picture is a cat scan. So inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is a cat scan. So inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is a cat scan. So inside of your
+body there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body there's
+something that they'd like to scan. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they'd like to scan. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they'd like to scan. Uh,
+where are the bones or something? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the bones or something? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the bones or something? And
+um, uh, and so there's a like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, uh, and so there's a like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, uh, and so there's a like some
+density of that thing. Um, and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of that thing. Um, and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of that thing. Um, and then the
+cat scan will shoot rays through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat scan will shoot rays through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat scan will shoot rays through your
+bodies in different in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies in different in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies in different in different
+directions and it will integral of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and it will integral of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and it will integral of that
+function along the ray.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function along the ray.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function along the ray.
+Um and um uh so if you you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um uh so if you you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um uh so if you you know if you
+stand in front of a screen maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of a screen maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in front of a screen maybe you
+just have an X-ray X-rays go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an X-ray X-rays go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an X-ray X-rays go through and
+what you see on the screen is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see on the screen is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see on the screen is the amount
+of stuff that that that that X-ray went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that that that that X-ray went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that that that that X-ray went
+through. Okay. So that's what we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. Okay. So that's what we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. Okay. So that's what we'd like
+to do with this function. Um all right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this function. Um all right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this function. Um all right.
+So suppose here is our subspace V and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose here is our subspace V and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose here is our subspace V and if
+I have a point in it Y um then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a point in it Y um then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a point in it Y um then the
+orthogonal projection maps this fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projection maps this fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal projection maps this fiber
+onto Y. So that there is pi V inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto Y. So that there is pi V inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto Y. So that there is pi V inverse of
+Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y.
+So pi v inverse of y will be an aphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pi v inverse of y will be an aphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pi v inverse of y will be an aphine
+subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it has a volume measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I'm going to call dv volume um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to call dv volume um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to call dv volume um
+subf the letter f stands for fiber it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf the letter f stands for fiber it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf the letter f stands for fiber it's
+just to distinguish it from dv volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to distinguish it from dv volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to distinguish it from dv volume
+which might mean the volume on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might mean the volume on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might mean the volume on the whole
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+okay so then the way I will define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the way I will define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the way I will define the
+projection of the function of y is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the function of y is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the function of y is I
+will integrate over the fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f ofx d volume of the fiber.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So another way to think about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way to think about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way to think about this uh
+projection of the function um is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the function um is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the function um is that if
+I were to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I were to integrate
+the projection of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of f
+um on some set u in the in the fiber.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on some set u in the in the fiber.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on some set u in the in the fiber.
+So maybe over here I have a subset u in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe over here I have a subset u in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe over here I have a subset u in
+my fiber.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+yeah, it's a dv volume of the fiber of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it's a dv volume of the fiber of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it's a dv volume of the fiber of
+y. Yeah, this thing you could call dy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then this would be equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this would be equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this would be equal to the integral
+over the pre-image of u of f ofx dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d oh I'm sorry you are right. Yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d oh I'm sorry you are right. Yes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d oh I'm sorry you are right. Yes that
+should not be d volume of the fiber.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be d volume of the fiber.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be d volume of the fiber.
+Yeah thanks l. Right. So this so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah thanks l. Right. So this so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah thanks l. Right. So this so yeah
+this is just dy or if you wanted to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just dy or if you wanted to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just dy or if you wanted to put
+d of something it should be dv volume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of something it should be dv volume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d of something it should be dv volume in
+the space v of y but not in the fire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space v of y but not in the fire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space v of y but not in the fire.
+That's absolutely right. what I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's absolutely right. what I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's absolutely right. what I wrote
+made no sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So if you if you integrate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if you if you integrate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if you if you integrate uh the
+projection of f over this region u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of f over this region u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of f over this region u
+that's the integral of f over the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integral of f over the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integral of f over the the
+whole parameter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So do you feel like you have a a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do you feel like you have a a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do you feel like you have a a an
+image of what this means?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. So now we can play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So now we can play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So now we can play the same
+game. We start with a function and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. We start with a function and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. We start with a function and then
+you can consider many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consider many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consider many different
+projections of this function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of this function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of this function.
+Um and there's a phenomenon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there's a phenomenon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there's a phenomenon which is
+similar to this phenomenon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this phenomenon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this phenomenon.
+Um but the way it plays out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the way it plays out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the way it plays out in this
+setting of functions is that most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of functions is that most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of functions is that most of the
+projections are smoother than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are smoother than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are smoother than the
+original function. And I'll illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function. And I'll illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function. And I'll illustrate
+that with a proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proposition
+um if f is just an L2 function in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if f is just an L2 function in R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if f is just an L2 function in R
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+for almost every V which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every V which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for almost every V which is a
+onedimensional subspace in R seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional subspace in R seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional subspace in R seven
+if you look at the projection of F on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the projection of F on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the projection of F on to
+V uh it is a C2 function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this function on R seven is an L2. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this function on R seven is an L2. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this function on R seven is an L2. It
+doesn't have to be continuous anywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be continuous anywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be continuous anywhere.
+Certainly doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly doesn't have to be
+differentiable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable.
+You project it onto various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You project it onto various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You project it onto various
+one-dimensional subspaces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional subspaces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional subspaces.
+Now not everyone there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now not everyone there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now not everyone there are there are
+some bad ones where it's only L2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bad ones where it's only L2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bad ones where it's only L2 or
+maybe even worse. Um but for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even worse. Um but for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even worse. Um but for most of
+them the projection is C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the projection is C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the projection is C2
+and if you play around with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you play around with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you play around with these
+numbers if you make this bigger you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if you make this bigger you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if you make this bigger you can
+make it even smoother.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it even smoother.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it even smoother.
+Okay so I want to try to Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so I want to try to Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so I want to try to Yeah.
+>> What's special about our seven here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What's special about our seven here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What's special about our seven here that
+makes this true?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this true?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this true?
+>> Uh seven is not that special but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh seven is not that special but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh seven is not that special but
+increasing this number uh makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this number uh makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing this number uh makes it
+smoother.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother.
+>> Yeah. So it's I mean there are similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So it's I mean there are similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So it's I mean there are similar
+theorems in any dimension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in any dimension.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in any dimension.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Um, okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me try to give some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to give some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to give some intuition
+about why that is and uh to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that is and uh to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that is and uh to try to
+convince you that that is a closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that that is a closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that that is a closely
+related phenomenon to the phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related phenomenon to the phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related phenomenon to the phenomenon
+that we started with that that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with that that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started with that that appears
+in the semary trarthur.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semary trarthur.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semary trarthur.
+Okay. So, what's um what's the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's um what's the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's um what's the intuition
+about this? So I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this? So I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this? So I have this
+highdimensional function which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdimensional function which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdimensional function which is quite
+irregular and um because it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular and um because it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular and um because it's quite
+irregular you could picture it having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular you could picture it having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular you could picture it having
+many peaks and valleys being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many peaks and valleys being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many peaks and valleys being very
+jagged.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jagged.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jagged.
+But then when you integrate it over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then when you integrate it over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then when you integrate it over the
+fibers if you integrate both a peak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers if you integrate both a peak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers if you integrate both a peak and
+a valley they cancel each other out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valley they cancel each other out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valley they cancel each other out. So
+a lot of those peaks and valleys cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of those peaks and valleys cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of those peaks and valleys cancel
+each other out and you could hope to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other out and you could hope to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other out and you could hope to be
+left with something smoother. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with something smoother. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with something smoother. All
+right, let's try to make a a picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's try to make a a picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, let's try to make a a picture.
+I got a picture. I'm going to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a picture. I'm going to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a picture. I'm going to erase
+this, but I'm going to draw a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but I'm going to draw a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but I'm going to draw a very
+similar picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, in my picture, my f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, in my picture, my f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, in my picture, my f is
+going to have it's going to have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have it's going to have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have it's going to have uh
+peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks
+on the red dots just to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the red dots just to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the red dots just to help me
+visualize. So this function doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize. So this function doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize. So this function doesn't
+exactly have valleys. It's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly have valleys. It's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly have valleys. It's like to
+picture a flat landscape but with lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture a flat landscape but with lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture a flat landscape but with lots
+of little peaks. Um and so here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little peaks. Um and so here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little peaks. Um and so here are some
+red dots to make them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dots to make them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dots to make them a little bit
+fatter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I think I'm not going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think I'm not going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think I'm not going to try to
+draw the function, but if you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the function, but if you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the function, but if you what I
+want you to visualize is like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to visualize is like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to visualize is like there's
+the plane of the blackboard and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of the blackboard and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of the blackboard and then
+there's like a peak coming out over each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a peak coming out over each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a peak coming out over each
+of these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things.
+Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now
+let's try to visualize what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to visualize what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to visualize what happens when
+I project onto this space V. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I project onto this space V. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I project onto this space V. And in
+yellow I'm going to draw um the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow I'm going to draw um the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow I'm going to draw um the function
+pi V of F. Okay. So um to help myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi V of F. Okay. So um to help myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi V of F. Okay. So um to help myself
+draw put some little guidelines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So out here pi V of F is just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So out here pi V of F is just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So out here pi V of F is just zero
+because there were no peaks. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were no peaks. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were no peaks. And then
+it's going to go up as I see this peak.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go up as I see this peak.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go up as I see this peak.
+And then as I get here, there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as I get here, there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as I get here, there there are
+two peaks. So that's even taller. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two peaks. So that's even taller. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two peaks. So that's even taller. And
+then here a little shorter. Here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here a little shorter. Here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here a little shorter. Here a
+little taller. A little shorter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little taller. A little shorter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little taller. A little shorter.
+Looks something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You might notice already that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might notice already that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might notice already that this is
+not as jagged as the original thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as jagged as the original thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as jagged as the original thing.
+Actually, probably it would be better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, probably it would be better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, probably it would be better if
+I did something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And because of sort of the law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of sort of the law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of sort of the law of
+averages, if I stick these around or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages, if I stick these around or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages, if I stick these around or if
+I stick them around randomly, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stick them around randomly, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stick them around randomly, then
+because of the law of averages, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the law of averages, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the law of averages, this
+will be pretty steady.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pretty steady.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pretty steady.
+And even if I don't pick them randomly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And even if I don't pick them randomly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And even if I don't pick them randomly,
+if I choose V randomly, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose V randomly, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I choose V randomly, there's a
+certain amount of the law of averages,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of the law of averages,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of the law of averages,
+and this is going to look relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to look relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to look relatively
+steady.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady.
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+cool. Okay. So qualitatively this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Okay. So qualitatively this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Okay. So qualitatively this is
+kind of similar to the sum trot theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to the sum trot theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to the sum trot theorem.
+It says that uh there are only a few bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says that uh there are only a few bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says that uh there are only a few bad
+directions and except for those bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and except for those bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and except for those bad
+directions when I project this down I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions when I project this down I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions when I project this down I
+will see um I will see things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see um I will see things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see um I will see things kind of
+averaging out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, and this this proposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and this this proposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and this this proposition is
+one way to make it precise, but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to make it precise, but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to make it precise, but actually
+we'll spend some time thinking together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend some time thinking together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll spend some time thinking together
+about various ways to make this precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions or comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Is it like possible to prove statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is it like possible to prove statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is it like possible to prove statements
+like this based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this based on the
+versions? Yeah, good question. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions? Yeah, good question. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions? Yeah, good question. Okay, so
+the question is um can we go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is um can we go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is um can we go back and
+forth between these two worlds? Can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these two worlds? Can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these two worlds? Can we
+take say the summer troder theorem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take say the summer troder theorem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take say the summer troder theorem or
+something like that and use it to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and use it to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and use it to prove
+some continuous estimates or vice versa?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some continuous estimates or vice versa?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some continuous estimates or vice versa?
+Can we take some continuous estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we take some continuous estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can we take some continuous estimates
+and use it to prove things like this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it to prove things like this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use it to prove things like this?
+Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um
+okay. So both of those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So both of those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So both of those things are
+sometimes possible. Um but both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes possible. Um but both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes possible. Um but both of those
+things h have some difficulties and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things h have some difficulties and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things h have some difficulties and in
+particular there's a big story in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's a big story in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there's a big story in the in
+the field in the class um that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field in the class um that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field in the class um that people
+spent a lot of energy trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of energy trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of energy trying to
+translate this into the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this into the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this into the continuous
+setting um and um and the the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting um and um and the the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting um and um and the the original
+proof doesn't definitely doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof doesn't definitely doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof doesn't definitely doesn't work
+and and and and we had to think a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and we had to think a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and we had to think a lot.
+So, um, maybe we'll come back to that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, maybe we'll come back to that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, maybe we'll come back to that a
+little later in the class, but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later in the class, but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later in the class, but there's a
+a story I want to share with you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story I want to share with you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a story I want to share with you about
+how it's difficult to get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's difficult to get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's difficult to get from this
+discrete setting to the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete setting to the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete setting to the continuous
+setting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually, let me say a little bit more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, let me say a little bit more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, let me say a little bit more.
+So you know th this example is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know th this example is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know th this example is really
+pretty typical. So you you can suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty typical. So you you can suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty typical. So you you can suppose
+that your function is a sum of bumps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your function is a sum of bumps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your function is a sum of bumps on
+different little balls. And so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different little balls. And so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different little balls. And so it is
+just a question about how how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question about how how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question about how how these
+different balls small balls are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different balls small balls are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different balls small balls are
+projecting down. And it sounds at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting down. And it sounds at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting down. And it sounds at first
+very similar to have like a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to have like a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to have like a bunch of
+delta balls and project them down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls and project them down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls and project them down to
+have like a bunch of points and project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a bunch of points and project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a bunch of points and project
+them down. But the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down. But the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down. But the thickness of the
+balls is really important and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls is really important and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls is really important and it makes
+it it it it um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it um um
+it makes it makes things different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it makes things different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it makes things different in
+ways that we'll talk about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we'll talk about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we'll talk about.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Sorry, but you might say a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry, but you might say a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry, but you might say a bit more
+about So if I understand correctly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about So if I understand correctly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about So if I understand correctly,
+you're saying in the typical case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying in the typical case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying in the typical case
+setting you have some in the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you have some in the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you have some in the typical
+case in the discrete setting, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in the discrete setting, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in the discrete setting, you
+recover all the points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover all the points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover all the points.
+Could you say a bit more?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you say a bit more?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you say a bit more?
+>> Yeah. Okay. Great. Great. Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. Great. Great. Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. Great. Great. Okay. So the
+question is so the observation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is so the observation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is so the observation is that
+um in the discrete setting we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the discrete setting we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the discrete setting we had a
+theorem that says in for most directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that says in for most directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that says in for most directions
+of projections the images of the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projections the images of the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projections the images of the points
+are uh different from each other. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh different from each other. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh different from each other. They
+they stay spread out and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay spread out and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stay spread out and in the
+continuous case we said something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case we said something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case we said something else
+that if you have a bunch of these of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a bunch of these of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a bunch of these of
+these peaks then in most directions when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peaks then in most directions when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peaks then in most directions when
+you project things kind of average out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you project things kind of average out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you project things kind of average out
+and are spaced evenly. And how are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are spaced evenly. And how are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are spaced evenly. And how are those
+two things connected to each other?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things connected to each other?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things connected to each other?
+Yeah, that's a great a great question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a great a great question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a great a great question.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+uh, okay. So, so one part of it I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, okay. So, so one part of it I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, okay. So, so one part of it I think
+is kind of clear. One part of it I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of clear. One part of it I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of clear. One part of it I I can
+explain easily and then this won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain easily and then this won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain easily and then this won't be
+everything. But if my if my balls were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. But if my if my balls were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. But if my if my balls were
+arranged in such a way that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in such a way that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in such a way that when I
+projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, they went on top of each other. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, they went on top of each other. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, they went on top of each other. So
+right then the projection of my function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the projection of my function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the projection of my function
+would be really big here and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really big here and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really big here and then it
+would be zero. Then it would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero. Then it would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero. Then it would be really
+big here and it would be zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big here and it would be zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big here and it would be zero and then
+it would be really big there. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really big there. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really big there. So that
+would not be smooth. It would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be smooth. It would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be smooth. It would be
+oscillating violently. So if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating violently. So if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating violently. So if you have a
+direction which is bad in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is bad in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is bad in the sense that
+these balls are landing on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these balls are landing on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these balls are landing on top of each
+other then it will be bad for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other then it will be bad for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other then it will be bad for this
+analysis problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem.
+Okay. But um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but uh a set could be bad for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh a set could be bad for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh a set could be bad for this
+analysis problem in another way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem in another way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problem in another way that you
+know there could be like two balls over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there could be like two balls over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there could be like two balls over
+here and one ball over there and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one ball over there and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one ball over there and two
+balls over here and one ball over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls over here and one ball over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls over here and one ball over there
+and then the density would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the density would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the density would still be
+oscillating a lot but the image wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating a lot but the image wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating a lot but the image wouldn't
+be particularly small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly small.
+Um so okay so that that will require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so okay so that that will require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so okay so that that will require
+some additional ideas. Uh but it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional ideas. Uh but it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional ideas. Uh but it still
+turns out to be the case that trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the case that trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the case that trying to
+prove stuff about this um the ideas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove stuff about this um the ideas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove stuff about this um the ideas the
+ideas from ruling out this case are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas from ruling out this case are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas from ruling out this case are are
+are related.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related.
+>> Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah
+>> probably relates exactly to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> probably relates exactly to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> probably relates exactly to the problem
+relating these two. But is there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating these two. But is there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating these two. But is there an
+analog for distributions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog for distributions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog for distributions?
+Um yeah um yes there's an analog for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah um yes there's an analog for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah um yes there's an analog for
+distributions. Um so okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. Um so okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions. Um so okay so the
+question is what if f was a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what if f was a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what if f was a distribution
+instead of a function? Maybe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a function? Maybe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a function? Maybe it was
+something messier than being an L2. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something messier than being an L2. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something messier than being an L2. Um,
+so, uh, yeah, you you could still say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, uh, yeah, you you could still say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, uh, yeah, you you could still say
+things. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, I wasn't planning. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I I think all of those questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I think all of those questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I think all of those questions you
+can reduce to something about how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce to something about how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce to something about how how
+balls get projected and then if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls get projected and then if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls get projected and then if you if
+you want to you can say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you can say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you can say something about
+distributions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay, so the next character in the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the next character in the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the next character in the story
+I wanted to mention to you is the Forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to mention to you is the Forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to mention to you is the Forier
+transform that in this continuous setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that in this continuous setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that in this continuous setup
+there's a very close connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very close connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very close connection between
+this projection operation and the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection operation and the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection operation and the forier
+transform. Um and that that brings fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Um and that that brings fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. Um and that that brings fora
+analysis into projection theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis into projection theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so the connection with the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so the connection with the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so the connection with the fora
+transform is the following lama.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the following lama.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is the following lama.
+Well, actually, let me make a Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, actually, let me make a Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, actually, let me make a Yeah.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay. So, here's our space RD and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, here's our space RD and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, here's our space RD and in
+there we have our subspace V. So, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have our subspace V. So, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have our subspace V. So, our
+function F lives on R to the D and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function F lives on R to the D and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function F lives on R to the D and and
+the projection of F lives on V. Now, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of F lives on V. Now, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of F lives on V. Now, how
+does the for a transform work? Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the for a transform work? Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the for a transform work? Um, so
+here's for a space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, for a space is also R R to the T. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for a space is also R R to the T. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for a space is also R R to the T. So
+f hat will live on r to the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f hat will live on r to the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f hat will live on r to the d
+and um the forier transform of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the forier transform of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the forier transform of something
+on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v
+lives on on v as well. So in this r to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on on v as well. So in this r to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on on v as well. So in this r to
+the d I'll draw here I'll call it v hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d I'll draw here I'll call it v hat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d I'll draw here I'll call it v hat.
+Guess if we wanted to we could call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guess if we wanted to we could call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guess if we wanted to we could call this
+r to the d hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if I have this function RD to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I have this function RD to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I have this function RD to
+C, then F hat is a function R to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C, then F hat is a function R to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C, then F hat is a function R to the D
+hat goes to C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat goes to C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat goes to C.
+The projection of F is a function from V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The projection of F is a function from V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The projection of F is a function from V
+to C. And the projection of F hat is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C. And the projection of F hat is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C. And the projection of F hat is a
+function from V hat to C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then the lema about how they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the lema about how they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the lema about how they are
+related is that if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related is that if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related is that if you take the
+projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+for a transform of XC,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform of XC,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform of XC,
+it's just fhat xc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just fhat xc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just fhat xc
+for any c and v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, let me write down the sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let me write down the sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let me write down the sketch
+the proof of this lema. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has a simple explanation. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a simple explanation. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a simple explanation. Um
+so pi vf hat of c is the integral over v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pi vf hat of c is the integral over v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pi vf hat of c is the integral over v
+pi vf of y e the minus i c doy d y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what is pi v of f? Well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what is pi v of f? Well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what is pi v of f? Well it's the
+integral over the fiber. So integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the fiber. So integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the fiber. So integral
+over v integral over pi inverse of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v integral over pi inverse of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over v integral over pi inverse of y
+f ofx d of the fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx d of the fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx d of the fiber
+e the minus i c do y d y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now notice that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now notice that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now notice that we have a
+double integral. We're integrating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral. We're integrating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral. We're integrating over
+the fiber and over y. So if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiber and over y. So if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fiber and over y. So if you put
+those together, you just get a dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um now what happens to this e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now what happens to this e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now what happens to this e to the
+minus i c doy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i c doy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i c doy?
+Um so remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so remark
+that since um x is in pi v inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since um x is in pi v inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since um x is in pi v inverse
+of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y
+that tells us that x minus y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that x minus y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that x minus y is
+perpendicular to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to v
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+>> goes on the pi. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so over here is Y. Here's the fiber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here is Y. Here's the fiber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here is Y. Here's the fiber and
+in our fiber we have X. So X minus Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our fiber we have X. So X minus Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our fiber we have X. So X minus Y is
+perpendicular to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to V.
+On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand,
+we also know that the frequency C is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that the frequency C is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that the frequency C is in
+V. C is in this copy of V over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. C is in this copy of V over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V. C is in this copy of V over here.
+So x - y is perpendicular to c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x - y is perpendicular to c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x - y is perpendicular to c.
+x - y x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - y x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x - y x
+- y doc is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that means I can change this c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that means I can change this c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that means I can change this c
+doy for x dox and I put these volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doy for x dox and I put these volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doy for x dox and I put these volume
+forms together. I have the integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms together. I have the integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms together. I have the integral of f
+ofx e minus i c dox dx which is f of c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Cool. So that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Cool. So that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Cool. So that's an interesting
+connection between projections and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between projections and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between projections and for
+analysis and it was used classically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and it was used classically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and it was used classically to
+solve the problem of recovering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of recovering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem of recovering a
+density from the cat scan. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density from the cat scan. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density from the cat scan. So
+mathematically the problem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the problem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically the problem would be
+you're given pi v of f for every v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given pi v of f for every v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given pi v of f for every v and
+you want to recover f and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to recover f and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to recover f and the way you
+can do it is because of this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is because of this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it is because of this formula
+you can recover if you're given if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recover if you're given if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recover if you're given if you
+know all the pi v of fs then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the pi v of fs then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the pi v of fs then you can
+compute their for transforms. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute their for transforms. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute their for transforms. So you can
+compute fhat of c for all the c and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fhat of c for all the c and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fhat of c for all the c and v
+hat but you have all the different v's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but you have all the different v's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but you have all the different v's
+so you put it together now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put it together now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put it together now you have
+computed f hat so you can find f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um cool but this connection with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool but this connection with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool but this connection with the
+forier transform also can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform also can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform also can be used to
+study this continuous projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this continuous projection theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this continuous projection theory
+problem and it's used to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's used to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and it's used to prove this
+proposition here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Thank you. Okay. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Thank you. Okay. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Thank you. Okay. So, the
+question is uh what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh what's the difference
+between V hat and um I'm not sure it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between V hat and um I'm not sure it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between V hat and um I'm not sure it was
+helpful to put the hats. It might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to put the hats. It might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to put the hats. It might be
+clear if we remove the hats. So, here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if we remove the hats. So, here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if we remove the hats. So, here's
+another copy of R to the D where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy of R to the D where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy of R to the D where the
+variable C lives. And here's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable C lives. And here's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable C lives. And here's the same
+space V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space V.
+And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+maybe it's clear to remove all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's clear to remove all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's clear to remove all these
+hats.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay.
+So, we mentioned before that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we mentioned before that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we mentioned before that this
+continuous problem has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous problem has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous problem has something to do
+with what happens when you take balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what happens when you take balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what happens when you take balls
+and you project the balls instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you project the balls instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you project the balls instead of
+projecting points. And it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting points. And it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting points. And it's a little
+tricky to formulate exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to formulate exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to formulate exactly what the
+question should be about projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question should be about projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question should be about projecting
+balls. I want to take you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls. I want to take you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls. I want to take you through the
+first steps um and just see why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first steps um and just see why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first steps um and just see why it's a
+little bit tricky and what direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky and what direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky and what direction
+we're going to go in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so I have projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for unit balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unit balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unit balls
+maybe first steps or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe first steps or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe first steps or something like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, let's say that X is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let's say that X is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let's say that X is a set
+of disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disjoint
+unit balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a big ball of radius R and R2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so we could consider the projection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could consider the projection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could consider the projection in
+different directions and we'll have sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and we'll have sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and we'll have sets
+of unit intervals more or less.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit intervals more or less.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit intervals more or less.
+Um and we could ask for like the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we could ask for like the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we could ask for like the number
+of directions where something or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions where something or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions where something or another
+happens. Actually, let's step back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Actually, let's step back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. Actually, let's step back a
+little bit. So, okay, so we have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. So, okay, so we have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. So, okay, so we have a set
+of unit balls. Um in in this context,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit balls. Um in in this context,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit balls. Um in in this context,
+I'm going to use the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the absolute value of x
+to denote the area of x or volume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denote the area of x or volume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denote the area of x or volume in
+whatever dimension. And um hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever dimension. And um hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever dimension. And um hopefully
+that will be helpful and not confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be helpful and not confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be helpful and not confusing
+compared with before. If you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with before. If you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with before. If you have a
+bunch of unit balls, its area is more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of unit balls, its area is more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of unit balls, its area is more or
+less the same as the number of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same as the number of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same as the number of unit
+balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, so then if we look at pi v of x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so then if we look at pi v of x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so then if we look at pi v of x,
+that would be the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the length
+of p of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p of x.
+All right. So now I want to make a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now I want to make a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now I want to make a a a
+question like the summar troder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like the summar troder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like the summar troder
+question. So I could look at the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So I could look at the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. So I could look at the set of
+directions where the projection has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions where the projection has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions where the projection has
+length less than s. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length less than s. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length less than s. Maybe
+um maybe I'll I'll do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll I'll do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll I'll do that.
+So x might be set of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x might be set of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x might be set of v
+g12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g12
+so that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that um
+pi v of x has length at most s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi v of x has length at most s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi v of x has length at most s.
+Okay. But it would now be silly to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it would now be silly to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it would now be silly to ask
+for the number of elements of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of elements of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of elements of this
+thing. This thing is very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. This thing is very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. This thing is very likely
+infinite if it's not empty. If you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if it's not empty. If you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if it's not empty. If you make
+a tiny perturbation in v, it will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny perturbation in v, it will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny perturbation in v, it will have a
+tiny effect on pi v of x. Um so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny effect on pi v of x. Um so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny effect on pi v of x. Um so there's
+a natural sort of discretetization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural sort of discretetization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural sort of discretetization.
+So we note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we note
+that if the angle between vub1 and v2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the angle between vub1 and v2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the angle between vub1 and v2 is
+less than 1 / r then um pi v1 ofx and pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 / r then um pi v1 ofx and pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 / r then um pi v1 ofx and pi
+v2 of x are basically the same as each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 of x are basically the same as each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 of x are basically the same as each
+other. And so it doesn't make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And so it doesn't make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. And so it doesn't make a lot of
+sense to count them separately.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so um if we want to count something,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so um if we want to count something,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so um if we want to count something,
+one trick we could make is we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick we could make is we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick we could make is we could have
+this fancy V be uh a um be a set of R uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fancy V be uh a um be a set of R uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fancy V be uh a um be a set of R uh
+V's in grass one two that are evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's in grass one two that are evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's in grass one two that are evenly
+spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I just I just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry our different lines through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry our different lines through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry our different lines through the
+origin evenly spaced at an angle about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin evenly spaced at an angle about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin evenly spaced at an angle about 1
+/ r. Okay. And then my new question will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ r. Okay. And then my new question will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ r. Okay. And then my new question will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh if X is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if X is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if X is a set
+of disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disjoint
+unit balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit balls
+in the ball of radius R and R2. Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ball of radius R and R2. Um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ball of radius R and R2. Um then
+estimate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So actually let's let's um change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So actually let's let's um change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So actually let's let's um change
+this definition. We're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition. We're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition. We're not going to
+count all of the V's, but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count all of the V's, but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count all of the V's, but we're going to
+count the ones in this set V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the ones in this set V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the ones in this set V.
+And that's see like a more fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's see like a more fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's see like a more fair
+comparison to before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to before.
+So, we're going to estimate the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to estimate the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to estimate the size of
+the S of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of S and the size of X and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of S and the size of X and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of S and the size of X and we
+can compare it to the S8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we could ask is it still always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could ask is it still always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could ask is it still always true
+that this is bounded by that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is bounded by that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is bounded by that expression
+there? I'll write that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So is it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So is it true
+that es of x is bounded by 1 + s^2x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And this is not true. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is not true. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this is not true. There's a
+configuration of unit balls where e s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of unit balls where e s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of unit balls where e s of
+x is much bigger than this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is much bigger than this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is much bigger than this.
+Um what can we do with unit balls that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what can we do with unit balls that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what can we do with unit balls that
+sort of wasn't relevant before when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wasn't relevant before when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wasn't relevant before when we
+had perfect points?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What other example might we look at?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What other example might we look at?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What other example might we look at?
+>> Um, yeah. What do you think?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, yeah. What do you think?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, yeah. What do you think?
+>> Integrate functions over them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Integrate functions over them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Integrate functions over them.
+>> We could. Yeah, we So, we can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We could. Yeah, we So, we can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We could. Yeah, we So, we can integrate
+functions over them. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> yeah. Okay. So, here's a configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah. Okay. So, here's a configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah. Okay. So, here's a configuration
+of unit balls that kind of doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit balls that kind of doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit balls that kind of doesn't have
+an analog when you're just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analog when you're just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analog when you're just looking at
+points. But what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. But what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. But what we're going to do is
+we're just going to pack them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to pack them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to pack them into a
+larger ball. So here's the example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ball. So here's the example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ball. So here's the example.
+So here's our big ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's our big ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's our big ball
+and then inside of it I have a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then inside of it I have a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then inside of it I have a smaller
+ball and I pack the smaller ball full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and I pack the smaller ball full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and I pack the smaller ball full of
+unit balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So add x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So the area of X or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the area of X or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the area of X or the
+number of unit balls is around n^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unit balls is around n^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of unit balls is around n^2.
+And no matter what direction I project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And no matter what direction I project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And no matter what direction I project
+this thing in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in,
+it's going to kind of fill in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to kind of fill in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to kind of fill in an
+interval of length n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length n
+about n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n.
+So for every v, I'm going to have pi v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for every v, I'm going to have pi v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for every v, I'm going to have pi v
+of x around n, which is x to the 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x around n, which is x to the 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x around n, which is x to the 12.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I make s equal to uh x to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I make s equal to uh x to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I make s equal to uh x to the 12
+or a bit less um then e s of x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bit less um then e s of x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bit less um then e s of x is the
+whole thing every direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing every direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing every direction.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+the size of es of x is r. It's all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of es of x is r. It's all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of es of x is r. It's all of
+them. It's as big as it could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. It's as big as it could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. It's as big as it could possibly
+be. Whereas if you plug in S is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Whereas if you plug in S is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Whereas if you plug in S is the
+square root of X here, you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of X here, you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of X here, you would get
+one. So it's sort of actually sort of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's sort of actually sort of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's sort of actually sort of as
+bad as possible. The prediction of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as possible. The prediction of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as possible. The prediction of some
+readyated trottery is one. And the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readyated trottery is one. And the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readyated trottery is one. And the truth
+is everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Okay. So these small balls are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So these small balls are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So these small balls are not
+really behaving like points uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really behaving like points uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really behaving like points uh because
+of the fact that they've been packed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that they've been packed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that they've been packed so
+densely into a big ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely into a big ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densely into a big ball.
+And um so if we if we so okay it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so if we if we so okay it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um so if we if we so okay it is
+perfectly reasonable to analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable to analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable to analyze this
+situation and answer this question. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and answer this question. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and answer this question. We
+will do that in this class. There is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that in this class. There is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that in this class. There is an
+answer to it and it's worth knowing. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to it and it's worth knowing. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to it and it's worth knowing. Um
+however as you insist that these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you insist that these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you insist that these small
+balls are spread apart apart farther and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are spread apart apart farther and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are spread apart apart farther and
+farther then they start to behave more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther then they start to behave more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther then they start to behave more
+and more like ideal points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more like ideal points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more like ideal points and
+eventually this is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this is true.
+Um, so a a goal of this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to add hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the set of balls is spread out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then get stronger conclusions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And probably next class we will play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And probably next class we will play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And probably next class we will play
+around with how to state some precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with how to state some precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with how to state some precise
+hypotheses and what kind of conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and what kind of conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses and what kind of conclusions
+we might expect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might expect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might expect.
+Um but the big the big progress that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the big the big progress that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the big the big progress that I
+referred to at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to at the beginning of the
+class in the field is that in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the field is that in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the field is that in the in the
+last couple years people proved um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple years people proved um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple years people proved um let's
+say the main conjecture about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the main conjecture about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the main conjecture about this
+question for unit balls in R2. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for unit balls in R2. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for unit balls in R2. Um, and
+we'll try to flesh it out because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to flesh it out because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to flesh it out because you
+could imagine many different hypotheses,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine many different hypotheses,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine many different hypotheses,
+but I think the theory gives a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the theory gives a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the theory gives a fairly
+complete picture of how this works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture of how this works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture of how this works for
+balls in R2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in R2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in R2.
+Different hypotheses about how spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Different hypotheses about how spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Different hypotheses about how spread
+out they are and what you can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they are and what you can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they are and what you can conclude
+about how often the projections uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how often the projections uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how often the projections uh have
+things piled on top of each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. Now, there are there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now, there are there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now, there are there are many
+variations on these on these questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on these on these questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on these on these questions.
+And because this one is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because this one is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because this one is a little bit
+difficult to state, I thought I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to state, I thought I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to state, I thought I'd
+mention one other which is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention one other which is a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention one other which is a beautiful
+open problem and it's pretty clean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem and it's pretty clean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem and it's pretty clean to
+state. Um, and well, let me explain one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Um, and well, let me explain one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Um, and well, let me explain one
+of the key difficulties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key difficulties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key difficulties.
+Um, okay. So, so these questions make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so these questions make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so these questions make
+sense over any field. I started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense over any field. I started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense over any field. I started with the
+real numbers because I was kind of used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers because I was kind of used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers because I was kind of used
+to it because I'm an analyst. Uh, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it because I'm an analyst. Uh, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it because I'm an analyst. Uh, but
+you could ask about about any field, any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask about about any field, any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask about about any field, any
+vector space. Um, and actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space. Um, and actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space. Um, and actually a very
+interesting case is finite fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, cousin problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, let's say FQ is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let's say FQ is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let's say FQ is the
+finite field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field
+with Q elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And if I write FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if I write FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if I write FP
+that will mean P is a prime. So it's FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will mean P is a prime. So it's FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will mean P is a prime. So it's FP
+of a field with a prime number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a field with a prime number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a field with a prime number of
+elements. And FQ is a general finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. And FQ is a general finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. And FQ is a general finite
+field. Q will be some prime val.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Q will be some prime val.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Q will be some prime val.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so here's our question. Oh, okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our question. Oh, okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our question. Oh, okay. So now
+I should say what is an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say what is an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say what is an orthogonal
+projection? Um so it's not hard to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection? Um so it's not hard to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection? Um so it's not hard to say
+what a subspace is over finite fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a subspace is over finite fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a subspace is over finite fields.
+We don't have obviously a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have obviously a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have obviously a notion of
+orthogonality. Um, but orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality. Um, but orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality. Um, but orthogonality
+isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really
+isn't really the crucial thing. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really the crucial thing. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really the crucial thing. The
+crucial thing is just that we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing is just that we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing is just that we have a lot
+of linear maps from our vector space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear maps from our vector space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear maps from our vector space to
+a lower dimensional vector space. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower dimensional vector space. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower dimensional vector space. We're
+really looking at all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at all the possible
+linear maps. So in terms of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear maps. So in terms of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear maps. So in terms of what are the
+possible projections, I can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible projections, I can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible projections, I can um
+parameterize them just like this. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize them just like this. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize them just like this. So if
+t is in fq,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in fq,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in fq,
+pi t would be a map from fq ^2 to fq.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi t would be a map from fq ^2 to fq.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi t would be a map from fq ^2 to fq.
+and pi t of x1 x2 is just x1 + t * x2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pi t of x1 x2 is just x1 + t * x2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pi t of x1 x2 is just x1 + t * x2.
+Okay, so those are a bunch of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so those are a bunch of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so those are a bunch of linear
+maps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, and you know, actually you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and you know, actually you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and you know, actually you might
+say, why don't I write all the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, why don't I write all the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, why don't I write all the linear
+maps? I could have t1 x1 plus t2x2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps? I could have t1 x1 plus t2x2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps? I could have t1 x1 plus t2x2.
+Those are all the linear maps. Um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are all the linear maps. Um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Those are all the linear maps. Um but if
+you multiply t1 and t2 by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply t1 and t2 by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply t1 and t2 by the same
+factor then you've just uh taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor then you've just uh taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor then you've just uh taken a
+linear map and then composed with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map and then composed with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map and then composed with a
+linear map from fp to itself. So those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map from fp to itself. So those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear map from fp to itself. So those
+are all going to be sort of equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all going to be sort of equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all going to be sort of equivalent
+for us. And so that's why we just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. And so that's why we just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. And so that's why we just we
+just set this to be one and let this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set this to be one and let this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set this to be one and let this be
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now let's say x is in fq ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's say x is in fq ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's say x is in fq ^2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+e s of x is the set of t. So the t just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e s of x is the set of t. So the t just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e s of x is the set of t. So the t just
+live in fq with the property that pi t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in fq with the property that pi t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in fq with the property that pi t
+of x is at most s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is at most s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x is at most s.
+And now we can ask the same question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can ask the same question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can ask the same question.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+the size of ES of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of ES of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of ES of X
+um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh S and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S and X
+ideally and I guess maybe Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now, an integer grid still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, an integer grid still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, an integer grid still
+makes sense over a finite field. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense over a finite field. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense over a finite field. Um, and
+um, and so and it works the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and so and it works the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, and so and it works the same way as
+in summary and troder and over the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary and troder and over the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary and troder and over the prime
+fields. That's the best example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. That's the best example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields. That's the best example that we
+know. So there is a conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So there is a conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So there is a conjecture
+if x is in fp^2 and p is always prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in fp^2 and p is always prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is in fp^2 and p is always prime
+but it's important here. So I will sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important here. So I will sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important here. So I will sort
+of add it. Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of add it. Um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of add it. Um then
+the size of es of x is bounded by 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of es of x is bounded by 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of es of x is bounded by 1 +
+s^2x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+matching that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that.
+But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+this is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in fq ^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q is not prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So let me show you an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me show you an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me show you an example.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+And this example uh plays a big role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this example uh plays a big role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this example uh plays a big role in
+the theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+okay so here's the example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the example.
+Suppose that q is p ^2. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that q is p ^2. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose that q is p ^2. There are
+similar examples for higher powers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar examples for higher powers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar examples for higher powers but
+this is a simple concrete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple concrete.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple concrete.
+Um so FP is a subset of FQ. It's a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so FP is a subset of FQ. It's a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so FP is a subset of FQ. It's a sub
+field of FQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of FQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of FQ
+and our set X is going to be FP squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our set X is going to be FP squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our set X is going to be FP squ
+which is a subset of FQ^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a subset of FQ^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a subset of FQ^2.
+Cardality of X is P ^2 which is Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now notice
+that if t is also in fp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if t is also in fp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if t is also in fp
+and x is an x then pi t of x which is x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x is an x then pi t of x which is x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x is an x then pi t of x which is x1
++ t * x2. Well all of these characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ t * x2. Well all of these characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ t * x2. Well all of these characters
+I've assumed to be an fp and fp is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've assumed to be an fp and fp is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've assumed to be an fp and fp is a
+field so it's closed under addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so it's closed under addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so it's closed under addition
+closed under multiplication. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under multiplication. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under multiplication. So this is
+an FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that tells me that if T is in FP,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that tells me that if T is in FP,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that tells me that if T is in FP,
+pi T of X is is FP is contained in FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi T of X is is FP is contained in FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi T of X is is FP is contained in FP.
+It's actually all of it. And so the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually all of it. And so the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually all of it. And so the size
+of pi T of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi T of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi T of X
+is at most P which is Q to the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most P which is Q to the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most P which is Q to the half
+which is much smaller than the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is much smaller than the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is much smaller than the size of
+X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we conclude that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we conclude that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we conclude that the size of
+uh e p of x is at least p. So there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e p of x is at least p. So there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh e p of x is at least p. So there are
+p traces t that all lie in ep of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p traces t that all lie in ep of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p traces t that all lie in ep of x
+and that's uh that's much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh that's much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh that's much bigger than
+the bound in the conjecture for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound in the conjecture for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound in the conjecture for what
+should happen over primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So if we were to plug in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if we were to plug in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So if we were to plug in these
+numbers up here, S would be P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers up here, S would be P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers up here, S would be P which is
+the square root of Q and X would be Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of Q and X would be Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of Q and X would be Q.
+So this would be one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be one.
+Over prime fields, this should be order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over prime fields, this should be order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over prime fields, this should be order
+of one. But over this not prime field,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one. But over this not prime field,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one. But over this not prime field,
+it's much bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so this shows that projection theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows that projection theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shows that projection theory is
+also connected to some I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also connected to some I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also connected to some I don't know
+algebra algebraic structure questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra algebraic structure questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra algebraic structure questions of
+of whether fields have sub fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and this issue which is uh okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this issue which is uh okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this issue which is uh okay so so
+this is an open conjecture and it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an open conjecture and it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an open conjecture and it's hard
+for two reasons um the first reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons um the first reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons um the first reason is
+well you look at it you say okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you look at it you say okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you look at it you say okay it's
+like some trotder but over a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some trotder but over a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some trotder but over a prime
+field. So I should try to take the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So I should try to take the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So I should try to take the proof
+of try and that proof completely breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of try and that proof completely breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of try and that proof completely breaks
+down. Um that proof was based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Um that proof was based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Um that proof was based on the
+topology of R. We'll go through it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of R. We'll go through it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of R. We'll go through it but
+the topology of R and the topology of FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of R and the topology of FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of R and the topology of FP
+are very different and it just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different and it just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different and it just doesn't
+work at all. The second reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all. The second reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all. The second reason is that
+uh the statement of the conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the statement of the conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the statement of the conjecture
+really requires this to be prime. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really requires this to be prime. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really requires this to be prime. And so
+it's not true for any field. It's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true for any field. It's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true for any field. It's only
+true for prime fields. And so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for prime fields. And so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for prime fields. And so you have
+to wonder how are we going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wonder how are we going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wonder how are we going to use that
+in the proof. Um and a lot of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof. Um and a lot of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof. Um and a lot of methods
+uh a lot of methods have don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of methods have don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of methods have don't
+distinguish between prime fields and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between prime fields and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between prime fields and not
+prime fields and therefore they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime fields and therefore they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime fields and therefore they can't
+prove the whole thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the whole thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the whole thing.
+Okay. And in in in the real analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And in in in the real analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And in in in the real analysis
+setting actually there's the same issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting actually there's the same issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting actually there's the same issue.
+So these um theorems that I wasn't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these um theorems that I wasn't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these um theorems that I wasn't able
+to state precisely for you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state precisely for you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state precisely for you today
+they are true over R2 but they are false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are true over R2 but they are false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are true over R2 but they are false
+in C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in C2
+because the complex numbers have a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the complex numbers have a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the complex numbers have a sub
+field R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field R.
+So um so the complex numbers play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so the complex numbers play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so the complex numbers play the
+role of like FQ where Q is P ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of like FQ where Q is P ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of like FQ where Q is P ^2
+and so over here also we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so over here also we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so over here also we need to do
+something to distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to distinguish between the
+complex numbers and the real numbers. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and the real numbers. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and the real numbers. um
+and many many techniques don't do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a bit surprisingly these these real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a bit surprisingly these these real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a bit surprisingly these these real
+analysis problems that eventually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problems that eventually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis problems that eventually get
+used in in um uh in like estimates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in in um uh in like estimates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in in um uh in like estimates and
+for a analysis with integral operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a analysis with integral operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a analysis with integral operators
+that really look like analysis. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really look like analysis. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really look like analysis. They
+take something from these questions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something from these questions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something from these questions over
+finite fields. These are these are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite fields. These are these are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite fields. These are these are more
+closely related to each other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to each other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to each other than
+either one of them is to that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them is to that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them is to that first
+semired trotder theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So at the beginning of the
+class I will teach you some classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I will teach you some classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I will teach you some classical
+techniques, some double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, some double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, some double counting
+techniques, some for analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, some for analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques, some for analysis
+techniques. Hold on a second. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. Hold on a second. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. Hold on a second. Um and
+they prove interesting things and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prove interesting things and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prove interesting things and they
+work over here and they work over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work over here and they work over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work over here and they work over here
+but they don't distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't distinguish between the
+prime fields and the not prime fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime fields and the not prime fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime fields and the not prime fields.
+>> Okay. Yeah. Was there a question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Yeah. Was there a question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Yeah. Was there a question?
+>> Yeah. Does the fact that the wheels have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Does the fact that the wheels have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Does the fact that the wheels have
+the rationals as a sub field matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationals as a sub field matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationals as a sub field matter for
+this or does the topology argument?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Ah okay. So the question is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah okay. So the question is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah okay. So the question is so the
+observation is I said that the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is I said that the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is I said that the situation
+for f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f
+q when q is p ^2 is kind of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q when q is p ^2 is kind of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q when q is p ^2 is kind of complicated
+because fq has a sub field namely fp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fq has a sub field namely fp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fq has a sub field namely fp
+and then I tried to say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I tried to say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I tried to say there's
+something similar going on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar going on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar going on with the
+complex numbers and the real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and the real numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and the real numbers.
+Okay. Now the observation is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the observation is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now the observation is the real
+numbers have many proper sub fields. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have many proper sub fields. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers have many proper sub fields. One
+of them is the rational numbers. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is the rational numbers. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is the rational numbers. You
+could there are many more number fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there are many more number fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there are many more number fields.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and doesn't doesn't that matter? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't doesn't that matter? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't doesn't that matter? Yeah,
+that's a good thing for us to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing for us to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing for us to reflect
+on. It turns out not to matter that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. It turns out not to matter that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. It turns out not to matter that much
+and it's because those sub fields are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's because those sub fields are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's because those sub fields are so
+small. Um the the real numbers are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. Um the the real numbers are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. Um the the real numbers are an
+infinite order extension of the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite order extension of the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite order extension of the rational
+numbers. I think even an uncountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. I think even an uncountable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. I think even an uncountable
+order extension of the rational numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order extension of the rational numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order extension of the rational numbers.
+Um whereas FQ is a degree two extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whereas FQ is a degree two extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whereas FQ is a degree two extension
+at FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at FP.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+right so one way people talk about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one way people talk about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one way people talk about it is
+in in terms of housed dorf dimension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in terms of housed dorf dimension.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in terms of housed dorf dimension.
+So the the real numbers have sub fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the real numbers have sub fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the real numbers have sub fields
+but their house dwarf dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their house dwarf dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their house dwarf dimension is
+either zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero
+or one if it's if it's the whole real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one if it's if it's the whole real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one if it's if it's the whole real
+numbers and not in the middle. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and not in the middle. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and not in the middle. Anyway,
+we'll we'll have a look at it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll have a look at it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll have a look at it.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> Do you have any intuition about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you have any intuition about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you have any intuition about why
+these types of things are for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of things are for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of things are for small
+fields?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields?
+>> Uh why why you can't do something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh why why you can't do something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh why why you can't do something with
+small bad with small fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bad with small fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bad with small fields
+>> or yeah if I understand the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or yeah if I understand the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or yeah if I understand the intuition
+correctly like the real numbers are fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly like the real numbers are fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly like the real numbers are fine
+because they're large enough extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're large enough extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're large enough extension
+over the rationals but so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rationals but so I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rationals but so I don't know
+I'm just wondering if you have about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering if you have about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering if you have about the
+size of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this.
+>> Correct. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. So, here's an analogy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, here's an analogy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So, here's an analogy for
+you. Uh, so what if we didn't have P^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Uh, so what if we didn't have P^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Uh, so what if we didn't have P^
+squ? What if we had P to the 17th?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ? What if we had P to the 17th?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ? What if we had P to the 17th?
+Okay. Now, at FQ still has a sub field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, at FQ still has a sub field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, at FQ still has a sub field
+FP, but it's kind of a small sub field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP, but it's kind of a small sub field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP, but it's kind of a small sub field.
+We could do this same computation. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could do this same computation. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could do this same computation. We
+would see that this doesn't fully hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that this doesn't fully hold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that this doesn't fully hold.
+Um but for sets that are pretty large,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but for sets that are pretty large,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but for sets that are pretty large,
+for sets that are a lot larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sets that are a lot larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sets that are a lot larger than
+that, um we would still we might still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, um we would still we might still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, um we would still we might still
+hope for pretty good bounds. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for pretty good bounds. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for pretty good bounds. And I think
+that I think that the situation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that the situation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that the situation for the
+small subfields of R is similar to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So is this conjunction known for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So is this conjunction known for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So is this conjunction known for any
+prime number or is it every prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number or is it every prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number or is it every prime
+number? See, so I want to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number? See, so I want to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number? See, so I want to prove this
+conjunction for okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um, right. Right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, right. Right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, right. Right. So,
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay. So, we stick this tilda here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, we stick this tilda here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, we stick this tilda here,
+which means there's a missing constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there's a missing constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there's a missing constant
+factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor.
+>> We do that to be safe. I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We do that to be safe. I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We do that to be safe. I guess it
+probably is true with a small constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is true with a small constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is true with a small constant
+factor, but strictly speaking, you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, but strictly speaking, you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, but strictly speaking, you can't
+falsify it with one prime number. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsify it with one prime number. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsify it with one prime number. Okay.
+But that that's not the that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that that's not the that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that that's not the that's not the
+real reason. Then you might say, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real reason. Then you might say, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real reason. Then you might say, you
+know, if you take a medium prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you take a medium prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you take a medium prime number
+like 101, could you check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 101, could you check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 101, could you check it
+numerically?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically?
+Maybe for 10. Well, even for 101, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe for 10. Well, even for 101, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe for 10. Well, even for 101, you
+know, I don't have any wisdom about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't have any wisdom about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't have any wisdom about how
+to do this. And if you literally did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. And if you literally did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. And if you literally did it
+by brute force um and checked all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brute force um and checked all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brute force um and checked all the
+possibilities X, you really couldn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities X, you really couldn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities X, you really couldn't go
+very far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far.
+Um and um I'm not sure if we'll address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um I'm not sure if we'll address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um I'm not sure if we'll address
+this but that there is a computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but that there is a computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but that there is a computational
+question like you know maybe I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like you know maybe I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like you know maybe I can't
+prove this conjecture but do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this conjecture but do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this conjecture but do I
+understand it well enough that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it well enough that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it well enough that I could
+prove it for a particular P faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for a particular P faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for a particular P faster than
+brute force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force
+um I don't and so we're not able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't and so we're not able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't and so we're not able to have
+much numerical evidence. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it could be worth looking for counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be worth looking for counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be worth looking for counter
+example on the computer. The evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the computer. The evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the computer. The evidence is
+not that strong in favor of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that strong in favor of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that strong in favor of this
+conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture.
+Okay, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+Okay, in the last 15 minutes, I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in the last 15 minutes, I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in the last 15 minutes, I wanted
+to mention to you some other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention to you some other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention to you some other parts of
+math that this connects to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that this connects to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that this connects to.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+uh okay. Um so one connection is to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay. Um so one connection is to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay. Um so one connection is to a
+part of combinatorial number theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of combinatorial number theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of combinatorial number theory
+called sum product theory which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sum product theory which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sum product theory which we'll
+see sort of fits in naturally with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of fits in naturally with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see sort of fits in naturally with this
+issue. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Um
+yeah so it turn so in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it turn so in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it turn so in this in this
+example this set that we're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this set that we're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this set that we're worried
+about is closely connected to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is closely connected to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is closely connected to the fact
+that that fq has a interesting sub field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fq has a interesting sub field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fq has a interesting sub field
+interesting subset that's closed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting subset that's closed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting subset that's closed under
+addition and multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication
+and the field the the the sum product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field the the the sum product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field the the the sum product
+theory and combinatorial number theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and combinatorial number theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and combinatorial number theory
+is about what happens to a set under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what happens to a set under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what happens to a set under
+addition and multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and multiplication
+um so initially it's over r over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so initially it's over r over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so initially it's over r over the
+reals but then we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's say that R is a ring. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say that R is a ring. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say that R is a ring. So
+we can define sums and products. And A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define sums and products. And A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can define sums and products. And A
+is a subset of R. So A plus A is all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of R. So A plus A is all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of R. So A plus A is all of
+the sums you can make. Two elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums you can make. Two elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sums you can make. Two elements of
+A. So it's the set of all the A1 plus A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So it's the set of all the A1 plus A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So it's the set of all the A1 plus A2
+where A1 and A2 are in A. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where A1 and A2 are in A. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where A1 and A2 are in A. And the
+product set A times A is similar. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product set A times A is similar. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product set A times A is similar. It's
+the set of all the products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Um, okay. So, actually motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, okay. So, actually motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, okay. So, actually motivating
+this from before, what what was so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from before, what what was so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from before, what what was so bad
+about this set FP as a subset of FQ? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this set FP as a subset of FQ? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this set FP as a subset of FQ? The
+problem was just that um well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was just that um well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was just that um well,
+if if these three guys are in FP, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if these three guys are in FP, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if these three guys are in FP, then
+X1 plus T * X2 is still in FP. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 plus T * X2 is still in FP. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 plus T * X2 is still in FP. So, the
+problem was that FP is closed under sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was that FP is closed under sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was that FP is closed under sums
+and under products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under products.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so it raises the question are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it raises the question are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it raises the question are there
+other sets that are maybe not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sets that are maybe not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sets that are maybe not exactly
+closed but roughly closed under sums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed but roughly closed under sums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed but roughly closed under sums and
+products.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+okay so so the idea of some product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the idea of some product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the idea of some product
+theory is take a subset A and R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is take a subset A and R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is take a subset A and R.
+Um could it happen that both A plus A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um could it happen that both A plus A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um could it happen that both A plus A
+and A * A are pretty small?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay so let me mention a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so let me mention a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so let me mention a few
+examples. So if a is a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. So if a is a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. So if a is a subset of the
+real numbers which is generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers which is generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers which is generic
+then a + a and a * a would both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a + a and a * a would both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a + a and a * a would both be
+around the size of a squ generically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the size of a squ generically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the size of a squ generically
+there would be no coincidences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be no coincidences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be no coincidences in the
+sums or in the brackets. Um okay but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums or in the brackets. Um okay but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums or in the brackets. Um okay but it
+could happen that a plus a is quite is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen that a plus a is quite is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen that a plus a is quite is
+not very big. Um so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very big. Um so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very big. Um so if a
+is an arithmetic progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the size of a plus a is only around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of a plus a is only around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of a plus a is only around
+two times the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the size of a
+but in this case a time a would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case a time a would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case a time a would be very
+big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big.
+Um on the other hand if a is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um on the other hand if a is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um on the other hand if a is a geometric
+progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the size of a time a would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of a time a would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of a time a would be
+around two times the size of a but if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around two times the size of a but if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around two times the size of a but if a
+is a geometric progression then a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a geometric progression then a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a geometric progression then a plus a
+would be very big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very big.
+Okay so based on these few examples um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so based on these few examples um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so based on these few examples um
+and saretti conjectured that always one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saretti conjectured that always one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saretti conjectured that always one
+of these guys is big. So here's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys is big. So here's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys is big. So here's their
+conjecture. Uh as is still an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture. Uh as is still an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture. Uh as is still an open
+problem. Um if a is a finite subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um if a is a finite subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um if a is a finite subset of
+the wheels,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheels,
+then the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the maximum
+of a + a and a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a + a and a * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a + a and a * a
+is at least c epsilon a 2us epsilon. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least c epsilon a 2us epsilon. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least c epsilon a 2us epsilon. So
+for every so at the beginning I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every so at the beginning I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every so at the beginning I should
+put for every epsilon bigger than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put for every epsilon bigger than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put for every epsilon bigger than zero.
+Okay. So it's not quite a squ. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's not quite a squ. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's not quite a squ. That
+example comes from taking the numbers 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example comes from taking the numbers 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example comes from taking the numbers 1
+to n. Then a plus a is clearly quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n. Then a plus a is clearly quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n. Then a plus a is clearly quite
+small. A * a is many of the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. A * a is many of the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. A * a is many of the integers
+from 1 to n^ squ. Uh but not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n^ squ. Uh but not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to n^ squ. Uh but not all of
+them. Some of them have a prime factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Some of them have a prime factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Some of them have a prime factor
+that's bigger than n. So they're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than n. So they're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than n. So they're not in
+the list. And computed that carefully.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list. And computed that carefully.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list. And computed that carefully.
+So he said you need the epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he said you need the epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he said you need the epsilon.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so So this type of problem is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so So this type of problem is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so So this type of problem is connected
+to progress to projection theory because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress to projection theory because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress to projection theory because
+of this type of example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type of example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type of example.
+Um and the connection goes in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the connection goes in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the connection goes in both
+directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so in one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's a okay there's a theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a okay there's a theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a okay there's a theorem of
+alakish about the sum product theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alakish about the sum product theorem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alakish about the sum product theorem um
+so we can't prove this but um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't prove this but um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't prove this but um any
+exponent here that's bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent here that's bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent here that's bigger than one
+would be non-trivial and we can prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be non-trivial and we can prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be non-trivial and we can prove it
+with exponents that are bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponents that are bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exponents that are bigger than one
+and um historically there was a big jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um historically there was a big jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um historically there was a big jump
+in the quality of the exponent when all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quality of the exponent when all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quality of the exponent when all
+proved this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So he proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he proved
+a is a subset of r which is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of r which is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of r which is finite
+then the maximum of a + a and a * a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the maximum of a + a and a * a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the maximum of a + a and a * a is
+at least a to the five quarters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a to the five quarters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a to the five quarters.
+Um and the key ingredient in the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the key ingredient in the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the key ingredient in the proof
+was some ready trial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh that's not the whole proof but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's not the whole proof but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's not the whole proof but the
+the uh proof uses some ready trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh proof uses some ready trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh proof uses some ready trial and
+and not much else. it's quite short and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not much else. it's quite short and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not much else. it's quite short and
+so if you know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know something about
+projection theory you can say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory you can say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory you can say something
+about some product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some product
+um but later things went in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but later things went in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but later things went in the other
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+um so there's a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a theorem
+of Borgan cats and toao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which says that not only a prime field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that not only a prime field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that not only a prime field
+does not have any sub fields which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have any sub fields which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have any sub fields which we
+knew but it doesn't have anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but it doesn't have anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but it doesn't have anything that's
+even close to being a subre.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close to being a subre.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even close to being a subre.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+P is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is prime
+and A is a subset of FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A is a subset of FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A is a subset of FP
+and um A is not too big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um A is not too big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um A is not too big.
+So it's not super important what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not super important what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's not super important what this
+number is, but a is significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is, but a is significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is, but a is significantly
+smaller than the whole field. Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the whole field. Um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the whole field. Um then
+the maximum of a + a and a * a um is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of a + a and a * a um is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum of a + a and a * a um is at
+least the size of a to the 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the size of a to the 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the size of a to the 1 plus
+epsilon where epsilon is a small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon where epsilon is a small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon where epsilon is a small but
+explicit number I think something like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit number I think something like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit number I think something like 1
+over 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+this theorem is actually more accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is actually more accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is actually more accessible
+than projection theory in general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than projection theory in general.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than projection theory in general.
+Having these sums and products gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having these sums and products gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Having these sums and products gives you
+a little bit more structure. Turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more structure. Turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more structure. Turns out
+to be important but it shows that in FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important but it shows that in FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important but it shows that in FP
+over FP there's no example which is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over FP there's no example which is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over FP there's no example which is too
+much like this example. You can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like this example. You can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like this example. You can't just
+choose a subset of FP which is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a subset of FP which is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a subset of FP which is almost
+closed under sums and products and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under sums and products and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under sums and products and then
+mimic this argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic this argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic this argument.
+Um, and it's not immediate, but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it's not immediate, but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it's not immediate, but this is
+used to to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to to improve
+the projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in FP squared. And something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in FP squared. And something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in FP squared. And something similar
+will also happen for problems about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also happen for problems about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also happen for problems about
+balls in R2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I wanted to mention some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I wanted to mention some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I wanted to mention some other
+applications, but I don't want to cram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, but I don't want to cram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, but I don't want to cram
+things in too much in the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in too much in the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in too much in the last five
+minutes. I'll just say a few words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. I'll just say a few words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. I'll just say a few words and
+then I'll pause for final questions. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll pause for final questions. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll pause for final questions. Um
+so one one application or story is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one one application or story is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one one application or story is um
+from civ theory in number theory. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from civ theory in number theory. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from civ theory in number theory. So in
+civ theory you have a set of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civ theory you have a set of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civ theory you have a set of integers
+instead of a set of points in a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a set of points in a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a set of points in a vector
+space. And when in civ theory we study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. And when in civ theory we study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. And when in civ theory we study
+what happens if you take the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you take the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you take the set of
+integers and you reduce it mod p or mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and you reduce it mod p or mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and you reduce it mod p or mod
+q for many different numbers q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q for many different numbers q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q for many different numbers q.
+Um, and there are some questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there are some questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there are some questions about
+general sets like could it happen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sets like could it happen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sets like could it happen that
+you have a set of integers and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a set of integers and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a set of integers and whenever
+you reduce it mod q for any q you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce it mod q for any q you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce it mod q for any q you you
+always get something small. What could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get something small. What could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get something small. What could
+you say about your set of integers?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about your set of integers?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about your set of integers?
+So an interesting example of that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an interesting example of that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So an interesting example of that are
+the square numbers. If you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square numbers. If you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square numbers. If you take the
+squares and you reduce it mod p for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and you reduce it mod p for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and you reduce it mod p for any
+prime start with primes you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime start with primes you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime start with primes you get the
+quadratic residues which is only half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic residues which is only half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic residues which is only half of
+the residue classes. So whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue classes. So whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue classes. So whenever you
+reduce it mod p you only get half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it mod p you only get half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it mod p you only get half of the
+residue classes. How many other sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue classes. How many other sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue classes. How many other sets of
+integers can you think of that? Whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers can you think of that? Whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers can you think of that? Whenever
+you reduce the mod p you only get half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the mod p you only get half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the mod p you only get half
+of the residue classes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residue classes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residue classes.
+Um how big could such a set of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um how big could such a set of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um how big could such a set of integers
+be? How you know how what fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? How you know how what fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? How you know how what fraction of
+all the integers and so on. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the integers and so on. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the integers and so on. So there's
+one one set of questions about this. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one set of questions about this. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one set of questions about this. Um,
+and there's another set of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another set of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another set of questions
+where you take a particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take a particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take a particular set of
+integers that you might be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that you might be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that you might be interested
+in, of which the most famous is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, of which the most famous is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, of which the most famous is the
+primes, and you think about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes, and you think about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes, and you think about what happens
+when you reduce the set the primes mod q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reduce the set the primes mod q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reduce the set the primes mod q
+for many different q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many different q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many different q.
+Um, so it appears to be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it appears to be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it appears to be the case that
+the prime numbers are evenly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime numbers are evenly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime numbers are evenly distributed
+mod q for every.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q for every.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q for every.
+Um, actually depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, actually depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, actually depending on how you
+quantify it, that's a that's a theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify it, that's a that's a theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify it, that's a that's a theorem.
+Um, so if you fix a Q and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so if you fix a Q and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so if you fix a Q and you take the
+primes mod Q and you take primes up to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes mod Q and you take primes up to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes mod Q and you take primes up to X
+where X is much much much bigger than Q,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is much much much bigger than Q,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is much much much bigger than Q,
+they will be evenly distributed among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be evenly distributed among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be evenly distributed among
+the residue classes mod Q that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue classes mod Q that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue classes mod Q that are
+possible, the ones that have no common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, the ones that have no common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, the ones that have no common
+factor with Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor with Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor with Q.
+But you could ask you you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you could ask you you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you could ask you you might also
+want to know uh if you take the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know uh if you take the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know uh if you take the primes
+up to some fixed X and you reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some fixed X and you reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to some fixed X and you reduce the
+mod q for many different Q. Um, it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q for many different Q. Um, it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q for many different Q. Um, it it
+still appears it appears that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still appears it appears that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still appears it appears that those are
+evenly distributed for quite big q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed for quite big q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed for quite big q.
+even Q Q's that are only slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Q Q's that are only slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Q Q's that are only slightly less
+than than X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than X.
+Um, okay, we can't prove anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay, we can't prove anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay, we can't prove anything like
+that. Um, but there's a line of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, but there's a line of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, but there's a line of thought
+that maybe we could relax what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we could relax what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we could relax what we're
+trying to prove a little bit and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove a little bit and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove a little bit and try
+instead of trying to prove it for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying to prove it for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying to prove it for every
+Q, we could try to prove it for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, we could try to prove it for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, we could try to prove it for most of
+the Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Q.
+And now we're in this setting uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're in this setting uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're in this setting uh uh
+where we have one fixed set and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have one fixed set and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have one fixed set and we're
+looking at how it reduces mod Q for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how it reduces mod Q for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how it reduces mod Q for many
+different Q and and that problem is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Q and and that problem is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Q and and that problem is very
+similar to the projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the projection theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the projection theory
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem.
+Okay. So anyway, so we'll so we'll teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So anyway, so we'll so we'll teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So anyway, so we'll so we'll teach
+some core techniques of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some core techniques of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some core techniques of projection
+theory that were developed by people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that were developed by people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that were developed by people in
+geometric measure theory in the 60s7s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric measure theory in the 60s7s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric measure theory in the 60s7s
+and 80s. And those are almost those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 80s. And those are almost those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 80s. And those are almost those are
+very closely parallel to the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely parallel to the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely parallel to the classic
+techniques of civ theory that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques of civ theory that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques of civ theory that were
+developed by people in the 40s 50s 60s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by people in the 40s 50s 60s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by people in the 40s 50s 60s.
+Um and so okay so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so okay so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so okay so interesting
+connections there and in civ theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections there and in civ theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections there and in civ theory
+there are lots of uh lots of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of uh lots of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of uh lots of open
+problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+So that's one set of applications if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one set of applications if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's one set of applications if you
+like or connections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or connections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or connections.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and the other one I wanted to mention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one I wanted to mention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one I wanted to mention is
+to dynamical systems. Um so Elon Alon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dynamical systems. Um so Elon Alon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dynamical systems. Um so Elon Alon
+Linden Strauss last year gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linden Strauss last year gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linden Strauss last year gave the
+Simon's lectures and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon's lectures and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon's lectures and one of the things
+was about taking orbits in homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about taking orbits in homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about taking orbits in homogeneous
+spaces unipot so I don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces unipot so I don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces unipot so I don't have time to
+say what all the things are but you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what all the things are but you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what all the things are but you take
+unipotent orbits in homogeneous spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipotent orbits in homogeneous spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unipotent orbits in homogeneous spaces
+then they distribute very evenly um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they distribute very evenly um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they distribute very evenly um and
+um so there are some classical important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are some classical important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are some classical important
+theorems about that and the recent thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about that and the recent thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about that and the recent thing
+he and Amir Mohammadi were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and Amir Mohammadi were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and Amir Mohammadi were trying to
+make it more quantitative and a new idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more quantitative and a new idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more quantitative and a new idea
+a in their proof is they brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in their proof is they brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in their proof is they brought in
+projection theory. Um so so anyway so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um so so anyway so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um so so anyway so I
+will tell you the story I'll slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the story I'll slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you the story I'll slowly
+first of all what is the question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all what is the question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all what is the question and
+then what does it have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does it have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what does it have to do with
+projection theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory.
+So those are some some applications I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are some some applications I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are some some applications I
+was thinking that it would that I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking that it would that I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking that it would that I'd like
+to to talk about with you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay. Um any last questions or comments?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um any last questions or comments?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um any last questions or comments?
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So the question is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So the question is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So the question is the the
+summary trider theorem is usually said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary trider theorem is usually said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary trider theorem is usually said
+in a different way actually a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way actually a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way actually a more
+general way where you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way where you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way where you have a set of
+lines and you look at the points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you look at the points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you look at the points that
+have many lines going through them. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many lines going through them. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many lines going through them. Um
+and we'll see that this is a corlary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that this is a corlary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that this is a corlary or
+special case of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are quite different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah, let's talk about that after class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, let's talk about that after class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, let's talk about that after class.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Okay, good. Let's stop there for today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, good. Let's stop there for today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, good. Let's stop there for today.
+Um, and I will see you on Thursday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1TpzSCMLg08.txt b/1TpzSCMLg08.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4104571a268dbca7e15bb746d98fbe5d7575160a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1TpzSCMLg08.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we saw in the last video why if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw in the last video why if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw in the last video why if you
+represent scheduling constraints among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent scheduling constraints among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent scheduling constraints among
+courses by a digraph that it's critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses by a digraph that it's critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses by a digraph that it's critical
+that that digraph in fact be a dag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that digraph in fact be a dag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that digraph in fact be a dag and
+let's now look at this scheduling issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at this scheduling issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now look at this scheduling issue
+represented by DAGs in more detail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by DAGs in more detail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by DAGs in more detail so
+here's a chart of a selection of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a chart of a selection of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a chart of a selection of course
+six prerequisites some of them obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six prerequisites some of them obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six prerequisites some of them obsolete
+but they serve the purposes of being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they serve the purposes of being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they serve the purposes of being in
+a lustral and the little arrows here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lustral and the little arrows here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lustral and the little arrows here are
+indicating arrows in the digraph so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating arrows in the digraph so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating arrows in the digraph so what
+this tells me is that 1801 is listed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me is that 1801 is listed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells me is that 1801 is listed as
+an immediate prerequisite in the catalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immediate prerequisite in the catalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immediate prerequisite in the catalog
+for 604 to 1801 is also an immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 604 to 1801 is also an immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 604 to 1801 is also an immediate
+prerequisite of 1802 six double-o one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of 1802 six double-o one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of 1802 six double-o one is
+and six double O four on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six double O four on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six double O four on both
+prerequisites of six oh three three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+604 two of six oh four six and six oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+604 two of six oh four six and six oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+604 two of six oh four six and six oh
+four six of six eight forty so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four six of six eight forty so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four six of six eight forty so we're
+seeing here this indirect prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here this indirect prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here this indirect prerequisite
+issue that I mentioned before which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that I mentioned before which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that I mentioned before which is
+that even though the only thing listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though the only thing listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though the only thing listed
+is a prerequisite for 68040 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a prerequisite for 68040 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a prerequisite for 68040 in the
+catalog is six oh four six as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog is six oh four six as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog is six oh four six as a matter
+of fact in order to take six oh four six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact in order to take six oh four six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact in order to take six oh four six
+you have to have taken six oh four two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have taken six oh four two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have taken six oh four two
+so six oh four two is an indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six oh four two is an indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six oh four two is an indirect
+prerequisite of six 840 so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of six 840 so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of six 840 so in terms of
+graph language and path language a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph language and path language a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph language and path language a
+subject U is an indirect prerequisite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject U is an indirect prerequisite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject U is an indirect prerequisite of
+V when there's a positive length path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V when there's a positive length path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V when there's a positive length path
+from u to V in the digraph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to V in the digraph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to V in the digraph that
+describes the prerequisite structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the prerequisite structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the prerequisite structure
+among the classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the classes
+it simply means using our notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply means using our notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply means using our notation for
+our plus is the positive length path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plus is the positive length path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plus is the positive length path
+relation of a digraph or a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of a digraph or a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation of a digraph or a binary
+relation R it simply means you are plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation R it simply means you are plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation R it simply means you are plus
+V which is read as there is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V which is read as there is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V which is read as there is a positive
+length path from u to V now a key idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length path from u to V now a key idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length path from u to V now a key idea
+that we're going to be examining in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be examining in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be examining in
+learning how to do scheduling is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to do scheduling is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to do scheduling is the
+idea of a minimal subject so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a minimal subject so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a minimal subject so the
+definition of a minimal subject is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a minimal subject is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a minimal subject is a
+subject that has no prerequisites no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that has no prerequisites no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that has no prerequisites no
+arrows in a freshman subject so nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows in a freshman subject so nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows in a freshman subject so nothing
+comes in there are three examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in there are three examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in there are three examples of
+subjects with no prerequisites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects with no prerequisites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects with no prerequisites
+the chart in the proceeding chart namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart in the proceeding chart namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart in the proceeding chart namely
+1801 802 and six double-o one let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 802 and six double-o one let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 802 and six double-o one let me say
+a word about where this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word about where this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word about where this funny
+terminology minimal comes from it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology minimal comes from it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology minimal comes from it's
+because another way to talk about DAGs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because another way to talk about DAGs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because another way to talk about DAGs
+is in terms of things that are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of things that are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of things that are like
+order relations called partial orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order relations called partial orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order relations called partial orders
+which we'll be looking at shortly and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll be looking at shortly and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll be looking at shortly and so
+you think of the later subjects as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the later subjects as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the later subjects as being
+bigger than the earlier subjects so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the earlier subjects so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the earlier subjects so a
+minimal subject is one where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal subject is one where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal subject is one where there's
+nothing less than it now there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing less than it now there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing less than it now there might be
+several minimal subjects because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several minimal subjects because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several minimal subjects because it
+might be that neither one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that neither one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that neither one of them is
+less than the other but there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the other but there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the other but there's nothing
+less than 1801 there's no other subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1801 there's no other subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1801 there's no other subject
+that you have to take before 1801 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take before 1801 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to take before 1801 so
+that's the definition of minimal nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of minimal nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of minimal nothing
+smaller now you could ask about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now you could ask about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now you could ask about some
+minimum which you are maybe a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum which you are maybe a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum which you are maybe a more
+familiar with a minimum means that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with a minimum means that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with a minimum means that not
+only is there nothing before it but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is there nothing before it but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is there nothing before it but it
+comes before everything else it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes before everything else it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes before everything else it would be
+the earliest of all possible subjects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest of all possible subjects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest of all possible subjects in
+the indirect prerequisite chain there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indirect prerequisite chain there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indirect prerequisite chain there is
+an onion in this example but it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an onion in this example but it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an onion in this example but it actually
+used to be one at MIT for a while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be one at MIT for a while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be one at MIT for a while we
+experimented with giving an orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with giving an orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with giving an orientation
+week summer assignment that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week summer assignment that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week summer assignment that is an
+assignment over the summer for newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment over the summer for newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment over the summer for newly
+admitted students in order for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted students in order for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted students in order for them to
+take a subject during orientation week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a subject during orientation week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a subject during orientation week
+in which they discussed some book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they discussed some book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they discussed some book that
+they had all been assigned to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had all been assigned to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had all been assigned to read
+beforehand it seemed like a great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand it seemed like a great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand it seemed like a great idea
+to kind of pull the freshmen community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of pull the freshmen community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of pull the freshmen community
+together but it turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but it turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but it turned out to be
+unsustainable because they couldn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsustainable because they couldn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsustainable because they couldn't find
+enough faculty and others willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough faculty and others willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough faculty and others willing to
+conduct these seminars so MIT started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct these seminars so MIT started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct these seminars so MIT started
+having a minimum subject so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a minimum subject so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a minimum subject so let's look
+at the prerequisites again and discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the prerequisites again and discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the prerequisites again and discuss
+how to do a scheduling and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do a scheduling and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do a scheduling and the first
+thing we're going to do in the schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to do in the schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to do in the schedule
+is as I say identify the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I say identify the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as I say identify the minimal
+elements there are the three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there are the three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there are the three of them
+that we mentioned and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we mentioned and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we mentioned and we're going to
+start by deciding that we'll take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by deciding that we'll take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by deciding that we'll take those
+three in the first term so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in the first term so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in the first term so we're gonna
+be operating basically what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be operating basically what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be operating basically what's called a
+greedy strategy we're gonna take as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy strategy we're gonna take as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy strategy we're gonna take as many
+things as we possibly can take at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as we possibly can take at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as we possibly can take at any
+term given the constraints so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term given the constraints so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term given the constraints so we can
+take all the freshmen subjects in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the freshmen subjects in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the freshmen subjects in our
+first term because they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term because they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term because they have no
+quiz says well the next step then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz says well the next step then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz says well the next step then is
+just get rid of them because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rid of them because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rid of them because they're
+scheduled already so we can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled already so we can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled already so we can get rid of
+all those occurrences of 1801 802 and 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those occurrences of 1801 802 and 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those occurrences of 1801 802 and 6
+double O one not only the there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double O one not only the there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double O one not only the there are
+other occurrences as well here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other occurrences as well here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other occurrences as well here where
+1801 is a prerequisite for things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 is a prerequisite for things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 is a prerequisite for things so
+they're all gone and we get a simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all gone and we get a simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all gone and we get a simplified
+diagram where we've removed the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where we've removed the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where we've removed the minimal
+elements now in the new diagram there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now in the new diagram there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now in the new diagram there
+are now things that didn't used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now things that didn't used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now things that didn't used to be
+minimal before but are minimal now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal before but are minimal now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal before but are minimal now these
+are the new minimal elements and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the new minimal elements and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the new minimal elements and we can
+identify those here are five subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify those here are five subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify those here are five subjects
+for here and one there that now have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here and one there that now have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here and one there that now have no
+more prerequisites these are kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prerequisites these are kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prerequisites these are kind of the
+second level minimal elements and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second level minimal elements and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second level minimal elements and we're
+gonna schedule them next so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna schedule them next so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna schedule them next so those are
+all the subjects that we can possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the subjects that we can possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the subjects that we can possibly
+take on after we've taken the first set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on after we've taken the first set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on after we've taken the first set
+of minimal subjects that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal subjects that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal subjects that the second
+level minimal and we'll schedule them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level minimal and we'll schedule them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level minimal and we'll schedule them in
+the next term this is our five subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next term this is our five subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next term this is our five subjects
+second term schedule likewise well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term schedule likewise well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term schedule likewise well you
+delete these guys and you discovered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete these guys and you discovered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete these guys and you discovered at
+6:04 six and six double o for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6:04 six and six double o for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6:04 six and six double o for the
+resulting minimal ones which is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting minimal ones which is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting minimal ones which is now
+possible to take because all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to take because all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to take because all their
+prerequisites have been satisfied so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites have been satisfied so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites have been satisfied so we
+schedule them in the third term six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule them in the third term six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule them in the third term six
+eight forty and six zero three three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight forty and six zero three three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight forty and six zero three three by
+the same reasoning in the fourth term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reasoning in the fourth term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reasoning in the fourth term
+and six eight five seven in the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six eight five seven in the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six eight five seven in the fifth
+term there is our complete term schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there is our complete term schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there is our complete term schedule
+obtained in this particular way there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained in this particular way there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained in this particular way there's
+of course many other ways to schedule it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course many other ways to schedule it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course many other ways to schedule it
+but this is a particular orderly way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a particular orderly way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a particular orderly way
+where the strategy again is greedy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the strategy again is greedy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the strategy again is greedy you
+take as many things as you possibly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as many things as you possibly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as many things as you possibly can
+take in a given term now there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in a given term now there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in a given term now there's some
+concepts that come up when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that come up when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that come up when you're
+talking about schedules that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about schedules that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about schedules that that are
+worth introducing so one of them is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth introducing so one of them is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth introducing so one of them is an
+antichain an antichain is a sin in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antichain an antichain is a sin in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antichain an antichain is a sin in this
+particular example means a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example means a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example means a set of
+subjects where there are no indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects where there are no indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects where there are no indirect
+prerequisites among them they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites among them they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites among them they can be
+taken in any order because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in any order because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken in any order because it doesn't
+matter whether you've taken one or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you've taken one or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you've taken one or not
+when you're thinking about taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking about taking the
+others in a technical language again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in a technical language again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in a technical language again
+motivated by the idea of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by the idea of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by the idea of thinking of
+there being a path as though it was less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being a path as though it was less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being a path as though it was less
+than or equal to something these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to something these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to something these are
+elements that are incomparable neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are incomparable neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are incomparable neither
+one is less than or equal to another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is less than or equal to another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is less than or equal to another so
+in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in term
+of the path relation you is incomparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the path relation you is incomparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the path relation you is incomparable
+to V if and only if there's no path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V if and only if there's no path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V if and only if there's no path from
+u to V of positive length and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u to V of positive length and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u to V of positive length and there's no
+positive length path from V to u so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length path from V to u so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length path from V to u so
+let's look at some anthe chains and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some anthe chains and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some anthe chains and the
+part of the point of defining it is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the point of defining it is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the point of defining it is we
+have chosen an t chains as our schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen an t chains as our schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen an t chains as our schedule
+for each term so the freshman subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each term so the freshman subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each term so the freshman subjects
+with no prerequisites clearly there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no prerequisites clearly there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no prerequisites clearly there's no
+path among them because there's no path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path among them because there's no path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path among them because there's no path
+to them at all so they are in anti chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them at all so they are in anti chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them at all so they are in anti chain
+the next level we chose were the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level we chose were the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level we chose were the the
+second level minimal elements which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second level minimal elements which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second level minimal elements which
+which only had as prerequisites the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only had as prerequisites the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only had as prerequisites the
+original minimal elements and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original minimal elements and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original minimal elements and so
+certainly none of them was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly none of them was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly none of them was a
+prerequisite of the others so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of the others so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite of the others so that's an
+example of a an anti chain and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a an anti chain and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a an anti chain and of course
+the third level in the fourth level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third level in the fourth level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third level in the fourth level in
+the fifth level or anti chains but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth level or anti chains but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth level or anti chains but not
+all anti chains are there in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all anti chains are there in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all anti chains are there in our
+schedule so for example here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so for example here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so for example here is a
+diagonal line lying anti chain 6 846
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal line lying anti chain 6 846
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal line lying anti chain 6 846
+double-o 4 and 603 4 have no pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-o 4 and 603 4 have no pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-o 4 and 603 4 have no pass
+between them so in fact it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so in fact it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so in fact it's possible to
+take them simultaneously because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them simultaneously because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them simultaneously because you
+could have taken all their prerequisites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken all their prerequisites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken all their prerequisites
+in the upper left here and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper left here and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper left here and then take the
+3 of them so that's what an anti chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 of them so that's what an anti chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 of them so that's what an anti chain
+means here so the technical definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means here so the technical definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means here so the technical definition
+is no path between any two of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no path between any two of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no path between any two of them but
+in terms of the scheduling of courses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the scheduling of courses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the scheduling of courses it
+means it's possible to take them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's possible to take them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's possible to take them in the
+same term if you satisfied all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same term if you satisfied all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same term if you satisfied all their
+prerequisites which it is possible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites which it is possible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites which it is possible to do
+so let's ask about the various patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ask about the various patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's ask about the various patterns
+of scheduling that are possible we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scheduling that are possible we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scheduling that are possible we've
+discovered this particular greenie one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this particular greenie one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this particular greenie one
+where we take as many things as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take as many things as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take as many things as we can
+each term but suppose that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term but suppose that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term but suppose that I was
+constrained to only take one subject per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to only take one subject per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to only take one subject per
+tarma I was gonna I have an outside job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tarma I was gonna I have an outside job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tarma I was gonna I have an outside job
+I'm too busy to take more than one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too busy to take more than one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too busy to take more than one class
+determine if MIT will let me dawdle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if MIT will let me dawdle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if MIT will let me dawdle so
+long that's what I'd like to do so can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that's what I'd like to do so can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that's what I'd like to do so can I
+do this yeah well sure just schedule all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this yeah well sure just schedule all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this yeah well sure just schedule all
+the minimal elements first in any order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal elements first in any order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimal elements first in any order
+1 2 3 and then schedule the 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 and then schedule the 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 and then schedule the 5
+second-level minimal elements next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-level minimal elements next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-level minimal elements next and
+the third level and so on and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third level and so on and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third level and so on and it's
+perfectly possible then to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly possible then to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly possible then to modify the
+schedule that we found into a schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that we found into a schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that we found into a schedule
+in which you only set take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you only set take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you only set take one
+subject per term and of course you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject per term and of course you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject per term and of course you only
+take a subject after you've taken all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a subject after you've taken all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a subject after you've taken all of
+its indirect and direct prerequisites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its indirect and direct prerequisites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its indirect and direct prerequisites
+this is called a topological sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a topological sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a topological sort
+again the sorting word comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the sorting word comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the sorting word comes from the
+motivation of thinking of there being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation of thinking of there being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation of thinking of there being a
+path as like a less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path as like a less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path as like a less than or equal to
+relation so we're sorting things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so we're sorting things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so we're sorting things in
+order of increasing size 1801 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of increasing size 1801 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of increasing size 1801 would be
+in this case a smallest element in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a smallest element in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case a smallest element in six
+8:57 our biggest in this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:57 our biggest in this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:57 our biggest in this list of
+elements a chain is kind of technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements a chain is kind of technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements a chain is kind of technically
+literally a thing called the dual of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a thing called the dual of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a thing called the dual of an
+anti chain a chain is a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti chain a chain is a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti chain a chain is a sequence of
+subjects that must be taken in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects that must be taken in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects that must be taken in order
+that is these are subjects where for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is these are subjects where for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is these are subjects where for any
+two of them you know which one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them you know which one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them you know which one has to
+come first that is for between any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come first that is for between any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come first that is for between any two
+of them there is a path in one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them there is a path in one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them there is a path in one way or
+the other of course it's a dag so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of course it's a dag so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of course it's a dag so they
+can't be paths in both directions so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be paths in both directions so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be paths in both directions so a
+chain is simply a set of comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is simply a set of comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is simply a set of comparable
+elements which implies that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements which implies that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements which implies that there's an
+order in which they have to be taken so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which they have to be taken so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which they have to be taken so
+here are some chains on the this one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some chains on the this one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some chains on the this one was
+shown pictorially is a vertical chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown pictorially is a vertical chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown pictorially is a vertical chain
+with five courses in it here's a verdict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five courses in it here's a verdict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five courses in it here's a verdict
+here's a vertical chain of four and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a vertical chain of four and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a vertical chain of four and not
+all of them are vertical here's a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are vertical here's a chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are vertical here's a chain
+where you have to take 1801 before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to take 1801 before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to take 1801 before you
+take 1803 before you take six double oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 1803 before you take six double oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 1803 before you take six double oh
+four so they form a chain it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so they form a chain it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so they form a chain it's important
+to realize that this is a chain with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that this is a chain with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that this is a chain with
+five subjects in it but a chain doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five subjects in it but a chain doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five subjects in it but a chain doesn't
+have to have every possible element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have every possible element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have every possible element that
+could be in it it's still a chain even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in it it's still a chain even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in it it's still a chain even
+if it's only got these three subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only got these three subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's only got these three subjects
+because there's a path from 802 to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a path from 802 to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a path from 802 to six
+double oh four in a path from six double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double oh four in a path from six double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double oh four in a path from six double
+of four to six eight five seven but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four to six eight five seven but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four to six eight five seven but
+maximum length chains chains that are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum length chains chains that are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum length chains chains that are as
+full as possible are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full as possible are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full as possible are important
+theoretically and so this in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and so this in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and so this in particular
+is a maximal length chain the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a maximal length chain the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a maximal length chain the the
+longest chain here is of length five now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain here is of length five now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest chain here is of length five now
+it's not the only one there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only one there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only one there's another
+chain of length five here if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of length five here if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain of length five here if you look
+for it here but the no chain is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it here but the no chain is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it here but the no chain is of
+length longer than five and there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length longer than five and there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length longer than five and there is one
+of length five and that leads us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five and that leads us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five and that leads us to the
+question of how many terms is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how many terms is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how many terms is it
+necessarily going to take to graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to take to graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to take to graduate
+well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we
+saw that you can graduate in five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that you can graduate in five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that you can graduate in five and
+but given that there's a maximum chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given that there's a maximum chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but given that there's a maximum chain
+of length five it means that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five it means that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five it means that you can't
+do it in fewer because those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in fewer because those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in fewer because those five
+courses have to be taken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses have to be taken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses have to be taken and
+consecutively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively
+each the third has to be taken in a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each the third has to be taken in a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each the third has to be taken in a term
+after the first who have been taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first who have been taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first who have been taken the
+second has to be taken after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second has to be taken after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second has to be taken after the first
+if you have a chain of any size actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a chain of any size actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a chain of any size actually
+the number of terms that graduate has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of terms that graduate has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of terms that graduate has to
+be at least as big as that chain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least as big as that chain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least as big as that chain which
+means it has to be at least as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has to be at least as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it has to be at least as many
+terms as a maximum size chain so five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms as a maximum size chain so five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms as a maximum size chain so five
+terms are necessary and we saw using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are necessary and we saw using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are necessary and we saw using our
+minimal strategy of being greedy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal strategy of being greedy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal strategy of being greedy that
+you can always do it in maximum chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always do it in maximum chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always do it in maximum chain
+lengths so five are also sufficient this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths so five are also sufficient this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths so five are also sufficient this
+is providing that you can take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is providing that you can take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is providing that you can take an
+unlimited number of subjects per term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited number of subjects per term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited number of subjects per term
+remember our strategy to graduate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our strategy to graduate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our strategy to graduate in
+five terms was to take as many subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five terms was to take as many subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five terms was to take as many subjects
+as we possibly could each term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we possibly could each term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we possibly could each term so
+there's the sufficient way to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the sufficient way to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the sufficient way to take
+subjects to graduate in five terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to graduate in five terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects to graduate in five terms and
+of course one consequence is that in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course one consequence is that in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course one consequence is that in my
+second term freshman year I was taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term freshman year I was taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term freshman year I was taking
+five subjects cause it was possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five subjects cause it was possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five subjects cause it was possible but
+that leaves me with a kind of heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves me with a kind of heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves me with a kind of heavily
+loaded term compared to here's a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded term compared to here's a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded term compared to here's a term
+with two subjects and there's a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two subjects and there's a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two subjects and there's a term
+with only one subject in the at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one subject in the at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one subject in the at the very
+end so it's possible in fact to somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so it's possible in fact to somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so it's possible in fact to somewhat
+adjust the term load let's just shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the term load let's just shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the term load let's just shift
+taking 1802 to the third term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 1802 to the third term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking 1802 to the third term that's
+perfectly feasible to do that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly feasible to do that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly feasible to do that because I
+will have satisfied all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have satisfied all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have satisfied all the
+prerequisites of 1802 after the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites of 1802 after the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites of 1802 after the first
+term but I don't have to take it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but I don't have to take it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but I don't have to take it in the
+second term let's shift it off so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term let's shift it off so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term let's shift it off so now
+I've lightened the load in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lightened the load in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lightened the load in the second
+term to four subjects somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to four subjects somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to four subjects somewhat
+increasing the load I had to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the load I had to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the load I had to do it
+somewhere in the third term to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the third term to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the third term to three
+subjects so now I have to take no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects so now I have to take no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects so now I have to take no more
+than four subjects a term and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four subjects a term and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four subjects a term and as a
+matter of fact if you fiddle you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact if you fiddle you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact if you fiddle you can
+actually find out graduating stressed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find out graduating stressed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find out graduating stressed or
+a schedule in which you can only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schedule in which you can only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schedule in which you can only take
+three subjects per term and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three subjects per term and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three subjects per term and we will
+examine what's the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine what's the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine what's the minimum number of
+subjects per term in the next segment
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2EV1vJAAo8M.txt b/2EV1vJAAo8M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..513a37adbd2c98e77f0de4d30ba285a066f67db5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2EV1vJAAo8M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle in a circle is our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a circle is our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a circle is our first
+example first example solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first example solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first example solving the
+Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation
+last time the particle in a circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the particle in a circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the particle in a circle and
+we try with rode the wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try with rode the wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try with rode the wave function and
+say okay let's see what is the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's see what is the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's see what is the momentum
+in it but now let's so completing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but now let's so completing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but now let's so completing this
+problem so we have the particle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we have the particle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we have the particle of the
+circle which means particle moving here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which means particle moving here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which means particle moving here
+and this is the coordinate X and X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the coordinate X and X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the coordinate X and X goes
+from 0 to L and we think of this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to L and we think of this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to L and we think of this point
+at that point identified we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point identified we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point identified we actually
+write this as X is the same as X plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as X is the same as X plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as X is the same as X plus L
+this is a strange way of saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strange way of saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a strange way of saying things
+but it's actually very practical to l3l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually very practical to l3l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually very practical to l3l
+we say that any point is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that any point is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that any point is the same as the
+point would you add L so the circle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would you add L so the circle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would you add L so the circle is
+the whole infinite line with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole infinite line with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole infinite line with this
+identification because every point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification because every point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification because every point here
+for example is the same as this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is the same as this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is the same as this point
+this point is the same at that point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is the same at that point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is the same at that point so
+at the end of the day everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day everything is
+equivalent to this piece well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this piece well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this piece well it's
+almost like if I was walking here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like if I was walking here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like if I was walking here in
+this room and we get here I go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and we get here I go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room and we get here I go there and
+when I reach those control panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I reach those control panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I reach those control panels
+somehow it looks like a door and walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it looks like a door and walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it looks like a door and walked
+in and there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and there's another
+there lots of people sitting and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lots of people sitting and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there lots of people sitting and the
+continues and those are forever and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues and those are forever and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues and those are forever and then
+I would conclude that I live in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would conclude that I live in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would conclude that I live in a circle
+because I just began here and return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just began here and return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just began here and return to
+the same point that is there so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point that is there so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point that is there so this
+implies that in order to solve wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that in order to solve wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that in order to solve wave
+functions of a circle we'll have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a circle we'll have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a circle we'll have to put
+a side of X plus L is equal to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side of X plus L is equal to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side of X plus L is equal to the side
+of X these are the same points I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X these are the same points I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X these are the same points I will
+have zero potential V of X equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero potential V of X equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero potential V of X equal zero
+will make life simple so the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make life simple so the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make life simple so the Hamiltonian
+is just minus the second minus H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just minus the second minus H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just minus the second minus H squared
+over 2m e second x squared ok we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m e second x squared ok we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m e second x squared ok we want to
+find the energy eigenstate so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the energy eigenstate so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the energy eigenstate so we want to
+find it minus H squared over 2m this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it minus H squared over 2m this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it minus H squared over 2m this
+second side the x squared is equal to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second side the x squared is equal to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second side the x squared is equal to we
+want to find those solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and we will assume of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will assume of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will assume of course you have
+things are well normalize so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are well normalize so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are well normalize so if this is
+one alive this is one so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one alive this is one so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one alive this is one so this is the
+energy sequel to this one today and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sequel to this one today and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sequel to this one today and look
+at this par today this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this par today this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this par today this is minus
+i psystar ii of sigh as deviates of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i psystar ii of sigh as deviates of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i psystar ii of sigh as deviates of this
+quantity which gives me this term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which gives me this term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which gives me this term the
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+absented second factor but then it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absented second factor but then it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absented second factor but then it gives
+an extra turn from the derivative action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra turn from the derivative action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra turn from the derivative action
+the first factor that is not present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first factor that is not present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first factor that is not present in
+the above line therefore it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above line therefore it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above line therefore it must be
+subtracted so this bracket has replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now VDX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now VDX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now VDX
+of something if you integrate over X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something if you integrate over X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something if you integrate over X
+from zero to L the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to L the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to L the derivative of
+something this would be minus H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this would be minus H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this would be minus H bar
+squared over sized star beside the X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over sized star beside the X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over sized star beside the X and
+then minus cancels with plus h squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus cancels with plus h squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus cancels with plus h squared
+over 2m in from 0 to LDX I'm there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m in from 0 to LDX I'm there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m in from 0 to LDX I'm there for
+this one B is 0 the point L is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one B is 0 the point L is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one B is 0 the point L is the same
+point s upon 0 this is not the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point s upon 0 this is not the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point s upon 0 this is not the point at
+infinity I cannot say that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I cannot say that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I cannot say that the wave
+function goes to 0 L or goes to 0 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes to 0 L or goes to 0 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function goes to 0 L or goes to 0 0 to
+infinity no but they have a better arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity no but they have a better arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity no but they have a better arm
+in this case whatever it is wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case whatever it is wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case whatever it is wave
+function the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the derivative
+everything is periodic with L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is periodic with L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is periodic with L so
+whatever - it has an L equals 0 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever - it has an L equals 0 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever - it has an L equals 0 it
+hasn't as X equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't as X equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't as X equal 0
+it has an X equals L so this is 0 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an X equals L so this is 0 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an X equals L so this is 0 all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this equation shows that e is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation shows that e is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation shows that e is the
+integral of a positive quantity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a positive quantity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a positive quantity so
+showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that
+I suspect so ease rector than zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect so ease rector than zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect so ease rector than zero so
+let's justify a couple of solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's justify a couple of solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's justify a couple of solutions and
+stop the differential equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the differential equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the differential equation is the
+center side the x squared minus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center side the x squared minus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center side the x squared minus two and
+P over each side and here comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P over each side and here comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P over each side and here comes the
+thing we always like to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we always like to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we always like to define
+quantities now this is a number and E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities now this is a number and E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities now this is a number and E is
+positive this I can all minus K square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this I can all minus K square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive this I can all minus K square
+Seibert a is a real number real a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seibert a is a real number real a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seibert a is a real number real a real
+the square is positive and we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square is positive and we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square is positive and we've shown
+that the energy is possible and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy is possible and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy is possible and in fact
+this is nice rotation because if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nice rotation because if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nice rotation because if you are
+sending ten u squared equal to 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending ten u squared equal to 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending ten u squared equal to 2m
+each square you're saying that E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each square you're saying that E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each square you're saying that E is
+equal to N squared K squared over 2m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to N squared K squared over 2m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to N squared K squared over 2m so
+in fact the momentum is equal to KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the momentum is equal to KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the momentum is equal to KT
+which is very nice notation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very nice notation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very nice notation so this
+number K actually has the meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number K actually has the meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number K actually has the meaning that
+we are usually associate that XK is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are usually associate that XK is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are usually associate that XK is the
+momentum and now you just have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and now you just have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and now you just have to solve
+this we say that beside me x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we say that beside me x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we say that beside me x squared is
+equal to minus K square table well those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus K square table well those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus K square table well those
+are solved by sines or cosines of K X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solved by sines or cosines of K X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solved by sines or cosines of K X so
+you could choose sine of KX cosine of KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose sine of KX cosine of KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose sine of KX cosine of KX
+equally and K X and this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally and K X and this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally and K X and this is kind of
+better or easier because you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or easier because you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or easier because you'll have to
+deal with two types of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with two types of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with two types of different
+functions and when you take a and - can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and when you take a and - can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and when you take a and - can
+you reproduce the school so let's find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reproduce the school so let's find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reproduce the school so let's find
+this and this are solutions in size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this are solutions in size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this are solutions in size so
+we'll be for next time to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be for next time to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be for next time to analyze the
+precise details what values of K are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise details what values of K are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise details what values of K are
+necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary
+and how
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2KQrWenxujU.txt b/2KQrWenxujU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6386bc634e8ff5c18135c96709c20442e3d245f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2KQrWenxujU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+in the previous lecture we have seen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture we have seen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture we have seen how
+the gauge botons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gauge botons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gauge botons
+the w and the z boson acquire mass while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w and the z boson acquire mass while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w and the z boson acquire mass while
+the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon
+remains marvelous through the hicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains marvelous through the hicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains marvelous through the hicks
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+we introduced a new field a new complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced a new field a new complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced a new field a new complex
+duplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplet
+scalar field the higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field the higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field the higgs field
+which then broke through its vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then broke through its vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then broke through its vacuum
+expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value
+the symmetry and then through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry and then through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry and then through the
+coupling to the gauge bosons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the gauge bosons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the gauge bosons
+they acquired mass great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquired mass great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquired mass great um
+but we also have to find a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have to find a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have to find a solution for
+the fermions we cannot simply add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fermions we cannot simply add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fermions we cannot simply add a
+fermion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermion
+mass term to the left margin that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term to the left margin that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term to the left margin that would
+change or that could violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or that could violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or that could violate
+break the gauge invariant so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the gauge invariant so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the gauge invariant so how do we
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+we do this in a very similar way uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this in a very similar way uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this in a very similar way uh even
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+but before we look into how this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we look into how this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we look into how this is done
+let's have a look at the masses itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a look at the masses itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a look at the masses itself
+it's spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spectacular
+the top quark is our heaviest known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top quark is our heaviest known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top quark is our heaviest known
+fermion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermion
+has a mass of about 172
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a mass of about 172
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a mass of about 172
+gb the tau has a mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gb the tau has a mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gb the tau has a mass of
+1.77 gv the muon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.77 gv the muon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.77 gv the muon
+is an order of magnitude lighter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an order of magnitude lighter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an order of magnitude lighter with
+0.1 guv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 guv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 guv
+and for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the electron we have to go to 0.51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron we have to go to 0.51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron we have to go to 0.51
+mev okay and we haven't even tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mev okay and we haven't even tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mev okay and we haven't even tried to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+or we're not able to measure actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're not able to measure actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we're not able to measure actually
+the masses of neutrinos we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses of neutrinos we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses of neutrinos we were talking
+about neutrinos in one of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about neutrinos in one of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about neutrinos in one of the following
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+so here you have six orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have six orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you have six orders of magnitude
+and you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to go
+further down here um in order to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down here um in order to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down here um in order to find
+the neutrinos on this mass scale so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrinos on this mass scale so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrinos on this mass scale so we
+have to have a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a mass
+giving mechanism which allows you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving mechanism which allows you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving mechanism which allows you know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+broad spectrum of masses to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad spectrum of masses to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad spectrum of masses to occur
+and the very simple attack mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the very simple attack mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the very simple attack mechanism
+which was introduced to the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introduced to the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introduced to the standard
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+is one where the particle simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where the particle simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where the particle simply
+interacts with the higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the higgs field
+so we have our higgs field here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our higgs field here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our higgs field here we have
+a let's say we have a left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's say we have a left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's say we have a left-handed
+particle coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle coming in
+and the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the interaction with the higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction with the higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction with the higgs field
+turns it into a right-handed particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns it into a right-handed particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns it into a right-handed particle
+this is a little bit simplified but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit simplified but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit simplified but what
+we do there here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do there here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do there here is
+simply introducing terms into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply introducing terms into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply introducing terms into the
+lacrossing which do nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacrossing which do nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacrossing which do nothing else
+we turn our left-handed particles via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we turn our left-handed particles via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we turn our left-handed particles via
+the interaction with the higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction with the higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction with the higgs field
+into right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right-handed
+and the other way around and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other way around and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other way around and we have to
+do this for up type particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for up type particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for up type particles
+and for downtime particles so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for downtime particles so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for downtime particles so here's
+another view of this the strength here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the mass of the particle over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of the particle over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of the particle over
+the vacuum expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum expectation value
+this number here this this number this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here this this number this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here this this number this
+lambda d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda d
+is the so-called yokaba coupling um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so-called yokaba coupling um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so-called yokaba coupling um and
+those two cover couplings now change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two cover couplings now change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two cover couplings now change
+from fermion to fermion each fermion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fermion to fermion each fermion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fermion to fermion each fermion
+comes with their own you cover coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with their own you cover coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with their own you cover coupling
+it's basically a free parameter in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a free parameter in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a free parameter in our
+theory in the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the standard model
+so instead of talking about the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of talking about the masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of talking about the masses
+being three parameters we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being three parameters we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being three parameters we talk about the
+coupling to the higgs field as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the higgs field as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the higgs field as the
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+but they are one of one and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are one of one and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are one of one and the same
+all right so this was rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this was rather
+straightforward it's a simple coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's a simple coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's a simple coupling
+you introduce this term our talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you introduce this term our talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you introduce this term our talk
+and then hope for the best that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hope for the best that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hope for the best that it's
+actually realized in nature and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realized in nature and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realized in nature and we'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+that this is indeed the case for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is indeed the case for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is indeed the case for some of
+the fermions later
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2NMtS1ecb3o.txt b/2NMtS1ecb3o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c369c46dd92525aa68cb13a72d04f44989c768a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2NMtS1ecb3o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everybody
+to the second to last lecture of 6006.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second to last lecture of 6006.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second to last lecture of 6006.
+uh in this lecture we've mostly covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this lecture we've mostly covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this lecture we've mostly covered
+all of the testable material that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the testable material that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the testable material that we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+have on uh the final or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on uh the final or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on uh the final or
+on quiz 3 right today really what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quiz 3 right today really what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quiz 3 right today really what we're
+talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is
+putting into context all the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting into context all the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting into context all the material
+that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+learned over the course of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned over the course of the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned over the course of the term
+at a high level and talk about where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level and talk about where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level and talk about where we
+can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from
+here in terms of other theory classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of other theory classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of other theory classes
+and other classes in the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other classes in the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other classes in the department
+that are related to this material now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related to this material now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related to this material now
+most things in the department are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most things in the department are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most things in the department are in
+some way related to this material and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way related to this material and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way related to this material and so
+that's why this is a foundational course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is a foundational course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is a foundational course
+but we're going to try to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to try to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to try to talk about it
+from a high level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a high level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a high level and
+talk about how some future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how some future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how some future
+things that you might be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you might be interested
+relate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate okay so
+we started out the term in lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out the term in lecture one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out the term in lecture one
+talking about 6006 and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about 6006 and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about 6006 and we had
+four main goals that we had for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four main goals that we had for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four main goals that we had for our
+course really three main goals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really three main goals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course really three main goals uh
+did anyone remember what those goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone remember what those goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone remember what those goals
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+there was uh so uh here was i you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was uh so uh here was i you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was uh so uh here was i you got to
+the last one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one first
+the first one was to solve hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was to solve hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was to solve hard
+computational problems right to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems right to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems right to be able
+to solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems
+okay so this is kind of like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is kind of like the the
+let's uh make an algorithm part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh make an algorithm part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh make an algorithm part of
+of the course right one solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course right one solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course right one solve
+hard computational problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess hard here maybe should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess hard here maybe should be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess hard here maybe should be in
+quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes
+because we saw in the last lecture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw in the last lecture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw in the last lecture what
+hard means in a technical sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard means in a technical sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard means in a technical sense
+right hard could mean that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hard could mean that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hard could mean that there's no
+efficient algorithm that we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithm that we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient algorithm that we know how to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+a problem on that's getting a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem on that's getting a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem on that's getting a little bit
+of ahead of ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ahead of ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ahead of ourselves
+computational problems with algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems with algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems with algorithms
+is really the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the key
+part about this goal it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about this goal it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about this goal it's kind of the
+same goal that you have in a class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same goal that you have in a class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same goal that you have in a class like
+601 or 609 right you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 or 609 right you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+601 or 609 right you're trying to
+convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince
+a computer that you solved a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer that you solved a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer that you solved a problem
+okay on a finite set of it inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on a finite set of it inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on a finite set of it inputs
+but really what this class is about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what this class is about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what this class is about is
+two other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two other things
+which is more about communication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more about communication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more about communication to
+people rather than computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rather than computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people rather than computers
+right your your algorithm might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your your algorithm might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your your algorithm might be
+correct or efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or efficient
+but you need to be able to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be able to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be able to communicate
+that to humans and that's what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to humans and that's what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to humans and that's what the other
+two goals are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goals are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goals are right
+so second one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so second one is uh
+argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+correctness basically that the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness basically that the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness basically that the thing
+that i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm doing
+to my inputs is always going to lead me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my inputs is always going to lead me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my inputs is always going to lead me
+to a correct output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a correct output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a correct output
+right no matter what input i give it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no matter what input i give it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no matter what input i give it any
+valid input there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid input there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid input there could be a
+infinite space of possible inputs and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite space of possible inputs and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite space of possible inputs and in
+this class that that's the case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that that's the case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that that's the case because
+we want our input size to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want our input size to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want our input size to grow
+arbitrarily large we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large we need to be able to
+argue correctness that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue correctness that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue correctness that it's going to
+return me the correct thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return me the correct thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return me the correct thing
+no matter what my inputs are and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what my inputs are and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what my inputs are and in
+order to do that that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that that's essentially
+that's that's 6042 right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's 6042 right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's 6042 right this
+this whole class has basically been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole class has basically been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole class has basically been
+applied 6042
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied 6042
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied 6042
+right i've given you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i've given you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i've given you some
+procedures and you have to prove things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and you have to prove things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and you have to prove things
+about these procedures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these procedures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these procedures or
+most of the time we proved it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we proved it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we proved it for you
+and then you've used them as black boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've used them as black boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've used them as black boxes
+right but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's
+that's a lot of what this class is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the third one is efficiency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is efficiency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is efficiency right
+argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue
+argue that it's good for lack of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that it's good for lack of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that it's good for lack of a
+better thing this is efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better thing this is efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better thing this is efficiency
+what does good mean well that was hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does good mean well that was hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does good mean well that was hard
+to know at the beginning of our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know at the beginning of our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know at the beginning of our class
+and so we set up this model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we set up this model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we set up this model of
+computation a framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation a framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation a framework
+through which we could determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which we could determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which we could determine
+how good or bad our algorithms were by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good or bad our algorithms were by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good or bad our algorithms were by
+saying by defining a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying by defining a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying by defining a model of
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+saying what things we can do in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what things we can do in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what things we can do in constant
+time and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then just
+building off of that right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building off of that right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building off of that right so this is
+basically our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our model
+you know plus some you know asymptotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plus some you know asymptotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know plus some you know asymptotics
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ran out of space what it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of space what it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of space what it's about
+yeah this is about scalability this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is about scalability this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is about scalability this is a
+model of computation tells us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation tells us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation tells us how
+how much time we can spend but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time we can spend but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time we can spend but it's
+compared to our input size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our input size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our input size
+right this is always about how does our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is always about how does our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is always about how does our
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+perform relative to the rate that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform relative to the rate that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform relative to the rate that our
+problem size grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem size grows
+right and so that's what we mean by good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's what we mean by good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's what we mean by good
+and in this class we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this class we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this class we don't
+tend to talk about constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to talk about constant size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to talk about constant size
+problems it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's about
+how algorithms can scale as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how algorithms can scale as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how algorithms can scale as you have
+arbitrarily large inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily large inputs
+that's why we need recursion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we need recursion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we need recursion and
+induction to be able to prove things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction to be able to prove things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction to be able to prove things
+about our algorithms because they're for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our algorithms because they're for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our algorithms because they're for
+arbitrary end and that's why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary end and that's why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary end and that's why we need
+uh you know this relative to input size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this relative to input size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this relative to input size
+the growth factor of of our algorithm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth factor of of our algorithm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth factor of of our algorithm's
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+relative to the input okay and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the input okay and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the input okay and then the
+last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing
+is kind of to me one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of to me one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of to me one of the most
+important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things
+is communicating these things to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is communicating these things to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is communicating these things to another
+human right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human right
+so communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is key here right if you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is key here right if you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is key here right if you can always
+write good code that's always right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write good code that's always right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write good code that's always right
+good for you i can't do that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you i can't do that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you i can't do that all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that might mean that you can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that might mean that you can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that might mean that you can be very
+a competent independent computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competent independent computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competent independent computer
+programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer
+right but you're going to be limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you're going to be limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you're going to be limited
+in what you can do if you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what you can do if you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what you can do if you're uh
+if you're only able to rely on yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're only able to rely on yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're only able to rely on yourself
+right a lot about computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot about computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a lot about computer science
+is working with others to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working with others to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working with others to solve
+computational problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problems
+and when you're working with others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're working with others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're working with others to
+solve computational problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve computational problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve computational problems
+you need to be able to communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to communicate with
+them and you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you need to be able to
+communicate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate them
+both what it is you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both what it is you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both what it is you're doing
+and why it is you're doing it right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it is you're doing it right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it is you're doing it right that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+you're doing the correct thing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the correct thing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the correct thing and that
+it's efficient right and so that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's efficient right and so that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's efficient right and so that's a big
+part about what this course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about what this course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about what this course is
+it's at the end of the day on your quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the end of the day on your quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at the end of the day on your quiz
+if you write down um you know python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write down um you know python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write down um you know python
+script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script
+for a correct algorithm but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a correct algorithm but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a correct algorithm but we don't
+know what it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it's doing
+but it's correct we're not going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's correct we're not going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's correct we're not going to give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+full points on that because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full points on that because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full points on that because you're not
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+the conditions of this class right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of this class right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions of this class right it's
+really about the communication here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the communication here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the communication here
+okay so just to review since we've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to review since we've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to review since we've not
+uh discussed uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussed uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussed uh how
+the most recent lecture fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent lecture fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent lecture fits into
+your problem sets we didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem sets we didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem sets we didn't have any
+problem sets that covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets that covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets that covered
+complexity so how does that fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so how does that fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so how does that fit in
+well argue that this is that the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well argue that this is that the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well argue that this is that the ways
+that we're solving our problems are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're solving our problems are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're solving our problems are good
+what we proved in the last lecture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we proved in the last lecture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we proved in the last lecture was
+that most problems cannot be solved good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most problems cannot be solved good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most problems cannot be solved good
+right they can't be solved in polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can't be solved in polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can't be solved in polynomial
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+with respect to the size of your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the size of your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the size of your input
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+most of the problems that we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the problems that we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the problems that we think about
+in a sense i can i can prove to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense i can i can prove to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense i can i can prove to you that
+it's a yes solution i can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a yes solution i can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a yes solution i can show you
+a a simple path in this graph that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a simple path in this graph that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a simple path in this graph that has a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+length or i can show you a subset that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or i can show you a subset that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or i can show you a subset that
+sums to a certain value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums to a certain value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums to a certain value
+in a particular problem i can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular problem i can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular problem i can give you a
+certificate that i can prove to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that i can prove to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that i can prove to you
+in a reasonable amount of time that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reasonable amount of time that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reasonable amount of time that yes
+i can prove to you that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can prove to you that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can prove to you that this is the
+answer to this thing is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this thing is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this thing is correct
+and that's what we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we talked about in the
+last lecture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture what
+so not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not always
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve problems
+but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about
+can be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+checked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked in
+polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+this is the concept of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the concept of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the concept of having a
+certificate that i could give you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that i could give you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that i could give you of
+polynomial size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial size
+that could be checked in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be checked in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be checked in polynomial time
+right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in
+in a sense that's a away check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that's a away check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that's a away check
+checked in polynomial time this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked in polynomial time this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked in polynomial time this leads to
+our class of decision problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class of decision problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our class of decision problems
+np or you know can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np or you know can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np or you know can be
+uh solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by brute force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brute force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by brute force
+in exponential time right most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exponential time right most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exponential time right most of the
+things that we've talked about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've talked about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've talked about in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+fall into one of these two categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into one of these two categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into one of these two categories
+right we can just brute force over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can just brute force over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can just brute force over the
+combinatorial space of possible outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial space of possible outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial space of possible outputs
+and check to see if they're correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check to see if they're correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check to see if they're correct
+right or i can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or i can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or i can give you
+a certificate basically saying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate basically saying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate basically saying uh
+look i can solve actually anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i can solve actually anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look i can solve actually anything
+that's of this form can be checked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of this form can be checked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of this form can be checked in
+this form because there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form because there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form because there's only a
+polynomial number of things to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial number of things to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial number of things to check
+or sorry an exponential possible number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry an exponential possible number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry an exponential possible number
+of certificates of polynomial length to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certificates of polynomial length to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certificates of polynomial length to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+um but basically this is saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but basically this is saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but basically this is saying that the
+the problems that we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that we think of
+mostly fall into these two categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly fall into these two categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly fall into these two categories
+and so there usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there usually
+are algorithms to solve the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are algorithms to solve the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are algorithms to solve the problems
+that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even if most random problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if most random problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if most random problems
+in terms of bit strings that we gave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of bit strings that we gave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of bit strings that we gave in
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+in the last lecture actually proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture actually proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture actually proved that
+most random problems are not solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most random problems are not solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most random problems are not solvable
+right though in a sense the problems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though in a sense the problems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right though in a sense the problems we
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+are not random they kind of have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not random they kind of have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not random they kind of have this
+structure that they can be checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they can be checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they can be checked
+pretty quickly okay so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly okay so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly okay so that's kind of
+what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean
+when we're talking about complexity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about complexity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about complexity for
+the purposes of the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of the final
+you'll be able to see on your final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see on your final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see on your final exam
+uh practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh practice
+problems that we're going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're going to give you
+most of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of what we
+uh cover uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cover uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cover uh in terms of
+material on the final that will be cove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the final that will be cove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on the final that will be cove
+that will be testing the lecture 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be testing the lecture 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be testing the lecture 19
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+will be in terms of these definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in terms of these definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in terms of these definitions
+do you understand what the the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand what the the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you understand what the the decision
+problem class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem class
+np is x biz do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np is x biz do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np is x biz do you know
+how these relate to each other x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these relate to each other x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these relate to each other x is
+definitely a superset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a superset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a superset of
+np here right np nestles inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np here right np nestles inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np here right np nestles inside here
+they could be equal probably not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be equal probably not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be equal probably not right
+those are the types of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the types of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the types of things that we
+would address knowing kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would address knowing kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would address knowing kind of a
+directionality of a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality of a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality of a reduction
+right if you have a a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have a a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have a a problem
+a and a problem b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a problem b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a problem b
+right and i know that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i know that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i know that this one
+is difficult by some measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is difficult by some measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is difficult by some measure
+right i already happen to know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i already happen to know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i already happen to know that it's
+you know very hard right like np hard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very hard right like np hard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very hard right like np hard or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+if i can if if this is a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can if if this is a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can if if this is a problem that
+i'm interested in knowing the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm interested in knowing the complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm interested in knowing the complexity
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+and i can prove that i can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can prove that i can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can prove that i can solve it
+if i had a black box to solve b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a black box to solve b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had a black box to solve b
+any black box to solve b and i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any black box to solve b and i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any black box to solve b and i could
+make this reduction in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this reduction in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this reduction in polynomial time
+and if this is hard that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is hard that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is hard that means this
+can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means that if this is hard then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if this is hard then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that if this is hard then i
+better not be able to solve this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not be able to solve this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not be able to solve this in
+polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time
+right because then i would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then i would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because then i would be able to
+solve this in polynomial time so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this in polynomial time so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this in polynomial time so that's
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+the type of argument usually in a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of argument usually in a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of argument usually in a true
+false question we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false question we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false question we might have
+on the final exam for you to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final exam for you to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final exam for you to kind of
+understand the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic
+high level definitions involved in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level definitions involved in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level definitions involved in what
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+talked about in lecture 19.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in lecture 19.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in lecture 19.
+hardness right the very most difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness right the very most difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness right the very most difficult
+problems of these classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of these classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of these classes
+and completeness sorry uh anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completeness sorry uh anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completeness sorry uh anything
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+than things in these classes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than things in these classes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than things in these classes where
+completeness is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness is the
+ones that are in this set but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are in this set but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are in this set but at least
+as hard as anything in those classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as anything in those classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as anything in those classes
+okay so that's just to give you a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just to give you a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just to give you a brief
+overview of the only material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the only material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the only material that
+hasn't been tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been tested
+but might be tested on the final okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might be tested on the final okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might be tested on the final okay
+so when we don't have a good algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we don't have a good algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we don't have a good algorithm
+we can actually prove that it uh doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually prove that it uh doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually prove that it uh doesn't
+might probably doesn't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might probably doesn't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might probably doesn't have a good
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+and that's kind of a problem that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of a problem that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of a problem that you'll
+be able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve
+in future classes if you continue along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future classes if you continue along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future classes if you continue along
+this track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this track
+okay so what's the actual content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the actual content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the actual content
+that we talked about and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about and this is a very
+high level overview of why we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level overview of why we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level overview of why we're taking
+this class why you're taking this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class why you're taking this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class why you're taking this class
+right but what is the content we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what is the content we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what is the content we
+actually covered it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually covered it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually covered it kind of
+i like to break it up into three units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to break it up into three units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to break it up into three units
+and kind of in a sense two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of in a sense two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of in a sense two
+subunits okay so quiz one material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits okay so quiz one material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits okay so quiz one material
+and quiz two material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quiz two material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quiz two material
+was about showing you some nice black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about showing you some nice black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about showing you some nice black
+boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes
+right basically if i'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically if i'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically if i'm going to have
+inputs of non-constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs of non-constant size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs of non-constant size
+it's going to be useful for me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be useful for me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be useful for me to be
+able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find
+things among those elements right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things among those elements right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things among those elements right so
+that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what
+quiz 1 is all about right data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 1 is all about right data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 1 is all about right data
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in
+a non-constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh
+uh database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure and when we were storing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and when we were storing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and when we were storing these
+things we want to support maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to support maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to support maybe two
+different types of queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of queries
+ones that were intrinsic to the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that were intrinsic to the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that were intrinsic to the items
+what the items were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the items were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the items were
+and ones based on what an extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones based on what an extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones based on what an extrinsic
+order was placed on these items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order was placed on these items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order was placed on these items
+right and that was a way in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that was a way in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that was a way in which we
+broke down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down
+how should i approach looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should i approach looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should i approach looking at this
+problem i want to be able to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i want to be able to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i want to be able to support
+queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries
+and maintain an extrinsic order on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain an extrinsic order on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain an extrinsic order on these
+things i might want to sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i might want to sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i might want to sequence
+right this is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a sequence
+extrinsic order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or i want to be able to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i want to be able to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i want to be able to look up
+is this thing in my set right by by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing in my set right by by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing in my set right by by a
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+that we identify it with a unique key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we identify it with a unique key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we identify it with a unique key
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is some intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queries and often order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right not all like a hash table doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not all like a hash table doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not all like a hash table doesn't
+maintain any order on my keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain any order on my keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain any order on my keys
+right but it does support intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it does support intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it does support intrinsic
+queries is this thing in my set or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is this thing in my set or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is this thing in my set or not
+but we did show you other set data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did show you other set data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did show you other set data
+structures that do support a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that do support a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that do support a
+intrinsic order that allows me to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic order that allows me to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic order that allows me to see
+what the next larger and next previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next larger and next previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next larger and next previous
+uh the the the next larger the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the next larger the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the next larger the next
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+item is in my set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item is in my set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item is in my set
+right so here's a summary of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's a summary of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's a summary of those
+data structures that we had i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures that we had i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures that we had i'm not
+going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into
+how to use these things or how to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use these things or how to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use these things or how to choose
+from among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from among them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from among them
+here that's what your uh quiz 1 review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what your uh quiz 1 review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what your uh quiz 1 review
+lecture was all about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was all about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was all about right
+but basically the idea here is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the idea here is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the idea here is if we
+have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence
+most of the time when you're programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time when you're programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time when you're programming
+being able to push and pop at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to push and pop at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to push and pop at the end of
+a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list
+is pretty good which is why python the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good which is why python the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty good which is why python the
+most fundamental data structure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental data structure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental data structure that you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+is a list because it's a super useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list because it's a super useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a list because it's a super useful
+thing i just want to store a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i just want to store a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i just want to store a bunch of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+have random access to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random access to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random access to uh
+the say 10th element to my thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say 10th element to my thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say 10th element to my thing
+but i'm not necessarily having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not necessarily having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not necessarily having to
+dynamically update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically update
+the order of these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of these things in
+dynamically i don't necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically i don't necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically i don't necessarily have to
+insert something in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert something in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert something in the middle of the
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+most of the time what i can do is put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time what i can do is put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time what i can do is put it
+at the end of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the list
+and maybe swap it down into place if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe swap it down into place if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe swap it down into place if i
+need to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to right
+so that's why a list is super useful a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why a list is super useful a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why a list is super useful a
+sequence adl tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence adl tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence adl tree
+useful but not as ubiquitous as a linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but not as ubiquitous as a linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but not as ubiquitous as a linked
+lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid
+i mean as a dynamic array sorry i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean as a dynamic array sorry i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean as a dynamic array sorry i said
+linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+i meant python list which is a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i meant python list which is a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i meant python list which is a dynamic
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+okay so the dynamic array tended to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the dynamic array tended to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the dynamic array tended to be
+in in in your coding practice your most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in your coding practice your most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in your coding practice your most
+common sequence data structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sequence data structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sequence data structure here
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+uh we can get pretty good for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can get pretty good for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can get pretty good for this
+insert in the middle operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert in the middle operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert in the middle operation
+uh with the sequence avl okay then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the sequence avl okay then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the sequence avl okay then for
+on the set data structure side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the set data structure side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the set data structure side
+i kind of categorize these things into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of categorize these things into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kind of categorize these things into a
+couple different categories here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different categories here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different categories here in
+terms of the operations we can support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the operations we can support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the operations we can support
+on these things these are all intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things these are all intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things these are all intrinsic
+operations finding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations finding things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations finding things
+inserting deleting things i think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting deleting things i think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting deleting things i think of the
+first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three
+as being dictionary operations right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being dictionary operations right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being dictionary operations right i
+want to just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just look
+look up whether something's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up whether something's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up whether something's there
+whereas the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the last two
+are order preserving operations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are order preserving operations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are order preserving operations where
+it matters what the order these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters what the order these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters what the order these things
+are stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stored in
+and so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you can see
+from the uh you know asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh you know asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh you know asymptotic
+complexity of the various operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the various operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the various operations
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the hash table is actually super good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash table is actually super good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash table is actually super good if
+you want a dictionary upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a dictionary upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a dictionary upper
+if you just want to support dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to support dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to support dictionary
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+but in the cases where you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the cases where you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the cases where you need to
+maintain order dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain order dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain order dynamically
+a set avl is the way to go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set avl is the way to go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set avl is the way to go right
+but if you don't need it dynamic but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't need it dynamic but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't need it dynamic but you
+still need those order operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need those order operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need those order operations
+a sorted array is just good enough if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted array is just good enough if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorted array is just good enough if
+you don't need to change what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to change what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to change what they are
+right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+that's a quick overview of quiz one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quick overview of quiz one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a quick overview of quiz one
+type data structures material but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type data structures material but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type data structures material but then
+we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used
+most of these data structures to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these data structures to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these data structures to get
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+sorting algorithms in different contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithms in different contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting algorithms in different contexts
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically everything on this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything on this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything on this list
+involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved
+making a data structure and exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a data structure and exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a data structure and exploiting
+that data structure to get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure to get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure to get a better
+running time except all except for merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time except all except for merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time except all except for merge
+sort really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort really
+right the first two we we presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first two we we presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first two we we presented
+in terms of a priority queue right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a priority queue right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a priority queue right
+whether we used a sorted array or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we used a sorted array or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we used a sorted array or an
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+we represented it at the end of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represented it at the end of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represented it at the end of lecture
+eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to get n squared running time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get n squared running time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get n squared running time we
+generalized that down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized that down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized that down to
+to n log n by using a heap that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n log n by using a heap that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n log n by using a heap that was a
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+optimization but we also got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization but we also got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization but we also got uh
+interesting data structures using an av
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting data structures using an av
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting data structures using an av
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+interesting sorting algorithms using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sorting algorithms using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sorting algorithms using an
+avl tree because of the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avl tree because of the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avl tree because of the power of
+maintaining a dynamic order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a dynamic order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a dynamic order
+over time but then exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but then exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but then exploiting
+a direct access array to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct access array to be able to
+sort in linear time for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in linear time for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort in linear time for small
+bounded bounded in terms of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded bounded in terms of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded bounded in terms of the input
+polynomially bounded in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially bounded in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomially bounded in terms of the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ranges of numbers right so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of numbers right so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of numbers right so we we
+leverage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage that
+count direct access array to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count direct access array to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count direct access array to get
+counting sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting sort
+and then we kind of amplified that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we kind of amplified that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we kind of amplified that
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+by sorting on a bunch of digits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sorting on a bunch of digits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sorting on a bunch of digits uh
+multiple times to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times to get
+basically polynomial uh blow up in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically polynomial uh blow up in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically polynomial uh blow up in terms
+of the numbers that we could sort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers that we could sort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers that we could sort in
+linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time
+okay so that's a an overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a an overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a an overview of the
+content of quiz one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of quiz one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of quiz one
+in quiz 2 we were kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quiz 2 we were kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quiz 2 we were kind of like
+okay now you know how to find things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you know how to find things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you know how to find things
+within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+set of of just a flat list of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of of just a flat list of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of of just a flat list of things
+right you can put it in a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can put it in a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can put it in a data structure
+but in a sense a graph is a special kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sense a graph is a special kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sense a graph is a special kind
+of data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data structure
+right that relates the different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that relates the different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that relates the different things
+in your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your input
+right so uh if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh if you've got
+um a bunch of vertices right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bunch of vertices right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bunch of vertices right there's a
+relation now between those vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation now between those vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation now between those vertices
+that are your edges and this is a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are your edges and this is a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are your edges and this is a super
+useful framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful framework
+in talking about discrete systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in talking about discrete systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in talking about discrete systems
+because you can think of a vertex as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of a vertex as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of a vertex as a
+state of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of your system
+and then connect these transitions as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then connect these transitions as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then connect these transitions as a
+graph right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right that's
+that's the reason why i mean graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why i mean graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why i mean graphs are
+awesome right but they're awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome right but they're awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome right but they're awesome
+because they can be used to model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can be used to model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can be used to model so
+many different things within our world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things within our world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things within our world
+right it's not just about you know road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just about you know road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just about you know road
+networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+right it can also be about playing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it can also be about playing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it can also be about playing your
+favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+uh turn-based game right like tilt right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turn-based game right like tilt right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turn-based game right like tilt right
+okay so uh we we talked about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we we talked about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we we talked about a lot of
+different types of problems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of problems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of problems that you
+could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve
+various algorithms with a focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various algorithms with a focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various algorithms with a focus on a
+bunch of different ways of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different ways of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different ways of solving
+single source shortest paths and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single source shortest paths and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single source shortest paths and again
+just like the sorting algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the sorting algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the sorting algorithms and
+just like the data structures we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the data structures we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the data structures we
+presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented
+multiple of them because we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of them because we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of them because we had this
+trade-off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off of
+generality of the graph that they apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of the graph that they apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of the graph that they apply
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+contrasted with their running time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with their running time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with their running time right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i guess in in particular the the the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess in in particular the the the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess in in particular the the the top
+um uh line there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh line there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh line there is
+in some sense the most restrictive we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the most restrictive we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the most restrictive we we
+don't have any cycles in our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any cycles in our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any cycles in our graph
+that's a very special type of graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very special type of graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very special type of graph and
+we're able to get linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to get linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to get linear time
+but then even if we do have cycles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then even if we do have cycles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then even if we do have cycles in
+our graph we can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph we can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph we can do better
+if we have a bound on the weights in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a bound on the weights in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a bound on the weights in our
+in our thing whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our thing whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our thing whether they
+be uh there's an easy conversion to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh there's an easy conversion to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh there's an easy conversion to a
+linear time algorithm via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time algorithm via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time algorithm via
+an unweighted process or whether these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unweighted process or whether these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unweighted process or whether these
+things are non-negative so there can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are non-negative so there can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are non-negative so there can't
+be negative weight cycles and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative weight cycles and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative weight cycles and we don't
+have to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with that
+okay so that's quiz two material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's quiz two material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's quiz two material
+and then quiz three material was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quiz three material was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then quiz three material was kind of
+applying this graph material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this graph material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this graph material
+to a recursive framework what was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a recursive framework what was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a recursive framework what was our
+recursive framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive framework
+everyone say it with me dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone say it with me dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone say it with me dynamic
+programming and the framework was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and the framework was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and the framework was
+sort bot right missing a letter but sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort bot right missing a letter but sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort bot right missing a letter but sort
+bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot
+right you can actually think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can actually think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can actually think of
+the quiz 3 material as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz 3 material as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz 3 material as
+uh as really an application of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as really an application of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as really an application of the graph
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+right what what are we doing in sort bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what what are we doing in sort bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what what are we doing in sort bot
+we're defining a set of sub problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're defining a set of sub problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're defining a set of sub problems
+this is a set of vertices in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set of vertices in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set of vertices in a graph
+what is the relationship doing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the relationship doing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the relationship doing it's
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+what are the relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the relation between the
+sub-problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problems
+right essentially defining the edges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially defining the edges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially defining the edges of
+a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph
+right and then this topological order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this topological order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then this topological order
+and the base cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the base cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the base cases
+all of these things are just saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are just saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things are just saying what
+is the problem that i want to solve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem that i want to solve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem that i want to solve on
+this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+and how do i uh compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do i uh compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do i uh compute that
+for things that don't have any outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that don't have any outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that don't have any outgoing
+edges right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right
+i need to start writing the board again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to start writing the board again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to start writing the board again
+this is graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is graphs
+there was a sorting in here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a sorting in here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a sorting in here too
+this is basically an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay graphs was basically a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay graphs was basically a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay graphs was basically a relationship
+on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these
+non-constant things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was kind of like useful black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was kind of like useful black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was kind of like useful black
+boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes
+right that you can just bundle up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can just bundle up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that you can just bundle up and
+stick in some inputs stick out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in some inputs stick out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in some inputs stick out some
+outputs and and you're golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and and you're golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and and you're golden
+right whereas quiz 3 was very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas quiz 3 was very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas quiz 3 was very different
+the material in quiz 3 is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material in quiz 3 is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material in quiz 3 is very different
+dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it was
+in some sense related to this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense related to this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense related to this graph
+material i'm constructing a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material i'm constructing a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material i'm constructing a graph
+i have to construct that graph there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to construct that graph there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to construct that graph there's a
+creative process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative process
+in trying to construct that graph i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to construct that graph i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to construct that graph i
+don't give you a set of vertices usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give you a set of vertices usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give you a set of vertices usually
+what i give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i give you
+are a set of like a sequence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of like a sequence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a set of like a sequence or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+and you have to construct vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to construct vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to construct vertices
+sub problems that will be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems that will be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems that will be able to be
+related in a recursive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in a recursive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in a recursive way
+so you can solve the problem this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can solve the problem this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can solve the problem this is a
+very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much
+more difficult thing than these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult thing than these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult thing than these other
+things i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i think
+because there's a lot more creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot more creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot more creativity in
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+in the same way that just applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way that just applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way that just applying
+reducing to the graph algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to the graph algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing to the graph algorithms
+we have is fairly easy but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is fairly easy but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is fairly easy but actually
+doing some graph transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some graph transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some graph transformations
+to change the shape of the graph so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the shape of the graph so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the shape of the graph so that
+you can apply these algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can apply these algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can apply these algorithms
+that's a harder thing to do right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a harder thing to do right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a harder thing to do right these
+are these the the difficulty with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these the the difficulty with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these the the difficulty with these
+two sets of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of materials
+is very similar right figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar right figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar right figuring out what
+the graph should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph should be
+figuring out what the sub problem should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the sub problem should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the sub problem should
+be and how they relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and how they relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and how they relate
+is really the entire part of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the entire part of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the entire part of the the the
+entire difficulty with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire difficulty with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire difficulty with
+solving problems recursively right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems recursively right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems recursively right and
+we've only given you a taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only given you a taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've only given you a taste
+of solving problems recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving problems recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving problems recursively
+in future classes like 6046
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future classes like 6046
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in future classes like 6046
+which is the follow-on to this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the follow-on to this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the follow-on to this one in
+the undergraduate curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undergraduate curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undergraduate curriculum
+this is all about introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all about introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all about introduction to
+algorithms the next one's about design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms the next one's about design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms the next one's about design
+and analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and analysis
+of algorithms right it's quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithms right it's quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of algorithms right it's quite a bit
+more difficult because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult because
+we are we've mostly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we've mostly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are we've mostly uh
+left it to you to use the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it to you to use the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it to you to use the things that we
+gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+or make your own algorithms based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make your own algorithms based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or make your own algorithms based on
+this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very
+nice cookbook-like framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cookbook-like framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cookbook-like framework
+that you can plug in a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can plug in a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can plug in a recursive
+algorithm to now actually that cookbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to now actually that cookbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to now actually that cookbook
+is super nice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super nice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super nice for
+any way of looking at a a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way of looking at a a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way of looking at a a problem
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+but while uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while in dynamic programming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in dynamic programming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while in dynamic programming the
+inductive hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive hypothesis
+of of combining your sub-problems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of combining your sub-problems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of combining your sub-problems is
+almost trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost trivial
+right uh in other types of recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh in other types of recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh in other types of recursive
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+that's not necessarily the case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily the case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily the case okay
+especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when
+instead of looking at all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at all possible
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+for example in a greedy algorithm where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in a greedy algorithm where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in a greedy algorithm where
+you're just looking at one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking at one of the
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+the locally best thing and recursing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locally best thing and recursing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locally best thing and recursing
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+you're not doing all the work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not doing all the work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not doing all the work right
+you're not locally brute forcing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not locally brute forcing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not locally brute forcing you're
+locally picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally picking
+an optimal thing locally and hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal thing locally and hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal thing locally and hoping that
+it'll lead you to good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll lead you to good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll lead you to good thing
+that's a much harder algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much harder algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much harder algorithmic
+paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm
+to uh to operate under and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to operate under and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to operate under and so that's
+more like the material that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the material that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the material that you'll be
+talking about in 6046
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in 6046
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in 6046
+okay so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's
+double06 a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double06 a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double06 a very quick
+overview of the content of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the content of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the content of this class
+and we really like the structure of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really like the structure of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really like the structure of of
+how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+this class is laid out because it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is laid out because it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is laid out because it gives
+you a fundamental idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a fundamental idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a fundamental idea of
+the things people use to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things people use to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things people use to store
+information on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on a computer
+and a sense of how you solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sense of how you solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sense of how you solve problems
+computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+and how to argue that they're correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to argue that they're correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to argue that they're correct
+and efficient right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficient right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and efficient right that's
+really what this problems this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what this problems this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what this problems this this this
+course is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you feel like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you feel like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you feel like you
+enjoy this kind of stuff that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this kind of stuff that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this kind of stuff that's where
+you go to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to take
+6046 right and 6046 was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 right and 6046 was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 right and 6046 was actually
+the first algorithms class i ever took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first algorithms class i ever took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first algorithms class i ever took
+here at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit
+uh as a grad student actually i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a grad student actually i uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a grad student actually i uh
+i didn't this is this is hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't this is this is hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't this is this is hard for me
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it was it's actually hard to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it's actually hard to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it's actually hard to look at
+these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+these types and think in a computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types and think in a computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types and think in a computational
+way especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way especially
+having not taken this class 6006.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having not taken this class 6006.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having not taken this class 6006.
+so hopefully you guys are all in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you guys are all in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you guys are all in a
+better position uh than i was when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better position uh than i was when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better position uh than i was when i
+took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it
+there's there's two ways i like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's two ways i like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's two ways i like to think
+of the content in 6046
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content in 6046
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the content in 6046
+one is kind of just as an extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is kind of just as an extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is kind of just as an extension of
+double06 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double06 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double06 right
+it's the natural follow-on to the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the natural follow-on to the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the natural follow-on to the things
+that we do in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do in this class
+right they still talk about data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they still talk about data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they still talk about data
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this isn't the core part of 046 but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the core part of 046 but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't the core part of 046 but they
+do touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do touch
+on data structures for more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data structures for more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data structures for more complicated
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that have more complicated analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more complicated analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have more complicated analysis
+involved in them it's really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in them it's really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in them it's really about
+you know usually in o46 stating what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually in o46 stating what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually in o46 stating what the
+algorithm is doing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is doing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is doing is not
+so hard right basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard right basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard right basically
+giving you the algorithm number one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the algorithm number one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the algorithm number one here
+is not so difficult to state what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so difficult to state what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so difficult to state what's
+happening in the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the algorithm
+but the number two and number three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number two and number three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the number two and number three here
+arguing that that thing is correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that that thing is correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that that thing is correct and
+arguing that thing is efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that thing is efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that thing is efficient
+that's where the complexity comes in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the complexity comes in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the complexity comes in in
+o46
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o46
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o46
+the design the the analysis part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the the analysis part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the the analysis part is
+quite a bit more complicated in o46
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit more complicated in o46
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit more complicated in o46
+than in 006 right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in 006 right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in 006 right so they
+they solve a problem called union find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solve a problem called union find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solve a problem called union find
+and give a much we talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give a much we talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give a much we talked a little bit
+about amortization this goes into a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about amortization this goes into a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about amortization this goes into a much
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+a much more formal way of proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more formal way of proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more formal way of proving
+things uh uh run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh uh run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh uh run in
+amortized time okay so this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amortization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization
+the uh what we call a potential analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's basically making that algo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically making that algo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically making that algo that
+that that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that uh
+that notion that we talked about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion that we talked about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion that we talked about when we
+were talking about dynamic arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about dynamic arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about dynamic arrays of
+you know we're not doing this expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not doing this expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not doing this expensive
+thing too often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too often
+basically what we do is we keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we do is we keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we do is we keep track of
+the cost of all of uh sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of all of uh sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of all of uh sequence of
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+and prove that the average cost is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that the average cost is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that the average cost is small
+right that's that's kind of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's kind of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's kind of what this
+potential analysis is doing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential analysis is doing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential analysis is doing it's a
+little bit more formal process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more formal process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more formal process for
+making that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that argument
+uh a little uh more formal right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little uh more formal right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a little uh more formal right okay
+so then on on the graph side right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then on on the graph side right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then on on the graph side right this
+is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of
+an extension of quiz one type material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of quiz one type material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of quiz one type material
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+what what is this union find data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is this union find data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is this union find data
+structure it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's basically
+it's a set type thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set type thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set type thing right
+where i i can make a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i i can make a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i i can make a set
+of just a single element i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just a single element i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just a single element i can
+take two sets merge them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two sets merge them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two sets merge them together
+make them their union right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them their union right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them their union right and then
+given an object i i say which set am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an object i i say which set am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an object i i say which set am i
+part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+right essentially by electing a leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially by electing a leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right essentially by electing a leader
+within a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a set
+and saying return me uh you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying return me uh you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying return me uh you know a
+pointer to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to that one
+right and so this can be useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this can be useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this can be useful in
+dynamically maintaining say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically maintaining say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically maintaining say the
+connected components in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components in a
+dynamically changing graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically changing graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically changing graph
+supporting the query of am i in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting the query of am i in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting the query of am i in the same
+component and as this other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and as this other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and as this other guy
+right that could be a very useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could be a very useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could be a very useful thing
+to know about a graph as it's changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about a graph as it's changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about a graph as it's changing
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+that's an application of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an application of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an application of this problem
+and they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get
+near constant performance for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near constant performance for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near constant performance for a lot of
+these these queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these queries
+it's not quite but you know pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite but you know pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite but you know pretty close
+okay on the graph side they solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the graph side they solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the graph side they solve a
+number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh
+very useful problems on graphs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful problems on graphs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful problems on graphs uh
+minimum spanning tree so i'm i'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree so i'm i'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum spanning tree so i'm i'm trying
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+a tree connecting all of the vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree connecting all of the vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree connecting all of the vertices in
+a connected component of my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connected component of my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connected component of my graph
+and i'm trying to find in a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm trying to find in a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm trying to find in a weighted
+graph i'm trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph i'm trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph i'm trying to find
+the spanning tree that has minimum total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanning tree that has minimum total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanning tree that has minimum total
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+right so this is that's a problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is that's a problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is that's a problem a
+fundamental problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem in
+graph weighted graph algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph weighted graph algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph weighted graph algorithms
+they've solved this via a greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've solved this via a greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've solved this via a greedy
+algorithm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay
+and network flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and i guess cuts right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i guess cuts right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i guess cuts right so this is
+what is this this is i'm given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this this is i'm given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this this is i'm given a
+weighted graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted graph
+uh basically each of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically each of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically each of the um
+the weights correspond to a capacity i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights correspond to a capacity i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights correspond to a capacity i
+could push water through along this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push water through along this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push water through along this edge
+right and it may be given a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it may be given a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it may be given a source
+vertex and a sink vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and a sink vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and a sink vertex
+right and i want to say i want to shove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i want to say i want to shove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and i want to say i want to shove
+water through the source vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water through the source vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water through the source vertex
+along the edges with their various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edges with their various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edges with their various
+capacities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities and
+i'll get some amount of water on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get some amount of water on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get some amount of water on the
+other end in the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end in the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end in the source
+right so the question is what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is what's the most
+amount of water that i can push through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of water that i can push through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of water that i can push through
+this well i could build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well i could build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well i could build
+build that pipe network with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that pipe network with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that pipe network with the
+different things and just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and just do this
+experimentally i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally i just
+stick a bunch of maybe i i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a bunch of maybe i i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a bunch of maybe i i'm a
+mechanical engineer so that that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineer so that that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineer so that that maybe
+makes sense to me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to me but
+you want to be able to just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to just look at
+those numbers and be able to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and be able to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers and be able to tell me
+how much water can i push through that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much water can i push through that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much water can i push through that's
+what the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kind of
+max flow in the network is talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max flow in the network is talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max flow in the network is talking about
+and we give you some polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we give you some polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we give you some polynomial time
+algorithms in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in this class
+basically incremental algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically incremental algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically incremental algorithms that
+kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+dijkstra or kind of like bellman ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dijkstra or kind of like bellman ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dijkstra or kind of like bellman ford
+will incrementally update uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will incrementally update uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will incrementally update uh
+estimates to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates to uh
+of of a max flow and and improve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a max flow and and improve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a max flow and and improve them
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+okay uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh then
+on the basically design paradigms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've got more involved making your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more involved making your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got more involved making your own
+divide and conquer algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithms
+you know dynamic programming algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+greedy algorithms basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithms basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy algorithms basically
+they go a lot more in depth in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go a lot more in depth in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go a lot more in depth in terms of
+how to design these algorithms in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design these algorithms in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to design these algorithms in these
+paradigms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms
+than we do in this class okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we do in this class okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we do in this class okay and then
+the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing
+is we only touched on complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we only touched on complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we only touched on complexity
+and in a sense 046 is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense 046 is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense 046 is only going to
+touch on complexity it's a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on complexity it's a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on complexity it's a very big
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+right but it will give you the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it will give you the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it will give you the tools
+to be able to prove that something is np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to prove that something is np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to prove that something is np
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+whereas we just kind of say that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas we just kind of say that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas we just kind of say that oh
+there's this thing called reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing called reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this thing called reduction
+we didn't give you any uh problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't give you any uh problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't give you any uh problems in
+which you actually had to reduce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you actually had to reduce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you actually had to reduce one
+problem to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to another
+and you'll do a lot more of that here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reductions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so
+in a in a big sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a big sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a big sense
+oh four six is really just a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh four six is really just a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh four six is really just a natural
+extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension
+to the double o six material plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the double o six material plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the double o six material plus some
+additional stuff which i'm gonna get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stuff which i'm gonna get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stuff which i'm gonna get to
+in a second yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second yeah question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second yeah question
+randomization uh i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization uh i'm going to
+talk about that slightly in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that slightly in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that slightly in a in a
+separate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh
+i'll get to your question in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get to your question in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get to your question in just a
+second i like to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i like to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second i like to think of it
+as a separate topic which i'll we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a separate topic which i'll we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a separate topic which i'll we'll go
+into right now the separate topic i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right now the separate topic i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into right now the separate topic i like
+to think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as
+instead of being the natural extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being the natural extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being the natural extension
+to the things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the things in
+in the double 06 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the double 06 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the double 06 units
+what i'm going to do is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is kind of
+relax either what it means to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax either what it means to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax either what it means to have a
+correct algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct algorithm
+or relax what it means to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or relax what it means to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or relax what it means to uh
+what my model of computation is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my model of computation is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my model of computation is okay
+so double o six this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so double o six this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so double o six this is kind of
+as an extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of double o six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double o six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double o six
+and this is kind of like 6046
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of like 6046
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is kind of like 6046
+as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my definition of what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition of what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition of what it means to be
+correct or efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've already kind of done this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already kind of done this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already kind of done this a little
+bit in double o six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in double o six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in double o six
+um i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically one of the things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one of the things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one of the things that we can
+do which is what the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is what the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is what the question that
+uh student asked a question about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh student asked a question about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh student asked a question about was
+about randomized algorithms which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about randomized algorithms which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about randomized algorithms which is a
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+part of o46 actually randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of o46 actually randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of o46 actually randomized
+uh analysis of algorithm of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh analysis of algorithm of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh analysis of algorithm of algorithms
+that are not deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not deterministic
+right it's it's not guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's not guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's not guaranteed that
+it'll give you the same output every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you the same output every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you the same output every
+time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or
+not guaranteed that it will do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guaranteed that it will do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guaranteed that it will do the same
+computations over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations over the course of the
+algorithm every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm every time
+but it exploits some randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in double six this is we've mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in double six this is we've mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in double six this is we've mostly
+not touched on this except in one area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not touched on this except in one area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not touched on this except in one area
+where did we use randomization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did we use randomization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did we use randomization in
+hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing
+right right when we used hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right when we used hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right when we used hashing
+what were we doing what what what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were we doing what what what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were we doing what what what did we
+change the definition of correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the definition of correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the definition of correct
+versus efficient we didn't really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus efficient we didn't really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus efficient we didn't really change
+the definition what we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition what we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition what we did was
+we said that it was okay that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that it was okay that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that it was okay that sometimes
+our algorithm was slower than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm was slower than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our algorithm was slower than we
+then then on in expectation right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then on in expectation right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then on in expectation right that's
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+we meant there right we're relaxing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meant there right we're relaxing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meant there right we're relaxing the
+idea of efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of efficient
+but we're still saying it's good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're still saying it's good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're still saying it's good because
+most of the time it is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it is good
+right so this there's two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this there's two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this there's two types of
+randomized algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithms
+uh they have these weird names uh based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have these weird names uh based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have these weird names uh based
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+betting uh uh regions of the world shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting uh uh regions of the world shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting uh uh regions of the world shall
+we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh
+this is el oh las
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is el oh las
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is el oh las
+ladies loss okay vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies loss okay vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies loss okay vegas
+algorithms uh these are always correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but probably efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a sense that's what hashing is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that's what hashing is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that's what hashing is right
+i'm always going to give you the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm always going to give you the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm always going to give you the right
+thing right whether this thing is in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right whether this thing is in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right whether this thing is in my
+set or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or not
+but some of the time it's inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the time it's inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the time it's inefficient
+right i have to look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i have to look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i have to look through
+a chain of length of that's linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain of length of that's linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chain of length of that's linear in
+the size of the things that i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the things that i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the things that i'm storing
+okay and this is in contrast to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is in contrast to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is in contrast to a
+monte carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte carlo
+algorithm which is always efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for some definition of efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some definition of efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some definition of efficient but
+only probably correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i mean i could define you a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean i could define you a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean i could define you a hash
+table that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that has
+monte carlo semantics instead right say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte carlo semantics instead right say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monte carlo semantics instead right say
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+i i say that i'm gonna it's to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i say that i'm gonna it's to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i say that i'm gonna it's to be
+exactly the same as a hash table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as a hash table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as a hash table
+except instead of storing all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except instead of storing all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except instead of storing all the things
+that collide in a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collide in a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collide in a place
+i just store the first two say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just store the first two say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just store the first two say
+right well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well actually
+that's actually going to be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually going to be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually going to be always
+efficient i'm going to look through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient i'm going to look through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient i'm going to look through the
+things and see if it's in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and see if it's in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and see if it's in there
+and the chan the chains that i'm storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chan the chains that i'm storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chan the chains that i'm storing
+there only have two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only have two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only have two things
+it's going to be always efficient it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be always efficient it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be always efficient it's
+always going to give me constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to give me constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to give me constant time
+but some of the time it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the time it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the time it's going to be
+the wrong thing because i'm not storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing because i'm not storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong thing because i'm not storing
+everything in that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in that chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in that chain
+right so there's some probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's some probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's some probability that
+that's not going to be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be correct
+right and so that's that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's that's a different
+kind of if maybe i want my hash tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if maybe i want my hash tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of if maybe i want my hash tables
+to always be fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always be fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always be fast
+but i can afford to be wrong some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can afford to be wrong some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can afford to be wrong some of the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+i don't know in practice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know in practice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know in practice this is
+actually sometimes a good trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sometimes a good trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sometimes a good trade-off
+in real systems sometimes it's okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real systems sometimes it's okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real systems sometimes it's okay to
+be wrong some of the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong some of the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong some of the times
+if we get good performance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get good performance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get good performance okay
+so but generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you allow
+randomization and by better i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and by better i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization and by better i mean
+you know usually we can get faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually we can get faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know usually we can get faster
+bounds on a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds on a lot of problems
+if we allow randomization and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we allow randomization and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we allow randomization and things
+aren't necessarily always correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily always correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't necessarily always correct
+or always efficient okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or always efficient okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or always efficient okay so
+this is a big area in 0 4 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big area in 0 4 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big area in 0 4 6
+that requires a lot more analysis using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires a lot more analysis using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires a lot more analysis using
+randomness and probability so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and probability so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and probability so if you're
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+needs some uh primers on that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some uh primers on that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some uh primers on that we didn't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a lot of this in in double o6 but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this in in double o6 but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this in in double o6 but if you
+go on to o46
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to o46
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to o46
+that's going to be a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a really important
+thing for you to brush up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to brush up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to brush up on
+okay the next part on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next part on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the next part on
+double06 is kind of changing what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double06 is kind of changing what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double06 is kind of changing what our
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+correct or efficient means i mean we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or efficient means i mean we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or efficient means i mean we've
+restricted ourselves in this class to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted ourselves in this class to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted ourselves in this class to a
+class of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems
+where we only talk about integers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we only talk about integers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we only talk about integers right
+but there's tons of problems in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's tons of problems in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's tons of problems in this
+world especially in scientific computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world especially in scientific computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world especially in scientific computing
+where i want to be able to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i want to be able to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i want to be able to find out what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+this real number is and i can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real number is and i can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real number is and i can't even
+store a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store a real
+number on my computer so what the hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on my computer so what the hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on my computer so what the hell
+jason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jason
+what are you talking about right i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you talking about right i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you talking about right i can't
+do that on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that on a computer
+but what i can do is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i can do is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i can do is basically
+compute things in a numerical sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute things in a numerical sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute things in a numerical sense
+numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in o46 a lot of times we put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in o46 a lot of times we put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in o46 a lot of times we put this in
+the context of continuous optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of continuous optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of continuous optimization
+continuous uh being the opportune word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uh being the opportune word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uh being the opportune word
+here not discrete systems you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not discrete systems you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here not discrete systems you have a
+continuum of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of possible
+solutions real numbers essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions real numbers essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions real numbers essentially
+how do we do this on a computer that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do this on a computer that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we do this on a computer that's a
+discrete system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically what what what in o46 what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what what what in o46 what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what what what in o46 what you
+can do and in other numerical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and in other numerical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and in other numerical methods
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+what you can say is well i know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can say is well i know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can say is well i know that you
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+return me a real number i got that or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return me a real number i got that or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return me a real number i got that or or
+you can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe
+have a model of computation that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model of computation that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model of computation that allows
+integers to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers to represent
+other kinds of real numbers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of real numbers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of real numbers like
+radicals or rationals or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals or rationals or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals or rationals or something like
+that and i can do manipulations on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and i can do manipulations on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and i can do manipulations on those
+but really what these these algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what these these algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what these these algorithms
+are usually about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually about is
+computing real numbers not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing real numbers not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing real numbers not completely
+but to some bounded precision and i pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to some bounded precision and i pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to some bounded precision and i pay
+for that precision right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that precision right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that precision right
+the more bits of precision i want on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more bits of precision i want on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more bits of precision i want on my
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+i have to pay for them right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to pay for them right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to pay for them right so this is
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+i think of these as an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of these as an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of these as an approximation
+a approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a approximation
+of real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real number
+to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and
+i pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i pay
+for precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for precision
+with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time
+so let's say you know i want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you know i want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you know i want to compute
+the square root of a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of a number
+i could have an algorithm just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have an algorithm just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have an algorithm just like the
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+or i guess division right long division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i guess division right long division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i guess division right long division
+you all know the algorithm of long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know the algorithm of long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know the algorithm of long
+division you you know you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division you you know you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division you you know you put
+a quotient under here with these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quotient under here with these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quotient under here with these you
+know an a b and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an a b and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an a b and you get the
+c on top or whatever right that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c on top or whatever right that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c on top or whatever right that's an
+algorithm that's a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's a procedure
+using essentially small numbers i'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using essentially small numbers i'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using essentially small numbers i'm only
+talking about the digits 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the digits 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the digits 0 to
+9 here when i'm doing that algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 here when i'm doing that algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 here when i'm doing that algorithm so
+it's a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a procedure
+that only uses small integers to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only uses small integers to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only uses small integers to compute
+arbitrary precision of a division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary precision of a division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary precision of a division
+right so that's an algorithm and i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's an algorithm and i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's an algorithm and i have
+to pay time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay time
+to get more digits right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more digits right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more digits right so that's
+that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an
+uh uh an example of this kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh an example of this kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh an example of this kind of how
+how we live in the world of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we live in the world of real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we live in the world of real numbers
+when all we have is a discrete system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all we have is a discrete system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all we have is a discrete system
+okay and then the last kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last kind of
+category i'd like to talk about here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category i'd like to talk about here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category i'd like to talk about here is
+is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+approximation algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas this is kind of an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this is kind of an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this is kind of an approximation
+algorithm i'm approximating my outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i'm approximating my outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i'm approximating my outputs
+this is an approximation algorithm from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximation algorithm from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximation algorithm from
+the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standpoint of
+well there's a lot of problems that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a lot of problems that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a lot of problems that i
+can't solve efficiently they're np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve efficiently they're np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't solve efficiently they're np
+hard they're they're in x or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they're they're in x or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they're they're in x or
+you know even harder problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even harder problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even harder problems
+but uh maybe i'm okay with not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh maybe i'm okay with not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh maybe i'm okay with not getting
+the optimal solution so this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal solution so this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal solution so this is in the
+domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of
+optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems
+so most of the dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the dynamic programming
+problems that we gave you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we gave you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we gave you are
+optimization problems or the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems or the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems or the shortest
+paths problems those are optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths problems those are optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths problems those are optimization
+problems basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems basically
+the possible outputs are ranked in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible outputs are ranked in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible outputs are ranked in some
+way right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right the
+distance of a of a path that you return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a of a path that you return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of a of a path that you return
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+they're ranked in some way there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ranked in some way there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ranked in some way there's an
+optimal one right the one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal one right the one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal one right the one with the
+the smallest metric or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest metric or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest metric or something like
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well in an approximation algorithm what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in an approximation algorithm what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in an approximation algorithm what
+i do is okay i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do is okay i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do is okay i get
+that it's computationally difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's computationally difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's computationally difficult for
+you to give me the longest pa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to give me the longest pa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to give me the longest pa
+simple path in this graph or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple path in this graph or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple path in this graph or the
+shortest possible route for my traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest possible route for my traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest possible route for my traveling
+salesman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesman
+but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe
+that's okay i mean my engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay i mean my engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay i mean my engineering
+spidey sense tells me that within 10 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spidey sense tells me that within 10 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spidey sense tells me that within 10 is
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+right so maybe instead of giving me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe instead of giving me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe instead of giving me the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+optimal thing can i give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal thing can i give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal thing can i give you an
+algorithm that's guaranteed to be within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's guaranteed to be within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's guaranteed to be within
+a certain distance from the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance from the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance from the optimal
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+right usually we're looking for constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right usually we're looking for constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right usually we're looking for constant
+factor approximations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor approximations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor approximations which are
+have low constant or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low constant or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low constant or you know
+maybe even have to do for worse if such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even have to do for worse if such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even have to do for worse if such
+things don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't exist
+okay so that's approximation algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's approximation algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's approximation algorithms
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+can we get close to an optim optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get close to an optim optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get close to an optim optimal
+solution in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in polynomial time
+okay and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last
+way we could change things in especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we could change things in especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we could change things in especially
+future classes though sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes though sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes though sometimes they
+talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this
+in o46 as well is we could change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in o46 as well is we could change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in o46 as well is we could change the
+model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation
+right we could basically change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we could basically change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we could basically change
+something about our computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about our computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about our computer
+to be put in some other weird paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be put in some other weird paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be put in some other weird paradigm
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+of solving problems with more power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving problems with more power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving problems with more power
+essentially or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially or
+or you're in a situation where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in a situation where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're in a situation where there's
+less power okay so change in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less power okay so change in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less power okay so change in the model
+of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we've been talking to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've been talking to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've been talking to you in
+terms of model of computation is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of model of computation is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of model of computation is our
+word ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word ramp
+right word ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word ram
+that essentially says i can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially says i can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially says i can do it
+arithmetic operations and i can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations and i can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations and i can look up
+stuff in my memory in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in my memory in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in my memory in constant time
+and but if i allocate a certain amount i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but if i allocate a certain amount i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but if i allocate a certain amount i
+have to pay that amount and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay that amount and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay that amount and that kind of
+thing so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that's this
+word ram model but in actuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word ram model but in actuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word ram model but in actuality
+all of your computers you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your computers you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your computers you know it's a
+it's a lot easier for me to figure uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier for me to figure uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot easier for me to figure uh to
+find and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and read
+memory that's on my cpu in a register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that's on my cpu in a register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that's on my cpu in a register
+then it is for me to go out to the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is for me to go out to the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is for me to go out to the hard
+disk ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk ask this
+well in my day it used to be this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in my day it used to be this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in my day it used to be this this
+movable mechanical head that had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable mechanical head that had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable mechanical head that had to
+go and scan over a bit on a on a cd-rom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and scan over a bit on a on a cd-rom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and scan over a bit on a on a cd-rom
+drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+and you know actually read what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know actually read what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know actually read what that
+thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was
+right so we can add complexity to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can add complexity to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can add complexity to our
+model to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to better
+account for the costs of operations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the costs of operations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the costs of operations on
+my machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my machine
+one of those models is called the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those models is called the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those models is called the cache
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cache model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cache model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cache model
+it's basically a hierarchy of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a hierarchy of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a hierarchy of memory
+right i have you know my registers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i have you know my registers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i have you know my registers on
+board my cpu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board my cpu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board my cpu
+i have maybe an l1 cache that's close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have maybe an l1 cache that's close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have maybe an l1 cache that's close to
+my uh cpu then i have another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh cpu then i have another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh cpu then i have another set of
+caches and another set of caches maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and another set of caches maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches and another set of caches maybe
+out to ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to ram
+and reading from a hard disk is a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reading from a hard disk is a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reading from a hard disk is a solid
+state drive of some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state drive of some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state drive of some kind
+that's the slowest thing to access and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the slowest thing to access and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the slowest thing to access and
+i can put a cost associated with each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put a cost associated with each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put a cost associated with each of
+those things and instead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and instead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and instead of having to
+having all of our operations be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having all of our operations be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having all of our operations be you know
+say said to be constant the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say said to be constant the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say said to be constant the constants
+are actually different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually different
+and i have to pay for that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to pay for that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to pay for that difference
+okay and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's
+you know extending our model to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know extending our model to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know extending our model to be a
+little bit more realistic to our machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more realistic to our machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more realistic to our machine
+you know another one is you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another one is you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another one is you know we have
+computers right now that opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers right now that opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers right now that opera
+operate in classical physics right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in classical physics right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in classical physics right that
+exploit things in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit things in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit things in classical
+physics but in actuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but in actuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but in actuality
+our world allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world allows for
+even more complicated types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more complicated types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more complicated types of
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+like quantum operations where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum operations where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum operations where you're
+exploiting entanglement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting entanglement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting entanglement and
+superposition of different atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of different atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of different atoms
+to potentially get operations that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to potentially get operations that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to potentially get operations that i can
+act on my data that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on my data that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on my data that are actually
+provably stronger than the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provably stronger than the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provably stronger than the classical
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+in some sense right so this is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense right so this is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense right so this is the whole
+huge reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge reason why
+uh there's a lot of work being done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of work being done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of work being done in
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+you know lots of uh industry research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lots of uh industry research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lots of uh industry research
+facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities
+in figuring out these models because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figuring out these models because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figuring out these models because
+maybe if you can make a big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you can make a big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you can make a big enough
+quantum computer you can break in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computer you can break in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computer you can break in
+christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian
+and stuff in polynomial time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff in polynomial time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff in polynomial time and that's
+something that maybe the nsa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe the nsa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe the nsa is
+interested in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and
+i'm not going to go into that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go into that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go into that but you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+i mean some people like you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean some people like you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean some people like you look at
+artificial intelligence and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and things like
+discussions around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions around
+artificial intelligence my brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence my brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence my brain
+you know might be doing things that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know might be doing things that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know might be doing things that a
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+computer cannot right it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer cannot right it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer cannot right it could be
+using quantum superposition in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using quantum superposition in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using quantum superposition in some way
+and our computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our computers
+that are in your phone and your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in your phone and your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in your phone and your laptop
+and things like that aren't exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that aren't exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that aren't exploiting
+those operations so how could we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operations so how could we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operations so how could we ever
+get intelligence because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get intelligence because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get intelligence because
+you know in some sense our brains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some sense our brains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some sense our brains are
+more powerful right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful right
+and so a lot of what ai should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of what ai should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of what ai should be
+looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into
+is what is the actual model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the actual model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the actual model of
+computation of our brains that can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of our brains that can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of our brains that can give
+us the power to have sentience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the power to have sentience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the power to have sentience
+right okay so that's that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that's that's kind of
+quantum computing i don't know much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computing i don't know much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computing i don't know much
+about it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it actually
+uh and then there's things like maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then there's things like maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then there's things like maybe i
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+more than one cpu right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one cpu right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one cpu right
+i i mean most computer all the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i mean most computer all the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i mean most computer all the computers
+you have even the ones in your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have even the ones in your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have even the ones in your phone
+probably have multiple cores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have multiple cores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have multiple cores
+right in a sense you have lots of cpos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a sense you have lots of cpos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a sense you have lots of cpos
+running in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in parallel
+right so this is like pair uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is like pair uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is like pair uh there's
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+r in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay parallel computing basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay parallel computing basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay parallel computing basically says
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's cheap for me to make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheap for me to make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheap for me to make another
+computer potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer potentially
+right if i have two computers running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i have two computers running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i have two computers running on
+the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem
+maybe i can get a two-fold speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can get a two-fold speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can get a two-fold speed up
+on my on the this the time in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my on the this the time in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my on the this the time in which it
+takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to
+solve my problem now that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve my problem now that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve my problem now that's not
+i mean suppose i had then 100 cpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean suppose i had then 100 cpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean suppose i had then 100 cpus
+running on a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on a machine
+maybe i can get 100 fold speed up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can get 100 fold speed up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can get 100 fold speed up and
+and actually in in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually in in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually in in real life
+a hundred fold speed up makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred fold speed up makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred fold speed up makes a
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+right it's am i waiting for this for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's am i waiting for this for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's am i waiting for this for 10
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+or am i waiting for this for a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or am i waiting for this for a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or am i waiting for this for a thousand
+minutes right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes right that's
+that's like all day i don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like all day i don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like all day i don't want to do
+that that's maybe it's on weeks i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's maybe it's on weeks i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's maybe it's on weeks i don't
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+remember right okay but parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember right okay but parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember right okay but parallel
+computing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing right
+if i can get a 100 fold speed up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can get a 100 fold speed up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can get a 100 fold speed up that
+might be a huge win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a huge win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a huge win
+but for some problems it's not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some problems it's not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some problems it's not possible
+you know if i have k cpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i have k cpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i have k cpus
+can i get a k factor speed up it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get a k factor speed up it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i get a k factor speed up it's not
+always possible to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always possible to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always possible to do
+okay and so parallel computing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so parallel computing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so parallel computing is
+another paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paradigm
+in which uh there's a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh there's a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh there's a lot of interesting
+theory going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory going on
+uh there's a lot of complications there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of complications there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a lot of complications there
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you know there are a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are a couple different
+models you could have a multi-core setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you could have a multi-core setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you could have a multi-core setup
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+you have a lot of computers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of computers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of computers that are
+accessing the same bank of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the same bank of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the same bank of memory
+and then you don't want them all to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you don't want them all to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you don't want them all to be
+reading and writing from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and writing from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and writing from them
+at different times because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times because you don't
+necessarily know what their state is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what their state is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what their state is and
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+these collisions which are something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these collisions which are something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these collisions which are something
+that you really have to think about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really have to think about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really have to think about in
+this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world
+or you have situations where maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have situations where maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have situations where maybe i
+have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of
+nano flies or something that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano flies or something that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano flies or something that are going
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+and they have very small computer brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have very small computer brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have very small computer brains
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+right but they can talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they can talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they can talk to each other
+and pass information to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pass information to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pass information to each other
+but they don't have access to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have access to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have access to one
+central network repository of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central network repository of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central network repository of
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+that's what we call a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call a distributed
+parallel system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel system
+where all of the you know cpus that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of the you know cpus that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all of the you know cpus that you
+have can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have can
+interact with each other maybe locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other maybe locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other maybe locally
+but don't have access to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't have access to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't have access to the same
+uh memory system so they have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh memory system so they have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh memory system so they have to work
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+to gain to to learn information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gain to to learn information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gain to to learn information about
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+okay so this is that's a a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is that's a a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is that's a a brief
+overview of the different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the different directions
+this class 6006 and theory in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class 6006 and theory in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class 6006 and theory in general
+could lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead you
+into a huge array of different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a huge array of different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a huge array of different uh
+branches of theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of theory
+and different problems that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different problems that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different problems that you could
+address with different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address with different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address with different types of
+computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers
+okay so uh i know this is a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh i know this is a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh i know this is a very high
+level lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level lecture
+and uh and maybe less applied than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and maybe less applied than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and maybe less applied than
+some of you might like but i hope this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might like but i hope this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might like but i hope this
+gives you a good understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a good understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a good understanding of
+kind of the way the directions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the way the directions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the way the directions you can
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+after this class uh that i think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this class uh that i think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this class uh that i think are
+really excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited
+in terms of uh how to solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh how to solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh how to solve problems
+computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+okay so with that uh i'd like to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2YpdnHLvsyw.txt b/2YpdnHLvsyw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ab6fb49e78cb8e632739f6c63cd65880535f46f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2YpdnHLvsyw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+um in the previous lectures we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the previous lectures we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the previous lectures we we
+studied how to read fileman diagrams how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how to read fileman diagrams how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how to read fileman diagrams how
+to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate
+amplitudes and phase space and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and phase space and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes and phase space and we are
+able to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use this
+using fermi's golden rule in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fermi's golden rule in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using fermi's golden rule in order to
+calculate lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate lifetimes
+and scattering cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scattering cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scattering cross sections
+we exercise this with a toy theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we exercise this with a toy theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we exercise this with a toy theory
+and simple examples but we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple examples but we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple examples but we focused on
+leading order or tree level diagrams so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order or tree level diagrams so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order or tree level diagrams so
+in this lecture i just want to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture i just want to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture i just want to introduce
+some features of higher order diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some features of higher order diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some features of higher order diagrams
+which which are rather important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are rather important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are rather important
+so we started off with our toy theory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started off with our toy theory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started off with our toy theory um
+where we um you know have a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we um you know have a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we um you know have a primitive
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+where three particles undergo an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where three particles undergo an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where three particles undergo an
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+um the strength of the interaction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the strength of the interaction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the strength of the interaction or
+the coupling has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling has
+just labeled this as g and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just labeled this as g and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just labeled this as g and then we can
+use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this
+primitive vertex in order to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive vertex in order to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive vertex in order to build up
+scattering processes and here we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering processes and here we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering processes and here we want to
+consider the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the process
+of a particle a going to a particle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle a going to a particle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particle a going to a particle of
+two particles a going to two particles b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles a going to two particles b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles a going to two particles b
+and they do this by exchanging a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do this by exchanging a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do this by exchanging a
+particle c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle c
+this is the lowest order diagram or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lowest order diagram or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lowest order diagram or
+sometimes called the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called the leading order
+or sometimes called tree level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes called tree level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes called tree level diagram
+so how do higher order diagrams now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do higher order diagrams now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do higher order diagrams now look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+here is the first example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the first example in this
+example is one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one where
+you know one of the lags involved or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the lags involved or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of the lags involved or one
+of the particle involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle involves
+has a correction to its own mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a correction to its own mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a correction to its own mass and
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+this is the so-called self-energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the so-called self-energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the so-called self-energy
+diagrams and if you do the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and if you do the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and if you do the counting
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+you find that there's five of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that there's five of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that there's five of those
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+here shown that we have a correction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shown that we have a correction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shown that we have a correction of
+particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a
+but you could also have a correction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also have a correction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also have a correction of
+particle c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle c
+or b in the outgoing legs and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or b in the outgoing legs and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or b in the outgoing legs and obviously
+also in this particle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second form of diagrams is one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second form of diagrams is one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second form of diagrams is one where
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+correct the vertex involved so here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the vertex involved so here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the vertex involved so here um
+there's two diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two diagrams
+correcting each of the vertices and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting each of the vertices and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting each of the vertices and so
+this is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is shown here
+so apparently this changes then how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apparently this changes then how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so apparently this changes then how the
+vertex actually looks to the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex actually looks to the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex actually looks to the outgoing
+legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs
+right so instead of directly interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of directly interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so instead of directly interacting
+in this right primitive vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this right primitive vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this right primitive vertex
+you have this interaction here and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this interaction here and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this interaction here and those
+two additional vertices here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two additional vertices here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two additional vertices here so this
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+intrinsically how the interaction how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically how the interaction how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically how the interaction how
+the strength of the interaction looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the interaction looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the interaction looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+and then there is a form of diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a form of diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a form of diagrams
+which we discussed in the context of cp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we discussed in the context of cp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we discussed in the context of cp
+violation so called box diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation so called box diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation so called box diagrams
+where you you know just go around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you know just go around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you you know just go around in a
+box that's why they're called box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that's why they're called box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that's why they're called box
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+and apparently also here you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently also here you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently also here you change the
+strength of the interaction involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the interaction involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the interaction involved
+directly so those are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so those are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so those are three
+varieties or classes of higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties or classes of higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties or classes of higher order
+diagrams and we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and we will see
+much more of those when we talk about qd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of those when we talk about qd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more of those when we talk about qd
+the week into action or qcd later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week into action or qcd later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week into action or qcd later on
+the strengths of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strengths of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strengths of the individual
+couplings involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings involved in the
+particles involved changes in how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles involved changes in how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles involved changes in how the
+the resulting features of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting features of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting features of interaction
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+using those diagrams
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3S4cNfl0YF0.txt b/3S4cNfl0YF0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c9eb6b6e23152e594c037cc69201e2110b14daa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3S4cNfl0YF0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3615 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hello, and
+welcome to 6.01.
+
+I'm Denny Freeman.
+
+I'm the lecturer.
+
+One thing you should know about
+today is that there's a
+
+single hand-out.
+
+You should have picked
+it up on your way in.
+
+It's available at either
+of the two doors.
+
+What I want to do today in this
+first lecture is mostly
+
+focus on content.
+
+But before I do that, since
+6.01 is a little bit of an
+
+unusual course, I want to give
+you a little bit of an
+
+overview and tell you a little
+bit about the administration
+
+of the course.
+
+6.01 is mostly about
+modes of reasoning.
+
+What we would like you to get
+out of this course is ways to
+
+think about engineering.
+
+We want to talk about how do you
+design, how do you build,
+
+how do you construct, how do you
+debug complicated systems?
+
+That's what engineers do, and
+we're very good at it.
+
+And we want to make you
+very good at it.
+
+We're very good at it.
+
+And you know that from your
+common, everyday experience.
+
+Laptops are incredible.
+
+As we go through the course,
+you're going to see that
+
+laptops incorporate things
+from the tiniest, tiniest
+
+level, things so small that
+you can't see them.
+
+They're microscopic.
+
+The individual transistors are
+not things that you can see.
+
+We develop special tools for
+you even to be able to
+
+visualize them.
+
+And yet, we conglomerate
+billions of them into a system
+
+that works relatively
+reliably.
+
+Now, I realize I'm going out on
+a limb because when you say
+
+things like that, then
+things always fail.
+
+But I'll go out on a limb and
+say, for the most part, the
+
+systems we construct
+are very reliable.
+
+We'd like you to know how you
+think about making such a
+
+complicated system and
+making it reliable.
+
+We want to tell you about how
+you would model things.
+
+How do you gain insight?
+
+How do you get predictability?
+
+How do you figure out how
+something will work before
+
+you've built it?
+
+If you're limited to trying
+out how things work by
+
+actually constructing it,
+you spend a lot of time
+
+constructing things that
+never make it.
+
+We want to avoid that by
+-- where we can --
+
+making a model, analyzing the
+model, making a prediction
+
+from the model, and using that
+prediction to build a better
+
+system on the first try.
+
+We want to tell you about how
+to augment the physical
+
+behavior of a system by putting
+computation in it.
+
+That's a very powerful technique
+that is increasingly
+
+common in anything from a
+microwave to a refrigerator.
+
+We'd like you to know
+the principles
+
+by which to do that.
+
+And we'd like you to be able
+to build systems that are
+
+robust to failure.
+
+That's a newer idea.
+
+It's something that people
+are very good at.
+
+If we try to do something,
+and we make a mistake, we
+
+know how to fix it.
+
+And often, the fix works.
+
+We're less good at doing that
+in constructing artificial
+
+systems, in engineering
+systems.
+
+And we'd like to talk
+about principles by
+
+which we can do that.
+
+So the goal of 6.01 is, then,
+really to convey a distinct
+
+perspective about how
+we engineer systems.
+
+Now, having said that, this is
+not a philosophy course.
+
+We are not going to make lists
+of things to do if you want it
+
+to be robust.
+
+We're going to learn
+to do things by
+
+actually making systems.
+
+This is an introductory
+engineering course.
+
+And so you're going
+to build things.
+
+The idea is going to be that in
+constructing those things,
+
+we've written the exercises so
+that some of those important
+
+themes become transparent.
+
+So the idea is -- this is
+introductory engineering.
+
+You'll all make things.
+
+You'll all get things to work,
+and in the process of doing
+
+that, learn something about the
+bigger view of how quality
+
+engineering happens.
+
+So despite the fact that we're
+really about modes of
+
+reasoning, that will be
+grounded in content.
+
+We selected the content very
+broadly from across EECS.
+
+EECS is an enormous endeavor.
+
+We can't possibly introduce
+everything
+
+about EECS in one subject.
+
+That's ridiculous.
+
+However, we wanted to
+give you a variety.
+
+We wanted to give you a sense
+of the variety of tasks that
+
+you can use, that you can apply
+the same techniques to.
+
+So we want to introduce modes
+of reasoning, and then show
+
+you explicitly how you can use
+those modes of reasoning in a
+
+variety of contexts.
+
+So we've chosen four, and we've
+organized the course
+
+around four modules.
+
+First module is software
+engineering, then signals and
+
+systems, then circuits, then
+probability and planning.
+
+Even so, even having chosen
+just four out of the vast
+
+number of things we could have
+chosen, there's no way we can
+
+tell you adequately--
+
+we can't give you an adequate
+introduction to any of those
+
+things either.
+
+What we've chosen to do instead
+is focus on key
+
+concepts represented
+by the asterisks.
+
+The idea is going to be we
+choose one or two things and
+
+really focus on those deeply
+so you get a thorough
+
+understanding not only of how
+that fits within, for example,
+
+the context of software
+engineering, but also how that
+
+concept ramifies into
+other areas.
+
+Notice that I tried to choose
+the stars so they
+
+hit multiple circles.
+
+That's what we're
+trying to do.
+
+We're trying to not only
+introduce an idea to you, but
+
+also show you how it connects
+to other ideas.
+
+So the idea, then, is to focus
+on a few, we hope, very
+
+well-chosen applications that
+will demonstrate a variety of
+
+powerful techniques.
+
+Our mantra, the way we intend
+to go about teaching this
+
+stuff, is practice,
+theory, practice.
+
+There's an enormous educational
+
+literature that says--
+
+whether you like it or not--
+
+people learn better when
+they're doing things.
+
+You have a lot of experience
+with that.
+
+You have a lot of experience
+on the other side, too.
+
+I'll try to forget the other
+side, or at least try to wipe
+
+it from your brain momentarily
+to focus on your more
+
+fundamental modes of learning.
+
+When you were a kid and you
+were learning your first
+
+language, you didn't learn all
+the rules of grammar first.
+
+You didn't learn all the letters
+of the alphabet first.
+
+You didn't learn about
+conjugating verbs first.
+
+You learned a little
+bit about language.
+
+You started to use it.
+
+You ran into problems.
+
+You learned a little more
+about language.
+
+You learned to go from words
+like "feed me" to higher level
+
+concepts, like "Hey,
+what's for dinner?"
+
+So the idea is that you learned
+it in an iterative
+
+process where you learned some
+stuff, tried it out, learned
+
+some more stuff, tried it out.
+
+And it built up.
+
+There's an enormous literature
+in education that says that's
+
+exactly how we always
+learn everything.
+
+And so that's the way this
+course is focused.
+
+What we will do is, for example,
+for today, we'll
+
+learn a little bit about
+software engineering.
+
+Then, we'll do two lab sessions
+where you actually
+
+try to use the things
+we talk about.
+
+Then, we'll come back to lecture
+and we'll have some
+
+more theory about how you
+would do programming.
+
+And then, you go back to the
+lab and do some more stuff.
+
+And the hope is that by this
+tangible context, you'll have
+
+a deeper appreciation
+of the ideas that
+
+we're trying to convey.
+
+So let me tell you a little
+bit about the four modules
+
+that we've chosen.
+
+The course is going to be
+organized on four modules.
+
+Each module will take about
+one fourth of the course.
+
+First thing we'll look at
+is software engineering.
+
+As I said, we don't have time
+to focus on, or even survey,
+
+all of the big ideas in
+software engineering.
+
+It's far too big.
+
+So we're going to focus narrowly
+on one or two things.
+
+We'd like you to know about
+abstraction and modularity
+
+because that's such an
+important idea in the
+
+construction of big systems.
+
+So that's going to
+be our focus.
+
+In today's lecture, we'll begin
+talking about modularity
+
+and abstraction at
+the small scale.
+
+How does it affect the
+things you type as
+
+instructions to a computer?
+
+But by next week, we're going
+to be talking about a whole
+
+bigger scale.
+
+By next week, we're going to
+talk about constructing
+
+software modules at a
+much higher level.
+
+In particular, we'll talk about
+something that we'll
+
+call a state machine.
+
+A state machine is a thing
+that works in steps.
+
+On every step, the state machine
+gets a new input.
+
+Then, based on that input and
+its memory of what's come
+
+before, the state machine
+decides to do something.
+
+It generates an output.
+
+And then, the process repeats.
+
+We will see that that kind
+of an abstraction --
+
+state machines --
+
+there's a way to think about
+state machines that is
+
+compositional that you can think
+of as a hierarchy, just
+
+as you can think of low-level
+hierarchies within a language.
+
+I'll say a lot more
+about that today.
+
+So the idea will be that once
+you've composed a state
+
+machine, you'll be able to join
+two state machines and
+
+have its behavior look just
+like one state machine.
+
+That's a way to get a more
+complicated behavior by
+
+constructing two simpler
+behaviors.
+
+That's what we want.
+
+We want to learn tools that
+let us compose complex
+
+behaviors out of simple
+behaviors.
+
+And the tangible model of
+that will be the robot.
+
+We will see how to write a
+program that controls a robot
+
+as a state machine.
+
+That's certainly not the only
+way you could control a robot.
+
+And it's probably not the way
+you would first think of it if
+
+you took one course in
+programming and somebody said
+
+to you, go program the robot
+to do something.
+
+What we will see is that it's
+a very powerful way to think
+
+about it for exactly this
+reason of modularity.
+
+The bigger point that we will
+make in thinking about this
+
+first module is the idea
+of, how do you
+
+make systems modular?
+
+How do you use abstraction to
+simplify the design task?
+
+And in particular, we will
+focus on something
+
+that we'll call PCAP.
+
+When you think about a system,
+we will always think about it
+
+in terms of, what are
+the primitives?
+
+How do you combine them?
+
+How do you abstract a
+bigger behavior from
+
+those smaller behaviors?
+
+And what are the patterns that
+are important to capture?
+
+So the bigger point is this idea
+of PCAP, which we will
+
+then revisit in every
+subsequent module.
+
+OK, second module is on
+signals and systems.
+
+That's also an enormous area.
+
+So we only have time
+to do one thing.
+
+The thing that we will do is we
+will think about discrete
+
+time feedback.
+
+How do you make a system that's
+cognizant of what it's
+
+done so that it, in the future,
+can do things with
+
+awareness of how it got there?
+
+A good example is robotic
+steering.
+
+So the idea is going to be, OK,
+think about what you do
+
+when you're driving a car.
+
+And think about how you
+would tell a robot to
+
+do that same thing.
+
+Here's a naive driving
+algorithm.
+
+I don't recommend it, but it's
+widely used in Boston,
+
+apparently.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+I find myself to the right of
+where I would like to be.
+
+So what should I do?
+
+Turn left.
+
+I'm still to the right of
+where I'd like to be.
+
+What should I do?
+
+Turn left.
+
+Oh!
+
+I'm exactly where I should be.
+
+What should I do?
+
+Go straight ahead.
+
+Oh, that's a bad idea.
+
+And what we'll see is that
+perfectly innocent looking
+
+algorithms can have horrendous
+performance.
+
+What we'll do is try to make
+an abstraction of that.
+
+We'll try to make a model.
+
+We'll try to capture that in
+math so that we don't need to
+
+build it to see the
+bad behavior.
+
+We'll make a model.
+
+We'll use the model to predict
+that that algorithm stinks.
+
+But more importantly, we'll use
+the model to figure out an
+
+algorithm that'll work better.
+
+In fact, we'll even be able to
+come up with bounds on how
+
+well such a controller
+could possibly work.
+
+So the focus in this module is
+going to be, how do you make a
+
+model to predict behavior?
+
+How do you analyze the model
+so that you can design a
+
+better system?
+
+And then, how do you use the
+model and the analysis to make
+
+a well-behaved system?
+
+The third module
+is on circuits.
+
+Again, circuits is huge.
+
+We don't have time to talk
+about all of circuits.
+
+We'll do very simple things.
+
+We'll focus our attention on
+how you would add a sensory
+
+capability to an already
+complicated system.
+
+The idea is going to be to
+start with a robot--
+
+I guess this is brighter--
+
+start with our robots and design
+a head for the robot.
+
+The robot comes from the factory
+with sonar sensors.
+
+The sonar sensors are
+these things.
+
+There's eight of them.
+
+They tell you how far away
+something that reflects the
+
+ultrasonic wave is.
+
+As they come from the factory,
+the robots can't sense light.
+
+What you'll do is add
+light sensors.
+
+The goal is to make a system
+to modify the robot so that
+
+the robot tracks light.
+
+That's a very simple goal.
+
+And the way we'll that is to
+augment the robot with a
+
+simple sensor here, showed a
+little more magnified here.
+
+The idea is that this
+is a LEGO motor.
+
+The LEGO motor will turn this
+relative to the attachment.
+
+That's the robot head's neck.
+
+So the robot will be
+able to do this.
+
+And the robot will have eyes.
+
+These are photosensors,
+photoresistors, actually.
+
+So the idea is going to be
+that there's information
+
+available in those sensors for
+figuring out where light is so
+
+that you can track it.
+
+Your job will be to
+build a circuit--
+
+that that's this thing--
+
+that connects via cables--
+
+these red cables and
+yellow cables--
+
+connects via cables
+over to this head.
+
+We'll give you the head.
+
+Your job will be to make the
+circuit that converts the
+
+signal from the photoresistor--
+
+which is in proportion
+to light--
+
+and figures out how to turn the
+motor to get the head to
+
+face the light and then ship
+that information down to the
+
+robot to let the robot turn its
+wheels to get the body.
+
+So it's kind of like the light
+comes on bright over here.
+
+The robot looks at it and says,
+oh, yeah, that's where I
+
+want to be.
+
+So that's the idea in the third
+module is to incorporate
+
+new sensing capabilities
+into the robot.
+
+The final module is on
+probability and planning.
+
+And the idea there is to learn
+about how you make systems
+
+that are robust to uncertainty
+and that can implement
+
+complicated plans, that they,
+too, are robust to
+
+uncertainty.
+
+So there's a number of things
+that we will do, including
+
+creating maps of spaces that the
+robot doesn't understand,
+
+telling the robot how to
+localize itself, how if it
+
+woke up suddenly in an
+environment, it could figure
+
+out where it is, how
+to make a plan.
+
+And as an example, I'll show you
+the kind of system that we
+
+will construct.
+
+Here, the idea is that
+we have a robot.
+
+The robot knows where it is.
+
+Imagine there's a GPS in it.
+
+There isn't, but imagine
+there is.
+
+So the robot knows where it
+is, and it knows where it
+
+wants to go.
+
+That's the star.
+
+But it has no idea what kind of
+obstacles are in the way.
+
+So if you were a robotic driver
+in Boston, you know
+
+that you started out at home and
+you want to end up in MIT.
+
+But there's these annoying
+obstacles, they're called
+
+people, that you should, in
+principle at least, miss.
+
+So that's kind of the idea.
+
+So I know where I am.
+
+I'm the robot.
+
+I know where I am.
+
+I know where I want to be.
+
+And I'm going to summarize
+that information here.
+
+Where I am is purple.
+
+Where I want to be is gold.
+
+And I have a plan.
+
+That's blue.
+
+My plan's very simple.
+
+I don't know anything about
+anything other than I'm in
+
+Waltham and I want to
+go to Cambridge.
+
+So blast east.
+
+So I imagine that the
+best way to do there
+
+is a straight line.
+
+OK, so now what I'm going to
+do is turn on the robot.
+
+The robot has now
+made one step.
+
+And I told you before about
+these sonar sensors.
+
+From the sonar sensors, the
+robot has learned now that
+
+there seems to be something
+reflecting at each of these
+
+black dots.
+
+It got a reflection from
+the black dots,
+
+from the sonar sensors.
+
+That means there's probably a
+wall there, or a person, or
+
+something that, in principle,
+I should avoid.
+
+And the red dots represent, OK,
+the obstacle is so close I
+
+really can't get there.
+
+So I'm excluded from the red
+spots because I'm too big.
+
+The black spots seem
+to be an obstacle.
+
+The red spots seem to be
+where I can't fit.
+
+I still want to go from the
+where I am, purple, to where I
+
+want to be, gold.
+
+So what I do is I compute
+the new plan.
+
+OK then, I start to take
+a step along that plan.
+
+And as I'm stepping along, OK,
+so now, I think that I can't
+
+go from where I started
+over to here.
+
+I have to go around
+this wall that I
+
+didn't know about initially.
+
+So now I just start driving.
+
+And it looks fine, right?
+
+I'm getting there, right?
+
+Now, I know I can go
+straight down here.
+
+Oh, wait a minute.
+
+There's another wall.
+
+OK, what do I do now?
+
+So as the robot goes along, it
+didn't know when it started
+
+what kinds of obstacles
+it would encounter.
+
+But as it's driving,
+it learned.
+
+Oh, that didn't work.
+
+Start over!
+
+So the idea is that this robot
+is executing a very
+
+complicated plan.
+
+The plan has, in fact,
+many sub-plans.
+
+And the sub-plans all
+involve uncertainty.
+
+It didn't know where the walls
+were when it started.
+
+And when it's all done, it's
+going to have figured out
+
+where the walls were and--
+
+provided there's a way--
+
+presumably find the way to
+negotiate the maze and get to
+
+the destination.
+
+So the idea, then, is that if
+you were asked to write a
+
+conventional kind of program for
+solving that, it might be
+
+kind of hard because
+of the number of
+
+contingencies involved.
+
+What we will do is break down
+the problem and figure out
+
+simple and elegant ways
+to deal not only with
+
+uncertainty, but how do you
+make complex plans.
+
+So as I said, our primary
+pedagogy is going to be
+
+practice, theory, practice.
+
+And so that ramifies in how
+the course is organized.
+
+So this is a quick map of some
+of the aspects of the course.
+
+So we'll have weekly lectures.
+
+It's lecture unintensive.
+
+In total, there's only
+13 lectures.
+
+We'll meet once a week
+here for lecture.
+
+There's readings.
+
+There's voluminous readings.
+
+There's readings about every
+topic that we will talk about.
+
+And the readings were
+specifically
+
+designed for this course.
+
+I highly recommend
+that you become
+
+familiar with the readings.
+
+If you have a question after
+lecture, it's probably there.
+
+It's probably explained.
+
+We will do online
+tutor problems.
+
+We sent you an email if you
+pre-registered for the course.
+
+So you may already
+know about this.
+
+The idea is going to be that
+there's ways that you can
+
+prepare for the course by doing
+computer exercises.
+
+And we will also use those same
+kinds of exercises in all
+
+of the class sessions.
+
+We will have two kinds
+of lab experiences.
+
+Besides lecture, the other two
+events that you have to attend
+
+are a software lab
+and a design lab.
+
+That's the practice part.
+
+So after you learned a little
+bit about the theory by going
+
+to lecture, by doing the
+reading, then you go to the
+
+lab and try some things out.
+
+We call the first lab
+a software lab.
+
+It's a short lab.
+
+It's an hour and a half.
+
+You work individually.
+
+You try things out.
+
+You write little programs.
+
+The courseware can check the
+program to see if it's OK.
+
+And primarily, the exercises
+in the software lab are due
+
+during the software lab.
+
+But on occasion, there will
+be extra things due
+
+a day or two later.
+
+The due dates are very
+clearly written
+
+in the tutor exercises.
+
+Once a week, there's
+a design lab.
+
+That's a three hour session in
+which you work with a partner.
+
+The reason for the partner
+is that the intent--
+
+the difference between the
+design labs and the software
+
+labs is that the design labs ask
+you to solve slightly more
+
+open-ended questions, the kind
+of question that you might
+
+have no clue what
+we're asking.
+
+Open-ended, the kind of thing
+that you will be asked to do
+
+after you graduate.
+
+Design the system.
+
+What do you mean, design
+the system?
+
+So the idea is that working with
+a partner will give you a
+
+second, immediate source of
+help and a little more
+
+confidence if neither of you
+knows the solution so that you
+
+raise your hand and say,
+I don't have a clue
+
+what's going on here.
+
+So the idea is that once a
+week we do a software lab
+
+individually.
+
+Once a week, we do a design lab,
+a little more open-ended
+
+with partners.
+
+There's a little bit of written
+homework, four total.
+
+It's not much compared
+to other subjects.
+
+It's mostly practice.
+
+There's a nano-quiz, just to
+help you keep pace to make
+
+sure that you don't get
+too far behind.
+
+The first 15 minutes
+of every design lab
+
+starts with a nano-quiz.
+
+The nano-quizzes are intended to
+be simple if you've caught
+
+up, if you're up to date.
+
+So the idea is that you go to
+design lab, the first thing
+
+you do is a little, 15
+minute nano-quiz.
+
+The nano-quiz uses a tutor much
+like the homework tutor,
+
+much like the Python tutor.
+
+And it's intended
+to be simple.
+
+But it does mean please get
+to the design lab on time.
+
+The nano-quizzes are
+administered by the software.
+
+It starts the hour when
+the design lab starts.
+
+It times out 15 minutes later.
+
+So if you come 10 minutes late,
+you will have 5 minutes
+
+to do something that
+we planned to give
+
+you 15 minutes for.
+
+We will also have exams
+and interviews.
+
+The interviews are intended to
+be a one-on-one conversation
+
+about how the labs went.
+
+And we will have two mid-terms
+and a final.
+
+So that's kind of
+the logistics.
+
+The idea behind the logistics is
+practice, theory, practice.
+
+Come to the labs.
+
+Try things out.
+
+Make sure you understand.
+
+Develop a little code.
+
+Type it in.
+
+See if it works.
+
+If it works, you're
+on top of things.
+
+You're ready to get the next
+batch of information from the
+
+lecture and readings.
+
+OK, let's go on, and let's
+talk about the technical
+
+material in the first module
+of the course, in
+
+the software module.
+
+We kick the course off talking
+about software engineering for
+
+two reasons.
+
+We'd like you to know about
+software engineering.
+
+It's an incredibly important
+part of our department.
+
+It's an incredibly important
+part of the engineering of
+
+absolutely any system,
+any modern system.
+
+But we'd also like you to know
+about it because it provides a
+
+very convenient way to think
+about-- it's a convenient
+
+language to think about the
+design issues, the engineering
+
+issues in all the other
+parts of the class.
+
+So it's a very good
+place to start.
+
+So what I will do today is talk
+about some of the very
+
+simplest ideas about abstraction
+and modularity in
+
+what I think of as the lowest
+level of granularity.
+
+How do you think about
+abstraction and modularity at
+
+the micro scale, at
+the individual
+
+lines of code scale?
+
+As I said earlier, we will,
+as we progress, look at
+
+modularity and abstraction
+at the higher scale.
+
+But we have to start
+somewhere.
+
+And we're going to start by
+thinking about, how do you
+
+think about abstraction and
+modularity at the micro scale?
+
+Special note about
+programming.
+
+So what we are trying to do is,
+in the first two weeks,
+
+ramp everybody up to some level
+of software security,
+
+where you feel comfortable.
+
+So the first two weeks of this
+course is intended to make you
+
+comfortable with programming.
+
+We don't assume you've done
+extensive programming before.
+
+We want you to become
+comfortable
+
+that you're not behind.
+
+And that's the focus of the
+first two weeks' exercises.
+
+If you have little or no
+previous background, if you
+
+are uncomfortable, please do
+the Python tutor exercises.
+
+If you have not --
+
+if you do not have a lot of
+experience programming, if
+
+you're uncomfortable with the
+expectation that you can do
+
+programming, do that first.
+
+That takes priority over all the
+other assignments during
+
+the first two weeks.
+
+In particular, if you're
+uncomfortable, we will run a
+
+special Python help
+session on Sunday.
+
+And if you attend that, you
+can get a free extension.
+
+The idea is completing the tutor
+exercises is intended to
+
+make you feel comfortable that
+you have the software
+
+background to finish the
+rest of the course.
+
+Do that first.
+
+We will forgive falling behind
+in other things so that you
+
+feel comfortable with
+programming.
+
+If, at the end of two weeks, you
+still feel uncomfortable,
+
+we have a deal with 6.00, the
+Python programming class, that
+
+they will allow you to switch
+your registration
+
+from 6.01 to 6.00.
+
+But that expires Valentine's
+Day.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+So you have to make up your mind
+before Valentine's Day if
+
+you'd like to use that option.
+
+So the idea is we'd like you
+to be comfortable with
+
+programming.
+
+If you haven't programmed
+before, do the
+
+Python tutor exercises.
+
+Go to software lab.
+
+Go to design lab, but work
+on the tutor exercises.
+
+The staff will help
+you with them.
+
+You can go to office hours.
+
+There's office hours listed
+on the home page.
+
+You should try to become
+comfortable, and you should
+
+try to set as your goal --
+
+I'm going to be comfortable
+before Valentine's Day.
+
+And if you're not, talk to a
+staff member about that.
+
+OK, so what do I want you to
+know about programming?
+
+Well, we're going
+to use Python.
+
+We selected Python because it's
+very simple and because
+
+it lets us illustrate some
+very important ideas in
+
+software engineering in
+a very simple context.
+
+That's the reason.
+
+One of the reasons that it's
+simple is that it's an
+
+interpreter.
+
+After some initialization, the
+behavior of Python is to fall
+
+into an interpreter loop.
+
+The interpreter loop is, ask the
+user what he would like me
+
+to do, read what the user types,
+figure out what they're
+
+talking about, and print
+the result, repeat--
+
+very simple.
+
+What that means is that you
+can learn by doing.
+
+That's one of the points of
+today's software lab.
+
+You can simply walk
+up to a computer,
+
+type the word python--
+
+what you type is in red.
+
+Type the word "python." It
+will prompt you, so this
+
+chevron, that says, I'd
+like you to tell me
+
+something to do.
+
+I have nothing to do.
+
+If you type "2," Python tries
+to interpret that.
+
+In this particular case,
+Python says, oh, I see.
+
+That's a primitive data item.
+
+That's an integer.
+
+This person wants me to
+understand an integer.
+
+And so it will echo 2,
+indicating that it thinks you
+
+want it to understand
+a simple integer.
+
+Similarly, if you type 5.7,
+it says, oh, I got that.
+
+That's a float.
+
+The person wants me
+to remember a
+
+floating point number.
+
+And it will similarly
+echo the float.
+
+Now, of course, there's no
+exact representation for
+
+floats, right?
+
+There's too many
+of them, right?
+
+There's a lot of them.
+
+There's even more floats than
+there are ints, right?
+
+So it has an approximation.
+
+So it will print its
+approximation to the float
+
+that it thinks you are
+interested in.
+
+If you type a string, "Hello,"
+it'll say, oh, primitive data
+
+structure, string.
+
+And it'll print out
+that string.
+
+So the idea is one of the
+features of Python that makes
+
+it easy to learn is the fact
+that it's interpreter based.
+
+You can play around.
+
+You can learn by doing.
+
+Now, of course, if the only
+thing it did was simple data
+
+structures, it would
+not be very useful.
+
+So the next more complex thing
+that it can do is think about
+
+combinations.
+
+If you type "2 + 3," it
+says, oh, I got it.
+
+This person's interested
+in a combination.
+
+I should combine by the plus
+operator two ints, 2 and 3.
+
+Oh, and if I do that, if I
+combine by the plus operator
+
+two and three, I'll get 5.
+
+So it prints 5.
+
+So that's a way you know that
+it interprets "2 + 3" as 5.
+
+Similarly here, except
+I've mixed types.
+
+"5.7 + 3," it says, oh, this
+user wants me to apply the
+
+plus operator on a
+float and an int.
+
+OK, well I'll upgrade
+the int to a float.
+
+I'll do the float version, and
+I'll get this, which is its
+
+representation of 8.7.
+
+So the idea is that it will
+first try to interpret what
+
+you're saying as a
+simple data type.
+
+If that works, it prints the
+result to tell you what it
+
+thinks is going on.
+
+It then will try to interpret
+it as an expression.
+
+And sometimes, the expressions
+won't makes sense.
+
+In particular, if you try to add
+an int to a string, it's
+
+going to say, huh?
+
+And over the course of the first
+two weeks, we hope that
+
+you get familiar with
+interpreting
+
+this kind of mess.
+
+That's Python's attempt to tell
+you what it was trying to
+
+do on your behalf and can't
+figure out what
+
+you're talking about.
+
+OK, so that was simple.
+
+But it already illustrates
+something that's very
+
+important, and that's the
+idea of a composition.
+
+So the way Python works, the
+fact that when you added 3 to
+
+2 it came out 5, what we were
+doing was composing
+
+complicated--
+
+well, potentially complicated
+(that was pretty simple) --
+
+potentially complicated
+expressions and reducing them
+
+to a single data structure.
+
+And so that means that, in some
+sense, this operation, 3
+
+times 8, can be thought of as
+exactly the same as if the
+
+user had typed in 24.
+
+Whenever you can substitute
+for a complex expression a
+
+simpler thing, we say that the
+system is compositional.
+
+That's a very powerful idea.
+
+Even though it's simple, it's
+a very powerful idea.
+
+And it's an idea that
+you all know.
+
+You've seen it before in
+algebra, in arithmetic.
+
+So in arithmetic expressions,
+you can think about how the
+
+sum of two integers is an int.
+
+That's a closure.
+
+That's a kind of a combination
+that makes the system
+
+compositional and that
+provides a layer of
+
+hierarchical thinking so that,
+in your head, even though it
+
+says 3 times 8, you don't need
+to remember that anymore.
+
+You can say, oh, for any
+purposes that follow, I might
+
+just as well think of
+3 times 8 as being a
+
+single integer, 24.
+
+It's part of many other kinds
+of systems, for example,
+
+natural language.
+
+The simplest example in natural
+language is that you
+
+can think about "Apples
+are good as snacks".
+
+"Apples" is a noun.
+
+It's a plural noun.
+
+Or you could substitute "Apples
+and oranges", and it
+
+makes complete sense within
+that same structure.
+
+So "Apples and oranges
+are good as snacks".
+
+The combination of "apples" and
+"oranges" works in every
+
+way from the point of view of
+the grammar in the same way
+
+that a simple noun,
+"apples," worked.
+
+What we would like to do is use
+that idea as the starting
+
+point for a more general
+compositional system.
+
+And a good way to think about
+that is by way of names.
+
+What if we had some sequence of
+operations that we think is
+
+particularly important so that
+we would like to somehow
+
+canonize that so that,
+subsequently, we can use that
+
+sequence of operations easily?
+
+Python provides a very
+simple way to do it.
+
+Every programming
+language does.
+
+It's not unique to Python.
+
+But the idea is --
+
+so here's an example.
+
+"2 times 2" --
+
+I'm squaring 2 and get
+4. "3 times 3" --
+
+I'm squaring 3, and
+I'm getting 9.
+
+"8 plus 4 times 8 plus 4",
+I'm squaring "8 plus 4".
+
+"8 plus 4", well, I can
+think of that as 12.
+
+I'm squaring 12, I'm
+getting 144.
+
+The thing I'm trying to
+illustrate there is the notion
+
+of squaring.
+
+Squaring is a sequence of
+operations that I would like
+
+to be able to canonize as a
+single entity so that, in
+
+subsequent programs, I can
+think of the squaring
+
+operation as a single
+operation just
+
+like I think of times.
+
+The way we say that in Python
+is "define square of x to be
+
+return x squared".
+
+Then, having made that
+definition, I can say "square
+
+of 6", and the answer is 36.
+
+OK, this is a very small step.
+
+But it illustrates a very
+important point, the idea
+
+being that Python provides
+a compositional facility.
+
+And it's hierarchical.
+
+Having defined square, I can use
+square just as though it
+
+were a primitive operator.
+
+And I can use square to define
+higher level operations.
+
+So for example, what if I were
+interested in doing lots of
+
+sums of squares?
+
+Say I'm Pythagoreas, right?
+
+So I might want to add the
+square of 2 and the square of
+
+4 to get 20, or the square
+of 3 with the
+
+square of 4 to get 25.
+
+Using that simple idea of
+composition, we can write a
+
+new program, sumOfSquares.
+
+sumOfSquares takes two
+arguments, x and y.
+
+And it returns the square of
+x and the square of y.
+
+SumOfSquares doesn't
+care about how
+
+you compute the square.
+
+It trusts that square knows
+how to do that.
+
+So the work is smaller.
+
+The idea is that square
+takes care of
+
+squaring single numbers.
+
+sumOfSquares doesn't have to
+know how to square numbers.
+
+It just needs to know how to
+make a sum of squares.
+
+So what we've done is we've
+broken a task, which was not
+
+very complicated, but the whole
+idea is hierarchical.
+
+We've taken a problem and broken
+it into two pieces.
+
+We factored the problem into
+how do you do a square, and
+
+how do you sum squares.
+
+And the idea, then, is that this
+hierarchical structure is
+
+a way of building complex
+systems out of simpler parts.
+
+So that's the idea of how you
+would build programs that are
+
+compositional.
+
+Python also provides a utility
+for making lists, for making
+
+data structures that
+are compositional.
+
+The most primitive is a list.
+
+So in Python, you can
+specify a list.
+
+Here's a list of integers.
+
+So the list says, beginning
+list, end of
+
+list, elements of list.
+
+So there's five elements
+in the list, the
+
+integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
+
+Python doesn't care what the
+elements of a list are.
+
+We'll see in a minute that
+that's really important.
+
+But for the time being, the
+simplest thing that you can
+
+imagine is a heterogeneous
+list.
+
+It's not critical that the list
+contain just integers.
+
+Here's a list that contains
+an int, a string,
+
+an int, and a string.
+
+Python doesn't care.
+
+It's a list that has
+four elements.
+
+The first element's an int.
+
+The second element's a
+string, et cetera.
+
+Here's an even more
+complex example.
+
+Here's a list of lists.
+
+How many elements are
+in that list?
+
+Three.
+
+How many elements are
+in that list?
+
+So the idea is that you can
+build more complex data
+
+structures out of simple ones.
+
+That's the idea of compositional
+factoring
+
+applied to data.
+
+Just like it was important when
+we were thinking about
+
+procedures, to associate
+names with procedures--
+
+that's what "def" did--
+
+we can also think about
+associating names with data
+
+structures.
+
+And that's what we use something
+that Python calls a
+
+variable for.
+
+So I can say "b is 3".
+
+And that associates the data
+item, 3, with the label, b.
+
+I can say, "x is 5 times 2.2".
+
+Python will figure out
+what I mean by the
+
+expression on the right.
+
+It'll figure out that I'm
+composing by using the star
+
+operator, which is multiply, an
+integer and a float, which
+
+will give me a float.
+
+The answer to that's going to
+be a floating point number.
+
+And it will assign a label, x,
+to that floating point number.
+
+You can have a more complicated
+list, a data
+
+structure, and associate
+the name y with it.
+
+Then, having associated the name
+y, you get many of the
+
+same benefits of associating a
+name with a data structure
+
+that we got previously
+in associating a
+
+name with an operation.
+
+So we can say, y(0).
+
+And what that means is, what's
+the zero-th elements of the
+
+data structure, y?
+
+So the zero-th element of
+the data structure,
+
+y, is a list, [1, 2, 3].
+
+Python has some funky
+notations.
+
+The -1 element is
+the last one.
+
+So the -1th element
+of y is [7, 8, 9].
+
+And it's completely
+hierarchical.
+
+If I asked for the -1 element
+of y, I get [7, 8, 9].
+
+But then, if I asked for the
+first element of that
+
+result, I get 8.
+
+OK?
+
+Everything is clear?
+
+OK, just to make sure everything
+is clear, I want to
+
+ask you a question.
+
+But to kick off the idea of
+working together, I'd like you
+
+to think about this question
+with your neighbor.
+
+So before thinking about this
+question, everybody stand up.
+
+Introduce yourself
+to your neighbor.
+
+[AUDIENCE TALKS]
+
+So now, I'd like you to each
+discuss with your neighbor the
+
+list that is best represented
+by which of the following
+
+figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
+or none of the above.
+
+And in 30 seconds, I'm going
+to ask everybody to raise a
+
+hand with a number of fingers
+indicating the right answer.
+
+You're allowed to talk.
+
+That's the whole point
+of having a partner.
+
+[AUDIENCE TALKS]
+
+OK.
+
+I'd like everybody now
+to raise their hand.
+
+Put up the number of fingers
+that show the answer.
+
+And I want to tally.
+
+Fantastic!
+
+Everybody gets it.
+
+OK, so which one do you like?
+
+AUDIENCE: 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: 3 --
+
+why do you like three.
+
+Somebody explain this to me?
+
+It just looks good?
+
+Its pattern recognition.
+
+What's good about 3?
+
+AUDIENCE: It shows
+the compositional
+
+element of the list.
+
+PROFESSOR: Compositional?
+
+What is the compositional
+element in the pictures?
+
+What represents what?
+
+OK, 'a' represents a.
+
+That's pretty easy, right?
+
+So that takes care of the
+bulk of the figures.
+
+What's the blue lines
+represent?
+
+Someone else?
+
+I didn't quite understand.
+
+AUDIENCE: The angles represent
+like a list.
+
+PROFESSOR: They represent
+a list.
+
+Where is the list
+on the figures?
+
+AUDIENCE: The vertex?
+
+PROFESSOR: The vertex.
+
+The vertices are lists.
+
+So in 3 --
+
+at the highest level, we have a
+list that's composed of how
+
+many elements?
+
+2.
+
+The first element
+of that list is?
+
+AUDIENCE: a.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the second
+element of that list is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Another list.
+
+PROFESSOR: Another list.
+
+That's the hierarchical
+part, right?
+
+That second list has
+how many elements?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Fine,
+good, recurse.
+
+You got it.
+
+What is the list represented
+by number 2?
+
+A single list with
+five elements.
+
+Square bracket, a, comma, b,
+comma, c, comma, d, comma, e,
+
+square bracket, right?
+
+What is the list represented
+by that one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Not a list.
+
+PROFESSOR: Agh!
+
+It's not a list!
+
+What is it?
+
+Who knows?
+
+AUDIENCE: Looking
+at the variable
+
+names, it defines them.
+
+You have variables.
+
+You have a variable a, that
+defines a list that contains
+
+b, and the variable, c, that
+defines another list that
+
+contains d.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we could
+make that a variable.
+
+If we said a is a variable that
+comprises b and c, then
+
+we have the problem of how
+we're going to associate
+
+variables and elements into
+this list, right?
+
+So the weird thing about
+this one and, let's
+
+see, that one's weird.
+
+This one's also kind of weird.
+
+This one's weird because we're
+giving names to lists in a
+
+fashion that's not showed
+up here, right?
+
+That's not to say you couldn't
+invent a meaning.
+
+It's just that it doesn't
+map very well to that
+
+representation.
+
+Similarly over here, we seem to
+be giving the name b to the
+
+element a, and then the name
+c to the element b.
+
+What on earth are you
+talking about?
+
+It's not clear what we're
+doing their either.
+
+So the point is to get you
+thinking about the abstract
+
+representation of lists and how
+that maps into a complex
+
+data structure.
+
+That was the whole point.
+
+OK, so we've talked about,
+then, four things so far.
+
+How do you think about
+operations in a
+
+hierarchical fashion.
+
+And the idea was composition.
+
+We think about composing simple
+operations to make
+
+bigger, compound operations.
+
+That's a way of saying, there's
+this set of operations
+
+that I want to call foo.
+
+So every time I do this
+complicated thing that has
+
+three pages of code,
+that's one foo.
+
+And that's a way that we can
+then combined foos in some
+
+other horribly complicated
+way to make big foos.
+
+So the idea is composition.
+
+That's the first idea.
+
+The second is associating a name
+with that composition.
+
+That's what "def" does--
+define name, name of a
+
+sub-routine.
+
+So we thought about composing
+operations,
+
+associating names with them.
+
+We composed data in terms of
+lists, and we associated names
+
+with those lists in terms
+of variables.
+
+The next thing we want to think
+about is a higher order
+
+construct where we would like to
+conglomerate into one data
+
+structure both data
+and procedures.
+
+Python has a concept called a
+class that lets us do that.
+
+In Python, you make a new class
+by saying to the Python
+
+prompt, I want a new class
+called Student.
+
+And then, under Student, there
+is this thing which we will
+
+call an attribute.
+
+An attribute to a class is
+simply a data item associated
+
+with the class.
+
+And a method--
+
+a method is just a
+procedure that is
+
+associated with the class.
+
+So there's this single item
+class called Student that has
+
+one piece of data, its
+attribute, school, and one
+
+procedure, which is the method
+calculateFinalGrade.
+
+So then, this is the kind of
+data structure you might
+
+imagine that a registrar
+would have.
+
+It's a way to associate.
+
+So the idea here is that
+everybody here is a student.
+
+They all have a school.
+
+And they all have a way of
+calculating their final grade.
+
+That's a very narrow view that
+maybe a registrar would have.
+
+So classes, having defined
+them, we can then use the
+
+class to define an instance.
+
+So an instance is a data
+structure that inherits all of
+
+the structure from the class but
+also provides a mechanism
+
+for having specific data
+associated with the instance.
+
+So in Python, I say
+Mary is a student.
+
+By mentioning the name of the
+class and putting parenthesis
+
+on it, I say, give me an
+instance of the student.
+
+So now, Mary is a name
+associated with an instance of
+
+the class, Student.
+
+John is similarly an instance
+of the class, Student.
+
+So both Mary and John
+have schools.
+
+In fact, they're
+both the same.
+
+The school of Mary and the
+school of John are both MIT.
+
+But I can extend the instance
+of Mary to include a new
+
+attribute, the section number,
+so that Mary's section number
+
+is 3 and John's section
+number is 4.
+
+So this provides a way--
+
+it's a higher-order concept.
+
+We thought of a way to aggregate
+operations into
+
+complicated operation, data
+into complicated data.
+
+Classes aggregate data
+and operations.
+
+Classes allow us to create
+a structure and
+
+then generate instances.
+
+And then the instances have
+access to those features that
+
+were defined in the class, but
+also have the ability to
+
+define their own unique
+attributes and methods.
+
+You can also use a class
+to define a subclass.
+
+So here, I'm defining the
+subclass, Student601.
+
+All Student601s are members
+of the class, Student.
+
+The reverse is not true.
+
+So all Student601 entities
+inherit everything that a
+
+Student has.
+
+But all 601 students share
+some other things.
+
+Besides having a school which
+all students have, 601
+
+students also have a lecture
+day, a lecture time, and a
+
+method for calculating
+tutor scores.
+
+Not all students have a method
+for calculating tutor scores.
+
+But members of the class
+Student601 do.
+
+So this, again, represents a
+way of organizing data and
+
+operations in a way that makes
+it easier to compose higher,
+
+bigger, more complex
+structures.
+
+The final thing that I want
+to talk about today is the
+
+specific, gory details for how
+Python manages the association
+
+between names and entities.
+
+We've already seen
+two of those.
+
+Naming operations is via "def."
+And it gives rise to
+
+the name of a procedure.
+
+Variables are ways of naming
+data structures.
+
+Now, we've seen a way
+of naming classes.
+
+And in fact, it's helpful
+if you understand.
+
+So Python associates names and
+entities in a very simple,
+
+straightforward fashion.
+
+And if you know the ground
+rules, it makes it very easy
+
+to deal with.
+
+And if you don't know the ground
+rules, it makes it very
+
+hard to deal with.
+
+So what's the ground rules?
+
+Here's the gory details.
+
+So Python associates names with
+values in what Python
+
+calls a binding environment.
+
+An environment is just a
+list that associates
+
+a name and an entity.
+
+So if you were to type b
+equals 3 what Python is
+
+actually doing is it's building
+this environment.
+
+When you type b equals 3, it
+adds to the environment a
+
+name, b, and associates that
+name with the integer, 3.
+
+When you type x equals 2.2, it
+adds a name, x, and associates
+
+it with the float, 2.2.
+
+When you say foo is minus 506
+times 2, it makes the name,
+
+foo, and associates it with
+an int, minus 1012.
+
+Then, if you ask Python about
+b, the rule is look it up in
+
+the environment and type the
+thing that b refers to.
+
+So when you type "b," what
+Python really does is it goes
+
+to the environment.
+
+It says, do I have some entity
+called "b?" Well, yes I do.
+
+It happens to be an int, 3.
+
+So it prints 3.
+
+If you ask, what is "a?"
+Python says, OK, in my
+
+environment, do I have some
+name, "a?" It doesn't find it.
+
+So it prints out this cryptic
+message that basically says,
+
+sorry, guys, I can't find
+something called "a" in the
+
+current environment.
+
+That's the key to the way Python
+does all name bindings.
+
+So in general, there's
+a global environment.
+
+You start typing to Python.
+
+It just starts adding and
+modifying the bindings in the
+
+binding environment.
+
+So if you type a equals 3 and
+then type "a," it'll find 3.
+
+If you then type "b=a+2," it
+evaluates the right-hand side
+
+relative to the current
+environment.
+
+So it first looks here.
+
+And it says, do I have something
+called "a?" Ah, yes.
+
+It's an integer, 3.
+
+Substitute that.
+
+Do I know what 2 is?
+
+Oh yeah, that's just an int.
+
+Do I know what plus is?
+
+Oh yeah, that's the thing
+that combines two ints.
+
+So it decides that a plus 2--
+
+it evaluates a plus 2 in the
+current environment.
+
+It gets 5.
+
+And it says, oh, I'm trying
+to do a new equals, a new
+
+association, a new variable.
+
+Make the name, b, points to this
+evaluated in the current
+
+environment.
+
+So b gets associated
+with int 5.
+
+Then, if I do this line, it
+evaluates b plus 1 in the
+
+current environment.
+
+b is 5 in the current
+environment.
+
+It adds 1.
+
+It gets 6.
+
+And then, it says, associate
+this thing, 6, with b.
+
+So it overwrites the b, which
+had been bound to 5, and b is
+
+now bound to 6.
+
+OK?
+
+So the whole thing, the way it
+treats variables, the way
+
+Python associates a name with
+a value in a variable, is
+
+evaluate the right-hand side
+according to the current
+
+environment.
+
+Then, change the current
+environment to
+
+reflect the new binding.
+
+What it does in the case of
+sub-routines is very similar.
+
+So here's an illustration of the
+local environment that is
+
+generated by this
+piece of code.
+
+When I say a equals 2, it
+generates a name in the local
+
+environment, a.
+
+It evaluates the right-hand
+side and finds 2.
+
+So it makes a binding in the
+local environment where the
+
+name, a, is associated
+with the integer, 2.
+
+Then, I say define square of
+x to be return x squared.
+
+That's more complicated.
+
+Python says, oh, I'm defining
+a new operation.
+
+It's a procedure.
+
+The procedure has a formal
+argument, x.
+
+It has a body, return
+x times x.
+
+I'm going to have to remember
+all of that stuff.
+
+So I'm trying to define a new
+procedure called square.
+
+It's going to make a
+binding for square.
+
+So in the future, if somebody
+says the word square, it'll
+
+find out, oh, square I
+remember that one.
+
+square, it's a procedure.
+
+Just like the binding for a
+variable might be an int, the
+
+binding for a procedure is the
+name of the procedure.
+
+Then, in the procedure, which
+is some other data structure
+
+outside the environment, it's
+got to remember the formal
+
+parameters--
+
+in this case, x--
+
+and the body.
+
+And for the purpose of
+resolving what do the
+
+variables mean, it needs to
+remember what was the binding
+
+environment in which this
+sub-routine was defined.
+
+So that's this arrow.
+
+So this sequence says, make a
+new binding square, points to
+
+a procedure.
+
+The procedure has the
+formal argument, x.
+
+It has the body return
+x times x.
+
+And it has the binding.
+
+It came from the environment,
+E1, the current environment.
+
+OK, is everybody clear?
+
+So the idea is that the
+environment associates names
+
+with things.
+
+The thing could be
+a data item, or
+
+it could be a procedure.
+
+Then, when you call a procedure,
+it makes a new
+
+environment.
+
+So what happens, then, when I
+try to evaluate a form, square
+
+of a plus 2?
+
+What Python does is it says,
+OK, I need to figure
+
+out what square is.
+
+So it looks it up in the
+environment, and it finds out
+
+that square is a procedure.
+
+Fine, I know how to deal
+with procedures.
+
+So then, it figures out this
+procedure has a formal
+
+argument, x.
+
+Oh, OK, if I'm going to run this
+procedure, I'm going to
+
+have to know what x means.
+
+So Python makes a new
+environment--
+
+here, it's labelled E2, separate
+from the global
+
+environment, E1.
+
+It makes a new environment
+that will
+
+associate x with something.
+
+Doesn't know what it is yet, it
+just knows that this square
+
+is a procedure that takes
+a formal argument, x.
+
+So Python makes a new
+environment, E2, with x
+
+pointing to something.
+
+Then, Python evaluates the
+argument a plus 2 in the
+
+environment E1.
+
+You called square of a plus 2
+in the environment of E1.
+
+So it figures out what did
+you mean by a plus 3.
+
+Well, you were in the
+environment E1.
+
+So it means whatever a plus 3
+would have meant if he had
+
+just typed a plus 3 in
+that environment.
+
+So you evaluate a plus
+3 in the environment
+
+E1, and you get 5.
+
+So then, this new environment,
+E2, that is set up for this
+
+procedure, square, associates
+5 with x.
+
+Now it's ready to
+run the body.
+
+So now, it runs this procedure,
+return x times x.
+
+But now, what it's trying to
+resolve its variables, it
+
+looks it up in E2.
+
+So it says, I want to do
+the procedure, the
+
+body, x times x.
+
+I need to know what x is, and
+I need to know it twice.
+
+Look up what x means, but I
+will look it up in my E2
+
+environment that was built
+
+specifically for this procedure.
+
+And fortunately, there's
+an x there.
+
+So it finds out that x is 5.
+
+It multiplies 5 times 5.
+
+It gets the answer is 25.
+
+It returns 25.
+
+And then, it destroys this
+environment, E2, because it
+
+was only necessary for the time
+when it was running the
+
+procedure body.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+OK, so a slightly more difficult
+example illustrates
+
+what happens whenever everything
+is not defined in
+
+the current local environment.
+
+What if I type define
+biz of a?
+
+Well, I create a new name in
+the local environment that
+
+points to a procedure.
+
+The procedure has a formal
+parameter, a, and a body that
+
+returns a plus b.
+
+The procedure also was defined
+within the environment E1,
+
+which I'll keep track of.
+
+Then, if I say b equals 6, that
+makes a new binding in
+
+the global environment,
+b equals 6.
+
+Then, if I try to run biz
+of 2, look up biz.
+
+Oh, that's a procedure,
+formal parameter, a.
+
+Make an environment,
+has an a in it.
+
+What should I put in a?
+
+Evaluate the argument, 2.
+
+OK, a is 2.
+
+Put two here.
+
+Now, I'm ready to
+run the body.
+
+Run the body in the
+environment, E2.
+
+When I run return a plus
+b in E2, I have to
+
+first figure out a.
+
+Well, that's easy. a is 2.
+
+Then, I have to figure out b.
+
+What's b?
+
+AUDIENCE: 6?
+
+PROFESSOR: 6.
+
+So how did you get 6?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So this local
+environment that was created
+
+for the formal parameter has,
+as its parent, E1 because
+
+that's where the procedure
+was defined.
+
+So it doesn't find b in this
+local environment.
+
+So it goes to the parent.
+
+Do you have a "b?" And it could,
+in principal, propagate
+
+up a chain of environments.
+
+So you could construct
+this hierarchically.
+
+So it will resolve bindings in
+the most recent environment
+
+that has that binding.
+
+So the answer, then, is that
+when you run biz of 2, this b
+
+gets associated with
+that b, OK?
+
+So that's how the environments
+work for simple procedures and
+
+simple data structures.
+
+It's very similar for the way
+it works with classes.
+
+So imagine that I had this
+data, and I wanted to
+
+represent that in Python.
+
+What I might do is look at
+the common features.
+
+The courses are all the same.
+
+The rooms are all the same.
+
+The buildings are
+all the same.
+
+The ages are highly variable.
+
+So I might want to create
+a class that
+
+has the common data.
+
+So I might do this--
+
+class Staff601.
+
+The course is 601.
+
+The building's 34.
+
+The room is this.
+
+The way Python implements a
+class is as an environment.
+
+Executing this set of statements
+builds the class
+
+environment.
+
+This is it.
+
+It's a list of bindings.
+
+Here, I'm binding the
+name, course, to the
+
+string, 601, et cetera.
+
+If there were a method, I
+would do the same thing,
+
+except it would look like
+a procedure then.
+
+So this creates the Staff601
+environment.
+
+Staff601, because I executed
+this class statement, that
+
+creates a binding in the local
+environment, Staff601, which
+
+points to the new environment.
+
+So now, in the future, when
+Python encounters the name
+
+Staff601, it will discover that
+that's an environment.
+
+Python implements classes
+as environments.
+
+So now, when I want to access
+elements within a class, I use
+
+a special notation.
+
+It's a dot notation.
+
+Python regards dots as ways of
+navigating an environment.
+
+When Python parses staff.room,
+it looks up Staff601 in the
+
+current environment.
+
+If it finds an environment, it
+then says, oh, I know about
+
+this .room thing.
+
+All I do is I look up
+the room name in
+
+the environment Staff601.
+
+And when it does that, it
+gets the answer 501.
+
+And the same sort of
+thing happens here.
+
+It looks up Staff601.
+
+It finds an environment.
+
+It looks up coolness.
+
+It finds out there
+is no such thing.
+
+Well, no, that's not true.
+
+So it creates coolness within
+601 and assigns an
+
+integer, 11, to it.
+
+So then, the way Python treats
+methods is completely
+
+analogous--
+
+oh, excuse me, instances.
+
+I'm doing instances first.
+
+If I make pat be an instance
+of Staff601, pat is an
+
+instance of the class
+Staff601.
+
+pat is implemented as
+an environment.
+
+So when I make pat, pat points
+to a new environment--
+
+here, E3.
+
+The parent of E3 is the class
+that pat belongs to,
+
+which is, here, E2.
+
+And when I make the instance,
+it's empty.
+
+But now, if I ask what is
+pat.course, well, pat points
+
+to this environment.
+
+Does this environment have
+something called a course?
+
+No.
+
+Does the parent?
+
+Yes.
+
+Course is bound to
+the string 601.
+
+So pat.course is 601
+just the same as
+
+Staff601.course had been 601.
+
+pat is an instance.
+
+It's a new environment
+with the class
+
+environment as its parent.
+
+You can add attributes
+to instances.
+
+And all that does is populate
+the environment associated
+
+with the instance.
+
+You can add methods
+to classes.
+
+And that does the same thing.
+
+So here, I've got the class,
+Staff601, which has a method,
+
+salutation, instance
+variables, course,
+
+building, and room.
+
+So when I build that structure,
+Staff601 points to
+
+an environment that contains
+salutation, which is a
+
+procedure, in addition to a
+bunch of instance variables.
+
+So now, all of the rules that
+we've talked about with regard
+
+to environments apply
+now to this class.
+
+So in particular, I can say
+Staff601 salutation of pat.
+
+When Python parses Staff601,
+it finds an environment.
+
+It says dot salutation.
+
+Oh, I know how to do that.
+
+Within the environment,
+Staff601, look for a binding
+
+for the name salutation.
+
+Do I find one?
+
+Well, yeah, there it is.
+
+It points to a procedure.
+
+So staff dot salutation
+is a procedure.
+
+Do just the same things that
+we would have done with a
+
+simple procedure.
+
+The only difference
+here is that the
+
+procedure came from a class.
+
+In this particular case, the
+sub-routine that I define has
+
+a formal parameter, self.
+
+So then, that's going to have
+to build when I try to
+
+evaluate it.
+
+That has to build a binding for
+self, which is set to pat.
+
+pat was an environment.
+
+So self gets pointed to pat.
+
+So now, when I run
+Staff601.salutation on pat, it
+
+behaves as though that generic
+method was applied to the
+
+instance pat.
+
+We'll do that a lot.
+
+It's a little bit
+of redundancy.
+
+We know that pat is a
+member of Staff601.
+
+So we will define a special
+form-- or I should say, Python
+
+defines a special form-- that
+makes that easy to say.
+
+This is the way we will usually
+say, the instance pat
+
+should run the class method
+salutation on itself.
+
+This is simply a simplified
+notation that means
+
+precisely that, OK?
+
+So what we covered today, then,
+was supposed to be the
+
+most elementary ideas in how
+you construct modular
+
+programs, Modularity
+at the small scale.
+
+How do you make operations that
+are hierarchical, data
+
+structures, and classes?
+
+What we will do for the rest of
+the week is practice those
+
+activities.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3e1ZF1L1VhY.txt b/3e1ZF1L1VhY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c390a8da6e50d608c9ae698e076d81add09a5a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3e1ZF1L1VhY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu yeah I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu yeah I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu yeah I'm going to talk about
+IO models just to get a sense how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO models just to get a sense how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO models just to get a sense how many
+people know a model called IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know a model called IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know a model called IO
+model and how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and how many people
+don't okay it doesn't matter I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay it doesn't matter I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay it doesn't matter I'm just
+curious um as some of you may know uh IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious um as some of you may know uh IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious um as some of you may know uh IO
+models have a really rich history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have a really rich history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models have a really rich history and
+they're they're pretty fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're pretty fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're pretty fascinating
+they're all uh Central to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all uh Central to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all uh Central to this problem
+of modeling the memory hierarchy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling the memory hierarchy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modeling the memory hierarchy in a
+computer we have things like Ram model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer we have things like Ram model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer we have things like Ram model
+of computation where you can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation where you can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computation where you can access
+anything at the same price uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at the same price uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything at the same price uh in your
+memory but the reality of computers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but the reality of computers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but the reality of computers is
+you have uh things are very close to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh things are very close to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh things are very close to you
+that are very cheap to access and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very cheap to access and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very cheap to access and you
+have things that are very far from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things that are very far from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things that are very far from you
+that that are big you can get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are big you can get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are big you can get three
+terab disc these days but uh are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terab disc these days but uh are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terab disc these days but uh are very
+slow to access and one of the big costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow to access and one of the big costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow to access and one of the big costs
+there is latency because the here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is latency because the here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is latency because the here the
+head has to move to the right position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head has to move to the right position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head has to move to the right position
+and then uh you can read lots of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you can read lots of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh you can read lots of data
+really fast this actually can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast this actually can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast this actually can give you
+data very fast but the hard part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data very fast but the hard part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data very fast but the hard part is
+getting started in reading stuff and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting started in reading stuff and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting started in reading stuff and so
+this is the sort of thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of thing we want to
+model these kinds of computers have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these kinds of computers have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these kinds of computers have been
+around uh for decades as we'll see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh for decades as we'll see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh for decades as we'll see and
+people have been trying to model them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been trying to model them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been trying to model them in
+as clean a way as possible that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clean a way as possible that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clean a way as possible that works
+well theoretically and matches practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well theoretically and matches practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well theoretically and matches practice
+some ways um I have just some fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways um I have just some fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways um I have just some fun
+additions to this slide you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions to this slide you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additions to this slide you know you can
+keep getting bigger go to the Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep getting bigger go to the Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep getting bigger go to the Internet
+get to an EXO or a zetabyte you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to an EXO or a zetabyte you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to an EXO or a zetabyte you have to
+look up all the words for these on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up all the words for these on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up all the words for these on in
+the in the universe you've got about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the universe you've got about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the universe you've got about 10
+to the 83 atoms so maybe roughly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 83 atoms so maybe roughly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 83 atoms so maybe roughly that
+many bits uh but there's I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bits uh but there's I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bits uh but there's I don't know if
+there's a letter for them so uh how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a letter for them so uh how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a letter for them so uh how do
+we model this well there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model this well there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we model this well there's a lot of
+models this is a partial list these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models this is a partial list these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models this is a partial list these are
+sort of the core models that were around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the core models that were around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the core models that were around
+let's say since uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say since uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say since uh this
+Millennium so we start in 1972 and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium so we start in 1972 and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millennium so we start in 1972 and work
+our way forward and I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way forward and I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way forward and I'm going to go
+through all of these in in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these in in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these in in different
+levels of detail um there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of detail um there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of detail um there's a couple of
+key features in a cache that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key features in a cache that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key features in a cache that we want to
+model uh or maybe a few key features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh or maybe a few key features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh or maybe a few key features and
+then there's some measure of Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some measure of Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some measure of Simplicity
+which is a little hard to Define uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little hard to Define uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little hard to Define uh but
+that's where uh the goal is to get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where uh the goal is to get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where uh the goal is to get get
+all three of these all four of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these all four of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of these all four of these
+things at once and we get that more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at once and we get that more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at once and we get that more or
+less by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less by the
+end uh so first section is on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh so first section is on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh so first section is on this
+idealized two-level storage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized two-level storage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized two-level storage which is
+introduced by Bob Floyd uh in 1972 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Bob Floyd uh in 1972 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by Bob Floyd uh in 1972 this
+is what first page paper looks like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what first page paper looks like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what first page paper looks like uh
+it's probably typ set on a typewriter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably typ set on a typewriter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably typ set on a typewriter it
+looks like and underline good old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and underline good old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and underline good old days
+of computer science very early days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer science very early days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer science very early days of
+computer science um and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science um and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science um and this was
+published in a a conference called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a a conference called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a a conference called the
+complexity of computer computations how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of computer computations how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of computer computations how
+many people have heard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have heard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have heard of that
+conference no one wow there it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference no one wow there it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference no one wow there it is it's a
+kind of a classic because it had kp's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a classic because it had kp's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a classic because it had kp's
+original paper on empty completeness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper on empty completeness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper on empty completeness so
+you've definitely read this paper but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've definitely read this paper but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've definitely read this paper but uh
+there are a lot of neat papers in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of neat papers in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of neat papers in there
+and a panel discussion including what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a panel discussion including what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a panel discussion including what
+should we call algorithms it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we call algorithms it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we call algorithms it's kind of
+fun read um so this is in the day when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun read um so this is in the day when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun read um so this is in the day when
+sort of one of the state-of-the-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the state-of-the-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the state-of-the-art
+computers was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers was the
+pdp1 uh this is what uh pdp1 look or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdp1 uh this is what uh pdp1 look or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdp1 uh this is what uh pdp1 look or one
+of them looks like by owned by uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them looks like by owned by uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them looks like by owned by uh or
+probably owned by B Labs but Dennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably owned by B Labs but Dennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably owned by B Labs but Dennis
+Richie and Ken Thompson the inventors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richie and Ken Thompson the inventors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richie and Ken Thompson the inventors of
+c and Unix working away there it has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and Unix working away there it has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and Unix working away there it has uh
+discs Each of which is about 2 megabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs Each of which is about 2 megabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs Each of which is about 2 megabytes
+in capacity and uh it has internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capacity and uh it has internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capacity and uh it has internal
+memory which was core memory at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which was core memory at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory which was core memory at the time
+so each of these is a little uh circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these is a little uh circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these is a little uh circular
+magnetic core and it stores one bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic core and it stores one bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic core and it stores one bit and
+in total they are 8 kilobytes so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total they are 8 kilobytes so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in total they are 8 kilobytes so you get
+a sense of the already this being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the already this being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of the already this being an
+issue and this is why they wrote their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and this is why they wrote their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and this is why they wrote their
+paper so here's the model they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so here's the model they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so here's the model they
+introduced very simple model maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced very simple model maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced very simple model maybe the
+simplest will see uh you have your CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest will see uh you have your CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest will see uh you have your CPU
+which can do local computation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can do local computation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can do local computation and then
+you have your memory uh which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your memory uh which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your memory uh which is very
+big but in particular it's divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but in particular it's divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but in particular it's divided into
+these blocks of size B so each block can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks of size B so each block can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks of size B so each block can
+have up to B items and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up to B items and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up to B items and what you're
+allowed to do in one block operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do in one block operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do in one block operation is
+read two of the blocks you can read all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read two of the blocks you can read all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read two of the blocks you can read all
+the items in the block so let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in the block so let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in the block so let's say you
+read these two items you pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read these two items you pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read these two items you pick some
+subset of those items to pick up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those items to pick up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of those items to pick up and
+then what you're allowed to do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're allowed to do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're allowed to do is uh
+store them somewhere else so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them somewhere else so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them somewhere else so you can
+pick some other Target block like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some other Target block like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some other Target block like this
+one and copy those elements to overwrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and copy those elements to overwrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and copy those elements to overwrite
+that block this be I mean there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block this be I mean there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block this be I mean there's no
+computation in this model because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in this model because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in this model because he was
+just interested in how you can permute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interested in how you can permute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interested in how you can permute
+items in the in that world so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in the in that world so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in the in that world so simple
+model uh but you get the idea you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh but you get the idea you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh but you get the idea you can
+read two blocks take up to B items out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read two blocks take up to B items out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read two blocks take up to B items out
+of them stick them in here here where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them stick them in here here where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them stick them in here here where we
+just ignore what the order is within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore what the order is within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore what the order is within a
+block because we're assuming you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block because we're assuming you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block because we're assuming you can
+just rearrange once you read them in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearrange once you read them in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearrange once you read them in and
+spit them out so uh don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit them out so uh don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit them out so uh don't worry about
+the order within the Block it's more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order within the Block it's more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order within the Block it's more for
+every item which block is it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every item which block is it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every item which block is it in and
+we're assuming here items are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming here items are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming here items are
+indivisible so uh here's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible so uh here's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible so uh here's the main
+theorem of that paper if you want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of that paper if you want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of that paper if you want if
+you're given n items and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given n items and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given n items and you want to
+permute them into n overb blocks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permute them into n overb blocks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permute them into n overb blocks which
+means each of those blocks is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means each of those blocks is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means each of those blocks is going to
+be full let's say that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be full let's say that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be full let's say that's sort of the
+most interesting case then you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting case then you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting case then you need to
+use n/ B log B Block operations uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use n/ B log B Block operations uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use n/ B log B Block operations uh even
+for a random permutation on average or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a random permutation on average or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a random permutation on average or
+with high probability so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability so this is kind of
+nice because um or kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because um or kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because um or kind of interesting
+because just to touch those blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just to touch those blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just to touch those blocks
+requires n overb block uh operations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires n overb block uh operations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires n overb block uh operations but
+uh you need there's an extra log factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need there's an extra log factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need there's an extra log factor
+that starts to creep up which is maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to creep up which is maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts to creep up which is maybe a
+little bit surprising um less surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit surprising um less surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit surprising um less surprising
+for people who are familiar with IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are familiar with IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are familiar with IO
+models but at the time very new uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but at the time very new uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but at the time very new uh and
+I'm making a particular assumption here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making a particular assumption here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making a particular assumption here
+but just a small thing I thought I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a small thing I thought I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a small thing I thought I'd go
+through the proof of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the proof of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the proof of this theorem
+because it's it's fairly simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's fairly simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's fairly simple it's
+going to use a slightly simplified model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a slightly simplified model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a slightly simplified model
+where instead of copying items you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of copying items you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where instead of copying items you
+actually move items so these guys would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move items so these guys would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move items so these guys would
+disappear after you put them in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear after you put them in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear after you put them in this new
+block uh because we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh because we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh because we're thinking about
+permutation problems again that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation problems again that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation problems again that doesn't
+really change anything uh you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change anything uh you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change anything uh you can just
+for every item see what path it follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every item see what path it follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every item see what path it follows
+to ultimately get to its Target location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ultimately get to its Target location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ultimately get to its Target location
+throw away all the extra copies and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away all the extra copies and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away all the extra copies and just
+keep that one set of copies and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that one set of copies and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that one set of copies and that
+will still be a valid solution in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be a valid solution in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be a valid solution in this
+model so how's the lower bound go it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so how's the lower bound go it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so how's the lower bound go it's a
+it's a simple potential argument you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a simple potential argument you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a simple potential argument you
+look at for every pair of uh blocks how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for every pair of uh blocks how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for every pair of uh blocks how
+many items are there uh in Block I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many items are there uh in Block I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many items are there uh in Block I that
+are destined for Block J you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are destined for Block J you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are destined for Block J you want to
+move from block I to block J this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from block I to block J this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from block I to block J this is
+going to be changing over time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be changing over time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be changing over time this is
+where they currently are uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they currently are uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they currently are uh and so
+that's nij you take NJ log nij and sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nij you take NJ log nij and sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nij you take NJ log nij and sum
+that up over all I and JS that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up over all I and JS that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up over all I and JS that's the
+potential function and uh that potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function and uh that potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function and uh that potential
+our goal is to maximize that potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to maximize that potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to maximize that potential
+because it's going to be uh for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be uh for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be uh for those
+familiar with entropy this is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with entropy this is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with entropy this is negative
+entropy so it's going to be maximized uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so it's going to be maximized uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so it's going to be maximized uh
+when all the items are where they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the items are where they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all the items are where they need
+to be uh this is when everything is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh this is when everything is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh this is when everything is as
+clustered as possible you can only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered as possible you can only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered as possible you can only have
+a cluster of size B Because items can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster of size B Because items can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster of size B Because items can
+only be up to B in the same place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be up to B in the same place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be up to B in the same place in the
+Target one way to see this in the Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target one way to see this in the Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target one way to see this in the Target
+configuration nii is B for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration nii is B for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration nii is B for all I
+everyone's where they're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's where they're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's where they're supposed to be
+and so that potential gives you uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that potential gives you uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that potential gives you uh the
+number of items Times log B and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of items Times log B and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of items Times log B and this
+this is always at most log B and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always at most log B and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always at most log B and so
+that's the biggest this could ever hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the biggest this could ever hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the biggest this could ever hope
+to get so our goal is to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get so our goal is to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get so our goal is to increase
+entropy as much as possible and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as much as possible and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as much as possible and we're
+starting with low entropy if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with low entropy if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with low entropy if you take a
+random permutation uh you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random permutation uh you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random permutation uh you're trying to
+get the expected number of guys that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the expected number of guys that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the expected number of guys that are
+where they're supposed to be is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're supposed to be is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're supposed to be is very
+small because most of them are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because most of them are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because most of them are going to
+be destined for some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destined for some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be destined for some other
+block uh so we're starting with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh so we're starting with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh so we're starting with with the
+potential of linear we need to get to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of linear we need to get to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of linear we need to get to n
+log B and then um the claim is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B and then um the claim is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B and then um the claim is that each
+block operation we do can only increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block operation we do can only increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block operation we do can only increase
+potential uh by at most B and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh by at most B and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh by at most B and so that
+gives us this bound of the potential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this bound of the potential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this bound of the potential we
+need to get two minus the PO potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get two minus the PO potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get two minus the PO potential
+we had divided by how much we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had divided by how much we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had divided by how much we can
+decrease potential in each step uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease potential in each step uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease potential in each step uh which
+is basically n/ B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically n/ B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically n/ B
+logb minus little L uh why is this claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logb minus little L uh why is this claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logb minus little L uh why is this claim
+true I'll just sketch the idea is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I'll just sketch the idea is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I'll just sketch the idea is this
+fun fact that X+ y log X Plus y is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fact that X+ y log X Plus y is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun fact that X+ y log X Plus y is at
+most X log X Plus y log y + x + y what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most X log X Plus y log y + x + y what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most X log X Plus y log y + x + y what
+this means is if you have two clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is if you have two clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is if you have two clusters
+our goal is to sort of cluster things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to sort of cluster things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to sort of cluster things
+together and make bigger groups that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and make bigger groups that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and make bigger groups that are
+in the in the same place or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the same place or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the same place or in the
+correct place um so if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct place um so if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct place um so if you have two
+clusters X log X and Y log y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters X log X and Y log y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters X log X and Y log y
+contributing to this thing and you merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to this thing and you merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to this thing and you merge
+them then you now have this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you now have this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you now have this potential
+and the claim is that could have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that could have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that could have only
+gone up by X Plus Y and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up by X Plus Y and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up by X Plus Y and when you're
+moving B items X the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving B items X the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving B items X the total number of
+things you're moving is B so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're moving is B so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're moving is B so you can
+only increase things by B so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only increase things by B so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only increase things by B so that was a
+quick sketch of this old paper it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick sketch of this old paper it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick sketch of this old paper it's a
+fun read uh quite clear easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun read uh quite clear easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun read uh quite clear easy
+argument um so we've proved this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument um so we've proved this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument um so we've proved this theorem
+that you need at least n over B log B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need at least n over B log B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need at least n over B log B
+but what is the right answer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the right answer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is the right answer that's
+actually not the right there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the right there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the right there's not a
+matching upper bound of course for b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching upper bound of course for b a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching upper bound of course for b a
+constant this is the right answer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is the right answer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is the right answer uh
+it's n uh but that's not so exciting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n uh but that's not so exciting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n uh but that's not so exciting uh
+on the upper bound side this paper has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper bound side this paper has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the upper bound side this paper has
+uh almost matching lower bound it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost matching lower bound it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost matching lower bound it's
+another log but not quite the same log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another log but not quite the same log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another log but not quite the same log n
+over B log n over b instead of log B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B log n over b instead of log B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B log n over b instead of log B and
+the rough of how to do that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question I said a tall disc assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I said a tall disc assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I said a tall disc assumption
+I'm assuming n b is greater than b this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming n b is greater than b this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming n b is greater than b this
+is the number of blocks in your disc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of blocks in your disc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of blocks in your disc is
+at least the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the size of a
+block I needed that in the proof I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I needed that in the proof I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I needed that in the proof I think
+uh good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good question
+where and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L yeah exactly yeah that's where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L yeah exactly yeah that's where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L yeah exactly yeah that's where I'm
+using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it
+thanks otherwise this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks otherwise this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks otherwise this expectation
+doesn't work out because it's too likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work out because it's too likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work out because it's too likely
+you might go I if you have one block for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go I if you have one block for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might go I if you have one block for
+example this will fail because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this will fail because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this will fail because you need
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+operations so has to be some trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so has to be some trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so has to be some trade-off
+at the very small regime uh okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very small regime uh okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very small regime uh okay so the
+way to get n overb log n overb uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get n overb log n overb uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get n overb log n overb uh is
+basically a radic sort you can do in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a radic sort you can do in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a radic sort you can do in one
+pass through the data you can um rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the data you can um rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the data you can um rewrite
+everything to to have the low order bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to to have the low order bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to to have the low order bits
+of zero before all the low order bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero before all the low order bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero before all the low order bits of
+one one so in N overb you can sort by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one so in N overb you can sort by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one so in N overb you can sort by
+each bit in the Target block ID of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bit in the Target block ID of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each bit in the Target block ID of every
+item and so you do log of N overb Things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and so you do log of N overb Things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and so you do log of N overb Things
+because that's how many blocks there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how many blocks there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how many blocks there are
+and this so this is how many passes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so this is how many passes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so this is how many passes you
+need by a binary Ric sort uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need by a binary Ric sort uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need by a binary Ric sort uh you can
+achieve that bound um and the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that bound um and the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that bound um and the paper
+actually claims that there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually claims that there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually claims that there's a there's a
+lower bound uh it's a little strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound uh it's a little strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound uh it's a little strange
+because there's a careful proof given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a careful proof given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a careful proof given
+for this and then this claim just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and then this claim just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and then this claim just says
+by information theoretic considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by information theoretic considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by information theoretic considerations
+uh this is also true this is in the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is also true this is in the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is also true this is in the days
+when we didn't distinguish between bigo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we didn't distinguish between bigo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we didn't distinguish between bigo
+and big Omega uh before can's paper um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big Omega uh before can's paper um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big Omega uh before can's paper um
+but this is not true and we'll see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not true and we'll see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not true and we'll see uh
+that it's not true it was settled uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not true it was settled uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not true it was settled uh
+about 14 years later uh so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 14 years later uh so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 14 years later uh so we'll we'll
+see the the right answer uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the right answer uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the right answer uh this is
+almost the right answer but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the right answer but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the right answer but it doesn't
+quite work when B is very small and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite work when B is very small and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite work when B is very small and one
+way to see that is when B is one when B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see that is when B is one when B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to see that is when B is one when B
+is one the right answer is n not n log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one the right answer is n not n log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one the right answer is n not n log n
+so uh for when B is less than log n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for when B is less than log n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for when B is less than log n over
+B then there's a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then there's a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then there's a slightly different
+answer which we'll get to later but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which we'll get to later but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which we'll get to later but that
+was that was the early days uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was the early days uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was the early days uh some
+other fun fun quotes from this paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fun fun quotes from this paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other fun fun quotes from this paper uh
+foreshadowing different things uh one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing different things uh one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing different things uh one is
+the word Ram model which is very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word Ram model which is very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word Ram model which is very common
+today but not at the time and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but not at the time and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but not at the time and it says
+obviously these results apply you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these results apply you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these results apply you know
+for discs and drums which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discs and drums which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discs and drums which is probably
+what they're thinking about originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're thinking about originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're thinking about originally
+but also when the pages the blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also when the pages the blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also when the pages the blocks are
+words of internal memory and the records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of internal memory and the records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of internal memory and the records
+are the bits in those words so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bits in those words so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the bits in those words so this is a
+word Ram model and it actually shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Ram model and it actually shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Ram model and it actually shows
+that not only here I said you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only here I said you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only here I said you know just
+ignore the permutation within each block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the permutation within each block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the permutation within each block
+but you can actually do all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually do all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually do all the things
+you need to do for these algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do for these algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do for these algorithms
+using shifts and and logical or exor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using shifts and and logical or exor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using shifts and and logical or exor and
+operations so it all of his algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so it all of his algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so it all of his algorithms
+work in the word Ram model too which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the word Ram model too which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the word Ram model too which is
+kind of nifty um another thing is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nifty um another thing is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nifty um another thing is is
+foreshadowing uh what we call the io
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing uh what we call the io
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing uh what we call the io
+model which we'll get to in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which we'll get to in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which we'll get to in a little bit
+says uh work in is in progress he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh work in is in progress he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh work in is in progress he got
+scooped unfortunately work is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooped unfortunately work is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scooped unfortunately work is in
+progress unless he meant by someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress unless he meant by someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress unless he meant by someone else
+attempting to study the case where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to study the case where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to study the case where uh
+you can store more than two pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can store more than two pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can store more than two pages
+basically this CPU can hold two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this CPU can hold two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this CPU can hold two of these
+blocks and then write one back out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and then write one back out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and then write one back out but
+has no uh bigger memory than that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no uh bigger memory than that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no uh bigger memory than that or
+bigger cache so that's where we were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger cache so that's where we were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger cache so that's where we were at
+the time uh next chapter in this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time uh next chapter in this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time uh next chapter in this story
+is uh 1981 it's a good year as when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh 1981 it's a good year as when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh 1981 it's a good year as when I
+was born um and this is Hong and kung's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born um and this is Hong and kung's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born um and this is Hong and kung's
+paper you've probably heard about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you've probably heard about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you've probably heard about the
+red blue Pebble game and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blue Pebble game and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blue Pebble game and it's a
+also a two-l model but now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a two-l model but now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a two-l model but now there's a
+cache in the middle and you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache in the middle and you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache in the middle and you can remember
+stuff for a while before you I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for a while before you I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for a while before you I mean you
+can remember up to M things before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember up to M things before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember up to M things before you
+have to kick them out the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kick them out the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kick them out the difference
+here is there's no blocks anymore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is there's no blocks anymore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is there's no blocks anymore it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+items uh so let me tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items uh so let me tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items uh so let me tell you a little bit
+about the paper this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the paper this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the paper this is a
+state-of-the-art in Computing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art in Computing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art in Computing at the
+time personal computer Revolution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time personal computer Revolution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time personal computer Revolution was
+happening they had the Apple 2 TS 80 Vic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening they had the Apple 2 TS 80 Vic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening they had the Apple 2 TS 80 Vic
+20 all of these originally had about 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 all of these originally had about 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 all of these originally had about 4
+kilobytes of RAM and these the discs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes of RAM and these the discs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes of RAM and these the discs
+could store maybe I don't know 3 60k or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store maybe I don't know 3 60k or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store maybe I don't know 3 60k or
+so uh but you could also connect to tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh but you could also connect to tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh but you could also connect to tape
+and other crazy things uh so again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other crazy things uh so again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other crazy things uh so again this
+is relevant and that's the setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant and that's the setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relevant and that's the setting
+they're writing this uh they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're writing this uh they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're writing this uh they have this
+fun quote when a large computation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun quote when a large computation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun quote when a large computation is
+performed on a small device at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed on a small device at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed on a small device at that
+point small devices were becoming common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point small devices were becoming common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point small devices were becoming common
+you must decompose those computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must decompose those computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must decompose those computations
+into subc computations this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into subc computations this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into subc computations this is going to
+require a lot of IO it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a lot of IO it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a lot of IO it's going to be
+slow so how do we minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so how do we minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow so how do we minimize
+IO so uh their model before I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO so uh their model before I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO so uh their model before I get to
+this uh red blue Pebble game model it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh red blue Pebble game model it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh red blue Pebble game model it's
+based on a Vanilla single color Pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a Vanilla single color Pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a Vanilla single color Pebble
+game model by hopcraft pollen Valiant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game model by hopcraft pollen Valiant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game model by hopcraft pollen Valiant
+this is the famous uh interrelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the famous uh interrelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the famous uh interrelation
+between the time hierarchy and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time hierarchy and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the time hierarchy and space
+hierarchy paper um and what they said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy paper um and what they said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy paper um and what they said is
+okay let's think of our the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think of our the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think of our the algorithm
+we're executing as a dag you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're executing as a dag you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're executing as a dag you know we
+start with some things that are inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some things that are inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some things that are inputs
+and we want to compute stuff that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to compute stuff that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to compute stuff that this
+this this computation depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this computation depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this computation depends on the
+having these two values and so on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these two values and so on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these two values and so on in the
+end we want to compute some output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we want to compute some output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we want to compute some output so
+you can rewrite computation in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite computation in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite computation in this kind
+of dag form and we're going to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dag form and we're going to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dag form and we're going to model the
+execution of that by playing this Pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of that by playing this Pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of that by playing this Pebble
+game and so a node can have Pebbles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so a node can have Pebbles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and so a node can have Pebbles on
+it and for example we could put a pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and for example we could put a pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and for example we could put a pebble
+on this node in general we are allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this node in general we are allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this node in general we are allowed
+to put a pebble on a node if all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a pebble on a node if all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a pebble on a node if all of its
+predecessors have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors have a
+pebble and pebble is going to correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebble and pebble is going to correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebble and pebble is going to correspond
+to being in memory uh and we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being in memory uh and we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being in memory uh and we can also
+throw away a node because we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away a node because we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw away a node because we can just
+forget stuff unlike real life you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget stuff unlike real life you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget stuff unlike real life you can
+just forget whatever you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forget whatever you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forget whatever you don't want to
+know anymore uh so you add a pebble uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anymore uh so you add a pebble uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anymore uh so you add a pebble uh
+let's say now we can add this Pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now we can add this Pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now we can add this Pebble
+because it's predecessor has a pebble on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's predecessor has a pebble on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's predecessor has a pebble on
+it um we can add this Pebble over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um we can add this Pebble over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um we can add this Pebble over here
+add this Pebble here now we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this Pebble here now we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this Pebble here now we don't need
+this information anymore because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information anymore because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information anymore because we've
+computed all the things out of it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed all the things out of it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed all the things out of it so we
+could choose to remove that Pebble uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose to remove that Pebble uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could choose to remove that Pebble uh
+and now we can add this one remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can add this one remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can add this one remove that
+one add this one you can check that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one add this one you can check that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one add this one you can check that I
+got all these right uh add this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these right uh add this one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all these right uh add this one uh
+remove that one remove add remove remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that one remove add remove remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that one remove add remove remove
+in the end we want Pebbles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we want Pebbles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we want Pebbles on the
+outputs we start with pebbles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs we start with pebbles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs we start with pebbles on the
+inputs and in this case uh goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and in this case uh goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and in this case uh goal was to
+minimize the maximum number of Pebbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the maximum number of Pebbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the maximum number of Pebbles
+over time here there's up to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time here there's up to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time here there's up to four
+pebbles at any one moment that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebbles at any one moment that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebbles at any one moment that means you
+need uh memory of size four and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh memory of size four and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh memory of size four and they
+ended up proving that any dag can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up proving that any dag can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up proving that any dag can be
+executed using n over log n maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed using n over log n maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed using n over log n maximum
+Pebbles which gave this theorem time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles which gave this theorem time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles which gave this theorem time if
+you use two units of time you can fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use two units of time you can fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use two units of time you can fit in
+t over log T units of space which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t over log T units of space which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t over log T units of space which is a
+neat advance but that's beside the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat advance but that's beside the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat advance but that's beside the point
+uh but this is where Hong and Kong were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is where Hong and Kong were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this is where Hong and Kong were
+coming from they had this Pebble model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from they had this Pebble model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from they had this Pebble model
+and they wanted to use two colors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wanted to use two colors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wanted to use two colors of
+Pebbles one to represent the you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles one to represent the you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles one to represent the you're on
+the first the the the shallower level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the the the shallower level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the the the shallower level of
+the memory hierarchy in Cache and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory hierarchy in Cache and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory hierarchy in Cache and the
+other to say that you're on disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to say that you're on disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to say that you're on disc
+somewhere uh so red Pebbles is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh so red Pebbles is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh so red Pebbles is going to
+be in Cache that's the hot stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Cache that's the hot stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Cache that's the hot stuff and
+blue Pebbles are our disc that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Pebbles are our disc that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Pebbles are our disc that's the
+cold stuff uh and basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold stuff uh and basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold stuff uh and basically the same
+rules um when you're initially placing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules um when you're initially placing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules um when you're initially placing a
+pebble everything here has to be red you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebble everything here has to be red you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pebble everything here has to be red you
+can place a red Pebble if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can place a red Pebble if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can place a red Pebble if your
+predecessors have red Pebbles we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors have red Pebbles we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessors have red Pebbles we start
+out with the inputs being blue so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the inputs being blue so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the inputs being blue so there
+are no red Pebbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no red Pebbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no red Pebbles
+but we for free or not for free for unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we for free or not for free for unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we for free or not for free for unit
+cost we can convert any red Pebble to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we can convert any red Pebble to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we can convert any red Pebble to a
+blue Pebble or any blue Pebble to a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Pebble or any blue Pebble to a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue Pebble or any blue Pebble to a red
+Pebble so let's go through this I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebble so let's go through this I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebble so let's go through this I can
+make that one red and now I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that one red and now I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that one red and now I can make
+this one red great uh now I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one red great uh now I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one red great uh now I don't need
+it right now so I'm going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now so I'm going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now so I'm going to make it
+blue meaning write it out to disk uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue meaning write it out to disk uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue meaning write it out to disk uh I
+make this one red make this one red now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this one red make this one red now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this one red make this one red now
+I can throw that one away I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can throw that one away I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can throw that one away I don't need
+it on Cache or disk uh I can throw throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Cache or disk uh I can throw throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on Cache or disk uh I can throw throw
+uh put that one on disc because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put that one on disc because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh put that one on disc because I don't
+need it right now um I can make that red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it right now um I can make that red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it right now um I can make that red
+bring that one back in from Cache write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that one back in from Cache write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that one back in from Cache write
+this one out uh put that one onto dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one out uh put that one onto dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one out uh put that one onto dis
+put that onto dis now we'll go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that onto dis now we'll go over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that onto dis now we'll go over here
+read this back in from disk uh finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this back in from disk uh finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this back in from disk uh finish
+off this section over here uh now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this section over here uh now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this section over here uh now I can
+throw that away add this guy throw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that away add this guy throw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that away add this guy throw that
+away uh what do I need now I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh what do I need now I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh what do I need now I can write
+this out to dis I'm done with the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to dis I'm done with the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out to dis I'm done with the output
+now I've got to read all these guys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got to read all these guys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got to read all these guys in
+and then I can do this one uh and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can do this one uh and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can do this one uh and so I
+needed a cache size here of four the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a cache size here of four the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed a cache size here of four the
+maximum number of red things at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of red things at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of red things at any
+moment was four uh I can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment was four uh I can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment was four uh I can get rid of
+those guys write that one to disk and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys write that one to disk and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys write that one to disk and my
+goal is to get the outputs all blue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get the outputs all blue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to get the outputs all blue uh
+but the objective here is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the objective here is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the objective here is different
+before before we're minimizing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before we're minimizing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before we're minimizing uh
+essentially cache size cach size now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cache size cach size now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially cache size cach size now is
+given to us we say we have a cach size M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us we say we have a cach size M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us we say we have a cach size M
+but what now what we count are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what now what we count are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what now what we count are the
+number of reads and writes the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reads and writes the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reads and writes the number of
+switching colors of Pebbles that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching colors of Pebbles that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching colors of Pebbles that is the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+iOS uh and so you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iOS uh and so you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iOS uh and so you can think of this
+model as as this picture I drew before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as as this picture I drew before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as as this picture I drew before
+you have cash you can store up to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have cash you can store up to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have cash you can store up to MIT
+items uh you can take any uh blue item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items uh you can take any uh blue item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items uh you can take any uh blue item
+you could throw them away for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could throw them away for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could throw them away for example uh
+I could move a red item over here turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could move a red item over here turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could move a red item over here turn
+it blue that corresponds to writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it blue that corresponds to writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it blue that corresponds to writing out
+to disk I can bring a blue item back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disk I can bring a blue item back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disk I can bring a blue item back in
+to fill that spot that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that spot that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill that spot that corresponds to
+reading from dis as long as at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading from dis as long as at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading from dis as long as at all times
+I have at most M red items and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have at most M red items and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have at most M red items and these are
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+model uh so what Hong Kong did is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so what Hong Kong did is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh so what Hong Kong did is look
+at a bunch of different algorithms not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bunch of different algorithms not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bunch of different algorithms not
+problems but specific algorithms things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but specific algorithms things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but specific algorithms things
+that you could compute in the dag form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could compute in the dag form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could compute in the dag form
+the dag form is I guess you could say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dag form is I guess you could say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dag form is I guess you could say a
+class of algorithms right there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of algorithms right there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of algorithms right there's many
+ways to execute this dag you can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to execute this dag you can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to execute this dag you can follow
+any um topological sort of this dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um topological sort of this dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um topological sort of this dag
+that's an algorithm in some sense and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an algorithm in some sense and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an algorithm in some sense and so
+what he's finding is the best execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's finding is the best execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's finding is the best execution
+of these uh meta algorithms if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh meta algorithms if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh meta algorithms if you will
+so that doesn't mean it's the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't mean it's the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't mean it's the best way
+uh to do Matrix Vector multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do Matrix Vector multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do Matrix Vector multiplication
+but it says if you're following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it says if you're following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it says if you're following the
+standard algorithm the standard dag that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard algorithm the standard dag that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard algorithm the standard dag that
+you get from it or the standard fft dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from it or the standard fft dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from it or the standard fft dag
+guess fft is actually an algorithm then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess fft is actually an algorithm then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess fft is actually an algorithm then
+uh the minimum number of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the minimum number of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the minimum number of memory
+transfers is this number of red or blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is this number of red or blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is this number of red or blue
+recoloring and so you get a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoloring and so you get a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoloring and so you get a variety of
+course uh the speed UPS the relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh the speed UPS the relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh the speed UPS the relative to
+the regular Ram analysis versus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular Ram analysis versus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular Ram analysis versus this
+analysis is going to be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is going to be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is going to be somewhere
+between one and M because uh the best I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and M because uh the best I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and M because uh the best I
+guess for most problems at least and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for most problems at least and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for most problems at least and for
+some problems like Matrix Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems like Matrix Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems like Matrix Vector
+multiplication you get very good M uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you get very good M uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you get very good M uh
+odd even transposition sort you get M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even transposition sort you get M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd even transposition sort you get M
+some Matrix Matrix multiplication not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Matrix Matrix multiplication not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Matrix Matrix multiplication not
+quite as good root M uh and fft sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good root M uh and fft sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good root M uh and fft sorting
+was not analyzed here because sorting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not analyzed here because sorting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not analyzed here because sorting is
+many different algorithms just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different algorithms just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different algorithms just one
+specific algorithm analyzed here uh Only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific algorithm analyzed here uh Only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific algorithm analyzed here uh Only
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+M so that's I don't want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so that's I don't want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so that's I don't want to go through
+these analyses because a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these analyses because a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these analyses because a lot of them
+will follow from other results that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow from other results that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow from other results that
+we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get
+to um so at this point we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um so at this point we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um so at this point we have two
+models we have the idealized twole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we have the idealized twole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we have the idealized twole
+storage of Floyd we have the red blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of Floyd we have the red blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage of Floyd we have the red blue
+Pebble game of H and Kong this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebble game of H and Kong this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebble game of H and Kong this one
+models caching that you can store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models caching that you can store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models caching that you can store a
+bunch of things but it does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things but it does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things but it does not have
+blocks this one models blocking but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks this one models blocking but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks this one models blocking but it
+does not have a cache or it has a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a cache or it has a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a cache or it has a cache
+of constant size uh so the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant size uh so the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant size uh so the idea is to
+merge these two models and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge these two models and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge these two models and this is the
+argal Vitter paper many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argal Vitter paper many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argal Vitter paper many of you have
+heard of I'm sure it was in 1987 so six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of I'm sure it was in 1987 so six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of I'm sure it was in 1987 so six
+years after Hong and Kong uh it has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after Hong and Kong uh it has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after Hong and Kong uh it has many
+names IO model is the original I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names IO model is the original I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names IO model is the original I guess
+uh external memory model is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh external memory model is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh external memory model is what I
+usually use and a bunch of people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use and a bunch of people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use and a bunch of people here
+use dis access model has the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dis access model has the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dis access model has the nice
+advantage of it you can call it the dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it you can call it the dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it you can call it the dam
+model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and
+uh again our goal is to minimize number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again our goal is to minimize number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again our goal is to minimize number
+of iOS it's just the fusion of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iOS it's just the fusion of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iOS it's just the fusion of the two
+models now our cache has blocks of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models now our cache has blocks of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models now our cache has blocks of size
+B and you have M overb blocks uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you have M overb blocks uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and you have M overb blocks uh and
+your disc ALS is also divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your disc ALS is also divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your disc ALS is also divided into
+blocks of size B we imagine it being as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of size B we imagine it being as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of size B we imagine it being as
+large as you need it to be probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as you need it to be probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as you need it to be probably
+about order n uh and what can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about order n uh and what can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about order n uh and what can you do
+well you can uh pick up one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can uh pick up one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can uh pick up one of these
+blocks and read it in from disc to Cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and read it in from disc to Cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and read it in from disc to Cache
+so uh kicking out whatever used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh kicking out whatever used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh kicking out whatever used to be
+there uh you can do computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh you can do computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh you can do computation
+internally change whatever these items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally change whatever these items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally change whatever these items
+are uh for free let's say you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh for free let's say you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh for free let's say you could
+measure time but usually you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure time but usually you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure time but usually you just
+measure a number of memory transfers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a number of memory transfers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a number of memory transfers and
+then you can take one of these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can take one of these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can take one of these blocks
+and write it back out to dis kicking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it back out to dis kicking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it back out to dis kicking out
+whatever used to be there so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever used to be there so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever used to be there so it's the
+obvious hybrid of these models but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious hybrid of these models but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious hybrid of these models but this
+turns out to be a really good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a really good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a really good model
+those other two models they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other two models they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other two models they were
+interesting they were they were simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they were they were simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they were they were simple
+this is basically as simple but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically as simple but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically as simple but it has
+it spawned this whole field that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spawned this whole field that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spawned this whole field that's why
+we're here today so this is uh a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here today so this is uh a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here today so this is uh a really
+cool model let's say tons of tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool model let's say tons of tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool model let's say tons of tons of
+results in this model it's always it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in this model it's always it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in this model it's always it's
+interesting to see I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see I'm going to talk
+about a lot of models today this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of models today this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of models today this we're
+sort of in the middle of them at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the middle of them at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the middle of them at the
+moment but only two have really caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but only two have really caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but only two have really caught
+on in a big way and have led to lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a big way and have led to lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a big way and have led to lots and
+lots of papers this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of papers this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of papers this is one of
+them uh so let me tell you some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so let me tell you some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so let me tell you some basic
+results in how to do them uh simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in how to do them uh simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in how to do them uh simple um
+approach technique algorithmic technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach technique algorithmic technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach technique algorithmic technique
+uh in external memory is to scan so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in external memory is to scan so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in external memory is to scan so if I
+here's my data if I just want to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my data if I just want to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my data if I just want to read
+items in order uh and stop at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in order uh and stop at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items in order uh and stop at some point
+n then that costs me order n overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then that costs me order n overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then that costs me order n overb
+memory transfers that's optimal I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers that's optimal I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers that's optimal I've got
+to read the data in I can accumulate add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the data in I can accumulate add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read the data in I can accumulate add
+them up do multiply them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up do multiply them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up do multiply them together
+whatever uh one thing to be careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh one thing to be careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh one thing to be careful with
+those is plus one or you could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is plus one or you could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is plus one or you could put a
+ceiling on that uh if N is a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling on that uh if N is a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling on that uh if N is a lot less
+than b this is not a good strategy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b this is not a good strategy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b this is not a good strategy but
+as long as n is at least order B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as n is at least order B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as n is at least order B uh
+that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really
+efficient uh more generally instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh more generally instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh more generally instead of
+just one scan uh you can run up to M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one scan uh you can run up to M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one scan uh you can run up to M
+overb parallel scans because for a scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb parallel scans because for a scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb parallel scans because for a scan
+you really just need to know what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just need to know what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just need to know what is my
+block currently and we can fit M overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block currently and we can fit M overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block currently and we can fit M overb
+blocks in our cache and so we can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in our cache and so we can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in our cache and so we can you
+know scan a little Advance this scan a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know scan a little Advance this scan a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know scan a little Advance this scan a
+little bit Advance this scan a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Advance this scan a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Advance this scan a little
+bit Advance this one uh go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Advance this one uh go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Advance this one uh go back and
+forth in in any kind of interleaving we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in in any kind of interleaving we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in in any kind of interleaving we
+want of those M overb scans some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want of those M overb scans some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want of those M overb scans some of them
+could be read scans some of them could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be read scans some of them could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be read scans some of them could
+be WR scans some of them could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be WR scans some of them could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be WR scans some of them could go
+backwards some of them could go forwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards some of them could go forwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards some of them could go forwards
+a lot of options here and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of options here and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of options here and in particular
+you can do something like given uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something like given uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something like given uh a
+little bit less than M overb lists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than M overb lists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than M overb lists of
+total size n you can merge them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total size n you can merge them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total size n you can merge them all
+together if they're sorted lists you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if they're sorted lists you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if they're sorted lists you can
+merge them into one sorted list uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge them into one sorted list uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge them into one sorted list uh in
+optimal and over B time so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal and over B time so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal and over B time so that's
+good we'll use that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we'll use that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we'll use that in a
+moment uh I have a little bit of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh I have a little bit of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh I have a little bit of uh a
+thought experiment by originally by Lars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment by originally by Lars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment by originally by Lars
+arga who will be speaking later um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arga who will be speaking later um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arga who will be speaking later um you
+know is this really a big deal Factor B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this really a big deal Factor B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this really a big deal Factor B
+doesn't sound so big uh should do I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound so big uh should do I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound so big uh should do I care
+for example uh suppose I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh suppose I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh suppose I'm going to
+Traverse a linked list in memory uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse a linked list in memory uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse a linked list in memory uh but
+it's actually stored on disk is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually stored on disk is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually stored on disk is it
+really important that I sort that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that I sort that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important that I sort that list
+and do a scan versus jumping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a scan versus jumping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a scan versus jumping around
+random access and this is back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access and this is back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access and this is back of the
+envelope uh you know just Computing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope uh you know just Computing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope uh you know just Computing what
+things ought to be if you have about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things ought to be if you have about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things ought to be if you have about a
+gigabyte of data a block size of 32k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte of data a block size of 32k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte of data a block size of 32k
+which is probably on the small side a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably on the small side a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably on the small side a
+one mill second dis access time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mill second dis access time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mill second dis access time which is
+really fast um usually at least 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast um usually at least 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast um usually at least 2
+milliseconds uh then if you do things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds uh then if you do things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds uh then if you do things in
+random order uh you have to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random order uh you have to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random order uh you have to pay for
+every on average every access is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every on average every access is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every on average every access is going
+to require a memory transfer that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require a memory transfer that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require a memory transfer that'll
+take about 70 hours three days um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 70 hours three days um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 70 hours three days um but if
+you do a scan if you've presorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a scan if you've presorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a scan if you've presorted
+everything and you do a scan then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and you do a scan then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and you do a scan then it'll
+only take you 32 seconds so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take you 32 seconds so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take you 32 seconds so it's just
+8,000 in time space is a lot bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 in time space is a lot bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8,000 in time space is a lot bigger than
+we concep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we concep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we concep
+and it makes things that we impractical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes things that we impractical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes things that we impractical
+to do say daily very practical so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do say daily very practical so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do say daily very practical so that's
+why we're here uh let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're here uh let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're here uh let's do another
+problem how about search suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how about search suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem how about search suppose I have
+the items in sorted order and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in sorted order and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items in sorted order and I want to
+do binary search well the right thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do binary search well the right thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do binary search well the right thing is
+not binary search but uh B way search so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not binary search but uh B way search so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not binary search but uh B way search so
+log base B of n the plus one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of n the plus one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of n the plus one is to
+handle the case when b equals 1 then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the case when b equals 1 then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the case when b equals 1 then you
+want log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want log base
+2 so uh we have we have our items want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so uh we have we have our items want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so uh we have we have our items want
+to search first uh why is this the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search first uh why is this the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search first uh why is this the right
+bound why this optimal uh you can do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound why this optimal uh you can do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound why this optimal uh you can do an
+information theoretic argument in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theoretic argument in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theoretic argument in the
+comparison model assuming you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model assuming you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model assuming you're just
+comparing items uh then whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing items uh then whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing items uh then whenever you
+read in a block if if the blocks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in a block if if the blocks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in a block if if the blocks have
+already been sorted you you read in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been sorted you you read in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been sorted you you read in some
+block uh what you learn from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh what you learn from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block uh what you learn from looking at
+those B items is where your query guy X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those B items is where your query guy X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those B items is where your query guy X
+fits among those B items you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits among those B items you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits among those B items you already
+know everything about the B items how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything about the B items how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything about the B items how
+they relate to each other but you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate to each other but you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they relate to each other but you learn
+where X is so that gives you log of b+1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is so that gives you log of b+1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X is so that gives you log of b+1
+bits of information because there're b+1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of information because there're b+1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of information because there're b+1
+places where X could be uh and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where X could be uh and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where X could be uh and and you
+need to figure out log of n plus1 Bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out log of n plus1 Bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out log of n plus1 Bits
+you want to know where X fits among all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know where X fits among all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know where X fits among all
+the items and so you divide log of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items and so you divide log of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the items and so you divide log of n
+plus1 by log of b+1 that's log base B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 by log of b+1 that's log base B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1 by log of b+1 that's log base B
+plus one of n plus one uh so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one of n plus one uh so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one of n plus one uh so that's the
+lower bound and the upper bound as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound and the upper bound as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound and the upper bound as you
+probably have guessed by now is a b tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have guessed by now is a b tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have guessed by now is a b tree
+you just have B items in the node uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have B items in the node uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have B items in the node uh
+sort of uniformly distributed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uniformly distributed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uniformly distributed through
+the sorted list and then you can do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorted list and then you can do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorted list and then you can do uh
+once you get those items you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get those items you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get those items you go to the
+appropriate sub tree and recurse and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate sub tree and recurse and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate sub tree and recurse and the
+height of such a tree is log base B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of such a tree is log base B plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of such a tree is log base B plus
+one of N and so it works um B trees have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of N and so it works um B trees have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of N and so it works um B trees have
+the nice thing you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing you can also do
+insertions and deletions in in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions in in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertions and deletions in in the same
+amount of time though that's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time though that's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time though that's no longer
+so optimal for searches this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so optimal for searches this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so optimal for searches this is the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+answer uh so next thing you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh so next thing you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh so next thing you might want
+to do if keep saying assume it's sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if keep saying assume it's sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if keep saying assume it's sorted
+I'd really like some sorted data please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd really like some sorted data please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd really like some sorted data please
+so how do I sort my data there's some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I sort my data there's some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I sort my data there's some of
+I think the argal inv paper has this fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the argal inv paper has this fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the argal inv paper has this fun
+quote about today uh one quarter of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote about today uh one quarter of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote about today uh one quarter of all
+computation is sorting or close some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is sorting or close some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is sorting or close some
+machine are devoted entirely to sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine are devoted entirely to sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine are devoted entirely to sorting
+is like the problem of the day everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the problem of the day everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the problem of the day everyone
+was sorting I assume people still sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sorting I assume people still sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sorting I assume people still sort
+but I'm guessing it's not the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm guessing it's not the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm guessing it's not the the
+dominant feature anymore um and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant feature anymore um and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant feature anymore um and it's a
+big deal you know can I sort within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal you know can I sort within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal you know can I sort within one
+day so that all the stuff that I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so that all the stuff that I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so that all the stuff that I learned
+today or all the all the uh transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or all the all the uh transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or all the all the uh transactions
+that happen today I could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen today I could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen today I could sort
+them uh so it turns out the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so it turns out the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so it turns out the right answer
+for uh sorting bound is n overb log Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh sorting bound is n overb log Bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh sorting bound is n overb log Bas
+M overb event overb if you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M overb event overb if you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M overb event overb if you haven't seen
+that it looks kind of like a big uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks kind of like a big uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks kind of like a big uh
+thing but those of us in the know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but those of us in the know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but those of us in the know can
+recite that in our in our sleep uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recite that in our in our sleep uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recite that in our in our sleep uh it's
+it comes up all over the place lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up all over the place lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up all over the place lots of
+problems are as hard as sorting and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are as hard as sorting and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are as hard as sorting and can
+be solved in the Sorting bound time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved in the Sorting bound time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved in the Sorting bound time uh
+to go back to uh the problem I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to uh the problem I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to uh the problem I was
+talking about in with Floyd's model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in with Floyd's model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in with Floyd's model uh
+the permutation problem this is I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation problem this is I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutation problem this is I just
+need I know the permutation I know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I know the permutation I know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I know the permutation I know where
+things are supposed to go I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are supposed to go I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are supposed to go I just need to
+move them there physically uh then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them there physically uh then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them there physically uh then it's
+slightly better you have the Sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better you have the Sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better you have the Sorting
+bound which is essentially what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which is essentially what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which is essentially what we had
+before but in some cases doing the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but in some cases doing the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but in some cases doing the naive
+thing is better sometimes it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is better sometimes it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is better sometimes it's better to
+just take every item and stick it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take every item and stick it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take every item and stick it where
+it belongs in completely random access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs in completely random access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs in completely random access
+so you could always do it of course in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could always do it of course in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could always do it of course in N
+memory transfers and sometimes that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers and sometimes that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers and sometimes that is a
+slightly better than the Sorting bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better than the Sorting bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better than the Sorting bound
+because you don't have the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have the log
+term uh and so that that is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh and so that that is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh and so that that is the right
+answer to Floyd's problem he got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to Floyd's problem he got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to Floyd's problem he got the
+upper bound right in his case m overb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound right in his case m overb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound right in his case m overb is
+three so this is uh just log base two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this is uh just log base two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so this is uh just log base two um
+and but he he missed this one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but he he missed this one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but he he missed this one one
+term okay uh so why why is the Sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay uh so why why is the Sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay uh so why why is the Sorting
+bound correct I won't go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound correct I won't go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound correct I won't go through the
+permutation bound the upper bounds clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation bound the upper bounds clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation bound the upper bounds clear
+uh information theoretically it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh information theoretically it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh information theoretically it's very
+easy to see why uh you can't do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see why uh you can't do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to see why uh you can't do better
+than the Sorting bound uh set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Sorting bound uh set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Sorting bound uh set up a
+little bit of ground rules let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of ground rules let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of ground rules let's suppose
+that whenever you whatever you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you whatever you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you whatever you have in
+in Cache you sort it because why not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cache you sort it because why not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cache you sort it because why not I
+mean it's only going to help you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's only going to help you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's only going to help you and
+everything you do in cash is free so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you do in cash is free so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you do in cash is free so
+always keep cash sorted and uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keep cash sorted and uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keep cash sorted and uh to to
+clean up the information that's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up the information that's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up the information that's around
+I'm going to first do a pass where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to first do a pass where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to first do a pass where I
+read it a block sort the block stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it a block sort the block stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it a block sort the block stick it
+back out and repeat so uh all each block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out and repeat so uh all each block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out and repeat so uh all each block
+is presorted so there's no there's no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is presorted so there's no there's no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is presorted so there's no there's no uh
+sorting information inside a block it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting information inside a block it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting information inside a block it's
+all about how blocks compare to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about how blocks compare to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about how blocks compare to each
+other here so when I read a block uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other here so when I read a block uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other here so when I read a block uh
+let's say this is my cache and a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is my cache and a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is my cache and a new
+block comes in here what I learn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes in here what I learn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block comes in here what I learn is
+where those B items live among the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those B items live among the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those B items live among the M
+items that I already had so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that I already had so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items that I already had so it's just
+like the analysis before except now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the analysis before except now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the analysis before except now I'm
+reading uh B items among n instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh B items among n instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh B items among n instead of
+one among B and so the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one among B and so the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one among B and so the the number of
+possible outcomes for that is M plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes for that is M plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes for that is M plus b
+choose B we have M plus b things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose B we have M plus b things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose B we have M plus b things and
+there's B of them uh that were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's B of them uh that were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's B of them uh that were saying
+which which of the b in the order came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which of the b in the order came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which of the b in the order came
+from the new block you take log of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the new block you take log of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the new block you take log of that
+and you get basically B log M overb bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get basically B log M overb bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get basically B log M overb bits
+that you learn from each step and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learn from each step and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you learn from each step and the
+total number of bits we need to learn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of bits we need to learn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of bits we need to learn uh
+is n log n as you know uh but we knew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n log n as you know uh but we knew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n log n as you know uh but we knew a
+little bit of bits uh from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of bits uh from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of bits uh from this
+presorting step this is to clean this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presorting step this is to clean this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presorting step this is to clean this up
+at the beginning we already knew n log B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning we already knew n log B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning we already knew n log B
+bits because each of those each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because each of those each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because each of those each of those
+uh B things was presorted so we have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B things was presorted so we have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh B things was presorted so we have B
+log B per block each of them there's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B per block each of them there's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B per block each of them there's n
+over B of them so it's n log B so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B of them so it's n log B so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B of them so it's n log B so what
+we had we need to learn n log n minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we need to learn n log n minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had we need to learn n log n minus n
+log B bits and in each step which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B bits and in each step which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B bits and in each step which is uh
+log of n / B N log n/ B and in each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n / B N log n/ B and in each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n / B N log n/ B and in each step
+we learn B log M over B so you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn B log M over B so you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn B log M over B so you divide
+those two things and you get n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things and you get n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things and you get n over B
+log base M over B of n over B it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base M over B of n over B it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base M over B of n over B it's a
+good exercise in log rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise in log rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise in log rules and
+information Theory but it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory but it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory but it's it's really
+now you see it's sort of the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see it's sort of the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see it's sort of the obvious
+bound once you check how many bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound once you check how many bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound once you check how many bits are
+you're learning in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning in each
+step okay uh how do we achieve uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay uh how do we achieve uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step okay uh how do we achieve uh this
+bound what's what's an upper bound I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound what's what's an upper bound I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound what's what's an upper bound I'm
+going to show you two ways to do it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you two ways to do it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you two ways to do it um
+the easy one is uh merge sort or to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy one is uh merge sort or to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy one is uh merge sort or to me
+the conceptually easiest is merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptually easiest is merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceptually easiest is merge sort
+they're actually kind of symmetric um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually kind of symmetric um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually kind of symmetric um so
+you you probably know binary merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you probably know binary merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you probably know binary merge sort
+you take take your items split them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take take your items split them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take take your items split them in
+half recursively sort merge uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half recursively sort merge uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half recursively sort merge uh but we
+know that we can merge M overb sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can merge M overb sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can merge M overb sorted
+lists in linear time as well in N over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists in linear time as well in N over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists in linear time as well in N over B
+time so instead of doing binary merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so instead of doing binary merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so instead of doing binary merge
+sort where we split in half we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort where we split in half we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort where we split in half we're going
+to split into M over b equal size pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split into M over b equal size pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split into M over b equal size pieces
+recursively sort them all and then merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively sort them all and then merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively sort them all and then merge
+and the recurrence we get from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recurrence we get from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recurrence we get from that
+there's uh did I get this right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh did I get this right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh did I get this right yeah
+there's M overb sub problems each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's M overb sub problems each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's M overb sub problems each of
+size a factor of M over B smaller than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size a factor of M over B smaller than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size a factor of M over B smaller than n
+uh and then to do the merge we pay n/ B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then to do the merge we pay n/ B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then to do the merge we pay n/ B
+plus one that won't end up mattering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that won't end up mattering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that won't end up mattering uh
+to make this not matter we need to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this not matter we need to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this not matter we need to use a
+base case for this recurrence that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case for this recurrence that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case for this recurrence that's not
+one but b b will work you could also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but b b will work you could also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but b b will work you could also do
+M but it doesn't really help you uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M but it doesn't really help you uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M but it doesn't really help you uh if
+once we get down to a single block of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get down to a single block of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we get down to a single block of
+course we can sort in constant time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can sort in constant time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can sort in constant time you
+read it in sort it write it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in sort it write it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in sort it write it back
+out uh so you want to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so you want to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so you want to solve this
+recurrence easy way is to draw recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence easy way is to draw recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence easy way is to draw recursion
+tree at the at the root you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree at the at the root you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree at the at the root you have a
+problem of Sid n we're paying n b to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of Sid n we're paying n b to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of Sid n we're paying n b to
+solve it we have branching Factor m b at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it we have branching Factor m b at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it we have branching Factor m b at
+the leaves we have uh problems of size B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves we have uh problems of size B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves we have uh problems of size B
+each of them has constant cost I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them has constant cost I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them has constant cost I'm
+removing the Big O's to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the Big O's to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the Big O's to make this
+diagram uh both more legible and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh both more legible and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh both more legible and more
+correct you can't use Big O's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you can't use Big O's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct you can't use Big O's when
+you're using dot dot dot so no Big O's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using dot dot dot so no Big O's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using dot dot dot so no Big O's
+for you uh so then you sum these level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh so then you sum these level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh so then you sum these level
+by level and you see uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by level and you see uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by level and you see uh we have
+conservation of mass we have n n Things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass we have n n Things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass we have n n Things
+here uh we still have N Things it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh we still have N Things it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh we still have N Things it just
+got distributed up they're all being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got distributed up they're all being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got distributed up they're all being
+divided by B linearity uh you get n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by B linearity uh you get n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by B linearity uh you get n
+overb at every level including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb at every level including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb at every level including the
+leaves leaves you have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves leaves you have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves leaves you have to check
+specially but there are indeed n overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially but there are indeed n overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially but there are indeed n overb
+leaves because we stop when we get to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves because we stop when we get to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves because we stop when we get to B
+uh so you add this up we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you add this up we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you add this up we just need to
+know how many levels are there uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many levels are there uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many levels are there uh well
+log base MB of n over B because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base MB of n over B because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base MB of n over B because there's
+n over B leaves branching Factor M overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over B leaves branching Factor M overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over B leaves branching Factor M overb
+so you multiply done easy so um merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you multiply done easy so um merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you multiply done easy so um merge
+sort is uh pretty cool and this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is uh pretty cool and this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is uh pretty cool and this works
+really well in practice revolutionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in practice revolutionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in practice revolutionize
+the world of sorting in 1988 um here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of sorting in 1988 um here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of sorting in 1988 um here's a
+different approach the inverse more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach the inverse more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach the inverse more like
+a quick sort the one that you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick sort the one that you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick sort the one that you know is
+guaranteed to run in and log in usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to run in and log in usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to run in and log in usually
+uh here you can't do binary quick sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you can't do binary quick sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here you can't do binary quick sort
+you do M overb root M overb way quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do M overb root M overb way quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do M overb root M overb way quick
+sort the square root isn't is necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the square root isn't is necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the square root isn't is necessary
+just to uh to do step one uh so Step One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh to do step one uh so Step One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to uh to do step one uh so Step One
+is I need to split uh now I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I need to split uh now I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I need to split uh now I'm not
+splitting my list into chunks I need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting my list into chunks I need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting my list into chunks I need in
+the answer in the sorted answer I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in the sorted answer I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in the sorted answer I need
+to find things that are evenly spaced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find things that are evenly spaced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find things that are evenly spaced in
+the answer and then that's the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and then that's the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and then that's the hard part
+then uh uh usually you find the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh uh usually you find the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh uh usually you find the median
+to do this but now we have to find sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but now we have to find sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but now we have to find sort
+ofare root of M median like elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofare root of M median like elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofare root of M median like elements
+spread out through the answer we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out through the answer we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out through the answer we don't
+know the answer so it's a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer so it's a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the answer so it's a little tricky
+uh then once once we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then once once we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then once once we have those
+partition elements we can just do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition elements we can just do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition elements we can just do uh
+this is the m overb or square root of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the m overb or square root of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the m overb or square root of M
+overb way scan again you scan through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb way scan again you scan through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb way scan again you scan through
+the data and for each of them you see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and for each of them you see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and for each of them you see uh
+how it compares to the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it compares to the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it compares to the partition
+elements these there aren't very many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements these there aren't very many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements these there aren't very many of
+them and then you write it out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you write it out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you write it out to the
+corresponding list and you get s of m/ b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding list and you get s of m/ b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding list and you get s of m/ b
++ one list uh and so that's efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one list uh and so that's efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one list uh and so that's efficient
+because uh it's just a scan or parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's just a scan or parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's just a scan or parallel
+scans and then you recurse and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans and then you recurse and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans and then you recurse and there's
+no combination there's no merging to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no combination there's no merging to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no combination there's no merging to do
+uh that once you've got them set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that once you've got them set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that once you've got them set up
+there you recursively sort and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you recursively sort and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you recursively sort and you're
+done so the the recurrence is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so the the recurrence is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so the the recurrence is exactly
+the same uh as merge sort the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh as merge sort the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh as merge sort the hard part
+is how do you do this partitioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you do this partitioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you do this partitioning and
+I'll just quickly sketch that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just quickly sketch that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just quickly sketch that this is
+probably the most complicated algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most complicated algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most complicated algorithm
+in these slides um the idea is I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these slides um the idea is I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these slides um the idea is I'll tell
+you the algorithm exactly why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the algorithm exactly why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the algorithm exactly why it works
+is um familiar to the if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um familiar to the if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um familiar to the if you know the
+bloom at all uh linear time merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom at all uh linear time merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom at all uh linear time merging
+algorithm uh for regular internal memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh for regular internal memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh for regular internal memory
+here's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're going to do
+um we're going to read in MIT items into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to read in MIT items into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to read in MIT items into
+our cache sort them and then look now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cache sort them and then look now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cache sort them and then look now so
+that's a piece of the answer in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a piece of the answer in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a piece of the answer in some
+sense but you know how it relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but you know how it relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but you know how it relates to the
+answer which subset of the answer it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which subset of the answer it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which subset of the answer it is
+we don't know uh sample that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know uh sample that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know uh sample that piece of
+the answer uh like this every root M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer uh like this every root M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer uh like this every root M
+overb items take one guy spit that in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb items take one guy spit that in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb items take one guy spit that in an
+output of samples do this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of samples do this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of samples do this over and over
+for all the items read an m sort sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the items read an m sort sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the items read an m sort sample
+spit out you end up with this many items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out you end up with this many items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out you end up with this many items
+this is basically a trick to shrink your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a trick to shrink your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a trick to shrink your
+input so now we can do inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so now we can do inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so now we can do inefficient
+things on this many items because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on this many items because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on this many items because there
+aren't that many of them uh so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that many of them uh so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't that many of them uh so what do
+we do uh we need we just run our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do uh we need we just run our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do uh we need we just run our the
+regular linear time uh selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular linear time uh selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular linear time uh selection
+algorithm that you know and love from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that you know and love from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that you know and love from
+algorithms class um to find the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms class um to find the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms class um to find the right
+item uh so you want to you know you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh so you want to you know you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh so you want to you know you want
+to if you splitting into F into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you splitting into F into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you splitting into F into four
+pieces then you'd want the 25% 50% 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces then you'd want the 25% 50% 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces then you'd want the 25% 50% 75%
+you know how to do each of those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do each of those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how to do each of those in
+linear time and it turns out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time and it turns out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time and it turns out if you
+reanalyze regular linear time selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reanalyze regular linear time selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reanalyze regular linear time selection
+indeed it runs in in N over B time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it runs in in N over B time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it runs in in N over B time in
+external memory so that's great um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory so that's great um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory so that's great um but
+now we're doing this just repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're doing this just repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're doing this just repeatedly
+over and over you find the 25% you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over you find the 25% you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over you find the 25% you find
+the 50% each of them you spend linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50% each of them you spend linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50% each of them you spend linear
+time but you multiply it out uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but you multiply it out uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but you multiply it out uh there's
+you're only finding root of M over B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only finding root of M over B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only finding root of M over B of
+them linear time it's it's not n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them linear time it's it's not n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them linear time it's it's not n over B
+it's n ID by this mess you multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n ID by this mess you multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n ID by this mess you multiply them
+out it disappears you end up in regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it disappears you end up in regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it disappears you end up in regular
+linear time n over B you find a good set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time n over B you find a good set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time n over B you find a good set
+of partitions why this is a good set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partitions why this is a good set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partitions why this is a good set of
+uh not totally clear I won't justify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not totally clear I won't justify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not totally clear I won't justify it
+here but it is good so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it is good so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it is good so don't
+worry okay um one embellishment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry okay um one embellishment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry okay um one embellishment to the
+external memory model before I go on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory model before I go on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory model before I go on is
+to distinguish not just about not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish not just about not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish not just about not just
+saying oh well every block is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh well every block is equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh well every block is equally
+good you want to count how many blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you want to count how many blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you want to count how many blocks
+you read when you when you read one item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read when you when you read one item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read when you when you read one item
+you get the whole block and you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the whole block and you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the whole block and you better
+use that block but you can furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that block but you can furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that block but you can furthermore
+say well it' be really good if I read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it' be really good if I read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it' be really good if I read a
+whole bunch of blocks in sequence there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of blocks in sequence there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of blocks in sequence there
+are lots of reasons for reasons for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of reasons for reasons for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of reasons for reasons for this
+in particular discs are really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular discs are really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular discs are really good at
+sequential access because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential access because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential access because they're
+spinning it's very easy to seek to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it's very easy to seek to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning it's very easy to seek to the
+thing right after you first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right after you first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right after you first of all it's
+easy to read the entire track the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to read the entire track the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to read the entire track the whole
+circle of the dis and then as you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of the dis and then as you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of the dis and then as you uh
+it's easy to to move that uh of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to to move that uh of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to to move that uh of that
+thing so here's a model that captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here's a model that captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so here's a model that captures
+the idea that sequential block reads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that sequential block reads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that sequential block reads or
+wres are better than random so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wres are better than random so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wres are better than random so here's
+the idea of a sequential if you read uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a sequential if you read uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a sequential if you read uh
+M items so you read M over B blocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M items so you read M over B blocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M items so you read M over B blocks in
+sequence uh and then each of those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh and then each of those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh and then each of those is
+considered to be a sequential memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be a sequential memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be a sequential memory
+transfer if you break that sequence then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer if you break that sequence then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer if you break that sequence then
+you're starting a new sequence or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting a new sequence or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting a new sequence or it's
+just random access if you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random access if you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random access if you if you don't
+follow into a big block like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow into a big block like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow into a big block like
+this uh so there's a couple results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh so there's a couple results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh so there's a couple results in
+this model one is this this harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model one is this this harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model one is this this harder
+version of external memory uh so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of external memory uh so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of external memory uh so one
+thing is um what about sorting we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is um what about sorting we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is um what about sorting we just
+covered sorting uh turns out those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered sorting uh turns out those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered sorting uh turns out those are
+pretty random access in the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty random access in the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty random access in the algorithms
+we saw but if you use binary merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw but if you use binary merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw but if you use binary merge sort
+uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is
+sequential uh B I mean as you binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential uh B I mean as you binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential uh B I mean as you binary
+merge things are are good and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge things are are good and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge things are are good and that's
+essentially the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the best you can do
+surprisingly in this model if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly in this model if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly in this model if you want
+uh the number of random memory transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of random memory transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of random memory transfers
+to be little o of the Sorting bound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be little o of the Sorting bound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be little o of the Sorting bound so
+you want at more than a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want at more than a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want at more than a constant
+fraction to be sequential then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction to be sequential then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction to be sequential then uh you
+need to use at least this much total uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use at least this much total uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use at least this much total uh
+memory transfers and so binary emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers and so binary emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers and so binary emerge
+sort is optimal in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is optimal in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort is optimal in this
+model um assuming you want a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um assuming you want a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um assuming you want a reasonable
+number of sequential aises uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sequential aises uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sequential aises uh and what
+the main point of this paper was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point of this paper was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main point of this paper was to
+solve suffix tree Construction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve suffix tree Construction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve suffix tree Construction in
+external memory and what they prove is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory and what they prove is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory and what they prove is
+it reduces to sorting essentially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces to sorting essentially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces to sorting essentially and
+scans and scans are good um so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans and scans are good um so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans and scans are good um so uh you
+get this exact same tradeoff for suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this exact same tradeoff for suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this exact same tradeoff for suffix
+tree construction Fair representation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree construction Fair representation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree construction Fair representation I
+have to be careful because so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because so many
+authors are in this room so um cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors are in this room so um cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors are in this room so um cool so
+let's move on to a different model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to a different model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to a different model this
+is a model that did not catch on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model that did not catch on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model that did not catch on but
+it's fun for historical reasons to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun for historical reasons to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun for historical reasons to see
+what it was about in some sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was about in some sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was about in some sense this is
+all you can see in here two issues one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can see in here two issues one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you can see in here two issues one
+is what about a deeper memory hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what about a deeper memory hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what about a deeper memory hierarchy
+two levels is nice yeah in practice two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels is nice yeah in practice two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels is nice yeah in practice two
+levels are all that matter but we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are all that matter but we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are all that matter but we should
+really understand multiple levels surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand multiple levels surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand multiple levels surely
+there's a clean way to do that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clean way to do that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clean way to do that and so
+there are a bunch of models that try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of models that try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of models that try to
+do this uh and by the end we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this uh and by the end we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this uh and by the end we get
+something that's reasonable but uh hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's reasonable but uh hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's reasonable but uh hmm
+is probably one of my favorite weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably one of my favorite weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably one of my favorite weird
+models it's uh particularly simple this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models it's uh particularly simple this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models it's uh particularly simple this
+is a quote from their own paper it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quote from their own paper it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quote from their own paper it's a
+particularly not that they're boastful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly not that they're boastful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly not that they're boastful
+it is a simple model this is true um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a simple model this is true um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a simple model this is true um and
+it does model in some sense a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does model in some sense a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does model in some sense a larger
+hierarchy but what the way it's phrased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy but what the way it's phrased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy but what the way it's phrased
+initially doesn't look like this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially doesn't look like this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially doesn't look like this picture
+but they're equivalent says if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're equivalent says if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're equivalent says if you want
+to access so it's a ram model so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access so it's a ram model so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access so it's a ram model so you've
+got your uh memory is an array if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your uh memory is an array if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your uh memory is an array if you
+want to access position X in the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access position X in the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access position X in the array
+you pay FX and in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay FX and in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay FX and in the original
+definition uh that's just log X so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh that's just log X so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh that's just log X so what
+that corresponds to is the first item is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to is the first item is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to is the first item is
+free uh second item costs one the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh second item costs one the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh second item costs one the next
+two items cost two the next four items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two items cost two the next four items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two items cost two the next four items
+cost three the next eight items cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost three the next eight items cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost three the next eight items cost
+four and so on so it's exactly this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so on so it's exactly this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so on so it's exactly this kind
+of memory hierarchy um and you can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory hierarchy um and you can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory hierarchy um and you can move
+items you know you can copy and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you know you can copy and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you know you can copy and you can
+do all the things you can do in a ram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the things you can do in a ram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the things you can do in a ram so
+this is a pretty good model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty good model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty good model of
+hierarchical memory it's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical memory it's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical memory it's just a little
+hard uh so originally they defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh so originally they defined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh so originally they defined it
+with log X um based on this book which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log X um based on this book which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with log X um based on this book which
+is the classic reference of vsi at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the classic reference of vsi at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the classic reference of vsi at the
+time by mean Conway sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by mean Conway sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time by mean Conway sort of
+revolutionized teaching vsi uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized teaching vsi uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized teaching vsi uh and it
+has this particular construction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this particular construction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this particular construction of a
+hierarchical ram I don't know if Rams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical ram I don't know if Rams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical ram I don't know if Rams
+are actually built this way but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually built this way but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually built this way but they
+have sketch of uh how to do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sketch of uh how to do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sketch of uh how to do it that
+achieves a logarithmic performance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves a logarithmic performance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves a logarithmic performance so
+this is that the the deeper you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the the deeper you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that the the deeper you you are
+uh you you pay log so that's where or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you pay log so that's where or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you pay log so that's where or
+the the bigger your space is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bigger your space is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bigger your space is that you
+need to pay logarithmic to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay logarithmic to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay logarithmic to access
+it okay so here are the results that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so here are the results that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so here are the results that
+they get in this model I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get in this model I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get in this model I'm not going to
+prove them because again they follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them because again they follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them because again they follow
+from the results in some sense but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the results in some sense but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the results in some sense but uh
+you've got matrix multiplication fft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got matrix multiplication fft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got matrix multiplication fft
+sorting scanning binary search a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting scanning binary search a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting scanning binary search a lot of
+the usual problems you get kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual problems you get kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual problems you get kind of weird
+running times lot log uh and so on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times lot log uh and so on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times lot log uh and so on that
+uh here it's a matter of slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it's a matter of slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here it's a matter of slow down
+versus speed up because everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus speed up because everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus speed up because everything's
+going to cost more than constant now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost more than constant now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost more than constant now uh
+so you want to minimize slowdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to minimize slowdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to minimize slowdown
+sometimes you get constant the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you get constant the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you get constant the worst
+slowdown you can get is log n because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowdown you can get is log n because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowdown you can get is log n because
+everything you can access in at most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can access in at most log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can access in at most log
+n time in this model but I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time in this model but I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time in this model but I would say
+setting F of n to be log n is is doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting F of n to be log n is is doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting F of n to be log n is is doesn't
+really reveal what we care about so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reveal what we care about so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reveal what we care about so but
+in the same paper they give a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same paper they give a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same paper they give a better
+perspective of their own work so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of their own work so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of their own work so they
+say well let's look at the general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well let's look at the general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well let's look at the general case
+you know maybe log X isn't the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe log X isn't the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe log X isn't the right
+thing let's look at an arbitrary F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's look at an arbitrary F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's look at an arbitrary F ofx
+well you can write an arbitrary f ofx as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can write an arbitrary f ofx as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can write an arbitrary f ofx as
+a weighted sum of threshold functions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighted sum of threshold functions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighted sum of threshold functions I
+want to know is X bigger than XI if so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is X bigger than XI if so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is X bigger than XI if so I
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+wi well that is just like this pict I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi well that is just like this pict I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi well that is just like this pict I
+mean you can think of any function can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can think of any function can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can think of any function can
+be written like that if it's discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written like that if it's discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written like that if it's discreet
+function uh but you can also think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh but you can also think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh but you can also think of it
+in this form if you if the XIs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form if you if the XIs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this form if you if the XIs are
+sorted you know after you get Beyond x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted you know after you get Beyond x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted you know after you get Beyond x0
+items you pay w0 after you get Beyond X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you pay w0 after you get Beyond X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you pay w0 after you get Beyond X1
+items total you pay W1 and so on so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items total you pay W1 and so on so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items total you pay W1 and so on so it's
+this gives you an arbitrary memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you an arbitrary memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you an arbitrary memory
+hierarchy even with growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy even with growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy even with growing and
+shrinking sizes which you'd never see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking sizes which you'd never see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking sizes which you'd never see in
+practice but this is the general case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice but this is the general case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice but this is the general case uh
+and we are going to assume here that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to assume here that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to assume here that f
+is is polinom bounded to make these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is polinom bounded to make these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is polinom bounded to make these uh
+functions reasonable so when you double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions reasonable so when you double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions reasonable so when you double
+the input you only change the output by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input you only change the output by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input you only change the output by
+a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+Factor uh okay so fine so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh okay so fine so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh okay so fine so we have to
+solve this weighted sum but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this weighted sum but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this weighted sum but let's just
+look at one of these this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at one of these this is kind of the
+canonical function the rest is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical function the rest is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical function the rest is just a
+weighted sum of them and if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of them and if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of them and if you assume
+this polinomial bounded property really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial bounded property really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial bounded property really
+it suffices to look at this so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suffices to look at this so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suffices to look at this so uh this
+is called f subm we look at when it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called f subm we look at when it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called f subm we look at when it it
+we pay one to access anything beyond M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay one to access anything beyond M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pay one to access anything beyond M
+and we pay zero otherwise this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pay zero otherwise this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pay zero otherwise this so
+they've taken general f with this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken general f with this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've taken general f with this you
+know deep hierarchy and they've reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know deep hierarchy and they've reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know deep hierarchy and they've reduced
+to uh this model the red blue Pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this model the red blue Pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh this model the red blue Pebble
+game which we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which we've already seen
+I they did I don't know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I they did I don't know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I they did I don't know if they
+mentioned this explicitly but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this explicitly but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this explicitly but it's the
+same model again and that's good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model again and that's good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model again and that's good because
+this is sort of I mean a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of I mean a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of I mean a lot of problems
+well they haven't been solved exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they haven't been solved exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they haven't been solved exactly I
+would say now this paper is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say now this paper is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say now this paper is the first
+one to really say Okay sorting what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to really say Okay sorting what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to really say Okay sorting what's
+the best way I can sort in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way I can sort in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way I can sort in this model
+and they get something did I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get something did I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get something did I have it
+here uh yeah you they aim for uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh yeah you they aim for uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh yeah you they aim for uniform
+optimality this means there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality this means there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality this means there's one
+algorithm that works optimally for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that works optimally for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that works optimally for this
+threshold function no matter what m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold function no matter what m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold function no matter what m is
+the algorithm doesn't get to Know M you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm doesn't get to Know M you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm doesn't get to Know M you
+might say the algorithm is oblivious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say the algorithm is oblivious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say the algorithm is oblivious to
+M sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M sound
+familiar so this is a cool idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar so this is a cool idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar so this is a cool idea of
+course it does not have blocking yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it does not have blocking yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it does not have blocking yet but
+none of this model has blocking but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this model has blocking but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this model has blocking but they
+prove that if you're uniformly optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that if you're uniformly optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that if you're uniformly optimal
+if if you work in in the red blue Pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you work in in the red blue Pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you work in in the red blue Pebble
+game model for all M with one algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game model for all M with one algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game model for all M with one algorithm
+then in fact you are optimal for all F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact you are optimal for all F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact you are optimal for all F
+ofx which means in particular for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx which means in particular for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx which means in particular for the
+Deep hierarchy you also work uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep hierarchy you also work uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deep hierarchy you also work uh and they
+achieve tight bounds for a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve tight bounds for a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve tight bounds for a bunch of
+problems here uh you should recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here uh you should recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here uh you should recognize
+all of these bounds are now in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these bounds are now in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these bounds are now in some
+sense particular cases of the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense particular cases of the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense particular cases of the external
+memory bounds so like sorting you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory bounds so like sorting you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory bounds so like sorting you have
+this except there's no B the B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this except there's no B the B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this except there's no B the B's
+disappeared because there's no B in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared because there's no B in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared because there's no B in this
+model but otherwise it is n/ B log Bas m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but otherwise it is n/ B log Bas m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but otherwise it is n/ B log Bas m
+b of n b and and so on down the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of n b and and so on down the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b of n b and and so on down the line
+they said oh search search here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh search search here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh search search here is
+really bad because caching doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad because caching doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad because caching doesn't
+really help for search but blocks help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help for search but blocks help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help for search but blocks help
+for search so when there's no B this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for search so when there's no B this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for search so when there's no B this
+these are exactly the bounds you get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are exactly the bounds you get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are exactly the bounds you get for
+external memory so I mean some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory so I mean some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory so I mean some of these
+were known these were already known by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were known these were already known by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were known these were already known by
+Hong and Kung uh because it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong and Kung uh because it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong and Kung uh because it's the same
+special case uh and then the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case uh and then the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case uh and then the others
+follow from external memory uh but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from external memory uh but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from external memory uh but this
+is kind of neat they're doing it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of neat they're doing it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of neat they're doing it in a
+somewhat stronger sense well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat stronger sense well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat stronger sense well because
+it's uniform without knowing M uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniform without knowing M uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uniform without knowing M uh so the
+uniformity doesn't follow from this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity doesn't follow from this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity doesn't follow from this but
+they get uniformity and that therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get uniformity and that therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get uniformity and that therefore
+it works for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for all
+F okay uh they had another fun fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay uh they had another fun fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay uh they had another fun fact
+which will look familiar to those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will look familiar to those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will look familiar to those of you
+who know the catch oblivious model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know the catch oblivious model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know the catch oblivious model which
+we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to
+uh they had this observation that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they had this observation that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they had this observation that well
+we have these algorithms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these algorithms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these algorithms that are
+explicitly moving things around in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly moving things around in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly moving things around in our
+Ram it would be nice if we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram it would be nice if we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram it would be nice if we didn't have
+to write that down explicitly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that down explicitly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that down explicitly in the
+algorithm could we just use least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could we just use least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could we just use least
+recently used replacement uh so move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently used replacement uh so move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently used replacement uh so move
+things forward uh that works great if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things forward uh that works great if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things forward uh that works great if
+you know what m is then you say okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what m is then you say okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what m is then you say okay uh
+if I need to get something from out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I need to get something from out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I need to get something from out here
+I'll move it over here and whatever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move it over here and whatever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move it over here and whatever was
+least recently used I'll kick out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently used I'll kick out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently used I'll kick out and
+the at this point this is just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at this point this is just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at this point this is just a couple
+years prior to this paper Slater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years prior to this paper Slater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years prior to this paper Slater and
+tarent did the first paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tarent did the first paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tarent did the first paper on
+competitive analysis and they prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive analysis and they prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive analysis and they prove that
+lru or even first in first out is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru or even first in first out is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru or even first in first out is good
+in the sense that if you just double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that if you just double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that if you just double the
+size of your cach oh I got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your cach oh I got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your cach oh I got this
+backwards tlru of twice the cach is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards tlru of twice the cach is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards tlru of twice the cach is at
+most T opt of one times the cache so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most T opt of one times the cache so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most T opt of one times the cache so the
+two should be over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two should be over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two should be over here um
+then great and assuming you have a polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then great and assuming you have a polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then great and assuming you have a polom
+bounded uh growth function then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded uh growth function then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded uh growth function then this is
+only losing a constant Factor okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only losing a constant Factor okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only losing a constant Factor okay but
+we don't know what m is this works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what m is this works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what m is this works for
+the threshold function f subm but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold function f subm but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold function f subm but it
+doesn't work for an arbitrary function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for an arbitrary function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for an arbitrary function f
+or it doesn't work uniformly uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it doesn't work uniformly uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it doesn't work uniformly uh and we
+want a uniform solution and they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a uniform solution and they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a uniform solution and they gave
+one I'll just sketch it here uh the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll just sketch it here uh the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll just sketch it here uh the idea
+is you have this arbitrary hierarchy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have this arbitrary hierarchy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have this arbitrary hierarchy you
+don't really know uh I'm going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know uh I'm going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know uh I'm going to assume
+I do know what f is so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know what f is so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do know what f is so this is not
+uniform it's achieved in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's achieved in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's achieved in a different way
+uh but I'm going to basically rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I'm going to basically rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I'm going to basically rearrange
+this structure to be roughly exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure to be roughly exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure to be roughly exponential
+to say well I'm going to measure f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I'm going to measure f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I'm going to measure f ofx
+as xre es and whenever F ofx doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as xre es and whenever F ofx doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as xre es and whenever F ofx doubles
+I'll draw a line these are not where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw a line these are not where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw a line these are not where the
+real levels are it's just a conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real levels are it's just a conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real levels are it's just a conceptual
+thing and then I do lru on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then I do lru on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then I do lru on this
+structure so if I want to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so if I want to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so if I want to access
+something here I pull it out I stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here I pull it out I stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here I pull it out I stick it
+in here whatever was least recently used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here whatever was least recently used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here whatever was least recently used
+gets kicked out here and whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kicked out here and whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets kicked out here and whatever is
+least recently used gets kicked out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently used gets kicked out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently used gets kicked out here
+here here you do a chain of lrus then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here you do a chain of lrus then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here you do a chain of lrus then
+you can prove that is within a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that is within a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that is within a constant
+factor of optimal but you do have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of optimal but you do have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of optimal but you do have to pay
+a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup
+cost it's uh similar to move to front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's uh similar to move to front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's uh similar to move to front
+analysis from Slater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis from Slater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis from Slater and
+Taron okay uh enough about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taron okay uh enough about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taron okay uh enough about
+hmm uh sort of the next model is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm uh sort of the next model is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm uh sort of the next model is called
+BT uh it's same as hmm but they add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT uh it's same as hmm but they add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT uh it's same as hmm but they add
+blocks but not the blocks that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks but not the blocks that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks but not the blocks that we know
+from computer architecture but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computer architecture but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computer architecture but a
+different kind of block thing it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of block thing it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of block thing it's kind
+of similar probably up to constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar probably up to constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar probably up to constant
+factors Not So Different um so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors Not So Different um so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors Not So Different um so you you
+you have the old thing accessing X cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the old thing accessing X cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the old thing accessing X cost
+F ofx but now you have a new operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F ofx but now you have a new operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F ofx but now you have a new operation
+which is I can copy any interval which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I can copy any interval which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I can copy any interval which
+should look something like this from x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look something like this from x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look something like this from x-
+Delta to X and I can copy it to Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to X and I can copy it to Yus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to X and I can copy it to Yus
+Delta to Y and I pay the time to seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to Y and I pay the time to seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to Y and I pay the time to seek
+there F of Max of X and Y and then or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there F of Max of X and Y and then or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there F of Max of X and Y and then or
+you could do f ofx plus F of Y doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do f ofx plus F of Y doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do f ofx plus F of Y doesn't
+matter uh and then you play plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh and then you play plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh and then you play plus Delta
+so you can move a big chunk relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can move a big chunk relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can move a big chunk relatively
+quickly you just pay once to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you just pay once to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you just pay once to get there
+and then you can move it this is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can move it this is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can move it this is a lot
+more reasonable than hmm uh but it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable than hmm uh but it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reasonable than hmm uh but it makes
+things a lot Messier it's a short answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot Messier it's a short answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a lot Messier it's a short answer
+uh because here's a block move um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because here's a block move um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because here's a block move um these
+are the sort of bounds you get they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort of bounds you get they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sort of bounds you get they
+depend now on F and you don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend now on F and you don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend now on F and you don't get the
+same kind of uniformity as far as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of uniformity as far as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of uniformity as far as I can
+tell uh you can't just say oh it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh you can't just say oh it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell uh you can't just say oh it works
+for all f for each of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all f for each of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all f for each of these problems
+like this is basically scanning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is basically scanning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is basically scanning or
+matrix multiplication okay doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication okay doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication okay doesn't
+matter much until F ofx gets really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter much until F ofx gets really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter much until F ofx gets really big
+and then something changes uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then something changes uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then something changes uh you know
+do product you get log star log log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do product you get log star log log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do product you get log star log log log
+depending on whether your log your f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether your log your f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether your log your f ofx
+is log or subpial or linear so I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log or subpial or linear so I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log or subpial or linear so I find
+this kind of unsatisfying so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of unsatisfying so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of unsatisfying so I'm just
+going to move on to to MH uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to to MH uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to to MH uh which is
+probably the messiest of the models but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the messiest of the models but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the messiest of the models but
+in some sense it's the most realistic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it's the most realistic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it's the most realistic of
+the models here's the picture which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models here's the picture which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models here's the picture which I
+would draw if someone asked me to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would draw if someone asked me to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would draw if someone asked me to draw a
+general memory hierarchy I have CPU can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general memory hierarchy I have CPU can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general memory hierarchy I have CPU can
+access this cache for free it has blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this cache for free it has blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this cache for free it has blocks
+of size b0 um and it to go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size b0 um and it to go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size b0 um and it to go to the next
+memory it cost me some time t0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it cost me some time t0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it cost me some time t0 and the
+blocks that I read here of size b0 WR of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that I read here of size b0 WR of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that I read here of size b0 WR of
+size B 0 uh so the transfer hero size B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size B 0 uh so the transfer hero size B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size B 0 uh so the transfer hero size B
+0 M1 has potentially a different block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 M1 has potentially a different block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 M1 has potentially a different block
+size it has a different cache size M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it has a different cache size M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it has a different cache size M1
+and you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pay
+uh so these blocks are subdivided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these blocks are subdivided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these blocks are subdivided into
+b0 size blocks which happen here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 size blocks which happen here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 size blocks which happen here this is
+a generic multi-level memory hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic multi-level memory hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic multi-level memory hierarchy
+picture it's the obvious extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's the obvious extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's the obvious extension of
+the external memory model to arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external memory model to arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external memory model to arbitrarily
+many levels and they to make it so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many levels and they to make it so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many levels and they to make it so easy
+to program all levels can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to program all levels can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to program all levels can be
+transferring at once this is realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring at once this is realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring at once this is realistic
+but hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hard to
+manipulate um and they thought oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate um and they thought oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate um and they thought oh well
+uh L parameters for an l- level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh L parameters for an l- level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh L parameters for an l- level
+hierarchy is too many so let's reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy is too many so let's reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy is too many so let's reduce it
+to two parameters and one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two parameters and one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two parameters and one function
+uh so assume the bis grow exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so assume the bis grow exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so assume the bis grow exponentially
+the these things grow roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these things grow roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these things grow roughly the same
+way with some aspic racial Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with some aspic racial Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with some aspic racial Alpha and
+then the ti this is the part that's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ti this is the part that's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ti this is the part that's hard
+to guess but it grows exponentially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess but it grows exponentially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess but it grows exponentially and
+then there's some f ofi which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some f ofi which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's some f ofi which we don't
+know maybe it's log I uh and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it's log I uh and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it's log I uh and because of
+that this doesn't really clean the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this doesn't really clean the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this doesn't really clean the model
+enough you get bounds which uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you get bounds which uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you get bounds which uh it's it's
+interesting you can say as long as f ofi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you can say as long as f ofi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you can say as long as f ofi
+is at most something then we get optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most something then we get optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most something then we get optimal
+bounce uh but some sometimes when F ofi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce uh but some sometimes when F ofi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce uh but some sometimes when F ofi
+grows things change and uh the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows things change and uh the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows things change and uh the it's
+interesting these algorithms follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting these algorithms follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting these algorithms follow
+approaches that we will see a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that we will see a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that we will see a moment
+divide and conquer but uh it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer but uh it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer but uh it's hard to
+State what the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what the answers
+are what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's
+B4 I think that's just type of should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 I think that's just type of should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 I think that's just type of should be
+blank there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank there's
+no I mean it's hard to beat an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean it's hard to beat an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean it's hard to beat an upper
+band of one that also seems wrong ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of one that also seems wrong ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of one that also seems wrong ignore
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+row all right finally we go to the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row all right finally we go to the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row all right finally we go to the cache
+oblivious model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious model
+uh by friger out all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by friger out all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by friger out all in
+1999 uh this is another clean model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 uh this is another clean model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 uh this is another clean model and
+this is another of the two models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another of the two models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another of the two models that
+really caught on uh it's in some it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really caught on uh it's in some it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really caught on uh it's in some it's
+motivated by all the models you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by all the models you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by all the models you've just
+seen um and in particular it picks up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen um and in particular it picks up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen um and in particular it picks up on
+the the other successful model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other successful model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other successful model the
+external memory model and says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory model and says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory model and says okay
+let's take external memory model exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take external memory model exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take external memory model exactly
+the same cost model but suppose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cost model but suppose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cost model but suppose your
+algorithm doesn't know b or M and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't know b or M and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't know b or M and we're
+going to analyze it in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze it in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to analyze it in this model
+knowing what B&M is but really one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what B&M is but really one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what B&M is but really one
+algorithm has to work for all B&M this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has to work for all B&M this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm has to work for all B&M this
+is uniformity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniformity from
+the I can't even remember the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I can't even remember the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I can't even remember the model
+names from the not umh but the hmm model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names from the not umh but the hmm model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names from the not umh but the hmm model
+so I was taking that idea but applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was taking that idea but applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was taking that idea but applying
+it to uh a model that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blocking uh so for this to be meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking uh so for this to be meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking uh so for this to be meaningful
+block transfers have to be automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block transfers have to be automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block transfers have to be automatic
+because you can't manually move between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't manually move between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't manually move between
+here and here in hmm you could manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here in hmm you could manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here in hmm you could manually
+move things around because your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move things around because your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move things around because your memory
+is just a sequential thing but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a sequential thing but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a sequential thing but now you
+don't know where the cut off is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where the cut off is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where the cut off is between
+cache and dis so you can't manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and dis so you can't manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and dis so you can't manually
+manage your memory so you have to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage your memory so you have to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage your memory so you have to assume
+automatic block replacement but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic block replacement but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic block replacement but we
+already know lru or fos is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know lru or fos is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know lru or fos is only going to
+lose the constant Factor so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the constant Factor so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the constant Factor so that's
+cool um I like this model because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um I like this model because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um I like this model because it's
+clean uh it also in certain sense it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh it also in certain sense it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean uh it also in certain sense it's a
+little hard to formalize this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to formalize this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to formalize this but it's
+it works for changing B because it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for changing B because it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works for changing B because it works
+for all B and so you can imagine even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all B and so you can imagine even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all B and so you can imagine even if
+B is not a uniform thing like the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is not a uniform thing like the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is not a uniform thing like the size
+of tracks on a disc are are varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tracks on a disc are are varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tracks on a disc are are varying
+because circles have different sizes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because circles have different sizes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because circles have different sizes uh
+so probably works well in that setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably works well in that setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably works well in that setting
+um it also works if you if your cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also works if you if your cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it also works if you if your cache
+gets smaller because you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller because you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller because you've got a
+competing process uh you know it'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing process uh you know it'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing process uh you know it'll just
+adjust because the analysis will work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust because the analysis will work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust because the analysis will work um
+and the other fun thing is even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other fun thing is even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other fun thing is even though
+you're analyzing on a two level memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're analyzing on a two level memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're analyzing on a two level memory
+hierarchy it works on an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy it works on an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy it works on an arbitrary
+memory memory hierarchy this MH thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory memory hierarchy this MH thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory memory hierarchy this MH thing
+this is a clean way to tackle MH you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a clean way to tackle MH you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a clean way to tackle MH you
+just need uh a cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need uh a cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need uh a cache oblivious
+solution cool uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution cool uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution cool uh because
+you can imagine the levels to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine the levels to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine the levels to the left
+of something and the levels to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and the levels to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something and the levels to the right
+of some point and the cache oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some point and the cache oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some point and the cache oblivious
+analysis tells you that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tells you that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis tells you that the number of
+transfers over this boundary is optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers over this boundary is optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers over this boundary is optimal
+and if that's true for every boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's true for every boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's true for every boundary
+then the overall thing will be optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the overall thing will be optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the overall thing will be optimal
+just like uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like uh for
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+uniformity okay uh quickly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity okay uh quickly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity okay uh quickly some
+techniques from Cache oblivious I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques from Cache oblivious I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques from Cache oblivious I don't
+have much time so I will just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much time so I will just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much time so I will just give you a
+couple sketches scanning is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple sketches scanning is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple sketches scanning is one that
+generalizes great from external memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes great from external memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes great from external memory
+of course every cach abili algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course every cach abili algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course every cach abili algorithm is
+external memory also so we should first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory also so we should first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory also so we should first
+try all the external memory techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try all the external memory techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try all the external memory techniques
+you can scan uh you can't really do M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can scan uh you can't really do M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can scan uh you can't really do M
+overb parallel scans because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb parallel scans because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb parallel scans because you don't
+know what m overb is but you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what m overb is but you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what m overb is but you can do a
+constant number parallel scan so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number parallel scan so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number parallel scan so you
+could at least merge two lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could at least merge two lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could at least merge two lists
+um okay uh searching so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh searching so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh searching so this is the
+analog of binary search you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of binary search you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of binary search you'd like to
+achieve log base B of n uh query time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log base B of n uh query time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve log base B of n uh query time
+and you can do that and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that and this is in
+Harold proops uh Master thesis so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold proops uh Master thesis so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold proops uh Master thesis so uh the
+idea is pretty cool you imagine binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is pretty cool you imagine binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is pretty cool you imagine binary
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+tree uh built on the items we can't do B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh built on the items we can't do B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh built on the items we can't do B
+way because we don't know what B is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because we don't know what B is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because we don't know what B is but
+then we cut it at the middle level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cut it at the middle level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cut it at the middle level
+recursively store the top part and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively store the top part and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively store the top part and then
+recursively store all the bottom Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively store all the bottom Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively store all the bottom Parts
+get root n chunks of size root n do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get root n chunks of size root n do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get root n chunks of size root n do that
+recursively you get some kind of layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively you get some kind of layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively you get some kind of layout
+like this and it turns out this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and it turns out this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and it turns out this works
+very well because at some level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well because at some level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well because at some level of the
+recursion whatever B is it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion whatever B is it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion whatever B is it doesn't know
+when you're doing the recursion but B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing the recursion but B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing the recursion but B is
+something and if you look at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if you look at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and if you look at the level
+of recursion where you straddle B here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursion where you straddle B here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursion where you straddle B here
+these things are size at most B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are size at most B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are size at most B and the
+next level up is size bigger than b then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level up is size bigger than b then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level up is size bigger than b then
+uh you look at a route to Leaf path here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look at a route to Leaf path here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look at a route to Leaf path here
+it's a matter of how many of these blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of how many of these blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a matter of how many of these blue
+triangles do you visit uh well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles do you visit uh well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles do you visit uh well the
+height of a blue triangle is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of a blue triangle is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of a blue triangle is going to be
+around half log B because we're dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around half log B because we're dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around half log B because we're dividing
+in half until we hit log B so we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half until we hit log B so we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half until we hit log B so we might
+overshoot by a factor of two but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot by a factor of two but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot by a factor of two but that's
+all uh and we only have to pay two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh and we only have to pay two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh and we only have to pay two
+memory transfers to visit these because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers to visit these because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers to visit these because
+we don't know how it's aligned with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how it's aligned with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how it's aligned with a
+block but it most it fits in two blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but it most it fits in two blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but it most it fits in two blocks
+certainly it's stored consecutively by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's stored consecutively by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's stored consecutively by
+the recursion and so you divide with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursion and so you divide with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursion and so you divide with I
+mean the height of this thing is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the height of this thing is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the height of this thing is going
+to be log Bas B of n * 2 we pay two each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be log Bas B of n * 2 we pay two each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be log Bas B of n * 2 we pay two each
+so we get a upper bound of four not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a upper bound of four not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a upper bound of four not as
+good as B trees be trees get one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as B trees be trees get one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as B trees be trees get one times
+log Bas B of n here we get four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Bas B of n here we get four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Bas B of n here we get four times
+log Bas B of n this problem has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Bas B of n this problem has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Bas B of n this problem has been
+considered the right answer is log of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the right answer is log of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the right answer is log of e
+plus little o uh and that is tight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus little o uh and that is tight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus little o uh and that is tight you
+can't do better than that bound um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do better than that bound um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do better than that bound um so
+cious loses a constant Factor relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cious loses a constant Factor relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cious loses a constant Factor relative
+to external memory for that problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to external memory for that problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to external memory for that problem you
+can also make this Dynamic this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also make this Dynamic this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also make this Dynamic this is where
+a bunch of us started getting involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of us started getting involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of us started getting involved
+in this uh world in in cach oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh world in in cach oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh world in in cach oblivious
+world and this is a sketch of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and this is a sketch of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and this is a sketch of one of the
+one of the methods uh I think this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the methods uh I think this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the methods uh I think this one
+right that's the one I usually teach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the one I usually teach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the one I usually teach uh
+you might have guessed these are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have guessed these are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have guessed these are from
+lecture notes these handwritten things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes these handwritten things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes these handwritten things
+um I'll plug that in a second so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll plug that in a second so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll plug that in a second so uh
+sorting is trickier uh there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is trickier uh there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is trickier uh there is an
+analog to merge sort there's an analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog to merge sort there's an analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog to merge sort there's an analog
+to distribution sort uh they achieve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribution sort uh they achieve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribution sort uh they achieve the
+Sorting bound but they do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorting bound but they do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorting bound but they do need
+assumption This Tall cache assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption This Tall cache assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption This Tall cache assumption
+it's a little different from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different from the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little different from the last
+one this is a stronger assumption than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a stronger assumption than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a stronger assumption than
+before it says the cache is taller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it says the cache is taller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it says the cache is taller than
+it is wide roughly up to some Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is wide roughly up to some Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is wide roughly up to some Epsilon
+exponent so this is saying M over B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so this is saying M over B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so this is saying M over B is
+at least B to the Epsilon most caches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least B to the Epsilon most caches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least B to the Epsilon most caches
+have that property so it's not that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that property so it's not that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that property so it's not that big
+a deal but you can prove it's necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal but you can prove it's necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal but you can prove it's necessary
+if you don't have it you can't achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have it you can't achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have it you can't achieve
+the Sorting bound you can also prove you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sorting bound you can also prove you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sorting bound you can also prove you
+cannot achieve the permutation bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot achieve the permutation bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot achieve the permutation bound
+because you can't do that Min you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't do that Min you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't do that Min you don't
+know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which is
+better same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better same
+paper uh five finally I wanted to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh five finally I wanted to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh five finally I wanted to plug
+this class it has uh it just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class it has uh it just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class it has uh it just got
+released if you're interested uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released if you're interested uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released if you're interested uh it's
+Advanced data structures there's video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced data structures there's video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced data structures there's video
+lectures for free streaming online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for free streaming online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures for free streaming online and
+there are three lectures about cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three lectures about cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three lectures about cach
+oblivious stuff mostly on the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious stuff mostly on the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious stuff mostly on the data
+structure side because it's a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure side because it's a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure side because it's a data
+structures class but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures class but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures class but if you're
+interested in data structures you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in data structures you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in data structures you should
+check it out uh that is the end of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out uh that is the end of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out uh that is the end of my
+summary of a zillion models the ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of a zillion models the ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of a zillion models the ones to
+keep in mind of course external memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind of course external memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind of course external memory
+and cach oblivious but the others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cach oblivious but the others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cach oblivious but the others are
+kind of fun and you really see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun and you really see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun and you really see the
+Genesis of how this this was the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis of how this this was the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis of how this this was the union
+of these two models and this was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two models and this was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two models and this was sort of
+the culmination of this effort to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culmination of this effort to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culmination of this effort to do
+multi-level in a clean way um so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level in a clean way um so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level in a clean way um so I I
+learned a lot looking at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot looking at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot looking at all these
+papers hope you enjoyed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions uh you guys G to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh you guys G to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh you guys G to talk about
+that in your final talk or who knows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your final talk or who knows um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your final talk or who knows um
+or Lars maybe also I there some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Lars maybe also I there some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Lars maybe also I there some of these
+papers even evaluated that uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers even evaluated that uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers even evaluated that uh especially
+these guys that had the messy models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that had the messy models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys that had the messy models
+they were they were getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they were getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they were getting the
+parameters of at that time a risk 6000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of at that time a risk 6000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of at that time a risk 6000
+processor which is something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor which is something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor which is something I've
+actually used um so not sold and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used um so not sold and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used um so not sold and uh they
+got very good matching even at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very good matching even at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very good matching even at that
+point uh I'd say external memory does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh I'd say external memory does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh I'd say external memory does
+very good for modeling dis um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for modeling dis um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for modeling dis um I don't
+know if people use a lot for cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if people use a lot for cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if people use a lot for cach
+no I'm told uh cache oblivious uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm told uh cache oblivious uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm told uh cache oblivious uh it's a
+little harder to measure but it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to measure but it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to measure but it um
+because you're not trying to tune to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not trying to tune to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not trying to tune to
+specific things but in practice it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific things but in practice it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific things but in practice it seems
+to do very well for many problems that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do very well for many problems that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do very well for many problems that's
+the short answer runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F yeah it's it does better than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah it's it does better than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F yeah it's it does better than our
+analysis said it should do in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis said it should do in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis said it should do in some sense
+because it's so flexible and reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so flexible and reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so flexible and reality is
+very messy reality m is changing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very messy reality m is changing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very messy reality m is changing because
+there's also sorts of processes doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also sorts of processes doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also sorts of processes doing
+useless work uh and cash oblivious will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless work uh and cash oblivious will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless work uh and cash oblivious will
+adjust to that and uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust to that and uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust to that and uh and this
+especially the case in in internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the case in in internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the case in in internal
+memory in the cash World things are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the cash World things are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the cash World things are are
+very messy and fussy and nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very messy and fussy and nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very messy and fussy and nice thing
+about cash obliv is because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cash obliv is because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cash obliv is because you're not
+specifically tuning you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically tuning you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically tuning you have the
+potential to not die when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to not die when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to not die when I say
+especially the case in the dis world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the case in the dis world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the case in the dis world and
+the internal memory World these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal memory World these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal memory World these are the
+guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys who
+no yeah they're both relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah they're both relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah they're both relevant
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+future uh okay well for the future you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh okay well for the future you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh okay well for the future you
+should go to the other talks I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to the other talks I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to the other talks I guess
+there's still lots of open problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still lots of open problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still lots of open problems in
+both models uh external memory I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both models uh external memory I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both models uh external memory I guess
+graph algorithms and geometry are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms and geometry are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms and geometry are still
+the main topics of ongoing research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topics of ongoing research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topics of ongoing research
+cache oblivious is similar at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious is similar at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious is similar at this point
+I think well also geometry is a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think well also geometry is a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think well also geometry is a big one
+there's some external memory results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some external memory results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some external memory results
+that are not have not yet been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not have not yet been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not have not yet been
+cified in external in uh geometry and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cified in external in uh geometry and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cified in external in uh geometry and uh
+multicore oh yeah I forgot to say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicore oh yeah I forgot to say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicore oh yeah I forgot to say I'm
+not going to talk about parallel models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about parallel models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about parallel models
+here uh CU partly because of lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh CU partly because of lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh CU partly because of lack of
+time it's also that's probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's also that's probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's also that's probably the most
+active or it's it's the an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or it's it's the an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or it's it's the an interesting
+active area of research something I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active area of research something I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active area of research something I'm
+interested in particular uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in particular uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in particular uh there is
+there are some results about parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some results about parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some results about parallel
+cache oblivious and they're they're def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious and they're they're def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious and they're they're def
+there already all of these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there already all of these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there already all of these papers
+actually had parallelism uh this had par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had parallelism uh this had par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had parallelism uh this had par
+um parallelism in a single disc there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parallelism in a single disc there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parallelism in a single disc there's
+another model that has multiple discs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another model that has multiple discs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another model that has multiple discs
+those behave more or less as same you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those behave more or less as same you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those behave more or less as same you
+basically divide everything by P these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically divide everything by P these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically divide everything by P these
+models also try to introduce parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models also try to introduce parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models also try to introduce parallelism
+or there's a followup to umh by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's a followup to umh by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's a followup to umh by these
+guys uh so there there is work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh so there there is work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh so there there is work on
+Parallel but uh I think multicore cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallel but uh I think multicore cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallel but uh I think multicore cach
+oblivious is probably the most exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious is probably the most exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious is probably the most exciting
+unknown or still in progress stuff thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown or still in progress stuff thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown or still in progress stuff thank
+the speaker again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speaker again
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3rIGt0GdGMY.txt b/3rIGt0GdGMY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ddca7750964c8c02b649d9c2eeff0dcecc48000a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3rIGt0GdGMY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so today we're gonna keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're gonna keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're gonna keep
+talking about boundary value problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about boundary value problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about boundary value problems
+we'll do that again on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that again on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that again on Wednesday
+on Friday will start partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday will start partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday will start partial
+differential equations and next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and next week
+we'll work with COMSOL which I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work with COMSOL which I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work with COMSOL which I hope you
+guys all have installed on your laptop's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all have installed on your laptop's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all have installed on your laptop's
+please check that you have it installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please check that you have it installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please check that you have it installed
+and you can turn it on your licensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can turn it on your licensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can turn it on your licensing
+things work and stuff like that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work and stuff like that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work and stuff like that we'll
+have a console tutorial I think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a console tutorial I think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a console tutorial I think on
+Monday in class and you'll use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday in class and you'll use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday in class and you'll use that for
+one of the homework problems not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework problems not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework problems not not
+immediately but coming up all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately but coming up all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately but coming up all right
+speaking of the homework I received some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of the homework I received some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of the homework I received some
+feedback that that day homeworks have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that that day homeworks have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that that day homeworks have
+been taking an inordinate amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking an inordinate amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taking an inordinate amount of time
+and so I've discussed this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've discussed this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I've discussed this with the
+other people involved in teaching it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people involved in teaching it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people involved in teaching it and
+we decided to drastically cut the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to drastically cut the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to drastically cut the amount
+of points given for write-ups to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points given for write-ups to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points given for write-ups to try to
+encourage you not to spend so much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you not to spend so much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you not to spend so much time
+in that and instead I'd really rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that and instead I'd really rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that and instead I'd really rather
+you spent the time and did the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent the time and did the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent the time and did the reading
+instead of spent an extra hour doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of spent an extra hour doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of spent an extra hour doing
+right out so all right we all you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out so all right we all you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out so all right we all you okay
+any more points for doing it so if you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more points for doing it so if you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more points for doing it so if you I
+mean I love to write beautiful write-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I love to write beautiful write-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I love to write beautiful write-ups
+I'm sure the graders appreciates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the graders appreciates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the graders appreciates
+beautiful write-ups it's good for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful write-ups it's good for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful write-ups it's good for your
+thinking to write clearly but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to write clearly but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to write clearly but it's not
+worth many many hours of time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth many many hours of time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth many many hours of time and in
+general you know the instructions at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you know the instructions at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you know the instructions at the
+beginning the course are you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the course are you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the course are you know when
+on average over the course if 14 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average over the course if 14 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average over the course if 14 weeks
+should be about nine hours per week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be about nine hours per week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be about nine hours per week of
+homework so that's maybe 13 hours per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so that's maybe 13 hours per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so that's maybe 13 hours per
+assignment so you have 10 assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so you have 10 assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so you have 10 assignments
+and so if it's getting to be 15 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if it's getting to be 15 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if it's getting to be 15 hours
+you spent too much time on it and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent too much time on it and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent too much time on it and just
+forget it just draw lines and on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it just draw lines and on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it just draw lines and on you
+know time ran out and that's fine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know time ran out and that's fine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know time ran out and that's fine it's
+this is getting the last bug out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting the last bug out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting the last bug out of your
+MATLAB code is not the main objective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB code is not the main objective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB code is not the main objective of
+this course all right and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course all right and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course all right and you know
+really the purpose of my work is to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the purpose of my work is to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the purpose of my work is to help
+you learn not not that we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn not not that we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn not not that we need to know
+what the solution is problem is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution is problem is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solution is problem is it's not
+you know we I'm getting the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we I'm getting the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we I'm getting the solution of
+somebody else in the class to you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else in the class to you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else in the class to you from
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+all right the TAS probably already did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the TAS probably already did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the TAS probably already did
+it already and they had the solution too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already and they had the solution too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already and they had the solution too
+so we know the solution that's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know the solution that's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know the solution that's it's not
+so essential it's it's the purpose is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essential it's it's the purpose is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essential it's it's the purpose is to
+help you learn and how we figure out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you learn and how we figure out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you learn and how we figure out and
+beyond a certain point it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a certain point it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a certain point it's not that
+instructive in my experiences though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive in my experiences though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive in my experiences though
+sometimes the fifteenth and a half hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the fifteenth and a half hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the fifteenth and a half hour
+you suddenly other great insight and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suddenly other great insight and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suddenly other great insight and you
+learn a lot but most of the time not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot but most of the time not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot but most of the time not all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and by the way the reading is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way the reading is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way the reading is this is a
+bearish textbook pages 258 and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish textbook pages 258 and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearish textbook pages 258 and there's
+also some nice short readings made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some nice short readings made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some nice short readings made by
+Professor Bratz that Evan posted only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Bratz that Evan posted only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Bratz that Evan posted only a
+few pages long but definitely worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few pages long but definitely worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few pages long but definitely worth the
+worth a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a look
+both 1b VPS and also no des and Daz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so today we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so today we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so today we're gonna talk about
+is realization methods and we we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is realization methods and we we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is realization methods and we we talked
+last time about the shooting method so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about the shooting method so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time about the shooting method so
+that's a good method at least one famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good method at least one famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good method at least one famous
+numerical methods book recommends you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods book recommends you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods book recommends you
+always shoot first then relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shoot first then relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always shoot first then relax
+so try shooting method if it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try shooting method if it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try shooting method if it works
+you're done if it doesn't work for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done if it doesn't work for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done if it doesn't work for you
+then you may have to use a relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you may have to use a relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you may have to use a relaxation
+method and we'll talk about now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and we'll talk about now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and we'll talk about now about
+the relaxation methods and the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation methods and the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation methods and the general
+idea is you're gonna write your Y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you're gonna write your Y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you're gonna write your Y which
+is an approximation it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an approximation it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an approximation it's not going to be
+the real solution and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real solution and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real solution and you're going to
+try to write that typically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to write that typically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to write that typically as
+expansions and basis functions so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions and basis functions so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions and basis functions so let's
+say the nth component of Y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the nth component of Y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the nth component of Y and then
+you're going to vary these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to vary these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to vary these coefficients
+the DS to try to make your solution as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS to try to make your solution as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS to try to make your solution as
+good as possible and now we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as possible and now we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as possible and now we're gonna
+talk about different definitions of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about different definitions of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about different definitions of what
+good is for a solution for a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is for a solution for a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is for a solution for a problem and
+you have to be aware that almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be aware that almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be aware that almost always
+this will not exactly solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not exactly solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not exactly solve the
+differential equation system so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation system so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation system so it's
+always going to be wrong everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be wrong everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be wrong everywhere
+typically and you can get to side sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically and you can get to side sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically and you can get to side sort
+of if you want it to be good at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you want it to be good at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you want it to be good at some
+pretty clear spot you can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear spot you can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear spot you can do something
+about that if you wanted to one average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that if you wanted to one average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that if you wanted to one average
+be good in some way you can decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good in some way you can decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good in some way you can decide that
+and it's sort of like how much are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of like how much are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of like how much are you
+can tolerate and in general you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tolerate and in general you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tolerate and in general you'll have
+to do a finite sum of a finite basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a finite sum of a finite basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a finite sum of a finite basis set
+for many many Cody PvP problems there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many many Cody PvP problems there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many many Cody PvP problems there's
+math proofs that if and the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math proofs that if and the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math proofs that if and the limit as
+this goes to infinity if you add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to infinity if you add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to infinity if you add an
+infinite number of functions here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of functions here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of functions here you
+can always make it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always make it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always make it work
+take your the true solution but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your the true solution but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your the true solution but you can
+never afford that you're always doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never afford that you're always doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never afford that you're always doing
+finite truncated truncated basis that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite truncated truncated basis that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite truncated truncated basis that is
+what you're using and so a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're using and so a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're using and so a lot of the
+accuracy things have to do with exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy things have to do with exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy things have to do with exactly
+what functions you choose and exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions you choose and exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what functions you choose and exactly
+how many terms in the sum you include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many terms in the sum you include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many terms in the sum you include
+but typically these problems you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically these problems you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically these problems you'll
+start from the beginning you'll say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the beginning you'll say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the beginning you'll say I'm
+only going to include too many how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to include too many how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to include too many how big
+my computer is and and so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer is and and so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer is and and so you're going
+to be stuck with some error so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stuck with some error so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stuck with some error so that's
+just the way this so let's recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way this so let's recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way this so let's recall the
+problem we have if we write it in the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have if we write it in the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have if we write it in the as
+a first-order OD system it's dy DT well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first-order OD system it's dy DT well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first-order OD system it's dy DT well
+there's some function of dy DT and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some function of dy DT and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some function of dy DT and Y
+that's equal to 0 which often can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to 0 which often can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to 0 which often can be
+written something like SD and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written something like SD and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written something like SD and so if you
+plug in this approximation for y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in this approximation for y then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in this approximation for y then
+you'll get something here that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get something here that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get something here that'll be
+some gf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gf
+that's not I'm generally not gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not I'm generally not gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not I'm generally not gonna be
+equal to zero and you but you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and you but you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and you but you would like
+it to be zero if you put the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be zero if you put the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be zero if you put the true
+solution in you would get zero you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in you would get zero you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in you would get zero you put
+your foot your approximate solution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your foot your approximate solution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your foot your approximate solution it
+does not gonna be zero okay so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not gonna be zero okay so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not gonna be zero okay so you'll
+get to U of T and you want this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to U of T and you want this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to U of T and you want this equal to
+0 for all T and then in addition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for all T and then in addition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for all T and then in addition you
+have boundary conditions and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have boundary conditions and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have boundary conditions and so you have
+boundary conditions on the solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions on the solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions on the solution and
+you want those things to be satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want those things to be satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want those things to be satisfied
+and again you can write them in a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can write them in a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can write them in a form
+the day and something has to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and something has to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day and something has to be equal
+zero often you'll exactly satisfy them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero often you'll exactly satisfy them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero often you'll exactly satisfy them
+so you'll choose your solution to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll choose your solution to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll choose your solution to make
+sure you satisfies the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you satisfies the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you satisfies the boundary
+conditions and it won't satisfy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and it won't satisfy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and it won't satisfy in the
+domain it won't really sajdah by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it won't really sajdah by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain it won't really sajdah by the
+differential equation that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that's the most
+common thing you do but it could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common thing you do but it could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common thing you do but it could also be
+that doesn't satisfy the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't satisfy the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't satisfy the boundary
+conditions either but you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions either but you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions either but you want to be
+close to satisfy the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to satisfy the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to satisfy the boundary conditions
+okay so we have to think of how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have to think of how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have to think of how we're
+going to judge if the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to judge if the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to judge if the solution is
+accurate or not if our approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate or not if our approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate or not if our approximate
+solutions is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from of the way we wrote it we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from of the way we wrote it we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from of the way we wrote it we have
+our parameters D these are numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parameters D these are numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our parameters D these are numbers we
+can adjust and we're gonna try to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust and we're gonna try to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust and we're gonna try to adjust
+them to make the solution as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make the solution as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make the solution as good as
+possible and now we just define what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and now we just define what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and now we just define what a
+good means there's several definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good means there's several definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good means there's several definitions
+of good that are widely used and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good that are widely used and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good that are widely used and one of
+them is called collocation this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called collocation this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is called collocation this is like
+option number one and that is you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number one and that is you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number one and that is you choose
+a set of top of tees a particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of top of tees a particular time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of top of tees a particular time
+points and for those particular to tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and for those particular to tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and for those particular to tie
+points you demand that G of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you demand that G of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you demand that G of the time
+point is equal to zero so you're forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is equal to zero so you're forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is equal to zero so you're forcing
+you're forcing the residuals this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forcing the residuals this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forcing the residuals this is
+called the residual it's the the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the residual it's the the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the residual it's the the error
+and you're forcing the air to be zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're forcing the air to be zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're forcing the air to be zero at
+some particular time points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular time points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular time points and
+generally between the time points it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally between the time points it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally between the time points it
+will not be equal to zero okay but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be equal to zero okay but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be equal to zero okay but you
+can but you can pick your time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but you can pick your time points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but you can pick your time points
+and depending which ones you pick you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending which ones you pick you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending which ones you pick you'll
+get a slightly different optimal choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a slightly different optimal choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a slightly different optimal choices
+the DS all right because the DS will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS all right because the DS will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS all right because the DS will be
+adjusted to force the residual to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to force the residual to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to force the residual to be
+zero at your at your time once you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at your at your time once you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at your at your time once you pick
+okay so that's that's one option another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's one option another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's one option another
+one is called rayleigh ritz and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called rayleigh ritz and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called rayleigh ritz and that one
+is you minimize over all your DS the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you minimize over all your DS the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you minimize over all your DS the
+integral t 0 to t final of the norm of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral t 0 to t final of the norm of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral t 0 to t final of the norm of g
+of t so this means you try to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t so this means you try to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t so this means you try to make the
+average of the square of the deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the square of the deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the square of the deviation
+to be as small as possible so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as small as possible so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as small as possible so it's like
+sort of a least squares fit kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a least squares fit kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a least squares fit kind of
+thing ok so that's another option and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ok so that's another option and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ok so that's another option and
+then a third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a third one
+that people use a lot is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use a lot is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use a lot is called
+galerkin's method and his method is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose some function of some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some function of some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some function of some of your
+basis functions typically and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions typically and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions typically and you
+integrate them with each of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them with each of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate them with each of the elements
+of the residual and your demand the dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residual and your demand the dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residual and your demand the dad
+has to be equal to zero yeah the DS all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to zero yeah the DS all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to zero yeah the DS all
+the your coefficients and these ones I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your coefficients and these ones I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your coefficients and these ones I
+didn't write it out but this G depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it out but this G depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it out but this G depends
+implicitly on the DS and you write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly on the DS and you write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly on the DS and you write that
+way a lot of DS and so you you optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a lot of DS and so you you optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a lot of DS and so you you optimize
+the DS you vary the DS to force G to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS you vary the DS to force G to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DS you vary the DS to force G to be
+zero at certainties and this one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at certainties and this one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at certainties and this one then
+also the G depends on DS and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the G depends on DS and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the G depends on DS and so you're
+going to optimize the DS to force this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to optimize the DS to force this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to optimize the DS to force this
+integral equation to be satisfied yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they're all changing DS is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're all changing DS is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're all changing DS is just
+trying to your criterium your men your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to your criterium your men your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to your criterium your men your
+our measure how how do you measure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measure how how do you measure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measure how how do you measure or
+how do you what do you think is good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you what do you think is good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you what do you think is good you
+want to make something small some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make something small some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make something small some kind
+of error small we have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error small we have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error small we have to figure out
+what are you going to define your air to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to define your air to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to define your air to
+be and you'll get different solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and you'll get different solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and you'll get different solutions
+depending on which edge which I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which edge which I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which edge which I remember
+you use all right is this okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use all right is this okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use all right is this okay all right
+now this one's maybe spread pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one's maybe spread pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one's maybe spread pretty
+straightforward I'm just going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I'm just going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I'm just going to write
+down a bunch of algebraic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a bunch of algebraic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a bunch of algebraic equations
+depend of my DS and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend of my DS and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend of my DS and then we're going to
+solve them and this looks a lot like f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them and this looks a lot like f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them and this looks a lot like f
+solve problem right this is a Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problem right this is a Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve problem right this is a Newton
+problems don't like that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems don't like that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems don't like that system
+algebraic equations should be okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations should be okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equations should be okay yeah
+so that one you should be pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one you should be pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one you should be pretty well
+set up to do all right now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to do all right now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up to do all right now let's just
+think of how many equations there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how many equations there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how many equations there are so
+we have a we have our basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's our base ascent and this is a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our base ascent and this is a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our base ascent and this is a sum
+over I equals one to say the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I equals one to say the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over I equals one to say the number of
+basis functions what you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions what you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions what you want to call
+that and sound good okay so we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and sound good okay so we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and sound good okay so we have n
+basis functions and so we have how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions and so we have how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions and so we have how many
+unknowns here maybe ends not good ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns here maybe ends not good ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns here maybe ends not good ends
+this okay all right okay I'll even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay all right okay I'll even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay all right okay I'll even
+change this to k2 this make it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to k2 this make it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to k2 this make it easier
+for you alright okay so there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you alright okay so there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you alright okay so there's there
+are how many D and k's are there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how many D and k's are there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how many D and k's are there there's
+n where n is the dimension the a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n is the dimension the a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n is the dimension the a number
+of Odie's and or the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Odie's and or the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Odie's and or the number of
+components and y times okay that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and y times okay that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and y times okay that's how
+many there's so many DS we got then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there's so many DS we got then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there's so many DS we got then
+we're going to adjust so we need we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to adjust so we need we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to adjust so we need we want
+to have an equal number of equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an equal number of equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an equal number of equations and
+unknowns we have to have as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we have to have as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns we have to have as many
+equations as that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as that right
+so what equations do we got how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what equations do we got how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what equations do we got how many
+equations so if we just have an Eau de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if we just have an Eau de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so if we just have an Eau de
+bvp we typically have in boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bvp we typically have in boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bvp we typically have in boundary
+conditions right so have that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so have that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions right so have that many
+boundary conditions is we need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions is we need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions is we need one
+boundary condition for each differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition for each differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition for each differential
+equation right one integration constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right one integration constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right one integration constant
+for each one so we took the end boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one so we took the end boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one so we took the end boundary
+conditions and then we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and then we have in
+collocation we have however many capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation we have however many capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation we have however many capital
+M time points we chose right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M time points we chose right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M time points we chose right so we have
+M in equations no that's that write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M in equations no that's that write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M in equations no that's that write the
+equation like that for every component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like that for every component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like that for every component
+of G so it's M times n equations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G so it's M times n equations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G so it's M times n equations from
+the collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said all right so just looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all right so just looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all right so just looking at this
+it looks like we have n times M plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like we have n times M plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like we have n times M plus 1
+equations and we have n times K unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and we have n times K unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and we have n times K unknowns
+that we're trying to adjust and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to adjust and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to adjust and so
+therefore this says we should simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this says we should simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this says we should simply
+choose K to be equal to n plus 1 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K to be equal to n plus 1 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose K to be equal to n plus 1 so we
+choose we want to say we want a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose we want to say we want a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose we want to say we want a hundred
+basis functions that we need 99 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that we need 99 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions that we need 99 time
+points to do collocation set in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to do collocation set in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to do collocation set in order to
+exactly determine everything is that ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how people do this is ok ok he agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people do this is ok ok he agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people do this is ok ok he agrees
+it's ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ok
+the rest of you had no opinion this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you had no opinion this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you had no opinion this is
+the American political system only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American political system only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American political system only you
+know 5 percent people vote everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 5 percent people vote everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 5 percent people vote everybody
+else just listen to Donald Trump the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else just listen to Donald Trump the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else just listen to Donald Trump the
+radio all right ok so this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio all right ok so this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio all right ok so this is the this
+is how many equations we need now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many equations we need now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many equations we need now
+sometimes people choose the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people choose the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people choose the basis
+functions so that say some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that say some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that say some of the
+boundary condition equations might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition equations might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition equations might be
+satisfied automatically like I'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied automatically like I'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied automatically like I'll talk a
+little bit at the minute about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit at the minute about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit at the minute about
+cleverness and choosing boundary cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness and choosing boundary cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverness and choosing boundary cases
+functions so one possible thing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so one possible thing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so one possible thing is you
+can try to cleverly choose basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to cleverly choose basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to cleverly choose basis
+functions so that no matter what values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that no matter what values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that no matter what values
+of DS you choose you're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DS you choose you're always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DS you choose you're always going to
+satisfy some of the boundary can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy some of the boundary can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy some of the boundary can be
+conditionals and so sometimes you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and so sometimes you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and so sometimes you don't
+get a full value of n because some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a full value of n because some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a full value of n because some of
+these boundary conditions are sick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundary conditions are sick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boundary conditions are sick or
+don't help you determine the DS any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't help you determine the DS any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't help you determine the DS any
+values the DS will work and so in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the DS will work and so in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the DS will work and so in those
+cases you need a few might need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you need a few might need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you need a few might need another
+time point or something get some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point or something get some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point or something get some more
+equations all right ok so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all right ok so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all right ok so that's a
+collocation and I think this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation and I think this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation and I think this should be
+like my really straightforward you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my really straightforward you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my really straightforward you just
+value your wise you need to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value your wise you need to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value your wise you need to have your
+dyd keys you'll need them because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyd keys you'll need them because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyd keys you'll need them because they
+PR ng as well and they're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR ng as well and they're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR ng as well and they're just going to
+be the summation over K I'm DMK C Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the summation over K I'm DMK C Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the summation over K I'm DMK C Prime
+gee and so you choose basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee and so you choose basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee and so you choose basis functions
+that you know the analytical derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the analytical derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the analytical derivatives
+off so now you know these answers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so now you know these answers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so now you know these answers and
+now you can write down you can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can write down you can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can write down you can evaluate
+this at TM any time point TM so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at TM any time point TM so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at TM any time point TM so you
+evaluate your time your time points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate your time your time points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate your time your time points you
+evaluate these guys at your time points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these guys at your time points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate these guys at your time points
+you plug them all into your GG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug them all into your GG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug them all into your GG
+expression over here and you force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression over here and you force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression over here and you force to
+equal to 0 by bearing the DS alright no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 by bearing the DS alright no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 by bearing the DS alright no
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+yep so that's collocation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so that's collocation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so that's collocation so that's
+pretty easy and because it's so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy and because it's so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy and because it's so easy
+it's it's kind of pretty widely used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of pretty widely used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of pretty widely used as
+one one way to go okay doesn't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one way to go okay doesn't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one way to go okay doesn't require
+all requires you have to know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all requires you have to know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all requires you have to know that the
+derivatives of your basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of your basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of your basis functions
+doesn't rely in particular any integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rely in particular any integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rely in particular any integrals
+well you see the other method you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see the other method you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see the other method you're
+going to volve integrals so we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to volve integrals so we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to volve integrals so we'll have
+to figure out how we're gonna evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we're gonna evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we're gonna evaluate
+this so if you if you have functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you if you have functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you if you have functions you
+don't know how to integrate then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to integrate then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to integrate then this is
+definitely the way to go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the way to go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the way to go to two
+collocation and if you use collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation and if you use collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation and if you use collocation
+with enough points you're forcing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough points you're forcing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough points you're forcing the
+error to be 0 a lot of points then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error to be 0 a lot of points then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error to be 0 a lot of points then
+probably won't get that big in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't get that big in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't get that big in between
+the points at least you can hope then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points at least you can hope then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points at least you can hope then I
+won't get that big between the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get that big between the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get that big between the points
+and you can try it with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can try it with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can try it with different
+numbers of points and different size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of points and different size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of points and different size
+numbers of basis functions and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of basis functions and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of basis functions and people
+you know see what you can do see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know see what you can do see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know see what you can do see if you
+get you big converges to something if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you big converges to something if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you big converges to something if
+you're lucky all right so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky all right so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky all right so that's that's
+a one way to go and it's just an F solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one way to go and it's just an F solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one way to go and it's just an F solve
+problem and all that's happening is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and all that's happening is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and all that's happening is to
+performing at Jacobian matrix inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing at Jacobian matrix inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing at Jacobian matrix inside
+there now you still have to choose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now you still have to choose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now you still have to choose which
+basis functions you want and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions you want and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions you want and there's a
+lot of basis functions you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of basis functions you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of basis functions you know that you
+know the derivatives up so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the derivatives up so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the derivatives up so there's some
+issue here about what choice is best and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here about what choice is best and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue here about what choice is best and
+we'll talk a little bit about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit about that in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+one thing you have to watch out for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you have to watch out for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you have to watch out for is
+you don't want your basis functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want your basis functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want your basis functions to
+be linearly dependent because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linearly dependent because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linearly dependent because then
+you'll end up with sort of indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with sort of indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with sort of indeterminate
+values Adi different different DS sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Adi different different DS sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values Adi different different DS sets
+of DS will give you exactly the same Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DS will give you exactly the same Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DS will give you exactly the same Y
+if the these fees if one of these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the these fees if one of these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the these fees if one of these pieces
+is a linear combination of other fees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of other fees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear combination of other fees in
+your set then you could you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set then you could you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set then you could you could have
+different values of DS it would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of DS it would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of DS it would actually
+under exactly the same why because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under exactly the same why because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under exactly the same why because of
+that when you do a Jacobian matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do a Jacobian matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do a Jacobian matrix as
+party review Newton solve the jacobians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party review Newton solve the jacobians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party review Newton solve the jacobians
+gonna be singular and then the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be singular and then the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be singular and then the whole
+thing is not going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is not going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is not going to work
+okay so just just touch one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just just touch one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just just touch one thing to
+watch out for and actually doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for and actually doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for and actually doesn't
+really matter if the functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter if the functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter if the functions are
+orthogonal the sense of being functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal the sense of being functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal the sense of being functions
+orthogonal it's really whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal it's really whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal it's really whether the
+vector V K evaluated at TM is if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V K evaluated at TM is if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V K evaluated at TM is if those
+are independent of each other or not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other or not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of each other or not I
+feel like we talked about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we talked about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we talked about this before
+yes all right so anyway as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so anyway as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right so anyway as long as the
+pKa value ATM if those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa value ATM if those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa value ATM if those things are
+vectors which are not linearly dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which are not linearly dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors which are not linearly dependent
+on each other this should work fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other this should work fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other this should work fine okay
+all right now really Ritz this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now really Ritz this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now really Ritz this one here
+often gets to be kind of messy part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often gets to be kind of messy part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often gets to be kind of messy part of
+it is that inside this norm of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that inside this norm of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that inside this norm of this
+vector u its squared so you end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector u its squared so you end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector u its squared so you end up being
+squares of your deeds so the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of your deeds so the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of your deeds so the whole thing
+is definitely nonlinear indeed to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely nonlinear indeed to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely nonlinear indeed to start
+with and then you have to be able to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then you have to be able to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then you have to be able to I
+with all the integrals that come up said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the integrals that come up said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the integrals that come up said
+so this is really some over and G and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really some over and G and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really some over and G and a
+TD Square that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD Square that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD Square that you're trying to
+integrate right so you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate right so you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate right so you have a lot of
+these functions squared you have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions squared you have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions squared you have to add
+them up you could do it but the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up you could do it but the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up you could do it but the algebra
+gets a little complicated so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little complicated so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little complicated so this is not
+so commonly done unless the G has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commonly done unless the G has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commonly done unless the G has some
+special form that makes it the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special form that makes it the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special form that makes it the algebra
+little bit easier but there's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier but there's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier but there's no reason
+you can't do it in principle but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it in principle but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do it in principle but it's
+just it just is a little bit of a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it just is a little bit of a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it just is a little bit of a mess
+because you get a lot of integrals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get a lot of integrals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get a lot of integrals of
+cross terms between the GS and so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms between the GS and so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross terms between the GS and so in the
+DS inside there and so dot not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS inside there and so dot not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS inside there and so dot not so
+commonly done though one one case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done though one one case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly done though one one case where
+it is done a lot is in actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is done a lot is in actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is done a lot is in actually in
+quantum chemistry methods called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry methods called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry methods called
+variational methods in quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational methods in quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational methods in quantum chemistry
+use really roads to figure out the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use really roads to figure out the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use really roads to figure out the code
+like our orbitals and stuff like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our orbitals and stuff like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our orbitals and stuff like that so
+via certain methods but they've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via certain methods but they've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via certain methods but they've actually
+come out and gone out of favor recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out and gone out of favor recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out and gone out of favor recently
+so you probably want to use it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you probably want to use it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you probably want to use it that
+often but in the past that was a big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but in the past that was a big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but in the past that was a big big
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+golovkin is is use the most of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golovkin is is use the most of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golovkin is is use the most of anything
+so let's talk about that one for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about that one for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about that one for a
+minute now the concept where does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute now the concept where does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute now the concept where does this
+equation come from I guess that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation come from I guess that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation come from I guess that's one
+thing so maybe we could back up and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so maybe we could back up and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so maybe we could back up and say
+well where did the collocation come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where did the collocation come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where did the collocation come from
+collocation is actually like a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation is actually like a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation is actually like a special
+version of this where I choose instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this where I choose instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this where I choose instead
+of these basis functions I use Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basis functions I use Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these basis functions I use Delta
+functions so if I integrated with Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so if I integrated with Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so if I integrated with Delta
+functions T minus TM so another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions T minus TM so another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions T minus TM so another way to
+look at the collocation is demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the collocation is demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the collocation is demanding
+that the integral of T Delta function t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of T Delta function t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral of T Delta function t
+minus TM G and T ok so now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus TM G and T ok so now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus TM G and T ok so now instead of
+using the Delta functions I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Delta functions I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Delta functions I'm using
+these functions the basic functions so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions the basic functions so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions the basic functions so I
+don't know if that's any particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's any particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's any particularly
+obvious why you do want together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why you do want together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious why you do want together but
+anyway you have a choice and any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you have a choice and any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you have a choice and any time
+you do this kind of integral with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this kind of integral with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this kind of integral with with
+some number of functions you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of functions you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of functions you get some
+number of equations that can help you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of equations that can help you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of equations that can help you to
+determine the DS this particular choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the DS this particular choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the DS this particular choice
+of the basis functions one way to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basis functions one way to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basis functions one way to look
+at it is you can say well suppose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it is you can say well suppose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it is you can say well suppose my
+solution g GN suppose i could write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution g GN suppose i could write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution g GN suppose i could write this
+as a sum of some different expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of some different expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum of some different expansion
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I could write like this plus okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could write like this plus okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could write like this plus okay so
+there's two terms what is the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two terms what is the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two terms what is the expansion
+of the residuals in the basis set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residuals in the basis set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the residuals in the basis set that
+I'm using and one is the all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using and one is the all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using and one is the all the rest
+going out to infinity of all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out to infinity of all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out to infinity of all the other
+basis functions in the universe and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions in the universe and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions in the universe and if I
+think my basis set is very complete that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my basis set is very complete that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my basis set is very complete that
+it kind of covers all the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of covers all the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of covers all the kinds of
+functions I'm never going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm never going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I'm never going to deal with
+both in Y and ng in the residual then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in Y and ng in the residual then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in Y and ng in the residual then
+this would be a reasonable thing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a reasonable thing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a reasonable thing and you
+might expect that this term if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect that this term if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect that this term if you'd
+pick big gaping enough this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick big gaping enough this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick big gaping enough this might be
+small so that's sort of where the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so that's sort of where the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so that's sort of where the idea
+is so then I think this is small then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so then I think this is small then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so then I think this is small then I
+want to make sure I make this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure I make this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure I make this part is
+close to accurate as possible and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to accurate as possible and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to accurate as possible and this
+condition is basically doing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is basically doing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is basically doing that it's
+saying that I want the error to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I want the error to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I want the error to be
+orthogonal to the basis functions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the basis functions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the basis functions in the
+sense that when for two functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that when for two functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that when for two functions the
+integral of the two functions like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the two functions like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the two functions like this
+is like an inner product just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an inner product just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an inner product just like the
+inner product of two vectors so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of two vectors so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product of two vectors so I'm
+saying like in the in the vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like in the in the vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like in the in the vector space
+and the function space that I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function space that I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function space that I'm working
+in I don't want to have any error that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I don't want to have any error that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I don't want to have any error that's
+what this is saying but I'm gonna really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying but I'm gonna really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying but I'm gonna really
+I'm gonna have is that there's other G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have is that there's other G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have is that there's other G
+terms which are the rest over here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which are the rest over here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which are the rest over here these
+guys will not be orthogonal to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will not be orthogonal to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will not be orthogonal to the the
+first part there's me sensitive so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part there's me sensitive so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part there's me sensitive so so
+there's still some error left in my G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still some error left in my G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still some error left in my G
+but the part here I can make it good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the part here I can make it good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the part here I can make it good
+okay so that's that's where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's where this
+equation comes from is absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation comes from is absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation comes from is absolutely right
+we'll come back to my newly square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to my newly square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to my newly square
+spinning we'll come back to the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning we'll come back to the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning we'll come back to the same the
+same idea so this is what the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea so this is what the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea so this is what the equation
+looks like and the disadvantage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and the disadvantage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and the disadvantage of this
+one is it involves some integrals and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is it involves some integrals and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is it involves some integrals and so
+you have to be able to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to evaluate the
+integrals all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals all right so that's the
+downside of this function so cleverly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of this function so cleverly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of this function so cleverly
+choosing your basis functions to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing your basis functions to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing your basis functions to make it
+easy to evaluate integrals it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to evaluate integrals it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to evaluate integrals it's like the
+key thing to make this a good method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing to make this a good method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key thing to make this a good method and
+just like we needed analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we needed analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we needed analytical
+expressions for the derivatives here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the derivatives here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for the derivatives here now
+we need analytical expressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need analytical expressions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need analytical expressions for
+integrals that we're going to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that we're going to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that we're going to get from
+this guy okay so let's let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy okay so let's let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy okay so let's let's think about
+what basis functions we can choose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what basis functions we can choose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what basis functions we can choose that
+might make it easier to value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make it easier to value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make it easier to value the
+integrals so the integrals suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so the integrals suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so the integrals suppose we
+can write G explicitly like this so g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write G explicitly like this so g is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write G explicitly like this so g is
+equal to d vs d YN d TD minus FN suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to d vs d YN d TD minus FN suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to d vs d YN d TD minus FN suppose
+okay then what integrals am i gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what integrals am i gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what integrals am i gonna get
+well dy n DT is is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dy n DT is is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dy n DT is is the sum of the
+derivatives of the basis functions and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the basis functions and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the basis functions and Y
+is just this up there right some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this up there right some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this up there right some of the
+basis functions and so if I have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions and so if I have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions and so if I have any
+girls that look like it's just like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls that look like it's just like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls that look like it's just like I
+have an integral Phi J summation D Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integral Phi J summation D Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integral Phi J summation D Phi
+Prime okay di that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay di that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay di that would be the
+integrals from the first term and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals from the first term and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals from the first term and then
+I'll have minus of integrals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have minus of integrals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have minus of integrals of the
+second term here Phi J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term here Phi J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term here Phi J
+FN t y where Y is some it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN t y where Y is some it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN t y where Y is some it's actually
+like a matrix all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a matrix all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a matrix all right
+because Y this Y is a vector it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y this Y is a vector it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y this Y is a vector it's all
+the Y ends and so all the Y the whole Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y ends and so all the Y the whole Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y ends and so all the Y the whole Y
+vector is d times this Avenger right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is d times this Avenger right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is d times this Avenger right or
+DS that big matrix the elements are GE n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS that big matrix the elements are GE n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS that big matrix the elements are GE n
+K and so if you cut that these integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and so if you cut that these integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and so if you cut that these integrals
+this thing here is a summation of DN k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is a summation of DN k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is a summation of DN k
+the integral of V J and so if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of V J and so if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of V J and so if you choose
+your basis functions cleverly you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basis functions cleverly you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basis functions cleverly you might
+be able to know all these integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to know all these integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to know all these integrals
+analytically okay but if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically okay but if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically okay but if you don't
+choosing cleverly who knows what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing cleverly who knows what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing cleverly who knows what kind of
+horrible mess you end up here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible mess you end up here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible mess you end up here all right
+you really want to ideally you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to ideally you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to ideally you really
+wanna get these all i--all italy so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna get these all i--all italy so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna get these all i--all italy so you
+have to do numerical integration as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do numerical integration as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do numerical integration as a
+loop inside your all the rest of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop inside your all the rest of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop inside your all the rest of work
+you're gonna do this problem okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do this problem okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do this problem okay and
+then these ones also now knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these ones also now knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these ones also now knowing
+something about this is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this is really important
+or you may have to do you may have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may have to do you may have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may have to do you may have to do
+numerical integration here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration here because this
+could be really a mess you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really a mess you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really a mess you have a lot of
+fees inside some function which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees inside some function which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees inside some function which could be
+a nonlinear function of these guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear function of these guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonlinear function of these guys and
+so in principle this could be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle this could be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle this could be really
+horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you may have to do numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may have to do numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may have to do numerical
+quadrature for those guys all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so if you're a new clerk ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if you're a new clerk ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if you're a new clerk ins
+method a big part of that is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method a big part of that is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method a big part of that is thinking
+ahead of time Oh what basis much am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time Oh what basis much am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time Oh what basis much am I
+going to use how can I make the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use how can I make the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use how can I make the basis
+function so I can evaluate the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I can evaluate the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I can evaluate the integrals
+easily and then I might have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and then I might have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and then I might have a chance to
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+all right questions so far okay yeah by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right questions so far okay yeah by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right questions so far okay yeah by
+jo5 sorry Phi J of T these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jo5 sorry Phi J of T these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jo5 sorry Phi J of T these are both
+functions of T integrating over team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dummy all right now Lauren's method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy all right now Lauren's method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy all right now Lauren's method in
+addition to these integral equations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to these integral equations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to these integral equations I
+still have the integrals the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the integrals the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the integrals the equations
+at the boundary conditions so I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary conditions so I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary conditions so I still
+have some equations that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some equations that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some equations that look like
+collocation equations that are evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation equations that are evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation equations that are evaluated
+at TM to have anywhere no don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TM to have anywhere no don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at TM to have anywhere no don't worry
+I have equations like this except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have equations like this except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have equations like this except it's
+not G it's Q it's the is the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not G it's Q it's the is the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not G it's Q it's the is the boundary
+condition equations have to be true at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition equations have to be true at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition equations have to be true at
+the boundary conditions all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions all right so
+they're the same as before Q or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same as before Q or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same as before Q or this
+before what Q and sort of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what Q and sort of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what Q and sort of the general
+way to write about her condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write about her condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write about her condition
+um and so there'll be some special ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there'll be some special ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there'll be some special ends
+the boundaries where I want to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries where I want to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries where I want to have an
+extra condition so I'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra condition so I'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra condition so I'll get some
+equation like this these have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like this these have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation like this these have to be
+satisfied Engler kiss method as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied Engler kiss method as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied Engler kiss method as well and
+they will not be integrals their dis at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not be integrals their dis at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will not be integrals their dis at
+TN and so in addition to these integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN and so in addition to these integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TN and so in addition to these integral
+equations that you have to solve over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you have to solve over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you have to solve over
+here you want these things to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you want these things to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you want these things to be zero
+and you'll also want to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll also want to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll also want to satisfy the
+boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then all these methods a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then all these methods a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then all these methods a big part of
+it gets to be cleverness of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to be cleverness of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to be cleverness of basis
+function doesn't choice of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't choice of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't choice of basis
+functions and there's kind of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and there's kind of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and there's kind of two
+families of approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families of approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families of approaches
+so one family is is global basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one family is is global basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one family is is global basis
+functions so basis functions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so basis functions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so basis functions that are
+defined on the whole domain and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the whole domain and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the whole domain and there's
+special ones sines and cosines Bessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special ones sines and cosines Bessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special ones sines and cosines Bessel
+functions all these functions you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all these functions you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all these functions you've
+heard of from your classes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of from your classes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of from your classes all the
+special functions and a lot of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special functions and a lot of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special functions and a lot of them the
+integrals are known for a lot of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are known for a lot of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are known for a lot of cases
+there might be special tricks that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be special tricks that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be special tricks that make
+the integral T Z to evaluate they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral T Z to evaluate they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral T Z to evaluate they can
+satisfy the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the boundary conditions
+automatically and some of them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and some of them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and some of them for
+example many of the problems we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example many of the problems we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example many of the problems we have
+look like this like the heat flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this like the heat flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this like the heat flow
+equation so you have like be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you have like be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you have like be like
+probably get this wrong Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get this wrong Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get this wrong Kappa
+or - there's some source of heat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or - there's some source of heat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or - there's some source of heat that
+might depend whose temperature and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might depend whose temperature and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might depend whose temperature and this
+nice to be say equal to zero right does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to be say equal to zero right does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to be say equal to zero right does
+it seem you have seen glasses before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem you have seen glasses before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seem you have seen glasses before
+yeah so this is a common one so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a common one so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a common one so in this
+case you might try T to be some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might try T to be some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you might try T to be some of these
+signs so some D and K sine of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs so some D and K sine of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs so some D and K sine of K
+something something something in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something something in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something something in there
+and the the cleverness of this is that d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the cleverness of this is that d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the cleverness of this is that d
+squared Phi K DX squared is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Phi K DX squared is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Phi K DX squared is going to be
+equal to some number times I K because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some number times I K because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some number times I K because
+the second derivatives of sines are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivatives of sines are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivatives of sines are also
+signs right so all your differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs right so all your differentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs right so all your differentials
+will solve and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will solve and in fact
+the derivative is really simple now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is really simple now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is really simple now the
+Q terms could still be a horrible mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q terms could still be a horrible mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q terms could still be a horrible mess
+like for example it could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example it could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example it could be an
+Arrhenius thing with the t's up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrhenius thing with the t's up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrhenius thing with the t's up in the
+exponent and then the whole thing might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and then the whole thing might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and then the whole thing might
+be horrible anyway but at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be horrible anyway but at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be horrible anyway but at least the
+differential part is like super easy ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential part is like super easy ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential part is like super easy ok
+and you can also if you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also if you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also if you might have a
+boundary condition say at one end at DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition say at one end at DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition say at one end at DT
+DX at someplace like final is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX at someplace like final is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX at someplace like final is equal to
+zero right that might be like you're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that might be like you're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that might be like you're up
+against the insulator or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the insulator or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the insulator or something like
+that so you don't mean to eat flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you don't mean to eat flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you don't mean to eat flow
+that'd be a boundary condition you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be a boundary condition you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'd be a boundary condition you might
+have and then by cleverly choosing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then by cleverly choosing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then by cleverly choosing your
+definition of the signs you could force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the signs you could force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the signs you could force
+that all the signs satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the signs satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the signs satisfy this
+derivative condition ok so you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative condition ok so you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative condition ok so you make
+rescale your coordinates so that ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescale your coordinates so that ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescale your coordinates so that ends up
+at PI over 2 and all signs of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PI over 2 and all signs of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PI over 2 and all signs of everything
+at PI over 2 is always 0 the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PI over 2 is always 0 the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PI over 2 is always 0 the derivative
+so you're good so you can do some clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're good so you can do some clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're good so you can do some clever
+trick trickiness to try to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick trickiness to try to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick trickiness to try to make the
+problem easier to solve and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem easier to solve and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem easier to solve and so that's
+one whole branch of these basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whole branch of these basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whole branch of these basis
+functions is clever basis functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is clever basis functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is clever basis functions to
+match the special problem you have ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the special problem you have ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the special problem you have ok so
+that's one option then the other option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one option then the other option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one option then the other option
+is the non clever approach we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the non clever approach we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the non clever approach we need to
+say well I got a computer who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I got a computer who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I got a computer who cares
+about being clever let's just brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being clever let's just brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being clever let's just brute
+force it all right and instead you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it all right and instead you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it all right and instead you just
+want to write a general method any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a general method any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a general method any
+problem you can solve and this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can solve and this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can solve and this is more
+or less what console does and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less what console does and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less what console does and you're
+gonna do it and so the distinction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it and so the distinction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do it and so the distinction here
+is that this kind of thing this sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this kind of thing this sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this kind of thing this sine
+function is has a value everywhere all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is has a value everywhere all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is has a value everywhere all
+across the domain so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the domain so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the domain so this is kind of
+like a global function ok and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a global function ok and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a global function ok and the
+alternative is to do local basis try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is to do local basis try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is to do local basis try to
+have basis to the functions they're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basis to the functions they're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basis to the functions they're only
+two defined in little tiny areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two defined in little tiny areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two defined in little tiny areas and
+then at least when I integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at least when I integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at least when I integrate the
+integrals I don't have to integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I don't have to integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I don't have to integrate over
+the whole range and integrate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole range and integrate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole range and integrate right
+around my little basis function so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my little basis function so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my little basis function so this
+global basis function this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global basis function this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global basis function this is sort of
+some what we're doing interpolation do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some what we're doing interpolation do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some what we're doing interpolation do
+you remember you could use high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember you could use high order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember you could use high order
+polynomials to interpolate or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials to interpolate or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials to interpolate or you could
+alternatively do little piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively do little piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively do little piecewise
+interpolations say with straight lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolations say with straight lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolations say with straight lines
+between your points and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your points and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your points and you know it's
+it's not so clear actually which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so clear actually which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so clear actually which would
+be the best way to do it or maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best way to do it or maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best way to do it or maybe we'll
+use a combination do a little parabolas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a combination do a little parabolas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a combination do a little parabolas
+between little triples of points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between little triples of points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between little triples of points or
+something that might be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that might be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that might be a good
+interpolation procedure it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation procedure it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation procedure it's the same
+thing here you if you some problems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here you if you some problems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here you if you some problems you
+can find a global basis set that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a global basis set that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a global basis set that works
+great and you should use it in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and you should use it in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and you should use it in other
+problems you might have to do better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you might have to do better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you might have to do better to
+just break up the domain in little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just break up the domain in little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just break up the domain in little tiny
+pieces and then do simple little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then do simple little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then do simple little
+polynomials or something in those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials or something in those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials or something in those little
+domains all right so this is a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains all right so this is a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains all right so this is a global
+basis let's see a local basis sweet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis let's see a local basis sweet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis let's see a local basis sweet it's
+ok to delete this yeah so local basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok to delete this yeah so local basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok to delete this yeah so local basis
+functions a really common choice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions a really common choice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions a really common choice for
+these guys are that B splines and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are that B splines and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are that B splines and in
+particular first order B splines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular first order B splines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular first order B splines and
+these functions have the shape I ok it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions have the shape I ok it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions have the shape I ok it
+looks like this so at zero all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so at zero all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so at zero all the way
+away from up to T Bo I minus one and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from up to T Bo I minus one and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from up to T Bo I minus one and it
+goes up to one at TI and that goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to one at TI and that goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to one at TI and that goes down
+to zero again goes up okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero again goes up okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero again goes up okay so this
+function is a b-spline it's also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a b-spline it's also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a b-spline it's also called
+a tenth function because it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth function because it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tenth function because it looks like a
+tent some people call it a hat function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent some people call it a hat function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent some people call it a hat function
+I don't have a pointy head so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a pointy head so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a pointy head so I don't
+see it looks like a hat to me but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it looks like a hat to me but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it looks like a hat to me but they
+call it a hat function so they must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a hat function so they must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a hat function so they must have
+hats like that and this is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats like that and this is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats like that and this is a very common
+basis set and the nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set and the nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set and the nice thing about this
+basis function is it's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function is it's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function is it's 0
+except in this little tiny domain around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this little tiny domain around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in this little tiny domain around
+it okay and it's the only basis function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and it's the only basis function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and it's the only basis function
+in the whole set that has a nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole set that has a nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole set that has a nonzero
+value at TI and so if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at TI and so if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at TI and so if you want the
+function to equal something at TI it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to equal something at TI it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to equal something at TI it's
+going to be equal to the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the coefficient of
+this basis function right because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis function right because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis function right because if we
+write Y and T is equal to summation d NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Y and T is equal to summation d NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Y and T is equal to summation d NK
+c km t and so if I really care about Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c km t and so if I really care about Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c km t and so if I really care about Y
+and evaluate it at t I the only only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate it at t I the only only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate it at t I the only only one
+basis function this whole sum is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function this whole sum is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function this whole sum is gonna
+have a nonzero value there so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nonzero value there so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nonzero value there so that's
+going to be equal to D and D and K where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to D and D and K where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to D and D and K where
+this is the Special K K Prime matches up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Special K K Prime matches up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Special K K Prime matches up
+to t I okay so there's one basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t I okay so there's one basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t I okay so there's one basis
+function looks like this there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function looks like this there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function looks like this there's another
+one over here that's the one base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here that's the one base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here that's the one base
+centered on this at this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on this at this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on this at this point and
+there's another one over here so on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one over here so on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one over here so on this
+point its own and I have as many basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point its own and I have as many basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point its own and I have as many basis
+function as I have points in my so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as I have points in my so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as I have points in my so this
+is like a way I discretize the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a way I discretize the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a way I discretize the problem
+but I've kept it my solutions continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've kept it my solutions continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've kept it my solutions continuous
+function because my Y that to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because my Y that to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because my Y that to some of
+these guys has a value everywhere as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys has a value everywhere as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys has a value everywhere as a
+continuous function the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function the way this is
+written it looks like it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it looks like it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it looks like it might not be
+differentiable at all the points because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at all the points because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable at all the points because
+as least kinks but there's a clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as least kinks but there's a clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as least kinks but there's a clever
+trick you can do to deal with those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you can do to deal with those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick you can do to deal with those the
+kinks so actually is not a problem say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinks so actually is not a problem say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinks so actually is not a problem say
+yeah so though you'll have a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so though you'll have a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so though you'll have a basis
+function to variance oppose it suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to variance oppose it suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to variance oppose it suppose
+this is T 0 here you have one like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is T 0 here you have one like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is T 0 here you have one like that
+okay so it's just just a half of a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just just a half of a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's just just a half of a 10
+yeah yes yeah so locality is really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes yeah so locality is really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes yeah so locality is really good
+because it makes the Jacobian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes the Jacobian matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes the Jacobian matrix
+sparse of the overall problem so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse of the overall problem so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse of the overall problem so when I
+compute the integrals of this thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the integrals of this thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the integrals of this thing for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+the integral of the I T V minus 1 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the I T V minus 1 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the I T V minus 1 of T
+DT this turns out to be equal to 1 or 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT this turns out to be equal to 1 or 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT this turns out to be equal to 1 or 2
+times C I - no take that back just 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C I - no take that back just 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C I - no take that back just 1/2
+dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad
+so this is like a brilliant thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a brilliant thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like a brilliant thing right
+it does end of the double checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does end of the double checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does end of the double checking
+possibly right but it's it's very the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly right but it's it's very the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly right but it's it's very the
+integrals are very analytical and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are very analytical and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are very analytical and only
+certain ones are nonzero so only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ones are nonzero so only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ones are nonzero so only when
+the two eyes sorry the two eyes differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two eyes sorry the two eyes differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two eyes sorry the two eyes differ
+by by one unit do they have a nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by one unit do they have a nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by one unit do they have a nonzero
+integral oh there are some world zeroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral oh there are some world zeroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral oh there are some world zeroes
+so when you write down these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you write down these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you write down these equations
+only many many many many zeroes so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only many many many many zeroes so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only many many many many zeroes so it
+looks horrible when I regular kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks horrible when I regular kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks horrible when I regular kids
+method I get so many integrals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I get so many integrals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I get so many integrals but
+actually is only number to zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is only number to zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is only number to zero and then
+there's a bunch of special tricks I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of special tricks I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of special tricks I can
+do that make it even better than that ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that make it even better than that ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that make it even better than that ok
+so then the Jacobian sparse so that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the Jacobian sparse so that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the Jacobian sparse so that'll
+save you a lot of time linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you a lot of time linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save you a lot of time linear algebra
+which allows you to use a lot of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to use a lot of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to use a lot of points
+so you can use a very large basis hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use a very large basis hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use a very large basis hat
+because you end up with sparse jacobians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you end up with sparse jacobians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you end up with sparse jacobians
+it means not gonna fill your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means not gonna fill your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means not gonna fill your memory
+storing all the elements the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing all the elements the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing all the elements the Jacobian
+even if the number of points is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the number of points is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the number of points is very
+large and also there's fast new articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and also there's fast new articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and also there's fast new articles
+to solves solution methods for those so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solves solution methods for those so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solves solution methods for those so
+that's the that's the idea of this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the idea of this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the idea of this I
+guess we could try to actually to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we could try to actually to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we could try to actually to try to
+carry when these out guys are first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry when these out guys are first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry when these out guys are first
+trying to do a lot of algebra on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a lot of algebra on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a lot of algebra on the
+board do you think I can do the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board do you think I can do the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board do you think I can do the algebra
+the board that's that's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board that's that's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board that's that's the real
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should should I do it for colocation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should I do it for colocation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should should I do it for colocation are
+you guys confident you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys confident you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys confident you can do
+collocation you already the collocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation you already the collocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collocation you already the collocation
+you're fine the collocation great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fine the collocation great okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fine the collocation great okay
+so we'll just go right into Clerkin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just go right into Clerkin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just go right into Clerkin so
+go lurkin and we use a local basis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go lurkin and we use a local basis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go lurkin and we use a local basis so
+the equations most equations we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations most equations we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations most equations we have to
+solve are this type pj t times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve are this type pj t times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve are this type pj t times the
+residual function of summation k k a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual function of summation k k a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual function of summation k k a lot
+of equations like that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations like that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations like that we're trying to
+find the DS that are gonna force all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the DS that are gonna force all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the DS that are gonna force all
+these integrals to be zero okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals to be zero okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals to be zero okay so we
+have a lot of different J's we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of different J's we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of different J's we're gonna
+try we want this to be true for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try we want this to be true for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try we want this to be true for all the
+ends and then we're gonna adjust these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and then we're gonna adjust these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and then we're gonna adjust these
+these DN k s to try to force this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these DN k s to try to force this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these DN k s to try to force this to be
+zero alright that's the that's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero alright that's the that's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero alright that's the that's the main
+problem and their type of this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and their type of this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and their type of this is just
+some equations with boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equations with boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equations with boundary conditions
+too so now we can look at what the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so now we can look at what the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so now we can look at what the form
+is if the form is erased it if it's if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the form is erased it if it's if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the form is erased it if it's if I
+can make this explicit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this explicit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this explicit in the
+derivatives which I can do very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which I can do very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives which I can do very often
+for example this could be dy n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this could be dy n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this could be dy n
+DT - mm right so then dy n DT is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT - mm right so then dy n DT is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT - mm right so then dy n DT is just
+this and then I'll have another term FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I'll have another term FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I'll have another term FN
+which will depend on that horrible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will depend on that horrible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will depend on that horrible thing
+and so the integral PJ and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the integral PJ and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the integral PJ and I'll just
+remind you that fee J is only VJ is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that fee J is only VJ is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that fee J is only VJ is not
+equal to zero if TJ minus 1 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if TJ minus 1 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if TJ minus 1 is less than
+T is less than TJ all right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is less than TJ all right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is less than TJ all right that's the
+only the only places where my local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only places where my local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only places where my local
+basis function is nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function is nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis function is nonzero
+that's where the tenth is and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the tenth is and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the tenth is and all the
+rest of it zero so when I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it zero so when I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it zero so when I have this
+integral originally have at T naught to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral originally have at T naught to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral originally have at T naught to
+T final but actually I couldn't replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T final but actually I couldn't replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T final but actually I couldn't replace
+this with T J minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with T J minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with T J minus 1
+- TJ it's just the same because of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- TJ it's just the same because of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- TJ it's just the same because of all
+the unit want side that domain is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit want side that domain is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit want side that domain is 0
+because this functions here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this functions here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this functions here all right so
+at least I have a small little domain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I have a small little domain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I have a small little domain to
+do the integral over yeah Gigi this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integral over yeah Gigi this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the integral over yeah Gigi this one
+thank you yes yes yes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes yes yes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes yes yes all right
+ok so I have this integral and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I have this integral and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I have this integral and then I
+have this times the derivative terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this times the derivative terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this times the derivative terms of
+TN k - the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this derivative a pky I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this derivative a pky I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this derivative a pky I just
+told you what it was it's it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you what it was it's it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you what it was it's it's just like
+a happy site functions so this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy site functions so this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy site functions so this integral
+you'll know analytically like it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know analytically like it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know analytically like it's it's
+either zero or a half maybe minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or a half maybe minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero or a half maybe minus a half
+whatever but it's nothing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but it's nothing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but it's nothing nothing
+complicated and you'll just know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and you'll just know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and you'll just know it
+right off the bat so this this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the bat so this this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the bat so this this is all
+coming down and and sparse it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down and and sparse it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down and and sparse it's only
+going to be when K is equal to J minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be when K is equal to J minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be when K is equal to J minus 1
+or J plus 1 that this will be nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or J plus 1 that this will be nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or J plus 1 that this will be nonzero
+and all the rest of them easier okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest of them easier okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the rest of them easier okay so
+that's mostly zeros this one over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in principle I have quite a huge sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle I have quite a huge sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle I have quite a huge sum
+here K equals one to K where I have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here K equals one to K where I have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here K equals one to K where I have all
+my basis functions which is all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my basis functions which is all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my basis functions which is all my
+points where I put my little tents down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where I put my little tents down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where I put my little tents down
+so I have a domain and I parked a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a domain and I parked a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a domain and I parked a lot of
+tents all on the domain that's my basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tents all on the domain that's my basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tents all on the domain that's my basis
+functions and I'll try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I'll try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and I'll try to figure out
+sort of held high the tent poles are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of held high the tent poles are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of held high the tent poles are on
+all this tents and then my tow functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this tents and then my tow functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this tents and then my tow functions
+to sum of all the heights of this tents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum of all the heights of this tents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum of all the heights of this tents
+okay but this this guy is only nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this this guy is only nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this this guy is only nonzero
+in this little domain and these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this little domain and these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this little domain and these guys
+most of them are zero in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are zero in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are zero in that in that
+domain because they're mostly tents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain because they're mostly tents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain because they're mostly tents are
+far away from where my special tent Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from where my special tent Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from where my special tent Phi
+J is here's some and draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is here's some and draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is here's some and draw a picture
+here's the domain from T naught to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the domain from T naught to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the domain from T naught to T
+final over here is my tent corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final over here is my tent corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final over here is my tent corresponding
+to Fiji we just have to send it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fiji we just have to send it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fiji we just have to send it around
+TJ that's this function and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TJ that's this function and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TJ that's this function and then this
+guy's are all the other tents there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's are all the other tents there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's are all the other tents there's a
+tent here there's a tent like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent here there's a tent like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tent here there's a tent like this
+it's another time like this tell me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another time like this tell me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another time like this tell me this
+is always tense those are all the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always tense those are all the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always tense those are all the basis
+functions starting from cake was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions starting from cake was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions starting from cake was one
+going up all of these guys are 0 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up all of these guys are 0 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up all of these guys are 0 in this
+domain because they all have zero tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain because they all have zero tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain because they all have zero tail
+so almost all of these the FS doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all of these the FS doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all of these the FS doesn't
+really pick up anything from any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pick up anything from any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pick up anything from any of
+those guys in the domain I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys in the domain I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys in the domain I care about
+the only hair in between I care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only hair in between I care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only hair in between I care about is
+system a and right here and this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a and right here and this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a and right here and this whole
+sum is all 0 except for a few spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is all 0 except for a few spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is all 0 except for a few spell
+showcase what K is equal to J minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcase what K is equal to J minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcase what K is equal to J minus one
+J or J plus one so I only have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J or J plus one so I only have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J or J plus one so I only have to worry
+about three terms inside contributing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three terms inside contributing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three terms inside contributing to
+the Y in the region of T that I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y in the region of T that I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y in the region of T that I care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+alright so when I want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so when I want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so when I want to compute the
+Jacobian with respect to D the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian with respect to D the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian with respect to D the only
+terms here where the Jacobi's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here where the Jacobi's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here where the Jacobi's gonna be
+nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero
+are when r 4d have a Jacobian which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when r 4d have a Jacobian which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when r 4d have a Jacobian which is
+the derivative this whole thing DDD NK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative this whole thing DDD NK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative this whole thing DDD NK
+alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright
+and that's only nonzero if K is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's only nonzero if K is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's only nonzero if K is equal to
+J minus 1 J or J plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys see that how people do not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see that how people do not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys see that how people do not see
+is how you get for lying this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you get for lying this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you get for lying this is this is
+really important concept for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important concept for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important concept for the
+locality so this is the advantage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality so this is the advantage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality so this is the advantage on
+local basis that is that the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local basis that is that the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local basis that is that the Jacobian
+will turn out to be really sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be really sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be really sparse
+because it's only nonzero in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only nonzero in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only nonzero in this
+special case and you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case and you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case and you might have a
+thousand points a thousand of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand points a thousand of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand points a thousand of these
+little 10,000 basis functions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 10,000 basis functions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 10,000 basis functions in this
+sum but only three of them are on 0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum but only three of them are on 0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum but only three of them are on 0 for
+each each n so actually it's 3 times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each n so actually it's 3 times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each n so actually it's 3 times in
+other words here said all right cuz it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words here said all right cuz it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words here said all right cuz it
+just depends ok decay there's 3 & 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends ok decay there's 3 & 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just depends ok decay there's 3 & 3 the
+k's are nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k's are nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k's are nonzero
+there's a thousand of these guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thousand of these guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thousand of these guys to
+freeze yeah okay so that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze yeah okay so that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze yeah okay so that's that's the
+big trick of locality and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big trick of locality and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big trick of locality and then also
+because these integration ranges are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these integration ranges are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these integration ranges are so
+small because you choose your points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because you choose your points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because you choose your points
+really finely spaced then you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really finely spaced then you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really finely spaced then you might get
+away with simple polynomial expansions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with simple polynomial expansions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with simple polynomial expansions
+of F for example around around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F for example around around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F for example around around the
+points or look Taylor expansions are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or look Taylor expansions are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or look Taylor expansions are all
+kinds of little tricks or you could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of little tricks or you could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of little tricks or you could even
+do a quadrature and pre-heat the foot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quadrature and pre-heat the foot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quadrature and pre-heat the foot to
+determine some points do Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine some points do Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine some points do Gaussian
+quadrature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature
+evaluate the integral you but you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the integral you but you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the integral you but you only
+need a few points because you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a few points because you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a few points because you know it's
+a little tiny range of DT right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tiny range of DT right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tiny range of DT right and you
+would hope that you've chosen so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hope that you've chosen so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hope that you've chosen so many
+fees so many time points that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees so many time points that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees so many time points that your
+function doesn't change much from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't change much from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't change much from one
+time point to the next so more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point to the next so more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time point to the next so more or less
+first order it's constant if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order it's constant if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order it's constant if I just
+constant respect to T in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant respect to T in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant respect to T in this little
+tiny domain and then maybe has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny domain and then maybe has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny domain and then maybe has a little
+slope and then if you really really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and then if you really really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and then if you really really be
+in fancy you might be able to parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fancy you might be able to parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fancy you might be able to parabola
+on it but it's not gonna change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but it's not gonna change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but it's not gonna change that
+much if it's changing a lot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if it's changing a lot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much if it's changing a lot that's
+telling you you don't have enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you don't have enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you don't have enough time
+points you should go back and put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you should go back and put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you should go back and put some
+more basic motions in and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more basic motions in and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more basic motions in and then you can
+get a good because we're only doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good because we're only doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good because we're only doing here
+is when we use this basis set if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we use this basis set if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when we use this basis set if I add
+up these guys what I'm really doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these guys what I'm really doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these guys what I'm really doing is
+piecewise linear interpolation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise linear interpolation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise linear interpolation between
+all the points so a proxy a may be my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points so a proxy a may be my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points so a proxy a may be my my
+Y versus time it's gonna look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right it's got its piecewise linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's got its piecewise linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's got its piecewise linear
+because that's what you the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what you the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what you the only thing
+you can make from adding up a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make from adding up a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make from adding up a bunch of
+straight line segments a bunch of tents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line segments a bunch of tents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line segments a bunch of tents
+is a bunch of straight lines and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of straight lines and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of straight lines and so this
+is what the approximate function is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the approximate function is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the approximate function is well
+you can see this is really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this is really bad
+if these functions are too different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these functions are too different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these functions are too different
+from each other but if they're all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other but if they're all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other but if they're all like
+this anything well maybe it's not so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anything well maybe it's not so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anything well maybe it's not so bad
+to these piecewise linear yeah I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these piecewise linear yeah I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these piecewise linear yeah I wonder
+when the inside F solve what is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the inside F solve what is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the inside F solve what is trying
+to to solve for the DS it's gonna its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to solve for the DS it's gonna its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to solve for the DS it's gonna its
+solving each of these this sign giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving each of these this sign giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving each of these this sign giant
+set of equations a whole lot equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations a whole lot equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations a whole lot equations
+like this they all come in to a gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this they all come in to a gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this they all come in to a gigantic
+F that's the F of D that I need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that's the F of D that I need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that's the F of D that I need to make
+equal to zero and so I'm varying the DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and so I'm varying the DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and so I'm varying the DS
+I need the Jacobian that gigantic after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the Jacobian that gigantic after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the Jacobian that gigantic after
+now the problem because it's gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem because it's gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem because it's gigantic
+right I need a lot of points a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I need a lot of points a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I need a lot of points a lot of
+closely spaced points to make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced points to make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced points to make my
+functional excuse that means the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional excuse that means the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional excuse that means the number
+of base much this is really huge so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of base much this is really huge so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of base much this is really huge so the
+Jacobian principle is is huge number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian principle is is huge number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian principle is is huge number
+squared you know I have a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know I have a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know I have a thousand
+points a discretizing my domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a discretizing my domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a discretizing my domain
+and then there's a thousand by thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a thousand by thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a thousand by thousand
+jacobian it might be really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobian it might be really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobian it might be really hard to
+solve it or across a lot of cpu time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it or across a lot of cpu time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it or across a lot of cpu time or
+use a lot of memory but fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot of memory but fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot of memory but fortunately
+almost all the elements are zero so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the elements are zero so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the elements are zero so much
+like you know as a sparsity of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know as a sparsity of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know as a sparsity of you know
+0.3% or something is that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% or something is that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3% or something is that is the
+occupancy so it's almost all completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy so it's almost all completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupancy so it's almost all completely
+sparse and therefore you can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse and therefore you can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse and therefore you can solve it
+even those gigantic yes yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those gigantic yes yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those gigantic yes yeah we're
+trying to find d so we're really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find d so we're really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find d so we're really trying
+to solve a problem that's F of D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a problem that's F of D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve a problem that's F of D is
+equal to 0 that's our our fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 that's our our fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 that's our our fundamental
+problem we're trying to solve we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're trying to solve we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're trying to solve we're
+doing Clerkin right we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Clerkin right we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Clerkin right we have something
+equals to 0 and depends on D and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 0 and depends on D and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 0 and depends on D and we're
+trying to find the DS so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the DS so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the DS so this is the
+really the function we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the function we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the function we're trying to
+solve in order to evaluate the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in order to evaluate the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in order to evaluate the elements
+in this we have to compute a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this we have to compute a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this we have to compute a whole bunch
+of integrals Leclerc and method so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals Leclerc and method so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals Leclerc and method so it's
+that's the complexity but the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the complexity but the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the complexity but the basis
+functions we know they are we just pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we know they are we just pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we know they are we just pre
+specified down so the whole question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified down so the whole question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified down so the whole question is
+just what the DS are and the DS get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the DS are and the DS get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what the DS are and the DS get
+multiplied by the whole live intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the whole live intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the whole live intervals
+that's the sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sorry
+I think I'm this man misunderstood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm this man misunderstood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm this man misunderstood
+question yeah ok so you have F of D is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah ok so you have F of D is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah ok so you have F of D is 0
+so therefore we probably want to know J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore we probably want to know J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore we probably want to know J
+with respect to D ok time ran out before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to D ok time ran out before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to D ok time ran out before
+clarity was achieved we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity was achieved we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity was achieved we'll try to
+achieve clarity on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4dFPVJrNLDs.txt b/4dFPVJrNLDs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c48e6e8ad4abf7b327a48612f47b4de5be65d676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4dFPVJrNLDs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+space complexity um so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complexity um so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space complexity um so what
+uh just to review what we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to review what we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to review what we've been doing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from last lecture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last lecture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last lecture which
+feels like a long time ago but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like a long time ago but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like a long time ago but it was
+only two days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two days ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two days ago
+um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+were looking at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at um
+those three theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three theorems
+which all had this basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all had this basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all had this basically the same
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+one was the latter about the latter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the latter about the latter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the latter about the latter
+problem of uh where you're trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of uh where you're trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of uh where you're trying to see
+if you can get from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get from one
+string to another string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string to another string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string to another string
+changing one symbol at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing one symbol at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing one symbol at a time
+um and all of the strings were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and all of the strings were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and all of the strings were in the
+language of some finite automaton or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of some finite automaton or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of some finite automaton or you
+had some reasonable rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some reasonable rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some reasonable rule for
+saying which of the valid strings which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying which of the valid strings which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying which of the valid strings which
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+and then uh we built on that idea we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we built on that idea we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh we built on that idea we
+showed savage's theorem that going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed savage's theorem that going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed savage's theorem that going from
+any non-deterministic machine to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any non-deterministic machine to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any non-deterministic machine to a
+deterministic machine only squares the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine only squares the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine only squares the
+amount of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of space
+and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally
+uh proved that tqbf uh this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proved that tqbf uh this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proved that tqbf uh this problem
+about quantified boolean formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantified boolean formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantified boolean formulas
+testing whether they are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether they are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether they are true
+uh that that problem is complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that problem is complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that problem is complete
+for p space um so we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p space um so we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p space um so we're going to build
+off of that last last theorem today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of that last last theorem today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of that last last theorem today
+and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other
+complete problem um and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem um and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem um and also
+show a connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a connection between
+p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p space
+and testing uh which side uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing uh which side uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing uh which side uh
+can win in certain kinds of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can win in certain kinds of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can win in certain kinds of games
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so um and then the at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and then the at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and then the at the end of the
+lecture we will the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we will the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we will the second half of the
+lecture we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll talk about
+diving deeper into space complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving deeper into space complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving deeper into space complexity
+we're going to talk about a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a different
+part of the parameter space where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the parameter space where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the parameter space where
+instead of looking at polynomial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at polynomial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at polynomial space
+we're going to talk about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what happens
+if you have logarithmic space which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have logarithmic space which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have logarithmic space which is
+another natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another natural
+point to look at for from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to look at for from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to look at for from
+for space complexity but we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for space complexity but we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for space complexity but we'll get to
+that after the after the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after the after the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after the after the break
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+uh talk about game complexity and games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about game complexity and games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about game complexity and games
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so when i was little uh we used to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i was little uh we used to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i was little uh we used to play
+me and my sisters would play a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my sisters would play a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my sisters would play a game
+called geography i don't know if how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called geography i don't know if how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called geography i don't know if how
+many of you have heard it or maybe it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have heard it or maybe it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have heard it or maybe it go
+goes under a different name um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes under a different name um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes under a different name um
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+it was a game about basically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a game about basically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a game about basically about
+words and places and it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and places and it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and places and it has a very
+simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um
+set of rules um let's say there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules um let's say there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules um let's say there were two
+people you take turns picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you take turns picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you take turns picking
+names of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then each person
+has to pick a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to pick a place
+which starts with the letter that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts with the letter that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts with the letter that the
+previous person's place ended with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous person's place ended with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous person's place ended with
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+you know you have two people playing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have two people playing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have two people playing um
+perhaps you have you know you agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you have you know you agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you have you know you agree on
+some starting place like a major city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some starting place like a major city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some starting place like a major city
+nearby like boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby like boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby like boston
+um so one you know one player the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one you know one player the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one you know one player the first
+player takes boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player takes boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player takes boston
+and then after that the next player has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that the next player has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that the next player has
+to pick a place that starts with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a place that starts with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a place that starts with n
+because boston ends with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because boston ends with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because boston ends with n
+and so maybe nebraska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe nebraska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe nebraska
+would be a possible response to boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a possible response to boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a possible response to boston
+and then the first player would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first player would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first player would have to
+respond to that with a place that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to that with a place that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to that with a place that starts
+with an a because nebraska ends with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an a because nebraska ends with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an a because nebraska ends with an
+a it's like maybe alaska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's like maybe alaska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's like maybe alaska
+uh which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which also
+starts with a ends with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a ends with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a ends with a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+then arkansas maybe would be a nat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then arkansas maybe would be a nat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then arkansas maybe would be a nat
+reasonable response to that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable response to that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable response to that and then
+that ends with s um so uh san francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends with s um so uh san francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends with s um so uh san francisco
+and then so on and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so on and so on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so on and so on um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+of course you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you want to
+forbid people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid people from
+reusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing
+names because then you'll just get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names because then you'll just get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names because then you'll just get into
+a loop you know saying alaska alaska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop you know saying alaska alaska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop you know saying alaska alaska
+alaska won't make the game very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alaska won't make the game very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alaska won't make the game very
+interesting so you have to forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you have to forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you have to forbid
+that possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibility
+names cannot be reused they can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names cannot be reused they can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names cannot be reused they can be used
+at most once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most once
+and then um so eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um so eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um so eventually
+one side or the other is going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other is going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other is going to run
+out of names uh and not have a either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of names uh and not have a either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of names uh and not have a either
+because of the lack of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lack of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the lack of their
+geographical knowledge or maybe you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical knowledge or maybe you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical knowledge or maybe you've
+just exhausted all the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exhausted all the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exhausted all the possibilities
+and i will will not have a response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will will not have a response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will will not have a response and
+that person will be stuck and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person will be stuck and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person will be stuck and that
+person is the loser um the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is the loser um the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is the loser um the other person
+has won the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has won the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has won the game
+so the objective is to try to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the objective is to try to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the objective is to try to avoid
+getting stuck um so let's just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck um so let's just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting stuck um so let's just take a
+look um i'm going to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um i'm going to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um i'm going to think about that
+games in a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in a somewhat
+slightly more abstracted formalized way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more abstracted formalized way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more abstracted formalized way
+um so you write down all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you write down all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you write down all of the
+legitimate places um they become nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate places um they become nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate places um they become nodes
+of a graph such as i've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph such as i've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph such as i've shown here
+and then you draw an edge from one node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you draw an edge from one node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you draw an edge from one node
+to another if um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another if um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another if um that
+if that corresponds to a legal move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that corresponds to a legal move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that corresponds to a legal move in
+the game a legal step of the game so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game a legal step of the game so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game a legal step of the game so you
+know boston connects to places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know boston connects to places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know boston connects to places that
+start within like new york and nebraska
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start within like new york and nebraska
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start within like new york and nebraska
+um so the first person might pick boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first person might pick boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first person might pick boston
+the second person might pick either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second person might pick either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second person might pick either of
+these two um and then back to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two um and then back to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two um and then back to the first
+person if they pick nebraska they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if they pick nebraska they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if they pick nebraska they could
+pick arkansas they can pick alaska and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick arkansas they can pick alaska and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick arkansas they can pick alaska and
+so on just as i described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on just as i described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on just as i described
+believe it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not
+we actually played this game i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually played this game i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually played this game i can
+remember playing this game when i was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember playing this game when i was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember playing this game when i was a
+kid that was of course before we had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid that was of course before we had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid that was of course before we had um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know league of legends and other fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know league of legends and other fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know league of legends and other fun
+fun stuff but this is what kids used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun stuff but this is what kids used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun stuff but this is what kids used to
+do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to
+get it down on the slide the rules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it down on the slide the rules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it down on the slide the rules are
+we'll assume we have two players we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume we have two players we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume we have two players we'll
+call them player one and player two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them player one and player two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them player one and player two
+player one goes first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one goes first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one goes first
+um and they take turns picking places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they take turns picking places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they take turns picking places
+that start with the letter which ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with the letter which ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with the letter which ended
+the previous place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous place
+not no repeats allowed and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no repeats allowed and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no repeats allowed and the first
+person players the first player stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person players the first player stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person players the first player stuck
+loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses
+you know the person who doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the person who doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the person who doesn't have a
+move to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to make
+so what we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to look at
+um today is a generalized version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today is a generalized version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today is a generalized version of
+that where we're kind of um just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where we're kind of um just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where we're kind of um just going
+to take away the names but just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the names but just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away the names but just leave
+the underlying graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying graph
+and we're going to call that generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to call that generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to call that generalized
+geography so here um that can be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography so here um that can be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography so here um that can be played
+on any directed graph you take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any directed graph you take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any directed graph you take away
+the names of the edges the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names of the edges the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names of the edges the names of the
+nodes now you just have a some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes now you just have a some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes now you just have a some arbitrary
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+um you're going to designate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to designate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to designate a
+particular node as the starting node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular node as the starting node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular node as the starting node and
+then the players take turns following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the players take turns following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the players take turns following
+those edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those edges
+um and uh what uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh what uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh what uh you're
+because you're gonna forbid having any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're gonna forbid having any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're gonna forbid having any
+loops reusing any um any nodes uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops reusing any um any nodes uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops reusing any um any nodes uh what
+you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up
+doing is working together you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is working together you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is working together you're going
+to be constructing a simple path in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be constructing a simple path in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be constructing a simple path in that
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+simple path just follows those edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple path just follows those edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple path just follows those edges and
+never intersects itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never intersects itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never intersects itself
+and the first person the first player to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first person the first player to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first person the first player to
+be stuck is the loser so the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stuck is the loser so the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stuck is the loser so the other one
+is the winner okay so that's we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the winner okay so that's we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the winner okay so that's we're going
+to call that generalized geography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that generalized geography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that generalized geography and
+we're going to look at the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the computational
+complexity of deciding for a given graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of deciding for a given graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of deciding for a given graph
+and starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting point
+which side would win if both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side would win if both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side would win if both
+uh players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh players
+played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+optimally as best uh the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally as best uh the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally as best uh the best possible
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we'll name that problem gg or look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll name that problem gg or look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll name that problem gg or look
+at its associated language so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its associated language so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its associated language so here is a
+graph and the starting node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the starting node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the starting node
+and you want to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to say um
+that pair is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pair is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pair is in
+the language gigi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language gigi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language gigi
+if the first player player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first player player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first player player one
+who must play at that node a um to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who must play at that node a um to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who must play at that node a um to start
+off with has a forced win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with has a forced win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with has a forced win
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+general geography game on that graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general geography game on that graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general geography game on that graph
+starting at a okay where again what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a okay where again what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a okay where again what i
+mean by a force when i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a force when i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a force when i'm not going to
+define this formally that we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this formally that we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this formally that we could do
+that it's not hard to do but a forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not hard to do but a forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not hard to do but a forced
+wind also it's also called a winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind also it's also called a winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind also it's also called a winning
+strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+um that just means that if both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that just means that if both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that just means that if both sides
+play optimal they pay the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play optimal they pay the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play optimal they pay the best possible
+not up their capability i mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not up their capability i mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not up their capability i mean the
+absolutely the best possible play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the best possible play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the best possible play
+then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that
+player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one
+would still win there's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still win there's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still win there's nothing that
+player two can do to prevent player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two can do to prevent player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two can do to prevent player one
+from winning um if player one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from winning um if player one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from winning um if player one has a
+winning strategy or a forced win um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning strategy or a forced win um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning strategy or a forced win um you
+may have seen for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen for example uh
+there are examples of this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of this that
+i mean i don't even know if they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i don't even know if they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i don't even know if they still
+exist but it used to be in the newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but it used to be in the newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but it used to be in the newspaper
+they used to be examples of chess boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to be examples of chess boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to be examples of chess boards
+and they would say you know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would say you know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would say you know if they
+would start from a certain position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start from a certain position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start from a certain position and
+they would say white to win in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say white to win in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say white to win in three
+and so that means white has a forced win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means white has a forced win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means white has a forced win
+no matter what black does white is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what black does white is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what black does white is going
+to end up winning but you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up winning but you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up winning but you have to think
+of what the strategy is it may not be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the strategy is it may not be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the strategy is it may not be so
+obvious to think through what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to think through what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to think through what are the
+right moves that what makes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moves that what makes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moves that what makes but the
+point is that no matter what black would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that no matter what black would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that no matter what black would
+do white would end up winning um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do white would end up winning um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do white would end up winning um and
+what you can show we're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can show we're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can show we're not going to do
+that but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but for
+a class of games that includes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class of games that includes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class of games that includes this
+generalized geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized geography
+either one side or the other is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one side or the other is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one side or the other is going to
+be guaranteed to have a forced win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed to have a forced win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be guaranteed to have a forced win
+that's not necessarily true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily true for all
+possible games obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible games obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible games obviously
+but for a large class of games um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a large class of games um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a large class of games um
+in one side or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one side or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one side or the other
+is guaranteed to have a winning strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to have a winning strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to have a winning strategy
+or forced win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or forced win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or forced win
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's just review that because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just review that because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just review that because this
+is going to be essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be essential for
+you know the first half of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first half of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the first half of the lecture
+to understand what we mean by a game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what we mean by a game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what we mean by a game and
+what we mean by one side or the other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by one side or the other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by one side or the other to
+have a force to win okay so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force to win okay so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force to win okay so let's let's
+just uh oh yeah and what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh oh yeah and what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh oh yeah and what we're going to
+show is that gg is piece based complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that gg is piece based complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that gg is piece based complete
+that the problem of giving one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem of giving one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem of giving one of these
+graphs and a starting point figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and a starting point figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and a starting point figuring out
+does player 1 have a force win or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does player 1 have a force win or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does player 1 have a force win or is it
+player 2 that has a force win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 that has a force win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player 2 that has a force win
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which side is guaranteed to win under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side is guaranteed to win under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side is guaranteed to win under
+optimal play that's a piece based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play that's a piece based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play that's a piece based
+complete problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so let's do a little checking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's do a little checking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's do a little checking on
+that and so i'm going to give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so i'm going to give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so i'm going to give you a very
+small example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small example
+of the generalized geography game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out
+whether it's player one or player two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's player one or player two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's player one or player two
+that has the forced win the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the forced win the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the forced win the winning
+strategy or maybe neither or both those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy or maybe neither or both those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy or maybe neither or both those
+are the four options okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four options okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four options okay and you
+understand player one has to play here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand player one has to play here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand player one has to play here
+because that's the starting place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the starting place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the starting place of
+this general geography game so then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general geography game so then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general geography game so then it's
+up to player two to continue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to player two to continue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to player two to continue on
+all right so let's um launch that poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's um launch that poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's um launch that poll
+uh you'll have to think about it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll have to think about it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll have to think about it a
+little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me know what you think which side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know what you think which side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know what you think which side
+has a forced win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which player makes the first move it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which player makes the first move it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which player makes the first move it's
+player one makes the first move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one makes the first move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one makes the first move and
+player one plays as i showed you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one plays as i showed you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one plays as i showed you here
+this is player one playing at a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is player one playing at a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is player one playing at a so
+player one picks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one picks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one picks a
+picks and then player two has to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks and then player two has to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks and then player two has to pick
+one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right i think we're gonna end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right i think we're gonna end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right i think we're gonna end
+the poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poll
+everybody's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's in
+pick something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you guys did not do well on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you guys did not do well on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you guys did not do well on this
+bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl
+uh at least not too many of you picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least not too many of you picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least not too many of you picked
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+that's that's true that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's true that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's true that's a that's a
+little reassuring because you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little reassuring because you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little reassuring because you can't have
+both players having a forced win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players having a forced win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players having a forced win
+i did say that in games of this kind one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did say that in games of this kind one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did say that in games of this kind one
+side or the other is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or the other is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or the other is going to have a
+force win so c is not a very good choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force win so c is not a very good choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force win so c is not a very good choice
+either um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um
+so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're
+maybe you should spend less time reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should spend less time reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should spend less time reading
+your email and more time listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your email and more time listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your email and more time listening to
+the lecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the actual correct answer is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual correct answer is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual correct answer is b
+player two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two
+um which is obviously a is a minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is obviously a is a minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is obviously a is a minority
+position here player two has the forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here player two has the forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position here player two has the forced
+win let's understand why um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win let's understand why um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win let's understand why um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+player one plays here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one plays here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one plays here
+as i said that's the b that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said that's the b that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said that's the b that's the first
+move player two can either take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move player two can either take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move player two can either take the
+upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+node or the lower note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node or the lower note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node or the lower note
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+player two takes the upper note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two takes the upper note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two takes the upper note
+then player one has no choice but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then player one has no choice but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then player one has no choice but to
+take the rightmost node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the rightmost node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the rightmost node
+and now there's no move for player two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's no move for player two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's no move for player two
+uh so player two will lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so player two will lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so player two will lose
+um if player two takes the upper note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if player two takes the upper note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if player two takes the upper note
+the upper choice there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper choice there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper choice there because
+player two will go here player one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two will go here player one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two will go here player one will
+go there and it'll be game over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and it'll be game over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and it'll be game over
+and player one will have one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and player one will have one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and player one will have one because
+player two was stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two was stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two was stuck
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+player two had another choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two had another choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two had another choice
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh player two had another choice um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh player two had another choice um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh player two had another choice um
+player two could have also gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two could have also gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two could have also gone down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um so player two uh if it played down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so player two uh if it played down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so player two uh if it played down
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+things are looking a lot better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are looking a lot better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are looking a lot better for
+player two because player two goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two because player two goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two because player two goes here
+player one's move is forced goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one's move is forced goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one's move is forced goes here
+but now there's another move left uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there's another move left uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there's another move left uh
+that player two could make so play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that player two could make so play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that player two could make so play
+player so two goes here one goes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so two goes here one goes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so two goes here one goes there
+player two goes up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two goes up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two goes up there
+and now player one is stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now player one is stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now player one is stuck
+so at player two's choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at player two's choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at player two's choice
+um player two can make a move which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um player two can make a move which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um player two can make a move which will
+end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+causing player one to get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing player one to get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing player one to get stuck
+and so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so because
+it you know that's the nature of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know that's the nature of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know that's the nature of what we
+mean by uh having a winning strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by uh having a winning strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by uh having a winning strategy
+there is some way to guarantee if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some way to guarantee if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some way to guarantee if you're
+playing optimally and you're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing optimally and you're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing optimally and you're certainly
+playing optimally mean you'll take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing optimally mean you'll take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing optimally mean you'll take that
+lower move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower move
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will
+take that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that so
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+uh optimal play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh optimal play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh optimal play
+player two will win this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two will win this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player two will win this game
+and so player two has a winning strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so player two has a winning strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so player two has a winning strategy
+it has a forced win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a forced win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a forced win
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so i i see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i i see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i i see so
+i'm not going to define playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to define playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to define playing
+optimally i'm going to you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally i'm going to you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally i'm going to you know there's
+some questions here about that about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions here about that about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions here about that about
+that that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's um
+you know you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can think about
+i'm going to i'm going to leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i'm going to leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i'm going to leave it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+somewhat informal um but we could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat informal um but we could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat informal um but we could make
+that all precise i i don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all precise i i don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all precise i i don't think it
+would be clarifying to to go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be clarifying to to go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be clarifying to to go through a
+precise definition of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definition of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definition of that um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know you you can just think you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you can just think you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you can just think you we
+don't even have to think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to think about it in
+terms of optimal play you you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of optimal play you you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of optimal play you you can say
+that there is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is um
+a uh forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh forever
+uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say a player has a force win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a player has a force win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a player has a force win
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they have moves that they could make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have moves that they could make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have moves that they could make in
+response to every possible move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to every possible move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to every possible move the
+opponent could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent could make
+uh that'll guarantee that they will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that'll guarantee that they will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that'll guarantee that they will end
+up winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up winning
+so it doesn't say we don't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't say we don't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't say we don't even have to
+talk about optimality here just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about optimality here just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about optimality here just talk
+about every possible opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every possible opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every possible opponent
+every possible opponent is going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible opponent is going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible opponent is going to lose
+to somebody who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somebody who um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+has a has a winning strategy and pl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a has a winning strategy and pl and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a has a winning strategy and pl and
+follows that strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+okay i can see there was some confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i can see there was some confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i can see there was some confusion
+about who was going first and so on i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who was going first and so on i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about who was going first and so on i'm
+glad we that was part of the reason i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we that was part of the reason i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we that was part of the reason i
+gave this check and just so hopefully to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave this check and just so hopefully to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave this check and just so hopefully to
+clear up some of those points um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear up some of those points um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear up some of those points um so
+player one plays here then player two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one plays here then player two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player one plays here then player two uh
+goes and i got some comments that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and i got some comments that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and i got some comments that some
+people were confused about what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were confused about what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were confused about what does it
+mean for the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for the first uh
+where does the first person move okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the first person move okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the first person move okay
+hopefully that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's
+that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+clear all right so let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all right so let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all right so let's move on
+because we're gonna make we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna make we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna make we're gonna be
+spending a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a while
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+proving something about generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something about generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something about generalized
+geography and these graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so let's let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's let's continue
+so in order to make a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to make a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to make a connection
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+um games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um games
+and complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complexity
+we're going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk about a problem one that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a problem one that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a problem one that we've
+actually related to one that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to one that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to one that we've
+already seen where we can reformulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen where we can reformulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen where we can reformulate
+that problem as a game and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem as a game and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem as a game and that's going
+to be a problem on quantified boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a problem on quantified boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a problem on quantified boolean
+formulas called the formula game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas called the formula game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas called the formula game
+okay so this is a different game now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a different game now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a different game now um
+not one that you're likely to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one that you're likely to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one that you're likely to end up
+playing but in in in in a sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing but in in in in a sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing but in in in in a sense in which
+you'll see this is a still a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this is a still a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this is a still a reasonable
+game where two players can play against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where two players can play against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where two players can play against
+one another and one of them is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and one of them is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another and one of them is going to
+end up winning and one of them is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up winning and one of them is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up winning and one of them is going
+to end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up having
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one or the other will have a winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other will have a winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other will have a winning
+strategy so let's understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so let's understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy so let's understand what the
+game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is
+uh the game is played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the game is played on a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played on a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played on a formula
+so you so you write down a quantified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you so you write down a quantified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you so you write down a quantified
+boolean formula remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean formula remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean formula remember we talked about
+that you know for several lectures now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know for several lectures now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know for several lectures now
+uh you know it's a bunch of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's a bunch of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's a bunch of quantum
+variables with quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables with quantifiers
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+then there's the part that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the part that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the part that has no
+quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers
+um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which
+you know uh you can always put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh you can always put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh you can always put into
+conjunctive normal form if you want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctive normal form if you want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctive normal form if you want but
+for the purposes of this discussion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this discussion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this discussion so
+far it doesn't matter later on we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it doesn't matter later on we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it doesn't matter later on we'll
+actually want it to be in quant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want it to be in quant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want it to be in quant in
+in cnf but okay but but for now we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cnf but okay but but for now we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cnf but okay but but for now we just
+have some formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some formula
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+associated to that formula there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to that formula there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to that formula there is a
+game in a very natural sense so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in a very natural sense so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in a very natural sense so first of
+all let me they're going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me they're going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me they're going to be two
+players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players
+but now the names of those players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the names of those players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the names of those players are
+going to be player exist and player for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be player exist and player for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be player exist and player for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the way the way this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way the way this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the way the way this is how the
+game goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game goes
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+the player exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player exists
+but both players are going to be picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but both players are going to be picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but both players are going to be picking
+values for variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for variables
+they're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to say
+you know variable x1 is true variable x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know variable x1 is true variable x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know variable x1 is true variable x2
+is false variable x3 is false variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false variable x3 is false variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false variable x3 is false variable
+x4 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x4 is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x4 is true
+and and they're going to be that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're going to be that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're going to be that that's
+how the moves of the game go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the moves of the game go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the moves of the game go
+they're just assigning values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just assigning values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just assigning values to
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+so that in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in the end
+all of the variables have been assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the variables have been assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the variables have been assigned
+a value a boolean value and so we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value a boolean value and so we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value a boolean value and so we end up
+with an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an assignment
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+before we get to that stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to that stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get to that stage
+which players get to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which players get to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which players get to pick
+which variables and the way it works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which variables and the way it works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which variables and the way it works is
+the exist player is going to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player is going to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player is going to assign
+values to the exist variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to the exist variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to the exist variables
+so exist we'll pick x1 and x3 and assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exist we'll pick x1 and x3 and assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exist we'll pick x1 and x3 and assign
+them val values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them val values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them val values
+the for all player is going to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all player is going to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all player is going to pick the
+very ver assigned values to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ver assigned values to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ver assigned values to the
+variables that have referral quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that have referral quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that have referral quantifier
+attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached
+so in this case would be x2 would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case would be x2 would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case would be x2 would be um
+the the the for all player will pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the for all player will pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the for all player will pick the
+value for x the x2 variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for x the x2 variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for x the x2 variable
+um fading out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fading out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fading out here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so
+and the order of play is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the order of play is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the order of play is
+according to the order of the appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the order of the appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the order of the appearance
+of the quantifiers in the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantifiers in the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantifiers in the formula
+so the way i have it written out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i have it written out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i have it written out in this
+particular formula it's exist x1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular formula it's exist x1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular formula it's exist x1 so
+exist will pick the value for x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist will pick the value for x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist will pick the value for x1
+then it's for all's turn for all pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's for all's turn for all pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's for all's turn for all pick
+the value of x2 then it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x2 then it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x2 then it's going to be
+exist picking the value for x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and so on until they get to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on until they get to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on until they get to the end
+and all of the variables have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the variables have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the variables have been
+assigned a value by one side or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a value by one side or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned a value by one side or the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+and now the game is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the game is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the game is over
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's left is to understand who has won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left is to understand who has won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left is to understand who has won
+at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we
+say who has won is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who has won is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say who has won is
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+if in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in the end
+this part psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part psi
+which is the part without quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the part without quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the part without quantifiers
+ended up being satisfied by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being satisfied by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being satisfied by those
+um by that assignment that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by that assignment that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by that assignment that the two
+players together ended up picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players together ended up picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players together ended up picking
+and then for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for all
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that
+part of the formula is not satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the formula is not satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the formula is not satisfied
+so let me just write that down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write that down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write that down here
+after the variables have been assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the variables have been assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the variables have been assigned
+values we determine the winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we determine the winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we determine the winner
+exist wins if the assignment that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist wins if the assignment that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist wins if the assignment that they
+co-op together built they built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op together built they built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op together built they built
+cooperatively together uh satisfied psy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively together uh satisfied psy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively together uh satisfied psy
+and otherwise for all ones if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise for all ones if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise for all ones if it doesn't
+satisfy psi okay so you kind of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy psi okay so you kind of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy psi okay so you kind of think
+about it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this way
+you know exist is picking the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exist is picking the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exist is picking the values of
+those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables
+he's trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to make
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh part of the formula satisfied trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of the formula satisfied trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of the formula satisfied trying
+to satisfy this part of the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this part of the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this part of the formula for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+is picking values but she's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is picking values but she's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is picking values but she's trying to
+make this part of the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this part of the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this part of the formula
+unsatisfied so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied so they're
+you know they're uh in opposition to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're uh in opposition to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're uh in opposition to one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um in the end one of them is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the end one of them is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the end one of them is going to
+have succeeded and the other one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded and the other one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have succeeded and the other one will
+have failed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed uh
+and now thinking about it as a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now thinking about it as a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now thinking about it as a game
+one side depending upon the formula one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side depending upon the formula one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side depending upon the formula one
+side or the other is going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or the other is going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or the other is going to have the
+ability to dominate the other one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to dominate the other one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to dominate the other one and
+always win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always win
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+which side has that um ability to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side has that um ability to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side has that um ability to always
+win which side has the winning strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win which side has the winning strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win which side has the winning strategy
+of course it'll depend upon the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it'll depend upon the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it'll depend upon the formula
+some formulas it'll be the exist player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formulas it'll be the exist player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formulas it'll be the exist player
+who has the winning strategy and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the winning strategy and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the winning strategy and other
+formulas it'll be the for all player who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas it'll be the for all player who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas it'll be the for all player who
+has the winning strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the winning strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the winning strategy and
+computationally we'd like to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally we'd like to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally we'd like to make that
+determination which side is going to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination which side is going to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination which side is going to win
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know for a given formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a given formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a given formula
+and there's a very very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a very very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a very very nice
+and actually very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually very easy
+um and simple way to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and simple way to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and simple way to understand that
+because we've already run into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already run into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already run into that
+problem before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before
+the problem of determining which side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of determining which side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of determining which side
+has a force force win is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a force force win is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a force force win is exactly the
+same thing as determining whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as determining whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as determining whether this
+quantified boolean formula is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified boolean formula is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified boolean formula is true
+because the exist player has a force win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the exist player has a force win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the exist player has a force win
+when that formula game on that um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that formula game on that um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that formula game on that um on
+that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me say it again the exist player has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say it again the exist player has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say it again the exist player has
+a force win when that formula is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force win when that formula is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force win when that formula is true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if this quantified boolean formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this quantified boolean formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this quantified boolean formula
+were a true quantified bullying formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a true quantified bullying formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a true quantified bullying formula
+then exist is guaranteed to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exist is guaranteed to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exist is guaranteed to be able to
+win that game if it if it plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that game if it if it plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that game if it if it plays
+its hand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this is a false formula for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a false formula for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a false formula for all the
+for all player will always be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all player will always be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all player will always be able to
+win um if it plays its hand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win um if it plays its hand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win um if it plays its hand right
+okay so um why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it really follows kind of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really follows kind of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really follows kind of almost
+you know without doing any work at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know without doing any work at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know without doing any work at all
+this is kind of a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a you know
+this proof even though it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof even though it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof even though it looks
+superficially like it might be not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially like it might be not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially like it might be not so
+easy to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove
+it follows for a very simple reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows for a very simple reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows for a very simple reason
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the meaning of what it means for exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of what it means for exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of what it means for exist
+to have a winning strategy is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a winning strategy is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a winning strategy is exactly
+captured by the semantics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by the semantics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by the semantics of the
+quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers
+let's see what that means what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that means what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what that means what does it
+mean that exists has a force to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that exists has a force to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that exists has a force to win
+let's say up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means that well exist has a move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that well exist has a move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that well exist has a move
+that it could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it could make
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+exists can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists can
+pick some value for x1 so there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some value for x1 so there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some value for x1 so there was some
+move for x for there was some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move for x for there was some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move for x for there was some way to
+assign x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign x1
+so that no matter what the opponent does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that no matter what the opponent does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that no matter what the opponent does
+no matter what for all does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what for all does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what for all does
+there's going to be a response that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a response that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a response that it
+exists can make um some some assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists can make um some some assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists can make um some some assignment
+to it x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it x3
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so that no matter what for all does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that no matter what for all does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that no matter what for all does
+there's going to be an assignment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be an assignment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be an assignment to the
+next variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next variable
+um and so on and so on so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on and so on so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so on and so on so that this
+thing ends up being true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ends up being true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ends up being true
+so let me just say that again somehow i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just say that again somehow i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just say that again somehow i
+didn't feel it came out very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel it came out very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feel it came out very clear
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+exist has a winning strategy exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist has a winning strategy exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist has a winning strategy exactly
+when there was some assignment to x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was some assignment to x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there was some assignment to x1
+that exists can make such that no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists can make such that no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists can make such that no matter
+what assignment that for all makes to x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what assignment that for all makes to x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what assignment that for all makes to x2
+there is some assignment to x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some assignment to x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some assignment to x3
+um such that no matter what assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that no matter what assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such that no matter what assignment
+that um for all makes to x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um for all makes to x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um for all makes to x4
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+makes this thing true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this thing true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes this thing true
+that's what it means for exist to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means for exist to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means for exist to have a
+winning strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning strategy
+that's exactly what the quantifiers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what the quantifiers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what the quantifiers are
+saying in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in the first place
+so even really without doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even really without doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even really without doing anything
+you can see that exists has a winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that exists has a winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that exists has a winning
+strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+means exactly the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means exactly the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means exactly the same thing as the
+formula the quantified being formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the quantified being formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the quantified being formula
+being true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true
+so making the test of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making the test of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making the test of whether
+uh which side has a winning strategy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which side has a winning strategy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which side has a winning strategy is
+the same as testing whether the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as testing whether the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as testing whether the formula
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so let's let me try to turn to the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let me try to turn to the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let me try to turn to the chat
+now um before before we move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um before before we move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um before before we move on to
+anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right uh whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm getting some questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm getting some questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm getting some questions about
+the order of play and about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of play and about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of play and about the
+alternation of the quantifiers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternation of the quantifiers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternation of the quantifiers here
+so the way i'm showing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i'm showing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i'm showing it
+is that the quantifiers always alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the quantifiers always alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the quantifiers always alternate
+exist for all exists for all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for all exists for all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for all exists for all that
+doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter
+you know you could have several exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could have several exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could have several exists
+in a row and that would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row and that would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row and that would correspond to
+exist making several moves in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist making several moves in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist making several moves in a row
+before turning it over to parole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before turning it over to parole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before turning it over to parole
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+alternatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively
+we could just add extra variables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just add extra variables which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just add extra variables which
+don't play any role in psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't play any role in psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't play any role in psi
+and um they're just kind of dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they're just kind of dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they're just kind of dummy
+variables that serve as spacers so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that serve as spacers so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that serve as spacers so if
+you have two exists in a row and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two exists in a row and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two exists in a row and you
+don't like that you can just add add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that you can just add add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that you can just add add a
+for all of some variable that you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of some variable that you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of some variable that you never
+see again in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again in between
+so you can always get it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always get it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can always get it to be
+alternating if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+also question the difference between pha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also question the difference between pha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also question the difference between pha
+fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee
+uh and psi so psi is the part here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and psi so psi is the part here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and psi so psi is the part here that
+does not have any quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have any quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have any quantifiers
+so the way we always write down our qbfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we always write down our qbfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we always write down our qbfs
+is their leading quantifiers with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their leading quantifiers with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their leading quantifiers with the
+variables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which
+uh you know and all variables have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know and all variables have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know and all variables have to be
+within the scope of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the scope of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the scope of one of the
+quantifiers of quantified variables um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers of quantified variables um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers of quantified variables um
+so you know there are no free variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there are no free variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there are no free variables
+that are unquantified in our qbfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unquantified in our qbfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unquantified in our qbfs
+um and so there's a you know all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there's a you know all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there's a you know all of
+these qbfs have a run of quantifiers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qbfs have a run of quantifiers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qbfs have a run of quantifiers and
+then a part without quantifiers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a part without quantifiers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a part without quantifiers where
+there's this sort of boolean logic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of boolean logic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of boolean logic part
+i'm psi here is the boolean logic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm psi here is the boolean logic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm psi here is the boolean logic part
+and phi is the whole thing together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phi is the whole thing together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phi is the whole thing together with
+the quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantifiers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not sure i understand some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i understand some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i understand some of these
+ques why not have the for all player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ques why not have the for all player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ques why not have the for all player
+have a force to win the for all player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force to win the for all player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force to win the for all player
+might have a full force win no see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a full force win no see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a full force win no see
+one side or the other is guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other is guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other is guaranteed to
+have a forced win so if exist does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a forced win so if exist does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a forced win so if exist does not
+have a force to win then then parole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force to win then then parole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force to win then then parole
+will have a forced win that you know i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a forced win that you know i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a forced win that you know i'm
+not going to prove that but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to prove that but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to prove that but that's a
+fairly simple proof by induction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple proof by induction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple proof by induction which
+i'm not going to go through just take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go through just take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to go through just take it
+as a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fact
+somebody's asking why does for all want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking why does for all want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking why does for all want
+to not satisfy the uh this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not satisfy the uh this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not satisfy the uh this expression
+the the psy part well i mean that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the psy part well i mean that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the psy part well i mean that's the
+way we set up the game um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we set up the game um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we set up the game um
+you know in order to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in order to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in order to make this
+correspond to tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to tqbf
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the truth
+of the of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of this
+of this expression we want to make exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression we want to make exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression we want to make exist
+try to satisfy the the this part and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to satisfy the the this part and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to satisfy the the this part and for
+all try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all try to
+unsatisfy make it not satisfied um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfy make it not satisfied um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfy make it not satisfied um
+and so i'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm not sure
+because that's what works i'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what works i'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what works i'm not sure
+what else whatever whether why i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else whatever whether why i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else whatever whether why i can
+answer there okay somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there okay somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer there okay somebody
+i'm going to answer some of the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to answer some of the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to answer some of the you know
+most basic questions here somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic questions here somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic questions here somebody's
+asking how do we know how many variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how do we know how many variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking how do we know how many variables
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+the variables are the variables of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are the variables of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are the variables of the
+formula so somebody's going to hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so somebody's going to hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so somebody's going to hand you
+a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula
+that's going to have x1 to x10 whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have x1 to x10 whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have x1 to x10 whatever
+that formula has some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula has some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula has some number of
+variables and so that game is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so that game is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and so that game is going to
+have 10 moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 moves
+you know if the quantifiers alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the quantifiers alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the quantifiers alternate
+then the moves will alternate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the moves will alternate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the moves will alternate but
+whatever the pattern of the quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the pattern of the quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the pattern of the quantifiers
+is going to be the pattern of the moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the pattern of the moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the pattern of the moves
+so exist is going to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exist is going to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exist is going to follow the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the places where the exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the places where the exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the places where the exist
+quantifier occurs and fraud is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier occurs and fraud is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier occurs and fraud is going to
+follow the places where the for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the places where the for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the places where the for all
+quantifier occurs so if you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier occurs so if you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier occurs so if you have you
+know exist for all exist for all exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exist for all exist for all exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exist for all exist for all exist
+will move first then for all move then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move first then for all move then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move first then for all move then
+exist will move then for all will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist will move then for all will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist will move then for all will move
+together they're picking values to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they're picking values to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they're picking values to their
+respective variables with with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective variables with with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective variables with with their
+opposing goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing goals
+existed trying to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed trying to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed trying to make the
+um the psi part satisfied for all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the psi part satisfied for all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the psi part satisfied for all is
+trying to avoid making it satisfied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid making it satisfied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to avoid making it satisfied to
+make to to make make the assignment not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to to make make the assignment not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to to make make the assignment not
+satisfy that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that part
+and if you think about what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about what that means
+just in terms of the meaning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of the meaning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of the meaning of that
+that it's going to mean exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to mean exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to mean exactly the same
+thing that the formula is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anyway if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway if you don't
+let's see i don't know if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see i don't know if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see i don't know if there's any
+more questions that i can try to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions that i can try to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more questions that i can try to answer
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so it's still about the numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still about the numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still about the numbers of
+variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each formula is going to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each formula is going to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each formula is going to define a
+different game you see the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different game you see the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different game you see the formula
+so the formula however big it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula however big it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula however big it may have
+50 variables that may have two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 variables that may have two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 variables that may have two variables
+but we'll do an example maybe that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do an example maybe that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll do an example maybe that'll
+help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the next check-in which is coming up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next check-in which is coming up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next check-in which is coming up for
+pretty soon might actually be now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon might actually be now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon might actually be now uh
+we'll give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you an example
+um so then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then we'll
+see who's who's understanding and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who's who's understanding and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see who's who's understanding and who's
+not okay so let's continue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so let's continue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so let's continue here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so therefore the problem of determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the problem of determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the problem of determining
+does exist have a force win is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist have a force win is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist have a force win is exactly
+the tqbf problem because exist has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tqbf problem because exist has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tqbf problem because exist has a
+force when exactly when the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when exactly when the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when exactly when the formula is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we're going to show is that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to show is that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to show is that t
+qbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbf
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a polynomial time reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polynomial time reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polynomial time reducible to
+generalized geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized geography
+but it's conceptually we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's conceptually we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's conceptually we're going to
+think about tqbf now as a game because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about tqbf now as a game because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about tqbf now as a game because
+that's how geography is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how geography is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how geography is generally
+geography is set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is set up
+so we're going to given a formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to given a formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to given a formula like
+this we're going to construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to construct an
+instance of generalized geography we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of generalized geography we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of generalized geography we're
+going to construct a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct a graph
+where play on that graph is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where play on that graph is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where play on that graph is going to
+mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic
+play in the formula game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in the formula game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in the formula game
+so making the moves in that graph are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making the moves in that graph are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making the moves in that graph are
+going to correspond to setting variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to setting variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to correspond to setting variables
+true and false because the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and false because the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and false because the graph is
+going to be specially designed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be specially designed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be specially designed to to
+force that behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that behavior
+okay so i think we have a check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we have a check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we have a check-in
+coming in yeah so let's just see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in yeah so let's just see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in yeah so let's just see how
+um i i suggest you pay attention to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i suggest you pay attention to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i suggest you pay attention to this
+check-in and really try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in and really try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in and really try to think about
+it and solve it because i think that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and solve it because i think that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and solve it because i think that'll
+help you make the connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you make the connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you make the connection between the
+truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth
+of the formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the formula and
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+having a winning strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a winning strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a winning strategy
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+so if you take this formula here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this formula here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this formula here here's
+you know this is some particular formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is some particular formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is some particular formula
+exist x for all y blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist x for all y blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist x for all y blah blah blah
+um this is going to be associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be associated to
+that formula a formula game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula a formula game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula a formula game
+where first exist moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where first exist moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where first exist moves
+assigns a value for x and depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns a value for x and depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns a value for x and depending upon
+that value for all is going to move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value for all is going to move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value for all is going to move and
+they're going to assign a value for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to assign a value for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to assign a value for y
+and after that's done this part here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that's done this part here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that's done this part here is
+either going to be true or false it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to be true or false it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to be true or false it's
+either going to be satisfied or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to be satisfied or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to be satisfied or
+unsatisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied
+and i want to know can exist always find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to know can exist always find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to know can exist always find
+a way can it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way can it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way can it does
+to to guarantee that this part is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to guarantee that this part is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to guarantee that this part is going
+to be satisfied or can for all always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied or can for all always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be satisfied or can for all always
+get find a way to guarantee that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get find a way to guarantee that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get find a way to guarantee that this
+part is not satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is not satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is not satisfied
+okay so it's you have to stare you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's you have to stare you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's you have to stare you have
+to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this
+uh formula to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formula to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formula to understand
+which side is going to end up succeeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side is going to end up succeeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side is going to end up succeeding
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you understand you have to if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand you have to if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand you have to if you're
+not clear on the rules look back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear on the rules look back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear on the rules look back here
+exist is trying to make this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is trying to make this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is trying to make this part
+satisfied for all is trying to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied for all is trying to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied for all is trying to make this
+part unsatisfied but they neither of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part unsatisfied but they neither of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part unsatisfied but they neither of
+them has the no the totally upper hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has the no the totally upper hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has the no the totally upper hand
+because existence depicting one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because existence depicting one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because existence depicting one of the
+variables for all is picking the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for all is picking the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for all is picking the other
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+but they're doing it in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're doing it in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're doing it in a certain
+order okay first exist is going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay first exist is going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay first exist is going to pick
+then a for all is going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the way the game works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the way the game works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the way the game works
+exist picks a value then for all picks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist picks a value then for all picks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist picks a value then for all picks a
+value and then you see who wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then you see who wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then you see who wins
+so who wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so who wins
+who's guaranteed to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's guaranteed to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's guaranteed to win
+um you know can can we make sure exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know can can we make sure exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know can can we make sure exist
+always wins or can we make sure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wins or can we make sure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wins or can we make sure that it
+for all always wins for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all always wins for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all always wins for this particular
+formula so there's just two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so there's just two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so there's just two variables
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and you can think about this in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about this in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about this in either
+of two ways strictly speaking purely as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two ways strictly speaking purely as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two ways strictly speaking purely as
+a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game
+or you can look at understand whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can look at understand whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can look at understand whether
+that formula is true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula is true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula is true or not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're equivalent ways of looking at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent ways of looking at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent ways of looking at at
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+in fact in a certain sense it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in a certain sense it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in a certain sense it's the same
+that's what i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i'm trying to
+trying to get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get across
+thinking about this as a game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as a game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as a game or
+thinking about in terms of quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about in terms of quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about in terms of quantifiers
+doesn't make any difference um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any difference um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any difference um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost done here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+last call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last call
+closing the poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i think this one you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think this one you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think this one you got
+you you you did pretty well on so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you did pretty well on so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you did pretty well on so yeah
+the correct answer is the for all player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer is the for all player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer is the for all player
+has a uh winning strategy has a forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a uh winning strategy has a forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a uh winning strategy has a forced
+win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and um also similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um also similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um also similarly the
+expression um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um is
+fee is is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is is false
+because you know if you try to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you try to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you try to find some
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+such that no matter what y you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that no matter what y you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that no matter what y you pick
+um this is going to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is going to be true
+this is going to be satisfied you're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be satisfied you're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be satisfied you're out
+of luck because you know if you make x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck because you know if you make x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck because you know if you make x
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you make x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make x
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+now i'm confused uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is going on if you make x true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on if you make x true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on if you make x true then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+oh if you make x true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if you make x true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh if you make x true
+then uh x bar is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh x bar is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh x bar is false
+um so y bar has to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so y bar has to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so y bar has to be true
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now i'm completely confused oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm completely confused oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm completely confused oh no
+if make x true it has to work for all y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if make x true it has to work for all y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if make x true it has to work for all y
+so this thing is clearly false if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is clearly false if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is clearly false if you
+make x true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make x true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make x true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then then
+then this x bar is going to be false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this x bar is going to be false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this x bar is going to be false and
+it's not the case that for every y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case that for every y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case that for every y
+of the setting for y because y is forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the setting for y because y is forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the setting for y because y is forced
+here y is going to have to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here y is going to have to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here y is going to have to be true
+well y bar is going to have to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well y bar is going to have to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well y bar is going to have to be true
+so y is going to have to be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y is going to have to be false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y is going to have to be false
+somebody if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody if you make
+it very clearly but if you make if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very clearly but if you make if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very clearly but if you make if you
+and now if you if you try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you if you try again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you if you try again
+to make x false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make x false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make x false
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe that's a one to think about first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's a one to think about first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's a one to think about first
+if you make x false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make x false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make x false
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you're going to be stuck on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be stuck on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be stuck on the first
+clause because you have it has to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause because you have it has to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause because you have it has to work
+for both settings of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both settings of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both settings of y
+but maybe thinking about it as a game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe thinking about it as a game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe thinking about it as a game is
+better you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you know if you
+no matter what x does a y is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what x does a y is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what x does a y is going to
+find have a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find have a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find have a way of
+making one of those two clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one of those two clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one of those two clauses
+unsatisfied so if x is true why can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied so if x is true why can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied so if x is true why can uh
+uh can set itself like why we can set y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can set itself like why we can set y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can set itself like why we can set y
+to make the second clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the second clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the second clause
+uh unsatisfied and if x is false we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unsatisfied and if x is false we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unsatisfied and if x is false we can
+find y can be assigned to make the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find y can be assigned to make the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find y can be assigned to make the first
+clause unsatisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause unsatisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause unsatisfied
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway um
+the right answer is uh the for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is uh the for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer is uh the for all
+player uh has a winning strategy here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player uh has a winning strategy here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player uh has a winning strategy here in
+the end of the day it's not critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day it's not critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day it's not critical
+that you understand this correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand this correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand this correspondence
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but you have to then if you don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to then if you don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to then if you don't quite
+understand that you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you're going to have to
+take on faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on faith
+that the formula game is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the formula game is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the formula game is the same as
+tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf
+because that's we're going to use and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's we're going to use and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's we're going to use and by
+the way i would like to also mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i would like to also mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i would like to also mention
+here that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that um
+that this correspondence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this correspondence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this correspondence between
+uh games and quantifiers is some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh games and quantifiers is some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh games and quantifiers is some things
+that mathematicians use all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematicians use all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematicians use all the time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because if you have a if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a if you have some
+expression which comes up often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which comes up often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which comes up often in
+mathematics where there are you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics where there are you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics where there are you know a
+whole run of quantifiers you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole run of quantifiers you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole run of quantifiers you know in
+front of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of some
+uh some statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some statement
+it's really kind of hard for anybody uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really kind of hard for anybody uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really kind of hard for anybody uh
+to really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really uh
+get a feeling for what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feeling for what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feeling for what that means
+if you have like six alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like six alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have like six alternating
+quantifiers which happens often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers which happens often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers which happens often in
+mathematics you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics you're going to have
+statements that have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that have a lot of
+alternations with quantifiers very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternations with quantifiers very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternations with quantifiers very hard
+to get a feeling for what that means but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a feeling for what that means but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a feeling for what that means but
+if you think about it as a game it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it as a game it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it as a game it's
+much more intuitive and it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more intuitive and it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more intuitive and it's completely
+equivalent to think about quantifiers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to think about quantifiers go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to think about quantifiers go
+back and forth between quantifiers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between quantifiers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between quantifiers and
+games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+anyway um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um so let's
+look at the at the reduction the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the at the reduction the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the at the reduction the the
+construction that shows uh generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that shows uh generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that shows uh generalized
+geography is uh complete took a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is uh complete took a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography is uh complete took a little
+longer than i thought maybe this is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than i thought maybe this is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than i thought maybe this is i
+just want to make sure everybody's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make sure everybody's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make sure everybody's with
+me on this so why don't we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on this so why don't we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me on this so why don't we call the
+break now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break now
+and then we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back
+um and we'll look at the construction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll look at the construction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll look at the construction um
+after that because the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that because the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that because the construction
+itself is going to take about 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to take about 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is going to take about 10 minutes
+to to work through to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to work through to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to work through to figure out how to
+reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf
+and build a graph that simulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a graph that simulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a graph that simulates the
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+okay so i'm going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to move
+right on to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on to uh
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back
+okay so feel free to ask some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so feel free to ask some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so feel free to ask some questions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+get ready for us diving in to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for us diving in to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ready for us diving in to a
+construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction
+uh for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the um
+uh for the reduction of tqbf to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the reduction of tqbf to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the reduction of tqbf to
+generalize geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize geography
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's kind of an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of an interesting question
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+what's a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a relationship
+you know between a formula and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know between a formula and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know between a formula and when you
+swap the order of the quantifiers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the order of the quantifiers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the order of the quantifiers um
+uh you know the the the the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the the the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the the the question is
+asking does that somehow relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking does that somehow relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking does that somehow relate to the
+negating the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating the um
+the you know the part the quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the part the quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the part the quantifier
+free part the part without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free part the part without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free part the part without the
+quantifiers and i um i don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and i um i don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers and i um i don't think that
+that's the right correspondence there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right correspondence there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right correspondence there it
+actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is
+uh some relationship when you say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some relationship when you say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some relationship when you say um
+you know there exists for all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there exists for all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there exists for all is
+actually a stronger statement than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a stronger statement than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a stronger statement than than
+saying that for all there exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that for all there exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that for all there exists in
+general the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the um
+that actually implies you know exist x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually implies you know exist x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually implies you know exist x
+for a why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a why is this
+implies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies uh
+for a why there exists an x um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a why there exists an x um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a why there exists an x um because
+what you're saying is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is that there is
+the the choice of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the choice of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the choice of y
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+there exists an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an x
+uh for all y there was one x that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all y there was one x that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for all y there was one x that works
+for every one of the y's if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of the y's if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of the y's if you're
+saying for y there exists an x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for y there exists an x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for y there exists an x the
+choice of that x can depend on the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of that x can depend on the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of that x can depend on the y
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+there is a connection but um you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a connection but um you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a connection but um you have to
+think through what it means in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through what it means in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through what it means in order to
+understand that connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that connection
+not i think you won't need to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i think you won't need to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i think you won't need to know that
+in order to process what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to process what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to process what we're going to
+be doing but maybe it just helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing but maybe it just helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing but maybe it just helps you
+think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+other questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think we're
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're out of time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+our lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i'm gonna go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna go back
+hopefully that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that won't
+crash everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash everything
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go
+okay so now we're going to be reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to be reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to be reducing
+tqbf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf
+to generalize geography are we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize geography are we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize geography are we all
+together now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna
+illustrate this construction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this construction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this construction which is
+very nice construction by the way i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice construction by the way i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice construction by the way i'm
+gonna illustrate this construction just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna illustrate this construction just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna illustrate this construction just
+by doing an example or a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing an example or a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing an example or a partial
+example okay but i think it'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay but i think it'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay but i think it'll give you
+the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea
+so you understand so what i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand so what i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand so what i'm trying to
+do here is i'm starting off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is i'm starting off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is i'm starting off with a
+quantified boolean formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified boolean formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified boolean formula
+so here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is
+um i'm going to assume it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm going to assume it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm going to assume it's in
+conjunctive normal form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctive normal form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunctive normal form
+which i can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can always
+convert it into that form uh maybe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into that form uh maybe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into that form uh maybe by
+adding some additional variables but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some additional variables but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some additional variables but
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+too drastic to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now what i'm gonna uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now what i'm gonna uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now what i'm gonna uh
+starting from that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from that formula
+i'm gonna now build a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna now build a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna now build a graph
+we're playing the geography game on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're playing the geography game on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're playing the geography game on that
+graph which is remember taking turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is remember taking turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is remember taking turns
+picking nodes which may form a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking nodes which may form a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking nodes which may form a path
+is going to correspond to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to correspond to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to correspond to um
+playing the formula game which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the formula game which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the formula game which is
+picking the variables of that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the variables of that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking the variables of that formula
+and then you want uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want uh the
+if the exist player wins in the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exist player wins in the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exist player wins in the formula
+then player one is supposed to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then player one is supposed to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then player one is supposed to win
+in the geography game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the geography game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the geography game
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here is how the graph is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is how the graph is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is how the graph is going to
+look okay so good to follow try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay so good to follow try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look okay so good to follow try to
+follow this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow this um
+so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+kind of there's going to be kind of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's going to be kind of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's going to be kind of two
+parts one that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts one that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts one that's going to
+correspond to the variables and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the variables and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the variables and the
+other part that's going to correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part that's going to correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part that's going to correspond to
+the clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clauses
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so for each variable i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each variable i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for each variable i'm going to
+have like a diamond structure here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a diamond structure here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a diamond structure here so
+there's a little starting thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little starting thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little starting thing that's
+going to be unique to the to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unique to the to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unique to the to the first
+variable but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but then
+every variable is going to have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every variable is going to have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every variable is going to have like a
+little diamond structure here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little diamond structure here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little diamond structure here um and
+they're going to be attached one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be attached one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be attached one to the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+and we'll to understand how this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll to understand how this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll to understand how this what
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+when we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we play
+geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography
+on this piece of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this piece of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this piece of the graph
+so but let's just understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but let's just understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but let's just understand the
+structure first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure first
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is the start node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the start node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the start node
+and now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now um
+here i'm player one is going to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm player one is going to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm player one is going to play the
+role of exist player two is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of exist player two is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of exist player two is going to
+play the role of parole and in fact i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the role of parole and in fact i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the role of parole and in fact i'm
+going to identify that so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to identify that so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to identify that so i'm going to
+call because it's going to be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call because it's going to be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call because it's going to be helpful
+just to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+helpful just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful just to
+think about player 1 is being the exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about player 1 is being the exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about player 1 is being the exist
+player so the exist player is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so the exist player is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player so the exist player is going to
+be playing on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be playing on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be playing on this graph
+the exist and the for all players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist and the for all players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist and the for all players are
+going to be playing on this graph it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be playing on this graph it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be playing on this graph it's
+really just players one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just players one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just players one and two
+so exist the exist player player one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exist the exist player player one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exist the exist player player one
+has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+by the rules has to pick the start note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the rules has to pick the start note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the rules has to pick the start note
+and now with player two's move these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with player two's move these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with player two's move these the
+four players move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four players move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four players move
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if you're with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're with me
+on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the for all for the for all players move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all for the for all players move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all for the for all players move
+um is now not very interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is now not very interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is now not very interesting because
+it's forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's forced
+it has to go to here because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go to here because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to go to here because again
+they're just picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just picking
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the nodes of a simple path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes of a simple path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes of a simple path
+in this graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph so
+for the fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the fraud
+player to the for all player has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to the for all player has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to the for all player has to go
+here is if exist started over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if exist started over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if exist started over there
+now um now it's now it's the exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um now it's now it's the exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um now it's now it's the exist
+player's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player's turn
+and now now something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now now something interesting
+happens the exist player has a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the exist player has a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the exist player has a choice
+you can either go left or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either go left or right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either go left or right
+there are two possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two possibilities
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+the four player's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four player's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four player's turn
+who's again just forced so so far for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's again just forced so so far for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's again just forced so so far for
+all has not had much interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has not had much interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has not had much interesting stuff
+to do in this hasn't has not had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in this hasn't has not had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in this hasn't has not had to have
+has not had to think hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not had to think hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not had to think hard
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so for all players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all players
+no matter whether exists went left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether exists went left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter whether exists went left or
+right the for all players move is forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the for all players move is forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the for all players move is forced
+and ends up over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends up over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends up over here
+and now let's see if this player's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's see if this player's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's see if this player's turn
+again this is kind of an easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is kind of an easy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is kind of an easy one
+oh so before i do that let's just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so before i do that let's just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so before i do that let's just look
+at how that play could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first two moves that's kind of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first two moves that's kind of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first two moves that's kind of i
+was suggesting exist goes here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suggesting exist goes here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suggesting exist goes here and then
+for all goes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all goes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all goes there
+i'm gonna i'm gonna illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna i'm gonna illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna i'm gonna illustrate
+kind of possible plays through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of possible plays through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of possible plays through this
+graph by tracing them out in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph by tracing them out in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph by tracing them out in green
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so now exists goes here for all goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now exists goes here for all goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now exists goes here for all goes
+there those those were forced but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those those were forced but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those those were forced but now
+the exist player goes could either go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player goes could either go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player goes could either go
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+could go that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are two
+possible different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible different
+ways of playing this the game that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of playing this the game that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of playing this the game that we
+said we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're building
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh now whose turn is it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was the for all player pick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the for all player pick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the for all player pick this
+one so the the the next turn is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the the the next turn is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the the the next turn is the
+exist player and that's forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+notice now for the first time the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now for the first time the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now for the first time the for
+all player has to think because the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all player has to think because the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all player has to think because the for
+all player can either go left or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so could either go left or it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could either go left or it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could either go left or it could go
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there's going to be a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's going to be a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's going to be a sequence of
+these diamond structures where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diamond structures where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diamond structures where
+kind of they're constructed so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of they're constructed so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of they're constructed so that
+alternately either the exist has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternately either the exist has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternately either the exist has a
+choice or the for all player has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice or the for all player has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice or the for all player has a
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+until you get all the way down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get all the way down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get all the way down to the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that is the graph we've built so far now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the graph we've built so far now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the graph we've built so far now
+if we stopped here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we stopped here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we stopped here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoever ended up at this point whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever ended up at this point whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever ended up at this point whether
+it was existing for all would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was existing for all would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was existing for all would be the
+winner because there's nowhere for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner because there's nowhere for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner because there's nowhere for the
+other for the opponent to go of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for the opponent to go of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for the opponent to go of course
+that wouldn't be very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be very interesting
+so there's going to be more stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be more stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be more stuff we're
+going to add on which are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add on which are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add on which are going to
+correspond to the clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the clauses
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+how to think about what's happened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about what's happened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about what's happened so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+now so maybe as some of you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so maybe as some of you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so maybe as some of you might be
+guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing
+is that um when the exist player over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um when the exist player over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um when the exist player over
+here has a choice could have either gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a choice could have either gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a choice could have either gone
+left or right that's going to correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right that's going to correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right that's going to correspond
+because this is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is supposed to be
+mimicking the formula game that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking the formula game that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking the formula game that's going
+to correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correspond to the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+exist player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist player
+in the formula picking the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula picking the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula picking the variable
+either true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either true or false
+so that the left or right is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the left or right is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the left or right is going to
+correspond to true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to true or false
+and so um let's just arbitrarily say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um let's just arbitrarily say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um let's just arbitrarily say
+left is going to correspond to picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is going to correspond to picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is going to correspond to picking
+it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it true
+and right is going to correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right is going to correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right is going to correspond to
+picking false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+so the way i've said it so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i've said it so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way i've said it so far is
+exist ended up picking the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist ended up picking the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist ended up picking the first
+variable false then for all pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable false then for all pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable false then for all pick the
+second variable false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variable false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second variable false
+and the empty variable also got set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the empty variable also got set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the empty variable also got set
+folds everything got set for so far who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds everything got set for so far who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds everything got set for so far who
+knows what happened over here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what happened over here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what happened over here of course
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay so just to understand what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to understand what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to understand what we've
+done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far
+now i'm going to show you how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to show you how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to show you how to build
+the rest of the graph so let's take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the graph so let's take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the graph so let's take away
+the green part um and now we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green part um and now we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green part um and now we're just
+back to the construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the construction
+the green part is actually how you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green part is actually how you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green part is actually how you use
+that construction so back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that construction so back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that construction so back to the
+construction here now what do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction here now what do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction here now what do we want to
+achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+now by the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the players on the graph have got down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players on the graph have got down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players on the graph have got down
+to here they've effectively made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here they've effectively made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here they've effectively made an
+assignment to the variables by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to the variables by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment to the variables by going
+either left or right at each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either left or right at each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either left or right at each one of
+these diamonds so the assignment is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diamonds so the assignment is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diamonds so the assignment is done
+from the game from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the game from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the game from the perspective of
+the formula game the game is over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula game the game is over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula game the game is over and
+now one side or the other has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one side or the other has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one side or the other has one
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we want to build some extra structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to build some extra structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to build some extra structure
+here as a kind of an end game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a kind of an end game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a kind of an end game
+to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the for all player gets stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all player gets stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all player gets stuck
+if the exist player has made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exist player has made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exist player has made an
+assignment which satisfies the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment which satisfies the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment which satisfies the formula
+satisfies this part of the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this part of the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this part of the formula
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the exist player should get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player should get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player should get stuck
+if the for all player if the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the for all player if the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the for all player if the assignment
+that they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they made
+does not satisfy the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not satisfy the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not satisfy the form
+okay so let's see how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how we're going to
+achieve that with some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that with some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that with some additional
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's going to be some extra node over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some extra node over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some extra node over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+let me just tell you what the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you what the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just tell you what the structure
+is and then we'll argue why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then we'll argue why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then we'll argue why it works
+so there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be
+going from this bottom node we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from this bottom node we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from this bottom node we're going
+to start a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a kind of
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the second part of the graph there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the graph there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of the graph there's
+going to be a node which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a node which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a node which
+fans out to a node for each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans out to a node for each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans out to a node for each one of the
+clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each one of those clauses in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those clauses in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those clauses in turn
+fans out to a node for each one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans out to a node for each one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans out to a node for each one of its
+literals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see we have clause c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see we have clause c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see we have clause c1
+and it has the literals x1 x2 bar x3 x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the literals x1 x2 bar x3 x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the literals x1 x2 bar x3 x1
+x2 bar x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 bar x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 bar x3
+so there's no note for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no note for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no note for each of the
+literals and clause c1 same for clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals and clause c1 same for clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals and clause c1 same for clause
+c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're almost done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're almost done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're almost done
+now i'm going to tell you how to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to tell you how to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to tell you how to connect
+up these literal nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these literal nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these literal nodes
+so x1 each node is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x1 each node is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x1 each node is going to get
+correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+its own diamond so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own diamond so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own diamond so now we're going to
+tie it back to the the first part where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie it back to the the first part where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie it back to the the first part where
+we made the assignment the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made the assignment the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made the assignment the assignment
+part of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the graph
+x1 is going to connect back to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 is going to connect back to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 is going to connect back to the true
+part of the x1 diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x2 because it's negated is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 because it's negated is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 because it's negated is going to
+tie back to the false part of the x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie back to the false part of the x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie back to the false part of the x2
+diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond
+because it's an x2 variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly x1 bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly x1 bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly x1 bar
+now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in
+you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in
+because x1 bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x1 bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x1 bar
+you know here's x1 bar and clause 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's x1 bar and clause 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's x1 bar and clause 2.
+x1 bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 bar
+is going to connect up now to the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to connect up now to the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to connect up now to the full
+side of the x1 diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x2 bar is going to connect up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 bar is going to connect up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 bar is going to connect up to the
+full side of the x2 diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full side of the x2 diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full side of the x2 diamond
+and so on so if we had i don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so if we had i don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so if we had i don't have the
+other diamonds here but the x4 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diamonds here but the x4 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diamonds here but the x4 would
+connect up to the true side of the x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect up to the true side of the x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect up to the true side of the x4
+diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+that's the whole construction let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole construction let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole construction let's
+understand why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it works
+okay so the end game here is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the end game here is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the end game here is we want
+exist to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist to win
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if the assignment satisfied all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the assignment satisfied all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the assignment satisfied all the
+clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses
+and for all should win if there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all should win if there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all should win if there was some
+unsatisfied clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied clause
+okay so why why does this happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why why does this happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why why does this happen so
+let's put back an assignment here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put back an assignment here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put back an assignment here that
+was made so here's here for the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made so here's here for the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made so here's here for the in the
+one i'm i'm putting back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i'm i'm putting back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i'm i'm putting back is
+you know the assignment that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the assignment that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the assignment that they
+cooperatively built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively built
+had x1 being true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had x1 being true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had x1 being true
+x2 being false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 being false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 being false
+and some other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other stuff
+now why does this work so what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does this work so what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does this work so what we want
+to have happen now now so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have happen now now so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have happen now now so now the
+move proceeds over to here and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move proceeds over to here and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move proceeds over to here and you need
+to arrange it so that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the one who picks that note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one who picks that note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one who picks that note
+if you have a um if you know if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a um if you know if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a um if you know if you you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+if this would have been for all just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this would have been for all just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this would have been for all just add
+an extra node to switch who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra node to switch who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra node to switch who's
+whose turn it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose turn it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose turn it is
+but you want exist to be up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want exist to be up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want exist to be up here and
+what you want is for all to be picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is for all to be picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is for all to be picking
+the clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause
+the clause note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause note
+now here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here is
+here's the part to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the part to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the part to understand what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want
+for all to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all to win
+if this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is not
+satisfied so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so the
+for all is going to make a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all is going to make a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all is going to make a claim
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if this is not satisfied there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is not satisfied there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is not satisfied there is some
+clause which is not satisfied there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause which is not satisfied there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause which is not satisfied there's
+some clause which ended up being false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clause which ended up being false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clause which ended up being false
+in the assignment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assignment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assignment so
+the for all player gonna say i think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all player gonna say i think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all player gonna say i think i
+won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won
+and i won because clause number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won because clause number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won because clause number one is
+unsatisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied
+so it's going to pick clause number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to pick clause number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to pick clause number one
+so here's the four players more going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the four players more going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the four players more going
+his exist player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his exist player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his exist player
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the four player picks the clause claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four player picks the clause claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four player picks the clause claimed
+unsatisfied so over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied so over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied so over here
+full player says claude c1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full player says claude c1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full player says claude c1 is
+unsatisfied i'm going to move here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied i'm going to move here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied i'm going to move here
+if this player says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this player says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this player says
+i don't agree with you the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't agree with you the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't agree with you the assignment
+you know your your line um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your your line um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your your line um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+assignment actually makes one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment actually makes one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment actually makes one of the
+literals true in clause c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals true in clause c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals true in clause c1
+let's say it made x1 was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it made x1 was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it made x1 was true
+as it as in fact it is here x1 in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it as in fact it is here x1 in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it as in fact it is here x1 in fact
+is true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true so
+exist is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is now
+its turn it's going to pick the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its turn it's going to pick the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its turn it's going to pick the the
+literal that was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal that was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal that was true
+in the assignment in that clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assignment in that clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assignment in that clause
+that the fraud player is claiming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fraud player is claiming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fraud player is claiming is
+unsatisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied
+one of them is lying at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is lying at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is lying at this point
+this is either now true in here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is either now true in here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is either now true in here which
+means a for all player did not pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a for all player did not pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a for all player did not pick an
+unsatisfied clause or the exist player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied clause or the exist player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied clause or the exist player
+picked a false literal which is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a false literal which is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a false literal which is the the
+the exist player picked the false letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player picked the false letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exist player picked the false letter
+over to the exist players lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the exist players lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the exist players lie
+so now we're gonna now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're gonna now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're gonna now
+the moment of truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of truth
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+let's see if exist gold picked here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if exist gold picked here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if exist gold picked here
+now it's um the for all's players turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's um the for all's players turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's um the for all's players turn
+it's connected back to the true side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected back to the true side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected back to the true side of
+the diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that node was already used that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that node was already used that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that node was already used that's the
+only place that for all could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only place that for all could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only place that for all could possibly
+go for all is stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for all is stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for all is stuck
+and an exist has won the game which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an exist has won the game which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an exist has won the game which is
+what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for all claims are false and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all claims are false and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all claims are false and the and the
+exist was was was was correct in saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist was was was was correct in saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist was was was was correct in saying
+that x1 satisfied clause c1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x1 satisfied clause c1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x1 satisfied clause c1
+so x1 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x1 is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x1 is true
+so um there's nowhere for for all to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um there's nowhere for for all to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um there's nowhere for for all to go
+but compare that with the situation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but compare that with the situation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but compare that with the situation if
+the assignment on this part of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment on this part of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment on this part of the graph
+had gone through the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone through the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gone through the false
+had assigned x1 to be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had assigned x1 to be false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had assigned x1 to be false
+so the path had gone through the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the path had gone through the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the path had gone through the full
+side of the diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diamond
+now this node would still be unoccupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this node would still be unoccupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this node would still be unoccupied
+would still be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still be um
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+so now the for role play so if if exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the for role play so if if exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the for role play so if if exist
+was claiming that x1 was true and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was claiming that x1 was true and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was claiming that x1 was true and it
+really was false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fraud player would be able to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraud player would be able to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraud player would be able to move
+on to that node and now it's the exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to that node and now it's the exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to that node and now it's the exist
+player's turn and the exist would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player's turn and the exist would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player's turn and the exist would be
+stuck because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck because
+this node down here is guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node down here is guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node down here is guaranteed to
+have been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that
+is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea
+it's really very beautiful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really very beautiful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really very beautiful um
+and actually not that complicated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually not that complicated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually not that complicated you
+have to you have to stare at it a bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to stare at it a bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you have to stare at it a bit so
+let's just see what happens for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what happens for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what happens for example
+if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+i had one other case maybe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had one other case maybe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had one other case maybe it's not
+necessary at this point um but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary at this point um but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary at this point um but you know
+if the for all player claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the for all player claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the for all player claimed
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it's the second clause which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the second clause which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the second clause which is
+unsatisfied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied in the
+mutually selected assignment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually selected assignment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually selected assignment um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so this is sort of the the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the the case where
+the for all players is correct um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all players is correct um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for all players is correct um you
+know in in that if the exist player now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in that if the exist player now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in in that if the exist player now
+says well i think x1 bar satisfied that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well i think x1 bar satisfied that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well i think x1 bar satisfied that
+uh second clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh second clause
+but you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know this
+assignment made x1 true so x1 bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment made x1 true so x1 bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment made x1 true so x1 bar is
+false and so the exist player is lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and so the exist player is lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and so the exist player is lying
+this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time
+and so now the for all player can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the for all player can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the for all player can take
+this last edge and go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last edge and go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last edge and go here
+and has one one last move to make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has one one last move to make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has one one last move to make and
+then the exist player stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exist player stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exist player stuck
+so the for all will win in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the for all will win in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the for all will win in that case
+so let's turn now shifting gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn now shifting gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn now shifting gears
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+to a different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+part of the spate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the spate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the spate you know
+of space complexity instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space complexity instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space complexity instead of looking
+at polynomial space which is like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at polynomial space which is like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at polynomial space which is like very
+powerful we're going to look at log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful we're going to look at log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful we're going to look at log
+space which is comparatively speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is comparatively speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is comparatively speaking
+much much weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much weaker
+so log space are the things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log space are the things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log space are the things that you can
+do when you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you only have
+enough space to write down essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough space to write down essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough space to write down essentially a
+pointer or some fixed number of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or some fixed number of pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer or some fixed number of pointers
+into the input that's what you get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the input that's what you get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the input that's what you get when
+you have logarithmic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know because log space is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because log space is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because log space is enough to
+write down an index of something um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an index of something um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an index of something um so
+you can just this is what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just this is what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just this is what you can do
+with a bunch of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of pointers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order to make sense of this we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make sense of this we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make sense of this we have
+to change the model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the model of computation
+because if we use the ordinary one tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we use the ordinary one tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we use the ordinary one tape
+turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine
+just scanning across the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scanning across the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scanning across the input
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+just reading the input with the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reading the input with the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reading the input with the way
+we've defined it would cost space n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined it would cost space n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined it would cost space n
+and so you can't even read the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't even read the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't even read the input
+if you have less than n space available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have less than n space available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have less than n space available
+like log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log space
+so we're going to introduce a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to introduce a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to introduce a different
+model just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just
+to allow us to define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow us to define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow us to define this
+and that's a model where it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a model where it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a model where it's going to
+be have two tapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have two tapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be have two tapes
+where the part that contains the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the part that contains the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the part that contains the input
+doesn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count
+and that's in order to make sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in order to make sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in order to make sure it
+doesn't you know it's not being cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you know it's not being cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't you know it's not being cheated
+the the input tape is going to be read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the input tape is going to be read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the input tape is going to be read
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+um but it doesn't count toward the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it doesn't count toward the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it doesn't count toward the space
+used only the work tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only the work tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only the work tape
+which is now has can read can be read or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now has can read can be read or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now has can read can be read or
+or written or red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or written or red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or written or red
+is going to count toward the space bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to count toward the space bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to count toward the space bound
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so now what we're going to define is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we're going to define is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we're going to define is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+using this definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this definition for
+our space complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our space complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our space complexity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we'll define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define
+space log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space log n
+the things that you can do if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you can do if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you can do if you have
+only a log amount of space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a log amount of space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a log amount of space here
+on the work tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the work tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the work tape
+so the length of the input is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the length of the input is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the length of the input is n
+the length of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the work tape is lo order log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work tape is lo order log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work tape is lo order log n
+so we have uh the deterministic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have uh the deterministic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have uh the deterministic and
+non-deterministic associated classes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic associated classes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic associated classes uh
+space log n and n space log n we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space log n and n space log n we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space log n and n space log n we're
+calling that l and n l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that l and n l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling that l and n l
+log space and not deterministic log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space and not deterministic log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space and not deterministic log
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+okay um and as i said that's just enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and as i said that's just enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and as i said that's just enough
+space to write down some pointers into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to write down some pointers into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to write down some pointers into
+the input and let's do some quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and let's do some quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and let's do some quick
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if you take the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take the language of
+palindromes essentially or ww reverse um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindromes essentially or ww reverse um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindromes essentially or ww reverse um
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+in log space uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log space uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log space uh
+so here is a string i don't know i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a string i don't know i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a string i don't know i was
+here's a string that's in www reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a string that's in www reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a string that's in www reverse
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i mean the ordinary way you might use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean the ordinary way you might use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean the ordinary way you might use to
+test whether a string is of this form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test whether a string is of this form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test whether a string is of this form in
+ww reverse might be to cross off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ww reverse might be to cross off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ww reverse might be to cross off
+corresponding locations here but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding locations here but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding locations here but you
+can't do that it's a read-only input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that it's a read-only input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that it's a read-only input
+tape so you have to somehow avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape so you have to somehow avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape so you have to somehow avoid
+writing on the input tape but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the input tape but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing on the input tape but still
+testing whether you're in this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether you're in this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether you're in this language
+it's not hard to do you can use the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to do you can use the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to do you can use the work
+tape just to keep track of where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape just to keep track of where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape just to keep track of where your
+pointers would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers would be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in so doing you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so doing you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so doing you can just
+make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're
+matching off corresponding locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching off corresponding locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching off corresponding locations
+with each other in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in the input
+so log space because of its ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log space because of its ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so log space because of its ability to
+store some fixed number of pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store some fixed number of pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store some fixed number of pointers
+it gives you enough to test membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you enough to test membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you enough to test membership
+in this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this language
+so this is in this is solvable in log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in this is solvable in log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in this is solvable in log
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the path problem which we've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path problem which we've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path problem which we've seen before
+you know you're given a graph and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're given a graph and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're given a graph and a
+start node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start node and
+an ending node or a start and a target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending node or a start and a target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending node or a start and a target
+you're given a graph of an s and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a graph of an s and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a graph of an s and t
+it's a directed graph and you know can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a directed graph and you know can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a directed graph and you know can i
+know can i get from s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can i get from s to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can i get from s to t
+um so that problem is solvable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that problem is solvable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that problem is solvable in
+non-deterministic log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because as
+um the way we would do that i'm not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way we would do that i'm not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way we would do that i'm not not
+writing this down in in any detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this down in in any detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this down in in any detail but
+uh what you would do in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you would do in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you would do in your
+um not you know non-deterministic log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not you know non-deterministic log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not you know non-deterministic log
+space machine you have your input graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space machine you have your input graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space machine you have your input graph
+written here in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here in the input
+and you're just going to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to guess the
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes
+one by one which takes you from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one which takes you from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one which takes you from the
+start node to the target node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start node to the target node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start node to the target node
+you're not going to write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to write down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to write down that
+whole sequence because that in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sequence because that in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sequence because that in advance
+because that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be
+cost you way too much space to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you way too much space to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you way too much space to write
+down the only space that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the only space that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the only space that you're going to
+use is to remember the current location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is to remember the current location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is to remember the current location
+we are sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are sitting
+so you start out you know you write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start out you know you write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start out you know you write down
+on the work tape the start node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the work tape the start node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the work tape the start node
+then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to
+non-deterministically pick one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically pick one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically pick one of the
+outgoing edges from the start node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from the start node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges from the start node and
+look at its associated node and replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its associated node and replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its associated node and replace
+that on your work tape and keep keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on your work tape and keep keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on your work tape and keep keep
+repeating that if you ever get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that if you ever get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating that if you ever get to the
+node t then you can accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you also have to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have to be a little careful
+i don't have this on on the slide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have this on on the slide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have this on on the slide you
+also have to make sure that if the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to make sure that if the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to make sure that if the graph
+has a loop in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or because that's not allowed in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because that's not allowed in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because that's not allowed in space
+complexity uh so you're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh so you're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh so you're going to need
+also a counter to make sure that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a counter to make sure that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a counter to make sure that if you
+count up to a um you've you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count up to a um you've you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count up to a um you've you you you
+you've gone through a number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone through a number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone through a number of nodes
+which exceeds the total number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exceeds the total number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exceeds the total number of nodes
+in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph
+uh then you can shut down that branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you can shut down that branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you can shut down that branch of
+the non-determinism uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-determinism uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-determinism uh because
+you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's
+you know just it's just going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just it's just going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just it's just going in
+a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if there's any path that connects s to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any path that connects s to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any path that connects s to t
+there's certainly going to be a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly going to be a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certainly going to be a path
+that has at most the number of nodes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has at most the number of nodes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has at most the number of nodes of
+the graph in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in it
+okay um so path is in nl this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so path is in nl this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so path is in nl this language
+here is an in l um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an in l um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an in l um
+what's the relationship between l and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship between l and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship between l and n
+l well certainly the deterministic class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l well certainly the deterministic class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l well certainly the deterministic class
+is contained in the non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in the non-deterministic
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+that's all that's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that's known
+whether these two collapse down to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these two collapse down to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these two collapse down to be
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+is unsolved and so we're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unsolved and so we're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unsolved and so we're going to spend
+a little time next lecture exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time next lecture exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little time next lecture exploring
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um but but let's let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but let's let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but let's let's first
+look at some of the basic facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the basic facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the basic facts about
+log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space
+um sort of setting ourselves up for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of setting ourselves up for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of setting ourselves up for next
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first of all anything that you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all anything that you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all anything that you can do in
+log space you can do in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space you can do in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space you can do in polynomial time
+in a sense kind of trivially and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense kind of trivially and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense kind of trivially and in a
+sense we almost kind of really proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we almost kind of really proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we almost kind of really proved
+this already because if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already because if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already because if you remember
+we said that anything that you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that anything that you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that anything that you can do in
+a certain amount of space you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of space you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of space you can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+in that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that much
+uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do
+in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+that's exponential in the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exponential in the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exponential in the amount of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+in the corresponding amount of space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corresponding amount of space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corresponding amount of space so
+going from space to time blows you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from space to time blows you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from space to time blows you up
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+order log the exponential of order log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log the exponential of order log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log the exponential of order log n
+is polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polynomial
+so the way we're going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we're going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we're going to prove this
+and again we kind of proved this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we kind of proved this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we kind of proved this already
+but let's just go through it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just go through it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just go through it again
+specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to
+log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log space
+uh we'll say and this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll say and this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll say and this is going to be a
+useful definition for us anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful definition for us anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful definition for us anyway um
+a configuration for m on w so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a configuration for m on w so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a configuration for m on w so we would
+also we already talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we already talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we already talked about a
+configuration of turing machine m which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of turing machine m which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of turing machine m which
+is just a snapshot which is the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a snapshot which is the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a snapshot which is the tape
+the state and the head position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and the head position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and the head position
+when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+input which is sort of an uh read-only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is sort of an uh read-only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is sort of an uh read-only
+input which is not being counted toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is not being counted toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is not being counted toward
+the space we don't include that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space we don't include that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space we don't include that in the
+configuration um we just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um we just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration um we just say
+it's a configuration of m on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a configuration of m on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a configuration of m on that
+particular input but we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input but we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular input but we're going to be
+counting configurations and i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting configurations and i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting configurations and i don't want
+to count all the different inputs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count all the different inputs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count all the different inputs as
+well i'm going to fix the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to fix the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to fix the input and
+count all of the configurations relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count all of the configurations relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count all of the configurations relative
+to that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so the number of such configurations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of such configurations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of such configurations is
+just simply going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply going to be
+the number of states times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of states times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of states times the number of
+head positions for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head positions for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head positions for the two
+heads now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads now
+times the number of possible tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of possible tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of possible tape
+contents and which as i mentioned here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents and which as i mentioned here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents and which as i mentioned here
+is the number of different possible tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of different possible tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of different possible tape
+contents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents
+it's d which is the tape alphabet to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's d which is the tape alphabet to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's d which is the tape alphabet to the
+order log n and that's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log n and that's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order log n and that's just going to be
+n to the k for some k so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the k for some k so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the k for some k so it's going to
+be polynomial so that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be polynomial so that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be polynomial so that tells us
+that because the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because the total number of
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for m on w is polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m on w is polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m on w is polynomial
+this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine
+can only be running for a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be running for a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be running for a polynomial
+number of steps otherwise it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps otherwise it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps otherwise it will be
+looping people are repeating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping people are repeating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping people are repeating a
+configuration and so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and so therefore
+that machine has to run itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine has to run itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine has to run itself in
+polynomial time so you don't really in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time so you don't really in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time so you don't really in a
+sense have to do any work if a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense have to do any work if a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense have to do any work if a machine
+is deterministically designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deterministically designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deterministically designing a
+language in log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in log space
+it's also deterministically deciding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also deterministically deciding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also deterministically deciding the
+language in polynomial time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in polynomial time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in polynomial time because
+that's all the time you can use when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the time you can use when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all the time you can use when you
+have log space unless you're looping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have log space unless you're looping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have log space unless you're looping
+which is not allowed okay so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not allowed okay so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not allowed okay so therefore
+the same machine shows that you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same machine shows that you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same machine shows that you're also
+in pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pain
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+i'll get to that in a second one thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get to that in a second one thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get to that in a second one thing i
+forgot to mention on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention on the previous slide
+when i'm talking about the model is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm talking about the model is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm talking about the model is by
+the way this model is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this model is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this model is not so
+unreasonable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable um
+where you have kind of a imagine having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have kind of a imagine having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have kind of a imagine having
+a very large read-only input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large read-only input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large read-only input
+and and your local storage is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and your local storage is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and your local storage is much
+smaller it's much too small to pull in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it's much too small to pull in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it's much too small to pull in
+the entire input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire input
+the way i used to explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i used to explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i used to explain this
+years ago was like you have a your input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago was like you have a your input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago was like you have a your input
+is a cd-rom which you guys probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cd-rom which you guys probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cd-rom which you guys probably
+barely even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely even
+know what it is anymore but used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is anymore but used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is anymore but used to
+distribute software that way so the rom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute software that way so the rom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute software that way so the rom
+was like on a dvd uh or cd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like on a dvd uh or cd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like on a dvd uh or cd
+which contain your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contain your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contain your
+whatever you're trying to like yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're trying to like yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're trying to like yourself
+whether you're trying to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're trying to distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're trying to distribute
+you know it was some large thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was some large thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was some large thing uh
+relatively and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively and so
+you would imagine having a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would imagine having a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would imagine having a smaller
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of
+memory relative to that so you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory relative to that so you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory relative to that so you didn't
+want to necessarily copy that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to necessarily copy that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to necessarily copy that whole
+thing into your storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into your storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into your storage
+maybe even a better example now is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a better example now is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a better example now is like
+you think of the input as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the input as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the input as being the
+entire internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire internet
+um obviously you can't download unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously you can't download unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously you can't download unless
+you're google you can't download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're google you can't download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're google you can't download
+the whole internet into your own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole internet into your own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole internet into your own uh
+local memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local memory
+but you're going to have references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to have references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to have references
+pointers into the input into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers into the input into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers into the input into different
+places that's perhaps more analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that's perhaps more analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that's perhaps more analogous to
+this sort of read-only input touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of read-only input touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of read-only input touring
+machine model that i'm describing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine model that i'm describing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine model that i'm describing um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's another fact i want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's another fact i want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's another fact i want to mention
+is that i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i'm not going to
+savage just the anything that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage just the anything that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savage just the anything that you can do
+non-deterministic log space you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space you can do
+in deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in deterministic
+uh space but now with a squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space but now with a squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space but now with a squaring
+and that's using the same proof that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's using the same proof that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's using the same proof that's
+using savage's theorem which you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using savage's theorem which you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using savage's theorem which you have to
+check also works down to log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check also works down to log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check also works down to log space
+same proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so anything that you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that you do not
+deterministically in log n space you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically in log n space you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically in log n space you can
+use deterministically log squared n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use deterministically log squared n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use deterministically log squared n
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+okay so let me just see if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just see if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just see if there's a
+couple of questions i want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of questions i want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of questions i want to answer
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+l and nl is not known to be strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and nl is not known to be strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and nl is not known to be strict
+nobody knows of an example no one knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows of an example no one knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows of an example no one knows
+whether they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're equal
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and have people looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have people looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have people looked at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sublinear time classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes generally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes generally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes generally for
+when you have non-deterministic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have non-deterministic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have non-deterministic or
+probabilistic which we're not haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic which we're not haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic which we're not haven't
+defined yet but we will um people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined yet but we will um people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined yet but we will um people have
+looked at um those sub-linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um those sub-linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um those sub-linear time
+classes as well deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as well deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as well deterministically
+doesn't make so much sense because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make so much sense because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make so much sense because then
+you can't even talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even talk about
+either the whole input um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh let me move on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me move on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let me move on um
+okay so this this is my last slide let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this is my last slide let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this is my last slide let
+me see if we can do this before we break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if we can do this before we break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see if we can do this before we break
+um not only is l contained within p but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not only is l contained within p but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not only is l contained within p but
+this much stronger statement is that nl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much stronger statement is that nl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much stronger statement is that nl
+is contained within p and that we you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained within p and that we you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained within p and that we you'll
+that for that you'll have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that you'll have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that you'll have to do some
+work because converting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because converting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because converting your
+non-deterministic log space machine to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space machine to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space machine to a
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+um obviously you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously you're going to have to
+change the machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the machine um
+and so we'll introduce a new method here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll introduce a new method here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll introduce a new method here
+maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we'll
+quickly go over this at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go over this at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly go over this at the beginning of
+the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+i don't like rushing through things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't like rushing through things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't like rushing through things at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+but for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this
+if i if i'm given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i'm given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i'm given
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic machine
+that runs in log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs in log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that runs in log space
+i want to make a new machine that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make a new machine that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make a new machine that runs
+in polynomial time deterministically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time deterministically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time deterministically for
+the same language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same language
+and i'm going to define something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to define something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to define something called
+the configuration graph for m on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration graph for m on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration graph for m on an
+input w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input w
+and that's just you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just you take
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+and it's and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and w
+its input and you look at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its input and you look at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its input and you look at all of the
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for m w actually configuration graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m w actually configuration graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m w actually configuration graph
+actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's
+should be called the computation graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be called the computation graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be called the computation graph
+that's what it's called in the book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's called in the book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's called in the book but
+okay this is a typo yeah i'll fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a typo yeah i'll fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a typo yeah i'll fix that
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+uh it doesn't matter computation graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't matter computation graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't matter computation graph
+configuration will graph uh all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration will graph uh all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration will graph uh all the same
+basically you're going to take all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're going to take all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're going to take all of
+the configurations of m on w of which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurations of m on w of which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurations of m on w of which we
+already observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already observed
+only number or only polynomial in number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only number or only polynomial in number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only number or only polynomial in number
+and may they become the nodes of a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may they become the nodes of a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may they become the nodes of a graph
+and the edges connect two configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges connect two configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges connect two configurations
+if one follows another according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one follows another according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one follows another according to the
+rules of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the machine
+okay so here's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a picture
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ins this is some graph the nodes of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins this is some graph the nodes of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins this is some graph the nodes of this
+graph are the configurations of m on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph are the configurations of m on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph are the configurations of m on w
+right so each node here corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each node here corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each node here corresponds to
+the machine a snapshot of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine a snapshot of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine a snapshot of the machine
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+tape contents head position and state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so writing down all those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so writing down all those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so writing down all those different
+configurations i connect one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations i connect one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations i connect one to the
+other if i can get to cj cj from ci in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if i can get to cj cj from ci in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if i can get to cj cj from ci in
+one step legally on the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step legally on the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step legally on the machine
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the non-deterministic machine m accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic machine m accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic machine m accepts
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+exactly when there's a path from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when there's a path from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when there's a path from the
+start configuration to the to to to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration to the to to to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration to the to to to an
+accept configuration let's assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept configuration let's assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept configuration let's assume we
+have just a single accept configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a single accept configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a single accept configuration
+as we argue we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we argue we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we argue we can do
+one or two lectures back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two lectures back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two lectures back
+um if we clean up the tapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we clean up the tapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we clean up the tapes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+testing whether you can get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether you can get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing whether you can get from the
+start to the accept um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to the accept um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to the accept um
+uh is the same as testing whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the same as testing whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the same as testing whether the
+machine accepts its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine accepts its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine accepts its input
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+because we can test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can test
+whether there's a path in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a path in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a path in a graph
+connecting two nodes in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting two nodes in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting two nodes in polynomial time
+we can solve this problem on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve this problem on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve this problem on this
+computation configuration graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation configuration graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation configuration graph in
+polynomial time and so we can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time and so we can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time and so we can figure out
+whether the non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the non-deterministic machine
+accepts its input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts its input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts its input
+sorry that came a little faster than i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that came a little faster than i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that came a little faster than i
+like to do so we'll we'll we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do so we'll we'll we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do so we'll we'll we'll see it
+again um so here's the polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so here's the polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um so here's the polynomial time
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+you construct the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you construct the graph
+you accept if there's a path from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept if there's a path from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept if there's a path from the
+star to the accept and you reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star to the accept and you reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star to the accept and you reject it
+does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so that tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that tells us that
+not only is l contained with an nl but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is l contained with an nl but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is l contained with an nl but
+nl itself is also contained within p so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nl itself is also contained within p so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nl itself is also contained within p so
+here's that here's a kind of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that here's a kind of a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that here's a kind of a nice
+hierarchy of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of languages
+we don't not only do we not know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't not only do we not know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't not only do we not know whether
+l equals n l we don't know whether l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals n l we don't know whether l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals n l we don't know whether l
+equals p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals p
+it's possible that anything you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that anything you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that anything you can do
+in polynomial time you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time you can do
+deterministically in log space shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically in log space shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically in log space shocking
+as that might be because it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that might be because it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that might be because it's a pretty
+weak class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak class
+but we don't know how to prove that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know how to prove that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know how to prove that uh
+there's anything different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything different
+anything in p that's not in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in p that's not in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in p that's not in here
+um last check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last check in
+uh so we showed that path is in nl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we showed that path is in nl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we showed that path is in nl
+what's the best thing we can do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best thing we can do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best thing we can do about
+the deterministic space complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic space complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deterministic space complexity of
+path so deterministic so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so deterministic so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so deterministic so this is
+non-deterministic log space what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic log space what can we
+say deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say deterministically
+about path um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about path um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about path um
+hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint
+this should not be this should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should not be this should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should not be this should not be
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+uh if you think back to what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think back to what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you think back to what we've
+shown very recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown very recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown very recently
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get your check in points closing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your check in points closing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your check in points closing up
+closing stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing stop here
+all set one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so the correct answer is log squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the correct answer is log squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the correct answer is log squared
+space because this is just savages there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because this is just savages there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because this is just savages there
+we can do it in log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it in log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it in log space
+non-deterministically so you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically so you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministically so you can do it
+in log squared space deterministically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log squared space deterministically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in log squared space deterministically
+okay so that's um this is what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's um this is what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's um this is what we did
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i as i mentioned i will uh do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i as i mentioned i will uh do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i as i mentioned i will uh do this
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on at tuesday's lecture just to recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at tuesday's lecture just to recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at tuesday's lecture just to recap
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+all right so i'll stick around a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i'll stick around a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i'll stick around a little
+bit for questions and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for questions and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for questions and um
+okay someone says to be about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone says to be about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone says to be about the
+nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature
+why is it l in l space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it l in l space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it l in l space
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i you know
+because there's not really people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not really people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not really people don't
+usually talk about l time so l is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talk about l time so l is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talk about l time so l is sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+everybody knows it's the only reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows it's the only reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows it's the only reasonable
+option is space so people just say l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is space so people just say l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is space so people just say l and
+then l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then l
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i mean some of these things have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean some of these things have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean some of these things have had
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know these things these names have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these things these names have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these things these names have a
+little bit evolved over time and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit evolved over time and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit evolved over time and even
+now some people say talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some people say talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some people say talk about uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know i call time classes some call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i call time classes some call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i call time classes some call
+some people call it d time classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it d time classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it d time classes
+you know it's just you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you can make different choices there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can make different choices there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can make different choices there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why does savage's theorem work for log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does savage's theorem work for log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does savage's theorem work for log n
+you have to you have to look back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to look back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to look back and
+see what you needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you needed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and all you needed to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you needed to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you needed to be able to do
+was to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to um
+write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+uh the configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the configurations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh if you look back at how savage's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look back at how savage's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look back at how savage's
+theorem works you're just needing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works you're just needing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem works you're just needing to
+write down the configuration so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the configuration so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the configuration so the
+deterministic machine can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine can write down the
+configurations for the non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations for the non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations for the non-deterministic
+machine they take exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine they take exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine they take exactly the same
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+and then you look at the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look at the recursion
+and the the depth of the recursion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the depth of the recursion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the depth of the recursion is
+going to be exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exponential
+in um the size of the configurations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um the size of the configurations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um the size of the configurations and
+so you're going to end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to end up with a
+squaring again you have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring again you have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring again you have to go back and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+rethink that proof and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink that proof and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink that proof and you'll see
+nowhere did it need a linear amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere did it need a linear amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere did it need a linear amount of
+space it works down to a lot it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it works down to a lot it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it works down to a lot it actually
+does not work for less than log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work for less than log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work for less than log n
+log n is sort of the lower threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is sort of the lower threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n is sort of the lower threshold
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and the reason for that is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is because you
+also need to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to store the
+input location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input location
+and that already takes log space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that already takes log space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that already takes log space
+uh the you know not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the you know not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the you know not the
+the the the head tape heads the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the head tape heads the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the head tape heads the tape
+heads already kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads already kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads already kind of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+have kind of a log space aspect to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of a log space aspect to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of a log space aspect to them
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+if you're going to you use less than log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to you use less than log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to you use less than log
+space then funky things happen with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then funky things happen with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space then funky things happen with the
+tape head storing the tape heads and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape head storing the tape heads and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape head storing the tape heads and so
+less than log space usually turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than log space usually turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than log space usually turns out
+not to be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be interesting
+very specific to turing machines and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific to turing machines and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific to turing machines and not
+sort of general general models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so somebody's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so somebody's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so somebody's asking
+suppose in the reduction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose in the reduction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose in the reduction um
+to generalize geography from tqbf if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize geography from tqbf if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize geography from tqbf if the
+formula had two exists in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula had two exists in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula had two exists in a row
+um then you would do kind of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you would do kind of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you would do kind of the natural
+thing in the graph instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the graph instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the graph instead of having
+that spacer edge between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spacer edge between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spacer edge between the two
+diamonds you could just have one diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds you could just have one diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds you could just have one diamond
+connecting directly to the other diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting directly to the other diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting directly to the other diamond
+without a spacer edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a spacer edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a spacer edge
+and that would be give you the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be give you the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be give you the effect
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+not switching whose turn it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not switching whose turn it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not switching whose turn it is
+uh somebody's asking me just a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody's asking me just a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somebody's asking me just a general
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+are people thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people thinking about
+these open problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these open problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these open problems
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people don't don't don't say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't don't don't say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't don't don't say um
+there was a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of work
+on problems related that seemed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problems related that seemed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on problems related that seemed to be
+related to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to those
+those many open questions like p versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those many open questions like p versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those many open questions like p versus
+np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+l versus nl or l versus p and so on p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l versus nl or l versus p and so on p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l versus nl or l versus p and so on p
+versus p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus p space
+we'll say we'll talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say we'll talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say we'll talk a little bit more
+about some of that there's some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of that there's some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of that there's some very
+interesting things that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that have been
+developed i think there's a sense within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed i think there's a sense within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed i think there's a sense within
+the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community
+that people are stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are stuck
+and it's not something you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not something you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not something you're going to
+need some sort of major new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some sort of major new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some sort of major new
+uh idea in order to push the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea in order to push the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea in order to push the thing
+forward so i don't know how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so i don't know how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so i don't know how many people
+are still thinking about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i hope people are because i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope people are because i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope people are because i would like
+to see the answer at some point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the answer at some point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the answer at some point but
+or get the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get the answer
+i think about them sometimes myself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think about them sometimes myself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think about them sometimes myself but
+one has to acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to acknowledge
+chances of success are not high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances of success are not high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances of success are not high
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so we're a little after past the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're a little after past the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're a little after past the end of
+the hour here um unless there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour here um unless there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour here um unless there's any
+other questions if i didn't answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions if i didn't answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions if i didn't answer your
+question i may have missed it so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i may have missed it so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question i may have missed it so you can
+ask again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but otherwise i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise i'm going to
+close this close the session here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this close the session here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this close the session here
+okay bye bye all have a good weekend see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bye bye all have a good weekend see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bye bye all have a good weekend see
+you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you next week
+take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/56d9qcsHGwE.txt b/56d9qcsHGwE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3900037e7824c10531f6a741de94e6161550aa56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/56d9qcsHGwE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2484 @@
+NARRATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons License.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so this takes us
+into the paper by Heitler
+
+and London, where, by using
+the concept of linear
+
+combination of atomic orbitals
+into molecular orbitals for a
+
+large number of atoms, instead
+of splitting one plus one
+
+atoms, making a bond into two
+energy levels of bonding and
+
+AN antibonding, we take a large
+number of atoms, bring
+
+them together, and we get a
+large number of bonding
+
+orbitals and a large number
+of antibonding orbitals.
+
+And they have to lie within a
+zone of about 5 to 10 electron
+
+volts, which means if you put
+Avogadro's number of these
+
+things together, you're going
+to end up with an energy
+
+difference between successive
+energy levels on the order of
+
+about 10 to the minus 20
+electron volts, or 10 to the
+
+minus 40 joules.
+
+And for all intents and
+purposes, that is a continuum,
+
+and hence, the term band.
+
+And now we start populating this
+with electrons, and each
+
+one of these is a
+separate state.
+
+And electrons go in two by two,
+just like Noah's Ark, all
+
+the way up-- either halfway
+up or all the way up.
+
+But now the energy difference
+is very, very tiny.
+
+And a second instance, we looked
+at insulators where--
+
+for example, in diamond--
+
+where the bonds are
+really strong.
+
+So that means if the atomic
+orbital is roughly at the
+
+middle here, the depression to
+make the bonding orbital is
+
+very, very great, and
+very negative.
+
+And therefore, the elevation to
+the antibonding orbital is
+
+great and relatively positive.
+
+And when we start putting
+Avogadro's number of these
+
+things together, we still
+end up with the 10 to
+
+the minus 40 joules.
+
+But when we get to the top of
+the bonding orbitals, we have
+
+still got 3 or 5 or 5 electron
+volts to get to the bottom of
+
+the antibonding orbitals, hence
+the formation of the
+
+band gap with an energy of--
+
+as I mentioned.
+
+So up here, we have the
+conduction band where
+
+electrons are free
+to move about.
+
+And this is derived from the
+antibonding orbitals.
+
+And down here, we have the
+valence band, which consists
+
+of the bonding orbitals derived
+from sigma and pi.
+
+And then the semiconductor is
+sort of like an insulator--
+
+as they say in California, it's
+like an insulator-- but
+
+the band gap isn't
+quite so severe.
+
+It's down on the order of 1 to
+3 electron volts, and that
+
+gives it unique properties.
+
+Why?
+
+What's magical about 1
+to 3 electron volts?
+
+Number one, visible light.
+
+Visible light is 2 to
+3 electron volts.
+
+So visible light shines right
+through an insulator, because
+
+visible light has an energy of
+about 2 to 3 electron volts.
+
+If that's the energy of 2 to 3
+electron volts, and this is 6,
+
+it zooms right through.
+
+But if it's 2 electron volts and
+this is 1 electron volt,
+
+we're going to get thermal
+excitation.
+
+I know Professor Ballinger
+talked about thermal
+
+excitation the last day and what
+happens, and it's very
+
+reminiscent of excitation in
+the case of the Bohr model.
+
+Photoexcitation across
+the band gap.
+
+Incident photon with energy
+greater than the
+
+energy of the band gap.
+
+And it's the same drill
+as you've seen before.
+
+That's why those early
+lessons on--
+
+photon comes in or electron
+comes in, strikes the Bohr
+
+atom, electron rises up,
+momentarily sits there, falls
+
+back down, photon emitted.
+
+It's the same set of ideas.
+
+Only instead of moving from n
+equals 1 to n equals 2 in the
+
+Bohr atom, you're moving from
+the valence band to the
+
+conduction band, sitting
+in the conduction band
+
+momentarily, you fall back
+down, and you get a
+
+photoemission.
+
+So that was covered last day.
+
+And I know towards the end of
+the lesson, he started talking
+
+about thermal excitation.
+
+So let's look at that in
+a little more detail.
+
+Thermal excitation.
+
+So thermal excitation of what?
+
+Thermal excitation of electrons
+across the band gap.
+
+So this is matter energy
+interaction, only in this
+
+case, it's thermally inspired.
+
+So let's draw our
+cartoon again.
+
+Up here, we have the conduction
+band, and below we
+
+have the valence band.
+
+So in the conduction band
+we have free electrons.
+
+In the valence band is where
+all the bonds live.
+
+And we've got an energy gap
+here of some value.
+
+Could be semiconductor,
+could be insulator.
+
+In this case, we're going
+to use visible light.
+
+And we've gone through the
+analysis with incident photon
+
+and the emission.
+
+In this case, I want to look
+at thermal excitation.
+
+So with thermal excitation, I
+start with an electron down
+
+here in a bond.
+
+This electron lives in a bond.
+
+And with thermal excitation, the
+electron jumps out of the
+
+bond and up into the
+conduction band.
+
+So I'm going to designate the
+electron in the conduction
+
+band with an e minus and
+a circle around it.
+
+And it leaves behind
+a broken bond.
+
+As you know, every bond has
+two electrons in it.
+
+Well, one of the electrons left
+the bond, leaving a hole.
+
+Little h with a plus sign.
+
+This is a broken bond, and a
+broken bond is highly unstable
+
+and very mobile.
+
+If I put a potential
+across here.
+
+If I put this material-- and I'm
+doing a mixed metaphor--
+
+this is an energy
+level diagram.
+
+But now I'm going to put a
+couple of plates across an
+
+energy level diagram.
+
+But you're smart.
+
+You can understand this.
+
+So this is not energy.
+
+Now I'm going to make the right
+electrode negative and
+
+I'm going to make the left
+electrode positive.
+
+What would happen?
+
+Well, the electrons in the
+conduction band are going to
+
+be attracted to the positive
+electrode or repelled by the
+
+negative electrode, but the
+complementary situation occurs
+
+in the valence band.
+
+This broken bond is like a
+hot potato, and it has an
+
+effective charge.
+
+This is a zero in a
+land of minus one.
+
+A broken bond is a zero in
+a land of minus one.
+
+So therefore, if I make the
+right side negative, this hole
+
+is going to be drawn.
+
+So I have two forms of
+electronic conduction.
+
+I have electrons moving to the
+left in the conduction band
+
+and I have holes moving to the
+right in the valence band.
+
+So for every thermal excitation
+I get two carriers.
+
+Every excitation of electron
+from valence band to
+
+conduction band generates
+two carriers.
+
+Carriers of what?
+
+Water?
+
+Carriers of electrical charge.
+
+Two carriers of electrical
+charge.
+
+And what are they?
+
+The electron in the conduction
+band and the hole--
+
+little h with a plus sign--
+
+in the valence band.
+
+So that's how thermal
+excitation works.
+
+And you can see that the numbers
+have to be equal.
+
+So we write, therefore, that
+the populations are equal.
+
+The number of electrons in the
+conduction band equals the
+
+number of holes in
+the valence band.
+
+Now electrical engineers have a
+similar expression, but they
+
+don't care about numbers and
+electrons and holes, they care
+
+about the functionality.
+
+And the electron is a carrier
+of negative charge and the
+
+hole is a carrier of
+positive charge.
+
+So the electrical engineering
+books will write, thermal
+
+excitation gives rise
+to pair generation.
+
+Pair of what?
+
+Pair of charge carriers.
+
+And the population of negative
+charge carriers equals the
+
+population of positive charge
+carriers, which in chemistry
+
+is the number of electrons
+equals the number of holes, or
+
+the number of broken bonds.
+
+So that's the way it works, but
+there's a conundrum here.
+
+Thermal excitation is based upon
+the thermal energy, and
+
+we know that the average
+thermal energy in an
+
+environment is roughly given--
+
+I mean there are fancier
+calculations--
+
+but to a first order, I can
+approximate it as the product
+
+of the Boltzmann constant and
+absolute temperature.
+
+So at room temperature--
+
+room temperature, I like to
+say, about 300 Kelvin.
+
+300 Kelvin is 27 Celsius.
+
+That's kind of a warm room,
+but 300 is a nice number.
+
+All right?
+
+So if you take 300 Kelvin, you
+get on the order of about 1/40
+
+of an electron volt.
+
+1/40 of an electron volt, which
+is a lot less than one
+
+electron volt, which is roughly
+the band gap of a
+
+semiconductor.
+
+So how is it that we get any
+thermal excitation of data
+
+indicate that there is some
+thermal excitation even at
+
+room temperature?
+
+So the question is, if the
+average thermal energy is a
+
+fortieth of electron volt
+according to this-- and this
+
+is correct--
+
+and the band gap is one eV, then
+it should be no thermal
+
+excitation.
+
+But we know what happens.
+
+So, one eV, which I'm
+going to say is Eg.
+
+All right?
+
+So how do we get any thermal
+excitation under these
+
+conditions?
+
+So there's an answer to this.
+
+And for this we go to merry old
+England and James Clerk
+
+Maxwell, that you know or will
+come to know in 8.02 as the
+
+annunciator of Maxwell's
+equations of
+
+electricity and magnetism.
+
+He also thought about physical
+chemistry, and in particular
+
+he thought about the physical
+chemistry of gases.
+
+And what did he teach
+us about gases?
+
+He said, if you look here in
+this room, you see nitrogen
+
+and oxygen and all the other
+constituents of air.
+
+But to a first approximation,
+we have four parts nitrogen,
+
+one part oxygen.
+
+The room is roughly
+300 Kelvin.
+
+What Maxwell taught us is that
+velocities of the gas species
+
+zooming around in this room
+are not all equal.
+
+Some of the gas species are
+moving around as though
+
+they're at 500 Kelvin.
+
+And some of them are moving
+around very slowly as though
+
+they're at 100 Kelvin.
+
+On average, it's 300 Kelvin,
+because we can
+
+feel it as 300 Kelvin.
+
+But some of them are
+zooming around.
+
+Some are really lazy and they're
+just moving along
+
+really slowly.
+
+And furthermore, he was
+quantitative about it.
+
+He said, I'm going to tell you
+what the distribution of
+
+energies is.
+
+So let's get that on the
+board for starters.
+
+That in any ensemble of gas
+species, could be gas atoms or
+
+it could be gas molecules or gas
+compounds, in any ensemble
+
+of gas species, that
+all molecules--
+
+because you can always say the
+atom is a degenerate form--
+
+all molecules do not have
+the same velocity.
+
+And furthermore, he gave
+us the distribution.
+
+He calculated the distribution
+of velocities.
+
+So that was about 1859.
+
+Forgive me here.
+
+Velocities.
+
+OK.
+
+And then Boltzmann came
+along in 1872.
+
+And Boltzmann generalized
+this idea.
+
+He made the link between gas
+velocity and temperature.
+
+So, he took the idea and he
+said, if the gas molecules
+
+move at different velocities,
+that means they
+
+have different energies.
+
+And why do we call this the
+Boltzmann constant?
+
+Because Boltzmann made the link
+between particle energy
+
+and temperature.
+
+So he said there's a variation
+of instant temperature.
+
+All right?
+
+So Boltzmann generalized
+Maxwell's idea to energy and
+
+then ultimately temperature.
+
+And so I'm going to show you,
+instead of the Maxwell
+
+distribution, I'm going to give
+you the Maxwell-Boltzmann
+
+distribution.
+
+But before I do, I want to make
+sure you understand the
+
+math and appreciate what I'm
+going to plot for you.
+
+So we just had a test, right?
+
+In fact, we can go back
+to the slide.
+
+All right.
+
+So what do we have here?
+
+I could plot on this axis,
+the abscissa, the grade--
+
+g--
+
+and on the ordinate, I'll plot
+the number of people who have
+
+any given grade--
+
+n of g.
+
+Now the class av was
+66, all right?
+
+This is going to go
+from 0 to 100.
+
+Now what we see here is-- and
+by the way, I'm going to
+
+normalize it.
+
+Instead of dealing with 463 or
+whatever, I'm going to divide
+
+by the total class.
+
+So the number is going
+to go from 0 to 1.
+
+So this a normalized
+distribution.
+
+What I'm teaching you applies
+all through science.
+
+As I told you, this is the
+most important class.
+
+Not because I'm teaching, but
+because the subject matter is
+
+general, just as
+Boltzmann did.
+
+So let's look at the normalized
+distribution.
+
+Now the class av was 66.
+
+Now we didn't have everybody
+getting 66.
+
+That was not the distribution.
+
+That's one solution to the
+problem, isn't it?
+
+Instead, what we got
+was we got that.
+
+Now one possibility
+would be this one,
+
+the bell-shaped curve.
+
+Goes like this.
+
+That's bell-shaped.
+
+This is Gaussian.
+
+This is a Gaussian distribution,
+and its
+
+functionality is y equals e to
+the minus x minus x average,
+
+quantity squared.
+
+Now, to have a normal
+distribution, you have to have
+
+a class of normal people, so
+that didn't happen on this
+
+test. That's a joke.
+
+God, you're so serious.
+
+Have you no fun in your lives?
+
+Have you ever laughed?
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: Overachievers, you.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're not going to have
+a Gaussian distribution.
+
+We're going to have
+that one there.
+
+It's kind of a skewed Gaussian
+with a long tail.
+
+All right, so that's
+the one thing.
+
+But what Boltzmann gave us,
+instead of the number of atoms
+
+of a given grade, he plotted
+it as a function of energy.
+
+So instead, the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
+
+has energy as the ordinate
+instead of the grade, and up
+
+here, the number of atoms--
+
+or more importantly--
+
+the atom fraction.
+
+The fraction of atoms
+in the distribution
+
+that have that energy.
+
+And it doesn't look like
+a normal distribution.
+
+It looks sort of off-normal.
+
+Skewed, like this.
+
+It rises to a peak and it
+has a long tail that
+
+moves off to the right.
+
+So this is the Maxwell-Boltzmann
+
+distribution.
+
+It's not y equals x minus
+x bar squared.
+
+So this is Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution of energies.
+
+And furthermore, what we see
+here is that the area under
+
+this line has to equal 1.
+
+If you integrate the fraction
+from 0 to infinity, because
+
+this asymptotically goes out
+to infinity, the integral
+
+under this line is 1.
+
+OK.
+
+Area equals 1, which is
+the integral of ndE.
+
+Now, because of the asymmetry
+here, clearly this is the
+
+average energy.
+
+The average energy isn't
+the maximum energy.
+
+Whereas in the Gaussian--
+
+let's keep the Gaussian over
+here, just for grins and
+
+chuckles-- so the Gaussian
+looks like this.
+
+It's symmetric.
+
+And this is the n of g max and
+also a g average, whereas
+
+here, the average is a little
+bit to the right.
+
+A little bit higher.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, if this is the
+distribution, and this at room
+
+temperature is 1/40 of an
+electron volt, and way, way up
+
+here is the band gap energy,
+there's a tiny but non-zero
+
+fraction of this distribution
+that has energy in excess of
+
+the band gap energy.
+
+And so this tiny fraction of the
+total distribution has the
+
+thermal energy to allow this
+excitation and pair
+
+generation to occur.
+
+And furthermore, this is a
+function of temperature.
+
+This is a function
+of temperature.
+
+So E average is related
+to temperature.
+
+So, I'll say E average
+1 at T1.
+
+And then what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to heat this to a
+
+higher temperature, so
+I'll use red chalk to
+
+indicate it's hotter.
+
+And what happens to the
+distribution under an increase
+
+in temperature?
+
+Well, the average had better
+move to the right, and that's
+
+what happens.
+
+But it doesn't just move to the
+right, it skews a little
+
+bit and broadens.
+
+So in point of fact, at
+a higher temperature,
+
+it looks like this.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is now E average
+2 at T2 where T2 is
+
+greater than T1.
+
+T2 is greater than T1.
+
+OK, so that's the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann
+
+distribution.
+
+But here's where the interesting
+stuff occurs.
+
+So I'm going to blow up this
+high energy end of the
+
+distribution.
+
+So again, this is going
+to be n of E
+
+normalized, and this is E.
+
+And what we're going to find
+here is that at T1--
+
+this is the curve at T1, and
+the area under the line is
+
+shown here--
+
+and then--
+
+not to scale--
+
+we're going to put
+a break in this.
+
+And I'll show you how much
+of a break is needed.
+
+And then, at T2 I'm going
+to have this come down.
+
+This is T2.
+
+And the area under the
+line T2 captures the
+
+T1 plus all of this.
+
+And so what we see, is that
+for a modest increase in
+
+temperature, this maximum shifts
+modestly, but the area
+
+under the line in excess
+of this critical
+
+energy increases radically.
+
+And that's the powerful
+leveraging factor of increase
+
+in temperature.
+
+And I've done some calculations
+just to show you
+
+what this does.
+
+The functionality of the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
+
+is e to the minus some critical
+energy divided by the
+
+product of Boltzmann constant
+temperature.
+
+So we can put in a
+value here-- eg--
+
+what have you.
+
+All right.
+
+So I chose for silicon--
+
+for silicon, I know the band
+gap energy is 1.1 eV--
+
+and I have it at room
+temperature--
+
+when I go through the
+calculation--
+
+the fraction underneath that
+line is 10 to the minus 19.
+
+One part in 10 to
+the minus 19.
+
+This is the area.
+
+Area under the curve is greater
+than the band gap
+
+energy of 1.1 eV.
+
+So then I said, let's go up
+to the melting point.
+
+I'm not going to melt the
+silicon, I'm just going to
+
+bring it up to its melting
+point but not melt it.
+
+So it's like ice cubes
+at 0 Celsius.
+
+It's still solid.
+
+OK?
+
+The melting point of silicon,
+you can look in your Periodic
+
+Table, it's over
+1400 degrees C.
+
+And this is 10 to the minus 4.
+
+10 to the minus 4.
+
+Area under curve: da da da da.
+
+So that means that
+the red area--
+
+A2, the red.
+
+Actually, let's use red chalk so
+that everybody is in tune.
+
+A2 to A1 is equal to 10 to the
+15, whereas T2 over T1--
+
+well, red chalk.
+
+It's my chance to use red chalk
+and I'm not going to
+
+squander it.
+
+T2 divided by T1--
+
+it's about 1700 Kelvin divided
+by 300 Kelvin--
+
+is about 6.
+
+So for a change in temperature
+by a factor of 6, I get a
+
+change in population
+of 10 to the 15.
+
+So you can see how modest
+increases in temperature have
+
+a huge impact on thermal
+excitation.
+
+So now you say, if we wanted
+to make a device, we can't
+
+heat our computers up to 1600
+degrees, 1500 degrees C in
+
+order to get an adequate number
+of charge carriers.
+
+There has to be another way
+to get charge carriers.
+
+I'm going to show you
+a third way that's
+
+called chemical promotion.
+
+So now I want to talk about
+charge carrier generation.
+
+Charge carrier generation by
+change of chemistry, and it's
+
+going to be specifically
+by the introduction of
+
+impurities.
+
+Charge carrier generation by
+introduction of impurities.
+
+You might say, gee, aren't
+impurities bad for a system?
+
+Well, I want to tell you,
+there are two kinds of
+
+impurities in this world.
+
+There are bad impurities which
+we call contaminants, and
+
+that's what you're commonly
+taught to think about.
+
+That's bad.
+
+But there are good impurities,
+and these are called dopants.
+
+Dopants are impurities
+that we are happy
+
+to have in our system.
+
+And so by the introduction of
+impurities of value, we can
+
+lead to engineered materials.
+
+So I'm giving you the
+introduction to high
+
+technology, where we're going
+to control the engineering
+
+properties of a material through
+control of chemistry.
+
+So that's chemical composition
+tailored--
+
+for specific--
+
+for targeted values
+of properties.
+
+And that's the essence
+of material science.
+
+We control the chemistry.
+
+We control the properties by
+controlling the chemistry.
+
+So what I want to do is give a
+vivid example of this, and
+
+it's not going to be an
+isolated example.
+
+It's going to be the example
+that pertains to all of the
+
+microelectronic devices
+in our world.
+
+So that's silicon.
+
+So let's look at how doping
+works in silicon.
+
+It also applies to germanium,
+but we don't use much
+
+germanium in devices.
+
+It's dominantly silicon.
+
+So what we're going
+to do is dope.
+
+The gambit here is to dope--
+
+that's introduce an impurity--
+
+with aliovalent impurity.
+
+What do I mean by aliovalent?
+
+You know the word alias?
+
+It's another name.
+
+Alio in Latin means other.
+
+So we're going to dope silicon
+with something that has a
+
+different valence from
+that of silicon.
+
+Can't before.
+
+So let's look at the
+simplest example.
+
+And I'm going to put phosphorus
+into silicon.
+
+I'm going to dope phosphorus
+into silicon, and phosphorus
+
+is Group 5, or more properly,
+IUPAC calls it Group 15.
+
+So we're going to put Group 15
+element into silicon, which is
+
+Group 14 element.
+
+So we call phosphorus a
+supervalent dopant, meaning it
+
+has a valence higher than
+that of the silicon.
+
+So it's a supervalent dopant.
+
+Supervalent dopant.
+
+So now let's look at how that
+supervalent dopant works.
+
+I'm going to show you some
+silicon here, and I'm going to
+
+give you the silicon.
+
+This is sp3 hybridized.
+
+it's sitting here as
+a single crystal.
+
+Here are three silicons.
+
+So it's a single crystal.
+
+All these silicons on the
+bottom row line up.
+
+All the silicons in the
+center line up.
+
+And there are silicons at the
+top and they all line up.
+
+So that if I look at it on the
+edge, it's a perfectly,
+
+atomically smooth system.
+
+And I have one of these.
+
+I know Professor Ballinger made
+reference to it last day.
+
+This is last-generation
+technology.
+
+It's only eight-inch diameter.
+
+But this is an eight-inch
+diameter silicon wafer.
+
+So this started as a giant
+salami, eight inches in
+
+diameter-- probably
+two meters long.
+
+Single crystal.
+
+Every atom here is adjacent to
+the next atom according to the
+
+rules of atomic arrangement.
+
+And when this thing is
+cut and polished,
+
+it's flat to one atom.
+
+It is atomically flat.
+
+And it makes a fantastic
+shaving mirror.
+
+Actually Dave, can
+you cut to this?
+
+Yeah, here we go.
+
+Here's the penny.
+
+And this is silicon here.
+
+It's going to drive this thing
+nuts because it can't focus on
+
+this thing, because it's so--
+
+there we are.
+
+So this was a part of a giant
+salami, and now it's been cut.
+
+And obviously you can't
+cut it one-atom thick.
+
+It's some submillimeter
+thickness, because you need to
+
+have some mechanical
+strength to it.
+
+But the surface is absolutely
+flat to one atom.
+
+All right.
+
+And that's what we're
+going to dope into.
+
+We're going to dope into this
+thing, and I'll show you how
+
+we're going to dope it later.
+
+Actually, why don't
+we cut to that.
+
+Here's something that's already
+been doped and made
+
+into devices.
+
+So there's the plain old
+silicon, which you're having a
+
+hard time seeing anything
+except a little bit of
+
+reflection.
+
+And now here's the thing that's
+been processed, so
+
+let's zoom.
+
+Zoom.
+
+OK.
+
+So now you can see
+all the features.
+
+So these features involved gas
+phase reaction to introduce
+
+dopant atoms into the
+silicon lattice.
+
+And then we're going to chop
+these little things up and put
+
+them in your cell phones and in
+your laptops and whatever
+
+other devices are out there.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is what we're talking
+about, and if we live long
+
+enough, we'll see
+one of these.
+
+This is a Pentium chip.
+
+OK.
+
+So where's the chip?
+
+The chip is underneath
+this piece of gold.
+
+Where did I put my pointer?
+
+Ah, it's over here.
+
+All right.
+
+So the actual silicon device
+is underneath this.
+
+And all of these are this
+spider's web of leads.
+
+It's trying to access all
+the tiny devices.
+
+It doesn't do you any good to
+have a device density that's
+
+greater than your
+access density.
+
+So the technology that goes
+into this is phenomenal.
+
+Plus, these things all
+generate heat.
+
+When you put all these tens of
+thousands of devices into
+
+something the size of your
+fingernail, you've got a
+
+toaster oven working here, and
+you have to get that heat out.
+
+And this is several
+generations old.
+
+What you have in your
+machines today is
+
+even denser than this.
+
+And supercomputers?
+
+Forget it.
+
+You have to have those things so
+aggressively cooled or else
+
+they'll heat up and it'll
+be just like a
+
+light bulb, just bursting.
+
+So that's what's going
+on inside.
+
+So let's see how that happens.
+
+Let's cut back to-- well,
+you can leave that up.
+
+It's a pretty image and will
+probably soothe the nerves of
+
+the students.
+
+So now I'm going to put
+phosphorus in here.
+
+I'll put phosphorus in here, but
+where does phosphorus go?
+
+Phosphorus goes onto
+a silicon site.
+
+So it actually comes
+in and sits here.
+
+Phosphorus comes and sits
+at a silicon site.
+
+Now what do we know about
+the number of bonds that
+
+phosphorus likes to form?
+
+It has five valence electrons.
+
+So it forms one, two, three,
+four bonds, and
+
+it has a fifth electron.
+
+And that fifth electron is
+sitting there somewhere.
+
+It's sitting there somewhere
+in the lattice.
+
+All right.
+
+It's sitting somewhere in the
+lattice because it has no
+
+place to go.
+
+Now in energy space, I
+know where it goes.
+
+So here's the conduction band
+of silicon, and this is the
+
+valence band.
+
+And this is all of the silicon
+host crystal, because the
+
+dopant is in a tiny,
+tiny amount.
+
+We're talking parts
+per million.
+
+So for all intents and
+purposes, it's
+
+still a silicon crystal.
+
+It has tiny amounts of
+phosphorus in it.
+
+So this is the band gap of
+silicon, where this is about
+
+1.1 electron volts.
+
+And where does this
+fifth electron go?
+
+This fifth electron sits up in
+here in the conduction band,
+
+doesn't it?
+
+And every time I introduce a
+phosphorus, I have a fifth
+
+electron that goes in
+the conduction band.
+
+But I don't have to
+generate a hole.
+
+I don't need to break bonds in
+order to put electrons in the
+
+conduction band.
+
+Because the fifth electron
+is like the fifth wheel.
+
+You know?
+
+It goes in the conduction
+band.
+
+So there's no generation
+of holes here.
+
+All right.
+
+And furthermore, I can control
+the conductivity.
+
+At the end of last lecture,
+Professor Ballinger showed you
+
+that the conductivity of a
+substance is related to the
+
+number of charge carriers.
+
+So if I want to double the
+number of phosphoruses, I will
+
+double the number of electrons
+in the conduction band,
+
+independent of temperature.
+
+All right.
+
+So for every phosphorus dopant
+atom, we get one electron in
+
+the conduction band.
+
+We get one electron in the
+conduction band and no holes.
+
+No holes in the valence band.
+
+It's direct.
+
+It's direct.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, electrical engineers would
+look at this and they'd
+
+say, I don't care if
+it's phosphorus.
+
+They don't care about the
+chemistry, they care about the
+
+functionality.
+
+What kind of carriers am I
+throwing into this crystal?
+
+For an electrical engineer,
+there are only
+
+two kinds of carriers.
+
+Positive carriers and
+negative carriers.
+
+For every phosphorus,
+what's the outcome?
+
+A negative carrier.
+
+So this is now doped silicon.
+
+It generated negative
+carriers, so
+
+this is called n-type.
+
+This is now n-type silicon.
+
+And its properties are governed
+by the population of
+
+these-- because I'm going to
+show you in a second that the
+
+number of these far exceeds the
+number that are thermally
+
+generated--
+
+so the properties here
+are called extrinsic.
+
+So now we have a crystal that
+is exhibiting it's extrinsic
+
+behavior, thanks to the doping
+with the supervalent impurity.
+
+One more thing.
+
+One more thing.
+
+Something very, very
+cool here.
+
+You see this electron?
+
+It's sitting here somewhere
+in the--
+
+now this is Cartesian map.
+
+I'm looking through a scanning
+electron microscope.
+
+I see all the silicons.
+
+I get the phosphorus.
+
+And there's an electron
+in here somewhere.
+
+And this has 15, right?
+
+This has 15 protons.
+
+This has 14 protons.
+
+So in a land of 14 plus,
+15 plus is relatively
+
+positive, isn't it?
+
+The phosphorus is locally
+positive in comparison with
+
+the rest of the silicon
+lattice.
+
+And it's pinned, because
+it's covalently bonded.
+
+And there's an electron
+sitting here
+
+with no place to go.
+
+Do you know of a model that
+describes the behavior of a
+
+one-electron system around a
+pinned positive nucleus?
+
+AUDIENCE: The Bohr model.
+
+PROFESSOR: Bohr model?
+
+Just for grins and chuckles,
+what if we were to use the
+
+Bohr model to describe the
+behavior of that electron?
+
+You can say it's crazy.
+
+That doesn't make any sense,
+because that's not a
+
+one-electron system.
+
+But what if we modeled
+it as though it were?
+
+I'm going to-- just for grins
+and chuckles-- get a sense of
+
+what that ground
+state value is.
+
+And recall that in hydrogen,
+the ground state--
+
+E1, ground state of
+the electron--
+
+is equal to minus k.
+
+Which is minus me to the fourth
+over 8 epsilon naught
+
+squared times Planck
+constant squared.
+
+Which is minus 13.6
+electron volts
+
+So what is the energy of that
+electron there if we use the
+
+Bohr model?
+
+Well, we have to modify it
+a little bit, because the
+
+electron isn't moving
+in a vacuum.
+
+Depending on how far this
+electron is from the center,
+
+it could be moving around, and
+there are all kinds of silicon
+
+atoms and bonds and whatnot.
+
+So there are all kinds of stuff
+between the electron and
+
+the center here.
+
+So I have to use a
+modified form.
+
+I don't use the permittivity
+of vacuum.
+
+I map the permittivity
+of vacuum into
+
+the dielectric constant.
+
+This is the dielectric
+constant of silicon.
+
+Remember there's so little
+phosphorus there that it
+
+doesn't alter the properties.
+
+And then for reasons I can't
+go in to here, I have to
+
+change the mass of
+the electron into
+
+the effective mass--
+
+we saw this when Bohr did the
+calculation about the lines of
+
+helium plus--
+
+effective mass of electron
+in the conduction band.
+
+So if you put both
+of those in--
+
+and I've got numbers
+for this--
+
+this value is 11.7 and the
+second one is about 1/5 of the
+
+rest mass of the electron.
+
+So if you put all of that in,
+you end up with the energy of
+
+this ground state electron equal
+to minus k times 0.2
+
+divided by 11.7 squared,
+which equals minus
+
+0.02 electron volts.
+
+0.02 electron volts.
+
+So this is 2/100 of an electron
+volt below something.
+
+What's it below?
+
+It's below the conduction
+band.
+
+It's right here.
+
+This is the ground state of the
+electron from phosphorus.
+
+It's the ground state of the
+electron from phosphorus.
+
+E1 of electron from
+phosphorus.
+
+And phosphorus, the electrical
+engineers call a donor.
+
+A donor of what?
+
+It's a donor of electrons.
+
+So this thing here is called
+the donor level.
+
+And that's the ground state.
+
+So the electron should
+be sitting.
+
+Isn't the ground state here
+lower than the bottom of the
+
+conduction band?
+
+Sure it is.
+
+So the electron really should
+be down in here.
+
+There's the electron.
+
+Now you're saying, how are you
+going to get conductivity?
+
+Well, we just figured out that
+the energy level of the ground
+
+state of the donor--
+
+so I'm going to call this the
+energy of the donor level,
+
+ground state--
+
+is 0.02.
+
+How does that compare with
+thermal energy at room
+
+temperature?
+
+It's comparable.
+
+So at room temperature with
+1/40 of an electron volt,
+
+there's enough energy to promote
+this electron up into
+
+the conduction band by
+thermal excitation
+
+from the donor level.
+
+Thermal excitation from
+the donor level.
+
+And in fact, if we want to do
+something really, really--
+
+I want to use an adverb here--
+really, really cool.
+
+If that's the ground state--
+
+I'm going to blow this up.
+
+So this is the bottom of
+the conduction band.
+
+And now this is the
+ground state.
+
+This is the donor level.
+
+This is the donor level,
+which I was calling E1.
+
+Is it just the donor level here
+and the conduction band,
+
+or can you see that there's
+an E2 and an E3 and an E4?
+
+And I have a whole set of
+quantum states from the donor
+
+level right up to the
+conduction band.
+
+And if I have enough energy--
+
+if E thermal is on the
+order of E donor--
+
+I get promotion of
+these up in here.
+
+Now what would we say if this
+were the Bohr model?
+
+You'd have an electron loose in
+a ground state up in here
+
+where it's free to move.
+
+What's that process called?
+
+Ionization.
+
+And you know what the electrical
+engineers call
+
+these electrons?
+
+They call them ionized
+electrons.
+
+But they're referring to the
+ionization of the electron out
+
+of the donor level into the
+conduction band, not out of
+
+the silicon crystal.
+
+So these are ionized electrons
+out of donor level.
+
+So we've come full circle.
+
+By the way, this is
+a calculation.
+
+You know what the measured
+value is?
+
+It was measured as minus
+0.045 electron volts.
+
+You might look at that and say,
+whoa, that's about two
+
+times this.
+
+Hey, wait a minute.
+
+We started at 13.6.
+
+We went from 13.6 to this, and
+the real value is this, and so
+
+we are in good shape.
+
+Now, what happens if I put
+another phosphorus in here?
+
+Another phosphorus, it's also
+going to sit at this--
+
+I'm going to do it over here.
+
+If I put another phosphorus,
+it also has
+
+the same donor level.
+
+And another phosphorus, it
+has the same donor level.
+
+How can I justify this?
+
+Am I not violating the Pauli
+exclusion principle?
+
+How come all the phosphorus
+donor states
+
+are at the same level?
+
+Or put another way, under
+what circumstances is
+
+this diagram accurate?
+
+If the number of phosphorus
+atoms that I
+
+introduce is tiny--
+
+parts per million--
+
+the separation, the physical
+separation of this phosphorus
+
+from its nearest phosphorus
+neighbor is so great, that for
+
+all intents and purposes, they
+are at infinite separation.
+
+And therefore, all of the
+phosphorus donor atoms
+
+establish a donor level
+at the same value.
+
+And if you dope to very, very
+high levels, you see this
+
+break down.
+
+If you go to very, very high
+concentrations of phosphorus
+
+dopant, you will discover what
+happens if these two energy
+
+levels get close enough together
+in real space.
+
+They have to split.
+
+And so you'll see all of that
+happening down here at the
+
+miniature level.
+
+The last thing I wanted to do
+was to push the Bohr model
+
+just a little bit harder.
+
+And so I've given you an energy,
+and the energy seems
+
+to make sense.
+
+Even though you might say,
+this is the crazy.
+
+It's not a one-electron system,
+but it gave us a
+
+reasonable number.
+
+Let's just for interest's sake
+determine: what's this radius?
+
+I wonder how far this electron
+is away from the donor
+
+phosphorus?
+
+So I plug into the r1.
+
+That's the radius of the
+ground state electron.
+
+And that's the Bohr
+radius, right?
+
+0.529 angstroms in elemental
+hydrogen, but now this has to
+
+be modified by adding the
+dielectric constant and the
+
+effective mass.
+
+And the number is 30 angstroms,
+or 3 nanometers, if
+
+you must. All right?
+
+And compare that to
+silicon-silicon bond distance.
+
+The silicon-silicon bond
+distance is 2.35 angstroms. So
+
+clearly this electron is very
+far removed from the central
+
+phosphorus.
+
+It's not as I depicted.
+
+It has to be way over here,
+going way, way around.
+
+This is really, really
+something.
+
+So now you understand how you
+can get extrinsic properties
+
+and the behavior of the system
+governed by the introduction
+
+of impurities.
+
+What I'm going to do next day,
+is to show you that at typical
+
+doping levels, when you
+dope, dope at about 10
+
+to the minus 6--
+
+1 part per million--
+
+10 to the minus 6 phosphorus
+per silicon.
+
+It turns out that the number
+of electrons from this
+
+operation is much greater than
+the number of electrons from
+
+thermal excitation,
+which is tiny.
+
+And therefore, we argue that the
+properties are governed by
+
+the dopant atom, and so
+we have extrinsic
+
+behavior that we see.
+
+OK, well that's a day's work.
+
+David, may we go to the
+slides, please?
+
+OK, so you saw all that last
+day, and this, this, this.
+
+All right, there's the
+insulator, and that.
+
+So I'm just doing the lecture
+again and fast. You can read.
+
+You can parse visual images.
+
+See?
+
+There's the n-type
+semiconductor.
+
+We're going to look at p-type
+next day, quickly.
+
+There's a silicon crystal.
+
+There's the salamis--
+
+there's the little wafers
+that are cut.
+
+And there's the spectrum, the
+x-ray spectrum indicating you
+
+have a single crystal.
+
+There's the first transistor--
+
+this was a single crystal
+of germanium
+
+lying here on its side--
+
+the point transistor in
+the fall of 1947.
+
+Three gentleman at the Bell
+Labs that demonstrated the
+
+rectification.
+
+And they won the Nobel Prize
+for this in 1956.
+
+Now, you can also make
+
+semiconductors that have compounds.
+
+So these are compound
+semiconductors--
+
+Professor Ballinger showed you
+last day-- tin, germanium,
+
+silicon, carbon.
+
+And look at all of these.
+
+This is a Group 3 element
+with a Group 5 element.
+
+5 plus 3 is 8.
+
+Group 3 and 5.
+
+This is Group 2 and 6.
+
+2 plus 6 is 8.
+
+It's always about
+octet stability.
+
+But they make strong covalent
+bonds that give band gaps all
+
+over the map.
+
+So suppose I wanted to have
+something like a stoplight.
+
+Suppose I wanted a stoplight,
+and I wanted
+
+to make a red light.
+
+Well, I need--
+
+I can go backwards from 660
+nanometers, and I can go e
+
+equals hc over lambda
+and calculate--
+
+I need a material with 1.97
+electron volts band gap, and I
+
+look on here and there's nothing
+that's exactly 1.97.
+
+Well, I can mix these things.
+
+I can mix them.
+
+I can mix something that has
+1.52 with 2.3 and get 1.97.
+
+That's called band
+gap engineering.
+
+And there's more than one mix
+here, so why would I choose
+
+one mix over another?
+
+It's cheaper, or it's easier to
+process, or it's stable in
+
+the atmosphere.
+
+You don't want a semiconductor
+that can't
+
+stand rain and snow.
+
+And so I'm showing you here
+a variety of compound
+
+semiconductors, and this is
+the basis of things like--
+
+the LED, the CD reader, the DVD
+reader is based on light
+
+that's generated from these.
+
+What was the big deal
+about Blu-ray?
+
+Why is Blu-ray so cool?
+
+Because the original
+reader was red.
+
+And what's the wavelength
+of red light?
+
+Red light is around
+600 nanometers.
+
+And what's the wavelength
+of blue light?
+
+It's down around
+300 nanometers.
+
+So all other things being equal,
+my stylus is half the
+
+size, which means for a given
+area, I can get double the
+
+density of information without
+changing the size of the disc.
+
+But it wasn't trivial to
+find a blue laser.
+
+And the person who found the
+right mix of compounds that
+
+could give blue in an efficient
+manner became a very
+
+wealthy individual.
+
+So this is our stoplight now.
+
+These are the materials that
+go into the stoplights.
+
+No more do you have that giant
+lens with a 150-watt
+
+incandescent bulb.
+
+Now you have the array of these
+LEDs that are designed
+
+to be in this band gap.
+
+So I think at this point, we've
+
+probably run out of time.
+
+So we'll resume the discussion
+tomorrow.
+
+Same time, same place.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/57jzPlxf4fk.txt b/57jzPlxf4fk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bb5d604f98827e67afa6a09bd254cd191cc7818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/57jzPlxf4fk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1665 @@
+So -- So, yesterday we learned
+about the questions of planes
+
+and how to think of 3x3 linear
+systems in terms of
+
+intersections of planes and how
+to think about them
+
+geometrically.
+And, that in particular led us
+
+to see which cases actually we
+don't have a unique solution to
+
+the system,
+but maybe we have no solutions
+
+or infinitely many solutions
+because maybe the line at
+
+intersection of two of the
+planes happens to be parallel to
+
+the other plane.
+So, today, we'll start by
+
+looking at the equations of
+lines.
+
+And, so in a way it seems like
+something which we've already
+
+seen last time because we have
+seen that we can think of a line
+
+as the intersection of two
+planes.
+
+And, we know what equations of
+planes look like.
+
+So, we could describe a line by
+two equations telling us about
+
+the two planes that intersect on
+the line.
+
+But that's not the most
+convenient way to think about
+
+the line usually,
+though, because when you have
+
+these two questions,
+have you solve them?
+
+Well, OK, you can,
+but it takes a bit of effort.
+
+So, instead,
+there is another representation
+
+of a line.
+So, if you have a line in
+
+space, well, you can imagine may
+be that you have a point on it.
+
+And, that point is moving in
+time.
+
+And, the line is the trajectory
+of a point as time varies.
+
+So, think of a line as the
+trajectory of a moving point.
+
+And, so when we think of the
+trajectory of the moving point,
+
+that's called a parametric
+equation.
+
+OK, so we are going to learn
+about parametric equations of
+
+lines.
+So, let's say for example that
+
+we are looking at the line.
+So, to specify a line in space,
+
+I can do that by giving you two
+points on the line or by giving
+
+you a point and a vector
+parallel to the line.
+
+For example,
+so let's say I give you two
+
+points on the line:
+(-1,2,2), and the other point
+
+will be (1,3,-1).
+So, OK, it's pretty good
+
+because we have two points in
+that line.
+
+Now, how do we find all the
+other points?
+
+Well, the other points in
+between these guys and also on
+
+either side.
+Let's imagine that we have a
+
+point that's moving on the line,
+and at time zero,
+
+it's here at Q0.
+And, in a unit time,
+
+I'm not telling you what the
+unit is.
+
+It could be a second.
+It could be an hour.
+
+It could be a year.
+At t=1, it's going to be at Q1.
+
+And, it moves at a constant
+speed.
+
+So, maybe at time one half,
+it's going to be here.
+
+Times two, it would be over
+there.
+
+And, in fact,
+that point didn't start here.
+
+Maybe it's always been moving
+on that line.
+
+At time minus two,
+it was down there.
+
+So, let's say Q(t) is a moving
+point, and at t=0 it's at Q0.
+
+And, let's say that it moves.
+Well, we couldn't make it move
+
+in any way we want.
+But, probably the easiest to
+
+find, so our role is going to
+find formulas for a position of
+
+this moving point in terms of t.
+And, we'll use that to say,
+
+well,
+any point on the line is of
+
+this form where you have to plug
+in the current value of t
+
+depending on when it's hit by
+the moving point.
+
+So, perhaps it's easiest to do
+it if we make it move at a
+
+constant speed on the line,
+and that speed is chosen so
+
+that at time one,
+it's at Q1.
+
+So, the question we want to
+answer is, what is the position
+
+at time t, so,
+the point Q(t)?
+
+Well, to answer that we have an
+easy observation,
+
+which is that the vector from
+Q0 to Q of t is proportional to
+
+the vector from Q0 to Q1.
+And, what's the proportionality
+
+factor here?
+Yeah, it's exactly t.
+
+At time one,
+Q0 Q is exactly the same.
+
+Maybe I should draw another
+picture again.
+
+I have Q0.
+I have Q1, and after time t,
+
+I'm here at Q of t where this
+vector from Q0 Q(t) is actually
+
+going to be t times the vector
+Q0 Q1.
+
+So, when t increases,
+it gets longer and longer.
+
+So, does everybody see this now?
+Is that OK?
+
+Any questions about that?
+Yes?
+
+OK, so I will try to avoid
+using blue.
+
+Thanks for, that's fine.
+So, OK, I will not use blue
+
+anymore.
+OK, well, first let me just
+
+make everything white just for
+now.
+
+This is the vector from Q0 to
+Q(t).
+
+This is the point Q(t).
+OK, is it kind of visible now?
+
+OK, thanks for pointing it out.
+I will switch to brighter
+
+colors.
+So, OK, so apart from that, 
+
+I claim now we can find the
+position of its moving point
+
+because,
+well, this vector,
+
+Q0Q1 we can find from the
+coordinates of Q0 and Q1.
+
+So, we just subtract the
+coordinates of Q0 from those of
+
+Q1 will get that vector Q0 Q1 is
+<2,1, -3>
+
+OK,
+so, if I look at it,
+
+well, so let's call x(t),
+y(t), and z(t) the coordinates
+
+of the point that's moving on
+the line.
+
+Then we get x of t minus,
+well, actually plus one equals
+
+t times two.
+I'm writing the components of
+
+Q0Q(t).
+And here, I'm writing t times
+
+Q0Q1.
+y(t) minus two equals t,
+
+and z(t) minus two equals -3t.
+So, in other terms,
+
+the more familiar way that we
+used to write these equations,
+
+let me do it that way instead, 
+minus one plus 2t,
+
+y(t) = 2 t, z(t) = 2 - 3t.
+And, if you prefer,
+
+I can just say Q(t) is Q0 plus
+t times vector Q0Q1.
+
+OK, so that's our first
+parametric equation of a line in
+
+this class.
+And, I hope you see it's not
+
+extremely hard.
+In fact, parametric equations
+
+of lines always look like that.
+x, y, and z are functions of t
+
+but are of the form a constant
+plus a constant times t.
+
+The coefficients of t tell us
+about a vector along the line.
+
+Here, we have a vector,
+Q0Q1, which is <2,1,-3>.
+
+And, the constant terms tell us
+about where we are at t=0.
+
+If I plug t=0 these guys go
+away, I get minus 1,2,
+
+2.
+That's my starting point.
+
+OK, so, any questions about
+that?
+
+No?
+OK, so let's see,
+
+now, what we can do with these
+parametric equations.
+
+So, one application is to think
+about the relative position of a
+
+line and a plane with respect to
+each other.
+
+So, let's say that we take
+still the same line up there,
+
+and let's consider the plane
+with the equation x 2y 4z = 7.
+
+OK, so I'm giving you this
+plane.
+
+And, the questions that we are
+going to ask ourselves are,
+
+well, does the line intersect
+the plane?
+
+And, where does it intersect
+the plane?
+
+So, let's start with the first
+primary question that maybe we
+
+should try to understand.
+We have these points.
+
+We have this plane,
+and we have these points,
+
+Q0 and Q1.
+I'm going to draw them in
+
+completely random places.
+Well, are Q0 and Q1 on the same
+
+side of a plane or on different
+sides, on opposite sides of the
+
+planes?
+Could it be that maybe one of
+
+the points is in the plane?
+So, I think I'm going to let
+
+you vote on that.
+So, is that readable?
+
+Is it too small?
+OK, so anyway,
+
+the question says,
+relative to the plane,
+
+x 2y 4z = 7.
+This point, Q0 and Q1,
+
+are they on the same side,
+on opposite sides,
+
+is one of them on the plane,
+or we can't decide?
+
+OK, that should be better.
+So, I see relatively few
+
+answers.
+OK, it looks like also a lot of
+
+you have forgotten the cards
+and, so I see people raising two
+
+fingers, I see people raising
+three fingers.
+
+And, I see people raising four
+fingers.
+
+I don't see anyone answering
+number one.
+
+So, the general idea seems to
+be that either they are on
+
+opposite sides.
+Maybe one of them is on the
+
+plane.
+Well, let's try to see.
+
+Is one of them on the plane?
+Well, let's check.
+
+OK, so let's look at the point,
+sorry.
+
+I have one blackboard to use
+here.
+
+So, I take the point Q0,
+which is at (-1,2,2).
+
+Well, if I plug that into the
+plane equation,
+
+so, x 2y 4z will equal minus
+one plus two times two plus four
+
+times two.
+That's, well,
+
+four plus eight,
+12 minus one,
+
+11.
+That, I think,
+
+is bigger than seven.
+OK, so Q0 is not in the plane.
+
+Let's try again with Q1.
+(1,3, - 1) well,
+
+if we plug that into x 2y 4z,
+we'll have one plus two times
+
+three makes seven.
+But, we add four times negative
+
+one.
+We add up with three less than
+
+seven.
+Well, that one is not in the
+
+plane, either.
+So, I don't think,
+
+actually, that the answer
+should be number three.
+
+So, let's get rid of answer
+number three.
+
+OK, let's see,
+in light of this,
+
+are you willing to reconsider
+your answer?
+
+OK, so I think now everyone
+seems to be interested in
+
+answering number two.
+And, I would agree with that
+
+answer.
+So, let's think about it.
+
+These points are not in the
+plane, but they are not in the
+
+plane in different ways.
+One of them somehow overshoots;
+
+we get 11.
+The other one we only get 3.
+
+That's less than seven.
+If you think about how a plan
+
+splits space into two half
+spaces on either side,
+
+well, one of them is going to
+be the point where x 2y 4z is
+
+less than seven.
+And, the other one will be,
+
+so, that's somehow this side.
+And, that's where Q1 is.
+
+And, the other side is where x
+2y 4z is actually bigger than
+
+seven.
+And, to go from one to the
+
+other, well, x 2y 4z needs to go
+through the value seven.
+
+If you're moving along any path
+from Q0 to Q1,
+
+this thing will change
+continuously from 11 to 3.
+
+At some time,
+it has to go through 7.
+
+Does that make sense?
+So, to go from Q0 to Q1 we need
+
+to cross P at some place.
+So, they're on opposite sides.
+
+OK, now that doesn't quite
+finish answering the question
+
+that we had, which was,
+where does the line intersect
+
+the plane?
+But, why can't we do the same
+
+thing?
+Now, we know not only the
+
+points Q0 and Q1,
+we know actually any point on
+
+the line because we have a
+parametric equation up there
+
+telling us,
+where is the point that's
+
+moving on the line at time t?
+So, what about the moving
+
+point, Q(t)?
+Well, let's plug its
+
+coordinates into the plane
+equation.
+
+So, we'll take x(t) 2y(t) 4z(t).
+OK, that's equal to,
+
+well, (-1 2t) 2( 2 t) 4( 2 -
+3t).
+
+So, if you simplify this a bit,
+you get 2t 2t -12t.
+
+That should be -8t.
+And, the constant term is minus
+
+one plus four plus eight is 11.
+OK, and we have to compare that
+
+with seven.
+OK, the question is,
+
+is this ever equal to seven?
+Well, so, Q(t) is in the plane
+
+exactly when -8t 11 equals
+seven.
+
+And, that' the same.
+If you manipulate this,
+
+you will get t equals one half.
+In fact, that's not very
+
+surprising.
+If you look at these values,
+
+11 and three,
+you see that seven is actually
+
+right in between.
+It's the average of these two
+
+numbers.
+So, it would make sense that
+
+it's halfway in between Q0 and
+Q1, but we will get seven.
+
+OK, and that at that time,
+Q at time one half,
+
+well, let's plug the values.
+So, minus one plus 2t will be
+
+zero.
+Two plus t will be two and a
+
+half of five halves,
+and two minus three halves will
+
+be one half, OK?
+So, this is where the line
+
+intersects the plane.
+
+So, you see that's actually a
+pretty easy way of finding where
+
+a line on the plane intersects
+each other.
+
+If we can find a parametric
+equation of a line and an
+
+equation of a plane,
+but we basically just plug one
+
+into the other,
+and see at what time the moving
+
+point hits the plane so that we
+know where this.
+
+OK, other questions about this?
+Yes?
+
+Sorry, can you say that?
+Yes, so what if we don't get a
+
+solution?
+What happens?
+
+So, indeed our line could have
+been parallel to the plane or
+
+maybe even contained in the
+plane.
+
+Well, if the line is parallel
+to the plane then maybe what
+
+happens is that what we plug in
+the positions of the moving
+
+point,
+we actually get something that
+
+never equals seven because maybe
+we get actually a constant.
+
+Say that we had gotten,
+I don't know,
+
+13 all the time.
+Well, when is 13 equal to seven?
+
+The answer is never.
+OK, so that's what would tell
+
+you that the line is actually
+parallel to the plane.
+
+You would not find a solution
+to the equation that you get at
+
+the end.
+Yes?
+
+So, if there's no solution at
+all to the equation that you
+
+get, it means that at no time is
+the traveling point going to be
+
+in the plane.
+That means the line really does
+
+not have the plane ever.
+So, it has to be parallel
+
+outside of it.
+On the other hand,
+
+if a line is inside the plane,
+then that means that no matter
+
+what time you choose,
+you always get seven.
+
+OK, that's what would happen if
+a line is in the plane.
+
+You always get seven.
+So, maybe I should write this
+
+down.
+So, if a line is in the plane
+
+then plugging x(t),
+y(t), z(t) into the equation,
+
+we always get, 
+well, here in this case seven
+
+or whatever the value should be
+for the plane,
+
+If the line is parallel to the
+plane -- -- in fact,
+
+we, well, get,
+let's see, another constant.
+
+So, in fact,
+you know, when you plug in
+
+these things,
+normally you get a quantity
+
+that's of a form,
+something times t plus a
+
+constant because that's what you
+plug into the equation of a
+
+plane.
+And so, in general,
+
+you have an equation of the
+form, something times t plus
+
+something equals something.
+And, that usually has a single
+
+solution.
+And, the special case is if
+
+this coefficient of t turns out
+to be zero in the end,
+
+and that's actually going to
+happen,
+
+exactly when the line is either
+parallel or in the plane.
+
+In fact, if you think this
+through carefully,
+
+the coefficient of t that you
+get here,
+
+see, it's one times two plus
+two times one plus four times
+
+minus three.
+It's the dot product between
+
+the normal vector of a plane and
+the vector along the line.
+
+So, see, this coefficient
+becomes zero exactly when the
+
+line is perpendicular to the
+normal vector.
+
+That means it's parallel to the
+plane.
+
+So, everything makes sense.
+OK, if you're confused about
+
+what I just said,
+you can ignore it.
+
+OK, more questions? No?
+OK, so if not,
+
+let's move on to linear
+parametric equations.
+
+So, I hope you've seen here
+that parametric equations are a
+
+great way to think about lines.
+There are also a great way to
+
+think about actually any curve,
+any trajectory that can be
+
+traced by a moving point.
+So -- -- more generally,
+
+we can use parametric equations
+-- -- for arbitrary motions --
+
+-- in the plane or in space.
+So, let's look at an example.
+
+Let's take, so,
+it's a famous curve called a
+
+cycloid.
+A cycloid is something that you
+
+can actually see sometimes at
+night when people are biking If
+
+you have something that reflects
+light on the wheel.
+
+So, let me explain what's the
+definition of a cycloid.
+
+So, I should say,
+I've seen a lecture where,
+
+actually, the professor had a
+volunteer on a unicycle to
+
+demonstrate how that works.
+But, I didn't arrange for that,
+
+so instead I will explain it to
+you using more conventional
+
+means.
+So, let's say that we have a
+
+wheel that's rolling on a
+horizontal ground.
+
+And, as it's rolling of course
+it's going to turn.
+
+So, it's going to move forward
+to a new position.
+
+And, now, let's mention that we
+have a point that's been painted
+
+red on the circumference of the
+wheel.
+
+And, initially,
+that point is here.
+
+So, as the wheel stops
+rotating, well,
+
+of course, it moves forward,
+and so it turns on itself.
+
+So, that point starts falling
+back behind the point of contact
+
+because the wheel is rotating at
+the same time as it's moving
+
+forward.
+And so, the cycloid is the
+
+trajectory of this moving point.
+OK, so the cycloid is obtained
+
+by considering,
+so we have a wheel,
+
+let's say, of radius a.
+So, this height here is (a)
+
+rolling on the floor which is
+the x axis.
+
+And, let's -- And,
+we have a point,
+
+P, that's painted on the wheel.
+Initially, it's at the origin.
+
+But, of course,
+as time goes by,
+
+it moves on the wheel.
+P is a point on the rim of the
+
+wheel, and it starts at the
+origin.
+
+So, the question is,
+what happens?
+
+In particular,
+can we find the position of
+
+this point, x(t),
+y(t), as a function of time?
+
+So, that's the reason why I
+have this computer.
+
+So, I'm not sure it will be
+very easy to visualize,
+
+but so we have a wheel,
+well, I hope you can vaguely
+
+see that there's a circle that's
+moving.
+
+The wheel is green here.
+And, there's a radius that's
+
+been painted blue in it.
+And, that radius rotates around
+
+the wheel as the wheel is moving
+forward.
+
+So, now, let's try to paint,
+actually, the trajectory of a
+
+point.
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+OK, so that's what the cycloid
+looks like.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+OK, so -- So the cycloid,
+
+well, I guess it doesn't quite
+look like what I've drawn.
+
+It looks like it goes a bit
+higher up, which will be the
+
+trajectory of this red point.
+And, see, it hits the bottom
+
+once in a while.
+It forms these arches because
+
+when the wheel has rotated by a
+full turn,
+
+then you're basically back at
+the same situation,
+
+except a bit further along the
+route.
+
+So, if we do it once more,
+you see the point now is at the
+
+top, and now it's at the bottom.
+And then we start again.
+
+It's at the top,
+and then again at the bottom.
+
+OK.
+No.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+OK, so the question that we
+
+want to answer is what is the
+position x(t),
+
+y(t), of the point P?
+OK, so actually,
+
+I'm writing x(t),
+y(t).
+
+That means that I have,
+maybe I'm expressing the
+
+position in terms of time.
+Let's see, is time going to be
+
+a good thing to do?
+Well, suddenly,
+
+the position changes over time.
+But doesn't actually matter how
+
+fast the wheel is rolling?
+No, because I can just play the
+
+motion fast-forward.
+The wheel will be going faster,
+
+but the trajectory is still the
+same.
+
+So, in fact,
+time is not the most relevant
+
+thing here.
+What matters to us now is how
+
+far the wheel has gone.
+So, we could use as a
+
+parameter, for example,
+the distance by which the wheel
+
+has moved.
+We can do even better because
+
+we see that, really,
+the most complicated thing that
+
+happens here is really the
+rotation.
+
+So, maybe we can actually use
+the angle by which the wheel has
+
+turned to parameterize the
+motion.
+
+So, there's various choices.
+You can choose whichever one
+
+you prefer.
+But, I think here,
+
+we will get the simplest answer
+if we parameterize things by the
+
+angle.
+So, in fact,
+
+instead of t I will be using
+what's called theta as a
+
+function of the angle,
+theta, by which the wheel has
+
+rotated.
+So, how are we going to do that?
+
+Well, because we are going to
+try to use our new knowledge,
+
+let's try to do it using
+vectors in a smart way.
+
+So, let me draw a picture of
+the wheel after things have
+
+rotated by a certain amount.
+So, maybe my point,
+
+P, now, is here.
+And, so the wheel has rotated
+
+by this angle here.
+And, I want to find the
+
+position of my point,
+P, OK?
+
+So, the position of this point,
+P, is going to be the same as
+
+knowing the vector OP from the
+origin to this moving point.
+
+So, I haven't really simplify
+the problem yet because we don't
+
+really know about vector OP.
+But, maybe we know about
+
+simpler vectors where some will
+be OP.
+
+So, let's see,
+let's give names to a few of
+
+our points.
+For example,
+
+let's say that this will be
+point A.
+
+A is the point where the wheel
+is touching the road.
+
+And, B will be the center of
+the wheel.
+
+Then, it looks like maybe I
+have actually a chance of
+
+understanding vectors like maybe
+OA doesn't look quite so scary,
+
+or AB doesn't look too bad.
+BP doesn't look too bad.
+
+And, if I sum them together,
+I will obtain OP.
+
+So, let's do that.
+So, now we've greatly
+
+simplified the problem.
+We had to find one vector that
+
+we didn't know.
+Now we have to find three
+
+vectors which we don't know.
+But, you will see each of them
+
+as fairly easy to think about.
+So, let's see.
+
+Should we start with vector OA,
+maybe?
+
+So, OA has two components.
+One of them should be very easy.
+
+Well, the y component is just
+going to be zero,
+
+OK?
+It's directed along the x axis.
+
+What about the x component?
+So, OA is the distance by which
+
+the wheel has traveled to get to
+its current position.
+
+Yeah.
+I hear a lot of people saying R
+
+theta.
+Let me actually say a(theta)
+
+because I've called a the radius
+of the wheel.
+
+So, this distance is a(theta).
+Why is it a(theta)?
+
+Well, that's because the wheel,
+well, there's an assumption
+
+which is that the wheel is
+rolling on something normal like
+
+a road,
+and not on, maybe,
+
+ice, or something like that.
+S So, it's rolling without
+
+slipping.
+So, that means that this
+
+distance on the road is actually
+equal to the distance here on
+
+the circumference of the wheel.
+This point, P,
+
+was there, and the amount by
+which the things have moved can
+
+be measured either here or here.
+These are the same distances.
+
+OK, so, that makes it a(theta), 
+and maybe I should justify by
+
+saying amount by which the wheel
+has rolled,
+
+has moved, is equal to the, 
+so, the distance from O to A is
+
+equal to the arc length on the
+circumference of the circle from
+
+A to P.
+And, you know that if you have
+
+a sector corresponding to an
+angle, theta,
+
+then its length is a times
+theta, provided that,
+
+of course, you express the
+angel in radians.
+
+That's the reason why we always
+used radians in math.
+
+Now, let's think about vector
+AB and vector BP.
+
+OK, so AB is pretty easy,
+right, because it's pointing
+
+straight up, and its length is
+a.
+
+So, it's just zero, a.
+Now, the most serious one we've
+
+kept for the end.
+What about vector BP?
+
+So, vector BP,
+we know two things about it.
+
+We know actually its length,
+so, the magnitude of BP -- --
+
+a.
+And, we know it makes an angle,
+
+theta, with the vertical.
+So, that should let us find its
+
+components.
+Let's draw a closer picture.
+
+Now, in the picture I'm going
+to center things at B.
+
+So, I have my point P.
+Here I have theta.
+
+This length is A.
+Well, what are the components
+
+of BP?
+Well, the X component is going
+
+to be?
+Almost.
+
+I hear people saying things
+about a, but I agree with a.
+
+I hear some cosines.
+I hear some sines.
+
+I think it's actually the sine.
+Yes.
+
+It's a(sin(theta)),
+except it's going to the left.
+
+So, actually it will have a
+negative a(sin(theta)).
+
+And, the vertical component,
+well, it will be a(cos(theta)),
+
+but also negative because we
+are going downwards.
+
+So, it's negative a(cos(theta)).
+So, now we can answer the
+
+initial question because vector
+OP, well, we just add up OA,
+
+AB, and BP.
+So, the X component will be
+
+a(theta) - a(sin(theta)).
+And, a-a(cos(theta)).
+
+OK.
+So, any questions about that?
+
+OK, so, what's the answer?
+Because this thing here is the
+
+x coordinate as a function of
+theta, and that one is the y
+
+coordinate as a function of
+theta.
+
+So, now, just to show you that
+we can do a lot of things when
+
+we have a parametric equation,
+here is a small mystery.
+
+So, what happens exactly near
+the bottom point?
+
+What does the curve look like?
+The computer tells us,
+
+well, it looks like it has some
+sort of pointy thing,
+
+but isn't that something of a
+display?
+
+Is it actually what happens?
+So, what do you think happens
+
+near the bottom point?
+Remember, we had that picture.
+
+Let me show you once more,
+where you have these
+
+corner-like things at the
+bottom.
+
+Well, actually,
+is it indeed a corner with some
+
+angle between the two
+directions?
+
+Does it make an angle?
+Or, is it actually a smooth
+
+curve without any corner,
+but we don't see it because
+
+it's too small to be visible on
+the computer screen?
+
+Does it actually make a loop?
+Does it actually come down and
+
+then back up without going to
+the left or to the right and
+
+without making an angle?
+So, yeah, I see the majority
+
+votes for answers number two or
+four.
+
+And, well, at this point,
+we can't quite tell.
+
+So, let's try to figure it out
+from these formulas.
+
+The way to answer that for sure
+is to actually look at the
+
+formulas.
+OK, so question that we are
+
+trying to answer now is what
+happens near the bottom point?
+
+OK, so how do we answer that?
+Well, we should probably try to
+
+find simpler formulas for these
+things.
+
+Well, to simplify,
+let's divide everything by a.
+
+Let's rescale everything by a.
+If you want,
+
+let's say that we take the unit
+of length to be the radius of
+
+our wheel.
+So, instead of measuring things
+
+in feet or meters,
+we'll just measure them in
+
+radius.
+So, take the length unit to be
+
+equal to the radius.
+So, that means we'll have a=1.
+
+Then, our formulas are slightly
+simpler.
+
+We get x(theta) is theta -
+sin(theta), and y equals 1 - cos
+
+(theta).
+OK, so, if we want to
+
+understand what these things
+look like, maybe we should try
+
+to take some approximation.
+OK, so what about
+
+approximations?
+Well, probably you know that if
+
+I take the sine of a very small
+angle, it's close to the actual
+
+angle itself if theta is very
+small.
+
+And, you know that the cosine
+of an angle that's very small is
+
+close to one.
+Well, that's pretty good.
+
+If we use that,
+we will get theta minus theta,
+
+one minus one,
+it looks like it's not precise
+
+enough.
+We just get zero and zero.
+
+That's not telling us much
+about what happens.
+
+OK, so we need actually better
+approximations than that.
+
+So -- So, hopefully you have
+seen in one variable calculus
+
+something called Taylor
+expansion.
+
+That's [GROANS].
+I see that -- OK, 
+
+so if you have not seen Taylor
+expansion,
+
+or somehow it was so traumatic
+that you've blocked it out of
+
+your memory,
+let me just remind you that
+
+Taylor expansion is a way to get
+a better approximation than just
+
+looking at the function,
+its derivative.
+
+So -- And, here's an example of
+where it actually comes in handy
+
+in real life.
+So, Taylor approximation says
+
+that if t is small,
+then the value of the function,
+
+f(t), is approximately equal
+to,
+
+well, our first guess,
+of course, would be f(0).
+
+That's our first approximation.
+If we want to be a bit more
+
+precise, we know that when we
+change by t,
+
+well, t times the derivative
+comes in,
+
+that's for linear approximation
+to how the function changes.
+
+Now, if we want to be even more
+precise, there's another term,
+
+which is t^2 over two times the
+second derivative.
+
+And, if we want to be even more
+precise, you will have t^3 over
+
+six times the third derivative
+at zero.
+
+OK, and you can continue,
+and so on.
+
+But, we won't need more.
+So, if you use this here,
+
+it tells you that the sine of a
+smaller angle,
+
+theta, well,
+yeah, it looks like theta.
+
+But, if we want to be more
+precise, then we should add
+
+minus theta cubed over six.
+And, cosine of theta,
+
+well, it's not quite one.
+It's close to one minus theta
+
+squared over two.
+OK, so these are slightly
+
+better approximations of sine
+and cosine for small angles.
+
+So, now, if we try to figure
+out, again, what happens to our
+
+x of theta, well,
+it would be,
+
+sorry, theta minus theta cubed
+over six.
+
+That's theta cubed over six.
+And y, on the other hand,
+
+is going to be one minus that.
+That's about theta squared over
+
+two.
+So, now, which one of them is
+
+bigger when theta is small?
+Yeah, y is much larger.
+
+OK, if you take the cube of a
+very small number,
+
+it becomes very,
+very, very small.
+
+So, in fact,
+we can look at that.
+
+So, x, an absolute value,
+is much smaller than y.
+
+And, in fact,
+what we can do is we can look
+
+at the ratio between y and x.
+That tells us the slope with
+
+which we approach the origin.
+So, y over x is,
+
+well, let's take the ratio of
+this, too.
+
+That gives us three divided by
+theta.
+
+That tends to infinity when
+theta approaches zero.
+
+So, that means that the slope
+of our curve,
+
+the origin is actually
+infinite.
+
+And so, the curve picture is
+really something like this.
+
+So, the instantaneous motion,
+if you had to describe what
+
+happens very,
+very close to the origin is
+
+that your point is actually not
+moving to the left or to the
+
+right along with the wheel.
+It's moving down and up.
+
+I mean, at the same time it is
+actually moving a little bit
+
+forward at the same time.
+But, the dominant motion,
+
+near the origin is really where
+it goes down and back up,
+
+so answer number four,
+you have vertical tangent.
+
+OK, I think I'm at the end of
+time.
+
+So, have a nice weekend.
+And, I'll see you on Tuesday.
+
+So, on Tuesday I will have
+practice exams for next week's
+
+test.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5jZ8VZ6G2uY.txt b/5jZ8VZ6G2uY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df4cd37622a94e211c4f72170ed4550afb665a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5jZ8VZ6G2uY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+So, how hard can it be to build a communication
+channel?
+
+Aren't they just logic circuits with a long
+wire that runs from one component to another?
+
+A circuit theorist would tell you that wires
+in a schematic diagram are intended to represent
+
+the equipotential nodes of the circuit, which
+are used to connect component terminals.
+
+In this simple model, a wire has the same
+voltage at all points and any changes in the
+
+voltage or current at one component terminal
+is instantly propagated to the other component
+
+terminals connected to the same wire.
+
+The notion of distance is abstracted out of
+our circuit models: terminals are either connected
+
+by a wire, or they're not.
+
+If there are resistances, capacitances, and
+inductances that need to be accounted for,
+
+the necessary components can be added to the
+circuit model.
+
+Wires are timeless.
+
+They are used to show how components connect,
+but they aren't themselves components.
+
+In fact, thinking of wires as equipotential
+nodes is a very workable model when the rate
+
+of change of the voltage on the wire is slow
+compared to the time it takes for an electromagnetic
+
+wave to propagate down the wire.
+
+Only as circuit speeds have increased with
+advances in integrated circuit technologies
+
+did this rule-of-thumb start to be violated
+in logic circuits where the components were
+
+separated by at most 10's of inches.
+
+In fact, it has been known since the late
+1800s that changes in voltage levels take
+
+finite time to propagate down a wire.
+
+Oliver Heaviside was a self-taught English
+electrical engineer who, in the 1880's, developed
+
+a set of "telegrapher's equations" that described
+how signals propagate down wires.
+
+Using these, he was able to show how to improve
+the rate of transmission on then new transatlantic
+
+telegraph cable by a factor of 10.
+
+We now know that for high-speed signaling
+we have to treat wires as transmission lines,
+
+which we'll say more about in the next few
+slides.
+
+In this domain, the distance between components
+and hence the lengths of wires is of critical
+
+concern if we want to correctly predict the
+performance of our circuits.
+
+Distance and signal propagation matter - real-world
+wires are, in fact, fairly complex components!
+
+Here's an electrical model for an infinitesimally
+small segment of a real-world wire.
+
+An actual wire is correctly modeled by imagining
+a many copies of the model shown here connected
+
+end-to-end.
+
+The signal, i.e., the voltage on the wire,
+is measured with respect to the reference
+
+node which is also shown in the model.
+
+There are 4 parameters that characterize the
+behavior of the wire.
+
+R tells us the resistance of the conductor.
+
+It's usually negligible for the wiring on
+printed circuit boards, but it can be significant
+
+for long wires in integrated circuits.
+
+L represents the self-inductance of the conductor,
+which characterizes how much energy will be
+
+absorbed by the wire's magnetic fields when
+the current flowing through the wire changes.
+
+The conductor and reference node are separated
+by some sort insulator (which might be just
+
+air!) and hence form a capacitor with capacitance
+C.
+
+Finally, the conductance G represents the
+current that leaks through the insulator.
+
+Usually this is quite small.
+
+The table shows the parameter values we might
+measure for wires inside an integrated circuit
+
+and on printed circuit boards.
+
+If we analyze what happens when sending signals
+down the wire, we can describe the behavior
+
+of the wires using a single component called
+a transmission line, which has a characteristic
+
+complex-valued impedance Z_0.
+
+At high signaling frequencies and over the
+distances found on-chip or on circuit boards,
+
+such as one might find in a modern digital
+system, the transmission line is lossless,
+
+and voltage changes ("steps") propagate down
+the wire at the rate of 1/sqrt(LC) meters
+
+per second.
+
+Using the values given here for a printed
+circuit board, the characteristic impedance
+
+is approximately 50 ohms and the speed of
+propagation is about 18 cm (7") per ns.
+
+To send digital information from one component
+to another, we change the voltage on the connecting
+
+wire, and that voltage step propagates from
+the sender to the receiver.
+
+We have to pay some attention to what happens
+to that energy front when it gets to the end
+
+of the wire!
+
+If we do nothing to absorb that energy, conservation
+laws tell us that it reflects off the end
+
+of the wire as an "echo" and soon our wire
+will be full of echoes from previous voltage
+
+steps!
+
+To prevent these echoes we have to terminate
+the wire with a resistance to ground that
+
+matches the characteristic impedance of the
+transmission line.
+
+If the signal can propagate in both directions,
+we'll need to terminate at both ends.
+
+What this model is telling is the time it
+takes to transmit information from one component
+
+to another and that we have to be careful
+to absorb the energy associated with the transmission
+
+when the information has reached its destination.
+
+With that little bit of theory as background,
+we're in a position to describe the real-world
+
+consequences of poor engineering of our signal
+wires.
+
+The key observation is that unless we're careful
+there can still be energy left over from previous
+
+transmissions that might corrupt the current
+transmission.
+
+The general fix to this problem is time, i.e.,
+giving the transmitted value a longer time
+
+to settle to an interference-free value.
+
+But slowing down isn't usually acceptable
+in high-performance systems, so we have to
+
+do our best to minimize these energy-storage
+effects.
+
+If the termination isn't exactly right, we'll
+get some reflections from any voltage step
+
+reaching the end of the wire, and it will
+take a while for these echoes to die out.
+
+In fact, as we'll see, energy will reflect
+off of any impedance discontinuity, which
+
+means we'll want to minimize the number of
+such discontinuities.
+
+We need to be careful to allow sufficient
+time for signals to reach valid logic levels.
+
+The shaded region shows a transition of the
+wire A from 1 to 0 to 1.
+
+The first inverter is trying to produce a
+1-output from the initial input transition
+
+to 0, but doesn't have sufficient time to
+complete the transition on wire B before the
+
+input changes again.
+
+This leads to a runt pulse on wire C, the
+output of the second inverter, and we see
+
+that the sequence of bits on A has been corrupted
+by the time the signal reaches C.
+
+This problem was caused by the energy storage
+in the capacitance of the wire between the
+
+inverters, which will limit the speed at which
+we can run the logic.
+
+And here see we what happens when a large
+voltage step triggers oscillations in a wire,
+
+called ringing, due to the wire's inductance
+and capacitance.
+
+The graph shows it takes some time before
+the ringing dampens to the point that we have
+
+a reliable digital signal.
+
+The ringing can be diminished by spreading
+the voltage step over a longer time.
+
+The key idea here is that by paying close
+attention to the design of our wiring and
+
+the drivers that put information onto the
+wire, we can minimize the performance implications
+
+of these energy-storage effects.
+
+Okay, enough electrical engineering!
+
+Suppose we have some information in our system.
+
+If we preserve that information over time,
+we call that storage.
+
+If we send that information to another component,
+we call that communication.
+
+In the real world, we've seen that communication
+takes time and we have to budget for that
+
+time in our system timing.
+
+Our engineering has to accommodate the fundamental
+bounds on propagating speeds, distances between
+
+components, and how fast we can change wire
+voltages without triggering the effects we
+
+saw on the previous slide.
+
+The upshot: our timing models will have to
+account for wire delays.
+
+In Part 1 of this course, we had a simple
+timing model that assigned a fixed propagation
+
+delay, t_PD, to the time it took for the output
+of a logic gate to reflect a change to the
+
+gate's input.
+
+We'll need to change our timing model to account
+for delay of transmitting the output of a
+
+logic gate to the next components.
+
+The timing will be load dependent, so signals
+that connect to the inputs of many other gates
+
+will be slower than signals that connect to
+only one other gate.
+
+The Jade simulator takes the loading of a
+gate's output signal into account when calculating
+
+the effective propagation delay of the gate.
+
+We can improve propagation delays by reducing
+the number of loads on output signals or by
+
+using specially-design gates called buffers
+(the component shown in red) to drive signals
+
+that have very large loads.
+
+A common task when optimizing the performance
+of a circuit is to track down heavily-loaded
+
+and hence slow wires and re-engineering the
+circuit to make them faster.
+
+Today our concern is wires used to connect
+components at the system level.
+
+So next we'll turn our attention to possible
+designs for system-level interconnect and
+
+the issues that might arise.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6HtVKlFNb2A.txt b/6HtVKlFNb2A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97576fde118279e9ae2164a461f4489dc972b17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6HtVKlFNb2A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+Lot's of things in our lives transmit signals.
+From your cell phone when it's making a call,
+
+to your computer when it's sending an email,
+to your local radio station when it's broadcasting.
+
+Here you see two objects that receive signals
+- they are radio receivers. Have you ever
+
+wondered how they pick out the signal they
+want out of all of the radio waves around
+
+them? In this video, we're going to find out.
+
+This video is part of the information flow
+video series. A system is shaped and changed
+
+by the nature and flow of information into,
+within, and out of the system.
+
+Hi, my name is Elena Glassman, and I am a
+graduate student in the Electrical Engineering
+
+and Computer Science Department at MIT.
+
+Before watching this video, you should be
+familiar with basic electrical circuits, and
+
+how inductors, capacitors, and AM radio transmitters
+work.
+
+After watching this video, you will be able
+to explain how a basic radio receiver circuit
+
+functions to select particular radio frequencies.
+
+This Hammarlund HQ120 communications receiver
+was introduced in 1938. It tunes in radio
+
+waves ranging from 540 thousand cycles per
+second to 30 million cycles per second. It
+
+can decode signals encoded with Amplitude
+Modulation, abbreviated as AM, or "continuous
+
+wave" modulation, abbreviated as CW.
+
+This Drake R-4 was introduced later, in 1964,
+and is optimized for amateur radio bands within
+
+the same frequency range covered by the HQ120.
+Both of these radios were popular with amateur
+
+radio operators.
+Amateur radio operators are radio enthusiasts
+
+who pass U.S. Federal Communications Commission
+tests to receive official government call
+
+signs and the right to broadcast on select
+bands.
+
+Amateur radio operators are anything but amateur,
+serving as part of an important worldwide
+
+network. When cell phones, the internet, or
+other communication networks are down, amateur
+
+radio operators can help pass along important
+information. Amateur radio operators have
+
+historically experimented with and advanced
+cutting-edge radio technologies. (viewers
+
+hear radio making some noise)
+
+Let's delve deeper into how these radios receive
+information.
+
+Recall that radio waves are electromagnetic
+waves whose frequencies fall in a certain
+
+range. A variety of data types can be transmitted
+over radio waves by systematically modulating
+
+some property of the wave.
+
+The information we want to transmit--say speech
+or music--has a much lower frequency than
+
+the carrier radio wave. We can encode this
+lower frequency by modulating the amplitude
+
+of the carrier wave. This is called Amplitude
+Modulation, which is used in AM radio.
+
+CW radio stands for continuous wave modulation
+and is traditionally used to transmit Morse
+
+code by switching the carrier signal on and
+off.
+
+All of the signals being transmitted around
+the globe are superimposed on to each other.
+
+Our goal is to understand how a basic radio
+circuit, called the regenerative circuit,
+
+works to pick out one frequency. This circuit
+was a breakthrough in radio technology both
+
+in terms of amplification and selectivity.
+
+It was invented in 1914 by American electrical
+engineer Edwin Armstrong when he was an undergraduate
+
+at Columbia University.
+
+This circuit was widely used in radio receivers,
+called regenerative receivers, between 1920
+
+and World War II. They are still used in low-cost
+electronic equipment such as garage door openers.
+
+Our Hammerlund and Drake radios use more sophisticated
+circuitry, also invented by Armstrong. However,
+
+we're going focus on the more basic and still
+powerful regenerative circuit.
+
+The regenerative circuit seen here is a classical,
+elegant electrical circuit that amplifies
+
+while selecting a particular radio wave frequency.
+
+Let's start by identifying the elements from
+this diagram in our actual radio. This is
+
+the antenna for the radio.
+And this is the symbol for that antenna in
+
+our diagram.
+This dial allows us to control the frequency
+
+we're selecting. And this is the variable
+capacitance element that determines which
+
+frequency this basic regenerative receiver
+circuit will select for.
+
+This is a vacuum tube in the radio.
+
+And in the diagram. It is going to act as
+an amplifier.
+
+Together the volume control and the speaker
+enable us to hear the information decoded
+
+from the radio signal.
+
+These are represented by a variable resistor
+and the headphone cartoon in our diagram.
+
+Now let's understand how this circuit works!
+Radio waves induce waves of alternating current
+
+through the antenna. By the phenomenon of
+inductive coupling, the radio wave energy
+
+is picked up by this tuned circuit, which
+is just an inductor and variable capacitor
+
+in parallel. This circuit acts like an echo
+chamber for radio waves.
+
+To get a better sense of how this parallel
+inductor and capacitor work, let's look at
+
+a system with which you may be more familiar--brass
+instruments.
+
+Brass players create lots of sound frequencies
+when they blow through their mouthpieces.
+
+[sound of buzzing]
+The brass tube acts as a resonant cavity or
+
+echo chamber. Sound waves bounce back and
+forth between each end of the tube.
+
+Particular frequencies constructively interfere
+or reinforce each other, while other frequencies
+
+destructively interfere, and therefore have
+their amplitude diminished.
+
+As the slide is moved, the length of the tube
+changes, and that changes which frequencies
+
+are reinforced and which frequencies are damped.
+This parallel inductor and capacitor act the
+
+same way for radio waves. Changing the capacitance
+of the capacitor is equivalent to changing
+
+the length of the trombone's tube by moving
+the slide.
+
+The noise produced by buzzing into the mouthpiece
+and filtering it with the brass tube is sufficient
+
+to produce audible sound.
+
+But radio waves may be coming from transmitters
+very far away, and may have very small amplitudes
+
+by the time they reach us. It's not uncommon
+for these receivers to pick up radio stations
+
+part way around the globe. How are we going
+to deal with this? We need amplification!
+
+The radio waves echoing in the tuned circuit
+here are applied to the input of this vacuum
+
+tube, which acts as an amplifier. An amplifier
+reproduces the signal applied to its input,
+
+but with greater magnitude. The added energy
+comes from a local power source, like a battery.
+
+That might be enough amplification, but we
+can do even better using positive feedback!
+
+The tickler, located here, takes the amplified
+radio signal from the vacuum tube and feeds
+
+it back into the echo chamber, to reinforce
+new radio waves coming in from the antenna
+
+at that same frequency!
+
+A frequency is strengthened by the echo chamber
+alone, so it becomes even larger in amplitude
+
+after amplification and positive feedback
+into the same echo chamber! Likewise, any
+
+frequencies that did not resonate well in
+the echo chamber will be diminished further
+
+with each circulation back through the loop.
+This echo chamber with its output amplified
+
+and fed back into itself is what is responsible
+for achieving our stated goal of selecting
+
+only one frequency to tune in to, in the presence
+of all the other frequencies carrying information.
+
+Now that we have selected and amplified the
+carrier frequency, we still need to extract
+
+the original information.
+
+You might expect our signal after amplification
+to look like this. But the information encoded
+
+in the amplitude would be hard to decode because
+the average amplitude is constant everywhere.
+
+Luckily for us, the vacuum tube is a nonlinear
+amplifier.
+
+It accentuates the lower half of the signal
+and diminishes the top half, giving us a signal
+
+that looks more like this.
+Since headphones are natural smoothing filters
+
+that convert variations in current to air
+pressure waves, the user hears the original
+
+information encoded in the AM signal. If we
+hadn't accentuated the lower half of the signal
+
+before smoothing, you wouldn't hear anything.
+There's one last aspect of this simple regenerative
+
+receiver we'd like to point out.
+
+After all this selective amplification of
+the carrier frequency, we must still extract
+
+the information carried by the envelope of
+its amplitude.
+
+We take advantage of the imperfect amplification
+of the vacuum tube to accentuate the lower
+
+half of the signal.
+
+Since headphones are natural smoothing filters
+that convert variations in current to air
+
+pressure waves, the user hears the original
+information encoded in the AM signal.
+
+It was extremely clever to use a single tube
+to amplify, provide selectivity, and demodulate
+
+an AM signal at a time when tubes were very
+expensive and considered cutting edge.
+
+This Drake R-4 radio uses more sophisticated
+circuitry but even modern radio receivers
+
+are built with digital circuits that operate
+on the same basic principles!
+
+Radio is a cool, handy way to disseminate
+information, so humans have created lots and
+
+lots of electromagnetic waves and transmitted
+them into the air at various frequencies.
+
+We've even standardized who can transmit and
+at what frequency.
+
+Here's the radio spectrum that is available.
+You see AM and FM broadcast within this spectrum.
+
+This radio spectrum has been divided up even
+further for different uses: mobile phones,
+
+amateur astronomy, satellites, space research,
+amateur radio, and Earth research.
+
+Zooming out further we see that lots of different
+communities have their own spot allocated.
+
+Out of all of that radio activity, we can
+now pull out what we personally want. Maybe
+
+it's finding a friend or fellow amateur radio
+operator transmitting from another continent,
+
+or maybe it's the BBC, broadcasting international
+news.
+
+To summarize, in this video, we have explained
+how the components in the regenerative receiver
+
+circuit work together to dampen unwanted frequencies,
+while selectively amplifying and demodulating
+
+a desired AM signal. This is no small feat,
+given the amount of radio waves humans broadcast!
+
+We've also demonstrated the tuning process
+with a Drake R-4 radio receiver built for
+
+amateur radio operators in the 1960s. Learning
+about these radio receivers with my dad when
+
+I was a kid was instrumental in developing
+my own interest in electrical engineering!
+
+It was really fun to share some of the circuitry
+with you. If you want to try something a little
+
+more hands-on, I recommend checking out the
+local amateur radio community or signing up
+
+for a course in electrical engineering!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6PrAW28eUpE.txt b/6PrAW28eUpE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91b41a85bc7d2c980ca0464611db045e15ec02a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6PrAW28eUpE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were Midway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were Midway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were Midway
+through this proof that the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this proof that the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this proof that the equations of
+motion I.E field red definitions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I.E field red definitions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion I.E field red definitions can be
+used to simplify by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to simplify by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to simplify by the
+theory and I stated last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and I stated last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and I stated last time that
+really all we have to worry about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all we have to worry about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all we have to worry about is the
+change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the
+larian but when we looked at the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larian but when we looked at the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larian but when we looked at the path
+integral to do things properly and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to do things properly and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to do things properly and make
+a change of variable in the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of variable in the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of variable in the path
+integral it wasn't just lran that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it wasn't just lran that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral it wasn't just lran that
+changed lran changed and we could set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed lran changed and we could set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed lran changed and we could set up
+our field redefinition to do what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field redefinition to do what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field redefinition to do what we
+want but there was also changes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but there was also changes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but there was also changes to the
+Jacobian and the source and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian and the source and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian and the source and that's what
+we had started to talk about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had started to talk about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had started to talk about last
+time so when I look at the change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so when I look at the change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so when I look at the change to the
+jobian which is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobian which is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobian which is this thing
+we could write that as a ghost lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write that as a ghost lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write that as a ghost lrange
+in and the argument for why we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the argument for why we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the argument for why we don't
+need to worry about this is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows so the effective field theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so the effective field theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so the effective field theory is
+going to be valid for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be valid for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be valid for small
+momentum there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion and there's some scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and there's some scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and there's some scale
+introduced by the higher Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by the higher Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by the higher Dimension
+operators Lambda new and we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators Lambda new and we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators Lambda new and we're looking
+at low momentum relative to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low momentum relative to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low momentum relative to that
+in the particular case that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular case that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular case that we're
+dealing with this parameter Ada had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this parameter Ada had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this parameter Ada had
+dimensions and so Lambda new was 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so Lambda new was 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so Lambda new was 1 over
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+a and we' put factors of ADA in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we' put factors of ADA in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we' put factors of ADA in front of
+our higher Dimension operator so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our higher Dimension operator so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our higher Dimension operator so that's
+like putting one over Lambda news in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting one over Lambda news in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like putting one over Lambda news in
+front of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators and the reason that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and the reason that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and the reason that we don't
+have to worry so much about this ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry so much about this ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry so much about this ghost
+lrin is that these ghosts are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrin is that these ghosts are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrin is that these ghosts are going to
+get Mass that's of the size Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Mass that's of the size Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Mass that's of the size Lambda
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what that means is that the ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that the ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that the ghost
+along with perhaps other particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with perhaps other particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with perhaps other particles that
+are up at the scale Lambda new are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up at the scale Lambda new are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are up at the scale Lambda new are
+things that we don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we don't have to worry about
+and we can effectively integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can effectively integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can effectively integrate the
+ghes from the theory in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghes from the theory in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghes from the theory in the same way
+that we would think about removing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would think about removing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would think about removing some
+particles that had uh masses of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that had uh masses of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that had uh masses of water
+Lambda new so I'll show you why they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new so I'll show you why they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new so I'll show you why they get
+masses of order lamb new in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's do that by way of picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that by way of picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that by way of picking a
+particular example so far we've kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example so far we've kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example so far we've kept
+things fairly General without specifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fairly General without specifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fairly General without specifying
+what this set of fields that's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this set of fields that's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this set of fields that's in this
+thing that we called T was we just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we called T was we just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we called T was we just left
+it as an arbitrary thing let's pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an arbitrary thing let's pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an arbitrary thing let's pick a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the argument here is actually fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument here is actually fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument here is actually fairly
+General but I think it easier to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General but I think it easier to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General but I think it easier to see it
+for a particular example so if we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular example so if we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular example so if we pick
+this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T we have this term which has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we have this term which has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we have this term which has no
+relation to T that term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important and then we have the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then we have the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and then we have the terms
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we'd have a ghost lran that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd have a ghost lran that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'd have a ghost lran that would
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+that so this here is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this here is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this here is going to be the
+mass term and so far it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term and so far it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term and so far it doesn't look
+like it has the dimens the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has the dimens the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has the dimens the right
+dimensions and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and that's because
+we've got our kinetic term if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our kinetic term if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our kinetic term if you like
+with the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wrong
+Dimensions so if we want ghost fields of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so if we want ghost fields of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so if we want ghost fields of
+standard dimensions or canonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard dimensions or canonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard dimensions or canonically
+normalized kinetic term in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized kinetic term in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized kinetic term in this case we
+would take C and rescale it to C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take C and rescale it to C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take C and rescale it to C over
+rout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rout
+dat and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dat and if we do
+that then this does become along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new so that removes the Ada in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so that removes the Ada in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so that removes the Ada in the
+interaction term here it removes it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term here it removes it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term here it removes it from
+this kinetic term that happened to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic term that happened to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic term that happened to be
+there and then the only place that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the only place that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then the only place that the
+Ada is showing up now in this case is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada is showing up now in this case is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada is showing up now in this case is in
+this Mass term but now this is now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mass term but now this is now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mass term but now this is now you
+see explicitly in terms of these ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see explicitly in terms of these ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see explicitly in terms of these ghost
+fields that they have mass Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new okay and that's just what I was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay and that's just what I was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay and that's just what I was what
+I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claiming so the important Point here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming so the important Point here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming so the important Point here was
+that you did need this one this one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did need this one this one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did need this one this one was
+playing a very important role in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a very important role in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a very important role in this
+argument if the one wasn't there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument if the one wasn't there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument if the one wasn't there this
+wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and that one was related to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one was related to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one was related to something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+was part of one of our starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of one of our starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of one of our starting
+assumptions that when we made the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that when we made the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that when we made the field
+redefinition that the one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition that the one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition that the one particle
+States would stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States would stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States would stay the
+same so if you look back at what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if you look back at what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if you look back at what our
+field redefinition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was and you trace back where that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and you trace back where that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and you trace back where that one
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+we had a field red definition that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a field red definition that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a field red definition that was
+of this form and this guy was a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and this guy was a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and this guy was a function
+of other fields but we always had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other fields but we always had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other fields but we always had this
+term and that term was related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that term was related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that term was related to the
+presence of this one and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of this one and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of this one and that was
+important for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there has to be a term that's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there has to be a term that's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there has to be a term that's linear
+in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new
+field we want the same one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we want the same one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we want the same one particle
+States so these ghosts as you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so these ghosts as you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so these ghosts as you know about
+ghosts always appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loops and so if you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and so if you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and so if you want to think about
+removing this massive particle it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing this massive particle it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing this massive particle it's like
+a massive particle that occurs in Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops
+it's really just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just like
+that so it's just like a heavy particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's just like a heavy particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's just like a heavy particle
+that you would remove from the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would remove from the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would remove from the theory
+that would only appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loops and we're going to discuss exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and we're going to discuss exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and we're going to discuss exactly
+how that works and how to remove heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works and how to remove heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works and how to remove heavy
+particles that appear in Loops in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that appear in Loops in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that appear in Loops in detail
+a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later
+so for now that's enough detail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for now that's enough detail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for now that's enough detail for
+number two so is there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two so is there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two so is there any questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the change to the Jacobian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the change to the Jacobian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the change to the Jacobian is
+effectively a massive ghost that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a massive ghost that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a massive ghost that we
+could integrate out of the theory when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could integrate out of the theory when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could integrate out of the theory when
+we integrated out of the theory it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrated out of the theory it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrated out of the theory it would
+change it shift the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it shift the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it shift the values of the
+couplings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings in the
+lran but it doesn't have any uh impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran but it doesn't have any uh impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran but it doesn't have any uh impact
+that can't be absorbed in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be absorbed in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be absorbed in other
+operators in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory so then the final thing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so then the final thing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so then the final thing we have
+to worry about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+source so there was this term with JF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so there was this term with JF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so there was this term with JF
+dagger and what about taking when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and what about taking when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and what about taking when we
+take there was an extra term with jfi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take there was an extra term with jfi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take there was an extra term with jfi
+dagger that we had last time remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger that we had last time remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger that we had last time remind you
+what it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in
+our path integral we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our path integral we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our path integral we had an
+exponential of a bunch of stuff but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a bunch of stuff but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a bunch of stuff but then
+there was one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term that was induced that involved ji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that was induced that involved ji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that was induced that involved ji
+Dagger from the field red definition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dagger from the field red definition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dagger from the field red definition so
+when we take derivatives with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take derivatives with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we take derivatives with respect to
+jfi dagger there's sort of the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jfi dagger there's sort of the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jfi dagger there's sort of the usual
+term that we want a source and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we want a source and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that we want a source and then
+there's this new term so what about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this new term so what about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this new term so what about that
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term that's the final thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's the final thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that's the final thing we have to
+worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+about and this is where it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is where it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and this is where it's important
+that we're actually considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually considering
+observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables
+so we need to consider observables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to consider observables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to consider observables so
+let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by
+considering some greens functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering some greens functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering some greens functions or
+time order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products so I'm just taking a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I'm just taking a string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I'm just taking a string of
+fields I could have some other fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields I could have some other fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields I could have some other fields
+here as well I'm going to make my life a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as well I'm going to make my life a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as well I'm going to make my life a
+little EAS Easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little EAS Easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little EAS Easier
+by taking the F to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real and that's just for notational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Simplicity I could write fi daggers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity I could write fi daggers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity I could write fi daggers and
+Fs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so when we make the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so when we make the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so when we make the field
+redefinition what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition what happens
+to that time OU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product so this is one way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so this is one way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so this is one way of thinking
+about the extra terms from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+source so if you take functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so if you take functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so if you take functional
+derivatives with respect to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to the other
+piece that involves JF you get F if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that involves JF you get F if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that involves JF you get F if you
+take them with respect to that piece you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them with respect to that piece you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them with respect to that piece you
+get at extra Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at extra Ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at extra Ada
+T's or you can just think about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's or you can just think about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's or you can just think about making
+the field redefinition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field redefinition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field redefinition
+directly in this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in this Matrix
+element and you'd have a matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and you'd have a matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and you'd have a matrix element
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+that so it's not at all obvious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's not at all obvious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's not at all obvious that
+these extra pieces that involve Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra pieces that involve Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extra pieces that involve Fields
+can't change the value of this greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change the value of this greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change the value of this greens
+function and in fact they will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in fact they will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in fact they will change
+the value of that greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that greens
+function but the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but the important thing is that
+we have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to consider
+observables and not just greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and not just greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and not just greens
+functions so what when we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so what when we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so what when we're going to
+think about observables we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about observables we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about observables we should think
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+lsz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lsz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lsz
+formula which connects Green's functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which connects Green's functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which connects Green's functions
+to smatrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements so let me remind you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and I'll remind you what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll remind you what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'll remind you what it looks
+like for some fixed set of fields which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for some fixed set of fields which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for some fixed set of fields which
+are scalar Fields but we could put Fons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scalar Fields but we could put Fons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scalar Fields but we could put Fons
+in it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it as
+well so what this says is if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what this says is if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what this says is if I look at
+this so it's an integral over the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's an integral over the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's an integral over the space
+time i' sticking in particular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i' sticking in particular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i' sticking in particular momentum
+for the particular Fields And if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular Fields And if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular Fields And if I look
+at it if I look at the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it if I look at the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it if I look at the leading
+term the leading pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the leading pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the leading pole
+term as the particles are taken on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shell then that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell then that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell then that's an
+observable known as the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some number of these particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some number of these particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some number of these particles are
+incoming some number of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming some number of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming some number of them are
+outgoing that affects the sign that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing that affects the sign that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing that affects the sign that I
+put in this plus minus I'm not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this plus minus I'm not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this plus minus I'm not trying to
+be too detailed about which ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too detailed about which ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too detailed about which ones are
+outgoing which ones are incoming but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing which ones are incoming but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing which ones are incoming but
+some of them are incoming some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are incoming some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are incoming some of them
+are outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outgoing
+and for each one I want to strip off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each one I want to strip off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each one I want to strip off the
+leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading
+pole I want to look at the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole I want to look at the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole I want to look at the coefficient
+and it has to have a pull so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to have a pull so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has to have a pull so this is a
+product over all particles we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over all particles we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over all particles we really
+need to pull in all in all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pull in all in all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pull in all in all the different
+uh cases and all for all the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cases and all for all the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cases and all for all the external
+particles okay so there's higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so there's higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay so there's higher so
+there's other if I wanted to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other if I wanted to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other if I wanted to make this
+in equality I'd say plus dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equality I'd say plus dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equality I'd say plus dot dot dot
+there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other
+terms and the thing that's observable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the thing that's observable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the thing that's observable is
+the coefficient of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of these
+poles not the Z but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so if I make changes to my theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if I make changes to my theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if I make changes to my theory
+and they affect this thing but get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they affect this thing but get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they affect this thing but get
+canceled by this thing as long as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled by this thing as long as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled by this thing as long as they
+don't affect this thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't affect this thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't affect this thing we're
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay and the claim is that we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the claim is that we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the claim is that we make this
+change to the source and it won't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the source and it won't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to the source and it won't affect
+the Matrix element of s the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix element of s the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix element of s the S
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again we can do some examples and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we can do some examples and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we can do some examples and I
+think the examples fairly quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the examples fairly quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the examples fairly quickly
+convince are convincing that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince are convincing that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince are convincing that this is the
+case so we'll do three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we'll do three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so we'll do three different
+examples first a rather trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples first a rather trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples first a rather trivial
+one what if T was just five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what if T was just five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what if T was just five
+itself so T is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so T is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so T is just
+five so this is just 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so this is just 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so this is just 1
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+daty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look
+at if you think back then we have t this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you think back then we have t this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you think back then we have t this
+was the form of the term in the lran so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the form of the term in the lran so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the form of the term in the lran so
+this is just a to 5 d^ 2 F so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a to 5 d^ 2 F so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a to 5 d^ 2 F so it's just
+changing the kinetic term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the kinetic term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the kinetic term for
+f if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f if we look at
+our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting a factor of 1 plus Ada for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a factor of 1 plus Ada for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a factor of 1 plus Ada for each
+of the fields so let's say we had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fields so let's say we had four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fields so let's say we had four
+of them just to so I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to say I had four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I had four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I had four of
+them if I had n of them it would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if I had n of them it would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if I had n of them it would just be
+to the end power but if I have four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end power but if I have four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end power but if I have four of
+them it be to the fourth power and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it be to the fourth power and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it be to the fourth power and I
+just get this extra preactor and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get this extra preactor and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get this extra preactor and it
+looks like it's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's changed
+G and indeed it has changed the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and indeed it has changed the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and indeed it has changed the left
+hand side of this equation but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this equation but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this equation but when we
+calculate the Z factor and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Z factor and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Z factor and we
+canonically normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically normalize
+if you want to think about it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think about it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to think about it that way
+then we would exactly cancel off these 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would exactly cancel off these 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would exactly cancel off these 1
+plus a is so the root Z here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a is so the root Z here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a is so the root Z here is going to
+have is going to be 1 plus a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so when we look at the this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so when we look at the this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so when we look at the this is just
+the residue of the free propagator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue of the free propagator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residue of the free propagator and
+if the residue gets changed when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the residue gets changed when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the residue gets changed when you
+change the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so that doesn't do anything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that doesn't do anything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that doesn't do anything to the
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix so that's one way we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so that's one way we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so that's one way we can be
+protected we change the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected we change the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected we change the left hand side
+it's compensated by a change to the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's compensated by a change to the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's compensated by a change to the Z
+and leaves s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaves s
+invariant let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant let's do another
+example a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-trivial so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial so let's just
+take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some
+cubic term in our field red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition so this is like having a 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this is like having a 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this is like having a 5
+Cub Del s f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so the this extra term will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so the this extra term will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so the this extra term will give
+rise to extra terms in the time product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to extra terms in the time product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to extra terms in the time product
+and let me just write one of them again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just write one of them again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just write one of them again
+thinking of of it as a fourpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of of it as a fourpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of of it as a fourpoint
+function so let's just imagine I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's just imagine I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's just imagine I look at
+the change that comes from changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change that comes from changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change that comes from changing the
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy so there's other terms from changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so there's other terms from changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so there's other terms from changing
+5x1 5x2 and 5x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x1 5x2 and 5x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x1 5x2 and 5x3
+but if I work to order Ada then I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I work to order Ada then I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I work to order Ada then I change
+one of them at a time and we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them at a time and we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them at a time and we're only
+working to order Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to order Ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to order Ada
+here so the claim is actually that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the claim is actually that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the claim is actually that this
+m Matrix element has no effect on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Matrix element has no effect on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Matrix element has no effect on this
+structure it can affect the dots but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it can affect the dots but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it can affect the dots but
+it's not going to affect the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to affect the leading
+term and that's because having a f cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's because having a f cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and that's because having a f cubed
+means that you're not having a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're not having a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're not having a one
+particle state so if you tried to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle state so if you tried to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle state so if you tried to draw
+it as a pman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram in position space you'd label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in position space you'd label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in position space you'd label
+these external points and you inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these external points and you inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these external points and you inject
+momenta there and then we label point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta there and then we label point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta there and then we label point
+four but there's three Fields there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but there's three Fields there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but there's three Fields there so
+maybe we have to tie it up like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have to tie it up like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have to tie it up like this or
+something and when you look it ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and when you look it ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and when you look it ASM
+totically what's going going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically what's going going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically what's going going to happen
+from having a 5 Cub you do not get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having a 5 Cub you do not get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having a 5 Cub you do not get a
+single particle Pole from a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed
+so this guy is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular has no single particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and
+hence gives no contribution to scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah as far as the theorem goes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as far as the theorem goes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as far as the theorem goes this
+last step that you're showing is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step that you're showing is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step that you're showing is pretty
+much by hypothesis right in what sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much by hypothesis right in what sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much by hypothesis right in what sense
+like the hypothesis of the theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hypothesis of the theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hypothesis of the theorem is
+yeah that definition does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that definition does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that definition does not change
+your one part of it St that's right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your one part of it St that's right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your one part of it St that's right that
+was an assumption I mean that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an assumption I mean that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an assumption I mean that's exactly
+just what is that the same as what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is that the same as what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is that the same as what
+you're it's the same yeah it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's the same yeah it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's the same yeah it's it's it's
+effectively the same although um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the same although um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the same although um it's
+being more careful about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more careful about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being more careful about what the
+statement of that means right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of that means right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of that means right because
+it's I mean you're changing the residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I mean you're changing the residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I mean you're changing the residue
+but you're not changing the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not changing the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not changing the S
+Matrix right yeah okay this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right yeah okay this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right yeah okay this is what I
+was thinking when you said that yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+um so really the statement of yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really the statement of yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so really the statement of yeah so
+instead of saying I should I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying I should I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying I should I could have
+been a little more careful so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little more careful so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a little more careful so instead of
+saying that the hypothesis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the hypothesis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the hypothesis of the
+theorem is that it wouldn't change one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that it wouldn't change one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that it wouldn't change one
+particle States what I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle States what I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle States what I should have
+really said is that it that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really said is that it that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really said is that it that there's a
+linear term in the field red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term in the field red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term in the field red
+definition yeah which now I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition yeah which now I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition yeah which now I'm showing
+you is equivalent to not changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is equivalent to not changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is equivalent to not changing the
+one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle
+States and let's do one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example just to sort of rule out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just to sort of rule out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just to sort of rule out all
+possible things we could think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things we could think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things we could think of that
+are different so if we had a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different so if we had a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different so if we had a derivative
+at d^ squ 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d^ squ 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at d^ squ 5
+Prime so then we would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following we could add and subtract a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we could add and subtract a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we could add and subtract a
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+term the reason we would want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the reason we would want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the reason we would want to do that
+is if we looked at a term like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we looked at a term like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we looked at a term like this it's
+again not less singular than this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not less singular than this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not less singular than this term
+if this term is giving the one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this term is giving the one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this term is giving the one particle
+States this term has got a fact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this term has got a fact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States this term has got a fact of the
+propagator upstairs so if you look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator upstairs so if you look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator upstairs so if you look for a
+poll that would come from that term it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll that would come from that term it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poll that would come from that term it's
+canceling out you get p^2 - m^2 p² -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m^2 so there's no pull from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 so there's no pull from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 so there's no pull from this
+term and this term is again just of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this term is again just of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this term is again just of the
+type that we in from our first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that we in from our first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that we in from our first example
+it's just like shifting five by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like shifting five by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like shifting five by some
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+so probably to get Dimensions right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably to get Dimensions right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably to get Dimensions right I
+should put some factors of ADA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put some factors of ADA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put some factors of ADA in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again something like that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again something like that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again something like that doesn't
+change anything because it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything because it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything because it can be
+decomposed into something that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into something that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into something that has no
+pole and then something that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and then something that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and then something that's just a
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+okay so how as long as you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how as long as you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how as long as you have this
+linear term in your field red definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term in your field red definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term in your field red definition
+and it doesn't have to be even have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have to be even have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't have to be even have a
+trivial it doesn't have to even have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial it doesn't have to even have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial it doesn't have to even have a
+trivial preactor you could have 2 * 5 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial preactor you could have 2 * 5 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial preactor you could have 2 * 5 or
+whatever you like because that'll cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you like because that'll cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you like because that'll cancel
+out when normalize things correctly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when normalize things correctly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when normalize things correctly as
+long as you have that linear term you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have that linear term you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have that linear term you're
+fine and you don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and you don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and you don't have to worry about
+changes to the Jacobian or changes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the Jacobian or changes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to the Jacobian or changes to
+the from The Source term so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from The Source term so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from The Source term so you just
+have the changes to the lran to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the changes to the lran to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the changes to the lran to worry
+about don't have to think about the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about don't have to think about the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about don't have to think about the path
+inter goal just make field redefinitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter goal just make field redefinitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter goal just make field redefinitions
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+lran and that's what you'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran and that's what you'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran and that's what you'll get some
+practice with on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with on the problem
+set so as I said at the beginning before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so as I said at the beginning before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so as I said at the beginning before
+everybody was here there's a problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was here there's a problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was here there's a problem set
+number one that's posted everyone should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one that's posted everyone should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one that's posted everyone should
+make sure that they can actually access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they can actually access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that they can actually access
+it and if they can't access it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if they can't access it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if they can't access it they
+should let me know if you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should let me know if you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should let me know if you can't get
+access to the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the web
+page any final questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page any final questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page any final questions about this
+before we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on
+yeah I get nervous about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I get nervous about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I get nervous about trying to
+cancel a poll by adding a an M squ term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel a poll by adding a an M squ term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel a poll by adding a an M squ term
+because then I guess you at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I guess you at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I guess you at some point
+you start to worry that like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to worry that like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to worry that like you know
+masses get shifted when you start oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses get shifted when you start oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses get shifted when you start oh
+yeah yeah um yeah you should be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah um yeah you should be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah um yeah you should be careful
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+too but you don't have have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but you don't have have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but you don't have have to worry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you can think of it as shift doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can think of it as shift doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can think of it as shift doing
+the M for normalization first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M for normalization first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M for normalization first and then
+worrying about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or so that you're using your normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so that you're using your normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so that you're using your normalized
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we'll start a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the goal of this section is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of this section is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of this section is
+basically to be more careful about Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to be more careful about Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to be more careful about Loop
+diagrams and in particular to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and in particular to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and in particular to show you
+what matching is between two effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matching is between two effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matching is between two effective
+field theories we'll still be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theories we'll still be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theories we'll still be thinking
+in the context of mass of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of mass of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of mass of particles
+that's the simplest place to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest place to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest place to describe
+this although we'll probably do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this although we'll probably do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this although we'll probably do an
+example later on of a case that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example later on of a case that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example later on of a case that doesn't
+just involve mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just involve mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just involve mass of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start out with a very trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start out with a very trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start out with a very trivial
+example just to see what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just to see what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just to see what we're talking
+about so we'll take two particles one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we'll take two particles one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we'll take two particles one of
+them is a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaler it has mass capital M which I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler it has mass capital M which I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler it has mass capital M which I put
+a little underline so you can tell my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little underline so you can tell my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little underline so you can tell my
+capitals from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitals from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitals from my
+lowercase because the light firmon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase because the light firmon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase because the light firmon that
+we're also going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have has a lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have has a lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have has a lowercase
+Mass Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass Little
+M okay so heavy scaler light firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so heavy scaler light firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so heavy scaler light firm
+yon and so what we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yon and so what we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yon and so what we want to talk about
+here is really this picture that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really this picture that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really this picture that we
+described to you earlier where we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you earlier where we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you earlier where we've got
+two theories one and two and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two theories one and two and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two theories one and two and we want to
+pass from Theory one to two by removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass from Theory one to two by removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass from Theory one to two by removing
+something from Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from Theory
+one so Theory one here will be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so Theory one here will be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so Theory one here will be just
+theory of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of these
+things and we'll make it a re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we'll make it a re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we'll make it a re
+normalizable theory in the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable theory in the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable theory in the traditional
+sense just so we know where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop and this guy should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital and then there some Yuka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and then there some Yuka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and then there some Yuka
+interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between
+them so we'll think of this is being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we'll think of this is being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we'll think of this is being the
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+one where we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we're in a
+situation where capital M is much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where capital M is much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where capital M is much bigger
+than Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M so then we want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so then we want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so then we want to think about
+describing sigh at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energies and that means we can get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and that means we can get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and that means we can get rid
+of the scalar as a explicit degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom so low energy is relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so low energy is relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so low energy is relative to
+this Mass scale which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mass scale which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Mass scale which is
+heavy m capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M we're going to remove the scaler from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M we're going to remove the scaler from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M we're going to remove the scaler from
+the theory so you could just say remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory so you could just say remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory so you could just say remove
+it or you could say integrate it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you could say integrate it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you could say integrate it out
+when you say integrate out what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say integrate out what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say integrate out what you're
+the words you're using are have a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words you're using are have a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words you're using are have a path
+integral connotation where you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral connotation where you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral connotation where you have this
+in the path integral and you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the path integral and you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the path integral and you think about
+just doing the path integral over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing the path integral over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing the path integral over that
+field and removing it but the words of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and removing it but the words of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and removing it but the words of
+removing it or integrating it out are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it or integrating it out are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it or integrating it out are
+synonymous so what's Theory 2 going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous so what's Theory 2 going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous so what's Theory 2 going to
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like well we'll still have the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well we'll still have the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well we'll still have the kinetic
+term for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fon and then removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and then removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and then removing the
+scaler will generate some new operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler will generate some new operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler will generate some new operators
+in particular particular there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular particular there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular particular there'll be a
+dimension six operator like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension six operator like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension six operator like
+this and then there could well be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then there could well be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then there could well be other
+terms and so if we wanted to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so if we wanted to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so if we wanted to figure out
+what this Dimension six operator is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this Dimension six operator is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this Dimension six operator is at
+tree level that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level that's a pretty
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+exercise we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise we would
+simply think about the fan diagram in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply think about the fan diagram in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply think about the fan diagram in
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+1 so here's a fan diagram in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so here's a fan diagram in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so here's a fan diagram in theory
+one with uky couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with uky couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with uky couplings
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we would calculate this fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram and we would assume that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we would assume that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we would assume that all the
+momentum of the external particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the external particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the external particles are
+small and that means that this is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and that means that this is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and that means that this is small
+and we would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we would just ask that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would just ask that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would just ask that when I
+take the fan rule from this whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the fan rule from this whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the fan rule from this whoops
+should have been a square there when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been a square there when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been a square there when I
+take the fan rule from that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the fan rule from that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the fan rule from that that I
+should get the same thing as the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the same thing as the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the same thing as the fan
+rule from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule from
+that and that will fix this coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that will fix this coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that will fix this coefficient
+a which is so far arbitrary that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is so far arbitrary that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is so far arbitrary that we can
+determine it by using Theory one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine it by using Theory one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine it by using Theory one and
+that's the idea of doing a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of doing a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of doing a matching
+calculation that you have introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that you have introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that you have introduced the
+theory 2 it has some parameters in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory 2 it has some parameters in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory 2 it has some parameters in front
+of operators in this case I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operators in this case I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operators in this case I call it
+a and we want to determine those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we want to determine those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we want to determine those
+parameters by doing calculations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters by doing calculations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters by doing calculations in
+theory 1 and in particular what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory 1 and in particular what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory 1 and in particular what you do
+is you make sure that SM Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you make sure that SM Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you make sure that SM Matrix elements
+in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two
+theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories
+agree but at tree level that's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but at tree level that's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but at tree level that's just like
+matching up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a is simply g^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+so we just have to match up this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have to match up this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have to match up this guy
+with that guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that guy and
+so taking the leading order term a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking the leading order term a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking the leading order term a is
+just g^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just g^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just g^
+s very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s very
+simple so the place where this gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so the place where this gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so the place where this gets more
+involved and more where you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and more where you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and more where you have to
+think a little bit more this seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit more this seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit more this seems like
+almost automatic that you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost automatic that you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost automatic that you just do
+calculations in here and here and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in here and here and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in here and here and just
+match them up and that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them up and that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them up and that's the basic idea
+it's only a little more complicated when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a little more complicated when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a little more complicated when
+you have to take into account Loops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take into account Loops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take into account Loops so
+that's what we'll spend most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll spend most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we'll spend most of this
+section discussing since this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section discussing since this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section discussing since this part is
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loops what are some of the issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops what are some of the issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops what are some of the issues that
+come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there well the first one is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well the first one is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well the first one is that the
+climate diagrams diverge so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate diagrams diverge so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate diagrams diverge so you have to
+regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and the thing that can be confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the thing that can be confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the thing that can be confusing
+about thinking about effect field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking about effect field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking about effect field
+theories and thinking about Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and thinking about Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and thinking about Divergence
+diagrams is separating the ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams is separating the ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams is separating the ideas of
+regularization and and the mass scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and and the mass scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and and the mass scale
+Lambda new that we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new that we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new that we've been talking
+about so that's something I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that's something I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that's something I want
+to talk about in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detail because they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail because they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail because they're not the same
+thing so we need to cut off ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we need to cut off ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we need to cut off ultraviolet
+divergences to obtain finite results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences to obtain finite results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences to obtain finite results and
+that means we educe cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we educe cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we educe cut off
+parameters into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results so examples would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so examples would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so examples would
+be taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking the
+manowski momentum continuing it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manowski momentum continuing it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manowski momentum continuing it to be
+ukian and then just putting a hard cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian and then just putting a hard cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian and then just putting a hard cut
+off on it that's one example or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on it that's one example or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on it that's one example or you
+could use dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use dim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use dim
+rag that's another example or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rag that's another example or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rag that's another example or you could
+use a lot of spacing that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot of spacing that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot of spacing that's another
+example so these are all examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so these are all examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so these are all examples of how
+you might cut off the theory to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might cut off the theory to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might cut off the theory to remove
+ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divergences and then there's a SE Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Step re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step re
+normalization distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regularization so some of the things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization so some of the things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization so some of the things I'm
+teaching you here should be familiar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you here should be familiar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you here should be familiar and
+the only real generalization that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only real generalization that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only real generalization that we're
+going to do is we're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to be able to
+apply some of the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some of the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply some of the things that you
+learned about renormalization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about renormalization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about renormalization and
+regularization to any op operators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization to any op operators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization to any op operators that
+you might have in the theory whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have in the theory whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have in the theory whether
+they're were normalizable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're were normalizable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're were normalizable in the
+dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+4 traditional sense or in a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 traditional sense or in a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 traditional sense or in a higher
+dimensional sense so here what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sense so here what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sense so here what we're
+doing when we talk about renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when we talk about renormalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when we talk about renormalization
+is we're picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're picking a
+scheme that gives precise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that gives precise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that gives precise or
+definite meaning to the parameters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite meaning to the parameters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite meaning to the parameters the
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory or even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory or even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory or even more
+explicitly each coefficient in the lran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly each coefficient in the lran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly each coefficient in the lran
+as well as the operators in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lran are given a meaning by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure if we didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure if we didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure if we didn't have a
+normalization procedure then because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization procedure then because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization procedure then because of
+the ultrav Violet divergences there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultrav Violet divergences there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultrav Violet divergences there
+would be ambiguities in how we Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ambiguities in how we Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ambiguities in how we Define
+the coefficients in the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in the operators
+or even if you don't have mravi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even if you don't have mravi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even if you don't have mravi
+divergences you still have freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences you still have freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences you still have freedom to
+pick different schemes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick different schemes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick different schemes for the
+definitions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients and when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and when you do
+this you also can introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters so you can get parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so you can get parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so you can get parameters
+from regularization you can also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from regularization you can also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from regularization you can also get
+parameters from this so some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from this so some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from this so some examples
+that are familiar there's this scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are familiar there's this scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are familiar there's this scale
+that shows up when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+msar if you do something that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar if you do something that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar if you do something that's a little
+bit different if you take greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different if you take greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different if you take greens
+functions and you go to some off Shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you go to some off Shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and you go to some off Shell
+Point that's another re renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point that's another re renormalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point that's another re renormalization
+scheme called off shell momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme called off shell momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme called off shell momentum
+subtraction and that scheme also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction and that scheme also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction and that scheme also has a
+parameter that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that shows
+up and if you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and if you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and if you did a
+wilsonian nor ization there would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilsonian nor ization there would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilsonian nor ization there would also
+be a cut off Associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cut off Associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cut off Associated to
+that and this wilsonian cut off here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this wilsonian cut off here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this wilsonian cut off here
+doesn't have to be the same is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be the same is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be the same is this
+Lambda UV cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off okay so every coefficient every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so every coefficient every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so every coefficient every
+operator no matter the the dimension no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator no matter the the dimension no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator no matter the the dimension no
+matter where it turns in the terms up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where it turns in the terms up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where it turns in the terms up in
+the series we're going to have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series we're going to have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series we're going to have to think
+about whether there's diagrams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether there's diagrams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether there's diagrams that
+generate ultraviolet divergences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ultraviolet divergences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ultraviolet divergences and
+if those diagrams look like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those diagrams look like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if those diagrams look like these
+operators then you're going to get re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators then you're going to get re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators then you're going to get re
+normalization of those operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of those operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of those operators and
+you're going to have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to be careful
+about taking care of those divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking care of those divergences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking care of those divergences
+and also the scheme that you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the scheme that you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the scheme that you define the
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in so you can think about this just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so you can think about this just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so you can think about this just as
+far as the coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+as starting out with some bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as starting out with some bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as starting out with some bare
+coefficients that depend on your ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that depend on your ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that depend on your ultra
+violet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violet
+regulator and switching to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator and switching to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator and switching to some
+normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+coefficients which don't depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which don't depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which don't depend on the
+ultraviolet regulator but do depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet regulator but do depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet regulator but do depend on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+scheme and then also you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and then also you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and then also you have some
+counter terms that depend on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things so that's how it would look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's how it would look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that's how it would look if
+you wrote that down for a cut off in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote that down for a cut off in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote that down for a cut off in a
+wilsonian sense if you wrote it down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilsonian sense if you wrote it down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilsonian sense if you wrote it down in
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+regularization it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this same idea different names for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters okay so in dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so in dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so in dimensional
+regularization Epsilon is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization Epsilon is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization Epsilon is the
+ultraviolet regulator shows up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet regulator shows up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet regulator shows up in the
+bare coefficients the renormalized ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare coefficients the renormalized ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare coefficients the renormalized ones
+don't depend on Epsilon anymore and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't depend on Epsilon anymore and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't depend on Epsilon anymore and the
+these are your one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+poles all right so the one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles all right so the one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles all right so the one of the things
+that makes this tricky is when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this tricky is when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes this tricky is when you start
+thinking about your power counting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your power counting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about your power counting and
+so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to
+spend some few minutes talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's consider this example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's consider this example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's consider this example that
+I wrote down with the for ferion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote down with the for ferion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote down with the for ferion
+operator and if we just Loop up the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and if we just Loop up the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and if we just Loop up the for
+ferion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferion
+operator then we can get Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalization so this is cager side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so this is cager side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so this is cager side
+squared and I'm sticking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and looping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+so we start out with a tree LEL Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start out with a tree LEL Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start out with a tree LEL Mass
+Little M but there's a one Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little M but there's a one Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little M but there's a one Loop
+correction that involves one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction that involves one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction that involves one of our
+higher Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators and there's some correction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and there's some correction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and there's some correction to
+the mass which I'll call Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass which I'll call Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass which I'll call Delta
+M I'm not going to worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I'm not going to worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M I'm not going to worry too much about
+the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prefactor this operator came with an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor this operator came with an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefactor this operator came with an a
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+m^2 and then there's a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 and then there's a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 and then there's a loop
+integral there's a fermionic propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral there's a fermionic propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral there's a fermionic propagator
+so that's a k/ plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over k^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m^2 this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 this guy
+here drops away and really we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here drops away and really we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here drops away and really we just have
+a correction that's a scaler and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correction that's a scaler and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correction that's a scaler and that's
+a correction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correction to the
+mass make scaler in the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass make scaler in the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass make scaler in the spin
+space so it's a little M over capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so it's a little M over capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so it's a little M over capital
+M and then just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and then just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and then just this
+intergral and if we continue it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral and if we continue it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral and if we continue it to be
+ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like
+that we continue them from inowy ukan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we continue them from inowy ukan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we continue them from inowy ukan
+that's why I put the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I put the I
+there so if we just assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if we just assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if we just assume that this
+integral that's sitting there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's sitting there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that's sitting there there's
+only one Mass scale that it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one Mass scale that it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one Mass scale that it seems
+explicit there the Little M so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit there the Little M so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit there the Little M so if we
+just assume that that intergral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that that intergral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that that intergral is
+dominated by the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M then you could do a Power counting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M then you could do a Power counting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M then you could do a Power counting for
+this this Loop intergral you just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Loop intergral you just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Loop intergral you just assume
+that all the factors of K are of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the factors of K are of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the factors of K are of order
+Little M you've got an explicit little L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little M you've got an explicit little L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little M you've got an explicit little L
+four powers in the numerator two Powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four powers in the numerator two Powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four powers in the numerator two Powers
+downstairs so you would say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral scales like m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral scales like m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral scales like m
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+and then you would put that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would put that together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would put that together
+with your Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your Delta
+M and say that Delta M scales like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and say that Delta M scales like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and say that Delta M scales like a
+little M cubed Capital m^2 and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little M cubed Capital m^2 and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little M cubed Capital m^2 and so this
+is something that would then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that would then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that would then be
+suppressed relative to the original tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed relative to the original tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed relative to the original tree
+level contribution it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level contribution it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level contribution it would be
+suppressed by perhaps some four pies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed by perhaps some four pies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed by perhaps some four pies
+from the loop but also little m^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the loop but also little m^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the loop but also little m^2 over
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m^2 so it would be a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 so it would be a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 so it would be a small
+correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+which is really what we would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really what we would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really what we would like to be
+the case when we're talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case when we're talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case when we're talking about some
+higher Dimension operator that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimension operator that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Dimension operator that was
+supposed to be suppressed we'd like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be suppressed we'd like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be suppressed we'd like it
+to be a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a small
+correction all right so does anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction all right so does anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction all right so does anyone have
+any idea what can go wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument I mean I've been kind of glib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I mean I've been kind of glib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I mean I've been kind of glib
+about I just said if the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I just said if the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I just said if the integral is
+dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so the thing is that we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the thing is that we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the thing is that we have to be
+careful about our choice of regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about our choice of regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about our choice of regulator
+because Regulators also can introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scales so let's do this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's consider two different choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider two different choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider two different choices
+for the regulator so we'll start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the regulator so we'll start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the regulator so we'll start out
+with a just a cut off which seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a just a cut off which seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a just a cut off which seems very
+natural from an effective field ly point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural from an effective field ly point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural from an effective field ly point
+of view that your theory is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view that your theory is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view that your theory is supposed to
+be only valid up to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only valid up to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only valid up to some
+scale so why not just take and cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so why not just take and cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so why not just take and cut off
+the momentum explicitly above some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+and you can think about that scale as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about that scale as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about that scale as
+being of order Big M so we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of order Big M so we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of order Big M so we just don't
+include any momentum that are higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include any momentum that are higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include any momentum that are higher
+than that scale in our Loop integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that scale in our Loop integrals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that scale in our Loop integrals so
+we're only integrating over the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only integrating over the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only integrating over the region
+in momentum space where the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum space where the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum space where the theory is
+supposed to be valid seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be valid seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be valid seems like a
+perfectly reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so in this case we can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in this case we can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in this case we can take this
+integral that has some angular parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that has some angular parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that has some angular parts to
+it as well as a radial part decompose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well as a radial part decompose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well as a radial part decompose it
+into the radial piece and the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece I'll give you a handout or I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I'll give you a handout or I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I'll give you a handout or I'll
+post a page of lecture notes that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a page of lecture notes that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a page of lecture notes that have
+all those fun formulas that are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those fun formulas that are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those fun formulas that are useful
+to remember but not fun to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember but not fun to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember but not fun to talk
+about for decomposing integrals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for decomposing integrals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for decomposing integrals in
+arbitrary Dimensions into radial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Dimensions into radial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary Dimensions into radial and
+angular pieces so if we do that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular pieces so if we do that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular pieces so if we do that in this
+case then the radial integral we can cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then the radial integral we can cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then the radial integral we can cut
+off the radial integral with the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the radial integral with the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the radial integral with the hard
+cut off Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off Lambda
+VV and just by Dimensions d4k becomes K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VV and just by Dimensions d4k becomes K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VV and just by Dimensions d4k becomes K
+* K cubed so this is the radial K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* K cubed so this is the radial K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* K cubed so this is the radial K
+now and this integral we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly there's a loop Factor 4 pi^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there's a loop Factor 4 pi^ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there's a loop Factor 4 pi^ squ
+there's a Lambda uv^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Lambda uv^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Lambda uv^
+2 and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then there's a
+logarithm goes like Lambda uv^ 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm goes like Lambda uv^ 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm goes like Lambda uv^ 2 over
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2 there's two scales that are showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 there's two scales that are showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 there's two scales that are showing
+up Lambda UV and Little M answer depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Lambda UV and Little M answer depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Lambda UV and Little M answer depends
+on both of them and then we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both of them and then we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both of them and then we can start
+expanding because Little M is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding because Little M is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding because Little M is supposed
+to be much smaller than Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me pull
+out an am over 4 pi^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2qu so there would be a logarithmic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2qu so there would be a logarithmic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2qu so there would be a logarithmic term
+there's this Lambda uv^ s over capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this Lambda uv^ s over capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this Lambda uv^ s over capital m
+m squar if I put that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squar if I put that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squar if I put that factor
+in and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so everything I'm writing in the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything I'm writing in the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything I'm writing in the square
+brackets here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets here is
+dimensionless this has the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless this has the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless this has the right
+dimensions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass okay so you can see that if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass okay so you can see that if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass okay so you can see that if I do
+this it's not satisfying what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not satisfying what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not satisfying what I said
+over here I'd like the correction to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'd like the correction to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here I'd like the correction to be
+M cubed over m^2 there are Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M cubed over m^2 there are Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M cubed over m^2 there are Corrections
+that go like M Cub over m^2 like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go like M Cub over m^2 like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go like M Cub over m^2 like this
+one these ones are even higher but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these ones are even higher but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one these ones are even higher but
+there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+term and that's not a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction so for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so for that particular
+piece what you're finding is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece what you're finding is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece what you're finding is that your
+power counting your naive power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting your naive power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting your naive power counting
+of the loop was wrong because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop was wrong because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop was wrong because there's a
+piece from K of order the cut off that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contributing for that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing for that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing for that part of
+it and that's why your your naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's why your your naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's why your your naive
+scaling argument didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling argument didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling argument didn't
+work now this is the bare result and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now this is the bare result and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work now this is the bare result and we
+have to go through the renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure and so if we go through the re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and so if we go through the re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and so if we go through the re
+normalization procedure you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization procedure you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization procedure you can think of
+that as taking a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intergral so in a will sonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral so in a will sonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral so in a will sonian
+sense you would take a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you would take a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you would take a piece of the
+integral and absor absorb it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and absor absorb it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and absor absorb it into the
+counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so as promised the counter term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so as promised the counter term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so as promised the counter term
+depends on both Lambda UV and Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on both Lambda UV and Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on both Lambda UV and Lambda and
+those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just
+explicitly this is I'm cutting off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly this is I'm cutting off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly this is I'm cutting off the
+radial integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that does improve things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that does improve things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that does improve things
+because then I can lower this cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I can lower this cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I can lower this cut off
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is
+left would just be Lambda s over Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left would just be Lambda s over Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left would just be Lambda s over Capital
+m^2 and log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 and log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 and log
+of m^2 over Capital Lambda squ so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m^2 over Capital Lambda squ so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m^2 over Capital Lambda squ so I
+Chang the Lambda UVS up here into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang the Lambda UVS up here into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang the Lambda UVS up here into
+lambdas by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure so when I renormalize the S SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so when I renormalize the S SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so when I renormalize the S SI
+squar Matrix element there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Matrix element there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Matrix element there's a
+correction from that to the map and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction from that to the map and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction from that to the map and it
+the normalized thing would depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized thing would depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized thing would depend on
+this bonian cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bonian cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bonian cut off
+Lambda okay but I'm not fully getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay but I'm not fully getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay but I'm not fully getting
+around the issue that I'm generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the issue that I'm generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the issue that I'm generating
+this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so let's do it with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regulator which is dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator which is dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator which is dimensional
+regularization see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization see what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using the msar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the msar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the msar
+scheme same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation so again split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so again split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so again split it
+into radial and angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into radial and angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into radial and angular
+parts and I'll again I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and I'll again I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and I'll again I'll give you
+formulas for doing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that but I won't write them down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture actually I think I will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture actually I think I will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture actually I think I will write
+one one down a little later but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one down a little later but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one down a little later but I'll
+give you a more complete set as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a more complete set as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a more complete set as a
+handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so leaving over the radial integral but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so leaving over the radial integral but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so leaving over the radial integral but
+regulating it dimensionally just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating it dimensionally just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating it dimensionally just means
+that instead of having this guy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of having this guy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead of having this guy to the
+cube power it's to the D minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube power it's to the D minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube power it's to the D minus one and
+there's some pieces here that depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some pieces here that depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some pieces here that depend on
+Epsilon and my convention for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and my convention for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and my convention for the entire
+course is that D is 4 - 2 Epsilon not D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that D is 4 - 2 Epsilon not D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that D is 4 - 2 Epsilon not D
+minus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Epsilon
+so again this is an intergral we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is an intergral we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is an intergral we can do
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get something like
+that and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get a one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a one over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a one over Epsilon
+pole we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logarithm there's some constant as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm there's some constant as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm there's some constant as
+well and then there's order Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces so you should contrast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you should contrast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so you should contrast this
+result here here the result we had over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here here the result we had over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here here the result we had over
+here the order Epsilon pieces are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the order Epsilon pieces are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the order Epsilon pieces are kind
+of like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like these
+terms they're the terms that would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they're the terms that would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they're the terms that would go
+away if I took the cut off here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if I took the cut off here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away if I took the cut off here to
+Infinity Lambda UV to infinity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity Lambda UV to infinity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity Lambda UV to infinity or
+Epsilon to zero there's terms here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon to zero there's terms here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon to zero there's terms here that
+go like M Cub over m^2 and that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like M Cub over m^2 and that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like M Cub over m^2 and that's like
+this term and this term's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there this 1 over Epsilon is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this 1 over Epsilon is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this 1 over Epsilon is related to
+the log Divergence and this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log Divergence and this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log Divergence and this thing here
+is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a power
+Divergence so the 1/ Epsilon is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so the 1/ Epsilon is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so the 1/ Epsilon is related
+to this log of Lambda UV you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this log of Lambda UV you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this log of Lambda UV you should
+think of log of Lambda UV is going to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of log of Lambda UV is going to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of log of Lambda UV is going to 1
+/ epon plus log of mu^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ epon plus log of mu^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ epon plus log of mu^
+2 but we don't see the power Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but we don't see the power Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but we don't see the power Divergence
+in dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dimensional
+organization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in
+msar okay so what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar okay so what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar okay so what's happening
+is from this result we are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from this result we are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from this result we are getting
+something that's the size that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by our power counting argument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our power counting argument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our power counting argument the
+regularize result is the right size by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize result is the right size by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularize result is the right size by
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+counting the logarithm here is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the logarithm here is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the logarithm here is the same
+log as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a with if you like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with if you like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with if you like a
+correspondence between mu and Lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between mu and Lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between mu and Lambda so
+we're seeing that log there we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing that log there we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing that log there we're just
+not seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and if we wanted to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and if we wanted to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and if we wanted to write down the
+msar counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar counter
+term so I'm correction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I'm correction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so I'm correction to the
+mass it would go like a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s the diagram would look like just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the diagram would look like just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the diagram would look like just the
+one over Epsilon Po in Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Epsilon Po in Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Epsilon Po in Ms
+bar okay so the two Regulators seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay so the two Regulators seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay so the two Regulators seem to
+give us kind of similar results but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us kind of similar results but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us kind of similar results but not
+exactly identical results and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly identical results and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly identical results and the
+question is how should I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how should I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how should I think about
+this what's the right way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's the right way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's the right way of thinking
+about this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so there's a language that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so there's a language that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so there's a language that people
+use in effective field Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in effective field Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in effective field Theory and
+dimensional counting for the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional counting for the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional counting for the difference
+between thinking about doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between thinking about doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between thinking about doing a
+regularization of type A and type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization of type A and type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization of type A and type
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+and what you say is that in type B your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you say is that in type B your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you say is that in type B your
+regularization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization of the
+problem does not break the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting which means that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting which means that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting which means that you can do
+power counting for regulated graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting for regulated graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting for regulated graphs
+prior to renormalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them but you can see that in case a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you can see that in case a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but you can see that in case a that
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problematic because our naive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because our naive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because our naive power
+counting wouldn't have given us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting wouldn't have given us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting wouldn't have given us the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result so what do we say about case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if case b didn't break the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if case b didn't break the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if case b didn't break the power
+counting then case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does but you can say something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but you can say something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does but you can say something a little
+bit more positive about Kay and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more positive about Kay and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more positive about Kay and that is
+that when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you think about
+Kay you should really only only you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kay you should really only only you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kay you should really only only you can
+set up the theory with normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions such that you can restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such that you can restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such that you can restore
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting
+in the renormalized graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the renormalized graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the renormalized graphs and
+renormalized couplings and renormalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized couplings and renormalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized couplings and renormalized
+operators but you don't have power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but you don't have power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but you don't have power
+counting explicit power counting in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting explicit power counting in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting explicit power counting in just
+the regularized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularized
+results so you can think that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so you can think that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so you can think that I just
+take the woni and cut off small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the woni and cut off small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the woni and cut off small enough
+that I make that annoying term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I make that annoying term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I make that annoying term
+small and order by order I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and order by order I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and order by order I can do
+that order by order in my Loop expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order by order in my Loop expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order by order in my Loop expansion
+order by order in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in my
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in some sense there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in some sense there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in some sense there's nothing
+wrong with doing a it's just that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with doing a it's just that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with doing a it's just that you
+have to work a little harder to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work a little harder to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work a little harder to think
+about it and you have to when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and you have to when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and you have to when you think
+about the power counting you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the power counting you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the power counting you have to do
+that for the normalize quantities not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the normalize quantities not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the normalize quantities not
+for the bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bare
+quantities so if you like what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so if you like what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so if you like what you're
+doing here is you're adding counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is you're adding counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is you're adding counter
+terms another way you can say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms another way you can say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms another way you can say this is
+that you're adding counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms to restore the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to restore the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to restore the power
+counting that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want and that's not too different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and that's not too different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and that's not too different than
+you could always do that actually I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could always do that actually I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could always do that actually I I
+made this analogy that you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this analogy that you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this analogy that you should think
+about power counting as being related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about power counting as being related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about power counting as being related to
+as being like kind of like gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being like kind of like gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being like kind of like gauge
+symmetry so let's say you had a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so let's say you had a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so let's say you had a theory
+and it you had nice gauge symmetry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it you had nice gauge symmetry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it you had nice gauge symmetry but
+you picked some crazy regulator broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked some crazy regulator broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked some crazy regulator broke
+gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge
+symmetry well you could always put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry well you could always put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry well you could always put
+counter turms in that would break gug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter turms in that would break gug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter turms in that would break gug
+Symmetry and restore it in the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and restore it in the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and restore it in the normal
+wise quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise quantity
+that would be okay it would be more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be okay it would be more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be okay it would be more work
+we don't like to do that we avoid it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like to do that we avoid it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like to do that we avoid it at
+all costs but if we had to we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all costs but if we had to we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all costs but if we had to we could do
+it if you do super symmetry you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you do super symmetry you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you do super symmetry you might
+try to use dimensional regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use dimensional regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use dimensional regularization
+and super symmetry standard dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and super symmetry standard dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and super symmetry standard dimensional
+regularization and super symmetry break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and super symmetry break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and super symmetry break
+super symmetry if you do that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super symmetry if you do that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super symmetry if you do that you have
+to introduce counter terms that restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce counter terms that restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce counter terms that restore
+super symmetry so the same language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super symmetry so the same language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super symmetry so the same language of
+symmetry is being applied here except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is being applied here except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is being applied here except
+now to power counting where we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to power counting where we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to power counting where we say that
+if your regulator messes up your power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your regulator messes up your power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your regulator messes up your power
+counting you can restore it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you can restore it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you can restore it in the
+normalized couplings but you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized couplings but you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized couplings but you may be
+smart enough to think up a regulator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to think up a regulator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart enough to think up a regulator in
+this case dimensional regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case dimensional regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case dimensional regularization
+where you don't have to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have to deal with that
+complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in an effective Theory you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in an effective Theory you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in an effective Theory you should
+think about regulating to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about regulating to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about regulating to preserve
+symmetries as well is to preserve power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries as well is to preserve power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries as well is to preserve power
+counting if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one way in a more kind of formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way in a more kind of formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way in a more kind of formal
+language that you could say what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you could say what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you could say what happens
+with the generation of that term that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the generation of that term that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the generation of that term that we
+talked about with the cut off is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with the cut off is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about with the cut off is that
+you mix up different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix up different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix up different
+orders in the expansion and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in the expansion and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders in the expansion and it looks
+like your naively high order term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your naively high order term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your naively high order term is
+mixing back to a term of lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension and so if you can get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and so if you can get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and so if you can get away
+with taking a regulator that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking a regulator that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking a regulator that doesn't
+have that mixing back to less to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that mixing back to less to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that mixing back to less to more
+relevant operators then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant operators then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant operators then you could
+preserve your power counting make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve your power counting make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve your power counting make it
+simpler this is true irrespective what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler this is true irrespective what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler this is true irrespective what
+of what the power counting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the power counting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the power counting is
+in this is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is a general
+statement in the context of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the context of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the context of what we've
+been talking about which is dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about which is dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about which is dimensional
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+counting there's a particular phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting there's a particular phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting there's a particular phrase
+that goes along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and that is that we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that is that we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that is that we talk about
+using mass independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regulator like di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r it's if you like it has a reg it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r it's if you like it has a reg it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r it's if you like it has a reg it has a
+mass scale me but it's put in softly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass scale me but it's put in softly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass scale me but it's put in softly in
+a way that doesn't mess up power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that doesn't mess up power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that doesn't mess up power
+counting you call that using a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you call that using a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting you call that using a mass
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+regulator so we want to avoid having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator so we want to avoid having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator so we want to avoid having
+different orders in the expansion mix up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders in the expansion mix up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orders in the expansion mix up
+with each other in general I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in general I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other in general I should
+comment then that terms that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment then that terms that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment then that terms that are the
+same order will definitely typically mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order will definitely typically mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order will definitely typically mix
+up with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with each
+other under re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other under re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other under re
+normalization so so even if you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so so even if you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so so even if you thought
+you were smart and you enumerated all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were smart and you enumerated all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were smart and you enumerated all
+the operators but you missed one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators but you missed one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators but you missed one then
+you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started
+calculating that operator might just pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating that operator might just pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating that operator might just pop
+out at you because you could have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at you because you could have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at you because you could have some
+calculation with another operator mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with another operator mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with another operator mix
+into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that
+operator or you could have an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or you could have an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or you could have an operator
+that you did a matching at tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did a matching at tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did a matching at tree level
+and you didn't generate but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you didn't generate but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you didn't generate but then you
+start renormalizing that tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start renormalizing that tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start renormalizing that tree level
+operator and another operator pops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and another operator pops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and another operator pops out
+at you so it's important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you so it's important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you so it's important that you
+include all the operators that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all the operators that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all the operators that have the
+same dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dimension
+and the same quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same quantum
+numbers because if you don't include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because if you don't include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because if you don't include
+them you're bound to get them from Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you're bound to get them from Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you're bound to get them from Loops
+anyway and you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete so if you like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a matrix type notation you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix type notation you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix type notation you could say
+that the bare operators mix up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bare operators mix up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bare operators mix up with the
+set of possible renormalized operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of possible renormalized operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of possible renormalized operators
+and there's some Matrix of counter terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some Matrix of counter terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some Matrix of counter terms
+that would correct them connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correct them connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correct them connect
+them okay so any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far so sometimes in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so sometimes in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so sometimes in the literature
+you'll see that these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that these kinds of things
+regulator discussions in effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator discussions in effective field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator discussions in effective field
+Theory generate all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory generate all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory generate all sorts of
+papers keep this in mind if you ever run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers keep this in mind if you ever run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers keep this in mind if you ever run
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should be able to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to think about the
+physics that you're after with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you're after with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that you're after with different
+regulators and come to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators and come to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators and come to the same
+conclusion and it just may be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and it just may be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and it just may be easier
+with one regulator versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one regulator versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one regulator versus
+another so we've said in these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so we've said in these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so we've said in these kind of
+theories where we have dimensional power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories where we have dimensional power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories where we have dimensional power
+counting that dimensional regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting that dimensional regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting that dimensional regularization
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+special so I want to talk a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special so I want to talk a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special so I want to talk a bit more
+about dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dimensional
+regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sometimes you'll hear people say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you'll hear people say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you'll hear people say that
+you should always use dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always use dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always use dimensional
+regularization for during the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization for during the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization for during the power
+counting but that's not quite true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting but that's not quite true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting but that's not quite true in
+the way that I've told you it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that I've told you it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that I've told you it's not that
+you're have to it's just that it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're have to it's just that it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're have to it's just that it makes
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+simpler but given that we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but given that we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but given that we want to make
+things as simple as possible let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as simple as possible let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as simple as possible let's take
+dimensional regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization
+seriously so you can actually derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously so you can actually derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously so you can actually derive
+dimensional regularization by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization by just
+imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing
+axioms if you say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms if you say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms if you say that you
+want a loop integration that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear I should say I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I should say I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear I should say I should have said
+this earlier so my notation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this earlier so my notation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this earlier so my notation with
+dimensional regiz is I put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regiz is I put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regiz is I put a little
+cross on the D and that means dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross on the D and that means dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross on the D and that means dividing
+by the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the 2
+pi so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so it
+means DDP over 2 pi to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means DDP over 2 pi to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means DDP over 2 pi to the
+D so linearity means that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so linearity means that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so linearity means that if I'm
+integrating some function that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating some function that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating some function that could be
+decomposed into a sum of two pieces A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into a sum of two pieces A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed into a sum of two pieces A
+and B being constants f and g being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions that I can write that out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I can write that out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that I can write that out as
+an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f plus an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus an integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus an integral over
+G which really is something that almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which really is something that almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which really is something that almost
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+reasonable definition of the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable definition of the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable definition of the integration
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfy the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the second one is
+translations which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations which is more
+restricting so that says if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting so that says if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting so that says if you have
+some integral over F but it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integral over F but it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integral over F but it's a function
+of p plus q q is some external I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p plus q q is some external I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p plus q q is some external I can
+always shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way the Q just goes p goes to P minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the Q just goes p goes to P minus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the Q just goes p goes to P minus q
+and then I just have an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and along with translations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and along with translations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and along with translations you can
+think about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about having
+rotations my whole whole notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations my whole whole notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations my whole whole notation is
+covariant so we won't worry so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant so we won't worry so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant so we won't worry so much
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+rotations in Lent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group and then the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then the final
+one that's kind of obviously a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's kind of obviously a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's kind of obviously a little
+bit special to dim rag is a scaling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit special to dim rag is a scaling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit special to dim rag is a scaling so
+let's start say we have a scaler s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start say we have a scaler s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start say we have a scaler s
+multiplying our momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P then we can rescale the the momentum p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then we can rescale the the momentum p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then we can rescale the the momentum p
+and get rid of pull the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of pull the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of pull the S
+outside by just taking p goes to p/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside by just taking p goes to p/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside by just taking p goes to p/
+S so that changes this to a p we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so that changes this to a p we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so that changes this to a p we get an
+S to the minus D that pulls out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S to the minus D that pulls out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S to the minus D that pulls out
+front and if we demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and if we demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and if we demand
+that then that's special to dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then that's special to dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then that's special to dimensional
+regularization because you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization because you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization because you can see that
+the this depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this depends on
+D even if I called this measure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D even if I called this measure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D even if I called this measure some
+abstract thing now there's a d showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thing now there's a d showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thing now there's a d showing
+up it's outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure and these three together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and these three together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and these three together
+actually give a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give a unique
+definition to the integration up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to the integration up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to the integration up to the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that unique thing is dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rag so I'm going to refer to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rag so I'm going to refer to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rag so I'm going to refer to you to
+reading I've posted a chapter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I've posted a chapter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I've posted a chapter from
+colins book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colins book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colins book on
+regularization and around page 65 he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and around page 65 he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and around page 65 he he
+talks about how you prove that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how you prove that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how you prove that it's not
+too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the standard definition of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard definition of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard definition of the the
+normalization which is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization which is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization which is something you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specify that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that you
+let say this gaussian integral be pi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let say this gaussian integral be pi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let say this gaussian integral be pi to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d/2 so then from that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d/2 so then from that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d/2 so then from that you have some
+measure in some space that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in some space that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in some space that you can then
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use so one formula that I used earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so one formula that I used earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so one formula that I used earlier
+on was the ability to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was the ability to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was the ability to split
+that into pieces which were a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into pieces which were a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into pieces which were a radial
+piece and then an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then an angular
+piece and in general this is a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and in general this is a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and in general this is a property
+that this integration measure are base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integration measure are base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integration measure are base
+that you could split it and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could split it and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could split it and you could
+split it further you could pullo another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it further you could pullo another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it further you could pullo another
+angle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and get one less dimension in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get one less dimension in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get one less dimension in the
+angulars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angulars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angulars
+parts and the UV divergences if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and the UV divergences if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and the UV divergences if we're
+talking about UV divergences they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about UV divergences they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about UV divergences they're
+occurring in this radial part ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in this radial part ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in this radial part ukian
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so by thinking about this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so by thinking about this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so by thinking about this kind of
+decomposition you're moving the UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition you're moving the UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition you're moving the UV
+divergences to a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences to a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences to a one-dimensional
+integration at least at one Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration at least at one Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration at least at one Loop
+and you can always do that so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can always do that so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can always do that so in general
+in dimensional regularization there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dimensional regularization there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dimensional regularization there's
+many ways you could evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways you could evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways you could evaluate the
+integral you're not used to using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you're not used to using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you're not used to using this
+one you're used to keeping things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're used to keeping things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're used to keeping things
+covariant using some f finement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant using some f finement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant using some f finement
+parameters combining propagators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters combining propagators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters combining propagators
+together and then doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then doing the
+intergral but you could also do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral but you could also do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral but you could also do it this
+way and you get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you get the same
+answer so it's a it's really a well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so it's a it's really a well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so it's a it's really a well-
+defined measure in the sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined measure in the sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined measure in the sense that you
+can manipulate it in different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manipulate it in different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manipulate it in different ways and
+they should all lead to the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should all lead to the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should all lead to the same answer
+for your Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals and that's part of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and that's part of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and that's part of what I'm
+trying to emphasize by saying that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to emphasize by saying that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to emphasize by saying that you
+could derive it by considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axioms so D was equal to 4 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms so D was equal to 4 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms so D was equal to 4 - 2
+Epsilon Epsilon greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Epsilon greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Epsilon greater than
+zero is what you need to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is what you need to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is what you need to lower the
+powers of P and therefore tame the UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of P and therefore tame the UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of P and therefore tame the UV
+Epsilon less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon less than
+zero can be used to regulate infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singularities there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities there's some
+counterintuitive facts about dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive facts about dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive facts about dimensional
+regularization and I want to mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and I want to mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and I want to mention a
+couple of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you one of them is that if I have P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of them is that if I have P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of them is that if I have P to
+an arbitrary power think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary power think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary power think of it as
+ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so cins constructs a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so cins constructs a proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so cins constructs a proof of
+this on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on page
+71 which is actually a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 which is actually a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 which is actually a little more
+involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in
+general I'll just give you kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I'll just give you kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I'll just give you kind of an
+idea of what how you can see that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what how you can see that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what how you can see that from
+using our axi that something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our axi that something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our axi that something like this
+better be true so let's consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be true so let's consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be true so let's consider a
+special special example that won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special special example that won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special special example that won't be
+enough to prove it for arbitrary Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prove it for arbitrary Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prove it for arbitrary Alpha
+this is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is any
+Alpha let's consider a special example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha let's consider a special example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha let's consider a special example
+that at least will be enough to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least will be enough to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least will be enough to prove it
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers so we'll consider KS that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers so we'll consider KS that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers so we'll consider KS that are
+integers and we'll think of KS that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and we'll think of KS that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and we'll think of KS that are
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+zero so if I just expand out this p + q^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and the first term is p 2 K then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the first term is p 2 K then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the first term is p 2 K then I get
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+coefficient p 2 K - 2 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient p 2 K - 2 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient p 2 K - 2 Q
+^2 Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 Su
+coefficient p 2 K - 4 q 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient p 2 K - 4 q 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient p 2 K - 4 q 4th
+Etc in general there's P do Q terms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc in general there's P do Q terms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc in general there's P do Q terms as
+well but then I could do integral at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but then I could do integral at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but then I could do integral at
+angular average a and combine those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular average a and combine those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular average a and combine those
+together with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with these
+terms and that's why I'm not being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and that's why I'm not being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and that's why I'm not being very
+explicit about what the coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about what the coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about what the coefficients are
+but they're some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're some positive
+numbers now I could also take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now I could also take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now I could also take this
+integral and I could shift that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and I could shift that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and I could shift that was one
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axioms and I is p to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and I is p to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms and I is p to the
+2K so that means that all these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K so that means that all these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2K so that means that all these terms
+here better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here better be
+zero and they have to be zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and they have to be zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and they have to be zero for
+arbitrary q and arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K well any K under the assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well any K under the assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well any K under the assumptions that
+we use which are that it's an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use which are that it's an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use which are that it's an integer
+it's positive so I could expound it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive so I could expound it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive so I could expound it in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way and so therefore we have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so therefore we have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so therefore we have all these
+integrals over P to the powers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals over P to the powers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals over P to the powers and they
+better be zero and that's enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero and that's enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero and that's enough to
+prove this for integer Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this for integer Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this for integer Alpha
+positive integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas
+okay and so if you want to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if you want to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so if you want to fill in
+between the integers and you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the integers and you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the integers and you want to do
+the negative cases then you have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative cases then you have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative cases then you have to look
+at colins but you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at colins but you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at colins but you can do that
+too then it requires a little more heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one fact about this fact number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one fact about this fact number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one fact about this fact number
+one which is a little bit subtle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is a little bit subtle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is a little bit subtle and you
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+careful and it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and it's worth
+noting so let me do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting so let me do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting so let me do another
+example which is by way of warning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is by way of warning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is by way of warning you
+that this can sometimes be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this can sometimes be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this can sometimes be
+dangerous so let's put think of a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous so let's put think of a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous so let's put think of a scalar
+field Theory and a simple Loop diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory and a simple Loop diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory and a simple Loop diagram
+like this but let's take zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but let's take zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but let's take zero
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass so if you do that you'll encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so if you do that you'll encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so if you do that you'll encounter
+an integral that looks like this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral that looks like this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral that looks like this there's
+two propagators so I get a p 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two propagators so I get a p 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two propagators so I get a p 4th
+downstairs and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs and I get
+DDP and that integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDP and that integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDP and that integral is
+zero but it's zero in a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but it's zero in a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but it's zero in a special
+way it's zero due to a cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's zero due to a cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's zero due to a cancellation
+between ultraviolet and infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ultraviolet and infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ultraviolet and infrared
+physics I said that Epsilon could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I said that Epsilon could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I said that Epsilon could be
+regulating both infrared divergences as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating both infrared divergences as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating both infrared divergences as
+well well as ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well as ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well as ultraviolet
+divergences if I only used Epsilon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences if I only used Epsilon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences if I only used Epsilon to
+regulate ultraviolet divergences I'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate ultraviolet divergences I'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate ultraviolet divergences I'd get
+a one over Epsilon UV but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one over Epsilon UV but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one over Epsilon UV but in this
+integral I'm actually using it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'm actually using it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'm actually using it to do
+both it's regulating an infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both it's regulating an infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both it's regulating an infrared
+Divergence as well and it just comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence as well and it just comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence as well and it just comes in
+with the opposite sign and since Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the opposite sign and since Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the opposite sign and since Epsilon
+UV is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon they're just notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon they're just notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon they're just notation
+to signify what region of physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to signify what region of physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to signify what region of physics is
+giving the Divergence you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the Divergence you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the Divergence you get
+zero but even though that's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but even though that's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but even though that's true that
+doesn't mean you don't have to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you don't have to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you don't have to add a
+counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+term for this diagram because counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this diagram because counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for this diagram because counter
+terms are supposed to cancel ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are supposed to cancel ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are supposed to cancel ultraviolet
+divergences not infared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences not infared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences not infared
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+okay so even though it's zero you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though it's zero you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though it's zero you still
+need to add a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term because the zero is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because the zero is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because the zero is actually a
+cancellation between ultraviolet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation between ultraviolet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation between ultraviolet and
+infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared
+physics so there's some counter term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would
+be exactly of this sort because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly of this sort because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly of this sort because this is
+the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UV and then if you add the be diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and then if you add the be diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and then if you add the be diagram
+plus the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the counter
+term the answer is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the answer is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the answer is non
+zero you've canceled if you like the UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you've canceled if you like the UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you've canceled if you like the UV
+pole and you've left over the IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and you've left over the IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and you've left over the IR
+pole okay so you have to be AIT bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay so you have to be AIT bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole okay so you have to be AIT bit
+careful using dimensional regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful using dimensional regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful using dimensional regularization
+because if you encounter scal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you encounter scal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you encounter scal this
+integrals it could be that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals it could be that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals it could be that they actually
+are affecting counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affecting counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are affecting counter
+terms and if you want to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and if you want to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and if you want to do some
+normalization group Improvement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group Improvement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group Improvement of the
+theory or something like that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or something like that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or something like that you have
+to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be aware of
+this if you know that all the infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you know that all the infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you know that all the infrared
+poles are going to cancel because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are going to cancel because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles are going to cancel because you're
+looking at some infrared safe quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some infrared safe quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some infrared safe quantity
+then you can be a little bit glib about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can be a little bit glib about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can be a little bit glib about
+this because if they're going to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because if they're going to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because if they're going to cancel
+in the end that means the any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end that means the any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end that means the any of these
+corresponding UV poles will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding UV poles will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding UV poles will also
+cancel but it's not always the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel but it's not always the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel but it's not always the case that
+you run normalizing operators that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run normalizing operators that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run normalizing operators that are
+uh that are have no one over Epsilon IRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are have no one over Epsilon IRS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are have no one over Epsilon IRS
+and then we have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to be careful about
+this so this is a subtlety that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is a subtlety that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is a subtlety that
+sometimes people get wrong when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people get wrong when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people get wrong when they
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+papers so dim rag is beautiful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers so dim rag is beautiful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers so dim rag is beautiful but
+there's some things about it that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things about it that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things about it that are a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tricky another thing that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky another thing that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky another thing that can be
+confusing about dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing about dim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing about dim
+rag is that it does this that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rag is that it does this that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rag is that it does this that it
+regulates both UV and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates both UV and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates both UV and I
+poles and even though it's doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and even though it's doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and even though it's doing that
+and even though you need different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though you need different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though you need different
+values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of
+Epsilon if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if you want to do
+that it's actually still a well- defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually still a well- defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually still a well- defined
+procedure even in the presence of UV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure even in the presence of UV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure even in the presence of UV and
+I IR poles even if they're both in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I IR poles even if they're both in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I IR poles even if they're both in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically you're using analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're using analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're using analytic
+continuation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me give you a little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you a little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you a little example
+which is not exactly related to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not exactly related to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not exactly related to this but
+will allow me to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow me to show
+you both how you use analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both how you use analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both how you use analytic
+continuation and how you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation and how you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation and how you could think
+about separating UV and IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about separating UV and IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about separating UV and IR
+poles so we'll start out just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so we'll start out just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so we'll start out just by
+thinking about analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about analytic
+continuation so suppose I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intergral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does the analytic continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the analytic continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the analytic continuation
+mean or how should I construct it so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or how should I construct it so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or how should I construct it so let
+me again write it in a way where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again write it in a way where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me again write it in a way where I've
+separated out the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral and let's suppose that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and let's suppose that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and let's suppose that this
+integral here is perfectly well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here is perfectly well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here is perfectly well defined
+for D in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for D in some
+range so this is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+for some range of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some range of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some range of positive
+D and then let's say that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then let's say that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then let's say that we wanted to
+continue that integral to negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and the problem with negative D may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and the problem with negative D may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and the problem with negative D may be
+that when you get to negative D you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you get to negative D you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you get to negative D you're
+getting some infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some infrared
+divergences and you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and you have to figure out
+how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can do this if You' like step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this if You' like step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this if You' like step by
+step so if we wanted to extend the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so if we wanted to extend the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so if we wanted to extend the lower
+limit down to minus two from zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit down to minus two from zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit down to minus two from zero then
+we would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we take our
+integral write it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral write it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral write it out in
+this angular radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+split up in the in the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up in the in the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up in the in the radial
+variable the piece that's ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the piece that's ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the piece that's ultraviolet
+which is the high momentum piece from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the high momentum piece from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the high momentum piece from
+the piece that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infrared and in the piece that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared and in the piece that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared and in the piece that's in
+fored we could also just do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fored we could also just do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fored we could also just do some
+addition and sub subtra raction to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and sub subtra raction to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and sub subtra raction to make
+it more convergent as p goes to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more convergent as p goes to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more convergent as p goes to zero so
+for example we could subtract F at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could subtract F at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we could subtract F at zero
+this thing would fall off faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would fall off faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing would fall off faster and
+hence give more powers of p and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence give more powers of p and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence give more powers of p and we can
+make it more convergent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more convergent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more convergent at
+zero and then we just integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we just integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we just integrate the
+subtraction up to the cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C and the idea of introducing this cutof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the idea of introducing this cutof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the idea of introducing this cutof
+C is that we split the UV piece and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is that we split the UV piece and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is that we split the UV piece and the
+ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we can do one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can do one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can do one kind of
+continuation for D up here making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation for D up here making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation for D up here making
+Epsilon positive one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon positive one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon positive one kind of
+continuation down here and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation down here and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation down here and the result
+when we put these back together is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put these back together is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put these back together is
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+C okay so that's the sense actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so that's the sense actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay so that's the sense actually in
+which what I said up here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what I said up here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which what I said up here is that you
+can use it for both UV and N divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it for both UV and N divergences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it for both UV and N divergences
+because you could always introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could always introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could always introduce some
+parameter C to split they're occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter C to split they're occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter C to split they're occurring
+in different regions of space base so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different regions of space base so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different regions of space base so
+you could always split them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could always split them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could always split them
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+regulate each one with different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate each one with different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate each one with different values
+of D and then put them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D and then put them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D and then put them back
+together and the answer when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the answer when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the answer when you put
+them back to together is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C okay now if you wanted to Define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay now if you wanted to Define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay now if you wanted to Define that
+was one of our goals the other one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of our goals the other one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of our goals the other one was
+just to show you what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you what you mean by
+analytic continuation so since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic continuation so since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic continuation so since it's
+independent of C then you could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of C then you could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of C then you could do the
+following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so
+for - 2 less than D less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for - 2 less than D less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for - 2 less than D less than
+Zer let's take C goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity and so for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and so for that particular
+range what you find then you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+well because of the C to the minus D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because of the C to the minus D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because of the C to the minus D the
+C is downstairs if D is negative so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is downstairs if D is negative so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is downstairs if D is negative so that
+that term goes away and you're just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term goes away and you're just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term goes away and you're just left
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+term this term here goes away too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term here goes away too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this term here goes away too
+because C approaches the upper limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because C approaches the upper limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because C approaches the upper limit and
+everything's regulated and so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's regulated and so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's regulated and so I just
+would be left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be left with
+that okay making D negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay so that would be the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so that would be the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so that would be the definition
+so you can see you know some of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see you know some of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see you know some of the kind
+of tricks that you could do use with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tricks that you could do use with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tricks that you could do use with
+dimensional regularization or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization or like
+adding and subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms and these are things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and these are things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and these are things that are
+valid things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so when we do dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so when we do dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so when we do dimensional
+regularization in msar you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization in msar you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization in msar you're used to
+doing that for a gauge Theory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that for a gauge Theory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that for a gauge Theory that's
+what you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've learned
+about but you can also do it for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but you can also do it for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but you can also do it for any
+effect Ive field Theory and the logic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Ive field Theory and the logic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Ive field Theory and the logic is
+the same so let me remind you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so let me remind you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so let me remind you of the
+gauge Theory logic and then just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge Theory logic and then just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge Theory logic and then just tell
+you how you would Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you would Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you would Define
+msar precisely for this the fironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar precisely for this the fironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar precisely for this the fironic
+effective Theory with the cyar SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory with the cyar SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory with the cyar SI
+squared operator that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared operator that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared operator that we
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+so we talked about dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about dimensional
+organization let's talk about the MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we've set up our effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we've set up our effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we've set up our effective
+theory in a way where we've made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in a way where we've made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in a way where we've made the
+mass scale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass scale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass scale uh
+explicit which is often a nice thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit which is often a nice thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit which is often a nice thing to
+do and we did that when we set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and we did that when we set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and we did that when we set up the
+effective Theory we had the capital M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory we had the capital M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory we had the capital M
+showing up explicitly if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up explicitly if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up explicitly if you do that
+then the couplings start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the couplings start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the couplings start out
+dimensionless that's a nice thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless that's a nice thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless that's a nice thing to
+have dimensionless coupling and the MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dimensionless coupling and the MS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dimensionless coupling and the MS
+scheme is simply the scheme where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is simply the scheme where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme is simply the scheme where you
+want to introduce a scale to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce a scale to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to introduce a scale to keep the
+normalized couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized couplings
+dimensionless so the example you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless so the example you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless so the example you're
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with is just having a gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling and if you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and if you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and if you go through the
+dimensions of the fields here which I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the fields here which I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the fields here which I do
+in my notes but I'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my notes but I'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my notes but I'm going to assume that
+you've got some familiarity with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some familiarity with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some familiarity with this
+you find that the be coupling has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the be coupling has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the be coupling has
+Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+Epsilon and so you define a normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and so you define a normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and so you define a normalized
+coupling it's mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+L and you introduce a factor of new to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and you introduce a factor of new to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and you introduce a factor of new to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so you say
+gar which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gar which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gar which has
+Dimensions some dimensionless Z Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions some dimensionless Z Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions some dimensionless Z Factor
+so I'm m to the Epsilon to make up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm m to the Epsilon to make up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm m to the Epsilon to make up those
+dimensions and then left over is the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then left over is the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then left over is the r
+normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupling and the idea and the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and the idea and the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling and the idea and the strategy
+for any other coupling in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other coupling in the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other coupling in the effective
+theory is the same so let's do one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is the same so let's do one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is the same so let's do one other
+example so take our Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so take our Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so take our Dimension
+six a be over Capital m^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six a be over Capital m^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six a be over Capital m^
+2 S Bar s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 S Bar s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 S Bar s
+squar do Dimension counting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy which I do again in the notes but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which I do again in the notes but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which I do again in the notes but if
+you go through that Dimension counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through that Dimension counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through that Dimension counting
+and you remember that the dimensions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that the dimensions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that the dimensions for
+the fans are assign by the kinetic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fans are assign by the kinetic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fans are assign by the kinetic term
+so we have a dimension counting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a dimension counting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a dimension counting for the
+firion we know that this is dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firion we know that this is dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firion we know that this is dimension
+minus 2 the old thing has to add up to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 the old thing has to add up to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 the old thing has to add up to D
+so that tells us what the a bear is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells us what the a bear is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells us what the a bear is and
+we get 4 minus D in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 4 minus D in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 4 minus D in this
+case and so then we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down a formula analogous to that one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a formula analogous to that one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a formula analogous to that one but
+for the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a
+coefficient and it's me to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay so it's
+as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so looking at the action where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so looking at the action where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so looking at the action where this
+is determin the lran we want to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determin the lran we want to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determin the lran we want to ensure
+that when we go to the normal that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we go to the normal that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we go to the normal that we
+figure out the dimensions of this guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the dimensions of this guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the dimensions of this guy in
+dimensional regularization that's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization that's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization that's four
+minus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d
+which we determine from knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we determine from knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we determine from knowing the
+other pieces here and then we just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces here and then we just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces here and then we just make
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+redefinition to give her a normal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition to give her a normal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition to give her a normal a
+dimensionless coupling so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless coupling so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless coupling so that's how
+msar will work well this is Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar will work well this is Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar will work well this is Ms
+but this is how minimal subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how minimal subtraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how minimal subtraction
+works for defining all the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for defining all the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for defining all the operators
+that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have and then minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then minimal
+subtraction is simply a rescaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction is simply a rescaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction is simply a rescaling
+and that's the same as it is engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same as it is engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same as it is engage
+Theory where we get rid of some annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory where we get rid of some annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory where we get rid of some annoying
+factors use a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors use a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors use a slightly different
+definition so this is Ms and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this is Ms and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so this is Ms and this is
+msar okay so it really works in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar okay so it really works in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar okay so it really works in a very
+similar way to gauge Theory and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way to gauge Theory and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way to gauge Theory and you do
+the you figure out the factors of me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you figure out the factors of me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you figure out the factors of me to
+the Epsilon to include in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon to include in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon to include in your
+calculation this way sometimes you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation this way sometimes you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation this way sometimes you see
+books do it by saying the loop integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books do it by saying the loop integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books do it by saying the loop integral
+the loop measure is continued within me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop measure is continued within me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop measure is continued within me
+to the Epsilon that's not right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Epsilon that's not right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Epsilon that's not right right
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+right if you do that you'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you do that you'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you do that you'll get into
+trouble not always that's why the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble not always that's why the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble not always that's why the books
+can get away with it but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with it but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get away with it but in general
+you'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get into
+trouble all right so we should stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble all right so we should stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble all right so we should stop
+there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6QK1PUjCkDY.txt b/6QK1PUjCkDY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e92b8c3ee8887baa8fa89134474b1d57a276c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6QK1PUjCkDY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at Brown & Goldstein carried out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brown & Goldstein carried out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brown & Goldstein carried out which
+in conjunction with many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conjunction with many other
+experiments and experiments by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and experiments by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and experiments by other
+investigators have led to the model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators have led to the model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators have led to the model that
+you see here and so we'll just briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here and so we'll just briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here and so we'll just briefly
+go through this model which again was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this model which again was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through this model which again was
+the basis for thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis for thinking about the
+function of pcsk9 that you learned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of pcsk9 that you learned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of pcsk9 that you learned in
+learned about recitation last week as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about recitation last week as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about recitation last week as
+well as providing the foundation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as providing the foundation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as providing the foundation for
+thinking about the recitation this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the recitation this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the recitation this week
+where we really sort of care how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really sort of care how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really sort of care how you
+sense cholesterol levels in membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cholesterol levels in membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cholesterol levels in membranes
+which is not an easy thing to do given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not an easy thing to do given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not an easy thing to do given
+given the slope of lipophilic and so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the slope of lipophilic and so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the slope of lipophilic and so are
+many other things okay so the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other things okay so the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other things okay so the LDL
+receptor that was their model that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that was their model that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that was their model that there
+is a receptor is generated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a receptor is generated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a receptor is generated in the
+endoplasmic reticulum if you look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum if you look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endoplasmic reticulum if you look if you
+looked at the handout you'll see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the handout you'll see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the handout you'll see that it
+has a single trans membrane spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a single trans membrane spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a single trans membrane spanning
+region which means it's inserted into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which means it's inserted into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which means it's inserted into a
+membrane and the membrane where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and the membrane where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and the membrane where it
+functions at least the start of his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions at least the start of his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions at least the start of his life
+isn't the plasma membrane so somehow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the plasma membrane so somehow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the plasma membrane so somehow it
+has to get from the ER to the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to get from the ER to the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to get from the ER to the plasma
+membrane and this happens by forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and this happens by forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and this happens by forming
+coated vesicles we'll see a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated vesicles we'll see a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated vesicles we'll see a little bit
+of that but we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but we're not going to talk
+about this methodology in any detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this methodology in any detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this methodology in any detail but
+Shankman slabbed won the Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shankman slabbed won the Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shankman slabbed won the Nobel Prize for
+this work even last year or the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work even last year or the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work even last year or the year
+before of how do you take proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of how do you take proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of how do you take proteins that
+are not very soluble and get them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very soluble and get them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very soluble and get them to the
+right membrane and they do this through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right membrane and they do this through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right membrane and they do this through
+coated vesicles that then move through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated vesicles that then move through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated vesicles that then move through
+the golgi stacks that we talked about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golgi stacks that we talked about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golgi stacks that we talked about at
+the very beginning and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning and then eventually
+they arrive at the plasma membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arrive at the plasma membrane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arrive at the plasma membrane and
+on become inserted so these little flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on become inserted so these little flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on become inserted so these little flags
+are the LDL receptor okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the LDL receptor okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the LDL receptor okay so that's the
+first thing that has to happen and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that has to happen and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that has to happen and I
+just know that this whole process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that this whole process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that this whole process is
+extremely complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complex
+mute Paton patient mutants are observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mute Paton patient mutants are observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mute Paton patient mutants are observed
+in almost every step in this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost every step in this overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost every step in this overall
+process it's not limited to the one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not limited to the one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not limited to the one set
+of types of experiments where something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of types of experiments where something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of types of experiments where something
+binds and doesn't bind to the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds and doesn't bind to the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds and doesn't bind to the LDL
+receptor that we talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that we talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that we talked about last time
+so the next thing that has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing that has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing that has to happen
+again and we haven't talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we haven't talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we haven't talked about the
+data for this at all but not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for this at all but not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for this at all but not only do
+these receptors have to arrive at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptors have to arrive at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptors have to arrive at the
+surface but they in some way need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface but they in some way need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface but they in some way need to
+cluster and it's only when they cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and it's only when they cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and it's only when they cluster
+that they form the right kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they form the right kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they form the right kind of a
+structure that then can be recognized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that then can be recognized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that then can be recognized by
+the LDL particles that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LDL particles that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LDL particles that we've talked
+about and so they bind in some way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so they bind in some way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and so they bind in some way and
+that's the first step in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step in the overall
+process and then these this receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then these this receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then these this receptor
+bound to its cargo its nutrients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to its cargo its nutrients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to its cargo its nutrients and
+again this is going to be a generic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is going to be a generic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is going to be a generic way
+of bringing any kinds of nutrients into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing any kinds of nutrients into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bringing any kinds of nutrients into
+cells it's not limited to cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's not limited to cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's not limited to cholesterol
+undergoes what's now been called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes what's now been called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes what's now been called
+receptor mediated endocytosis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis and so
+when these when the LDL binds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these when the LDL binds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these when the LDL binds to the
+receptor again there's a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor again there's a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor again there's a complex
+sequence of events that leads to coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events that leads to coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of events that leads to coding
+of the part that's going to bud off by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part that's going to bud off by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the part that's going to bud off by a
+protein called clathrin again this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called clathrin again this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called clathrin again this is a
+universal process we know quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal process we know quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal process we know quite a bit
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+and it buds off and it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it buds off and it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it buds off and it gives you a
+vesicle in these little lines along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle in these little lines along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicle in these little lines along the
+outside or clutter clathrin coat I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside or clutter clathrin coat I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside or clutter clathrin coat I'll
+show you what picture I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what picture I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what picture I'm not going to
+talk about it in any detail but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in any detail but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it in any detail but I'll
+show you a picture of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a picture of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a picture of it
+so the LDL binding we talked about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the LDL binding we talked about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the LDL binding we talked about we
+talked about binding in internalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about binding in internalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about binding in internalization
+those the experiments we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the experiments we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the experiments we talked about
+last time in class that led in part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in class that led in part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in class that led in part to
+this working hypothesis and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working hypothesis and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working hypothesis and so we have
+clathrin-coated pits and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clathrin-coated pits and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clathrin-coated pits and it turns out
+that there's a zip code and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a zip code and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a zip code and we'll see
+zip codes throughout will see zip codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip codes throughout will see zip codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip codes throughout will see zip codes
+again in a few minutes but we'll see zip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a few minutes but we'll see zip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in a few minutes but we'll see zip
+codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+which are simply short sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simply short sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simply short sequences of
+amino acids that signal to some protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids that signal to some protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids that signal to some protein
+that they're going to bind so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to bind so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to bind so how do you
+target clathrin to form these coated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target clathrin to form these coated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target clathrin to form these coated
+pits how do you form a pit anyhow in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pits how do you form a pit anyhow in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pits how do you form a pit anyhow in a
+circle and how does it butt off and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and how does it butt off and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and how does it butt off and we
+do you get the curvature from many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get the curvature from many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get the curvature from many
+people study these processes all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people study these processes all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people study these processes all of
+these are interesting machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are interesting machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are interesting machines that
+we're not going to cover in class so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover in class so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to cover in class so you
+form this coated pit and then then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this coated pit and then then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this coated pit and then then it's
+removed so once it's formed and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so once it's formed and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so once it's formed and you've
+got a little vesicle it's removed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little vesicle it's removed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little vesicle it's removed and
+then it can go on and do another step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can go on and do another step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can go on and do another step
+and another step that it does is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another step that it does is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another step that it does is that it
+fuses with another organelle called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses with another organelle called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses with another organelle called an
+endosome which has acidic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosome which has acidic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endosome which has acidic which is
+acidic pH how it does that how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic pH how it does that how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic pH how it does that how it's
+recognized why does it go to the ends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized why does it go to the ends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized why does it go to the ends of
+them and not directly to the lysosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and not directly to the lysosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and not directly to the lysosome
+all of these of things that questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these of things that questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these of things that questions
+that should be raised in your mind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be raised in your mind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be raised in your mind if
+you're thinking about the details of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the details of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the details of how
+this thing works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing works
+none of which we're gonna discuss but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of which we're gonna discuss but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of which we're gonna discuss but it
+gets into the end zone and then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the end zone and then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the end zone and then what you
+want to do is separate the receptor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is separate the receptor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is separate the receptor from
+its cargo the LDL and we know quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cargo the LDL and we know quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its cargo the LDL and we know quite a
+bit about that if you read I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that if you read I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that if you read I'm not going
+to talk about that either but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that either but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that either but if you
+read the end of it the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the end of it the PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the end of it the PowerPoint
+presentation there's a model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation there's a model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation there's a model for
+actually how this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how this can happen
+and you can separate the receptor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can separate the receptor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can separate the receptor from
+the cargo and the receptors but off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cargo and the receptors but off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cargo and the receptors but off and
+they are recycled in little medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are recycled in little medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are recycled in little medical
+vesicles to the surface where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles to the surface where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles to the surface where they can
+be reused the LDL particles can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reused the LDL particles can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reused the LDL particles can also
+then and what's left here can then fuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and what's left here can then fuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and what's left here can then fuse
+with a lysosome and that's again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lysosome and that's again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lysosome and that's again we
+talked about this as a bag of proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this as a bag of proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this as a bag of proteases
+a bag of ester ASE's hydrolyzes lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag of ester ASE's hydrolyzes lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag of ester ASE's hydrolyzes lipids
+that's what we have in the LDL particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have in the LDL particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have in the LDL particle
+hydrolyzes we we talked about a PO B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzes we we talked about a PO B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzes we we talked about a PO B
+being degraded and with iota nated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being degraded and with iota nated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being degraded and with iota nated
+tyrosine last time that's where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine last time that's where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine last time that's where this
+happens and gives you amino acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and gives you amino acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and gives you amino acids and
+gives you cholesterol okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you cholesterol okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you cholesterol okay and then
+again depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again depend
+on what's going on in the environment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's going on in the environment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's going on in the environment of
+the cell the cholesterol would then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell the cholesterol would then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell the cholesterol would then be
+shuttled somehow to the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttled somehow to the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttled somehow to the appropriate
+membranes okay so this another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes okay so this another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes okay so this another
+complexity of all of this if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of all of this if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of all of this if the
+cholesterol is present and we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is present and we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol is present and we don't need
+any more in the membranes then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more in the membranes then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more in the membranes then it can
+become esterified with long-chain fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become esterified with long-chain fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become esterified with long-chain fatty
+acids those become really insoluble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids those become really insoluble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids those become really insoluble and
+they form these little globules inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form these little globules inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form these little globules inside
+the cell and then the process can repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and then the process can repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and then the process can repeat
+itself and the question we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and the question we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and the question we're going to
+focus on in lectures four and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in lectures four and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on in lectures four and five
+really are how do you control all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are how do you control all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are how do you control all of
+this okay so this is the model okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is the model okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is the model okay and
+so I think what's interesting about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's interesting about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's interesting about it
+is people have studied this in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people have studied this in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people have studied this in a lot of
+detail it was the first example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail it was the first example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail it was the first example of
+receptor mediated endocytosis so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis so we know
+something about the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the lifetime of the
+receptor we know can make a round-trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor we know can make a round-trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor we know can make a round-trip
+from surface inside back to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surface inside back to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surface inside back to the surface
+in ten minutes we also know it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ten minutes we also know it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ten minutes we also know it doesn't
+even have to be loaded to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to be loaded to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to be loaded to make that
+round-trip it could be one of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip it could be one of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip it could be one of the ones
+that is in the clustered the clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the clustered the clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the clustered the clustering
+of the receptors which is required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the receptors which is required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the receptors which is required for
+clathrin-coated vesicles to form and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clathrin-coated vesicles to form and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clathrin-coated vesicles to form and so
+you can tell how many trips it makes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell how many trips it makes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell how many trips it makes in
+its lifetime and so the question then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lifetime and so the question then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lifetime and so the question then
+what controls all of this but before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what controls all of this but before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what controls all of this but before we
+go on and do that I just want to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and do that I just want to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and do that I just want to briefly
+talk about again mutations that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about again mutations that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about again mutations that have
+been found in LD in the LDL receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found in LD in the LDL receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found in LD in the LDL receptor
+processing and they're really basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and they're really basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and they're really basically
+at every step in the pathway so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every step in the pathway so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every step in the pathway so the
+initial ones what we found that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial ones what we found that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial ones what we found that we
+talked about will come to a minute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about will come to a minute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about will come to a minute but
+we have some some patients with no LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some some patients with no LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some some patients with no LDL
+receptor expressed at all so somehow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor expressed at all so somehow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor expressed at all so somehow it
+never makes it to the surface okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never makes it to the surface okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never makes it to the surface okay there
+are other examples and these have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other examples and these have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other examples and these have all
+been studied by many people over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied by many people over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied by many people over the
+decades that it takes a long time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades that it takes a long time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades that it takes a long time to go
+through this processing and it's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this processing and it's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this processing and it's get
+stuck somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck somewhere
+the processing that may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing that may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing that may or may not be
+surprising and in that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and in that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and in that you have
+transmembrane insoluble regions and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane insoluble regions and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane insoluble regions and if
+the processing goes a little to stray or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing goes a little to stray or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing goes a little to stray or
+some mutation changes then you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mutation changes then you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mutation changes then you might be
+in trouble okay so we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble okay so we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble okay so we talked about this
+last time we talked about that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we talked about that they had
+just looked at 22 patients some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at 22 patients some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked at 22 patients some of the
+patients had no binding of LDL to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients had no binding of LDL to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients had no binding of LDL to the
+surface of the fibroblast that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the fibroblast that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the fibroblast that they were
+using as a model at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a model at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a model at all
+some have defective binding so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some have defective binding so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some have defective binding so if they
+compared it to a normal they had a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to a normal they had a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to a normal they had a range
+of dissociation constants and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dissociation constants and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dissociation constants and we'll talk
+quite a bit about dissociation constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about dissociation constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about dissociation constants
+not this week but next week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this week but next week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this week but next week in
+recitation is not so easy to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is not so easy to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is not so easy to measure
+dissociation constants when things bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constants when things bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation constants when things bind
+tightly and thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly and thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly and thinking about how to
+measure them correctly I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them correctly I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them correctly I think is really
+important and I would say probably I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I would say probably I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I would say probably I
+could pull out ten papers out of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pull out ten papers out of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pull out ten papers out of current
+journals really good journals where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals really good journals where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals really good journals where
+people haven't measured dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't measured dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't measured dissociation
+constant correctly when you have tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant correctly when you have tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant correctly when you have tight
+binding so this is something that we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding so this is something that we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding so this is something that we put
+in because I think it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because I think it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because I think it's important that
+people need to know how to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people need to know how to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people need to know how to think about
+this problem so anyhow let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem so anyhow let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem so anyhow let's let's
+assume the Browning Goldstein did these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the Browning Goldstein did these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the Browning Goldstein did these
+experiments correctly which I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments correctly which I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments correctly which I'm sure
+they did and they got a range of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did and they got a range of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did and they got a range of binding
+and we also saw that the patient we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also saw that the patient we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also saw that the patient we
+looked at JD had normal binding that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at JD had normal binding that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at JD had normal binding that is
+the KT was the same as normal patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KT was the same as normal patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KT was the same as normal patients
+but something else was problematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something else was problematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something else was problematic and
+that something else wasn't that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something else wasn't that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something else wasn't that it
+failed to form coated pits but that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed to form coated pits but that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed to form coated pits but that it
+failed it failed to bring this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed it failed to bring this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed it failed to bring this into the
+cell so it failed to internalize the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so it failed to internalize the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so it failed to internalize the LDL
+that was JD's defect we also in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was JD's defect we also in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was JD's defect we also in in
+recitation last week hopefully you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation last week hopefully you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation last week hopefully you had
+time now to go back and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now to go back and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now to go back and look at the
+paper a little bit but LDL and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper a little bit but LDL and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper a little bit but LDL and in the
+model we were just looking at gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we were just looking at gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we were just looking at gets
+recycled it goes in it gets back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled it goes in it gets back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled it goes in it gets back to the
+surface but what happens if on occasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface but what happens if on occasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface but what happens if on occasion
+instead of getting budding off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting budding off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of getting budding off into
+vesicles and returning to the surface it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles and returning to the surface it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles and returning to the surface it
+with the LDO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the LDO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the LDO
+cargo goes to the lysosome and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo goes to the lysosome and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo goes to the lysosome and gets
+degraded well that was the working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded well that was the working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded well that was the working
+hypothesis for what PC KS did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for what PC KS did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis for what PC KS did it
+targeted to the wrong place and degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted to the wrong place and degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted to the wrong place and degraded
+it and the phenotypes of those patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the phenotypes of those patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the phenotypes of those patients
+were interesting and that's why it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interesting and that's why it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interesting and that's why it was
+pursued so there are many many defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursued so there are many many defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursued so there are many many defects
+and people despite the fact that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people despite the fact that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people despite the fact that we have
+these statins people are still spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statins people are still spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these statins people are still spending
+a lot large amount of time thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot large amount of time thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot large amount of time thinking
+about this because of the prevalence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because of the prevalence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because of the prevalence of
+coronary disease so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary disease so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronary disease so I'm not going to
+talk about this but I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this but I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this but I'm just going to
+show you two slides and you can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you two slides and you can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you two slides and you can go back
+and think about this yourself but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about this yourself but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about this yourself but this
+is the LDL receptor we know quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the LDL receptor we know quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the LDL receptor we know quite a bit
+about it now and you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it now and you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it now and you know one of the
+questions you have you can ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have you can ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have you can ask yourself
+which is an interesting question we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an interesting question we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an interesting question we're
+not going to describe but you have LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to describe but you have LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to describe but you have LDL
+particles that are different sizes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are different sizes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are different sizes you
+know how do you how do you recognize all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you how do you recognize all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you how do you recognize all
+these different sizes okay and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different sizes okay and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different sizes okay and how does
+the clustering do that and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering do that and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering do that and so that's
+done up here and there's calcium binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done up here and there's calcium binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done up here and there's calcium binding
+we know quite a bit about that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know quite a bit about that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know quite a bit about that but I
+don't think we really understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we really understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we really understand that
+details you have a single transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you have a single transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you have a single transmembrane
+helix in the plasma membrane and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix in the plasma membrane and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix in the plasma membrane and this is
+the part this part up here that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part this part up here that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part this part up here that actually
+binds the LDL particle and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds the LDL particle and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds the LDL particle and the last
+thing I just want to briefly say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just want to briefly say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I just want to briefly say because
+we're gonna see this again but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see this again but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see this again but without
+going through any details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through any details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through any details
+remember that eventually we form what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that eventually we form what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that eventually we form what I
+call clathrin-coated pits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call clathrin-coated pits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call clathrin-coated pits okay
+that's a picture of what the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a picture of what the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a picture of what the classroom
+coated pits look like and the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated pits look like and the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated pits look like and the key thing
+and I just wanted to mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just wanted to mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just wanted to mention this
+briefly because we're gonna see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly because we're gonna see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly because we're gonna see this
+again over and over is the LDL receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over and over is the LDL receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again over and over is the LDL receptor
+itself has a little zip code and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a little zip code and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has a little zip code and that's
+enough it's at the tail that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's at the tail that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's at the tail that's enough
+for it to attract this green protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to attract this green protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to attract this green protein
+called a PT a p2 which is key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a PT a p2 which is key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a PT a p2 which is key to
+starting clathrin binding and formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting clathrin binding and formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting clathrin binding and formation
+of the curvature and eventually being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curvature and eventually being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curvature and eventually being
+able to butt off these vesicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to butt off these vesicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to butt off these vesicles
+surrounded by clathrin and that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by clathrin and that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by clathrin and that happens
+when you do that you start budding okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that you start budding okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that you start budding okay
+and then somehow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somehow it
+so this little machine a GTP pas we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this little machine a GTP pas we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this little machine a GTP pas we've
+seen chichi piezas all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen chichi piezas all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen chichi piezas all over the place
+that's involved this is the name of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved this is the name of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved this is the name of it
+that allows you to butt off and you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to butt off and you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to butt off and you use
+ATP energy to do all of this we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP energy to do all of this we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP energy to do all of this we've seen
+this over and over again and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over again and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over again and so the
+point I wanted to make here is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I wanted to make here is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I wanted to make here is we've
+seen this with the seminal experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this with the seminal experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this with the seminal experiments
+by Brown and Goldstein but in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Brown and Goldstein but in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Brown and Goldstein but in fact we
+now know that this is sort of a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know that this is sort of a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know that this is sort of a generic
+mechanism for taking nutrients into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for taking nutrients into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for taking nutrients into the
+cell so it's not limited to LDL receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so it's not limited to LDL receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so it's not limited to LDL receptor
+and LDL and in fact we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LDL and in fact we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LDL and in fact we're gonna see
+we're gonna talk about in module seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about in module seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about in module seven
+epidermal growth factor receptor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor and
+we're going to talk in module six the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk in module six the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk in module six the
+receptor that takes iron into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that takes iron into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that takes iron into the cell
+both of which do this kind of signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which do this kind of signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which do this kind of signaling
+so this is a generic mechanism to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a generic mechanism to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a generic mechanism to do
+that all of these things are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these things are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these things are interesting
+we know quite a bit about it and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know quite a bit about it and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know quite a bit about it and if you
+want to study that you could have spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study that you could have spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study that you could have spent
+another weeks of worth of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another weeks of worth of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another weeks of worth of lecture
+studying this okay so the idea then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this okay so the idea then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this okay so the idea then is
+that we have nutrient sensing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have nutrient sensing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have nutrient sensing and this
+is a general way to try to get nutrients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general way to try to get nutrients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a general way to try to get nutrients
+into the cell that is you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell that is you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell that is you have a
+receptor and it's undergoing receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and it's undergoing receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and it's undergoing receptor
+mediated endocytosis okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated endocytosis okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated endocytosis okay so that's the
+end of lecture three I think I'm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of lecture three I think I'm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of lecture three I think I'm one
+lecture behind but that's not too bad so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture behind but that's not too bad so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture behind but that's not too bad so
+what I'm gonna do now is let's make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna do now is let's make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna do now is let's make sure
+I get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get this right
+I'm gonna start on lecture four and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start on lecture four and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start on lecture four and now
+we're sort of into the question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of into the question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of into the question of how
+do we sense cholesterol okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we sense cholesterol okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we sense cholesterol okay so what
+I've done in the original hand out I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done in the original hand out I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done in the original hand out I had
+lecture four and five in the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture four and five in the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture four and five in the single
+PowerPoint there's still in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint there's still in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint there's still in a single
+PowerPoint but I've just split them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint but I've just split them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint but I've just split them into
+two so I'll tell you how I'd split them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I'll tell you how I'd split them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so I'll tell you how I'd split them
+so uhm lecture four is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uhm lecture four is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uhm lecture four is going to be
+focused on dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on dancing
+and transcriptional regulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transcriptional regulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transcriptional regulation and
+lecture five will be focused on sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture five will be focused on sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture five will be focused on sensing
+and post transcriptional regulation by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and post transcriptional regulation by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and post transcriptional regulation by a
+protein mediated degradation so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein mediated degradation so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein mediated degradation so I'm
+gonna split that in two parts and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna split that in two parts and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna split that in two parts and so
+today's lecture will be mostly focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture will be mostly focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture will be mostly focused
+on transcriptional regulation so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on transcriptional regulation so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on transcriptional regulation so and the
+key issue is how what are we how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key issue is how what are we how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key issue is how what are we how do we
+sense cholesterol what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cholesterol what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense cholesterol what are the
+mechanisms by which we sense cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms by which we sense cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms by which we sense cholesterol
+and the outline for the lecture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outline for the lecture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outline for the lecture is that
+the transcriptional regulation involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptional regulation involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptional regulation involves
+a sterile responsive F element so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sterile responsive F element so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sterile responsive F element so this
+is a sterile responsive element this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sterile responsive element this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sterile responsive element this is
+a DNA sequence of about 10 P 10 base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA sequence of about 10 P 10 base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA sequence of about 10 P 10 base
+pairs okay and it also involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs okay and it also involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs okay and it also involves a
+transcriptional factor so TF this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional factor so TF this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional factor so TF this is a
+transcriptional factor transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional factor transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional factor transcription
+factor and this is called SR e BP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and this is called SR e BP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and this is called SR e BP so
+this is sterile responsive element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sterile responsive element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sterile responsive element
+binding protein okay so BP is binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein okay so BP is binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein okay so BP is binding
+protein okay so the first thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay so the first thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay so the first thing I'm
+going to talk about then is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about then is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about then is the
+discovery of srebp so that'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of srebp so that'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of srebp so that'll be the
+first section and then what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first section and then what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first section and then what we're gonna
+do is who want to know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is who want to know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is who want to know what are the
+players that allow us to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that allow us to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that allow us to understand how
+this transcription factor works what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transcription factor works what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transcription factor works what
+we'll see that's sort of amazing it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that's sort of amazing it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that's sort of amazing it was
+amazing at the time but now it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing at the time but now it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing at the time but now it's been
+found in a number of systems is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in a number of systems is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in a number of systems is where
+would you expect a transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you expect a transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you expect a transcription factor
+to be located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be located
+in the nucleus okay and what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nucleus okay and what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nucleus okay and what they found
+from their studies that it's located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their studies that it's located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their studies that it's located in
+the ER membrane okay so this was a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER membrane okay so this was a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER membrane okay so this was a major
+discovery so this protein is located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery so this protein is located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery so this protein is located in
+the ER membrane they didn't know what at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER membrane they didn't know what at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER membrane they didn't know what at
+the time but now you're faced with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but now you're faced with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but now you're faced with the
+issue transcription factors to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue transcription factors to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue transcription factors to work in
+the nucleus so somehow we have to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so somehow we have to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so somehow we have to get it
+from the ER membrane into the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ER membrane into the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ER membrane into the nucleus
+and so to do that what we need our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to do that what we need our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to do that what we need our
+players for srebp to go from then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players for srebp to go from then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players for srebp to go from then from
+the ER to the nucleus okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER to the nucleus okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ER to the nucleus okay and we're
+gonna see that these players are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that these players are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that these players are called
+stop and they're called insig okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and they're called insig okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and they're called insig okay and
+we'll come back I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back I'm going to talk about
+those in some detail and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in some detail and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in some detail and then the last
+thing we'll focus on is we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll focus on is we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we'll focus on is we'll see it
+throughout I'm going to give you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout I'm going to give you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout I'm going to give you what I
+usually do when we're talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do when we're talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do when we're talking about some
+complex mechanism I give you the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex mechanism I give you the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex mechanism I give you the model
+up front so you sort of see where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front so you sort of see where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front so you sort of see where you're
+going hopefully you've all had time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going hopefully you've all had time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going hopefully you've all had time now
+we've been in this module for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been in this module for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been in this module for a long
+time to read sort of the review articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to read sort of the review articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to read sort of the review articles
+but we want a model for transcriptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want a model for transcriptional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want a model for transcriptional
+regulation okay so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation okay so that's what we're
+going and so what I want to do before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and so what I want to do before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and so what I want to do before we
+get into the model is sort of come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the model is sort of come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the model is sort of come back
+where we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started
+to try to keep you grounded on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to keep you grounded on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to keep you grounded on what
+we're doing okay and what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing okay and what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing okay and what we're doing
+here is our cartoon of the cell that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our cartoon of the cell that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is our cartoon of the cell that I
+showed you in the very beginning we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in the very beginning we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you in the very beginning we know
+that metabolism of hydrocarbons fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metabolism of hydrocarbons fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metabolism of hydrocarbons fatty
+acids and cholesterol all focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and cholesterol all focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and cholesterol all focus on a
+central player and the central player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central player and the central player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central player and the central player is
+acetyl co a okay acid Co Co a can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a okay acid Co Co a can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a okay acid Co Co a can be
+obtained from fatty acids in the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from fatty acids in the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from fatty acids in the diet
+we've talked about we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about we've talked about
+sort of the distribution of fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the distribution of fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the distribution of fatty acids
+using Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Logan
+Lippo proteins including LDL and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lippo proteins including LDL and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lippo proteins including LDL and we get
+to ask the Tilka way this all happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the Tilka way this all happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the Tilka way this all happens in
+the mitochondria okay but acetic away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria okay but acetic away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondria okay but acetic away
+cannot get across membranes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get across membranes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get across membranes okay and
+that's true there are a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true there are a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true there are a number of things
+that can't get across membranes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't get across membranes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't get across membranes and so
+carriers in the mitochondrial membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers in the mitochondrial membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers in the mitochondrial membrane
+are key to metabolism and I think once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are key to metabolism and I think once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are key to metabolism and I think once
+you look at it and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it and think about
+metabolism overall it's not so confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism overall it's not so confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism overall it's not so confusing
+but you might not have chosen those if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might not have chosen those if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might not have chosen those if
+you were the designer you may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were the designer you may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were the designer you may not have
+chosen these to be the carrier is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen these to be the carrier is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen these to be the carrier is to
+move in between organelles so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in between organelles so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in between organelles so I think
+this happens quite frequently so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens quite frequently so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens quite frequently so you
+need to pay attention to it and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay attention to it and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay attention to it and so what
+happens in this case is acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this case is acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this case is acetyl co a
+combines with rock salt or CD acid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with rock salt or CD acid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with rock salt or CD acid to
+form citrate a citrate is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form citrate a citrate is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form citrate a citrate is an
+intermediate and the krebs cycle the TCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the krebs cycle the TCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and the krebs cycle the TCA
+cycle is part of center all of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is part of center all of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is part of center all of central
+metabolism we're gonna see citrate again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism we're gonna see citrate again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism we're gonna see citrate again
+it plays a central role in iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plays a central role in iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plays a central role in iron
+homeostasis as wealth and citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis as wealth and citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis as wealth and citrate
+there's a transporter that gets this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transporter that gets this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transporter that gets this
+into the cytoplasm so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cytoplasm so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cytoplasm so here's the
+cytoplasm there's an enzyme citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm there's an enzyme citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm there's an enzyme citrate
+lyase it uses ATP to generate acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyase it uses ATP to generate acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyase it uses ATP to generate acetic
+away okay so acetic away is a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay so acetic away is a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay so acetic away is a central
+player and really what we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and really what we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and really what we're thinking
+about now in general I'm going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now in general I'm going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now in general I'm going back
+through this is what do we spec expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is what do we spec expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this is what do we spec expect
+sterile responsive element binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile responsive element binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile responsive element binding
+protein to regulate and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to regulate and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to regulate and I'm going to
+show you it doesn't just regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you it doesn't just regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you it doesn't just regulate
+cholesterol homeostasis there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol homeostasis there's a big
+picture all of this okay so you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all of this okay so you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all of this okay so you can make
+you talked about this as a prelude to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about this as a prelude to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about this as a prelude to
+the polyketide synthases that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyketide synthases that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyketide synthases that the
+natural products liz introduced you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products liz introduced you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural products liz introduced you to
+any how you can make fatty acids fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any how you can make fatty acids fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any how you can make fatty acids fatty
+acids can do a number of things if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids can do a number of things if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids can do a number of things if you
+have a ton of them then you can react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of them then you can react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of them then you can react
+them with glycerol to form tri-ace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with glycerol to form tri-ace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with glycerol to form tri-ace of
+glycerol in those form they're insoluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol in those form they're insoluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol in those form they're insoluble
+messes if you look at the structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messes if you look at the structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messes if you look at the structures
+they form little globules so we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form little globules so we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form little globules so we have all
+these little insoluble globules inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little insoluble globules inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little insoluble globules inside
+the cell and people are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and people are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and people are actually quite
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+studying these things now we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying these things now we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying these things now we don't know
+that much about whether there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about whether there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about whether there are
+proteins or metabolic enzymes that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or metabolic enzymes that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or metabolic enzymes that could
+be sitting on the surface of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sitting on the surface of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sitting on the surface of these
+globules a lot of people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globules a lot of people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globules a lot of people are trying to
+figure that out but also fatty acids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out but also fatty acids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out but also fatty acids are
+required in the presence of glycerol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required in the presence of glycerol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required in the presence of glycerol
+3-phosphate which comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate which comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3-phosphate which comes from the
+glycolysis pathway the other pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway the other pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway the other pathway
+that everybody learns about in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody learns about in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody learns about in an
+introductory course to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course to form
+phospholipids which are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids which are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids which are the key
+component of all of your membranes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of all of your membranes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of all of your membranes okay
+alternatively I see Teal'c away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively I see Teal'c away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively I see Teal'c away
+depending on the regulation of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the regulation of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the regulation of all of
+this that's the key guests converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the key guests converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the key guests converted to
+hydroxymethyl glue to real go away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glue to real go away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glue to real go away and
+nibble on ik acid malonic acid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibble on ik acid malonic acid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nibble on ik acid malonic acid that
+reduction between these two is a target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction between these two is a target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction between these two is a target
+of statins then ends up making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statins then ends up making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statins then ends up making
+cholesterol and weight as cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and weight as cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and weight as cholesterol
+have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go
+so cholesterol is made and a lot of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cholesterol is made and a lot of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cholesterol is made and a lot of it's
+happening in the membranes lots of lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the membranes lots of lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the membranes lots of lot
+of is associated with the ER but only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is associated with the ER but only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is associated with the ER but only a
+small amount of the total cholesterol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of the total cholesterol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of the total cholesterol is
+in the ER membrane somehow it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ER membrane somehow it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ER membrane somehow it's got to
+be transferred to all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transferred to all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be transferred to all these other
+membranes okay so that's a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes okay so that's a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes okay so that's a problem we
+haven't talked about that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about that's a big
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+most of the cholesterol is in the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cholesterol is in the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cholesterol is in the plasma
+membrane if you have excess of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane if you have excess of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane if you have excess of
+cholesterol you can esterified it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you can esterified it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you can esterified it and
+again form little droplets of fats which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again form little droplets of fats which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again form little droplets of fats which
+have fatty acids and cholesterol okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fatty acids and cholesterol okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fatty acids and cholesterol okay so
+that's the big picture and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big picture and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big picture and so this is
+the picture of what the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of what the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of what the regulatory
+network so I'll say power this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so I'll say power this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so I'll say power this is a
+power point of the regulatory network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point of the regulatory network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point of the regulatory network
+and it's governed by it turns out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's governed by it turns out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's governed by it turns out there
+are three s ii bp's they have slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three s ii bp's they have slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three s ii bp's they have slightly
+and they're structurally homologous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're structurally homologous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're structurally homologous to
+each other and they have they work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they have they work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they have they work in
+ways that they interact with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they interact with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they interact with other
+protein factors and control this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein factors and control this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein factors and control this whole
+homeostatic process between fat fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic process between fat fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostatic process between fat fatty
+acids and cholesterol biosynthesis so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and cholesterol biosynthesis so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and cholesterol biosynthesis so I
+think there are two things that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are two things that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are two things that you need
+to think about so we want to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so we want to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so we want to control
+basically it's lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's lipid
+tambul ISM and I should say at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tambul ISM and I should say at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tambul ISM and I should say at the
+outset we're focusing on srebp but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset we're focusing on srebp but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset we're focusing on srebp but some
+of you and maybe a more advanced biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and maybe a more advanced biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and maybe a more advanced biology
+of course have know that there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course have know that there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course have know that there are the
+transcription factors involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors involved in
+regulating cholesterol homeostasis this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating cholesterol homeostasis this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating cholesterol homeostasis this
+is the major one and that's all we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the major one and that's all we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the major one and that's all we're
+going to talk about in this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about in this class but
+what else do you need to make molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you need to make molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else do you need to make molecules
+if you're gonna make fatty acids if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna make fatty acids if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna make fatty acids if you
+were gonna make cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gonna make cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gonna make cholesterol
+what you need is NADPH so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need is NADPH so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need is NADPH so that's the
+other thing that you need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that you need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that you need to think about
+when you're looking at the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at the regulatory
+network so we need to control how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we need to control how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we need to control how do we
+make lipids where do they come from they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make lipids where do they come from they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make lipids where do they come from they
+come from acity Ocoee and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from acity Ocoee and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from acity Ocoee and the second
+thing we need to think about is a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we need to think about is a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we need to think about is a source
+of energy to actually form the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to actually form the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to actually form the molecules
+were after the long-chain fatty acids go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were after the long-chain fatty acids go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were after the long-chain fatty acids go
+back and look at that or cholesterol if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at that or cholesterol if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at that or cholesterol if
+you go back and look at the pathway we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and look at the pathway we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and look at the pathway we
+talked about in the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the first couple of
+lectures so NADPH is at the center and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so NADPH is at the center and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so NADPH is at the center and I
+forgot to point out before you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to point out before you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to point out before you probably
+many of you have heard of but never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have heard of but never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have heard of but never
+really slide about Malak enzyme and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slide about Malak enzyme and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slide about Malak enzyme and the
+cytosol you can go back and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol you can go back and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol you can go back and think about
+that but that's a major source of NADPH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's a major source of NADPH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's a major source of NADPH
+what is another source of NADPH and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is another source of NADPH and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is another source of NADPH and the
+cytosol anybody know where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol anybody know where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol anybody know where do you get
+most of your NADPH from that's quick key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of your NADPH from that's quick key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of your NADPH from that's quick key
+to biosynthesis of any kind of anabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biosynthesis of any kind of anabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biosynthesis of any kind of anabolic
+pathways does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No okay did you ever hear the pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No okay did you ever hear the pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No okay did you ever hear the pentose
+phosphate pathway well hopefully you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway well hopefully you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway well hopefully you've
+heard of it not you know reproducing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it not you know reproducing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it not you know reproducing it
+might be challenging but the pentose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be challenging but the pentose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be challenging but the pentose
+phosphate pathway is central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is central to
+providing us with NADPH it's central for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing us with NADPH it's central for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing us with NADPH it's central for
+controlling reactive oxygen species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling reactive oxygen species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling reactive oxygen species
+which is going to be module seven it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be module seven it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be module seven it's
+central for providing NADPH for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central for providing NADPH for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central for providing NADPH for
+nucleotide metabolism okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism okay so the
+pentose phosphate pathway and Malak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway and Malak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway and Malak
+enzyme are the key sources of NADPH and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme are the key sources of NADPH and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme are the key sources of NADPH and
+you know if you're becoming biochemist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're becoming biochemist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're becoming biochemist I
+think now all of these pathways these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now all of these pathways these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now all of these pathways these
+central pathways that we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pathways that we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central pathways that we talked about in
+507 should just you don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+507 should just you don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+507 should just you don't need to know
+sort of all the details but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of all the details but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of all the details but you need to
+know how things go in and out and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how things go in and out and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how things go in and out and it's
+central to thinking about anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to thinking about anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to thinking about anything and
+if you ever do any genetic studies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever do any genetic studies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever do any genetic studies you
+can never figure out anything unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never figure out anything unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never figure out anything unless you
+know how all these things are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how all these things are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how all these things are connected
+so knowing these central pathways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knowing these central pathways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knowing these central pathways and
+how things go in and out and connect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things go in and out and connect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things go in and out and connect is
+really critical in thinking about many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical in thinking about many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical in thinking about many
+many kinds of reactions you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kinds of reactions you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kinds of reactions you might be
+doing in the lab because you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the lab because you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the lab because you might see
+something over here but it might be way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here but it might be way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here but it might be way
+over here that you had the effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that you had the effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that you had the effect so
+knowing these connections I think is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these connections I think is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these connections I think is why
+I spent another whatever five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent another whatever five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent another whatever five minutes
+describing the regulation okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the regulation okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the regulation okay so if we
+look at this what we see here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what we see here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what we see here and this
+is an old slide so I mean this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an old slide so I mean this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an old slide so I mean this might
+have changed but all of the enzymes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed but all of the enzymes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed but all of the enzymes in
+italics are all regulated by srebp okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italics are all regulated by srebp okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italics are all regulated by srebp okay
+so to me is it so he is acid Toa what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to me is it so he is acid Toa what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to me is it so he is acid Toa what do
+we see in this pathway we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in this pathway we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in this pathway we're making
+cholesterol so many of the enzymes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so many of the enzymes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so many of the enzymes we're
+not going to talk about them that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about them that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about them that we
+talked about when we went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about when we went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about when we went through the
+pathway are all regulated by srebp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway are all regulated by srebp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway are all regulated by srebp and
+as predominantly again this overlap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as predominantly again this overlap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as predominantly again this overlap of
+the regulation between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulation between the different
+forms of the several responsive element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the several responsive element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the several responsive element
+binding protein but you can see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein but you can see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding protein but you can see we have
+hmg-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg-coa
+which is the rate-limiting step so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the rate-limiting step so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the rate-limiting step so that
+you might be expected but many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be expected but many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be expected but many of the
+other enzymes that are also controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other enzymes that are also controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other enzymes that are also controlled
+by this transcription factor and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this transcription factor and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this transcription factor and the one
+that turns out I think to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out I think to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out I think to be quite
+interesting for most recent studies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for most recent studies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for most recent studies is
+remember we briefly talked about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we briefly talked about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we briefly talked about how you
+get from a linear chain and then we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a linear chain and then we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a linear chain and then we had
+a use a mono oxygenase to make the epoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a use a mono oxygenase to make the epoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a use a mono oxygenase to make the epoxy
+that enzyme play is a key regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme play is a key regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme play is a key regulatory
+enzyme people now think it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme people now think it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme people now think it wasn't
+thought to be so not all that long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be so not all that long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be so not all that long ago
+so anyhow all of these enzymes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow all of these enzymes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyhow all of these enzymes that
+we've talked about are regulated in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about are regulated in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about are regulated in some
+some way by srebp but it doesn't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way by srebp but it doesn't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way by srebp but it doesn't stop
+there if you go over here you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you go over here you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you go over here you sort of
+have a partitioning between acetic our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a partitioning between acetic our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a partitioning between acetic our
+way also going into lipids and forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way also going into lipids and forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way also going into lipids and forming
+phospholipids a try a so glycerol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids a try a so glycerol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids a try a so glycerol is
+depending on whether you store or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you store or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether you store or
+whether you're dividing and need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're dividing and need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're dividing and need more
+membranes so all of this again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes so all of this again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes so all of this again it's
+about regulation and if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation and if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation and if you look at this
+you can see that many of the enzymes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that many of the enzymes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that many of the enzymes in
+this pathway for formation of mono a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway for formation of mono a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway for formation of mono a so
+glycerol and try acyl glycerols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol and try acyl glycerols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycerol and try acyl glycerols
+are also involved okay so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also involved okay so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also involved okay so that gives you
+the big picture that I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture that I want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture that I want you to think
+about so when you get you wonder where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so when you get you wonder where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so when you get you wonder where
+you're going you should go back and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you should go back and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going you should go back and take
+a look at the first few slides okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the first few slides okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the first few slides okay so
+what I want to do now is really focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is really focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is really focus on
+the first thing how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing how do we
+the first factor was how do we I cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first factor was how do we I cited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first factor was how do we I cited
+they identify this is identification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they identify this is identification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they identify this is identification of
+SR e BP and so probably most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SR e BP and so probably most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SR e BP and so probably most people
+wouldn't talk about this but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't talk about this but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't talk about this but I think
+it's sort of amazing so I'm gonna just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of amazing so I'm gonna just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of amazing so I'm gonna just
+show you what had to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what had to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what had to be done
+and this is not an easy set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not an easy set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not an easy set of
+experiments first of all transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments first of all transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments first of all transcription
+factors in general aren't present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in general aren't present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in general aren't present in
+very large amounts okay to get them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large amounts okay to get them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large amounts okay to get them out
+they also stick to DNA okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also stick to DNA okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also stick to DNA okay so that
+poses a problem unlike using his tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses a problem unlike using his tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses a problem unlike using his tags
+and all the stuff you know that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the stuff you know that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the stuff you know that stuff
+works to isolate transcription factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to isolate transcription factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to isolate transcription factors
+and this was all done before that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was all done before that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was all done before that you
+know a long time ago okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a long time ago okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a long time ago okay
+and so this was this is quite a feat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was this is quite a feat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was this is quite a feat
+and the key to this feat was a brown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key to this feat was a brown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key to this feat was a brown and
+goldstein recognized that that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldstein recognized that that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldstein recognized that that in the
+front of the gene for HM gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the gene for HM gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the gene for HM gr
+hydroxymethyl glue Terrell Kawai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glue Terrell Kawai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl glue Terrell Kawai
+reductase and the LDL receptor they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and the LDL receptor they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase and the LDL receptor they
+found a 10 I'm not going to read out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a 10 I'm not going to read out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a 10 I'm not going to read out the
+sequence base pair sequence that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence base pair sequence that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence base pair sequence that was the
+same okay so that suggested to them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so that suggested to them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so that suggested to them that
+there's a little piece of nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little piece of nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little piece of nucleic acid
+with 10 base pairs that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 base pairs that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 base pairs that might be
+recognized by a protein which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by a protein which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized by a protein which could be
+the transcription factor okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription factor okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription factor okay so this
+was the key this 10 base pair sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the key this 10 base pair sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the key this 10 base pair sequence
+and I'll just say see PowerPoint okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just say see PowerPoint okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just say see PowerPoint okay
+and this is the s re4 the genes again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the s re4 the genes again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the s re4 the genes again
+and this has now been found in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has now been found in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has now been found in front of
+many genes that just showed you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many genes that just showed you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many genes that just showed you that
+many many genes have regulated in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many genes have regulated in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many genes have regulated in some
+way by these proteins but this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by these proteins but this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by these proteins but this was an
+observation they made a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation they made a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation they made a long time ago
+okay so where would you expect we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where would you expect we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where would you expect we just
+went through this where would you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this where would you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this where would you expect
+srebp the transcription factor to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srebp the transcription factor to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srebp the transcription factor to be
+located you'd expect it to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located you'd expect it to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located you'd expect it to be in the
+nucleus okay that's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus okay that's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus okay that's a reasonable
+expectation and so what step might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and so what step might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and so what step might you
+do in the very beginning to try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the very beginning to try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the very beginning to try to help
+you purify this protein and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you purify this protein and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you purify this protein and let me just
+tell you at the outset that the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you at the outset that the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you at the outset that the protein
+had to be purified thirty-eight thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be purified thirty-eight thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be purified thirty-eight thousand
+fold okay now you guys are none of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold okay now you guys are none of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold okay now you guys are none of you
+have ever experienced really protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever experienced really protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever experienced really protein
+purification starting with kilograms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification starting with kilograms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification starting with kilograms of
+anything I have done that and spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I have done that and spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I have done that and spent
+three months purifying a microgram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months purifying a microgram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months purifying a microgram of
+protein and I would argue that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and I would argue that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and I would argue that some
+people still need to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still need to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still need to do that because
+when you do do recombinant expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do do recombinant expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do do recombinant expression
+lots of times you miss a lot of stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times you miss a lot of stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of times you miss a lot of stuff so
+somewhere along the way somebody needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way somebody needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the way somebody needs
+to really sort of know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really sort of know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really sort of know what the
+endogenous protein is like and not read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous protein is like and not read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous protein is like and not read
+up from not there were combinate protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from not there were combinate protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from not there were combinate protein
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're gonna have to do a 38,000 fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purification and I would say that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification and I would say that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification and I would say that's not
+not uncommon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uncommon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uncommon
+I've done 20 liter by 20 liter Grady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done 20 liter by 20 liter Grady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done 20 liter by 20 liter Grady
+okay that take three weeks to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that take three weeks to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that take three weeks to get
+through the gradients and looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gradients and looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gradients and looking for
+your protein so if your protein is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your protein so if your protein is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your protein so if your protein is not
+stable what even if you're in the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what even if you're in the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what even if you're in the cold
+room what happens or if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room what happens or if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room what happens or if there are
+proteases it gets degraded so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases it gets degraded so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases it gets degraded so I'm just
+saying this is not transcription factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is not transcription factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is not transcription factors
+are not easy to deal with and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not easy to deal with and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not easy to deal with and this was
+sort of an amazing amazing feat anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an amazing amazing feat anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an amazing amazing feat anyhow
+they started with over here 100 liters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started with over here 100 liters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started with over here 100 liters
+of tissue culture cells okay so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tissue culture cells okay so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tissue culture cells okay so most of
+you have probably seen tissue culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have probably seen tissue culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have probably seen tissue culture
+plate and that's where what you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate and that's where what you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate and that's where what you work
+with they start with 100 liter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they start with 100 liter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they start with 100 liter and
+that's why they using HeLa cells because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they using HeLa cells because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they using HeLa cells because
+you can grow them on this scale you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can grow them on this scale you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can grow them on this scale you can
+probably grow a lot of things on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably grow a lot of things on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably grow a lot of things on this
+scale now we have much better ways then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale now we have much better ways then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale now we have much better ways then
+this was a long time ago okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a long time ago okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a long time ago okay so the
+approach was so the first thing we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach was so the first thing we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach was so the first thing we got
+sidetracked again but the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidetracked again but the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidetracked again but the first thing is
+that if it's in the nucleus what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's in the nucleus what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's in the nucleus what would
+you do to try to enrich in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do to try to enrich in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do to try to enrich in the
+transcription factor what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor what would be the
+first thing you might do after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you might do after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you might do after you've
+isolated the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can't I still can t you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can't I still can t you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can't I still can t you're
+gonna have to speak lager and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to speak lager and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to speak lager and I'm going
+deaf and I will get a hearing aid but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaf and I will get a hearing aid but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaf and I will get a hearing aid but I
+don't have one now so you have to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one now so you have to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have one now so you have to speak
+loud and you have to articulate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and you have to articulate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and you have to articulate yeah
+yeah so but what is there a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but what is there a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but what is there a certain way
+you would tell at them you would do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would tell at them you would do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would tell at them you would do some
+kind of gradient to try to separate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gradient to try to separate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gradient to try to separate that
+me you have to pellet this ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you have to pellet this ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you have to pellet this ourselves
+first but then what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but then what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but then what you want to do is
+separate the nucleus from reward Folly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the nucleus from reward Folly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the nucleus from reward Folly
+organelles the issue is we already told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles the issue is we already told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles the issue is we already told
+you this most of the protein that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this most of the protein that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this most of the protein that's not
+found in the nucleus and that was part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the nucleus and that was part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the nucleus and that was part
+of this they didn't know that at all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this they didn't know that at all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this they didn't know that at all but
+that's what they did they did some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they did they did some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they did they did some kind
+of a gradient to separate nuclei from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gradient to separate nuclei from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gradient to separate nuclei from
+the rest of it because they were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it because they were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it because they were trying
+to enrich which was a totally reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enrich which was a totally reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enrich which was a totally reasonable
+thing for them to have done okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for them to have done okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for them to have done okay so I'm
+not gonna write that down but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write that down but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write that down but that's the
+first thing they did the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing they did the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing they did the second thing
+they did is they made an affinity column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all out of the sree okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all out of the sree okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all out of the sree okay so this is
+a nucleotide a nucleotide affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nucleotide a nucleotide affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nucleotide a nucleotide affinity
+column okay and they ended up using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay and they ended up using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column okay and they ended up using that
+a couple of times and they ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of times and they ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of times and they ended up
+using a couple of other kinds of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a couple of other kinds of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a couple of other kinds of columns
+and eventually got protein out after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually got protein out after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually got protein out after a
+lot of effort whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effort whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effort whoops
+after a lot of effort they got protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a lot of effort they got protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a lot of effort they got protein
+out and the size of the protein so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the size of the protein so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the size of the protein so they
+went through this column and they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this column and they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through this column and they went
+through additional columns I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through additional columns I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through additional columns I'm not going
+to go through this and they ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this and they ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this and they ended up
+with proteins that were actually smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proteins that were actually smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proteins that were actually smaller
+than the srebp okay but they still bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the srebp okay but they still bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the srebp okay but they still bound
+to the affinity column so they ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the affinity column so they ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the affinity column so they ended up
+with proteins I said I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proteins I said I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proteins I said I don't remember
+again the details of this really aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the details of this really aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the details of this really aren't
+so important but they ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important but they ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important but they ended up with
+smaller proteins somewhere I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller proteins somewhere I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller proteins somewhere I have the
+size written down 59 to 268 kilowatts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size written down 59 to 268 kilowatts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size written down 59 to 268 kilowatts so
+you know the protein had been degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the protein had been degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the protein had been degraded
+or we will see the protein has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we will see the protein has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we will see the protein has been
+processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed
+stur was being processed during all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stur was being processed during all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stur was being processed during all this
+workup and there are many things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup and there are many things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workup and there are many things that
+could have happened to this process but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have happened to this process but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have happened to this process but
+what this allowed them to do and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this allowed them to do and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this allowed them to do and this
+was the key to allowing them to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the key to allowing them to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the key to allowing them to do this
+better was they could generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better was they could generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better was they could generate
+antibodies okay so they took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies okay so they took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies okay so they took this
+protein that they isolated and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that they isolated and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that they isolated and they
+generated antibodies okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated antibodies okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated antibodies okay and we're
+gonna be talking about antibodies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be talking about antibodies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be talking about antibodies this
+week but we're going to be also talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we're going to be also talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but we're going to be also talking
+about use of antibodies with fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about use of antibodies with fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about use of antibodies with fluorescent
+probes the last last recitation as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes the last last recitation as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes the last last recitation as well
+so what did this allow them to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did this allow them to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did this allow them to do the
+antibodies then allowed them to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies then allowed them to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies then allowed them to go back
+into the cells and look for expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cells and look for expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cells and look for expression
+of srebp and instead of finding it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of srebp and instead of finding it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of srebp and instead of finding it in
+the nucleus what they found was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus what they found was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus what they found was that
+most of it was localized on in the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it was localized on in the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it was localized on in the ER
+membrane so these antibodies revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the SR e BP is predominantly in ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SR e BP is predominantly in ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SR e BP is predominantly in ER
+membrane and again this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and again this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and again this question of
+antibodies on which Liz brought up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies on which Liz brought up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies on which Liz brought up and
+the question of specificity and moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of specificity and moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of specificity and moreover
+the question of sensitivity is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of sensitivity is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of sensitivity is really
+key because now when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key because now when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key because now when you're looking at
+eukaryotic cells we know things move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cells we know things move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic cells we know things move
+around they move around all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they move around all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they move around all over the
+place and they move around depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they move around depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they move around depending on
+the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment
+so you can easily miss location this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can easily miss location this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can easily miss location this
+might be the predominant one under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the predominant one under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the predominant one under the
+conditions you looked but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you looked but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you looked but it could be
+somewhere else and I think they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and I think they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and I think they didn't
+realize so much about that back in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize so much about that back in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize so much about that back in these
+days but we know know that a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but we know know that a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but we know know that a lot so
+anyhow that was a surprise and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow that was a surprise and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow that was a surprise and then now
+provided the basis for them going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the basis for them going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the basis for them going back
+and thinking much more about this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking much more about this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking much more about this system
+and so what I'm going to show you is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I'm going to show you is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I'm going to show you is the
+model that's the result resulted and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's the result resulted and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's the result resulted and if
+some of you have started working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have started working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have started working on
+problem set seven that's due this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set seven that's due this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set seven that's due this week
+that the problem deals with some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem deals with some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem deals with some of the
+experiments that I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I'm going to tell you
+what the answer is and you're supposedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is and you're supposedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is and you're supposedly
+looking at the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the primary
+data from where this model came a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from where this model came a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from where this model came a small
+amount of the primary data from we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the primary data from we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the primary data from we had
+this model came okay so what this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model came okay so what this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model came okay so what this is a
+model and I'll write this down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I'll write this down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I'll write this down in the
+middle but in the model is at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but in the model is at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but in the model is at low
+sterile concentrations okay so at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile concentrations okay so at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile concentrations okay so at low
+sterile concentrations what do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile concentrations what do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile concentrations what do we want
+to do we want to this transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we want to this transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we want to this transcription
+factor I should write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I should write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor I should write this down
+somewhere but the transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but the transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but the transcription factor
+activates transcription okay it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates transcription okay it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates transcription okay it could
+repress transcription but it activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress transcription but it activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repress transcription but it activates
+okay so if you have low sterols what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have low sterols what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have low sterols what do
+you want to do what you want to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do what you want to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do what you want to turn on
+the transcription factor so it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription factor so it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcription factor so it needs to
+somehow move from this location in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow move from this location in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow move from this location in the
+membrane to the nucleus okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane to the nucleus okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane to the nucleus okay so that's
+where this model is coming from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this model is coming from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this model is coming from and
+we'll walk through it step by step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll walk through it step by step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll walk through it step by step so
+what you'll see these are cartoons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see these are cartoons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see these are cartoons for
+the factors we're going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors we're going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors we're going to be looking at
+so this srebp has two transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this srebp has two transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this srebp has two transmembrane
+regions we'll come back to that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions we'll come back to that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions we'll come back to that this
+little ball here which turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ball here which turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ball here which turns out to be
+at the n-terminus is a helix-loop-helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the n-terminus is a helix-loop-helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the n-terminus is a helix-loop-helix
+which is a DNA binding motif we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a DNA binding motif we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a DNA binding motif we'll come
+back to this in a minute I'm just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a minute I'm just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a minute I'm just giving
+you an overview and then we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overview and then we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overview and then we'll come back
+okay there's a second protein and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a second protein and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a second protein and this
+is the key sensor there we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key sensor there we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key sensor there we're gonna see
+of cholesterol levels called scalp okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol levels called scalp okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cholesterol levels called scalp okay
+and it also resides in the ER membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also resides in the ER membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also resides in the ER membrane
+and it has a little domain on it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a little domain on it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a little domain on it that
+recognizes and interacts with Parga of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes and interacts with Parga of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes and interacts with Parga of
+srebp okay and so this is located the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srebp okay and so this is located the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srebp okay and so this is located the
+lumen and these guys especially this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen and these guys especially this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumen and these guys especially this guy
+is located in the cytosol okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is located in the cytosol okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is located in the cytosol okay and we
+don't want it inside the lumen we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it inside the lumen we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it inside the lumen we want
+it on the outside so it can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the outside so it can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the outside so it can go through
+go into the nucleus eventually okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the nucleus eventually okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the nucleus eventually okay so
+what happens is somehow when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is somehow when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is somehow when you have
+low sterols and we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low sterols and we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low sterols and we're going to look at
+the model for how this happens there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model for how this happens there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model for how this happens there is
+these these both of these proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these both of these proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these both of these proteins
+and srebp are transferred by coated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and srebp are transferred by coated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and srebp are transferred by coated
+vesicles we'll come back to this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles we'll come back to this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesicles we'll come back to this in a
+minute into the Golgi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute into the Golgi okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute into the Golgi okay
+so they go together into the Golgi and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go together into the Golgi and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they go together into the Golgi and I
+would say that right now a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that right now a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that right now a lot of people
+are asking the question once you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asking the question once you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asking the question once you do the
+processing to get srebp into the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing to get srebp into the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing to get srebp into the nucleus
+what happens to scalp and there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to scalp and there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to scalp and there are lots
+of papers now that are focusing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers now that are focusing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of papers now that are focusing on the
+fact that scalp can recycle from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that scalp can recycle from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that scalp can recycle from the
+Golgi back to the ER so it's never as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi back to the ER so it's never as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi back to the ER so it's never as
+simple this things continuing going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this things continuing going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this things continuing going on
+not that although much is wasted so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that although much is wasted so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that although much is wasted so this
+can actually recycle and I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually recycle and I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually recycle and I'm not going
+to talk about that and then in the ER in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that and then in the ER in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that and then in the ER in
+in the Golgi apparatus there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Golgi apparatus there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Golgi apparatus there are two
+proteins okay called s 1 P and s 2 P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins okay called s 1 P and s 2 P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins okay called s 1 P and s 2 P and
+they're both proteases ok we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both proteases ok we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both proteases ok we'll come
+back to this in a second so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a second so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a second so what's
+unusual is that we want to get this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual is that we want to get this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual is that we want to get this guy
+into the nucleus and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nucleus and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nucleus and one of the
+proteases cuts here ok so then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases cuts here ok so then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases cuts here ok so then we get
+this piece and then the second protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece and then the second protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece and then the second protease
+cuts here and then we get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts here and then we get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts here and then we get a little
+soluble piece that can move into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble piece that can move into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble piece that can move into the
+Dukas now this is also revolutionary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dukas now this is also revolutionary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dukas now this is also revolutionary and
+that nobody had ever known there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody had ever known there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody had ever known there were
+proteins proteases that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins proteases that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins proteases that are actually
+found in membranes now we know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in membranes now we know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in membranes now we know there are
+lots of proteases found in membranes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of proteases found in membranes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of proteases found in membranes and
+if any of you any of you work in Matt's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you any of you work in Matt's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you any of you work in Matt's
+lab what what is the Pro ta what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab what what is the Pro ta what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab what what is the Pro ta what is the
+factor that is regulated just like s re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that is regulated just like s re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that is regulated just like s re
+BP you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP you know
+okay so you go look up the AFT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go look up the AFT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go look up the AFT for
+anyhow so to me what what is common is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow so to me what what is common is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow so to me what what is common is
+once we found this we've now discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we found this we've now discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we found this we've now discovered
+this in many other systems so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in many other systems so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in many other systems so this
+system like it's a paradigm for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like it's a paradigm for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like it's a paradigm for many
+things that people have discovered since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people have discovered since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people have discovered since
+the original discovery but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original discovery but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original discovery but of course the
+thing that's amazing first of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's amazing first of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's amazing first of all this
+was amazing the fact that this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was amazing the fact that this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was amazing the fact that this thing is
+the membrane and gets the nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane and gets the nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane and gets the nucleus is
+amazing and it low cholesterol what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and it low cholesterol what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and it low cholesterol what you
+want to do is activate transcription and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is activate transcription and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is activate transcription and
+you saw all the genes that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw all the genes that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw all the genes that could be
+activated in the previous slide and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated in the previous slide and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated in the previous slide and it's
+it's complicated okay there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated okay there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated okay there are many
+factors involved and so the key question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors involved and so the key question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors involved and so the key question
+then is what is how do you sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is what is how do you sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is what is how do you sense this
+movement from one place to the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement from one place to the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement from one place to the other and
+what do we know about that okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about that okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about that okay so what
+I'm gonna do is look a little bit at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do is look a little bit at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do is look a little bit at the
+model so the model we'll start with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the model we'll start with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the model we'll start with and
+the players so this is part to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players so this is part to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players so this is part to the
+players okay and the players are so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players okay and the players are so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players okay and the players are so if
+you look at the ER memory what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the ER memory what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the ER memory what we have
+is two domains and whenever you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two domains and whenever you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two domains and whenever you see a
+line through the membrane that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line through the membrane that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line through the membrane that means a
+single trans helix membrane spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trans helix membrane spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trans helix membrane spanning
+region we see that a lot okay so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we see that a lot okay so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we see that a lot okay so I'm not
+going to write that out but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write that out but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write that out but this is
+really sort of a single transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of a single transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of a single transmembrane
+helix and the key thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix and the key thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix and the key thing is that the
+n-terminus you have you have h the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminus you have you have h the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminus you have you have h the
+helix-loop-helix and this binds to DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix-loop-helix and this binds to DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix-loop-helix and this binds to DNA
+so this is a DNA binding motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so this is the protein srebp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is the protein srebp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is the protein srebp
+and so the second protein and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the second protein and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the second protein and this is a
+protein you're focused on in and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you're focused on in and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you're focused on in and for
+your problem set as is scalp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four five six seven eight okay so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six seven eight okay so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six seven eight okay so as a
+transmembrane helix ease and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix ease and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix ease and they've
+studied all of this using some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied all of this using some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied all of this using some of the
+methods that you're going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that you're going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that you're going to be looking
+at in your problem set and to me it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in your problem set and to me it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in your problem set and to me it's a
+couple of things we're gonna be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things we're gonna be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things we're gonna be talking
+about in detail but your problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in detail but your problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in detail but your problem sets
+are focused on all right let me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are focused on all right let me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are focused on all right let me so I
+haven't really shown you where the loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really shown you where the loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really shown you where the loops
+are but there are a couple of loops loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but there are a couple of loops loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but there are a couple of loops loop
+1 and loop 6 which is what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and loop 6 which is what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and loop 6 which is what the problem
+set is focus on and how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is focus on and how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is focus on and how do you know
+these are interesting in porringer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are interesting in porringer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are interesting in porringer
+okay and we'll come back to that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll come back to that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll come back to that we'll
+come back to this in a little bit so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this in a little bit so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this in a little bit so now
+at low stair rolls so we want to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low stair rolls so we want to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low stair rolls so we want to turn on
+the machinery to make more cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery to make more cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machinery to make more cholesterol
+okay so that low sterols and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that low sterols and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that low sterols and one of the
+key questions is what is the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key questions is what is the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key questions is what is the structure
+of the stair all can more than one do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stair all can more than one do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stair all can more than one do
+that will see different sterols turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will see different sterols turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will see different sterols turn on
+different domains and we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains and we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different domains and we'll see that
+there's a domain within scout so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a domain within scout so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a domain within scout so this
+protein here is called scalp and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein here is called scalp and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein here is called scalp and we'll
+see that scalp has a sterile sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that scalp has a sterile sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that scalp has a sterile sensitive
+sterile sensor domain as does another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile sensor domain as does another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile sensor domain as does another
+protein called insig as does HMG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called insig as does HMG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein called insig as does HMG
+co-reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-reductase
+so somehow you have these transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow you have these transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow you have these transmembrane
+regions that can bind some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that can bind some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that can bind some kind of
+sterile that then changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile that then changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile that then changes the
+confirmations that is going to allow all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations that is going to allow all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations that is going to allow all
+of this chemistry to happen so here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chemistry to happen so here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chemistry to happen so here for
+example we're not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're not going to talk about
+this now we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we're going to talk about that
+in the last lecture but here's scalp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture but here's scalp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture but here's scalp
+with its sterile UM sensing domain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its sterile UM sensing domain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its sterile UM sensing domain so
+what happens then is this hosta move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then is this hosta move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then is this hosta move and
+as I said before this can return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before this can return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said before this can return
+this moves to the Golgi so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moves to the Golgi so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moves to the Golgi so this is the
+Golgi and the Golgi are complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi and the Golgi are complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi and the Golgi are complicated and
+so I haven't defined where within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't defined where within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't defined where within the
+Golgi this is and these are transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi this is and these are transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Golgi this is and these are transferred
+by cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cop
+to vesicles okay and so what you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vesicles okay and so what you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vesicles okay and so what you then
+have again is your one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again is your one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again is your one two three four
+five six seven eight and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sterile responsive element binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile responsive element binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile responsive element binding
+protein and now what you see and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and now what you see and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and now what you see and so
+nothing happens in terms of processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens in terms of processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens in terms of processing
+until you get into the golgi and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get into the golgi and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get into the golgi and then
+there's one protein s1p which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one protein s1p which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one protein s1p which is a
+protease okay and I'm not gonna go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease okay and I'm not gonna go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease okay and I'm not gonna go into
+the details of it but if you look over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of it but if you look over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of it but if you look over
+here what's unusual about this protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's unusual about this protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's unusual about this protease
+if I gave you this cartoon what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I gave you this cartoon what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I gave you this cartoon what would
+you say about that protease is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about that protease is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say about that protease is it
+unusual compared to say trips and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual compared to say trips and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual compared to say trips and our
+chymotrypsin can you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can pull out your notes what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull out your notes what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull out your notes what are the
+cat what are the catalytic groups huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat what are the catalytic groups huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat what are the catalytic groups huh
+where have you seen those before yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have you seen those before yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have you seen those before yeah so
+theorist Bartok acid histidine filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist Bartok acid histidine filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist Bartok acid histidine filling
+you see these over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these over and over and over
+again they're 150 sorry type protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're 150 sorry type protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're 150 sorry type protease
+it's okay but what's unusual about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay but what's unusual about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay but what's unusual about this
+it's huge it's huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's huge it's huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's huge it's huge
+okay and then the other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the other thing that's
+unusual about it is that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual about it is that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual about it is that you have a
+transmembrane region so it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane region so it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane region so it's completely
+different from serine proteases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from serine proteases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from serine proteases so
+there's got to be some little domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be some little domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be some little domain
+that's actually doing all of this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually doing all of this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually doing all of this so I
+just want to know that it's huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know that it's huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to know that it's huge
+but you could still pick up th guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could still pick up th guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could still pick up th guess and
+know that that's the protease domain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's the protease domain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's the protease domain and
+you could study that you could mutate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could study that you could mutate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could study that you could mutate
+serine to threonine 7 to alanine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine to threonine 7 to alanine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine to threonine 7 to alanine or
+something okay and then you have s 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and then you have s 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and then you have s 2
+domain so we've gotten here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so we've gotten here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so we've gotten here in this
+protease ends up clipping so within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease ends up clipping so within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease ends up clipping so within the
+membrane so somehow these things got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane so somehow these things got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane so somehow these things got to
+come together and the protease need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and the protease need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and the protease need the
+active site of this protease needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site of this protease needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site of this protease needs to
+clip srebp okay so it does that and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip srebp okay so it does that and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip srebp okay so it does that and when
+does that what you end up with I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that what you end up with I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that what you end up with I'm not
+drawing the whole thing out but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the whole thing out but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the whole thing out but what you
+end up with an issue he looks loop helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with an issue he looks loop helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with an issue he looks loop helix
+so this part is still embedded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part is still embedded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part is still embedded in the
+membrane okay and so and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane okay and so and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane okay and so and then you have
+your second protease I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second protease I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second protease I don't know I
+probably have the wrong number so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have the wrong number so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have the wrong number so this
+is f2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f2p
+and if you look at s2p what's unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at s2p what's unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at s2p what's unusual
+about it and what people picked up on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and what people picked up on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and what people picked up on is
+that it has another little sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has another little sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has another little sequence
+motif and this is what you see over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif and this is what you see over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif and this is what you see over and
+over again in enzymology once you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again in enzymology once you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again in enzymology once you sort
+of know something in detail you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know something in detail you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know something in detail you know
+even though there's no homology between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there's no homology between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there's no homology between
+the proteins at all you can pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins at all you can pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins at all you can pick up
+little motifs just like you can pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motifs just like you can pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motifs just like you can pick out
+little motifs that are zip codes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motifs that are zip codes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motifs that are zip codes that
+move things around inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move things around inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move things around inside the cell
+this little motif is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little motif is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little motif is the
+key player that tells you that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key player that tells you that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key player that tells you that this is
+probably a zinc dependent machala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a zinc dependent machala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a zinc dependent machala
+protease so this turns out to be a zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metalloprotease okay and this then does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalloprotease okay and this then does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalloprotease okay and this then does
+cleavage okay but now we actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage okay but now we actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage okay but now we actually it's
+pretty close to the membrane okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the membrane okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to the membrane okay it
+does cleavage and now what you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does cleavage and now what you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does cleavage and now what you've done
+is you've released this thing it pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've released this thing it pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've released this thing it pulls
+itself out of the membrane and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out of the membrane and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out of the membrane and what you
+can do then I'll just put this in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do then I'll just put this in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do then I'll just put this in here
+for a second but what you can do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second but what you can do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second but what you can do now is
+we now move to the nucleus and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now move to the nucleus and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now move to the nucleus and we have
+our pieces of DNA okay and we have our s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pieces of DNA okay and we have our s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pieces of DNA okay and we have our s
+our E and now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our E and now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our E and now we have this
+helix-loop-helix that activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix-loop-helix that activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix-loop-helix that activates
+transcription okay so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription okay so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription okay so this is really
+sort of what I just told you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what I just told you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what I just told you in the
+other cartoon and I just want to repoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cartoon and I just want to repoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cartoon and I just want to repoint
+out again that we now believe that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again that we now believe that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again that we now believe that these
+Scout proteins can recycle back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scout proteins can recycle back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scout proteins can recycle back into the
+ER and be used again and so controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and be used again and so controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and be used again and so controlling
+the levels of all these things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of all these things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of all these things we're
+going to see at the very end is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see at the very end is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see at the very end is also
+related to protein mediated degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to protein mediated degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to protein mediated degradation
+that we're just now beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're just now beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're just now beginning to
+appreciate okay so here's the model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate okay so here's the model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate okay so here's the model this
+now sets the stage for you to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sets the stage for you to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sets the stage for you to solve
+problems that seven that's due because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that seven that's due because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that seven that's due because
+the key question you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key question you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key question you want to ask
+yourself is how do we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is how do we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is how do we know about the
+structure of scalp okay and so problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of scalp okay and so problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of scalp okay and so problem
+set sorry I'm over again but problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set sorry I'm over again but problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set sorry I'm over again but problem set
+seven is focused on how do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven is focused on how do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven is focused on how do you know that
+this little loop here this little loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little loop here this little loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little loop here this little loop
+here and this little zip code plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this little zip code plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this little zip code plays a
+key role in this whole process of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role in this whole process of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role in this whole process of moving
+from the ER into the golgi okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ER into the golgi okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ER into the golgi okay and
+we'll come back and talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and talk about this
+briefly we're not going to talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly we're not going to talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly we're not going to talk in
+detail about the experiments and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about the experiments and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about the experiments and then
+we're going to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on
+and look at the second the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the second the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the second the post
+transcriptional regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional regulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional regulation of
+cholesterol homeostasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7MzwxhtVfFc.txt b/7MzwxhtVfFc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef368dbb3a3d3272919c0c753948748ebe0f9280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7MzwxhtVfFc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so today is the human power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so today is the human power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so today is the human power
+lab and we're going to start start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and we're going to start start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and we're going to start start with
+a lab safety tour that Gwyn is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab safety tour that Gwyn is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab safety tour that Gwyn is going to
+run this is gwy Jones who's a dlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this is gwy Jones who's a dlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this is gwy Jones who's a dlab
+instructor he's teaching dlab design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor he's teaching dlab design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor he's teaching dlab design
+with a couple of other people this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of other people this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of other people this
+semester and has a lot of shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and has a lot of shop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and has a lot of shop
+experience and a good person to have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and a good person to have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and a good person to have as
+a resource around um so he'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resource around um so he'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resource around um so he'll do the
+safety tour once you have a safety tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety tour once you have a safety tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety tour once you have a safety tour
+then you guys are free to use the lab um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you guys are free to use the lab um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you guys are free to use the lab um
+after hours which is a nice resource and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after hours which is a nice resource and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after hours which is a nice resource and
+then after that we're going to split up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that we're going to split up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that we're going to split up
+into teams try to divide the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into teams try to divide the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into teams try to divide the class
+evenly and I think we're at about 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly and I think we're at about 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly and I think we're at about 16
+students so five or six students per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so five or six students per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so five or six students per
+team and each group is going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and each group is going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and each group is going to do a
+different thing and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing and then we're going to
+switch twice so that everyone does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch twice so that everyone does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch twice so that everyone does
+everything so the three options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so the three options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so the three options are
+Machining with Gwyn in the daab lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machining with Gwyn in the daab lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machining with Gwyn in the daab lab
+which I think is 102 but that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is 102 but that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is 102 but that might be a
+lie um water carrying which will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie um water carrying which will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie um water carrying which will start
+up here with me and water pumping which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here with me and water pumping which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here with me and water pumping which
+will be outside in the driveway outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be outside in the driveway outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be outside in the driveway outside
+the daab so make sure you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daab so make sure you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the daab so make sure you know where
+your coats are if if you're not wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coats are if if you're not wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coats are if if you're not wearing
+a sweater cuz it's a little chilly out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweater cuz it's a little chilly out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweater cuz it's a little chilly out
+um and then we'll rotate and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we'll rotate and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we'll rotate and hopefully
+we'll get done a little early today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get done a little early today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get done a little early today but
+not a ton early so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see there's five of you so one person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's five of you so one person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's five of you so one person is
+going to be the spotter because some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the spotter because some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the spotter because some of
+these water carrying methods are rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these water carrying methods are rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these water carrying methods are rather
+challenging um because the tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um because the tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging um because the tour
+that you're going to do uh four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to do uh four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to do uh four times
+five one is a spotter um to do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one is a spotter um to do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one is a spotter um to do all the
+attempts you're going to go down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts you're going to go down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts you're going to go down this
+Hall down the stairs outside cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall down the stairs outside cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall down the stairs outside cross the
+street and then come back um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and then come back um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and then come back um and so
+that's to experience flat surface nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to experience flat surface nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to experience flat surface nice
+and easy stairs more or less easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy stairs more or less easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy stairs more or less easy
+depending on the method and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the method and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the method and then some
+rough terrain so that's the plan and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough terrain so that's the plan and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough terrain so that's the plan and the
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+are traditional American Style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a method that's common primarily for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a method that's common primarily for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a method that's common primarily for
+women all over the world and I may need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women all over the world and I may need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women all over the world and I may need
+help to get this up yeah I'm totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to get this up yeah I'm totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to get this up yeah I'm totally
+going to need help to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so you just work to get it centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so you just work to get it centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so you just work to get it centered
+and then hypothetically you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hypothetically you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hypothetically you can do this
+with no hands I've yet to meet any dber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no hands I've yet to meet any dber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no hands I've yet to meet any dber
+who can do that um but you meet plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can do that um but you meet plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can do that um but you meet plenty
+of people who can in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who can in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who can in developing
+countries um but go try to get to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um but go try to get to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries um but go try to get to one
+hand um when you're doing it and um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um when you're doing it and um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um when you're doing it and um if
+you see people who have been doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people who have been doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people who have been doing this
+their whole lives not only o that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole lives not only o that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their whole lives not only o that was
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+bad good thing we have two um not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad good thing we have two um not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad good thing we have two um not only
+can they do it with no hands but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they do it with no hands but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they do it with no hands but they
+sort of your head has a point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your head has a point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your head has a point in the
+middle so they'll start on one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so they'll start on one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so they'll start on one side and
+then when they get tired they just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they get tired they just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they get tired they just go
+like that and switch to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and switch to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and switch to the other side
+and it works which um I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works which um I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works which um I don't know how
+you do that um so that's two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that um so that's two methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that um so that's two methods
+number three is called a temp line which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is called a temp line which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is called a temp line which
+is used um in many developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used um in many developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used um in many developing countries
+as well often in the same places they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well often in the same places they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well often in the same places they do
+head carries um and so for this one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head carries um and so for this one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head carries um and so for this one goes
+on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your
+forehead and uses your neck and you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forehead and uses your neck and you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forehead and uses your neck and you kind
+of play with it to get it comfortable on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play with it to get it comfortable on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play with it to get it comfortable on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+neck um in areas where this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck um in areas where this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck um in areas where this is really
+common and people are carrying one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and people are carrying one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and people are carrying one to
+two times their body weight you see most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times their body weight you see most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times their body weight you see most
+of their foreheads have ridges because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their foreheads have ridges because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their foreheads have ridges because
+um it just digs in because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just digs in because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just digs in because you're
+carrying from a pretty young age um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying from a pretty young age um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying from a pretty young age um and
+then the last method is a called The Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last method is a called The Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last method is a called The Q
+drum you can see here um which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum you can see here um which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum you can see here um which was
+invented actually there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented actually there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented actually there's two different
+groups that do it one is the Q drum one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that do it one is the Q drum one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that do it one is the Q drum one
+is the hippo roller um and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hippo roller um and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hippo roller um and the idea is
+to help kids carry water very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help kids carry water very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help kids carry water very far
+distances um so a lot of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances um so a lot of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances um so a lot of people are
+carrying water many miles or at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying water many miles or at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying water many miles or at least a
+mile every single day they're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile every single day they're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile every single day they're usually
+kids and women doing it and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and women doing it and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and women doing it and so we're
+we're not even going to come a close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not even going to come a close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not even going to come a close to
+a mile and we're generally carrying less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mile and we're generally carrying less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mile and we're generally carrying less
+water than they are um and we ate a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water than they are um and we ate a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water than they are um and we ate a much
+better breakfast and got a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better breakfast and got a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better breakfast and got a much better
+rest and and much better health so um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and and much better health so um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and and much better health so um it
+will be a little annoying but not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little annoying but not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little annoying but not as
+annoying as it would be if this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying as it would be if this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying as it would be if this is your
+life so just a little snapshot so come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so just a little snapshot so come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so just a little snapshot so come
+on around let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started that actually looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let it go down step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a crown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me this easier when I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we kind of want the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we kind of want the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we kind of want the point of this
+module to be is for you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module to be is for you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module to be is for you to understand
+how much power we can generate with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power we can generate with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power we can generate with your
+arms versus legs and so this is a pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms versus legs and so this is a pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms versus legs and so this is a pump
+that uses your legs and that's a pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses your legs and that's a pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses your legs and that's a pump
+that uses your arms everyone here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses your arms everyone here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses your arms everyone here is
+going to use both pumps and try to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use both pumps and try to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use both pumps and try to fill
+the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bucket
+and um see how much power you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um see how much power you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um see how much power you can
+generate uh this pump was a redesign on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh this pump was a redesign on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh this pump was a redesign on
+a plastic injection molded pump that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic injection molded pump that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic injection molded pump that was
+done by the full project by Jo Brandis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the full project by Jo Brandis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the full project by Jo Brandis
+and he made the entire thing out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made the entire thing out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made the entire thing out of
+cement it's way more applicable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement it's way more applicable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement it's way more applicable to the
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world you can measure power by pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can measure power by pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can measure power by pressure
+times volumetric flow so we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times volumetric flow so we're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times volumetric flow so we're measuring
+volumetric Flow by how quickly we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumetric Flow by how quickly we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumetric Flow by how quickly we can
+fill a 5 gallon bucket with water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a 5 gallon bucket with water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a 5 gallon bucket with water and
+the way we're measuring pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're measuring pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're measuring pressure is
+we're going to use the hydrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the hydrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the hydrostatic
+pressure equation which is row G and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure equation which is row G and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure equation which is row G and so
+we're going to measure the height that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure the height that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure the height that
+we're pumping the water to and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pumping the water to and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pumping the water to and then just
+multiply it by the density of water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity okay you ready go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay like stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water yeah this is tiring yeah it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+workout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+245 uh what happens is when water pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+245 uh what happens is when water pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+245 uh what happens is when water pushes
+down on water goes gets pushed down way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on water goes gets pushed down way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on water goes gets pushed down way
+it pushes the marble against that inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes the marble against that inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pushes the marble against that inner
+lip and creates a seal and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lip and creates a seal and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lip and creates a seal and then on the
+top you have a PVC pipe that has either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top you have a PVC pipe that has either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top you have a PVC pipe that has either
+a nail through it or is bent to close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nail through it or is bent to close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nail through it or is bent to close it
+in some way so that when water gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way so that when water gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way so that when water gets
+pushed this way um it pushes against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed this way um it pushes against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed this way um it pushes against the
+slip and then water can flow around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip and then water can flow around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip and then water can flow around the
+marble and so it creates a one-way valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble and so it creates a one-way valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble and so it creates a one-way valve
+and it's actually a really good oneway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a really good oneway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually a really good oneway
+valve and the cool thing about it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve and the cool thing about it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve and the cool thing about it is it
+gets better with time because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets better with time because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets better with time because the
+plastic bends around to the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bends around to the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bends around to the shape of the
+marble instead of other oneway valves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble instead of other oneway valves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble instead of other oneway valves
+which get much much worse with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time everything set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7i5fpNGMMhA.txt b/7i5fpNGMMhA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d460e9964185d97c88b0f3a1ab64bb3e228116f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7i5fpNGMMhA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+being unsure and not knowing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being unsure and not knowing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being unsure and not knowing is actually
+a great thing to show your students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great thing to show your students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great thing to show your students
+right because it models that Curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it models that Curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it models that Curiosity
+it models that question asking and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it models that question asking and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it models that question asking and you
+can come back to them and say here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come back to them and say here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come back to them and say here's
+what I learned and how I learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I learned and how I learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I learned and how I learned it
+today on Chalk radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio
+how thinking like scientists can make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thinking like scientists can make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thinking like scientists can make us
+better teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better teachers
+and how teachers can be powerful mentors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how teachers can be powerful mentors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how teachers can be powerful mentors
+for future scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future scientists
+I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode I sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode I sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Sarah Hansen for this episode I sat
+down with Dr summer moral I started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with Dr summer moral I started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with Dr summer moral I started off
+as a graduate student at MIT in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graduate student at MIT in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a graduate student at MIT in biology
+but I'm currently the instructor of ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm currently the instructor of ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm currently the instructor of ta
+training in the biology Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in the biology Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in the biology Department
+I actually spoke with Summer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually spoke with Summer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually spoke with Summer right
+before she left MIT now she's a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she left MIT now she's a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she left MIT now she's a science
+instructor at a secondary school in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor at a secondary school in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor at a secondary school in New
+Hampshire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hampshire
+one of the reasons we were excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons we were excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons we were excited to
+bring summer on the show was her unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring summer on the show was her unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring summer on the show was her unique
+and Innovative approach to thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Innovative approach to thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Innovative approach to thinking
+about teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching
+I guess what I'm most interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess what I'm most interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess what I'm most interested in is
+thinking about how we can apply all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how we can apply all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how we can apply all of
+our research ways of thinking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research ways of thinking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research ways of thinking to the
+classroom you know we all as scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom you know we all as scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom you know we all as scientists
+get this training of asking questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this training of asking questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this training of asking questions
+and iterating and looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iterating and looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iterating and looking at the
+evidence and trying again based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and trying again based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and trying again based on that
+evidence and I think that we can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and I think that we can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and I think that we can really
+bring that into the classroom I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that into the classroom I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that into the classroom I'm a
+first generation woman in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation woman in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first generation woman in science and
+didn't have anyone in my family or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have anyone in my family or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have anyone in my family or
+closed Circle who was a scientist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed Circle who was a scientist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed Circle who was a scientist I
+didn't know what that looked like and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what that looked like and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what that looked like and so
+for me having teachers who were Role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me having teachers who were Role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me having teachers who were Role
+Models has been instrumental starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Models has been instrumental starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Models has been instrumental starting
+from high school all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high school all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high school all the way through
+college and graduate school so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and graduate school so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and graduate school so it seems
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+those life experiences sort of LED you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those life experiences sort of LED you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those life experiences sort of LED you
+to be interested not only in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interested not only in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interested not only in biology
+itself but the teaching of biology yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but the teaching of biology yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but the teaching of biology yeah
+absolutely I think that you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think that you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think that you know they
+gave me the passion for the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me the passion for the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me the passion for the subject
+material but also were excellent models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but also were excellent models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but also were excellent models
+of what a good teacher looks like can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a good teacher looks like can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a good teacher looks like can
+you remember one person in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember one person in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember one person in particular
+yeah my high school biology teacher Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my high school biology teacher Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my high school biology teacher Mr
+janaki he was one of the first biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janaki he was one of the first biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+janaki he was one of the first biology
+teachers I ever had and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers I ever had and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers I ever had and he just
+encouraged us to question and and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged us to question and and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged us to question and and not
+just to sit there and accept what was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to sit there and accept what was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to sit there and accept what was in
+the textbooks but actually think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks but actually think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks but actually think about
+why is this the way that it is and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this the way that it is and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this the way that it is and how
+does it work and I think that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work and I think that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work and I think that that
+method of questioning really has left me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of questioning really has left me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of questioning really has left me
+being curious about science and wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being curious about science and wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being curious about science and wanting
+to impart that Curiosity to my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impart that Curiosity to my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impart that Curiosity to my students
+in her role at MIT summer and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her role at MIT summer and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her role at MIT summer and her
+colleagues were tasked with training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were tasked with training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were tasked with training
+about 100 teacher assistants working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 teacher assistants working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 teacher assistants working in
+the biology Department each year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology Department each year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology Department each year
+some of these Tas were undergrads in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these Tas were undergrads in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these Tas were undergrads in a
+teaching role for the very first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching role for the very first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching role for the very first time
+I was curious what kinds of worries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was curious what kinds of worries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was curious what kinds of worries or
+challenges new Tas usually came to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges new Tas usually came to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges new Tas usually came to her
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+I think the biggest one that we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the biggest one that we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the biggest one that we see is
+worries about being wrong what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries about being wrong what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries about being wrong what do I do
+when someone asks me a question and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone asks me a question and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone asks me a question and I
+don't know the answer which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the answer which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the answer which I think is
+something that every new teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that every new teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that every new teacher
+struggles with and I love being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles with and I love being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles with and I love being able to
+tell them that being unsure and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that being unsure and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that being unsure and not
+knowing is actually a great thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing is actually a great thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing is actually a great thing to
+show your students right because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show your students right because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show your students right because it
+models that Curiosity it models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that Curiosity it models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that Curiosity it models that
+question asking and you can come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question asking and you can come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question asking and you can come back to
+them and say here's what I learned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and say here's what I learned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and say here's what I learned and
+how I learned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I learned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I learned it
+for summer teaching is a way to enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for summer teaching is a way to enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for summer teaching is a way to enhance
+your scientific chops to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scientific chops to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scientific chops to approach
+problems with humility and curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with humility and curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with humility and curiosity
+but it's also an opportunity to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also an opportunity to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also an opportunity to help
+students see science thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students see science thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students see science thinking in
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+this encouragement for TAS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encouragement for TAS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encouragement for TAS to
+intentionally model their science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally model their science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally model their science
+thinking skills in the classroom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills in the classroom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills in the classroom is
+Central to Summer's philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central to Summer's philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central to Summer's philosophy
+I wanted to know what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to know what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to know what kinds of
+experiences informed her approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences informed her approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences informed her approach to
+teaching scientists how to teach biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is funny to say as someone who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is funny to say as someone who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is funny to say as someone who is
+now a teaching professional but I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a teaching professional but I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a teaching professional but I in
+high school and college was terrified of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school and college was terrified of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school and college was terrified of
+public speaking like absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public speaking like absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public speaking like absolutely
+terrified I could not get up on a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified I could not get up on a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified I could not get up on a stage
+or in front of a room without like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in front of a room without like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in front of a room without like
+shaking and and my voice would shake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking and and my voice would shake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking and and my voice would shake and
+so for me by the time I got to graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me by the time I got to graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me by the time I got to graduate
+school some of those nerves had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school some of those nerves had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school some of those nerves had gone
+away I had done presentations for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I had done presentations for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I had done presentations for my
+courses but I still felt that in my gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but I still felt that in my gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but I still felt that in my gut
+the first time that I got up to teach us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that I got up to teach us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that I got up to teach us
+am I gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I gonna be able to
+speak eloquently am I gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak eloquently am I gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak eloquently am I gonna be able to
+be understood by this group of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood by this group of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood by this group of students
+who are trying to learn something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trying to learn something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trying to learn something from
+me and I think that that nervousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I think that that nervousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I think that that nervousness
+that imposter syndrome was a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imposter syndrome was a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that imposter syndrome was a really big
+barrier and we had a great pre-semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and we had a great pre-semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier and we had a great pre-semester
+training run by one of the professors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training run by one of the professors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training run by one of the professors in
+the department who tried to put us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department who tried to put us at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department who tried to put us at
+ease answer those questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease answer those questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease answer those questions about what
+do you do when you don't know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do when you don't know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do when you don't know the answer
+to a question but when I stepped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a question but when I stepped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a question but when I stepped into
+the room it felt like all that went out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room it felt like all that went out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room it felt like all that went out
+of my head and I just wasn't sure how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head and I just wasn't sure how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my head and I just wasn't sure how it
+was gonna go foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna go foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna go foreign
+experiences as an instructor informed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences as an instructor informed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences as an instructor informed a
+lot of her approach to teaching Tas she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of her approach to teaching Tas she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of her approach to teaching Tas she
+also Drew upon insights from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Drew upon insights from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Drew upon insights from other
+students and instructors to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and instructors to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and instructors to make sure
+the approaches that Tas implemented were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approaches that Tas implemented were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approaches that Tas implemented were
+inclusive and equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive and equitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive and equitable
+what often folks don't realize is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what often folks don't realize is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what often folks don't realize is how
+different folks experiences coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different folks experiences coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different folks experiences coming into
+college right people are coming from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college right people are coming from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college right people are coming from all
+different places all different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places all different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places all different types of
+school systems and that means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school systems and that means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school systems and that means that they
+aren't starting on equal footing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't starting on equal footing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't starting on equal footing and so
+if we treat all our students equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we treat all our students equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we treat all our students equally
+that ignores who they are as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ignores who they are as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ignores who they are as people
+so in her ta instruction summer teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in her ta instruction summer teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in her ta instruction summer teaches
+a strategy for creating a more inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy for creating a more inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy for creating a more inclusive
+classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom
+this strategy is called multiple hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy is called multiple hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy is called multiple hands
+multiple voices we really focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple voices we really focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple voices we really focus on
+participation strategies and how we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation strategies and how we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation strategies and how we ask
+our students to show up and participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students to show up and participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students to show up and participate
+in the room and we try to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room and we try to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room and we try to talk about
+strategies that are more inclusive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are more inclusive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that are more inclusive and
+allow for people to have space to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for people to have space to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for people to have space to think
+and to respond in different ways and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to respond in different ways and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to respond in different ways and so
+multiple hands multiple voices is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hands multiple voices is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hands multiple voices is one of
+these techniques where normally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques where normally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques where normally if you
+ask a question and you call on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question and you call on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question and you call on the first
+person who raises their hand it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who raises their hand it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who raises their hand it's often
+the same student every time or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same student every time or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same student every time or the same
+select few and those are the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select few and those are the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select few and those are the people that
+think fast on their feet but if you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think fast on their feet but if you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think fast on their feet but if you wait
+until multiple hands are raised and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until multiple hands are raised and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until multiple hands are raised and you
+call on multiple different people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on multiple different people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on multiple different people to
+share their perspectives it gives more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their perspectives it gives more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share their perspectives it gives more
+time to think and also provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think and also provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think and also provides a
+picture of maybe how different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of maybe how different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of maybe how different people
+think differently about a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differently about a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differently about a particular
+problem I often ask folks to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I often ask folks to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I often ask folks to kind of
+either count to six in their head really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either count to six in their head really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either count to six in their head really
+slowly or like sing a verse of happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly or like sing a verse of happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly or like sing a verse of happy
+birthday like whatever you gotta do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday like whatever you gotta do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday like whatever you gotta do to
+fill that space in your own head because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill that space in your own head because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill that space in your own head because
+it can be really daunting to just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be really daunting to just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be really daunting to just look
+out and see blank faces but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and see blank faces but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and see blank faces but one of the
+things we talk about with inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talk about with inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we talk about with inclusive
+participation strategies is transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation strategies is transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation strategies is transparency
+and letting folks know that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and letting folks know that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and letting folks know that you are
+giving them conscious time to think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them conscious time to think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them conscious time to think and
+so sometimes it means saying I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes it means saying I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes it means saying I'm gonna
+give you 30 seconds to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 30 seconds to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you 30 seconds to think about this
+question while I erase the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question while I erase the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question while I erase the board and
+just leaving that space to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving that space to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving that space to know that
+they have time to think can be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have time to think can be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have time to think can be really
+powerful and less awkward for the DA's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and less awkward for the DA's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and less awkward for the DA's
+this focus on encouraging students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this focus on encouraging students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this focus on encouraging students to
+draw on their different experiences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on their different experiences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on their different experiences to
+create space for different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create space for different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create space for different ways of
+thinking and learning is powerful and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and learning is powerful and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and learning is powerful and it
+doesn't start and end with classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start and end with classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start and end with classroom
+instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+as summer explains grading is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as summer explains grading is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as summer explains grading is another
+important piece of creating Equity as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important piece of creating Equity as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important piece of creating Equity as an
+instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor
+there's a whole session in her ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole session in her ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole session in her ta
+training focused solely on this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training focused solely on this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training focused solely on this kind of
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+what we really try to do throughout all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really try to do throughout all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really try to do throughout all
+of this series is provide tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this series is provide tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this series is provide tools and
+takeaways that Tas can bring into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways that Tas can bring into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways that Tas can bring into their
+classrooms so we try to offer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms so we try to offer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms so we try to offer this
+session right as Cas have their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session right as Cas have their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session right as Cas have their first
+assignment they need to grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment they need to grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment they need to grade
+and it feels real feels concrete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it feels real feels concrete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it feels real feels concrete and
+they're left asking this question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're left asking this question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're left asking this question of how
+do I grade effectively and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I grade effectively and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I grade effectively and more
+importantly how do I grade equitably for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly how do I grade equitably for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly how do I grade equitably for
+the students in my classroom and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in my classroom and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students in my classroom and what
+that means is thinking about are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is thinking about are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is thinking about are you
+being objective with your grading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being objective with your grading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being objective with your grading and
+are you allowing any implicit bias to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you allowing any implicit bias to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you allowing any implicit bias to
+enter into your great gang and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into your great gang and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into your great gang and that's a
+hard question to answer because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question to answer because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question to answer because of
+course it's implicit it's unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's implicit it's unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's implicit it's unconscious
+and so creating structures for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so creating structures for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so creating structures for yourself
+as a teacher as a teaching assistant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a teacher as a teaching assistant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a teacher as a teaching assistant so
+that you can combat and mitigate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can combat and mitigate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can combat and mitigate those
+issues of equitability is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of equitability is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of equitability is really
+important and so we work with Tas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so we work with Tas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and so we work with Tas to
+design and Implement rubrics for grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and Implement rubrics for grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and Implement rubrics for grading
+we encourage them to do anonymized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encourage them to do anonymized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encourage them to do anonymized
+grading as much as possible and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading as much as possible and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading as much as possible and we
+introduce them to programs that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce them to programs that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce them to programs that allow
+them to do that as well as give detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do that as well as give detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do that as well as give detailed
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+it struck me as I was talking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it struck me as I was talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it struck me as I was talking with
+Summer that her teaching doesn't only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summer that her teaching doesn't only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summer that her teaching doesn't only
+emphasize modeling science thinking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize modeling science thinking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize modeling science thinking as
+an instructor it also emphasizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor it also emphasizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor it also emphasizes
+modeling empathy and care for students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling empathy and care for students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling empathy and care for students
+as human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as human beings
+one session of the TA course is titled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one session of the TA course is titled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one session of the TA course is titled
+supporting our students and for me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting our students and for me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting our students and for me this
+was where the focus on humanity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where the focus on humanity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where the focus on humanity and
+empathy really came through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathy really came through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathy really came through
+grounding these issues of student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding these issues of student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding these issues of student
+support in real life scenarios is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support in real life scenarios is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support in real life scenarios is so
+important for not only Tas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for not only Tas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for not only Tas that are
+experiencing some of those challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing some of those challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing some of those challenges
+but also have not yet experienced them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also have not yet experienced them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also have not yet experienced them
+right they can start to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can start to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they can start to think about how
+they would respond so this whole session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would respond so this whole session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would respond so this whole session
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about how we can listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thinking about how we can listen to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students well how we can actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students well how we can actively
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to them and respond to them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to them and respond to them in a
+way that helps them to grow and empowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that helps them to grow and empowers
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that helps them to grow and empowers
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make their own decisions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make their own decisions and so
+not only is it thinking about challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it thinking about challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it thinking about challenges
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our students face maybe the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our students face maybe the first
+exam that they've ever just totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam that they've ever just totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam that they've ever just totally
+bombed or something that might be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombed or something that might be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombed or something that might be going
+on in their personal life that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in their personal life that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in their personal life that's
+affecting their learning but it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting their learning but it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting their learning but it can also
+be these challenging scenarios where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be these challenging scenarios where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be these challenging scenarios where
+where students are challenging us to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students are challenging us to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students are challenging us to be
+better teachers and so I often tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better teachers and so I often tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better teachers and so I often tell them
+as because I give them the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as because I give them the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as because I give them the list of
+scenarios to choose for from as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios to choose for from as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios to choose for from as we're
+going through this and I I asked them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this and I I asked them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this and I I asked them to
+choose something that either feels very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something that either feels very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose something that either feels very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to them or most challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to them or most challenging to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I think that that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I think that that's really
+important that they can push themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that they can push themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that they can push themselves
+in that way and so the scenario the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way and so the scenario the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way and so the scenario the
+student that calls you in this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student that calls you in this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student that calls you in this was
+actually an example that I took directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an example that I took directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an example that I took directly
+from my own classroom so I was teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own classroom so I was teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own classroom so I was teaching
+a cell bio course as a teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell bio course as a teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell bio course as a teaching
+assistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant
+and we were talking about genetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were talking about genetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were talking about genetics and
+often in genetics related topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in genetics related topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in genetics related topics and
+genetics courses we throw out mom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics courses we throw out mom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics courses we throw out mom and
+dad as being the genetic donors and Mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad as being the genetic donors and Mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad as being the genetic donors and Mom
+and Dad maternal paternal very gendered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dad maternal paternal very gendered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dad maternal paternal very gendered
+terms and I had a student who raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I had a student who raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I had a student who raised
+their hand this was a non-binary student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand this was a non-binary student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand this was a non-binary student
+and they let me know that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they let me know that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they let me know that this kind of
+felt weird to them that we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt weird to them that we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt weird to them that we were using
+all of these gendered terms to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these gendered terms to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these gendered terms to talk
+about a very scientific thing genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very scientific thing genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a very scientific thing genetic
+donors and they felt that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors and they felt that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors and they felt that it was
+exclusive of their experience and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive of their experience and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive of their experience and I
+really for me in that moment wished that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for me in that moment wished that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for me in that moment wished that
+I had thought about this ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had thought about this ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had thought about this ahead of time
+because all I could do was thank that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I could do was thank that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I could do was thank that
+student for letting me know and say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student for letting me know and say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student for letting me know and say you
+know I'm gonna look up more about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm gonna look up more about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm gonna look up more about how we
+can be more inclusive in genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more inclusive in genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more inclusive in genetic
+language there is research and papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there is research and papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there is research and papers
+out there that put forth new systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that put forth new systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that put forth new systems of
+explaining genetic terminology but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining genetic terminology but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining genetic terminology but if I
+had thought about it ahead of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had thought about it ahead of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had thought about it ahead of time I
+would have been able to really expand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been able to really expand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been able to really expand on
+that and talk about the intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and talk about the intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and talk about the intersections
+between the way we talk about things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the way we talk about things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the way we talk about things as
+scientists and kind of societal issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and kind of societal issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and kind of societal issues
+and and societal Reflections on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and societal Reflections on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and societal Reflections on what
+we're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning
+given how complex it can be to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how complex it can be to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given how complex it can be to implement
+these concepts of inclusivity equity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts of inclusivity equity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts of inclusivity equity and
+empathy let alone as a first-time ta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathy let alone as a first-time ta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathy let alone as a first-time ta I
+was curious how summer implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious how summer implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious how summer implemented
+systems to provide feedback especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to provide feedback especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to provide feedback especially
+since so much of these DA's work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so much of these DA's work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so much of these DA's work was
+being done in real life real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in real life real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in real life real-time
+classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms
+this was one of our key priorities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of our key priorities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of our key priorities that
+we identified as something that Tas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identified as something that Tas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identified as something that Tas were
+looking for they wanted to know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for they wanted to know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for they wanted to know if they
+were just shouting to the void or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just shouting to the void or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just shouting to the void or if
+what they were doing was actually making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing was actually making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing was actually making
+a difference and having an impact and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference and having an impact and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference and having an impact and so
+one of The Graduate students that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of The Graduate students that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of The Graduate students that I
+worked with during the needs assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with during the needs assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with during the needs assessment
+process he developed a worksheet for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process he developed a worksheet for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process he developed a worksheet for an
+observer to go through to kind of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer to go through to kind of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer to go through to kind of think
+about community and engagement and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about community and engagement and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about community and engagement and how
+those were playing out in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were playing out in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were playing out in the classroom
+for anyone who wants to be observed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyone who wants to be observed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anyone who wants to be observed I
+have folks sign up we usually get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have folks sign up we usually get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have folks sign up we usually get about
+20 25 teaching observations per semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 25 teaching observations per semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 25 teaching observations per semester
+and I have them choose a time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have them choose a time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have them choose a time that
+they'd like to be observed and sit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to be observed and sit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like to be observed and sit at
+the back of their classroom try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of their classroom try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of their classroom try not to
+intrude and just listen and I type up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrude and just listen and I type up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrude and just listen and I type up
+notes and those are notes for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and those are notes for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and those are notes for them to
+keep but importantly those are notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep but importantly those are notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep but importantly those are notes for
+them to learn and they are are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to learn and they are are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to learn and they are are not
+evaluative in any way so I try to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluative in any way so I try to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluative in any way so I try to create
+a space where Tas feel like it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space where Tas feel like it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space where Tas feel like it is a
+learning experience and not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience and not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning experience and not something
+that they're going to be judged for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be judged for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be judged for
+right getting observed is a terrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right getting observed is a terrifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right getting observed is a terrifying
+experience even if it's someone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience even if it's someone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience even if it's someone that
+they know and are comfortable with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know and are comfortable with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know and are comfortable with we
+meet together afterwards to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet together afterwards to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet together afterwards to look at
+those notes we talk about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those notes we talk about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those notes we talk about what's going
+really well we talk about the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we talk about the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well we talk about the ways
+they're connecting with their students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connecting with their students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connecting with their students
+and then we brainstorm and discuss ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we brainstorm and discuss ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we brainstorm and discuss ideas
+that might make things go more smoothly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make things go more smoothly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make things go more smoothly
+or might engage those students that tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might engage those students that tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or might engage those students that tend
+to be quieter in the back of their class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quieter in the back of their class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quieter in the back of their class
+so it really is just a an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really is just a an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really is just a an opportunity
+for us to touch base and for the Tas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to touch base and for the Tas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to touch base and for the Tas to
+learn it's so interesting I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it's so interesting I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it's so interesting I think
+culturally we almost think of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally we almost think of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally we almost think of teaching
+as sort of an innate ability versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of an innate ability versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of an innate ability versus
+something a skill set that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a skill set that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a skill set that can be
+cultivated and practiced and I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivated and practiced and I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivated and practiced and I feel like
+programs like this really emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs like this really emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs like this really emphasize that
+growth model and that you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth model and that you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth model and that you know I think
+that's why people are afraid to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people are afraid to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people are afraid to be
+observed because they're like oh I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed because they're like oh I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed because they're like oh I'm not
+good enough instead of you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough instead of you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough instead of you know I
+haven't developed those skills yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't developed those skills yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't developed those skills yet but
+you know here's a a program that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's a a program that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's a a program that can
+help me do that just like if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me do that just like if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me do that just like if you were
+learning to play the flutes of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to play the flutes of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning to play the flutes of course
+you're going to be terrible the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be terrible the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be terrible the first
+few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times
+until you have some modeling and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have some modeling and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have some modeling and some
+learning and then you get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and then you get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and then you get better
+absolutely I think you know as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think you know as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I think you know as their
+students are learning they are learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are learning they are learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are learning they are learning
+too and the next time that they go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and the next time that they go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and the next time that they go to
+teach it'll be a different group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it'll be a different group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it'll be a different group of
+students it might be a different course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students it might be a different course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students it might be a different course
+but they'll have taken all of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll have taken all of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll have taken all of what they
+learned about teaching and connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about teaching and connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about teaching and connecting
+with students into that next experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students into that next experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students into that next experience
+and even Beyond teaching folks can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even Beyond teaching folks can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even Beyond teaching folks can think
+about how it applies to their roles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it applies to their roles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it applies to their roles as
+mentors in the lab as scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors in the lab as scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors in the lab as scientific
+communicators and presenters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicators and presenters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicators and presenters
+now if you're an instructor of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're an instructor of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're an instructor of another
+subject you might be wondering whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject you might be wondering whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject you might be wondering whether
+Summer's tools for biology pedagogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summer's tools for biology pedagogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Summer's tools for biology pedagogy
+would work for you so I asked summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work for you so I asked summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work for you so I asked summer
+whether her ocw materials would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether her ocw materials would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether her ocw materials would be
+adaptable for other subjects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptable for other subjects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptable for other subjects and
+instructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors
+yeah absolutely I think what I've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely I think what I've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely I think what I've tried
+to do in the materials I've developed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the materials I've developed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the materials I've developed is
+leave space to make it adaptable to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave space to make it adaptable to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave space to make it adaptable to your
+particular discipline so often for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular discipline so often for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular discipline so often for
+example when we look at providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we look at providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we look at providing
+feedback and looking at grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and looking at grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and looking at grading
+practices what I do is I pull a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices what I do is I pull a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices what I do is I pull a problem
+or a question from one of the courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a question from one of the courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a question from one of the courses
+that the Tas are in and so right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Tas are in and so right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Tas are in and so right now in
+the materials it'll say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials it'll say something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials it'll say something like
+pull something from your ta's courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull something from your ta's courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull something from your ta's courses
+and it could be an essay question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be an essay question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could be an essay question that's
+graded it could be more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded it could be more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded it could be more of a
+problem-based question but absolutely I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-based question but absolutely I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-based question but absolutely I
+think with some reflection on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with some reflection on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with some reflection on what the
+needs are you'll absolutely be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs are you'll absolutely be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs are you'll absolutely be able to
+adapt these materials one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt these materials one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt these materials one of the big
+things not only did we reach out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not only did we reach out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things not only did we reach out to
+stakeholders in developing this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in developing this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in developing this program
+but try to match the pacing of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but try to match the pacing of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but try to match the pacing of our
+sessions with what our Tas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions with what our Tas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions with what our Tas were
+experiencing during the semester and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing during the semester and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing during the semester and so
+that would be the advice I would give is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the advice I would give is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the advice I would give is
+try to tailor it to the ta's direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to tailor it to the ta's direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to tailor it to the ta's direct
+experience as much as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as much as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as much as possible
+before I left my conversation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I left my conversation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I left my conversation with
+summer I asked her if she was excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I asked her if she was excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer I asked her if she was excited to
+move on to her next position teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to her next position teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to her next position teaching
+students at the secondary level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at the secondary level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at the secondary level
+I am I'm super excited to transition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I'm super excited to transition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I'm super excited to transition to
+the high school world as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high school world as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high school world as I mentioned
+that was where I first learned to love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was where I first learned to love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was where I first learned to love
+biology and so I'm super excited to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and so I'm super excited to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and so I'm super excited to get
+to be a mentor and a role model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a mentor and a role model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a mentor and a role model for
+those high school students that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those high school students that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those high school students that don't
+yet know that science is their thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet know that science is their thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet know that science is their thing and
+we'll get to do lots of cool biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to do lots of cool biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to do lots of cool biology
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you are feeling motivated to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are feeling motivated to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are feeling motivated to improve
+instruction in your field and want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in your field and want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in your field and want to
+teach with Summer morals materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach with Summer morals materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach with Summer morals materials
+you'll soon find them all on our MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll soon find them all on our MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll soon find them all on our MIT
+opencourseware website as always they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware website as always they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware website as always they
+are open and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open and free
+thank you so much for listening until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening until
+next time signing off from Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time signing off from Cambridge
+Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I'm your host Sarah Hansen
+from MIT opencourseware MIT chalk radios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT opencourseware MIT chalk radios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT opencourseware MIT chalk radios
+producers include myself Brett patchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers include myself Brett patchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers include myself Brett patchy
+and Dave leshansky the show notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dave leshansky the show notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dave leshansky the show notes for
+this episode were written by Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode were written by Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this episode were written by Peter
+Chipman be sure to give us a follow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chipman be sure to give us a follow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chipman be sure to give us a follow on
+Instagram Twitter and wherever you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram Twitter and wherever you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram Twitter and wherever you get
+your podcasts
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8OsUQ1yXCcI.txt b/8OsUQ1yXCcI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f6058263c8e1f6710ecd03a000ae55ff858aaa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8OsUQ1yXCcI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinism and it all begins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and it all begins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and it all begins with
+photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein
+was reluctantly came up with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reluctantly came up with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reluctantly came up with the idea
+that light was made of quanta Quant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light was made of quanta Quant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light was made of quanta Quant of
+light called photons now when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light called photons now when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light called photons now when you think
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+photons uh we think of a particle so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons uh we think of a particle so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons uh we think of a particle so it
+everybody knew that light was a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knew that light was a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knew that light was a wave
+maxw equation have been so successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxw equation have been so successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxw equation have been so successful
+nevertheless photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless photoelectric effect
+Plank's work all were leading to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plank's work all were leading to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plank's work all were leading to the
+idea that in some ways uh photons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that in some ways uh photons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that in some ways uh photons were
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons or
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you think of a particle however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you think of a particle however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you think of a particle however
+you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's
+a kind of an important difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an important difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of an important difference
+between a particle in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a particle in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a particle in the sense of
+Newton which is an object with zero size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton which is an object with zero size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton which is an object with zero size
+that carries energy that has a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries energy that has a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries energy that has a precise
+position and velocity at any time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and velocity at any time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and velocity at any time and
+the quantum mechanical idea of particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanical idea of particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanical idea of particle
+which is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just some
+indivisible amount of energy or momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible amount of energy or momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible amount of energy or momentum
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+propagates um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates um
+so light was made of photons called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light was made of photons called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light was made of photons called
+pockets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets of
+energy and a photon is a particle a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and a photon is a particle a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and a photon is a particle a
+quantum mechanical particle not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical particle not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical particle not in the
+sense that maybe has position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that maybe has position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that maybe has position and
+velocity determined or it's a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity determined or it's a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity determined or it's a point
+particle but more like a packet that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but more like a packet that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but more like a packet that is
+indivisible you can't decompose it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible you can't decompose it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indivisible you can't decompose it in
+further packets so um Einstein realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further packets so um Einstein realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further packets so um Einstein realized
+that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photon the energy was given by H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon the energy was given by H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon the energy was given by H
+new where new is the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new where new is the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new where new is the frequency of the
+light that this photon is helping build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that this photon is helping build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that this photon is helping build
+up so if you have a beam of light you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so if you have a beam of light you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so if you have a beam of light you
+should think as billions of photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think as billions of photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think as billions of photons and
+according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the
+frequency of that light that is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that light that is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that light that is related
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+wavelength by the equation frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength by the equation frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength by the equation frequency
+times wavelength is velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times wavelength is velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times wavelength is velocity of
+light you typically know for light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you typically know for light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light you typically know for light the
+wavelength and you know the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and you know the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and you know the frequency
+and then you know the energy of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the energy of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the energy of each of
+the photons the photons have very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons the photons have very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons the photons have very very
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+energy they have very very little energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they have very very little energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they have very very little energy
+but your eyes are very good Detectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your eyes are very good Detectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your eyes are very good Detectors of
+photons if you're in a totally dark room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons if you're in a totally dark room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons if you're in a totally dark room
+uh you your eye probably can detect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you your eye probably can detect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you your eye probably can detect as
+little as five photons if they hit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as five photons if they hit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as five photons if they hit your
+routina so it's a pretty good detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routina so it's a pretty good detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routina so it's a pretty good detector
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+photons anyway uh the thing that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons anyway uh the thing that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons anyway uh the thing that I want
+to explain here is what happens if the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain here is what happens if the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain here is what happens if the a
+beam of light hits a polarizer so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of light hits a polarizer so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of light hits a polarizer so what
+is a polarizer is a sheet of plastic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polarizer is a sheet of plastic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polarizer is a sheet of plastic or
+some material it has a preferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some material it has a preferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some material it has a preferential
+Direction let me align that preferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction let me align that preferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction let me align that preferential
+Direction with the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AIS and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and that's a
+polarizer and if I send light that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer and if I send light that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer and if I send light that is
+linearly polarized along the x- axis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized along the x- axis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly polarized along the x- axis it
+all goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all goes
+through if I said light linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if I said light linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if I said light linearly
+polarized along the Y AIS nothing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized along the Y AIS nothing goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized along the Y AIS nothing goes
+through it all gets absorbed that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it all gets absorbed that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it all gets absorbed that's what
+a polarizer does for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarizer does for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarizer does for a
+living in fact if you send light in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in fact if you send light in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in fact if you send light in this
+direction the light that comes out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the light that comes out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the light that comes out is
+identical to the light that came in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the light that came in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the light that came in the
+frequency doesn't change the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency doesn't change the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency doesn't change the wavelength
+doesn't change it's the same light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change it's the same light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change it's the same light the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+energy so far so good now let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so far so good now let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so far so good now let's imagine
+that we send in light linearly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we send in light linearly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we send in light linearly polarized
+at some angle Alpha so we send an El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some angle Alpha so we send an El
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some angle Alpha so we send an El
+electric field e Alpha which is e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field e Alpha which is e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field e Alpha which is e0
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+alpha x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x
+hat plus e0 sin alpha y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat well U you've studed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat well U you've studed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat well U you've studed
+electromagnetism and you know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism and you know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism and you know that this
+thing basically will come around and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically will come around and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing basically will come around and say
+okay you can go through because you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can go through because you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can go through because you're a
+line in the right direction but you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the right direction but you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the right direction but you are
+orthogonal to my preferential Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to my preferential Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to my preferential Direction
+orthogonal I absorb so this disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I absorb so this disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I absorb so this disappears
+so after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarizer e is just e0 cosine alpha x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer e is just e0 cosine alpha x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer e is just e0 cosine alpha x
+hat that's all that is left after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that's all that is left after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat that's all that is left after the
+polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well here is uh something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here is uh something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here is uh something interesting
+you know that the energy on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the energy on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the energy on a
+electromagnetic field is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field is proportional to
+the magnitude of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the electric field
+Square that's what it is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's what it is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that's what it is so the
+magnitude of this electric field if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this electric field if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this electric field if you
+can notice it's the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can notice it's the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can notice it's the square root of the
+sum of the squares will give you e not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares will give you e not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares will give you e not
+as the magnitude of this full electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the magnitude of this full electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the magnitude of this full electric
+field but this electric field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but this electric field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but this electric field has
+magnitude e not cosine Alpha so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude e not cosine Alpha so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude e not cosine Alpha so the
+fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through is coine Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is coine Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through is coine Alpha
+squared is propor the energy of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is propor the energy of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is propor the energy of is
+proportional to the square so the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square so the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square so the square
+of this is e^ s cosine squ Alpha and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is e^ s cosine squ Alpha and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is e^ s cosine squ Alpha and for
+this one the magnitude of it is e not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the magnitude of it is e not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the magnitude of it is e not so
+you divide by E not and cosine Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by E not and cosine Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by E not and cosine Alpha is
+the right thing this is the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing this is the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing this is the fraction of
+the energy if Alpha is equal to zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy if Alpha is equal to zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy if Alpha is equal to zero you
+get cosine of 0 1 you get all the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cosine of 0 1 you get all the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cosine of 0 1 you get all the energy
+one if Alpha is equal to Pi / 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if Alpha is equal to Pi / 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if Alpha is equal to Pi / 2 the
+light is polarized along the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is polarized along the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is polarized along the y direction
+nothing goes through indeed cosine of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing goes through indeed cosine of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing goes through indeed cosine of Pi
+/ 2 is zero and nothing goes through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 is zero and nothing goes through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 is zero and nothing goes through so
+the fraction of energy that goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of energy that goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of energy that goes through
+is cosine squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine squ
+Alpha but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha but now
+think what this means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons what it means for photons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons what it means for photons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons what it means for photons is
+something extraordinarily strange and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extraordinarily strange and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extraordinarily strange and so
+strange that it's almost unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange that it's almost unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange that it's almost unbelievable
+that we get so easily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get so easily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get so easily in
+trouble here is this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble here is this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble here is this light
+beam over here and it's made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam over here and it's made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam over here and it's made up of
+photons all identical photons maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons all identical photons maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons all identical photons maybe
+billions of photons but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of photons but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of photons but all
+identical and now think of sending this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and now think of sending this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and now think of sending this
+light beam over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light beam over
+there a billion identical photons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a billion identical photons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a billion identical photons you
+send them one by one into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them one by one into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them one by one into this
+thing and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and see what
+happens you know what has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know what has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you know what has to happen
+because classical behavior is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because classical behavior is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because classical behavior is about
+right this fraction of the photons must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this fraction of the photons must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this fraction of the photons must
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+through and one minus that must not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through you see it cannot be that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you see it cannot be that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you see it cannot be that comes
+a photon and half of it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon and half of it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon and half of it goes through
+because there's no such thing as half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no such thing as half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no such thing as half of
+it if there would be half of it it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if there would be half of it it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if there would be half of it it would
+have half the energy and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have half the energy and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have half the energy and therefore
+different color and we know that after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color and we know that after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different color and we know that after a
+polarizer the color doesn't change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the color doesn't change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the color doesn't change so
+here is the situation you're sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the situation you're sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the situation you're sending a
+billion photons and say one3 has to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion photons and say one3 has to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion photons and say one3 has to get
+through but now the photons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but now the photons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but now the photons are
+identical how can that happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical how can that happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical how can that happen in
+classical physics if you send ident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics if you send ident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics if you send ident
+identical photons whatever happens to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical photons whatever happens to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical photons whatever happens to a
+photon will happen to all but the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon will happen to all but the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon will happen to all but the photon
+either gets absorbed or goes through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either gets absorbed or goes through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either gets absorbed or goes through and
+if it gets absorbed then all should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets absorbed then all should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets absorbed then all should get
+absorbed and if it goes through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and if it goes through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and if it goes through all
+should go through because they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go through because they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go through because they're all
+identical and now you have finally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and now you have finally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and now you have finally a
+situation in which an identical set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which an identical set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in which an identical set of
+experiments with identically prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with identically prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with identically prepared
+objects sometimes give you different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects sometimes give you different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects sometimes give you different
+results it's it's a debacle it's a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it's it's a debacle it's a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it's it's a debacle it's a total
+disaster what uh seems to have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster what uh seems to have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster what uh seems to have happened
+here you suddenly have identical photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you suddenly have identical photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you suddenly have identical photons
+and sometimes they go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes they go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes they go through and
+sometimes they don't go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they don't go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they don't go through and
+therefore you've lost predictability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you've lost predictability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you've lost predictability
+it's so simple to show that if photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so simple to show that if photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so simple to show that if photons
+exist you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist you lose
+predictability and that's what drove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability and that's what drove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability and that's what drove
+Einstein crazy he knew when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein crazy he knew when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein crazy he knew when he
+introduced photons that he was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced photons that he was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced photons that he was getting
+in trouble he was going to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble he was going to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble he was going to get in
+trouble with classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with classical
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+so possible ways out people speculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so possible ways out people speculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so possible ways out people speculate
+about people said well yes the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people said well yes the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people said well yes the photons
+are identical but the polarizer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical but the polarizer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical but the polarizer has
+substructure if it hits in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure if it hits in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure if it hits in this
+interatomic part it goes through and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic part it goes through and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic part it goes through and in
+that interatomic body it doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interatomic body it doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interatomic body it doesn't go
+through people did experiment many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through people did experiment many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through people did experiment many times
+it's not true the polarizer is like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true the polarizer is like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true the polarizer is like that
+and then came a more outrageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then came a more outrageous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then came a more outrageous
+proposition by Einstein and others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition by Einstein and others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition by Einstein and others that
+there are hidden variables you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hidden variables you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hidden variables you thought
+the photons are identical but you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons are identical but you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons are identical but you think
+they are identical but a photon has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are identical but a photon has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are identical but a photon has a
+hidden variable a property you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden variable a property you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden variable a property you cannot
+you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know
+about if you knew that property about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you knew that property about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you knew that property about
+the photon you would be able to tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon you would be able to tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon you would be able to tell if
+it goes through or it doesn't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through or it doesn't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through or it doesn't go through
+but you don't know it so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know it so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know it so that's why
+you're stuck with probabilities it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck with probabilities it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stuck with probabilities it's
+because the quantum the is not complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the quantum the is not complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the quantum the is not complete
+there are hidden variables and once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hidden variables and once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are hidden variables and once you
+put the hidden variables you'll discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the hidden variables you'll discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the hidden variables you'll discover
+the photon has more something inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon has more something inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon has more something inside it
+and they are not the same even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not the same even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not the same even though
+they look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look the
+same and that's a hidden variable Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and that's a hidden variable Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and that's a hidden variable Theory
+and it sounds so philosophical that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sounds so philosophical that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sounds so philosophical that you
+would think well if you don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think well if you don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think well if you don't know about
+them but they are there these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they are there these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they are there these properties
+how could you ever know they are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you ever know they are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you ever know they are there
+and the great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the great uh
+progress of John Bell with the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of John Bell with the Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of John Bell with the Bell
+inequalities is that he demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities is that he demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities is that he demonstrated
+that that would not fix the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would not fix the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would not fix the problem
+quantum mechanics cannot be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics cannot be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics cannot be made
+deterministic with hidden variables was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic with hidden variables was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic with hidden variables was
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+unbelievable result the result of John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable result the result of John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable result the result of John
+Bell so um that's something we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell so um that's something we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell so um that's something we will
+advance towards in this course but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance towards in this course but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance towards in this course but not
+quite get there 805 discusses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get there 805 discusses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite get there 805 discusses this
+subject in detail so at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in detail so at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in detail so at the end of the
+day we've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we've lost
+determinism uh we can only predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism uh we can only predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism uh we can only predict
+probabilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+either gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not and can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and can only
+predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict
+Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now
+um we write in classical physics a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we write in classical physics a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we write in classical physics a beam
+like that but how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but how do we
+write the wave function of a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the wave function of a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the wave function of a photon
+well this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is quite
+interesting we think of a states of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we think of a states of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we think of a states of a
+particle as wave fun functions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as wave fun functions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as wave fun functions and I
+will call them sometimes States I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call them sometimes States I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call them sometimes States I will
+call them sometimes wave functions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sometimes wave functions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them sometimes wave functions and I
+sometimes will call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes will call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes will call them
+vectors why vectors because the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors why vectors because the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors why vectors because the main
+thing you do with vectors is adding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do with vectors is adding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do with vectors is adding them
+or multiplying them by numbers to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiplying them by numbers to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or multiplying them by numbers to scale
+them and that's exactly what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's exactly what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's exactly what you can do
+with a linear equation so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a linear equation so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a linear equation so that's why
+people think of states or wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think of states or wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think of states or wave functions
+as vectors so um and IR invented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vectors so um and IR invented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vectors so um and IR invented a
+notation in which to describe a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in which to describe a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in which to describe a photon
+polarized in the X Direction you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in the X Direction you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in the X Direction you would
+simply write something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply write something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply write something like this
+Photon column X and this object it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon column X and this object it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon column X and this object it you
+think of it as some vector or wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as some vector or wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as some vector or wave
+function and it represents a photon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it represents a photon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it represents a photon in
+the X Direction and we're not saying yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction and we're not saying yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Direction and we're not saying yet
+what kind of vector this is but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of vector this is but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of vector this is but it's
+some sort of vector is not just a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of vector is not just a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of vector is not just a symbol
+represents a vector and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a vector and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a vector and that's a
+possible State this is a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible State this is a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible State this is a photon
+polarized along X and you can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized along X and you can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized along X and you can also have
+if you wish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish a
+photon polarized along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon polarized along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon polarized along
+Y and linearity means that if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and linearity means that if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and linearity means that if those
+photons can exist the superposition can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons can exist the superposition can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons can exist the superposition can
+exist so there can exist a state called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so there can exist a state called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so there can exist a state called
+cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+Alpha Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Photon
+X Plus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha Photon Y in which I've superposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Photon Y in which I've superposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Photon Y in which I've superposed
+one state with another created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state with another created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state with another created a
+sum and this I call the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and this I call the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and this I call the photon
+State polarized in the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State polarized in the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State polarized in the alpha
+Direction so this is how in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is how in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so this is how in quantum
+mechanics you think of this photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you think of this photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you think of this photon
+um we will elaborate that compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will elaborate that compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will elaborate that compare with
+this equation it's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation it's kind of interesting
+uh what you lose here is this ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you lose here is this ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you lose here is this ease
+there's no ease there because it's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ease there because it's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ease there because it's a one
+Photon when you have a big electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon when you have a big electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon when you have a big electric
+field I don't know how many photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I don't know how many photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I don't know how many photons
+there are I would have to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are I would have to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are I would have to calculate the
+energy of this beam and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this beam and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this beam and find the
+frequency that I didn't specify and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that I didn't specify and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that I didn't specify and see
+how many photos but each Photon in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many photos but each Photon in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many photos but each Photon in this
+beam quantum mechan mechanically can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam quantum mechan mechanically can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam quantum mechan mechanically can be
+represented as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition and we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition and we'll talk more about
+this superposition now because our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this superposition now because our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this superposition now because our next
+subject is superpositions and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is superpositions and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is superpositions and how
+unusual they are well the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual they are well the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual they are well the hidden
+variable explanation uh failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable explanation uh failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable explanation uh failed
+because Bell was very clever and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Bell was very clever and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Bell was very clever and he
+noted that you could design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that you could design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted that you could design an
+experiment in which the hidden variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which the hidden variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which the hidden variables
+would imply that some measurements would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imply that some measurements would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imply that some measurements would
+satisfy an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy an
+inequality if the existed hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if the existed hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if the existed hidden
+variables and the world was after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the world was after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the world was after all
+classical the results of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the results of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical the results of experiments
+would satisfy a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would satisfy a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would satisfy a bell
+inequality and then a few years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and then a few years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and then a few years later
+the technology was good enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology was good enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology was good enough that
+people could test the Bell inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could test the Bell inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could test the Bell inequality
+with an experiment and they figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an experiment and they figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an experiment and they figure out
+it didn't hold so the hidden variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't hold so the hidden variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't hold so the hidden variables
+lead to Bell inequalities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to Bell inequalities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to Bell inequalities that are
+experimentally shown not to hold and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally shown not to hold and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally shown not to hold and we
+will touch a little bit on it when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will touch a little bit on it when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will touch a little bit on it when we
+get to entangle but after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarizer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the
+polarizer the photon is in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the photon is in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer the photon is in the state
+Photon X it's always polarized along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon X it's always polarized along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon X it's always polarized along the
+X Direction so it's kind of similar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction so it's kind of similar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction so it's kind of similar that
+this doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't go
+through this goes through but uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this goes through but uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this goes through but uh at the
+end of the day as we will explain very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day as we will explain very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day as we will explain very
+soon the cosine Alpha is not relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon the cosine Alpha is not relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon the cosine Alpha is not relevant
+here when it goes through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when it goes through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when it goes through the whole
+Photon goes through so there's no need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon goes through so there's no need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon goes through so there's no need
+for a coine alpha so that's what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a coine alpha so that's what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a coine alpha so that's what goes
+out of the polarizer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8fAGSwTwzxI.txt b/8fAGSwTwzxI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55d5ab8cba9fea38ea193ba6e50fd2e01d256963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8fAGSwTwzxI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does it mean to be truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to be truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to be truly
+authentic and how does this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and how does this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and how does this idea of
+authenticity impact um what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity impact um what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity impact um what it means to
+be whole or personhood um and so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whole or personhood um and so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be whole or personhood um and so like
+looking at yourself how do you identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at yourself how do you identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at yourself how do you identify
+and how is your identity your chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is your identity your chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is your identity your chosen
+identity based on your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity based on your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity based on your uh
+conceptualization of what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization of what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization of what it means to be
+authentically something um does like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentically something um does like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentically something um does like how
+you Define authenticity and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Define authenticity and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Define authenticity and your
+relationship to authenticity impact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to authenticity impact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to authenticity impact um
+how you choose to identify um and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you choose to identify um and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you choose to identify um and sort
+of as an extension of this and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as an extension of this and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as an extension of this and these
+kind of go together that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go together that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go together that's why we're
+saying them together um do do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying them together um do do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying them together um do do the
+languages or does the language that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages or does the language that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages or does the language that you
+speak or that your ancestors spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak or that your ancestors spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak or that your ancestors spoke
+affect this uh concept of auth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this uh concept of auth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this uh concept of auth
+authenticity so if you're um the son of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity so if you're um the son of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity so if you're um the son of
+someone whose parents spoke a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone whose parents spoke a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone whose parents spoke a language
+but you don't speak it do you feel less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't speak it do you feel less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't speak it do you feel less
+authentic or does it make you feel more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic or does it make you feel more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic or does it make you feel more
+authentic in some manner um or are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic in some manner um or are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic in some manner um or are there
+linguistic discourses of power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic discourses of power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic discourses of power that
+affect how you perceive the roles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect how you perceive the roles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect how you perceive the roles that
+the languages that you speak or that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages that you speak or that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the languages that you speak or that are
+your ancestors spoke um affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ancestors spoke um affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ancestors spoke um affect your
+choice of identity um and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of identity um and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of identity um and how
+authenticity of Lang language plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of Lang language plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity of Lang language plays a
+role in it should we present the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in it should we present the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in it should we present the second
+question I think we should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think we should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think we should start
+answering right so thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+I guess I don't mind answering first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I don't mind answering first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I don't mind answering first so
+I guess the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the first
+thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+so I'll answer with one and two but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll answer with one and two but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll answer with one and two but I'll
+start with two because this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with two because this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with two because this is something
+that I always think about is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I always think about is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I always think about is the fact
+that I don't speak Spanish makes me less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't speak Spanish makes me less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't speak Spanish makes me less
+authentic in whatever Hispanic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic in whatever Hispanic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic in whatever Hispanic or
+Mexican identity I have because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican identity I have because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican identity I have because I'm not
+able I feel like I wasn't allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able I feel like I wasn't allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able I feel like I wasn't allowed to
+identify with the Hispanic or Mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify with the Hispanic or Mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify with the Hispanic or Mexican
+Community because I didn't speak Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community because I didn't speak Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community because I didn't speak Spanish
+and like you know growing up I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know growing up I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like you know growing up I guess it
+was different for my mother it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different for my mother it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was different for my mother it didn't
+matter to her and I guess at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to her and I guess at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to her and I guess at that time
+frame you know whatever the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you know whatever the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you know whatever the population
+like Spanish is becoming a like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Spanish is becoming a like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Spanish is becoming a like a very
+profound language in the US and so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound language in the US and so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound language in the US and so like
+maybe during my mother's time like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe during my mother's time like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe during my mother's time like it
+you know there weren't a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there weren't a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there weren't a whole lot of
+Spanish speakers so like for her it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish speakers so like for her it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish speakers so like for her it
+didn't matter um and like my grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter um and like my grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter um and like my grand
+mother growing up it was like not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother growing up it was like not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother growing up it was like not okay
+for her to speak in so I feel like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her to speak in so I feel like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her to speak in so I feel like it's
+different for my mother because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for my mother because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for my mother because she
+doesn't care her I honestly I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care her I honestly I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care her I honestly I don't know
+how I should ask my mom how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I should ask my mom how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I should ask my mom how she
+identifies with herself but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies with herself but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies with herself but it's very
+different because for me I do feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because for me I do feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because for me I do feel like
+that was important whereas it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was important whereas it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was important whereas it wasn't
+important for her and I still don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for her and I still don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for her and I still don't feel
+authentic in my Hispanic or Mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic in my Hispanic or Mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic in my Hispanic or Mexican
+identity because I don't speak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity because I don't speak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity because I don't speak the
+language um and that maybe in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um and that maybe in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um and that maybe in some way
+speaking the language would give would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the language would give would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the language would give would
+allow me to identify more with like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to identify more with like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to identify more with like the
+culture because I feel like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture because I feel like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture because I feel like it's
+important um and then I guess overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um and then I guess overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um and then I guess overall
+authentic I honestly hate thinking of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic I honestly hate thinking of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic I honestly hate thinking of it
+like that because I'm so unauthentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because I'm so unauthentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because I'm so unauthentic
+then because I'm African American I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because I'm African American I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because I'm African American I'm
+white and I'm Hispanic and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and I'm Hispanic and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and I'm Hispanic and nobody
+considers me authentic because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considers me authentic because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considers me authentic because it's
+like how can you be authentic if being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can you be authentic if being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can you be authentic if being
+authent I feel like being authentic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authent I feel like being authentic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authent I feel like being authentic in
+this way means like having to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way means like having to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way means like having to identify
+specifically with one or another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with one or another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically with one or another and
+like you can't authentically be all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't authentically be all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can't authentically be all you
+can't be more than one I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be more than one I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be more than one I don't know if
+that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes
+sense and I guess for me it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and I guess for me it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and I guess for me it's just like
+my identity like I just had to pick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my identity like I just had to pick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my identity like I just had to pick and
+choose what I liked what was okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what I liked what was okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what I liked what was okay and
+some of it has been imposed on me there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it has been imposed on me there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it has been imposed on me there
+are aspects of my identity that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects of my identity that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects of my identity that I didn't
+get to choose and that I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to choose and that I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to choose and that I'm trying to
+change because like now feeling like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because like now feeling like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because like now feeling like
+woke I guess and like learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woke I guess and like learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woke I guess and like learning about
+different aspects of like my culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of like my culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of like my culture and
+like history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like history
+regarding you know whatever it may be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding you know whatever it may be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding you know whatever it may be I
+I feel like I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like I'm trying to
+change aspects of my identity that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change aspects of my identity that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change aspects of my identity that were
+not yeah I hope those e your questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah I hope those e your questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah I hope those e your questions I
+got really flustered I'm like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got really flustered I'm like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got really flustered I'm like there's
+this camera over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this camera over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this camera over
+here wouldn't matter but yeah so I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here wouldn't matter but yeah so I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here wouldn't matter but yeah so I hope
+that answers you guys's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question actually so so let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question actually so so let me make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question actually so so let me make a
+note let me make a note here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note let me make a note here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note let me make a note here because I
+think you you mentioned the camera but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you mentioned the camera but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you mentioned the camera but
+this is not live which means that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not live which means that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not live which means that what
+it doesn't matter no no no but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter no no no but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter no no no but whatever
+you decide that you don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide that you don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide that you don't want to be
+going to the billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the billions
+move okay so I wouldn't do that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so I wouldn't do that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so I wouldn't do that okay so
+I want you to feel totally comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to feel totally comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to feel totally comfortable
+that if you say anything that you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you say anything that you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you say anything that you feel
+should stay in the class here I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should stay in the class here I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should stay in the class here I think it
+I think it's okay we'll just we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's okay we'll just we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's okay we'll just we'll just
+edit it and make sure that no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit it and make sure that no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit it and make sure that no it's not
+about that it's just yeah idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it's just yeah idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that it's just yeah idea that
+somebody out there is would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody out there is would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody out there is would end up
+watching or listening to but but but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching or listening to but but but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching or listening to but but but one
+thing that you have to think about to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you have to think about to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you have to think about to I
+mean which is actually key so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean which is actually key so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean which is actually key so there are
+lots of other uh folks you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other uh folks you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other uh folks you know even
+younger than you at least you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger than you at least you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger than you at least you you can
+step back and as you just said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and as you just said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and as you just said you
+decide okay now I'm going to remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide okay now I'm going to remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide okay now I'm going to remove that
+from my identity I'm going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my identity I'm going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my identity I'm going to make this
+Choice I'm going to think about what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice I'm going to think about what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice I'm going to think about what was
+imposed to myself receive it how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed to myself receive it how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed to myself receive it how many
+people don't have this uh capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have this uh capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have this uh capacity to
+actually step back and self analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually step back and self analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually step back and self analyze the
+way you just did you see so I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you just did you see so I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you just did you see so I like to
+analyze yeah so but but but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze yeah so but but but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze yeah so but but but but it's
+it's but but but that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but but but that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but but but that's that's that's
+something that you're sharing with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're sharing with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're sharing with other
+people that might help them a lot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that might help them a lot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that might help them a lot you
+know because um because it frees you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because um because it frees you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because um because it frees you to
+be able to do that right it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that right it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that right it's it's it's
+it's sometimes it's a path to freedom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes it's a path to freedom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sometimes it's a path to freedom in
+a way self Liberation I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way self Liberation I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way self Liberation I think you can
+also feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feel
+constraining at the same time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining at the same time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining at the same time because
+it's so hard to you know because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so hard to you know because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so hard to you know because I think
+like some of the things like some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of the things like some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of the things like some of
+these things are so ingrained into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are so ingrained into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are so ingrained into
+society and like for different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and like for different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and like for different people
+like how you see yourself in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how you see yourself in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how you see yourself in the world
+and like it's really hard to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like it's really hard to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like it's really hard to change
+perception like for instance like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception like for instance like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception like for instance like I've
+talked about this before but like hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before but like hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this before but like hair
+like African-American hair and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like African-American hair and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like African-American hair and trying to
+change my perception of African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my perception of African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my perception of African-American
+hair like relates in some ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair like relates in some ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair like relates in some ways to
+changing perceptions of my own identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing perceptions of my own identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing perceptions of my own identity
+because they're related if that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're related if that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're related if that makes
+sense I yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um I guess
+I I don't know I think it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know I think it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know I think it's it's like
+kind of unfair not not for you guys cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unfair not not for you guys cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unfair not not for you guys cuz
+like we all do it but like it's unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we all do it but like it's unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we all do it but like it's unfair
+to like use the word authentic when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like use the word authentic when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like use the word authentic when
+referring to something like Identity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to something like Identity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to something like Identity or
+like culture or like a group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like culture or like a group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like culture or like a group of people
+because it's like I mean I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like I mean I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like I mean I don't think
+it was a word that was intended for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a word that was intended for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a word that was intended for like
+a person like it's very much like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person like it's very much like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person like it's very much like one of
+those adjectives that's like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those adjectives that's like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those adjectives that's like for
+inanimate objects you know it's like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate objects you know it's like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate objects you know it's like for
+it's for things that like don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for things that like don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for things that like don't have
+yeah like gold like authentic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like gold like authentic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like gold like authentic like
+something that you can like Define like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can like Define like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can like Define like
+okay if something's authentically gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if something's authentically gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if something's authentically gold
+that means it's like 100% gold but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's like 100% gold but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's like 100% gold but like
+you can't like put bounds on things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't like put bounds on things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't like put bounds on things like
+people and cultures and identities mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and cultures and identities mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and cultures and identities mhm
+to the point where you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where you have like a
+concrete definition because no person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete definition because no person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete definition because no person's
+ever going to fit that perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to fit that perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to fit that perfect
+definition right but but there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right but but there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition right but but there's always
+been the tendency to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the tendency to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the tendency to try to
+quantize these um so you mentioned gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize these um so you mentioned gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize these um so you mentioned gold
+right so in the history of 0 there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the history of 0 there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the history of 0 there was
+this famous uh French actually was cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this famous uh French actually was cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this famous uh French actually was cre
+French meaning that he was of French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French meaning that he was of French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French meaning that he was of French
+ancestry but he was born in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry but he was born in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry but he was born in the
+Caribbean his name was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean his name was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean his name was
+um and he had one chapter where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he had one chapter where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he had one chapter where he
+created this calul of he could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this calul of he could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this calul of he could compute
+uh 128 parts of black versus white so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 128 parts of black versus white so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 128 parts of black versus white so he
+had this calculus of um if you half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this calculus of um if you half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this calculus of um if you half
+black half white then you're mulat if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black half white then you're mulat if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black half white then you're mulat if
+you're quarter black but three4 white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quarter black but three4 white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quarter black but three4 white
+then you're quarter room and he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're quarter room and he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're quarter room and he had
+terms he had adjectives talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms he had adjectives talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms he had adjectives talking about
+adjectives he had adjectives for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives he had adjectives for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives he had adjectives for each of
+these categories but but how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories but but how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these categories but but how do you
+compute that how do you how can you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that how do you how can you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that how do you how can you look
+at someone and decide that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at someone and decide that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at someone and decide that they are
+e Black versus the rest white you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Black versus the rest white you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e Black versus the rest white you see
+but there was this strong belief that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was this strong belief that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was this strong belief that
+that you could do that and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do that and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do that and that actually
+each of these um of these partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these um of these partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these um of these partitions
+would Define particular of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Define particular of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Define particular of biological
+characteristics that if you were half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that if you were half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that if you were half
+black half white you would behave like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black half white you would behave like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black half white you would behave like
+this you would have physical opes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would have physical opes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you would have physical opes along
+these lines but if you were one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines but if you were one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines but if you were one quarter
+white and three quarters black then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and three quarters black then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white and three quarters black then you
+could predict what your behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could predict what your behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could predict what your behavior and
+your physic would actually look like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physic would actually look like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physic would actually look like you
+say think of um Jim C in the US like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say think of um Jim C in the US like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say think of um Jim C in the US like so
+one drop of of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one drop of of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one drop of of black
+blood one drop of black blood would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood one drop of black blood would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood one drop of black blood would make
+you non uh nonwhite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you non uh nonwhite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you non uh nonwhite right
+so but it's good that we both to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's good that we both to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's good that we both to think
+of it in these terms and try to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in these terms and try to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in these terms and try to remove
+ourselves from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ulations um so I guess like what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulations um so I guess like what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulations um so I guess like what I'm
+thinking about is I remember you told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is I remember you told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is I remember you told
+this story like earli in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story like earli in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story like earli in the semester
+about how like there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how like there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how like there are these
+documentarians from New York who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentarians from New York who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentarians from New York who like
+came to like do an interviews with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to like do an interviews with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to like do an interviews with you
+they were like felt bad cuz like uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like felt bad cuz like uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were like felt bad cuz like uh the
+idea that like they were like less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that like they were like less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that like they were like less
+Haitian for not speaking haian Creole so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian for not speaking haian Creole so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian for not speaking haian Creole so
+like I agree that like the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I agree that like the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I agree that like the idea of
+authenticity implies that there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity implies that there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity implies that there's like
+this Paradigm like way to be an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradigm like way to be an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paradigm like way to be an identity
+but so I don't know like it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I don't know like it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I don't know like it's not clear
+to me that like it like it I it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that like it like it I it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that like it like it I it seems
+possible that like the Paradigm Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that like the Paradigm Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that like the Paradigm Haiti
+does speak real though I don't know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does speak real though I don't know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does speak real though I don't know I I
+I wonder about that I also feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder about that I also feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder about that I also feel like
+that I agree with that statement however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I agree with that statement however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I agree with that statement however
+I feel that maybe in the future it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel that maybe in the future it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel that maybe in the future it won't
+be a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a possible
+Paradigm um just because of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm um just because of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm um just because of like
+migration and and and the fact that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration and and and the fact that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration and and and the fact that like
+there can be a Haitian who is like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a Haitian who is like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a Haitian who is like three
+generations away from that parent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations away from that parent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations away from that parent that
+was Haitian and they're still allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Haitian and they're still allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Haitian and they're still allowed to
+say that they're Haitian you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're Haitian you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they're Haitian you know they
+don't speak Creo they maybe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't speak Creo they maybe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't speak Creo they maybe I don't know
+have whatever you can Define as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whatever you can Define as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whatever you can Define as the
+Paradigm ha um so I guess for now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm ha um so I guess for now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm ha um so I guess for now that
+might be a true statement to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a true statement to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a true statement to a certain
+extent but I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent but I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent but I don't think that
+but I think that that was the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that that was the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that that was the point of
+the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of
+authenticity yeah and we saw that so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity yeah and we saw that so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity yeah and we saw that so I'm
+glad you mention Ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you mention Ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad you mention Ai and
+um wung right because because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wung right because because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wung right because because they have
+a whole debate about what an authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole debate about what an authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole debate about what an authentic
+African writer right and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African writer right and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African writer right and that was
+actually part of a bigger conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually part of a bigger conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually part of a bigger conference
+where they were debating what makes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were debating what makes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were debating what makes an
+authentic yeah but the the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic yeah but the the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic yeah but the the problem is
+like the the line drawing like oh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the line drawing like oh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the line drawing like oh like
+you're not a a real Asian yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I guess like one thing I can add py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess like one thing I can add py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess like one thing I can add py
+backing up what everyone said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up what everyone said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up what everyone said but
+like I like a lot of your examples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like a lot of your examples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I like a lot of your examples for
+like mixing authentic or like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mixing authentic or like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mixing authentic or like different
+cultures and like not that not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and like not that not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and like not that not being
+authentic anymore but like one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic anymore but like one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic anymore but like one thing I
+really like that you guys brought up was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like that you guys brought up was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like that you guys brought up was
+the idea of like tracks and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of like tracks and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of like tracks and like
+especially what you said about India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially what you said about India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially what you said about India
+where like when you think of India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like when you think of India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like when you think of India
+there's like this one thing you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like this one thing you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like this one thing you think of
+whether it's like the food or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's like the food or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's like the food or like the
+culture and that's like very North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and that's like very North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and that's like very North
+Indian um so like I I come from South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian um so like I I come from South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian um so like I I come from South
+India and like I if I like as I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and like I if I like as I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and like I if I like as I came
+here I like chose to be more Indian like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I like chose to be more Indian like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I like chose to be more Indian like
+I got more involved with like clubs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got more involved with like clubs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got more involved with like clubs on
+campus and stuff like that but like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and stuff like that but like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and stuff like that but like what
+and the like the Indian I'm becoming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like the Indian I'm becoming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the like the Indian I'm becoming is
+like very different than my actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very different than my actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very different than my actual
+Heritage like yeah so like I I have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage like yeah so like I I have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heritage like yeah so like I I have all
+these like connections and like cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like connections and like cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like connections and like cultures
+that I think I'm like getting but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I'm like getting but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think I'm like getting but it's
+it's actually not really connected to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not really connected to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not really connected to my
+family at all and I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family at all and I guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family at all and I guess that's
+partially because I don't speak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because I don't speak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because I don't speak the
+language that they have so like none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that they have so like none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that they have so like none of
+my culture came from like my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my culture came from like my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my culture came from like my family
+really but also by not by not speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really but also by not by not speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really but also by not by not speaking
+that language like like everything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language like like everything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language like like everything about
+my culture from home like whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my culture from home like whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my culture from home like whether it's
+religion or anything like that is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion or anything like that is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion or anything like that is it's
+kind of very separated for me so I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of very separated for me so I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of very separated for me so I like
+guess I kind of understand it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I kind of understand it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I kind of understand it but I
+don't really understand like the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really understand like the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really understand like the roots
+of most of it whereas everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most of it whereas everything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most of it whereas everything here
+that I'm learning I'm like oh okay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm learning I'm like oh okay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm learning I'm like oh okay like
+this makes sense like this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense like this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense like this is what
+everyone does like I'm going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does like I'm going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does like I'm going to be like
+an Indian and America okay okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Indian and America okay okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Indian and America okay okay okay so
+I think that that goes back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that goes back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that goes back to your
+question right because um if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right because um if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right because um if you think
+of who's now one of the best known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who's now one of the best known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who's now one of the best known
+Haitian writer it's ID denat right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian writer it's ID denat right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian writer it's ID denat right that
+that we've read in this class and U okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've read in this class and U okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've read in this class and U okay
+she was in hati until age 12 and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was in hati until age 12 and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was in hati until age 12 and then at
+age 12 he came to the to Brooklyn New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 12 he came to the to Brooklyn New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 12 he came to the to Brooklyn New
+York and now she's one of the best known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and now she's one of the best known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and now she's one of the best known
+Asian writers and she sees herself as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian writers and she sees herself as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian writers and she sees herself as as
+Asian you see and she speaks Creole but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian you see and she speaks Creole but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian you see and she speaks Creole but
+she doesn't write in Creole you see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't write in Creole you see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she doesn't write in Creole you see all
+of her texts that she's become famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her texts that she's become famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her texts that she's become famous
+for they are English texts you see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they are English texts you see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they are English texts you see but
+for me when I read as we did here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me when I read as we did here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me when I read as we did here in the
+class I I can I hear Haiti I see Haiti I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I I can I hear Haiti I see Haiti I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I I can I hear Haiti I see Haiti I
+feel Haiti so she's managed to write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel Haiti so she's managed to write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel Haiti so she's managed to write as
+a Haitian although she doesn't speak cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Haitian although she doesn't speak cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Haitian although she doesn't speak cre
+you see and and as she does so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and and as she does so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and and as she does so she's
+also become a very powerful woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also become a very powerful woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also become a very powerful woman
+another case is um white jean right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case is um white jean right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case is um white jean right you
+guys know this hip-hop artist white so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know this hip-hop artist white so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know this hip-hop artist white so
+white has done so much for Haiti in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white has done so much for Haiti in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white has done so much for Haiti in fact
+at some point he even wanted to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point he even wanted to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point he even wanted to be uh
+Asian President right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian President right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian President right
+yeah you know and and he was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know and and he was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know and and he was actually
+that's that's a good story actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a good story actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a good story actually
+because he was excluded from running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was excluded from running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was excluded from running
+because he was not patient enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was not patient enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was not patient enough
+legally he had spent too much am of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally he had spent too much am of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally he had spent too much am of but
+yet he he's one of the best known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he he's one of the best known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he he's one of the best known
+Haitians uh in the world today you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians uh in the world today you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitians uh in the world today you know
+white K because he's major hip hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white K because he's major hip hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white K because he's major hip hop
+artist and he sings mostly in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and he sings mostly in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and he sings mostly in English
+but he also has some songs in cre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also has some songs in cre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he also has some songs in cre
+actually to to remind people that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to to remind people that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to to remind people that he's
+Asian you see and he always when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian you see and he always when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asian you see and he always when he
+sings when he goes to a concert he wraps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sings when he goes to a concert he wraps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sings when he goes to a concert he wraps
+himself with the haian flag you see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself with the haian flag you see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself with the haian flag you see uh
+so so it's very prohan without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's very prohan without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's very prohan without having
+the full inventory of what defines hian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full inventory of what defines hian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full inventory of what defines hian
+so I think I like what you did said sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I like what you did said sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I like what you did said sh
+the idea that you can create your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you can create your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you can create your own
+Indian identity Indian and America and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian identity Indian and America and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian identity Indian and America and
+that's what identity should should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what identity should should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what identity should should do
+for it it should be an asset it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it should be an asset it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it it should be an asset it should
+be the tool for us to have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the tool for us to have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the tool for us to have from
+ourselves in the world not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in the world not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in the world not something
+that's going to hold us back and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to hold us back and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to hold us back and if you
+look at the literature on stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the literature on stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the literature on stereotype
+threat that's the way it works actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat that's the way it works actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat that's the way it works actually
+so people were being handled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people were being handled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people were being handled in the
+performance because of identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because of identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because of identity is
+because of then being put in a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of then being put in a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of then being put in a box
+because of that you see what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that you see what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that you see what you guys
+are saying that well we can use it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying that well we can use it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying that well we can use it in a
+way like what you said well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like what you said well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like what you said well I'm going to
+create my own and be powerful with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create my own and be powerful with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create my own and be powerful with it
+and be happy with it you see not let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be happy with it you see not let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be happy with it you see not let
+other people put me in the Box you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people put me in the Box you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people put me in the Box you see
+and I think that's that's what we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's that's what we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's that's what we we
+should think about when when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about when when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about when when people are
+imposing on us what you describe is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing on us what you describe is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing on us what you describe is very
+moving that you are imposed identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving that you are imposed identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving that you are imposed identity
+that now you want to put put yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you want to put put yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you want to put put yourself
+away from eventually if you do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from eventually if you do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from eventually if you do that well
+you you become happier I think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you become happier I think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you become happier I think right
+hopefully yeah for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8rbXjIqF3IA.txt b/8rbXjIqF3IA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f466192fa6d5e0bec570438a2ba605381a77ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8rbXjIqF3IA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+relativity in this section and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this section and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this section and also the
+next one we want to make a case against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one we want to make a case against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one we want to make a case against
+ether ether was presumed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether ether was presumed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether ether was presumed to be the
+medium in which light traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in which light traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium in which light traveled
+we do this we make this case by studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this we make this case by studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this we make this case by studying
+the michael smalling experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michael smalling experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the michael smalling experiment
+michaelson and molly went out to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson and molly went out to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelson and molly went out to detect
+the motion of the earth relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the earth relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the earth relative to
+ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+and by not finding a result we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by not finding a result we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by not finding a result we can
+conclude that at least in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that at least in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that at least in this form
+ether doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether doesn't exist
+all right so what is the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what is the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what is the experimental
+setup um also it's shown on the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup um also it's shown on the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup um also it's shown on the pictures
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+um we have a light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a light source
+here um from which the light travels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um from which the light travels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um from which the light travels to
+some mirror which reflects about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mirror which reflects about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mirror which reflects about half
+the light the half the light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light the half the light goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light the half the light goes
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+reflected on the second mirror and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on the second mirror and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on the second mirror and then
+comes to screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to screen
+the other part of the light is up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the light is up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other part of the light is up and
+back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down
+so the light either travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the light either travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the light either travels
+against the ether wind or perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the ether wind or perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the ether wind or perpendicular
+to the e7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the e7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the e7
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ether is the medium in which light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether is the medium in which light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether is the medium in which light
+travels then the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels then the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels then the velocity
+needs to change the velocity of light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to change the velocity of light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to change the velocity of light in
+this ether and this medium will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ether and this medium will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ether and this medium will change
+if there is no e7 there is no change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no e7 there is no change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no e7 there is no change in
+the velocity of the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the mind
+the result of the experiment is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of the experiment is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of the experiment is an
+interference pattern on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern on the screen
+so the experiment is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiment is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiment is called
+and deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deform
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+systematic uncertainties here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic uncertainties here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic uncertainties here there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+unknowns for example uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns for example uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns for example uh if you're
+building your table it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building your table it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building your table it's not really
+clear in which direction either actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in which direction either actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear in which direction either actually
+which direction or is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction or is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction or is actually the
+direction of the ease of flow but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the ease of flow but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the ease of flow but you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+get by this by rotating the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by this by rotating the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by this by rotating the table and
+making various sets of experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making various sets of experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making various sets of experiments and
+that's what michaelson did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what michaelson did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what michaelson did
+i want you to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect
+they're about to observe or they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about to observe or they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about to observe or they will
+not observe is of the order of v over c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not observe is of the order of v over c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not observe is of the order of v over c
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+and you have what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have what you want to do is
+compare the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the light
+um the light as it travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the light as it travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the light as it travels
+on this path number one to one mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this path number one to one mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this path number one to one mirror
+and on the second pass to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the second pass to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the second pass to the second
+mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you're following the video i ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're following the video i ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're following the video i ask
+you to just stop here and figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to just stop here and figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to just stop here and figure out how
+long does it take for the lights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take for the lights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long does it take for the lights to
+travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel
+on this path here on the lower path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this path here on the lower path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this path here on the lower path of
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+or path number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so obviously i've worked this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously i've worked this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously i've worked this out
+already so we want to calculate the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so we want to calculate the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so we want to calculate the time
+it takes light to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes light to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes light to travel
+past one and that is you know going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past one and that is you know going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past one and that is you know going up
+and coming down uh going left and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming down uh going left and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming down uh going left and going
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so in the first case the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the first case the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the first case the velocity is
+reduced by the velocity of insert so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by the velocity of insert so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by the velocity of insert so the
+time it takes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes is
+l1 the lag divided by c minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 the lag divided by c minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 the lag divided by c minus v
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+return lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return lag
+l1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 over
+c plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus b
+when you rough this out and you simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you rough this out and you simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you rough this out and you simplify
+a little bit you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit you get this
+first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation
+for the second pass the one up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second pass the one up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second pass the one up and down
+um you want to draw this this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to draw this this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to draw this this triangle
+here to figure out that t is equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to figure out that t is equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to figure out that t is equal the
+time it takes is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes is equal to
+the square root l square over c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root l square over c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root l square over c square
+minus v squared and then you simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v squared and then you simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v squared and then you simplify
+again we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get this
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+with the square root again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the square root again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the square root again
+what's important is the time difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important is the time difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important is the time difference
+for the lights traveling with two legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lights traveling with two legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lights traveling with two legs
+and you find that the time difference t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that the time difference t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that the time difference t1
+at t2 minus t1 is given by this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t2 minus t1 is given by this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t2 minus t1 is given by this little
+bit complicated looking equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated looking equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated looking equation
+so now in the experiment you want to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the experiment you want to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the experiment you want to set
+up l1 equal to l2 to simplify but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up l1 equal to l2 to simplify but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up l1 equal to l2 to simplify but you
+might not be able to do it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to do it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to do it very
+precisely what you can do however is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what you can do however is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what you can do however is
+rotate the table if you rotate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the table if you rotate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the table if you rotate and then
+compare the difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the difference of the
+differences you find that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+v square over c square dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v square over c square dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v square over c square dependency
+i used a little trick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used a little trick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used a little trick to
+simplify the square root as i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the square root as i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the square root as i use
+this one plus or minus x to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus or minus x to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus or minus x to the nth
+power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is
+about one plus minus n times x for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one plus minus n times x for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one plus minus n times x for x
+very small and since the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and since the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and since the velocity of
+ether is presumed to be small compares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether is presumed to be small compares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether is presumed to be small compares
+to the speed of light that's when good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed of light that's when good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed of light that's when good
+after the capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the result of the experiment was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of the experiment was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of the experiment was there
+was more effect they tried they improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more effect they tried they improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more effect they tried they improved
+the experiment they tried to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment they tried to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment they tried to find
+smaller effects i didn't find anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller effects i didn't find anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller effects i didn't find anything
+the reason for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this is
+that there's no ether yes but we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no ether yes but we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no ether yes but we can use
+this now to make a case against the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now to make a case against the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now to make a case against the user
+but you could say that maybe they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could say that maybe they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could say that maybe they didn't
+observe anything because the ether is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe anything because the ether is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe anything because the ether is
+dragged with zeros so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged with zeros so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragged with zeros so instead of
+you know the earth going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the earth going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the earth going through this
+ether and therefore the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether and therefore the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether and therefore the experience of
+wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind
+you could argue that maybe esa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that maybe esa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that maybe esa is
+localized around earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized around earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized around earth
+moving with zeros or maybe we are living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with zeros or maybe we are living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with zeros or maybe we are living
+in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe
+and so in the next video we'll look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the next video we'll look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the next video we'll look at a
+case against that scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8woIHrY6eM0.txt b/8woIHrY6eM0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6552484ce7ade2d4fe4b54b9176215d891d77b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8woIHrY6eM0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3247 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's
+say that I tell you
+
+that I'm interested in a gas
+that has some temperature.
+
+I specify, let's
+say, temperature.
+
+Pressure is room
+temperature, room pressure.
+
+And I tell you how
+many particles I have.
+
+So that's [INAUDIBLE] for
+you what the macro state is.
+
+And I want to then see what the
+corresponding micro state is.
+
+So I take one of these
+boxes, whereas this is a box
+
+that I draw in three dimensions,
+I can make a correspondence
+
+and draw this is 6N-dimensional
+coordinate space, which
+
+would be hard for me to draw.
+
+But basically, a space
+of six n dimensions.
+
+I figure out where the
+position, and the particles,
+
+and the momenta are.
+
+And I sort of find that there
+is a corresponding micro state
+
+that corresponds to
+this macro state.
+
+OK, that's fine.
+
+I made the correspondence.
+
+But the thing is that I can
+imagine lots and lots of boxes
+
+that have exactly the same
+macroscopic properties.
+
+That is, I can imagine
+putting here side by side
+
+a huge number of these boxes.
+
+All of them are described
+by exactly the same volume,
+
+pressure, temperature,
+for example.
+
+The same macro state.
+
+But for each one of them, when
+I go and find the macro state,
+
+I find that it is
+something else.
+
+So I will be having
+different micro states.
+
+So this correspondence
+is certainly
+
+something where
+there should be many,
+
+many points here that correspond
+to the same thermodynamic
+
+representation.
+
+So faced with that,
+maybe it makes sense
+
+to follow Gibbs and
+define an ensemble.
+
+So what we say is,
+we are interested
+
+in some particular macro state.
+
+We know that they correspond
+to many, many, many
+
+different potential
+micro states.
+
+Let's try to make a map of
+as many micro states that
+
+correspond to the
+same macro state.
+
+So consider n copies of
+the same macro state.
+
+And this would correspond
+to n different points
+
+that I put in this
+6N-dimensional phase space.
+
+And what I can do is I can
+define an ensemble density.
+
+I go to a particular
+point in this space.
+
+So let's say I pick some
+point that corresponds
+
+to some set of p's and q's here.
+
+And what I do is
+I draw a box that
+
+is 6N-dimensional
+around this point.
+
+And I define a density
+in the vicinity
+
+of that point, as follows.
+
+Actually, yeah.
+
+What I will do is I will
+count how many of these points
+
+that correspond to micro
+states fall within this box.
+
+So at the end is the number
+of mu points in this box.
+
+And what I do is I divide
+by the total number.
+
+I expect that the result
+will be proportional
+
+to the volume of the box.
+
+So if I make the box
+bigger, I will have more.
+
+So I divide by the
+volume of the box.
+
+So this is, let's call d
+gamma is the volume of box.
+
+Of course, I have
+to do this in order
+
+to get a nice result by
+taking the limit where
+
+the number of members of the
+ensemble becomes quite large.
+
+And then presumably, this will
+give me a well-behaved density.
+
+In this limit, I guess I want
+to also have the size of the box
+
+go to 0.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, clearly, with
+the definitions
+
+that I have made, if
+I were to integrate
+
+this quantity against the
+volume d gamma, what I would get
+
+is the integral dN over N.
+N is, of course, a constant.
+
+And the integral of dN
+is the total number.
+
+So this is 1.
+
+So we find that this quantity
+rho that I have constructed
+
+satisfies two properties.
+
+Certainly, it is
+positive, because I'm
+
+counting the number of points.
+
+Secondly, it's normalized to 1.
+
+So this is a nice
+probability density.
+
+So this ensemble density is a
+probability density function
+
+in this phase space
+that I have defined.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So once I have a
+probability, then I
+
+can calculate various
+things according
+
+to the rules of probability
+that we defined before.
+
+So for example, I can
+define an ensemble average.
+
+Maybe I'm interested
+in the kinetic energy
+
+of the particles of the gas.
+
+So there is a function
+O that depends
+
+on the sum of all
+of the p squareds.
+
+In general, I have some function
+of O that depends on p and q.
+
+And what I defined the ensemble
+average would be the average
+
+that I would calculate
+with this probability.
+
+Because I go over all of
+the points in phase space.
+
+And let me again emphasize
+that what I call d gamma
+
+then really is the
+product over all points.
+
+For each point, I have to
+make a volume in both momentum
+
+and in coordinate.
+
+It's a 6N-dimensional
+volume element.
+
+I have to multiply
+the probability, which
+
+is a function of p and
+q against this O, which
+
+is another function of p and q.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the
+division by M necessary
+
+to make it into a
+probability density?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Otherwise, you
+would still have a density.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+When I would integrate then,
+I would get the total number.
+
+But the total
+number is up to me,
+
+how many members of
+the ensemble I took,
+
+it's not a very
+well-defined quantity.
+
+It's an arbitrary quantity.
+
+If I set it to become very
+large and divide by it,
+
+then I will get something
+that is nicely a probability.
+
+And we've developed
+all of these tools
+
+for dealing with probabilities.
+
+So that would go to waste
+if I don't divide by.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+When you say that
+you have set numbers,
+
+do you assume that you have
+any more informations than just
+
+the microscopic
+variables GP and--
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how can we put a
+micro state in correspondence
+
+with a macro state if
+there is-- on the-- like,
+
+with a few variables?
+
+And do you need
+to-- from-- there's
+
+like five variables,
+defined down
+
+to 22 variables for
+all the particles?
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's
+what I was saying.
+
+It is not a one-to-one
+correspondence.
+
+That is, once I specify
+temperature, pressure,
+
+and the number of particles.
+
+OK?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: My question is, if
+you generate identical macro
+
+states, and create--
+which macro states--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Depending on
+some kind of a rule on how
+
+you make this
+correspondence, you
+
+can get different
+ensemble densities, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+That is, if I, in principle
+and theoretically,
+
+go over the entirety of all
+possible macroscopic boxes
+
+that have these
+properties, I will
+
+be putting infinite
+number of points in this.
+
+And I will get some
+kind of a density.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you, say,
+generate infinite number
+
+of points, but all in
+the case when, like,
+
+all molecules of gas are
+in right half of the box?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Is that a thermodynamically
+equilibrium state?
+
+AUDIENCE: Did you
+mention it needed to be?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+I said that-- I'm
+talking about things
+
+that can be described
+macroscopically.
+
+Now, the thing
+that you mentioned
+
+is actually something that
+I would like to work with,
+
+because ultimately,
+my goal is not only
+
+to describe equilibrium, but
+how to reach equilibrium.
+
+That is, I would like precisely
+to answer the question, what
+
+happens if you start in a
+situation where all of the gas
+
+is initially in one
+half of the room?
+
+And as long as there
+is a partition,
+
+that's a well-defined
+macroscopic state.
+
+And then I remove the partition.
+
+And suddenly, it is a
+non-equilibrium state.
+
+And presumably, over time,
+this gas will occupy that.
+
+So there is a physical process
+that we know happens in nature.
+
+And what I would
+like eventually to do
+
+is to also describe
+that physical process.
+
+So what I will do
+is I will start
+
+with the initial
+configuration with everybody
+
+in the half space.
+
+And I will calculate
+the ensemble
+
+that corresponds to that.
+
+And that's unique.
+
+Then I remove the partition.
+
+Then each member of the ensemble
+will follow some trajectory
+
+as it occupies eventually
+the entire box.
+
+And we would like to follow
+how that evolution takes place
+
+and hopefully show that
+you will always have,
+
+eventually, at the end of
+the day, the gas occupying
+
+the system uniform.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah,
+but just would it
+
+be more correct to generate
+many, many different micro
+
+states as the macro states
+which correspond to them?
+
+And how many different--
+
+PROFESSOR: What rule do
+you use for generating
+
+many, many micro states?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like, all uniformly
+arbitrary perturbations
+
+of particles always to
+put them in phase space.
+
+And look to-- like, how
+many different micro states
+
+give rise to the
+same macro state?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, but you
+are already then talking
+
+about the macro state?
+
+AUDIENCE: A portion--
+which description
+
+do you use as the first one
+to generate the second one?
+
+So in your point of view,
+let's do-- [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to macro states, and
+go to micro state.
+
+But can you reverse?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I know that the way that
+I'm presenting things
+
+will lead ultimately to a useful
+description of this procedure.
+
+You are welcome
+to try to come up
+
+with a different prescription.
+
+But the thing that I want
+to ensure that you agree
+
+is that the procedure
+that I'm describing here
+
+has no logical inconsistencies.
+
+I want to convince you of that.
+
+I am not saying that this
+is necessarily the only one.
+
+As far as I know,
+this is the only one
+
+that people have worked with.
+
+But maybe somebody can come up
+with a different prescription.
+
+So maybe there is another one.
+
+Maybe you can work on it.
+
+But I want you
+to, at this point,
+
+be convinced that this is
+a well-defined procedure.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: But because it's
+a well-defined procedure,
+
+if you did exist
+on another planet
+
+or in some universe where
+the physics were different,
+
+the point is, you can use this.
+
+But can't you use this
+for information in general
+
+when you want to-- like, if
+you have-- the only requirement
+
+is that at a fine
+scale, you have
+
+a consistent way of describing
+things; and at a large scale,
+
+you have a way of making
+sense of generalizing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's sort
+of like a compression
+
+of data, or I use [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Except that part of this was
+starting with some physics
+
+that we know.
+
+So indeed, if you were
+in a different universe--
+
+and later on in the course, we
+will be in a different universe
+
+where the rules are
+not classical or
+
+quantum-mechanical.
+
+And you have to throw
+away this description
+
+of what a micro state is.
+
+And you can still go through
+the entire procedure.
+
+But I want to do is to
+follow these set of equations
+
+of motion and this
+description of micro state,
+
+and see where it leads us.
+
+And for the gas in this room, it
+is a perfectly good description
+
+of what's happened.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe a
+simpler question.
+
+Is big rho defined
+only in spaces
+
+where there are micro states?
+
+Like, is there anywhere where
+there isn't a micro state?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, of course.
+
+So if I have--
+thinking about a box,
+
+and if I ask what
+is rho out here,
+
+I would say the
+answer is rho is 0.
+
+But if you like, you can
+say rho is defined only
+
+within this space of the box.
+
+So the description
+of the macro state
+
+which has something
+to do with the box,
+
+over which I am
+considering, will also
+
+limit what I can describe.
+
+Yes.
+
+And certainly, as far as if I
+were to change p with velocity,
+
+let's say, then you
+would say, a space
+
+where V is greater than speed
+of light is not possible.
+
+That's the point.
+
+So your rules of physics
+will also define implicitly
+
+the domain over
+which this is there.
+
+But that's all
+part of mechanics.
+
+So I'm going to assume that
+the mechanics part of it
+
+is you are comfortable.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: In your definition
+of the ensemble average,
+
+are you integrating over all
+6N dimensions of phase space?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So why would your
+average depend on p and q?
+
+If you integrate?
+
+PROFESSOR: The average is
+of a function of p and q.
+
+So in the same sense
+that, let's say,
+
+I have a particle of
+gas that is moving on,
+
+and I can write the
+symbol, p squared over 2m,
+
+what is this average?
+
+The answer will be KT
+over 2, for example.
+
+It will not depend on p.
+
+But the quantity that I'm
+averaging inside the triangle
+
+is a function of p and q.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So if it's an
+integration, or basically
+
+the--?
+
+PROFESSOR: The physical
+limit of the problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: Given a macro state?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So typically, we
+will be integrating q
+
+over the volume of a box,
+and p from minus infinity
+
+to infinity,
+because classically,
+
+without relativity,
+this is a lot.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+So why is the [INAUDIBLE] from
+one end for every particle,
+
+instead of just
+scattering space,
+
+would you have a [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Or is that the same thing?
+
+PROFESSOR: I am not sure
+I understand the question.
+
+So if I want to, let's say,
+find out just one particle that
+
+is somewhere in this box, so
+there is a probability that it
+
+is here, there is a
+probability that it is there,
+
+there is a probability
+that it is there.
+
+The integral of that probability
+over the volume of the room
+
+is one.
+
+So how do I do that?
+
+I have to do an integral
+over dx, dy, dz, probability
+
+as a function of x, y, and z.
+
+Now I just repeat that 6N times.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So that's the description.
+
+But the first question
+to sort of consider
+
+is, what is equilibrium
+in this perspective?
+
+Now, we can even be
+generous, although it's
+
+a very questionable thing,
+to say that, really,
+
+when I sort of talk about the
+kinetic energy of the gas,
+
+maybe I can replace that
+by this ensemble average.
+
+Now, if I'm in
+equilibrium, the results
+
+should not depend as
+a function of time.
+
+So I expect that if
+I'm calculating things
+
+in equilibrium, the result
+of equations such as this
+
+should not depend on time,
+which is actually a problem.
+
+Because we know that if I take
+a picture of all of these things
+
+that I am constructing
+my ensemble with
+
+and this picture is at
+time t, at time t plus dt,
+
+all of the particles
+have moved around.
+
+And so the point that was
+here, the next instant of time
+
+is going to be somewhere else.
+
+This is going to
+be somewhere else.
+
+Each one of these is flowing
+around as a function of time.
+
+OK?
+
+So the picture that I
+would like you to imagine
+
+is you have a box, and there's
+a huge number of bees or flies
+
+or whatever your
+preferred insect
+
+is, are just moving around.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, you can sort of then
+take pictures of this cluster.
+
+And it's changing potentially
+as a function of time.
+
+And therefore, this
+density should potentially
+
+change as a function of time.
+
+And then this answer could
+potentially depend on time.
+
+So let's figure out how
+is this density changing
+
+as a function of time.
+
+And hope that ultimately,
+we can construct a solution
+
+for the equation that
+governs the change in density
+
+as a function of time that
+is in fact invariant in time.
+
+It is going back to my
+flies or bees or whatever,
+
+you can imagine a
+circumstance in which
+
+the bees are constantly
+moving around.
+
+Each individual bee is now
+here, then somewhere else.
+
+But all of your pictures have
+the same density of bees,
+
+because for every bee
+that left the box,
+
+there was another bee
+that came in its place.
+
+So one can imagine
+a kind of situation
+
+where all of these
+points are moving around,
+
+yet the density
+is left invariant.
+
+And in order to find whether
+such a density is possible,
+
+we have to first know
+what is the equation that
+
+governs the evolution
+of that density.
+
+And that is given by the
+Liouville's equation.
+
+So this governs evolution
+of rho with time.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's kind of blow off the
+picture that we had over there.
+
+Previously, they're all
+of these coordinates.
+
+There is some point
+in coordinate space
+
+that I am looking at.
+
+Let's say that the point
+that I am looking at is here.
+
+And I have constructed
+a box around it
+
+like this in the
+6N-dimensional space.
+
+But just to be precise, I will
+be looking at some particular
+
+coordinate q alpha and the
+conjugate momentum p alpha.
+
+So this is my original
+point corresponds to, say,
+
+some specific version
+of q alpha p alpha.
+
+And that I have, in
+this pair of dimensions,
+
+created a box that
+in this direction
+
+has size dq alpha, in this
+direction has size dp alpha.
+
+OK?
+
+And this is the picture
+that I have at some time t.
+
+OK?
+
+Then I look at an instant of
+time that is slightly later.
+
+So I go to a time
+that is t plus dt.
+
+I find that the point that
+I had initially over here
+
+as the center of this
+box has moved around
+
+to some other
+location that I will
+
+call q alpha prime,
+p alpha prime.
+
+If you ask me what is q alpha
+prime and p alpha prime,
+
+I say, OK, I know
+that, because I
+
+know with equations of motion.
+
+If I was running
+this on a computer,
+
+I would say that q alpha prime
+is q alpha plus the velocity
+
+q alpha dot dt, plus
+order of dt squared,
+
+which hopefully, I will choose
+a sufficient and small time
+
+interval I can ignore.
+
+And similarly, p
+alpha prime would
+
+be p alpha plus p alpha
+dot dt order of dt squared.
+
+OK?
+
+So any point that was in
+this box will also move.
+
+And presumably,
+close-by points will
+
+be moving to close-by points.
+
+And overall, anything
+that was originally
+
+in this square actually
+projected from a larger
+
+dimensional cube will be part
+of a slightly distorted entity
+
+here.
+
+So everything that was
+here is now somewhere here.
+
+OK?
+
+I can ask, well, how wide is
+this new distance that I have?
+
+So originally, the two
+endpoints of the square
+
+were a distance dq alpha apart.
+
+Now they're going to be a
+distance dq alpha prime apart.
+
+What is dq alpha prime?
+
+I claim that dq alpha prime
+is whatever I had originally,
+
+but then the two N's
+are moving at slightly
+
+different velocities,
+because the velocity depends
+
+on where you are in phase space.
+
+And so the difference in
+velocity between these two
+
+points is really the derivative
+of the velocity with respect
+
+to the separation that I have
+between those two points, which
+
+is dq times dq alpha.
+
+And this is how
+much I would have
+
+expanded plus higher order.
+
+And I can apply the same thing
+in the momentum direction.
+
+The new vertical
+separation dp alpha prime
+
+is different from what
+it was originally,
+
+because the two
+endpoints got stretched.
+
+The reason they
+got stretched was
+
+because their velocities
+were different.
+
+And their difference
+is just the derivative
+
+of velocity with
+respect to separation
+
+times their small separation.
+
+And if I make
+everything small, I
+
+can, in principle, write
+higher order terms.
+
+But I don't have to
+worry about that.
+
+OK?
+
+So I can ask, what is the area
+of this slightly distorted
+
+square?
+
+As long as the dt is
+sufficiently small,
+
+all of the distortions, et
+cetera, will be small enough.
+
+And you can convince
+yourself of this.
+
+And what you will find
+is that the product
+
+of dq alpha prime,
+dp alpha prime,
+
+if I were to multiply
+these things,
+
+you can see that dq
+alpha and dp alpha
+
+is common to the two of them.
+
+So I have dq alpha, dp alpha.
+
+From multiplying these
+two terms, I will get one.
+
+And then I will get two
+terms that are order of dt,
+
+that I will get from dq alpha
+dot with respect to dq alpha,
+
+plus dp alpha dot with
+respect to dp alpha.
+
+And then there will be terms
+that are order of dt squared
+
+and higher order
+types of things.
+
+OK?
+
+So the distortion in the
+area of this particle,
+
+or cross section, is
+governed by something
+
+that is proportional to dt.
+
+And dq alpha dot over dq alpha
+plus dp alpha dot dp alpha.
+
+But I have formally here for
+what P i dot and qi dot are.
+
+So this is the dot notation
+for the time derivative
+
+other than the one that
+I was using before.
+
+So q alpha dot, what
+do I have for it?
+
+It is dh by dp alpha.
+
+So this is d by dq alpha
+of the H by dp alpha.
+
+Whereas p alpha dot, from which
+I have to evaluate d by dp
+
+alpha, p alpha dot is
+minus dH by dq alpha.
+
+So what do I have?
+
+I have two second derivatives
+that appear with opposite sign
+
+and hence cancel each other out.
+
+OK?
+
+So essentially, what we find
+is that the volume element
+
+is preserved under this process.
+
+And I can apply this to
+all of my directions.
+
+And hence, conclude that
+the initial volume that
+
+was surrounding my point
+is going to be preserved.
+
+OK?
+
+So what that means is that these
+classical equations of motion,
+
+the Hamiltonian equations, for
+this description of micro state
+
+that involves the
+coordinates and momenta
+
+have this nice property
+that they preserve volume
+
+of phase space as
+they move around.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: If the Hamiltonian has
+expontential time dependence,
+
+that doesn't work anymore.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So that's why I did not
+put that over there.
+
+Yes.
+
+And actually, this is
+sometimes referred to
+
+as being something like
+an incompressible fluid.
+
+Because if you kind of deliver
+hydrodynamics for something
+
+like water if you regard
+it as incompressible,
+
+the velocity field
+has the condition
+
+that the divergence
+of the velocity is 0.
+
+Here, we are looking at a
+6N-dimensional mention velocity
+
+field that is composed of q
+alpha dot and p alpha dot.
+
+And this being 0 is
+really the same thing
+
+as the divergence in this
+6N-dimensional space is 0.
+
+And that's a property of
+the Hamiltonian dynamics
+
+that one has.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could
+you briefly go over
+
+why you have to divide
+by the separation
+
+when you expand the times
+between the displacement?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why do I have to
+multiply by the separation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Divide by.
+
+PROFESSOR: Where do I divide?
+
+AUDIENCE: dq alpha by--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, this.
+
+Why do I have to
+take a derivative.
+
+So I have two points here.
+
+All of my points
+are moving in time.
+
+So if these things were
+moving with uniform velocity,
+
+one second later, this
+would have moved here,
+
+this would have moved
+the same distance,
+
+so that the separation
+between them
+
+would have been
+maintained if they
+
+were moving with
+the same velocity.
+
+So if you are following
+somebody and you
+
+are moving with the
+same velocity as them,
+
+thus, your separation
+does not change.
+
+But if one of you is going
+faster than the other one,
+
+then the difference
+in velocity will
+
+determine how you separate.
+
+And what is the
+difference in velocity?
+
+The difference in velocity
+depends, in this case,
+
+to how far apart the points are.
+
+So the difference between
+velocity here and velocity
+
+here is the
+derivative of velocity
+
+as a function of
+this coordinate.
+
+Derivative of velocity as a
+function of that coordinate
+
+multiplied by the separation.
+
+OK?
+
+So what does this
+incompressibility condition
+
+mean?
+
+It means that however many
+points I had over here,
+
+they end up in a box that has
+exactly the same volume, which
+
+means that the density is going
+to be the same around here
+
+and around this new point.
+
+So essentially, what we have is
+that the rho at the new point,
+
+p prime, q prime, and
+time, t, plus dt, is
+
+the same thing as the rho at
+the old point, p, q, at time, t.
+
+Again, this is the
+incompressibility condition.
+
+Now we do mathematics.
+
+So let's write it again.
+
+So I've said, in other
+words, that rho p, q, t
+
+is the same as the
+rho at the new point.
+
+What's the momentum
+at the new point?
+
+It is p plus.
+
+For each component, it is
+p alpha plus p alpha dot.
+
+Let's put it this
+way. p plus p dot
+
+dt, q plus q dot
+dt, and t plus dt.
+
+That is, if I look at
+the new location compared
+
+to the old location, the time
+changed, the position changed,
+
+the momentum changed.
+
+They all changed--
+in each arguments
+
+changed infinitesimally
+by an amount that
+
+is proportional to dt.
+
+And so what I can do is I
+can expand this function
+
+to order of dt.
+
+So I have rho at
+the original point.
+
+So this is all mathematics.
+
+I just look at
+variation with respect
+
+to each one of these arguments.
+
+So I have a sum
+over alpha, p alpha
+
+dot d rho by dp
+alpha plus q alpha
+
+dot d rho by dq alpha plus
+the explicit derivative,
+
+d rho by dt.
+
+This entirety is going
+to be multiplied by dt.
+
+And then, in principle,
+the expansion
+
+would have higher order terms.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, of course, the
+first term vanishes.
+
+It is the same on both times.
+
+So the thing that I
+will have to set to 0
+
+is this entity over here.
+
+Now, quite generally, if
+you have a function of p,
+
+q, and t, you evaluate
+it at the old point
+
+and then evaluate
+at the new point.
+
+One can define what is
+called a total derivative.
+
+And just like here,
+the total derivative
+
+will come from variations
+of all of these arguments.
+
+We'll have a partial
+derivative with respect
+
+to time and partial
+derivatives with respect
+
+to any of the other arguments.
+
+So I wrote this to sort
+of make a distinction
+
+between the symbol
+that is commonly used,
+
+sometimes d by dt, which is
+straight, sometimes Df by Dt.
+
+And this is either
+a total derivative
+
+or a streamline derivative.
+
+That is, you are
+taking derivatives
+
+as you are moving
+along with the flow.
+
+And that is to be distinguished
+from these partial derivatives,
+
+which is really sitting
+at some point in space
+
+and following how, from one
+time instant to another time
+
+instant, let's say
+the density changes.
+
+So Df by Dt with
+a partial really
+
+means sit at the same point.
+
+Whereas this big Df by Dt
+means, go along with the flow
+
+and look at the changes.
+
+Now, what we have established
+here is that for the density,
+
+the density has some
+special character because
+
+of this Liouville's theorem,
+that the streamlined derivative
+
+is 0.
+
+So what we have is
+that d rho by dt is 0.
+
+And this d rho by dt
+I can also write down
+
+as d rho by dt plus sum
+over all 6N directions, d
+
+rho by dp alpha.
+
+But then I substitute for
+p alpha dot from here.
+
+p dot is minus dH by dq.
+
+And then I add d
+rho by dq alpha.
+
+q alpha dot is dH by dp r.
+
+OK?
+
+So then I can take this
+combination with the minus sign
+
+to the other side and
+write it as d rho by dt
+
+is something that I will
+call the Poisson bracket of H
+
+and rho, where,
+quite generally, if I
+
+have two functions
+in phase space
+
+that is defending on B and
+q, this scalary derivative
+
+the Poisson bracket is
+defined as the sum over all 6N
+
+possible variation.
+
+The first one with respect to
+q, the second one with respect
+
+to p.
+
+And then the whole thing
+with the opposite sign.
+
+dA, dP, dB, dq.
+
+So this is the Poisson bracket.
+
+And again, from
+the definition, you
+
+should be able to
+see immediately
+
+that Poisson bracket
+of A and B is
+
+minus the Poisson
+bracket of B and A. OK?
+
+Again, we ask the question
+that in general, I
+
+can construct in principle
+a rho of p, q, let's say,
+
+for an equilibrium ensemble.
+
+But then I did something,
+like I removed a partition
+
+in the middle of the gas,
+and the gas is expanding.
+
+And then presumably, this
+becomes a function of time.
+
+And since I know exactly how
+each one of the particles,
+
+and hence each one
+of the micro states
+
+is evolving as a
+function of time,
+
+I should be able to tell how
+this density in phase space
+
+is changing.
+
+So this perspective is,
+again, this perspective
+
+of looking at all of these
+bees that are buzzing around
+
+in this 6N-dimensional space,
+and asking the question, if I
+
+look at the particular point in
+this 6N-dimensional space, what
+
+is the density of bees?
+
+And the answer is
+that it is given
+
+by the Poisson bracket
+of the Hamiltonian
+
+that governs the evolution
+of each micro state
+
+and the density function.
+
+All right.
+
+So what does it mean?
+
+What can we do with this?
+
+Let's play around with it and
+look at some consequences.
+
+But before that, does
+anybody have any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+We had something
+that I just erased.
+
+That is, if I have a
+function of p and q,
+
+let's say it's not
+a function of time.
+
+Let's say it's the kinetic
+energy for this system where,
+
+at t equals to 0, I
+remove the partition,
+
+and the particles are expanding.
+
+And let's say the other
+place you have a potential,
+
+so your kinetic energy on
+average is going to change.
+
+You want to know what's
+happening to that.
+
+So you calculate at
+each instant of time
+
+an ensemble average
+of the kinetic energy
+
+or any other quantity that
+is interesting to you.
+
+And your prescription for
+calculating an ensemble average
+
+is that you integrate against
+the density the function
+
+that you are
+proposing to look at.
+
+Now, in principle,
+we said that there
+
+could be situations where
+this is dependent on time,
+
+in which case, your average
+will also depend on time.
+
+And maybe you want to know how
+this time dependence occurs.
+
+How does the kinetic
+energy of a gas that
+
+is expanding into some
+potential change on average?
+
+OK.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+This is a function of
+time, because, as we said,
+
+these go inside the average.
+
+So really, the only explicit
+variable that we have here
+
+is time.
+
+And you can ask,
+what is the time
+
+dependence of this quantity?
+
+OK?
+
+So the time dependence is
+obtained by doing this,
+
+because essentially, you
+would be adding things
+
+at different points in p, q.
+
+And at each point, there
+is a time dependence.
+
+And you take the derivative
+in time with respect
+
+to the contribution
+of that point.
+
+So we get something like this.
+
+Now you say, OK, I know
+what d rho by dt is.
+
+So this is my integration
+over all of the phase space.
+
+d rho by dt is this Poisson
+bracket of H and rho.
+
+And then I have O. OK?
+
+Let's write this explicitly.
+
+This is an integral
+over a whole bunch
+
+of coordinates and momenta.
+
+There is, for the
+Poisson bracket,
+
+a sum over derivatives.
+
+So I have a sum over
+alpha-- dH by dq alpha,
+
+d rho by dp alpha minus dH by
+dp alpha, d rho by dq alpha.
+
+And that Poisson
+bracket in its entirety
+
+then gets multiplied by this
+function of phase space.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, one of the
+mathematical manipulations
+
+that we will do a
+lot in this class.
+
+And that's why I do this
+particular step, although it's
+
+not really necessary to
+the logical progression
+
+that I'm following,
+is to remind you
+
+how you would do an integration
+by parts when you're
+
+faced with something like this.
+
+An integration by
+parts is applicable
+
+when you have variables that you
+are integrating that are also
+
+appearing as derivatives.
+
+And whenever you are
+integrating Poisson brackets,
+
+you will have derivatives
+for the Poisson bracket.
+
+And the integration
+would allow you
+
+to use integration by parts.
+
+And in particular,
+what I would like to do
+
+is to remove the derivative
+that acts on the densities.
+
+So I'm going to
+essentially rewrite that as
+
+minus an integral
+that involves-- again.
+
+I don't want to keep
+rewriting that thing.
+
+I want to basically take
+the density out and then
+
+have the derivative, which is
+this d by dp in the first term
+
+and d by dq in the second
+term, act on everything else.
+
+So in the first case, d
+by dp alpha will act on O
+
+and dH by dq alpha.
+
+And in the second case, d
+by dq alpha will act on O
+
+and dH by dp alpha.
+
+Again, there is a sum over
+alpha that is implicit.
+
+OK?
+
+Again, there is a minus sign.
+
+So every time you do this
+procedure, there is this.
+
+But every time, you also have
+to worry about surface terms.
+
+So on the surface,
+you would potentially
+
+have to evaluate things that
+involve rho, O, and these d
+
+by d derivatives.
+
+But let's say we are
+integrating over momentum
+
+from minus infinity to infinity.
+
+Then the density evaluated at
+infinity momenta would be 0.
+
+So practicality, in all
+cases that I can think of,
+
+you don't have to worry
+about the boundary terms.
+
+So then when you look
+at these kinds of terms,
+
+this d by dp alpha
+can either act on O.
+
+So I will get dO by dp
+alpha, dH by dq alpha.
+
+Or it can act on dH by d alpha.
+
+So I will get plus O d2
+H, dp alpha dq alpha.
+
+And similarly, in
+this term, either I
+
+will have dO by dq alpha, dH by
+dp alpha, or O d2 H, dq alpha
+
+dp alpha.
+
+Once more, the second
+derivative terms
+
+of the Hamiltonian, the
+order is not important.
+
+And what is left
+here is this set
+
+of objects, which is none
+other than the Poisson bracket.
+
+So I can rewrite the whole thing
+as d by dt of the expectation
+
+value of this quantity,
+which potentially
+
+is a function of time
+because of the time
+
+dependence of my density
+is the same thing
+
+as minus an integration over
+the entire phase space of rho
+
+against this entity,
+which is none
+
+other than the Poisson
+bracket of H with O.
+
+And this integration over
+density of this entire space
+
+is just our definition
+of the expectation value.
+
+So we get that the time
+derivative of any quantity
+
+is related to the average
+of its Poisson bracket
+
+with the Hamiltonian, which
+is the quantity that is really
+
+governing time dependences.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could
+you explain again
+
+why the time derivative
+when N is the integral,
+
+it's rho as a
+partial derivative?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So suppose I'm doing a
+two-dimensional integral
+
+over p and q.
+
+So I have some contribution
+from each point in this p and q.
+
+And so my integral
+is an integral dpdq,
+
+something evaluated
+at each point in p,
+
+q that could potentially
+depend on time.
+
+Imagine that I discretize this.
+
+So I really-- if you
+are more comfortable,
+
+you can think of this
+as a limit of a sum.
+
+So this is my integral.
+
+If I'm interested in the time
+dependence of this quantity--
+
+and I really depends
+only on time,
+
+because I integrated
+over p and q.
+
+So if I'm interested
+in something
+
+that is a sum of
+various terms, each term
+
+is a function of time.
+
+Where do I put the
+time dependence?
+
+For each term in this sum, I
+look at how it depends on time.
+
+I don't care on its points
+to the left and to the right.
+
+OK?
+
+Because the big D by Dt involves
+moving with the streamline.
+
+I'm not doing any moving
+with the streamline.
+
+I'm looking at each point in
+this two-dimensional space.
+
+Each point gives a
+contribution at that point
+
+that is time-dependent.
+
+And I take the derivative with
+respect to time at that point.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Couldn't you say
+that you have function O
+
+as just some
+function of p and q,
+
+and its time derivative
+would be Poisson bracket?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And does the
+average of the time derivative
+
+would be the average
+of Poisson bracket,
+
+and you don't have to
+go through all the--
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+But you can see the
+sign doesn't work.
+
+AUDIENCE: How come?
+
+PROFESSOR: [LAUGHS]
+Because of all
+
+of these manipulations,
+et cetera.
+
+So the statement that you
+made is manifestly incorrect.
+
+You can't say that the time
+dependence of this thing
+
+is the-- whatever you
+were saying. [LAUGHS]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's see what you are saying.
+
+AUDIENCE: So
+Poisson bracket only
+
+counts for in place
+for averages, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So what do we have here?
+
+We have that dp by dt is the
+Poisson bracket of H and rho.
+
+OK?
+
+And we have that O is an
+integral of rho O. Now,
+
+from where do you conclude
+from this set of results
+
+that d O by dt is the
+average of a Poisson bracket
+
+that involves O
+and H, irrespective
+
+of what we do with the sign?
+
+AUDIENCE: Or if you look not
+at the average failure of O
+
+but at the value of O
+and point, and take-- I
+
+guess it would be
+streamline derivative of it.
+
+So that's assuming that you're
+just like assigning value of O
+
+to each point, and making
+power changes with time
+
+as this point moves
+across the phase space.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+But you still have to do some
+bit of derivatives, et cetera,
+
+because--
+
+AUDIENCE: But if you know
+that the volume of the
+
+in phase space is
+conserved, then we basically
+
+don't care much
+that the function
+
+O is any much different
+from probability density.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+If I understand correctly,
+this is what you are saying.
+
+Is that for each
+representative point,
+
+I have an O alpha, which
+is a function of time.
+
+And then you want to say
+that the average of O
+
+is the same thing as the sum
+over alpha of O alpha of t's
+
+divided by N,
+something like this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Eh.
+
+Uh, I want to first calculate
+what does time derivative of O?
+
+O remains in a function
+of time and q and p.
+
+So I can calculate--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So this O alpha is a function of
+
+AUDIENCE: So if I said--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+OK.
+
+Fine.
+
+AUDIENCE: O is a function
+of q and p and t,
+
+and I take a streamline
+derivative of it.
+
+So filter it with respect to t.
+
+And then I average that
+thing over phase space.
+
+And then I should get
+the same version--
+
+PROFESSOR: You should.
+
+AUDIENCE: --perfectly.
+
+But--
+
+PROFESSOR: Very quickly,
+I don't think so.
+
+Because you are already
+explaining things a bit
+
+longer than I think I went
+through my derivation.
+
+But that's fine. [LAUGHS]
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any special--
+
+PROFESSOR: But I
+agree in spirit, yes.
+
+That each one of these will
+go along its streamline,
+
+and you can calculate the
+change for each one of them.
+
+And then you have to do an
+average of this variety.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] when
+you talk about time derivative
+
+of probability density, it's
+Poisson bracket of H and rho.
+
+But when you talk about
+time derivative of average,
+
+you have to add the minus sign.
+
+PROFESSOR: And if you
+do this correctly here,
+
+you should get the same result.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, along
+that line, though,
+
+are you using the fact
+that phase space volume is
+
+incompressible to then
+argue that the total time
+
+derivative of the
+ensemble average
+
+is the same as the ensemble
+average of the total time
+
+derivative of O, or not?
+
+PROFESSOR: Could
+you repeat that?
+
+Mathematically,
+you want me to show
+
+that the time derivative
+of what quantity?
+
+AUDIENCE: Of the average of O.
+
+PROFESSOR: Of the
+average of O. Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it in any
+way related to the average
+
+of dO over dt?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's not.
+
+Because O-- I mean, so
+what do you mean by that?
+
+You have to be careful, because
+the way that I'm defining this
+
+here, O is a
+function of p and q.
+
+And what you want to do
+is to write something
+
+that is a sum over all
+representative points, divided
+
+by the total number, some
+kind of an average like this.
+
+And then I can define
+a time derivative here.
+
+Is that what you are--
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I
+mean, I was thinking
+
+that even if you start out with
+your observable being defined
+
+for every point in phase
+space, then if you were to,
+
+before doing any
+ensemble averaging,
+
+if you were to take the total
+time derivative of that,
+
+then you would be accounted for
+p dot and q dot as well, right?
+
+And then if you were
+to take the ensemble
+
+average of that
+quantity, could you
+
+arrive at the same
+result for that?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm pretty sure that
+if you do things consistently,
+
+yes.
+
+That is, what we have
+done is essentially
+
+we started with a collection
+of trajectories in phase space
+
+and recast the result in
+terms of density and variables
+
+that are defined only as
+positions in phase space.
+
+The two descriptions
+completely are equivalent.
+
+And as long as one
+doesn't make a mistake,
+
+one can get one or the other.
+
+This is actually a kind
+of a well-known thing
+
+in hydrodynamics, because
+typically, you write down,
+
+in hydrodynamics, equations
+for density and velocity
+
+at each point in phase space.
+
+But there is an
+alternative description
+
+which we can say that there's
+essentially particles that are
+
+flowing.
+
+And particle that was
+here at this location
+
+is now somewhere else
+at some later time.
+
+And people have tried hard.
+
+And there is a
+consistent definition
+
+of hydrodynamics that follows
+the second perspective.
+
+But I haven't seen it
+as being practical.
+
+So I'm sure that everything
+that you guys say is correct.
+
+But from the experience of
+what I know in hydrodynamics,
+
+I think this is the more
+practical description
+
+that people have been using.
+
+OK?
+
+So where were we?
+
+OK.
+
+So back to our buzzing bees.
+
+We now have a way
+of looking at how
+
+densities and various quantities
+that you can calculate,
+
+like ensemble averages, are
+changing as a function of time.
+
+But the question
+that I had before
+
+is, what about equilibrium?
+
+Because the thermodynamic
+definition of equilibrium,
+
+and my whole ensemble idea,
+was that essentially, I
+
+have all of these
+boxes and pressure,
+
+volume, everything
+that I can think of,
+
+as long as I'm not
+doing something that's
+
+like opening the box, is
+perfectly independent of time.
+
+So how can I ensure that
+various things that I calculate
+
+are independent of time?
+
+Clearly, I can do that by having
+this density not really depend
+
+on time.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, of course, each
+representative point
+
+is moving around.
+
+Each micro state
+is moving around.
+
+Each bee is moving around.
+
+But I want the density that is
+characteristic of equilibrium
+
+be something that does
+not change in time.
+
+It's 0.
+
+And so if I posit that this
+particular function of p and q
+
+is something that is not
+changing as a function of time,
+
+I have to require that
+the Poisson bracket
+
+of that function of p and
+q with the Hamiltonian,
+
+which is another function
+of p and q, is 0.
+
+OK?
+
+So in principle,
+I have to go back
+
+to this equation over here,
+which is a partial differential
+
+equation in 6N-dimensional
+space and solve with equal to 0.
+
+Of course, rather than doing
+that, we will guess the answer.
+
+And the guess is clear from
+here, because all I need to do
+
+is to make rho equilibrium
+depend on coordinates in phase
+
+space through some functional
+dependence on Hamiltonian,
+
+which depends on the
+coordinates in phase space.
+
+OK?
+
+Why does this work?
+
+Because then when I take the
+Poisson bracket of, let's
+
+say, this function of H with
+H, what do I have to do?
+
+I have to do a sum over
+alpha d rho with respect
+
+to, let's say-- actually,
+let's write it in this way.
+
+I will have the dH by
+dp alpha from here.
+
+I have to multiply
+by d rho by dq alpha.
+
+But rho is a function
+of only H. So I
+
+have to take a derivative of rho
+with respect to its argument H.
+
+And I'll call that rho prime.
+
+And then the derivative
+of the argument,
+
+which is H, with
+respect to q alpha.
+
+That would be the first term.
+
+The next term would be, with
+the minus sign, from the H here,
+
+dH by dq alpha, the derivative
+of rho with respect to p alpha.
+
+But rho only depends on H, so I
+will get the derivative of rho
+
+with respect to
+its one argument.
+
+The derivative of that argument
+with respect to p alpha.
+
+OK?
+
+So you can see that up to
+the order of the terms that
+
+are multiplying here, this is 0.
+
+OK?
+
+So any function I choose of H,
+in principle, satisfies this.
+
+And this is what we
+will use consistently
+
+all the time in
+statistical mechanics,
+
+in depending on the
+ensemble that we have.
+
+Like you probably
+know that when we
+
+are in the micro
+canonical ensemble,
+
+we look at-- in the
+micro canonical ensemble,
+
+we'd say what the energy is.
+
+And then we say
+that the density is
+
+a delta function--
+essentially zero.
+
+Except places, it's
+the surface that
+
+corresponds to having
+the right energy.
+
+So you sort of
+construct in phase space
+
+the surface that has
+the right energy.
+
+So it's a function
+of these four.
+
+So this is the micro canonical.
+
+When you are in the
+canonical, I use
+
+a rho this is proportional
+to e to the minus beta H
+
+and other functional features.
+
+So it's, again, the same idea.
+
+OK?
+
+That's almost but
+not entirely true,
+
+because sometimes there are
+also other conserved quantities.
+
+Let's say that, for example, we
+have a collection of particles
+
+in space in a cavity that
+has the shape of a sphere.
+
+Because of the symmetry
+of the problem,
+
+angular momentum is going
+to be a conserved quantity.
+
+Angular momentum
+you can also write
+
+as some complicated
+function of p and q.
+
+For example, p cross q summed
+over all of the particles.
+
+But it could be some
+other conserved quantity.
+
+So what does this
+conservation law mean?
+
+It means that if you
+evaluate L for some time,
+
+it is going to be the
+same L for the coordinates
+
+and momenta at some other time.
+
+Or in other words,
+dL by dt, which
+
+you obtained by summing
+over all coordinates dL
+
+by dp alpha, p alpha dot, plus
+dL by dq alpha q alpha dot.
+
+Essentially, taking
+time derivatives
+
+of all of the arguments.
+
+And I did not put any
+explicit time dependence here.
+
+And this is again sum
+over alpha dL by dp alpha.
+
+p alpha dot is minus
+dH by dq alpha.
+
+And dL by dq alpha, q alpha
+dot is dH by dp alpha.
+
+So you are seeing that
+this is the same thing
+
+as the Poisson
+bracket of L and H.
+
+So essentially, conserved
+quantities which
+
+are essentially functions
+of coordinates and momenta
+
+that you calculate that don't
+change as a function of time
+
+are also quantities
+that have zero Poisson
+
+brackets with the Hamiltonian.
+
+So if I have a
+conserved quantity,
+
+then I have a more
+general solution.
+
+To my d rho by dt
+equals to 0 requirement.
+
+I could make a rho
+equilibrium which
+
+is a function of H of p and q,
+as well as, say, L of p and q.
+
+And when you go through the
+Poisson bracket process,
+
+you will either be
+taking derivatives
+
+with respect to the
+first argument here.
+
+So you would get rho prime with
+respect to the first argument.
+
+And then you would get the
+Poisson bracket of H and H.
+
+Or you would be getting
+derivatives with respect
+
+to the second argument.
+
+And then you would be getting
+the Poisson bracket of L and H.
+
+And both of them are 0.
+
+By definition, L is
+a conserved quantity.
+
+So any solution that's a
+function of Hamiltonian,
+
+the energy of the
+system is conserved
+
+as a function of
+time, as well as
+
+any other conserved quantities,
+such as angular momentum,
+
+et cetera, is certainly
+a valid thing.
+
+So indeed, when I drew here, in
+the micro canonical ensemble,
+
+a surface that corresponds
+to a constant energy,
+
+well, if I am in a
+spherical cavity,
+
+only part of that
+surface that corresponds
+
+to the right angular momentum
+is going to be accessible.
+
+So essentially, what I know
+is that if I have conserved
+
+quantities, my trajectories
+will explore the subspace
+
+that is consistent with
+those conservation laws.
+
+And this statement here is that
+ultimately, those spaces that
+
+correspond to the
+appropriate conservation law
+
+are equally populated.
+
+Rho is constant around.
+
+So in some sense, we started
+with the definition of rho
+
+by putting these points
+around and calculating
+
+probability that way, which
+was my objective definition
+
+of probability.
+
+And through this
+Liouville theorem,
+
+we have arrived
+at something that
+
+is more consistent with
+the subjective assignment
+
+of probability.
+
+That is, the only
+thing that I know,
+
+forgetting about
+the dynamics, is
+
+that there are some
+conserved quantities,
+
+such as H, angular
+momentum, et cetera.
+
+And I say that any point in
+phase space that does not
+
+violate those constants in this,
+say, micro canonical ensemble
+
+would be equally populated.
+
+There was a question somewhere.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So I almost feel like
+the statement that the rho has
+
+to not change in time is too
+strong, because if you go over
+
+to the equation that
+says the rate of change
+
+is observable is equal
+to the integral that
+
+was with a Poisson
+bracket of rho and H, then
+
+it means that for
+any observable,
+
+it's constant in time, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So rho of q means
+any observable we can think of,
+
+its function of p
+and q is constant?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Yep.
+
+Because-- and that's
+the best thing that we
+
+can think of in terms
+of-- because if there
+
+is some observable that
+is time-dependent--
+
+let's say 99 observables
+are time-independent,
+
+but one is time-dependent,
+and you can measure that,
+
+would you say your
+system is in equilibrium?
+
+Probably not.
+
+OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: It seemed
+like the same method
+
+that you did to show that
+the density is a function of
+
+[INAUDIBLE], or
+[INAUDIBLE] that it's
+
+the function of any observable
+that's a function of q.
+
+Right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Observables?
+
+No.
+
+I mean, here, if
+this answer is 0,
+
+it states something about
+this quantity averaged.
+
+So if this quantity does not
+change as a function of time,
+
+it is not a statement
+that H and 0 is 0.
+
+A statement that H and O is 0
+is different from its ensemble
+
+average being 0.
+
+What you can show-- and I think
+I have a problem set for that--
+
+is that if this statement
+is correct for every O
+
+that the average
+is 0, then your rho
+
+has to satisfy
+this theorem equals
+
+to-- Poisson bracket of
+rho and H is equal to 0.
+
+OK.
+
+So now the big question
+is the following.
+
+We arrived that the way of
+thinking about equilibrium
+
+in a system of
+particles and things
+
+that are this many-to-one
+mapping, et cetera, in terms
+
+of the densities-- we arrived
+that the definition of what
+
+the density is going
+to be in equilibrium.
+
+But the thermodynamic statement
+is much, much more severe.
+
+The statement, again,
+is that if I have a box
+
+and I open the door
+of the box, the gas
+
+expands to fill the empty space
+or the other part of the box.
+
+And it will do so all the time.
+
+Yet the equations of motion
+that we have over here
+
+are time reversal invariant.
+
+And we did not manage
+to remove that.
+
+We can show that this
+Liouville equation, et cetera,
+
+is also time reversal invariant.
+
+So for every case,
+if you succeed
+
+to show that there is a density
+that is in half of the box
+
+and it expands to
+fill the entire box,
+
+there will be a density that
+presumably goes the other way.
+
+Because that will be also a
+solution of this equation.
+
+So when we sort of go back
+from the statement of what
+
+is the equilibrium
+solution and ask,
+
+do I know that I will eventually
+reach this equilibrium
+
+solution as a function of
+time, we have not shown that.
+
+And we will attempt
+to do so next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9Q1q7s1jTzU.txt b/9Q1q7s1jTzU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad2e29fae801f1409e373fce96ca825f15e52001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9Q1q7s1jTzU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6808 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when the camera says we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when the camera says we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when the camera says we'll start
+you want to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to give me a
+signal okay this is lecture eight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay this is lecture eight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay this is lecture eight in
+linear algebra and this is the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and this is the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and this is the lecture
+where we completely solve linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we completely solve linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we completely solve linear
+equations so ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so ax equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so ax equal
+B that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's our
+goal if it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal if it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal if it has a
+solution it certainly can happen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it certainly can happen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it certainly can happen that
+there is no solution we have to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no solution we have to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no solution we have to identify
+that possibility by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibility by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possibility by
+elimination and then if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and then if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and then if there is a
+solution we want to find out is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we want to find out is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we want to find out is there
+only one solution or are is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one solution or are is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one solution or are is there a
+whole family of solutions and then find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family of solutions and then find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family of solutions and then find
+them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all
+okay can I use as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I use as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I use as an
+example the same Matrix that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the same Matrix that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the same Matrix that I
+had last time when we were looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time when we were looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had last time when we were looking for
+the null space so so th the Matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space so so th the Matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space so so th the Matrix has
+rows one two two 2 2 4 6 8 and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows one two two 2 2 4 6 8 and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows one two two 2 2 4 6 8 and the third
+row you remember the main point was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row you remember the main point was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row you remember the main point was the
+third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row
+368 10 is the sum of Row one plus row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+368 10 is the sum of Row one plus row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+368 10 is the sum of Row one plus row
+two in other words if I add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in other words if I add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in other words if I add those
+leftand sides I get the third leftand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftand sides I get the third leftand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftand sides I get the third leftand
+side so you can tell me right away what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so you can tell me right away what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so you can tell me right away what
+elimination is going to discover about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is going to discover about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination is going to discover about
+the right hand sides what's there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition on B1 B2 and B3 for the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on B1 B2 and B3 for the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on B1 B2 and B3 for the system
+to have a solution most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a solution most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a solution most
+cases if I took these numbers to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if I took these numbers to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if I took these numbers to be 1
+five and 17 there would not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and 17 there would not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and 17 there would not be a
+solution in fact if I took those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact if I took those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact if I took those first
+numbers to be one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be one and
+five what is the only B3 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five what is the only B3 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five what is the only B3 that would be
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+six if the left hand if if these leftand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six if the left hand if if these leftand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six if the left hand if if these leftand
+sides add up to that then B I need B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides add up to that then B I need B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides add up to that then B I need B1
+plus B2 to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B2 to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B2 to equal
+B3 let's let's just see how elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 let's let's just see how elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 let's let's just see how elimination
+discovers that but but we can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers that but but we can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers that but but we can see it
+coming right uh that that if if let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming right uh that that if if let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming right uh that that if if let me
+say it in other words if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it in other words if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it in other words if some
+combination on the left hand side gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination on the left hand side gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination on the left hand side gives
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+zeros then the same combination on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros then the same combination on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros then the same combination on the
+right hand side must give zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side must give zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side must give zero okay so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+uh let me take that example and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me take that example and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me take that example and write
+down instead of copying out all the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down instead of copying out all the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down instead of copying out all the plus
+signs let me write down the Matrix 1 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs let me write down the Matrix 1 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs let me write down the Matrix 1 2 2
+2 2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 4
+68 and that 63 810 were the third row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 and that 63 810 were the third row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 and that 63 810 were the third row is
+the sum of the first two rows now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the first two rows now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the first two rows now how do
+we deal with the right hand side that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with the right hand side that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with the right hand side that's
+we we want to do the same thing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we want to do the same thing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we want to do the same thing to the
+right hand side that we're doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side that we're doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side that we're doing to
+these rows on the left side so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows on the left side so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows on the left side so we just
+tack on the right hand side as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tack on the right hand side as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tack on the right hand side as another
+Vector another column so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+it's the Matrix a with the vector B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Matrix a with the vector B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Matrix a with the vector B
+tacked on in mat lab that's all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacked on in mat lab that's all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacked on in mat lab that's all you
+would need to type okay so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to type okay so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to type okay so we do
+elimination on that can we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that can we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that can we just do
+elimination quickly the first pivot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination quickly the first pivot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination quickly the first pivot is
+fine I subtract two of this away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I subtract two of this away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine I subtract two of this away from
+this three of this away from this so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three of this away from this so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this three of this away from this so I
+have one 2 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one 2 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one 2 2 2
+B1 two of those away will give me 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 two of those away will give me 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 two of those away will give me 0
+0 2 and four 4 and that was B2 minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 2 and four 4 and that was B2 minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 2 and four 4 and that was B2 minus 2
+B1 I I have to do the same thing to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 I I have to do the same thing to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 I I have to do the same thing to that
+third that last column and then three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third that last column and then three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third that last column and then three of
+these away from this Gave Me 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these away from this Gave Me 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these away from this Gave Me 0 0
+24 B3 minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 B3 minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 B3 minus 3
+b1s so that's the that's elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1s so that's the that's elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1s so that's the that's elimination
+with the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the First
+Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column
+completed we move on there's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed we move on there's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed we move on there's the first
+pivot still here's here's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot still here's here's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot still here's here's the second
+pivot we're always remembering now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot we're always remembering now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot we're always remembering now these
+are then going to be the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and let
+me get the final result well let me can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get the final result well let me can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get the final result well let me can
+I can I uh do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eraser we're capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser we're capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eraser we're capable of
+subtracting this Row from this row just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this Row from this row just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this Row from this row just
+by that'll knock this out completely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that'll knock this out completely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that'll knock this out completely and
+give me the row of zeros and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the row of zeros and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the row of zeros and on the
+right hand side when I subtract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side when I subtract this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side when I subtract this
+away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+this what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have I think I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I think I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I think I have
+B3 minus a B2 and I had minus three b1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 minus a B2 and I had minus three b1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 minus a B2 and I had minus three b1s
+this is going to it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to it's going to be a
+minus a B1 oh yeah that's exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a B1 oh yeah that's exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a B1 oh yeah that's exactly what I
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+so now what's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's the last
+equation the last equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the last equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the last equation this
+represented by this zero row that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this zero row that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this zero row that last
+equation is says 0 equals B3 - B2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is says 0 equals B3 - B2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is says 0 equals B3 - B2 -
+B1 so that's the condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 so that's the condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 so that's the condition for
+solvability that's the condition on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability that's the condition on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability that's the condition on the
+right hand side that we expected it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side that we expected it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side that we expected it says
+that B1 plus B2 has to match B3 and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B1 plus B2 has to match B3 and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B1 plus B2 has to match B3 and if
+our numbers happen to have been 15 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our numbers happen to have been 15 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our numbers happen to have been 15 and
+six so let me take suppose B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so let me take suppose B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so let me take suppose B is
+156 that's an okay B and when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+156 that's an okay B and when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+156 that's an okay B and when I do this
+elimination what will I have the B1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination what will I have the B1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination what will I have the B1 will
+still be a one B2 would be 5 - 2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a one B2 would be 5 - 2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a one B2 would be 5 - 2 this
+would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a
+three five 6 - 5 - one this will be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five 6 - 5 - one this will be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five 6 - 5 - one this will be this
+is the main point this will be a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the main point this will be a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the main point this will be a zero
+thanks okay so the last equation is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and I can proceed to solve the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I can proceed to solve the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I can proceed to solve the two
+equations that are really there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are really there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are really there with
+four unknowns okay I I I want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four unknowns okay I I I want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four unknowns okay I I I want to do that
+so this this B is okay it allows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this B is okay it allows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this B is okay it allows a
+solution we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we're going to
+be naturally interested to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be naturally interested to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be naturally interested to keep track
+what are the conditions on B that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the conditions on B that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the conditions on B that that
+uh are that that make the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are that that make the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are that that make the equation
+solvable so let me put it let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable so let me put it let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable so let me put it let let me
+write down what we already see before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what we already see before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what we already see before I
+continue to solve it let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to solve it let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to solve it let me first
+solvability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solvability so which so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability so which so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability so which so this is the
+condition on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on the right hand
+sides and what is that condition this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and what is that condition this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and what is that condition this is
+solvability always of ax equal B so axal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability always of ax equal B so axal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability always of ax equal B so axal
+B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is
+solvable well actually we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable well actually we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable well actually we had an
+answer in the language of the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in the language of the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in the language of the column
+space can you remind me what that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space can you remind me what that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space can you remind me what that answer
+is that that was like our answer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that was like our answer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that was like our answer from
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+lecture B had to be in the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture B had to be in the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture B had to be in the column space
+solvable if when exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable if when exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable if when exactly
+when B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when B is
+in the column space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a right that just says that B has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right that just says that B has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right that just says that B has to be
+a combination of the columns and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the columns and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the columns and of
+course that's exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's exactly what the
+equation is looking for so that that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is looking for so that that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is looking for so that that now
+I want to answer it the same answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to answer it the same answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to answer it the same answer but
+in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+another way to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to answer
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+if if some if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if some if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if some if a
+combination of the rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gives
+the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+if a and this was an example where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a and this was an example where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a and this was an example where it
+happened some combination of the rows of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened some combination of the rows of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened some combination of the rows of
+a produced the zero row then what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a produced the zero row then what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a produced the zero row then what's the
+requirement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on
+B that's since we're going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's since we're going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's since we're going to do the
+same thing to both sides of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to both sides of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to both sides of all
+equations the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the same
+combination of the components of B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the components of B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the components of B has
+to give zero right that's so if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give zero right that's so if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give zero right that's so if there's
+a combination of the rows that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the rows that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the rows that gives the
+zero row then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero row then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero row then the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+combination of the entries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B must give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and this isn't the zero row that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this isn't the zero row that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this isn't the zero row that's
+the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero
+number okay that this is another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay that this is another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay that this is another way of
+saying and it's it's not immediate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and it's it's not immediate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and it's it's not immediate right
+that these two statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two statements
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+equivalent but somehow they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but somehow they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but somehow they must be
+because they're both equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're both equivalent to the
+solvability of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability of the system
+Okay so we've got this this sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got this this sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got this this sort of like
+question zero is does the system have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question zero is does the system have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question zero is does the system have a
+solution okay I'll come back to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay I'll come back to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay I'll come back to discuss
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+further let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further let's go
+forward when it does when there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward when it does when there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward when it does when there is a
+solution and so what's our job now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and so what's our job now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and so what's our job now
+abstractly we sit back and we say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly we sit back and we say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly we sit back and we say okay
+there's a solution finished it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution finished it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution finished it exists
+but we want to construct it so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to construct it so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to construct it so what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+algorithm the the the sequence of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the the the sequence of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the the the sequence of steps
+to find the solution that's what I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the solution that's what I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the solution that's what I and
+and of course the quiz and the final I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the quiz and the final I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the quiz and the final I'm
+going to give you a system ax equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a system ax equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a system ax equal B
+and I'm going to ask you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to ask you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to ask you for the
+solution if there is one and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if there is one and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if there is one and so it's
+this algorithm that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm that you want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+see so what's the so now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so what's the so now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so what's the so now to
+find the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to axal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to axal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to axal
+B okay let me start by finding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay let me start by finding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay let me start by finding one
+solution one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one particular
+solution I'm expecting that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'm expecting that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'm expecting that I can
+because my system of equations now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my system of equations now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my system of equations now that
+last equation is 0 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last equation is 0 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last equation is 0 equals
+z so that's all fine I really have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so that's all fine I really have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so that's all fine I really have two
+equations actually I've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations actually I've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations actually I've got four
+unknowns so I'm expecting to find not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns so I'm expecting to find not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns so I'm expecting to find not
+only a solution but a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a solution but a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a solution but a whole bunch of
+them but let's just find one so step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but let's just find one so step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but let's just find one so step
+one a particular solution X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular how do I find one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular how do I find one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular how do I find one particular
+solution well let me tell you how how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well let me tell you how how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well let me tell you how how I
+how I find it there so this is since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I find it there so this is since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I find it there so this is since
+since there are lots of solutions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are lots of solutions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are lots of solutions you
+could have your own way to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have your own way to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have your own way to find a
+particular one but this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one but this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one but this is a pretty
+Natural Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Way
+set all free varibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero since those free variables are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero since those free variables are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero since those free variables are the
+guys that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that can be
+anything the most convenient choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the most convenient choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the most convenient choice is
+zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve axal B for the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so what does that mean in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what does that mean in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what does that mean in this
+example which are the free variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which are the free variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which are the free variables
+which which are the variables that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are the variables that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are the variables that we
+can assign freely and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assign freely and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assign freely and then and then
+there's one and only one way to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one and only one way to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one and only one way to find the
+pivot variables they're X2 and so X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot variables they're X2 and so X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot variables they're X2 and so X2 is
+zero because that's in a column without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that's in a column without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that's in a column without
+a pivot the second column has no pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot the second column has no pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot the second column has no pivot
+and the what's the other one the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what's the other one the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what's the other one the fourth
+X4 is zero because that's those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 is zero because that's those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 is zero because that's those are the
+the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free
+ones those are in the columns with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones those are in the columns with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones those are in the columns with no
+pivots so do you see what my so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so do you see what my so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots so do you see what my so when I
+knock when X2 and X4 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock when X2 and X4 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock when X2 and X4 are
+zero I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm left with
+the what am I left with here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what am I left with here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what am I left with here I'm just
+left with see now I'm not using the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with see now I'm not using the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with see now I'm not using the two
+free columns I'm only using the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free columns I'm only using the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free columns I'm only using the pivot
+columns so I'm really left with X1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so I'm really left with X1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so I'm really left with X1 the
+first equation is just X1 and 2 x3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation is just X1 and 2 x3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation is just X1 and 2 x3s
+should be the right hand side which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the right hand side which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the right hand side which we
+picked to be a one and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked to be a one and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked to be a one and the second
+equation is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is 2
+x3s as it happened turned out to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3s as it happened turned out to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3s as it happened turned out to be uh
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I just write it again here with the X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just write it again here with the X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just write it again here with the X2
+and the X4 knocked out since we set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X4 knocked out since we set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X4 knocked out since we set them
+to zero and you see that we we're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and you see that we we're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and you see that we we're back
+in the normal case of having back we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the normal case of having back we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the normal case of having back we're
+back substitution will do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back substitution will do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back substitution will do it so
+X3 is three halves and then we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 is three halves and then we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 is three halves and then we go back
+up and X1 is 1 - 2x3 that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and X1 is 1 - 2x3 that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and X1 is 1 - 2x3 that's probably
+min-2 good so now we have the solution X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 good so now we have the solution X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 good so now we have the solution X
+particular is the vector minus 2 0 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is the vector minus 2 0 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is the vector minus 2 0 three
+Hales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales
+zero okay good that's one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay good that's one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay good that's one particular
+solution and we should and could plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we should and could plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we should and could plug it
+into the original system really if on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the original system really if on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the original system really if on
+the quiz please it's a good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz please it's a good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz please it's a good thing to do
+just so we did all this these row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we did all this these row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so we did all this these row
+operations but this is supposed to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but this is supposed to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but this is supposed to solve
+the original system and I think it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original system and I think it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original system and I think it does
+okay so that's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's X
+particular which we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which we've got
+so that's like what's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like what's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like what's new
+today the particular solution comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the particular solution comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the particular solution comes
+first you check that you have 0 equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you check that you have 0 equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you check that you have 0 equals z
+so you're okay on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're okay on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're okay on the last
+equations and then you set the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and then you set the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and then you set the free
+variables to zero solve for the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to zero solve for the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to zero solve for the pivot
+variables and you've got a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you've got a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you've got a particular
+solution the particular solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the particular solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the particular solution that
+has zero free variables okay now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero free variables okay now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero free variables okay now but
+that's only one solution and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only one solution and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only one solution and now I'm
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+all so how do I find the rest the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so how do I find the rest the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so how do I find the rest the point
+is I can add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can add on
+two add on X anything out of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two add on X anything out of the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two add on X anything out of the null
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know how to find the vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to find the vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to find the vectors in the
+null space because we did it last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space because we did it last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space because we did it last time
+but I'll REM remind you what we got and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll REM remind you what we got and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll REM remind you what we got and
+then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add so the final result will be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add so the final result will be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add so the final result will be that the
+complete solution this is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution this is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution this is now the
+complete guy the complete solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete guy the complete solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete guy the complete solution is
+this one particular solution Plus any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one particular solution Plus any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one particular solution Plus any
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+Vector all different vectors out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector all different vectors out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector all different vectors out of the
+null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null
+space xn okay why why this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space xn okay why why this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space xn okay why why this pattern
+because this pattern shows up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this pattern shows up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this pattern shows up through
+all of mathematics because it shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of mathematics because it shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of mathematics because it shows up
+everywhere we have linear equations let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere we have linear equations let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere we have linear equations let
+me just put here the the reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just put here the the reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just put here the the reasoning
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+XP so that's X particular so what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP so that's X particular so what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP so that's X particular so what does a
+x particular give that gives the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x particular give that gives the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x particular give that gives the correct
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+B and what does a times an X in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what does a times an X in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and what does a times an X in the null
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+give zero so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give zero so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give zero so I
+add and I put in parentheses so XP +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and I put in parentheses so XP +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add and I put in parentheses so XP +
+xn is B+ 0 which is B so oh what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is B+ 0 which is B so oh what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is B+ 0 which is B so oh what am I
+saying let me just say it in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying let me just say it in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying let me just say it in words
+if I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have one
+solution one solution I can add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one solution I can add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution one solution I can add on
+anything in the null space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the null space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the null space because
+anything in the null space has a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the null space has a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the null space has a zero
+right hand side and and I still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and and I still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and and I still have the
+correct right hand side B so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct right hand side B so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct right hand side B so that's my
+system that's my complete solution now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's my complete solution now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's my complete solution now
+let me write out what that will be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write out what that will be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write out what that will be for
+this example so so this example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so so this example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so so this example in this
+example expert X General X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example expert X General X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example expert X General X
+complete the complete solution is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the complete solution is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the complete solution is X
+particular which is -2 0 32 0 with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which is -2 0 32 0 with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which is -2 0 32 0 with those
+zeros in the free variable plus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in the free variable plus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in the free variable plus you
+remember there were the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there were the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there were the special
+Solutions in the null space that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in the null space that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in the null space that had a
+one in the free variables or or one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the free variables or or one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the free variables or or one and
+zero in the free variables and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the free variables and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the free variables and then we
+filled in to find the others I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in to find the others I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in to find the others I've
+forgotten what they were but maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what they were but maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what they were but maybe it
+was that that was a special solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that was a special solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that that was a special solution and
+then there was another special solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was another special solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was another special solution
+that had that free variable zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had that free variable zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had that free variable zero and
+this free variable equal one and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free variable equal one and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this free variable equal one and I have
+to fill those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill those
+in let's see can I remember how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in let's see can I remember how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in let's see can I remember how those
+fill in maybe this was a minus two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in maybe this was a minus two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in maybe this was a minus two and
+this was a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a two
+possibly I think probably that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly I think probably that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly I think probably that's
+right I'm not yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to H does that look right to you I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H does that look right to you I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H does that look right to you I would
+have to remember what are my equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember what are my equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember what are my equations
+can can I rather than go way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can I rather than go way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can I rather than go way back to
+that board let me remember the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board let me remember the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board let me remember the first
+equation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was
+2x3 + 2x4 equaling zero now because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 + 2x4 equaling zero now because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 + 2x4 equaling zero now because I'm
+looking for the guys in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the guys in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the guys in the null space
+so I said X4 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said X4 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said X4 to be
+one and the second equation that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the second equation that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the second equation that I
+didn't copy again gave me minus two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't copy again gave me minus two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't copy again gave me minus two for
+this and then yeah so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then yeah so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then yeah so I think that's
+right 2 - 4 and two gives zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 2 - 4 and two gives zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 2 - 4 and two gives zero
+check okay those were the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay those were the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay those were the special
+Solutions what do we do to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what do we do to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions what do we do to get the
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution how do I get the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how do I get the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how do I get the complete
+solution now I multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now I multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now I multiply this by
+anything C1 say and I multiply this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything C1 say and I multiply this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything C1 say and I multiply this by
+anything I take any combination remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I take any combination remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I take any combination remember
+that's how we described the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we described the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we described the null space
+the null space consists of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space consists of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space consists of all
+combinations of so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of so this is
+xn all combinations of the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn all combinations of the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn all combinations of the special
+Solutions there were two special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions there were two special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions there were two special
+Solutions because there were two free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions because there were two free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions because there were two free
+variables and we want to make that count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we want to make that count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we want to make that count
+uh com carefully now but just while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh com carefully now but just while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh com carefully now but just while I'm
+up here so there's that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so there's that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here so there's that's what the
+that's the kind of answer I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of answer I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of answer I'm looking
+for is there a constant multiplying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is there a constant multiplying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is there a constant multiplying this
+guy is there a free constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is there a free constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is there a free constant that
+multiplies X particular no way right X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X particular no way right X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X particular no way right X
+particular solves a XP equal B I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solves a XP equal B I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solves a XP equal B I'm not
+allowed to multiply that by three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to multiply that by three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to multiply that by three but
+AXN I'm allowed to multiply xn by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AXN I'm allowed to multiply xn by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AXN I'm allowed to multiply xn by three
+or add to another xn because I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add to another xn because I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add to another xn because I keep
+getting zero on the right okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zero on the right okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting zero on the right okay so so
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+XP is one particular guy xn is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP is one particular guy xn is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP is one particular guy xn is a whole
+Subspace right it's one guy plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace right it's one guy plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace right it's one guy plus plus
+anything from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from a
+Subspace let me draw it let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace let me draw it let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace let me draw it let me let me
+try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+oh I want to draw I want to graph all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I want to draw I want to graph all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I want to draw I want to graph all
+this graph I want to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph I want to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph I want to I want to
+plot all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot all
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+now X so what dimension am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X so what dimension am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now X so what dimension am I
+in this is an unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is an unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is an unfortunate
+Point how many components does X have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point how many components does X have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point how many components does X have
+four there are four unknown so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there are four unknown so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there are four unknown so I have to
+draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a
+four-dimensional picture on this MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional picture on this MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional picture on this MIT
+cheap Blackboard okay so uh here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap Blackboard okay so uh here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap Blackboard okay so uh here we go
+X1 uh Einstein could do it but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh Einstein could do it but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh Einstein could do it but uh this
+this is th those are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is th those are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is th those are are
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+axes in representing four-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes in representing four-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes in representing four-dimensional
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+okay where are my Solutions do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where are my Solutions do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where are my Solutions do my
+solutions form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions form a
+Subspace do does the set of solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace do does the set of solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace do does the set of solutions to
+ax equal B form a Subspace no way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B form a Subspace no way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equal B form a Subspace no way what
+does it actually look like though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it actually look like though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it actually look like though there
+a Subspace is in this picture this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Subspace is in this picture this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Subspace is in this picture this part
+is a Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Subspace
+right that part is some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that part is some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that part is some like
+two-dimensional because I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional because I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional because I've got two
+parameters so it's I'm thinking of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so it's I'm thinking of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so it's I'm thinking of this
+null space as a two-dimensional Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space as a two-dimensional Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space as a two-dimensional Subspace
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+R4 now I have to tell you and we'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 now I have to tell you and we'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R4 now I have to tell you and we'll tell
+you next time what does it mean to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you next time what does it mean to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you next time what does it mean to say a
+Subspace what's the dimension of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what's the dimension of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace what's the dimension of a
+Subspace but you see what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace but you see what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace but you see what it's going to
+be it's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's the number
+of free independent constants that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free independent constants that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free independent constants that we
+can choose so somehow there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose so somehow there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose so somehow there'll be a
+two-dimensional Subspace not a line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Subspace not a line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Subspace not a line and
+not a three-dimensional plane but only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a three-dimensional plane but only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a three-dimensional plane but only a
+two-dimensional guy but it's doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional guy but it's doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional guy but it's doesn't go
+through the origin because it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin because it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the origin because it goes
+through this point so there's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this point so there's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this point so there's X
+particular X particular is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X particular is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular X particular is somewhere
+here x particular so it's somehow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here x particular so it's somehow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here x particular so it's somehow a
+Subspace can I try to draw it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace can I try to draw it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace can I try to draw it that
+way it's a two-dimensional Subspace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's a two-dimensional Subspace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's a two-dimensional Subspace that
+goes through X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular and then onwards by so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and then onwards by so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and then onwards by so
+there's X particular and I added on xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's X particular and I added on xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's X particular and I added on xn
+and there's X there's xal XP +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's X there's xal XP +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's X there's xal XP +
+xn but the xn was anywhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn but the xn was anywhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn but the xn was anywhere in the
+Subspace so that filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so that filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so that filled
+out a plane it's it's a it's a Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a plane it's it's a it's a Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a plane it's it's a it's a Subspace
+it's not a Subspace what am I saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a Subspace what am I saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a Subspace what am I saying
+it's it's it's like a flat thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's like a flat thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's like a flat thing it's
+like a Subspace but it's been shifted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Subspace but it's been shifted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Subspace but it's been shifted uh
+away from the origin it doesn't contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the origin it doesn't contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the origin it doesn't contain
+zero okay thanks that's the picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay thanks that's the picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay thanks that's the picture and
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+algorithm so the algorithm is just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so the algorithm is just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so the algorithm is just go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+elimination and uh find the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and uh find the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and uh find the particular
+solution and then find those special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then find those special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then find those special
+Solutions you you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions you you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions you you can do that
+that let me take our time here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me take our time here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me take our time here in the
+lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to
+think uh about the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh about the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh about the bigger
+picture so let me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so let me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so let me think
+about uh so this this is my pattern now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh so this this is my pattern now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh so this this is my pattern now
+I want to think I want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you about a question I want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about a question I want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about a question I want to ask you
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+questions so when I mean think big I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so when I mean think big I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so when I mean think big I
+mean I'll think about an M by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+a of rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's our definition of rank our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's our definition of rank our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's our definition of rank our
+current definition of rank is number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current definition of rank is number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current definition of rank is number of
+pivots okay first of all how are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots okay first of all how are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots okay first of all how are these
+numbers related can you tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers related can you tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers related can you tell me a
+relation between R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between R and
+M if I have M rows in The Matrix and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M if I have M rows in The Matrix and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M if I have M rows in The Matrix and R
+pivots then I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots then I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots then I certainly
+know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know
+always what what relation do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what what relation do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what what relation do I know
+between r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between r and
+m r is less or equal right because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r is less or equal right because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r is less or equal right because I've
+got M rows I can't have more than M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got M rows I can't have more than M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got M rows I can't have more than M
+pivots I might have M and I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots I might have M and I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots I might have M and I might have
+fewer also I've got n columns so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer also I've got n columns so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer also I've got n columns so what's
+the relation between R and N it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between R and N it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between R and N it's the
+same less or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same less or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same less or equal
+because a column can't have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a column can't have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a column can't have more than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+pivot so I can't have more than n pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so I can't have more than n pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot so I can't have more than n pivots
+all together okay okay so I have an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together okay okay so I have an M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together okay okay so I have an M
+byn Matrix of rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn Matrix of rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn Matrix of rank
+R and I always know R less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and I always know R less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and I always know R less than or equal
+m r less or equal n now I'm specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r less or equal n now I'm specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r less or equal n now I'm specially
+interested in the case of full rank when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case of full rank when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case of full rank when
+the rank R is as big as it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank R is as big as it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank R is as big as it can be
+well I guess I've got two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess I've got two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess I've got two separate
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+here depending on what these numbers M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here depending on what these numbers M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here depending on what these numbers M
+and N are so let me talk about the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N are so let me talk about the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N are so let me talk about the case
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+full column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rank and by that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means r equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means r equal
+n and I want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and I want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and I want to ask you
+what's what does that imply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what does that imply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what does that imply about
+our Solutions what does that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Solutions what does that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Solutions what does that tell us
+about the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the null
+space what does that tell us about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what does that tell us about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what does that tell us about uh
+the the complete solution okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the complete solution okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the complete solution okay so what
+does that mean so I I want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean so I I want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean so I I want to ask you
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+okay if the rank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the rank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the rank is
+n what does that mean that means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what does that mean that means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what does that mean that means there's
+a pivot in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot in every
+column so how many pivot variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so how many pivot variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so how many pivot variables are
+there n all the columns have pivots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there n all the columns have pivots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there n all the columns have pivots in
+this case so how many free variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so how many free variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so how many free variables are
+there none at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there none at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there none at
+all so no free variables r equal n no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so no free variables r equal n no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so no free variables r equal n no
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so what does that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what does that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what does that tell us
+about what's going to happen then in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to happen then in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to happen then in our
+in our little algorithms What will what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our little algorithms What will what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our little algorithms What will what
+will be in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the null
+space the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the null space of
+a has got what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has got what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has got what in
+it only the zero Vector there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only the zero Vector there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only the zero Vector there are no
+free variables to give other values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variables to give other values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variables to give other values
+to so the null space is only the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+and what about our solution to ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about our solution to ax equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what about our solution to ax equal
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to ax equal B what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equal B what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to ax equal B what what's the
+story on that one so now that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on that one so now that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on that one so now that's coming
+from today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the solution
+X is what's the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution it's just X particular right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's just X particular right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's just X particular right if
+if if there is an if there is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there is an if there is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there is an if there is a solution
+it's xal X particular there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's xal X particular there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's xal X particular there's nothing
+you know there's just one solution if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's just one solution if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's just one solution if
+there's one at all so it's Unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one at all so it's Unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one at all so it's Unique
+solution unique means only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution unique means only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution unique means only
+one unique solution if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unique solution if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unique solution if it
+exists if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists in other words I would say let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in other words I would say let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in other words I would say let me
+put it a different way they're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it a different way they're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it a different way they're either
+zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions this is all in this case r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions this is all in this case r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions this is all in this case r
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so I'm because many many applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so I'm because many many applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so I'm because many many applications
+in reality The Columns will be uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality The Columns will be uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality The Columns will be uh will
+will be what I'll later call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what I'll later call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be what I'll later call
+Independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independent
+and we'll have uh nothing to look for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have uh nothing to look for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have uh nothing to look for in
+the null space and we'll only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and we'll only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and we'll only have
+particular Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Solutions
+okay everybody see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody see that
+possibility but I need an example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but I need an example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but I need an example right
+so let me create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me create an
+example what sort of a matrix what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what sort of a matrix what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what sort of a matrix what's the
+shape of a matric that has full column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a matric that has full column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of a matric that has full column
+rank so can I squeeze in an example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it
+exists let me put in an example and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists let me put in an example and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists let me put in an example and it's
+just the right space to put in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right space to put in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right space to put in an
+example because the example will be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because the example will be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because the example will be like
+tall and thin it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and thin it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and thin it will
+have well I mean here's an example 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well I mean here's an example 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well I mean here's an example 1 2
+six 5 31 one one brilliant example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six 5 31 one one brilliant example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six 5 31 one one brilliant example okay
+so there's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and what's its
+rank what's the rank of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank what's the rank of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank what's the rank of that
+Matrix how many pivots will I find if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how many pivots will I find if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how many pivots will I find if I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+elimination two right two I see a pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination two right two I see a pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination two right two I see a pivot
+there I I've certainly those two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I I've certainly those two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I I've certainly those two columns
+are headed off in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are headed off in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are headed off in different
+directions when I do elimination I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions when I do elimination I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions when I do elimination I'll
+certainly get another pivot here fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly get another pivot here fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly get another pivot here fine
+and I can use those to clean out below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can use those to clean out below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can use those to clean out below
+and above so the actually tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above so the actually tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above so the actually tell me what
+it's row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's row
+reduced reduced row Echelon form would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced reduced row Echelon form would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced reduced row Echelon form would
+be can you carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can you carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can you carry
+that that elimination process to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that elimination process to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that elimination process to The
+Bitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitter
+End so what what does that mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End so what what does that mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End so what what does that mean I
+subtract a multiple of this Row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract a multiple of this Row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract a multiple of this Row from
+these rows so I clean up all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows so I clean up all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rows so I clean up all zeros
+there then I've got some pivot here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then I've got some pivot here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then I've got some pivot here what
+do I do with that I go subtract it below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do with that I go subtract it below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do with that I go subtract it below
+and above and then I divide through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above and then I divide through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above and then I divide through and
+what's the what's R for that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's R for that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the what's R for that example
+maybe I can you'll allow me to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can you'll allow me to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I can you'll allow me to put that
+just here in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here in the next
+board what's the row reduced Echelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board what's the row reduced Echelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board what's the row reduced Echelon
+form just out of practice for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form just out of practice for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form just out of practice for that
+matrix it's got ones in the pivots it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's got ones in the pivots it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's got ones in the pivots it's
+got the identity Matrix a little 2x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the identity Matrix a little 2x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the identity Matrix a little 2x two
+identity Matrix and below it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zeros that's a matrix that really has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's a matrix that really has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros that's a matrix that really has
+two independent rows and they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent rows and they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent rows and they're the
+first two actually the first two rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two actually the first two rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two actually the first two rows
+are independent they're not in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent they're not in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent they're not in the same
+direction but the other rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the other rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the other rows are
+combinations of the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the first two
+so so uh is there always a solu solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh is there always a solu solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh is there always a solu solution
+to ax equal B tell tell me what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ax equal B tell tell me what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ax equal B tell tell me what's the
+picture here for this Matrix a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here for this Matrix a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here for this Matrix a this is a
+case of full column rank the two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of full column rank the two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of full column rank the two columns
+are give two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are give two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are give two
+pivots there's nothing in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots there's nothing in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots there's nothing in the null space
+there's no combination of those columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no combination of those columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no combination of those columns
+that gives the zero column except the z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination so there's nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so there's nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so there's nothing in the
+null space but is there always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space but is there always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space but is there always a
+solution to a x equal B what's up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a x equal B what's up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a x equal B what's up with
+ax equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B I've got four four equations here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I've got four four equations here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I've got four four equations here and
+only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x's so the answer is certainly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's so the answer is certainly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's so the answer is certainly no
+there's not always a solution if the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not always a solution if the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not always a solution if the so
+I may have Zero Solutions and if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have Zero Solutions and if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have Zero Solutions and if I make
+a random Choice I'll have Zero Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random Choice I'll have Zero Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random Choice I'll have Zero Solutions
+or if I make a great particular choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I make a great particular choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I make a great particular choice
+of the right hand side which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side which just
+happens to be a combination of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a combination of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a combination of those two
+guys like tell me one right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys like tell me one right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys like tell me one right hand side
+that would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have a
+solution tell me a right hand side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution tell me a right hand side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution tell me a right hand side that
+would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a
+solution well z00 z0 okay no prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well z00 z0 okay no prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well z00 z0 okay no prize for
+that one uh tell me another one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one uh tell me another one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one uh tell me another one another
+right hand side that has a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side that has a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side that has a solution
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+4376 I could add the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4376 I could add the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4376 I could add the two
+columns right what would be the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns right what would be the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns right what would be the total
+complete solution if the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution if the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete solution if the right hand side
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be the particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be the particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be the particular solution
+one one one of that column plus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one of that column plus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one of that column plus one of
+that and that would be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that would be the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that would be the only
+solution so there would be X particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so there would be X particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so there would be X particular
+would be one one in the case when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one one in the case when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one one in the case when the
+right side is the sum of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side is the sum of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side is the sum of those two
+colums and that's it so that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colums and that's it so that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colums and that's it so that would be a
+case with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with one
+solution okay that's this is the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay that's this is the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay that's this is the typical
+setup with full column rank now I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup with full column rank now I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup with full column rank now I go to
+full row rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see the sort of natural symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the sort of natural symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the sort of natural symmetry of
+this discussion full row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+means r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means r equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means r equal
+m so this is what I'm interested in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so this is what I'm interested in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so this is what I'm interested in now
+r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m okay what's up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um how many pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many pivots
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+so what happens when we do elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when we do elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when we do elimination
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+case I'm going to get M pivots so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to get M pivots so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to get M pivots so every
+row has a pivot right every row has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pivot then what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot then what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot then what about
+solvability what about this business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability what about this business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvability what about this business of
+for which right hand sides can I solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which right hand sides can I solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which right hand sides can I solve
+it so that's my question I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve ax equal B for which right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ax equal B for which right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ax equal B for which right hand
+sides four you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides four you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides four you see what's
+coming I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming I do
+elimination I don't get any zero rows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I don't get any zero rows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination I don't get any zero rows so
+there aren't any requirements on B I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any requirements on B I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any requirements on B I can
+solve a equal B for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B I can solve ax equal B for every right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I can solve ax equal B for every right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I can solve ax equal B for every right
+hand side so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+existence exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence exists a
+solution now tell me so the so every row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now tell me so the so every row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now tell me so the so every row
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a pivot in it so how many free variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot in it so how many free variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pivot in it so how many free variables
+are there how many free variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there how many free variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there how many free variables in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case if I had n variables that to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if I had n variables that to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if I had n variables that to start
+with how many are used up by pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how many are used up by pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how many are used up by pivot
+variables R which is M so I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables R which is M so I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables R which is M so I'm left with
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r free
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this case of full row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this case of full row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this case of full row
+rank I can always solve and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank I can always solve and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank I can always solve and then this
+tells me how many variables are free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how many variables are free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me how many variables are free and
+this is of course n minus M this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course n minus M this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course n minus M this is n
+minus M free variables can I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example you know the best way for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know the best way for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know the best way for me to
+do an example is just to transpose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example is just to transpose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example is just to transpose that
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+so let me take let me take that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take let me take that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me take let me take that Matrix
+that had column 1265 and make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had column 1265 and make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had column 1265 and make it a
+row and let me take 3111 as the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and let me take 3111 as the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and let me take 3111 as the second
+row and let me ask you this is my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and let me ask you this is my Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and let me ask you this is my Matrix
+a what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's its
+rank what's the rank of that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank what's the rank of that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank what's the rank of that Matrix
+sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to
+ask but not sorry really because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask but not sorry really because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask but not sorry really because because
+we're just getting the idea of rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just getting the idea of rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just getting the idea of rank
+what's the rank of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rank of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rank of that
+Matrix two exactly two there will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix two exactly two there will be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix two exactly two there will be two
+pivots what will the row reduce Echelon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots what will the row reduce Echelon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots what will the row reduce Echelon
+form be anybody know that one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form be anybody know that one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form be anybody know that one actually
+tell me not only you have to tell me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me not only you have to tell me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me not only you have to tell me not
+only there be two pivots but which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only there be two pivots but which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only there be two pivots but which will
+be the pivot columns which Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the pivot columns which Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the pivot columns which Columns of
+this Matrix will be pivot columns so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix will be pivot columns so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix will be pivot columns so the
+First Column is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column is
+fine and then I go on to the next column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then I go on to the next column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then I go on to the next column
+and what do I get do I get a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I get do I get a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I get do I get a second
+pivot out of will I get a second pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot out of will I get a second pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot out of will I get a second pivot
+in this position yes so the pivots when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this position yes so the pivots when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this position yes so the pivots when
+I get all the way to R will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get all the way to R will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get all the way to R will be
+there and here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and here will
+be some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some numbers
+I this is the part that I previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the part that I previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the part that I previously
+called f this is the part that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called f this is the part that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called f this is the part that so the
+the here the pivot columns in R will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here the pivot columns in R will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here the pivot columns in R will be
+the identity Matrix there are no zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix there are no zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix there are no zero
+rows no zero rows because the rank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows no zero rows because the rank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows no zero rows because the rank is
+two but there' be stuff over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but there' be stuff over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but there' be stuff over
+here and that will uh enter the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that will uh enter the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that will uh enter the special
+Solutions and the null space okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and the null space okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and the null space okay so
+this is a typical Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical Matrix
+with Ral M smaller than n now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Ral M smaller than n now finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Ral M smaller than n now finally
+I've got a space here for Ral m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n I'm off in the corner here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I'm off in the corner here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n I'm off in the corner here with the
+most important case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important case of
+all so what's up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so what's up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so what's up with this
+Matrix so let me give an example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so let me give an example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so let me give an example okay
+brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+example 1 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+31 tell me what how do I describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 tell me what how do I describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 tell me what how do I describe a
+matrix that has rank r equal m equal n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has rank r equal m equal n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has rank r equal m equal n
+so the Matrix is square right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matrix is square right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Matrix is square right it's a
+square Matrix and if I know its rank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Matrix and if I know its rank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Matrix and if I know its rank is
+it's full rank now I don't have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's full rank now I don't have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's full rank now I don't have to say
+full column rank or full row rank I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full column rank or full row rank I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full column rank or full row rank I just
+say full rank because the count column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say full rank because the count column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say full rank because the count column
+count and the row count are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and the row count are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and the row count are the same and
+the rank is as big as it can be and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank is as big as it can be and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank is as big as it can be and what
+kind of a matrix have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it's
+invertible so that exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so that exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible so that exactly the
+invertible matrices Ral m equal N means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible matrices Ral m equal N means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible matrices Ral m equal N means
+the and what's the row Echelon form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and what's the row Echelon form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and what's the row Echelon form the
+the reduced row Echelon form for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduced row Echelon form for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduced row Echelon form for an
+invertible Matrix for a square nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible Matrix for a square nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible Matrix for a square nice
+Square invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square invertible
+matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so you you see that the the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you see that the the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you see that the the good
+matrices are the ones that kind of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are the ones that kind of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are the ones that kind of come
+out trivially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out trivially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out trivially in
+R you reduce them all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you reduce them all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you reduce them all the way to the
+identity Matrix what's the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix what's the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix what's the null space
+for this for this Matrix can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for this Matrix can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for this Matrix can I just
+hammer away with questions what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer away with questions what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer away with questions what's the
+null space for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix the null space of that Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the null space of that Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the null space of that Matrix is
+the zero Vector only the zero Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector only the zero Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector only the zero Vector
+only what are the conditions to solve ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only what are the conditions to solve ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only what are the conditions to solve ax
+equal B which right hand sides B are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B which right hand sides B are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B which right hand sides B are
+okay if I want to solve ax equal B for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I want to solve ax equal B for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I want to solve ax equal B for
+this example so I a is this B is B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so I a is this B is B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so I a is this B is B1
+B2 what are the conditions on B1 B2 none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 what are the conditions on B1 B2 none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 what are the conditions on B1 B2 none
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+right so this is the case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the case this is the
+case where I can solve so I'm coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I can solve so I'm coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where I can solve so I'm coming
+back here I can since the rank equals m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here I can since the rank equals m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here I can since the rank equals m
+I can solve for every B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can solve for every B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can solve for every B
+and since the rank is also n there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the rank is also n there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the rank is also n there's a
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+solution let me summarize the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let me summarize the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let me summarize the whole
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+here here's the whole picture I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the whole picture I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the whole picture I could
+have r equal m equal n this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r equal m equal n this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have r equal m equal n this is the case
+where this is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the identity
+Matrix and this is the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is the case where
+there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution that's the Square invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's the Square invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's the Square invertible
+chapter 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 2
+case now we're into chapter three we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now we're into chapter three we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now we're into chapter three we
+could have r equal m smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n now that's what we had over there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now that's what we had over there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now that's what we had over there and
+the row Echelon form looked like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row Echelon form looked like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row Echelon form looked like the
+identity with some zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rows and that was the case where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and that was the case where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and that was the case where there
+are zero or ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to I'm when I say solution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to I'm when I say solution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to I'm when I say solution I
+mean to axal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to axal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to axal
+B so this case there's always one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this case there's always one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this case there's always one this
+case there's zero or one and now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's zero or one and now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's zero or one and now let me
+take the case of full column rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case of full column rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case of full column rank
+but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extra
+rows so now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity I'm almost tempted to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I'm almost tempted to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I'm almost tempted to write the
+identity Matrix and then F but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix and then F but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix and then F but that
+isn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I have I have is that right am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have I have is that right am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have I have is that right am I
+sorry am I am I getting this correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry am I am I getting this correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry am I am I getting this correct
+here or oh I'm I'm not my God this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or oh I'm I'm not my God this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or oh I'm I'm not my God this is
+the case R equals n The Columns The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case R equals n The Columns The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case R equals n The Columns The
+Columns are are okay that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns are are okay that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns are are okay that's the case
+that was on that board r equal n full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on that board r equal n full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on that board r equal n full
+column rank now I want the case where m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column rank now I want the case where m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column rank now I want the case where m
+is smaller than n and I've got extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than n and I've got extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than n and I've got extra
+columns okay there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go so this is now the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so this is now the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so this is now the case of
+full row rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full row rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full row rank
+and it looks like if except that I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like if except that I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it looks like if except that I can't
+be sure that the pivot columns are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure that the pivot columns are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure that the pivot columns are the
+first columns so the I and the F the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first columns so the I and the F the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first columns so the I and the F the F
+could be partly mixed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be partly mixed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be partly mixed into the
+I can I can I write that with just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I can I write that with just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I can I write that with just like
+that so the the the F could be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the the the F could be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the the the F could be sort of
+partly into the eye if if if the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly into the eye if if if the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly into the eye if if if the first
+columns weren't the pivot columns now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns weren't the pivot columns now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns weren't the pivot columns now
+how many solutions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many solutions in this
+case there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's always a
+solution this is the existence case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is the existence case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this is the existence case
+there's always a solution we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a solution we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a solution we're not
+getting any zero rows there are no zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any zero rows there are no zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any zero rows there are no zero
+rows here so there's always either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here so there's always either one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here so there's always either one
+or infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+okay actually I guess there's always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I guess there's always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I guess there's always an
+infinite number because we always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some null space to deal with then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some null space to deal with then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some null space to deal with then the
+final case is where R is smaller than M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final case is where R is smaller than M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final case is where R is smaller than M
+and smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller than
+n okay now that's the case where R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay now that's the case where R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay now that's the case where R is
+the identity with some free stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity with some free stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity with some free stuff but
+with some zero rows too and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some zero rows too and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some zero rows too and that's the
+case where there's either no solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where there's either no solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where there's either no solution
+because we didn't get a zero equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't get a zero equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't get a zero equals z
+for some bees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some bees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some bees
+or infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do this board really summarizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this board really summarizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this board really summarizes the
+lecture and this sentence summarizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and this sentence summarizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and this sentence summarizes the
+lecture the rank tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the rank tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture the rank tells you
+everything about the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the number of
+solutions that number the rank R tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that number the rank R tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that number the rank R tells
+you all the information except the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the information except the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the information except the exact
+entries in the solutions for that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the solutions for that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the solutions for that you go
+to the Matrix okay good have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Matrix okay good have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Matrix okay good have a great
+weekend and I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AFQnH_upWBY.txt b/AFQnH_upWBY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70764895af43ce5c09e5a376b362c8699605e2b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AFQnH_upWBY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11640 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so last time we
+were talking about degrees of freedom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about degrees of freedom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about degrees of freedom in
+SC and I drew these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC and I drew these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC and I drew these two
+pictures and emphasize to you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and emphasize to you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and emphasize to you that the
+difference between these two pictures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two pictures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two pictures is
+really where the degrees of freedom live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the degrees of freedom live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the degrees of freedom live
+in momentum space so this is the P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum space so this is the P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in momentum space so this is the P minus
+p+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p+
+plane and unlike most effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and unlike most effective field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and unlike most effective field
+theories in this effective field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in this effective field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories in this effective field Theory
+we have degrees of freedom that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have degrees of freedom that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have degrees of freedom that have to
+be identified by two variables rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identified by two variables rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identified by two variables rather
+than just one so we need two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one so we need two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one so we need two variables
+to say where colinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say where colinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say where colinear
+are or where softs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or where softs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or where softs are
+and there was generically I said uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was generically I said uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was generically I said uh a
+dependence on the process so SE or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the process so SE or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on the process so SE or what
+degrees of freedom you need depends what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom you need depends what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom you need depends what
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+studying okay and it it's generically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying okay and it it's generically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying okay and it it's generically
+not the case that these two effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that these two effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that these two effective
+theories that I wrote down for you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that I wrote down for you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories that I wrote down for you will
+describe every possible process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe every possible process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe every possible process that's
+in in fact SE of course won't describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in fact SE of course won't describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in fact SE of course won't describe
+every possible process so what effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible process so what effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible process so what effective
+field Theory you need depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory you need depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory you need depends on what
+you're looking at it just turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it just turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it just turns out that
+these two sets of degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets of degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets of degrees of freedom
+that I wrote down to you do describe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote down to you do describe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote down to you do describe a
+lot of different processes and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different processes and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different processes and that's
+why the language of1 and2 is useful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the language of1 and2 is useful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the language of1 and2 is useful but
+there's no guarantees you could run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantees you could run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantees you could run into
+a process that requires more degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process that requires more degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process that requires more degrees of
+freedom and there are examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and there are examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and there are examples of
+processes that require more degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that require more degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that require more degrees of
+freedom than this but this is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom than this but this is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom than this but this is still a
+useful starting point and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful starting point and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful starting point and this is where
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start and then we were talking a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and then we were talking a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and then we were talking a little
+bit about Fields last time and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about Fields last time and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about Fields last time and one thing
+I derived for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I derived for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I derived for
+you was that the cinear field has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was that the cinear field has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you was that the cinear field has a
+power counting that makes it scale like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting that makes it scale like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting that makes it scale like
+Lambda and then near the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then near the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then near the end of
+lecture this is the cler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quark and then at the end of lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then at the end of lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then at the end of lecture we
+also derived a formula for the cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also derived a formula for the cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also derived a formula for the cinear
+gluons so if we write down components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons so if we write down components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons so if we write down components of
+the CLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CLE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CLE
+gluon plus minus and per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon plus minus and per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon plus minus and per
+we remember what these notation means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember what these notation means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember what these notation means
+this means n. a and this means n bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means n. a and this means n bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means n. a and this means n bar.
+a and we figured out that the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we figured out that the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we figured out that the scaling
+for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys is Lambda s 1 Lambda and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is Lambda s 1 Lambda and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys is Lambda s 1 Lambda and we said
+that that was nice because we could put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was nice because we could put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was nice because we could put
+them together with a derivative and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together with a derivative and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together with a derivative and have
+a covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative which I wrote in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which I wrote in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which I wrote in terms of
+momenta just to sort of emphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size so I feel like this is a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space that these guys have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that these guys have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that these guys have the same
+power counting in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting in the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting in the different
+components okay and so when we come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay and so when we come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay and so when we come and
+talk about gauge inv variant this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about gauge inv variant this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about gauge inv variant this fact
+that they have the same power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the same power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the same power counting
+in the different components will of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different components will of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different components will of
+course be important because what gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course be important because what gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course be important because what gauge
+invariance does is ties momenta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance does is ties momenta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance does is ties momenta to
+gluons and we'd like if we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and we'd like if we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and we'd like if we didn't have
+the same power counting in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same power counting in the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same power counting in the different
+components then we would not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components then we would not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components then we would not have a
+gauge gauge field corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge gauge field corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge gauge field corresponding to
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+momenta okay so another way of arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta okay so another way of arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta okay so another way of arguing
+that this would be the they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be the they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would be the they should have
+the same power counting would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same power counting would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same power counting would have been
+directly from gauge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance all right so I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance all right so I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance all right so I'd like to
+continue there the one thing that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue there the one thing that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue there the one thing that you'll
+note which is unusual from an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note which is unusual from an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note which is unusual from an effective
+Theory point of view is there's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory point of view is there's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory point of view is there's a set of
+fields that have no suppression at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that have no suppression at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that have no suppression at all
+these a and minus gluon Fields just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a and minus gluon Fields just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a and minus gluon Fields just
+scale like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so when you have dimensional power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so when you have dimensional power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so when you have dimensional power
+counting all the fields have Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting all the fields have Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting all the fields have Dimensions
+you add more Fields you get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add more Fields you get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add more Fields you get higher
+Dimensions you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions you get
+suppression here with this Lambda power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression here with this Lambda power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression here with this Lambda power
+counting there's a component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting there's a component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting there's a component of the
+gauge field that has no suppression we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge field that has no suppression we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge field that has no suppression we
+can add as many of them as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add as many of them as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add as many of them as we
+want and that costs nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's do that and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens so a priority you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so a priority you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so a priority you might think
+that this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad because you could have an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because you could have an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because you could have an infinite
+number of different operators at lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different operators at lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different operators at lowest
+order just with a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order just with a different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order just with a different number of
+these a and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a and minus
+fields and we'll see that that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and we'll see that that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and we'll see that that actually
+things are not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not so
+bad but I think it's best to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but I think it's best to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but I think it's best to do that by
+way of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so we'll consider an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we'll consider an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we'll consider an example
+that just has one colinear particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just has one colinear particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just has one colinear particle in
+it for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for Simplicity
+and we can do that by having a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that by having a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that by having a heavy
+particle that carries a lot of uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that carries a lot of uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that carries a lot of uh energy
+Decay to a light particle like a b Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay to a light particle like a b Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay to a light particle like a b Quark
+decaying to an up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying to an up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying to an up
+Quirk so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quirk so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quirk so in
+qcd your current would just be U gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd your current would just be U gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd your current would just be U gamma
+B gamma would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B gamma would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B gamma would
+be left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current and we can consider the B Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and we can consider the B Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and we can consider the B Quark
+to be an HQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3T and we have an energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T and we have an energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T and we have an energetic
+uark is what we want to consider it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uark is what we want to consider it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uark is what we want to consider it's
+not the only possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only possibility
+but we could pump all the momentum out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could pump all the momentum out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could pump all the momentum out
+through the current into the leptons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the current into the leptons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the current into the leptons
+into the e e new but let's pump energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the e e new but let's pump energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the e e new but let's pump energy
+into the upcar so that it's energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qcd B goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd B goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd B goes to
+U and the notation that I'll use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the notation that I'll use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the notation that I'll use for
+this is a double line for the h heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a double line for the h heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a double line for the h heavy
+quark and then a dash line for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then a dash line for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then a dash line for the
+cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Quark so this guy is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark so this guy is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark so this guy is going to be
+described by an HV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by an HV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by an HV
+field this guy is going to be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this guy is going to be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field this guy is going to be described
+by a CN field this is production so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a CN field this is production so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a CN field this is production so this
+will be a CN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll Reserve this notation of Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll Reserve this notation of Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll Reserve this notation of Dash
+lines for cinear cork field for cinar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for cinear cork field for cinar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for cinear cork field for cinar
+cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+propagators okay so the simple minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators okay so the simple minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators okay so the simple minded
+thing is just to write down an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just to write down an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just to write down an effective
+Theory current where I replace the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory current where I replace the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory current where I replace the full
+Theory Fields by the effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory Fields by the effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory Fields by the effective Theory
+Fields I replace the up Quark by an up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields I replace the up Quark by an up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields I replace the up Quark by an up
+Quark that's a CN cinear field in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark that's a CN cinear field in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark that's a CN cinear field in some
+direction and I replace the heavy Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I replace the heavy Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and I replace the heavy Quark
+by an HV the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quark and then I can then effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then I can then effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then I can then effectively
+that would be the tree level matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the tree level matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the tree level matching
+between this diagram and that diagram or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this diagram and that diagram or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this diagram and that diagram or
+the tree level matching from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree level matching from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree level matching from that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram but let's consider adding these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but let's consider adding these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but let's consider adding these
+a minus gluons since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus gluons since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus gluons since they
+were things that we could add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things that we could add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things that we could add to the
+current so we can add any number of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so we can add any number of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so we can add any number of a
+minuses here and we'd have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses here and we'd have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses here and we'd have something
+that's the same order in the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same order in the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same order in the power
+counting so let's consider another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qcd where I just attach an A minus gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd where I just attach an A minus gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd where I just attach an A minus gluon
+and I'll attach it to the heavy quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have a different number of external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a different number of external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a different number of external
+Fields but this one cost me nothing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields but this one cost me nothing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields but this one cost me nothing when
+I go to the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the effective
+Theory let's call this momentum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory let's call this momentum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory let's call this momentum here
+K we'll call this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K we'll call this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K we'll call this guy here
+q and this guy here we'll just say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mbv so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbv so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbv so then
+K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+mbv plus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can write Q out and component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write Q out and component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write Q out and component
+since it's a cinear particle if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a cinear particle if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a cinear particle if I want
+to identify the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify the big
+piece then that would be the m.q piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece then that would be the m.q piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece then that would be the m.q piece
+so remember last time from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember last time from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember last time from looking at
+coordinates we can write out any Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we can write out any Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we can write out any Vector
+in terms of the coordinates and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the coordinates and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the coordinates and it's
+useful to do that since the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to do that since the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to do that since the coordinates
+have a different Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different Power
+counting now what's going to appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting now what's going to appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting now what's going to appear in
+the propagator here is K squ - m^ 2 - M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagator here is K squ - m^ 2 - M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagator here is K squ - m^ 2 - M
+b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b^
+2 so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so let's look at
+k^2 so if I Square this term I just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 so if I Square this term I just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 so if I Square this term I just get
+m b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m b
+squ if I Square this term I get zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if I Square this term I get zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if I Square this term I get zero but
+then there's a cross term as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well and then there's some dots and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then there's some dots and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then there's some dots and the
+dots are indicating terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are indicating terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are indicating terms that are
+suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if I look at k^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m^2 then that's n.b m b and bar. Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 then that's n.b m b and bar. Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m^2 then that's n.b m b and bar. Q and
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+order Lambda to 0 since the momentum n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda to 0 since the momentum n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda to 0 since the momentum n
+bar. q was order Lambda to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. q was order Lambda to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. q was order Lambda to the
+0o so there's no suppression in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o so there's no suppression in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o so there's no suppression in the in
+the propag there's no power counting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propag there's no power counting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propag there's no power counting to
+the propagator it's a and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagator it's a and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagator it's a and that really
+another way of saying is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying is this this
+propagator is off Shell by a hard amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator is off Shell by a hard amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator is off Shell by a hard amount
+okay these scales are hard and if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these scales are hard and if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these scales are hard and if I go
+back to my picture that means they're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my picture that means they're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my picture that means they're up
+here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this
+purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple
+region put a purple box around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region put a purple box around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region put a purple box around
+this okay so the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the degree of
+Freedom which is this purple propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom which is this purple propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom which is this purple propagator
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+actually living up in that purple region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually living up in that purple region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually living up in that purple region
+it's something we have to integrate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so integrating it out just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so integrating it out just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so integrating it out just means
+expanding the diagram and I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding the diagram and I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding the diagram and I've already
+expanded the propagator so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the propagator so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the propagator so there's the
+denominator just have to expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator just have to expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator just have to expand the
+numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have
+our let me write out a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our let me write out a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our let me write out a and
+mu that we replace the spinner by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and I'll start by just writing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and I'll start by just writing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and I'll start by just writing in
+the full propagator and then we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full propagator and then we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full propagator and then we'll start
+expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I'm using a convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm using a convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm using a convention
+here for for the gluon interaction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for for the gluon interaction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for for the gluon interaction in
+qcd which is plus i g t gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu okay so there's the full Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so there's the full Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so there's the full Theory and
+I've just all I've done is take the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just all I've done is take the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just all I've done is take the full
+Theory and rather than write Spinners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and rather than write Spinners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and rather than write Spinners
+and and a polarization Vector I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a polarization Vector I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a polarization Vector I've just
+written the fields because I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the fields because I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the fields because I'm in the
+end interested in looking at what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end interested in looking at what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end interested in looking at what kind
+of operator I get so I'm interested here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operator I get so I'm interested here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operator I get so I'm interested here
+in taking the piece which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking the piece which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking the piece which is not
+suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowly so there's index a on this guy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so let's write out the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's write out the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's write out the leading
+order piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order piece of the
+numerator I've collected some I's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator I've collected some I's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator I've collected some I's put
+the M the G out front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I take all the order one pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I take all the order one pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I take all the order one pieces of
+the numerator then these are the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator then these are the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator then these are the order
+one pieces and B is order one uh K I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pieces and B is order one uh K I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pieces and B is order one uh K I can
+replace by mbv plus q and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace by mbv plus q and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace by mbv plus q and then there's a
+mbv slash that's order one and an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbv slash that's order one and an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbv slash that's order one and an N
+slash over two n bar. q that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash over two n bar. q that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash over two n bar. q that's the same
+decomposition we had over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we had over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we had over
+there here because I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here because I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here because I'm interested in
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+polarization let me pull out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization let me pull out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization let me pull out that
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have my
+denominator and my denominator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and my denominator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and my denominator we
+already expanded so let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already expanded so let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already expanded so let's just write
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in okay so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so far so
+good so this piece here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so this piece here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so this piece here is
+zero because n squ n^ squ is zero n/ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because n squ n^ squ is zero n/ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because n squ n^ squ is zero n/ squ
+is n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have this
+piece for this piece we could 1 plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece for this piece we could 1 plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece for this piece we could 1 plus v
+slash remember is part of a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash remember is part of a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash remember is part of a projector
+that could act on the heavy Quark but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could act on the heavy Quark but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could act on the heavy Quark but
+there's this n slash in the way so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this n slash in the way so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this n slash in the way so we
+want to push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to push it
+through so we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me write out the two pieces from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write out the two pieces from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write out the two pieces from
+pushing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through there's an MB that cancels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there's an MB that cancels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there's an MB that cancels this
+MB once that term's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB once that term's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB once that term's
+gone so let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so let me do
+that when I push it through I switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I push it through I switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I push it through I switch to
+1 minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slash there's still a 1 over n.v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash there's still a 1 over n.v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash there's still a 1 over n.v
+here and then there's an hvv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and 1 minus V slash on the heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 minus V slash on the heavy cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 minus V slash on the heavy cork
+field is zero and then the n. V cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is zero and then the n. V cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is zero and then the n. V cancels
+the n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V so if I want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so if I want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so if I want to write
+this putting now this a end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this putting now this a end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this putting now this a end
+field inside because the TA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field inside because the TA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field inside because the TA is
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I would write it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the momentum here n. Q is order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the momentum here n. Q is order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the momentum here n. Q is order one
+and this n. is order one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this n. is order one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this n. is order one so this
+operator is the same size as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the same size as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the same size as this
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that's what I was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what I was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what I was saying that
+we should worry about the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should worry about the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should worry about the fact that we
+can add these gluons without any cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add these gluons without any cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add these gluons without any cost
+and we just added one and found out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just added one and found out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just added one and found out that
+we have an operator that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order so the way you might draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so the way you might draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so the way you might draw
+this and there's a convention also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's a convention also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's a convention also for
+cliner gluons where you put a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliner gluons where you put a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliner gluons where you put a line
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+them so this is a cliner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluon is that this guy is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon is that this guy is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon is that this guy is the same
+order is this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well we'll come back to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we'll come back to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we'll come back to this and
+talk more about it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute let's consider another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's consider another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's consider another
+diagram we attached the gluon on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we attached the gluon on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we attached the gluon on the
+left let's also attach it on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left let's also attach it on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left let's also attach it on the right
+see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens so again qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram doing the same thing attaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram doing the same thing attaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram doing the same thing attaching
+the GL on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GL on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GL on
+here some Q this is some momentum p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some Q this is some momentum p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some Q this is some momentum p
+and this is p minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is p minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is p minus
+Q this case is different than the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q this case is different than the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q this case is different than the the
+previous case the reason that this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case the reason that this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case the reason that this case
+is different is that both p and Q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different is that both p and Q are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different is that both p and Q are
+colinear and so P minus Q is colinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and so P minus Q is colinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and so P minus Q is colinear
+too same scaling is p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q so this propagator is not off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shell in our hyperbola as it would live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell in our hyperbola as it would live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell in our hyperbola as it would live
+on the blue hyperbola that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drew which is well within the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew which is well within the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew which is well within the effective
+Theory not outside the effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory not outside the effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory not outside the effective Theory
+so we don't want to integrate out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to integrate out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to integrate out this
+propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what that means is that
+there'll be in the effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be in the effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be in the effective Theory
+itself an interaction a lran interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself an interaction a lran interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself an interaction a lran interaction
+that takes into account this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the effective theory if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the effective theory if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the effective theory if you
+like if I draw an effective the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I draw an effective the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I draw an effective the theory
+diagram there will be an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there will be an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there will be an effective
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+diagram that allows us to attach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that allows us to attach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that allows us to attach that
+glue on because this propagator here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue on because this propagator here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue on because this propagator here is
+a propagator in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory unlike the the one that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory unlike the the one that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory unlike the the one that we just
+that I just erased which was off shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just erased which was off shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just erased which was off shell
+and had to be integrated out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had to be integrated out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had to be integrated out of the
+effective Theory this one is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory this one is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory this one is inside the
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory okay so adding on the left does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so adding on the left does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so adding on the left does
+something different than adding on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different than adding on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different than adding on the
+right on the add on the left we knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the add on the left we knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the add on the left we knock
+the Quark off shell when we had on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark off shell when we had on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark off shell when we had on the
+right it's close to mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's close to mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's close to mass
+shell so we can consider generalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell so we can consider generalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell so we can consider generalizing
+what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just
+did by adding more gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we don't have any
+restrictions on how many we can add so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on how many we can add so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on how many we can add so
+let's just consider adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more let's add M of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call the
+momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1
+Q2 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 through
+qm and all these propagators here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qm and all these propagators here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qm and all these propagators here are
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shell this a qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell this a qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell this a qcd
+graph when I calculate graphs like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph when I calculate graphs like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph when I calculate graphs like this
+if I have these gluons uh there I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have these gluons uh there I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have these gluons uh there I have
+to also consider cross diagrams so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also consider cross diagrams so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also consider cross diagrams so let
+me just write rather than trying to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write rather than trying to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write rather than trying to draw
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+diagrams let me just write plus Closs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams let me just write plus Closs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams let me just write plus Closs
+cross glue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs and what you would expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and what you would expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and what you would expect from
+what we said before is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said before is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said before is that in the
+effective Theory this is going to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory this is going to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory this is going to match
+on to some kind of fan rule that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some kind of fan rule that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some kind of fan rule that looks
+like this but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but then
+has a bunch of gluons that can come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of gluons that can come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of gluons that can come out
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+vertex in this case M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in this case M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex in this case M of
+them okay that's what we expect and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay that's what we expect and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay that's what we expect and so
+we expect a generalization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect a generalization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect a generalization of this
+operator with M Fields rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so if we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if we do this
+calculation it actually turns out to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it actually turns out to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it actually turns out to not
+be too complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can include all the cross diagrams by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can include all the cross diagrams by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can include all the cross diagrams by
+Sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permutations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations I
+have one of these Nar DOA gluons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of these Nar DOA gluons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of these Nar DOA gluons for
+each external gluon line with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each external gluon line with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each external gluon line with a
+corresponding color factor and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding color factor and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding color factor and I'm
+always just getting these order one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just getting these order one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just getting these order one I
+keep the largest piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the largest piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the largest piece of the
+denominator and I'm always just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and I'm always just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and I'm always just getting
+the order one momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's a slight complication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a slight complication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a slight complication that
+when I have a graph like this if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have a graph like this if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have a graph like this if I look
+at the momentum of this it's q1 but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the momentum of this it's q1 but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the momentum of this it's q1 but if I
+look at the momentum of the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the momentum of the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the momentum of the next one
+this would be q1 plus Q2 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be q1 plus Q2 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be q1 plus Q2 so the
+denominators here are not just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators here are not just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators here are not just simply
+Q's but sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q's okay and these ends would be dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q's okay and these ends would be dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q's okay and these ends would be dotted
+into field fields and T's would be doter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into field fields and T's would be doter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into field fields and T's would be doter
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields so if we want to write this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so if we want to write this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so if we want to write this as an
+effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator then we should be think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator then we should be think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator then we should be think about
+what this vertex means in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this vertex means in the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this vertex means in the effective
+Theory and we should be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and we should be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and we should be a little bit
+careful because what this means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because what this means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because what this means if you
+think about it is in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is in terms of the
+locality of this diagram is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality of this diagram is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality of this diagram is that all
+these gluin are coming out of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gluin are coming out of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gluin are coming out of the same
+point so it's like five4 Theory where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it's like five4 Theory where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it's like five4 Theory where
+you divide by four factorial you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by four factorial you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by four factorial you have to
+be a little bit careful because any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful because any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful because any one
+of these gluons from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gluons from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gluons from the point of view
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+external uh external States could be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh external States could be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh external States could be as
+equally good as as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally good as as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally good as as an
+attachment so when we put in the gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment so when we put in the gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment so when we put in the gluon
+fields we ought to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields we ought to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields we ought to be careful about
+those factors so this is the right fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors so this is the right fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors so this is the right fan
+rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one way of just thinking about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of just thinking about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one way of just thinking about it is
+is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we
+just we'll have M of these fields but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we'll have M of these fields but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we'll have M of these fields but
+then we'll divide by an M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorial okay so we can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial okay so we can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial okay so we can write down the
+complete result for the tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete result for the tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete result for the tree level
+matching as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator since we just calculated all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator since we just calculated all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator since we just calculated all
+the diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we started with this current with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started with this current with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we started with this current with
+qcd and we matched it at tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd and we matched it at tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd and we matched it at tree
+level onto a current that I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level onto a current that I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level onto a current that I can write
+like this hiding all the complexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this hiding all the complexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this hiding all the complexity in
+this thing I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W I have to sum over however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I have to sum over however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I have to sum over however many
+attachments which I was previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments which I was previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments which I was previously
+calling M but now I'm calling k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you if you uh if you study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you if you uh if you study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you if you uh if you study this
+guy for a while actually what you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for a while actually what you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for a while actually what you what
+is true is that this guy has a name this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true is that this guy has a name this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true is that this guy has a name this
+is a momentum space Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line so what is a position space wison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so what is a position space wison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so what is a position space wison
+line that's where it really looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's where it really looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's where it really looks more
+like a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a Wilson line is uh a string of gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a Wilson line is uh a string of gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a Wilson line is uh a string of gauge
+fields that goes between two points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that goes between two points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that goes between two points here
+between minus infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus infinity and
+zero there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's some
+ordering to the fields because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering to the fields because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering to the fields because they
+don't commute because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aelan and the fact that it's a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aelan and the fact that it's a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aelan and the fact that it's a line
+means that these that we go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that these that we go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that these that we go in a
+straight line between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points so here's a path which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so here's a path which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so here's a path which is a
+straight line S between minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line S between minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line S between minus infinity
+and zero and actually this formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and actually this formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and actually this formula here
+is the for is the 4 transform of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the for is the 4 transform of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the for is the 4 transform of this is
+giving you the Wilson line that I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the Wilson line that I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the Wilson line that I drew
+up the the fan r that I drew up there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the fan r that I drew up there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the the fan r that I drew up there or
+the fields that I drew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's some ordering to the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some ordering to the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some ordering to the fields
+and what this P does is it orders the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this P does is it orders the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this P does is it orders the
+fields an appropriate way namely it puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields an appropriate way namely it puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields an appropriate way namely it puts
+the guys with the larger argument to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys with the larger argument to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys with the larger argument to the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so on your homework you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so on your homework you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so on your homework you're going to
+do the exercise of thinking about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the exercise of thinking about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the exercise of thinking about doing
+this matching it for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matching it for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matching it for two
+gluons and taking the for a transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and taking the for a transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and taking the for a transform of
+this and connecting these at least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and connecting these at least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and connecting these at least I
+believe that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that's what I
+asked that's a very good exercise to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that's a very good exercise to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that's a very good exercise to see
+everything work out that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything work out that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything work out that I'm just
+describing to you here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to you here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to you here in
+words so one way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so one way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so one way of thinking about
+what's happened in this effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened in this effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happened in this effective Theory
+and this actually turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this actually turns out to be
+generically true is that rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically true is that rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically true is that rather than
+having this n bar. a field which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this n bar. a field which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this n bar. a field which was
+order one it actually can be traded for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one it actually can be traded for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one it actually can be traded for
+this Wilson line object okay so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Wilson line object okay so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Wilson line object okay so I just
+showed you that that happened for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you that that happened for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you that that happened for this
+particular example but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example but it turns out
+actually to be generic that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to be generic that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to be generic that instead
+instead of talking about the nard at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of talking about the nard at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of talking about the nard at a
+field we can talk about this function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we can talk about this function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we can talk about this function of
+the field which is this Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sec so this is true in this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec so this is true in this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec so this is true in this operator
+just got this Wilson line in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got this Wilson line in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got this Wilson line in terms of
+the Wilson line things are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple and it actually turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and it actually turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and it actually turns out to be
+generically true and we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically true and we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically true and we'll see that
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so the way that you can and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the way that you can and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the way that you can and we'll
+also talk about gaug and variance later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about gaug and variance later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about gaug and variance later
+on which has to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which has to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which has to do with this
+story um it turns out that this Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um it turns out that this Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um it turns out that this Wilson
+line can also be understood from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line can also be understood from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line can also be understood from the
+point of view of gauge and variance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of gauge and variance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of gauge and variance the
+need for this Wilson line can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for this Wilson line can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for this Wilson line can be
+understood from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood from the point of view of
+gauge and variance and can at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge and variance and can at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge and variance and can at least
+describe that to you in words so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that to you in words so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that to you in words so if you
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at if you look at this diagram here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you look at this diagram here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you look at this diagram here we
+can't attach colinear gluons to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't attach colinear gluons to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't attach colinear gluons to this
+Quark but this Quark carries color we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark but this Quark carries color we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark but this Quark carries color we
+can attach cinear gluons to this Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attach cinear gluons to this Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attach cinear gluons to this Quark
+no problem doesn't knock it off shell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem doesn't knock it off shell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem doesn't knock it off shell or
+anything so uh we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so uh we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so uh we're going to have a
+problem with Gauge symmetry because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with Gauge symmetry because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with Gauge symmetry because we
+have two things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things that are
+colored a priority we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored a priority we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored a priority we're going to have a
+problem with Gauge symmetry because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with Gauge symmetry because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with Gauge symmetry because we
+have two things of colored one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things of colored one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things of colored one of which
+we can't attach effective Theory fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't attach effective Theory fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't attach effective Theory fields
+to in one of which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in one of which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in one of which we
+can but there's also operators with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but there's also operators with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but there's also operators with
+gluons in them which are these ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons in them which are these ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons in them which are these ones and
+what effectively happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what effectively happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what effectively happens is that the
+gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge
+transformation that would used to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that would used to be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that would used to be for
+this heavy Quark field it gets moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this heavy Quark field it gets moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this heavy Quark field it gets moved
+into this Wilson line so there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this Wilson line so there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this Wilson line so there'll be
+this gauge this Wilson line will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gauge this Wilson line will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gauge this Wilson line will
+transform in a way that compensates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in a way that compensates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in a way that compensates for
+the transformation of this linear cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation of this linear cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation of this linear cork
+field and that's exactly because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and that's exactly because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and that's exactly because the
+gluons here which were kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons here which were kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons here which were kind of the
+corresponding gluons in qcd for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding gluons in qcd for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding gluons in qcd for the
+gauge transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transfer
+are explicitly integrated out to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are explicitly integrated out to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are explicitly integrated out to give
+that wi line so it's all tied together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wi line so it's all tied together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wi line so it's all tied together
+we'll come back and talk about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and talk about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and talk about that in
+more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail
+later all right so let's consider now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right so let's consider now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all right so let's consider now
+the effective Theory now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory now that we have
+some idea of how these calculations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of how these calculations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of how these calculations are
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working and let's consider this1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and let's consider this1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and let's consider this1
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory so we have a cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode and an ultr soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode with momenta that we're scaling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode with momenta that we're scaling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode with momenta that we're scaling in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+way and we also know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we also know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we also know if we
+consider the fan rules what we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the fan rules what we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the fan rules what we can look
+at what the propagators would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the propagators would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the propagators would look like
+so let's consider first of all having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider first of all having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider first of all having a
+cinear gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear gluon
+and let's just try to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just try to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just try to think about what
+the effective theory is going to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory is going to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory is going to what
+kind of propagators the effective theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of propagators the effective theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of propagators the effective theory
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+have so maybe this comes from a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so maybe this comes from a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so maybe this comes from a heavy
+Quark so we have this possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark so we have this possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark so we have this possibility of
+having a cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a cinear
+gluon momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q we expanded the propagator for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we expanded the propagator for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q we expanded the propagator for that
+last time and the important point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and the important point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and the important point about
+this being a cinear gluon is that P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a cinear gluon is that P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being a cinear gluon is that P and
+Q are the same size so we never drop P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q are the same size so we never drop P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q are the same size so we never drop P
+relative to Q or Q relative to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P so if we write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so if we write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so if we write out the
+components we did this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we did this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we did this last
+time and we found that there was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we found that there was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we found that there was really
+no expansion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no expansion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no expansion in the
+denominator and in the numerator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and in the numerator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and in the numerator we
+could make an expansion and just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make an expansion and just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make an expansion and just keep
+the leading order piece so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading order piece so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading order piece so the
+propagator would be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator would be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator would be proportional to
+this there's some spin structure as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's some spin structure as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's some spin structure as well
+that I'm not writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but Q of the gluon is of order P of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Q of the gluon is of order P of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Q of the gluon is of order P of the
+Quark so nothing gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dropped okay so this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped okay so this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped okay so this is going to be a
+propagator that exists in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator that exists in the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator that exists in the effective
+Theory that's what I was saying before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other thing we could do is we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we could do is we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we could do is we could
+attach an Ultras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach an Ultras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach an Ultras
+soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle we could actually attach it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle we could actually attach it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle we could actually attach it to
+either side but let me focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side but let me focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side but let me focus on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side so there's going to be some Ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so there's going to be some Ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so there's going to be some Ultra
+Soft glue on it's not cinear to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft glue on it's not cinear to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft glue on it's not cinear to any
+direction let's call its moment k call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction let's call its moment k call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction let's call its moment k call
+this still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this still
+P now K is much smaller than P by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P now K is much smaller than P by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P now K is much smaller than P by our
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting so K is a b Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so K is a b Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so K is a b Lambda
+squared so n bar. k is much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so n bar. k is much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so n bar. k is much less than
+n.p which is of order Lambda 0o K per is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.p which is of order Lambda 0o K per is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.p which is of order Lambda 0o K per is
+much less than P per which is of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than P per which is of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than P per which is of order
+Lambda and then the n. K is of order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then the n. K is of order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then the n. K is of order n
+n.p because those are both Lambda squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.p because those are both Lambda squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.p because those are both Lambda squar
+so here it's not going to be like over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's not going to be like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's not going to be like over
+there there is actually going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is actually going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is actually going to be an
+expansion that occurs because things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that occurs because things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that occurs because things are
+of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size so if I only keep the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so if I only keep the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so if I only keep the leading order
+terms and the propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the propagator
+here well in the numerator I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well in the numerator I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well in the numerator I just have
+m.p because M bar. K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m.p because M bar. K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m.p because M bar. K is
+small and the only place that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the only place that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the only place that I need to
+keep both is in this n dot ter term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there is an expansion that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and again if I look at how off shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and again if I look at how off shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and again if I look at how off shell
+this propagator is it's perfectly within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propagator is it's perfectly within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propagator is it's perfectly within
+the effective Theory so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory so this is a
+propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with off shellness that leaves it inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with off shellness that leaves it inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with off shellness that leaves it inside
+the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory okay so it's not far off Shell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so it's not far off Shell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so it's not far off Shell by
+any means in fact it's just as off shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any means in fact it's just as off shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any means in fact it's just as off shell
+as the propagator over there for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the propagator over there for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the propagator over there for the
+clinar particles so it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinar particles so it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinar particles so it doesn't really
+make sense to think about treating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to think about treating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to think about treating this
+propagator any different than treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator any different than treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator any different than treating
+this propagator from the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propagator from the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propagator from the effective
+Theory point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view but you see that the fin rule has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but you see that the fin rule has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but you see that the fin rule has
+to somehow know whether you're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow know whether you're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to somehow know whether you're in this
+situation where you need to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you need to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you need to keep the
+momentum of the gluon or whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the gluon or whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the gluon or whether you're
+in this situation where the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation where the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation where the momentum
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expanded and we'll see how what how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded and we'll see how what how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded and we'll see how what how that
+works so this is by way of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so this is by way of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so this is by way of sort of
+giving you a hint as to what's to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a hint as to what's to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a hint as to what's to come
+and what kind of complications we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of complications we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kind of complications we'll
+face in the effective Theory because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in the effective Theory because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in the effective Theory because the
+effective Theory can interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory can interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory can interact with
+colinear gluons or these ultrasoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear gluons or these ultrasoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear gluons or these ultrasoft
+gluons and it somehow needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and it somehow needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and it somehow needs to be
+only keeping leading order terms if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only keeping leading order terms if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only keeping leading order terms if it's
+really the leading order effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the leading order effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the leading order effective
+Theory then we should just keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory then we should just keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory then we should just keep this
+term and we shouldn't keep these higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we shouldn't keep these higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we shouldn't keep these higher
+order terms but over here we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms but over here we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms but over here we have to
+keep all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep all the
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+okay so what should the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what should the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what should the leading order
+effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what should we demand of it we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what should we demand of it we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what should we demand of it we've
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+Now set up all the things that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now set up all the things that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now set up all the things that we need
+to think about in order to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in order to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in order to figure out
+what the leading order effect theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so what do we demand of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lran it should yield the propagator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions and it has interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and it has interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and it has interactions
+both within this effective Theory it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both within this effective Theory it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both within this effective Theory it has
+interactions both with colinear gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from that diagram over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that diagram over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that diagram over
+there and with Ultra Soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluons and you can see even from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and you can see even from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and you can see even from here
+why we need two different fields because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need two different fields because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we need two different fields because
+that there has to be some way of telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be some way of telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there has to be some way of telling
+uh that we have a different propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we have a different propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we have a different propagator
+in this case than in that case or put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case than in that case or put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case than in that case or put
+another way the external field here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way the external field here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way the external field here has
+a different Power counting than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different Power counting than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different Power counting than the
+external field here so this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field here so this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field here so this already
+we're kind of seeing that we need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of seeing that we need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of seeing that we need two
+different gluon fields in this effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gluon fields in this effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gluon fields in this effective
+Theory as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory as we said
+earlier so the legian has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so the legian has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so the legian has to have
+interactions with both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with both of
+them it has to have both quarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it has to have both quarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it has to have both quarks and
+antiquarks because remember that cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks because remember that cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks because remember that cinear
+quarks and cinear ant antiquarks both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and cinear ant antiquarks both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and cinear ant antiquarks both
+existed as leading order things it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed as leading order things it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed as leading order things it's not
+like hqt where one of them gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hqt where one of them gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hqt where one of them gets
+integrated out and basically that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated out and basically that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated out and basically that is
+just the statement that say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the statement that say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the statement that say you have a
+clinar glue on going along very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinar glue on going along very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinar glue on going along very quickly
+it per create two cinear a quark and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it per create two cinear a quark and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it per create two cinear a quark and an
+antiquark and if they're again cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark and if they're again cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark and if they're again cinear
+that's something that has to be allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that has to be allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that has to be allowed
+to happen at order one in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen at order one in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen at order one in in this
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory okay so so far so good this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so so far so good this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so so far so good this is
+just saying what are we going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying what are we going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying what are we going to be able
+to what kind of fields are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what kind of fields are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what kind of fields are we going to
+have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lran this third bullet is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran this third bullet is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran this third bullet is related to
+what I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was just
+stressing that we have to get a leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing that we have to get a leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing that we have to get a leading
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+propagator in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator in different
+situations so somehow the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so somehow the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so somehow the effective
+theory has to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory has to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory has to know something
+about the size of momento that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of momento that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of momento that are going
+running through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and if we want to be strict about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if we want to be strict about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if we want to be strict about
+defining the effective Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the effective Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the effective Theory and
+defining the leading order term it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the leading order term it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the leading order term it's not
+okay that we expand later we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that we expand later we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that we expand later we really have
+to expand ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so whatever the lran is it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever the lran is it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever the lran is it should
+just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give
+this and it should just give this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it should just give this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it should just give this and it
+should not give these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not give these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not give these
+dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what I mean by not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I mean by not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I mean by not having
+no additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion and the final thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and the final thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and the final thing is a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+subtle and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and that is
+that we should think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should think a
+ahead so when we Design This effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so when we Design This effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so when we Design This effective
+Theory we're not only going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're not only going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're not only going to want to
+describe the leading order term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the leading order term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the leading order term but
+we're also going to want to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to want to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to want to describe
+power Corrections because if we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Corrections because if we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Corrections because if we can't
+describe the power Corrections we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the power Corrections we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the power Corrections we don't
+really have an effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory so whatever we do we should make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so whatever we do we should make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so whatever we do we should make
+sure that we have a notion of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we have a notion of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we have a notion of what's
+going on with higher order terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with higher order terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with higher order terms that
+they're well- defined things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well- defined things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well- defined things that we can
+think ahead about what the operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think ahead about what the operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think ahead about what the operators are
+going to look like and we need that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like and we need that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like and we need that in
+order to know that we can formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know that we can formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to know that we can formulate
+those operators and make sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operators and make sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operators and make sure they're
+suppressed so another way of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed so another way of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed so another way of putting
+it is that we should set things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that we should set things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that we should set things
+up so we don't have to reset things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so we don't have to reset things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so we don't have to reset things up
+when we start talking about power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start talking about power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start talking about power
+Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we really should think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really should think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really should think about the
+effective Theory globally even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory globally even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory globally even though
+we're sort of Starting by formulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of Starting by formulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of Starting by formulating
+the leading order term we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading order term we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading order term we should think
+about the power corrections as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the power corrections as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the power corrections as well and
+how those interactions are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behave okay so that's saying that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave okay so that's saying that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave okay so that's saying that we
+want to think about at least what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about at least what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about at least what these
+dots are going to look like what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are going to look like what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are going to look like what this
+plus dot dot dot is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dot dot dot is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dot dot dot is going to look
+like okay so this is our goal and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so this is our goal and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay so this is our goal and we'll
+go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowly so let's start with this is a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly so let's start with this is a top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly so let's start with this is a top
+down effective Theory so we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down effective Theory so we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down effective Theory so we can start
+with qcd and then we can integrate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with qcd and then we can integrate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with qcd and then we can integrate out
+the off shell degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off shell degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off shell degrees of
+freedom we can just formulate from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom we can just formulate from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom we can just formulate from what
+thect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thect
+is by starting with the qcd lran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by starting with the qcd lran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by starting with the qcd lran and
+splitting it into the fields that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it into the fields that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting it into the fields that we
+want and manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and manipulating
+it so let's start with SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+id/ and let's write s in terms of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields and this goes back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and this goes back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and this goes back to our
+discussion when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spinners so these two Fields have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners so these two Fields have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners so these two Fields have
+different have a projector on the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different have a projector on the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different have a projector on the full
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+field and they obey n Bar slash n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slash n sln Bar SL CN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash n sln Bar SL CN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash n sln Bar SL CN is
+CN and n bar/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n/ f and bar is pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ f and bar is pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ f and bar is pi and
+bar so I want to write out the qcd lrin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so I want to write out the qcd lrin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so I want to write out the qcd lrin
+in terms of components because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of components because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of components because the
+different derivatives the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different derivatives the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different derivatives the different
+components of the coant derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the coant derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the coant derivative and
+the different regular derivatives inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different regular derivatives inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different regular derivatives inside
+that derivative have different Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative have different Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative have different Power
+counting okay so let's do that and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting okay so let's do that and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting okay so let's do that and I'll
+introduce these two fields in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce these two fields in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce these two fields in order to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that so if you like I'm just taking qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you like I'm just taking qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you like I'm just taking qcd
+and writing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing it in
+a in these coordinates that we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in these coordinates that we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in these coordinates that we're saying
+are useful coordinates for talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so decompos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slash and just write out the fields as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash and just write out the fields as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash and just write out the fields as
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces and then I can multiply these out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then I can multiply these out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then I can multiply these out
+and because of the projection relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of the projection relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of the projection relation
+some of these products will vanish so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these products will vanish so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these products will vanish so if
+I only write the pieces that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only write the pieces that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only write the pieces that don't
+vanish then I only have four pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish then I only have four pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish then I only have four pieces
+which are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four okay so all all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so all all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay so all all other
+combinations that I didn't write vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that I didn't write vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that I didn't write vanish
+and those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survive we'll do one example so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive we'll do one example so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive we'll do one example so you see
+how this what the strategy is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this what the strategy is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this what the strategy is for
+getting rid of the other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the other terms
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's consider one of the other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider one of the other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider one of the other terms
+let's consider the guy with a deur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the guy with a deur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the guy with a deur
+slash but between two CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields so I can insert the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I can move it through the D per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slash I'm moving two things through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash I'm moving two things through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash I'm moving two things through and
+they both have zero dot product with d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have zero dot product with d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have zero dot product with d
+per so there's no additional terms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per so there's no additional terms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per so there's no additional terms I
+just can push it through and N slash on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can push it through and N slash on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can push it through and N slash on
+CN bar is zero so n slash on CN was Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN bar is zero so n slash on CN was Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN bar is zero so n slash on CN was Zero
+remember and if you take the dagger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and if you take the dagger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and if you take the dagger and
+make it into a bar relation you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a bar relation you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a bar relation you also
+have this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formula
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+zero and a similar Thing by inserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a similar Thing by inserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a similar Thing by inserting
+projectors we can figure out which terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors we can figure out which terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors we can figure out which terms
+are non zero and these ones I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non zero and these ones I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are non zero and these ones I'm writing
+are the nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the nonzero
+ones this guy zero it's that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones this guy zero it's that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones this guy zero it's that's why I
+didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay so any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so any questions so
+far hot today drink lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water okay this is just qcd I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay this is just qcd I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay this is just qcd I haven't
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything I just wrote qcd out in of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I just wrote qcd out in of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I just wrote qcd out in of some
+strange coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I'm going to do one thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to do one thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to do one thing which
+is going to end up simplifying our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to end up simplifying our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to end up simplifying our lives
+a little bit later on and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later on and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later on and I'm going to
+use the fact that when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that when we talked about
+production of quarks we said we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of quarks we said we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of quarks we said we're going
+to produce this CN type of quark and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce this CN type of quark and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce this CN type of quark and not
+the F and bar type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Quark so F and bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark so F and bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark so F and bar
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corresponded to subleading spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded to subleading spinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded to subleading spinner
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just decree that I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just decree that I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just decree that I don't really
+care about this field and therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this field and therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about this field and therefore I
+don't need to have any current in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have any current in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have any current in my
+path intergral that I couple to this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's like an auxiliary field if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like and because the path integral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and because the path integral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and because the path integral in
+this fermionic field is quadratic we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fermionic field is quadratic we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fermionic field is quadratic we can
+just remove it from the path just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remove it from the path just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remove it from the path just do the
+path integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it once we know that there's no Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once we know that there's no Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once we know that there's no Source
+term for it we can just do the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for it we can just do the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for it we can just do the path
+integral since all the terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral since all the terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral since all the terms are
+explicitly written over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see what happens when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what happens when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what happens when we do
+that so doing the path integral for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so doing the path integral for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so doing the path integral for this
+quadratic field just means solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic field just means solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic field just means solving the
+equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion so we take the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so we take the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so we take the variational
+derivative with respect to F and bar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to F and bar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to F and bar of
+the LAN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LAN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LAN
+and that gives us the following equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could multiply both sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could multiply both sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could multiply both sides of this
+field by both both terms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by both both terms in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by both both terms in this
+equation by an n bar/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by an n bar/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by an n bar/
+over2 and then we can use the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and then we can use the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and then we can use the projection
+relation just to simplify the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation just to simplify the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation just to simplify the direct
+structure a little we can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a little we can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a little we can move the
+direct structure from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we could formally solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could formally solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could formally solve this
+equation for the F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar it's an inverse coant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative and if I I can push this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and if I I can push this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and if I I can push this
+through this at the cost of a sign so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this at the cost of a sign so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this at the cost of a sign so if
+I move it to the right hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move it to the right hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move it to the right hand side of the
+equation that takes care of that sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I did two sign changes I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did two sign changes I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did two sign changes I move
+something to the right and then I push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the right and then I push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the right and then I push
+these through each other to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these through each other to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these through each other to get that
+equation okay so this what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so this what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so this what this is
+saying in terms of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field is that I have this equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is that I have this equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is that I have this equation for
+sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we take that result and we plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take that result and we plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take that result and we plug it
+back into our lran which I meant to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into our lran which I meant to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into our lran which I meant to give
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star then we'll just have a few a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star then we'll just have a few a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star then we'll just have a few a
+equation in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C we already used two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we already used two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we already used two
+terms and so those two terms when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so those two terms when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so those two terms when we
+plug it back in they just cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there was two terms in the lran that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was two terms in the lran that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was two terms in the lran that
+had s and bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had s and bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had s and bar
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+bar and the remaining two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so this is LR that's just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is LR that's just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is LR that's just in
+terms of the CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the CN
+field call it double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field call it double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field call it double
+star this was supposed to be previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this was supposed to be previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star this was supposed to be previous
+guy was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star okay okay so several questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay okay so several questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay okay so several questions
+arise what have we done what do we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise what have we done what do we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise what have we done what do we like
+this inverse coant derivative are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse coant derivative are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inverse coant derivative are we
+happy with that are we unhappy with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with that are we unhappy with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with that are we unhappy with it
+so what does an inverse covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does an inverse covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does an inverse covariant
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+mean well actually just what ises an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well actually just what ises an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well actually just what ises an in
+inverse derivative mean this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse derivative mean this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse derivative mean this is an
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean so the way you define an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the way you define an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so the way you define an inverse
+operator is exactly how you define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is exactly how you define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is exactly how you define an
+inverse operator in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics so let me remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so let me remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so let me remind you of
+that this is the analog of in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the analog of in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the analog of in quantum
+mechanics having a say a one over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics having a say a one over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics having a say a one over R
+potential but if R is an operator then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but if R is an operator then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but if R is an operator then
+you have a one over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and the way that you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the way that you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the way that you define
+that is by the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one/ I in bar. partial of some field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one/ I in bar. partial of some field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one/ I in bar. partial of some field
+I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of
+X you can write it out in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you can write it out in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you can write it out in terms of
+momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if we go over to momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we go over to momentum space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we go over to momentum space
+That's the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis and then the IG value is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and then the IG value is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and then the IG value is just one
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+momentum this component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum okay so it's just the for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay so it's just the for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay so it's just the for a
+transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of
+that this is a coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y um yeah I I have a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y um yeah I I have a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y um yeah I I have a question about
+whether or not you have actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you have actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you have actually done
+nothing I have done nothing yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I have done nothing yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I have done nothing yeah yeah
+seems so that yeah that's my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems so that yeah that's my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems so that yeah that's my next
+comment right but so five bar yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment right but so five bar yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment right but so five bar yeah
+corresponding to subing spinner would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to subing spinner would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to subing spinner would
+mean that you're only considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're only considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're only considering
+interactions that are allar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that are allar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that are allar and the
+original QC does contain interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original QC does contain interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original QC does contain interaction so
+the original the only difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original the only difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original the only difference between
+what I've done so far and qcd is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done so far and qcd is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done so far and qcd is that in
+qcd we'd have a current if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd we'd have a current if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd we'd have a current if we were to
+think about qcd we'd couple external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about qcd we'd couple external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about qcd we'd couple external
+currents both to this fi and Bo as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents both to this fi and Bo as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents both to this fi and Bo as well
+as the CN and that's the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the CN and that's the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the CN and that's the only difference
+but people actually there's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people actually there's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people actually there's a small
+community of people that actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of people that actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of people that actually think
+about this lran as the qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lran as the qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lran as the qcd
+lran and that's because if I was willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran and that's because if I was willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran and that's because if I was willing
+to couple a current to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to couple a current to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to couple a current to this particular
+combination of fields I could still call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of fields I could still call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of fields I could still call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+qcd okay so in that sense if I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd okay so in that sense if I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd okay so in that sense if I really
+demand that I'm only producing CN and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that I'm only producing CN and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that I'm only producing CN and I
+just have a term that's like J CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I don't have this F and bar then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have this F and bar then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have this F and bar then
+it's something different because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something different because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something different because I'm not
+directly able to produce these guys but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly able to produce these guys but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly able to produce these guys but
+if I'm I'm allowing if I allow myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm I'm allowing if I allow myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm I'm allowing if I allow myself
+also to couple to this combination here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to couple to this combination here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to couple to this combination here
+then I can do everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can do everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can do everything in terms of
+these CN fields and really just qcd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these CN fields and really just qcd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these CN fields and really just qcd so
+this so star star is exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so star star is exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so star star is exactly equal to
+qcd if you're only producing direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd if you're only producing direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd if you're only producing direction
+or something uh no just even simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something uh no just even simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something uh no just even simpler
+it's exactly qcd if I only produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly qcd if I only produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly qcd if I only produce the
+CN if I just say I'm only I am only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN if I just say I'm only I am only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN if I just say I'm only I am only
+interested in operators that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in operators that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in operators that produce
+this particular spin component try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular spin component try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular spin component try to
+yeah no no I haven't I haven't made any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no no I haven't I haven't made any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no no I haven't I haven't made any
+expansion to make it cinear yet so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to make it cinear yet so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion to make it cinear yet so but
+if if there was a hard like a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there was a hard like a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there was a hard like a hard
+scatter with two like totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter with two like totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter with two like totally different
+directions you could produce F bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you could produce F bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions you could produce F bars
+right yeah but that would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but that would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but that would be another
+lran so this lran is only producing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so this lran is only producing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so this lran is only producing this
+lanine in the end will only be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanine in the end will only be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanine in the end will only be useful
+for producing particles in the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing particles in the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for producing particles in the N
+colinear Direction that's what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear Direction that's what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear Direction that's what I'm going
+to be after and I have another copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be after and I have another copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be after and I have another copy of
+this for each cinear Direction I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for each cinear Direction I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for each cinear Direction I have a
+diff one additional copy of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff one additional copy of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff one additional copy of what I'm
+doing now you lost the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now you lost the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now you lost the ability to
+produce like hard scattering by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce like hard scattering by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce like hard scattering by doing
+this by just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by just doing
+this right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right that's
+right okay so we're far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're far from
+done and really this is just sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and really this is just sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and really this is just sort of a a
+warmup really what we've done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmup really what we've done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmup really what we've done here is
+we've just written things out in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just written things out in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just written things out in terms
+of components and it's true that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components and it's true that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components and it's true that these
+derivatives here have different Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here have different Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here have different Power
+counting and we're going to make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and we're going to make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and we're going to make use of
+that in a second and we've also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second and we've also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a second and we've also just
+sort of focused our attention on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of focused our attention on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of focused our attention on this
+guy that we could produce at leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that we could produce at leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that we could produce at leading
+water from a hard scattering in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from a hard scattering in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from a hard scattering in some
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+direction such as in our BDU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so if we're interested in Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if we're interested in Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if we're interested in Just
+One cinear Direction then there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One cinear Direction then there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One cinear Direction then there's two
+components of the spinner that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the spinner that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the spinner that are
+always the big components and we focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the big components and we focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the big components and we focused
+on a field that gives those components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a field that gives those components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a field that gives those components
+directly so what do we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still so there's three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps so we have to separate colinear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so we have to separate colinear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so we have to separate colinear so
+far we just have one type of coent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we just have one type of coent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we just have one type of coent
+derivative we have to separate out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we have to separate out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we have to separate out the
+fields that are in that coant derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that are in that coant derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that are in that coant derivative
+in particular the ultrasoft in cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the ultrasoft in cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the ultrasoft in cinear
+gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields have to be separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields have to be separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields have to be separated
+out another thing we have to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out another thing we have to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out another thing we have to do is we
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the
+colinear and ultr soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and ultr soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and ultr soft
+momenta there's two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta there's two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta there's two different types of
+momenta as we saw in this simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta as we saw in this simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta as we saw in this simple example
+of a gluon momenta flowing into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gluon momenta flowing into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gluon momenta flowing into a
+propagator and we actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and we actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and we actually have to
+distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+them and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then we have to
+expand so until we do these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand so until we do these first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand so until we do these first two
+steps there's not really anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps there's not really anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps there's not really anything to
+expand and so once we've made we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and so once we've made we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and so once we've made we've
+distinguished those we'll be able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished those we'll be able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished those we'll be able to say
+that certain things are larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others and then we'll be able to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then we'll be able to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then we'll be able to figure
+out what the leading order lran actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay so let's start with this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step cl to step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step cl to step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step cl to step two
+so remember what the power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the cinear gluons had this scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the cinear gluons had this scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the cinear gluons had this scaling
+the ultrasoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluons had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons had this
+scaling the same as an ultrasoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momenta and the right way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta and the right way of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta and the right way of doing this
+kind of thing would be to take V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing would be to take V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing would be to take V and
+diag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag
+and do some matching calculations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do some matching calculations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do some matching calculations but
+sometimes we're able to get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're able to get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're able to get away with
+just thinking about doing things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about doing things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about doing things by
+writing down field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down field
+relations and that's almost true here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and that's almost true here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and that's almost true here
+when we were drawing our findan diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were drawing our findan diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were drawing our findan diagrams
+before if you think about one glue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you think about one glue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you think about one glue on
+this is certainly true so if we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly true so if we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly true so if we draw
+drew fman diagrams before we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew fman diagrams before we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew fman diagrams before we had this
+one and we had this one Ultra scof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we had this one Ultra scof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we had this one Ultra scof
+colinear and and we just consider one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and and we just consider one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and and we just consider one at
+a time so we could just think of adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time so we could just think of adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time so we could just think of adding
+them and that's kind of almost true it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's kind of almost true it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's kind of almost true it
+turns out that it's true up to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's true up to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it's true up to some
+terms that we don't care about for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we don't care about for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we don't care about for the
+moment okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but these terms are power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppressed and we'll see where they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed and we'll see where they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed and we'll see where they come
+from later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from later
+on so the way you can think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the way you can think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the way you can think about this
+if you ignore that complication is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ignore that complication is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ignore that complication is that
+you really just divide the gauge field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just divide the gauge field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really just divide the gauge field
+into two pieces and that there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces and that there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces and that there's one
+place that you've perhaps seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that you've perhaps seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that you've perhaps seen that
+before when you talk about a background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when you talk about a background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when you talk about a background
+gauge field right you say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge field right you say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge field right you say you have a
+Quantum field and the background field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field and the background field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field and the background field
+and that's very nice if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very nice if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very nice if you go to
+background field gauge and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background field gauge and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background field gauge and that's kind
+of physically what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physically what's going on here
+because we have two different modes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two different modes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have two different modes that
+have different wavelengths these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different wavelengths these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different wavelengths these guys
+are really long wavelength these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really long wavelength these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really long wavelength these guys
+are shorter wavelength remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shorter wavelength remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shorter wavelength remember that the
+P squ of these guys is is much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squ of these guys is is much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P squ of these guys is is much larger
+than the P squ of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the P squ of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the P squ of these
+guys so this guy and think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so this guy and think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so this guy and think about this
+formula in that way that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in that way that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in that way that this is
+like a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+background field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the CN and the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu since the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu since the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu since the p
+ultrasoft squared had a scaling which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft squared had a scaling which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft squared had a scaling which
+was Lambda to 4th Lambda squ squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Lambda to 4th Lambda squ squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Lambda to 4th Lambda squ squ and
+that's much smaller than P colinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much smaller than P colinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's much smaller than P colinear
+Squared which was q^2 Lambda s okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared which was q^2 Lambda s okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared which was q^2 Lambda s okay so
+that's saying that this guy is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying that this guy is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying that this guy is much
+larger wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger wavelength
+a long wavelength mode to these short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long wavelength mode to these short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long wavelength mode to these short
+distance modes okay so we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance modes okay so we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance modes okay so we can think of
+this as a slowly varying classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a slowly varying classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a slowly varying classical
+background and that's one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and that's one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and that's one way of
+thinking about this formula and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this formula and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this formula and we'll
+exploit that a little bit later on as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so now let's now that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so now let's now that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so now let's now that we have the
+sum of them we can just think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of them we can just think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of them we can just think about how
+big one is relative to the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big one is relative to the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big one is relative to the other and
+actually the coefficient that's between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the coefficient that's between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the coefficient that's between
+them doesn't really matter too much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doesn't really matter too much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doesn't really matter too much for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so let's think about the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's think about the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so let's think about the power
+counting which I already wrote on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting which I already wrote on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting which I already wrote on the
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+board so the power counting is that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so the power counting is that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so the power counting is that n
+bar. is order lambda zero and so is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. is order lambda zero and so is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. is order lambda zero and so is much
+greater than the N bar. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the N bar. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the N bar. A
+ultrasoft which is order Lambda squ same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft which is order Lambda squ same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft which is order Lambda squ same
+for a per n that's a order Lambda that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a per n that's a order Lambda that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a per n that's a order Lambda that's
+much greater than a per ultr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soft and so that those two formulas mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and so that those two formulas mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and so that those two formulas mean
+that whenever I have a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever I have a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever I have a comparison
+between this and this I can always drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this and this I can always drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this and this I can always drop
+the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and just like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and just like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and just like our
+momentum there's one case where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum there's one case where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum there's one case where that's
+not true where we have to keep both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true where we have to keep both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true where we have to keep both of
+them and that's for the n n. a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's something we can drop Nar at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's something we can drop Nar at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's something we can drop Nar at a
+ultrasoft and a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft and a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft and a per
+ultrasoft that leading order can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dropped okay so that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped okay so that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped okay so that's what we're going
+to do in step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in step
+two step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three step three corresponds to dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three step three corresponds to dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three step three corresponds to dropping
+of momentum relative to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum so there was a expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so there was a expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so there was a expansion of the
+propagator in the case where we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator in the case where we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator in the case where we had an
+ultr soft and cinear at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's just write that down again but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just write that down again but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just write that down again but
+let's keep the next order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and I'll ignore the numerator since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and I'll ignore the numerator since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and I'll ignore the numerator since
+just looking at the denominator we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the denominator we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the denominator we'll
+give us enough information for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussion we could do the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we could do the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we could do the numerator
+too it just lead to more terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's some terms that I can expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some terms that I can expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some terms that I can expand
+into the and then I get the propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the and then I get the propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the and then I get the propagator
+squared or I get a p^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or I get a p^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or I get a p^2
+squared because I expanded something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because I expanded something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because I expanded something in
+the denominator back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numerator so the next order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator so the next order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator so the next order
+term comes from a DOT product in the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term comes from a DOT product in the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term comes from a DOT product in the per
+momenta because the PN per is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta because the PN per is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta because the PN per is
+large and so we get a term with two k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so we get a term with two k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and so we get a term with two k
+ultrasoft pnur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft pnur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft pnur
+that corrects the leading order term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corrects the leading order term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corrects the leading order term and
+that's the first subleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first subleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first subleading
+term so if you think about the par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if you think about the par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if you think about the par
+canning of these this guy is Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canning of these this guy is Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canning of these this guy is Lambda
+minus 2 and this guy is Lambda Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so there has to be something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so there has to be something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so there has to be something in
+the effective theory that at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory that at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective theory that at higher
+order will reproduce this second guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there will be some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppressed fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed fan
+roll in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll in
+SE to reproduce the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what that means is that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that you can't
+just think that you ignore this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that you ignore this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that you ignore this guy
+completely this K ultrasoft per you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely this K ultrasoft per you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely this K ultrasoft per you
+might just say well I only I just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say well I only I just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just say well I only I just set
+all the K ultrasoft pers and the uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the K ultrasoft pers and the uh K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the K ultrasoft pers and the uh K
+ultrasoft minuses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft minuses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft minuses to
+zero and that would be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that would be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that would be something that
+you can get away with if you're careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get away with if you're careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get away with if you're careful
+at lowest order but at subleading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lowest order but at subleading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lowest order but at subleading order
+that you can't you need to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't you need to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't you need to think that
+they exist too so whatever formalism we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist too so whatever formalism we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist too so whatever formalism we
+develop should not set them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop should not set them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop should not set them to
+zero and that was one of my bullets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that was one of my bullets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that was one of my bullets that
+we should think a little bit ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think a little bit ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think a little bit ahead and
+this is me thinking ahead that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is me thinking ahead that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is me thinking ahead that I'm not
+going to be able to just set those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to just set those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to just set those
+momentum exactly to zero I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum exactly to zero I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum exactly to zero I'm going to
+need them when I start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them when I start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need them when I start talking about
+subleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms okay so we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set so we expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we expand
+just like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for
+the just like we don't throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just like we don't throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just like we don't throw away the
+subleading gauge Fields because we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subleading gauge Fields because we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subleading gauge Fields because we will
+need those at subleading order as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need those at subleading order as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need those at subleading order as well
+we neglect them in the leading order but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we neglect them in the leading order but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we neglect them in the leading order but
+we have to sort of think that they exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to sort of think that they exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to sort of think that they exist
+still and with momentum it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and with momentum it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still and with momentum it's a little
+different since Fields carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different since Fields carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different since Fields carry
+momenta and so what you should think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta and so what you should think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta and so what you should think is
+that the fields are carrying are allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fields are carrying are allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fields are carrying are allowed
+to sort of carry these momentum but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of carry these momentum but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of carry these momentum but the
+fan rules of the leading order Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan rules of the leading order Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan rules of the leading order Theory
+are just not sensitive to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just not sensitive to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just not sensitive to them and
+that's the right way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we need is an expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we need is an expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we need is an expansion of
+the theory that will do this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that will do this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that will do this and that's
+called the multiple expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me remind you of some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me remind you of some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me remind you of some things
+about a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a multiple
+expansion well multiple expansion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well multiple expansion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well multiple expansion you
+see in electromagnetism remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in electromagnetism remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in electromagnetism remember you
+look at a charge distribution far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a charge distribution far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a charge distribution far away
+you see the total intergral over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the total intergral over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the total intergral over that
+charge distribution and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dipole that's the usual thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole that's the usual thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole that's the usual thing that you
+think of when you think of the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of when you think of the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of when you think of the words
+multiple expansion you think of En m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and it's similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's similar
+here except we're doing it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except we're doing it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except we're doing it for
+Fields so in position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so in position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so in position
+space it's similar to this where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's similar to this where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's similar to this where we
+expand uh and we neglect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand uh and we neglect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand uh and we neglect some
+coordinates so let's let me show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so let's let me show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so let's let me show you how
+multiple expansion Works in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple expansion Works in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple expansion Works in one
+dimension in position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so let's consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let's consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so let's consider the following
+consider an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider an integral
+DX SAR of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX SAR of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX SAR of x
+a of z s bar s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of z s bar s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of z s bar s of
+X so one of the fields I stuck at zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so one of the fields I stuck at zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so one of the fields I stuck at zero I
+expanded out the coordinate around zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded out the coordinate around zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded out the coordinate around zero
+where the other ones I kept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the other ones I kept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the other ones I kept the
+X okay let's see what this does for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay let's see what this does for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay let's see what this does for the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+Space by for transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some
+momenta some phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then some momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields and I just put zero because I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and I just put zero because I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and I just put zero because I put
+one of the fields in the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fields in the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the fields in the coordinate
+space at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero do the X integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I get a Delta function that says P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a Delta function that says P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a Delta function that says P1
+is equal to P2 because I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to P2 because I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to P2 because I didn't have
+anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and this is kind of along the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and this is kind of along the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and this is kind of along the lines of
+what we want it says that the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want it says that the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want it says that the momentum
+P1 is equal to the momentum P2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is equal to the momentum P2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is equal to the momentum P2 and
+that's like expanding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like expanding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like expanding in
+K so if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so if we think
+about having some f diagram where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having some f diagram where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having some f diagram where we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+P1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2 and some K coming in if we want in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 and some K coming in if we want in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 and some K coming in if we want in
+some component that P1 is equal to P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some component that P1 is equal to P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some component that P1 is equal to P2
+then this is achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not okay so this is the analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so this is the analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so this is the analog of the
+kind of expanding in coordinates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expanding in coordinates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of expanding in coordinates that
+you do inm expanding in coordinates of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do inm expanding in coordinates of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do inm expanding in coordinates of a
+field is doing the same thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is doing the same thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is doing the same thing it's
+giving a momentum conservation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a momentum conservation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a momentum conservation that
+ignores the momentum conjugate to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores the momentum conjugate to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores the momentum conjugate to that
+coordinate that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expanding so what would the next order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so what would the next order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so what would the next order
+term look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term look like
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so still here in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still here in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still here in one
+dimension if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension if you think about the
+expansion the next order term would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the next order term would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the next order term would
+be a term like this then it xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a term like this then it xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a term like this then it xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is I don't really need dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is I don't really need dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is I don't really need dot
+since this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimension so that would be the next term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so that would be the next term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension so that would be the next term
+in a tailor series of the field about x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tailor series of the field about x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a tailor series of the field about x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z and if you do the same thing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and if you do the same thing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and if you do the same thing for a
+transform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy you can work out that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following okay so the derivative here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay so the derivative here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay so the derivative here on
+the coordinate becomes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate becomes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate becomes okay
+momentum because I should for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because I should for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum because I should for a
+transform the field then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the field then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the field then take the
+derivative then set the coordinate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative then set the coordinate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative then set the coordinate to
+zero so I can still get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I can still get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I can still get a
+k and this x actually just ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and this x actually just ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and this x actually just ends up
+leading to a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a Delta
+Prime you can write it as a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you can write it as a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you can write it as a derivative
+in moment X can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moment X can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moment X can be written as a
+derivative in momentum space and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in momentum space and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in momentum space and then
+it's a derivative on the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a derivative on the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a derivative on the Delta
+function okay so that's what the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so that's what the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so that's what the second
+second order term would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order term would look
+like so if you were to think like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you were to think like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you were to think like this
+this you have a some kind of fan rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have a some kind of fan rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have a some kind of fan rule
+that's proportional to a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to a Delta
+Prime and then you if you how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then you if you how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then you if you how would you
+deal with a Delta Prime if your fman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a Delta Prime if your fman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a Delta Prime if your fman
+rule had a Delta Prime what You' do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule had a Delta Prime what You' do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule had a Delta Prime what You' do is
+you'd integrate by parts and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd integrate by parts and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd integrate by parts and then the
+Delta Prime would start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Prime would start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Prime would start taking
+derivatives of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things so that is a possible route but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that is a possible route but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that is a possible route but
+we're not going to take that route we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to take that route we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to take that route we're
+going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simpler so we could formulate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so we could formulate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so we could formulate the the
+multiple expansion in position space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple expansion in position space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple expansion in position space
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that but we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we're actually going to
+formulate it in momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so we're going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so we're going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so we're going to do the same
+thing but we're going to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we're going to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we're going to do it in
+momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are some reasons to do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some reasons to do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some reasons to do that well
+when you do fing diagrams you do the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do fing diagrams you do the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do fing diagrams you do the in
+momentum space so if we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space so if we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space so if we've already
+formulated things in momentum space then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated things in momentum space then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated things in momentum space then
+we'll immediately get the fing rules we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll immediately get the fing rules we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll immediately get the fing rules we
+want to do Loop integrals and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so that's an advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's an advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's an advantage of the
+momentum space is that you more directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space is that you more directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space is that you more directly
+get the fing rules you want and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the fing rules you want and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the fing rules you want and the
+diagrams and the form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want it's simple simplifies actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's simple simplifies actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's simple simplifies actually
+slightly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly the
+formulation or somewhat the formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation or somewhat the formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation or somewhat the formulation
+of gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformations which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations which we'll talk about
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and what I think is a nice kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what I think is a nice kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and what I think is a nice kind of
+Advantage is what where the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage is what where the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage is what where the momentum
+expansion sits is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion sits is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion sits is in the
+propagator not in the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so having we don't get F Min rules with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having we don't get F Min rules with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having we don't get F Min rules with
+Delta primes that we then have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta primes that we then have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta primes that we then have to
+integrate by parts to understand we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts to understand we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts to understand we just
+immediately get insertions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get insertions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get insertions on
+propagators which would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators which would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators which would correspond to
+the derivatives that I would take from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives that I would take from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives that I would take from
+integrating that Delta Prime by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parts so this term that we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so this term that we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts so this term that we saw before
+that looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like
+a propagator squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propagator squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a propagator squared which
+was we were sitting in momentum space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we were sitting in momentum space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we were sitting in momentum space we
+expanded the propagator to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order so we had this term that was K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we had this term that was K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we had this term that was K
+ultrasoft per. PN per and then it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft per. PN per and then it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft per. PN per and then it had
+this denominator that was squared if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this denominator that was squared if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this denominator that was squared if you
+ask where in the effective theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask where in the effective theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask where in the effective theory is
+that what is going to be the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is going to be the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is going to be the thing that
+corresponds to that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that it's going to
+correspond to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to some
+colinear propagator with an insertion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear propagator with an insertion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear propagator with an insertion on
+it and the insertion gives this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the insertion gives this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the insertion gives this
+numerator and then I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and then I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and then I have two
+propagators and that gives the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+denominators okay so that's how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators okay so that's how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators okay so that's how that
+term is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so there'll be some subleading LR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there'll be some subleading LR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there'll be some subleading LR
+that I could call L one that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could call L one that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could call L one that I can
+insert on the propagator and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert on the propagator and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert on the propagator and that would
+give rise to these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to these terms
+that we were saying were higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were saying were higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were saying were higher
+order okay so we have to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so we have to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so we have to figure out how
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+this and I will just give a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I will just give a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I will just give a little bit
+of a picture for it today and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a picture for it today and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a picture for it today and then we'll
+continue with it next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so I'm going to have to back up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm going to have to back up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I'm going to have to back up a
+bit so let's back up to the lrin that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so let's back up to the lrin that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so let's back up to the lrin that we
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and I want to just introduced us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want to just introduced us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want to just introduced us
+since that wasn't our we were not close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that wasn't our we were not close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that wasn't our we were not close
+to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being
+done we had sort of started down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we had sort of started down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we had sort of started down the
+path but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but we
+weren't done yet let me give a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't done yet let me give a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't done yet let me give a slightly
+different name to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different name to this
+field let me put a hat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so I want to do the moment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I want to do the moment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I want to do the moment the
+expansion in momentum space so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in momentum space so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in momentum space so let me
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+transform so I'll call San twiddle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I'll call San twiddle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so I'll call San twiddle of
+P the full for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the full for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the full for
+transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy which was previously just a field X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which was previously just a field X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which was previously just a field X
+and we'll think about doing expansions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll think about doing expansions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll think about doing expansions
+in this momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this momentum space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this momentum space
+field and for now I'm also going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and for now I'm also going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and for now I'm also going to make
+one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other
+simplification and that is to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and that is to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and that is to only
+consider the Quark part and we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the Quark part and we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the Quark part and we'll put
+the antiquarks back in later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you like we're considering sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like we're considering sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like we're considering sort of
+the A's and not the B's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's and not the B's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's and not the B's in the
+decomposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field okay so let's think about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so let's think about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so let's think about this and
+think about how we can do an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we can do an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we can do an expansion
+that would correspond to this multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to this multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to this multiple
+expansion and the analogy that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and the analogy that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and the analogy that I'm going
+to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exploit
+here although it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here although it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here although it's not
+perfect is the expansion that we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect is the expansion that we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect is the expansion that we did in
+hqet so in hqet we said we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hqet so in hqet we said we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hqet so in hqet we said we had a
+momentum for the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum for the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum for the B
+quark and we split it into a piece which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and we split it into a piece which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and we split it into a piece which
+was kind of the big piece and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the big piece and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the big piece and then we
+had a piece that was a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a piece that was a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a piece that was a small
+piece and I'm going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and I'm going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and I'm going to do something
+similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in
+SE I'm going to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE I'm going to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE I'm going to say I
+have a full momentum move the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a full momentum move the indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a full momentum move the indices
+up that I'm going to split into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that I'm going to split into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that I'm going to split into two
+pieces because of the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting a big piece and a small piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting a big piece and a small piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting a big piece and a small piece
+piece the big piece here will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms which were of order one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which were of order one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which were of order one or
+Lambda and then the the rest here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then the the rest here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then the the rest here will
+be something that's of order Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared and I allow that residual piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and I allow that residual piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and I allow that residual piece
+not just to be in the plus Direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to be in the plus Direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to be in the plus Direction but
+to be in any direction because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in any direction because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in any direction because remember
+I'm at subleading orders I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at subleading orders I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at subleading orders I'm going to
+have to care about the other components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to care about the other components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to care about the other components
+as well so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so let me just
+say that the residual could be have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the residual could be have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the residual could be have
+order Lambda squar pieces in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda squar pieces in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda squar pieces in any
+component in the minus and the per I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the minus and the per I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the minus and the per I'm
+going to expand with these residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand with these residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand with these residuals
+being smaller than these these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smaller than these these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smaller than these these terms
+here and this momentum I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this momentum I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this momentum I'm going to call
+a label momentum and this momentum I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a label momentum and this momentum I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a label momentum and this momentum I'm
+going to call residual momentum we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call residual momentum we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call residual momentum we'll
+see why that's a good language next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why that's a good language next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why that's a good language next time
+but it's kind of connected to the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of connected to the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of connected to the idea
+that in the hqet we labeled the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the hqet we labeled the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the hqet we labeled the fields
+by this V and we're going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this V and we're going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this V and we're going to see that
+for at least some of the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least some of the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least some of the interactions
+it's a reasonable way of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable way of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable way of thinking of
+these large momentum as just labels on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large momentum as just labels on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large momentum as just labels on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fields okay so we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields okay so we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields okay so we'll talk more about
+that next time I think I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time I think I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time I think I don't want to
+go further with it but basically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further with it but basically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go further with it but basically we're
+going to make an expansion in residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make an expansion in residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make an expansion in residuals
+being smaller than than these guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smaller than than these guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smaller than than these guys and
+in order to make that expansion I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make that expansion I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make that expansion I have
+to have some notation for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some notation for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some notation for the different
+pieces and we'll see what where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and we'll see what where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and we'll see what where that
+leads us next time it'll effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us next time it'll effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us next time it'll effectively
+lead us to the same thing as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us to the same thing as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us to the same thing as this
+multipool expans it in position space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipool expans it in position space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipool expans it in position space
+but it's a little nicer I claim I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little nicer I claim I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little nicer I claim I like
+it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ANprMjSgTZY.txt b/ANprMjSgTZY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8dc99532185d5c46beb06e724ed1677b768a2b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ANprMjSgTZY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today uh is a review session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today uh is a review session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today uh is a review session
+uh but let me start by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let me start by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let me start by looking at the
+class schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class schedule
+and there today is the review session so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there today is the review session so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there today is the review session so
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+readings for today note the lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for today note the lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for today note the lectures are
+are numbered you know seven eight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numbered you know seven eight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numbered you know seven eight so
+today doesn't count somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today doesn't count somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today doesn't count somehow
+but it does show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does show up
+on the class schedule it does not show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the class schedule it does not show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the class schedule it does not show
+up as a numbered lecture on the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a numbered lecture on the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a numbered lecture on the reading
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+i find these going over randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find these going over randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find these going over randomly
+selected questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected questions on
+the study guide to be very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study guide to be very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study guide to be very helpful
+taking a bit of time to go over as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a bit of time to go over as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a bit of time to go over as we
+usually do this case after the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do this case after the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do this case after the end of
+lecture seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture seven
+is definitely worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely worthwhile
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question
+was already asked of me so granted it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already asked of me so granted it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already asked of me so granted it's
+kind of a hard question to write and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hard question to write and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hard question to write and and
+maybe not so obvious how to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not so obvious how to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not so obvious how to answer
+go back to the medieval village economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the medieval village economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the medieval village economy
+and think about how you would model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about how you would model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about how you would model it
+in general equilibrium terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general equilibrium terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general equilibrium terms
+volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+how do we model the middle evil village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we model the middle evil village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we model the middle evil village
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy
+uh in general equilibrium terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's ready to answer this but we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's ready to answer this but we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's ready to answer this but we already
+talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it
+yes who's who's speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes who's who's speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes who's who's speaking
+i was going to say that like it includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to say that like it includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to say that like it includes
+the possible like consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible like consumption set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible like consumption set
+and the production vectors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the production vectors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the production vectors that are
+possible and the endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the endowment
+for that economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that economy
+uh and the preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the preferences
+yeah and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's good
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+what aspects of the medieval economy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what aspects of the medieval economy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what aspects of the medieval economy do
+you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+figures and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures and so on
+that look like one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well either this question is too hard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well either this question is too hard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well either this question is too hard or
+too easy i'm not sure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so one answer i didn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one answer i didn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one answer i didn't give
+the key just now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key just now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key just now is
+we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually
+thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about
+the medieval village when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval village when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval village when we did the
+dynamics of storage and starvation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of storage and starvation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of storage and starvation and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+and we wrote down a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wrote down a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wrote down a production
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+mapping inputs and outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping inputs and outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping inputs and outputs
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were
+doing production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing production
+and we took a stand on utility and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we took a stand on utility and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we took a stand on utility and so
+that was sort of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of an example
+of a medieval village economy except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a medieval village economy except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a medieval village economy except
+there was only one person in it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you go back to those pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to those pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to those pictures
+we have a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a map
+with a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a given
+person having its plots spread out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person having its plots spread out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person having its plots spread out all
+over the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the map
+of the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do you think they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you think they have the same
+production technologies or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technologies or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technologies or different
+production technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody can answer there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can answer there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can answer there's a little
+discussion period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if it were the same production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it were the same production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it were the same production
+technology and why on earth would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and why on earth would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and why on earth would they
+be spreading their land out over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spreading their land out over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spreading their land out over the
+village into different spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it seems likely they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems likely they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems likely they're different
+production technologies in what way do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technologies in what way do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technologies in what way do
+you think they might be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm gonna call on someone this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna call on someone this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna call on someone this isn't
+working ewan can you try to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working ewan can you try to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working ewan can you try to answer that
+in what reasonable way do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what reasonable way do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what reasonable way do you think the
+production technologies differed across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technologies differed across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production technologies differed across
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe the multiplier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the multiplier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the multiplier that
+determines the state of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the state of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the state of the world
+is independent or there are fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent or there are fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent or there are fewer
+correlations and further out you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and further out you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and further out you go
+yeah good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay
+so what in the storage economy was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what in the storage economy was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what in the storage economy was that
+epsilon might be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon might be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon might be different
+have different realizations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different realizations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different realizations for
+different plots and then we get into all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots and then we get into all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots and then we get into all
+that stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff about
+correlations and uh covariances and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and uh covariances and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and uh covariances and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+as i was saying to key at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i was saying to key at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i was saying to key at the beginning
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a kind of a difficult question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a difficult question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a difficult question that's
+why she asked me at right when we logged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why she asked me at right when we logged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why she asked me at right when we logged
+on at 2 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at 2 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at 2 30.
+it's difficult why because you're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult why because you're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult why because you're so
+used to seeing me show you slides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing me show you slides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to seeing me show you slides of
+things like here's the model and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here's the model and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like here's the model and then
+you're okay i guess i better learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay i guess i better learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay i guess i better learn this
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+and i just put you in the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just put you in the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just put you in the different
+position of asking you to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of asking you to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of asking you to choose the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+that is a very interesting skill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very interesting skill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very interesting skill and
+it's not something you get to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you get to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not something you get to practice
+very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's why i think this question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i think this question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i think this question is
+hard in the sense that you're not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard in the sense that you're not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard in the sense that you're not used
+to doing that but that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that but that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doing that but that's the way
+economists have to think about things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have to think about things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists have to think about things we
+make decisions it's not like god is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions it's not like god is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions it's not like god is
+giving us preferences endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us preferences endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us preferences endowments and
+technology we're kind of making it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we're kind of making it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we're kind of making it up
+hopefully for for good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's why i earmarked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's why i earmarked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's why i earmarked that
+question today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question today
+okay for the set of feasible allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the set of feasible allocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the set of feasible allocations
+in an edgeworth box economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an edgeworth box economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an edgeworth box economy
+which allocations are pareto optimal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allocations are pareto optimal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allocations are pareto optimal and
+which not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we have the whiteboard we i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have the whiteboard we i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we have the whiteboard we i would
+ask you to draw it but i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to draw it but i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to draw it but i'm not going to
+be that ambitious so can someone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that ambitious so can someone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that ambitious so can someone just
+tell me in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me in words
+how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+paulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sure so um the set of all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure so um the set of all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure so um the set of all um
+optimal allocations inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocations inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal allocations inside of the
+edwards box are the set of points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edwards box are the set of points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edwards box are the set of points for
+which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+the indifference curves for person one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference curves for person one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference curves for person one
+and person two are attached to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person two are attached to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person two are attached to each
+other um because then you can't optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um because then you can't optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um because then you can't optimize
+there's no like lens shaped region for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like lens shaped region for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like lens shaped region for
+you to do something that's better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do something that's better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do something that's better and
+everything else is just like a non-predo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is just like a non-predo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is just like a non-predo
+outcome allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome allocation
+okay that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's great
+excellent answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and maybe if we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe if we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe if we get
+that far in our review session all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far in our review session all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far in our review session all the
+way back here to lecture seven we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back here to lecture seven we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back here to lecture seven we can
+take a look at some of those pictures um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+here's another one what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one what is the
+relationship between maximized linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between maximized linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between maximized linear
+welfare functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare functions
+and pareto optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so um whenever we met whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um whenever we met whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um whenever we met whenever we
+maximize a linear molecular function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize a linear molecular function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize a linear molecular function um
+the the resulting allocation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the resulting allocation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the resulting allocation is
+guaranteed to be pareto optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be pareto optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be pareto optimal
+and i think conversely um any pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think conversely um any pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think conversely um any pareto
+optimal uh allocation has is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh allocation has is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh allocation has is a
+optimizes some linear social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizes some linear social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizes some linear social welfare
+function perfect answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i'm a happy camper thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm a happy camper thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm a happy camper thank you
+you guys do really well on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys do really well on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys do really well on these
+pretty more precisely worded questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty more precisely worded questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty more precisely worded questions
+that's a very good answer thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good answer thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good answer thank you so
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's see that's probably enough of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see that's probably enough of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see that's probably enough of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm going to scroll through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to scroll through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to scroll through these
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+with two goals in mind one as i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two goals in mind one as i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two goals in mind one as i go
+through the slides sometimes pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the slides sometimes pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the slides sometimes pretty
+quickly please let me know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly please let me know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly please let me know if you have a
+question even if you didn't plan to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question even if you didn't plan to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question even if you didn't plan to ask
+it you might think of something it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might think of something it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you might think of something it might
+come back to you when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to you when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to you when you're looking at
+the material and secondly i will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material and secondly i will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material and secondly i will try to
+summarize a bit and keeps key spots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a bit and keeps key spots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a bit and keeps key spots and
+draw some connections of one lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some connections of one lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some connections of one lecture to
+another one so that's the plan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so that's the plan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one so that's the plan the
+substance of this first lecture had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance of this first lecture had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance of this first lecture had to
+do with economics as a science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with economics as a science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with economics as a science of
+experiments and i covered these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and i covered these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and i covered these four
+different authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different authors
+let me just not dwell on it the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just not dwell on it the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just not dwell on it the point
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+economics as an experiment in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as an experiment in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as an experiment in the sense
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+and combining various disciplines to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining various disciplines to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining various disciplines to do
+this and coupons is making this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and coupons is making this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and coupons is making this point
+that it's much more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's much more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's much more than just
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+and constantly in the course i'm i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constantly in the course i'm i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constantly in the course i'm i am
+showing you measurements of things facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you measurements of things facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you measurements of things facts
+and statistics and so on but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics and so on but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics and so on but like
+coupons that's not enough we we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons that's not enough we we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons that's not enough we we want to
+have a good sense of the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good sense of the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good sense of the context of the
+problem or economy but we want to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or economy but we want to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or economy but we want to go on
+and understand behavior and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand behavior and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand behavior and then
+make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions
+i guess the best illustration of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the best illustration of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the best illustration of our
+doing this so far might be the medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this so far might be the medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this so far might be the medieval
+uh storage problem where we wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh storage problem where we wrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh storage problem where we wrote that
+we took the medieval village we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took the medieval village we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took the medieval village we were
+discussing earlier talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing earlier talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing earlier talked about
+preferences uh endowments and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh endowments and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh endowments and technology
+we did some calibration to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did some calibration to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did some calibration to put in
+serious numbers representing risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious numbers representing risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious numbers representing risk and
+returns and so on and then we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and so on and then we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and so on and then we um
+simulated the economy and pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated the economy and pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated the economy and pretty much
+got it to match the data so that was i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it to match the data so that was i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it to match the data so that was i
+guess the most full-blown application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the most full-blown application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the most full-blown application
+we've done so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far
+in this tradition of uh of coupemonts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tradition of uh of coupemonts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tradition of uh of coupemonts
+although coupe months goes on to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although coupe months goes on to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although coupe months goes on to talk
+about what he thinks is the real goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what he thinks is the real goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what he thinks is the real goal
+which is policy and we did not do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is policy and we did not do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is policy and we did not do any
+policy simulations in that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy simulations in that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy simulations in that we didn't
+change something and ask if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something and ask if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change something and ask if we could
+remedy the problem for example but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remedy the problem for example but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remedy the problem for example but but
+we will be doing much more of that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be doing much more of that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be doing much more of that as
+the class goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class goes on
+matskin has this language about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matskin has this language about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matskin has this language about
+exogenous and endogenous variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous and endogenous variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous and endogenous variables and
+we've again in that medieval village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've again in that medieval village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've again in that medieval village
+economy you know i think i was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you know i think i was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you know i think i was using
+that terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminology
+things that that are taken as given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that are taken as given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that are taken as given
+versus things we want to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus things we want to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus things we want to explain
+and chris was talking about randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chris was talking about randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chris was talking about randomized
+control trials and comparing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials and comparing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials and comparing them to
+quasi-natural experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-natural experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-natural experiments
+this first example was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first example was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first example was
+paying bicycle messengers a higher wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying bicycle messengers a higher wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying bicycle messengers a higher wage
+and a couple of comments on that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of comments on that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of comments on that we
+actually when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when we get to
+utility functions and utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions and utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions and utility
+maximization subject to budgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization subject to budgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization subject to budgets
+we actually had a picture of someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually had a picture of someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually had a picture of someone
+choosing how much labor to supply as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing how much labor to supply as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing how much labor to supply as a
+function of the wage so this should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the wage so this should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the wage so this should not
+be abstract anymore and we actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be abstract anymore and we actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be abstract anymore and we actually did
+look at an rct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an rct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an rct
+in china that had to do with changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china that had to do with changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china that had to do with changing
+the price of a staple commodity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of a staple commodity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of a staple commodity which
+was featured in problem set one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was featured in problem set one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was featured in problem set one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what am i doing what on earth am i doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i doing what on earth am i doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am i doing what on earth am i doing
+right now i'm not trying to give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'm not trying to give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'm not trying to give this
+lecture again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture again
+i'm trying to tell you that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to tell you that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to tell you that we're
+delivering on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivering on it
+i mentioned these concepts in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned these concepts in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned these concepts in the very
+first lecture is probably quite abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture is probably quite abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture is probably quite abstract
+but now we're already beginning to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're already beginning to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're already beginning to be
+able to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fill in
+with the material that came afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material that came afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material that came afterwards
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is more
+issues of of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of of modeling
+lucas artificial economies i'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucas artificial economies i'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucas artificial economies i'll go back
+to that dynamic lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that dynamic lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that dynamic lecture
+where i said you know they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i said you know they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i said you know they could be
+feeding grain to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding grain to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding grain to the the
+the animals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals or
+turning it into beer and i said we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it into beer and i said we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it into beer and i said we would
+ignore that that represented a choice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that that represented a choice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that that represented a choice so
+that we could focus on what arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could focus on what arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could focus on what arguably
+were the two most important storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the two most important storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the two most important storage
+devices so we constructed an artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so we constructed an artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so we constructed an artificial
+economy to compare to the real data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to compare to the real data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy to compare to the real data
+and lucas mentioned computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lucas mentioned computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lucas mentioned computation
+and you can see through these lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see through these lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see through these lectures
+that i have not shied away from telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have not shied away from telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have not shied away from telling
+you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to
+determine solutions we did this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine solutions we did this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine solutions we did this with
+lagrangian stuff with a set of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian stuff with a set of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian stuff with a set of first
+order conditions you could use to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order conditions you could use to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order conditions you could use to help
+predict and understand the solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict and understand the solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict and understand the solution and
+then we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to
+linear programs we went to dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programs we went to dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programs we went to dynamic
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+and and we'll do more as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll do more as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll do more as we go along
+depending on what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what we need to do
+depending on the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the lecture
+and then this list of economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this list of economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this list of economies
+we had a great discussion about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a great discussion about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a great discussion about this
+on the last slide of the dynamic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last slide of the dynamic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last slide of the dynamic problem
+we shifted gears and went to a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shifted gears and went to a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shifted gears and went to a modern
+u.s economy with some credit instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s economy with some credit instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s economy with some credit instrument
+and i'll come back to that but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll come back to that but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll come back to that but this
+first economy the medieval village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first economy the medieval village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first economy the medieval village
+economy you obviously seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you obviously seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy you obviously seen
+depicted in about three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted in about three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted in about three different
+lectures so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so far
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+thai village economy has entered into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thai village economy has entered into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thai village economy has entered into
+the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion
+economies where they didn't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies where they didn't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies where they didn't try to
+diversify ex-ante
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify ex-ante
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify ex-ante
+and they needed potentially to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they needed potentially to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they needed potentially to share
+risk x post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk x post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk x post
+we haven't done much with trade yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done much with trade yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done much with trade yet
+although we will we haven't touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we will we haven't touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we will we haven't touched
+these other two yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other two yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other two yet
+the lucas trees we did in that dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lucas trees we did in that dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lucas trees we did in that dynamic
+lecture because we talked about yield to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because we talked about yield to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because we talked about yield to
+seed ratios how much harvest they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed ratios how much harvest they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed ratios how much harvest they're
+getting per unit of land planted in seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting per unit of land planted in seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting per unit of land planted in seed
+and then i turned again at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i turned again at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i turned again at the end of
+that lecture to a dynamic problem uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture to a dynamic problem uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecture to a dynamic problem uh in
+a different economy where they had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different economy where they had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different economy where they had an
+asset that was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that was like a
+borrowing or lending contract with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing or lending contract with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing or lending contract with a
+with its own return so we went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its own return so we went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its own return so we went from
+farming to financial assets so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming to financial assets so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming to financial assets so hopefully
+that's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example
+this we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we just did
+what's in economy preferences endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in economy preferences endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in economy preferences endowments
+and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology
+we've now got examples of it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now got examples of it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now got examples of it and we
+develop notation for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop notation for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop notation for it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+throughout i keep trying to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout i keep trying to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout i keep trying to emphasize
+this can be applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be applied to
+economies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies with
+dynamics with geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics with geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics with geography
+and with uncertainty hopefully you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with uncertainty hopefully you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with uncertainty hopefully you're
+getting bored with my comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bored with my comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bored with my comments
+in the sense of yeah yeah yeah we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of yeah yeah yeah we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of yeah yeah yeah we know
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+i hope you do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you do know
+but my experience has been these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my experience has been these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my experience has been these things
+bear repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear repeating
+what are we gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do
+we did that in the first lecture then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that in the first lecture then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that in the first lecture then we
+did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it
+and now we're coming back to what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're coming back to what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're coming back to what did we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it is a review after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a review after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a review after all
+lecture two was about consumer choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture two was about consumer choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture two was about consumer choice
+and we reviewed you know what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reviewed you know what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reviewed you know what's an
+economy preference endowments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy preference endowments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy preference endowments and
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+as if to say you know now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if to say you know now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if to say you know now we're going to
+focus only on preferences motivationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus only on preferences motivationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus only on preferences motivationally
+i'm very nervous about this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm very nervous about this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm very nervous about this part of the
+course and also the same slide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and also the same slide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and also the same slide for
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+because then we kind of forget the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we kind of forget the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then we kind of forget the whole
+general economy thing which is the prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general economy thing which is the prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general economy thing which is the prize
+that we want to get to but we can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to get to but we can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to get to but we can't get
+to the big picture with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big picture with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the big picture with all the
+ingredients combined until we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients combined until we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients combined until we understand
+the pieces so this piece was about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces so this piece was about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces so this piece was about the
+consumer and we applied it though we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and we applied it though we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer and we applied it though we did
+try to not just make it things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to not just make it things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to not just make it things to
+memorize our theory we we tried to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize our theory we we tried to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize our theory we we tried to apply
+it at the end of this lecture and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the end of this lecture and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the end of this lecture and in the
+following to maximization of utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following to maximization of utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following to maximization of utilities
+subject to budgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to budgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to budgets
+so we described the consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we described the consumption set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we described the consumption set
+various special versions that have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various special versions that have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various special versions that have time
+and geography and we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geography and we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geography and we've talked about
+this this is again one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is again one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is again one of the great
+little questions we had at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little questions we had at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little questions we had at the beginning
+of the following class and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following class and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the following class and we talked
+about consumer preferences rank ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consumer preferences rank ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consumer preferences rank ordering
+goods defined rational choice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods defined rational choice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods defined rational choice as
+preferences which are complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which are complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences which are complete
+transitive and continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitive and continuous
+and then we talked about a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about a utility
+function representing preferences a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function representing preferences a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function representing preferences a
+couple of things came up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things came up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things came up here
+it was ordinal and not cardinal and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ordinal and not cardinal and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ordinal and not cardinal and we
+talked about that but we will and did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that but we will and did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that but we will and did
+need cardinal representations when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need cardinal representations when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need cardinal representations when we
+got to uncertainty and dynamic decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to uncertainty and dynamic decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to uncertainty and dynamic decision
+problems second thing is this this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems second thing is this this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems second thing is this this was a
+chat on piazza which is this slide goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat on piazza which is this slide goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat on piazza which is this slide goes
+from having a continuous utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having a continuous utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having a continuous utility
+any preference that can be represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any preference that can be represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any preference that can be represented
+by a continuous utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a continuous utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a continuous utility function
+is rational in the sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rational in the sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rational in the sense of the
+definition of the previous slide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the previous slide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the previous slide and
+then someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then someone
+initiated the obvious question is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated the obvious question is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated the obvious question is does
+it also go the other way that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also go the other way that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also go the other way that any
+rational preference function can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational preference function can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational preference function can be
+represented as a continuous utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as a continuous utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as a continuous utility and
+the answer was yes although there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was yes although there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was yes although there was a
+good discussion about distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good discussion about distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good discussion about distinguishing
+continuity on the one hand from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity on the one hand from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity on the one hand from the
+other two ingredients completeness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two ingredients completeness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two ingredients completeness and
+transitivity so that was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity so that was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity so that was a great
+discussion on piazza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on piazza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on piazza
+local non-satiation this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local non-satiation this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local non-satiation this is kind of a
+definition of being close by and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of being close by and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of being close by and getting
+better i talked about no bliss points i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better i talked about no bliss points i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better i talked about no bliss points i
+think we in words we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we in words we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we in words we talked about
+utility functions with bliss points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions with bliss points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions with bliss points but
+we never put any pictures in you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never put any pictures in you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never put any pictures in you might
+be thinking could i draw a picture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking could i draw a picture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking could i draw a picture with
+a bliss point and what would it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bliss point and what would it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bliss point and what would it look
+like more is preferred to less largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more is preferred to less largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more is preferred to less largely
+i'm scrolling through this and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm scrolling through this and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm scrolling through this and hopefully
+quickly in order just to make sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in order just to make sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in order just to make sure if
+you have questions or not indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions or not indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions or not indifference
+curves the whole family of indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the whole family of indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves the whole family of indifference
+curves indifferences can't cross because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves indifferences can't cross because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves indifferences can't cross because
+then they wouldn't be transitive margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wouldn't be transitive margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wouldn't be transitive margin
+rates of substitution were defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of substitution were defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of substitution were defined
+typically diminishing although not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically diminishing although not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically diminishing although not
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+in various displays of into families of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various displays of into families of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in various displays of into families of
+indifference courage for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference courage for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference courage for different
+utility functions running all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions running all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions running all the way
+from perfect substitutes to perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perfect substitutes to perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from perfect substitutes to perfect
+complements this one over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements this one over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements this one over here
+the right angled indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right angled indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right angled indifference curves
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+leonty of preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonty of preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonty of preferences
+where there's no substitutability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no substitutability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no substitutability
+about to get to maximizing utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get to maximizing utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get to maximizing utilities
+subject to budgets you might play around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to budgets you might play around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to budgets you might play around
+a little bit and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and see
+what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in
+these particular preferences when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular preferences when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular preferences when you do
+that you know what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what happens when you
+change prices that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change prices that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change prices that would be an
+interesting experiment to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiment to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experiment to conduct
+because you'll get really sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll get really sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll get really sharp
+predictions that are that are distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that are that are distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that are that are distinct
+from what you would get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you would get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you would get in this
+more typical smooth case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical smooth case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical smooth case
+and i'm anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm anticipating
+reviewing the production lecture in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing the production lecture in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing the production lecture in two
+lectures away so now you're able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures away so now you're able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures away so now you're able to go
+back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between
+what do indifference curves look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do indifference curves look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do indifference curves look like in
+consumption versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption versus
+iso quants or iso product lines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso quants or iso product lines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso quants or iso product lines in
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+this one the leontif thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the leontif thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the leontif thing
+we didn't talk about it much in consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about it much in consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't talk about it much in consumer
+theory but we did talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but we did talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but we did talk about it in
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+and you probably didn't make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you probably didn't make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you probably didn't make the
+connection but i'll try to remember to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but i'll try to remember to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but i'll try to remember to
+point out where where we actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out where where we actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out where where we actually used
+it in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in production
+these are examples of utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples of utility functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are examples of utility functions
+and definitions of convexity and quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and definitions of convexity and quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and definitions of convexity and quasi
+concavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity
+there are a lot of different concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of different concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of different concepts
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+they were all illustrated as holding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all illustrated as holding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all illustrated as holding or
+not holding depending on how we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not holding depending on how we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not holding depending on how we draw
+these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures
+convexity turns out to be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity turns out to be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity turns out to be important
+especially when we're kind of drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're kind of drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we're kind of drawing
+pictures of tangencies and optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of tangencies and optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of tangencies and optimization
+things can really go kind of crazy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can really go kind of crazy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can really go kind of crazy when
+you don't have convexity here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have convexity here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have convexity here it's
+convexity of the upper weak upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity of the upper weak upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity of the upper weak upper
+contour side of it weekly preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour side of it weekly preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour side of it weekly preferred
+bundles a little more technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles a little more technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles a little more technical
+derivation of the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of the marginal rate of
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+and something about homothetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something about homothetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something about homothetic
+preferences where this slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where this slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences where this slope of the
+indifference squares are determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference squares are determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference squares are determined
+entirely by the ratio of the two goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely by the ratio of the two goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely by the ratio of the two goods
+we kept coming back to this picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept coming back to this picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kept coming back to this picture in
+different ways in the next lecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways in the next lecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways in the next lecture in
+fact there's something about angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's something about angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there's something about angles
+curves and necessities and giffen goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and necessities and giffen goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and necessities and giffen goods
+and so on suffice it to say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on suffice it to say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on suffice it to say that if
+you're moving outwards along this ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving outwards along this ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving outwards along this ray
+because maybe your income is increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe your income is increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe your income is increased
+holding prices constant the goods x1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding prices constant the goods x1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding prices constant the goods x1 and
+x2 are increasing proportionally with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are increasing proportionally with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are increasing proportionally with
+the distance along this ray and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance along this ray and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance along this ray and likewise
+since prices are fixed expenditure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since prices are fixed expenditure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since prices are fixed expenditure is
+also moving proportionally along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also moving proportionally along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also moving proportionally along this
+ray the preferences were not homothetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray the preferences were not homothetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray the preferences were not homothetic
+then this would not be a line from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would not be a line from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would not be a line from the
+origin it would start to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin it would start to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin it would start to bend
+and that actually was what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually was what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually was what was going on
+when we talked about income effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about income effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about income effects and
+substitution effects that's coming up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects that's coming up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects that's coming up in
+the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture
+this we haven't used this utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we haven't used this utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we haven't used this utility
+function very much although it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function very much although it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function very much although it will
+appear soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear soon
+although and we did talk about utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although and we did talk about utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although and we did talk about utility
+functions which are completely linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are completely linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are completely linear
+so finally we get to the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally we get to the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally we get to the utility
+maximization problem max utility subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem max utility subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization problem max utility subject
+to a budget and define homogeneity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a budget and define homogeneity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a budget and define homogeneity in
+this consumer theory context and started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consumer theory context and started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this consumer theory context and started
+to generate these pictures of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate these pictures of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate these pictures of income
+budget lines and a set of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget lines and a set of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget lines and a set of all possible
+purchases in and under the budget line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases in and under the budget line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases in and under the budget line
+and the utility maximizing positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the utility maximizing positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the utility maximizing positions
+although again this is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although again this is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although again this is kind of the
+classic smooth diagram that sometimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic smooth diagram that sometimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic smooth diagram that sometimes is
+the only diagram you see i'm bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only diagram you see i'm bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only diagram you see i'm bending
+over backwards to show you different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over backwards to show you different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over backwards to show you different
+pictures like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures like this one
+where the maximum is not interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the maximum is not interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the maximum is not interior
+you do want to keep an eye out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to keep an eye out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to keep an eye out about
+whether they would be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they would be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they would be happy
+with this quantity of y or whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this quantity of y or whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this quantity of y or whether they
+would actually like to go negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually like to go negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually like to go negative and
+just cannot do it because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot do it because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot do it because of the
+consumption set and we formalized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set and we formalized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set and we formalized that
+as an example of the use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of the use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of the use of the
+lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian
+where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you
+write out this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out this expression
+with all the constraints and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the constraints and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the constraints and
+this is the generalized routine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the generalized routine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the generalized routine for
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+and actually applying it to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually applying it to the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually applying it to the case
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+we have these non-negativity constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these non-negativity constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these non-negativity constraints
+on the on the two goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the two goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the two goods
+this is the most general way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most general way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most general way to deal
+with the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the problem
+it doesn't mean all these constraints to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean all these constraints to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean all these constraints to
+are binding they may be binding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are binding they may be binding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are binding they may be binding and
+maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not
+typically with non-satiation a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with non-satiation a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with non-satiation a household
+for this constraint will want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this constraint will want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this constraint will want to spend
+all its income so that's usually binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its income so that's usually binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its income so that's usually binding
+although you could try to draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you could try to draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you could try to draw a picture
+where it's not back by the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not back by the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not back by the way to the
+bliss point but i've never shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bliss point but i've never shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bliss point but i've never shown you
+that and like just because it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and like just because it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and like just because it says
+greater than or equal to in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to in other words
+not negative doesn't mean they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative doesn't mean they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not negative doesn't mean they would
+want it to go negative that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to go negative that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to go negative that depends on
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+that depends on what this picture looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on what this picture looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on what this picture looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+and then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we did
+the example utility functions this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example utility functions this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example utility functions this was
+cobb douglas and you do the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobb douglas and you do the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobb douglas and you do the algebra
+and you get this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this result
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+px times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px times x
+is total expenditures on x and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is total expenditures on x and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is total expenditures on x and it's a
+constant alpha times income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant alpha times income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant alpha times income
+so this is an example of budget shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of budget shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of budget shares
+being constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being constant
+as income vary x and y will vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as income vary x and y will vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as income vary x and y will vary
+the amount spent will vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount spent will vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount spent will vary
+but it's going to vary in a linear way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to vary in a linear way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to vary in a linear way
+it's one to one with income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to one with income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one to one with income
+so again oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again oh
+and that cobb douglas this guy here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cobb douglas this guy here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cobb douglas this guy here that
+display that's homopathetic preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display that's homopathetic preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display that's homopathetic preferences
+i don't think i said that when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i said that when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i said that when i was
+lecturing on this maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing on this maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing on this maybe i
+i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did
+so in this case you can almost see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can almost see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can almost see it in
+the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra
+the marginal rate of substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate of substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal rate of substitution
+which is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here
+depends only on the ratio of y to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on the ratio of y to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on the ratio of y to x
+because this alpha is a constant so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this alpha is a constant so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this alpha is a constant so this
+is a homosettic utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a homosettic utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a homosettic utility function
+and finally we got to labor supply which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we got to labor supply which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we got to labor supply which
+is like an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an application
+since i was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i was worried
+that you'll lose the context of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll lose the context of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll lose the context of what
+we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do
+so we had this picture this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had this picture this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had this picture this beautiful
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+someone starting with leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone starting with leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone starting with leisure
+this was the first time i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first time i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first time i think we
+talked about an endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about an endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about an endowment
+so they're endowed with 24 hours a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're endowed with 24 hours a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're endowed with 24 hours a day
+or less sleep time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less sleep time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less sleep time
+i don't know if you sleep eight hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you sleep eight hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you sleep eight hours
+but now we're down to 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're down to 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're down to 16
+and uh and they can take that time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and they can take that time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and they can take that time and
+enjoy it in leisure or run it to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it in leisure or run it to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy it in leisure or run it to zero
+and work this diagram is in the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work this diagram is in the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work this diagram is in the space of
+goods that consumers want they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that consumers want they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that consumers want they're going
+to end up consuming positive amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up consuming positive amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up consuming positive amounts of
+leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+positive amounts of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amounts of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amounts of consumption
+like x1 x2 with both of them being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x1 x2 with both of them being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like x1 x2 with both of them being
+positive the slope of the budget line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the slope of the budget line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the slope of the budget line
+represents the wage you might play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the wage you might play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the wage you might play
+around a bit and ask if you could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bit and ask if you could draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bit and ask if you could draw
+the picture where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture where
+labor where the choice is not over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor where the choice is not over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor where the choice is not over
+leisure but labor in which case you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure but labor in which case you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure but labor in which case you'd be
+moving to the left here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the left here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the left here and then you
+you'd have to draw the budget line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to draw the budget line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to draw the budget line it's
+going to look similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look similar
+and then and draw preferences i'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and draw preferences i'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and draw preferences i'll show
+you what i have in mind when we get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what i have in mind when we get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what i have in mind when we get back
+to that robinson crusoe economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that robinson crusoe economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that robinson crusoe economy
+now let's go to lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go to lecture three
+i'm going to spend a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to spend a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to spend a little bit less
+time on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this and
+in terms of going through each and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of going through each and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of going through each and every
+slide but try to focus more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but try to focus more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but try to focus more on
+some of the key aspects so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key aspects so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key aspects so we have this
+demand system this would represent data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand system this would represent data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand system this would represent data
+but we're going to assume right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to assume right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to assume right away
+it's coming from utility maximization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from utility maximization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from utility maximization so
+you can think about this as restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about this as restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about this as restrictions
+on data implied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data implied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on data implied by
+utility maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility maximization
+this is you know in the spirit of fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know in the spirit of fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know in the spirit of fresh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+rcts and and various other things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcts and and various other things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcts and and various other things so
+we're increasing income what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing income what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're increasing income what would
+happen this is this is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is this is the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is this is the linear
+expansion path where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion path where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion path where the
+that but it doesn't have to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it doesn't have to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it doesn't have to look like
+that it could look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it could look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it could look like this
+so this this actually has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this actually has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this actually has a negative
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+as you increase income because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase income because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase income because the
+amount purchased of good z is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount purchased of good z is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount purchased of good z is going down
+it could be entirely vertical actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be entirely vertical actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be entirely vertical actually
+i think you could imagine how to draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you could imagine how to draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you could imagine how to draw it
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+that utility function i said we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utility function i said we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utility function i said we didn't
+do much which was transferable utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much which was transferable utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much which was transferable utility
+x1 plus log x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 plus log x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 plus log x2
+that would give you vertical a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you vertical a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you vertical a vertical
+line like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like this
+or or horizontal i don't remember which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or horizontal i don't remember which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or horizontal i don't remember which
+good was which but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good was which but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good was which but it
+now the quantities are going down or up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the quantities are going down or up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the quantities are going down or up
+and the prices are constant because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prices are constant because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prices are constant because all
+we're doing is moving income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is moving income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is moving income
+hence the expenditure shares are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the expenditure shares are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the expenditure shares are moving
+in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram
+not just the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the quantities
+because of the nature of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the nature of the experiment
+so we defined inferior goods and normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined inferior goods and normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined inferior goods and normal
+goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+and got to angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got to angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got to angle
+engel's law being a particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engel's law being a particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engel's law being a particular the
+proportion of total expenditure on food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of total expenditure on food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of total expenditure on food
+goes down as income goes up so someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down as income goes up so someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down as income goes up so someone
+asked me i think it was in the piazza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me i think it was in the piazza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me i think it was in the piazza
+chat or was it in class no it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat or was it in class no it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat or was it in class no it was in
+class one of you asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one of you asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one of you asked me
+are we talking about quantities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we talking about quantities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we talking about quantities or
+shares of expenses so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares of expenses so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares of expenses so it's kind of
+related in order for angles things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in order for angles things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in order for angles things to be
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+some good must be by definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good must be by definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good must be by definition of
+necessity but necessities were defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity but necessities were defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity but necessities were defined
+by this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this diagram
+where we just changed income and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just changed income and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just changed income and didn't
+change prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change prices
+just trying to tie these loose ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to tie these loose ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to tie these loose ends
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+then we showed you what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we showed you what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we showed you what's going on in
+the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+one of you made a great comment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you made a great comment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you made a great comment about
+this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram
+it's kind of being taught a logical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of being taught a logical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of being taught a logical and
+my answer was yes but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer was yes but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer was yes but it's also
+quantifying the differences and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying the differences and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying the differences and here we
+did the income and substitution effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the income and substitution effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the income and substitution effects
+from price changes in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from price changes in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from price changes in particular
+emphasizing the income effect of price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the income effect of price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing the income effect of price
+changes for increases and decreases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for increases and decreases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes for increases and decreases in
+prices and plotted out the demand curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and plotted out the demand curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and plotted out the demand curves
+some people just start with demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just start with demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people just start with demand
+curves like this so where did it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves like this so where did it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves like this so where did it come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+and particularly with aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly with aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly with aggregate demand
+is it down sloping like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it down sloping like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it down sloping like this
+what's going to happen in the economy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the economy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the economy as
+a function of the virus has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the virus has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the virus has to do with
+these elasticities and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elasticities and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elasticities and so on
+but i prefer not to start with this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i prefer not to start with this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i prefer not to start with this as a
+primitive i prefer to derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive i prefer to derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive i prefer to derive it
+and and put restrictions on it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and put restrictions on it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and put restrictions on it from
+these underlying first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying first principles
+then we define giffen's paradox that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we define giffen's paradox that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we define giffen's paradox that in
+the famine the irish which destroyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famine the irish which destroyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famine the irish which destroyed the
+potatoes the they were eating more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes the they were eating more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes the they were eating more
+potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes
+we decided that couldn't literally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided that couldn't literally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided that couldn't literally be
+factually true and that giffins thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factually true and that giffins thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factually true and that giffins thing i
+thought had never been tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought had never been tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought had never been tested
+and then we discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discovered
+i discovered jensen and miller and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discovered jensen and miller and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discovered jensen and miller and they
+shared their data and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared their data and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared their data and of course the
+paper was published and so on so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was published and so on so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was published and so on so this
+was an important part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an important part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an important part of the course
+for two reasons it's meant to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons it's meant to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons it's meant to bring the
+concepts of given goods and hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of given goods and hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of given goods and hence the
+distinction between income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between income and
+substitution effects to life in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects to life in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects to life in real
+data it was also as i said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it was also as i said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it was also as i said earlier
+an example of an actual rct in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of an actual rct in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of an actual rct in practice
+so it's not just as if we were running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just as if we were running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just as if we were running
+an experiment they ran the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment they ran the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment they ran the experiment
+they actually did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually did it
+they had households that were treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had households that were treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had households that were treated
+households that were controlled look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that were controlled look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households that were controlled look at
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+and they did find gifting goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did find gifting goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did find gifting goods
+so it's important part to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important part to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important part to bring the
+theory to life the second thing is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to life the second thing is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory to life the second thing is it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+a big part of problem set one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big part of problem set one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big part of problem set one
+and that came with the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came with the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came with the experience of
+reading a professional paper having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a professional paper having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a professional paper having the
+data there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there
+ready for you to manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for you to manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for you to manipulate
+run some code to replicate what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some code to replicate what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run some code to replicate what these
+guys did and to extend it and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys did and to extend it and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys did and to extend it and many of
+you answered those questions some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered those questions some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answered those questions some of you
+did not or didn't answer all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not or didn't answer all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not or didn't answer all of it
+at a minimum for now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a minimum for now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a minimum for now you should
+understand what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it was
+that these guys did and why they did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these guys did and why they did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these guys did and why they did it
+and what they found quite apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found quite apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found quite apart from
+answering that problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering that problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering that problem so
+uncompensated and compensated demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated and compensated demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompensated and compensated demand
+also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as
+piction versus marshallian demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piction versus marshallian demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piction versus marshallian demand
+this eliminates income effects so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eliminates income effects so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eliminates income effects so you
+move along in difference careers when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along in difference careers when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along in difference careers when
+you change prices so it's all driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change prices so it's all driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change prices so it's all driven by
+assumptions about the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the marginal rate of
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+we tended to draw these smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tended to draw these smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tended to draw these smooth
+indifference curves with declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves with declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves with declining
+marginal rates of substitution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rates of substitution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal rates of substitution which is
+the right way to get started but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to get started but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to get started but this
+concept should work as well when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept should work as well when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept should work as well when you
+have linear indifference curve so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear indifference curve so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear indifference curve so that
+links back to that other diagram that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links back to that other diagram that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links back to that other diagram that i
+was mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning
+the one with the almost linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the almost linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with the almost linear
+indifference curve and the price but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve and the price but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve and the price but in
+this case we'd be doing that and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we'd be doing that and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we'd be doing that and also
+changing the price ratio so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the price ratio so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the price ratio so we have
+compensated in uncompensated demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated in uncompensated demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated in uncompensated demand
+leading to slutsky's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to slutsky's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to slutsky's equation
+and as i i don't know if i helped or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i i don't know if i helped or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i i don't know if i helped or
+hurt but i actually jumped ahead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt but i actually jumped ahead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt but i actually jumped ahead to
+lecture 18 or something and showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 18 or something and showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 18 or something and showed you
+eventually how we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually how we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually how we're going to use that
+but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i
+also told you to ignore that detour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also told you to ignore that detour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also told you to ignore that detour
+if it was confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was confusing
+but this whole lecture is about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this whole lecture is about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this whole lecture is about making
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+as prices change or income change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as prices change or income change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as prices change or income change
+and this slutsky equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this slutsky equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this slutsky equation
+turns out to be something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be something you can
+measure in data even though we never see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in data even though we never see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in data even though we never see
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+compensated demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated demand
+the compensated demand has properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensated demand has properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compensated demand has properties
+because the expenditure function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the expenditure function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the expenditure function is
+concave so we can actually put some sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave so we can actually put some sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave so we can actually put some sign
+restrictions on the marshallian demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the marshallian demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions on the marshallian demand
+in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way
+it's all a bit surprising but but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all a bit surprising but but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all a bit surprising but but more
+on that later anyway it's about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that later anyway it's about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that later anyway it's about making
+predictions and then we did duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and then we did duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and then we did duality
+which i was just alluding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i was just alluding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i was just alluding to
+minimizing expenditures subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing expenditures subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing expenditures subject to
+oh here's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's the picture
+so this was the first time we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the first time we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the first time we talked
+about maximizing utility subjects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maximizing utility subjects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maximizing utility subjects the
+budgets hand in hand with minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets hand in hand with minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets hand in hand with minimizing
+expenditures to achieve a certain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures to achieve a certain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures to achieve a certain level
+of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility
+so we defined the dual problem relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined the dual problem relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we defined the dual problem relative
+to the primary problem and got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the primary problem and got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the primary problem and got some
+useful characteristics out of the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful characteristics out of the dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful characteristics out of the dual
+although in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in fact
+if it's a very teeny weeny change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a very teeny weeny change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a very teeny weeny change and
+it's all local nothing happens they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all local nothing happens they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all local nothing happens they're
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+at least they're equivalent with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they're equivalent with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they're equivalent with these
+other underlying assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other underlying assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other underlying assumptions
+nice smooth indifference curves no bliss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice smooth indifference curves no bliss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice smooth indifference curves no bliss
+points etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points etc
+you could experiment with putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could experiment with putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could experiment with putting in
+local satiation and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local satiation and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local satiation and then you will
+discover that these things don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that these things don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that these things don't have to
+be the same maximizing utility subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same maximizing utility subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same maximizing utility subject
+to a budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a budget
+and minimizing expenditure to achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minimizing expenditure to achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minimizing expenditure to achieve a
+certain level of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level of utility
+will not be the same when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be the same when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be the same when you
+when you violate the assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you violate the assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you violate the assumption of
+non-lo of local non-satiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lo of local non-satiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lo of local non-satiation
+anyway we developed all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we developed all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we developed all this
+uh in the math of the as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the math of the as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the math of the as in
+this the end of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the end of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the end of this lecture
+and then ended just the way we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ended just the way we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ended just the way we did the
+previous one with hopefully another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one with hopefully another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one with hopefully another
+attempt to bring this stuff to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to bring this stuff to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to bring this stuff to life
+which is to give the household money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to give the household money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to give the household money
+incomes denoted by a first date or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes denoted by a first date or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes denoted by a first date or
+second date and then talk about price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second date and then talk about price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second date and then talk about price
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it is about the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is about the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is about the distinction between
+income and substitution effects but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and substitution effects but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and substitution effects but here
+unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+as exogenous and moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as exogenous and moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as exogenous and moving around
+you have money incomes in the two dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have money incomes in the two dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have money incomes in the two dates
+all we're doing is changing prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is changing prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is changing prices
+we're changing the price of the good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're changing the price of the good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're changing the price of the good at
+day two relative to the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two relative to the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two relative to the price of the
+good at date one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at date one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at date one
+so there were two different pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were two different pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were two different pictures
+here depending on whether initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here depending on whether initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here depending on whether initially the
+household as here is a borrower an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household as here is a borrower an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household as here is a borrower an
+eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating
+sorry lender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry lender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry lender
+eating less than its initial endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating less than its initial endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating less than its initial endowment
+we talk about an income effect you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about an income effect you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about an income effect you can
+see that as we move from the solid blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as we move from the solid blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as we move from the solid blue
+line to the pale blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the pale blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to the pale blue line
+in this upper quadrant at least the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this upper quadrant at least the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this upper quadrant at least the new
+budget line lies further toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget line lies further toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget line lies further toward the
+northeast than the original one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeast than the original one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeast than the original one and
+since they started here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they started here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they started here
+locally the effect of the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally the effect of the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally the effect of the interest
+change is to give them more income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is to give them more income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is to give them more income
+but they don't have to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have to end up with
+higher consumption of the second good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher consumption of the second good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher consumption of the second good
+they could have ended up with lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have ended up with lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have ended up with lower
+consumption it's really hard to focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption it's really hard to focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption it's really hard to focus in
+there they had to put it right there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they had to put it right there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they had to put it right there or
+something so it'll be a little bit lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it'll be a little bit lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it'll be a little bit lower
+than it was initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was initially
+and that's despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's despite the
+increase in income so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in income so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in income so
+that's the case where the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case where the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case where the substitution
+effect is getting washed out so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is getting washed out so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is getting washed out so again
+here they start out as a borrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they start out as a borrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they start out as a borrower
+and now when the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when the interest rate
+goes up uh they clearly have less income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up uh they clearly have less income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up uh they clearly have less income
+which intuitively makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which intuitively makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which intuitively makes sense because
+they were already borrowing and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were already borrowing and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were already borrowing and an
+increase in the interest rate can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the interest rate can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the interest rate can only
+increase the amount of debt if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of debt if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of debt if they
+stayed put but they would not stay put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed put but they would not stay put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed put but they would not stay put
+then the two effects have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the two effects have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the two effects have to do with
+income and substitution effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and substitution effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and substitution effects
+they have the same sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same sign
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+consumption today but opposing signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption today but opposing signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption today but opposing signs
+for consumption tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption tomorrow
+so i think i went back to next class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i went back to next class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think i went back to next class and
+made the comment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the comment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the comment that
+this is an important stepping stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important stepping stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important stepping stone
+toward modeling entire economies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward modeling entire economies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward modeling entire economies because
+we're giving the household an endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving the household an endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving the household an endowment
+in the labor example we gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labor example we gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labor example we gave the
+household an endowment of time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household an endowment of time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household an endowment of time here
+we're giving the household an endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving the household an endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving the household an endowment
+of money income in each of two periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money income in each of two periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money income in each of two periods
+so the endowments are part of an economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the endowments are part of an economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the endowments are part of an economy
+preferences are clearly being described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are clearly being described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are clearly being described
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh production was suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production was suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh production was suppressed
+because it's just a consumer problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was lecture
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next up is lecture four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next up is lecture four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next up is lecture four
+so i may i may speed up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i may i may speed up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i may i may speed up a little bit
+that said there's a ton of stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said there's a ton of stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said there's a ton of stuff in
+lecture four and we did not get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture four and we did not get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture four and we did not get through
+it deliberately the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deliberately the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deliberately the first time
+there's three or four slides at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three or four slides at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three or four slides at the end
+uh that we moved to the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we moved to the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we moved to the next lecture
+because by topic it's about production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by topic it's about production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by topic it's about production
+but they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're just
+too many important concepts repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many important concepts repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many important concepts repeat
+preferences endowment technology now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences endowment technology now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences endowment technology now
+zero in on the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in on the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in on the technology
+that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+that we were discussing about described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were discussing about described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were discussing about described
+medieval villages as an economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval villages as an economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval villages as an economy
+also made reference to northern thai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also made reference to northern thai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also made reference to northern thai
+villages as an economy here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages as an economy here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages as an economy here's the
+picture so what's the technology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so what's the technology here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so what's the technology here
+land labor and capital are used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land labor and capital are used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land labor and capital are used as
+inputs to produce this crop so this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to produce this crop so this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to produce this crop so this in
+many respects should not have been hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many respects should not have been hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many respects should not have been hard
+but then again i'm not asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then again i'm not asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then again i'm not asking you to
+memorize all these beautiful pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize all these beautiful pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize all these beautiful pictures
+just saying that because i took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that because i took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that because i took this
+picture sorry so production we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture sorry so production we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture sorry so production we have
+inputs and negative outputs which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and negative outputs which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and negative outputs which are
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+and indexed by particular goods and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indexed by particular goods and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indexed by particular goods and by
+firms potentially we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms potentially we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms potentially we have this
+production possibility set where inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production possibility set where inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production possibility set where inputs
+being negative like labor over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being negative like labor over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being negative like labor over here and
+outputs being positive this one displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs being positive this one displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs being positive this one displays
+a region of increasing and decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region of increasing and decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a region of increasing and decreasing
+returns to scale to be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale to be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale to be defined
+momentarily we went through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily we went through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily we went through these
+properties of production functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of production functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of production functions and
+there was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a good
+discussion coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion coming up
+namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely
+decreasing constant and increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing constant and increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing constant and increasing
+returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+this was the picture of decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the picture of decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the picture of decreasing
+returns to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale
+this is a picture of increasing returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of increasing returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture of increasing returns
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+quote unquote a typo because according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote a typo because according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote a typo because according
+to the definition you should take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the definition you should take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the definition you should take a
+point in the production set and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the production set and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the production set and multiply
+it by a lambda greater than one which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a lambda greater than one which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by a lambda greater than one which i
+mentioned in class we have not tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in class we have not tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in class we have not tried to
+correct the picture that's because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the picture that's because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the picture that's because what
+this displays is a violation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displays is a violation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displays is a violation of
+decreasing returns relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing returns relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing returns relative to
+them being satisfied on the left they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being satisfied on the left they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being satisfied on the left they're
+not satisfied on the right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not satisfied on the right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not satisfied on the right so the
+picture's not wrong it's just not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture's not wrong it's just not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture's not wrong it's just not a
+direct use of the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct use of the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct use of the definition of
+increasing returns and this was constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns and this was constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing returns and this was constant
+returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is aggregating production sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is aggregating production sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is aggregating production sets
+this one plus this one equals this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus this one equals this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one plus this one equals this one
+plus the endowment sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the endowment sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the endowment sorry
+so there was a lovely discussion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a lovely discussion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a lovely discussion on
+piazza about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piazza about this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piazza about this thing
+which which is have we generated a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is have we generated a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is have we generated a free
+lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch
+evidently from the picture the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidently from the picture the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidently from the picture the answer is
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+there is that finite production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that finite production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that finite production
+possibilities frontier over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities frontier over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities frontier over here
+depending on where you are you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you are you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you are you're using
+one as an input and the other is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as an input and the other is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as an input and the other is an
+output or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or vice versa
+the possibility is created here however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility is created here however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility is created here however
+that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use
+x as the input getting y as the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x as the input getting y as the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x as the input getting y as the output
+take y as the output put it as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take y as the output put it as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take y as the output put it as an input
+in the second technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second technology
+take y as the input get x as the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take y as the input get x as the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take y as the input get x as the output
+so if you kept going like that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you kept going like that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you kept going like that and you
+got more in output than you used an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more in output than you used an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more in output than you used an
+input after going through one cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input after going through one cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input after going through one cycle
+you could go to infinity there'd be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go to infinity there'd be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go to infinity there'd be no
+end to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to it
+it would not only be a free lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not only be a free lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not only be a free lunch
+there'd be an infinite lunch you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be an infinite lunch you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be an infinite lunch you could
+just keep going in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going in which case
+although it's not entirely obvious you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's not entirely obvious you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's not entirely obvious you
+could never draw this picture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never draw this picture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never draw this picture because
+there'd be no boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be no boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be no boundary
+you'd always be in the interior you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd always be in the interior you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd always be in the interior you
+could always do better just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always do better just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always do better just by
+cloning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning
+and then we defined the firm's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we defined the firm's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we defined the firm's problem
+maximizing profits we drew these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits we drew these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing profits we drew these
+pictures again you know you get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures again you know you get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures again you know you get into the
+habit if you're an economist maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit if you're an economist maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit if you're an economist maximize
+subject to maximize linear functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to maximize linear functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to maximize linear functions
+subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to
+convex constraints you end up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex constraints you end up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex constraints you end up with these
+tangencies in this case these are iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangencies in this case these are iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangencies in this case these are iso
+profit lines not iso budget lines we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit lines not iso budget lines we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit lines not iso budget lines we
+want to move out as far as we can on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move out as far as we can on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move out as far as we can on the
+iso profit line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso profit line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso profit line
+but the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the tangency
+is a similar thing as we move across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar thing as we move across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar thing as we move across
+these applications from consumer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications from consumer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications from consumer theory
+to producer theory hopefully it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to producer theory hopefully it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to producer theory hopefully it's
+starting to become second nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to become second nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to become second nature
+we define properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define properties of the
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+including convexity and we proved it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including convexity and we proved it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including convexity and we proved it and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+almost out of order this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost out of order this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost out of order this definition of
+homogeneity popped up so one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity popped up so one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity popped up so one thing we
+didn't do was link these definitions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do was link these definitions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do was link these definitions of
+homogeneity of functions back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity of functions back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity of functions back to the
+discussion of increasing decreasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of increasing decreasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of increasing decreasing and
+constant returns to scale but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant returns to scale but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant returns to scale but you should
+be able to do that this was a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that this was a proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do that this was a proof of
+hotelling's lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotelling's lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotelling's lemma
+and it was an illustration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an illustration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an illustration of the
+envelope theorem which is another tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope theorem which is another tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope theorem which is another tool
+that's going to keep popping up special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to keep popping up special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to keep popping up special
+versions of profit maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of profit maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of profit maximization
+cost minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost minimization
+so this is like the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the dual
+except this one's going to get used not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this one's going to get used not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this one's going to get used not
+just to show equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show equivalence
+this what i mean by that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what i mean by that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what i mean by that is this
+so we have this iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this iso
+production curve called isoquant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production curve called isoquant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production curve called isoquant and
+we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to
+find the cost minimizing bundle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the cost minimizing bundle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the cost minimizing bundle that
+allows you to achieve that given level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to achieve that given level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to achieve that given level
+of output then you could do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output then you could do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output then you could do two
+experiments just like with household we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments just like with household we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments just like with household we
+vary income and varied prices here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary income and varied prices here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary income and varied prices here you
+can vary prices and that's the walt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary prices and that's the walt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary prices and that's the walt
+disney thing so the input mix would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disney thing so the input mix would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disney thing so the input mix would
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+what you could also do although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could also do although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could also do although we
+decided not to overwhelm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to overwhelm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to overwhelm you
+is pick a different level of output a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pick a different level of output a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pick a different level of output a
+higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level
+and find the cost minimizing combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the cost minimizing combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the cost minimizing combination
+of inputs to support that higher output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs to support that higher output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs to support that higher output
+and the definition of a cost curve was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of a cost curve was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of a cost curve was
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+cost function takes the input prices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function takes the input prices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function takes the input prices as
+given but also the output so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given but also the output so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given but also the output so this is
+kind of obvious when you say it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious when you say it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious when you say it this is
+the cost of producing a given output yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing a given output yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing a given output yes
+that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true
+but we never we never showed the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we never we never showed the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we never we never showed the picture
+but we did show the costs they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did show the costs they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did show the costs they're
+sitting here in this slide average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here in this slide average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here in this slide average cost
+marginal costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal costs
+and what happens when you change prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when you change prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when you change prices
+with constant returns to scale if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant returns to scale if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant returns to scale if the
+price were too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price were too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price were too high
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+outcome would not be well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome would not be well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome would not be well defined
+because they would make infinite profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they would make infinite profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they would make infinite profit
+and then when i presented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i presented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i presented this
+i said there was a typo and there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said there was a typo and there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said there was a typo and there is no
+typo so i apologize twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo so i apologize twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo so i apologize twice
+it's fine what's going on is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine what's going on is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine what's going on is the the
+dialogue in the text below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue in the text below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue in the text below
+is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving
+from here to the intermediate line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to the intermediate line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to the intermediate line to
+this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+so this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this you know
+when price of the output is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when price of the output is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when price of the output is going up
+this thing's going down these lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's going down these lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's going down these lines are
+getting flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting flatter
+and when they get sufficiently flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they get sufficiently flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they get sufficiently flat
+then you go ballistic and you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go ballistic and you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go ballistic and you can make
+infinite profits which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite profits which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite profits which which is
+consistent with this diagram except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this diagram except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this diagram except that
+it's never defined at a higher price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never defined at a higher price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never defined at a higher price
+because there is no determinate outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no determinate outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no determinate outcome
+then this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing
+i will set aside but again i i asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will set aside but again i i asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will set aside but again i i asked you
+to try to write down a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to write down a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to write down a little bit better
+proof that these input ratios are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that these input ratios are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that these input ratios are
+constant when you have constant returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant when you have constant returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant when you have constant returns
+to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale
+although this is a version of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is a version of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is a version of in
+consumer theory you know the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory you know the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory you know the idea that
+with homostatic utility the expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with homostatic utility the expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with homostatic utility the expenditure
+shares don't move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares don't move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares don't move and
+and so on so it's it is related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's it is related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's it is related to that
+this was a picture of robinson crusoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a picture of robinson crusoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a picture of robinson crusoe
+this was the first general equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first general equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first general equilibrium
+economy although it was only one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy although it was only one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy although it was only one person
+with a production set and preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a production set and preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a production set and preferences
+when i said you should be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i said you should be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i said you should be able to take
+that labor supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that labor supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that labor supply
+and convert it by making the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert it by making the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert it by making the labor
+supply negative i had this in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply negative i had this in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply negative i had this in mind
+except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that
+unlike a production set you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike a production set you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike a production set you just have a
+but straight budget line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but straight budget line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but straight budget line
+emanating from the origin and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanating from the origin and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emanating from the origin and then you
+would maximize utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would maximize utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would maximize utility
+you're just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just basically
+flipping the diagram from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the diagram from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the diagram from right to left
+like an overlay but here there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an overlay but here there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an overlay but here there is
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+and and this was an exciting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this was an exciting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this was an exciting part
+because we got to trade so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got to trade so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got to trade so now we're
+talking about a real live economy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a real live economy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a real live economy with
+two goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goods
+agriculture and output and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and output and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and output and looking
+at what the consumer would do if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the consumer would do if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the consumer would do if they
+were maximizing utilities subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were maximizing utilities subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were maximizing utilities subject to
+that production set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that production set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that production set
+as opposed to what they would do if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to what they would do if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to what they would do if they
+were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to
+trade in the world economy they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade in the world economy they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade in the world economy they would
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+more of the manufacturing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the manufacturing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the manufacturing good
+and export it and consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and export it and consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and export it and consume
+both goods in such a way that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both goods in such a way that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both goods in such a way that their
+utility is higher so this is i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is higher so this is i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is higher so this is i can't
+remember if i emphasized it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if i emphasized it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if i emphasized it but
+this illustrates the gains to trade it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this illustrates the gains to trade it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this illustrates the gains to trade it's
+the gains to trade for a single consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gains to trade for a single consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gains to trade for a single consumer
+like robinson crusoe which you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robinson crusoe which you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like robinson crusoe which you can see
+evidently has higher utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidently has higher utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidently has higher utility
+because they get to trade away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they get to trade away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they get to trade away from
+the origin of course we should ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of course we should ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of course we should ask
+ourselves whether this is a realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves whether this is a realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves whether this is a realistic
+description of the economy or whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the economy or whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the economy or whether we
+should populate it with more people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should populate it with more people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should populate it with more people and
+potentially have heterogeneous utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially have heterogeneous utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially have heterogeneous utility
+functions and for that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and for that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and for that we're going to
+need to talk about whether or not we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about whether or not we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about whether or not we can
+aggregate up which comes up in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate up which comes up in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate up which comes up in lecture
+15 or 16 or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 16 or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 16 or something like that
+and this is the us and england trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the us and england trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the us and england trading
+with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to be brief otherwise we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be brief otherwise we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be brief otherwise we're
+going to go over this is decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over this is decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over this is decision making
+under uncertainty and also illustrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty and also illustrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty and also illustrative
+of linear programs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear programs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear programs so
+i think on this one in particular i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think on this one in particular i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think on this one in particular i want
+you to let me know if you have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to let me know if you have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to let me know if you have questions
+it is a bit on that this part's all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a bit on that this part's all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a bit on that this part's all very
+natural it just has to do with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural it just has to do with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural it just has to do with a
+household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+evaluating non-trivial lotteries over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating non-trivial lotteries over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating non-trivial lotteries over
+prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+although we used it to define means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we used it to define means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we used it to define means and
+variances coefficients of variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances coefficients of variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances coefficients of variation and
+covariances and correlations we did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances and correlations we did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances and correlations we did all
+of that but then we went back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but then we went back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but then we went back to the
+award or the prize being two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award or the prize being two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award or the prize being two-dimensional
+in this case goods x1 and x2 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case goods x1 and x2 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case goods x1 and x2 so this is
+a discrete non-convex consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete non-convex consumption set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete non-convex consumption set
+and miraculously we turned it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and miraculously we turned it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and miraculously we turned it into a
+convex looking set and and we had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex looking set and and we had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex looking set and and we had a good
+discussion at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion at the beginning of the
+following class about how to do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following class about how to do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following class about how to do that but
+i want to make sure you all understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make sure you all understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to make sure you all understand
+it because we can build on it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we can build on it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we can build on it in
+subsequent lectures so which one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures so which one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures so which one of you
+asked me in my office hours and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me in my office hours and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me in my office hours and kind of
+weird and finance to kind of take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and finance to kind of take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird and finance to kind of take as
+given the returns on the assets or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the returns on the assets or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the returns on the assets or the
+beliefs about the returns we don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about the returns we don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about the returns we don't talk
+about choosing the returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about choosing the returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about choosing the returns
+but here you do because you're choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you do because you're choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you do because you're choosing
+the lottery you're choosing the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery you're choosing the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery you're choosing the random
+way although it could be subject to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way although it could be subject to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way although it could be subject to a
+budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget
+i'm practically out of time we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm practically out of time we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm practically out of time we went to
+concave utility we talked about behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility we talked about behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility we talked about behavior
+under risk different types of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under risk different types of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under risk different types of utility
+functions this tree that we keep coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this tree that we keep coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this tree that we keep coming
+back to that was at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that was at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that was at the end of the
+lecture last time this is aero debrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time this is aero debrew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time this is aero debrew
+securities so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities so in this case
+instead of having a pure borrowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a pure borrowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a pure borrowing and
+lending economy or borrowing subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending economy or borrowing subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending economy or borrowing subject to
+a credit limit you could have had them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a credit limit you could have had them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a credit limit you could have had them
+trading in an asset which yields a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in an asset which yields a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading in an asset which yields a
+return of one in one state and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of one in one state and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of one in one state and nothing
+in the other states and you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other states and you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other states and you could be
+either making that promise as a borrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either making that promise as a borrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either making that promise as a borrower
+so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak
+or buying it as an investor so we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or buying it as an investor so we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or buying it as an investor so we can go
+from medieval villages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from medieval villages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from medieval villages to
+sophisticated securities and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated securities and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated securities and then and
+this was we've talked we kind of talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was we've talked we kind of talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was we've talked we kind of talked
+about this at the beginning of of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the beginning of of class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the beginning of of class
+and the class and this class ended with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the class and this class ended with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the class and this class ended with
+linear programming problems and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programming problems and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programming problems and how they
+crop up in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop up in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop up in general
+in utility maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in utility maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in utility maximization
+in linear activity analysis this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear activity analysis this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear activity analysis this linear
+activity analysis is the leontya thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity analysis is the leontya thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity analysis is the leontya thing i
+was alluding to when we went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluding to when we went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was alluding to when we went over
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+these are constants these a i j is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are constants these a i j is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are constants these a i j is the
+amount of good i input i required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of good i input i required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of good i input i required to
+produce good j and it's a constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce good j and it's a constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce good j and it's a constant the
+rate of substitution isn't varying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of substitution isn't varying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of substitution isn't varying that
+delivers these l-shaped uh isoquants all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers these l-shaped uh isoquants all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers these l-shaped uh isoquants all
+right so i'm gonna have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm gonna have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm gonna have to stop
+because otherwise we're gonna go over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we're gonna go over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we're gonna go over so
+we almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we almost
+got to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the end
+i don't think i have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i have anything
+usually uncovered anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uncovered anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uncovered anyway
+because the the other two lectures were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the other two lectures were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the other two lectures were
+the dynamics which should be fresh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics which should be fresh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics which should be fresh in
+your mind we just covered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind we just covered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind we just covered it
+recently and the one that we did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and the one that we did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and the one that we did and
+reviewed at the beginning of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed at the beginning of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed at the beginning of the lecture
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+on pareto optimal allocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AX9769eQV24.txt b/AX9769eQV24.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22a230dc6cad81bbba417fb5fe26b36da8dab47f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AX9769eQV24.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3251 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So today, we'll continue our
+kind of review that included,
+
+of course, the last lecture,
+the variational principle that's
+
+supposed to be new stuff
+you didn't see in 804.
+
+And today, as we
+continue, we'll talk
+
+about position and momentum for
+about 30 minutes or 40 minutes,
+
+and then begin
+the study of spin.
+
+That will be spin-1/2 with
+a Stern-Gerlach experiment
+
+and the mathematics
+that comes out of it.
+
+Now, we will talk about the
+Stern-Gerlach experiment
+
+in quite some detail so
+that you can appreciate
+
+what was going on there.
+
+And then we will extract a few
+of the mathematical lessons
+
+that this experiment tells
+us about quantum mechanics.
+
+Immediately after that,
+which will be probably middle
+
+of next lecture, we will pivot.
+
+And as we learn this
+mathematics that
+
+the Stern-Gerlach experiment
+is telling us or asking us for,
+
+we will go in some detail
+on the necessary mathematics
+
+for quantum mechanics.
+
+We'll talk about vector
+spaces, linear operators,
+
+Hermitian operators, unitary
+operators, diagonalisation,
+
+matrix representations,
+all kinds of things.
+
+That probably will be about two
+weeks, three lectures at least.
+
+So it will be a nice study.
+
+And in that way,
+people that don't
+
+have a background
+in linear algebra
+
+will feel more comfortable with
+what we're going to be doing.
+
+And I think even
+for the people that
+
+have a background
+in linear algebra,
+
+you will gain a new
+appreciation about the concepts
+
+that we meet here.
+
+So today, we begin, therefore,
+with position and momentum,
+
+and these are operators
+in quantum mechanics.
+
+And they have letters
+to denote them. x,
+
+we put a hat with it,
+that's a position operator.
+
+p, we put a hat on it.
+
+And the position and momentum
+operators don't commute.
+
+And the commutator
+is given by ih bar.
+
+Now, we have been dealing
+so far with wave functions.
+
+Our wave functions, where
+these functions of x and t,
+
+they represent the
+dynamics of your system,
+
+the dynamics of your
+particle as it moves in time.
+
+But time, as you are seeing
+in quantum mechanics,
+
+is a little bit of a spectator.
+
+It's an arena where
+things happen.
+
+But the operators, and most
+of the interesting things,
+
+are going on without
+reference to time.
+
+Time evolution, you
+have an expansion
+
+of a wave function
+in terms of energy,
+
+eigenstates, at a given time.
+
+And then you can
+evolve it easily
+
+with the way we've
+learned, adding e
+
+to the minus i et over h bar
+for each energy eigenstate.
+
+So time will play no role here.
+
+So when I talk about the
+wave function, at this moment
+
+you could put the
+time, but we will
+
+talk about the wave functions
+that have no time dependence.
+
+So, say, a psi of
+x wave function.
+
+So this psi of x may be the true
+wave function at time equals 0,
+
+or you could just simply
+think of it as the psi of x.
+
+Now, this wave function
+means that we're
+
+treating x in a
+particular way, and we
+
+say that we're working in the
+x representation, the position
+
+representation.
+
+Now, this means that
+we have an easy way
+
+to figure out what
+this operator does
+
+when it acts on this function.
+
+So what it acts
+on this function,
+
+it will give you
+another function,
+
+and the definition of
+this is that the position
+
+operator acting on
+the function psi of x
+
+is defined to be
+another function,
+
+which is the function
+x times psi of x.
+
+Well, we're talking about these
+wave functions and operators
+
+on wave functions.
+
+And a recurrent theme
+in quantum mechanics
+
+is that we will think
+of wave functions,
+
+sometimes we call them states.
+
+Sometimes we call them vectors.
+
+And we basically think of
+wave functions as vectors.
+
+And things that act
+on wave functions
+
+are the things that
+act on vectors.
+
+And the things that act
+on vectors, as you know
+
+in mathematics, is matrices.
+
+So we're compelled, even
+at this early stage,
+
+to get a picture of how that
+language would go if we're
+
+talking about these things.
+
+So how do we think of a
+wave function as a vector?
+
+And how do we think
+of x as a matrix?
+
+So there's a way to do that.
+
+It will not be totally
+precise, but it's clear enough.
+
+So suppose you have
+a wave function,
+
+and we're interested in
+its values from 0 up to a.
+
+This wave function is a
+function of x between 0 and a.
+
+So it's the psi of x
+for x between a and 0.
+
+That's all the information.
+
+What we're going to
+do is we're going
+
+to divide this thing,
+this line, this segment,
+
+into a lot of pieces.
+
+And we're going to
+say, look, instead
+
+of writing a function like
+sine of x or cosine of x,
+
+let's just give the values and
+organize them as if this will
+
+be a vector of many components.
+
+So let's divide this
+in sizes epsilon,
+
+such that N times
+epsilon is equal to a.
+
+So there are N of
+these intervals.
+
+So we think of psi as a
+vector whose first component
+
+is psi at 0.
+
+The second is psi at epsilon.
+
+The third is psi at 2 epsilon.
+
+And the last one is
+psi at N epsilon.
+
+And depending on how much
+accuracy you want to work with,
+
+you take epsilon smaller and
+larger, keeping a constant.
+
+And this would be like
+summarizing all the information
+
+of a function in a vector.
+
+Now, that's intuitively a
+nice way to think of it.
+
+May look, with your background
+in classical physics,
+
+a little strange that we
+sort of put the value at 0
+
+along the x-axis, first
+component, the value at epsilon
+
+along the y, the value
+of 2 epsilon along the z.
+
+But we need more axes.
+
+So you need many axes here.
+
+In this case, this is a
+N plus 1 column vector.
+
+It has N plus 1
+entries, because 0 up
+
+to N, that's N plus 1 entries.
+
+But that's a fine way
+of thinking of it.
+
+Not exact because
+we have an epsilon.
+
+In this way of thinking
+about the wave function,
+
+we can then ask, what does
+the matrix x hat look like?
+
+So x hat is an operator,
+and it acts this way.
+
+So here is how it looks like.
+
+We would think of x hat as an
+N plus 1 times N plus 1 matrix.
+
+And its entries
+are 0 everywhere,
+
+except in the diagonal,
+where they are 0 epsilon, 2
+
+epsilon, up to N epsilon.
+
+And here is a big 0 and a big 0.
+
+This, I claim, is the way you
+should think of the x operator
+
+if you thought of the wave
+function the way we wrote it.
+
+And how do we check that?
+
+Well, x operator acting on psi
+should be this acting on that.
+
+And then, indeed, we see
+that if x hat is acting
+
+on psi of x, what do we get?
+
+Well, it's easy to multiply a
+diagonal matrix times a vector.
+
+Here you get 0 times psi of 0.
+
+You get a vector, so let
+me make this thinner.
+
+Then I get epsilon times psi
+of epsilon, 2 epsilon times
+
+psi of 2 epsilon, up to N
+epsilon times psi of N epsilon.
+
+And indeed, that matrix looks
+like the matrix associated
+
+with this wave function
+because here is the value at 0
+
+of this wave function.
+
+Here is the value at epsilon of
+this wave function, and so on.
+
+So this has worked
+out all right.
+
+We can think of the wave
+function as a column vector,
+
+and then the position operator
+as this vector as well.
+
+Now, given that we know how
+the x operator is defined,
+
+we can also think easily
+about what is the expectation
+
+value of x on a wave function.
+
+Something that you
+really know, but now
+
+maybe becomes a little clearer.
+
+Here you're supposed
+to do psi star
+
+of x times the x operator
+acting on psi of x.
+
+But we have the
+definition of this,
+
+so this is, as you imagine, dx--
+
+and I should put
+primes maybe, well, I
+
+don't have to put primes--
+
+dx psi star of x x psi
+of x, which is what
+
+you would have done anyway.
+
+Well, given that we've started
+with this, we can ask also,
+
+is there eigenstates
+of the x operator?
+
+Yes, there are.
+
+but then fortunately,
+are a bit singular.
+
+So what should be
+an eigenstate of x?
+
+It's some sort of state.
+
+Intuitively, it has a definite
+value of the position.
+
+So it just exists
+for some value of x.
+
+So it's naturally thought
+as a delta function.
+
+So let me define a
+function, psi sub x0 of x.
+
+So it's a function
+of x labeled by x0,
+
+and define it to be
+delta of x minus x0.
+
+So I claim that is an
+eigenstate of x hat.
+
+x hat on psi x0 of x is
+equal, by definition,
+
+to x times psi x0 of x, which
+is x times delta of x minus x0.
+
+And when you multiply
+a function of x
+
+times a delta
+function in x, it is
+
+possible to evaluate
+the function that
+
+is being multiplied
+by the delta function
+
+at the place where the
+delta function fires.
+
+It has the same effect
+on integrals or anything
+
+that you would do.
+
+So here, this is equal to
+x0 times delta x minus x0.
+
+You evaluate the x at x0.
+
+And finally, this is x0 times
+that function psi x0 of x.
+
+And therefore, you've shown
+that this operator acting
+
+on this function
+reproduces the function--
+
+that's the definition of
+eigenstate as an operator--
+
+and the eigenvalue is the number
+that appears here, and it's x0.
+
+So this function
+is an eigenstate
+
+of x hat with
+eigenvalue, e.v., x0.
+
+The only complication
+with this eigenfunction
+
+is that it's not normalizable.
+
+So it doesn't
+represent the particle.
+
+It can be used to
+represent the particle,
+
+but it's a useful function.
+
+You can think of it
+as something that
+
+can help you do physics,
+and don't insist
+
+that it represents a particle.
+
+So this is the
+story for position.
+
+And the position gets actually
+more interesting as soon
+
+as you introduce the
+dual quantity, momentum.
+
+So what is momentum here?
+
+So momentum is an operator, and
+this operator must be defined.
+
+Now, you had a shorthand for it
+in 804, which is p hat equal h
+
+bar over i d dx.
+
+And this shorthand
+means actually
+
+that, in what we call the
+position representation where
+
+we're using wave functions
+that depend on x, well,
+
+the momentum is given
+by this operator.
+
+And the story of why
+this was the case
+
+was sort of something
+that was elaborated
+
+on in 804, the work
+of de Broglie, that
+
+saw that the
+wavelength of the wave
+
+has to do with the
+momentum of a wave.
+
+And finally, people understood
+that this would measure
+
+the momentum of the wave.
+
+So this is the operator.
+
+And therefore, in
+the representation
+
+that we're working--
+
+representation is a word that
+has a lot of precise meaning,
+
+but now I'm just using it
+in the sense that, well,
+
+we're working either
+with x's or with p's.
+
+And we're working with x's.
+
+That's why p looks like
+something to do with x.
+
+So what is p hat
+on a wave function?
+
+Well, that's what this means.
+
+It's another wave
+function obtained
+
+by taking the x derivative.
+
+So that's the definition of
+it acting on a wave function.
+
+The one thing that must
+be verified, of course,
+
+is that this definition
+is consistent or implies
+
+this commutation relation.
+
+So you've defined
+it as an operator.
+
+x, we've defined
+it as an operator.
+
+But most of us think
+that it doesn't
+
+look like an operator
+is multiplying.
+
+But it is an operator.
+
+So this one does look
+like an operator.
+
+It's a differential operator.
+
+And you can try to see
+if this equation is true.
+
+And the way to test
+these commutators
+
+is something that,
+again, I don't think
+
+is unfamiliar to you,
+but let's go through it,
+
+is that you try to evaluate
+this product of operators
+
+acting on a wave function.
+
+And if things work
+out well, we'll
+
+see you should get ih bar
+times that wave function.
+
+If that is the case,
+you say, OK, I've
+
+proven that equation, because
+it's an operator equation.
+
+The left-hand side
+of that equation
+
+is the product in different
+orders of two operators,
+
+therefore it's an operator.
+
+The right-hand side
+is another operator.
+
+It's the operator multiplied by
+ih, anything that you'll get.
+
+Well, if this is an
+operator identity,
+
+the operator on the left
+must be equal to the operator
+
+on the right, which just means
+that, acting on anything,
+
+they must give the same answer.
+
+So if I managed to prove
+that this is equal to this,
+
+I've proven that for
+anything that is the answer.
+
+And therefore, I can
+write the top one.
+
+And let me just do it, even
+though this may be kind
+
+of familiar to many of you.
+
+It's good to do this
+slowly once in your life.
+
+So let's go through this.
+
+So this says x operator
+p operator on psi
+
+minus p operator of
+x operator on psi.
+
+When you have several operators,
+like ABC acting on psi,
+
+this really means
+let C act on psi,
+
+and then let B act on C psi,
+and then let A act on that.
+
+The operators act one by one.
+
+The closest one acts first.
+
+So here I'm supposed
+to let B act on psi,
+
+but that means that thing.
+
+So now x is acting
+on h over i d psi dx.
+
+On this one, I have
+p acting on x psi,
+
+because that's
+what x hat psi is.
+
+Here, this is multiplication
+by x of a function of x.
+
+So this is just h
+over i x d psi dx.
+
+And here, I have h over i d
+dx of this whole thing x psi.
+
+And you can see that
+when you act here,
+
+you act first on the x,
+and you get something.
+
+And then you act on the psi,
+and you get this same term.
+
+So the only contribution
+here is equal to minus h over
+
+i, the d dx on x times psi,
+which is ih bar psi, which
+
+is what I wanted to show.
+
+So this is true.
+
+And therefore, you could
+say that this definition is
+
+consistent with your
+definition of x,
+
+and they represent
+this operator.
+
+One more thing you could try
+to do, and it's fun to do it,
+
+is we had a matrix
+representation for x.
+
+Can I think of p as a matrix?
+
+How would you do it?
+
+What kind of matrix
+would p look like?
+
+Well, yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: You just generate
+a finite difference equation.
+
+PROFESSOR: You could
+do it, exactly,
+
+with taking finite differences.
+
+So for example, if
+you think that you
+
+want to produce the wave
+function psi prime at 0,
+
+psi prime at epsilon,
+psi prime, that's
+
+what the derivative
+gives you, you'll
+
+write this as 1 over
+epsilon, say, psi at epsilon
+
+minus psi at 0.
+
+That's the derivative
+at 0 roughly.
+
+It would be psi at 2 epsilon
+minus psi at 0 over 2.
+
+And you could build it.
+
+You could build it.
+
+I'm not going to do it.
+
+You may want to do
+it and try and see
+
+how the derivative
+operator looks as a matrix.
+
+And then if you really want
+to spend some time thinking
+
+about it, you could try
+to see if this matrix
+
+and this matrix commute
+to give the right answer.
+
+And as you try it,
+you will figure out
+
+all kinds of funny
+things that we will
+
+talk about later in the course.
+
+So you can represent the
+momentum operator as a matrix
+
+indeed, and there are
+interesting things
+
+to say about it, and
+it's a good subject.
+
+So let's continue
+with the momentum
+
+and ask for eigenstates
+of the momentum.
+
+So eigenstates of
+p, you know them.
+
+They're e to the ipx things.
+
+So let's write them with some
+convenient normalization.
+
+This is an [INAUDIBLE]
+wave function that
+
+depends on x with momentum p.
+
+And we'll write it,
+as a definition,
+
+as e to the ipx over h bar, and
+I'll put it a 2 pi h bar here.
+
+It's kind of a
+useful normalization.
+
+Then p hat on psi
+p of x, well, p hat
+
+is supposed to
+take h over i d dx,
+
+and take h over i d dx of psi p.
+
+And h over i cancels
+the i over h.
+
+When you take the d
+dx, you get p out,
+
+and you get the
+same wave function.
+
+So indeed, you get
+p times psi p of x.
+
+So indeed, this
+is the eigenstate
+
+of the momentum operator,
+and it has momentum p.
+
+Well, what is the use of this?
+
+Well, say you have a
+representation, what
+
+we call the position
+representation,
+
+of the wave function
+and operators.
+
+Let us think now of the
+momentum representation.
+
+So what does all that mean?
+
+Well, there is the Fourier
+transform operation
+
+in which we have psi of p.
+
+Well, let me write it
+this way, actually.
+
+I'll write any psi
+of x physically
+
+can be represented as a sum
+of momentum eigenstates.
+
+Therefore, that's
+Fourier's theorem,
+
+minus infinity to infinity
+dp e to the ipx over h bar
+
+square root of 2 pi
+h psi tilde of p.
+
+That's Fourier transformation,
+defines psi tilde of p.
+
+And Fourier's theorem is
+the fact that not only you
+
+can do that, but you can invert
+it so that psi tilde of p
+
+can also be written as an
+integral, this time over x
+
+from minus infinity to infinity
+e to the minus ipx over h
+
+bar, also 2 pi h bar psi of x.
+
+So let's ponder this equation
+for a couple of minutes.
+
+Well, as a physicist,
+you think of this, well,
+
+this is telling me
+that any wave function
+
+could be written as a
+superposition of momentum
+
+eigenstates.
+
+Here are the
+momentum eigenstates.
+
+And for each value
+of momentum, you
+
+have some coefficient here
+that tells me how much of that
+
+momentum eigenstate I have.
+
+Now, here is the opposite one.
+
+Psi tilde of p and psi of
+x are related in this way.
+
+So these coefficients, if
+you want to calculate them,
+
+you calculate them this way.
+
+But now let's think of it as
+a change of representation.
+
+The physics is
+contained in psi of x.
+
+All what you wish to know about
+this physical system in quantum
+
+mechanics is there in psi of x.
+
+But it's also there in
+psi of p, because they
+
+contain the same information.
+
+So there are different ways of
+encoding the same information.
+
+What is the relation
+between them?
+
+This, we thought
+of it as a vector,
+
+vector in position space, an
+infinite dimensional space
+
+that is talking about positions.
+
+This is another vector
+in momentum space.
+
+Think of it now
+the infinite line.
+
+So this is an infinite vector
+with all those points little
+
+by little, from minus infinity
+to plus infinity, all of them
+
+there, gigantic vector.
+
+And here is another
+gigantic vector with p
+
+from minus infinity to infinity.
+
+And in between,
+there's an integral.
+
+But now, with your picture
+of quantum mechanics,
+
+you see an integral, but
+you also see a matrix.
+
+And what is this matrix?
+
+Think of this as some
+sort of psi sub p.
+
+And this as some sort
+of matrix, px psi x,
+
+in which if you have a product--
+
+you'll remember when
+you multiply matrices,
+
+a matrix on a vector, you
+sum over the second index.
+
+That's the product for matrix.
+
+And then the first
+index is the index here.
+
+So here is what it,
+more or less, is like.
+
+Psi tilde of p
+[? subtend ?] by this,
+
+and this matrix depends on two
+labels, p and x, and it's that.
+
+So it's a matrix full of phases.
+
+So how do you pass from the
+coordinate representation
+
+of the information, a vector
+of all values of the wave
+
+function in all positions?
+
+By multiplying with this
+matrix of phases that is here,
+
+and it gives you
+this representation.
+
+So different representations
+means using different vectors
+
+to represent the physics.
+
+And this vector is
+a very nice one.
+
+And because of these
+properties of the momentum
+
+operator and all these
+things, this vector
+
+is also a very nice one.
+
+And there's an
+integral transform
+
+or some sort of infinite matrix
+product that relates them.
+
+And we shouldn't be
+uncomfortable about it.
+
+That's all fine.
+
+So we say that we
+have, for example,
+
+psi of x as one representation
+of the state and psi tilde of p
+
+as another representation
+of the same physics.
+
+We can do one more thing
+here, If I continue.
+
+We can take that boxed equation
+on the blackboard up there
+
+and act with h bar over
+i d dx on psi of x.
+
+So that is equal to
+h i d dx, and I'll
+
+write what psi of x is, is
+minus infinity to infinity dp e
+
+to the ipx over
+h bar square root
+
+of 2 pi h bar psi tilde of p.
+
+Now, when we act on this, as
+you know, h bar over i d dx
+
+just acts on this and
+produces the factor of p.
+
+So this is equal to minus
+infinity to infinity dp e
+
+to the ipx over h bar over
+square root of 2 pi h bar p
+
+times psi tilde of p.
+
+So look at this equation again.
+
+This double arrow is
+to mean that there
+
+are equivalent physics in them.
+
+They have the same information.
+
+It's the same data encoded
+in a different way.
+
+And that different
+way, this arrow
+
+is Fourier transformation.
+
+And this Fourier transformation
+is explained here.
+
+So now you have Fourier
+transformation the same way.
+
+So here we have--
+
+what we've learned is
+that h over i d dx of psi
+
+is represented in momentum
+space by p psi tilde of p.
+
+And this was p hat
+acting on psi of x.
+
+So the corresponding thing
+in momentum space of p hat
+
+acting on psi of x is p
+multiplying psi tilde of p,
+
+which is to say that we can
+think of the abstract operator
+
+p hat acting on psi tilde of
+p as just p psi tilde of p.
+
+So in momentum space,
+the operator p hat
+
+acts in a very easy way.
+
+In coordinate space,
+it takes derivatives.
+
+In momentum space,
+it's multiplicative.
+
+So in position space,
+x is multiplicative.
+
+But in momentum space, x
+would not be multiplicative.
+
+x would also be a derivative.
+
+So I leave it for
+you as an exercise
+
+to show that or convince
+yourself in several ways,
+
+that x hat is really i h bar d
+dp in p space, in i h bar d dp.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's really all I wanted to
+say about position and momentum
+
+operators at this moment.
+
+They will come back when we'll
+introduce bra-ket notation
+
+in detail.
+
+We'll revisit this a little.
+
+But the main concepts
+have been illustrated.
+
+Are there questions?
+
+We're about to leave
+this, so if you have
+
+any questions at this moment.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could
+you explain again
+
+how you used this
+[INAUDIBLE] h bar over i d dx
+
+assign to [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the question was, why did
+I associate these things?
+
+So it really goes back here to
+what the meaning of this arrow
+
+is.
+
+The meaning of this arrow
+is Fourier transformation.
+
+So this psi tilde and psi of
+x are related in this way.
+
+That's Fourier
+transformation, and that's
+
+what we mean by this arrow.
+
+It also means that whatever
+physics you have here,
+
+you have it there.
+
+So really, when you have
+something acting on a state,
+
+for example, if you have some
+operator acting in here, well,
+
+you get a new wave function.
+
+And there should be
+one on the right that
+
+corresponds to it, that
+has the same information
+
+as the one in which you've
+acted with something.
+
+So what we claim here is that,
+also in the sense of Fourier
+
+transformation or having the
+same information, h bar over i,
+
+the derivative of psi,
+is encoded by this.
+
+So we say, thinking
+abstractly, what is this?
+
+This is the momentum operator.
+
+Therefore, I'm going to say that
+the momentum operator really
+
+is the same momentum
+operator, whether it acts
+
+on wave functions that you show
+them to mean this way or wave
+
+functions that, because
+you're in another mood,
+
+you decide to give them
+to me in momentum space.
+
+So as you change your mood, the
+operator takes different forms
+
+but is doing the same thing.
+
+It's totally reversible.
+
+It's acting on that--
+
+you see, the operator
+is always the same,
+
+but you give me the data
+in two different ways,
+
+then the operator has to do
+the thing in a different way.
+
+So that's what it means
+that the operator has
+
+different representations.
+
+In the [INAUDIBLE]
+representation,
+
+it looks like a derivative.
+
+In the momentum representation,
+it looks like multiplying.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So by saying
+that they sort of represent
+
+[INAUDIBLE] to the
+same positions,
+
+does that mean that h bar over
+i p e to the xi and p psi p
+
+are like the same [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That h bar
+over d dx psi and p--
+
+yeah.
+
+They are the same
+data, the same state
+
+represented in different ways.
+
+Yeah.
+
+All right.
+
+So time for a change.
+
+We're going to talk about
+Stern-Gerlach and spin.
+
+Now, spin will keep us busy the
+biggest chunk of this semester.
+
+So it will be spin-1/2, and
+we're really going to go
+
+into enormous detail on it.
+
+So this is just the beginning
+of the story that will be
+
+elaborated at various stages.
+
+So at this moment, I will
+talk about this experiment
+
+that led to the
+discovery of spin,
+
+and if you try to
+invent the theory that
+
+describes this experiment, what
+you would possibly begin doing.
+
+And then we go through
+the mathematics,
+
+as I mentioned to you, for maybe
+a week and a half or two weeks,
+
+and then return to the
+spin with more tools
+
+to understand it well.
+
+So the subject is the
+Stern-Gerlach experiment,
+
+Stern-Gerlach experiment.
+
+So the Stern-Gerlach experiment
+was done in Frankfurt, 1922.
+
+It was an experiment
+that, in fact, people
+
+were extraordinarily confused.
+
+It was not clear why
+they were doing it.
+
+And for quite a
+while, people didn't
+
+understand what
+they were getting,
+
+what was happening with it.
+
+In fact, Pauli had thought
+that the electron has
+
+like two degrees of
+freedom and didn't
+
+know what it was, those
+two degrees of freedom.
+
+Kronig suggested that
+it had to do somehow
+
+with the rotation
+of the electron.
+
+Now, Pauli said that's nonsense.
+
+How can an electron rotate
+and have angular momentum
+
+because it has a rotation?
+
+It would have to rotate
+so fast, even faster
+
+than the speed of light to
+have the angular momentum,
+
+and then this little ball
+that would be the electron
+
+would disintegrate.
+
+And it made no sense to him that
+there would be such a thing.
+
+So Kronig didn't publish this.
+
+Then there were another two
+people, Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit,
+
+at the same time,
+around 1925, had
+
+the same idea, angular
+momentum of this particle.
+
+And their advisor was
+Ehrenfest, and said
+
+it doesn't make too much sense,
+but you should publish it.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+And thanks to their
+publishing, they
+
+are given credit for discovering
+the spin of the electron.
+
+And Pauli, a couple
+of years later,
+
+decided, after all, I was wrong.
+
+Yes, it is spin, and
+it's all working out.
+
+And 1927, five years after
+the experiment basically,
+
+people understood
+what was going on.
+
+So what were these
+people trying to do?
+
+First, Stern and Gerlach
+were atomic physicists,
+
+and they were just interested
+in measuring speeds
+
+of thermal motion of ions.
+
+So they would send
+beams of these ions
+
+and put magnetic fields and
+deflect them and measure
+
+their velocities.
+
+And eventually,
+they were experts
+
+doing this kind of thing.
+
+And they heard of Bohr, that
+said that the electron has
+
+angular momentum and is going
+around the proton in circles,
+
+so it might have
+angular momentum.
+
+They said, oh, if it has
+angular momentum because it's
+
+going around the proton,
+maybe we can detect it.
+
+And when they did the
+experiment, they got something.
+
+And they said, well,
+we're seeing it.
+
+But it was not that.
+
+They were not seeing the
+orbital angular momentum
+
+of the electron because that
+electron in these silver atoms
+
+actually has no angular
+momentum, as we will see,
+
+no orbital angular momentum.
+
+It only has spin.
+
+So they were actually
+seeing the spin.
+
+So it was a big confusion.
+
+It took some time.
+
+Basically, they took the
+beam, and they split it
+
+with a magnetic field,
+and the clean split was
+
+something nobody understood.
+
+So they called it
+space quantization,
+
+as of it's separated in space.
+
+Space is quantized.
+
+A pretty awful name, of course.
+
+There's nothing quantized
+about space here.
+
+But it reflects
+that when you don't
+
+know what's really
+happening, your names
+
+don't come out too well.
+
+So what we have to
+understand here,
+
+our goal today is
+to just see what's
+
+happening in that experiment,
+quantify a bit the results,
+
+and then extract the quantum
+mechanical lessons from it.
+
+So let us begin with
+the important thing.
+
+You don't see the spin directly.
+
+What you see is
+magnetic moments.
+
+So what's that?
+
+So what are magnetic moments?
+
+Magnetic moments, mu, is the
+analog, the magnetic analog
+
+of an electric dipole.
+
+A mu is called a
+magnetic dipole.
+
+You say it has a
+magnetic moment.
+
+And the magnetic moment is
+given by I times the area.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+Well, a precise discussion
+would take some time.
+
+But roughly, you
+can simplify when
+
+you think of a loop that is
+in a plane, in which case
+
+there's an area
+associated to it.
+
+And if the loop is
+this one, the area
+
+is defined as the normal
+vector to the oriented loop.
+
+So an oriented loop
+has an area vector.
+
+And the orientation
+could be focused
+
+the direction of the current.
+
+There is some area.
+
+And the magnetic moment
+is given by this thing.
+
+It points up in the
+circumstances when
+
+this current goes like that.
+
+So that's a magnetic moment.
+
+A little bit of units.
+
+The way units work
+out is that mu B--
+
+magnetic moments and magnetic
+fields have units of energy.
+
+So magnetic moments
+you could define
+
+as energy, which is
+joules, divided by tesla,
+
+or ergs divided by
+gauss, because mu B has
+
+units of energy.
+
+So how do magnetic
+moments originate
+
+in a charge configuration?
+
+Well, you can simply have
+a little current like that.
+
+But let's consider a
+different situation
+
+in which you have
+a ring of charge,
+
+a ring of charge of some radius
+R. It has a total charge Q,
+
+and it has a linear
+charge density lambda.
+
+It's uniform, and it's
+rotating with some velocity
+
+v. If you wish, it also has
+a mass M. There are all kinds
+
+of [? parameters. ?] How many?
+
+Mass, charge,
+radius, and velocity.
+
+Here we go.
+
+We have our solid ring
+of charge rotating,
+
+and we want to figure out
+something quite fundamental,
+
+which is the origin
+of this principle.
+
+We said, you really
+never see spins directly.
+
+You never see this intrinsic
+angular momentum directly.
+
+You see magnetic moments.
+
+But then actually
+what happens is
+
+that there's a
+universal relation
+
+between magnetic moments
+and angular momentum.
+
+This is a key
+concept in physics.
+
+Maybe you've seen it before.
+
+Maybe you haven't.
+
+Probably you might
+have seen that in 802.
+
+So how does that go?
+
+Let's calculate the
+magnetic moment.
+
+So the current is the
+linear charge density
+
+times the velocity.
+
+The linear charge density
+is the total charge divided
+
+by 2 pi R times the velocity.
+
+Now the area, to give
+the magnetic moment,
+
+we'll have mu is equal
+to I times the area.
+
+So it would be this Q times 2
+pi R v times the area, which
+
+would be pi R squared.
+
+So the pi's cancel,
+and we get 1/2 QvR.
+
+OK.
+
+1/2 QvR, and that's
+fine and interesting.
+
+But OK, depends on the radius,
+depends on the velocity.
+
+So here is the magnetic moment
+is supposed to be going up.
+
+But what else is going up?
+
+The angular momentum of
+this thing is also going up.
+
+So what is the magnitude
+of the angular momentum L?
+
+L is angular momentum.
+
+Well, it's the mass
+times the momentum--
+
+it's the mass momentum
+cross R, so MvR.
+
+The momentum of R
+cross p for each piece,
+
+contributes the same, so you
+just take the total momentum.
+
+This really is 0, but add
+them up little by little,
+
+and you've got your MvR.
+
+So here you have vR, so here
+you put 1/2 Q over M MvR.
+
+And you discover that mu
+is equal to 1/2 Q over M L.
+
+So maybe write it better--
+
+Q over 2M L. I'm sorry,
+this is the normal.
+
+The M shouldn't change, M.
+
+And I box this relation
+because an interesting thing
+
+has happened.
+
+All kinds of incidentals
+have dropped out.
+
+Like the velocity
+has dropped out.
+
+The radius has
+dropped out as well.
+
+So if I have one
+ring with this radius
+
+and another ring
+with a bigger radius,
+
+the relation between
+mu and L is the same,
+
+as long as it's rotating
+with the same speed.
+
+So this is actually
+a universal relation.
+
+It is not just true
+for a little ring.
+
+It's true for a solid sphere
+or any solid object axially
+
+symmetric.
+
+It would be true.
+
+You could consider any object
+that is axially symmetric,
+
+and then you start considering
+all the little rings that
+
+can be built. And for every
+ring, mu over L is the same,
+
+and they all point in
+the same direction.
+
+Therefore, it's true under
+very general grounds.
+
+And that is a very
+famous relation.
+
+So now you could
+speculate that, indeed,
+
+the reason that a particle
+may have a magnetic moment
+
+if it's made by a little ball
+of charge that is rotating.
+
+But that was exactly what
+Pauli didn't like, of course.
+
+And you would like
+to see what's really
+
+happening with particles.
+
+So when you think of a true
+quantum mechanical particle,
+
+let's think of a particle
+in general, a solid particle
+
+rotating.
+
+We'll change the name to S
+for spin angular momentum.
+
+Because that little part,
+this is just one particle.
+
+We're not thinking of
+that little particle
+
+going around a nucleus.
+
+We're thinking of that
+little particle rotating.
+
+So this is a little piece
+of that little particle
+
+that is rotating.
+
+So you could ask,
+if, for the electron,
+
+for example, is
+it true that mu is
+
+equal to e over 2 mass of
+the electron times its spin?
+
+So this would be a vindication
+of this classical analysis.
+
+It might be that it's
+related in this way.
+
+So actually, it's
+not quite true,
+
+but let's still improve
+this a little bit.
+
+In terms of units, we like to
+put an h bar here and a 2Me.
+
+And put spin here, angular
+momentum, divided by h.
+
+Because this has no
+units, h bar has the units
+
+of angular momentum, x times p.
+
+It's the same units, so
+units of angular momentum.
+
+So h bar would be convenient.
+
+So that over here, you would
+have units of a dipole moment,
+
+or magnetic moment,
+magnetic moment units.
+
+So what does happen
+for the electron?
+
+Well, it's almost
+true, but not quite.
+
+In fact, what you get is
+that you need a fudge factor.
+
+The fudge factor
+is that, actually,
+
+for elementary
+particles, you have
+
+a g, which is a constant,
+which is the fudge factor,
+
+e h bar 2 over M of the
+particle S over h bar.
+
+Sometimes called
+the Lande factor.
+
+You must put a number there.
+
+Now, the good thing is that
+the number sometimes can
+
+be calculated and predicted.
+
+So when people did
+this, they figured out
+
+that for the electron the
+number is actually a 2.
+
+So for the electron, g of
+the electron is equal to 2.
+
+Now that, you would say,
+cannot be an accident.
+
+It's twice what you would
+predict sort of classically.
+
+And the Dirac equation,
+the relativistic equation
+
+of the electron that
+you have not studied yet
+
+but you will study soon,
+predicts this g equal to 2.
+
+It was considered
+a great success
+
+that that equation
+gave the right answer,
+
+that people understood that
+this number was going to be 2.
+
+So for the electron, this is 2.
+
+So this quantity is called--
+
+it's a magnetic dipole moment--
+
+is called mu B
+for Bohr magneton.
+
+So how big is a mu B?
+
+It's about 9.3 times 10 to
+the minus 24 joules per tesla.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professor.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So where exactly does
+the fudge factor come in?
+
+Is it just merely
+because [INAUDIBLE]??
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the classical
+analysis is not valid.
+
+So it's pretty invalid, in fact.
+
+You see, the picture
+of an electron,
+
+as of today, is that
+it's a point particle.
+
+And a point particle
+literally means no size.
+
+The electron is not a
+little ball of charge.
+
+Otherwise, it would have parts.
+
+So an electron is
+a point particle.
+
+Therefore, a point particle
+cannot be rotating and have
+
+a spin.
+
+So how does the electron
+manage to have spin?
+
+That you can't
+answer in physics.
+
+It just has it.
+
+Just like a point particle
+that has no size can have mass.
+
+How do you have mass
+if you have no size?
+
+You get accustomed to the idea.
+
+The mathematics
+says it's possible.
+
+You don't run into trouble.
+
+So this particle has no size,
+but it has an angular spin,
+
+angular momentum, as if
+it would be rotating.
+
+But it's definitely not the
+case that it's rotating.
+
+And therefore, this 2 confirms
+that it was a pointless idea
+
+to believe that
+it would be true.
+
+Nevertheless, kind
+of unit analyses
+
+or maybe some truth to the
+fact that quantum mechanics
+
+changes classical mechanics.
+
+Turns out that it's
+closely related.
+
+For the proton, for example, the
+magnetic moment of the proton
+
+is quite complicated as well
+because the proton is made out
+
+of quarks that are
+rotating inside.
+
+And how do you get
+the spin of the proton
+
+and the magnetic
+moment of the proton?
+
+It's complicated.
+
+The neutron, that has no
+charge, has a magnetic moment,
+
+because somehow the quarks
+inside arrange in a way
+
+that their angular momentum
+doesn't quite cancel.
+
+So for example, the value
+for a neutron, I believe,
+
+is minus 2.78 or
+something like that.
+
+It's a strange number.
+
+Another thing that is sort of
+interesting that is also true
+
+is that this mass is
+the mass of a particle.
+
+So if you're talking
+about the magnetic moment
+
+of the proton or
+the neutron, it's
+
+suppressed with respect to
+the one of the electron.
+
+The electron one is much bigger
+because, actually, the mass
+
+shows up here.
+
+So for a neutron or a
+proton, the magnetic moment
+
+is much, much smaller.
+
+So, in fact, for an
+electron then, you
+
+would have the following.
+
+Mu is equal to minus g, which
+is 2, mu B S bar over h.
+
+And actually, we
+put the minus sign
+
+because the electron
+has negative charge.
+
+So the magnetic moment
+actually points opposite.
+
+If you rotate this way, the
+angular momentum is always up.
+
+But if you rotate this
+way and you're negative,
+
+it's as if the current goes
+in the other direction.
+
+So this is due to the fact
+that the electron is negatively
+
+charged.
+
+And that's the final expression.
+
+So OK, so that's the general
+story with magnetic moments.
+
+So the next thing is, how
+do magnetic moments react
+
+when you have magnetic fields?
+
+So that is something
+that you can calculate,
+
+or you can decide if
+you have a picture.
+
+For example, if you have a
+loop of charge like this,
+
+and you have magnetic field
+lines that go like this,
+
+they diverge a bit.
+
+Let me see you use
+your right-hand rule
+
+and tell me whether
+that loop of current
+
+will feel a force up or down.
+
+I'll give you 30 seconds,
+and I take a vote.
+
+Let's see how we're
+doing with that.
+
+And I'll prepare these
+blackboards in the meantime.
+
+All right.
+
+Who votes up?
+
+Nobody.
+
+Who votes down?
+
+Yeah, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Down, exactly.
+
+How do you see down?
+
+Well, one way to see this,
+look at the cross-section.
+
+You would have this
+wire here like that.
+
+The current is coming in on this
+side and going out this way.
+
+Here you have the
+field lines that
+
+go through those two edges,
+and the magnetic field
+
+is like that.
+
+And the force goes like I cross
+B. So I goes in, B goes out.
+
+The force must be like
+that, a little bit of force.
+
+In this one, I cross
+B would be like that,
+
+a little bit of force.
+
+Yep.
+
+Has a component down because
+the field lines are diverging.
+
+So what is the force
+really given by?
+
+The force is given
+by the gradient
+
+of mu dot B. This is derived in
+E&M. I will not derive it here.
+
+This is not really the
+point of this course.
+
+But you can see that
+it's consistent.
+
+This is saying
+that the force goes
+
+in the direction that makes
+mu dot B grow the fastest.
+
+Now mu, in this case, is up.
+
+So mu dot B is positive, because
+mu and the magnetic field
+
+go in the same direction.
+
+So mu dot b is positive.
+
+So the force will be
+towards the direction--
+
+that's what the gradient is--
+that this becomes bigger.
+
+So it becomes bigger
+here, because as the field
+
+lines come together, that
+means stronger magnetic field.
+
+And therefore, mu dot B would be
+larger, so it's pointing down.
+
+If you have a magnetic
+field that is roughly
+
+in the z direction, there
+will be a simplification,
+
+as we will see very soon.
+
+So what did Stern
+and Gerlach do?
+
+Well, they were working
+with silver atoms.
+
+And silver atoms
+have 47 electrons,
+
+out of which 46 fill up
+the levels and equal 1,
+
+2, 3, and 4.
+
+Just one lone electron, a 5s
+electron, the 47th electron,
+
+it's a lonely electron that
+is out in a spherical shell,
+
+we know now with zero
+orbital angular momentum.
+
+It's an S state.
+
+And therefore, throwing silver
+atoms through your apparatus
+
+was pretty much the same
+thing as throwing electrons,
+
+because all these
+other electrons
+
+are tied up with each other.
+
+We know now one has
+spin up, one spin down.
+
+Nothing contributes, no
+angular momentum as a whole.
+
+And then you have this
+last electron unpaired.
+
+It has a spin.
+
+So it's like throwing spins.
+
+So moreover, throwing spins,
+as far as we're concerned,
+
+Stern and Gerlach wouldn't care.
+
+Because of these relations,
+it's throwing in dipole moments.
+
+And they would care about
+that because magnetic fields
+
+push dipole moments up or down.
+
+Therefore, what is the
+apparatus these people had?
+
+It was sort of like
+this, with an oven,
+
+and you produce some
+silver atoms that come out
+
+as a gas, a collimating slit.
+
+Then you put axes here--
+
+we put axes just to know the
+components we're talking about.
+
+And then there's magnets,
+some sort of magnet like this,
+
+and the screen over there.
+
+So basically, this
+form of this magnet
+
+that I've tried to draw
+there, although it's not
+
+so easy, if I would
+take a cross-section it
+
+would look like this.
+
+So the magnetic
+field has a gradient.
+
+The lines bend a bit,
+so there's a gradient
+
+of the magnetic field.
+
+And it's mostly in the z
+direction, so z direction
+
+being pointed out here.
+
+So there's the magnetic field.
+
+The beam then comes here.
+
+And the question is, what
+do you get on this screen?
+
+Now, I have it a little too low.
+
+The beam comes there
+and goes through there.
+
+So the analysis that
+we would have to do
+
+is basically an
+analysis of the forces.
+
+And relatively, we
+don't care too much.
+
+The fact is that
+there's basically,
+
+because the magnetic field
+is mostly in the z direction
+
+and varies in z direction,
+there will be a force
+
+basically in the z direction.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Because you take
+this, and you say,
+
+well, that's roughly mu
+z Bz, because it's mostly
+
+a magnetic field
+in the z direction.
+
+And mu is a constant, so it's
+basically gradient of Bz.
+
+Now, that's a vector.
+
+But we're saying also
+most of the gradient of Bz
+
+is in the z direction,
+so it's basically dBz dz.
+
+Now, there is some
+bending of the lines,
+
+so there's a little bit of
+gradient in other directions.
+
+But people have gone
+through the analysis,
+
+and they don't matter for
+any calculation that you do.
+
+They actually average out.
+
+So roughly, this gradient
+is in the z direction.
+
+I'm sorry, the gradient is
+supposed to be a vector.
+
+So you get a force
+in the z direction.
+
+And therefore, the thing
+that people expected
+
+was the following.
+
+You know, here comes one atom,
+and it has its magnetic moment.
+
+Well, they've all been boiling
+in this oven for a while.
+
+They're very disordered.
+
+Some have a z
+component of magnetic--
+
+the magnetic moment
+is pointing like that,
+
+so they have some
+component, some down.
+
+Some are here.
+
+They have no component.
+
+It's all Boltzmann distributed
+all over the directions.
+
+Therefore, you're going
+to get a smudge like this.
+
+Some ones are going to be
+deflected a lot because they
+
+have lots of z
+component of angular
+
+momentum or z magnetic moment.
+
+Others are going to
+be deflected little.
+
+So this was the
+classical expectation.
+
+And the shock was that
+you got, actually,
+
+one peak here, an empty
+space, and another peak there.
+
+That was called
+space quantization.
+
+Stern and Gerlach worked
+with a magnetic field
+
+that was of about 0.1
+tesla, a tenth of a tesla.
+
+And in their experiment,
+the space quantization,
+
+this difference, was
+1/5 of a millimeter.
+
+So not that big, but
+it was a clear thing.
+
+It was there.
+
+So everybody was confused.
+
+They thought it was the orbital
+spin, angular momentum that
+
+somehow had been measured.
+
+At the end of the
+day, that was wrong.
+
+It couldn't have been that.
+
+People understood the Bohr
+atom, realized, no, there's
+
+no angular momentum there.
+
+The idea of the spin
+came back, and you
+
+would have to do a
+calculation to determine
+
+what is the value of the spin.
+
+So the exact factor took
+a while to get it right.
+
+But with the idea that mu z is
+equal to minus 2 Bohr magenton
+
+Sz over h bar, which
+we wrote before.
+
+Well, mu z, if you
+know the strength
+
+of your magnetic field, you
+can calculate the deflections.
+
+You know what mu B is.
+
+So therefore, you get
+the value for Sz over h.
+
+And experiments
+suggested that Sz over h
+
+was either plus or minus 1/2.
+
+And this kind of particle, it
+has Sz over h bar equal plus
+
+or minus 1/2, is called
+the spin-1/2 particle.
+
+So again, from this equation,
+this can be measured.
+
+And you then use this,
+and you get this value.
+
+So the experiment is
+a little confusing.
+
+Why did this happen?
+
+And how do we think of
+it quantum mechanically?
+
+Now 804 sort of began
+with these kind of things.
+
+And you know by now
+that what's happening
+
+is the following, that
+somehow, mathematically,
+
+every state is a superposition
+of a spin up and a spin down.
+
+So every particle
+that goes there
+
+has half of its brain in the
+spin up and half of its brain
+
+in the spin down.
+
+And then as it goes
+through the magnetic field,
+
+this thing splits, but each
+particle is in both beams
+
+still.
+
+And they just have
+this dual existence
+
+until there's a screen
+and there's detectors.
+
+So they have to decide
+what happens, and then
+
+either collapses in the
+top beam or lower beam.
+
+Nothing happens until
+you put the screen.
+
+That's what we think now
+is the interpretation
+
+of this experiment.
+
+But let's use the
+last few minutes
+
+to just write this in terms of
+boxes and get the right ideas.
+
+So instead of drawing
+all that stuff,
+
+we'll draw a little
+box called a z hat
+
+box, a Stern-Gerlach apparatus.
+
+In comes a beam, out
+would come two beams,
+
+Sz equal h bar over 2 and
+Sz equal minus h bar over 2.
+
+And the convention is
+that the plus goes up
+
+and the minus goes down,
+which I think is probably
+
+consistent with that drawing.
+
+And that's the
+Stern-Gerlach apparatus.
+
+It measures Sz, and
+it splits the beam.
+
+Each particle goes
+into both beams
+
+until there's a
+device that measures
+
+and decides where you go.
+
+So you can do the
+following arrangements.
+
+So here's arrangement number 1,
+a Stern-Gerlach device with z.
+
+Then you block the lower
+one and let the top one
+
+go as Sz equal h bar over 2.
+
+And then you put another
+Stern-Gerlach machine, z hat,
+
+that has two outputs.
+
+And then you ask,
+what's going to happen?
+
+And the experiment can be
+done and, actually, there's
+
+nothing here coming out, and
+all the particles come out here
+
+with Sz equal h bar over 2.
+
+What are we going
+to learn from this?
+
+In our picture of
+quantum mechanics,
+
+we're going to think of
+this as there are states
+
+of the electron that have--
+
+and I will write them
+with respect to z--
+
+they have plus h bar
+over 2 and states
+
+that have minus h bar over 2.
+
+And what we will think is that
+these are really old basis
+
+states, that any other state,
+even one that points along x,
+
+is a superposition of those two.
+
+This is a very incredible
+physical assumption.
+
+It's saying this system is a
+2-dimensional complex vector
+
+space, two vectors, two
+unit, two basis vectors.
+
+And from those two, all linear
+combinations that are infinite
+
+represent all possible
+spin configurations.
+
+And what is this saying?
+
+Well, as we will
+translate it into algebra,
+
+we will say that, look,
+here is a state plus.
+
+And when you try to measure,
+if it had any minus component,
+
+it had nothing.
+
+So we will state that as
+saying that these states are
+
+orthogonal.
+
+The minus state and the plus
+state have zero overlap.
+
+They are orthogonal
+basis states.
+
+And, for example, well, you
+could also do it this way.
+
+That would also be 0.
+
+And you could also
+say that z plus
+
+and z plus is 1, because
+every state that came in
+
+as a plus came out as a plus.
+
+They had perfect overlap.
+
+So these are two
+orthonormal basis vectors.
+
+That's what this
+seems to suggest.
+
+And it's a little
+strange, if you think,
+
+because there's a
+clash between arrows
+
+and the notion of
+orthonormality.
+
+In 3-dimensional vectors,
+you think of this vector
+
+being orthogonal to this.
+
+But you wouldn't
+think of this vector
+
+as being orthogonal to that one.
+
+And here is the spin is up,
+and this is the spin down.
+
+And those two are orthogonal.
+
+You say, no, they're
+anti-parallel.
+
+They're not orthogonal.
+
+No, they are orthogonal.
+
+And that's the endlessly
+confusing thing about spin-1/2.
+
+So these states, their pictures
+of the spins are arrows.
+
+But don't think that those
+arrows and the dot product
+
+give you the orthogonality,
+because this is up and down.
+
+If you would be doing the
+dot product of an up and down
+
+vector, you would not get 0.
+
+But this is 0.
+
+Then you do the
+following experiment.
+
+So let's do the next one.
+
+And the next one is,
+again, the z filter.
+
+Take this one, block it.
+
+Then you put an x filter.
+
+And what actually happens
+is that you would get states
+
+with Sx, now, h bar over 2 and
+Sx equal minus h bar over 2,
+
+because it's an x filter.
+
+The magnetic field is a
+line in the x direction.
+
+Now, all these things have
+Sz equal h bar over 2.
+
+And what happens
+in the experiment
+
+is that 50% of the
+particles come out here
+
+and 50% come out there.
+
+So a spin state
+along the x direction
+
+has some overlap with a spin
+state along the z direction.
+
+Normal vectors, a z vector and
+an x vector, are orthogonal.
+
+Not here for spins.
+
+The spin pointing in the z
+and the spin pointing in the x
+
+are not orthogonal states.
+
+They have overlaps.
+
+So this means that, for example,
+the x plus state and the z
+
+plus state have an overlap.
+
+This is notations that-- we're
+going to be precise later.
+
+But the same thing with the x
+minus state, it has an overlap,
+
+and somehow they're
+about the same.
+
+Finally, the last experiment
+is this, z hat, block again,
+
+x hat, but this time block one.
+
+So here is a state with Sx
+equals minus h bar over 2.
+
+Here is a state with
+Sz equal h bar over 2.
+
+And now you put the
+z machine again.
+
+And what happens?
+
+Well, there's two options.
+
+People who were inventing
+quantum mechanics
+
+no wonder thought about them.
+
+Here they could say, look,
+I filtered this thing,
+
+and now all these electrons
+have Sz equal h bar over 2.
+
+And now all these electrons have
+Sx equal minus h bar over 2.
+
+Maybe, actually,
+all these electrons
+
+have both Sz equal
+h over 2 and that
+
+because I filtered it twice.
+
+So it maybe satisfies both.
+
+So if all these electrons
+would have Sz equals
+
+h over 2 and this,
+then you would only
+
+get something from the top one.
+
+But no, that's not what happens.
+
+You get in both.
+
+So somehow, the memory of
+these states coming from Sz
+
+equals h over 2
+has been destroyed
+
+by the time it
+turned into a state
+
+with Sx equal minus h over 2.
+
+And a state cannot have
+simultaneously this and that.
+
+That's two properties, because
+you get 50% here and 50% there.
+
+So we'll discuss next
+time a little more
+
+about these relations
+and how can the states
+
+be related, the ones
+that we use as the basis
+
+vectors and all the
+others along x and others
+
+that we could build
+some other way.
+
+All right.
+
+See you next week.
+
+There's office hours today, 5:00
+to 6:00, Monday, 4:30 to 5:30.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ao9qzPPfTJM.txt b/Ao9qzPPfTJM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a2ffc42440fd40c713077b258a9be10cf0ea2d9
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+++ b/Ao9qzPPfTJM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2257 @@
+PROFESSOR: So today's class we
+talked about vertex unfolding,
+
+unfolding orthogonal
+polyhedra, and something else
+
+which there weren't
+any questions
+
+about-- got them already--
+Cauchey's rigidity theorem.
+
+So we will go through
+those in turn.
+
+A bunch of small
+questions and two
+
+cool new things, new updates.
+
+So first question is
+about vertex unfolding.
+
+Why do we fold things
+in a chain and kind
+
+of a line, linear style?
+
+Would you get any
+benefit out of a tree?
+
+The answer is chains are
+easy to avoid intersection.
+
+That's the reason we use them
+on these kinds of unfoldings.
+
+We could dedicate a different
+slab for every piece
+
+and this is great.
+
+And incidentally-- I didn't
+mention this in lecture,
+
+but it's obvious once you think
+about it for five minutes.
+
+If you want general cuts-- if
+you're allowed to cut anywhere
+
+on the surface and you want
+a vertex unfolding-- then
+
+anything is possible because
+you could take any surface
+
+and chainify it in the same
+way we do with the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+sections.
+
+You subdivide.
+
+First, you triangulate.
+
+You subdivide each triangle
+into three triangles.
+
+Then you can hinge it
+together in a chain.
+
+And then you can just
+lay it out like this.
+
+So general vertex unfolding
+is trivial for this reason.
+
+When you're only allowed
+to cut along edges,
+
+things get much harder.
+
+The only technique we have right
+now is facet path unfolding.
+
+But of course, vertex
+unfolding convex polyhedra
+
+is an easier version of edge
+unfolding context polyhedra,
+
+but we have no idea
+how to do that.
+
+So maybe it's possible.
+
+We already know it's not
+possible with chains.
+
+So if it's possible, it's
+somehow possible with trees,
+
+I guess.
+
+We know tree style
+unfoldings can
+
+be helpful with
+general cuttings,
+
+but this is not directly
+relevant to vertex unfolding.
+
+But this is the source unfolding
+and the star unfolding again.
+
+So yeah, who knows?
+
+But so far, chains are just
+a useful proof technique.
+
+All right, next question.
+
+This is vertex
+unfolding summarized
+
+in the lecture notes
+on the right side.
+
+So we end up with a
+nice Eulerian graph.
+
+In this case, every vertex
+happens to have even degree.
+
+In general, two of them
+might have odd degree
+
+and we just get a path.
+
+But the observation in
+this question-- maybe
+
+I'll go to the other side
+so you can read both--
+
+is that we visit the same
+vertex multiple times,
+
+like we attach these two
+triangles at this vertex.
+
+We also attach these two
+triangles at that vertex.
+
+Is that OK?
+
+Yes, we define it to be OK.
+
+I think I briefly mentioned
+it's defined to be OK.
+
+Why?
+
+I don't know.
+
+It's hard to imagine
+little dots of paper there,
+
+but somehow you imagine that
+they can stay connected.
+
+In particular, it's
+the natural definition
+
+of a hinge dissection.
+
+You could add hinges
+at those two places.
+
+But also it's
+impossible otherwise.
+
+This was a fun little
+puzzle to think about.
+
+But if you take-- I actually
+have a slide for it.
+
+I don't have to draw.
+
+It's hard to draw
+an icosahedron.
+
+If you take an icosahedron,
+it has 20 faces.
+
+And the dual is a dodecahedron
+so it has 12 vertices.
+
+So there aren't
+enough to go around,
+
+at least if you wanted
+a chain unfolding.
+
+Well, actually any
+tree unfolding,
+
+if you have 20
+triangles, you're going
+
+to need 19 vertices to
+connect them together.
+
+And there's only 12
+vertices so you can't do it.
+
+Is that literally true?
+
+I guess you could imagine,
+in a general tree unfolding,
+
+you could use one point
+to connect together
+
+many triangles.
+
+But I'm pretty sure
+it's not possible
+
+if you're allowed
+to reuse vertices.
+
+So that's why we allow it.
+
+We get a more
+interesting result when
+
+we allow revisiting vertices.
+
+Could be still an
+interesting question like,
+
+which polyhedron have
+vertex unfolding if we only
+
+get to use the vertex once?
+
+But I don't know
+any results on it.
+
+Next question is, any
+progress on vertex unfolding?
+
+And there's one new result.
+
+Before I showed you, I think,
+one example of a vertex
+
+ununfoldable polyhedron--
+this guy, box on a box.
+
+Initially, we said oh,
+this is edge ununfoldable,
+
+but it's also vertex
+ununfoldable because this face
+
+here is a donut and the
+five sides of that cube
+
+have to fit in here, and there's
+not enough area for them.
+
+And that's true also if
+you're vertex unfolding.
+
+No matter how this stays
+attached to the donut face,
+
+it's got a line here,
+that's not possible.
+
+But this is an
+unsatisfying example
+
+because you have a face
+that is not a disk.
+
+And in general, you're
+not topologically convex.
+
+you can't just move the vertices
+around and make this a convex
+
+polyhedron, not
+strictly convex anyway.
+
+So here is a new
+example with Zach Abel.
+
+He took this class
+two years ago,
+
+or five years ago, I guess.
+
+This is a topologically
+convex polyhedron,
+
+so you could move the
+vertices to make this convex.
+
+That's not so obvious.
+
+And it is vertex ununfoldable,
+which we will prove.
+
+This is one of the
+two results for today.
+
+The example is a dark prism
+here, a triangular prism,
+
+and a light triangular
+prism just at right angles
+
+to each other.
+
+Then you take the
+union of that solid,
+
+and then you take the boundary.
+
+So first, you can check
+all the faces are disks.
+
+And for topological
+convexity, you
+
+want to check that if
+you look at any two faces
+
+like this light S1
+and this dark one,
+
+they should only share
+one edge at most.
+
+They should share nothing,
+a vertex, or an edge.
+
+That's topological
+convexity because that's
+
+how things work in convex
+if the polygons were convex.
+
+So like here, they
+share just that edge.
+
+So it is topologically convex.
+
+Let's prove that it is
+vertex ununfoldable.
+
+So in some sense, this is a
+strengthening of the witch's
+
+hats and stuff because this
+is also edge ununfoldable.
+
+But it's even cooler.
+
+It's vertex ununfoldable.
+
+Let's just look
+at the connections
+
+between the dark and the light.
+
+There are one, two, three,
+four vertices on this side
+
+and four vertices
+on the backside that
+
+connect dark to light.
+
+I should make some Star
+Wars reference I suppose.
+
+All those vertices
+are symmetric,
+
+so we can just look
+at any of them.
+
+Somewhere, the light side has
+to be attached to the dark side.
+
+Where could that be?
+
+Let's say vertex A because
+it's got to be somewhere,
+
+and it's symmetric.
+
+So vertex A has three
+angles incident to it.
+
+There's alpha-- that's
+this angle-- which is big.
+
+It reflects.
+
+There's this beta and
+there's this gamma.
+
+Beta is 90 degrees
+here because this
+
+is supposed to be a rectangle.
+
+Gamma is well, let me state
+what I want from these angles.
+
+There's some parameters
+in the construction
+
+I haven't yet told you.
+
+So we want alpha to
+be bigger than 270.
+
+Theta equals 92.
+
+And we want alpha plus
+gamma equal to 360.
+
+So this is possible if you
+angle these guys correctly,
+
+is the short version.
+
+I guess the most
+interesting is this alpha
+
+plus gamma equals 360.
+
+Is that obvious?
+
+Not especially, but I'm claiming
+it's true in this picture.
+
+We'll see it in an
+unfolding, actually,
+
+on the very next slide.
+
+Yeah, let's go there.
+
+Still have the same picture.
+
+But when unfolded, it's
+supposed to look like this.
+
+So what happens at A?
+
+If you want to connect the
+light side which is alpha
+
+that's forced, you can
+attach by a vertex unfolding
+
+to beta or gamma.
+
+Well, beta is impossible
+because 90 plus greater than 270
+
+is greater than 360.
+
+So you would get overlap
+locally at this vertex
+
+if you attach these even
+if you're vertex unfolding.
+
+So you've got to
+attach the gamma.
+
+Alpha plus gamma is
+supposed to be exactly 360.
+
+And so vertex unfolding
+doesn't buy you anything.
+
+In order to not
+locally overlap here,
+
+they must fit right like that.
+
+Then the only other
+condition we need
+
+is that these prisms
+are long enough
+
+so that you get
+overlap over here.
+
+So it's not a purely
+local overlap,
+
+but it's very close by.
+
+It's the same two faces overlap.
+
+Here, they happen to
+overlap here and here.
+
+If this were shorter, if
+this were like this short--
+
+this is the length
+of the prism here--
+
+then you'd avoid overlap.
+
+And that's this picture.
+
+So this is an unfolding of
+one of the two prism halves.
+
+This is unfolding of the other.
+
+If you attach them, these
+vertices as is necessary,
+
+you get overlap.
+
+Unless the prism
+were short, then you
+
+would get this
+kind of unfolding.
+
+So that's the proof.
+
+You can actually make the proof
+even simpler, kind of nifty.
+
+Although it's less obvious
+that this example exists.
+
+You can give the coordinates
+and you can check it exactly
+
+and it has all the
+properties you want.
+
+Each prism has been
+bent a little bit.
+
+More or less the
+same example, but now
+
+it has the feature that
+alpha plus beta prime is
+
+greater than 360, and
+alpha plus gamma prime
+
+is greater than 360.
+
+So you just can't
+attach anything.
+
+Even locally, you
+get pure overlap.
+
+So easy to check if
+you're a computer.
+
+Easier to check and proof and
+verify if you're a computer.
+
+Less easy visually.
+
+So that's what's known.
+
+Open problem-- which I
+should probably write down--
+
+is if your faces
+are convex polygons,
+
+is there a vertex
+ununfoldable polyhedron?
+
+That, we still don't know.
+
+So the witch's hat, all
+the faces are triangles.
+
+There's no edge unfolding,
+but it has a vertex unfolding.
+
+These guys are nice.
+
+They're topologically
+convex, but the faces
+
+are still very nonconvex.
+
+And we use that because we want
+a giant angle, a reflex angle
+
+together with something to
+add up to more than 360.
+
+If you're always adding
+up two convex angles,
+
+you don't get that.
+
+But maybe you could combine
+it with a polyhedron that's
+
+not Hamiltonian, so you have
+to have three things joining it
+
+together and then you
+could get more than 360?
+
+I don't know.
+
+It could be an interesting
+problem to work on.
+
+But so far, it is open.
+
+So that is vertex unfolding.
+
+Next question is about
+general unfolding
+
+of nonconvex polyhedra.
+
+Still it's open whether
+every polyhedron, say
+
+without boundary, has
+a general unfolding.
+
+Still we know that all
+orthogonal polyhedra
+
+of genus zero have an unfolding.
+
+That remains the
+state of the art.
+
+But we have a
+better way to unfold
+
+orthogonal polyhedra
+of genus zero.
+
+And this is a new paper.
+
+It's not yet online
+but it will be shortly.
+
+The final version just
+went to the journal.
+
+"Unfolding Orthogonal Polyhedra
+with Quadratic Refinement."
+
+So two of the same authors--
+Mirela Damian and Robin
+
+Flatland from the
+exponential unfolding.
+
+You may recall, we saw
+a solution in lecture
+
+that has exponential refinement.
+
+The number of cuts in particular
+can be exponential in n
+
+in the worst case.
+
+This requires you take the grid.
+
+You refine it, at most,
+quadratic number of times
+
+in each dimension.
+
+So the number of
+cuts is polynomial,
+
+I guess at most, and to
+the seventh if you've got
+
+n squared by n squared
+by n squared by n.
+
+I think it's actually
+much less than that.
+
+Probably more like n squared,
+but I need to be careful.
+
+So I want to cover
+this solution.
+
+It's a simple variation
+actually on the previous one,
+
+but also there's some
+questions about how
+
+the exponential one works.
+
+I want to go through
+that one more time.
+
+We have new figures
+for it from this paper.
+
+So it looks a little different,
+maybe a little bit clearer.
+
+That was our girl.
+
+I need my hands.
+
+Remember, the general idea
+was to slice your polyhedron
+
+in one direction so you end
+up with these bands, strips.
+
+And then you visit the
+strips in a treelike fashion.
+
+And in particular,
+at the leaves,
+
+like the closest to
+you, you've got a band
+
+and then you've
+got a front face.
+
+And so that would look
+something like this little box.
+
+So you've got a band that
+goes around-- which way is it?
+
+Band is this way it.
+
+Should be an x and z.
+
+And then there's
+the front face which
+
+here is drawn on the back.
+
+Those are the five out
+of six faces of the box
+
+that are actually present.
+
+This face that's closest
+to us is actually
+
+attached to another band.
+
+You could have leaves on
+this side or that side.
+
+So what do we do?
+
+We enter at S and
+we exit at T. And we
+
+are told that the first
+turn you make from S
+
+should be a right turn.
+
+And the last turn before
+T should be a left turn.
+
+And you start in
+the unfolding, you
+
+will start going
+vertical on S, that's
+
+why you should turn
+right because we never
+
+want to turn left.
+
+We never want to go left in
+the unfolding, which is here.
+
+And we also want to end in
+the vertical state for T
+
+so that we can chain
+these together.
+
+So we started S. We're told to
+turn right, which we do here.
+
+Then we're basically
+going to zigzag.
+
+And if you check along this
+surface, we turn right.
+
+We go here, up there.
+
+And then we turn
+left, and then right.
+
+And then this is a
+left because we're
+
+supposed to be
+doing it from below.
+
+And then a right with that
+red thing, then a left, right,
+
+down here, and a
+left, and we're done.
+
+And the number balances
+out, so we start vertical,
+
+we end vertical.
+
+And then when we're done with
+all these things, we thicken.
+
+It's not drawn here, but
+these strips get thickened.
+
+And you end up attaching
+these fatter versions,
+
+but basically you're
+following the same path.
+
+We don't thicken
+it at the beginning
+
+because we're
+actually going to do
+
+this many times
+on the same cell.
+
+And then we abstract
+that picture
+
+to this iconography which says--
+this I didn't talk about much
+
+in lecture, which
+says, you should
+
+start by turning right
+in S, and then you
+
+should end by turning
+left and then visiting T.
+
+So that's one picture.
+
+But it depends
+where you're going.
+
+There are actually eight
+different versions.
+
+I showed you this one.
+
+But all those combinations
+have to happen.
+
+And the top ones are when
+you're all the way forward.
+
+The bottom ones are where
+you're all the way back
+
+in these slabs, so that's
+slightly different.
+
+And then there's whether S is on
+the left or S is on the right,
+
+relative to T. And then
+there's whether you
+
+start by turning to
+the right from S or end
+
+by turning to the left.
+
+T is always the opposite.
+
+But those are the
+eight possibilities
+
+from three different choices.
+
+Are you far forward?
+
+Are you far back?
+
+Do you turn right from
+S or do you turn left?
+
+And is S to the left
+or is S to the right?
+
+That's why you have
+eight combinations.
+
+They all look
+basically the same,
+
+but those are your base cases.
+
+So this is still all
+review of the old version.
+
+And then the last part of
+the old method is non-leaves.
+
+So in general, you
+have a band which
+
+is here drawn as
+two separate pieces,
+
+but really this is one band.
+
+The bands are easy to unfold.
+
+They go straight.
+
+But then you have
+all these children.
+
+So you have your parent
+which is the S and T part.
+
+You have to start
+here and end here.
+
+Recursively, you want to
+visit this whole subtree.
+
+So you might have children that
+are on the front side, children
+
+that are on the backside.
+
+And again, we're told we
+should initially turn right.
+
+So if we turn right, we
+visit the first thing.
+
+We tell this leaf or
+this child, actually--
+
+this is not necessarily a leaf.
+
+We tell this child that the
+next thing we want to do
+
+is turn to the left because
+we just turned right.
+
+Actually, we just
+turned right twice,
+
+so we've just gone right, right.
+
+We'll actually be
+unfolding initially up,
+
+so we turn right twice.
+
+Now, we better
+turn left and then
+
+we will end up pointing
+I believe down,
+
+because initially this
+was pointing down.
+
+After you do this construction,
+you'll be pointing down again.
+
+And that's why you
+want to turn left here.
+
+So you unroll this thing.
+
+You can verify you are
+actually just zigzagging.
+
+And so you go back and
+forth through these.
+
+Verify this always
+proceeds to the right.
+
+But we're using different
+iconography here.
+
+This is an S on the left
+that initially turns left.
+
+This is an S on the right
+that initially turns right.
+
+That's why we need the different
+forms of the recursive call.
+
+This is a picture where
+initially we turn right on S
+
+and S is to the right, but
+there are different versions
+
+of this picture just
+like in the base cases
+
+where S is to the left
+and where you initially
+
+have to turn left.
+
+But they look the same.
+
+You just visit them back
+and forth like this.
+
+At some point, you finish
+the front children.
+
+Then you go up.
+
+And here, it's a
+little bit shifted
+
+but these would
+normally be aligned.
+
+Then you have to visit
+the top children.
+
+You do that by visiting
+and going back and forth.
+
+Then, of course, when
+you're done here,
+
+you have to unwind
+everything you did.
+
+Then we go over here.
+
+We visit that guy,
+back and forth.
+
+Eventually, we will end
+up on the inside here,
+
+and having doubled everything,
+we come back out to T.
+
+And all the time, we're
+unfolding to the right.
+
+Now, what can we say about this?
+
+Well, what sucks is all of these
+children get visited twice.
+
+And that's why you're doubling
+at every recursive level.
+
+And so if your recursion tree
+looks like a long binary tree,
+
+then you get exponential.
+
+Not quite.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+Here's an example of
+it being exponential
+
+with this kind of tree.
+
+It's a little hard to
+draw too many levels deep.
+
+So we have one level deep
+and then another level deep.
+
+But you'll notice
+that it's not uniform.
+
+This leaf gets visited
+exponentially many times,
+
+but this one still
+only got visited once.
+
+Of course, it's shallower.
+
+But even these two leaves
+are at the same level
+
+and they did not get visited
+the same number of times.
+
+So there's some hope
+of improving things
+
+as you might imagine.
+
+So this is where we go.
+
+There's two observations
+here, two ideas.
+
+Maybe I'll tell you
+where we started.
+
+I was I think-- I can
+never remember years.
+
+I was teaching this class
+either two or five years ago
+
+and I had idea number one.
+
+And we worked on it in
+the open problems session,
+
+but it was not enough.
+
+Idea number one is
+just part of the story.
+
+And it's an idea that comes
+from the other graduate
+
+class I teach which is
+heavy-light decomposition
+
+and advanced data structures.
+
+So this is a very
+common technique
+
+in advanced data structures.
+
+It goes back to
+Sleator and Tarjan,
+
+if you've ever heard of splay
+trees or link-cut trees.
+
+It's that era which was
+the '80s, I believe, '83.
+
+It's a very useful tool.
+
+Whenever you have
+general tree structure
+
+and you want to
+make it balanced,
+
+you should think
+heavy-light decomposition.
+
+There are actually a few
+ways to balance a tree,
+
+but heavy-light decomposition
+is usually the most powerful.
+
+So essentially
+what it does is say
+
+if I could just treat
+this thing, this path
+
+as a single node, and then treat
+these guys as separate nodes,
+
+then I'd kind of be balanced.
+
+It would be like one super node
+and then a bunch of children
+
+hanging off of it.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+So that's the picture
+I'd like to make.
+
+I'm going to contract paths,
+only paths of my tree.
+
+And it turns out
+there's always a way
+
+to take paths, contract
+them into single nodes,
+
+so that the resulting thing
+has height at most log n,
+
+no matter what tree
+you start with.
+
+And heavy-light decomposition
+is a way to do this.
+
+It's very simple to define.
+
+For every node, you define
+the idea of a heavy child.
+
+This is a child with more
+than half the weight.
+
+The weight of a subtree is the
+number of descendant nodes,
+
+so the number of
+nodes in that subtree.
+
+So if we look at this
+picture, you've got this node.
+
+It has one, two, three, four,
+five, six, seven, eight,
+
+nine nodes below it.
+
+This subtree only has one,
+so this subtree has seven.
+
+Seven is bigger
+than half of nine.
+
+Most of the weight
+is to the left.
+
+So we call this edge heavy.
+
+Similarly, this edge is
+heavy because this is five.
+
+Five is more than half of seven.
+
+This one's only
+three nodes below it.
+
+That is still more than half
+because half of this is 2.5.
+
+So this edge is heavy.
+
+This one is not heavy.
+
+So actually, in
+the real picture,
+
+it would look like this.
+
+This is a heavy path and
+this guy's all by itself,
+
+so there's one more node.
+
+But it has the same effect
+of balancing the tree.
+
+So what's the point?
+
+In general, I have some tree.
+
+In general, I might
+have many children.
+
+No idea how many
+children are out there.
+
+So every node can
+have many children
+
+and these correspond to
+the various bands that
+
+are attached to my parent band.
+
+So that's heavy child.
+
+In general though, every node
+has at most one heavy child
+
+because you can't have
+more than two halves.
+
+If I have more than half
+of the weight in one child,
+
+I can't have more than half of
+the weight in another child.
+
+So every node has at
+most one heavy child.
+
+These edges connecting nodes
+and their heavy children
+
+we call heavy edges.
+
+And whenever we
+have a node, there's
+
+at most one heavy edge
+going down from it,
+
+so heavy edges form heavy paths.
+
+That's the point.
+
+So this red thing is
+called a heavy path.
+
+Cool.
+
+So what do we know
+about heavy paths?
+
+The other edges, I
+should say, these guys,
+
+we call light edges.
+
+This is the heavy-light
+decomposition,
+
+so every edge is
+either heavy or light.
+
+It could be a node
+only has light children
+
+because it's well-distributed.
+
+In the worst case, it
+has one heavy child,
+
+one heavy edge coming out of it.
+
+So we get heavy paths.
+
+I guess I'll say heavy
+edges form paths.
+
+And if we look at
+what I normally
+
+call the light depth
+of a node, this
+
+is if I look at a
+node in this tree
+
+and I measure how
+many light edges do
+
+I have to traverse in order to
+get from the root of the tree
+
+to that node, here it's
+only one light edge.
+
+The number of light edges follow
+on any path is at most log n,
+
+log base 2 of n, because every
+time I follow a light edge,
+
+I know that I started
+with say end nodes.
+
+I follow a light edge.
+
+I know that I have at most half
+n nodes because my weight goes
+
+down by half.
+
+If I start with n, I can only
+reduce by a factor of 2 log n
+
+times before I run out of nodes.
+
+Then I'm in a leaf when I get
+down to the weight of one.
+
+So light depth of any
+node is at most log n
+
+because weight halves every
+step, every light step.
+
+So this is why, if you
+contract the heavy paths
+
+to single nodes, the depth
+of the remaining tree
+
+is only log n.
+
+So what does this tell us?
+
+If I could somehow
+deal with paths
+
+efficiently and not
+feel the recursive pain
+
+that we're getting here
+from doubling everything
+
+along a path, then I
+can chain them together
+
+in the usual bad recursive way.
+
+I can afford to double
+on a balance tree.
+
+So if I could somehow treat
+these paths as single things,
+
+we'd be all set.
+
+That was idea number one
+and that sat for years.
+
+I knew this should be possible.
+
+But what we were missing
+was idea number two.
+
+It's funny.
+
+If you stare at this
+picture long enough,
+
+it's actually kind of obvious.
+
+It requires more
+work after the idea.
+
+So here, the same
+picture as before.
+
+I spread it out a little bit.
+
+So we end up visiting
+this guy last.
+
+And then we end up
+recursively visiting this one
+
+a second time, then
+this one a second time,
+
+then this one a second time.
+
+We go down here.
+
+We go around here.
+
+Visit this one a second time.
+
+Unwind.
+
+Visit this one a second
+time, this one a second time,
+
+this one a second
+time, and we're up.
+
+Did I visit them
+all a second time?
+
+No.
+
+There's one that I didn't
+visit a second time, which
+
+is the last child.
+
+I only visited that one once.
+
+And that's all we need is
+one child because I only
+
+need to do a path efficiently.
+
+So I'm recursively visiting
+most of the children here.
+
+Those are going to
+be my light children.
+
+The one heavy
+child, I want to aim
+
+to visit that one last because
+that one's only visited once
+
+so it doesn't get recursively
+doubled at this level.
+
+Of course, the higher up the
+level, it will get doubled.
+
+But there's only log n levels
+we're going to get doubled,
+
+so we'll only add a factor of n.
+
+Idea number two is that the
+last child gets visited only one
+
+at this recursive level.
+
+And if you've taken
+an algorithms class,
+
+you know recursively
+visiting things
+
+once versus twice
+makes a big difference.
+
+Here it's a matter of doubling
+or just staying the same.
+
+If we can rearrange to visit
+these children first, then do
+
+this one last, then visit
+this child first, then do
+
+this one last, then visit
+this child first, then do
+
+this one last, and then do all
+the children in whatever order,
+
+then we'll guarantee that this
+path doesn't get recursively
+
+refined at this
+level so it's really
+
+being treated as a
+single node basically.
+
+And that lets you tie
+together these unfoldings
+
+in an efficient way.
+
+The only issue is I need to be
+able-- this construction isn't
+
+enough because this construction
+basically forced this one
+
+to be the last child
+to get visited.
+
+I need to be able to
+control which child is last
+
+visited because the
+heavy property is
+
+a property of the tree.
+
+One of these guys,
+maybe this one is heavy.
+
+Maybe that one's heavy.
+
+We've got to be
+able to end on that.
+
+So there are two cases.
+
+First case is that we always
+start from the bottom here.
+
+And first case is
+that on the top side
+
+is where the heavy child is.
+
+So this is the easy case because
+the bottom, we don't care.
+
+We just visit the children
+in whatever order's natural.
+
+Then we come up.
+
+And basically, we have the
+freedom to spin around here.
+
+We have to turn
+left, but we could
+
+either choose to immediately
+go up here or keep going
+
+and go up here, or keep
+going and go up here.
+
+That would visit
+that one too early.
+
+Or go here.
+
+Turns out this is
+the right choice.
+
+But we had freedom to just
+spin around and choose
+
+when to go up.
+
+Just try them all.
+
+One of them will
+end up being last.
+
+Basically, you
+want this guy to be
+
+in the middle between
+where you start
+
+and the one just to the
+left here because you're
+
+kind of rainbowing
+back and forth,
+
+zeroing in on the last guy.
+
+And just by pigeonholing, I
+suppose, one of these choices
+
+will work because there's
+k choices you could make
+
+on when to turn up that each
+result in a different guy being
+
+last.
+
+And so one of them corresponds
+to the correct one.
+
+That's easy to figure
+out which one it is.
+
+So if it's on the top
+side, it's really easy.
+
+You just pick it.
+
+This would be great.
+
+This would actually give
+us linear refinement
+
+if we only had this case.
+
+The other case is when the
+guy we want to make last,
+
+the heavy child, is
+on the bottom side.
+
+In this case, we
+need to do more work.
+
+So this is basically
+the old construction.
+
+Here we don't really
+have freedom from S.
+
+We can't just bypass this
+guy because it will actually
+
+be hard to get him later.
+
+So we've got to visit
+him and back and forth.
+
+But the one thing we could
+do is just omit a child,
+
+just forget about
+it for a while.
+
+Don't visit it.
+
+Visit everything else
+in whatever order
+
+feels natural to you.
+
+And then we're going
+to splice this guy in.
+
+So we'll see where
+does the path go.
+
+At some point, it will go
+above this proposed last guy.
+
+And what we're going to do,
+which is on the next slide,
+
+is on the return trip-- so
+remember we have this picture.
+
+We come out here.
+
+Then we recursively
+double everything.
+
+So at some point, we are
+coming here, doubling.
+
+And at that point, we turn in.
+
+But if S and T are
+aligned like this,
+
+we are pointing the wrong way.
+
+We want it to get here,
+but it doesn't even
+
+look like we're
+in the same side.
+
+But we are.
+
+We just have to recursively
+double everything again.
+
+In the end, when you recursively
+double everything again,
+
+you will be here.
+
+And we haven't
+finished doubling here.
+
+But in the end, you will
+come out here and exit at T.
+
+So overall, these guys which
+haven't been visited yet,
+
+they'll end up being
+doubled from this procedure.
+
+These guys will end
+up being quadrupled.
+
+So we're doing four recursive
+calls for most of the children.
+
+Some of them might get
+lucky and only double.
+
+But all we care about is if
+this guy only gets visited once.
+
+That's the key.
+
+Because this will
+be recursively here.
+
+It's hard to unwind.
+
+But then you'll end up on
+the inside of this channel.
+
+Then you'll end up
+visiting this guy.
+
+Then you'll end up
+visiting this guy.
+
+And then you get out at T.
+
+So you won't come back to here.
+
+That's the key.
+
+That's all we need.
+
+You can write down a
+recurrence at this point.
+
+If you look at the
+level of refinement
+
+for an n vertex polyhedron
+or an n slab polyhedron,
+
+it would be-- n, we'll
+say is the number of nodes
+
+in the tree of
+slabs, this picture.
+
+In general, that is
+proportional to the number
+
+of vertices in the polyhedron.
+
+In the worst case, it's going
+to be the max of two things-- R
+
+n minus 1, and 4
+times R of n over 2.
+
+Well, I should say
+n sub i, max over i.
+
+So what I mean to say here--
+this is also technically an sub
+
+i.
+
+This is an upper
+bound certainly.
+
+So if we look at the recursion,
+how much refinement we need,
+
+the worst refinement
+over the whole tree
+
+is the max of all
+of its subtrees.
+
+So there's a [INAUDIBLE] here, a
+[INAUDIBLE] here, and then also
+
+of course, what we need
+to do within the node.
+
+And on the one hand,
+there's the heavy situation,
+
+the heavy edge.
+
+That only decreases the
+size of the tree by 1.
+
+But it only gets
+recursively visited
+
+one time, 1 times
+R of n minus 1.
+
+There's the other
+light children.
+
+These are all light children.
+
+n sub i represents the number
+of nodes in that child.
+
+We know that this
+is at most n over 2
+
+because we know that at
+most half of the weight
+
+lives in the light child.
+
+Now these get recursively
+visited at most four times,
+
+up to four times.
+
+Worst case, it
+will be four times.
+
+In this recurrence, this
+first term doesn't matter.
+
+R of n is at most
+R of n minus 1.
+
+Yeah, big deal.
+
+That's just saying R
+of n increases with n.
+
+So really, this is going to be--
+and then the max disappears.
+
+All we need is this is at
+most 4 times R of n over 2.
+
+And this is a recurrence.
+
+If you read CLRS, this
+follows the master theorem
+
+and you know immediately
+this is order n squared.
+
+It'd be theta n squared,
+but this is an upper bound.
+
+In the worst case, it will
+actually be theta n squared.
+
+So the amount of refinement
+is at most n squared.
+
+If this is not obvious
+to you, an easy way
+
+to imagine it is you start
+with something of size n,
+
+you're visiting four times
+something of size n over 2.
+
+This is called a recurrence
+tree, recursion tree.
+
+Each of these visits four
+times something of size
+
+n over 4 and so on.
+
+Obviously, log n levels here.
+
+And at the bottom, you're
+going to have a bunch of ones.
+
+That's when you stop recursing.
+
+And if you add up
+everything level
+
+by level, how much
+work am I doing here
+
+and how much work
+am I doing here?
+
+2n.
+
+How much work am I doing here?
+
+It gets harder to add,
+but there are 4 squared,
+
+16 things, each n over 4.
+
+So it's 4n.
+
+In general, it goes up by
+a factor of 2 every time
+
+which means you're
+dominated by the last layer.
+
+And if you count, it's
+going to be n squared
+
+because this is 2 to the
+0, 2 to the 1, 2 to the 2.
+
+After you get to log n,
+it's 2 to the log n times n,
+
+so that is n squared.
+
+And this is a
+geometric series if you
+
+want to add all
+these numbers up.
+
+And so it's 2 times n squared.
+
+So that's the
+proof of this bound
+
+and that's how you get
+quadratic refinement.
+
+So either idea is kind
+of easy, but the two
+
+together, pretty powerful.
+
+Questions about unfolding?
+
+I think this algorithm
+should be pretty clear.
+
+One of the questions
+was, are they practical?
+
+I think the answer is no.
+
+It has the same issue of
+strip folding from origami.
+
+But I think they would
+make great animations.
+
+This is still a cool
+project to see virtually.
+
+But to do it physically
+is probably crazy.
+
+No one has tried
+as far as I know.
+
+Another idea.
+
+This is an open problem.
+
+So orthogonal was great.
+
+It has all these
+nice properties.
+
+Can you generalize it, not
+to arbitrary polyhedra,
+
+but to some other
+kind of orthogonal,
+
+such as this is a
+hexagonal lattice in 3D?
+
+I mean, it's just
+extruded in one dimension,
+
+but then you have hex
+grid in another dimension.
+
+You could try to do that.
+
+And my guess is if
+you set up the bands
+
+to be in hex dimensions, it
+just works, but I haven't tried.
+
+There's potentially some
+low-hanging fruit here.
+
+There should be other 3D
+structures that might work.
+
+A typical one in
+computational geometry
+
+is called c-oriented
+polyhedra where here we
+
+have three oriented polyhedra.
+
+There's three
+different directions
+
+that the faces can
+be perpendicular to.
+
+Take 10 of them, can you
+apply the same technique?
+
+That gets dicier.
+
+But something like this I
+feel like may be possible.
+
+You should try it out.
+
+But as far as I know,
+this is all open.
+
+Last question is
+Cauchy's rigidity theorem
+
+seems intuitively obvious.
+
+Or as I wrote it in the notes,
+is Cauchey's rigidity theorem
+
+obvious?
+
+And my answer is no,
+not obvious to me.
+
+I have two reasons
+why it's not obvious.
+
+One is it's not true
+in two dimensions.
+
+That's kind of a weak statement.
+
+But if I take a convex
+polyhedron in 2D--
+
+so these are rigid faces.
+
+This is the equivalent
+of a triangle.
+
+This is not rigid, of course.
+
+So that's one statement.
+
+And then the other thing
+is convexity is necessary.
+
+There's this thing,
+Steffen's polyhedron.
+
+Actually, originally, there
+was a Connelly polyhedron.
+
+We've seen some
+results by Connelly.
+
+He's a rigidity expert.
+
+And then this was
+simplified by this guy Klaus
+
+Steffen in the '70s.
+
+This is a drawing
+of it flexing in 3D.
+
+Nonconvex polyhedra
+can be flexible.
+
+They happen to preserve
+their volume as they flex.
+
+It's hard to say why a
+theorem is not obvious.
+
+To me, it's not obvious.
+
+Of course, if you play
+with convex polyhedra,
+
+they are rigid, so maybe
+it's obvious from that.
+
+But you've got to prove
+experimental evidence
+
+mathematically.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Then I have some fun
+videos to show you.
+
+The first one is the making
+of this origami piece which
+
+I've probably shown
+a picture of before.
+
+It's by Brian Chan.
+
+It's one square paper, no cuts.
+
+Mens et Manus with a little
+crane instead of-- what's
+
+it normally?
+
+Who knows?
+
+And then he also
+made this nice box.
+
+And then the glass is
+etched by Peter Houk
+
+who runs the glass lab at MIT.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B0CGAAW7vNE.txt b/B0CGAAW7vNE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3e073af1387d4dc8144d3f9e5c65bad28917814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B0CGAAW7vNE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this is the ninth session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is the ninth session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is the ninth session
+but we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a little
+bit from the last session to finish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from the last session to finish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from the last session to finish I
+want to say just a little more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say just a little more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say just a little more about the
+autonomic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and uh this is where we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh this is where we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh this is where we ended
+last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's go back to when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go back to when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go back to when we talked
+about the early development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the early development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the early development of the
+spinal cord and the formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and the formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and the formation of the
+sympathetic Gang This was the picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic Gang This was the picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic Gang This was the picture we
+used you see that the thickening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used you see that the thickening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used you see that the thickening of the
+neural plate there formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural plate there formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural plate there formation of the
+neural Groove and then the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural Groove and then the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural Groove and then the neural
+tube formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube formation of
+the dorsal root ganglia but then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal root ganglia but then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal root ganglia but then from
+those neural crest cells we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neural crest cells we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neural crest cells we also have
+the formation some of these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation some of these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation some of these cells
+migrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate and
+form the par vertebral ganglia series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the par vertebral ganglia series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the par vertebral ganglia series of
+interconnected ganglia along the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected ganglia along the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected ganglia along the side
+just in front and to the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in front and to the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in front and to the side of the
+spinal cord okay they're outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay they're outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord okay they're outside the
+vertebrae in between the par verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae in between the par verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae in between the par verbal
+ganglia and the neural tube there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia and the neural tube there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia and the neural tube there the
+spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertebrae and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrae and then there's
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+uh the Preble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Preble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Preble
+ganglia one is the largest the Celiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia one is the largest the Celiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia one is the largest the Celiac
+gangl inating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangl inating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangl inating the
+gut so we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut so we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut so we're going to talk about that
+Innovation sympathetic Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation sympathetic Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation sympathetic Innovation
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh
+the pre ganglionic motor neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre ganglionic motor neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre ganglionic motor neurons that
+inovate these three ganglia you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovate these three ganglia you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovate these three ganglia you see here
+sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic
+ganglia are found from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia are found from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia are found from the first
+thoracic segment in the cord to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic segment in the cord to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic segment in the cord to about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+second lumbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lumbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lumbar
+segment and if you look at this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and if you look at this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and if you look at this series
+of sections that we saw before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sections that we saw before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sections that we saw before in
+slightly different colors uh you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different colors uh you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different colors uh you'll see
+the little lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little lateral
+horn in these three segments this is L1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn in these three segments this is L1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn in these three segments this is L1
+and two of the thoracic segments there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of the thoracic segments there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two of the thoracic segments there
+you see the little protrusion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the little protrusion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the little protrusion of the
+lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+horn and if we take us just a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn and if we take us just a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horn and if we take us just a section
+this this would be like one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this would be like one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this would be like one of these
+sections there's the lateral horn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections there's the lateral horn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections there's the lateral horn and
+I'm showing some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing some of the
+preganglionic motor neurop I will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preganglionic motor neurop I will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preganglionic motor neurop I will also
+show an a Sun descending from the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an a Sun descending from the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an a Sun descending from the brain
+that's connecting there directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connecting there directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connecting there directly to the
+lateral horing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horing
+neurons so these are preganglionic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so these are preganglionic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so these are preganglionic of
+the sympathetic system so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic system so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sympathetic system so they're
+sending their axon out to a gangion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending their axon out to a gangion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending their axon out to a gangion
+either the per vertical ganglion here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the per vertical ganglion here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the per vertical ganglion here at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+level or a Preble gangion like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or a Preble gangion like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or a Preble gangion like this
+Celia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celia
+gangion which I show here sending an ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion which I show here sending an ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion which I show here sending an ax
+onto the smooth muscle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the smooth muscle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the smooth muscle of the
+gut and notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut and notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut and notice the
+axons of the pervertible gangan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons of the pervertible gangan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons of the pervertible gangan
+cells send their axon back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells send their axon back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells send their axon back into the
+vental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay these are the communicating nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the communicating nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the communicating nerves
+that connect the pervertible gang whe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connect the pervertible gang whe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connect the pervertible gang whe
+each of them to the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them to the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them to the ventral
+Roots so the axon that goes back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots so the axon that goes back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots so the axon that goes back into
+the vental root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vental root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vental root is
+going besides to some of the intestinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going besides to some of the intestinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going besides to some of the intestinal
+tract it's going to smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract it's going to smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract it's going to smooth
+muscles U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles U
+glands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands
+uh blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blood
+vessels the erector py muscles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels the erector py muscles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels the erector py muscles the
+muscles that make the hair fluff up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that make the hair fluff up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that make the hair fluff up okay
+and sweat glasss and in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sweat glasss and in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sweat glasss and in the upper
+thoracic some of those nerves go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic some of those nerves go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoracic some of those nerves go to the
+uh cardiac muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cardiac muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cardiac muscles
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a a typical textbook illustration this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a typical textbook illustration this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a typical textbook illustration this
+is one I think from the earlier brool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I think from the earlier brool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one I think from the earlier brool
+volume this is par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume this is par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume this is par
+brool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brool
+uh and it shows the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it shows the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it shows the spinal
+cord these would be lateral horn neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord these would be lateral horn neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord these would be lateral horn neurons
+sending their accents out to terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending their accents out to terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending their accents out to terminate
+and the pervertible ganglia and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pervertible ganglia and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pervertible ganglia and he just
+shows the chain of ganglia on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the chain of ganglia on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the chain of ganglia on one side
+and then he shows a preveral gangion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he shows a preveral gangion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he shows a preveral gangion
+here there there's also plexing a plexus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there there's also plexing a plexus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there there's also plexing a plexus
+is just a tangle of nerve fibers it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a tangle of nerve fibers it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a tangle of nerve fibers it may
+or may not have gangion cells in it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not have gangion cells in it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not have gangion cells in it but
+the Celiac gangion like you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has cells of the synthetic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cells of the synthetic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cells of the synthetic nervous
+system in it and the axons of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in it and the axons of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in it and the axons of those
+cells then go out to the end end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then go out to the end end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then go out to the end end
+organs now for the parasympathetic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs now for the parasympathetic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs now for the parasympathetic it's
+it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+uh in the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the nature of the
+interation okay because now the preal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interation okay because now the preal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interation okay because now the preal
+the the preganglionic motor neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the preganglionic motor neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the preganglionic motor neurons are
+up in the brain they're in the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the brain they're in the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the brain they're in the dorsal
+motor nucleus of the vagus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor nucleus of the vagus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor nucleus of the vagus
+nerve uh they're in salivatory nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh they're in salivatory nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh they're in salivatory nuclei
+very tiny nuclei in the upper hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny nuclei in the upper hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny nuclei in the upper hind brain
+the rostral hind brain or in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostral hind brain or in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostral hind brain or in a little
+part of the third nerve nucleus the aing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the third nerve nucleus the aing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the third nerve nucleus the aing
+or Westfall nucleus nucleus that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Westfall nucleus nucleus that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Westfall nucleus nucleus that control
+controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pupils okay so now in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils okay so now in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils okay so now in the case of
+the parasympathetic system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parasympathetic system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parasympathetic system the
+post synaptic cell here that it gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post synaptic cell here that it gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post synaptic cell here that it gets the
+synapsis from the brain the axon coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapsis from the brain the axon coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapsis from the brain the axon coming
+from the brain it's always near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the brain it's always near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the brain it's always near the
+Endor so for the eye it's just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endor so for the eye it's just it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endor so for the eye it's just it's a
+gangion behind the eye okay and it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion behind the eye okay and it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion behind the eye okay and it the
+accents go to the iris for the gut it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents go to the iris for the gut it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents go to the iris for the gut it's
+a cells right in the wall of the gut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cells right in the wall of the gut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cells right in the wall of the gut and
+as we will see they form an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will see they form an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will see they form an entire
+nervous system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system by
+themselves but there you see the axon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but there you see the axon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but there you see the axon of
+the the postganglionic cell inating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the postganglionic cell inating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the postganglionic cell inating the
+smooth muscle of the gut and the same is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth muscle of the gut and the same is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth muscle of the gut and the same is
+true for pelvic Orbin here this is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for pelvic Orbin here this is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for pelvic Orbin here this is a you
+can see another way textbooks sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see another way textbooks sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see another way textbooks sometimes
+Illustrated here they're showing three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated here they're showing three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated here they're showing three
+sections of the brain midbrain and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the brain midbrain and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the brain midbrain and two
+of the hindbrain showing how the accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain showing how the accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain showing how the accents
+of the parasympathetic system go out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parasympathetic system go out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parasympathetic system go out to
+a ganglion and they're just sketching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ganglion and they're just sketching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ganglion and they're just sketching
+some of those ganglia that are near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those ganglia that are near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those ganglia that are near the
+organs being interviewed and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs being interviewed and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs being interviewed and then you
+have the same thing in the sacal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing in the sacal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing in the sacal cord
+for the the innovation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the innovation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the innovation of
+uh the organs of elimination and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the organs of elimination and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the organs of elimination and the
+sexual organs Okay so what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual organs Okay so what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual organs Okay so what about the
+neurotransmitters how are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters how are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters how are the
+neurotransmitters different we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters different we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters different we
+encountered remember when we encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered remember when we encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered remember when we encountered
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+before and we talked about the discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we talked about the discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and we talked about the discovery
+of AOL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AOL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AOL
+Loy what was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loy what was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loy what was his
+Discovery what was he studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery what was he studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery what was he studying the
+inovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heart
+exactly and he found that it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and he found that it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and he found that it was a
+chemical released by The neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical released by The neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical released by The neurons
+that was causing the heart to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was causing the heart to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was causing the heart to speed up
+or slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down when these accelerator nerve or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when these accelerator nerve or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when these accelerator nerve or the
+decelerator nerve were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerator nerve were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerator nerve were
+activated okay so but Loy didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated okay so but Loy didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated okay so but Loy didn't
+actually discover the neurotransmitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discover the neurotransmitters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discover the neurotransmitters
+of the autonomic inovation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the autonomic inovation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the autonomic inovation of the
+heart okay what were the what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart okay what were the what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart okay what were the what what are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neurotransmitters aceto Coline for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters aceto Coline for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters aceto Coline for both
+it's actually is true for both if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually is true for both if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually is true for both if we're
+talking about this the neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this the neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this the neurotransmitter
+release in the autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release in the autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release in the autonomic
+ganglia okay it's always a CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia okay it's always a CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglia okay it's always a CI
+sympathetic and parasympathetic but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic but on
+the when the organ itself is inated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the organ itself is inated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the organ itself is inated by
+the gangan cell accent then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gangan cell accent then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gangan cell accent then the
+neurotransmitters are different so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters are different so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters are different so then
+what you were about to say is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were about to say is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were about to say is correct
+they are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different
+cocoline for the parasympathetic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocoline for the parasympathetic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocoline for the parasympathetic system
+in almost all cases and nor adrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all cases and nor adrenaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all cases and nor adrenaline
+or nor epinephrine is the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nor epinephrine is the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nor epinephrine is the technical
+name for the that's the one that feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the that's the one that feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the that's the one that feeds
+the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart
+norepinephrine norepinephrine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norepinephrine norepinephrine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norepinephrine norepinephrine or
+noradrenaline is very similar adrenaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noradrenaline is very similar adrenaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noradrenaline is very similar adrenaline
+is actually a trade name but it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a trade name but it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a trade name but it's often
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+uh it's very the molecules very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very the molecules very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very the molecules very similar
+to that of adrenaline released by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that of adrenaline released by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that of adrenaline released by the
+adrenal glands okay and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenal glands okay and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenal glands okay and they have
+similar effects on the post synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar effects on the post synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar effects on the post synaptic
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+okay so here I just shown the inovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I just shown the inovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I just shown the inovation
+of the heart and the ination of the gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heart and the ination of the gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heart and the ination of the gut
+if you look at the gut here I show C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the gut here I show C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the gut here I show C
+ofine being released and the Celiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofine being released and the Celiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofine being released and the Celiac
+gangion and then the axon that inates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion and then the axon that inates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion and then the axon that inates
+the gut is releasing ninein or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut is releasing ninein or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut is releasing ninein or it's
+often just NE in my abbreviations or AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just NE in my abbreviations or AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often just NE in my abbreviations or AC
+for acet of cholon give its Paras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acet of cholon give its Paras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acet of cholon give its Paras and
+notice the pre ganglion itself for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the pre ganglion itself for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the pre ganglion itself for the
+you you could be way down in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could be way down in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could be way down in the lower
+gut but the parasympathetic axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut but the parasympathetic axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut but the parasympathetic axon
+originates here in the dorsal motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates here in the dorsal motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates here in the dorsal motor
+nucleus the vegus nerve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the vegus nerve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the vegus nerve and the
+hbre so this the reason it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbre so this the reason it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbre so this the reason it's called the
+vagus nerve it's a Wandering nerve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagus nerve it's a Wandering nerve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagus nerve it's a Wandering nerve it
+goes through a lot of the body from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a lot of the body from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through a lot of the body from all
+the way up here all the way down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here all the way down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here all the way down through
+body so Vegas means The Wanderer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so Vegas means The Wanderer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body so Vegas means The Wanderer
+okay Vegas nerve the 10th cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Vegas nerve the 10th cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Vegas nerve the 10th cranial
+nerve so what about the anic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve so what about the anic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve so what about the anic nervous
+system I just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I just mentioned
+it uh why do you think it's considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh why do you think it's considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh why do you think it's considered
+to be a separate system isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a separate system isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a separate system isn't it
+just the post gang the ganglionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the post gang the ganglionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the post gang the ganglionic
+neurons of the parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the parasympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the parasympathetic
+it actually isn't quite that way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually isn't quite that way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually isn't quite that way it is
+that but it's much more first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's much more first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's much more first of all
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+semi-autonomous that means it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-autonomous that means it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-autonomous that means it's the the
+neurons connect with each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons connect with each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons connect with each other and
+interact peristalsis in the gut is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact peristalsis in the gut is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact peristalsis in the gut is
+regulated by it that will go on even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by it that will go on even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by it that will go on even if
+it loose the gut loses its inovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it loose the gut loses its inovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it loose the gut loses its inovation
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+brain and there may be as many neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and there may be as many neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and there may be as many neurons
+in that system as in the entire spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system as in the entire spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system as in the entire spinal
+cord this was all discovered in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord this was all discovered in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord this was all discovered in the last
+20 years uh with advances in neur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years uh with advances in neur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years uh with advances in neur
+anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical
+methods so most of these neurons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so most of these neurons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so most of these neurons are in
+the walls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls of the
+intestine it's a network of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine it's a network of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine it's a network of multiple
+plexes and here I list the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexes and here I list the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexes and here I list the
+different layers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of the
+plexus each contain neurons it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexus each contain neurons it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexus each contain neurons it's
+inovated by the Vegas nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's similar to the cardiac gangion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's similar to the cardiac gangion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's similar to the cardiac gangion
+but we usually don't we think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we usually don't we think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we usually don't we think the
+cardiac gangion also has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac gangion also has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac gangion also has some
+interconnections within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections within
+itself uh so maybe the heart has a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh so maybe the heart has a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh so maybe the heart has a brain
+too but the gut definitely has and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but the gut definitely has and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but the gut definitely has and it's
+called the enteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the enteric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the enteric
+nervous and I also point out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous and I also point out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous and I also point out here that
+various neurotransmitters are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various neurotransmitters are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various neurotransmitters are used in
+that system various peptides various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system various peptides various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system various peptides various
+neurotransmitters not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters not only
+acetool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetool
+okay so that was a major Discovery very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was a major Discovery very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was a major Discovery very
+important in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in modern
+medicine and of course opened up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and of course opened up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and of course opened up all
+kinds of new treatments uh with greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of new treatments uh with greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of new treatments uh with greater
+knowledge of the neurotransmitters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there I want to discuss just briefly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I want to discuss just briefly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I want to discuss just briefly the
+hierarchy of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of central
+control in the autonomic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in the autonomic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in the autonomic nervous system
+and the best way to illustrate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to illustrate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to illustrate is
+illustrate that is to talk about control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that is to talk about control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that is to talk about control
+of body temperature we know body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of body temperature we know body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of body temperature we know body
+temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is
+regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated
+uh by autonomic nervous system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by autonomic nervous system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by autonomic nervous system and
+there's you could say in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you could say in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you could say in general for
+autonomic system there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic system there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomic system there's different
+levels of control spinal level hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of control spinal level hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of control spinal level hindbrain
+level midbrain level and fore brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level midbrain level and fore brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level midbrain level and fore brain
+level and the temperature regulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and the temperature regulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and the temperature regulation is
+the thing that's been studied most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's been studied most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's been studied most
+thoroughly by this woman Evelyn satinoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly by this woman Evelyn satinoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly by this woman Evelyn satinoff
+she's written some very nice review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's written some very nice review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's written some very nice review
+papers I think I cite a major review she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers I think I cite a major review she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers I think I cite a major review she
+wrote in the book as a suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the book as a suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the book as a suggested
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+reading so what does this mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so what does this mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so what does this mean that
+there's these multiple levels it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these multiple levels it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these multiple levels it means
+that if you have an animal in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an animal in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an animal in which the
+spinal cord has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord has been
+disconnected from the brain so the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from the brain so the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected from the brain so the brain
+can influence only the head region no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can influence only the head region no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can influence only the head region no
+longer influences the body you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer influences the body you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer influences the body you still
+have temperature regulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have temperature regulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have temperature regulation of the
+body okay but it's not nearly as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay but it's not nearly as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay but it's not nearly as good as
+the temperature regulation is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature regulation is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature regulation is if the
+animal is intact if you leave the hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is intact if you leave the hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is intact if you leave the hind
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+connected but not the midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected but not the midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected but not the midbrain and
+forbrain then the regulation improves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain then the regulation improves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain then the regulation improves
+but it's still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still not
+normal the midbrain adds a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal the midbrain adds a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal the midbrain adds a little more
+but only if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only if you have the
+hypothalamus in the dlon or tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus in the dlon or tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus in the dlon or tween brain
+do you get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get really
+normal endothermic regulation in warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal endothermic regulation in warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal endothermic regulation in warm
+blooded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals of course all of this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals of course all of this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals of course all of this would be
+quite different if we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different if we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different if we're dealing
+with the pmic animals the animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pmic animals the animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pmic animals the animals
+that whose body temperature is regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whose body temperature is regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whose body temperature is regulated
+only by their behavior and not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by their behavior and not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by their behavior and not by
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+mechanisms okay not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms okay not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms okay not going to go through
+the supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figures so now let's get into the hindra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures so now let's get into the hindra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures so now let's get into the hindra
+and we'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk a little bit about
+segmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation
+uh oh wait a minute before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that before that I want to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before that I want to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before that I want to have that
+little inter Miss in the book right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little inter Miss in the book right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little inter Miss in the book right it's
+important to talk at some point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to talk at some point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to talk at some point about
+the menes and the gal cells so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the menes and the gal cells so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the menes and the gal cells so let's
+just do that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh remember how the whole nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember how the whole nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember how the whole nervous system
+forms uh around a ventricle it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh around a ventricle it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh around a ventricle it's the
+walls of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls of a
+tube uh the cereal spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube uh the cereal spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube uh the cereal spinal
+fluid uh that is inside that ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid uh that is inside that ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid uh that is inside that ventricle
+is pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty important
+because it has nutrients that it bathes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has nutrients that it bathes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has nutrients that it bathes
+all the cells especially the ones near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells especially the ones near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells especially the ones near
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ventricle uh it's important for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle uh it's important for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle uh it's important for that
+it's important in regulation of fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important in regulation of fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important in regulation of fluid
+balance uh there are very specific brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance uh there are very specific brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance uh there are very specific brain
+regions involved in that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions involved in that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions involved in that we'll be
+talking about that it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that it's also a
+communication medium there this has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication medium there this has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication medium there this has not
+been studied all that much but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied all that much but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied all that much but there are
+neurons that secrete substances into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that secrete substances into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that secrete substances into the
+cbus spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbus spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cbus spinal
+fluid and because that fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and because that fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and because that fluid
+then re can through the through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then re can through the through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then re can through the through the
+ventricular system and through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular system and through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular system and through the
+penetration of that fluid into the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration of that fluid into the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration of that fluid into the inner
+inner Cellular in intercellular space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner Cellular in intercellular space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner Cellular in intercellular space in
+the brain uh there could be changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain uh there could be changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain uh there could be changes in
+the brain because there are some regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain because there are some regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain because there are some regions
+where the even even fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the even even fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the even even fairly large
+molecules can get into the brain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can get into the brain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can get into the brain from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluid so let's take a look at how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid so let's take a look at how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid so let's take a look at how that
+fluid is made these are the questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid is made these are the questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid is made these are the questions we
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+answer what cells make the seros spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what cells make the seros spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what cells make the seros spinal
+fluid originally it was just the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid originally it was just the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid originally it was just the fluid
+the embryonic fluid out and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryonic fluid out and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryonic fluid out and then the
+neural tube coose so now it's all inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube coose so now it's all inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube coose so now it's all inside
+so the only way you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way you're going to
+replenish that fluid now is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replenish that fluid now is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replenish that fluid now is if you have
+cells secreting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you have to keep in mind the cerebal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to keep in mind the cerebal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to keep in mind the cerebal
+spinal fluid isn't just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal fluid isn't just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal fluid isn't just in the
+ventricles it's also outside the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles it's also outside the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles it's also outside the brain
+how does it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it get
+out okay it's around the outside outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay it's around the outside outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay it's around the outside outside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Pia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pia
+okay we say it's in the subarachnoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we say it's in the subarachnoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we say it's in the subarachnoid
+space surrounding the brain so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space surrounding the brain so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space surrounding the brain so we want
+to see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what that
+means and how it gets there and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and how it gets there and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and how it gets there and then a
+term for part of the ventricles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for part of the ventricles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for part of the ventricles the
+aqueduct of sylvus will Define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueduct of sylvus will Define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueduct of sylvus will Define that
+too first of all can somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too first of all can somebody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too first of all can somebody tell me
+what cells make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cells make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cells make
+it what are the corid plexus cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what are the corid plexus cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what are the corid plexus cells
+that's exactly right what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right what are
+they they're endal cells what are endal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells there are cells that line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there are cells that line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells there are cells that line the
+ventricles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles
+the endal cells are those cells at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endal cells are those cells at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endal cells are those cells at the
+very inner edge of the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inner edge of the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very inner edge of the central nervous
+system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay
+so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I show
+here places where that lining the endal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here places where that lining the endal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here places where that lining the endal
+cells which are All Along The ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which are All Along The ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which are All Along The ventricle
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+when the wall of the vent when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wall of the vent when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wall of the vent when when the
+wall of the neural tub is thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of the neural tub is thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of the neural tub is thin
+there that some of that those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that some of that those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that some of that those cells
+become they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become they
+proliferate so they proliferate so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferate so they proliferate so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferate so they proliferate so much
+that when you're doing a dissection you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're doing a dissection you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're doing a dissection you
+will in the adult brain and you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in the adult brain and you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in the adult brain and you enter
+The ventricle you'll sometimes find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ventricle you'll sometimes find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ventricle you'll sometimes find them
+as clumps of red stuff you don't realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clumps of red stuff you don't realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as clumps of red stuff you don't realize
+what they are but here's what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are but here's what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are but here's what they are
+they're these cells that proliferated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these cells that proliferated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these cells that proliferated so
+the length of this membrane has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this membrane has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this membrane has gotten
+much longer and it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer and it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer and it sort
+of corrugates like that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corrugates like that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corrugates like that they are
+secreting cereal spinal fluid into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreting cereal spinal fluid into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreting cereal spinal fluid into the
+lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+ventricles and they secrete so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles and they secrete so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles and they secrete so much that
+it flows out of the lateral ventricles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flows out of the lateral ventricles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flows out of the lateral ventricles
+as you see here with the arrows and into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see here with the arrows and into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see here with the arrows and into
+the third ventricle where there is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third ventricle where there is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third ventricle where there is more
+choroid plexus at the roof but the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choroid plexus at the roof but the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choroid plexus at the roof but the third
+ventricle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+narrow uh ventricle that goes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow uh ventricle that goes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow uh ventricle that goes all the
+way down and all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down and all the way to the
+top so there's not very much corid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so there's not very much corid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so there's not very much corid
+plexus there most of the fluid is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexus there most of the fluid is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexus there most of the fluid is made
+here in the lateral ventricles and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the lateral ventricles and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the lateral ventricles and it
+flows then codly through this narrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows then codly through this narrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows then codly through this narrowed
+ventricle in the midbrain where it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle in the midbrain where it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle in the midbrain where it's it
+gets a special name the aqueduct of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a special name the aqueduct of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a special name the aqueduct of
+sylvus because sylvus described it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvus because sylvus described it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sylvus because sylvus described it okay
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+then when it gets to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when it gets to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when it gets to the fourth
+ventricle which is much bigger remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle which is much bigger remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle which is much bigger remember
+the fourth ventricle widens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth ventricle widens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth ventricle widens
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+uh there are little openings to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are little openings to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are little openings to the
+outside lateral apertures and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside lateral apertures and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside lateral apertures and one
+midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline
+aperture the lateral apertures for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture the lateral apertures for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture the lateral apertures for those
+history Buffs named for luchka lka named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history Buffs named for luchka lka named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history Buffs named for luchka lka named
+them overed them and name sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them overed them and name sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them overed them and name sorry
+discovered them and other people named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered them and other people named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered them and other people named
+it after him and then there's one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after him and then there's one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after him and then there's one right
+in the midline that's named after maandi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midline that's named after maandi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midline that's named after maandi
+because he described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he described
+it okay so that's how the fluid gets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that's how the fluid gets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so that's how the fluid gets out
+now it also goes all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it also goes all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it also goes all the way
+down it forms this spinal fluid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it forms this spinal fluid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it forms this spinal fluid of the
+cord also so there opening they out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord also so there opening they out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord also so there opening they out
+there are openings it flows right out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are openings it flows right out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are openings it flows right out
+into the subar space so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the subar space so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the subar space so let's look at
+that where it's flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where it's flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where it's flowing
+to this is just what I said okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is just what I said okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is just what I said okay so now
+I want the layers of the meninges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the layers of the meninges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the layers of the meninges that
+surround the brain and spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround the brain and spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround the brain and spinal
+cord and then I want a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and then I want a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and then I want a little more
+detail I want to know what the peal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I want to know what the peal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I want to know what the peal
+membrane is what are the cells that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is what are the cells that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane is what are the cells that make
+it but first of all you should all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but first of all you should all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but first of all you should all know
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+meninges Dura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meninges Dura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meninges Dura
+which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+tough tough mother right dur it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough tough mother right dur it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough tough mother right dur it's not
+matter it's not Duram matter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's not Duram matter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's not Duram matter it's
+Duram the tough mother okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duram the tough mother okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duram the tough mother okay and
+then the innermost one what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the innermost one what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the innermost one what's
+that the soft mother right Pia mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the soft mother right Pia mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the soft mother right Pia mother
+the gentle mother it's very thin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gentle mother it's very thin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gentle mother it's very thin it's
+transparent when you do a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent when you do a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent when you do a brain
+dissection people will say oh make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection people will say oh make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection people will say oh make sure
+you remove all the meninges make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove all the meninges make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove all the meninges make sure
+you remove the Pia how can you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the Pia how can you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the Pia how can you remove
+the Pia you can't even see it so thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pia you can't even see it so thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pia you can't even see it so thin
+there people that don't know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people that don't know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people that don't know their
+Anatomy very well that ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatomy very well that ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatomy very well that ask you to do
+that what they're really asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they're really asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they're really asking you to
+do is to pull off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to pull off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to pull off the
+arachnoid okay the arachnoid what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arachnoid okay the arachnoid what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arachnoid okay the arachnoid what does
+the word arachnoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word arachnoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word arachnoid
+mean spider okay it's like a spider's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean spider okay it's like a spider's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean spider okay it's like a spider's
+web Okay so I love this figure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web Okay so I love this figure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web Okay so I love this figure from
+brodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brodal
+which I made a new version of it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I made a new version of it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I made a new version of it for the
+book um he shows a little piece of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um he shows a little piece of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um he shows a little piece of it
+here and a little piece of the brain all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a little piece of the brain all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a little piece of the brain all
+the way down to the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to the ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to the ventricle
+underneath so at the top you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so at the top you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so at the top you have the
+thick one it's like canvas in monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick one it's like canvas in monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick one it's like canvas in monkeys
+and humans in the rat it's pretty thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and humans in the rat it's pretty thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and humans in the rat it's pretty thin
+you see right through it you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see right through it you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see right through it you don't see
+it very readily but when you do surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very readily but when you do surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very readily but when you do surgery
+you become aware of it because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become aware of it because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become aware of it because it is
+tougher than the other layers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher than the other layers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher than the other layers okay
+that's the dura okay and right below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dura okay and right below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dura okay and right below
+it is the ARA cells of the arachnoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the ARA cells of the arachnoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the ARA cells of the arachnoid
+tissue and notice that the arachnoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and notice that the arachnoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and notice that the arachnoid
+cells have extensions that go right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have extensions that go right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells have extensions that go right down
+and attach to the pier okay it's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attach to the pier okay it's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attach to the pier okay it's those
+attachments that make it look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments that make it look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments that make it look like a
+spider web okay and it does you can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider web okay and it does you can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spider web okay and it does you can the
+arachnoid goes right down in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arachnoid goes right down in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arachnoid goes right down in between
+between the hemispheres for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hemispheres for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hemispheres for example
+where the dura does not okay there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dura does not okay there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dura does not okay there is
+dura between the hemispheres and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dura between the hemispheres and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dura between the hemispheres and the
+cerebellum it goes in there and makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum it goes in there and makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum it goes in there and makes
+the sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections
+difficult because the dura is so tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because the dura is so tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because the dura is so tough
+and note here the blood vessel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note here the blood vessel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note here the blood vessel is
+encased by those cells of the Pia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encased by those cells of the Pia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encased by those cells of the Pia
+moner the gentle mother they surround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moner the gentle mother they surround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moner the gentle mother they surround
+the blood vessels even when the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood vessels even when the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood vessels even when the blood
+vessel here has a penetration into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel here has a penetration into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel here has a penetration into the
+brain the peel cells follow it down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the peel cells follow it down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the peel cells follow it down but
+not when it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when it becomes a
+capillary okay they disappear but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary okay they disappear but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary okay they disappear but that
+blood vessel never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessel never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessel never
+contacts the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts the brain
+cell okay because of these Gia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay because of these Gia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay because of these Gia
+cells this is a picture of an asite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is a picture of an asite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is a picture of an asite and
+you see the asitic infe abing the Pia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the asitic infe abing the Pia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the asitic infe abing the Pia
+here so we call that the P gal membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we call that the P gal membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we call that the P gal membrane
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+surface it's not peel cells contacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's not peel cells contacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's not peel cells contacting
+the brain cells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain cells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain cells the
+dendri it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendri it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendri it's
+contacting the net of gal cells and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting the net of gal cells and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting the net of gal cells and the
+the asites and similarly the asites ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asites and similarly the asites ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asites and similarly the asites ab
+but the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the blood
+vessels so the asites are critical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels so the asites are critical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels so the asites are critical in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+oxygenation of the brain and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenation of the brain and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenation of the brain and the
+nutrition of the brain access to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition of the brain access to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition of the brain access to to
+glucose and oxygen as to involve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asites okay now there are other GIA I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asites okay now there are other GIA I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asites okay now there are other GIA I I
+point out here there are alod dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out here there are alod dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out here there are alod dendrites
+we talked about how the alod dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how the alod dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how the alod dendrites
+make myin they also form these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make myin they also form these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make myin they also form these sort of
+satellites around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites around
+neurons okay and this for any of you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay and this for any of you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay and this for any of you on
+study it you take a magnifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it you take a magnifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study it you take a magnifying
+glass and study the picture you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and study the picture you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and study the picture you can
+actually make out all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make out all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make out all those things
+here uh you can see peel cells collagen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh you can see peel cells collagen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh you can see peel cells collagen
+fibers smooth muscle very thin and note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers smooth muscle very thin and note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers smooth muscle very thin and note
+here if you have a blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and there's the nucleus blood vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there's the nucleus blood vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and there's the nucleus blood vessel
+or smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smooth
+muscle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh I want to quickly get on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I want to quickly get on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I want to quickly get on with
+this I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go looks like I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looks like I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looks like I didn't
+open yeah okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open yeah okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open yeah okay this is
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all
+right so now we can get to the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we can get to the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we can get to the hindbrain
+um we have enough time I think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have enough time I think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have enough time I think to
+introduce the hindbrain and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the hindbrain and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the hindbrain and talk about
+segmentation of the hindbrain and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation of the hindbrain and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation of the hindbrain and I
+particularly want you to learn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly want you to learn about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly want you to learn about the
+differences between hindbrain and spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between hindbrain and spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between hindbrain and spinal
+cord I I call the hindbrain a glamorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord I I call the hindbrain a glamorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord I I call the hindbrain a glamorized
+spinal cord it's very similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord it's very similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord it's very similar in
+organization to the spinal cord uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to the spinal cord uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to the spinal cord uh but
+you have to learn what the similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn what the similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn what the similarities
+are and what the differences are okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and what the differences are okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and what the differences are okay so
+these remember are the names for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these remember are the names for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these remember are the names for the
+enlon which is a Greek word for name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlon which is a Greek word for name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlon which is a Greek word for name for
+brain bra the ram enlon the mlon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain bra the ram enlon the mlon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain bra the ram enlon the mlon the
+pron consisting of the dianon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tanon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first of all when that neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all when that neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all when that neural
+tube forms at the brain level it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube forms at the brain level it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube forms at the brain level it does
+something that is not true down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not true down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is not true down in the
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+it develops flexures now what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it develops flexures now what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it develops flexures now what are the
+flexures of the neural tube these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexures of the neural tube these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexures of the neural tube these are
+from the na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the na
+book uh very early you get these sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh very early you get these sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh very early you get these sharp
+bends the cervical level this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends the cervical level this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends the cervical level this is the
+cervical flexure here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical flexure here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical flexure here and
+there's the mesencephalic flexure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the mesencephalic flexure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the mesencephalic flexure
+okay so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they're
+both concave down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+convex convexity is at the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex convexity is at the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex convexity is at the dorsal
+surface and then in between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then in between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then in between those two
+flexors you get the pontin flexure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexors you get the pontin flexure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexors you get the pontin flexure
+forming and that forms in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and that forms in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and that forms in the opposite
+direction okay and it's when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and it's when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and it's when that
+pontine flexure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontine flexure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontine flexure
+forms that the roof plate widens it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that the roof plate widens it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that the roof plate widens it's
+like taking a PE pod that splits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking a PE pod that splits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like taking a PE pod that splits and
+when you bend it so it widens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out now we know we know about the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now we know we know about the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now we know we know about the origin
+of the term romen Seine because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term romen Seine because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the term romen Seine because of this
+romic shape we've mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romic shape we've mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romic shape we've mentioned that
+before but there's another question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but there's another question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but there's another question I
+want to ask about that because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask about that because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask about that because this
+Landmark the Obex is commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark the Obex is commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landmark the Obex is commonly used in
+neuroanatomy the radiologist use it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy the radiologist use it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy the radiologist use it too
+when if you're in medical school you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if you're in medical school you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when if you're in medical school you're
+learning a little bit about Radiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little bit about Radiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little bit about Radiology
+brain uh you'll learn this this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh you'll learn this this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh you'll learn this this is what
+they mean by the OBC this point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean by the OBC this point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean by the OBC this point right
+here at the coddle end of that romic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the coddle end of that romic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the coddle end of that romic
+shape okay where the widen roof plate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape okay where the widen roof plate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape okay where the widen roof plate is
+no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer
+widened okay that is what the oex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widened okay that is what the oex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widened okay that is what the oex is
+it's an important area because it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important area because it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important area because it's an
+area where uh there's a weakening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where uh there's a weakening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where uh there's a weakening of the
+blood brain barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood brain barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood brain barrier
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh very important getting rid of toxins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very important getting rid of toxins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very important getting rid of toxins
+canic vomiting and so forth when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canic vomiting and so forth when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canic vomiting and so forth when there's
+something bad in the blood okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad in the blood okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad in the blood okay so these
+are now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now some
+topics uh that we'll be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh that we'll be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh that we'll be going
+through we won't get to all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we won't get to all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we won't get to all of them
+today we're going to compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to compare the
+structural organization to spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural organization to spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural organization to spinal cord
+talk about basic functions and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about basic functions and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about basic functions and cell
+groupings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings
+okay so first of all how is it how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all how is it how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all how is it how is
+the hindbrain embryologically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain embryologically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain embryologically very
+similar to the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the spinal
+cord uh we want to compare and contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord uh we want to compare and contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord uh we want to compare and contrast
+The Columns of secondary sensory cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns of secondary sensory cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns of secondary sensory cells
+and motor neurons of the hindbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor neurons of the hindbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor neurons of the hindbrain and
+spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal
+cord if I ask you in just a very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord if I ask you in just a very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord if I ask you in just a very few
+words what is the difference you n brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what is the difference you n brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what is the difference you n brain
+spinal cord what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean what are the secondary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what are the secondary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what are the secondary sensory
+nuns of the hindbrain what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuns of the hindbrain what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuns of the hindbrain what are the
+hindbrain senses like auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain senses like auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain senses like auditory
+disb they form clumps of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disb they form clumps of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disb they form clumps of cells
+nuclei that's not true in the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that's not true in the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that's not true in the spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+okay spinal cell there's a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay spinal cell there's a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay spinal cell there's a continuous
+column secondary sensory cells but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column secondary sensory cells but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column secondary sensory cells but
+that's probably because the inputs don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably because the inputs don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably because the inputs don't
+come in for a single ner they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in for a single ner they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in for a single ner they come in
+through multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through multiple
+nerves the dorsal roots of those nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves the dorsal roots of those nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves the dorsal roots of those nerves
+have a distribution that they over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distribution that they over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a distribution that they over it
+always overlaps with the adjoining roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always overlaps with the adjoining roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always overlaps with the adjoining roof
+so there there's a continuous group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there there's a continuous group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there there's a continuous group of
+secondary Sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary Sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary Sensory
+neurons okay so let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay so let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons okay so let's look at that
+glamorized spinal cord and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorized spinal cord and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glamorized spinal cord and there's
+differences in The Roots too mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in The Roots too mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in The Roots too mentioned
+this before we have the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we have the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before we have the spinal
+Roots uh with a law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots uh with a law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots uh with a law of
+Roots sensory in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots sensory in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots sensory in the back
+dorsally motor in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally motor in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally motor in the front
+ventrally but in the spinal cord in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventrally but in the spinal cord in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventrally but in the spinal cord in the
+H brain you have mixed nerves also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H brain you have mixed nerves also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H brain you have mixed nerves also there
+are nerves just like dorsal Roots there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nerves just like dorsal Roots there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nerves just like dorsal Roots there
+are nerves like ventral Roots but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nerves like ventral Roots but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nerves like ventral Roots but
+there's also mixed nerves where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also mixed nerves where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also mixed nerves where you have
+sensory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and
+motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+okay so in the book I I used colors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the book I I used colors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the book I I used colors for
+this uh separating sensory secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh separating sensory secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh separating sensory secondary
+sensory nuclei the cell groups in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory nuclei the cell groups in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory nuclei the cell groups in the
+other plate and similarly for the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plate and similarly for the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plate and similarly for the motor
+neurons in the spinal cord they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the spinal cord they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the spinal cord they're
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+continuous unless we're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous unless we're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous unless we're dealing with the
+enlargements where there's extra groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements where there's extra groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements where there's extra groups
+of motor neurons inating the muscles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor neurons inating the muscles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motor neurons inating the muscles of
+the arms or the legs and the feet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arms or the legs and the feet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arms or the legs and the feet and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands
+okay so let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at that
+the picture of the SP embryonic spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of the SP embryonic spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture of the SP embryonic spinal
+cord at the top embryonic hind brain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord at the top embryonic hind brain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord at the top embryonic hind brain at
+the bottom where the neural tube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom where the neural tube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom where the neural tube is
+thicker you have the widening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker you have the widening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker you have the widening of the
+roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof
+plate but there the secondary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but there the secondary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but there the secondary sensory
+cells form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells form a
+column all they're always in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column all they're always in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column all they're always in that
+region whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region whereas
+here they're in these separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clumps except when I picture them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I generally show different colors I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I generally show different colors I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I generally show different colors I'll
+show for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example I'll then use red for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll then use red for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll then use red for this
+because it's visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's visceral
+sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+okay and I'll use green here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll use green here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll use green here for the
+special sensory and usually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sensory and usually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sensory and usually another
+color green for General sensory often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color green for General sensory often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color green for General sensory often
+those sematic senses are called General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sematic senses are called General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sematic senses are called General
+sensory okay because they covered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory okay because they covered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory okay because they covered the
+whole body surface quite generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body surface quite generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole body surface quite generally
+whereas the special senses are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the special senses are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the special senses are more
+localized in the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized in the head
+region okay and then similarly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay and then similarly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay and then similarly for the
+motor neurons we have the visceral motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons we have the visceral motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons we have the visceral motor
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and then we have sematic motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we have sematic motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we have sematic motor
+neurons like the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons like the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons like the motor
+neurons innovating the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons innovating the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons innovating the eye
+muscles okay or the tongue they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles okay or the tongue they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles okay or the tongue they're in
+that position and then we have the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position and then we have the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position and then we have the break
+the branchial motor column here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branchial motor column here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branchial motor column here okay
+they're very much like the sematic motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much like the sematic motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much like the sematic motor
+column but you can see they form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but you can see they form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but you can see they form a
+separate column of cells and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate column of cells and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate column of cells and they have a
+different type of embryonic origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's go to function a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to function a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to function a little bit
+hind brain's known to be an essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain's known to be an essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain's known to be an essential
+controller of vital functions what vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller of vital functions what vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller of vital functions what vital
+functions are we talking about why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are we talking about why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are we talking about why is it
+that if you suffer much of a lesion or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you suffer much of a lesion or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you suffer much of a lesion or a
+stroke of the hind brain you're likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke of the hind brain you're likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke of the hind brain you're likely
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+die what are the vital functions being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die what are the vital functions being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die what are the vital functions being
+affected what is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vital probably not heart or blood contr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital probably not heart or blood contr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital probably not heart or blood contr
+pressure control even though that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure control even though that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure control even though that's
+important in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the
+hindbrain but remember the heart has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain but remember the heart has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain but remember the heart has its
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+gangion and it has spinal inovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion and it has spinal inovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion and it has spinal inovation and
+even without that the heart will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without that the heart will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without that the heart will keep
+beating okay what breathing exactly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating okay what breathing exactly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating okay what breathing exactly you
+can't breathe without circuits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't breathe without circuits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't breathe without circuits in the
+hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind
+brain there's even those circuits even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there's even those circuits even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there's even those circuits even
+reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the
+midbrain okay so all the way down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay so all the way down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay so all the way down from
+midbrains lower midbrains all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrains lower midbrains all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrains lower midbrains all the way
+down to the fourth cervical level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the fourth cervical level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the fourth cervical level
+critical for breathing control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what are the other routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are the other routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what are the other routine
+maintenance functions of the hindra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance functions of the hindra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance functions of the hindra
+there's actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot of
+them but what are some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but what are some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but what are some of the things
+that remember what we call routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember what we call routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember what we call routine
+maintenance functions before they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance functions before they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance functions before they always
+reflex type functions or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex type functions or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex type functions or at least
+automatic they can be program movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic they can be program movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic they can be program movements
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you have to speak loudly AR B what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you have to speak loudly AR B what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you have to speak loudly AR B what
+did you say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you say like
+B yeah yeah exactly right the vestibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yeah yeah exactly right the vestibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B yeah yeah exactly right the vestibular
+reflexes we don't think about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes we don't think about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes we don't think about them
+they're pretty automatic they keep us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty automatic they keep us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty automatic they keep us
+upright okay and they're happening all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright okay and they're happening all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright okay and they're happening all
+the time they're part of that mantle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they're part of that mantle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they're part of that mantle
+we're always wearing the mantle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always wearing the mantle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always wearing the mantle of
+reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes
+okay that's a routine maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a routine maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a routine maintenance
+function but there's other things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but there's other things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but there's other things too
+things that bother us something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that bother us something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that bother us something in the
+air makes you sneeze you just SES it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air makes you sneeze you just SES it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air makes you sneeze you just SES it's
+it's a reflex and you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reflex and you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reflex and you have trouble
+controlling it although yes we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it although yes we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling it although yes we have
+descending connections from the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections from the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections from the far
+brain and we can try to suppress it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and we can try to suppress it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and we can try to suppress it but
+it's almost impossible to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost impossible to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost impossible to completely
+suppress what's another one like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress what's another one like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress what's another one like
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+blink the eyes blink all the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink the eyes blink all the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink the eyes blink all the time you
+don't you can voluntarily blink the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you can voluntarily blink the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you can voluntarily blink the eyes
+and start thinking about it you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start thinking about it you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start thinking about it you'll be
+paying attention for a while but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention for a while but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention for a while but it's
+it's a fixed action pattern it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fixed action pattern it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fixed action pattern it's being
+generated all the time it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated all the time it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated all the time it's very
+important for lubricating the cornea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh there are there there's it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh there are there there's it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh there are there there's it's also
+a reflex you can trigger it but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflex you can trigger it but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflex you can trigger it but what
+you're really doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really doing is you're
+tremendously increasing the input into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously increasing the input into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously increasing the input into
+that the control of that fixed action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the control of that fixed action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the control of that fixed action
+pattern you greatly increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you greatly increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern you greatly increase the
+likelihood that you will bring but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that you will bring but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that you will bring but yes
+that it does respond to sensory input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does respond to sensory input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does respond to sensory input in
+a very powerful way that's true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful way that's true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very powerful way that's true of
+almost every Drive every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every Drive every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every Drive every
+motivation we have a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation we have a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation we have a very strong
+motivation to blink our eyes that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to blink our eyes that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation to blink our eyes that's what
+a staring contest is all about can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staring contest is all about can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staring contest is all about can you
+resist you know how long can you resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist you know how long can you resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist you know how long can you resist
+can you resist longer than your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you resist longer than your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you resist longer than your friend
+okay okay well how is the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well how is the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well how is the hindbrain
+involved in higher function funs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in higher function funs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in higher function funs like
+speech well wait a minute hind brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech well wait a minute hind brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech well wait a minute hind brain is
+lower level right well it's involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level right well it's involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level right well it's involved in
+speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why what do we need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what do we need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what do we need in order to
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+respiration important control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration important control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration important control
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+tongue and jaws and lips all controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue and jaws and lips all controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue and jaws and lips all controlled
+by the hrd s several different cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hrd s several different cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hrd s several different cranial
+nerves as you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see what's the critical role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's the critical role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's the critical role of the
+hindbrain in feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain in feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain in feeding
+Behavior we can't eat without the spine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior we can't eat without the spine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior we can't eat without the spine
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+swallowing it's a very complex reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing it's a very complex reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing it's a very complex reflex
+it's it's a fixed action pattern we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a fixed action pattern we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a fixed action pattern we call
+it a reflex but it's actually a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a reflex but it's actually a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a reflex but it's actually a fixed
+action pattern that can be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern that can be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern that can be the
+probability of triggering it goes way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of triggering it goes way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of triggering it goes way up
+with certain stimuli stimuli behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain stimuli stimuli behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain stimuli stimuli behind the
+in the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the
+tongue okay but we do swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue okay but we do swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue okay but we do swallow
+automatically and periodically all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and periodically all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and periodically all the
+time keep our throats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time keep our throats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time keep our throats
+licated but what else else we need we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licated but what else else we need we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licated but what else else we need we
+need the hybin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the hybin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the hybin for
+feeding control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding control of the
+jaar jaw opening jaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jaar jaw opening jaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jaar jaw opening jaw
+closing okay there's a special nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing okay there's a special nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing okay there's a special nucleus
+it's part of of the fifth nerve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of of the fifth nerve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of of the fifth nerve that's
+not just sensory it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sensory it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just sensory it's not just the
+trigeminal nerve okay it's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal nerve okay it's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal nerve okay it's also the
+masticatory nerve the motor component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masticatory nerve the motor component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masticatory nerve the motor component of
+the fifth cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it's that's always an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's that's always an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's that's always an interesting
+question because a lot of it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because a lot of it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because a lot of it seems to be
+we do it pretty automatically but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it pretty automatically but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it pretty automatically but you
+can become quite conscious of it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become quite conscious of it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become quite conscious of it also
+just like for ey blend Anor you know jaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for ey blend Anor you know jaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like for ey blend Anor you know jaw
+opening we'll do it even a unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening we'll do it even a unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening we'll do it even a unconscious
+person will shows some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will shows some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will shows some of these
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when you're doing other things yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're doing other things yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're doing other things yes
+but some other things can inhibit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other things can inhibit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other things can inhibit them
+okay and that's even true of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's even true of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's even true of things in
+the gut it has an anic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut it has an anic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut it has an anic nervous system
+controlling them but some of them can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling them but some of them can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling them but some of them can be
+inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited
+but mostly that's automatic too it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly that's automatic too it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mostly that's automatic too it's
+when the sympathetic nervous system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sympathetic nervous system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sympathetic nervous system is
+highly activated it inhibits that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here visual cads yeah that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here visual cads yeah that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here visual cads yeah that's a very good
+question uh it's a it's called a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh it's a it's called a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh it's a it's called a visual
+reflex okay because they are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex okay because they are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex okay because they are being
+generated all the time but strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated all the time but strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated all the time but strongly
+influenced by the attentional mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by the attentional mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by the attentional mechanisms
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex all right
+so this just summarized most of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just summarized most of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just summarized most of what I
+just said uh I didn't mention here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said uh I didn't mention here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said uh I didn't mention here the
+widespread modulation of brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread modulation of brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread modulation of brain activity
+and sleep and waking arousal effects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sleep and waking arousal effects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sleep and waking arousal effects but
+let's just see that a little bit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see that a little bit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see that a little bit from
+the neur anatomical side first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neur anatomical side first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neur anatomical side first of all
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+types NAA and and his collaborator Ramon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types NAA and and his collaborator Ramon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types NAA and and his collaborator Ramon
+mire made a nice contribution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mire made a nice contribution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mire made a nice contribution to this
+field uh when they wrote an article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh when they wrote an article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh when they wrote an article
+called the isod dendritic core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the isod dendritic core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the isod dendritic core of the
+brain stem they were talking about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem they were talking about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem they were talking about two
+types of neural shapes that you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of neural shapes that you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of neural shapes that you keep
+seeing throughout the brain stem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing throughout the brain stem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing throughout the brain stem okay
+especially in the hind brain what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the hind brain what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the hind brain what are
+the two types they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what they called isod dendritic was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they called isod dendritic was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they called isod dendritic was
+something that looks like a motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like a motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like a motor neuron
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dendrites there's the nucleus there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites there's the nucleus there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites there's the nucleus there's an
+axon and here are the dendritic branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon and here are the dendritic branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon and here are the dendritic branches
+this is isod dendritic very much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is isod dendritic very much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is isod dendritic very much like a
+motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron
+okay we won't try to draw the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we won't try to draw the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we won't try to draw the whole
+thing a lot of the reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a lot of the reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a lot of the reticular formation
+cells are like that they just look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are like that they just look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are like that they just look like
+motor neurons though some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons though some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons though some of them are
+the dendrites are mostly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrites are mostly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrites are mostly in a
+plane that's isod dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then they talked about idod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they talked about idod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they talked about idod
+dendritic let's draw an idod dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic let's draw an idod dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic let's draw an idod dendritic
+cell here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here's the
+nucleus okay and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus okay and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus okay and here's a
+dendrite that instead of this motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite that instead of this motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrite that instead of this motor
+neuron like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron like
+stellate shape it's much more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellate shape it's much more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellate shape it's much more specific
+and different edod dendritic cells look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different edod dendritic cells look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different edod dendritic cells look
+very different for example it might may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different for example it might may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different for example it might may
+be like this it may terminate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this it may terminate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this it may terminate in
+specific layers there's many idod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific layers there's many idod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific layers there's many idod
+dendritic cells in the retina like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic cells in the retina like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic cells in the retina like that
+okay they did get get different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they did get get different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they did get get different kinds of
+input in different layers other D idod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in different layers other D idod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in different layers other D idod
+dendritic cells have other that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic cells have other that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendritic cells have other that not
+necessarily laminer in the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily laminer in the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily laminer in the way they
+terminate um uh cortical paramal cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate um uh cortical paramal cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate um uh cortical paramal cells
+are we can call idod dendritic they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we can call idod dendritic they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we can call idod dendritic they're
+specialized some interneurons U they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized some interneurons U they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized some interneurons U they
+they're given names according to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given names according to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given names according to these
+very particular shapes they have they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular shapes they have they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular shapes they have they're
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+isend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isend
+okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addition the shels who were great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the shels who were great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the shels who were great
+anatomists using the GOI method here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists using the GOI method here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists using the GOI method here in
+America much of their career was spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America much of their career was spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America much of their career was spent
+in Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Los
+Angeles they described in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles they described in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles they described in addition
+segments in the neurop pill uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments in the neurop pill uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments in the neurop pill uh and they
+described axons with very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described axons with very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described axons with very wide
+distribution so here is a little diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here is a little diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so here is a little diagram
+of these little dislike segments here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little dislike segments here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little dislike segments here's
+what they found here the here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found here the here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they found here the here are the
+isod dendritic neurons of the reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isod dendritic neurons of the reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isod dendritic neurons of the reticular
+formation just a few of them but note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation just a few of them but note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation just a few of them but note
+their dendrites they found are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dendrites they found are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dendrites they found are always
+Within are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within are mostly
+Within These Little plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within These Little plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Within These Little plates
+okay and the axons from the par from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the axons from the par from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the axons from the par from the
+cortex here's the a few paramal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex here's the a few paramal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex here's the a few paramal tract
+axons note that they leave at right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons note that they leave at right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons note that they leave at right
+angles and they go up into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and they go up into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and they go up into those
+segments so you can you can diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments so you can you can diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments so you can you can diagram
+it if this is paramal track down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if this is paramal track down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if this is paramal track down here
+the axons go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons go up and
+terminate in within those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+segments and that's what you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and that's what you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and that's what you're seeing
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+picture Okay note here that the cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Okay note here that the cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Okay note here that the cells in
+the hypoglossal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypoglossal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypoglossal
+nucleus 12th cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus 12th cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus 12th cranial nerve
+nucleus they're not in these seg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus they're not in these seg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus they're not in these seg
+segments at all so they look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments at all so they look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments at all so they look very
+different in the GOI still now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the GOI still now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the GOI still now here's
+the other thing they described that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing they described that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing they described that was
+so important here is one neuron this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important here is one neuron this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important here is one neuron this
+this entire picture is of one neuron it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire picture is of one neuron it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire picture is of one neuron it
+goes from the cervical spinal cord to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from the cervical spinal cord to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from the cervical spinal cord to
+the rostal end of theal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostal end of theal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostal end of theal
+dianon and this is one thick section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dianon and this is one thick section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dianon and this is one thick section
+where they could follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they could follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they could follow the
+axon from this cell in the hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon from this cell in the hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon from this cell in the hind
+brain there a lower pontine cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there a lower pontine cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain there a lower pontine cell or
+upper Medela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Medela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Medela
+ablong here's the axon and it bifurcates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablong here's the axon and it bifurcates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablong here's the axon and it bifurcates
+here's the descending Branch where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the descending Branch where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the descending Branch where it
+distributes various collaterals and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes various collaterals and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes various collaterals and look
+at the ascending branch collaterals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ascending branch collaterals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ascending branch collaterals in
+the reticular formation of behind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular formation of behind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reticular formation of behind brain
+the midbrain where it has some extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain where it has some extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain where it has some extensive
+Arbors in the central gray matter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbors in the central gray matter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arbors in the central gray matter of the
+midbrain and then it goes into the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and then it goes into the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and then it goes into the older
+parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the
+pH widespread distribution there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH widespread distribution there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH widespread distribution there's even
+a branch that goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch that goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch that goes into the
+hypothal so with the number of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal so with the number of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal so with the number of neurons
+in the hindbrain like that you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hindbrain like that you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hindbrain like that you can be
+sure that the activity of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the activity of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the activity of some of these
+cells is affecting the whole state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is affecting the whole state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is affecting the whole state of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H okay now a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay now a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay now a little bit about
+segmentation uh how these segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation uh how these segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation uh how these segments
+arrive you might want to know where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive you might want to know where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive you might want to know where do
+that term come from the branchial motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term come from the branchial motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term come from the branchial motor
+colon well in the embryo there are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon well in the embryo there are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon well in the embryo there are what
+we call branchial arches branchial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call branchial arches branchial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call branchial arches branchial
+arches and Aquatic vertebrates can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arches and Aquatic vertebrates can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arches and Aquatic vertebrates can form
+the Gil Arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gil Arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gil Arch
+okay but we still have that in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we still have that in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we still have that in our
+embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic
+development here the are the embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development here the are the embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development here the are the embryonic
+branchial arches and each Arch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branchial arches and each Arch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branchial arches and each Arch is
+inovated by a certain segment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovated by a certain segment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inovated by a certain segment of the
+hindra okay they're innervated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindra okay they're innervated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindra okay they're innervated by
+cranial numberer five 7 9 and 10 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial numberer five 7 9 and 10 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial numberer five 7 9 and 10 okay
+innovate these branu Arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate these branu Arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate these branu Arch
+tissues uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the nucleus ambiguous is the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus ambiguous is the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus ambiguous is the nucleus
+that control swallowing and vo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control swallowing and vo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that control swallowing and vo
+vocalization that goes out through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocalization that goes out through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocalization that goes out through the
+9th and 10th cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neres yes the banul Arches are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neres yes the banul Arches are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neres yes the banul Arches are present
+throughout the vertebrates but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the vertebrates but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the vertebrates but they they
+develop later in the embryo into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop later in the embryo into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop later in the embryo into
+different things Okay so the rank arges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things Okay so the rank arges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things Okay so the rank arges
+and humans here form the Jaws the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and humans here form the Jaws the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and humans here form the Jaws the
+auditory OES Bones the hyoid bone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory OES Bones the hyoid bone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory OES Bones the hyoid bone and
+the feral skeleton including the thyroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feral skeleton including the thyroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feral skeleton including the thyroid
+cartilage okay that's all these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage okay that's all these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage okay that's all these are all
+branchial Arch tissues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branchial Arch tissues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branchial Arch tissues in
+humans okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans okay
+so we know that the mism below the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the mism below the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the mism below the head
+also segments especially for muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also segments especially for muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also segments especially for muscles
+these are the somite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the somite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the somite
+muscles form this segmented appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles form this segmented appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles form this segmented appearance
+and early in development of the embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early in development of the embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early in development of the embryo
+you can see them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know now that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know now that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know now that these
+segments have different gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments have different gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments have different gene expression
+and these gene expression Studies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these gene expression Studies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these gene expression Studies have
+been carried forward into the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been carried forward into the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been carried forward into the brain
+where you keep seeing segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you keep seeing segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you keep seeing segments
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we this is one major type of Gene the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is one major type of Gene the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is one major type of Gene the
+homeobox gene named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeobox gene named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeobox gene named
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+sequence uh of genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh of genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh of genes in
+there the SE the sequence that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the SE the sequence that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the SE the sequence that these
+genes show that's similar one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes show that's similar one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes show that's similar one to the
+other but then they have differences too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but then they have differences too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but then they have differences too
+so they're different homeobox genes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're different homeobox genes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're different homeobox genes they
+they are transcription factors okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are transcription factors okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are transcription factors okay and
+that are expressed differently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are expressed differently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are expressed differently in
+different segmental levels and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different segmental levels and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different segmental levels and this is
+just examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples
+they were they've been highly studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they've been highly studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they've been highly studied in
+dropa and here they colored the fly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropa and here they colored the fly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropa and here they colored the fly and
+shown the expression of different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the expression of different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the expression of different uh
+homeobox genes in different segments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeobox genes in different segments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeobox genes in different segments of
+the body and if they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body and if they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body and if they look at the
+chromosome that has those genes they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that has those genes they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that has those genes they see
+that the genes expressed rally are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genes expressed rally are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genes expressed rally are at
+one end of the chromosome the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the chromosome the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the chromosome the ones
+expressed codly are at the other end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed codly are at the other end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed codly are at the other end of
+the chromosome and so forth in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome and so forth in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome and so forth in between
+the same is true of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true of all the
+vertebrates but when you get to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates but when you get to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates but when you get to an
+animal like the mouse you have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal like the mouse you have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal like the mouse you have at least
+four different chromosomes that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different chromosomes that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different chromosomes that have
+what we call paralus groups that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call paralus groups that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call paralus groups that is
+they're they're related to the homeobox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're related to the homeobox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're related to the homeobox
+genes in the fruit fly but they're found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the fruit fly but they're found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the fruit fly but they're found
+in more than one chromosome but still if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more than one chromosome but still if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more than one chromosome but still if
+they're expressed rally in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expressed rally in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're expressed rally in the body
+they're at one end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at one end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at one end of the
+chromosome expressed codly they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome expressed codly they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome expressed codly they're at
+the other end of the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end of the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end of the chromosome
+okay this is just examples in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just examples in actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just examples in actual
+photographs of the mouse embryo showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of the mouse embryo showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of the mouse embryo showing
+Genie they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genie they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genie they're
+actually this they're immunostaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this they're immunostaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this they're immunostaining
+using antibodies that are specific for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using antibodies that are specific for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using antibodies that are specific for
+the protein products of the the hawk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein products of the the hawk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein products of the the hawk
+genes that they're showing so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that they're showing so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that they're showing so this is
+Hawk B1 you see it's expressed in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawk B1 you see it's expressed in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawk B1 you see it's expressed in one
+little region in the brain and then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little region in the brain and then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little region in the brain and then more
+codly it's also expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codly it's also expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codly it's also expressed
+here it starts its expression more codly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it starts its expression more codly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it starts its expression more codly
+than this one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this one this is
+B4 this one even more codly and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 this one even more codly and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 this one even more codly and again
+there they are there's their positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are there's their positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are there's their positions
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+chromosome and this just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and this just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and this just shows
+expression along the anterior posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression along the anterior posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression along the anterior posterior
+axis how the roster limit is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis how the roster limit is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis how the roster limit is very
+clearly defined okay we'll say a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly defined okay we'll say a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly defined okay we'll say a little
+bit more about oxygen right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about oxygen right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about oxygen right at the
+beginning of an next question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BWLwSqLZd2o.txt b/BWLwSqLZd2o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffca3564b9faf4411beb9b4eafc9832bc2a2e839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BWLwSqLZd2o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon
+people we begin this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we begin this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we begin this afternoon
+are if I if I'm right about this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if I if I'm right about this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if I if I'm right about this I think
+I am the syllabus shows that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am the syllabus shows that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am the syllabus shows that this is the
+last American Film we'll be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last American Film we'll be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last American Film we'll be looking at
+in the term so we're sort of finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term so we're sort of finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the term so we're sort of finishing
+the Central American phase of our course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Central American phase of our course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Central American phase of our course
+with tonight's film Robert alman's mccab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tonight's film Robert alman's mccab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tonight's film Robert alman's mccab
+and Mrs Miller and I want to use today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller and I want to use today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller and I want to use today's
+lecture uh this afternoon's lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh this afternoon's lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh this afternoon's lecture to
+contextualize that moment of the early'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextualize that moment of the early'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contextualize that moment of the early'
+70s the late 60s and early' 7s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s the late 60s and early' 7s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s the late 60s and early' 7s in
+American film history and to try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American film history and to try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American film history and to try to draw
+out some of the implic ations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of the implic ations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of the implic ations of the
+astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing
+transformation that overtook American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that overtook American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that overtook American
+film in this in this period we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in this in this period we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in this in this period we've been
+talking about this topic in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this topic in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this topic in different
+ways all semester so by now I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways all semester so by now I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways all semester so by now I think the
+narrative that I've been implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative that I've been implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative that I've been implicitly
+following in the course should already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the course should already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following in the course should already
+be overt for all of you the film we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overt for all of you the film we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overt for all of you the film we're
+going to see tonight Robert alman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see tonight Robert alman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see tonight Robert alman's
+mccab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccab and Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccab and Mrs
+Miller um is a can be understood as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller um is a can be understood as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller um is a can be understood as a as
+a particularly clear example of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly clear example of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly clear example of the kind
+of transformation and even subversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transformation and even subversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transformation and even subversion
+that uh becomes a dominant note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh becomes a dominant note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh becomes a dominant note of
+American movie making in the 1970s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American movie making in the 1970s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American movie making in the 1970s and
+part of the lecture today will be uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture today will be uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture today will be uh uh
+devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted
+to speculating about why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speculating about why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speculating about why that
+transformation why those forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation why those forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation why those forms of
+subversion occurred and of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversion occurred and of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversion occurred and of course if
+you've been paying attention in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been paying attention in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been paying attention in the
+course uh you know the answer already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you know the answer already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you know the answer already
+and it's the answer that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the answer that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the answer that's already
+embedded in the lecture outline a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the lecture outline a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in the lecture outline a new
+form of what we're what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of what we're what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of what we're what I've been
+calling consensus narrative emerges by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling consensus narrative emerges by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling consensus narrative emerges by
+the really decisively by the end but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really decisively by the end but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really decisively by the end but by
+the middle and end of the 1960s and into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and end of the 1960s and into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and end of the 1960s and into
+the 1970s it's a period that takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s it's a period that takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s it's a period that takes time
+uh but uh essentially television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh essentially television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh essentially television
+supplants the movies as the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplants the movies as the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplants the movies as the central
+story system of the society not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story system of the society not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story system of the society not that
+movies become trivial or unimportant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies become trivial or unimportant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies become trivial or unimportant but
+they begin to occupy a new niche in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin to occupy a new niche in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin to occupy a new niche in the
+media Ecology of the country and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media Ecology of the country and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media Ecology of the country and I'll
+I'll return to this matter briefly uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return to this matter briefly uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return to this matter briefly uh uh
+in in in a few moments but let me Begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a few moments but let me Begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a few moments but let me Begin
+by by uh clarifying something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by uh clarifying something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by uh clarifying something about the
+importance of the presence in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the presence in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the presence in our
+syllabus of mcab and Mrs Miller and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus of mcab and Mrs Miller and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus of mcab and Mrs Miller and more
+generally the prominence we've given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the prominence we've given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the prominence we've given in
+our course to the genre of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course to the genre of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course to the genre of the western
+film so I ask you to remember the sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so I ask you to remember the sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so I ask you to remember the sorts
+of things we were saying about genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we were saying about genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we were saying about genre
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+generally about the aptness even one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about the aptness even one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about the aptness even one one
+might think of as the econ e omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as the econ e omic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of as the econ e omic
+necessity of genre forms in a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of genre forms in a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of genre forms in a for a
+system that is based on the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is based on the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is based on the principle of
+mass production and I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production and I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production and I also want to
+suggest to you that the particular forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest to you that the particular forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest to you that the particular forms
+of genre Story the particular uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genre Story the particular uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genre Story the particular uh kind of
+story that is told in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that is told in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that is told in a particular
+society and certainly the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and certainly the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society and certainly the ones that are
+told in the generic forms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told in the generic forms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told in the generic forms that are
+chosen by American society are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by American society are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by American society are going to
+very powerfully reflect aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerfully reflect aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerfully reflect aspects of the
+culture and we laid a special emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and we laid a special emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and we laid a special emphasis
+on the importance in our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the importance in our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the importance in our previous
+classes of two particular genres that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of two particular genres that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of two particular genres that
+emerge in in uh with great decisiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in in uh with great decisiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in in uh with great decisiveness
+in the uh sound era uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh sound era uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh sound era uh
+both identified by some Scholars as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both identified by some Scholars as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both identified by some Scholars as
+America's most distinctive contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's most distinctive contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's most distinctive contribution
+to World Cinema one form was the scub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to World Cinema one form was the scub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to World Cinema one form was the scub
+ball comedy and the elaborations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comedy and the elaborations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball comedy and the elaborations on
+Comedy that developed through the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comedy that developed through the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comedy that developed through the 30s
+and 1940s and the second form the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1940s and the second form the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1940s and the second form the second
+distinctive American contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive American contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive American contribution to
+film as some Scholars have said is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as some Scholars have said is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as some Scholars have said is the
+Western and we've talked a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western and we've talked a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western and we've talked a bit about the
+nature of the western and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the western and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the western and how the
+Western as a form is rooted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western as a form is rooted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western as a form is rooted in the
+assumptions and preoccupations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and preoccupations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and preoccupations of
+American culture how it grows out of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture how it grows out of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture how it grows out of uh
+a an historical actuality the per the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an historical actuality the per the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an historical actuality the per the
+period roughly from 1860 to 1890 when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period roughly from 1860 to 1890 when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period roughly from 1860 to 1890 when uh
+uh the civil war occurred when the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the civil war occurred when the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the civil war occurred when the range
+War occur occur when the range Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War occur occur when the range Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War occur occur when the range Wars
+occurred when the great when the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred when the great when the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred when the great when the Great
+uh gold discoveries uh uh uh were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gold discoveries uh uh uh were made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gold discoveries uh uh uh were made
+at the great gold R the California Gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the great gold R the California Gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the great gold R the California Gold
+Rush the laying of the Transcontinental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rush the laying of the Transcontinental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rush the laying of the Transcontinental
+Railroad all of these historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad all of these historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Railroad all of these historical
+realities then become Mythic elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities then become Mythic elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities then become Mythic elements in
+the founding story that becomes the Epic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding story that becomes the Epic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding story that becomes the Epic
+the Epic account of American identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epic account of American identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epic account of American identity
+the American account of uh the the Epic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American account of uh the the Epic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American account of uh the the Epic
+account of America's founding and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of America's founding and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of America's founding and I've
+suggested that the creation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that the creation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that the creation of that
+mythology uh expressed so powerfully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology uh expressed so powerfully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology uh expressed so powerfully and
+complexly often uh and disturbingly too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexly often uh and disturbingly too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexly often uh and disturbingly too
+because there's a racism as we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a racism as we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a racism as we've said
+said an imperialism implicit in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said an imperialism implicit in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said an imperialism implicit in certain
+aspects of the western mythology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the western mythology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the western mythology uh
+that that fundamental energy of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fundamental energy of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fundamental energy of the of
+the of of the genre as we've suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the genre as we've suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the genre as we've suggested
+is not only deeply rooted in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only deeply rooted in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only deeply rooted in American
+culture and grows out of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and grows out of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and grows out of the particular
+individualistic preoccupations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic preoccupations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualistic preoccupations of
+American culture as we suggested last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture as we suggested last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture as we suggested last
+time but also then becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but also then becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but also then becomes a
+particularly dramatic instance of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly dramatic instance of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly dramatic instance of what
+we might say the movies as a whole have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might say the movies as a whole have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might say the movies as a whole have
+been in American society or were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in American society or were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in American society or were in
+American society until the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society until the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society until the Advent of
+television and that is each genre can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and that is each genre can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and that is each genre can be
+and the Western genre especially can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western genre especially can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western genre especially can be
+understood as a kind of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as a kind of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood as a kind of a small
+inversion of the larger processes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the larger processes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of the larger processes that
+that operate in this consensus system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operate in this consensus system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operate in this consensus system
+and if you recall the kinds of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you recall the kinds of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you recall the kinds of things we
+were suggesting last week about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suggesting last week about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suggesting last week about the
+evolution of the western what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the western what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the western what what we
+were confronting in a certain sense was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were confronting in a certain sense was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were confronting in a certain sense was
+the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+astonishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly
+protein U uh uh shift changing mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein U uh uh shift changing mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein U uh uh shift changing mythology
+can be altered depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be altered depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be altered depending on the
+preoccupations of the society that wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations of the society that wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations of the society that wants
+to mobilize the mythology another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mobilize the mythology another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mobilize the mythology another way of
+putting this is to say the mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this is to say the mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this is to say the mythology
+like the larger culture is never fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the larger culture is never fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the larger culture is never fixed
+it's always in process right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always in process right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always in process right so that
+when one Western appears a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one Western appears a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one Western appears a kind of
+conversation is going on uh with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation is going on uh with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation is going on uh with all
+previous westerns and and and maybe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous westerns and and and maybe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous westerns and and and maybe with
+other forms of discourse as well about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of discourse as well about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of discourse as well about
+the central preoccupations that are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central preoccupations that are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central preoccupations that are part
+of the West and I just want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the West and I just want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the West and I just want to remind
+you of the sort of historical scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the sort of historical scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the sort of historical scheme
+that I sketched in last time about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sketched in last time about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sketched in last time about the
+Western so you can recognize the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western so you can recognize the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western so you can recognize the point
+at which mcab and Mrs Miller sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which mcab and Mrs Miller sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which mcab and Mrs Miller sort of
+fits our picture we you remember that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits our picture we you remember that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits our picture we you remember that I
+suggested in some degree that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested in some degree that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested in some degree that that uh
+when the Western as a form emerges after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Western as a form emerges after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Western as a form emerges after
+the after the 30s when it's mainly a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the 30s when it's mainly a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the 30s when it's mainly a a
+sort of novelty item which has singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of novelty item which has singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of novelty item which has singing
+Cowboys in it and that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys in it and that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys in it and that sort of thing
+when the classic Western emerges in 1939
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the classic Western emerges in 1939
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the classic Western emerges in 1939
+with John Ford's film the uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John Ford's film the uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with John Ford's film the uh what's the
+name of the film Stage Coach the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the film Stage Coach the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the film Stage Coach the first
+film that uh Ford filmed in Monument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that uh Ford filmed in Monument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that uh Ford filmed in Monument
+Valley um uh when the age of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley um uh when the age of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley um uh when the age of the
+so-called classical age of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called classical age of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called classical age of the western
+begins in 19 in the 1940s we suggest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in 19 in the 1940s we suggest I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins in 19 in the 1940s we suggest I
+suggested in that lecture that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested in that lecture that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested in that lecture that that that
+the westerns of that period had a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns of that period had a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns of that period had a kind
+of Imperial Dimension that those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imperial Dimension that those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Imperial Dimension that those were
+the westerns that most decisively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns that most decisively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the westerns that most decisively and
+fully celebrated the the white Settler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully celebrated the the white Settler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully celebrated the the white Settler's
+idea of the man EST Destiny of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the man EST Destiny of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the man EST Destiny of the
+American of of of of the American uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American of of of of the American uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American of of of of the American uh
+experiment which was which translated of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which was which translated of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment which was which translated of
+course into exterminate the Indians the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course into exterminate the Indians the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course into exterminate the Indians the
+Indians are sort of in the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians are sort of in the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians are sort of in the way the
+westward expansion of the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westward expansion of the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westward expansion of the United States
+was in many ways clearly an imperial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in many ways clearly an imperial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in many ways clearly an imperial and
+even a racist project but in the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a racist project but in the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a racist project but in the period
+of the 1940s the disturbing elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1940s the disturbing elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1940s the disturbing elements of
+the mythology were suppressed or ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mythology were suppressed or ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mythology were suppressed or ignored
+even though they were implicit why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they were implicit why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they were implicit why would
+that have been well one reason was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been well one reason was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been well one reason was
+America itself was at war in the 1940s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America itself was at war in the 1940s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America itself was at war in the 1940s
+and the Western was a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western was a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Western was a particular
+particularly appropriate it not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly appropriate it not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly appropriate it not the only
+vehicle but it was one of the vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle but it was one of the vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle but it was one of the vehicles
+in which Imperial ideas of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Imperial ideas of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which Imperial ideas of American
+Destiny and American and a and American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destiny and American and a and American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destiny and American and a and American
+u u identity would be would be would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u identity would be would be would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u u identity would be would be would be
+articulated or dramatized and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated or dramatized and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated or dramatized and I
+suggested that as as the war that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that as as the war that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that as as the war that that
+that in the period of the 1950s uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the period of the 1950s uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the period of the 1950s uh the
+the this Western form began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this Western form began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this Western form began to
+complicate itself that it was that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate itself that it was that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate itself that it was that it
+became less Imperial and that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became less Imperial and that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became less Imperial and that there are
+many films of the 19 western films of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many films of the 19 western films of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many films of the 19 western films of
+the 1950s that actually reflect many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s that actually reflect many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1950s that actually reflect many of
+the domestic concerns of that era the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic concerns of that era the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domestic concerns of that era the
+generation gap the discontent of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation gap the discontent of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation gap the discontent of young
+people growing up into a society that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people growing up into a society that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people growing up into a society that
+seemed to have no work for them uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have no work for them uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have no work for them uh this
+is the early 1950s uh uh and and Inc as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the early 1950s uh uh and and Inc as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the early 1950s uh uh and and Inc as
+the decade goes on and and and leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decade goes on and and and leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decade goes on and and and leads
+into the 1960s an increasing awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 1960s an increasing awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 1960s an increasing awareness
+of racial turmoil in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of racial turmoil in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of racial turmoil in the United States
+so westerns begin to be partly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so westerns begin to be partly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so westerns begin to be partly about
+juvenile delinquency or about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juvenile delinquency or about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juvenile delinquency or about social
+problems always filtered of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems always filtered of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems always filtered of course
+through the the historical lens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the historical lens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the historical lens of the
+western and I suggested to you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and I suggested to you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and I suggested to you that the
+great John Ford classic Western that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great John Ford classic Western that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great John Ford classic Western that we
+saw last week the Searchers had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last week the Searchers had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last week the Searchers had already
+in the in in uh uh in the late 50s had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in uh uh in the late 50s had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in in uh uh in the late 50s had
+already begin to incor incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already begin to incor incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already begin to incor incorporate
+certain kinds of subvert the C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of subvert the C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of subvert the C the
+certain kinds of subversive questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of subversive questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of subversive questions so
+so the 50s is a time when the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 50s is a time when the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 50s is a time when the Western
+begins to show so show social problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to show so show social problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to show so show social problems
+there's a kind of inward turning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of inward turning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of inward turning in
+which the psychological problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the psychological problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the psychological problems of
+characters become important in new way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters become important in new way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters become important in new way
+and and then in the 60s this questioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then in the 60s this questioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then in the 60s this questioning
+of the genre proceeds and expands even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genre proceeds and expands even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genre proceeds and expands even
+more even more fully and as we suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more even more fully and as we suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more even more fully and as we suggested
+there are a series of films 60 of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a series of films 60 of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a series of films 60 of of
+westerns in the 60s that even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns in the 60s that even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns in the 60s that even more
+substantially then the Searchers begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially then the Searchers begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially then the Searchers begin
+to sort of raise doubts about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of raise doubts about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of raise doubts about some of
+the most fundamental questions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fundamental questions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fundamental questions of the
+western and and of course as the decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and and of course as the decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western and and of course as the decade
+wears on there are increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wears on there are increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wears on there are increasing
+encouragements or incitements from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragements or incitements from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragements or incitements from the
+larger culture from the social history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger culture from the social history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger culture from the social history
+of the the larger culture to make the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the larger culture to make the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the larger culture to make the uh
+uh the the Western genre begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the Western genre begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the Western genre begin to
+question itself and what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question itself and what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question itself and what are those
+things that begin to happen as the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that begin to happen as the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that begin to happen as the 60s
+wears on they were embedded in the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wears on they were embedded in the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wears on they were embedded in the 50s
+but they become more much more serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they become more much more serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they become more much more serious
+the first is racial turmoil right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is racial turmoil right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is racial turmoil right the
+Civil Rights Movement becomes more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil Rights Movement becomes more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civil Rights Movement becomes more and
+more militant through the 1960s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more militant through the 1960s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more militant through the 1960s and the
+there there there is real conflict in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there there is real conflict in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there there is real conflict in
+the society reemerge emerging very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society reemerge emerging very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society reemerge emerging very
+powerfully what's a second and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully what's a second and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully what's a second and and that
+and that racial turmoil becomes more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that racial turmoil becomes more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that racial turmoil becomes more and
+more um uh militant more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh militant more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um uh militant more and more
+polarizing as the decade goes on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing as the decade goes on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing as the decade goes on but
+what's the other great terrible fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other great terrible fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other great terrible fact of
+the 1960s that explains why American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s that explains why American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s that explains why American
+society was so divided and so uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society was so divided and so uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society was so divided and so uncertain
+of itself the Vietnam War of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself the Vietnam War of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself the Vietnam War of course
+right by the end of the decade America's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by the end of the decade America's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by the end of the decade America's
+deeply immersed in Vietnam the college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply immersed in Vietnam the college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply immersed in Vietnam the college
+age generation is alienated from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age generation is alienated from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age generation is alienated from its
+from its uh from its Elders there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its uh from its Elders there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its uh from its Elders there are
+demonstrations on campuses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations on campuses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations on campuses in
+1967-68 right and then in 1968 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967-68 right and then in 1968 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967-68 right and then in 1968 two
+really horrific assassinations occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really horrific assassinations occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really horrific assassinations occurred
+that helped Mark the 1960s as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped Mark the 1960s as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped Mark the 1960s as a
+decisively Disturbed time in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively Disturbed time in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively Disturbed time in American
+history who who who are the two great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history who who who are the two great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history who who who are the two great
+figures who die and who are assassinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures who die and who are assassinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures who die and who are assassinated
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+1968 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1968 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1968 one
+is Martin Luther King the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Martin Luther King the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Martin Luther King the
+most the great hero of a of a peaceful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the great hero of a of a peaceful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the great hero of a of a peaceful
+Gandy likee civil rights uh uh movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandy likee civil rights uh uh movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gandy likee civil rights uh uh movement
+is assassinated and that gives even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assassinated and that gives even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is assassinated and that gives even
+stronger impetus to the more militant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger impetus to the more militant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger impetus to the more militant uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Arguments for civil rights that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for civil rights that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for civil rights that were
+that that that uh uh unlike Dr King's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that uh uh unlike Dr King's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that uh uh unlike Dr King's
+position did not so eagerly Embrace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position did not so eagerly Embrace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position did not so eagerly Embrace
+nonviolence so the combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonviolence so the combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonviolence so the combination of the
+Vietnam War and the Civil Rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War and the Civil Rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam War and the Civil Rights
+Movement combining together create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement combining together create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement combining together create
+creating a tremendous turmoil in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a tremendous turmoil in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a tremendous turmoil in the in
+in American society and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American society and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in American society and there are many
+film historians who would say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film historians who would say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film historians who would say that the
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+subversive uh genre films the antire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive uh genre films the antire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive uh genre films the antire
+films that emerg in the 19 70s of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that emerg in the 19 70s of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that emerg in the 19 70s of which
+the most decisive example in our course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most decisive example in our course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most decisive example in our course
+is mcab and Mrs Miller so it completes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mcab and Mrs Miller so it completes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mcab and Mrs Miller so it completes
+our argument right uh there are many who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our argument right uh there are many who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our argument right uh there are many who
+would say that a sufficient explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that a sufficient explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that a sufficient explanation
+for the subversion of of the genre for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the subversion of of the genre for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the subversion of of the genre for
+the fact that the westerns that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the westerns that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the westerns that that the
+westerns of the 70s and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns of the 70s and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns of the 70s and some of the
+westerns of the 70s and Beyond uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns of the 70s and Beyond uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+westerns of the 70s and Beyond uh in
+some sense could be identified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense could be identified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense could be identified as
+anti-western so hostile are they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-western so hostile are they so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-western so hostile are they so
+hostile are they to the uh basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile are they to the uh basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile are they to the uh basic
+assumptions of their of their ancestors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of their of their ancestors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions of their of their ancestors
+so much do they turn the heroic values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much do they turn the heroic values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much do they turn the heroic values
+of their ancestors on their head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their ancestors on their head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their ancestors on their head and
+you'll and you'll see a wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll and you'll see a wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll and you'll see a wonderfully
+decisive example of this in tonight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive example of this in tonight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive example of this in tonight's
+film uh there's some social and film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh there's some social and film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh there's some social and film
+historians who would say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians who would say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians who would say well the
+difficulties in the outer Society the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in the outer Society the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties in the outer Society the
+war the Civil Rights Movement the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the Civil Rights Movement the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the Civil Rights Movement the the
+polarization of the culture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the culture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the culture is
+sufficient to explain why these genres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain why these genres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to explain why these genres
+and especially this centrally American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially this centrally American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially this centrally American
+genre of the western would suddenly sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the western would suddenly sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the western would suddenly sort
+of turn on itself and and and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turn on itself and and and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turn on itself and and and uh uh
+attack what it had previously celebrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack what it had previously celebrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack what it had previously celebrated
+the notion of Notions of individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of Notions of individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of Notions of individualistic
+achievement Notions of uh violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement Notions of uh violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement Notions of uh violent
+masculinity one of the best books on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculinity one of the best books on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculinity one of the best books on the
+old west and about the on on the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old west and about the on on the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old west and about the on on the western
+film has the wonderful title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has the wonderful title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film has the wonderful title
+regeneration through violence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration through violence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration through violence
+regeneration through violence and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration through violence and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration through violence and it
+does describe what the classic Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does describe what the classic Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does describe what the classic Western
+seems to believe that that that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to believe that that that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to believe that that that and it's
+it's actually a scary idea you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a scary idea you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a scary idea you might
+think about how often this notion has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how often this notion has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how often this notion has
+been translated into sort of foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been translated into sort of foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been translated into sort of foreign
+policy Behavior by the United States as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Behavior by the United States as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Behavior by the United States as
+again reinforcing the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again reinforcing the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again reinforcing the importance of
+these of of these mythologies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of of these mythologies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of of these mythologies uh
+um but but the social history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but the social history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but the social history of the
+country is not really sufficient fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is not really sufficient fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is not really sufficient fully
+to explain why the movies would become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why the movies would become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why the movies would become
+so subversive and what's the answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subversive and what's the answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so subversive and what's the answer I
+mean you can it's implied up here uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can it's implied up here uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can it's implied up here uh in
+number three right uh it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three right uh it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three right uh it has to do with
+the new consensus medium so let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new consensus medium so let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new consensus medium so let me try
+to make these arguments in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these arguments in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make these arguments in a slightly
+more systematic way and first by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic way and first by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic way and first by talking
+more concretely about the ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concretely about the ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concretely about the ways in which
+the movies were different in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies were different in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies were different in the 1970s
+we wherever we look at Central elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wherever we look at Central elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wherever we look at Central elements
+of the movies we can see a profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies we can see a profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies we can see a profound
+change in atmosphere and tone and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in atmosphere and tone and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in atmosphere and tone and feel
+the first uh uh if we think if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh uh if we think if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh uh if we think if we think
+about the sort of characteristic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of characteristic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sort of characteristic um
+actors or acting styles of the period we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors or acting styles of the period we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors or acting styles of the period we
+can be and especially the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be and especially the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be and especially the characteristic
+stars and contrast them to the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and contrast them to the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and contrast them to the great
+stars of the studio era we can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars of the studio era we can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars of the studio era we can get a
+feel for how much more subversive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for how much more subversive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for how much more subversive
+problematic ironic and antih heroic this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic ironic and antih heroic this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic ironic and antih heroic this
+new period in American Film is but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new period in American Film is but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new period in American Film is but there
+are many many people who would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many people who would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many people who would actually
+say that this moment in American Film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this moment in American Film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this moment in American Film is
+actually one of the and I think I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the and I think I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the and I think I might
+say this is one uh is one of the it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is one uh is one of the it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is one uh is one of the it's a
+moment of great artistic achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of great artistic achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of great artistic achievement
+whatever we would say about the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we would say about the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we would say about the early
+70s and maybe the Whole Decade of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and maybe the Whole Decade of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and maybe the Whole Decade of the
+70s we we we we could call it a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s we we we we could call it a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s we we we we could call it a moment
+or a period of profound transition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a period of profound transition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a period of profound transition a
+great artistic achievement but also but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great artistic achievement but also but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great artistic achievement but also but
+an achievement gotten at a profound cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an achievement gotten at a profound cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an achievement gotten at a profound cost
+uh a fundamental irreversible shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a fundamental irreversible shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a fundamental irreversible shift in
+the relation of American movies to Their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of American movies to Their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of American movies to Their
+audience okay so that's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience okay so that's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience okay so that's the basic idea
+but what did this shift look like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did this shift look like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did this shift look like what
+did it feel like well I I've suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it feel like well I I've suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it feel like well I I've suggested
+that it's grungier more ironic more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's grungier more ironic more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's grungier more ironic more
+anti- more much deeply anti-heroic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- more much deeply anti-heroic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- more much deeply anti-heroic and
+one way I can capture this is by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I can capture this is by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I can capture this is by taking
+a scene from one of the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scene from one of the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scene from one of the characteristic
+really defining actors of the 1970s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really defining actors of the 1970s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really defining actors of the 1970s uh
+of the of the what we might call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the what we might call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the what we might call the
+postc consensus era uh the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postc consensus era uh the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postc consensus era uh the post
+Hollywood era Jack Nicholson well I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood era Jack Nicholson well I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood era Jack Nicholson well I want
+to show you uh what is in some sense his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you uh what is in some sense his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you uh what is in some sense his
+signature scene and even people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature scene and even people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature scene and even people who
+haven't seen five easy PE pieces where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen five easy PE pieces where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen five easy PE pieces where
+this uh fragment comes from know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh fragment comes from know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh fragment comes from know about
+this scene uh what I want to propose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene uh what I want to propose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene uh what I want to propose to
+you as you look at the scene is think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you look at the scene is think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you look at the scene is think
+about Jack Nicholson's behavior in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jack Nicholson's behavior in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jack Nicholson's behavior in this
+scene and ask yourself is it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and ask yourself is it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and ask yourself is it possible to
+imagine one of the classic much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine one of the classic much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine one of the classic much more
+dignified Heroes of the uh uh male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignified Heroes of the uh uh male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignified Heroes of the uh uh male
+protagonists movie stars from an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists movie stars from an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonists movie stars from an earlier
+era behaving in the same way could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era behaving in the same way could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era behaving in the same way could we
+Imagine John Wayne behaving this way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine John Wayne behaving this way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine John Wayne behaving this way or
+could we imagine Jimmy Stewart behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we imagine Jimmy Stewart behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we imagine Jimmy Stewart behaving
+this way or Henry fond behavior and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or Henry fond behavior and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or Henry fond behavior and of
+course the answer I'm sure as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer I'm sure as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the answer I'm sure as you'll
+recognize is no here is the scene then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is no here is the scene then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize is no here is the scene then
+from Five Easy Pieces some people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Five Easy Pieces some people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Five Easy Pieces some people would
+call it Jack Nicholson's signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Jack Nicholson's signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Jack Nicholson's signature
+moment I'd like a plain omelet no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'd like a plain omelet no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'd like a plain omelet no
+potatoes Tomatoes instead a cup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes Tomatoes instead a cup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes Tomatoes instead a cup of
+coffee and toast no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee and toast no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee and toast no
+substitution what do you mean you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what do you mean you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what do you mean you don't
+have any Tomatoes only what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Tomatoes only what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any Tomatoes only what's on the
+menu it can have a number two a plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu it can have a number two a plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu it can have a number two a plain
+omelet comes with cottage fries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omelet comes with cottage fries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omelet comes with cottage fries and
+rolls now I know what it comes with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls now I know what it comes with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls now I know what it comes with but
+it's not what I want I'll come back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what I want I'll come back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not what I want I'll come back when
+you make up your mind wait a minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make up your mind wait a minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make up your mind wait a minute I
+have made up my mind I'd like a plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made up my mind I'd like a plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made up my mind I'd like a plain
+omelet no potatoes on the plate a cup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omelet no potatoes on the plate a cup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omelet no potatoes on the plate a cup of
+coffee and a side order of wheat toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee and a side order of wheat toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee and a side order of wheat toast
+I'm sorry we don't have any side orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry we don't have any side orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry we don't have any side orders
+of toast out give you all English muffin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toast out give you all English muffin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toast out give you all English muffin
+or a coffee roll what do you mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a coffee roll what do you mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a coffee roll what do you mean you
+don't make side orders of toast you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make side orders of toast you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make side orders of toast you make
+sandwiches don't don't you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwiches don't don't you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwiches don't don't you would you
+like to talk to the manager hey Mac shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk to the manager hey Mac shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk to the manager hey Mac shut
+up you've got bread and a toaster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you've got bread and a toaster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you've got bread and a toaster of
+some kind I don't make the rules okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind I don't make the rules okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind I don't make the rules okay
+I'll make it as easy for you as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make it as easy for you as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make it as easy for you as I can
+I'd like an omelet plain and a chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like an omelet plain and a chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like an omelet plain and a chicken
+salad sandwich on wheat toast no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad sandwich on wheat toast no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad sandwich on wheat toast no
+mayonnaise no butter no lettuce and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayonnaise no butter no lettuce and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayonnaise no butter no lettuce and a
+cup of coffee number two chicken Sal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of coffee number two chicken Sal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of coffee number two chicken Sal
+sand whole of butter the lettuce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand whole of butter the lettuce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand whole of butter the lettuce the
+mayonnaise and a cup of coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayonnaise and a cup of coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayonnaise and a cup of coffee
+anything else yeah now all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah now all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah now all you have to
+do is hold the chicken bring me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is hold the chicken bring me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is hold the chicken bring me the
+toast give me a check for the chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast give me a check for the chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toast give me a check for the chicken
+salad sandwich and you haven't broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad sandwich and you haven't broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salad sandwich and you haven't broken
+any rules you want me to hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules you want me to hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rules you want me to hold the
+chicken huh I want you to hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken huh I want you to hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken huh I want you to hold it
+between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knees you see that sign sir yes you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees you see that sign sir yes you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees you see that sign sir yes you all
+have to leave I'm not taking any more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave I'm not taking any more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave I'm not taking any more of
+your smartness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your smartness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your smartness and
+sarcasm you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign fantastic that you figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign fantastic that you figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign fantastic that you figure that out
+now you've you've seen Nicholson in Far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've you've seen Nicholson in Far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've you've seen Nicholson in Far
+More frenetic moments in let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More frenetic moments in let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More frenetic moments in let's say the
+Batman movie right but the the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Batman movie right but the the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Batman movie right but the the essence
+of the Nicholson character that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Nicholson character that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Nicholson character that sort of
+uh he's actually calmer and nicer there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's actually calmer and nicer there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's actually calmer and nicer there
+than he normally is he has his Persona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he normally is he has his Persona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than he normally is he has his Persona
+has not been fully established at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been fully established at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been fully established at this
+early stage in his career but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage in his career but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage in his career but you can
+feel the energy there and and the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the energy there and and the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the energy there and and the the um
+um the hostility to to to rule I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hostility to to to rule I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hostility to to to rule I mean I
+think we're supposed to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're supposed to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're supposed to be on
+Nicholson's side in that film uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson's side in that film uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson's side in that film uh but
+when he knocks that stuff off the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he knocks that stuff off the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he knocks that stuff off the table
+uh he's doing something that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's doing something that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's doing something that we would
+never that we would never uh uh imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never that we would never uh uh imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never that we would never uh uh imagine
+uh a classic Hollywood hero to have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a classic Hollywood hero to have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a classic Hollywood hero to have done
+and I don't want to put too great uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to put too great uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to put too great uh an
+emphasis on a single scene but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on a single scene but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on a single scene but if you
+think about Nicholson's incarnations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Nicholson's incarnations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Nicholson's incarnations
+after that movie you'll understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that movie you'll understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that movie you'll understand how
+decisively and fully uh a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively and fully uh a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisively and fully uh a new kind of
+actor has has emerged in the 1970s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor has has emerged in the 1970s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor has has emerged in the 1970s and
+you might talk about some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might talk about some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might talk about some of the other
+about some of the other actor that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actor that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actor that you
+can do the other sheet there Greg uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the other sheet there Greg uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the other sheet there Greg uh
+about some of the other actors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the other actors that
+emerge in this period Warren batty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period Warren batty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period Warren batty
+Elliot ghou Dustin Hoffman Robert dairo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot ghou Dustin Hoffman Robert dairo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot ghou Dustin Hoffman Robert dairo
+um fewer uh female stars emerge in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fewer uh female stars emerge in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fewer uh female stars emerge in this
+period but they're important some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but they're important some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but they're important some of
+them did begin their careers around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did begin their careers around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them did begin their careers around this
+time and had and they also the even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and had and they also the even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and had and they also the even even
+the actresses uh stand in a in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actresses uh stand in a in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actresses uh stand in a in the same
+sort of um uh uh ironizing and and U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um uh uh ironizing and and U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um uh uh ironizing and and U uh
+U anti an heroic relation to uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U anti an heroic relation to uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U anti an heroic relation to uh their
+ancestors as the male actors do we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors as the male actors do we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors as the male actors do we might
+think about Julie Christie who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Julie Christie who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Julie Christie who is the
+co-star of tonight's film in mccab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-star of tonight's film in mccab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-star of tonight's film in mccab and
+Mrs Miller or Jane Fonda or or or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller or Jane Fonda or or or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller or Jane Fonda or or or or the
+actress Fay dunway who who does such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress Fay dunway who who does such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress Fay dunway who who does such a
+brilliant job in the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant job in the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant job in the characteristic
+early uh 70s film Chinatown and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh 70s film Chinatown and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh 70s film Chinatown and each of
+these performers uh has as I suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these performers uh has as I suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these performers uh has as I suggested
+as I've suggested a a sort of grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've suggested a a sort of grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've suggested a a sort of grungy
+ironized non-heroic relationship ship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironized non-heroic relationship ship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironized non-heroic relationship ship to
+the to the iconic figures of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the iconic figures of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the iconic figures of of of the
+Hollywood past and this something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood past and this something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood past and this something of the
+same thing is true about the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true about the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing is true about the kinds of
+directors and the kinds of films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and the kinds of films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and the kinds of films that
+emerge in this period as well uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period as well uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge in this period as well uh it's
+the period in which some directors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period in which some directors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period in which some directors who
+then became dominant figures over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became dominant figures over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became dominant figures over the
+next 30 Years Martin scorsi Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years Martin scorsi Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years Martin scorsi Roman
+palansky Alan J picula Francis Ford Copa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palansky Alan J picula Francis Ford Copa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palansky Alan J picula Francis Ford Copa
+Sam penpa Alman himself Stanley cubrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam penpa Alman himself Stanley cubrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam penpa Alman himself Stanley cubrick
+all of these really distinctive urist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these really distinctive urist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these really distinctive urist
+directors emerge decisively in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors emerge decisively in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors emerge decisively in this
+period and again uh the the films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and again uh the the films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and again uh the the films that
+they make have a kind of personal stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make have a kind of personal stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make have a kind of personal stamp
+that would not have been possible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have been possible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have been possible in the
+studio era so even though film and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio era so even though film and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio era so even though film and of
+course what I've left out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I've left out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what I've left out of the
+equation and talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and talking about the
+transformation uh of American movies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh of American movies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh of American movies is
+the reminder that it was in the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reminder that it was in the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reminder that it was in the period
+from 1950 through the late 60s or early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1950 through the late 60s or early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1950 through the late 60s or early
+70s that the apparatus of the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that the apparatus of the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that the apparatus of the old
+Hollywood System began to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood System began to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood System began to break down
+movies continued to be made but the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies continued to be made but the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies continued to be made but the old
+Studios were by the end of the 60s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios were by the end of the 60s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studios were by the end of the 60s or
+really dissolved the studios no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dissolved the studios no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dissolved the studios no longer
+held contracts for dozens if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held contracts for dozens if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held contracts for dozens if not
+hundreds of actors and uh and and armies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of actors and uh and and armies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of actors and uh and and armies
+of of uh technicians and so forth to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh technicians and so forth to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh technicians and so forth to to
+uh the mass production system that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the mass production system that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the mass production system that had
+been characteristic of Hollywood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been characteristic of Hollywood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been characteristic of Hollywood for
+most of the 20th century had broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the 20th century had broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the 20th century had broken down
+by the end of the 70s and what movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of the 70s and what movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of the 70s and what movies
+really had become essentially were deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had become essentially were deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had become essentially were deals
+you got a A Bank of star to agree to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a A Bank of star to agree to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a A Bank of star to agree to a
+script you get the screen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script you get the screen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script you get the screen the
+screenwriter to agree to do the work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter to agree to do the work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter to agree to do the work uh
+you go to the moneymen and you say I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the moneymen and you say I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the moneymen and you say I've
+got Nicholson and I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Nicholson and I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Nicholson and I've got this
+screenwriter how about if we go ahead on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter how about if we go ahead on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter how about if we go ahead on
+the movie very different from the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie very different from the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie very different from the days
+in which the studio bosses would sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the studio bosses would sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the studio bosses would sit
+down and say we have to we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and say we have to we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and say we have to we have to
+produce X number of films this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce X number of films this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce X number of films this year
+let's decide how many westerns how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's decide how many westerns how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's decide how many westerns how many
+comedies uh we want to make let's decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies uh we want to make let's decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies uh we want to make let's decide
+how we want to use Barbara Stanwick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we want to use Barbara Stanwick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we want to use Barbara Stanwick this
+year that sort of thing that game is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that sort of thing that game is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that sort of thing that game is all
+over so that so that from the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so that so that from the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so that so that from the economic
+circumstances and the phys physical ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and the phys physical ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and the phys physical ways
+in which movies are made have undergone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which movies are made have undergone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which movies are made have undergone
+a transformation as well every movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation as well every movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformation as well every movie
+becomes a kind of major product uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a kind of major product uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a kind of major product uh and
+even though the studio names survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the studio names survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the studio names survive
+beyond the 1960s uh they're just names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the 1960s uh they're just names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the 1960s uh they're just names
+they're just labels now they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just labels now they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just labels now they they they
+actually no longer represent what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no longer represent what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no longer represent what they
+had in the studio era a not only not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the studio era a not only not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the studio era a not only not not
+only a particular number of films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a particular number of films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a particular number of films that
+each Studio would pump out each year but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Studio would pump out each year but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Studio would pump out each year but
+but Holdings in land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Holdings in land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Holdings in land
+and Major Movie Studios with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Major Movie Studios with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Major Movie Studios with all the
+with all the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the uh um
+supporting material and Personnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting material and Personnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting material and Personnel
+necessary to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to run a
+systematic a systematic operation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic a systematic operation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic a systematic operation for
+the mass production of movies that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass production of movies that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass production of movies that that
+that game is over by the time the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game is over by the time the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game is over by the time the the
+but really by the time the 70s begin um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really by the time the 70s begin um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really by the time the 70s begin um
+so and if you actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if you actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if you actually look at the
+physical appearance of the actors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical appearance of the actors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical appearance of the actors of
+this period you can see that they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period you can see that they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period you can see that they look
+less Grand they look less large they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Grand they look less large they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Grand they look less large they
+they're literally often not as tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're literally often not as tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're literally often not as tall
+Dustin Huffman's a shrimp he's even sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dustin Huffman's a shrimp he's even sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dustin Huffman's a shrimp he's even sh
+than I am when he acts with some female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I am when he acts with some female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I am when he acts with some female
+stars they have to put him on a box so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars they have to put him on a box so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars they have to put him on a box so
+he doesn't look like he's too small they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't look like he's too small they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't look like he's too small they
+don't photograph the box of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't photograph the box of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't photograph the box of course uh
+and uh there's something not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's something not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's something not exactly
+wimpish but ironic or outlaw uh an UNH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wimpish but ironic or outlaw uh an UNH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wimpish but ironic or outlaw uh an UNH
+wholesomeness of a nervousness or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesomeness of a nervousness or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesomeness of a nervousness or a
+sense of explosive anger that might the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of explosive anger that might the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of explosive anger that might the
+Nicholson character is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson character is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson character is a wonderful
+instance of that that might emerge these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of that that might emerge these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of that that might emerge these
+qualities the the the instability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities the the the instability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities the the the instability of the
+idea of the hero is part of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the hero is part of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the hero is part of what is
+emerging in these in these in these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging in these in these in these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging in these in these in these uh
+periods and I have another clip I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and I have another clip I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and I have another clip I want
+to show you that I think can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that I think can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that I think can capture
+another part of this it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of this it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of this it will also
+illustrate the new sort of grungy type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the new sort of grungy type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the new sort of grungy type
+hero uh uh and and movie star who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero uh uh and and movie star who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero uh uh and and movie star who
+emerges in this period but it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges in this period but it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges in this period but it will also
+tell you something else about the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something else about the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something else about the way in
+which these Transformations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these Transformations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these Transformations and
+subversions were expressed in films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversions were expressed in films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversions were expressed in films
+themselves and this is a film this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this is a film this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and this is a film this is a
+a uh clip from the end of another Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh clip from the end of another Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh clip from the end of another Robert
+Alman movie made roughly around the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman movie made roughly around the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman movie made roughly around the same
+time it's also a genre film and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's also a genre film and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's also a genre film and like
+mcab and Mrs Miller it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab and Mrs Miller it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab and Mrs Miller it's a kind of
+antire film it uses the trappings of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antire film it uses the trappings of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antire film it uses the trappings of a
+traditional genre but he turns those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional genre but he turns those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional genre but he turns those
+trappings a skew in ways that make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trappings a skew in ways that make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trappings a skew in ways that make the
+audience nervous in ways that depart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience nervous in ways that depart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience nervous in ways that depart
+from not just the standard expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not just the standard expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not just the standard expectations
+of the genre but even the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genre but even the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genre but even the moral
+assumptions that are made by the genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that are made by the genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that are made by the genre
+in in this case the moral assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this case the moral assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this case the moral assumption
+that is most decisively undercut as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is most decisively undercut as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is most decisively undercut as you
+will see has to do with the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see has to do with the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see has to do with the moral
+rectitude of the hero himself and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectitude of the hero himself and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectitude of the hero himself and uh
+this expresses itself all the through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expresses itself all the through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expresses itself all the through
+many of these stories and many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these stories and many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these stories and many of these
+films but it often expresses itself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films but it often expresses itself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films but it often expresses itself with
+particular Clarity in the endings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Clarity in the endings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Clarity in the endings of
+films and I want you to look so watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and I want you to look so watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and I want you to look so watch
+for the kind of actor that Elliot G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kind of actor that Elliot G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kind of actor that Elliot G is
+because he's the St he plays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's the St he plays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's the St he plays the
+detective in this uh sequence I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective in this uh sequence I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective in this uh sequence I want you
+to look now at the final really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look now at the final really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look now at the final really sort of
+the climactic sequence the dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climactic sequence the dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climactic sequence the dramatic
+ending of an Alman detective film uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending of an Alman detective film uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending of an Alman detective film uh a
+remake of of of of a film by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake of of of of a film by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remake of of of of a film by the same
+title based on a novel by the same title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title based on a novel by the same title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title based on a novel by the same title
+uh going back into the 20s uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going back into the 20s uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going back into the 20s uh it's
+uh a film entitled The Long goodbye and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a film entitled The Long goodbye and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a film entitled The Long goodbye and
+it stars it stars Raymond Chandler's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stars it stars Raymond Chandler's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stars it stars Raymond Chandler's
+most famous private eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous private eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous private eye
+uh private eye private eye figure he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh private eye private eye figure he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh private eye private eye figure he had
+been play this private eye figure had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been play this private eye figure had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been play this private eye figure had
+been played in the past by some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been played in the past by some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been played in the past by some of the
+some of the uh by by a series of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh by by a series of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh by by a series of really
+sort of tough guy Hollywood leads and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tough guy Hollywood leads and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tough guy Hollywood leads and in
+and in alman's version of the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in alman's version of the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in alman's version of the long
+goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye
+I think Robert Mitchum in fact a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Robert Mitchum in fact a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Robert Mitchum in fact a very
+Hulk bulky kind of tough studly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hulk bulky kind of tough studly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hulk bulky kind of tough studly kind of
+actor had had played the role at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor had had played the role at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor had had played the role at least
+once previously in alman's version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once previously in alman's version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once previously in alman's version of
+the film Elliot G plays the role and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film Elliot G plays the role and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film Elliot G plays the role and
+Elliot G is a kind of as some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot G is a kind of as some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot G is a kind of as some of you
+know if you've seen his acting is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've seen his acting is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've seen his acting is a is
+an actor for the for the modern age in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor for the for the modern age in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor for the for the modern age in
+some ways he's he talks to himself a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways he's he talks to himself a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways he's he talks to himself a lot
+he he always projects a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he always projects a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he always projects a kind of
+anti-heroic demeanor so so the remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-heroic demeanor so so the remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-heroic demeanor so so the remember
+we've said also that the that the ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said also that the that the ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said also that the that the ending
+ings of genre forms are often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ings of genre forms are often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ings of genre forms are often very
+conventionalized think about the endings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionalized think about the endings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionalized think about the endings
+of situation comedy as an example or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation comedy as an example or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation comedy as an example or the
+way in which at the end of certain forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which at the end of certain forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which at the end of certain forms
+of melodrama you expect every you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of melodrama you expect every you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of melodrama you expect every you you
+expect certain forms of reassurance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect certain forms of reassurance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect certain forms of reassurance uh
+that things will work out or have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things will work out or have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things will work out or have worked
+out right uh uh one of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right uh uh one of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right uh uh one of the fundamental
+functions of the happy ending of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the happy ending of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the happy ending of most
+genre forms in the classic age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre forms in the classic age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre forms in the classic age of
+Hollywood was precisely to return us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood was precisely to return us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood was precisely to return us to
+that form of reassurance all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form of reassurance all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form of reassurance all right so
+here is the ending of a film of a detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the ending of a film of a detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the ending of a film of a detect
+film called The Long goodbye starring St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called The Long goodbye starring St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called The Long goodbye starring St
+starring Elliot Gould and perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring Elliot Gould and perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starring Elliot Gould and perhaps the
+only thing I need to do to intro int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I need to do to intro int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I need to do to intro int
+introduce the scene is to Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the scene is to Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the scene is to Simply
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+that the detective's quest has led him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the detective's quest has led him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the detective's quest has led him
+finally at the end of the film to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of the film to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the end of the film to sort
+of solve the mystery and he's found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solve the mystery and he's found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solve the mystery and he's found the
+man who has committed the horrendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who has committed the horrendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man who has committed the horrendous
+crimes he's been he's been investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes he's been he's been investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crimes he's been he's been investigating
+through the film and the man turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the film and the man turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the film and the man turns out
+to be a f to have been a friend of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a f to have been a friend of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a f to have been a friend of his
+someone he had known and in fact someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone he had known and in fact someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone he had known and in fact someone
+someone who had taken advantage of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who had taken advantage of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who had taken advantage of him
+and here's the very end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film how you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Terry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Marlo I guess if anybody's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marlo I guess if anybody's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marlo I guess if anybody's going to
+track me down it would be you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track me down it would be you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track me down it would be you want to
+drink or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink or something
+no I don't want no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't want no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't want no
+drink you get a kick out of that Madison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you get a kick out of that Madison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you get a kick out of that Madison
+I sent you yeah I got a big kick out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent you yeah I got a big kick out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent you yeah I got a big kick out of
+it so you murdered your wife H Terry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you murdered your wife H Terry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you murdered your wife H Terry
+well I killed her but you can't call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I killed her but you can't call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I killed her but you can't call it
+murder Wade told her about Eileen and me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder Wade told her about Eileen and me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murder Wade told her about Eileen and me
+she started screaming she was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she started screaming she was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she started screaming she was going to
+tell the cops she knew I was carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the cops she knew I was carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the cops she knew I was carrying
+money for Augustine she was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for Augustine she was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for Augustine she was going to
+turn me in I hit her I didn't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn me in I hit her I didn't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn me in I hit her I didn't try to
+kill her I hit her I didn't mean it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill her I hit her I didn't mean it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill her I hit her I didn't mean it I
+saw the photographs boy you bashed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the photographs boy you bashed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the photographs boy you bashed your
+face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face in
+she didn't give me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice you didn't have much choice huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you didn't have much choice huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you didn't have much choice huh
+see you used me hell that's what friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you used me hell that's what friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you used me hell that's what friends
+are for I was in a jam come on have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for I was in a jam come on have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for I was in a jam come on have a
+drink I had a dead wife $350,000 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink I had a dead wife $350,000 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink I had a dead wife $350,000 that
+doesn't belong to me I had to get out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to me I had to get out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to me I had to get out it
+as simple as that simple as that goddamn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that simple as that goddamn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that simple as that goddamn
+simple cops had me legally dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cops had me legally dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cops had me legally dead
+Augustine's got his money he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine's got his money he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine's got his money he's not
+looking for me anymore I got a girl that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for me anymore I got a girl that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for me anymore I got a girl that
+loves me she got more money than Sylvia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves me she got more money than Sylvia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves me she got more money than Sylvia
+and Augustine put together the hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Augustine put together the hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Augustine put together the hell
+nobody cares yeah nobody cares but me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares yeah nobody cares but me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody cares yeah nobody cares but me
+well bet you Marlo you'll never learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well bet you Marlo you'll never learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well bet you Marlo you'll never learn
+you're a born Loser yeah I even lost my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat
+pretty shocking the hero of the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty shocking the hero of the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty shocking the hero of the movie
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+protagonist the guy the guy we identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist the guy the guy we identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist the guy the guy we identify
+with all the way through commits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the way through commits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the way through commits
+coldblooded murder in the very he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldblooded murder in the very he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldblooded murder in the very he's a
+vigilante commits coldblooded murder at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilante commits coldblooded murder at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilante commits coldblooded murder at
+the end of the film and that is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the film and that is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the film and that is the end
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film he gets away with it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film he gets away with it I mean
+it's a so but there is a kind of Justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a so but there is a kind of Justice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a so but there is a kind of Justice
+done at the end of the film in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the end of the film in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the end of the film in a kind of
+narrow way because the murderer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow way because the murderer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow way because the murderer is
+caught and punished but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and punished but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught and punished but it's the
+detective and incidentally this violates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective and incidentally this violates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective and incidentally this violates
+what happens in the original novel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the original novel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the original novel it
+violates what Happ happens in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates what Happ happens in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates what Happ happens in the first
+film version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film version of the
+novel but think what think what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel but think what think what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel but think what think what happens
+to genre forms not only when the hero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to genre forms not only when the hero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to genre forms not only when the hero or
+the protagonist becomes grungy ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protagonist becomes grungy ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protagonist becomes grungy ironic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-heroic in his behavior and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anti-heroic in his behavior and and
+and demeanor and then when the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demeanor and then when the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demeanor and then when the story
+itself begins to undermine the deepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself begins to undermine the deepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself begins to undermine the deepest
+assumptions about heroism and righteous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about heroism and righteous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about heroism and righteous
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that seems to uh have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that seem to justify or underguard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that seem to justify or underguard
+these endings uh far from a Happ I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these endings uh far from a Happ I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these endings uh far from a Happ I mean
+in a way one could say it's a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way one could say it's a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way one could say it's a happy
+ending if one wants if one has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending if one wants if one has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending if one wants if one has a very
+austere notion of Justice uh um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austere notion of Justice uh um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+austere notion of Justice uh um and
+almost an inhuman notion of justice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost an inhuman notion of justice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost an inhuman notion of justice but
+what about this protagonist who does his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this protagonist who does his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this protagonist who does his
+who does his own vigilante justice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does his own vigilante justice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does his own vigilante justice and
+uh when the when the film first appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the when the film first appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the when the film first appeared
+I can't EXA I I I it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't EXA I I I it's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't EXA I I I it's impossible to
+exaggerate the effect this shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate the effect this shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate the effect this shocking
+ending had on because why one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending had on because why one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending had on because why one reason
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so shocking of course is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so shocking of course is that the
+generic expectation run so totally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic expectation run so totally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic expectation run so totally in
+the opposite direction that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction that the most
+coldblooded murderer in the film should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldblooded murderer in the film should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldblooded murderer in the film should
+be the character with whom you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the character with whom you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the character with whom you've
+identified all the way through who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified all the way through who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified all the way through who is
+supposed to be solving the crime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be solving the crime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be solving the crime and
+bringing evil to Justice should turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing evil to Justice should turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing evil to Justice should turn out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evil himself in in in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evil himself in in in such a
+shocking and brutal way undermines some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking and brutal way undermines some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking and brutal way undermines some
+of the most uh basic assumptions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most uh basic assumptions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most uh basic assumptions you
+make about the kind of safety that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about the kind of safety that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about the kind of safety that the
+genre of the detective story seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the detective story seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of the detective story seems to
+afford to its viewers right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to its viewers right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to its viewers right and this is
+not an isolated instance as you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an isolated instance as you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an isolated instance as you see in
+tonight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's
+film Alman does almost exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Alman does almost exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Alman does almost exactly the same
+thing with the with the Western that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the with the Western that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the with the Western that he
+does in the long goodbye to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in the long goodbye to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in the long goodbye to the
+detective story and I'll return tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story and I'll return tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story and I'll return tonight
+to a little bit more to say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a little bit more to say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the particular ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the particular ways in which
+mccab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Miller embodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller embodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller embodies
+this notion I've been suggesting to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion I've been suggesting to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion I've been suggesting to uh
+embodies the the the the anti- generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies the the the the anti- generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies the the the the anti- generic
+or or subversive principles of the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or subversive principles of the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or subversive principles of the kinds
+of movies that begin to emerge at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies that begin to emerge at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movies that begin to emerge at the
+end of the 60s and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the 60s and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the 60s and in the
+19 and in the 1970s well I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 and in the 1970s well I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 and in the 1970s well I've already
+talked to you about the social history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about the social history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you about the social history
+of the uh uh 60s and 70s and I I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh 60s and 70s and I I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh uh 60s and 70s and I I I don't
+want to uh repeat myself but there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh repeat myself but there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh repeat myself but there were
+some things that I left out in my quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that I left out in my quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that I left out in my quick
+account earlier so let's return briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account earlier so let's return briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account earlier so let's return briefly
+to remember the sequence of presidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the sequence of presidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember the sequence of presidents
+because of course the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course the sequence of
+presidents uh Kennedy to John who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents uh Kennedy to John who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents uh Kennedy to John who was
+assassin ated in the early 60s right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin ated in the early 60s right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin ated in the early 60s right
+already the social Fabric in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the social Fabric in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the social Fabric in the United
+States was frayed to the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was frayed to the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was frayed to the point of
+breaking by the end of the 60s those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking by the end of the 60s those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking by the end of the 60s those of
+us who live through it will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who live through it will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who live through it will always
+remember it as an as an astonishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it as an as an astonishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it as an as an astonishingly
+polarized time uh and uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized time uh and uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized time uh and uh in the
+progression from Kennedy to Johnson to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression from Kennedy to Johnson to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression from Kennedy to Johnson to
+Nixon there is a social history in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nixon there is a social history in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nixon there is a social history in which
+that uh change in the society is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh change in the society is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh change in the society is uh is
+of course implied and of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course implied and of course it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course implied and of course it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes in a way with that with the
+ 
+
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+concludes in a way with that with the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible event of of of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible event of of of the the
+Watergate scandal the Watergate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate scandal the Watergate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate scandal the Watergate
+investigations in which for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations in which for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations in which for the first
+time in our history a sitting president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our history a sitting president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our history a sitting president
+resigned so you can see that the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned so you can see that the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned so you can see that the social
+the outward social and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outward social and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outward social and of course the
+Watergate uh uh Scandal raised doubts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate uh uh Scandal raised doubts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate uh uh Scandal raised doubts
+about the probity and decency uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probity and decency uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probity and decency uh of the
+highest officers of our government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest officers of our government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest officers of our government and
+and while that might not seem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while that might not seem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while that might not seem so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising in the age of in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising in the age of in in in the
+age of of uh uh I have to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of of uh uh I have to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of of uh uh I have to avoid
+offending some of you in the in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offending some of you in the in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offending some of you in the in our
+current situation where it's very where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation where it's very where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current situation where it's very where
+it isn't that difficult to doubt what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't that difficult to doubt what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't that difficult to doubt what
+we're told by our government leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told by our government leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're told by our government leaders
+it's important to recognize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to recognize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to recognize that this
+not that this was a new experience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that this was a new experience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that this was a new experience for
+Americans governments always lie but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans governments always lie but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans governments always lie but
+there really was a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really was a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really was a sense of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+disillusionment with the fundamental
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+structures of the society that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the society that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the society that was
+emerging because of the Civil Rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging because of the Civil Rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging because of the Civil Rights
+Movement then because of the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement then because of the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement then because of the um uh
+because of the war in Vietnam where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the war in Vietnam where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the war in Vietnam where you
+know the uh and then and then also uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh and then and then also uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh and then and then also uh as
+a kind of as a kind of uh icing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of as a kind of uh icing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of as a kind of uh icing on the
+cake in in a certain sense a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake in in a certain sense a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake in in a certain sense a kind of
+terrible addition to this strengthening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible addition to this strengthening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible addition to this strengthening
+or weakening the country but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weakening the country but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or weakening the country but
+strengthening this sense of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening this sense of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthening this sense of polarization
+and disturbance as if nothing can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbance as if nothing can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disturbance as if nothing can be
+trusted as if our structures are falling
+
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+trusted as if our structures are falling
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+
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+trusted as if our structures are falling
+apart or are endangered in some way was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart or are endangered in some way was
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+
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+apart or are endangered in some way was
+the fact that the president in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the president in effect
+ 
+
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+the fact that the president in effect
+resigned rather than face impeachment
+
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+resigned rather than face impeachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned rather than face impeachment
+because of his because of his behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his because of his behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of his because of his behavior
+in in the in the Watergate business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the Watergate business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the Watergate business uh
+so the so so at the so the highest
+
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+so the so so at the so the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so so at the so the highest
+levels of government and the fundamental
+
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+levels of government and the fundamental
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of government were in play
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of government were in play
+and it would obviously in such a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would obviously in such a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would obviously in such a time
+it's not inappropriate you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not inappropriate you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not inappropriate you would expect
+the central story forms of a culture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central story forms of a culture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central story forms of a culture to
+reflect some disturbance but why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect some disturbance but why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect some disturbance but why is it
+not sufficient simply to urge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficient simply to urge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sufficient simply to urge this
+argument this social history argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this social history argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this social history argument to
+explain what happened to movies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what happened to movies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what happened to movies the
+simplest answer is if you look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest answer is if you look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest answer is if you look at what
+was on television at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on television at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on television at the same time you
+can certainly see television becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly see television becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly see television becoming
+more complex in fact the late ' 60s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex in fact the late ' 60s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex in fact the late ' 60s and
+early '70s are a transforming moment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early '70s are a transforming moment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early '70s are a transforming moment for
+television as well partly because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as well partly because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as well partly because that's
+the moment when television consciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment when television consciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment when television consciously
+realized that it has a more Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that it has a more Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that it has a more Central
+place in the society than the movies did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the society than the movies did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the society than the movies did
+it had for a while already achieved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had for a while already achieved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had for a while already achieved this
+but no one on either side of the Divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one on either side of the Divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one on either side of the Divide
+fully recognized it but by the late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully recognized it but by the late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully recognized it but by the late 60s
+and early 70s American television now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early 70s American television now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early 70s American television now
+knows itself to be the central medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows itself to be the central medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows itself to be the central medium of
+consensus narrative the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus narrative the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus narrative the society
+recognizes that the change has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that the change has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that the change has occurred
+I don't mean that legislation is passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that legislation is passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that legislation is passed
+I mean this understanding slowly Dawns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this understanding slowly Dawns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this understanding slowly Dawns
+over a period of time right and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time right and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time right and and uh
+there was a great sense among filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great sense among filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great sense among filmmakers
+of Liberation and freedom and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Liberation and freedom and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Liberation and freedom and they're
+not wrong about that I mean so the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wrong about that I mean so the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wrong about that I mean so the one
+might argue that the 70s is the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that the 70s is the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue that the 70s is the greatest
+decade of all in the history of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of all in the history of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade of all in the history of American
+movies so many remarkable films were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so many remarkable films were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so many remarkable films were
+made in that time uh and surely one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in that time uh and surely one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in that time uh and surely one of
+the reasons for it was film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons for it was film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons for it was film was
+liberated from the necessity to embrace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberated from the necessity to embrace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberated from the necessity to embrace
+what were ultimately although very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were ultimately although very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were ultimately although very
+generous principles they were still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous principles they were still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous principles they were still in
+the end conservative principles about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end conservative principles about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end conservative principles about
+how a story in a consensus medium can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a story in a consensus medium can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a story in a consensus medium can be
+told right so but but the but the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told right so but but the but the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told right so but but the but the reason
+that it isn't sufficient simply to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't sufficient simply to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't sufficient simply to to
+the reason that it is insufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it is insufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it is insufficient to
+the reason that the social history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that the social history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that the social history
+argument is insufficient for explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is insufficient for explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is insufficient for explaining
+the way movies changed is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way movies changed is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way movies changed is that if you
+look at television you can see a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at television you can see a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at television you can see a story
+system that's telling stories that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's telling stories that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's telling stories that are
+more complex and more ironized and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex and more ironized and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex and more ironized and do
+raise certain kinds of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise certain kinds of questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise certain kinds of questions about
+the social and political order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social and political order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social and political order that
+might be thought to be uh disturbing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be thought to be uh disturbing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be thought to be uh disturbing uh
+and even potentially subversive but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even potentially subversive but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even potentially subversive but on
+television the center holds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television the center holds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television the center holds on
+television the endings remain happy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television the endings remain happy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television the endings remain happy or
+at least reassure in mostly uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least reassure in mostly uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least reassure in mostly uh on
+television some of the very same genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television some of the very same genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television some of the very same genre
+forms especially detective and cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms especially detective and cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms especially detective and cops
+shows are all over the place fables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows are all over the place fables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows are all over the place fables of
+Law and Order fables of fables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law and Order fables of fables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law and Order fables of fables of
+Injustice and the stories that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice and the stories that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Injustice and the stories that are being
+told on television do not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told on television do not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told on television do not have the
+subversive completely anti-energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive completely anti-energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive completely anti-energy that
+were being told on television why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being told on television why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being told on television why not
+and again my answer is the movies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again my answer is the movies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again my answer is the movies have
+been supplanted by television that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supplanted by television that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supplanted by television that
+consensus role is now being played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus role is now being played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus role is now being played by
+television and one um uh uh um quite I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and one um uh uh um quite I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and one um uh uh um quite I
+think um um truly dramatic way uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um um truly dramatic way uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um um truly dramatic way uh in
+which we can in which we can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can in which we can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can in which we can recognize
+this uh uh development is to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh development is to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh development is to talk about
+the differences between the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between the movie
+versions the movie version and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions the movie version and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions the movie version and the
+television version of another Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of another Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of another Robert
+Alman text one of his uh distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman text one of his uh distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman text one of his uh distinctive
+films of the 1970s the movie MASH how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of the 1970s the movie MASH how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of the 1970s the movie MASH how
+many of you have seen alman's Mash only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen alman's Mash only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have seen alman's Mash only
+only two three not very many it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two three not very many it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two three not very many it's
+a a significant film not as remarkable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a significant film not as remarkable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a significant film not as remarkable I
+think in in in its in its full shape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in in in its in its full shape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in in in its in its full shape as
+uh uh the film you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the film you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the film you're going to see
+tonight but a but a very very remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight but a but a very very remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight but a but a very very remarkable
+film how many of you have seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film how many of you have seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film how many of you have seen the
+television show MASH a much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television show MASH a much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television show MASH a much larger
+number but still for an American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but still for an American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but still for an American
+environment a very small number I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment a very small number I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment a very small number I mean
+especially because the show was on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because the show was on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because the show was on for
+uh in its original run for some I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in its original run for some I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in its original run for some I forgot
+something like 11 years and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 11 years and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 11 years and then it's
+one of the longest running shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the longest running shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the longest running shows
+American history and then of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history and then of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American history and then of course it
+was in rerun for more than a decade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in rerun for more than a decade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in rerun for more than a decade in
+virtually every Market in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every Market in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every Market in the United
+States so there's hardly anyone over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so there's hardly anyone over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so there's hardly anyone over the
+age of probably uh 15 or 20 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of probably uh 15 or 20 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of probably uh 15 or 20 in the
+United States who hasn't seen many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States who hasn't seen many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States who hasn't seen many
+episodes of mash it's so it's somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of mash it's so it's somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodes of mash it's so it's somewhat
+surprising that a Rel that only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that a Rel that only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that a Rel that only a
+minority of you had seen it but but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority of you had seen it but but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority of you had seen it but but we
+can take the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the difference between the
+television version of that program of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of that program of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television version of that program of of
+that story and the movie version as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story and the movie version as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story and the movie version as a
+kind of emblem for this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emblem for this transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emblem for this transformation
+that I've been talking about and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about and you
+don't have to have seen either of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have seen either of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have seen either of the
+films fully to see what I what I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films fully to see what I what I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films fully to see what I what I have in
+mind uh the Elliot goul the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh the Elliot goul the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh the Elliot goul the character
+that you saw just a moment ago in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw just a moment ago in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw just a moment ago in in the
+in the clip from the long goodbye is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clip from the long goodbye is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clip from the long goodbye is one
+of this is one of the central doctors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is one of the central doctors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is one of the central doctors in
+in uh in the movie and the other doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the movie and the other doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the movie and the other doctor
+the partner doctor uh uh characters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partner doctor uh uh characters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partner doctor uh uh characters that
+are that that are played by Alan Alder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that are played by Alan Alder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that that are played by Alan Alder
+and a comrade who changes over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a comrade who changes over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a comrade who changes over the
+course of the full run of the show in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the full run of the show in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the full run of the show in
+the series uh the uh Elliot ghoul lays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh the uh Elliot ghoul lays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh the uh Elliot ghoul lays
+that character in the movies and his and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that character in the movies and his and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that character in the movies and his and
+his partner uh also varies in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his partner uh also varies in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his partner uh also varies in the in the
+film but what one but his most decisive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but what one but his most decisive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but what one but his most decisive
+partner is Donald southernland and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner is Donald southernland and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner is Donald southernland and
+Donald southernland is another of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald southernland is another of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald southernland is another of these
+sort of ironic uh anti-heroic actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ironic uh anti-heroic actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ironic uh anti-heroic actors
+often they they're often actors whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they they're often actors whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they they're often actors whose
+diction is odd they Mumble and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diction is odd they Mumble and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diction is odd they Mumble and they
+swallow their words uh they're sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow their words uh they're sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow their words uh they're sometimes
+literally harder to hear uh than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally harder to hear uh than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally harder to hear uh than their
+elocution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elocution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elocution
+arily Superior bad bad adjective uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arily Superior bad bad adjective uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arily Superior bad bad adjective uh uh
+adverb uh than than their than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb uh than than their than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverb uh than than their than their
+their better spoken uh ancestors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their better spoken uh ancestors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their better spoken uh ancestors in the
+classic age of Hollywood well in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic age of Hollywood well in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic age of Hollywood well in the in
+the the movie MASH made came out in 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the movie MASH made came out in 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the movie MASH made came out in 1970
+and it was a kind of disguised Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a kind of disguised Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a kind of disguised Vietnam
+Fable it was officially set based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fable it was officially set based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fable it was officially set based on a
+it was based on a on a on a novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was based on a on a on a novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was based on a on a on a novel
+describing a mash unit a medical unit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a mash unit a medical unit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a mash unit a medical unit in
+the Korean War and the movie dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Korean War and the movie dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Korean War and the movie dealt with
+the Korean War too ostensibly but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Korean War too ostensibly but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Korean War too ostensibly but it was
+clearly a metaphor for the current war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a metaphor for the current war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a metaphor for the current war
+that we were in and the doctors uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were in and the doctors uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were in and the doctors uh
+especially the two Central characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the two Central characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the two Central characters
+played by uh uh uh Elliot G and Donald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by uh uh uh Elliot G and Donald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by uh uh uh Elliot G and Donald
+Southerland are unbelievably subversive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southerland are unbelievably subversive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Southerland are unbelievably subversive
+figures they take their energies more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures they take their energies more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures they take their energies more
+from the counterculture than they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the counterculture than they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the counterculture than they do
+from any other source uh they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any other source uh they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any other source uh they have no
+respect for authority at all they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for authority at all they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for authority at all they're
+they they they they engage in forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they they engage in forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they they engage in forms of
+subversive monkey business all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive monkey business all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive monkey business all the way
+through this uh uh the the Alman version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this uh uh the the Alman version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this uh uh the the Alman version
+of mash when the movie is translated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mash when the movie is translated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mash when the movie is translated a
+year or two later still while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or two later still while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or two later still while the
+Vietnam war is on uh onto American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam war is on uh onto American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam war is on uh onto American
+television in 1972 I guess and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in 1972 I guess and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in 1972 I guess and the
+series is oddly quite a lot different it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is oddly quite a lot different it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is oddly quite a lot different it
+does still mobilize certain anti-war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does still mobilize certain anti-war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does still mobilize certain anti-war
+Sentiments of course uh and but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sentiments of course uh and but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sentiments of course uh and but the the
+the the television program which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the television program which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the television program which I think
+in in an artistic sense is probably over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an artistic sense is probably over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in an artistic sense is probably over
+the long run of its series better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run of its series better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run of its series better than
+the movie uh for all kinds of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie uh for all kinds of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie uh for all kinds of reasons
+partly because the characters evolve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because the characters evolve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because the characters evolve and
+change over time in the series in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time in the series in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over time in the series in a way
+they could not in the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could not in the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could not in the movie
+uh but the most decisive thing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the most decisive thing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the most decisive thing about it
+is that the movie that the television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the movie that the television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the movie that the television
+series retains some of the qualities it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series retains some of the qualities it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series retains some of the qualities it
+retains some of the qualities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains some of the qualities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains some of the qualities that we
+associate with with uh an anti- genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with with uh an anti- genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with with uh an anti- genre
+form it there are subversive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it there are subversive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form it there are subversive
+implications in it for sure but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in it for sure but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications in it for sure but the
+center holds in the television version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center holds in the television version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center holds in the television version
+why the when I say the center holds what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the when I say the center holds what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the when I say the center holds what
+I mean is that there remains in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is that there remains in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is that there remains in the film
+a respect for the larger structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a respect for the larger structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a respect for the larger structures of
+authority and order in the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and order in the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and order in the society
+however antic and subversive the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however antic and subversive the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however antic and subversive the doctors
+might behave in any particular instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might behave in any particular instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might behave in any particular instance
+uh the the the the um uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the the um uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the the um uh the the the
+literal behavior of the characters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal behavior of the characters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal behavior of the characters is
+often less grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often less grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often less grungy
+and doesn't flirt with pornography in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't flirt with pornography in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't flirt with pornography in
+the in on the television show as it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in on the television show as it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in on the television show as it does
+in the in the movie I don't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the movie I don't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the movie I don't mean that
+the movie is pornographic but it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is pornographic but it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie is pornographic but it's much
+more overt about sexual matters than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overt about sexual matters than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more overt about sexual matters than the
+than the television series is and it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the television series is and it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the television series is and it one
+of the best ways one can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best ways one can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best ways one can see the
+contrast is to contrast an actor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is to contrast an actor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is to contrast an actor like
+Alan Alder with an actor like Elliot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Alder with an actor like Elliot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan Alder with an actor like Elliot
+ghoul there's something dark and grungy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghoul there's something dark and grungy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghoul there's something dark and grungy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+reflective self aware about about Elliot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective self aware about about Elliot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective self aware about about Elliot
+Gould uh uh that one doesn't feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gould uh uh that one doesn't feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gould uh uh that one doesn't feel about
+Al Al is much easier in his skin than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al Al is much easier in his skin than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al Al is much easier in his skin than
+Elliot G one what one feels about Elliot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot G one what one feels about Elliot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elliot G one what one feels about Elliot
+G as about many of the actors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G as about many of the actors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G as about many of the actors that
+emerge as dominant stars in the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge as dominant stars in the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge as dominant stars in the 70s and
+Beyond is that they're afflicted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond is that they're afflicted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond is that they're afflicted by a
+kind of cosmic anxiet y that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cosmic anxiet y that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cosmic anxiet y that they're
+that they're fig that they're anxious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're fig that they're anxious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're fig that they're anxious
+figures that they're figures of damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that they're figures of damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that they're figures of damage
+in some way uh the war Warren batty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way uh the war Warren batty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way uh the war Warren batty is
+such an actor in many ways he's he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an actor in many ways he's he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an actor in many ways he's he's the
+star of tonight's film mcab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of tonight's film mcab and Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of tonight's film mcab and Mrs
+Miller there's a particularly wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller there's a particularly wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller there's a particularly wonderful
+film of the 1970s that I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film of the 1970s that I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film of the 1970s that I also want to
+mention to you after I complete my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention to you after I complete my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention to you after I complete my
+discourse about Mash so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse about Mash so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourse about Mash so these two
+versions of mash then sort of dramatize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of mash then sort of dramatize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of mash then sort of dramatize
+for us not that television becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us not that television becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us not that television becomes a
+especially by 1970 is is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by 1970 is is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by 1970 is is simply a
+reactionary medium that just repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactionary medium that just repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactionary medium that just repeats
+what the ruling class in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ruling class in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ruling class in the United
+States wants it to say it's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States wants it to say it's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States wants it to say it's a much more
+complicated medium than that but it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated medium than that but it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated medium than that but it is a
+consensus medium it understands that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus medium it understands that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus medium it understands that it
+has or it it operates according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has or it it operates according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has or it it operates according to
+certain Unwritten rules that the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Unwritten rules that the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Unwritten rules that the society
+as a whole has accepted and one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole has accepted and one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole has accepted and one of those
+rules is that in a consensus medium you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules is that in a consensus medium you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules is that in a consensus medium you
+can raise all kind mobilize all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can raise all kind mobilize all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can raise all kind mobilize all kinds of
+doubts and duties and and and and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts and duties and and and and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts and duties and and and and uh uh
+ironic perspectives on the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic perspectives on the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic perspectives on the larger
+culture are on the central values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture are on the central values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture are on the central values of the
+culture but you can't repudiate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture but you can't repudiate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture but you can't repudiate them
+completely you can't let people come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you can't let people come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you can't let people come out
+of a consensus medium thinking that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a consensus medium thinking that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a consensus medium thinking that the
+society is totally corrupt that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is totally corrupt that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is totally corrupt that there's
+no hope for the world uh right it's mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hope for the world uh right it's mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hope for the world uh right it's mean
+consensus systems won't allow it allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus systems won't allow it allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus systems won't allow it allow
+that they have a cons a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a cons a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a cons a kind of
+aesthetic and political conservatism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and political conservatism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and political conservatism
+built into them right uh and the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into them right uh and the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into them right uh and the movie
+MH shows how free it is of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH shows how free it is of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH shows how free it is of those
+consensus values the television show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus values the television show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus values the television show
+MASH on the contrary demonstrates how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MASH on the contrary demonstrates how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MASH on the contrary demonstrates how
+much pressure a particular genre may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much pressure a particular genre may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much pressure a particular genre may
+receive and still remain in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive and still remain in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive and still remain in some sense
+uh a consensus a consensus form and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a consensus a consensus form and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a consensus a consensus form and and
+in fact I mean it seems to me there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I mean it seems to me there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I mean it seems to me there are
+many arguments to be made for the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arguments to be made for the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arguments to be made for the idea
+that that Mash is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mash is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Mash is one of the most
+distinctive artistic achievements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive artistic achievements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive artistic achievements of
+American television that it that it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television that it that it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American television that it that it that
+it represents a culmination in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a culmination in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represents a culmination in some
+sense of series Traditions that go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of series Traditions that go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of series Traditions that go back
+almost 30 years by the time Mash appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 30 years by the time Mash appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 30 years by the time Mash appears
+uh but uh but that what gives it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh but that what gives it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh but that what gives it its
+real Authority and power is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Authority and power is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Authority and power is that it
+incorporates into itself uh a subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates into itself uh a subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporates into itself uh a subject
+matter that before the mid-60s anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that before the mid-60s anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that before the mid-60s anyway
+had never been on television before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been on television before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been on television before so
+it's not that the television that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the television that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the television that
+appears in the late 60s and early 70s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the late 60s and early 70s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the late 60s and early 70s is
+Trivial or foolish it's just that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial or foolish it's just that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trivial or foolish it's just that it is
+constrained by these consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by these consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by these consensus
+principles that no longer constrain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that no longer constrain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that no longer constrain that
+no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer
+constrain the American movie and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the American movie and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain the American movie and when we
+look at tonight's film you'll see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at tonight's film you'll see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at tonight's film you'll see very
+decisive examples of this and I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive examples of this and I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive examples of this and I'm I'm
+excited about how clearly mcab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about how clearly mcab and Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about how clearly mcab and Mrs
+Miller will crystallize the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller will crystallize the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller will crystallize the kinds of
+things I've been saying to you this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've been saying to you this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've been saying to you this this
+afternoon now now I I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon now now I I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon now now I I also want to
+mention uh uh this um other example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh uh this um other example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh uh this um other example a
+film I meant to mention earlier when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I meant to mention earlier when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I meant to mention earlier when I
+was going through these Notions about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going through these Notions about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going through these Notions about uh
+the way in which uh we have new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which uh we have new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which uh we have new
+different kinds of directors different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of directors different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of directors different
+kinds of actors different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of actors different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of actors different kinds of
+endings right which means that the style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings right which means that the style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings right which means that the style
+of the movies is often different as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies is often different as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movies is often different as well
+the visual texture of the film is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual texture of the film is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual texture of the film is they
+favor jump cuts and discontinuity tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor jump cuts and discontinuity tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor jump cuts and discontinuity tricks
+much more than the Classic Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the Classic Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the Classic Hollywood
+movie does and the the the film I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie does and the the the film I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie does and the the the film I wanted
+to tell you about is a film I I I meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about is a film I I I meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about is a film I I I meant
+to mention it earlier and I'll conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it earlier and I'll conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention it earlier and I'll conclude
+today's lecture with a a sort of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with a a sort of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture with a a sort of another
+example like the examples uh I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like the examples uh I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like the examples uh I've given
+so far uh in which uh uh what we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far uh in which uh uh what we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far uh in which uh uh what we get is
+a a profoundly subversive film whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a profoundly subversive film whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a profoundly subversive film whose
+presence would have been imposs 5 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence would have been imposs 5 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence would have been imposs 5 years
+earlier when the movie or 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when the movie or 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when the movie or 10 years
+earlier when the movies were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when the movies were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when the movies were still
+performing their concept function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing their concept function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing their concept function in
+American society and the film I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society and the film I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society and the film I'm
+thinking about is a film by the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is a film by the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is a film by the director
+Alan J Pula some people call him Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan J Pula some people call him Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alan J Pula some people call him Alan
+peculiar uh called The Parallax view any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar uh called The Parallax view any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar uh called The Parallax view any
+of you seen The Parallax view it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you seen The Parallax view it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you seen The Parallax view it's one
+of the it's one of the great films of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the it's one of the great films of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the it's one of the great films of
+this early per of this early 70s period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early per of this early 70s period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early per of this early 70s period
+and it's a uh it's a conspiracy fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a uh it's a conspiracy fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a uh it's a conspiracy fantasy
+film it's a fil and it it's um uh Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's a fil and it it's um uh Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's a fil and it it's um uh Warren
+batty plays the central character in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batty plays the central character in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batty plays the central character in the
+film his a a drunk uh and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film his a a drunk uh and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film his a a drunk uh and in fact the
+fact that he's a drunkard and radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he's a drunkard and radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that he's a drunkard and radically
+imperfect person is also characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect person is also characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect person is also characteristic
+of the kinds of Heroes that protagonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of Heroes that protagonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of Heroes that protagonist
+that we begin to see in the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we begin to see in the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we begin to see in the 70s and
+beone radically imperfect protagonists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beone radically imperfect protagonists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beone radically imperfect protagonists
+begin to become much more the norm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to become much more the norm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to become much more the norm in
+Hollywood in in American movies after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood in in American movies after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood in in American movies after
+the Hollywood system has declined well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hollywood system has declined well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hollywood system has declined well
+in this film Warren batty plays a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this film Warren batty plays a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this film Warren batty plays a a a a
+recovered alcoholic journalist who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered alcoholic journalist who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered alcoholic journalist who has
+been fired from a ser of important jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fired from a ser of important jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fired from a ser of important jobs
+and is now working for a minor newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is now working for a minor newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is now working for a minor newspaper
+in Seattle Washington uh his name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Seattle Washington uh his name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Seattle Washington uh his name is
+Fredy a i d y I think or maybe it's f r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredy a i d y I think or maybe it's f r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredy a i d y I think or maybe it's f r
+a d y but it's supposed to Echo afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d y but it's supposed to Echo afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d y but it's supposed to Echo afraid
+Fredy afraid he's like a Fredy cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredy afraid he's like a Fredy cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredy afraid he's like a Fredy cat is
+you're supposed to sort of partly feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to sort of partly feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to sort of partly feel
+in the film and he with with the help of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film and he with with the help of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the film and he with with the help of
+of of of a of a of a newspaper editor he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a of a of a newspaper editor he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a of a of a newspaper editor he
+works for he falls upon or stumbles upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for he falls upon or stumbles upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for he falls upon or stumbles upon
+what turns out to be a vast political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be a vast political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what turns out to be a vast political
+conspiracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspiracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspiracy
+uh he's actually present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's actually present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's actually present in the
+beginning of the film at what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the film at what looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the film at what looks like
+a random killing of a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random killing of a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random killing of a political
+candidate begins to investigate he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate begins to investigate he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate begins to investigate he
+discovers in fact that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers in fact that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers in fact that there was
+probably a conspiracy the guy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a conspiracy the guy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a conspiracy the guy was
+assassin the candidate was assassinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin the candidate was assassinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassin the candidate was assassinated
+and then he as a he goes undercover and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he as a he goes undercover and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he as a he goes undercover and
+he begins he he under he engages in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he begins he he under he engages in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he begins he he under he engages in a
+long investigation the shape of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long investigation the shape of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long investigation the shape of the film
+and the energies of the film are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energies of the film are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energies of the film are very
+like dozens of films we've seen earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dozens of films we've seen earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dozens of films we've seen earlier
+especially during the Hollywood era in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially during the Hollywood era in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially during the Hollywood era in
+which a lone her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a lone her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a lone her
+uh discovering terrible facts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discovering terrible facts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discovering terrible facts that are
+going that that are dangerous to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that that are dangerous to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going that that are dangerous to his
+community or his Society uh uh shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community or his Society uh uh shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community or his Society uh uh shows the
+courage and the fortitude and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage and the fortitude and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage and the fortitude and the and
+the uh resilience uh and the focus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh resilience uh and the focus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh resilience uh and the focus to
+follow through and solve the mystery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through and solve the mystery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through and solve the mystery and
+then save the world at the end in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then save the world at the end in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then save the world at the end in in the
+most elaborate versions of this fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most elaborate versions of this fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most elaborate versions of this fantasy
+what's at stake is the fate of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at stake is the fate of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's at stake is the fate of the world
+or the fate of a society in smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fate of a society in smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fate of a society in smaller
+versions it might be something somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions it might be something somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions it might be something somewhat
+less uh but and that's what it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh but and that's what it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh but and that's what it turns out
+here he penetrates into this conspiracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he penetrates into this conspiracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he penetrates into this conspiracy
+there are Illusions and references that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Illusions and references that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Illusions and references that
+make you especially at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you especially at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you especially at the end of the
+film associate the conspiracy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film associate the conspiracy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film associate the conspiracy with the
+with the Kennedy assassination um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Kennedy assassination um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Kennedy assassination um there
+there is in the in the film then a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the in the film then a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the in the film then a a
+kind of ongoing process in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ongoing process in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ongoing process in which the
+full nature of the conspiracy begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nature of the conspiracy begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nature of the conspiracy begins to
+emerge and in fact it is unbelievable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge and in fact it is unbelievable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge and in fact it is unbelievable I
+mean if if you actually saw the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if if you actually saw the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if if you actually saw the world in
+that way you probably couldn't even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you probably couldn't even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you probably couldn't even get
+a job in the white house I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job in the white house I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job in the white house I'm
+sorry but it's I mean it's a it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but it's I mean it's a it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but it's I mean it's a it's really
+a an unbelievably conspiratorial film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an unbelievably conspiratorial film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an unbelievably conspiratorial film in
+which it turns out that that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it turns out that that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it turns out that that there are
+uh that there is a a a sort of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there is a a a sort of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that there is a a a sort of network
+of corporate controllers who are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporate controllers who are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corporate controllers who are sort of
+in effect taking over the government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect taking over the government of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect taking over the government of
+the United States and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and they have
+unbelievable power and nobody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable power and nobody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable power and nobody knows
+about anyway that this detective has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anyway that this detective has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anyway that this detective has
+finally uncovered the plot and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uncovered the plot and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uncovered the plot and we we
+watch him do it and as the film comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch him do it and as the film comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch him do it and as the film comes to
+its conclusion what do we expect will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conclusion what do we expect will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its conclusion what do we expect will
+happen what's the normal expectation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what's the normal expectation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what's the normal expectation in
+such a film that that his Revelations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a film that that his Revelations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a film that that his Revelations
+will save the day right well in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save the day right well in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save the day right well in the very
+final sequences of this film we see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final sequences of this film we see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final sequences of this film we see what
+looks like a kind of Revelation scene in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a kind of Revelation scene in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a kind of Revelation scene in
+which our character Fred is uh uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our character Fred is uh uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our character Fred is uh uh he
+he's he's in a convention hall where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's in a convention hall where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's in a convention hall where
+they're about to hold a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about to hold a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're about to hold a political
+nominating convention in fact it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominating convention in fact it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominating convention in fact it's very
+resonant because the conspir the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant because the conspir the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant because the conspir the
+conspirators are trying to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspirators are trying to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conspirators are trying to trying to
+control that space as well and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that space as well and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that space as well and uh
+essentially he starts chasing a bad guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially he starts chasing a bad guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially he starts chasing a bad guy
+being chased by a bad guy and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chased by a bad guy and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being chased by a bad guy and without
+without uh um going into any detail I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh um going into any detail I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh um going into any detail I'll
+spoil the film for you though in a way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil the film for you though in a way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoil the film for you though in a way I
+I must guess what happens our hero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must guess what happens our hero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must guess what happens our hero is
+killed at the end just at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed at the end just at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed at the end just at the moment
+when and and the film ends with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and and the film ends with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and and the film ends with the idea
+that the conspiracy is in force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conspiracy is in force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the conspiracy is in force that
+that there's been no change uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been no change uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been no change uh so so
+it's an unbelievably disturbing it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an unbelievably disturbing it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an unbelievably disturbing it would
+have been a disturbing film even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a disturbing film even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a disturbing film even if it
+had ended with the requisite happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ended with the requisite happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ended with the requisite happy
+ending in the reassuring ending but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending in the reassuring ending but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending in the reassuring ending but but
+because and how many in how many films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and how many in how many films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and how many in how many films
+does the great hero the character you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the great hero the character you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the great hero the character you've
+been following all the way through who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been following all the way through who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been following all the way through who's
+supposed to be who's supposed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be who's supposed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be who's supposed to be the
+one in which you've invested all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which you've invested all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which you've invested all your
+sympathy and respect in how many films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathy and respect in how many films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathy and respect in how many films
+does this guy get blown away at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this guy get blown away at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this guy get blown away at the end
+but it's a mark of how subversive uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a mark of how subversive uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a mark of how subversive uh how
+turbulent uh morally turbulent uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent uh morally turbulent uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent uh morally turbulent uh and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uncertain and also much and how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain and also much and how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain and also much and how uh
+um politically and and and and morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um politically and and and and morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um politically and and and and morally
+engaged movies had become by the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged movies had become by the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged movies had become by the early
+70s that such an ending was possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that such an ending was possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s that such an ending was possible so
+the parala view seems to be it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parala view seems to be it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parala view seems to be it's another
+kind of anti- genre in a way it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anti- genre in a way it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anti- genre in a way it's like a
+spy film in which the lone here like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy film in which the lone here like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy film in which the lone here like in
+in some ways it's like one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's like one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's like one of those
+Hitchcock romantic Thrillers in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock romantic Thrillers in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock romantic Thrillers in which
+Carrie Grant and a beautiful woman um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrie Grant and a beautiful woman um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrie Grant and a beautiful woman um uh
+travel through beautiful locals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through beautiful locals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through beautiful locals and
+finally even though they look as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally even though they look as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally even though they look as if
+they're in great danger when the day are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in great danger when the day are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in great danger when the day are
+able to uh are able to marry at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh are able to marry at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh are able to marry at the end
+and also incidentally have saved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also incidentally have saved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also incidentally have saved the
+United States government right uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States government right uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States government right uh the
+film fits that kind of category but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film fits that kind of category but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film fits that kind of category but it
+explodes all of our expectations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes all of our expectations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explodes all of our expectations about
+the characters and about the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters and about the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters and about the atmosphere
+of such of such uh and U of such films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such of such uh and U of such films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such of such uh and U of such films
+and in that sense The Parallax view like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that sense The Parallax view like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that sense The Parallax view like
+mccab and Mrs Miller like alman's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccab and Mrs Miller like alman's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccab and Mrs Miller like alman's uh uh
+philm Mash like his film Nashville like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philm Mash like his film Nashville like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philm Mash like his film Nashville like
+the films of Martin Scorsese that appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the films of Martin Scorsese that appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the films of Martin Scorsese that appear
+Mean Streets his first film and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mean Streets his first film and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mean Streets his first film and maybe
+his greatest film appears in this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his greatest film appears in this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his greatest film appears in this period
+as well giving you a much grungier more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well giving you a much grungier more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well giving you a much grungier more
+Disturbed more damaged more hopeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disturbed more damaged more hopeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disturbed more damaged more hopeless
+view of urban violence than any film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of urban violence than any film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of urban violence than any film
+before it had done again mobilizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it had done again mobilizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it had done again mobilizing the
+genres of the gangster film and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres of the gangster film and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres of the gangster film and the
+urban crime film but mobilizing them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban crime film but mobilizing them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban crime film but mobilizing them in
+a way that leaves the viewer unsettled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that leaves the viewer unsettled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that leaves the viewer unsettled
+and Disturbed so the 70s is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Disturbed so the 70s is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Disturbed so the 70s is an
+astonishing a remarkable moment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing a remarkable moment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing a remarkable moment in the
+history of American Film it's remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of American Film it's remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of American Film it's remarkable
+not only because films became more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because films became more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because films became more
+courageous and more dangerous in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courageous and more dangerous in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courageous and more dangerous in a
+thematic and moral sense but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic and moral sense but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic and moral sense but also
+because in the co the because it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the co the because it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the co the because it was an
+era in which that happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era in which that happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era in which that happened in
+consequence of the fact that the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the fact that the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the fact that the movies
+had surrendered their C place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had surrendered their C place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had surrendered their C place in
+American society to this new medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society to this new medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society to this new medium of
+Television I'll talk about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television I'll talk about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television I'll talk about some of these
+matters tonight in a much more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters tonight in a much more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters tonight in a much more concrete
+Way by looking closely at mcab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Miller
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BZX8qSrMNyo.txt b/BZX8qSrMNyo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c40fe7102dafefeecd81e1df1ac02e9aa9a864e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BZX8qSrMNyo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the truth table we've been using as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table we've been using as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table we've been using as an
+example describes a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example describes a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example describes a very useful
+combinational device called a 2 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational device called a 2 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational device called a 2 to 1
+multiplexer a multiplexer or MUX for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexer a multiplexer or MUX for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexer a multiplexer or MUX for
+short selects one of its two input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short selects one of its two input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short selects one of its two input
+values as the output value when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as the output value when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as the output value when the
+select input marked with an S in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select input marked with an S in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select input marked with an S in the
+diagram is 0 the value on data input d0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is 0 the value on data input d0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is 0 the value on data input d0
+becomes the value of the Y output when s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the value of the Y output when s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the value of the Y output when s
+is 1 the value of the data input d1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 the value of the data input d1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 the value of the data input d1 is
+selected as the Y output value muxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected as the Y output value muxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected as the Y output value muxes
+come in many sizes depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in many sizes depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in many sizes depending on the
+number of select inputs amongst with K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of select inputs amongst with K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of select inputs amongst with K
+select inputs we'll choose between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select inputs we'll choose between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select inputs we'll choose between the
+values of 2 to the K data inputs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of 2 to the K data inputs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of 2 to the K data inputs for
+example here's a 4 to 1 multiplexer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a 4 to 1 multiplexer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a 4 to 1 multiplexer with
+4 data inputs and 2 select inputs larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 data inputs and 2 select inputs larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 data inputs and 2 select inputs larger
+muxes can be built from a tree of 2 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muxes can be built from a tree of 2 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muxes can be built from a tree of 2 to 1
+muxes is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muxes is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muxes is shown here
+wire MUX is interesting one answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire MUX is interesting one answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire MUX is interesting one answer is
+that they provide a very elegant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they provide a very elegant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they provide a very elegant in
+general way of implementing a logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way of implementing a logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way of implementing a logic
+function consider the 8 to 1 MUX shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function consider the 8 to 1 MUX shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function consider the 8 to 1 MUX shown
+on the right the three inputs a B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right the three inputs a B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right the three inputs a B and C
+n are used as the three select signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n are used as the three select signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n are used as the three select signals
+for the MUX think of the three inputs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MUX think of the three inputs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the MUX think of the three inputs as
+forming a 3 bit binary number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a 3 bit binary number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a 3 bit binary number for
+example when they're all 0 the MUX will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when they're all 0 the MUX will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when they're all 0 the MUX will
+select data input 0 and when they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select data input 0 and when they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select data input 0 and when they're all
+1 the MUX will select data input 7 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the MUX will select data input 7 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the MUX will select data input 7 and
+so on how does this make it easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on how does this make it easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on how does this make it easy to
+implement a logic function shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a logic function shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a logic function shown in the
+truth table well we'll wire up the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table well we'll wire up the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table well we'll wire up the data
+inputs of the MUX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs of the MUX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs of the MUX
+to the constant value shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the constant value shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the constant value shown in the
+output column in the truth table the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output column in the truth table the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output column in the truth table the
+values on the a B and C inputs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on the a B and C inputs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values on the a B and C inputs will
+cause the MUX to select the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the MUX to select the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the MUX to select the appropriate
+constant on the data inputs as the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on the data inputs as the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on the data inputs as the value
+for the C out output if later on we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the C out output if later on we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the C out output if later on we
+change the truth table we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the truth table we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the truth table we don't have to
+redesign some complicated summer product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign some complicated summer product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign some complicated summer product
+circuits we simply have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits we simply have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits we simply have to change the
+constants on the data inputs think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants on the data inputs think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants on the data inputs think of
+the MUX as a table lookup device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MUX as a table lookup device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MUX as a table lookup device that
+can be reprogrammed to implement in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reprogrammed to implement in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reprogrammed to implement in this
+case any three input equation this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case any three input equation this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case any three input equation this sort
+of circuit can be used to create various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit can be used to create various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circuit can be used to create various
+forms or programmable logic where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or programmable logic where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or programmable logic where the
+functionality of the integrated circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of the integrated circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of the integrated circuit
+isn't determined at the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't determined at the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't determined at the time of
+manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer
+but is set during a programming step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is set during a programming step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is set during a programming step
+performed by the user at some later time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by the user at some later time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed by the user at some later time
+modern programmable logic circuits can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern programmable logic circuits can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern programmable logic circuits can
+be programmed to replace millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be programmed to replace millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be programmed to replace millions of
+logic gates very handy for prototyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic gates very handy for prototyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic gates very handy for prototyping
+digital systems before committing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital systems before committing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital systems before committing to the
+expense of a custom integrated circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of a custom integrated circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of a custom integrated circuit
+implementation so Moxa's with n select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation so Moxa's with n select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation so Moxa's with n select
+lines are effectively stand-ins for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are effectively stand-ins for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are effectively stand-ins for n
+input logic circuits such a MUX would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input logic circuits such a MUX would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input logic circuits such a MUX would
+have two to the n data inputs they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two to the n data inputs they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two to the n data inputs they're
+useful for n up to five or six but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for n up to five or six but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for n up to five or six but for
+functions with more inputs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with more inputs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with more inputs the
+exponential growth and circuit size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and circuit size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth and circuit size
+makes them impractical not surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them impractical not surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them impractical not surprisingly
+muxes are universal as shown by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muxes are universal as shown by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muxes are universal as shown by these
+MUX based implementations for the summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MUX based implementations for the summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MUX based implementations for the summer
+products building blocks there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products building blocks there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products building blocks there is some
+speculation that in molecular scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation that in molecular scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation that in molecular scale
+logic technologies muxes may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic technologies muxes may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic technologies muxes may be the
+natural gate so it's good to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gate so it's good to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gate so it's good to know that
+they can be used to implement any logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be used to implement any logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be used to implement any logic
+function even XOR is simple to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function even XOR is simple to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function even XOR is simple to implement
+using only 2 to 1 muxes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C6EWVBNCxsc.txt b/C6EWVBNCxsc.txt
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/C6EWVBNCxsc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome to the
+final lecture of 6046 today we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final lecture of 6046 today we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final lecture of 6046 today we continue
+our theme of cash oblivious algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theme of cash oblivious algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theme of cash oblivious algorithms
+we're going to look at two of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at two of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at two of the most
+basic problems in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic problems in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic problems in computer science
+searching and sorting uh a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching and sorting uh a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching and sorting uh a little bit of
+each and then I'll tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and then I'll tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and then I'll tell you a little bit
+about uh what class you might take after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what class you might take after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what class you might take after
+this one um so brief recap of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um so brief recap of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um so brief recap of the model
+we introduced two models of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced two models of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced two models of computation
+although one was just a variation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although one was just a variation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although one was just a variation of the
+other the base model uh is an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the base model uh is an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the base model uh is an external
+memory model this is a two-level memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory model this is a two-level memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory model this is a two-level memory
+hierarchy CPU and cache we view as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy CPU and cache we view as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy CPU and cache we view as one
+so this instant communication between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this instant communication between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this instant communication between
+them which means what you're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them which means what you're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them which means what you're computing
+on can involve uh this cache of size M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on can involve uh this cache of size M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on can involve uh this cache of size M
+total size of the cach is m words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total size of the cach is m words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total size of the cach is m words the
+cach is divided into these blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach is divided into these blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach is divided into these blocks of
+size B each so they're M overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size B each so they're M overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size B each so they're M overb
+blocks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks uh
+and your problem doesn't fit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your problem doesn't fit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your problem doesn't fit here
+presumably or the problem's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably or the problem's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably or the problem's not very
+interesting so your problem size n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so your problem size n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so your problem size n is
+going to require uh storing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require uh storing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require uh storing your
+information on dis so the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on dis so the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on dis so the input is
+really provided over here uh dis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really provided over here uh dis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really provided over here uh dis is
+basically infinite in size it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically infinite in size it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically infinite in size it's also
+partitioned into blocks and whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into blocks and whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into blocks and whenever you
+can't access individual items here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't access individual items here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't access individual items here you
+can only access entire blocks so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only access entire blocks so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only access entire blocks so the
+model is you say I want to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is you say I want to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is you say I want to read this
+block and put it here I want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and put it here I want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and put it here I want to write
+this block out and put it here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block out and put it here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block out and put it here that's
+what you're allowed to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're allowed to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're allowed to do in the
+external memory model and what we count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory model and what we count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory model and what we count
+is how many block memory transfers we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many block memory transfers we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many block memory transfers we do
+we call those memory transfers so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call those memory transfers so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call those memory transfers so you
+want to minimize that and usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize that and usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize that and usually you
+don't worry too much about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry too much about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry too much about what happens
+in here although you could also minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here although you could also minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here although you could also minimize
+regular running time as we usually do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular running time as we usually do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular running time as we usually do uh
+the cache oblivious variation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache oblivious variation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache oblivious variation is that
+your the algorithm is not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the algorithm is not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the algorithm is not allowed to
+know the cache parameters it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cache parameters it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cache parameters it's not
+allowed to know the block size uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to know the block size uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to know the block size uh sorry
+it's also a block size B in the dis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a block size B in the dis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a block size B in the dis so
+they match uh and you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they match uh and you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they match uh and you're not allowed to
+know the cache size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cache size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cache size
+M uh because of that you need that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh because of that you need that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh because of that you need that all
+the block reads and writs are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block reads and writs are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block reads and writs are done
+automatically so the model is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so the model is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so the model is uh
+whenever you access an item you view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you access an item you view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you access an item you view the
+disc is just written uh row by row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc is just written uh row by row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc is just written uh row by row
+sequentially block by block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially block by block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially block by block so
+linearized it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized it looks like this
+partitioned into blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into blocks
+and so whenever you touch an item uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whenever you touch an item uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whenever you touch an item uh the
+system automatically loads that block if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system automatically loads that block if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system automatically loads that block if
+it's not already in Cache it loads it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not already in Cache it loads it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not already in Cache it loads it in
+if it's already in cash it's free um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's already in cash it's free um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's already in cash it's free um
+when you load a pay when you load a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you load a pay when you load a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you load a pay when you load a
+block in you probably already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in you probably already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in you probably already have
+something there so you have to decide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there so you have to decide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there so you have to decide if
+the cash is already full you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash is already full you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash is already full you have to
+decide which one to evict and we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one to evict and we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one to evict and we had a
+couple of strategies but the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of strategies but the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of strategies but the one I
+defined was the least recently used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined was the least recently used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined was the least recently used
+block so whichever one in the cache has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so whichever one in the cache has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so whichever one in the cache has
+least recently been used by the CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently been used by the CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently been used by the CPU
+that's the one that gets written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one that gets written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one that gets written out
+back to disk where it originally came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to disk where it originally came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to disk where it originally came
+from uh and that's it that's the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh and that's it that's the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh and that's it that's the model
+okay and this is a pretty good model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a pretty good model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a pretty good model of
+how it's a pretty good model of how real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's a pretty good model of how real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's a pretty good model of how real
+caches work although this last part uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches work although this last part uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches work although this last part uh
+is not how all real caches work it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not how all real caches work it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not how all real caches work it's
+close um and at the very end I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close um and at the very end I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close um and at the very end I mentioned
+this theorem that Y lru is good um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem that Y lru is good um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem that Y lru is good um and
+that's that if you take the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that if you take the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that if you take the number of
+block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+evictions uh the number of block reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evictions uh the number of block reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evictions uh the number of block reads
+equivalently that lru has to do on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently that lru has to do on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently that lru has to do on a
+cachee of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cachee of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cachee of size
+M then that's going to be at most twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M then that's going to be at most twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M then that's going to be at most twice
+whatever the best possible thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the best possible thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the best possible thing you
+could do uh is given a cache of size M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do uh is given a cache of size M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do uh is given a cache of size M
+over two so we're restricting opt we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two so we're restricting opt we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two so we're restricting opt we're
+kind of tying opts hands behind its back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tying opts hands behind its back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tying opts hands behind its back
+a little bit by decreasing M by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit by decreasing M by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit by decreasing M by a factor
+of two but then we get a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but then we get a factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two but then we get a factor of two
+approximation basically so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation basically so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation basically so this was the
+resource augmentation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource augmentation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource augmentation and this is
+regular approximation algorithms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular approximation algorithms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular approximation algorithms in
+general this is a world called online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a world called online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a world called online
+algorithms which is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms which is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms which is a whole
+field I'm just going to mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I'm just going to mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I'm just going to mention it
+briefly here uh the distinction here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly here uh the distinction here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly here uh the distinction here is
+lru or whatever we Implement in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru or whatever we Implement in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru or whatever we Implement in a real
+system has to make a decision based only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to make a decision based only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has to make a decision based only
+on the past of what's happened uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the past of what's happened uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the past of what's happened uh the
+system we're assuming doesn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're assuming doesn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're assuming doesn't know the
+future so if you know in a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you know in a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you know in a compiler
+maybe you could try to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could try to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could try to predict the
+future and do something but on a CPU it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and do something but on a CPU it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and do something but on a CPU it
+doesn't know what instructions going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what instructions going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what instructions going to
+come next 10 steps in the future so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come next 10 steps in the future so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come next 10 steps in the future so uh
+you just have to make a decision now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to make a decision now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to make a decision now
+sort of your best guess and least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your best guess and least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of your best guess and least
+recently used is a good best guess opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently used is a good best guess opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently used is a good best guess opt
+on the other hand uh we're giving a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand uh we're giving a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand uh we're giving a lot
+of power this is what we call an offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power this is what we call an offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power this is what we call an offline
+algorithm meaning uh uh it's like the Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm meaning uh uh it's like the Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm meaning uh uh it's like the Q
+in Star Trek next Generation or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Star Trek next Generation or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Star Trek next Generation or some
+other mythical being uh lives outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mythical being uh lives outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mythical being uh lives outside of
+the timeline it can see all of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline it can see all of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline it can see all of time and
+say uh I think I'll evict this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I think I'll evict this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I think I'll evict this block
+it's like the waste of use resources but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the waste of use resources but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the waste of use resources but
+I'll evict this block because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll evict this block because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll evict this block because I know
+it's going to be used farthest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be used farthest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be used farthest in the
+future uh lru is evicting the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh lru is evicting the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh lru is evicting the thing that
+was used farthest in the past uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used farthest in the past uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used farthest in the past uh there's
+a difference there and it could be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference there and it could be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference there and it could be a big
+difference uh but there turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh but there turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh but there turns out
+they're related in this way so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related in this way so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're related in this way so this is
+what we call an online algorithm meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an online algorithm meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call an online algorithm meaning
+uh you have to make decisions as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to make decisions as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to make decisions as you go
+the offline algorithm gets to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offline algorithm gets to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offline algorithm gets to see the
+future and optimize accordingly both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and optimize accordingly both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and optimize accordingly both are
+computable uh but this's only computable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable uh but this's only computable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable uh but this's only computable
+if you know the future which uh we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the future which uh we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the future which uh we don't
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what I haven't done is prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I haven't done is prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I haven't done is prove this
+theorem it's actually really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's actually really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's actually really easy
+proof uh so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to take the
+timeline uh and divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline uh and divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline uh and divide it
+into uh what I call them periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh what I call them periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh what I call them periods
+phases phases sounds cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is going to be an analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be an analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be an analysis and
+in an analysis we're allowed to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an analysis we're allowed to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an analysis we're allowed to know the
+future because we're trying to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because we're trying to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because we're trying to imagine
+what opt could do relative to lru so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what opt could do relative to lru so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what opt could do relative to lru so
+we're fixing the algorithm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fixing the algorithm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fixing the algorithm it's
+obviously not using the future when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not using the future when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not using the future when we
+analyze it we're assuming we do know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it we're assuming we do know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it we're assuming we do know the
+future we know the entire timeline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we know the entire timeline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future we know the entire timeline so
+all the algorithms we covered last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the algorithms we covered last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the algorithms we covered last time
+all the ones we covered today you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones we covered today you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones we covered today you can
+think of is just making a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is just making a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is just making a sequence of
+accesses uh they're making a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses uh they're making a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses uh they're making a sequence of
+accesses to elements but uh We've if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses to elements but uh We've if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses to elements but uh We've if we
+assume we know what B is that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we know what B is that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we know what B is that's just a
+sequence of accesses to blocks okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of accesses to blocks okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of accesses to blocks okay so
+uh you can just think of the timeline as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can just think of the timeline as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can just think of the timeline as
+a sequence of block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of block
+IDs and if you access a block that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs and if you access a block that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDs and if you access a block that's
+currently stored in cash it's free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently stored in cash it's free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently stored in cash it's free
+otherwise you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you pay
+one right so I'm just going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so I'm just going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so I'm just going to look at
+the timeline of all these axises and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline of all these axises and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline of all these axises and say
+well uh keep take a a prefix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh keep take a a prefix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh keep take a a prefix of the
+axises until uh I get to a m overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises until uh I get to a m overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises until uh I get to a m overb
+distinct blocks block IDs keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct blocks block IDs keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct blocks block IDs keep going
+until uh if I went one more I'd have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until uh if I went one more I'd have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until uh if I went one more I'd have M
+over B plus one distinct blocks so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B plus one distinct blocks so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B plus one distinct blocks so it's
+a maximal prefix of M overb distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximal prefix of M overb distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximal prefix of M overb distinct
+blocks cut there and then repeat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks cut there and then repeat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks cut there and then repeat so
+start over start counting at zero Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over start counting at zero Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over start counting at zero Go
+extend until I have M overb Block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend until I have M overb Block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend until I have M overb Block
+distinct block axises and if I went one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct block axises and if I went one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct block axises and if I went one
+more I'd have M over B+ one and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I'd have M over B+ one and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I'd have M over B+ one and so on so
+the timeline gets divided who knows it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline gets divided who knows it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeline gets divided who knows it
+could be totally irregular uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be totally irregular uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be totally irregular uh if you
+access the same blocks many times uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the same blocks many times uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the same blocks many times uh you
+could get along for a very long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get along for a very long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get along for a very long time and
+only access M over B distinct blocks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only access M over B distinct blocks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only access M over B distinct blocks who
+knows the algorithm definitely doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the algorithm definitely doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the algorithm definitely doesn't
+know because it doesn't know M orb but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because it doesn't know M orb but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because it doesn't know M orb but
+from analysis perspective we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from analysis perspective we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from analysis perspective we can just
+count these things so each of these has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these things so each of these has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count these things so each of these has
+exactly M overb distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axises okay distinct block IDs so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises okay distinct block IDs so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises okay distinct block IDs so uh I
+have two claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two claims
+about such a phase first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such a phase first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such a phase first
+claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that
+lru uh with a cach of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru uh with a cach of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lru uh with a cach of size
+M on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M on one
+phase is it most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B claim it's at most M over B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B claim it's at most M over B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B claim it's at most M over B uh
+basically because lru is not brain dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because lru is not brain dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because lru is not brain dead
+I mean if you gave it uh so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you gave it uh so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you gave it uh so you're
+you're well you're accessing these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well you're accessing these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're well you're accessing these uh
+blocks and they all been accessed more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and they all been accessed more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and they all been accessed more
+recently I mean let's look at this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I mean let's look at this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I mean let's look at this phase
+all the blocks that you touch here have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blocks that you touch here have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blocks that you touch here have
+been accessed more recently than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been accessed more recently than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been accessed more recently than
+whatever came before that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever came before that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever came before that's the
+definition of this timeline this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this timeline this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this timeline this is in
+order by time so anything you load in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by time so anything you load in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by time so anything you load in
+here you will keep you preferentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you will keep you preferentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you will keep you preferentially
+over the things that are not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the things that are not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the things that are not in the
+phase because everything in the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase because everything in the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase because everything in the phase
+has been accessed more recently so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been accessed more recently so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been accessed more recently so uh
+maybe eventually you load all M overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe eventually you load all M overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe eventually you load all M overb
+blocks that are in the phase everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are in the phase everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that are in the phase everything
+else you touch by definition of a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you touch by definition of a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you touch by definition of a phase
+are the same blocks so they will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same blocks so they will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same blocks so they will remain
+in Cache and that's all it will cost M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cache and that's all it will cost M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cache and that's all it will cost M
+overb memory transfers per phase so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb memory transfers per phase so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb memory transfers per phase so this
+is basically ignoring any carryover from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically ignoring any carryover from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically ignoring any carryover from
+phase to facee this is a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to facee this is a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to facee this is a conservative
+upper bound but it's an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound but it's an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound but it's an upper
+bound okay then the other question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay then the other question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound okay then the other question is
+what could op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so
+opt remember we're tying its hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt remember we're tying its hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt remember we're tying its hands
+behind its back it only has a cach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind its back it only has a cach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind its back it only has a cach a
+size M over two and then we're valuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size M over two and then we're valuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size M over two and then we're valuating
+on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+phase I have to claim that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase I have to claim that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase I have to claim that I want to
+claim that opt is well at least half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that opt is well at least half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that opt is well at least half
+that if I want to get a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I claim it's at least half m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim it's at least half m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim it's at least half m
+b why uh now we have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b why uh now we have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b why uh now we have to think about
+carryover so you know opted something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover so you know opted something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover so you know opted something in
+this phase and then we're wondering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase and then we're wondering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase and then we're wondering what
+happens in the very next phase so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the very next phase so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the very next phase so some
+of these blocks may be shared with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these blocks may be shared with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these blocks may be shared with these
+blocks we don't know I mean there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks we don't know I mean there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks we don't know I mean there's some
+set of blocks we know that this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of blocks we know that this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of blocks we know that this very
+first block was not in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first block was not in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first block was not in this set
+otherwise the phase would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the phase would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the phase would have been
+longer but maybe some later block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but maybe some later block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but maybe some later block
+happens to repeat some block that's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to repeat some block that's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to repeat some block that's over
+there we don't really know there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we don't really know there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we don't really know there could
+be some carryover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some carryover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some carryover
+so how lucky could opt be at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how lucky could opt be at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how lucky could opt be at this moment
+in time at the beginning of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time at the beginning of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time at the beginning of the phase
+we're looking at it could be the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at it could be the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at it could be the entire
+cache has things that we want has things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache has things that we want has things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache has things that we want has things
+has blocks that appear in this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has blocks that appear in this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has blocks that appear in this phase
+that's the maximum carryover is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum carryover is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum carryover is the
+entire cash okay the sort of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cash okay the sort of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cash okay the sort of the best
+case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for
+opt is that the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cach uh is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meaning it
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+blocks in the phase that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the phase that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in the phase that we're
+interested in the phase we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the phase we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the phase we're looking at
+at the start of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase that's the best case but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that's the best case but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase that's the best case but because
+we gave opt only m/2 that means uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave opt only m/2 that means uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave opt only m/2 that means uh at
+most uh what is it 12 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh what is it 12 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh what is it 12 M
+overb blocks this was cache size this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb blocks this was cache size this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb blocks this was cache size this is
+block number of blocks in the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block number of blocks in the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block number of blocks in the cache
+uh at most this many blocks will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at most this many blocks will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at most this many blocks will be
+free won't Conant anything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free won't Conant anything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free won't Conant anything for
+opt but by definition the phase has M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt but by definition the phase has M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt but by definition the phase has M
+overb distinct blocks so half of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb distinct blocks so half of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb distinct blocks so half of them
+will be free the other half op is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be free the other half op is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be free the other half op is going
+to have to load in okay so it's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to load in okay so it's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to load in okay so it's a kind
+of trivial analysis it's amazing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trivial analysis it's amazing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trivial analysis it's amazing this
+proof is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is so
+simple uh it's all about setting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh it's all about setting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh it's all about setting things
+up right when if you define phases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right when if you define phases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right when if you define phases that
+are good for lru but they're then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for lru but they're then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for lru but they're then
+they're also bad for opt when it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also bad for opt when it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also bad for opt when it has
+cash half the size and so opt has to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash half the size and so opt has to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash half the size and so opt has to pay
+at least half what lru is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least half what lru is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least half what lru is definitely
+paying here we can forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying here we can forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying here we can forget about
+carryover here we're bounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover here we're bounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover here we're bounding the
+carryover just by making the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover just by making the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover just by making the cash
+smaller that's it so this is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's it so this is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller that's it so this is at most
+twice that and so we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that and so we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that and so we get the
+theorem uh I mean changing the cach size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh I mean changing the cach size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh I mean changing the cach size
+could dramatically change the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could dramatically change the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could dramatically change the number of
+of cach reads that you have to do or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cach reads that you have to do or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cach reads that you have to do or or
+dis reads that you have to do into cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis reads that you have to do into cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis reads that you have to do into cach
+uh but in all of the algorithms we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in all of the algorithms we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in all of the algorithms we will
+cover we're giving some Bound in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover we're giving some Bound in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover we're giving some Bound in terms
+of M that bound will always be most some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M that bound will always be most some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M that bound will always be most some
+polinomial dependence in M usually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial dependence in M usually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial dependence in M usually it's
+like a one over m one overare root of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one over m one overare root of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one over m one overare root of M
+one over log M something like that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over log M something like that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over log M something like that uh
+all of those bounds will only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those bounds will only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those bounds will only be
+affected by a constant Factor when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by a constant Factor when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by a constant Factor when you
+change M by a constant Factor so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change M by a constant Factor so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change M by a constant Factor so this is
+good enough for cash oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms all right so that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms all right so that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms all right so that's sort of
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+why this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this model is
+reasonable lru is good so now uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable lru is good so now uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable lru is good so now uh we're
+going to talk about two basic problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about two basic problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about two basic problems
+searching for stuff in an array sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for stuff in an array sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for stuff in an array sorting
+an array uh in both of these models we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array uh in both of these models we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array uh in both of these models we
+won't be able to do everything cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do everything cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do everything cash
+obliviously today but they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliviously today but they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliviously today but they are all
+possible just takes more time than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible just takes more time than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible just takes more time than we
+have but it'll give you more of a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it'll give you more of a flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it'll give you more of a flavor
+of how these things work again the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how these things work again the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how these things work again the theme
+is going to be divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be divide and
+conquer like last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say we have n elements let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we have n elements let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we have n elements let's
+say for Simplicity We're In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for Simplicity We're In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for Simplicity We're In the
+comparison model so all we can really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model so all we can really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison model so all we can really do
+with those elements is compare them less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those elements is compare them less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those elements is compare them less
+than greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal and let's say we want to do Search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and let's say we want to do Search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and let's say we want to do Search
+In the comparison model which I'll think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the comparison model which I'll think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the comparison model which I'll think
+of as a predecessor search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so given a new element X I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a new element X I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given a new element X I want to find
+what is the previous element uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the previous element uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the previous element uh what's
+this largest element smaller than x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this largest element smaller than x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this largest element smaller than x in
+my set I'm thinking of these n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my set I'm thinking of these n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my set I'm thinking of these n elements
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+static let's say you can generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static let's say you can generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static let's say you can generalize
+everything I say to have insertions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I say to have insertions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I say to have insertions and
+deletions but let's not worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions but let's not worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions but let's not worry about that
+for now uh I just want to store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now uh I just want to store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now uh I just want to store them
+somehow in order to enable search so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in order to enable search so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in order to enable search so any
+suggestions in external memory model or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions in external memory model or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions in external memory model or
+C model how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this may sound easy but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this may sound easy but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this may sound easy but it's not
+but that's okay yeah I like easy answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay yeah I like easy answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay yeah I like easy answers
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answers there's two simple answers one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers there's two simple answers one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers there's two simple answers one
+is correct one is wrong but I like both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct one is wrong but I like both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct one is wrong but I like both
+because I want to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to analyze
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+yeah store them sorted in order good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah store them sorted in order good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah store them sorted in order good
+that's that's how we normally solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how we normally solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's how we normally solve this
+problem so let's see how it does okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's see how it does okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's see how it does okay so
+um that's why I have a solution to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's why I have a solution to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's why I have a solution to here
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+okay binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay binary
+search in a sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+array store the elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array store the elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array store the elements in
+order and then to do a query binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and then to do a query binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and then to do a query binary
+search on it so remember binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on it so remember binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search on it so remember binary search
+got an array you start in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an array you start in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an array you start in the middle
+then let's say the element we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's say the element we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's say the element we're looking
+for is way over here so then we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is way over here so then we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is way over here so then we'll go
+over this way go there this way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this way go there this way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this way go there this way there
+this way okay log n time I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way okay log n time I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way okay log n time I mean this is
+a binary search is in a certain sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search is in a certain sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binary search is in a certain sense a
+divide and conquer algorithm you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm you only
+recurse on one side but it's divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse on one side but it's divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse on one side but it's divide and
+conquer uh so divide and conquer is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer uh so divide and conquer is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer uh so divide and conquer is good
+surely binary search is good if only it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely binary search is good if only it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely binary search is good if only it
+were that simple um so sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that simple um so sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that simple um so sort of
+orthogonal to this picture uh maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to this picture uh maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to this picture uh maybe I'll
+just draw it on one side there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw it on one side there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw it on one side there there's a
+division into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division into
+blocks and in a CIA setting we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and in a CIA setting we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and in a CIA setting we don't
+know where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where that
+falls but the point is uh for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls but the point is uh for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls but the point is uh for the most
+part every one of these block every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part every one of these block every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part every one of these block every one
+of these axises we do as we go farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axises we do as we go farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these axises we do as we go farther
+and farther to the right will be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and farther to the right will be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and farther to the right will be almost
+all of them will be in a different block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them will be in a different block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them will be in a different block
+the middle one is going to is very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one is going to is very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one is going to is very far
+away from the 3/4 Mark is very far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the 3/4 Mark is very far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the 3/4 Mark is very far away
+from the 78 Mark and so on up until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 78 Mark and so on up until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 78 Mark and so on up until the
+very end if if say we're searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end if if say we're searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end if if say we're searching for
+the Mac so this will hold for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac so this will hold for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mac so this will hold for all of
+them at the end uh once we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the end uh once we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the end uh once we're we're
+within a problem of size order B then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a problem of size order B then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a problem of size order B then
+there's only a constant number of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a constant number of blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a constant number of blocks
+that we're touching and so from then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're touching and so from then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're touching and so from then on
+it will everything will be free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will everything will be free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will everything will be free
+basically so if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so if you think about it
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+uh I mean the the obvious upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean the the obvious upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean the the obvious upper bound
+this is our usual recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our usual recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our usual recurrence
+for for binary search would be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for binary search would be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for binary search would be constant
+uh and what we hope to gain here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what we hope to gain here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what we hope to gain here is
+basically a better base case and I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a better base case and I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a better base case and I claim
+that all you get in terms of base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all you get in terms of base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all you get in terms of base case
+here is T of b equals order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is T of b equals order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is T of b equals order
+1 and if you think about it this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if you think about it this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if you think about it this just
+solves to log n minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves to log n minus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves to log n minus log
+B which is the same thing as log n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which is the same thing as log n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which is the same thing as log n over
+B okay which is a small improvement over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay which is a small improvement over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay which is a small improvement over
+just regular log n but not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regular log n but not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regular log n but not a big
+Improvement I claim we can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement I claim we can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement I claim we can do better
+you've actually seen how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've actually seen how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've actually seen how to do
+better uh but maybe we didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh but maybe we didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh but maybe we didn't tell you
+so it's a data structure you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a data structure you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a data structure you've seen
+already B tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so because we weren't thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so because we weren't thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so because we weren't thinking
+about this memory hierarchy business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this memory hierarchy business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this memory hierarchy business uh
+when we said B tree we meant like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we said B tree we meant like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we said B tree we meant like you
+know two four trees or uh five 10 trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two four trees or uh five 10 trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two four trees or uh five 10 trees
+or some some constant bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some constant bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some constant bound on the
+degree of each node but if you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of each node but if you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of each node but if you make the
+degree of the node b or some some Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the node b or some some Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the node b or some some Theta
+B Be approximate so you allow big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Be approximate so you allow big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Be approximate so you allow big
+branching factor it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching factor it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching factor it's got to be
+somewhere let's say between B over2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere let's say between B over2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere let's say between B over2 and
+B um then we can store all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um then we can store all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um then we can store all of these
+pointers and all of these keys in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and all of these keys in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers and all of these keys in a
+constant number of blocks and so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of blocks and so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of blocks and so as we
+navigate down if we're doing just search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate down if we're doing just search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate down if we're doing just search
+as we navigate down the B tree we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we navigate down the B tree we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we navigate down the B tree we'll
+spend order one block reads to load in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend order one block reads to load in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend order one block reads to load in
+this node and then figure out which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and then figure out which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node and then figure out which way
+to go and then let's say it's this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and then let's say it's this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and then let's say it's this way
+and then we'll spend order one memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll spend order one memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll spend order one memory
+transfers to read this node then figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to read this node then figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers to read this node then figure
+out which way to go so the cost is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which way to go so the cost is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which way to go so the cost is going
+to be proportional to the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to the height of the
+tree which uh is just log base B of n up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which uh is just log base B of n up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which uh is just log base B of n up
+to constant factors uh because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant factors uh because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to constant factors uh because we're
+between B over2 and B but that will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between B over2 and B but that will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between B over2 and B but that will only
+affect this by a small by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this by a small by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect this by a small by a factor of
+two uh so we can do search in a b Tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so we can do search in a b Tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh so we can do search in a b Tree
+in log base B of n uh memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfers okay remember log base B of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers okay remember log base B of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers okay remember log base B of n
+is log n / log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n / log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n / log
+B so this is a lot better here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is a lot better here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is a lot better here we had
+log n minus log B now we have log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n minus log B now we have log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n minus log B now we have log n
+divid log B and this turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid log B and this turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid log B and this turns out to be
+optimal In the comparison model this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal In the comparison model this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal In the comparison model this is
+the best you can hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can hope to
+do so good news uh bad news is we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so good news uh bad news is we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so good news uh bad news is we kind
+of critically needed to know what B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was B trees really only make sense uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was B trees really only make sense uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was B trees really only make sense uh if
+you know what B is you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what B is you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what B is you need to know the
+branching Factor uh so this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching Factor uh so this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching Factor uh so this is not a
+cache oblivious data structure but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious data structure but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache oblivious data structure but it
+has other nice things we can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has other nice things we can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has other nice things we can actually do
+inserts and deletes as well so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts and deletes as well so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts and deletes as well so I said
+static but if you want Dynamic insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static but if you want Dynamic insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static but if you want Dynamic insert
+and deleting elements you can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deleting elements you can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deleting elements you can also do
+those in log Bend memory transfers using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in log Bend memory transfers using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in log Bend memory transfers using
+exactly the algorithms you've seen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithms you've seen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithms you've seen with
+splits and merges so all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good but I want to do it cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but I want to do it cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but I want to do it cash
+obliviously just the search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and this is not
+obvious but it's our good friend Venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it's our good friend Venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious but it's our good friend Venom
+deas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh despite the name this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh despite the name this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh despite the name this is not a
+data structure that Venom deos invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that Venom deos invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that Venom deos invented
+this is but it's inspired by the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but it's inspired by the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is but it's inspired by the data
+structure that we covered uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we covered uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we covered uh and it's
+actually a solution by Harold procup who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a solution by Harold procup who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a solution by Harold procup who
+was who did the M thesis on this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was who did the M thesis on this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was who did the M thesis on this work
+it's like in the conclusion it's like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like in the conclusion it's like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like in the conclusion it's like oh
+by the way here's how you do search this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way here's how you do search this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way here's how you do search this
+is like the best page of that thesis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the best page of that thesis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the best page of that thesis um
+so uh and then I think we called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and then I think we called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and then I think we called it
+Bonos because we thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonos because we thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bonos because we thought it was
+reminiscent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent
+so here's the idea um take all the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the idea um take all the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the idea um take all the items
+you want to store and you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to store and you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to store and you're really
+tempted to store them in sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to store them in sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to store them in sorted order
+but I'm not going to do that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to do that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to do that I'm going
+to use some other divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some other divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some other divide and conquer
+order first thing I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order first thing I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order first thing I'm going to do is
+take those elements put them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those elements put them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those elements put them in a
+perfectly balanced binary search tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly balanced binary search tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly balanced binary search tree so
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+BST not a b tree just binary tree okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BST not a b tree just binary tree okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BST not a b tree just binary tree okay
+because I don't know a b is so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know a b is so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know a b is so you know
+the the maybe the median up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the maybe the median up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the maybe the median up here and
+then there's two children and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two children and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two children and so on
+okay the min's over here Max is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the min's over here Max is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the min's over here Max is over
+here regular BST now we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here regular BST now we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here regular BST now we know how to
+search in a tree right you just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in a tree right you just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in a tree right you just walk
+down the big question is in what order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the big question is in what order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the big question is in what order
+should I store these nodes if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I store these nodes if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I store these nodes if I just
+store them in a random order this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in a random order this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them in a random order this is
+going to be super bad log in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super bad log in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super bad log in memory
+transfers but I claim if I do a clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers but I claim if I do a clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers but I claim if I do a clever
+order I can achieve log base B of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I can achieve log base B of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I can achieve log base B of n
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+optimal so vanm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so vanm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so vanm
+deis suggests cutting this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis suggests cutting this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deis suggests cutting this tree
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+middle y in the middle this was n nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle y in the middle this was n nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle y in the middle this was n nodes
+over here and we're breaking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we're breaking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we're breaking it up
+into uh square root of n nodes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh square root of n nodes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh square root of n nodes at the
+top right because the height of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right because the height of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right because the height of this
+overall tree is log n if we split it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall tree is log n if we split it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall tree is log n if we split it in
+half the height of the tree is half log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the height of the tree is half log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the height of the tree is half log
+n 2 to the half log n is root n I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 to the half log n is root n I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 to the half log n is root n I'm
+losing some constant factors but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing some constant factors but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing some constant factors but let's
+just call it root n uh then we've got at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it root n uh then we've got at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it root n uh then we've got at
+the bottom everything looks the same we'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom everything looks the same we'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom everything looks the same we'
+going to have a whole bunch of trees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a whole bunch of trees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a whole bunch of trees of
+size square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size square of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+rly okay that's what happens when I cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rly okay that's what happens when I cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rly okay that's what happens when I cut
+in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+level then I recurse okay and what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then I recurse okay and what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level then I recurse okay and what am I
+recursing what am I doing this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing what am I doing this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing what am I doing this is a
+layout layout from last time we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout layout from last time we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout layout from last time we did it
+we did a very similar thing with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a very similar thing with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a very similar thing with uh
+matrices we had an N byn Matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we had an N byn Matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we had an N byn Matrix we
+divided into four n over2 by n over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into four n over2 by n over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into four n over2 by n over2
+matrices we recursively laid out the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we recursively laid out the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we recursively laid out the top
+one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quarter
+uh wrote those out in order so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrote those out in order so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrote those out in order so it was
+consecutive then we laid out the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive then we laid out the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive then we laid out the next
+quarter next quarter next quarter did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter next quarter next quarter did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter next quarter next quarter did
+the order of the quarters didn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the quarters didn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the quarters didn't matter
+what matters that each quarter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters that each quarter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters that each quarter of the
+Matrix was stored as a consecutive unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix was stored as a consecutive unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix was stored as a consecutive unit
+so when we recursed good things happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we recursed good things happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we recursed good things happened
+same thing here except now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here except now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here except now I have
+roughly square root of n + one uh chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly square root of n + one uh chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly square root of n + one uh chunks
+little triangles I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangles I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangles I'm going to
+recursively lay them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I'm going to concatenate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to concatenate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to concatenate those
+layouts so this one uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layouts so this one uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layouts so this one uh I'm going to
+recursively figure out what order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively figure out what order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively figure out what order to
+store those nodes and then put those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store those nodes and then put those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store those nodes and then put those all
+as consecutive in the array and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consecutive in the array and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consecutive in the array and then
+this one goes here this one goes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one goes here this one goes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one goes here this one goes here
+actually the order doesn't matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the order doesn't matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the order doesn't matter but
+might as well preserve the order so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well preserve the order so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well preserve the order so I'll
+do the top one then the bottom ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the top one then the bottom ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the top one then the bottom ones in
+order and so recursively each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so recursively each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so recursively each of these
+ones is going to get cut in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones is going to get cut in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones is going to get cut in the middle
+recursively lay out the top then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively lay out the top then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively lay out the top then the
+next one Let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example let's do an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's do an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's do an actual
+tree this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is
+actually my favorite diagram to draw or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my favorite diagram to draw or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my favorite diagram to draw or
+something my most frequently drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something my most frequently drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something my most frequently drawn
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+uh complete binary tree on eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complete binary tree on eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complete binary tree on eight
+children eight leaves so this is 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children eight leaves so this is 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children eight leaves so this is 15
+nodes uh happens to have a height that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh happens to have a height that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes uh happens to have a height that's
+a power of two so this algorithm Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power of two so this algorithm Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power of two so this algorithm Works
+especially well so I'm going to split in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially well so I'm going to split in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially well so I'm going to split in
+half then recursively lay out the top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half then recursively lay out the top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half then recursively lay out the top to
+lay out the top I'm going to split it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out the top I'm going to split it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out the top I'm going to split it in
+half then I'm going to recursively lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half then I'm going to recursively lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half then I'm going to recursively lay
+out the top well single node it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the top well single node it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the top well single node it's pretty
+clear what order to put it in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what order to put it in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what order to put it in with
+respect to itself so that goes first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to itself so that goes first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to itself so that goes first uh
+then this then this then I finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this then this then I finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this then this then I finish the
+first recursion next I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recursion next I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recursion next I'm going to
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+lay out this thing by cutting it in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out this thing by cutting it in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out this thing by cutting it in half
+laying out the top then the bottom Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying out the top then the bottom Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying out the top then the bottom Parts
+okay then I'm going to recursively lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I'm going to recursively lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I'm going to recursively lay
+out this 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 it gets
+even more exciting the next level up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more exciting the next level up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more exciting the next level up but
+uh it would take a long time to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would take a long time to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would take a long time to draw
+this but just imagine this repeated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but just imagine this repeated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but just imagine this repeated so
+that would be just the top half of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be just the top half of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be just the top half of some
+tree cut here and then you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree cut here and then you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree cut here and then you do the same
+thing here and here and here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and here and here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and here and here this is
+very different from in order traversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from in order traversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from in order traversal
+or any other order that we've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other order that we've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other order that we've seen this
+is the Venom de boas order okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Venom de boas order okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Venom de boas order okay and this
+numbering is supposed to be the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering is supposed to be the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering is supposed to be the order
+that I store the nodes so when I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I store the nodes so when I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I store the nodes so when I write
+this into memory it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into memory it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into memory it's going to look like
+this okay just the nodes in order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay just the nodes in order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay just the nodes in order and
+when I'm drawing a circle this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm drawing a circle this going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm drawing a circle this going to
+get tedious uh Etc um and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tedious uh Etc um and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tedious uh Etc um and then you know
+there's pointers here every time I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pointers here every time I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's pointers here every time I draw
+a circle there's a left pointer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle there's a left pointer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle there's a left pointer and a
+right pointer so one's going to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pointer so one's going to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pointer so one's going to point
+two and three uh two is going to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three uh two is going to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three uh two is going to point
+to four and seven okay so just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four and seven okay so just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four and seven okay so just take the
+regular binary search tree but store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular binary search tree but store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular binary search tree but store it
+in this really weird order I claim this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this really weird order I claim this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this really weird order I claim this
+will work really well log base bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work really well log base bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work really well log base bent
+search let's analiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay first claim this is Cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay first claim this is Cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay first claim this is Cash
+oblivious layout right I didn't use B at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious layout right I didn't use B at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious layout right I didn't use B at
+all there's no B here start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's no B here start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's no B here start with a
+binary tree and I just do this recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree and I just do this recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree and I just do this recursion
+to give me a a linear order to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me a a linear order to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me a a linear order to put the
+nodes in just going to store them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in just going to store them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in just going to store them in
+that order as linear size all that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order as linear size all that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order as linear size all that okay
+uh now in the analysis again I'm allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now in the analysis again I'm allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now in the analysis again I'm allowed
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+B so say B is B and uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so say B is B and uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so say B is B and uh let's
+consider uh the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursion uh let's say the first level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion uh let's say the first level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion uh let's say the first level
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+recursion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion uh
+where the triangles have less than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the triangles have less than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the triangles have less than equal
+to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B
+nodes so I'm thinking of this picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so I'm thinking of this picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so I'm thinking of this picture uh
+I cut in the middle then I recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut in the middle then I recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut in the middle then I recursively
+cut in the middle of all the pieces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in the middle of all the pieces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in the middle of all the pieces that
+I recursively cut in the middle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recursively cut in the middle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recursively cut in the middle I
+started out with a height of log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with a height of log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with a height of log
+n and size N I keep cutting basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and size N I keep cutting basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and size N I keep cutting basically
+Square rooting the size at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square rooting the size at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square rooting the size at some point
+when I cut I get triangles that are size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I cut I get triangles that are size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I cut I get triangles that are size
+uh at most Square Ro of B so the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at most Square Ro of B so the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at most Square Ro of B so the tree
+now will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh actually let me draw a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture all right uh let's start down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all right uh let's start down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all right uh let's start down
+here so I've got a triangle less equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I've got a triangle less equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I've got a triangle less equal
+to B triangle L equal to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is some attempt to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is some attempt to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is some attempt to draw a
+general tree so uh and we we first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general tree so uh and we we first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general tree so uh and we we first we
+cut in the middle level then we cut in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in the middle level then we cut in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in the middle level then we cut in
+the middle levels and let's say at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle levels and let's say at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle levels and let's say at that
+moment uh all of the leftover trees have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh all of the leftover trees have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh all of the leftover trees have
+size have at most B nodes in them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size have at most B nodes in them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size have at most B nodes in them okay
+it's going to happen at some point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to happen at some point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to happen at some point it's
+going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+after uh roughly log n minus log B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh roughly log n minus log B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh roughly log n minus log B
+levels of recursion right these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of recursion right these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of recursion right these the
+Heights Here will be roughly log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B we keep cutting in half till height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we keep cutting in half till height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B we keep cutting in half till height
+log B then we know the size was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B then we know the size was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B then we know the size was
+B okay so this is a picture which exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this is a picture which exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so this is a picture which exists
+in some sense what we know is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what we know is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what we know is that each
+of these triangles is stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these triangles is stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these triangles is stored
+consecutively by this recursive layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively by this recursive layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively by this recursive layout
+we guarantee uh that at any level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we guarantee uh that at any level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we guarantee uh that at any level of
+recursion each chunk is stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion each chunk is stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion each chunk is stored
+consecutively so in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively so in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutively so in particular this
+level uh level B is nice so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh level B is nice so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh level B is nice so what that
+tells us is that um each triangle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that um each triangle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is that um each triangle with
+the most B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most B
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+um it's consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means uh it
+occupies at most two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies at most two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies at most two
+blocks if we're lucky it's one but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks if we're lucky it's one but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks if we're lucky it's one but if
+we're unlucky in terms of uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're unlucky in terms of uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're unlucky in terms of uh here's
+memory here's how it's split into blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory here's how it's split into blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory here's how it's split into blocks
+maybe uh it's consecutive but it crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh it's consecutive but it crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh it's consecutive but it crosses
+a block boundary okay but the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block boundary okay but the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block boundary okay but the distance
+between these two lines is B and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two lines is B and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two lines is B and B and
+the length of the blue thing is B so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the blue thing is B so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the blue thing is B so you
+can only cross one line so you fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only cross one line so you fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only cross one line so you fit in
+two blocks each of these triangles fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks each of these triangles fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks each of these triangles fits
+in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two
+blocks now let's think about search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now let's think about search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks now let's think about search
+algorithm we're going to do regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're going to do regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're going to do regular
+binary search in a binary search tree we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search in a binary search tree we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search in a binary search tree we
+start at the root We compare to X we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the root We compare to X we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the root We compare to X we go
+left to right uh then we go left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right uh then we go left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right uh then we go left to
+right left to right eventually we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right left to right eventually we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right left to right eventually we find
+the predecessor or the successor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predecessor or the successor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predecessor or the successor or
+ideally the element we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally the element we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally the element we're actually
+searching for and the so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for and the so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching for and the so what we're
+doing is following some uh root to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is following some uh root to node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is following some uh root to node
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+in the tree maybe we stop early worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree maybe we stop early worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tree maybe we stop early worst
+case we go down to a leaf but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we go down to a leaf but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we go down to a leaf but it's it's
+a vertical path you only go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical path you only go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertical path you only go down
+say over here same thing we go let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say over here same thing we go let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say over here same thing we go let's say
+because these are the ones I drew uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the ones I drew uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the ones I drew uh you
+go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere okay but in general you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay but in general you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay but in general you're
+following some root to node path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following some root to node path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following some root to node path and
+you're visiting some sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting some sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're visiting some sequence of
+triangles okay each triangle fits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles okay each triangle fits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles okay each triangle fits in
+basically one block let's assume as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one block let's assume as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one block let's assume as
+usual m b is at least two so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual m b is at least two so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual m b is at least two so you can
+store at least two blocks which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store at least two blocks which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store at least two blocks which means
+once you start touching a triangle all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start touching a triangle all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you start touching a triangle all
+further touches are free the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further touches are free the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further touches are free the first one
+you have to pay to load in maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay to load in maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay to load in maybe these
+two blocks every subsequent touch as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks every subsequent touch as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two blocks every subsequent touch as you
+go down this path is free then you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down this path is free then you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down this path is free then you go to
+a new triangle that could be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new triangle that could be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new triangle that could be somewhere
+completely different we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different we don't really
+know but it's some other two blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it's some other two blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it's some other two blocks and
+as long as you stay within the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you stay within the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you stay within the triangle
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+free so the cost is going to be at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so the cost is going to be at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so the cost is going to be at most
+twice the number of triangles that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit
+Mt n is going to be at most uh twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt n is going to be at most uh twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt n is going to be at most uh twice the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles
+visited uh by a root to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited uh by a root to node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited uh by a root to node
+path a downward path in the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path a downward path in the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path a downward path in the binary
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree okay now to figure that out we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay now to figure that out we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay now to figure that out we need
+not only an upper bound on how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only an upper bound on how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only an upper bound on how big the
+triangles are but also a low bound I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are but also a low bound I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles are but also a low bound I
+said the height of the tree is about log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the height of the tree is about log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the height of the tree is about log
+B it's close um maybe you have triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's close um maybe you have triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's close um maybe you have triangles
+of size B plus one which is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size B plus one which is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size B plus one which is a little bit
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+big so let's think about that case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so let's think about that case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so let's think about that case uh
+you have b+1 nodes and then you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have b+1 nodes and then you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have b+1 nodes and then you end up
+cutting in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting in the middle
+level so before you had a height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so before you had a height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so before you had a height of
+almost log B slightly more than log B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost log B slightly more than log B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost log B slightly more than log B uh
+then when you cut in half the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you cut in half the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you cut in half the new
+heights will be half log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heights will be half log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heights will be half log
+B okay and then you'll have only square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay and then you'll have only square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay and then you'll have only square
+root Ro of B items in the Triangle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Ro of B items in the Triangle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Ro of B items in the Triangle so
+that may seem problematic these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may seem problematic these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may seem problematic these things
+they're at most B they're also at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at most B they're also at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at most B they're also at least
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay the height of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay the height of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay the height of a
+triangle at this level um is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle at this level um is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle at this level um is somewhere
+between half log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and log
+B luckily basically we're binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B luckily basically we're binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B luckily basically we're binary
+searching on height we're stopping when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching on height we're stopping when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching on height we're stopping when
+we divided by two and we get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divided by two and we get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divided by two and we get something
+less than log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than log
+B in height luckily we only care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in height luckily we only care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in height luckily we only care about
+height so we don't care that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so we don't care that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height so we don't care that there's
+only root B items here that may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only root B items here that may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only root B items here that may seem
+inefficient but because everything's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient but because everything's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient but because everything's in
+a log here because we only care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log here because we only care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log here because we only care about
+log B in the running time and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B in the running time and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log B in the running time and we're
+basically approximating log B within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically approximating log B within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically approximating log B within a
+factor of two everything's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two everything's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two everything's going to work
+up to constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to constant
+factors okay in other words if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors okay in other words if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors okay in other words if you look
+at this path we know the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this path we know the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this path we know the length of the
+path is log n we know the length of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is log n we know the length of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is log n we know the length of each
+uh the height of each of these triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the height of each of these triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the height of each of these triangles
+is at least half log B that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least half log B that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least half log B that means the
+number of triangles you visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of triangles you visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of triangles you visit
+is uh log B over half log B sorry log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh log B over half log B sorry log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh log B over half log B sorry log n
+/ half log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ half log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ half log
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and the length of the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is log n so the number of triangles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n so the number of triangles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n so the number of triangles on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path is at most log n divided by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is at most log n divided by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is at most log n divided by how
+much progress we make for each triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much progress we make for each triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much progress we make for each triangle
+which is half log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is half log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is half log
+B also known as 2 * log base B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N and then we get that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then we get that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and then we get that the number of
+memory transfers is at most twice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers is at most twice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers is at most twice that
+that so number of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so number of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so number of memory
+transfers is going to be at most four *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is going to be at most four *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is going to be at most four *
+log Bas B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N and that's order log base B of n which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and that's order log base B of n which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and that's order log base B of n which
+is optimal now we don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B how's that for a cheat okay so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B how's that for a cheat okay so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B how's that for a cheat okay so uh we
+get optimal running time except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get optimal running time except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get optimal running time except for the
+constant Factor admittedly this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor admittedly this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Factor admittedly this is not
+perfect B trees get basically one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect B trees get basically one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect B trees get basically one time
+log Bas B of n this cach oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Bas B of n this cach oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log Bas B of n this cach oblivious
+binary search gives you four times log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search gives you four times log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search gives you four times log
+Bas B of n but this was a rough analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas B of n but this was a rough analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas B of n but this was a rough analysis
+you can actually get that down to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get that down to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get that down to like
+1.4 Times log base B of N and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 Times log base B of N and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 Times log base B of N and that's
+tight so you can't do quite as well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight so you can't do quite as well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight so you can't do quite as well with
+cach oblivious as cash aware sorry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious as cash aware sorry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious as cash aware sorry as
+external memory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memory but
+close and that's sort of the story here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and that's sort of the story here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and that's sort of the story here
+if you ignore constant factors all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ignore constant factors all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ignore constant factors all is
+good in practice where you potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in practice where you potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in practice where you potentially
+win is that uh if you designed a be tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is that uh if you designed a be tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win is that uh if you designed a be tree
+for specific B you're going to do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific B you're going to do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific B you're going to do really
+great for that level of the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for that level of the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for that level of the memory
+hierarchy but in reality there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy but in reality there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy but in reality there's many
+levels to the memory hierarchy if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels to the memory hierarchy if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels to the memory hierarchy if they
+all matter cash oblivious is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all matter cash oblivious is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all matter cash oblivious is going to
+win a lot because it's optimal at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a lot because it's optimal at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win a lot because it's optimal at all
+levels simultaneously it's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels simultaneously it's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels simultaneously it's really hard
+to build a b tree that's optimal at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a b tree that's optimal at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a b tree that's optimal at many
+for many values of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many values of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many values of B
+simultaneously uh okay so that is search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh okay so that is search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh okay so that is search
+any questions before we go on to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah one obvious question is what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah one obvious question is what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah one obvious question is what about
+Dynamic um again I said static obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic um again I said static obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic um again I said static obviously
+the elements aren't changing here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements aren't changing here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements aren't changing here just
+doing search in log based B ofn uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing search in log based B ofn uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing search in log based B ofn uh it
+turns out you can do insert delete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can do insert delete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can do insert delete and
+search in log based B ofn memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in log based B ofn memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search in log based B ofn memory
+transfers per uh per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers per uh per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers per uh per
+operation uh this is one this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh this is one this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh this is one this is my
+first result in cach abvious land um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result in cach abvious land um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result in cach abvious land um
+it's when I met Charles lesus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when I met Charles lesus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when I met Charles lesus in
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but I'm not going to cover it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm not going to cover it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm not going to cover it if
+you want to know how you should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know how you should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know how you should take
+6851 Advanced data structures uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 Advanced data structures uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 Advanced data structures uh which
+talks about all sorts of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about all sorts of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about all sorts of things like
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamic turns out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic turns out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic turns out um
+there's a lot more to say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to say about this
+this universe and I want to go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universe and I want to go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universe and I want to go on to
+sorting instead of talking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting instead of talking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting instead of talking about how to
+make that Dynamic uh because oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Dynamic uh because oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Dynamic uh because oh okay
+search log based BN that was optimal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search log based BN that was optimal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search log based BN that was optimal and
+I said oh you can also do insert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said oh you can also do insert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said oh you can also do insert and
+delete in log Bas BN turns out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete in log Bas BN turns out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete in log Bas BN turns out that's
+not optimal it's as good as be trees but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not optimal it's as good as be trees but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not optimal it's as good as be trees but
+you can do better uh be trees are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do better uh be trees are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do better uh be trees are not
+good at updates and if you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at updates and if you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at updates and if you've ever
+worked with a database you may know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with a database you may know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with a database you may know this
+if you have a lot of updates be trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of updates be trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lot of updates be trees
+are really slow they're good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really slow they're good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really slow they're good for
+searches not good for updates you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches not good for updates you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches not good for updates you can do
+a lot better and that will be exhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better and that will be exhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better and that will be exhibited
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+sorting so sorting I think you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so sorting I think you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting so sorting I think you know the
+problem you're given n elements in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're given n elements in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're given n elements in an
+array in some arbitrary order you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in some arbitrary order you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in some arbitrary order you want
+to put them into sorted order or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them into sorted order or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them into sorted order or
+equivalently you want to put them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently you want to put them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently you want to put them into a
+vom Deo order once they're sorted it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vom Deo order once they're sorted it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vom Deo order once they're sorted it's
+not too hard to transfer into this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard to transfer into this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard to transfer into this order
+so you can do search fast or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do search fast or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do search fast or whatever
+sorting is a very basic thing we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is a very basic thing we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is a very basic thing we like to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um and the obvious way to sort when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the obvious way to sort when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the obvious way to sort when you
+have basically a let's pretend we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically a let's pretend we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically a let's pretend we have
+this B data structure cach oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this B data structure cach oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this B data structure cach oblivious
+even or we just use regular be trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even or we just use regular be trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even or we just use regular be trees
+let's use regular be trees forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use regular be trees forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use regular be trees forget about
+cach obliv external memory we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach obliv external memory we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach obliv external memory we know how
+to do be trees we know how to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do be trees we know how to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do be trees we know how to insert
+into a b tree so the obvious way to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a b tree so the obvious way to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a b tree so the obvious way to sort
+is to do n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inserts into uh if you want a cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts into uh if you want a cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts into uh if you want a cach
+oblivious B tree or just a regular B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious B tree or just a regular B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious B tree or just a regular B
+tree how long is that take n * log Bas B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree how long is that take n * log Bas B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree how long is that take n * log Bas B
+of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounds okay but it's not optimal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds okay but it's not optimal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds okay but it's not optimal it's
+actually really slow compared to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really slow compared to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really slow compared to what
+you can do you can do roughly a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do you can do roughly a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do you can do roughly a factor
+of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+uh but it's the best we know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's the best we know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's the best we know how to do
+so far so the goal is to do better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so the goal is to do better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so the goal is to do better and
+basically what's going on is we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what's going on is we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what's going on is we can do
+inserts in this universe we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts in this universe we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts in this universe we can do
+inserts and deletes faster than we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts and deletes faster than we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts and deletes faster than we can
+do searches which is a little weird um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do searches which is a little weird um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do searches which is a little weird um
+it will become clear as we go through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will become clear as we go through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will become clear as we go through uh
+so what's another natural way to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's another natural way to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's another natural way to sort
+what name some sorting algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what name some sorting algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what name some sorting algorithms that
+we've covered that are optimal In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered that are optimal In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered that are optimal In the
+comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+model merge sort that's a good one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model merge sort that's a good one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model merge sort that's a good one could
+do quick sort too I guess I'll stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quick sort too I guess I'll stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quick sort too I guess I'll stick to
+merge sort merge sword's nice because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort merge sword's nice because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort merge sword's nice because a
+it's divide and conquer and we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divide and conquer and we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divide and conquer and we like
+divide and conquer it seems to work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer it seems to work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer it seems to work if
+we do it right right uh and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it right right uh and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it right right uh and it's also
+cach oblivious right there's no B in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious right there's no B in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious right there's no B in
+merge sort we didn't even know what B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort we didn't even know what B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort we didn't even know what B
+was so great merge sort uh is divid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so great merge sort uh is divid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so great merge sort uh is divid and
+Conquer and C Olivia so how much does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conquer and C Olivia so how much does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conquer and C Olivia so how much does it
+cost well let's think about merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost well let's think about merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost well let's think about merge sort
+you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an
+array you divide it in half that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you divide it in half that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you divide it in half that takes
+zero time that's just a conceptual thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero time that's just a conceptual thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero time that's just a conceptual thing
+you recursively sort this part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recursively sort this part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recursively sort this part you
+recursively sort this part that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively sort this part that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively sort this part that looks
+good because those items are consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because those items are consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because those items are consecutive
+so that recursion is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that recursion is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that recursion is going to be an
+honest goodness recursion on an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest goodness recursion on an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest goodness recursion on an array
+so we can write a recurrence um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write a recurrence um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write a recurrence um and then
+we have to merge the two parts so merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to merge the two parts so merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to merge the two parts so merge
+uh you know we take the first out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we take the first out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we take the first out of
+each guy compare them output one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each guy compare them output one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each guy compare them output one of them
+advance that one compare output one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that one compare output one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that one compare output one of
+them uh advance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh advance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh advance that
+guy that's three parallel scans right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that's three parallel scans right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that's three parallel scans right
+we're scanning in this array we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're scanning in this array we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're scanning in this array we're
+scanning in this array we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning in this array we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning in this array we're always
+advancing forward which means as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing forward which means as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancing forward which means as long as
+we store uh the first block of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store uh the first block of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store uh the first block of this guy
+and the first block of this guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first block of this guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first block of this guy who
+knows how it's aligned um but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how it's aligned um but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how it's aligned um but you know
+we'll read these items one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll read these items one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll read these items one by
+one until we finish that block then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one until we finish that block then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one until we finish that block then
+we'll just read the next block read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just read the next block read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just read the next block read
+those one by one the total cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those one by one the total cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those one by one the total cost and
+similarly for the output array we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the output array we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the output array we first
+uh start filling a block once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start filling a block once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start filling a block once it's
+filled uh we can kick that one out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled uh we can kick that one out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled uh we can kick that one out and
+read the next one as long as M over B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next one as long as M over B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the next one as long as M over B is
+at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+three we can afford this three parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we can afford this three parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we can afford this three parallel
+scan it's parallel not it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it's parallel not it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it's parallel not it's not really
+parallel it's more like interleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel it's more like interleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel it's more like interleaved
+scans uh but we're basically scanning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans uh but we're basically scanning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans uh but we're basically scanning in
+here while we're also scanning in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here while we're also scanning in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here while we're also scanning in here
+and and scanning in the output array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and scanning in the output array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and scanning in the output array and
+we can merge uh two sorted arrays into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can merge uh two sorted arrays into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can merge uh two sorted arrays into a
+new sorted array in scan time n over B +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sorted array in scan time n over B +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sorted array in scan time n over B +
+one okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that
+means uh the number of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfers is 2 times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is 2 times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers is 2 times the number of
+memory transfers for half the size like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers for half the size like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers for half the size like
+regular merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular merge
+sort plus uh n over B + 1 that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort plus uh n over B + 1 that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort plus uh n over B + 1 that's our
+recurrence now we just need to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence now we just need to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence now we just need to solve it
+well before we solve it in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we solve it in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well before we solve it in this case we
+always have to be careful with the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be careful with the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be careful with the base
+case base case is Mt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case base case is Mt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case base case is Mt of
+M this is the best base case we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this is the best base case we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this is the best base case we could
+use let's use it uh when I reach an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use let's use it uh when I reach an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use let's use it uh when I reach an
+array of size M uh I read the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of size M uh I read the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of size M uh I read the whole
+thing and then that's all I can pay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then that's all I can pay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then that's all I can pay so I
+won't I won't incur any more cost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't I won't incur any more cost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't I won't incur any more cost as
+long as I stay within that region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I stay within that region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I stay within that region of
+size M maybe I should put some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size M maybe I should put some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size M maybe I should put some constant
+time M because this is not an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time M because this is not an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time M because this is not an in
+algorithm so you know maybe 1/3 M or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so you know maybe 1/3 M or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so you know maybe 1/3 M or
+something as long as I'm not too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as long as I'm not too close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as long as I'm not too close
+to the cache size I will only pay M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cache size I will only pay M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cache size I will only pay M
+overb memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb memory
+transfers so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good now we just solve the recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we just solve the recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now we just solve the recurrence
+this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice
+recurrence very similar to the old merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence very similar to the old merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence very similar to the old merge
+sort recurrence we just have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort recurrence we just have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort recurrence we just have a different
+thing in the additive term and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the additive term and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the additive term and we have a
+different base case the way I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base case the way I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base case the way I like to
+solve nice recurrences is with recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve nice recurrences is with recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve nice recurrences is with recursion
+trees this is actually a trick I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees this is actually a trick I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees this is actually a trick I learned
+by teaching this class before this cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by teaching this class before this cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by teaching this class before this cach
+oblivious was really painful to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious was really painful to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious was really painful to me
+because I could never solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could never solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could never solve the
+recurrences then I thought the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences then I thought the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences then I thought the class
+like oh this is easy uh hope the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this is easy uh hope the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh this is easy uh hope the same
+transformation happens to you you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happens to you you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation happens to you you'll see
+how easy it is once uh we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy it is once uh we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how easy it is once uh we do this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is merge sort I've put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is merge sort I've put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is merge sort I've put
+remember recursion Tree in every node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember recursion Tree in every node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember recursion Tree in every node
+you put the the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the the additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the the additive
+cost uh so that if you added up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh so that if you added up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh so that if you added up the
+costs of all of these nodes you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of all of these nodes you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of all of these nodes you would
+get the total value that this expands to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the total value that this expands to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the total value that this expands to
+because we're basically making two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're basically making two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're basically making two
+children of size n/2 and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children of size n/2 and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children of size n/2 and then we're
+putting at the root this cost which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting at the root this cost which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting at the root this cost which
+means if you add up all of these nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you add up all of these nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you add up all of these nodes
+uh you're getting all of these costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're getting all of these costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're getting all of these costs and
+that's the total cost okay so it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total cost okay so it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total cost okay so it's n
+over B at the top then it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B at the top then it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B at the top then it's going to be
+n/2 / B and so on I'm omitting the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/2 / B and so on I'm omitting the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/2 / B and so on I'm omitting the plus
+one just for cleanliness you'd actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just for cleanliness you'd actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just for cleanliness you'd actually
+have to count um and this keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count um and this keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to count um and this keeps going
+until we hit the base case this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we hit the base case this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we hit the base case this is where
+things are a little different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are a little different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are a little different from
+regular merge sort other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular merge sort other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular merge sort other than the
+divided by B uh we stop when we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by B uh we stop when we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by B uh we stop when we reach
+something of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of size
+M so the leaf level we have something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so the leaf level we have something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so the leaf level we have something of
+size M which means we basically have m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size M which means we basically have m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size M which means we basically have m
+overb in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb in each
+leaf and then we should think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf and then we should think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf and then we should think about how
+many leaves there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we this is just n/ m leaves I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is just n/ m leaves I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this is just n/ m leaves I
+guess lots of ways to see that uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess lots of ways to see that uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess lots of ways to see that uh one
+way to think about is we're conserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about is we're conserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about is we're conserving
+Mass we started with n items split it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass we started with n items split it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass we started with n items split it in
+half split it in half so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half split it in half so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half split it in half so the number of
+items is remaining fixed then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items is remaining fixed then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items is remaining fixed then at the
+bottom we have M items and so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we have M items and so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we have M items and so the number
+of Le has to be exactly n over M because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Le has to be exactly n over M because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Le has to be exactly n over M because
+the total should be n okay you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total should be n okay you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total should be n okay you can also
+think of it as 2 to the power log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as 2 to the power log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as 2 to the power log of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh we have usually log n levels but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have usually log n levels but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have usually log n levels but
+we're cutting off a log M at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're cutting off a log M at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're cutting off a log M at the bottom
+so it's log n minus log m is the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's log n minus log m is the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's log n minus log m is the height
+that's actually need that the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually need that the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually need that the height of
+this tree is log n minus log M also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree is log n minus log M also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree is log n minus log M also
+known as log n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as log n/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as log n/
+M uh okay so we've drawn this tree now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh okay so we've drawn this tree now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh okay so we've drawn this tree now
+what we usually do is add up level by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually do is add up level by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually do is add up level by
+level that usually gives a very clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that usually gives a very clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that usually gives a very clean
+answer so we add up the top level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we add up the top level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we add up the top level that's
+n / B we add up the second level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / B we add up the second level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / B we add up the second level that's
+n/ B by conservation of mass again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ B by conservation of mass again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ B by conservation of mass again and
+because this is a linear function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a linear function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a linear function okay
+so each level in fact is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each level in fact is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each level in fact is going to be
+exactly n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n over B
+cost uh we should be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh we should be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh we should be a little careful
+about the bottom because the base case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bottom because the base case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bottom because the base case I
+mean it happens if the base case matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it happens if the base case matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it happens if the base case matches
+this but it's always good practice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's always good practice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's always good practice to
+think about the leaf level separately uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the leaf level separately uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the leaf level separately uh
+but the leaf level is just M over B * n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the leaf level is just M over B * n/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the leaf level is just M over B * n/
+m the M's cancel so M over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the M's cancel so M over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the M's cancel so M over B
+time n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n /
+M this is n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this is n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this is n over
+B so every level is n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so every level is n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so every level is n over
+B number of levels is log of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M cool so number of memory transfers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M cool so number of memory transfers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M cool so number of memory transfers is
+just the product of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things it's n/ B times that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's n/ B times that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's n/ B times that log
+log n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n /
+M now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M now let's
+compare over here that was that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare over here that was that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare over here that was that's
+sorting uh over here we had a running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting uh over here we had a running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting uh over here we had a running
+time of n time log base B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of n time log base B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of n time log base B of
+n over here so uh you know this is n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over here so uh you know this is n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over here so uh you know this is n log
+n divid log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divid log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n divid log
+B right log base B is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right log base B is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right log base B is the same as
+dividing by log B so n log n divid by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by log B so n log n divid by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by log B so n log n divid by
+log we had regular sorting and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log we had regular sorting and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log we had regular sorting and then we
+divide it by log B over here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by log B over here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it by log B over here we have
+basically regular sorting time but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically regular sorting time but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically regular sorting time but now
+we're dividing by B that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dividing by B that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dividing by B that's a huge
+Improvement a b divided by log B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement a b divided by log B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement a b divided by log B
+Improvement uh so before we were I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement uh so before we were I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement uh so before we were I mean
+think of B being like a million so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of B being like a million so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of B being like a million so
+before we were dividing by 20 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we were dividing by 20 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we were dividing by 20 which is
+okay but now we're dividing by a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now we're dividing by a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now we're dividing by a million
+that's better okay so this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better okay so this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better okay so this way of
+sorting is so much better than any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is so much better than any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting is so much better than any way
+of than than this way of sorting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of than than this way of sorting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of than than this way of sorting okay
+still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not
+optimal but we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better we can actually get sort of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we can actually get sort of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we can actually get sort of The
+Best of Both Worlds divide by B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Best of Both Worlds divide by B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Best of Both Worlds divide by B and
+divide by log B I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by log B I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by log B I
+claim uh but we need a new algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh but we need a new algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh but we need a new algorithm
+any suggestions for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm I want to divide into block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I want to divide into block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm I want to divide into block
+size B so you mean you merge sort so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size B so you mean you merge sort so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size B so you mean you merge sort so
+merge sort I take my array I divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort I take my array I divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort I take my array I divide it
+into blocks of size B I could sort each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blocks of size B I could sort each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blocks of size B I could sort each
+one in constant in one memory transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in constant in one memory transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in constant in one memory transfer
+and then I need to merge them so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I need to merge them so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I need to merge them so then
+I've got n / B sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got n / B sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got n / B sorted
+arrays uh I don't know how to merge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays uh I don't know how to merge them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays uh I don't know how to merge them
+it's going to be hard but very close so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be hard but very close so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be hard but very close so
+the answer is indeed merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort uh what we covered before is binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh what we covered before is binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh what we covered before is binary
+merge s you split into two groups what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge s you split into two groups what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge s you split into two groups what I
+want to do now is split into some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is split into some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is split into some other
+number of groups so that was n overb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of groups so that was n overb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of groups so that was n overb
+groups that's too many because merging n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that's too many because merging n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that's too many because merging n
+over B arrays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B arrays is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B arrays is
+hard merging two arrays was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard merging two arrays was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard merging two arrays was
+easy uh assuming M over B was at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh assuming M over B was at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh assuming M over B was at least
+three I could merge these guys just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I could merge these guys just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I could merge these guys just by
+parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel
+scans so you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans so you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans so you have the right
+bound B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound B
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe square root of B that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe square root of B that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe square root of B that's what I
+like to call Root Beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call Root Beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call Root Beer
+uh uh nope I do call it that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh nope I do call it that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh nope I do call it that um
+yeah M over B that's what I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah M over B that's what I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah M over B that's what I'm looking
+for why M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B just because m overb is up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just because m overb is up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B just because m overb is up here
+nice not not the right reason but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice not not the right reason but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice not not the right reason but you're
+get a frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a frisbee
+anyway all right see if I can do this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right see if I can do this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right see if I can do this H
+would you like another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like another one
+add to your collection all right um so m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to your collection all right um so m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to your collection all right um so m
+overb is the right answer wrong reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb is the right answer wrong reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb is the right answer wrong reason
+but that's okay um it all comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay um it all comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay um it all comes down to
+this merge step so M over B way means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this merge step so M over B way means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this merge step so M over B way means I
+take my problem size n let's draw it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my problem size n let's draw it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my problem size n let's draw it I
+divide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into
+chunks I want the number of chunks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks I want the number of chunks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks I want the number of chunks that
+I divide into to be M over B meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide into to be M over B meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide into to be M over B meaning
+each of these has size I don't know n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these has size I don't know n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these has size I don't know n
+over M over B it's a weird we I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M over B it's a weird we I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M over B it's a weird we I don't
+that's weird this is natural because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird this is natural because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird this is natural because
+this is how many blocks I can have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how many blocks I can have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how many blocks I can have in
+Cache I care about that because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cache I care about that because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cache I care about that because if I
+want to do a multi-way merge you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a multi-way merge you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a multi-way merge you can
+mimic the same binary merge you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the same binary merge you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the same binary merge you look at
+the first item of each of the sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first item of each of the sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first item of each of the sorted
+arrays you compare them in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays you compare them in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays you compare them in this model
+comparisons are free let's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons are free let's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons are free let's not even
+worry about it in reality use a priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it in reality use a priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it in reality use a priority
+q but all right so you find the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q but all right so you find the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q but all right so you find the minimum
+of these let's say it's this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these let's say it's this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these let's say it's this one you
+output that and then you advance same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that and then you advance same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that and then you advance same
+algorithm right that will merge however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right that will merge however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right that will merge however
+many arrays you have the issue is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arrays you have the issue is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arrays you have the issue is for
+this to be efficient like it was here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be efficient like it was here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be efficient like it was here we
+need to be able to store the first block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to store the first block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to store the first block
+of each of these arrays how many blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these arrays how many blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of these arrays how many blocks
+do we have room for M over B this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have room for M over B this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have room for M over B this is
+maxing out merge sort this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxing out merge sort this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxing out merge sort this is exactly
+the number of blocks that we can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks that we can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of blocks that we can store
+and so if we do M overb way merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we do M overb way merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we do M overb way merge sort
+merge remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge remains
+cheap and M overb way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and M overb way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and M overb way
+merge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge uh
+cost uh n / B + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh n / B + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh n / B + 1
+just like before it's m overb parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before it's m overb parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like before it's m overb parallel
+scans m overb is exactly the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans m overb is exactly the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans m overb is exactly the number of
+scans we can handle okay technically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans we can handle okay technically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans we can handle okay technically we
+have with this picture M over B+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with this picture M over B+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with this picture M over B+ one
+scans so I need to write M over B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans so I need to write M over B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans so I need to write M over B minus
+one but won't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but won't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but won't make a
+difference okay so let's write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so let's write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so let's write down the
+recurrence it's pretty similar memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence it's pretty similar memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence it's pretty similar memory
+transfers size M we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers size M we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers size M we have
+m/b sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/b sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/b sub
+problems of size n / m/ B still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n / m/ B still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of size n / m/ B still
+conservation of mass and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of mass and then we have
+plus same thing as before n/ B plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus same thing as before n/ B plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus same thing as before n/ B plus one
+so it's exactly the same recurrence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly the same recurrence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly the same recurrence we
+had before we're just splitting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before we're just splitting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before we're just splitting into
+more problems but the sums are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more problems but the sums are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more problems but the sums are going to
+be the same still going to add up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same still going to add up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same still going to add up to n
+over B at each step because conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B at each step because conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B at each step because conservation
+of mass and we didn't change this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and we didn't change this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass and we didn't change this so
+level by level it looks the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level by level it looks the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level by level it looks the same the
+only things that changes is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that changes is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that changes is the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+levels now we're taking n and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels now we're taking n and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels now we're taking n and we're
+dividing by M over B in each step so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by M over B in each step so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by M over B in each step so the
+the height of the tree number of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree number of levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree number of levels
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+tree of the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of the recursion
+tree now is before it was log base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now is before it was log base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree now is before it was log base 2 of
+n / M now it's going to be log base M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / M now it's going to be log base M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / M now it's going to be log base M
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+B of n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M okay if you're careful I guess there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay if you're careful I guess there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay if you're careful I guess there's
+a plus one for the leaf level I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus one for the leaf level I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus one for the leaf level I actually
+want to mention this plus unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention this plus unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention this plus unlike the
+other plus ones I'm going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plus ones I'm going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plus ones I'm going to mention
+this one because uh this is not how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because uh this is not how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because uh this is not how I
+usually think of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of the number of
+levels show you why uh if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels show you why uh if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels show you why uh if you just
+change it by one you get a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it by one you get a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it by one you get a slightly
+cleaner formula this has got M's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner formula this has got M's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner formula this has got M's all
+over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place
+uh so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I just want to
+rewrite uh n/ M here then we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite uh n/ M here then we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite uh n/ M here then we'll see how
+good this is this is just pedantics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is this is just pedantics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this is this is just pedantics uh
+log base m/ B of N I really want n/ B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base m/ B of N I really want n/ B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base m/ B of N I really want n/ B
+uh to make this n/ B I need to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make this n/ B I need to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make this n/ B I need to multiply
+by bide by m okay these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bide by m okay these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bide by m okay these are the same
+thing right n / M B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right n / M B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right n / M B's
+cancel okay but I have a log of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay but I have a log of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay but I have a log of a
+product I can separate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I can separate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product I can separate that
+out let's go over here uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log base M over B of n/ B this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base M over B of n/ B this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base M over B of n/ B this is what I
+like uh and then basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh and then basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh and then basically
+minus log base m B of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B uh I put a minus so it's M over B if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh I put a minus so it's M over B if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh I put a minus so it's M over B if I
+put a plus it would be B over M but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plus it would be B over M but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plus it would be B over M but in
+fact m is bigger than b so I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact m is bigger than b so I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact m is bigger than b so I want it
+this way uh and now it's obvious this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh and now it's obvious this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way uh and now it's obvious this is
+one so these cancel okay so that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so these cancel okay so that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so these cancel okay so that's why I
+wanted the one just to get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the one just to get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the one just to get rid of that
+it doesn't really matter just a plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter just a plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter just a plus one
+but it's a cooler way to see uh that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a cooler way to see uh that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a cooler way to see uh that in
+some sense this is the right answer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this is the right answer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense this is the right answer of
+the height of the tree now we're paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree now we're paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the tree now we're paying
+n/ B at each cursive level so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost is What's called the Sorting bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is What's called the Sorting bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is What's called the Sorting bound
+this is optimal n/ B * log base m/ B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is optimal n/ B * log base m/ B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is optimal n/ B * log base m/ B of
+n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/
+B oh my gosh what a mouthful but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B oh my gosh what a mouthful but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B oh my gosh what a mouthful but every
+person who does external memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who does external memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who does external memory
+algorithms and cach obivious algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and cach obivious algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and cach obivious algorithms
+this everyone knows this it is the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everyone knows this it is the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this everyone knows this it is the truth
+turns out there's a matching lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a matching lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a matching lower bound
+it's a weird bound but let's compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weird bound but let's compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weird bound but let's compare it
+to what we know so we started out with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we know so we started out with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we know so we started out with n
+log n/ by log B then we got n log n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n/ by log B then we got n log n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n/ by log B then we got n log n /
+B uh let's let's ignore this has almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh let's let's ignore this has almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh let's let's ignore this has almost
+no effect the part in here now we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no effect the part in here now we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no effect the part in here now we have n
+log n / B and divid log M over B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n / B and divid log M over B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n / B and divid log M over B okay
+it's not quite dividing by log B but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite dividing by log B but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite dividing by log B but
+it's it turns out it's almost always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it turns out it's almost always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it turns out it's almost always the
+same uh in some sense this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh in some sense this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh in some sense this could be
+better if your cache is big now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if your cache is big now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if your cache is big now you're
+dividing by log M roughly before you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by log M roughly before you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by log M roughly before you're
+only dividing by log B and turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dividing by log B and turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dividing by log B and turns out
+this is the best you can do so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best you can do so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best you can do so this is
+going to be a little bit better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit better than
+merge sort if your cache is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort if your cache is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort if your cache is I don't
+know uh 16 gigabytes like your RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh 16 gigabytes like your RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh 16 gigabytes like your RAM
+caching your uh caching your dis then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching your uh caching your dis then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching your uh caching your dis then
+log m is pretty big it's going to be 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log m is pretty big it's going to be 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log m is pretty big it's going to be 32
+or something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something um
+34 I guess uh log M okay I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 I guess uh log M okay I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 I guess uh log M okay I have to
+divide by B so it's not that good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by B so it's not that good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by B so it's not that good but
+still I'm getting an improvement over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I'm getting an improvement over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I'm getting an improvement over
+regular binary merge sort and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular binary merge sort and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular binary merge sort and you would
+see that Improvement these are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Improvement these are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Improvement these are big
+factors the big thing of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the big thing of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the big thing of course is
+dividing by B but dividing by log of M B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by B but dividing by log of M B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by B but dividing by log of M B
+is also nice and best you can do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also nice and best you can do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also nice and best you can do okay
+obviously I needed to know what m and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I needed to know what m and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I needed to know what m and b
+were here so the natural question next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here so the natural question next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were here so the natural question next
+is cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cach
+oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious
+sorting and that would take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and that would take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting and that would take another
+lecture to cover so I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to cover so I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to cover so I'm not going to do
+it here but it can be done cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but it can be done cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but it can be done cach
+obliviously you can achieve the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliviously you can achieve the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliviously you can achieve the same
+thing and I'll give you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'll give you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'll give you the the
+intuition uh there's one catch let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh there's one catch let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition uh there's one catch let me
+mention the catch uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so cach oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorting to do optimal cachia sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting to do optimal cachia sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting to do optimal cachia sorting
+like that bound turns out you need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that bound turns out you need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that bound turns out you need an
+assumption called The Tall cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumption uh simple form of the tallach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh simple form of the tallach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption uh simple form of the tallach
+Assumption is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption is that
+m is at least uh b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is at least uh b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is at least uh b^
+s what that means is M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what that means is M over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what that means is M over
+B is at least B in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is at least B in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is at least B in other words the
+cachee is taller than it is wide the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cachee is taller than it is wide the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cachee is taller than it is wide the way
+I've been drawing it that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been drawing it that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been drawing it that's why it's
+called the tall cache assumption and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the tall cache assumption and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the tall cache assumption and if
+you look at real caches this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at real caches this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at real caches this is usually
+the case um I don't know of a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case um I don't know of a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case um I don't know of a great
+reason why it should be the case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it should be the case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it should be the case but
+usually is so all is well uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is so all is well uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is so all is well uh you can do
+cash assorting turns out if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash assorting turns out if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash assorting turns out if you don't
+have this assumption you cannot achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this assumption you cannot achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this assumption you cannot achieve
+this bound uh we don't know what bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound uh we don't know what bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound uh we don't know what bound
+you can achieve but we just know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve but we just know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve but we just know this
+one is not possible you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not possible you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not possible you can get a
+contradiction if you achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction if you achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction if you achieve that
+without tall cach so it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without tall cach so it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without tall cach so it's a little bit
+weird you have to make one bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird you have to make one bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird you have to make one bonus
+assumption you can make a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you can make a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you can make a somewhat
+weaker form of it which is uh m is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker form of it which is uh m is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker form of it which is uh m is Omega
+B to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.000000 one that'll do in general 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.000000 one that'll do in general 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.000000 one that'll do in general 1
+plus Epsilon any Epsilon will be fine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon any Epsilon will be fine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon any Epsilon will be fine we
+just need that the number of blocks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need that the number of blocks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need that the number of blocks is
+at least some B to the Epsilon where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some B to the Epsilon where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some B to the Epsilon where
+epsilon's a constant bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon's a constant bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon's a constant bigger than
+zero okay then you can do CIA sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay then you can do CIA sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay then you can do CIA sorting
+let me tell you how uh we want to do M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you how uh we want to do M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you how uh we want to do M
+overb way merge sort but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb way merge sort but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overb way merge sort but we don't know
+how to do we don't know what M over B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do we don't know what M over B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do we don't know what M over B is
+so instead we're going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we're going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we're going to do something
+like n to the Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n to the Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n to the Epsilon
+way merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort so so interpretation this is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so so interpretation this is back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort so so interpretation this is back
+to your idea roughly uh we're dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your idea roughly uh we're dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your idea roughly uh we're dividing
+into a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of
+chunks and then we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks and then we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks and then we don't know how to
+merge them anymore because we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge them anymore because we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge them anymore because we can't do
+this simple um you can't do regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple um you can't do regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple um you can't do regular
+merge with n to the Epsilon chunks could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge with n to the Epsilon chunks could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge with n to the Epsilon chunks could
+be n to the epsilon's too big uh so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n to the epsilon's too big uh so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n to the epsilon's too big uh so how
+do we do it we do a divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do it we do a divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do it we do a divide and conquer
+merge um this is actually called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge um this is actually called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge um this is actually called uh
+funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel
+sort because the way you do a divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort because the way you do a divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort because the way you do a divide and
+conquer merge looks kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer merge looks kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer merge looks kind of like a
+funnel actually looks a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel actually looks a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel actually looks a lot like the
+triangles we were drawing earlier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles we were drawing earlier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles we were drawing earlier uh
+it's just a lot Messier to analyze so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a lot Messier to analyze so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a lot Messier to analyze so
+I'm not going to do it here take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to do it here take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to do it here take another
+40 minutes or so uh but that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 minutes or so uh but that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 minutes or so uh but that's some
+intuition of how you do cash oblivious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of how you do cash oblivious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition of how you do cash oblivious
+merge sort uh I think that's what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort uh I think that's what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge sort uh I think that's what I want
+to say about cash oblivious stuff oh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about cash oblivious stuff oh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about cash oblivious stuff oh one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+thing one more cool thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I'm a data structures guy so sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm a data structures guy so sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm a data structures guy so sorting
+is nice but what I really like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice but what I really like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice but what I really like are
+priority cues because they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority cues because they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority cues because they're more
+General than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than
+sorting we started out by saying hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting we started out by saying hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting we started out by saying hey
+look if you want to sort and use a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if you want to sort and use a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if you want to sort and use a b
+tree you get a really bad running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you get a really bad running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree you get a really bad running time
+that's weird because usually BST sort is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird because usually BST sort is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's weird because usually BST sort is
+good in the regular comparison model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the regular comparison model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in the regular comparison model
+it's n log n uh so B trees are clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n log n uh so B trees are clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n log n uh so B trees are clearly
+not what we want is there some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we want is there some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we want is there some other
+thing we want and it turns out yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want and it turns out yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want and it turns out yes
+uh you can build a priority Q which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can build a priority Q which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can build a priority Q which
+supports insert and delete Min and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports insert and delete Min and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports insert and delete Min and a
+bunch of other operations each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other operations each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other operations each of those
+operations costs 1 over B log base M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations costs 1 over B log base M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations costs 1 over B log base M
+overb of n/ B amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfers bit of a mouthful again but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers bit of a mouthful again but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers bit of a mouthful again but if
+you compare this bound with this bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare this bound with this bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare this bound with this bound
+exactly the same but I divide it by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same but I divide it by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same but I divide it by n
+which means uh if I insert with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means uh if I insert with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means uh if I insert with this
+cost n times I pay the Sorting bound if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost n times I pay the Sorting bound if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost n times I pay the Sorting bound if
+I delete Min with this bound n times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I delete Min with this bound n times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I delete Min with this bound n times I
+get the Sorting bound so if I insert n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Sorting bound so if I insert n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Sorting bound so if I insert n
+times and then delete all the items out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then delete all the items out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then delete all the items out
+I've sorted the items in sorting bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sorted the items in sorting bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sorted the items in sorting bound
+time so this is the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is the data structure
+generalization of that sorting algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that sorting algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that sorting algorithm
+now this is even harder to do uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is even harder to do uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is even harder to do uh there's
+an originally it was done external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an originally it was done external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an originally it was done external
+memory it's called buffer trees then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's called buffer trees then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's called buffer trees then uh
+we did it cach obliviously it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it cach obliviously it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it cach obliviously it's called
+cach oblivious priority cues we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious priority cues we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cach oblivious priority cues we weren't
+very creative um but it can be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very creative um but it can be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very creative um but it can be done and
+again if you want to learn more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you want to learn more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you want to learn more you
+should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take
+6851 Advanced data structures uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 Advanced data structures uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 Advanced data structures uh which
+leads us into the next next topic what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us into the next next topic what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us into the next next topic what
+class you should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you should take
+next classes classes that's what I meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next classes classes that's what I meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next classes classes that's what I meant
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so a lot of bias here and well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lot of bias here and well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lot of bias here and well I'm
+just going to give a lot of classes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to give a lot of classes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to give a lot of classes it's
+a lot of them uh I believe this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them uh I believe this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them uh I believe this is in
+roughly numerical order almost let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly numerical order almost let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly numerical order almost let's
+Chang a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang a little bit
+so many classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many classes
+uh you okay with numbers you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you okay with numbers you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you okay with numbers you want
+titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles
+um all right the obvious follow-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right the obvious follow-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right the obvious follow-on
+course to this class is 6854 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to this class is 6854 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to this class is 6854 which is
+Advanced algorithms it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced algorithms it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced algorithms it's the first
+graduate algorithms class this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate algorithms class this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate algorithms class this is the
+last undergraduate class roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last undergraduate class roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last undergraduate class roughly
+speaking uh with the exception of 6047
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh with the exception of 6047
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking uh with the exception of 6047
+but in sort of terms of straight General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in sort of terms of straight General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in sort of terms of straight General
+algorithms this would be the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this would be the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this would be the natural
+class it's only in the fall sadly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's only in the fall sadly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's only in the fall sadly not
+next fall uh but in general it's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next fall uh but in general it's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next fall uh but in general it's cool
+class it's very broad overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's very broad overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's very broad overview of
+algorithms but much more uh hardcore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but much more uh hardcore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but much more uh hardcore I
+guess um it's an intense class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um it's an intense class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess um it's an intense class but
+covers a lot of fields a lot of areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers a lot of fields a lot of areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers a lot of fields a lot of areas of
+algorithms then all the other ones I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms then all the other ones I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms then all the other ones I'm
+going to list are more specialized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list are more specialized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list are more specialized so
+6047 is computational biology so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6047 is computational biology so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6047 is computational biology so if
+you're interested in biology you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in biology you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in biology you want
+algs applied to biology that's a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algs applied to biology that's a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algs applied to biology that's a cool
+class it's also an undergrad class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's also an undergrad class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's also an undergrad class
+everything else here I mean you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else here I mean you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else here I mean you know the
+story you take grad classes all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you take grad classes all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you take grad classes all the time
+or you will soon uh if you want want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will soon uh if you want want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will soon uh if you want want to
+do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more
+algorithms so uh 6850 is computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so uh 6850 is computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so uh 6850 is computational
+geometry or I think it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry or I think it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry or I think it's called
+geometric algorithms so we've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric algorithms so we've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric algorithms so we've seen a
+couple examples like the convex Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples like the convex Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples like the convex Hall
+divide and conquer algorithm um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer algorithm um and the
+range trees uh those are two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range trees uh those are two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range trees uh those are two examples of
+geometric algorithms when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric algorithms when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric algorithms when you have
+points and lines and stuff maybe in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and lines and stuff maybe in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and lines and stuff maybe in two
+Dimensions maybe in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions maybe in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions maybe in three dimensions
+maybe in log n Dimensions uh if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in log n Dimensions uh if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in log n Dimensions uh if you like
+that stuff you should take computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff you should take computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff you should take computational
+geometry that's what this was the devil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that's what this was the devil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry that's what this was the devil
+that led me into algorithms in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led me into algorithms in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led me into algorithms in the first
+place Cool Stuff um um 6849 is my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Cool Stuff um um 6849 is my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place Cool Stuff um um 6849 is my class
+on folding algorithms this is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on folding algorithms this is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on folding algorithms this is a special
+SE special type of geometric algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE special type of geometric algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE special type of geometric algorithms
+where we think about paper folding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think about paper folding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think about paper folding and
+robotic arm folding and protein folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic arm folding and protein folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic arm folding and protein folding
+and things like that um so that's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um so that's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um so that's a bit
+of a specialized class 6851 I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specialized class 6851 I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specialized class 6851 I've
+mentioned three times now uh Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned three times now uh Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned three times now uh Advanced
+data structures um then we've got 6852
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures um then we've got 6852
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures um then we've got 6852
+it's neighbor uh this is ny's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's neighbor uh this is ny's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's neighbor uh this is ny's
+distributed algorithms class so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed algorithms class so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed algorithms class so if you
+like the week of distributed algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the week of distributed algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the week of distributed algorithms
+there's a whole class on it um she wrot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole class on it um she wrot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole class on it um she wrot
+the textbook for it uh then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook for it uh then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook for it uh then there's
+6853 this is algorithmic Game Theory if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6853 this is algorithmic Game Theory if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6853 this is algorithmic Game Theory if
+you care about algorithms where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about algorithms where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about algorithms where uh
+involving multiple players and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving multiple players and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving multiple players and the
+players are each selfish and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are each selfish and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are each selfish and they have
+no reason to tell you the truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to tell you the truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to tell you the truth and
+still you want to compute something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you want to compute something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you want to compute something like
+I don't know minimum spanning tree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know minimum spanning tree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know minimum spanning tree or
+pick your favorite thing everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your favorite thing everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick your favorite thing everyone's
+lying about the edge weights and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying about the edge weights and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying about the edge weights and still
+you want to figure out how to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out how to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out how to design a
+mechanism like a an auction so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism like a an auction so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism like a an auction so that you
+actually end up buying a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up buying a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up buying a minimum
+spanning tree you can do that and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree you can do that and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning tree you can do that and if you
+want to know how you should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how you should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how you should take
+6853 uh else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6853 uh else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6853 uh else we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+6855 is Network optimization so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6855 is Network optimization so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6855 is Network optimization so this is
+like the natural follow on of network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the natural follow on of network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the natural follow on of network
+flows if you like Network flows things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows if you like Network flows things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows if you like Network flows things
+like that uh there's a whole universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh there's a whole universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh there's a whole universe
+called Network optimization uh has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Network optimization uh has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Network optimization uh has lots
+of fancy basically graph algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fancy basically graph algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fancy basically graph algorithms
+where you're minimizing or maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're minimizing or maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're minimizing or maximizing
+something uh okay this is fortuitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh okay this is fortuitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh okay this is fortuitous
+alignment 6856 is kind of a a friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment 6856 is kind of a a friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment 6856 is kind of a a friend of
+6854 these are both taught by uh David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6854 these are both taught by uh David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6854 these are both taught by uh David
+carer uh this is randomized algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carer uh this is randomized algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carer uh this is randomized algorithms
+so this is a more specialized uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a more specialized uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a more specialized uh
+approach you don't I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you don't I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you don't I don't think you
+need one to take the other but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one to take the other but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one to take the other but this is
+the usual starting class and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual starting class and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual starting class and this is
+specifically about uh how randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about uh how randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about uh how randomization
+makes algorithms faster or simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes algorithms faster or simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes algorithms faster or simpler
+usually they're harder to analyze but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're harder to analyze but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually they're harder to analyze but
+you get very simple algorithms that run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get very simple algorithms that run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get very simple algorithms that run
+just as well as their deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well as their deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well as their deterministic
+versions sometimes you can do even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions sometimes you can do even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions sometimes you can do even
+better than the deterministic versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the deterministic versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the deterministic versions
+uh then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's the
+Universe this is a great numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe this is a great numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe this is a great numerical
+coincidence well probably not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence well probably not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence well probably not a
+coincidence but there's 857 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence but there's 857 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence but there's 857 and
+875 uh I have to remember which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+875 uh I have to remember which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+875 uh I have to remember which is which
+857 is applied cryptography 875 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+857 is applied cryptography 875 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+857 is applied cryptography 875 is
+theoretical cryptography at least as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical cryptography at least as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical cryptography at least as I
+read it um so they have similar topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it um so they have similar topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it um so they have similar topics
+but this is more thinking about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is more thinking about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is more thinking about how you
+really achieve security and crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really achieve security and crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really achieve security and crypto
+systems and things like that uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and things like that uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and things like that uh and this
+one is more uh algorithm based and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is more uh algorithm based and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is more uh algorithm based and what
+kind of theoretical assumptions do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of theoretical assumptions do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of theoretical assumptions do you
+need to prove certain this is more proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove certain this is more proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove certain this is more proof
+based and this is uh more connecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based and this is uh more connecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based and this is uh more connecting to
+systems uh both great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh both great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh both great
+topics uh and I have one more out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh and I have one more out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh and I have one more out of
+order I guess just because it's a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I guess just because it's a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I guess just because it's a recent
+Edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition
+6816 is multicore programming that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6816 is multicore programming that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6816 is multicore programming that has a
+lot of algorithms too uh and this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of algorithms too uh and this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of algorithms too uh and this is all
+about parallel computation how when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parallel computation how when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parallel computation how when you
+have multiple cores on your computer how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple cores on your computer how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple cores on your computer how
+can you compute things like these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you compute things like these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you compute things like these things
+faster than everything we've done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than everything we've done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than everything we've done um
+it's yet another univers which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yet another univers which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yet another univers which we
+haven't even touched on in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even touched on in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even touched on in this class
+but it's cool stuff and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's cool stuff and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's cool stuff and you might
+consider it um then we move on to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it um then we move on to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it um then we move on to other
+Theory classes that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory classes that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory classes that was
+algorithms uh some more obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh some more obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh some more obvious
+candidates if you like pure Theory are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates if you like pure Theory are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates if you like pure Theory are
+045 and 840 this is the undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+045 and 840 this is the undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+045 and 840 this is the undergrad
+version this is the grad version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version this is the grad version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version this is the grad version
+although by now the classes are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although by now the classes are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although by now the classes are quite
+different so they cover different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they cover different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they cover different things
+some of you are already taking 6045 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are already taking 6045 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are already taking 6045 it's
+right before this lecture uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before this lecture uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before this lecture uh these are
+General uh theory of computation classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh theory of computation classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh theory of computation classes
+autom complex things like that uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autom complex things like that uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autom complex things like that uh if you
+liked the brief NP completeness lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the brief NP completeness lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked the brief NP completeness lecture
+uh then you might like this stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you might like this stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you might like this stuff uh
+there's so many more complexity classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many more complexity classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many more complexity classes
+and other cool things you can do uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other cool things you can do uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other cool things you can do uh if
+you really like it there's Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really like it there's Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really like it there's Advanced
+complexity Theory uh there's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity Theory uh there's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity Theory uh there's basically
+randomized complexity Theory how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized complexity Theory how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized complexity Theory how
+Randomness affects it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness affects it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness affects it's just the
+complexity side not algorithms uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity side not algorithms uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity side not algorithms uh then
+there's Quantum complexity theory if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Quantum complexity theory if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Quantum complexity theory if you
+care about quantum computers as Scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about quantum computers as Scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about quantum computers as Scott
+says it's uh proving things you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's uh proving things you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's uh proving things you can't do
+about with computers we don't don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with computers we don't don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with computers we don't don't have
+uh it's complexity it's all about lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's complexity it's all about lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's complexity it's all about lower
+bounds uh and then there's coding Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh and then there's coding Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds uh and then there's coding Theory
+which is another Universe it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another Universe it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another Universe it's actually
+closely related to uh it comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to uh it comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to uh it comes out of
+like signals and systems and electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like signals and systems and electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like signals and systems and electrical
+engineering but by now it's closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but by now it's closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but by now it's closely
+related to complexity Theory you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to complexity Theory you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to complexity Theory you can use
+codes bounds on codes to prove things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes bounds on codes to prove things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes bounds on codes to prove things
+about uh complexity Theory anyway uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh complexity Theory anyway uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh complexity Theory anyway uh
+Choose Your Own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choose Your Own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choose Your Own
+Adventure now I have one last topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adventure now I have one last topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adventure now I have one last topic
+which was not on the outline this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not on the outline this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not on the outline this is a
+bit of a surprise uh and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a surprise uh and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a surprise uh and I want to
+remind you it's boring surprise I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you it's boring surprise I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you it's boring surprise I want
+to remind you uh to fill out student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you uh to fill out student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you uh to fill out student
+evaluations because you know we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations because you know we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations because you know we want to
+know how we did and how we can continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how we did and how we can continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how we did and how we can continue
+to improve the class but really we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the class but really we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the class but really we want
+to know who's the better teacher so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know who's the better teacher so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know who's the better teacher so but
+more importantly than who is the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly than who is the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more importantly than who is the better
+teacher I think we all have a dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I think we all have a dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I think we all have a dying
+question which is who is the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is who is the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is who is the better
+frisbee thrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee thrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee thrower
+so uh I want to invite stry davidas our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I want to invite stry davidas our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I want to invite stry davidas our
+co- lecturer here to uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co- lecturer here to uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co- lecturer here to uh a
+duel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think you mean uh I think you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you mean uh I think you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you mean uh I think you mean
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+contest uh not so sure maybe maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest uh not so sure maybe maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest uh not so sure maybe maybe I
+actually I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm pretty sure
+but I I I want to take you on man blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I I want to take you on man blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I I want to take you on man blue
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+purple uh blue a good choice Blue's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple uh blue a good choice Blue's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple uh blue a good choice Blue's
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+remember purple's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember purple's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember purple's better
+remember all right uh so how how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all right uh so how how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all right uh so how how are we
+going to do this so uh you guys get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this so uh you guys get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this so uh you guys get to
+cheer and bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheer and bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheer and bet
+bet I I I don't think we can condone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I I I don't think we can condone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet I I I don't think we can condone
+them betting money I think maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them betting money I think maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them betting money I think maybe maybe
+they could bet their frisbees right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could bet their frisbees right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could bet their frisbees right
+anyone got a frisbee on them we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone got a frisbee on them we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone got a frisbee on them we could
+bet bet those yeah all right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet bet those yeah all right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet bet those yeah all right all right
+maybe not put your frisbees on me yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not put your frisbees on me yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not put your frisbees on me yeah
+huh all right all right so uh uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh all right all right so uh uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh all right all right so uh uh some
+rules here we actually talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules here we actually talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules here we actually talked about
+this so the way this is going to work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the way this is going to work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the way this is going to work I
+mean it's going to be algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to be algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to be algorithmic
+obviously and we get to choose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and we get to choose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and we get to choose our
+algorithm maybe a little game theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm maybe a little game theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm maybe a little game theory
+here we're going to toss the coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to toss the coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to toss the coin and
+we're going to decide who goes first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to decide who goes first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to decide who goes first
+right so we want we want spin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want we want spin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want we want spin the
+Frisbee remember what happened with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee remember what happened with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frisbee remember what happened with that
+right so you get to you get to call head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get to you get to call head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get to you get to call head
+Tails while it's spinning oh while it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails while it's spinning oh while it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails while it's spinning oh while it's
+spinning while it's spinning this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning while it's spinning this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning while it's spinning this is our
+Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super
+Bowl uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl uh
+heads whoa trick uh Tails Tails all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads whoa trick uh Tails Tails all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads whoa trick uh Tails Tails all
+right all right you're going to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right you're going to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right you're going to throw
+first okay that's your choice I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay that's your choice I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay that's your choice I don't
+know if you've heard the legend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've heard the legend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've heard the legend of
+William Tell how many of you have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Tell how many of you have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+William Tell how many of you have heard
+the legend of William Tell all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legend of William Tell all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legend of William Tell all right so
+that was a 14th century Swiss Legend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a 14th century Swiss Legend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a 14th century Swiss Legend
+where there was this Archer who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was this Archer who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was this Archer who's
+renowned for his uh skill and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned for his uh skill and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned for his uh skill and he was
+forced by this villainous King to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by this villainous King to shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by this villainous King to shoot
+an apple off the top of his son's head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apple off the top of his son's head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apple off the top of his son's head
+okay than so so we going to we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay than so so we going to we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay than so so we going to we going to
+reenact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact
+that did did you bring your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+daughter I I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter I I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter I I was thinking
+ta but there's a there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta but there's a there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta but there's a there's a big
+difference between the 21st century and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the 21st century and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the 21st century and
+the 14th century what is that sued get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14th century what is that sued get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14th century what is that sued get
+sued yeah seventh century No that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued yeah seventh century No that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued yeah seventh century No that many
+more lost suits in the 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lost suits in the 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lost suits in the 21st century
+right so we want to avoid lawsuits yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to avoid lawsuits yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we want to avoid lawsuits yeah
+and and genetically modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and genetically modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and genetically modified
+electronically modified apples yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically modified apples yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically modified apples yeah
+that's going to be another difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be another difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be another difference so
+we decided we just throw frisbees at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided we just throw frisbees at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided we just throw frisbees at
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+right and uh we decided I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh we decided I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh we decided I'm going to
+throw at you and try to hit a apple off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw at you and try to hit a apple off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw at you and try to hit a apple off
+of your head yeah well you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your head yeah well you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your head yeah well you might want to
+tell them what we decided about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what we decided about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what we decided about the
+Apple well I brought an easy to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple well I brought an easy to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple well I brought an easy to hit
+Apple a nice big apple the cowboy hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple a nice big apple the cowboy hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple a nice big apple the cowboy hat
+the cowboy hat right should be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cowboy hat right should be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cowboy hat right should be a little
+easier so I get I get to wear hat first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so I get I get to wear hat first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so I get I get to wear hat first
+y right because you're going to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right because you're going to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right because you're going to throw
+first okay and it this is really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay and it this is really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay and it this is really simple
+guys knock the hat off I I guess from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys knock the hat off I I guess from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys knock the hat off I I guess from
+the furthest distance and win right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furthest distance and win right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furthest distance and win right in
+your case lose but yeah I just I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your case lose but yeah I just I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your case lose but yeah I just I just
+for the you know Peta people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the you know Peta people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the you know Peta people in the
+audience I want to assure no humans will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I want to assure no humans will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience I want to assure no humans will
+be harmed during this performance only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harmed during this performance only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harmed during this performance only
+professors only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors only
+professors and maybe egos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and maybe egos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and maybe egos
+Pride all right uh yeah I think seven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride all right uh yeah I think seven is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride all right uh yeah I think seven is
+a good number okay right so seven I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good number okay right so seven I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good number okay right so seven I'm
+you get to you get to you get to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to you get to you get to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to you get to you get to pick a
+you can you can stand right here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can stand right here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can stand right here that's
+probably what's good for you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what's good for you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what's good for you but
+uh or you can go all the way up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you can go all the way up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you can go all the way up there
+and I'll have I'm going to if you knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll have I'm going to if you knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll have I'm going to if you knock
+this hat off I'm going to have to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat off I'm going to have to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat off I'm going to have to match
+you right all right so furthest way wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right all right so furthest way wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right all right so furthest way wins
+I I'll I'll try from about here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll I'll try from about here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll I'll try from about here right
+right all right got to got to look good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right got to got to look good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right got to got to look good
+here man right I have to do looking I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here man right I have to do looking I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here man right I have to do looking I'm
+going to stand uh I'm going to stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stand uh I'm going to stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stand uh I'm going to stand
+right here right okay uh okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right okay uh okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right okay uh okay all right
+I I I got to gear up for this okay look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I got to gear up for this okay look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I got to gear up for this okay look
+I know how well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how well you
+throw right it's embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw right it's embarrassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw right it's embarrassing
+yeah I I I can't deal with this so I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I I can't deal with this so I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I I can't deal with this so I you
+know I just have no confidence in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just have no confidence in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just have no confidence in in the
+way you throw so I borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you throw so I borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you throw so I borrowed
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right since this is mine it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since this is mine it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since this is mine it's going to
+cost you a throw to wear this hey all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you a throw to wear this hey all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you a throw to wear this hey all
+right whatever Fair all right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever Fair all right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever Fair all right all right
+now I'm feeling much better about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm feeling much better about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm feeling much better about this
+um I want I want claim to have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want I want claim to have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want I want claim to have a pretty
+face but I like it just the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face but I like it just the way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face but I like it just the way it is
+okay just the way it is all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just the way it is all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just the way it is all right well
+since we have a little more protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a little more protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a little more protection
+maybe I'll start from farther back all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll start from farther back all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll start from farther back all
+right I think I'll hold this up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I'll hold this up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I'll hold this up here
+right that okay so I just have to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that okay so I just have to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that okay so I just have to hit
+the hat off right easy y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right you can keep that uh so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right you can keep that uh so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right you can keep that uh so oh
+right so I'm gonna get closer one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm gonna get closer one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm gonna get closer one step
+closer luckily my steps are much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer luckily my steps are much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer luckily my steps are much bigger
+than your steps okay throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two throw three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row four that didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row four that didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row four that didn't even
+hurt come on man throw a little harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right Mark it all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right Mark it all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right Mark it all right I
+marked my spot you got a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked my spot you got a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked my spot you got a couple more
+throws here to do better more throws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws here to do better more throws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws here to do better more throws
+yeah well you can do better go back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you can do better go back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you can do better go back you
+got a couple more yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you almost hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me I'm getting better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm getting better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm getting better
+uh can I go back now yeah I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I go back now yeah I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can I go back now yeah I don't know
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa
+goodness no contest little wor here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness no contest little wor here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness no contest little wor here one
+more frisbee uh two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frisbee uh two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frisbee uh two more
+frisbee that was your Frisbee one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I think I think we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I think I think we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I think I think we've we've
+done binary search here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done binary search here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done binary search here all
+right you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need
+this and you don't really need this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you don't really need this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you don't really need this but
+I'll give it to you so much confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give it to you so much confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give it to you so much confidence
+well I have so much confidence in you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have so much confidence in you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have so much confidence in you I
+I brought some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frisbees I get to use all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbees I get to use all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbees I get to use all of them
+huh you you need it man all right no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh you you need it man all right no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh you you need it man all right no we
+going to be fair you threw seven I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fair you threw seven I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fair you threw seven I'm
+going to throw seven 1 2 3 4 five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw seven 1 2 3 4 five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw seven 1 2 3 4 five six
+seven yeah you got a bit of a big head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven yeah you got a bit of a big head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven yeah you got a bit of a big head
+here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+right do this all right so I put the Hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do this all right so I put the Hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do this all right so I put the Hat
+on the head okay where where were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head okay where where were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head okay where where were you
+standing by the way uh way back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing by the way uh way back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing by the way uh way back here
+right uh no no no no I was right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh no no no no I was right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh no no no no I was right there
+okay right there all right right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right there all right right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right there all right right here
+can I hold on to the Hat no you can hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I hold on to the Hat no you can hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I hold on to the Hat no you can hold
+on to your helmet all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow how many thr start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow how many thr start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow how many thr start from
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+who that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close oh I raed it but it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close oh I raed it but it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close oh I raed it but it's supposed to
+fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall
+off what my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what my head
+getting kind of tight here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa
+oh does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh does that
+count it does count it's a tie so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count it does count it's a tie so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count it does count it's a tie so far
+it's a tie so far it's a tie all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tie so far it's a tie all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tie so far it's a tie all right
+if I knock it off I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+win there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was fair and square we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was fair and square we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was fair and square we want the
+world to know that we did not deflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to know that we did not deflate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to know that we did not deflate
+these frisbees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so not only did we do a bad job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not only did we do a bad job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so not only did we do a bad job of
+throwing frisbe to you guys we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing frisbe to you guys we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing frisbe to you guys we didn't
+throw enough frisbees as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw enough frisbees as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw enough frisbees as you can see
+through the term so if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the term so if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the term so if you want a
+frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee
+uh pick one up and uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pick one up and uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pick one up and uh if you're
+embarrassed about throwing frisbees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed about throwing frisbees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed about throwing frisbees with
+these letterings on it I got two words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letterings on it I got two words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these letterings on it I got two words
+for you paint remover all right have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you paint remover all right have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you paint remover all right have a
+good summer and and have fun on this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good summer and and have fun on this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good summer and and have fun on this on
+the final exam
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CVRmu_aBSho.txt b/CVRmu_aBSho.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8329b6eef4bbe2cb0fb6bdea0c5a5297fdd9c8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CVRmu_aBSho.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1363 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Great.
+Well, let's get going.
+
+Last time we ended up by
+discovering the electron.
+
+We discovered the fact that the
+atom was not the most basic
+
+constituent of matter.
+But in 1911 there was another
+
+discovery concerning the atom,
+and this is by Ernest
+
+Rutherford in England.
+And what Rutherford was
+
+interested in doing was studying
+the emission from the newly
+
+discovered radioactive elements
+such as radium.
+
+And so he borrowed,
+or he got, from Marie Curie,
+
+some radium bromide.
+And radium bromide was known to
+
+emit something called alpha
+particles.
+
+And they didn't really know
+what these alpha particles were.
+
+Now, they did know that the
+alpha particles were heavy,
+
+they were charged and that they
+were pretty energetic.
+
+That is what was known.
+Of course, today we know these
+
+alpha particles to be nothing
+other than helium with two
+
+electrons removed from the
+helium, helium double plus.
+
+Rutherford is in the lab and
+has this radium bromide,
+
+alpha particles being emitted
+and has some kind of detector
+
+out here to detect those alpha
+particles.
+
+And he measures a rate at which
+the alpha particles touch his
+
+detector.
+And it is about 132,000 alpha
+
+particles per minute.
+That's nice.
+
+Then what he does is takes a
+piece of gold foil and puts it
+
+in between the radium bromide
+emitter and the detector.
+
+And that gold foil is actually
+really very thin.
+
+It is 2x10^-5 inches.
+Two orders of magnitude thinner
+
+than the diameter of your hair.
+I often wonder how he handled
+
+that, but he did it.
+He put it in the middle here
+
+and then went to count the count
+rate as a result of putting this
+
+foil there, and the count rate
+is 132,000 alpha particles per
+
+minute.
+It didn't seem like that gold
+
+foil did anything.
+The alpha particles were just
+
+going right through to the
+detector.
+
+It didn't even seem to matter
+that there was that gold foil.
+
+The post-doc that was working
+on it, Geiger,
+
+of the Geiger Counter,
+was actually disappointed.
+
+Gee, that is a boring
+experiment.
+
+But Geiger was even a little
+bit more unhappy because he had
+
+this undergraduate hanging
+around the lab,
+
+this undergraduate named
+Marsden.
+
+And Marsden was really
+enthusiastic about doing
+
+something in the lab.
+He really wanted to do
+
+something.
+And Geiger, you know,
+
+what am I going to do with this
+kid?
+
+Geiger goes to Rutherford,
+look, this kid really wants to
+
+do something.
+What should I have him do?
+
+And Rutherford said,
+well, what you should have him
+
+do is take this detector and
+have him build it so that it can
+
+be swung around.
+So that it can be positioned
+
+here.
+So that we can check to see
+
+whether or not any of these
+alpha particles are
+
+backscattered,
+scattered back into the
+
+direction from which they came.
+And Geiger went away and
+
+thought, good,
+this is something to give the
+
+undergraduate.
+This is a ridiculous
+
+experiment.
+We know all the particles are
+
+going right through the
+detector.
+
+Okay.
+But Marsden was real happy.
+
+He gets to build this detector.
+He swings it around and gets
+
+Geiger there to do the first
+experiment.
+
+He puts the radium bromide and
+they listen and hear tick,
+
+tick, tick, tick,
+tick, tick.
+
+Geiger says,
+"Oh, it must just be
+
+background.
+Let me do a control experiment.
+
+Let me take the gold foil out
+of here so that all the
+
+particles have to be going in
+this direction."
+
+They take the gold foil out of
+there and listen,
+
+and they hear nothing.
+They put the gold foil back and
+
+they hear tick,
+tick, tick, tick,
+
+tick, tick.
+And they put a platinum foil in
+
+there and they hear tick,
+tick, tick, tick,
+
+tick, tick.
+Whatever metal they put in
+
+there, there were some particles
+coming off.
+
+And they got Rutherford down in
+the lab.
+
+Rutherford looks them over
+their shoulder.
+
+They do this again and again.
+Hey, it is real.
+
+It is real.
+And what is coming off?
+
+Well, the count rate is about
+20 particles per minute.
+
+Not large but not zero.
+And the probability here of
+
+this backscattering is simply
+the number of particles
+
+backscattered,
+which is 20,
+
+over the total number of
+particles, or actually the count
+
+rate that the particles
+backscattered over the total
+
+incident count rate.
+That is 2x10^-4.
+
+That is not zero.
+Wow.
+
+Rutherford was excited.
+Rutherford later wrote,
+
+"It was quite the most
+incredible event that has ever
+
+happened to me in my life.
+It was almost as incredible as
+
+if you fired a 15 inch shell at
+a piece of tissue paper and it
+
+came back and hit you." What was
+the interpretation?
+
+The interpretation was the gold
+atoms that make up this foil,
+
+they must be mostly empty.
+Now, they knew that those atoms
+
+had some electrons in it because
+the electron had already been
+
+discovered.
+But these alpha particles seem
+
+to be going right through those
+gold atoms, for the most part.
+
+The atom, which he knew to be a
+diameter of about 10^-10 meters,
+
+most of that atom must be empty
+was the conclusion.
+
+But occasionally these helium
+double plus ions,
+
+these alpha particles,
+hit something massive.
+
+And that something massive then
+scatters those helium ions into
+
+the direction from which they
+came.
+
+And since that probability is
+small, well, the size of this
+
+massive part has to be really
+pretty small.
+
+And from knowing the
+probabilities and knowing
+
+roughly what the diameter of the
+atoms were and how many layers
+
+of atoms he had,
+he was able to back out of
+
+those experiments a diameter for
+this massive part of 10^-14
+
+meters.
+And he called this massive part
+
+the nucleus.
+He called it the nucleus in
+
+analogy to the nucleus of a
+living cell.
+
+The heavy part,
+the dense part in a living
+
+cell-- that is where the name
+"nucleus" comes from.
+
+Now, Rutherford also realized
+that this nucleus here has to be
+
+positively charged.
+He knew about electrons and
+
+knew the atoms then were
+neutral, and so he reasoned this
+
+nucleus had to be positively
+charged.
+
+And then he did a bunch more
+experiments, more sophisticated
+
+experiments in which he actually
+measured here the angular
+
+distribution of the helium ion
+scattered from the nucleus.
+
+And from those very detailed
+measurements of the angular
+
+distribution,
+he was able to back out the
+
+fact that this nucleus,
+the charge on it was actually
+
+plus Z times e.
+Z is the atomic number.
+
+e is the unit charge.
+He did a bunch of different
+
+metals and was able to establish
+that the nucleus had a charge of
+
+plus Z times e.
+His model is that there is a
+
+very dense center,
+10^-14 meters.
+
+This diameter of the nucleus is
+something that every MIT
+
+undergraduate should know.
+And he realized that then the
+
+electrons have to fill out the
+rest of this volume.
+
+That was his interpretation
+from these results.
+
+And think about Marsden,
+what a great UROP experiment.
+
+He discovered the nucleus.
+Isn't that great?
+
+Marsden had a long and
+successful career as a scientist
+
+also after that.
+Now, I should also tell you
+
+that this backscattering
+experiment is really the essence
+
+of how a quark was discovered.
+Quark are the fundamental
+
+elementary particles in protons
+and neutrons.
+
+Essentially,
+they took a high energy
+
+particle, scattered it through
+the proton or the neutron,
+
+and it backscatters.
+And, in that way,
+
+they discovered the quark and
+measured the diameter of the
+
+quark.
+And this was done by a couple
+
+of my colleagues in the Physics
+Department.
+
+Jerry Friedman and Henry
+Kendall, who has since passed
+
+away.
+Jerry Friedman is still around.
+
+He loves to talk to
+undergraduates,
+
+and many of you will get that
+opportunity.
+
+Now it is time for us to do our
+own Rutherford backscattering
+
+experiment.
+Yeah.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+Here is our gold lattice.
+
+These Styrofoam balls are the
+gold nuclei.
+
+The space around them are the
+electrons.
+
+These things in the center here
+are just the posts on this
+
+frame.
+[LAUGHTER] This is a piece of
+
+equipment from my lab that I
+pressed into service,
+
+and so I couldn't cut these
+posts away because I would have
+
+trouble taking my manipulator
+out of my machine at a later
+
+time.
+So they are just there.
+
+But this is our one monolayer
+of gold nuclei.
+
+And so what are we going to do?
+Well, what we are going to do
+
+is try to measure the diameter
+of these Styrofoam balls in the
+
+same way that Rutherford did.
+And so we are going to need
+
+some alpha particles.
+What are we going to use for an
+
+alpha particle?
+Well, we have some ping-pong
+
+balls for alpha particles.
+Let's do that.
+
+We have 287 alpha particles,
+or ping-pong balls,
+
+and we are going to measure the
+probability of backscattering.
+
+The probability of
+backscattering will be the
+
+number that actually backscatter
+divided by the number that we
+
+throw, or the total number.
+That is what we are going to
+
+measure.
+But now I have to take this
+
+probability and I have to relate
+it to the diameter of these
+
+nuclei.
+How am I going to do that?
+
+Well, that probability is going
+to be equal to the total surface
+
+area of the crystal here.
+I have already measured the
+
+total area.
+I know that the total area is
+
+2,148 square inches.
+That is in the denominator,
+
+but now the numerator is simply
+the total area of the nuclei.
+
+The total area of the nuclei is
+the area of one nucleus,
+
+A sub i,
+summed over the total number of
+
+nuclei, which I have already
+counted as 119.
+
+And so the total area is 119
+times the cross-sectional area
+
+here of any one of these nuclei.
+And that is pi d squared over 4.
+
+I can solve that equation,
+
+for the diameter,
+in terms of the probability.
+
+And when I solve that equation,
+d is equal to 4.79 times the
+
+probability to the one-half
+power.
+
+What we are going to do is
+measure this probability by
+
+throwing the ping-pong balls and
+calculating and determining how
+
+many backscatter.
+And then we are going to use
+
+that to get this diameter of the
+nuclei.
+
+The same experiment that was
+done to actually measure the
+
+diameter of the nucleus.
+Now you are going to do this
+
+experiment.
+Every one of you are going to
+
+get a ping-pong ball from the
+TAs.
+
+TAs, why don't you give out the
+ping-pong balls,
+
+and then I will give you some
+instructions.
+
+All right.
+The pi d squared over 4
+
+is the cross-sectional
+area in terms of the diameter of
+
+these balls.
+I just wrote it in terms of d
+
+instead of r.
+Yes?
+
+That is correct.
+Good point.
+
+That balls that we are throwing
+actually have size compared to
+
+in the case of the Rutherford
+backscattering experiment where
+
+the projectile was almost a
+point compared to the size of
+
+the nucleus.
+In our experiment,
+
+you are quite right,
+our balls are about the
+
+diameter there.
+And so, if we were doing a more
+
+exact experiment,
+we would do a little different
+
+calculation.
+We would take into
+
+consideration the size of the
+actual ball that we were
+
+throwing.
+But we are not going to do
+
+that.
+Because we are not throwing
+
+that many balls,
+we don't really have the
+
+statistics to do a more exacting
+kind of calculation.
+
+But you are quite right.
+Yes?
+
+Well, he didn't know.
+Although, he knew the fact that
+
+it was backscattering,
+that it had to be much,
+
+much less massive than the
+nucleus.
+
+I think that he also measured
+the energy of the backscattered
+
+particle.
+And from that,
+
+you can back out the fact that
+it is much less massive than the
+
+nucleus.
+There are a few other details,
+
+you are quite right,
+that I have left out in this
+
+discussion that he had to know
+in order to get this number.
+
+Here is the thing.
+You have to aim your alpha
+
+particles at this lattice.
+And then you have to watch your
+
+ball.
+[LAUGHTER] You have to watch to
+
+see if it scatters back at you,
+because at the end I am going
+
+to ask you if your ball
+backscattered.
+
+And we need an accurate count.
+Now, if you hit one of these
+
+things and it backscatters,
+that doesn't count.
+
+Only if it hits the Styrofoam
+ball does it count.
+
+If it hits the Styrofoam ball
+and goes through,
+
+that doesn't count.
+It literally has to backscatter
+
+at you.
+Was there a question over here?
+
+If you miss you miss.
+[LAUGHTER] Now,
+
+I do invite you to come a
+little closer so that you can at
+
+least hit the crystal.
+Yes?
+
+That is correct.
+Well, you have got a defect.
+
+These are a little bit lighter.
+Oh, you have some more here.
+
+Oh, okay.
+You can have a regular one.
+
+Anybody need one yet?
+I have a couple.
+
+Oh, all right.
+You need one?
+
+Because I need them all thrown.
+Did you have a question?
+
+What is the mean free path?
+
+That I am going to have to give
+you an expression for at some
+
+other time, but there is
+certainly a decay pathway.
+
+I have another ball here.
+Now, are you ready?
+
+You can come down closer,
+but now I have one piece of
+
+advice for you.
+That is, only fools aim for
+
+their chemistry professor.
+[LAUGHTER] Go to it.
+
+Did you throw your balls?
+You missed the crystal.
+
+All right.
+Has our supply of alpha
+
+particles been exhausted?
+All done?
+
+All right.
+[APPLAUSE] Now comes the big
+
+test.
+How many of you had an alpha
+
+particle that backscattered?
+Let's keep your hand high
+
+because I have to count
+accurately.
+
+In this section I see one.
+Two?
+
+Cheater.
+No.
+
+Two, three, four,
+five, six, seven,
+
+eight, nine,
+ten, eleven,
+
+twelve, thirteen.
+Did I get everybody?
+
+I got everybody?
+13?
+
+Right, not deflection.
+If it hit and went through,
+
+that does not count.
+It has to come back at you.
+
+Yes.
+[LAUGHTER] That is right.
+
+All right.
+Does anybody want to change
+
+their count?
+13 balls?
+
+I am sorry?
+If it just hit it and moved but
+
+did not backscatter,
+it does not count.
+
+The nuclei will move.
+They will move,
+
+certainly, because there is a
+momentum transfer.
+
+Well, not quite like that.
+No.
+
+We have 13 balls that
+backscattered?
+
+Okay.
+Let's see what we got.
+
+The probability,
+here, then, is 13 over 287.
+
+That probability is equal to
+0.049.
+
+If I now that this probability
+and plug it into here,
+
+what we are going to get is a
+diameter of 1.0 inches.
+
+And the diameter on the average
+of those particles is about 0.85
+
+inches.
+You did a really pretty good
+
+job.
+You got the diameter of the
+
+nucleus.
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+That is great.
+And that is the way the nuclear
+
+diameter was,
+in fact, measured and
+
+discovered.
+But now we have the problem
+
+that the scientists had in 1912,
+and that is what is the
+
+structure of the atom?
+We now know it has a nucleus.
+
+It has an electron.
+How do they hang together?
+
+Where are they in the atom?
+We are going to talk about the
+
+classical description here of
+the atom.
+
+And the first question that we
+have to ask is,
+
+what is the force that keeps
+the electron and the nucleus
+
+together?
+What are the four fundamental
+
+forces?
+Gravity is one.
+
+And that is the strongest or
+the weakest?
+
+Weakest.
+Gravity.
+
+Next stronger force?
+Electromagnetic.
+
+I will just abbreviate it EM.
+Next stronger force?
+
+Weak force.
+And the next?
+
+Strong.
+Weak and strong are
+
+intranuclear forces.
+They are operable between the
+
+protons, the neutrons and the
+other elementary particles that
+
+make up the nucleus.
+It does not have a lot of
+
+effect, the weak and the strong
+force, on chemistry,
+
+except for beta emission for
+the radioactive elements.
+
+Gravity actually does have no
+known chemical significance to
+
+chemistry.
+And so all of chemistry is tied
+
+up here in the electromagnetic
+force, which I am,
+
+at the moment,
+going to simplify and just call
+
+the Coulomb force.
+Now, we know how to describe
+
+the Coulomb force between
+charged particles.
+
+We know what expression to
+write down.
+
+Let's do that.
+If we have the nucleus,
+
+which is positively charged,
+and the electron here,
+
+which is negatively charged,
+and they are at some distance r
+
+between each other,
+the expression that describes
+
+how that force of interaction
+changes with distance,
+
+this Coulomb's force law,
+it is just the magnitude of the
+
+charge of the electron times the
+magnitude of the charge on the
+
+nucleus over 4 pi epsilon nought
+times r squared.
+
+I am going to just treat the
+force as a scalar,
+
+just for simplicity purposes
+here.
+
+Epsilon nought is the
+permittivity of vacuum.
+
+It is a factor in there for
+unit conversation.
+
+r, then, is the distance
+between the electron and the
+
+nucleus.
+What does this say?
+
+Well, this says that when r
+goes to infinity,
+
+what is the force?
+Zero.
+
+The particles are infinitely
+far apart.
+
+There is no force between them.
+In this case,
+
+an attractive force between
+them.
+
+When r is equal to zero,
+what is the force?
+
+Infinite.
+And anywhere in between,
+
+that force is described by this
+one over r squared
+
+dependence.
+You can see that as the
+
+particles come closer and closer
+together, the force between them
+
+gets larger and larger.
+The closer they get,
+
+the larger the force,
+the more they want to be
+
+together.
+This expression is just telling
+
+me, if I held one particle and
+the other particle in my hand,
+
+and I held them at some
+distance from each other --
+
+That expression is just telling
+me the force with which I have
+
+to kind of exert to keep them
+apart.
+
+But now, if I let them go,
+you know what is going to
+
+happen.
+They are going to come
+
+together.
+They are going to want to come
+
+together because of that force.
+And what is not in this
+
+expression?
+What is not in that expression
+
+is any information about how
+those particles move under
+
+influence of that force.
+Nowhere in this expression is
+
+there an r of t,
+how that distance changes with
+
+time.
+And so what we need to describe
+
+that is a force law.
+And in 1911,
+
+the force law that seemed to
+describe the motion of all
+
+bodies, including astronomical
+ones, of course,
+
+the equation of motion that
+described how bodies move are
+
+Newton's equations of motion.
+And, in particular,
+
+F equals ma.
+And, of course,
+
+I can write that acceleration
+as a time derivative of the
+
+velocity, dv over dt.
+
+And that velocity,
+of course, itself is a change
+
+in the position with respect to
+time.
+
+This is m, the second
+derivative of r with respect to
+
+time.
+
+If I know the force that is
+operation, which is this,
+
+I can take this and plug it in
+here, and I am going to have a
+
+differential equation.
+And that differential equation
+
+is going to allow me to solve
+for what r is as a function of
+
+time, the distance between the
+two particles.
+
+And it is going to allow me to
+solve for that distance in a way
+
+that we call deterministic,
+exactly.
+
+In other words,
+if I know where the particles
+
+are to start with,
+using this equation of motion,
+
+this force law,
+I can tell you where those
+
+particles are going to be for
+all future time exactly.
+
+It is deterministic,
+the classical mechanical
+
+approach.
+Now, in order to solve this
+
+differential equation,
+I am going to have to develop a
+
+model for the atom.
+All differential equations,
+
+for the most part,
+describing physical processes
+
+are going to need a model.
+They are going to need some
+
+boundary conditions or initial
+conditions.
+
+And the model,
+of course, that came to mind
+
+for the atom,
+is one in which the nucleus is
+
+in the center.
+And the electron moves around
+
+that nucleus with uniform
+circular motion and with a fixed
+
+radius.
+We are going to call that fixed
+
+radius r star.
+It is a planetary model.
+
+That seems like a good guess
+for the structure of the atom.
+
+Now, if you have a particle
+undergoing uniform circular
+
+motion at some well-defined
+radius here.
+
+That particle is being
+constantly accelerated.
+
+And I can write that
+acceleration a as the linear
+
+velocity squared over that
+radius of its orbit.
+
+It is being
+accelerated because the velocity
+
+vector.
+The direction is changing,
+
+so there is a constant
+acceleration.
+
+Now, this expression,
+for many of you,
+
+I pulled out of the air.
+Some of you have seen it
+
+before.
+It is an 8.01 topic.
+
+You are going to see it this
+semester, but later on and in
+
+8.01.
+You are not responsible for
+
+this right now here,
+but you will recall later on
+
+this semester that you have seen
+it here in 5.112.
+
+But, if this is the
+acceleration,
+
+I can take this expression for
+the acceleration and plug it
+
+into here.
+Plug in my operating force law.
+
+And, in so doing,
+I am going to get --
+
+-- e squared over 4 pi epsilon
+nought r star squared.
+
+That is the F.
+Mass times the acceleration,
+
+m times v squared over r star.
+That is my equation of motion
+
+particular to this problem of a
+planetary model.
+
+And now I can solve that for v
+squared, the linear velocity of
+
+that electron going around the
+nucleus.
+
+That comes out to be e squared
+over 4 pi epsilon nought m r
+
+star.
+
+Now, the reason I wanted to
+calculate the velocity squared
+
+here is because I want to
+calculate kinetic energy.
+
+And that is easy to do.
+Kinetic energy,
+
+I will call K,
+is one-half m times v squared.
+
+If I plug in
+the v squared right in there,
+
+I get one-half e squared over 4
+pi epsilon nought r star.
+
+So far, everything looks okay.
+
+We have a planetary model.
+Coulomb's law is operable.
+
+We know the acceleration.
+We just calculated the kinetic
+
+energy of this electron going
+around the nucleus.
+
+What I want to do now is I want
+to know the total energy of the
+
+system.
+I just calculated the kinetic
+
+energy of the system,
+but I want to know the total
+
+energy of the system.
+And the total energy of the
+
+system, I am going to call this
+capital E, total energy,
+
+is the kinetic energy plus the
+potential energy.
+
+And I want the total energy of
+the system for two reasons.
+
+One is I want to show you that
+the system is bound,
+
+that the total energy is going
+to be negative,
+
+that it is lower than the total
+energy when the electron and the
+
+nucleus are separated.
+I want to show you that within
+
+this classical model,
+the electron and the nucleus do
+
+look bound.
+To do that, I need to show you
+
+the total energy is negative.
+To do that, I need to calculate
+
+the potential energy.
+That is what I want to do.
+
+Secondly, I want to get an
+expression for the total energy.
+
+Because, using that expression,
+I am going to show you how this
+
+classical mechanics fails.
+How Newton's equations of
+
+motion won't work to describe
+this problem.
+
+Now, I have run out of time.
+I will do that on Monday,
+
+but that is where we are going.
+All right.
+
+See you on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ch56tU3wb9c.txt b/Ch56tU3wb9c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fce7973610700d65d49c3fd018c51c1e2018e77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ch56tU3wb9c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me start by first I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start by first I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start by first I already
+alluded to this but let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to this but let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to this but let's talk about the
+problem of vision so you know we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of vision so you know we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of vision so you know we all
+look at this is this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is this is just one
+computational challenge that our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational challenge that our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational challenge that our brain
+saw but it's one that many of us work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw but it's one that many of us work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw but it's one that many of us work in
+are very fascinated by but as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very fascinated by but as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very fascinated by but as you'll
+hear in the rest of the course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear in the rest of the course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear in the rest of the course there are
+other problems that are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems that are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems that are equally
+fascinating but I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating but I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating but I'm going to talk about
+problems of vision and I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of vision and I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of vision and I'm going to talk
+about a specific problem of vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific problem of vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a specific problem of vision and
+that's the problem of object recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem of object recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem of object recognition
+so I will try to operationalize that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will try to operationalize that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will try to operationalize that for
+you and one thing you'll see when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and one thing you'll see when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and one thing you'll see when I talk
+is that our field even though we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that our field even though we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that our field even though we can be
+motivated by words like vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by words like vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by words like vision and
+object recognition we're going to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition we're going to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition we're going to only
+make progress if we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress if we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make progress if we start to
+operationally define things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally define things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationally define things and then
+decide what domain models are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what domain models are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what domain models are going to
+apply and I think that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and I think that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply and I think that's an important
+lesson that I hope we'll come across in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson that I hope we'll come across in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson that I hope we'll come across in
+my talk so this is the way computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my talk so this is the way computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my talk so this is the way computer
+vision operationally defines part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision operationally defines part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision operationally defines part of the
+problem of object recognition and vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of object recognition and vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of object recognition and vision
+it says if you take a scene like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if you take a scene like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if you take a scene like this
+and you want to do things like come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do things like come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do things like come up
+with an answer space that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an answer space that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an answer space that looks like
+this where you have noun labels say car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you have noun labels say car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where you have noun labels say car
+and you have what are called bounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have what are called bounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have what are called bounding
+boxes around the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes around the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes around the cars
+similarly for people or buildings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for people or buildings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for people or buildings or
+trees or whatever nouns that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees or whatever nouns that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees or whatever nouns that you are
+DARPA or whoever wants to actually label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA or whoever wants to actually label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA or whoever wants to actually label
+right so so this is just one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is just one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is just one way of
+operationalizing vision but I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalizing vision but I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalizing vision but I think it
+gets at the crux of what we're after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at the crux of what we're after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at the crux of what we're after
+which is there is latent content what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is there is latent content what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is there is latent content what's
+called latent content in this image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called latent content in this image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called latent content in this image that
+all of us instantly sort of bring to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us instantly sort of bring to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us instantly sort of bring to our
+memories that we can say AHA that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories that we can say AHA that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories that we can say AHA that's a
+car that's a building they're nouns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's a building they're nouns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's a building they're nouns that
+pop into our heads we also know other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop into our heads we also know other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop into our heads we also know other
+latent information about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent information about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent information about these things
+like the pose of this car the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pose of this car the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the pose of this car the position
+of the car the size of the car the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car the size of the car the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car the size of the car the key
+point that I'm going to tell you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I'm going to tell you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I'm going to tell you today
+about this problem is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this problem is that that
+information feels to us that it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information feels to us that it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information feels to us that it's sort
+of obvious but it's quite latent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious but it's quite latent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious but it's quite latent in the
+image that's implicit in the pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that's implicit in the pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image that's implicit in the pixel
+representation those of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation those of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation those of you who have
+worked on this problem will understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this problem will understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this problem will understand
+this and those of you who haven't I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and those of you who haven't I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and those of you who haven't I hope
+they'll give you some flavor for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give you some flavor for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll give you some flavor for what
+that problem feels like so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem feels like so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem feels like so I want to
+sort of back up a bit and this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of back up a bit and this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of back up a bit and this is more
+from a cognitive science perspective or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a cognitive science perspective or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a cognitive science perspective or
+a human brain perspective it to ask why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human brain perspective it to ask why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human brain perspective it to ask why
+would we even bother worrying about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we even bother worrying about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we even bother worrying about this
+problem of object recognition and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of object recognition and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of object recognition and maybe
+this is obvious that those of you do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obvious that those of you do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obvious that those of you do I
+don't need to say this but I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to say this but I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to say this but I like to
+point out that we think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that we think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that we think of the
+representations of the tokens of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the tokens of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the tokens of what's
+out there in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world
+as being the substrates of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being the substrates of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being the substrates of what you
+might do what's called higher-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do what's called higher-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do what's called higher-level
+cognition things like memory value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition things like memory value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition things like memory value
+judgments decisions and actions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments decisions and actions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments decisions and actions in the
+world you can't imagine building a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can't imagine building a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you can't imagine building a robot
+and having to try to act in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having to try to act in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having to try to act in the world
+and it doesn't even really know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't even really know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't even really know what's
+out there so these are they this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so these are they this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so these are they this sort of
+substrate of these kind of cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate of these kind of cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate of these kind of cognitive
+processes again from an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes again from an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes again from an engineering
+perspective these are kind of processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective these are kind of processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective these are kind of processes
+or sort of behaviors this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of behaviors this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of behaviors this is just a
+short list of them that might depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short list of them that might depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short list of them that might depend on
+you good abilities to recognize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you good abilities to recognize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you good abilities to recognize and
+discriminate among different objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate among different objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate among different objects and
+I think if you look through this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if you look through this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if you look through this list
+you could imagine things that would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine things that would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine things that would go
+terribly wrong if you didn't actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly wrong if you didn't actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly wrong if you didn't actually do
+a good job at identifying what's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job at identifying what's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job at identifying what's out
+there in the world okay so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world okay so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world okay so that's just
+think about again as an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about again as an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about again as an engineer
+building robot I want to I want to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building robot I want to I want to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building robot I want to I want to kind
+of connect this is a slide I stuck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of connect this is a slide I stuck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of connect this is a slide I stuck in
+that I want to connect to this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to connect to this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to connect to this course
+the idea that I know many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that I know many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that I know many of you are
+from maybe these backgrounds or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from maybe these backgrounds or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from maybe these backgrounds or from
+this background and when I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background and when I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background and when I think about
+the brain I have this coin here to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain I have this coin here to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain I have this coin here to say
+really these are kind of two side we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are kind of two side we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are kind of two side we're
+studying the same coin from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the same coin from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the same coin from two
+directions here and really the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions here and really the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions here and really the question
+that we have to all be excited about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to all be excited about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to all be excited about I
+hope many of you are excited about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope many of you are excited about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope many of you are excited about is
+how does the brain work and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the brain work and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the brain work and you can do
+computer science and not care at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and not care at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science and not care at all
+about this question I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question I think it's a
+little harder to do these and not care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to do these and not care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to do these and not care
+about this question but it's possible I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question but it's possible I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question but it's possible I
+guess but so so this is these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but so so this is these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but so so this is these are all
+trying to answer this question and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer this question and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to answer this question and then
+I mean this is maybe pretty obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is maybe pretty obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is maybe pretty obvious but
+when you have biological brains that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have biological brains that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have biological brains that are
+performing tasks better than current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing tasks better than current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing tasks better than current
+computer systems machine machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems machine machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems machine machines that
+humans have built then the flow tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have built then the flow tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have built then the flow tends to
+kind of want to go this way you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to go this way you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of want to go this way you kind of
+discover phenomena or constraints over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover phenomena or constraints over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover phenomena or constraints over
+here these lead to ideas that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these lead to ideas that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these lead to ideas that can be
+built into computer code that can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into computer code that can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into computer code that can say
+hey can I build a better machine based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey can I build a better machine based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey can I build a better machine based
+on what we discover over here and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we discover over here and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we discover over here and many
+of us who came into the field excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who came into the field excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us who came into the field excited to
+do this and are still excited of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and are still excited of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and are still excited of this
+kind of direction but an equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of direction but an equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of direction but an equally
+important direction is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important direction is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important direction is that when you
+have systems that are matched with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have systems that are matched with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have systems that are matched with our
+abilities or that can compute some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities or that can compute some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities or that can compute some of
+the things that we think the brain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we think the brain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we think the brain has
+to compute then the flow go is more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute then the flow go is more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute then the flow go is more this
+way where you these become there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where you these become there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where you these become there's many
+possible ways to implement an idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to implement an idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways to implement an idea and
+these become falsifiable that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these become falsifiable that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these become falsifiable that is that
+they can be tested against experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be tested against experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be tested against experimental
+data to ask which of these many ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to ask which of these many ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to ask which of these many ways of
+implementing a computation are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a computation are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing a computation are the ones
+that are actually occurring in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually occurring in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are actually occurring in the brain
+and that's important if you say you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important if you say you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important if you say you want
+to build brain machine interfaces or fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build brain machine interfaces or fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build brain machine interfaces or fix
+diseases or do something that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases or do something that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases or do something that's on the
+level of interacting with the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of interacting with the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of interacting with the brain
+directly so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so I
+hope that you guys keep this picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you guys keep this picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you guys keep this picture in
+mind as I think it's sort of the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as I think it's sort of the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind as I think it's sort of the spirit
+of the chorus that both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chorus that both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chorus that both of these
+directions are important and it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are important and it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are important and it's not as
+if we work on this for 20 years and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we work on this for 20 years and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we work on this for 20 years and then
+work on this for 20 years it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this for 20 years it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this for 20 years it's really
+the flow across them that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow across them that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow across them that I think is
+most exciting to us so just to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most exciting to us so just to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most exciting to us so just to connect
+to that a little bit of history is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that a little bit of history is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that a little bit of history is sort
+of where was the field on the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where was the field on the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where was the field on the problem of
+visual recognition you may I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual recognition you may I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual recognition you may I don't know
+if many of you heard this but here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if many of you heard this but here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if many of you heard this but here you
+are at summer school so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at summer school so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at summer school so there was a
+summer vision project it was called at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer vision project it was called at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer vision project it was called at
+MIT I used to think this story was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I used to think this story was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I used to think this story was
+apocryphal in 1966 there was a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocryphal in 1966 there was a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocryphal in 1966 there was a project
+that the final goal is object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final goal is object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final goal is object
+identification which will actually name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification which will actually name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification which will actually name
+objects by matching the vocabulary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by matching the vocabulary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects by matching the vocabulary of
+known objects so this was an essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known objects so this was an essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known objects so this was an essentially
+summer project to say we're gonna get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer project to say we're gonna get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer project to say we're gonna get a
+couple undergraduate students together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple undergraduate students together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple undergraduate students together
+and we're gonna build a recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna build a recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna build a recognition
+system in 1966 and this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in 1966 and this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in 1966 and this is sort of the
+excitement of AI we can build anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement of AI we can build anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement of AI we can build anything
+that we want and of course those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want and of course those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want and of course those of you
+know this this problem turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this problem turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this problem turned out to be
+much much harder than anticipated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much harder than anticipated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much harder than anticipated right
+so sometimes problems that seem easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes problems that seem easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes problems that seem easy for
+us are actually quite difficult if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are actually quite difficult if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are actually quite difficult if any
+of you wants this it's a I'm happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you wants this it's a I'm happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you wants this it's a I'm happy to
+share this document with you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share this document with you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share this document with you it's
+interesting the space of objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the space of objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the space of objects that
+they describe things like recognizing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they describe things like recognizing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they describe things like recognizing of
+course I say like coffee cups on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I say like coffee cups on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I say like coffee cups on your
+desk but also you say packs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk but also you say packs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk but also you say packs of
+cigarettes on your desk right so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes on your desk right so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarettes on your desk right so so this
+dates the time of the of this here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates the time of the of this here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates the time of the of this here right
+so it's a like Mad Men so so now here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a like Mad Men so so now here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a like Mad Men so so now here we
+are today and I guess I just can't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are today and I guess I just can't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are today and I guess I just can't help
+but certain get excited about here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certain get excited about here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certain get excited about here's
+this like really cool machine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like really cool machine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like really cool machine that's
+just amazing that does his computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just amazing that does his computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just amazing that does his computations
+the things got I can't tell you all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things got I can't tell you all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things got I can't tell you all this
+100 billion computing elements solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion computing elements solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 billion computing elements solve
+problems not solved by any previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems not solved by any previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems not solved by any previous
+machine and the thing it looks crazy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and the thing it looks crazy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and the thing it looks crazy but
+it only requires 20 watts of power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only requires 20 watts of power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only requires 20 watts of power and
+the key here is a dozen even seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key here is a dozen even seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key here is a dozen even seen this
+line I'm not talking about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'm not talking about this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I'm not talking about this thing
+I'm talking about that thing right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about that thing right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about that thing right there
+right so so this is sort of a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is sort of a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is sort of a sort of
+scale of what we're after and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of what we're after and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of what we're after and you know
+we often no talk about power but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often no talk about power but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often no talk about power but this is
+something engineers are especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something engineers are especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something engineers are especially
+interested in as they build these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in as they build these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in as they build these
+systems is how does our brains solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is how does our brains solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is how does our brains solve
+these problems it's such a low wattage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems it's such a low wattage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems it's such a low wattage
+so to speak right so this is again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak right so this is again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak right so this is again the
+spirit of many of the things that I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of many of the things that I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of many of the things that I hope
+that you guys are excited about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys are excited about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys are excited about in the
+future of this field here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of this field here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of this field here's another
+slide that I pulled out from that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that I pulled out from that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that I pulled out from that I
+often like to show is that from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like to show is that from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like to show is that from an
+engineer's point of view we often try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer's point of view we often try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer's point of view we often try to
+say well we know we want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we know we want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well we know we want to build
+machines that are as good as or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are as good as or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are as good as or better
+than our brains so machines today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our brains so machines today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our brains so machines today you
+guys know this PETA said many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know this PETA said many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys know this PETA said many things
+straight calculation they beat us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight calculation they beat us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight calculation they beat us a
+chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest
+when I was a grad student Lee wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a grad student Lee wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a grad student Lee wanted
+jeopardy in memory they've always beaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy in memory they've always beaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy in memory they've always beaten
+us I mean you know machines are way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I mean you know machines are way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I mean you know machines are way
+better memory than us in the simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better memory than us in the simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better memory than us in the simple form
+of memory seeing in pattern matching go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory seeing in pattern matching go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory seeing in pattern matching go
+to the grocery store hey what's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grocery store hey what's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grocery store hey what's that's
+barcode done I don't know what that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode done I don't know what that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode done I don't know what that was
+but it just scans in and somehow it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it just scans in and somehow it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it just scans in and somehow it does
+pattern matching right so this forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern matching right so this forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern matching right so this forms a
+vision that machines are way better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that machines are way better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision that machines are way better than
+us but some forms of vision that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but some forms of vision that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but some forms of vision that are
+more complicated that required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated that required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated that required
+generalization like object recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization like object recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization like object recognition
+or more broadly seen understanding we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more broadly seen understanding we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more broadly seen understanding we
+like to think that we're still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think that we're still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think that we're still the
+winners that even things that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners that even things that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners that even things that we take
+for granted like walking this is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted like walking this is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted like walking this is quite a
+challenging problem now engineers really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging problem now engineers really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging problem now engineers really
+want to sort of move this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of move this over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of move this over here
+right so our goal is to discover how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our goal is to discover how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our goal is to discover how the
+brain solves object recognition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain solves object recognition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain solves object recognition and the
+reason I put this up is from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I put this up is from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I put this up is from an
+engineering point of view that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view that just
+doesn't mean write a bunch of papers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean write a bunch of papers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean write a bunch of papers in
+a textbook that says this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook that says this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook that says this part of the
+brain does it but actually help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does it but actually help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain does it but actually help to
+implement a system where this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a system where this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a system where this is at
+least match with us and perhaps and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least match with us and perhaps and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least match with us and perhaps and I
+assume someday we'll be better than us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume someday we'll be better than us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume someday we'll be better than us
+and this is also a problem that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also a problem that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also a problem that it's a
+gateway problem that is even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gateway problem that is even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gateway problem that is even if it's
+just this domain we think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this domain we think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this domain we think that the
+systems we're studying might generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're studying might generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we're studying might generalize
+to other for instance sensory domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other for instance sensory domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other for instance sensory domains
+and I think you'll hear this gabrielle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you'll hear this gabrielle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you'll hear this gabrielle
+told me you're going to do an auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me you're going to do an auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me you're going to do an auditory
+visual comparison session later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual comparison session later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual comparison session later in the
+week okay that's an engineer's point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week okay that's an engineer's point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week okay that's an engineer's point of
+view how do I just build better systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view how do I just build better systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view how do I just build better systems
+let's step back and talk from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back and talk from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back and talk from a
+scientists point of view so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists point of view so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists point of view so this is
+really now to introduce the talk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really now to introduce the talk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really now to introduce the talk that
+I'm going to give you today so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you today so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you today so when
+you're a scientist what's our job we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a scientist what's our job we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a scientist what's our job we say
+we want to understand we all right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand we all right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand we all right that
+understand right what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right what does that mean
+well what it really means if you boil it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what it really means if you boil it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what it really means if you boil it
+down and I would love to discuss this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I would love to discuss this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I would love to discuss this if
+you like is that you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like is that you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like is that you have some
+measurements in some domain so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in some domain so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in some domain so you can
+think of this as a state space here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a state space here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a state space here but
+like this is like the plant the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is like the plant the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is like the plant the position
+of the planets today and this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planets today and this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planets today and this is like
+the position of the planets tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the planets tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the planets tomorrow
+right so or you could say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so or you could say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so or you could say this is the
+DNA sequence inside a cell and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence inside a cell and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence inside a cell and this is
+some protein that's going to get made so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protein that's going to get made so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protein that's going to get made so
+you're searching for mappings that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching for mappings that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching for mappings that are
+predictive from one domain to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive from one domain to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive from one domain to another
+and we can give lots of examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can give lots of examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can give lots of examples of what
+we call successful science where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call successful science where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call successful science where that's
+true is being able this is the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is being able this is the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is being able this is the core of
+Sciences to predict given some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences to predict given some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences to predict given some
+measurements or observations what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or observations what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements or observations what's
+going to happen either in the future or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen either in the future or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen either in the future or
+some other set of measurements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other set of measurements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other set of measurements so
+predictive power is the core of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power is the core of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power is the core of all
+science and the core of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and the core of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and the core of understanding
+and I think it'd be fun if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it'd be fun if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it'd be fun if you want to
+debate that that you think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate that that you think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate that that you think there's
+another way but this is what I come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way but this is what I come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way but this is what I come to
+in thinking about this problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about this problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about this problem and the
+accuracy the reason I'm bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy the reason I'm bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy the reason I'm bringing
+is because the accuracy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the accuracy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the accuracy of the
+predictive mapping is a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive mapping is a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive mapping is a measure of the
+strength of any scientific field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of any scientific field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of any scientific field and
+some fields are further along than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fields are further along than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fields are further along than
+others and I would say ours is still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and I would say ours is still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and I would say ours is still not
+very far along and our job is to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far along and our job is to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far along and our job is to bring
+it from a non predictive state to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from a non predictive state to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from a non predictive state to a very
+predictive state and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive state and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive state and so that means
+building models that can be falsified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building models that can be falsified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building models that can be falsified
+and it can predict things and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can predict things and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can predict things and you'll
+hear that through my talk as Gabrielle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that through my talk as Gabrielle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear that through my talk as Gabrielle
+mentioned what we try to do is build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what we try to do is build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what we try to do is build
+models that can predict either behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that can predict either behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that can predict either behavior
+or neural activity and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or neural activity and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or neural activity and that's what we
+think is what progress looks like so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is what progress looks like so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is what progress looks like so now
+let's translate this to the problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's translate this to the problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's translate this to the problem I
+gave you which is the problem of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you which is the problem of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you which is the problem of vision
+or more generally object recognition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally object recognition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally object recognition you
+could imagine there's a domain of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine there's a domain of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine there's a domain of images
+so just to slow down here just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to slow down here just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to slow down here just so
+everybody's on the same page each dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's on the same page each dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's on the same page each dot
+here might be all the pixels in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might be all the pixels in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might be all the pixels in this
+image and this dot all the pixels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and this dot all the pixels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and this dot all the pixels in
+this image so there's a set of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image so there's a set of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image so there's a set of possible
+pixel images that you could see and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel images that you could see and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel images that you could see and we
+imagine that they give rise to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they give rise to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they give rise to in the
+brain some state space think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain some state space think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain some state space think of this as
+the whole brain for now to keep it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole brain for now to keep it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole brain for now to keep it sort
+of six ideas that you could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of six ideas that you could imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of six ideas that you could imagine that
+this image one you're looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image one you're looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image one you're looking at it
+gives rise to some pattern of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to some pattern of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to some pattern of activity
+across your whole brain and this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across your whole brain and this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across your whole brain and this image
+gives rise to a different pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to a different pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to a different pattern of
+activity across your whole brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity across your whole brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity across your whole brain and
+loosely we call this the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely we call this the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely we call this the neural
+representation of this thing but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this thing but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this thing but when
+then what we do is somehow when we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we do is somehow when we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we do is somehow when we ask
+you for behavioral reports there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for behavioral reports there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for behavioral reports there's a
+mapping between that neural state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping between that neural state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping between that neural state space
+and what we measure as the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we measure as the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we measure as the output
+whether you say it or write it you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you say it or write it you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you say it or write it you might
+say that's a face these are both faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's a face these are both faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's a face these are both faces
+if I ask you for nouns among them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you for nouns among them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you for nouns among them okay
+so this is another domain of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another domain of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another domain of measurement
+okay so now you can see I'm setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can see I'm setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can see I'm setting up
+the notion of productivity and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of productivity and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of productivity and what we
+want to do is we have this complex thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we have this complex thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we have this complex thing
+over here of images that somehow map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here of images that somehow map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here of images that somehow map
+internally into neural activity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally into neural activity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally into neural activity and then
+somehow map to the thing we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow map to the thing we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow map to the thing we call
+perceptual reports and notice I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual reports and notice I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual reports and notice I've
+already put things that we call nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already put things that we call nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already put things that we call nouns
+that we usually associate with objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we usually associate with objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we usually associate with objects
+cars face dogs cats clocks and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars face dogs cats clocks and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars face dogs cats clocks and so forth
+okay so understanding this mapping and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so understanding this mapping and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so understanding this mapping and a
+predictive census is really a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive census is really a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive census is really a summary of
+what our part of the field is is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our part of the field is is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our part of the field is is about
+and again accurate productivity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again accurate productivity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again accurate productivity is the
+core product of the science that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core product of the science that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core product of the science that
+underlies our ability to build a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies our ability to build a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlies our ability to build a system
+like this many of you are interested to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this many of you are interested to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this many of you are interested to
+fix a system like this or to perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a system like this or to perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a system like this or to perhaps
+even augment our own systems if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even augment our own systems if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even augment our own systems if you want
+to inject signals here and have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject signals here and have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject signals here and have them
+give rise to perception oh how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to perception oh how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to perception oh how this
+works a big part of the field of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a big part of the field of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a big part of the field of vision
+has spent a lot of the last say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has spent a lot of the last say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has spent a lot of the last say three
+decades working on the mapping between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades working on the mapping between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades working on the mapping between
+images and neural activity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and neural activity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and neural activity that's
+usually called encoding predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called encoding predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called encoding predictive
+encoding mechanisms and it's just driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding mechanisms and it's just driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding mechanisms and it's just driven
+by Hubel and Wiesel z' work the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Hubel and Wiesel z' work the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Hubel and Wiesel z' work the people
+saw this as a great way for it it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this as a great way for it it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this as a great way for it it's like
+let's go study the neurons and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go study the neurons and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go study the neurons and try to
+understand what and the image is driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what and the image is driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what and the image is driving
+them what is that is what but what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what is that is what but what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what is that is what but what's a
+image computable model in the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image computable model in the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image computable model in the ideal
+world that would go from images to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that would go from images to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that would go from images to
+neural responses the other part is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural responses the other part is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural responses the other part is that
+there's some linkage we think between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some linkage we think between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some linkage we think between
+the neural activity and these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural activity and these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural activity and these these
+reports and notice this is actually why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and notice this is actually why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and notice this is actually why
+most of us get into neuroscience because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us get into neuroscience because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us get into neuroscience because
+you notice it's arrows to way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice it's arrows to way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you notice it's arrows to way this is
+actually quite deep here from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite deep here from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite deep here from an
+engineer's point of view go well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer's point of view go well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer's point of view go well there's
+got to be some mapping between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be some mapping between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be some mapping between the
+neural activity and the button presses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity and the button presses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity and the button presses
+on my fingers or my saying the word now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my fingers or my saying the word now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my fingers or my saying the word now
+there's some causal linkage between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some causal linkage between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some causal linkage between this
+and the things that we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that we observe
+objectively in a subject but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively in a subject but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively in a subject but you know
+this is where philosophers debate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where philosophers debate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where philosophers debate about
+like well you know in some sense these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you know in some sense these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well you know in some sense these
+are sort of two sides of the same coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of two sides of the same coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of two sides of the same coin
+we say our own perception there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say our own perception there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say our own perception there's some
+aspects of the internal activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the internal activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the internal activity that
+are the thing that we call awareness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the thing that we call awareness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the thing that we call awareness or
+perception now I'm not going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception now I'm not going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception now I'm not going to get into
+all that but I just want to point out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but I just want to point out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but I just want to point out if
+you're just building models you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just building models you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just building models you can't
+approach that it's this sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that it's this sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that it's this sort of this
+strange thing between neurons and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing between neurons and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing between neurons and these
+reported states that many of us are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported states that many of us are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported states that many of us are
+fascinated by so this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by so this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated by so this is called
+predictive decoding mechanisms for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive decoding mechanisms for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive decoding mechanisms for me
+it's all going to be operationalized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to be operationalized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to be operationalized in
+terms of reports from humans or animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of reports from humans or animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of reports from humans or animals
+and I'll not do that philosophical part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll not do that philosophical part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll not do that philosophical part
+but I thought I'd mention that for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I'd mention that for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I'd mention that for those
+of you like to think about those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you like to think about those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you like to think about those things
+so for visual object perception I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for visual object perception I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for visual object perception I want
+to point out that again the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that again the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that again the history of
+the field has been mostly here this link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field has been mostly here this link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field has been mostly here this link
+has been neglected or dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been neglected or dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been neglected or dominated by
+weakly predictive word models so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly predictive word models so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly predictive word models so that
+doesn't mean they're not useful starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they're not useful starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they're not useful starting
+points but they're weakly predictive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but they're weakly predictive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but they're weakly predictive and
+so a weakly predictive word model would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a weakly predictive word model would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a weakly predictive word model would
+be in for temporal cortex a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in for temporal cortex a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in for temporal cortex a part of the
+brain I'm going to tell you about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I'm going to tell you about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I'm going to tell you about today
+does object recognition that model has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does object recognition that model has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does object recognition that model has
+been around for a long time it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a long time it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for a long time it is
+somewhat predictable cuz it says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat predictable cuz it says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat predictable cuz it says you
+take that out in all object recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that out in all object recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that out in all object recognition
+will get destroyed would be a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get destroyed would be a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get destroyed would be a prediction
+turns out that doesn't actually happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that doesn't actually happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that doesn't actually happen
+we can discuss that but you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can discuss that but you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can discuss that but you know it
+doesn't sort of tell you how it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sort of tell you how it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sort of tell you how it does it
+how to inject signals which tasks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to inject signals which tasks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to inject signals which tasks are
+more or less affected right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less affected right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less affected right so that's
+what I mean by weakly predictive it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by weakly predictive it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by weakly predictive it's a
+word model face neurons do face tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word model face neurons do face tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word model face neurons do face tasks
+that's probably true to some extent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true to some extent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true to some extent but
+again it doesn't tell us it's more tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't tell us it's more tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it doesn't tell us it's more tight
+it sort of says I'll take out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of says I'll take out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of says I'll take out these
+smaller regions and they'll be some set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller regions and they'll be some set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller regions and they'll be some set
+of tasks that's sort of involved faces I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks that's sort of involved faces I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tasks that's sort of involved faces I
+don't know I won't say anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I won't say anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I won't say anything about
+other tasks so that's a somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tasks so that's a somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tasks so that's a somewhat more
+strongly predicted model but still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly predicted model but still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly predicted model but still a
+pretty weakly predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty weakly predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty weakly predictive
+my personal favorite that comes in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal favorite that comes in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal favorite that comes in from
+reviewers a lot is attention solves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers a lot is attention solves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers a lot is attention solves that
+right so so this is just a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is just a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so this is just a statement
+that just to be on the lookout for word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to be on the lookout for word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to be on the lookout for word
+models that don't actually have content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that don't actually have content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that don't actually have content
+in terms of prediction right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of prediction right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of prediction right I don't
+know what that means I read this as hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means I read this as hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means I read this as hand
+of God reaches in and solves the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God reaches in and solves the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God reaches in and solves the problem
+right so there's got to be an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's got to be an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's got to be an actual
+predictive model that can be falsified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model that can be falsified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model that can be falsified
+okay so I don't mean to sort of doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't mean to sort of doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't mean to sort of doubt
+the importance of these before people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of these before people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of these before people
+start giving a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start giving a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start giving a hard time
+there are attentional phenomena there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are attentional phenomena there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are attentional phenomena there
+are face neurons there is an IT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are face neurons there is an IT that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are face neurons there is an IT that's
+what we study I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we study I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we study I'm just trying to
+emphasize for you that we need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize for you that we need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize for you that we need to go
+beyond word models into actual testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond word models into actual testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond word models into actual testable
+models that make predictions that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that make predictions that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that make predictions that would
+stand even if the person claiming those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand even if the person claiming those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand even if the person claiming those
+models is no longer around it would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is no longer around it would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is no longer around it would make
+a prediction let me try to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction let me try to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction let me try to define a
+domain I said we're gonna try to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I said we're gonna try to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I said we're gonna try to define
+stuff it's hard to define stuff it's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's hard to define stuff it's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's hard to define stuff it's big
+vision it's a big area object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision it's a big area object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision it's a big area object
+recognition I sort of said it vaguely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition I sort of said it vaguely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition I sort of said it vaguely
+and when I say this I include faces as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I say this I include faces as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I say this I include faces as
+an object a socially important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object a socially important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object a socially important one
+you'll hear this from VIN Rick I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear this from VIN Rick I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear this from VIN Rick I think
+but I want to kind of say to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to kind of say to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to kind of say to try to
+limit it even further that's still a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it even further that's still a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it even further that's still a big
+domain and so we tried early on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and so we tried early on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and so we tried early on to
+reduce the problem even further to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem even further to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the problem even further to
+something that is more again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is more again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is more again
+naturalistic that we think gives us can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalistic that we think gives us can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalistic that we think gives us can
+give us more traction in this predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more traction in this predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more traction in this predictive
+sense so we did started by saying when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we did started by saying when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so we did started by saying when
+you take a scene like this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a scene like this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a scene like this and you
+analyze it you may not notice it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it you may not notice it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it you may not notice it but
+your your your your your ventral stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your your your ventral stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your your your ventral stream
+really your retina has high acuity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really your retina has high acuity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really your retina has high acuity and
+say the central 10 degrees there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the central 10 degrees there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the central 10 degrees there's
+Anatomy that I'll show you later that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatomy that I'll show you later that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anatomy that I'll show you later that
+the ventral stream is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream is especially
+interested in processing the central 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in processing the central 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in processing the central 10
+degrees of information so that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of information so that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of information so that's about
+two hands at arm's length those you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands at arm's length those you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands at arm's length those you in
+the room so you may have the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room so you may have the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room so you may have the sense that
+you know what's out there but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's out there but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's out there but you don't
+really right you kind of stitch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right you kind of stitch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right you kind of stitch that
+together and the way you slots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the way you slots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the way you slots of people
+have shown this the way you stitch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown this the way you stitch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown this the way you stitch this
+together is making by rapid eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is making by rapid eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is making by rapid eye
+movements around called saccade fall by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements around called saccade fall by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements around called saccade fall by
+fixations which are 200 to 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixations which are 200 to 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixations which are 200 to 500
+milliseconds in duration you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds in duration you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds in duration you don't
+really see during this time here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see during this time here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see during this time here it's
+not as if your brain shuts down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as if your brain shuts down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as if your brain shuts down it's
+just that the movements too fast for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the movements too fast for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the movements too fast for for
+your retina to really keep up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your retina to really keep up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your retina to really keep up with this
+so you you make these rapid eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you make these rapid eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you make these rapid eye
+movements used to fixate fixate fix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements used to fixate fixate fix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements used to fixate fixate fix a
+and what you do is that brings this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is that brings this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you do is that brings this sort
+of sampled scene to your the central 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampled scene to your the central 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampled scene to your the central 10
+degrees that might look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees that might look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees that might look something like
+this so those are 200 millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so those are 200 millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so those are 200 millisecond
+snapshots across that scan path and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots across that scan path and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots across that scan path and I'll
+strip play for you one more time now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip play for you one more time now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip play for you one more time now you
+should notice that there was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should notice that there was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should notice that there was you know
+there's one or more objects in each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one or more objects in each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one or more objects in each and
+every image that you probably kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every image that you probably kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every image that you probably kind of
+said oh there's a sign as a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh there's a sign as a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh there's a sign as a person
+there's a car you might have gotten two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a car you might have gotten two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a car you might have gotten two
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+each one but you were sort of extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one but you were sort of extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one but you were sort of extracting
+the least intuitively to me at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least intuitively to me at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least intuitively to me at least one
+or more kind of foreground or central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more kind of foreground or central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more kind of foreground or central
+objects when I show you those images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects when I show you those images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects when I show you those images and
+that ability to do what I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability to do what I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ability to do what I just showed
+you there we think is the core of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there we think is the core of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there we think is the core of how
+you analyze or build up a scene like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze or build up a scene like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you analyze or build up a scene like
+this at least how the ventral stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at least how the ventral stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at least how the ventral stream
+contributes and we call that therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes and we call that therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes and we call that therefore
+we call that core recognition which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that core recognition which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that core recognition which I
+define as a central 10 degrees of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as a central 10 degrees of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as a central 10 degrees of visual
+field a hundred to 200 millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field a hundred to 200 millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field a hundred to 200 millisecond
+viewing duration and again it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing duration and again it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewing duration and again it's not all
+of object recognition but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of object recognition but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of object recognition but if you think
+it's sort of a good starting point and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a good starting point and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a good starting point and a
+way that we partly got into this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we partly got into this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we partly got into this is
+because of rapid your own visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of rapid your own visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of rapid your own visual
+presentation movies from the 70s Molly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation movies from the 70s Molly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation movies from the 70s Molly
+Potter showed this really nicely this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potter showed this really nicely this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potter showed this really nicely this is
+a movie that I've been showing for 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie that I've been showing for 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie that I've been showing for 15
+years now this is notice that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now this is notice that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now this is notice that this is
+just a sequence of images where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sequence of images where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sequence of images where there's
+typically one or more foreground objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one or more foreground objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically one or more foreground objects
+and you should be quickly mapping those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should be quickly mapping those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should be quickly mapping those
+to memory even though I'm not telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memory even though I'm not telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memory even though I'm not telling
+you what to expect like Leaning Tower of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what to expect like Leaning Tower of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what to expect like Leaning Tower of
+Pisa right you know I'm not gonna tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pisa right you know I'm not gonna tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pisa right you know I'm not gonna tell
+you they're gonna see Star Wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're gonna see Star Wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're gonna see Star Wars
+characters well I just did but you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters well I just did but you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters well I just did but you sort
+of you quickly are able to map those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you quickly are able to map those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you quickly are able to map those
+things to your to some noun or even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to your to some noun or even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to your to some noun or even a
+more precise subordinate now I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise subordinate now I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise subordinate now I know this
+is Yoda right and so we our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Yoda right and so we our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Yoda right and so we our ability to
+do that we're very very good at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we're very very good at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we're very very good at that
+notice you didn't need a lot of pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you didn't need a lot of pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you didn't need a lot of pre
+cueing yet you're still able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cueing yet you're still able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cueing yet you're still able to do that
+and that is really what fascinates us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is really what fascinates us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is really what fascinates us
+about vision or an object recognition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vision or an object recognition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vision or an object recognition in
+particularly even without featural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly even without featural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly even without featural
+attention and pre cueing you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and pre cueing you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and pre cueing you're able to
+do in a remarkable amount of processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a remarkable amount of processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a remarkable amount of processing
+and I think that's a great demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's a great demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's a great demonstration
+of that and just to quantify this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and just to quantify this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and just to quantify this for
+you because sometimes people say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because sometimes people say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because sometimes people say well
+you're showing it to short you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing it to short you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing it to short you don't
+your visual system doesn't do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual system doesn't do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual system doesn't do much
+here's an eight-way categorization task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an eight-way categorization task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an eight-way categorization task
+I'll show you later under different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you later under different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you later under different
+range of transformation these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of transformation these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of transformation these are just
+the example images of eight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example images of eight different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example images of eight different
+categories of objects it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of objects it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of objects it doesn't really
+matter what what I might do here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what what I might do here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what what I might do here you get
+a very similar curb and that is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar curb and that is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar curb and that is you get
+most of the performance gain in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the performance gain in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the performance gain in about
+the first 100 milliseconds this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 100 milliseconds this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 100 milliseconds this is
+accuracy or about 85% correct this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy or about 85% correct this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy or about 85% correct this is a
+challenging tasks will shoot or it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging tasks will shoot or it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging tasks will shoot or it looks
+easy here but it's quite challenging 85%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here but it's quite challenging 85%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy here but it's quite challenging 85%
+correct if I let you look at the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if I let you look at the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if I let you look at the image
+longer up to two seconds you can bump up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer up to two seconds you can bump up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer up to two seconds you can bump up
+to around 90 so you get there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to around 90 so you get there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to around 90 so you get there is some
+gain with longer viewing duration but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain with longer viewing duration but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain with longer viewing duration but
+you'll get you know chances 50 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get you know chances 50 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get you know chances 50 so you
+get this huge ability in the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this huge ability in the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this huge ability in the thing we're
+not the first to show this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the first to show this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the first to show this is just to
+show you in our own kind of tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in our own kind of tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in our own kind of tasks that
+that the data I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data I'm going to tell you
+about when we show the image for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we show the image for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we show the image for a
+hundred of 200 milliseconds this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred of 200 milliseconds this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred of 200 milliseconds this is the
+typical primate viewing duration that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical primate viewing duration that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical primate viewing duration that I
+pin this on we use this for reasons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin this on we use this for reasons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin this on we use this for reasons of
+just efficiency but you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just efficiency but you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just efficiency but you see the
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+similar across that time you get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar across that time you get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar across that time you get a lot
+done the original system does a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the original system does a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the original system does a lot of
+work in that first glimpse and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in that first glimpse and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in that first glimpse and that's
+core recognition that we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core recognition that we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core recognition that we are trying to
+study here and I know it's not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study here and I know it's not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study here and I know it's not all of
+object recognition or all of vision but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition or all of vision but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition or all of vision but
+it's now a we think a much more defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now a we think a much more defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now a we think a much more defined
+domain that we can make progress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that we can make progress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain that we can make progress on
+that's what we've been working on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've been working on that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we've been working on that's
+essentially what I'm gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I'm gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I'm gonna talk about
+today so think of vision object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so think of vision object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so think of vision object
+recognition within that core recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition within that core recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition within that core recognition
+this is David Marr David and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is David Marr David and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is David Marr David and actually
+Tommy Poggio I sort of a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy Poggio I sort of a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy Poggio I sort of a long time and
+Tommy wrote the introduction in David's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy wrote the introduction in David's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy wrote the introduction in David's
+if you guys haven't read this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys haven't read this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys haven't read this book
+vision same thing you guys know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision same thing you guys know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision same thing you guys know this
+book it's really a classic book in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's really a classic book in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it's really a classic book in our
+field it's the first couple chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's the first couple chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's the first couple chapters
+that are worth the part you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are worth the part you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are worth the part you should
+really read I mean that's the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really read I mean that's the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really read I mean that's the the best
+part of the book and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the book and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the book and one of the things
+that you take from this book that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take from this book that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take from this book that I
+think David and Tommy helped to lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think David and Tommy helped to lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think David and Tommy helped to lay out
+a long time ago is that that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago is that that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago is that that there's
+this challenge of level that you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this challenge of level that you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this challenge of level that you sort of
+you you know you don't come into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you don't come into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you don't come into a
+problem like I think one of the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like I think one of the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like I think one of the things I
+take from this is he now they would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from this is he now they would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from this is he now they would try
+to define three clean levels it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define three clean levels it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define three clean levels it turns
+out not to be this clean in practice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be this clean in practice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be this clean in practice but
+there's one level called computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one level called computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one level called computational
+theory what's the goal what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory what's the goal what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory what's the goal what's
+appropriate what's the logic and by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate what's the logic and by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate what's the logic and by what
+strategy which it can be carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy which it can be carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy which it can be carried out
+there's another level which is okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another level which is okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another level which is okay now
+once you decide that how should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you decide that how should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you decide that how should you
+represent the data how can you implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the data how can you implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the data how can you implement
+an algorithm to do it and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm to do it and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm to do it and then there's
+this actually how do you run it how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually how do you run it how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually how do you run it how do
+you build it in hardware and you nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build it in hardware and you nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build it in hardware and you nervous
+scientists often come in like I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists often come in like I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists often come in like I'm gonna
+study neurons and it's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study neurons and it's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study neurons and it's sort of like
+jumping into your iPhone and say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping into your iPhone and say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping into your iPhone and say I'm
+gonna study transistors right they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna study transistors right they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna study transistors right they often
+tend to sort of start at the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to sort of start at the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to sort of start at the hardware
+level I think that's sort of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I think that's sort of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I think that's sort of the biggest
+lesson taken it's like there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson taken it's like there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson taken it's like there's something
+going on here this transistors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here this transistors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here this transistors are
+flying and make some story about it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying and make some story about it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying and make some story about it if
+you were recording from the brain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were recording from the brain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were recording from the brain or
+measuring transistors in my iPhone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring transistors in my iPhone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring transistors in my iPhone but
+but you know I think the important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I think the important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I think the important point
+to take from this is it helps to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take from this is it helps to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take from this is it helps to start
+thinking about what the system what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what the system what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what the system what's
+the point of the system what might it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the system what might it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of the system what might it be
+doing how might you solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing how might you solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing how might you solve that problem
+and that leads you then to algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads you then to algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads you then to algorithm and
+then you think about representation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think about representation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you think about representation so
+sort of a top-down approach rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a top-down approach rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a top-down approach rather than
+just digging into the brain and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just digging into the brain and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just digging into the brain and so I'm
+hoping that the answers will emerge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that the answers will emerge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that the answers will emerge so
+I'm gonna try to kind of give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to kind of give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to kind of give you that
+sort of top-down approach and what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of top-down approach and what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of top-down approach and what in
+this problem I'm talking about I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I'm talking about I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I'm talking about I've
+already given you a bit of it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given you a bit of it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given you a bit of it by
+introducing you to the problem I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing you to the problem I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing you to the problem I'll say
+a little bit more about that and step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about that and step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about that and step
+down a little bit this way and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit this way and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit this way and so this
+this this kind of thinking I think is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this kind of thinking I think is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this kind of thinking I think is is
+important to making progress and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to making progress and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to making progress and how the
+brain computes things so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain computes things so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain computes things so here's a
+related slide that I made a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related slide that I made a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related slide that I made a long time
+ago that again I pulled out for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that again I pulled out for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago that again I pulled out for you guys
+that I think helps bridge between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think helps bridge between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think helps bridge between the
+what I just said about the Marr levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said about the Marr levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said about the Marr levels
+of analysis and when your whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis and when your whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis and when your whether you're
+neuroscientist or kind of scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist or kind of scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientist or kind of scientists and
+are a computer vision or machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a computer vision or machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a computer vision or machine
+learning person so the first is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning person so the first is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning person so the first is what is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+we're trying to solve so that's the mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve so that's the mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to solve so that's the mark
+computational level one so computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational level one so computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational level one so computational
+vision so now operationally you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision so now operationally you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision so now operationally you know
+you'll hear folks in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear folks in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear folks in machine learning
+they might say well there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say well there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might say well there's some
+benchmarks that's good that's like a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks that's good that's like a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks that's good that's like a you
+know image net challenge or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know image net challenge or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know image net challenge or whatever
+challenge they want to solve sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge they want to solve sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge they want to solve sometimes
+they'll say well the brain solves it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say well the brain solves it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll say well the brain solves it
+that's not good because they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good because they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good because they didn't
+really define the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really define the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really define the problem
+neuroscientists will say well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists will say well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists will say well it's
+something like you know perception or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know perception or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know perception or
+behaviors you know there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors you know there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors you know there's some sort of
+sort of behavior that they imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behavior that they imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behavior that they imagined
+although you know characterizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know characterizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you know characterizing that
+behavior is not usually the primary goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is not usually the primary goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is not usually the primary goal
+but I think that's that's there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that's that's there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that's that's there's at
+least some progress in that regard now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some progress in that regard now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some progress in that regard now
+there's there's like what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's like what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's like what does a
+solution look like so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution look like so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution look like so this is really
+just to talk about language so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to talk about language so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to talk about language so useful
+image representations for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image representations for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image representations for machine
+learning like what we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning like what we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning like what we might call
+features but neuroscientist will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but neuroscientist will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but neuroscientist will talk
+about explicit neuronal spiking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about explicit neuronal spiking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about explicit neuronal spiking
+populations you heard this in Himes talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations you heard this in Himes talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations you heard this in Himes talk
+about he was sort of using these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about he was sort of using these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about he was sort of using these words
+interchangeably again I this may be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably again I this may be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably again I this may be sort
+of obvious to you guys but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious to you guys but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious to you guys but I thought
+it's worth going through so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth going through so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth going through so this is like
+Marr level to a representation how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marr level to a representation how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marr level to a representation how do we
+instantiate these solutions so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate these solutions so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate these solutions so this is
+still kind of level two algorithms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of level two algorithms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of level two algorithms or
+mechanisms that actually build useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that actually build useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that actually build useful
+feature representations neuroscientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature representations neuroscientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature representations neuroscientist
+will think about neuronal wiring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think about neuronal wiring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think about neuronal wiring and
+waiting patterns are actually executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting patterns are actually executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting patterns are actually executing
+those algorithms right this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those algorithms right this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those algorithms right this is what we
+think is a sort of a bridging language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a sort of a bridging language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a sort of a bridging language
+there and then there's this deeper level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then there's this deeper level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then there's this deeper level
+that came up in the questions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up in the questions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up in the questions which is
+really how would you construct it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how would you construct it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how would you construct it kind
+of from the beginning right learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from the beginning right learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from the beginning right learning
+rules initial conditions training images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules initial conditions training images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules initial conditions training images
+or words that are used here the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or words that are used here the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or words that are used here the sort of
+a learning machine here we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a learning machine here we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a learning machine here we know
+scientists talk about plasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists talk about plasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists talk about plasticity
+architecture and experience alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and experience alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and experience alright so
+but again those are sort of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again those are sort of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again those are sort of similar
+questions just with different language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just with different language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions just with different language
+and I I'm doing this because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm doing this because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm doing this because I think
+that the spirit of this course is to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spirit of this course is to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spirit of this course is to try
+to build these links kind of at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build these links kind of at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build these links kind of at all
+these different levels here ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different levels here ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different levels here ok so
+hopefully that kind of helps orient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that kind of helps orient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that kind of helps orient you
+to how we think about it let me just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we think about it let me just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how we think about it let me just go
+and say I want to talk about number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I want to talk about number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I want to talk about number one
+what does a problem we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a problem we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does a problem we're trying to
+solve and why is it hard so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and why is it hard so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and why is it hard so I said
+object recognition is hard and I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition is hard and I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition is hard and I showed
+you that nighted that ah mighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that nighted that ah mighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that nighted that ah mighty
+challenge and it was difficult maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and it was difficult maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and it was difficult maybe
+it's hard because there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard because there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard because there's lots of
+objects who thinks that's why it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects who thinks that's why it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects who thinks that's why it's hard
+who thinks that's not why it's hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks that's not why it's hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks that's not why it's hard you
+think computers can kind of list a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think computers can kind of list a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think computers can kind of list a bunch
+of objects sees that it's easy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects sees that it's easy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects sees that it's easy right
+just this is what I said about memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is what I said about memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is what I said about memory
+right it's a big long list of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a big long list of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a big long list of stuff
+computers are good at that right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are good at that right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are good at that right there's
+gonna be thousands of objects a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be thousands of objects a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be thousands of objects a list of
+objects is not a hard thing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is not a hard thing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects is not a hard thing for a
+machine to do what's hard is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to do what's hard is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to do what's hard is that the
+the each object can produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each object can produce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each object can produce an
+essentially infinite number of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially infinite number of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially infinite number of images
+and so you somehow have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you somehow have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you somehow have to be able to
+kind of take some samples of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of take some samples of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of take some samples of certain
+views or poses of an object this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views or poses of an object this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views or poses of an object this is a
+car under different poses and be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car under different poses and be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car under different poses and be able to
+generalize or to predict what that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize or to predict what that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize or to predict what that car
+might look like in another view and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like in another view and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like in another view and so
+really then have to be able to so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really then have to be able to so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really then have to be able to so you
+need some good you need this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some good you need this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some good you need this is what's
+called the invariance problem and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the invariance problem and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the invariance problem and it's
+due to the fact that again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that again there's
+identity preserving image variation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity preserving image variation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity preserving image variation the
+car this is why the barcode reader and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car this is why the barcode reader and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car this is why the barcode reader and
+your supermarket works fine because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supermarket works fine because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your supermarket works fine because the
+code is always laid out very simply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is always laid out very simply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is always laid out very simply and
+there's but when you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's but when you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's but when you have to be able to
+generalize across a bunch of conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize across a bunch of conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize across a bunch of conditions
+potentially things like even background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially things like even background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially things like even background
+clutter even more severely occlusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter even more severely occlusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter even more severely occlusion
+things you heard from Gabrielle or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you heard from Gabrielle or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you heard from Gabrielle or you
+may even want to generalize across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may even want to generalize across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may even want to generalize across the
+class of cars where the cars have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of cars where the cars have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of cars where the cars have
+slightly different geometry but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different geometry but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different geometry but it's
+still cars this is these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cars this is these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cars this is these kind of
+generalizations are what make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations are what make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations are what make the
+problem hard so I'm lumping them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem hard so I'm lumping them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem hard so I'm lumping them all
+together and what we call the invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and what we call the invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and what we call the invariance
+problem okay many of you in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay many of you in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay many of you in the room
+know this is the hard problem and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the hard problem and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the hard problem and I
+think that hopefully that's that that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that hopefully that's that that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that hopefully that's that that if
+you if that it fixes ideas that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if that it fixes ideas that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if that it fixes ideas that that's
+what you should think about it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should think about it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should think about it's not the
+number of objects but it's the fact has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of objects but it's the fact has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of objects but it's the fact has
+to deal with that invariance problem ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that invariance problem ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that invariance problem ok
+this is my um this is hi I'm was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my um this is hi I'm was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my um this is hi I'm was talking
+about manifolds and this is sort of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about manifolds and this is sort of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about manifolds and this is sort of my
+version of that so I this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that so I this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that so I this is to
+introduce you to the problem of why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the problem of why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the problem of why that
+invariance problem what it kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance problem what it kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance problem what it kind of looks
+like or feels like I'm not gonna give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or feels like I'm not gonna give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or feels like I'm not gonna give
+you math on how to solve it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you math on how to solve it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you math on how to solve it it's just
+the geometric feel for the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric feel for the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric feel for the problem
+so if you imagine you're a camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you imagine you're a camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you imagine you're a camera or
+your retina which is capturing an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your retina which is capturing an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your retina which is capturing an image
+of an object let's call this a person I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object let's call this a person I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an object let's call this a person I
+think I called him here he is Joe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I called him here he is Joe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I called him here he is Joe so
+when you see this image of Joe and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this image of Joe and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see this image of Joe and this
+is the retina and this is a state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the retina and this is a state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the retina and this is a state space
+of what's going on your retina so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on your retina so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's going on your retina so it's a
+million retinal ganglion cells think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million retinal ganglion cells think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million retinal ganglion cells think of
+them as being an analog value out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as being an analog value out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as being an analog value out of
+each so this is a million dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so this is a million dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so this is a million dimensional
+state space so when you see this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space so when you see this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space so when you see this image
+of Joe he activates every Randall guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joe he activates every Randall guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joe he activates every Randall guy
+and sells some a lot some one little but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sells some a lot some one little but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sells some a lot some one little but
+he's some point in that million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's some point in that million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's some point in that million
+dimensional space ok everybody with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space ok everybody with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space ok everybody with me
+um if everybody's heard all this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if everybody's heard all this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if everybody's heard all this before
+and what's gonna go on every way your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's gonna go on every way your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's gonna go on every way your
+hand and I'll move on keep going ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and I'll move on keep going ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and I'll move on keep going ok so
+so the basic idea is that um Joe if Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea is that um Joe if Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea is that um Joe if Joe
+and ER goes a transformation like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ER goes a transformation like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ER goes a transformation like a
+change in pose you know what that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in pose you know what that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in pose you know what that does
+is he's it's only a one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's it's only a one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he's it's only a one degree of
+freedom I'm turning under the hood one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I'm turning under the hood one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I'm turning under the hood one
+of those latent variables if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those latent variables if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those latent variables if I had a
+graphics engine I'm changing the pose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics engine I'm changing the pose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics engine I'm changing the pose of
+latent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent variable
+one knob and I'm turning so to speak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knob and I'm turning so to speak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knob and I'm turning so to speak and
+that means there's one line through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's one line through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's one line through here
+as Joe projects across these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Joe projects across these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Joe projects across these different
+images here now I'm ignoring noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images here now I'm ignoring noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images here now I'm ignoring noise and
+things this is just the deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is just the deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is just the deterministic
+mapping onto the random ganglion cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping onto the random ganglion cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping onto the random ganglion cells
+so Joe goes burnt and he goes over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Joe goes burnt and he goes over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Joe goes burnt and he goes over here
+and if I turn the other nabhi he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I turn the other nabhi he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I turn the other nabhi he goes
+over here and so I could imagine if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so I could imagine if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and so I could imagine if I
+turned those two knobs of to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned those two knobs of to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned those two knobs of to access
+opposed always possible and plotted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed always possible and plotted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed always possible and plotted this
+in the million dimensional state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the million dimensional state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the million dimensional state space
+there'd be this curved up sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be this curved up sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be this curved up sheet of
+points which you can think of Joe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which you can think of Joe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which you can think of Joe's
+idenity manifold over those two degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idenity manifold over those two degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idenity manifold over those two degrees
+of you change there's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you change there's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you change there's only two
+dimensions here it's hard to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions here it's hard to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions here it's hard to start
+showing more than this but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing more than this but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing more than this but it's sort of
+this curved up sheet of points everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curved up sheet of points everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curved up sheet of points everybody
+with me so far you don't actually get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me so far you don't actually get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me so far you don't actually get to
+see all those right this is sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all those right this is sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all those right this is sort of you
+could imagine in a machine actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine in a machine actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine in a machine actually
+running them all but you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running them all but you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running them all but you don't really
+get to see I'm gonna get samples of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see I'm gonna get samples of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see I'm gonna get samples of them
+but there's some underlying manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some underlying manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some underlying manifold
+structure here now what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here now what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here now what's interesting
+and what's important to point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's important to point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's important to point out is
+that this thing even though I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing even though I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing even though I've drawn
+it it's sort of it's a little curved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's sort of it's a little curved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's sort of it's a little curved but
+it's highly complicated in this a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly complicated in this a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly complicated in this a native
+pixel space it's all curved up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel space it's all curved up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel space it's all curved up and
+bending all over the place and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending all over the place and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending all over the place and the
+reason that matters and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that matters and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that matters and this is what
+what Himes sort of introduced you to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Himes sort of introduced you to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Himes sort of introduced you to is
+that if you want to be able to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to be able to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you want to be able to separate
+Joe from another object say not Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe from another object say not Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe from another object say not Joe
+another person say then you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person say then you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person say then you need a
+representation so I showed you random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so I showed you random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so I showed you random
+gang and so this is another imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang and so this is another imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang and so this is another imaginary
+state space where you can take simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space where you can take simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space where you can take simple
+tools to extract the information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to extract the information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to extract the information and
+that simple tools that we like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple tools that we like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple tools that we like to use
+our linear classifiers but you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear classifiers but you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear classifiers but you can use
+other sort of other simple tools hi news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of other simple tools hi news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sort of other simple tools hi news
+the exact same description to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same description to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same description to you guys
+in his talk but you have some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his talk but you have some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his talk but you have some linear
+decoder on the state space that can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder on the state space that can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder on the state space that can say
+oh these are they can separate cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these are they can separate cleanly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh these are they can separate cleanly
+Joe from not Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe from not Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe from not Joe
+so these manifolds are nicely separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these manifolds are nicely separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these manifolds are nicely separated
+by a separating hyperplane that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a separating hyperplane that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a separating hyperplane that's what
+these tools tend to do is they like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools tend to do is they like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools tend to do is they like to
+cut planes is one thing they like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut planes is one thing they like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut planes is one thing they like to do
+where they want to find locations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they want to find locations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they want to find locations or
+regions like compact regions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions like compact regions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions like compact regions in the
+space depending on what kind of tool you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space depending on what kind of tool you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space depending on what kind of tool you
+use but you know you don't want the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but you know you don't want the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but you know you don't want the tool
+having to do all kinds of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do all kinds of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do all kinds of complicated
+tracing through this space or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing through this space or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing through this space or that's
+basically the original problem itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the original problem itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the original problem itself so
+what you need is you have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need is you have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need is you have a simple
+toolbox which we think of as downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox which we think of as downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toolbox which we think of as downstream
+neurons so a linear classifier is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so a linear classifier is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so a linear classifier is an
+approximation it's like a dot product a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's like a dot product a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation it's like a dot product a
+weighted sum which is what we think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum which is what we think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum which is what we think a
+neuro scientists of downstream neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuro scientists of downstream neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuro scientists of downstream neurons
+doing and so it's a weighted sum and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and so it's a weighted sum and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and so it's a weighted sum and so
+what we need is like if we want in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is like if we want in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is like if we want in an
+explicit representation in some neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit representation in some neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit representation in some neural
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+based and we need to be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based and we need to be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based and we need to be able to take
+weighted sums of some population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sums of some population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sums of some population
+representation to be able to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to be able to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to be able to separate
+Joe from not Joe and Sam from Jill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe from not Joe and Sam from Jill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe from not Joe and Sam from Jill and
+everything from everything else that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from everything else that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from everything else that we
+want to separate we would call that a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to separate we would call that a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to separate we would call that a if
+we had such a space of neural population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had such a space of neural population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had such a space of neural population
+we'd call that a good set of features or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd call that a good set of features or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd call that a good set of features or
+an explicit representation of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit representation of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explicit representation of objects
+shape and for the aficionados here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and for the aficionados here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and for the aficionados here it's
+not just cleanly linear separation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just cleanly linear separation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just cleanly linear separation it's
+actually if you want to find this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you want to find this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you want to find this with a
+low number of training examples so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low number of training examples so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low number of training examples so that
+turns out to be important but it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be important but it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be important but it helps
+to just fix ideas to think about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fix ideas to think about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fix ideas to think about linear
+separation ideally with a low number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation ideally with a low number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation ideally with a low number of
+training examples so that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training examples so that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training examples so that's kind of a
+good representation and when I notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good representation and when I notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good representation and when I notice
+I'm sort of starting to mix up terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of starting to mix up terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of starting to mix up terms
+here when I say I am assuming when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I say I am assuming when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I say I am assuming when I
+talk about shape that that will map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about shape that that will map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about shape that that will map
+cleanly to identity or what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly to identity or what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly to identity or what you might
+call broadly category that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call broadly category that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call broadly category that's a that's a
+that's another topic I won't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another topic I won't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another topic I won't talk about
+if you like just think about the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like just think about the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like just think about the shape
+of Joe or so separating one geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joe or so separating one geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Joe or so separating one geometry
+from another okay now here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another okay now here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another okay now here's a
+simulation that my first graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that my first graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation that my first graduate
+student Dave Cox who's now at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Dave Cox who's now at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Dave Cox who's now at Harvard
+did this is number years old this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is number years old this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this is number years old this is
+take these say to face objects render
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these say to face objects render
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these say to face objects render
+them under changes in and in view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them under changes in and in view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them under changes in and in view and
+and then he had the he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he had the he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he had the he actually
+simulated the manifolds in a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated the manifolds in a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated the manifolds in a relative
+14,000 dimensional space and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 dimensional space and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 dimensional space and then he
+wanted to kind of visualize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to kind of visualize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to kind of visualize it and
+because we wanted to just try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted to just try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted to just try to make
+the point that these these manifolds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that these these manifolds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that these these manifolds of
+these two objects are highly curved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two objects are highly curved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two objects are highly curved and
+highly tangled and this is a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly tangled and this is a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly tangled and this is a three
+dimensional view remember it's sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional view remember it's sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional view remember it's sitting
+in a fourteen thousand dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fourteen thousand dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fourteen thousand dimensional
+simulation space you can only view can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation space you can only view can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation space you can only view can't
+view that space this is a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that space this is a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that space this is a three
+dimensional view of it and the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional view of it and the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional view of it and the point is
+that it's it's like two sheets of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's like two sheets of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's like two sheets of paper
+being all crumpled up together and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all crumpled up together and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being all crumpled up together and you
+can't leave they're not fused they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't leave they're not fused they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't leave they're not fused they look
+fused here because it's in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused here because it's in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused here because it's in three
+dimensions but they're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but they're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but they're not actually
+fused and so so but they're complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused and so so but they're complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fused and so so but they're complicated
+that you can't easily find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't easily find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't easily find the
+separating hyperplane to separate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating hyperplane to separate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating hyperplane to separate these
+two objects so we call these tangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects so we call these tangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects so we call these tangled
+object manifolds and really the job of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object manifolds and really the job of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object manifolds and really the job of a
+they're tangled due to image variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tangled due to image variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tangled due to image variation
+right remember if I didn't change those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember if I didn't change those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember if I didn't change those
+knobs of view or position or scale there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs of view or position or scale there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs of view or position or scale there
+would just be two points in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be two points in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be two points in the space
+and it would be easy that's the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be easy that's the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be easy that's the easy
+problem of listing objects but if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of listing objects but if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of listing objects but if they
+have to go undergo all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go undergo all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go undergo all this
+transformation they become these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation they become these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation they become these
+complicated structures that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated structures that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated structures that need to be
+untangled from each other so the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangled from each other so the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangled from each other so the way we
+think about what the problem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the problem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the problem that's
+being solved is you have this retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being solved is you have this retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being solved is you have this retina
+sampling data like a camera on the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling data like a camera on the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling data like a camera on the front
+end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with
+look complicated with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look complicated with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look complicated with respect to the
+latent variables in this case shape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent variables in this case shape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent variables in this case shape or
+identity Sam or Joe and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Sam or Joe and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Sam or Joe and that they
+somehow are transformed as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow are transformed as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow are transformed as I mentioned
+they're transformed by some nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're transformed by some nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're transformed by some nonlinear
+transformation some other neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation some other neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation some other neural
+populations state space shown here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations state space shown here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations state space shown here where
+the things look more like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things look more like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things look more like this the
+latent variable structure is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent variable structure is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent variable structure is more
+explicit that you can easily take things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit that you can easily take things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit that you can easily take things
+like separating hyperplanes to said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like separating hyperplanes to said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like separating hyperplanes to said to
+identify things like shape which getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify things like shape which getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify things like shape which getting
+roughly corresponds to identity or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly corresponds to identity or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly corresponds to identity or other
+latent parameters like position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent parameters like position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent parameters like position and
+scale you maybe haven't thrown away all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you maybe haven't thrown away all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you maybe haven't thrown away all
+these other latent parameters and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other latent parameters and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other latent parameters and if I
+have time I'll say something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time I'll say something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time I'll say something about that
+so you don't just get identity but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't just get identity but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't just get identity but if
+you can untangle this and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can untangle this and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can untangle this and you would have
+a very nice representation with regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice representation with regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice representation with regard
+to those original latent parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those original latent parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those original latent parameters
+that's the sort of dream of what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of dream of what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of dream of what you'd
+like to do it sort of like reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do it sort of like reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do it sort of like reverse
+graphics if you will so so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics if you will so so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics if you will so so this is what
+we call untangled explicit object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call untangled explicit object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call untangled explicit object
+information and we think it lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and we think it lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and we think it lives
+somewhere in the brain at least to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the brain at least to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the brain at least to some
+degree and I'll show you the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and I'll show you the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and I'll show you the evidence
+for that later on so what you have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that later on so what you have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that later on so what you have then
+is you have a poor encoding basis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a poor encoding basis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have a poor encoding basis the
+pixel space and somewhere in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel space and somewhere in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel space and somewhere in the brain
+is a powerful encoding basis a good set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a powerful encoding basis a good set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a powerful encoding basis a good set
+of features and as I mentioned this as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features and as I mentioned this as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features and as I mentioned this as I
+already said this must be a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said this must be a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said this must be a nonlinear
+transformation because the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation because the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation because the linear
+transformations are just rotations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations are just rotations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations are just rotations of
+that original space so now let's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original space so now let's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original space so now let's like to
+go down to actually this would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to actually this would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to actually this would be more
+level three let's go to instantiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three let's go to instantiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level three let's go to instantiation
+like let's get into the hardware here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's get into the hardware here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's get into the hardware here
+we're supposed to be talking about brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to be talking about brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to be talking about brain
+so I'm gonna give you a tour of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna give you a tour of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna give you a tour of the
+ventral stream so we would love to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream so we would love to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream so we would love to know
+how this brain solves it this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this brain solves it this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this brain solves it this is the
+non-human this is the human brain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-human this is the human brain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-human this is the human brain this
+is a non-human primate this is not shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-human primate this is not shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-human primate this is not shown
+to scale just blown up the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale just blown up the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale just blown up the streets
+that's a similar structure temporal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a similar structure temporal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a similar structure temporal lobe
+frontal lobes occipital lobe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobes occipital lobe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontal lobes occipital lobe there's a
+non-human primate we like this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-human primate we like this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-human primate we like this model
+because for a number of reasons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a number of reasons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for a number of reasons one
+reason that we like it is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we like it is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we like it is that they're
+very visual creatures their acuity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very visual creatures their acuity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very visual creatures their acuity is
+very well matched to ours in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well matched to ours in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well matched to ours in fact you
+and their object recognition abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their object recognition abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their object recognition abilities
+are actually quite similar to our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually quite similar to our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually quite similar to our own
+this may be surprising to you but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be surprising to you but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be surprising to you but let me
+just show you some of the some data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you some of the some data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you some of the some data for
+that this is actually um data from Rishi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually um data from Rishi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually um data from Rishi
+Raja Lingam in my lab it says impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raja Lingam in my lab it says impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raja Lingam in my lab it says impressed
+but this just came out this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this just came out this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this just came out this is the
+confusion matrix patterns of humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion matrix patterns of humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion matrix patterns of humans
+trying to discriminate different objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to discriminate different objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to discriminate different objects
+under under those transformations that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under under those transformations that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under under those transformations that I
+showed you earlier with a not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you earlier with a not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you earlier with a not just
+seeing images but they have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing images but they have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing images but they have to deal with
+these kind of in variances and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of in variances and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of in variances and this is
+rhesus monkey data trying to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhesus monkey data trying to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhesus monkey data trying to do the same
+thing and the task goes I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the task goes I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the task goes I'll give you a
+test image and then you get choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test image and then you get choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test image and then you get choice
+images was it a car or a dog I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images was it a car or a dog I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images was it a car or a dog I'll show
+you an image what choice was it a dog or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an image what choice was it a dog or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an image what choice was it a dog or
+a tree and you're trying to entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree and you're trying to entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree and you're trying to entertain
+many objects all at once and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many objects all at once and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many objects all at once and you have to
+get an image under some unpredictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an image under some unpredictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an image under some unpredictable
+view and unpredictable background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and unpredictable background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and unpredictable background and
+then you have to make a choice so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to make a choice so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to make a choice so this
+is the kind of confusion difficulty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of confusion difficulty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kind of confusion difficulty and
+when you look at this it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at this it's sort of
+intuitive that these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive that these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive that these are sort of
+geometry similar right camels confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry similar right camels confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry similar right camels confused
+with dog and you know tank is confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dog and you know tank is confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dog and you know tank is confused
+with truck and that's true of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with truck and that's true of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with truck and that's true of both
+monkeys and humans and just some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and humans and just some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and humans and just some level
+this shouldn't be surprising to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shouldn't be surprising to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shouldn't be surprising to you you
+know the humans make the same difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the humans make the same difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the humans make the same difficulty
+the same tasks are difficult for humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same tasks are difficult for humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same tasks are difficult for humans
+are difficult for monkeys because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult for monkeys because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult for monkeys because
+probably they share very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably they share very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably they share very similar
+processing structures and this is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing structures and this is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing structures and this is not to
+bring you know they don't have to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you know they don't have to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you know they don't have to bring
+it a bunch of knowledge about tanks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a bunch of knowledge about tanks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a bunch of knowledge about tanks or
+driven by people or that they just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by people or that they just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by people or that they just have
+to say was there a tank or a truck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say was there a tank or a truck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say was there a tank or a truck and
+under those conditions they make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those conditions they make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those conditions they make very
+similar patterns of confusion and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar patterns of confusion and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar patterns of confusion and these
+patterns are very different from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are very different from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are very different from those
+that you get when you've run classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get when you've run classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get when you've run classifiers
+on pixels or low-level visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pixels or low-level visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pixels or low-level visual
+stimulation simulations so so these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation simulations so so these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation simulations so so these but
+they're very similar to each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very similar to each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very similar to each other in
+fact are statistically indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact are statistically indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact are statistically indistinguishable
+monkeys and humans on these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and humans on these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and humans on these kind of
+patterns of confusion okay so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of confusion okay so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of confusion okay so that's one
+reason we like this subject yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we like this subject yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we like this subject yeah the
+monkey model is that the behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey model is that the behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey model is that the behavior is
+very well matched to the humans the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well matched to the humans the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well matched to the humans the
+other reason is that we know from a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason is that we know from a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason is that we know from a lot
+of previous work that I alluded to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of previous work that I alluded to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of previous work that I alluded to that
+there's some studies have shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some studies have shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some studies have shown that
+lesions in these parts of the brain can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in these parts of the brain can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions in these parts of the brain can
+lead to deficits in recognition tasks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to deficits in recognition tasks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to deficits in recognition tasks so
+again we know that the ventral stream we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we know that the ventral stream we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we know that the ventral stream we
+think the ventral stream solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the ventral stream solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the ventral stream solves
+recognition so we sort of know a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so we sort of know a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so we sort of know a weak
+word model and we're going to look we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word model and we're going to look we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word model and we're going to look we
+just don't know exactly what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know exactly what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know exactly what's going on
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+just to orient you these visual but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to orient you these visual but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to orient you these visual but
+these ventral areas v1 v2 v4 and in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ventral areas v1 v2 v4 and in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ventral areas v1 v2 v4 and in for
+temporal cortex or i.t cortex IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex or i.t cortex IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal cortex or i.t cortex IT
+projects anatomically for the frontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects anatomically for the frontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects anatomically for the frontal
+lobe two regions involved in decision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe two regions involved in decision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe two regions involved in decision in
+action and around the bend to the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and around the bend to the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and around the bend to the medial
+temporal lobe two regions involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe two regions involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe two regions involved in
+long formation of long-term memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long formation of long-term memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long formation of long-term memory
+because these are monkeys and on humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are monkeys and on humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are monkeys and on humans
+and Gabrielle mentioned this in his talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gabrielle mentioned this in his talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gabrielle mentioned this in his talk
+we can go in and we can record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go in and we can record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go in and we can record from
+their brains and we can perturb neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brains and we can perturb neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brains and we can perturb neural
+activity in their brains directly and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in their brains directly and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in their brains directly and we
+can do that in a systematic way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that in a systematic way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that in a systematic way this is
+the advantage of an animal model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of an animal model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of an animal model of
+supposed to a human model okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to a human model okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to a human model okay as
+neuroscientists now so now we've taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists now so now we've taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists now so now we've taken a
+problem translated to behave you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem translated to behave you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem translated to behave you're
+taking that behavior into a species we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that behavior into a species we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that behavior into a species we
+can study we know roughly where to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study we know roughly where to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can study we know roughly where to look
+and now we want to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to try to understand
+what's going on so the ventral stream as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so the ventral stream as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so the ventral stream as
+engineers we take these curled up sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers we take these curled up sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers we take these curled up sheets
+of cortex and think of them as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cortex and think of them as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cortex and think of them as I've
+already been showing you a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been showing you a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been showing you a sort of
+populations of neurons so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of neurons so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of neurons so there's
+millions of neurons in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of neurons in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of neurons in each of these
+sheets I'll give you numbers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets I'll give you numbers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets I'll give you numbers on
+slide coming up there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide coming up there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide coming up there's some sort of
+processing that may be common here I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing that may be common here I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing that may be common here I put
+these T's and there might be some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these T's and there might be some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these T's and there might be some common
+cortical algorithm processing forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical algorithm processing forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical algorithm processing forward
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+there's also entered cortical processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also entered cortical processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also entered cortical processing
+and there's also some feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also some feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also some feedback
+processing going on in here so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing going on in here so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing going on in here so all
+that's schematically illustrated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's schematically illustrated in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's schematically illustrated in this
+slide that I'll keep bringing up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that I'll keep bringing up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that I'll keep bringing up here we
+talk about these different levels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these different levels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these different levels of the
+ventral stream now I'm mostly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream now I'm mostly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream now I'm mostly going to
+be talking about I T cortex here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about I T cortex here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about I T cortex here at the
+end why do we call these different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end why do we call these different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end why do we call these different areas
+one reason is that there's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason is that there's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason is that there's a complete
+retina topic map a map of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina topic map a map of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina topic map a map of the whole
+visual space in each of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual space in each of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual space in each of these different
+levels and Wratten others one LGN and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and Wratten others one LGN and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and Wratten others one LGN and in
+the thalamus there's another and B one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus there's another and B one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus there's another and B one
+is another map and V two there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another map and V two there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another map and V two there's another
+map and before there's another map and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and before there's another map and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and before there's another map and I
+T there's it's less clear that's retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there's it's less clear that's retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there's it's less clear that's retina
+topic we're not even sure that I T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we're not even sure that I T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we're not even sure that I T is
+one area I'll so maybe people have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area I'll so maybe people have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one area I'll so maybe people have time
+I'll say more about that that detail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say more about that that detail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say more about that that detail and
+it's so it's not that retina topic nit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it's not that retina topic nit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it's not that retina topic nit
+except the most posterior parts of IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the most posterior parts of IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the most posterior parts of IT
+but that's why neuroscientists divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why neuroscientists divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why neuroscientists divide
+ease into different areas so a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease into different areas so a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease into different areas so a key
+concept though for you computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept though for you computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept though for you computationally
+is think of each of these as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think of each of these as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think of each of these as a
+population representation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population representation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population representation that's
+retransform Adada from that complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransform Adada from that complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransform Adada from that complicated
+space to some nicer space and it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to some nicer space and it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to some nicer space and it's doing
+this probably in a stepwise gradual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably in a stepwise gradual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably in a stepwise gradual
+manner so IT is believed to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner so IT is believed to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner so IT is believed to be that
+powerful and coding basis that I alluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and coding basis that I alluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and coding basis that I alluded
+to earlier where you have these nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to earlier where you have these nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to earlier where you have these nice
+flattened object manifolds and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened object manifolds and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattened object manifolds and then I'll
+sort of show you the evidence for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you the evidence for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of show you the evidence for that
+here's a here's a more more nicest as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a more more nicest as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a more more nicest as
+recently from a review I did that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently from a review I did that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently from a review I did that gives
+more numbers on these things and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more numbers on these things and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more numbers on these things and I've
+sized the areas according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized the areas according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized the areas according to their
+relative cortical area in the monkey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative cortical area in the monkey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative cortical area in the monkey and
+here's B 1 B 2 v 4 i.t i.t is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's B 1 B 2 v 4 i.t i.t is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's B 1 B 2 v 4 i.t i.t is a complex
+of areas and I'm showing you these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of areas and I'm showing you these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of areas and I'm showing you these these
+kind of Layton sees these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Layton sees these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Layton sees these are sort of
+the the average Layton sees in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average Layton sees in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average Layton sees in these
+different visual areas you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different visual areas you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different visual areas you can see it's
+about 50 milliseconds from when an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 milliseconds from when an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 milliseconds from when an image
+hits the retina - you get activity in v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the retina - you get activity in v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the retina - you get activity in v1
+60 and v2 70 there's about a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 and v2 70 there's about a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 and v2 70 there's about a 10
+millisecond step across these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond step across these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond step across these different
+areas so it's about a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so it's about a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so it's about a hundred
+millisecond lag between an image hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond lag between an image hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond lag between an image hits
+here and you start to see changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you start to see changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you start to see changes in
+activity at this level up here that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at this level up here that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity at this level up here that I'm
+referring to I T when I say I T I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to I T when I say I T I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to I T when I say I T I'm
+referring to AIT and CI t together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to AIT and CI t together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to AIT and CI t together
+that's my usage of the word eye T for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my usage of the word eye T for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my usage of the word eye T for
+the aficionados in the room and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aficionados in the room and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aficionados in the room and that's
+about 10 million output neurons and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 million output neurons and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 million output neurons and I
+key just to fix numbers in v1 here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key just to fix numbers in v1 here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key just to fix numbers in v1 here you
+have like 37 million output neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 37 million output neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like 37 million output neurons
+about 200 million neurons in v1 similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 million neurons in v1 similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 million neurons in v1 similar
+in v2 you know and note many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v2 you know and note many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v2 you know and note many of you
+probably heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard
+other parts of the vet of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the vet of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the vet of the of the
+visual system here's an MT many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system here's an MT many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system here's an MT many of
+you've probably heard about MT so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard about MT so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard about MT so it's
+sort of you can see it's tiny compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you can see it's tiny compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you can see it's tiny compared
+to some of these areas that I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these areas that I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these areas that I'm talking
+about here I'm going to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here I'm going to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here I'm going to show you some
+neural day I'm just gonna give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural day I'm just gonna give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural day I'm just gonna give you a
+brief tour of these different areas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief tour of these different areas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief tour of these different areas so
+brief it's sort of almost cartoonish but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief it's sort of almost cartoonish but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief it's sort of almost cartoonish but
+at least those you haven't seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least those you haven't seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least those you haven't seen this
+should at least be exposed so the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least be exposed so the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least be exposed so the retina
+you guys know in the retina there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know in the retina there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know in the retina there's a
+bunch of well there's a bunch of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of well there's a bunch of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of well there's a bunch of cell
+layers in the red the red is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers in the red the red is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers in the red the red is a
+complicated device right it's I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated device right it's I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated device right it's I think it
+is a beautiful camera so you're down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a beautiful camera so you're down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a beautiful camera so you're down on
+the retina now to me the key thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina now to me the key thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina now to me the key thing in
+the retinas the end you got some cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retinas the end you got some cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retinas the end you got some cells
+they're gonna project back along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna project back along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna project back along the
+optic nerve right so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic nerve right so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic nerve right so these are the
+retinal ganglion cells they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal ganglion cells they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal ganglion cells they actually
+live on the surface the light comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the surface the light comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the surface the light comes
+through frontal receptors are here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through frontal receptors are here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through frontal receptors are here this
+processing and the inner me in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and the inner me in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and the inner me in these
+intermediate layers and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate layers and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate layers and then there's a
+bunch of retinal ganglion cell types so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of retinal ganglion cell types so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of retinal ganglion cell types so
+it's thought to be now twenty types or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thought to be now twenty types or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's thought to be now twenty types or
+so I'm the original physiology there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm the original physiology there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm the original physiology there's
+their to functional kind of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their to functional kind of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their to functional kind of central
+types where they have this an on center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types where they have this an on center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types where they have this an on center
+off center let's take an on center cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off center let's take an on center cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off center let's take an on center cell
+you shine light in the middle of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shine light in the middle of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shine light in the middle of this of
+a spot now this is a tiny little spot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot now this is a tiny little spot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spot now this is a tiny little spot I
+rented the size depends on where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented the size depends on where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented the size depends on where you are
+an individual field but so you shine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual field but so you shine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual field but so you shine a
+little bit of light on the center the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of light on the center the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of light on the center the
+response goes up to the spike rate going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response goes up to the spike rate going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response goes up to the spike rate going
+up here put light in the surround the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here put light in the surround the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here put light in the surround the
+response rate goes down so it has a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response rate goes down so it has a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response rate goes down so it has a non
+Center off surround profile and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center off surround profile and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center off surround profile and then
+there's a flip type here so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a flip type here so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a flip type here so so that's
+the basic functional type when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic functional type when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic functional type when you think
+about the retinas is tiled with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the retinas is tiled with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the retinas is tiled with all of
+these point detectors that have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these point detectors that have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these point detectors that have some
+nice Steiner surround effects there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Steiner surround effects there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Steiner surround effects there's
+some nice gain control for overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice gain control for overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice gain control for overall
+lumination conditions and and but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumination conditions and and but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumination conditions and and but but
+our my tour model the retina will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our my tour model the retina will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our my tour model the retina will be
+it's a bunch it's basically a real nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch it's basically a real nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch it's basically a real nice
+pixel map coming back down the retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel map coming back down the retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel map coming back down the retinal
+gang I've dragged down the optic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang I've dragged down the optic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gang I've dragged down the optic tract
+to the LGN okay I'm gonna skip the LGN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the LGN okay I'm gonna skip the LGN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the LGN okay I'm gonna skip the LGN
+and go straight to v1 people have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go straight to v1 people have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go straight to v1 people have known
+for a long time functionally lv.1 cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time functionally lv.1 cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time functionally lv.1 cells
+they have sensitivity to especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sensitivity to especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sensitivity to especially
+edges they have what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges they have what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges they have what's called
+orientation selectivity hopefully this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation selectivity hopefully this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation selectivity hopefully this
+isn't new to you guys here's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't new to you guys here's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't new to you guys here's a simple
+cell in v1 if you shine a bar light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in v1 if you shine a bar light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in v1 if you shine a bar light on
+it inside its receptive field there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inside its receptive field there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it inside its receptive field there we
+know what a receptive field is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a receptive field is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a receptive field is I don't
+want to go okay it's okay if you ask cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go okay it's okay if you ask cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go okay it's okay if you ask cuz
+I want to make sure you guys are okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure you guys are okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure you guys are okay so
+so the receptive field he's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the receptive field he's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the receptive field he's trying to
+borrow light in it turn it on turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow light in it turn it on turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow light in it turn it on turn on
+the right orientation gets good response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right orientation gets good response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right orientation gets good response
+out out of the cell move it off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out of the cell move it off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out of the cell move it off this
+position now not much response is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now not much response is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now not much response is a
+little bit of an off response here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an off response here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an off response here
+change the orientation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the orientation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the orientation not
+happens full-field illumination nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens full-field illumination nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens full-field illumination nothing
+happens ok so there's some this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens ok so there's some this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens ok so there's some this is
+called selectivity that is there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called selectivity that is there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called selectivity that is there's some
+portion of the image space that it cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the image space that it cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the image space that it cares
+about doesn't just respond to any light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doesn't just respond to any light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doesn't just respond to any light
+at that spot like the RET like the pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that spot like the RET like the pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that spot like the RET like the pixel
+wise the retinal ganglion cell would so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise the retinal ganglion cell would so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise the retinal ganglion cell would so
+now there's this this complex cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's this this complex cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's this this complex cell
+that's also in v1 which maintains this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also in v1 which maintains this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also in v1 which maintains this
+ori intention to sent orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ori intention to sent orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ori intention to sent orientation
+selectivity across a change in position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity across a change in position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity across a change in position
+as shown here also across some changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here also across some changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here also across some changes
+in scale but so it maintains it meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scale but so it maintains it meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in scale but so it maintains it meaning
+that you have this tolerance so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this tolerance so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have this tolerance so that's
+called position tolerance for position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called position tolerance for position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called position tolerance for position
+you can chain move the bar around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can chain move the bar around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can chain move the bar around it
+still likes that oriented bar but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still likes that oriented bar but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still likes that oriented bar but you
+change its angle and it doesn't goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its angle and it doesn't goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its angle and it doesn't goes
+down right so it still maintains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so it still maintains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right so it still maintains the
+same selectivity here but has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same selectivity here but has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same selectivity here but has some
+tolerance you get this buildup of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance you get this buildup of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance you get this buildup of some
+orient some orientation sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient some orientation sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orient some orientation sensitivity
+followed by some tolerance right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by some tolerance right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by some tolerance right and
+these there are models from Hubel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are models from Hubel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are models from Hubel and
+Wiesel that they're thought that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiesel that they're thought that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiesel that they're thought that you
+build this first and then you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this first and then you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this first and then you build
+these out of these that's the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out of these that's the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out of these that's the simple
+version and these kind of here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and these kind of here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and these kind of here they are
+these simple these on human Wiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple these on human Wiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple these on human Wiesel
+models how you build these and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models how you build these and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models how you build these and like
+operators to build selectivity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators to build selectivity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators to build selectivity from
+pixel wise cells with an and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel wise cells with an and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel wise cells with an and like
+operator lining these up correctly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator lining these up correctly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator lining these up correctly you
+can imagine oriented tuned cells built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine oriented tuned cells built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine oriented tuned cells built
+this way there's evidence for this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way there's evidence for this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way there's evidence for this in
+physiology that this is how these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology that this is how these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology that this is how these are
+constructed the tolerance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed the tolerance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed the tolerance of these
+complex cells is thought to build by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells is thought to build by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells is thought to build by a
+combination of simple cells and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of simple cells and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of simple cells and there's
+some evidence for this and this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence for this and this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence for this and this is again
+all the way from Hubel and Wiesel I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from Hubel and Wiesel I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from Hubel and Wiesel I went
+to a Nobel Prize for this in related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Nobel Prize for this in related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Nobel Prize for this in related
+work in the 1960s and then there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the 1960s and then there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the 1960s and then there were a
+bunch of computational models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of computational models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of computational models that are
+sort of really inspired by this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really inspired by this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really inspired by this and I
+think are still the core models of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are still the core models of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are still the core models of how
+the system works and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system works and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system works and some of the
+original ones that were written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ones that were written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ones that were written down
+with Fukushima in the 80s and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fukushima in the 80s and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Fukushima in the 80s and then and
+Tommy Poggio and others built what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy Poggio and others built what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy Poggio and others built what's
+called an H max model you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an H max model you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an H max model you guys have
+probably heard about that sort of often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard about that sort of often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard about that sort of often
+these similar ideas much more refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these similar ideas much more refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these similar ideas much more refined
+and much more match than neural data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much more match than neural data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much more match than neural data and
+and so but these are just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but these are just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but these are just trying to
+point out that these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that these kind of
+physiological observations or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological observations or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological observations or what
+inspired this sort of class of largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired this sort of class of largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired this sort of class of largely
+feed-forward models again you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward models again you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward models again you heard
+about much today ok so that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much today ok so that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much today ok so that that was
+sort of that's what kind of a brief tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's what kind of a brief tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's what kind of a brief tour
+of u1 now what's going on in v2 so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u1 now what's going on in v2 so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u1 now what's going on in v2 so for a
+long time people thought it was hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time people thought it was hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time people thought it was hard to
+tell the difference from v1 and v2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference from v1 and v2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference from v1 and v2 and I
+just thought I'd show you guys this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought I'd show you guys this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought I'd show you guys this is a
+slide I stuck in this is from Aero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I stuck in this is from Aero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I stuck in this is from Aero
+Simoncelli and Tony Mouse and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simoncelli and Tony Mouse and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simoncelli and Tony Mouse and I think
+you guys have air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have air
+teaching in the course of it later so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in the course of it later so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in the course of it later so he
+may say some of this but the two cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may say some of this but the two cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may say some of this but the two cells
+have some sensitivity to natural image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sensitivity to natural image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sensitivity to natural image
+statistics that v1 cells don't and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that v1 cells don't and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that v1 cells don't and maybe
+I'll see if I can take you take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see if I can take you take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see if I can take you take you
+through this so so the way that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so so the way that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so so the way that the way
+that they did this is you can simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did this is you can simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did this is you can simulate
+so this is all driven off of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all driven off of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all driven off of work that
+that arrow and Tony have done on well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrow and Tony have done on well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrow and Tony have done on well
+specially arrow is done on texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially arrow is done on texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specially arrow is done on texture
+synthesis so you have these original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis so you have these original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis so you have these original
+images and if you run them through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and if you run them through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and if you run them through a
+bunch of v1 like filter banks and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of v1 like filter banks and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of v1 like filter banks and then
+you kind of take a new image a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of take a new image a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of take a new image a random
+random see which is like white noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random see which is like white noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random see which is like white noise and
+you try to make sure that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make sure that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to make sure that it would
+activate populations of v1 cells in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate populations of v1 cells in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate populations of v1 cells in a
+similar way there's a large set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way there's a large set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way there's a large set of
+images that would do that because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that would do that because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that would do that because you're
+just doing summary statistics but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing summary statistics but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing summary statistics but these
+are some examples of them for this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples of them for this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples of them for this image
+this is one that one might look like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that one might look like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that one might look like so
+you can see it doesn't look anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it doesn't look anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it doesn't look anything to
+you it doesn't look the same as this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it doesn't look the same as this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it doesn't look the same as this but
+to v1 these are men immers they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v1 these are men immers they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v1 these are men immers they're very
+they're they're similar the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're similar the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're similar the summary
+statistics in v1 and then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in v1 and then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in v1 and then you start
+taking cross products of these view on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking cross products of these view on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking cross products of these view on
+summary statistics and then you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics and then you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary statistics and then you try to
+match those and what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match those and what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match those and what's interesting is
+you start to get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to get something that looks
+texture-wise much more like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture-wise much more like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture-wise much more like this
+original image and this is a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image and this is a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original image and this is a big part of
+what arrow and others did in that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what arrow and others did in that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what arrow and others did in that work
+and the reason I'm showing you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I'm showing you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I'm showing you this is
+that Tony's lab has gone and recorded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tony's lab has gone and recorded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tony's lab has gone and recorded in
+v1 and v2 with these kinds of stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 and v2 with these kinds of stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 and v2 with these kinds of stimuli
+and the main observation they have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main observation they have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main observation they have is
+that v1 doesn't care whether you show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v1 doesn't care whether you show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v1 doesn't care whether you show it
+this or this so these if you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this so these if you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or this so these if you want to be
+one of these are both the same which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these are both the same which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these are both the same which
+sort of says we have the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of says we have the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of says we have the summary
+statistics for v1 right in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for v1 right in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for v1 right in terms of the
+average v1 response that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average v1 response that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average v1 response that's all I'm
+showing you here the paper if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here the paper if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here the paper if you want
+is much more detailed but you go to v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more detailed but you go to v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more detailed but you go to v2
+and there's a big difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a big difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a big difference between
+this which v2 cells respond to more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which v2 cells respond to more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which v2 cells respond to more and
+this which they respond to less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which they respond to less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which they respond to less and
+really one inference you can just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one inference you can just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one inference you can just take
+from this is that v2 neurons reply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is that v2 neurons reply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is that v2 neurons reply a
+reply or repeated another and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply or repeated another and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reply or repeated another and like
+operator on v1 that's a simple inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on v1 that's a simple inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on v1 that's a simple inference
+that these kind of data seem to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these kind of data seem to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these kind of data seem to support
+and they also tell you that these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also tell you that these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also tell you that these and
+like operators these conjunctions of v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operators these conjunctions of v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operators these conjunctions of v1
+statistics tend to be in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics tend to be in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics tend to be in the direction
+of the statistics of the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistics of the natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistics of the natural world
+that's naturalistic statistics now lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's naturalistic statistics now lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's naturalistic statistics now lots
+of controls haven't been done here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controls haven't been done here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of controls haven't been done here to
+sort of narrow in exactly what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of narrow in exactly what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of narrow in exactly what kinds of
+ends but that's the spirit of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends but that's the spirit of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends but that's the spirit of where the
+field is on trying to understand v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is on trying to understand v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is on trying to understand v2
+everybody thinks that has something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thinks that has something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thinks that has something to
+do with corners or more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with corners or more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with corners or more complicated
+structure but this is a way that current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but this is a way that current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but this is a way that current
+in the field to try to move these image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field to try to move these image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field to try to move these image
+computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing
+models forward if you want to be too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models forward if you want to be too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models forward if you want to be too and
+and Tony likes to point out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tony likes to point out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tony likes to point out that there's
+this is what some one of the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what some one of the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what some one of the strongest
+differences that you see between and II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that you see between and II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that you see between and II
+want to be to other than the receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be to other than the receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be to other than the receptive
+field sizes so I think that's some quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field sizes so I think that's some quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field sizes so I think that's some quite
+some exciting work if you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exciting work if you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exciting work if you if you don't
+know about it on v2 okay then you get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it on v2 okay then you get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it on v2 okay then you get up
+into v4 and things get much murkier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into v4 and things get much murkier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into v4 and things get much murkier so
+what's going on in before well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in before well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in before well let me
+just sort of briefly say that one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of briefly say that one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of briefly say that one of my
+postdocs this is more recent work just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdocs this is more recent work just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdocs this is more recent work just
+because it builds on that earlier wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it builds on that earlier wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it builds on that earlier wasn't
+Nicole rust when she was a postdoc in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole rust when she was a postdoc in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicole rust when she was a postdoc in
+the lab compared v4 she actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab compared v4 she actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab compared v4 she actually
+compared it to IT I'll skip that but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to IT I'll skip that but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to IT I'll skip that but she
+was using these Simoncelli scrambled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using these Simoncelli scrambled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using these Simoncelli scrambled
+images these are actually the texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images these are actually the texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images these are actually the texture
+images that from these are the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that from these are the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that from these are the original
+images and these are the texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and these are the texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and these are the texture
+versions so this should look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions so this should look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions so this should look like a
+textured version of that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textured version of that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textured version of that you can see
+that these algorithms don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these algorithms don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these algorithms don't actually
+capture the the object content of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the the object content of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the the object content of these
+images and what Nicole actually showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and what Nicole actually showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and what Nicole actually showed
+is that v4 doesn't like similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that v4 doesn't like similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that v4 doesn't like similar to what
+you just saw there in the earlier we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just saw there in the earlier we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just saw there in the earlier we're
+like v1 before doesn't care about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v1 before doesn't care about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v1 before doesn't care about these
+the differences between these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between these that
+responds similarly as a population to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds similarly as a population to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds similarly as a population to
+this and this and this and this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this and this and this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this and this and this and this
+and this but I T cares a lot about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this but I T cares a lot about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this but I T cares a lot about this
+versus this so this is so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this so this is so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this so this is so this is just
+repeating the same theme the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the same theme the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the same theme the general
+idea that you have and like operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you have and like operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you have and like operators
+that we think are aligned along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think are aligned along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think are aligned along the
+ventral stream that are tuned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream that are tuned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream that are tuned to the
+kind of statistics that you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of statistics that you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of statistics that you tend to
+encounter in the world and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in the world and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in the world and these are
+some of the evidence this is some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the evidence this is some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the evidence this is some of the
+evidence for it in v2 and then later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it in v2 and then later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it in v2 and then later in
+v4 and I T and Nicole's work if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 and I T and Nicole's work if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 and I T and Nicole's work if you
+piece that all together you go to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that all together you go to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that all together you go to place
+like v4 remember v4 is now like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v4 remember v4 is now like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like v4 remember v4 is now like three
+levels up and what what is v4 do look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels up and what what is v4 do look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels up and what what is v4 do look
+this is Jax work in 1996 so this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jax work in 1996 so this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jax work in 1996 so this is from
+Jack a lot when he was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack a lot when he was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack a lot when he was working with
+David Van Essen and you know people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Van Essen and you know people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Van Essen and you know people had
+some ideas that maybe there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas that maybe there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas that maybe there are these
+sort of certain functions that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of certain functions that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of certain functions that before
+neurons like I mean they would show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons like I mean they would show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons like I mean they would show
+these these sort of the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sort of the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sort of the same thing
+people have done in v2 they would show a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done in v2 they would show a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done in v2 they would show a
+bunch of images like this and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of images like this and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of images like this and sort of
+figure out well does it like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out well does it like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out well does it like these
+Cartesian gratings or these curved ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian gratings or these curved ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian gratings or these curved ones
+and you know what you get out of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what you get out of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what you get out of this is
+you know you could tell some story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could tell some story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could tell some story about
+it but you get a bunch of responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you get a bunch of responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you get a bunch of responses
+either the color indicates the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the color indicates the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the color indicates the response
+and you kind of look at it and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of look at it and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you kind of look at it and people
+would tell some stories but it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell some stories but it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell some stories but it really
+was just kind of like tea leaves here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just kind of like tea leaves here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just kind of like tea leaves here's
+a bunch of data we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of data we don't really know
+what these v4 neurons we're doing oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these v4 neurons we're doing oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these v4 neurons we're doing oh
+this was a science paper so you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a science paper so you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a science paper so you could go
+back and read it jack then then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and read it jack then then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and read it jack then then and then
+a ed connor and aneisa pasa potty worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ed connor and aneisa pasa potty worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ed connor and aneisa pasa potty worked
+together a few years after that to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a few years after that to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a few years after that to try
+to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+figure out more about what b2 neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out more about what b2 neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out more about what b2 neuron
+before neurons do and they did things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before neurons do and they did things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before neurons do and they did things
+like take images like this which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take images like this which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take images like this which were
+isolated and try to cut them into parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and try to cut them into parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and try to cut them into parts
+like curved parts pointy parts curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like curved parts pointy parts curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like curved parts pointy parts curved
+concave convex and you know this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave convex and you know this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave convex and you know this was
+motivated off of some psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated off of some psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated off of some psychology
+literature and they would define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and they would define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and they would define these
+based on sort of the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sort of the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sort of the center of the
+object so this isn't an image computable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so this isn't an image computable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so this isn't an image computable
+model it was just a basis set that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it was just a basis set that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it was just a basis set that they
+built around these kind of silhouette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around these kind of silhouette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around these kind of silhouette
+objects and so they made this basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so they made this basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so they made this basis set
+about any kind of silhouetted object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any kind of silhouetted object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any kind of silhouetted object
+they like here they hypothesize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like here they hypothesize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like here they hypothesize that
+they could fit the responses of v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could fit the responses of v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could fit the responses of v4
+neurons on this basis set and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons on this basis set and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons on this basis set and actually
+you know this is their attempt to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is their attempt to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is their attempt to do it
+they could actually fit quite well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could actually fit quite well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could actually fit quite well and
+that's kind of what's being shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what's being shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what's being shown here
+here's the response of a v4 neuron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the response of a v4 neuron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the response of a v4 neuron the
+color indicates the depth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color indicates the depth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color indicates the depth of the
+response so you can see this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so you can see this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so you can see this is sort of
+like that previous slide you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that previous slide you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that previous slide you're looking
+at tea leaves it looks complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tea leaves it looks complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tea leaves it looks complicated
+but under this model they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under this model they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under this model they were able to
+in the shape space explain about half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shape space explain about half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shape space explain about half of
+the response rates of v4 and neurons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response rates of v4 and neurons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response rates of v4 and neurons so
+you know the upshot is that v4 curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the upshot is that v4 curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the upshot is that v4 curves
+about some comp come curved combinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some comp come curved combinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some comp come curved combinate
+curves or combination of curves and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves or combination of curves and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves or combination of curves and then
+later Scott bring cot with IDI went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Scott bring cot with IDI went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Scott bring cot with IDI went on
+and to post your eye T and show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to post your eye T and show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to post your eye T and show that
+that may be some combinations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be some combinations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be some combinations of these
+v4 cells could fit posterior asite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 cells could fit posterior asite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 cells could fit posterior asite
+irresponsible so if you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible so if you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible so if you read the
+literature in v4 and I T you'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in v4 and I T you'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in v4 and I T you'll come
+across these studies and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these studies and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these studies and they're
+important ones to look at unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones to look at unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones to look at unfortunately
+they don't give you sort of an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't give you sort of an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't give you sort of an image
+computable model of what these neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable model of what these neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable model of what these neurons
+are doing but it's sort of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing but it's sort of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing but it's sort of some of the
+work that you should know about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that you should know about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that you should know about if you
+if you want to look in v4 or early I T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look in v4 or early I T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look in v4 or early I T
+so I'm telling it to you so let me go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm telling it to you so let me go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm telling it to you so let me go on
+to I T which is what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I T which is what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I T which is what I want to talk
+about for the rest of today again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for the rest of today again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for the rest of today again I'm
+talking about AIT and CIT and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about AIT and CIT and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about AIT and CIT and let me
+just this I'll just quickly say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this I'll just quickly say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this I'll just quickly say that the
+anatomy against suggest that the vit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy against suggest that the vit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy against suggest that the vit is
+the central 10 degrees and you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central 10 degrees and you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central 10 degrees and you can look
+at that by based on even though v1 v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that by based on even though v1 v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that by based on even though v1 v2
+and v4 cover the whole visual field if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v4 cover the whole visual field if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v4 cover the whole visual field if
+you make injections in v4 that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make injections in v4 that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make injections in v4 that's sort of
+shown here where you make injections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here where you make injections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here where you make injections and
+the more peripheral parts of the v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more peripheral parts of the v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more peripheral parts of the v4
+representation which is sort of up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is sort of up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is sort of up here
+that you don't get much projection into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't get much projection into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't get much projection into
+I T which is here you don't see much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I T which is here you don't see much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I T which is here you don't see much
+green color whereas you make projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color whereas you make projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green color whereas you make projections
+in the center part of v4 these red sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center part of v4 these red sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center part of v4 these red sites
+here you see much more coverage into n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see much more coverage into n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see much more coverage into n2
+I T which is shown here so it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I T which is shown here so it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I T which is shown here so it's you know
+when I say 10 degrees that's rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say 10 degrees that's rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say 10 degrees that's rough
+everything in biology is messy but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in biology is messy but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in biology is messy but this
+is the some of the evidence beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the some of the evidence beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the some of the evidence beyond
+recordings there's anatomical evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings there's anatomical evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings there's anatomical evidence
+that as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you go
+down into ITR more and more focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into ITR more and more focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into ITR more and more focused on
+the central 10 degrees okay let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central 10 degrees okay let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central 10 degrees okay let me talk
+about a little bit of the history of IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit of the history of IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit of the history of IT
+recordings this is what people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings this is what people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings this is what people got
+excited about IT in the 70s this is work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about IT in the 70s this is work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about IT in the 70s this is work
+by Charlie Gross who's one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Charlie Gross who's one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Charlie Gross who's one of the first
+people to record an IT cortex and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to record an IT cortex and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to record an IT cortex and what
+they did was I'll show you what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was I'll show you what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did was I'll show you what they did
+here they were this was an era where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they were this was an era where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they were this was an era where
+remember Hubel and Wiesel had just done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Hubel and Wiesel had just done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Hubel and Wiesel had just done
+their work in the 60s and they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work in the 60s and they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work in the 60s and they'd
+recorded from the cat visual cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from the cat visual cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded from the cat visual cortex and
+they have found these edge cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have found these edge cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have found these edge cells and
+they've ended up winning a Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've ended up winning a Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've ended up winning a Nobel Prize
+for that so it was sort of the heyday of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so it was sort of the heyday of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so it was sort of the heyday of
+like let's let's record a fair what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's let's record a fair what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's let's record a fair what
+makes cells go so they were brave enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes cells go so they were brave enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes cells go so they were brave enough
+to put an electrode down in i.t cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an electrode down in i.t cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an electrode down in i.t cortex
+in 1970 and said what makes this neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1970 and said what makes this neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1970 and said what makes this neuron
+go remember that's sort of that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go remember that's sort of that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go remember that's sort of that's an
+encoding question what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding question what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding question what's the what's the
+image content that will drive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image content that will drive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image content that will drive this
+neuron and it's fun to just look back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and it's fun to just look back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and it's fun to just look back on
+this and what they were doing so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what they were doing so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what they were doing so they
+you know they didn't have computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they didn't have computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they didn't have computer
+monitors they were actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors they were actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors they were actually sort of
+waving around stimuli in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving around stimuli in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving around stimuli in front of the
+animal this is an anesthetized animal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal this is an anesthetized animal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal this is an anesthetized animal on
+a table this was a monkey actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table this was a monkey actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table this was a monkey actually they
+start with a cat and they later went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a cat and they later went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a cat and they later went to
+monkey the use of these stimuli was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey the use of these stimuli was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey the use of these stimuli was
+begun one day when having failed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun one day when having failed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun one day when having failed to
+drive a unit with any light stimulus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a unit with any light stimulus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a unit with any light stimulus so
+that priming spots of light edges things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that priming spots of light edges things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that priming spots of light edges things
+that Hubel and Wiesel had been using we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hubel and Wiesel had been using we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hubel and Wiesel had been using we
+waved a hand at the stimulus screen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waved a hand at the stimulus screen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waved a hand at the stimulus screen like
+waved in front of them and elicited a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waved in front of them and elicited a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waved in front of them and elicited a
+very vigorous response from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vigorous response from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vigorous response from the
+previously unresponsive neuron okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously unresponsive neuron okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously unresponsive neuron okay so
+they say well look and then we spent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well look and then we spent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well look and then we spent the
+next 12 hours so the animals anesthetize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 12 hours so the animals anesthetize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 12 hours so the animals anesthetize
+on the table they're recording from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table they're recording from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table they're recording from this
+neuron it's 12 hours because nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron it's 12 hours because nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron it's 12 hours because nothing's
+moving so you can record for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so you can record for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so you can record for a long
+period of time so single neuron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so single neuron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so single neuron the
+recording listened to the spikes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording listened to the spikes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording listened to the spikes we
+spent the next 12 hours testing various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the next 12 hours testing various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent the next 12 hours testing various
+paper cutouts and attempt to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper cutouts and attempt to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper cutouts and attempt to find a
+trigger feature so that's sort of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger feature so that's sort of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger feature so that's sort of that's
+you can see that's a Hubel and Wiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's a Hubel and Wiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that's a Hubel and Wiesel
+idea what makes this neuron go what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what makes this neuron go what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what makes this neuron go what's
+the best thing what's that that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing what's that that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing what's that that's going
+to become a lot of a lot of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a lot of a lot of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become a lot of a lot of the field
+spent time doing trigger feature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time doing trigger feature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time doing trigger feature for
+this unit when the entire schema set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit when the entire schema set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unit when the entire schema set we
+reused we're ranked according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reused we're ranked according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reused we're ranked according to the
+strength of the response that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the response that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the response that they
+produce we could not find a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce we could not find a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce we could not find a simple
+physical dimension that correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical dimension that correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical dimension that correlated with
+this rank order however the rank order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rank order however the rank order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rank order however the rank order
+adequate stimuli did correlate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate stimuli did correlate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate stimuli did correlate with
+similarity for us that means psycho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity for us that means psycho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity for us that means psycho
+physically judged through the shadow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically judged through the shadow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically judged through the shadow of
+a monkey hand so they sort of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monkey hand so they sort of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monkey hand so they sort of these are
+there any quarter of the stimuli and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any quarter of the stimuli and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any quarter of the stimuli and
+they say well look it looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well look it looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well look it looks like it's
+some sort of hand newer that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of hand newer that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of hand newer that's all I
+know how to describe I can't find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to describe I can't find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to describe I can't find some
+simple thing on here so this this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing on here so this this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing on here so this this kind
+of study know then launched a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study know then launched a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study know then launched a whole
+domain where people started to go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain where people started to go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain where people started to go in and
+record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+these neurons and they found interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons and they found interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons and they found interesting
+different types Bob DeSimone who worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types Bob DeSimone who worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types Bob DeSimone who worked
+with Charlie Gross later showed much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Charlie Gross later showed much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Charlie Gross later showed much
+more nicely on or more controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nicely on or more controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nicely on or more controlled
+conditions yes there are indeed neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yes there are indeed neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions yes there are indeed neurons
+that respond you can see more to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respond you can see more to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respond you can see more to these
+hand this is the post image time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this is the post image time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this is the post image time
+histogram lots of spikes lots of spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram lots of spikes lots of spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram lots of spikes lots of spikes
+lots of spikes respond more to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of spikes respond more to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of spikes respond more to these
+hands and then do these other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and then do these other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and then do these other kind of
+stimuli here that is so you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli here that is so you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli here that is so you could say
+these neurons have are tuned to specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons have are tuned to specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neurons have are tuned to specific
+combinations of high selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of high selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of high selectivity
+you'll hear from Vin Rick that others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear from Vin Rick that others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear from Vin Rick that others
+had shown that you can record something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shown that you can record something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shown that you can record something
+neurons that really like phases that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that really like phases that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that really like phases that you
+could find and not so much hands right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find and not so much hands right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find and not so much hands right
+so so you could find neurons that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you could find neurons that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you could find neurons that seem
+to have some interesting selectivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some interesting selectivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some interesting selectivity and
+iet cortex and then others later went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iet cortex and then others later went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iet cortex and then others later went on
+to show in number studies this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show in number studies this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show in number studies this is from
+EcoLogo Thetis work of a number of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EcoLogo Thetis work of a number of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EcoLogo Thetis work of a number of years
+later is just one example that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is just one example that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later is just one example that this
+selectivity had some tolerance to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity had some tolerance to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity had some tolerance to say
+the position of a stimulus that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a stimulus that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of a stimulus that's what's
+shown here the fact that this as bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the fact that this as bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here the fact that this as bars
+are high just means that it tolerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high just means that it tolerates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are high just means that it tolerates
+movement in the where the stim where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the where the stim where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in the where the stim where the
+art sorry this is size degrees of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art sorry this is size degrees of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art sorry this is size degrees of visual
+angle and this is position moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and this is position moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and this is position moving the
+stimulus around so this was known for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus around so this was known for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus around so this was known for a
+number of years that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years that there's some
+tolerance to position in size changes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance to position in size changes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance to position in size changes at
+least okay so what i'm putting these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least okay so what i'm putting these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least okay so what i'm putting these up
+if you say there's some selectivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say there's some selectivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say there's some selectivity and
+there's some tolerance and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some tolerance and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some tolerance and that should
+remind you of what we already said in d1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of what we already said in d1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of what we already said in d1
+there's some selectivity simple cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some selectivity simple cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some selectivity simple cells
+there's some tolerance complex cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some tolerance complex cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some tolerance complex cells
+right so you have the same themes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have the same themes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have the same themes here
+just different kinds of types of stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different kinds of types of stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just different kinds of types of stimuli
+being used then people really went on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used then people really went on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used then people really went on in
+the 80s especially and said what's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s especially and said what's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s especially and said what's let's
+go after this trigger feature and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after this trigger feature and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after this trigger feature and this
+Tanaka's group really went after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanaka's group really went after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanaka's group really went after this
+really hard they tried to this Tanaka's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard they tried to this Tanaka's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard they tried to this Tanaka's
+group would find what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group would find what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group would find what's the best
+stimulus they would find dangled a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus they would find dangled a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus they would find dangled a bunch
+of objects in front of a record in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects in front of a record in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects in front of a record in
+neuron find the best out of a whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron find the best out of a whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron find the best out of a whole set
+of objects then they do a reduction they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects then they do a reduction they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects then they do a reduction they
+try to figure out what kind of how can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what kind of how can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what kind of how can i
+reduce this this is their attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this this is their attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this this is their attempt to
+reduce the stimulus to its features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the stimulus to its features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the stimulus to its features
+which we've done without lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've done without lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've done without lowering the
+neural response so high response high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural response so high response high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural response so high response high
+response high response high response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response high response high response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response high response high response
+high response suddenly i do this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high response suddenly i do this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high response suddenly i do this the
+response drops i do this the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response drops i do this the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response drops i do this the response
+drops and they have lots of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and they have lots of examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops and they have lots of examples of
+this and they want you to sort of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they want you to sort of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they want you to sort of try to
+get to the simplest theme that could cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the simplest theme that could cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the simplest theme that could cap
+the response and so when they did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response and so when they did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response and so when they did this
+they would kind of take stimuli kiss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would kind of take stimuli kiss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would kind of take stimuli kiss and
+end up with stimuli that look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with stimuli that look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with stimuli that look like that
+okay now many of you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now many of you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now many of you should probably
+start to kind of wonder here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to kind of wonder here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to kind of wonder here there's
+lots of paths for stimulus space so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of paths for stimulus space so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of paths for stimulus space so it's
+not clear that these are elemental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that these are elemental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that these are elemental in
+any way there's lots of ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way there's lots of ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way there's lots of ways you can
+show with modeling that you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show with modeling that you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show with modeling that you can kind of
+get easily lost in this space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get easily lost in this space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get easily lost in this space of
+navigating around here this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating around here this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating around here this is just
+again a history of the work this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a history of the work this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a history of the work this is the
+kind of things that people were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things that people were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things that people were doing
+and then from that they want they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that they want they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that they want they
+presented what we think of as the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented what we think of as the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented what we think of as the ice
+cube model of IT that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube model of IT that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube model of IT that I think is
+actually still a very reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still a very reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still a very reasonable
+approximation they not only show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they not only show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they not only show that
+neurons tended to like certain these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons tended to like certain these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons tended to like certain these
+kind of relatively sort of reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relatively sort of reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relatively sort of reduced
+stimulus features not full objects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus features not full objects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus features not full objects but
+that they together so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they together so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they together so these are
+millimeter scale regions of eye teeth at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter scale regions of eye teeth at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter scale regions of eye teeth at
+nearby neurons within a millimeter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby neurons within a millimeter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby neurons within a millimeter so
+have similar preferences they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar preferences they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar preferences they don't
+they're not just scattered willy-nilly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just scattered willy-nilly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just scattered willy-nilly
+throughout the tissue when you go record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the tissue when you go record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the tissue when you go record
+and nearby neurons they're similar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nearby neurons they're similar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nearby neurons they're similar so
+there's some mapping within i.t cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mapping within i.t cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mapping within i.t cortex
+this is schematic here this is optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is schematic here this is optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is schematic here this is optical
+imaging data and cortex also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging data and cortex also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging data and cortex also from
+Tanaka's group that show you that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanaka's group that show you that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanaka's group that show you that these
+that these different blobs of tissue get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these different blobs of tissue get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these different blobs of tissue get
+activated by different images shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by different images shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by different images shown here
+and I'm just showing you the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just showing you the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just showing you the scale of
+this is around a little less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is around a little less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is around a little less than a
+millimeter right so and our lab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter right so and our lab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter right so and our lab has
+evidence of this too so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this too so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this too so there's some
+sort of there is some spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there is some spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there is some spatial
+organization an IT but we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization an IT but we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization an IT but we really don't
+really get under features as elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get under features as elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get under features as elemental
+features yet at least not at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features yet at least not at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features yet at least not at this time
+okay so then later something there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then later something there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then later something there's
+lots of beautiful work in IT again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of beautiful work in IT again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of beautiful work in IT again I'm
+probably not telling you all but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not telling you all but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not telling you all but some of
+the most exciting work recently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most exciting work recently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most exciting work recently and
+you'll heard about this from VIN Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll heard about this from VIN Rick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll heard about this from VIN Rick
+that people started use MRIs so Doris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people started use MRIs so Doris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people started use MRIs so Doris
+saw and been fried Wald and Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw and been fried Wald and Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw and been fried Wald and Mars
+Livingston all together started to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Livingston all together started to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Livingston all together started to use
+fMRI do compare faces versus objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI do compare faces versus objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI do compare faces versus objects
+this was motivated from human work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was motivated from human work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was motivated from human work by
+work like Nancy kanwisher lab and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like Nancy kanwisher lab and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like Nancy kanwisher lab and others
+that way then what they found was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way then what they found was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way then what they found was that
+in monkeys you could find different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monkeys you could find different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monkeys you could find different
+parts that would show up what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that would show up what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that would show up what are called
+face patches where you have a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face patches where you have a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face patches where you have a relative
+preference for faces over objects again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for faces over objects again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for faces over objects again
+I'm not going to I don't want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to I don't want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to I don't want to take
+all of in Rick's talk here but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of in Rick's talk here but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of in Rick's talk here but you have
+these different just here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different just here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different just here and then
+what's really cool is you go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really cool is you go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really cool is you go in and
+record from these patches and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from these patches and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from these patches and that you
+find a very enriched locations for face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a very enriched locations for face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a very enriched locations for face
+neurons and these these in rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and these these in rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and these these in rich
+locations were known from another other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations were known from another other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations were known from another other
+studies but this is a nice correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies but this is a nice correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies but this is a nice correlation
+between functional imaging and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between functional imaging and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between functional imaging and there's
+enrichment of these face cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of these face cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of these face cells and
+that's what's shown here that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's shown here that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's shown here that these
+neurons respond to they they respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons respond to they they respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons respond to they they respond
+mostly to faces and not so much other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to faces and not so much other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to faces and not so much other
+objects although you see they still sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects although you see they still sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects although you see they still sort
+of respond to these so this kind of says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respond to these so this kind of says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respond to these so this kind of says
+fMRI and physiology are telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI and physiology are telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI and physiology are telling you
+similar things it also tells me there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things it also tells me there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things it also tells me there's
+some spatial clumping at least for face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spatial clumping at least for face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spatial clumping at least for face
+like objects at a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like objects at a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like objects at a scale
+a few millimeters or so the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few millimeters or so the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few millimeters or so the size of
+these patches okay so that's largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patches okay so that's largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patches okay so that's largest
+skill organization this is data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill organization this is data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill organization this is data from
+from our own lab that sort of show thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our own lab that sort of show thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our own lab that sort of show thing
+maybe I'll just skip through this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll just skip through this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll just skip through this in the
+interest of time that we can map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time that we can map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time that we can map and
+record the neurons very precisely map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the neurons very precisely map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the neurons very precisely map
+them spatially and compare that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them spatially and compare that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them spatially and compare that with
+fMRI and so this is just a larger field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI and so this is just a larger field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI and so this is just a larger field
+of view maps of the same idea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view maps of the same idea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view maps of the same idea okay so
+what we have then just to kind of wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have then just to kind of wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have then just to kind of wrap
+up this Tweel whirlwind tour of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this Tweel whirlwind tour of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this Tweel whirlwind tour of the
+ventral stream where we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream where we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream where we have some
+untangled explicit information and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangled explicit information and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untangled explicit information and what
+I what I want to try to convince you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I want to try to convince you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I want to try to convince you of
+now is that I've told you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that I've told you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that I've told you about the
+ventral stream but I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream but I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream but I'm going to try to
+tell you that in i.t cortex this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that in i.t cortex this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that in i.t cortex this is a
+powerful representation for encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful representation for encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful representation for encoding
+object information so the way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object information so the way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object information so the way and then
+we'll take then we'll take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take then we'll take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take then we'll take a break
+because we've already probably been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already probably been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've already probably been
+going well Wow yeah about ten more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going well Wow yeah about ten more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going well Wow yeah about ten more
+minutes then we'll take so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes then we'll take so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes then we'll take so what what
+I've told you is I've led you up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you is I've led you up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you is I've led you up the
+ventral stream I'm giving you a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream I'm giving you a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream I'm giving you a bit of
+the history so now let's talk about IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history so now let's talk about IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history so now let's talk about IT
+more precisely so now this has worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely so now this has worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely so now this has worked
+from my own lab one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own lab one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own lab one of the things that
+you go in and record IT you go record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in and record IT you go record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go in and record IT you go record
+extracellular lee you travel down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular lee you travel down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular lee you travel down into
+i.t cortex which is down here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.t cortex which is down here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.t cortex which is down here and you
+record from this and similar what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from this and similar what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record from this and similar what you
+saw I don't envision of what you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw I don't envision of what you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw I don't envision of what you saw
+from Charley grosser Bob DeSimone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Charley grosser Bob DeSimone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Charley grosser Bob DeSimone
+you show a bunch of images and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show a bunch of images and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show a bunch of images and you know
+they could be arbitrary images you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be arbitrary images you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be arbitrary images you take
+an IQ recording site and see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IQ recording site and see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IQ recording site and see these
+little dots those are action potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dots those are action potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dots those are action potential
+spikes out of a particular IT site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes out of a particular IT site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes out of a particular IT site and
+you these are repeatable right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these are repeatable right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these are repeatable right you have
+you have some wausau and variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some wausau and variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some wausau and variability
+here but you see that yours more spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you see that yours more spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you see that yours more spikes
+here's a little more here less he or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little more here less he or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little more here less he or
+less these images are all randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less these images are all randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less these images are all randomly
+interleaved when you collect the data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved when you collect the data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved when you collect the data as
+I'll show you in a minute and you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a minute and you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a minute and you go to
+different sites and it likes different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites and it likes different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sites and it likes different
+images right so there's certainly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images right so there's certainly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images right so there's certainly some
+image selectivity this should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image selectivity this should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image selectivity this should not be
+surprising because I already showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because I already showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because I already showed you
+this from previous work this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from previous work this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from previous work this is just
+data from our own lab you can also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from our own lab you can also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from our own lab you can also see
+now you're looking closely at this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're looking closely at this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're looking closely at this the
+light the time lag around a member I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the time lag around a member I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the time lag around a member I
+said around 100 milliseconds stimulus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said around 100 milliseconds stimulus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said around 100 milliseconds stimulus on
+stays off this dhimmis is actually off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays off this dhimmis is actually off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays off this dhimmis is actually off
+before the spikes actually start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the spikes actually start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the spikes actually start to
+occur out here in I T because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur out here in I T because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur out here in I T because again
+there's a long time like hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long time like hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long time like hundred
+millisecond okay so that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond okay so that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond okay so that's what the
+neural responses look like here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural responses look like here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural responses look like here I think
+I know if you guys can hear this maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know if you guys can hear this maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know if you guys can hear this maybe I
+should have hooked up audio you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have hooked up audio you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have hooked up audio you may be
+you might be able to hear this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to hear this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to hear this is
+actually a recording that we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a recording that we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a recording that we did that
+chou-heung did when you collect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chou-heung did when you collect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chou-heung did when you collect this
+data in my early studies we did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in my early studies we did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in my early studies we did in the
+lab I don't guys can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+those those high beeps are the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those high beeps are the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those high beeps are the animal
+getting reward for fixating on that dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting reward for fixating on that dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting reward for fixating on that dot
+you're not even gonna be able to parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not even gonna be able to parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not even gonna be able to parse
+that right I mean you hear the spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I mean you hear the spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I mean you hear the spikes
+clicking why those cook those are action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking why those cook those are action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking why those cook those are action
+potentials right and you're I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials right and you're I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials right and you're I don't
+expect you to look at anything like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to look at anything like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to look at anything like oh
+it's a face neuron or whatever I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a face neuron or whatever I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a face neuron or whatever I just
+want you to get a feel for how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to get a feel for how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to get a feel for how those
+data were originally collected this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data were originally collected this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data were originally collected this is
+pretty grainy video but you get the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty grainy video but you get the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty grainy video but you get the kind
+of idea and that's it you collect data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea and that's it you collect data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea and that's it you collect data
+like that and again you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and again you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and again you can find
+selectivity in those population patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity in those population patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity in those population patterns
+as I just showed you but then Gabrielle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I just showed you but then Gabrielle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I just showed you but then Gabrielle
+and Tommy and I so so three of us I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tommy and I so so three of us I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tommy and I so so three of us I
+think all in this room way back when and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all in this room way back when and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all in this room way back when and
+2005 said well look the population of IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 said well look the population of IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 said well look the population of IT
+might have good useful information for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have good useful information for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have good useful information for
+solving this this difficult object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this this difficult object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this this difficult object
+manifold tangling problem it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold tangling problem it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold tangling problem it might be a
+good explicit representation so we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good explicit representation so we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good explicit representation so we did a
+sort of very first when I call for early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very first when I call for early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very first when I call for early
+tests of this idea we took this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of this idea we took this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of this idea we took this sort of
+simple X from eight different categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple X from eight different categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple X from eight different categories
+that we had chosen and there's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had chosen and there's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had chosen and there's good
+stories of why we chose those objects if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of why we chose those objects if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of why we chose those objects if
+you like to hear them but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to hear them but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to hear them but let me just
+say simple objects we move them across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say simple objects we move them across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say simple objects we move them across
+position in scale and we collected you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in scale and we collected you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in scale and we collected you
+know change the responses of IT of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change the responses of IT of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change the responses of IT of a
+bunch of sites to changes in to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sites to changes in to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sites to changes in to all
+these different visual images and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different visual images and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different visual images and we
+share them as I just showed you we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share them as I just showed you we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share them as I just showed you we just
+show them for 100 milliseconds this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them for 100 milliseconds this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them for 100 milliseconds this is
+meant this is this core recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant this is this core recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant this is this core recognition
+regime where we're just showing them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime where we're just showing them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime where we're just showing them for
+100 milliseconds and then we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 milliseconds and then we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 milliseconds and then we show
+another one and they're just randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and they're just randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and they're just randomly
+interleave okay and from this what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleave okay and from this what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleave okay and from this what you
+do is you can get a population set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can get a population set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can get a population set of
+data where you know we recorded 350 IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where you know we recorded 350 IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where you know we recorded 350 IT
+sites here's a sample of 63 sites here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites here's a sample of 63 sites here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites here's a sample of 63 sites here's
+this is 78 images the me sponsor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 78 images the me sponsor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 78 images the me sponsor is the
+mean response to an image is a 78 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean response to an image is a 78 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean response to an image is a 78 of the
+images we showed there's nothing for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images we showed there's nothing for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images we showed there's nothing for you
+to read into here to say other than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read into here to say other than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read into here to say other than you
+have this rich population data and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this rich population data and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this rich population data and now
+our question is well what is this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question is well what is this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question is well what is this data
+what lives in this population data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lives in this population data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lives in this population data that
+we've collected is it explicit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've collected is it explicit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've collected is it explicit with
+regard to categories so we come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to categories so we come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to categories so we come back to
+what I showed you earlier about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you earlier about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I showed you earlier about those
+tangled manifolds and said we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangled manifolds and said we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangled manifolds and said we need the
+coding tools let's take an a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding tools let's take an a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding tools let's take an a simple
+decoding tool look at that IT population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding tool look at that IT population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding tool look at that IT population
+and tell me what's out there and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me what's out there and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me what's out there and again
+we were using linear classifiers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using linear classifiers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were using linear classifiers at the
+time because we took that as you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we took that as you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because we took that as you heard
+from Heim is our operational definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Heim is our operational definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Heim is our operational definition
+of what a simple tool is and if it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a simple tool is and if it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a simple tool is and if it could
+decode information about the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode information about the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode information about the object
+identity then we'd say well that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then we'd say well that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then we'd say well that means
+by that that operational definition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that that operational definition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that that operational definition this
+is exploitable accessible information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exploitable accessible information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exploitable accessible information or
+just generally good so if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally good so if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally good so if you imagine
+that the act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the act
+tivity this is schematic each dot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tivity this is schematic each dot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tivity this is schematic each dot this
+is a neuron one neuron two and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a neuron one neuron two and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a neuron one neuron two and you could
+have a bunch of IT neurons if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of IT neurons if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of IT neurons if you could
+separate any object from all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate any object from all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate any object from all the other
+object these points represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object these points represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object these points represent the
+population response to each image of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population response to each image of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population response to each image of an
+object remember there's many images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object remember there's many images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object remember there's many images of
+each object if you could linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each object if you could linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each object if you could linearly
+separate that that would mean it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that that would mean it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that that would mean it was
+explicit and if you had a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and if you had a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and if you had a hard time
+separating it this would be implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating it this would be implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating it this would be implicit
+these are like tangled object manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like tangled object manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like tangled object manifold
+this is inaccessible or bad information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is inaccessible or bad information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is inaccessible or bad information
+so we just we and I when I mean we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just we and I when I mean we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just we and I when I mean we I
+mean hung allowed to study gabrielle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hung allowed to study gabrielle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean hung allowed to study gabrielle
+Tommy and I did this we took on and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy and I did this we took on and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tommy and I did this we took on and we
+took the response of an image like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the response of an image like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the response of an image like this
+one it produced a population vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it produced a population vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it produced a population vector
+again we recorded a bunch of neurons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we recorded a bunch of neurons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we recorded a bunch of neurons we
+recorded them sequentially and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded them sequentially and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded them sequentially and then
+pieced together this population vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieced together this population vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieced together this population vector
+and this you could so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you could so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this you could so these are the
+spikes simulated off a neuron off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes simulated off a neuron off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes simulated off a neuron off of a
+population of AI t we could do various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of AI t we could do various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of AI t we could do various
+things in fact I think Gabriel did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact I think Gabriel did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact I think Gabriel did
+everything possible as I remember at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything possible as I remember at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything possible as I remember at the
+time and one of the things we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and one of the things we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and one of the things we did was
+just count spikes one of the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count spikes one of the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just count spikes one of the simple
+things it turns to work quite well count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it turns to work quite well count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it turns to work quite well count
+the spikes over 100 milliseconds so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spikes over 100 milliseconds so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spikes over 100 milliseconds so this
+neuron count spikes that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron count spikes that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron count spikes that gives you a
+number one number here counting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one number here counting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one number here counting out
+spikes get one number so you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes get one number so you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes get one number so you have n
+neurons you get you get n numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons you get you get n numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons you get you get n numbers so
+it's a point in an n-dimensional state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point in an n-dimensional state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a point in an n-dimensional state
+space and where n is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and where n is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and where n is the number of
+neurons and then we had already pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and then we had already pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and then we had already pre
+divided the images into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the images into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the images into different
+categories as shown here these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories as shown here these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories as shown here these are the
+categories and again we just asked how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and again we just asked how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories and again we just asked how
+well you could separate how well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could separate how well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could separate how well you
+could do faces versus non faces toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do faces versus non faces toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do faces versus non faces toys
+versus non toys so on and so forth these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus non toys so on and so forth these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus non toys so on and so forth these
+are old slides but you get the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are old slides but you get the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are old slides but you get the ideas
+that basically you don't need that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you don't need that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you don't need that many
+sites to already get to very high levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites to already get to very high levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites to already get to very high levels
+of performance on both categorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance on both categorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance on both categorization
+and identification the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identification the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identification the interesting thing
+about this was that the that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was that the that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was that the that you could
+solve this simple forms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this simple forms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this simple forms of this
+invariance problem in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance problem in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance problem in this
+representation quite easily that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation quite easily that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation quite easily that if you
+just trained on trained on the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trained on trained on the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trained on trained on the center
+objects the center in size a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the center in size a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects the center in size a simple
+three degree sized centered position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degree sized centered position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three degree sized centered position and
+test it on other test it on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on other test it on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on other test it on the same
+thing just held out repeats of this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just held out repeats of this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just held out repeats of this data
+you did quite well that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did quite well that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did quite well that's sort of a
+baseline but what's interesting is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline but what's interesting is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline but what's interesting is you
+test is in position and scale and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is in position and scale and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is in position and scale and then
+you also do almost nearly as well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also do almost nearly as well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also do almost nearly as well so you
+kind of naturally generalize to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of naturally generalize to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of naturally generalize to these
+other conditions by just training on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other conditions by just training on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other conditions by just training on
+these simple these simple conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple these simple conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple these simple conditions so
+this is evidence that the population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is evidence that the population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is evidence that the population is
+a good basis set for solving these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good basis set for solving these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good basis set for solving these kind
+of problems a few number of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems a few number of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems a few number of training
+examples on this population then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on this population then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on this population then
+generalizes well across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes well across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizes well across
+the problem heart so again we published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem heart so again we published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem heart so again we published
+that a long time ago this was an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a long time ago this was an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a long time ago this was an early
+step to say look the phenomenology looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to say look the phenomenology looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to say look the phenomenology looks
+right for the story that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the story that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the story that I've been
+telling you so far it also you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you so far it also you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you so far it also you can't do
+this easily in earlier visual areas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easily in earlier visual areas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easily in earlier visual areas like
+V Wan or simulated V 1 or V 4 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Wan or simulated V 1 or V 4 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Wan or simulated V 1 or V 4 and we
+later show that a number of ways I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later show that a number of ways I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later show that a number of ways I'm
+this is not this is consistent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this is consistent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this is consistent and
+showing you the logo Thetis position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the logo Thetis position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the logo Thetis position
+tolerance size tolerance the selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance size tolerance the selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance size tolerance the selectivity
+it's really just an explicit test of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just an explicit test of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just an explicit test of the
+idea population encoding so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea population encoding so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea population encoding so you take
+home here is that there's this explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home here is that there's this explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home here is that there's this explicit
+object representation and I T I improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object representation and I T I improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object representation and I T I improved
+you that this is the link this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this is the link this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this is the link this
+predictive model to decoding yet we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model to decoding yet we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model to decoding yet we're
+going to talk about that next but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that next but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about that next but this
+was some of the important popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some of the important popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some of the important popular
+analogy that we did what I try to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that we did what I try to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that we did what I try to tell
+you today hopefully I've introduced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today hopefully I've introduced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today hopefully I've introduced you
+to the problem of visual object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem of visual object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem of visual object
+recognition and the way we restricted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and the way we restricted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition and the way we restricted it
+to core object recognition we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to core object recognition we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to core object recognition we talked a
+lot about predictive models as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about predictive models as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about predictive models as being the
+goal although I haven't presented much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal although I haven't presented much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal although I haven't presented much
+to you yet hopefully that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you yet hopefully that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you yet hopefully that's the second
+part of the talk I given you a tour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the talk I given you a tour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the talk I given you a tour of
+the ventral stream but I mean it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream but I mean it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream but I mean it was a
+port or I'm sure everybody would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port or I'm sure everybody would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port or I'm sure everybody would say
+that you know you've neglected all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you've neglected all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you've neglected all this
+work because there's no way I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because there's no way I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because there's no way I can do
+that all in even in even a whole week I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all in even in even a whole week I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all in even in even a whole week I
+just try to hit some of the highlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to hit some of the highlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to hit some of the highlights
+for you and I told you that the IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and I told you that the IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and I told you that the IT
+population seems to have solved a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population seems to have solved a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population seems to have solved a key
+problem this sort of invariance problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this sort of invariance problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this sort of invariance problem
+that I set up and you know one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I set up and you know one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I set up and you know one way to
+step back and say over the last 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say over the last 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and say over the last 40 years
+or so from the Charlie Gross or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so from the Charlie Gross or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so from the Charlie Gross or you know
+even Hubel and Wiesel we the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Hubel and Wiesel we the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Hubel and Wiesel we the field of
+ventral stream physiology we've largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream physiology we've largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream physiology we've largely
+described important phenomenology even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described important phenomenology even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described important phenomenology even
+that last study is sort of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last study is sort of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last study is sort of population
+phenomenology and so now we need these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology and so now we need these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology and so now we need these
+sort of more advanced models so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more advanced models so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more advanced models so the next
+phase of the field is developing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the field is developing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the field is developing and
+testing these predictive models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing these predictive models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing these predictive models that
+I've been I motivate at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been I motivate at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been I motivate at the beginning
+but I haven't been you much of yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't been you much of yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't been you much of yeah so
+this was hopefully a bit of history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was hopefully a bit of history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was hopefully a bit of history and
+sort of set context to where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cx5Z-OslNWE.txt b/Cx5Z-OslNWE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9873d2a51c01a31b9c7e1a2235cbf34e899c944c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cx5Z-OslNWE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so I'm Gilbert Strang and this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm Gilbert Strang and this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm Gilbert Strang and this is about
+my new course 1806 5 and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new course 1806 5 and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new course 1806 5 and the new
+textbook linear algebra and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook linear algebra and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook linear algebra and learning
+from data and what's in those subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data and what's in those subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data and what's in those subjects
+so they're really two essential topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're really two essential topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're really two essential topics
+and two supplementary but all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two supplementary but all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two supplementary but all of them
+very important subjects so if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important subjects so if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important subjects so if I tell you
+about those four parts of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those four parts of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those four parts of mathematics
+that are in the course that'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the course that'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the course that'll give you
+an idea if you're interested to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea if you're interested to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea if you're interested to follow
+through so the first big subject is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so the first big subject is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so the first big subject is
+linear algebra that subject has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra that subject has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra that subject has just
+surged exploded in importance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surged exploded in importance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surged exploded in importance in
+practice what I want to focus on is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what I want to focus on is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what I want to focus on is some
+of the best matrices say symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best matrices say symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best matrices say symmetric
+matrices orthogonal matrices and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices orthogonal matrices and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices orthogonal matrices and their
+relation those are those are the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation those are those are the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation those are those are the stars
+of linear algebra and the key step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra and the key step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra and the key step is to
+factor a matrix into may be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a matrix into may be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a matrix into may be symmetric
+times orthogonal matrix may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times orthogonal matrix may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times orthogonal matrix may be
+orthogonal times diagonal times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal times diagonal times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal times diagonal times
+orthogonal matrix that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix that's a very
+important factorization called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important factorization called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important factorization called the
+singular value decomposition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition that
+doesn't get into a lot of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get into a lot of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get into a lot of linear algebra
+courses but it's so critical so can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but it's so critical so can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but it's so critical so can I
+speak now about the second important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak now about the second important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak now about the second important
+topic which is deep learning so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is deep learning so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is deep learning so what is
+deep learning it's the job is to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning it's the job is to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning it's the job is to create
+a create a function you have your inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a create a function you have your inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a create a function you have your inputs
+are like for driverless cars the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like for driverless cars the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like for driverless cars the input
+would be an image that's a telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an image that's a telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an image that's a telephone
+pole or a pedestrian and the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole or a pedestrian and the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole or a pedestrian and the system
+to learn to recognize which it is or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to recognize which it is or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to recognize which it is or the
+inputs from handwriting on on addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from handwriting on on addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from handwriting on on addresses
+would be a zip code so the system has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a zip code so the system has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a zip code so the system has to
+learn how to recognize 0 1 2 3 up to 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to recognize 0 1 2 3 up to 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to recognize 0 1 2 3 up to 9
+from handwriting of all kinds or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from handwriting of all kinds or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from handwriting of all kinds or another
+one is speech like what Siri has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is speech like what Siri has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is speech like what Siri has to do
+so my speech has to get input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my speech has to get input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my speech has to get input and
+interpreted and output by the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted and output by the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted and output by the process of
+deep learning so it involves creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning so it involves creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning so it involves creating a
+learning function the function takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning function the function takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning function the function takes the
+input the data and produces the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the data and produces the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the data and produces the output
+the meaning of that data and so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of that data and so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of that data and so how
+what's the function like that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function like that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the function like that's what
+mathematics is about functions so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is about functions so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is about functions so it
+involves mate it involves matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves mate it involves matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves mate it involves matrix
+multiplications part of the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications part of the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications part of the function is
+multiplying vectors by matrices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying vectors by matrices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying vectors by matrices so
+that's a bunch of steps but if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bunch of steps but if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bunch of steps but if there was
+only that if it was all linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that if it was all linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that if it was all linear algebra
+the thing would fail and has failed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing would fail and has failed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing would fail and has failed what
+makes it work now so much that companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it work now so much that companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it work now so much that companies
+are investing enormous Lea in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investing enormous Lea in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investing enormous Lea in the
+technology is that there's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is that there's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is that there's now a
+nonlinear function a very simple one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function a very simple one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function a very simple one in
+the middle between every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle between every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle between every pair of
+matrices and that not only function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and that not only function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and that not only function I
+can even tell you what it is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even tell you what it is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even tell you what it is it's the
+function f let's call it f f of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f let's call it f f of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f let's call it f f of X is
+equal to X if X is positive and f of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X if X is positive and f of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X if X is positive and f of X
+is 0 if X is negative so you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 if X is negative so you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 if X is negative so you can imagine
+its graph it's a flat line where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its graph it's a flat line where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its graph it's a flat line where it's
+negative and then it's a 45-degree slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then it's a 45-degree slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and then it's a 45-degree slope
+where it's positive so putting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's positive so putting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's positive so putting that
+nonlinear function in between the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function in between the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear function in between the matrix
+multiplications is the way to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications is the way to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications is the way to construct
+learn successful learning function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn successful learning function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn successful learning function but
+you have to find those matrices so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find those matrices so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find those matrices so I
+mentioned to supporting subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to supporting subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to supporting subjects
+the first is optimization would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is optimization would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is optimization would be the
+we have to find the entries in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to find the entries in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to find the entries in those
+matrices that go into the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that go into the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that go into the learning
+function that's a crucial step so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a crucial step so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a crucial step so this
+is a problem of minimizing the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem of minimizing the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem of minimizing the error
+with all those matrix entries as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all those matrix entries as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all those matrix entries as
+variables so this is multivariable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this is multivariable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this is multivariable
+calculus like a hundred thousand five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like a hundred thousand five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like a hundred thousand five
+hundred thousand variables is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand variables is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand variables is just
+unthinkable in basic calculus course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unthinkable in basic calculus course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unthinkable in basic calculus course but
+it's happening in in a company that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening in in a company that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's happening in in a company that's
+working with deep learning and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with deep learning and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with deep learning and so that's
+it that's the giant calculation of deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the giant calculation of deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the giant calculation of deep
+learning that's what keeps GPUs going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that's what keeps GPUs going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that's what keeps GPUs going
+for a week but it gives amazing results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a week but it gives amazing results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a week but it gives amazing results
+that could never have been achieved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could never have been achieved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could never have been achieved in
+the past so then the other key subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so then the other key subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so then the other key subject
+is statistics and the basic ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is statistics and the basic ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is statistics and the basic ideas of
+Statistics play a role here because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics play a role here because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics play a role here because when
+you're multiplying a whole sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying a whole sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying a whole sequence of
+matrices in deep learning it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in deep learning it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in deep learning it's very
+possible for the numbers to grow out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for the numbers to grow out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for the numbers to grow out of
+sight exponentially or to drop to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight exponentially or to drop to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight exponentially or to drop to zero
+and both of those are bad news for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of those are bad news for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of those are bad news for the
+learning function so you need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning function so you need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning function so you need to keep
+the mean and variance at the right spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean and variance at the right spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean and variance at the right spot
+to keep those numbers in the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep those numbers in the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep those numbers in the learning
+function those matrices in in a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those matrices in in a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those matrices in in a good
+range so it's you this course won't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so it's you this course won't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so it's you this course won't be a
+statistics course but it will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics course but it will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics course but it will use
+statistics as deep learning does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics as deep learning does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics as deep learning does so
+those are the four subjects linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the four subjects linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the four subjects linear
+algebra and deep learning two big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and deep learning two big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and deep learning two big ones
+optimization and statistics essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and statistics essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and statistics essential
+also so I hope you'll enjoy the videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so I hope you'll enjoy the videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so I hope you'll enjoy the videos
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that takes both and go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes both and go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes both and go to the
+OpenCourseWare site ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare site ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare site ocw.mit.edu
+for the full picture beyond the videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full picture beyond the videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the full picture beyond the videos
+there are exercises problems discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exercises problems discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exercises problems discussion
+lots more toward making it a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots more toward making it a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots more toward making it a complete
+presentation which I hope you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CxhgdRCiPvg.txt b/CxhgdRCiPvg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b8e764e0a9ba8180e91e170567791a92b25656e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CxhgdRCiPvg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20048 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me before I ask you to make out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me before I ask you to make out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me before I ask you to make out
+the cards let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards let me get
+into um the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um the kind of
+introductory presentation that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory presentation that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory presentation that I wanted
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+make of course is on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of course is on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of course is on the nature of
+creativity but approached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity but approached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity but approached
+philosophically there are books on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically there are books on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically there are books on that
+list for instance that are psychology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list for instance that are psychology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list for instance that are psychology of
+creativity sum psychoanalytic approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity sum psychoanalytic approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity sum psychoanalytic approaches
+to the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nature of
+creativity um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um this is
+philosophical and in being philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and in being philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and in being philosophical
+it I was going to say transcends but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I was going to say transcends but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I was going to say transcends but
+really is fully immersed in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is fully immersed in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is fully immersed in all of the
+different kinds of creativity um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of creativity um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of creativity um one of
+the questions that you'll be hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that you'll be hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that you'll be hearing
+about in a minute is how creativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a minute is how creativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a minute is how creativity and
+science differs or resembles creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science differs or resembles creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science differs or resembles creativity
+in Fine Arts or and and architecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fine Arts or and and architecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fine Arts or and and architecture is
+always been the in between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been the in between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been the in between between
+science and and the Fine Arts uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and and the Fine Arts uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and and the Fine Arts uh so that
+has its own Niche its own entry into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own Niche its own entry into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own Niche its own entry into it
+but philosophy tries to talk in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but philosophy tries to talk in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but philosophy tries to talk in a
+broader way which makes it uh much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader way which makes it uh much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader way which makes it uh much much
+more useless until you know how to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useless until you know how to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useless until you know how to apply
+it but and that's what you can do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but and that's what you can do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but and that's what you can do for
+your own selves better than I can do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own selves better than I can do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own selves better than I can do for
+you uh so it's merely a course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so it's merely a course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh so it's merely a course in
+philosophy let's put it that way uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy let's put it that way uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy let's put it that way uh but
+I hope it will be of use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope it will be of use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope it will be of use to
+you uh and it is relevant to all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh and it is relevant to all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh and it is relevant to all of my
+previous previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous previous
+work um I always start my classes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um I always start my classes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um I always start my classes by
+saying I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm not a
+teacher um and I give as an illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher um and I give as an illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher um and I give as an illustration
+of somebody who is a teacher one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody who is a teacher one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody who is a teacher one of my
+daughters who teaches fourth grade for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters who teaches fourth grade for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughters who teaches fourth grade for
+some reason she loves being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason she loves being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason she loves being in the
+fourth grade so she NE never gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth grade so she NE never gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth grade so she NE never gets
+promoted in um high schools um formerly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted in um high schools um formerly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted in um high schools um formerly
+private schools but then she wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private schools but then she wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private schools but then she wanted to
+have uh a different kind of Cl clientele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a different kind of Cl clientele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a different kind of Cl clientele
+and so she teaches in the Lexington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she teaches in the Lexington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she teaches in the Lexington
+public school system now and she is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public school system now and she is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public school system now and she is a
+born teacher in a way that I am not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born teacher in a way that I am not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born teacher in a way that I am not what
+I mean by that is that she has a talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that is that she has a talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that is that she has a talent
+for seeing what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seeing what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seeing what's going on in the
+individual development of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual development of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual development of her
+pupils and she knows how to elicit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils and she knows how to elicit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupils and she knows how to elicit from
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+responses that are relevant to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses that are relevant to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses that are relevant to their
+stage of development uh that she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development uh that she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of development uh that she can
+very subtly guide them towards so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtly guide them towards so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtly guide them towards so she
+doesn't really impart a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really impart a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really impart a great deal of
+information though she knows a lot she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information though she knows a lot she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information though she knows a lot she's
+happens to be good in mathematics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be good in mathematics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be good in mathematics so
+that is something um she could impart uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something um she could impart uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something um she could impart uh
+but the crucial job as a teacher is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crucial job as a teacher is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the crucial job as a teacher is to
+see what the pupil needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the pupil needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the pupil needs to
+learn by hisself or herself and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by hisself or herself and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by hisself or herself and her
+ability to Intuit this is a god-given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to Intuit this is a god-given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to Intuit this is a god-given
+gift to be able to understand other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift to be able to understand other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift to be able to understand other
+people's minds their thoughts their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds their thoughts their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds their thoughts their
+feelings to Intuit it this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings to Intuit it this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings to Intuit it this is a very
+special talent I don't have it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special talent I don't have it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special talent I don't have it certainly
+not in the extent that she does and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the extent that she does and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the extent that she does and so
+what I always say is uh I'm not a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I always say is uh I'm not a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I always say is uh I'm not a real
+teacher I'm a Performing Artist and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I'm a Performing Artist and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher I'm a Performing Artist and the
+art is the doing of philosophy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art is the doing of philosophy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art is the doing of philosophy and I
+like all artists I do it from my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all artists I do it from my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all artists I do it from my own
+point of view with my own Vision with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view with my own Vision with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view with my own Vision with my
+own perspectives and my own limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own perspectives and my own limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own perspectives and my own limitations
+because all of art is limited to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of art is limited to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of art is limited to the
+personality of the artist and once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality of the artist and once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality of the artist and once you
+learn how to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to look at the
+art you see into that uniqueness in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art you see into that uniqueness in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art you see into that uniqueness in the
+artist and if it's conveyed well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and if it's conveyed well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and if it's conveyed well and
+effectively and such that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and such that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and such that you can
+communicate because we can't communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate because we can't communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate because we can't communicate
+with all living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all living
+entities uh insects and animal various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities uh insects and animal various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities uh insects and animal various
+animals and other people but if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and other people but if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and other people but if you can
+communicate well then you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate well then you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate well then you'll see that
+Artist as a successful maybe even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist as a successful maybe even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist as a successful maybe even a
+great artist but it's always emanating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great artist but it's always emanating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great artist but it's always emanating
+from his his or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his his or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his his or her
+egocentric concern about certain methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egocentric concern about certain methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egocentric concern about certain methods
+certain techniques and certain meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain techniques and certain meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain techniques and certain meanings
+that are being put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being put
+into that particular system of works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that particular system of works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that particular system of works of
+art all right that's what it is to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art all right that's what it is to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art all right that's what it is to be an
+artist and a Performing Artist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and a Performing Artist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and a Performing Artist is
+somebody who does it in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who does it in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who does it in uh
+without without great preparation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without great preparation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without great preparation well
+it's true of painters too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true of painters too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true of painters too
+but uh I'm when I speak of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm when I speak of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I'm when I speak of think of
+Performing artists I'm thinking more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performing artists I'm thinking more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performing artists I'm thinking more of
+another daughter of mine the one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another daughter of mine the one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another daughter of mine the one that I
+mentioned to who was at Brown and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to who was at Brown and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to who was at Brown and who
+who does painting and computer art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does painting and computer art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does painting and computer art and
+all sorts of things and sculpting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and sculpting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things and sculpting but
+nowadays she um uh teaches standup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays she um uh teaches standup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays she um uh teaches standup
+comedy and is a standup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and is a standup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and is a standup
+comic now to be a standup comic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic now to be a standup comic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic now to be a standup comic you
+appear in front of the audience and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in front of the audience and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in front of the audience and you
+put on she previously she was an actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on she previously she was an actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on she previously she was an actor
+and a stage manager and all is right has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stage manager and all is right has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stage manager and all is right has
+been in film and stage and is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in film and stage and is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in film and stage and is written
+screenplays uh none of which she sold as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenplays uh none of which she sold as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenplays uh none of which she sold as
+yet um to be that kind of performer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um to be that kind of performer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet um to be that kind of performer
+you're presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're presenting
+yourself in the process of communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in the process of communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in the process of communicating
+ideas now as a matter of fact an actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas now as a matter of fact an actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas now as a matter of fact an actor
+has to rehearse and has to learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to rehearse and has to learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to rehearse and has to learn the
+lines it's not just the actor himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's not just the actor himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's not just the actor himself
+you know here I am but rather a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here I am but rather a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here I am but rather a role
+that he's or she is filling and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's or she is filling and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's or she is filling and that's
+true of standup comedy too so she tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of standup comedy too so she tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of standup comedy too so she tries
+out some of her her things on me uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of her her things on me uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of her her things on me uh and
+she works on them and she teaches how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she works on them and she teaches how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she works on them and she teaches how to
+do this to other people so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this to other people so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this to other people so it's not
+purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely
+spontaneous the kind the version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous the kind the version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous the kind the version of that
+that I think of is relevant to me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think of is relevant to me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think of is relevant to me is
+that in a sense it is spontaneous I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense it is spontaneous I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense it is spontaneous I've
+never thought walk through the words I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought walk through the words I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never thought walk through the words I'm
+going to be using now they come to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using now they come to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using now they come to me
+sometimes so fast I can't keep up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so fast I can't keep up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so fast I can't keep up with
+them uh the reason they come fast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh the reason they come fast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh the reason they come fast is
+because of your presence and because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of your presence and because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of your presence and because I
+feel comfortable and believe in you and
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+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable and believe in you and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel comfortable and believe in you and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas arise in that context in that
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+
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+ideas arise in that context in that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal context that often I hadn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal context that often I hadn't
+thought of and so my notebooks are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of and so my notebooks are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of and so my notebooks are very
+often made up of ideas that came to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often made up of ideas that came to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often made up of ideas that came to me
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in the class so I learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in the class so I learned a
+great deal from these classes and uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal from these classes and uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal from these classes and uh at
+the same time it's all it's relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time it's all it's relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time it's all it's relevant to
+my way of thinking my uh ideas the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of thinking my uh ideas the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of thinking my uh ideas the many
+books I've published uh which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I've published uh which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I've published uh which are
+themselves continuous it's as if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves continuous it's as if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves continuous it's as if I have
+to go on to another one because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to another one because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on to another one because I'm
+never fully satisfied with the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fully satisfied with the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fully satisfied with the previous
+one so I when people say why do you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I when people say why do you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I when people say why do you keep
+writing I say it's it's because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I say it's it's because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing I say it's it's because I've
+never accomplished anything I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never accomplished anything I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never accomplished anything I've never
+written a definitive thing like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a definitive thing like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a definitive thing like in
+mathematics where you can uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics where you can uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics where you can uh have a
+proof of a paragraph that really solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of a paragraph that really solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of a paragraph that really solves
+that mathematical problem for me that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematical problem for me that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematical problem for me that is
+utterly impossible uh every I everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterly impossible uh every I everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterly impossible uh every I everything
+I write is a function of what I am at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write is a function of what I am at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write is a function of what I am at
+that moment having written it I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment having written it I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment having written it I've
+already changed and because I'm changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already changed and because I'm changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already changed and because I'm changing
+I get older and have all sorts of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get older and have all sorts of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get older and have all sorts of life
+experiences and therefore my writing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and therefore my writing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and therefore my writing is
+an attempt to amalgamate and make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to amalgamate and make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to amalgamate and make sense
+out of that and my teaching and a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that and my teaching and a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that and my teaching and a good
+deal of My Talking is uh an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of My Talking is uh an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of My Talking is uh an attempt to
+work at the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at the ideas
+spontaneously with whoever whomever I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously with whoever whomever I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously with whoever whomever I'm
+talking to now there is a structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to now there is a structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to now there is a structure to
+this and that you'll see that very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that you'll see that very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that you'll see that very soon
+when I go through the other topics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go through the other topics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go through the other topics are
+the main topics of the course um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topics of the course um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topics of the course um but
+it's the structure of a Performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the structure of a Performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the structure of a Performing
+Artist at some universities I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist at some universities I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist at some universities I used to
+teach at Michigan and Cornell and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at Michigan and Cornell and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach at Michigan and Cornell and other
+places when I was very young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places when I was very young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places when I was very young
+um there were clients who had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were clients who had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were clients who had to be
+taught uh these were state universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught uh these were state universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught uh these were state universities
+uh they the student body usually divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they the student body usually divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they the student body usually divided
+into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three
+components uh whoever got admitted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh whoever got admitted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh whoever got admitted and
+without too much preparation uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without too much preparation uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without too much preparation uh and they
+didn't know much of anything so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know much of anything so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know much of anything so you had
+to teach them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach them the
+rudiments the other the second group are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudiments the other the second group are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudiments the other the second group are
+the students who have some preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who have some preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students who have some preparation
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+particularly in Michigan but also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in Michigan but also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in Michigan but also at
+Cornell at that time uh they were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell at that time uh they were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell at that time uh they were pretty
+good um but then there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um but then there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um but then there was another
+segment who I thought were as good as
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+ align:start position:0%
+segment who I thought were as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment who I thought were as good as
+any students I've ever taught I myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any students I've ever taught I myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any students I've ever taught I myself
+have three degrees from Harvard and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three degrees from Harvard and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three degrees from Harvard and I
+was a teaching fellow there and I sort
+
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+was a teaching fellow there and I sort
+ 
+
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+was a teaching fellow there and I sort
+of KN know knew what the har Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KN know knew what the har Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of KN know knew what the har Harvard
+student body was like and as a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student body was like and as a teacher
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+student body was like and as a teacher
+and they were very very good but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very very good but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very very good but I
+thought that the top Echelon at Michigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the top Echelon at Michigan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the top Echelon at Michigan
+was probably the equal again at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the equal again at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably the equal again at that
+time now at MIT that's what I'm lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now at MIT that's what I'm lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now at MIT that's what I'm lucky
+enough to have access to and so I feel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have access to and so I feel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have access to and so I feel I
+don't have to teach but I have to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to teach but I have to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to teach but I have to bring
+you up to date with what I'm doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to date with what I'm doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up to date with what I'm doing and
+so there are certain things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are certain things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are certain things you can
+learn in that sense but the main idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in that sense but the main idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in that sense but the main idea is
+for me to be dealing in an original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to be dealing in an original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to be dealing in an original
+creative way about the nature of
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+ align:start position:0%
+creative way about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative way about the nature of
+creativity with you and for you to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity with you and for you to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity with you and for you to pick
+and choose choose what you want and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose choose what you want and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose choose what you want and what
+you need and get ideas maybe just a few
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+ align:start position:0%
+you need and get ideas maybe just a few
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need and get ideas maybe just a few
+ideas that will help you to go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that will help you to go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that will help you to go on to
+teach yourself and to develop
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+ align:start position:0%
+teach yourself and to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach yourself and to develop
+artistically as as a a person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically as as a a person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistically as as a a person in
+whatever field um said I mean creatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever field um said I mean creatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever field um said I mean creatively
+as a person whatever field whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person whatever field whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a person whatever field whatever it
+is that is useful to you and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is useful to you and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is useful to you and the rest
+you can forget about on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can forget about on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can forget about on the other hand
+You' be you may be surprised how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' be you may be surprised how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' be you may be surprised how
+interesting some ideas at least will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting some ideas at least will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting some ideas at least will
+linger with you I'll give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linger with you I'll give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linger with you I'll give you an example
+um I wrote my undergraduate thesis at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wrote my undergraduate thesis at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wrote my undergraduate thesis at
+Harvard on the philosophy of John Dy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard on the philosophy of John Dy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard on the philosophy of John Dy do
+you do you know who he was he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you know who he was he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you know who he was he was the
+greatest American philosopher When I Was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest American philosopher When I Was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest American philosopher When I Was
+An undergraduate uh he was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An undergraduate uh he was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An undergraduate uh he was called the
+dean of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dean of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dean of American
+philosophers um he was then uh in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers um he was then uh in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers um he was then uh in his
+late 80s uh he died in his early 90s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 80s uh he died in his early 90s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 80s uh he died in his early 90s and
+had a tremendous influence on on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a tremendous influence on on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a tremendous influence on on all of
+American philosophy of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American philosophy of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American philosophy of American
+psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+American theory of theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American theory of theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American theory of theories of
+Education um the whole Progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education um the whole Progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education um the whole Progressive
+Movement came out of his books and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement came out of his books and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movement came out of his books and his
+writings and he even he even started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings and he even he even started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writings and he even he even started
+progress Progressive schools um when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress Progressive schools um when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress Progressive schools um when he
+before he ended up at Columbia which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he ended up at Columbia which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he ended up at Columbia which is
+where he's famous as having been he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's famous as having been he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's famous as having been he had
+previously taught at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously taught at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously taught at the University of
+Chicago and there he created a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago and there he created a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago and there he created a school
+along the lines of own thinking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of own thinking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the lines of own thinking all
+right so I wrote The Thesis on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I wrote The Thesis on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I wrote The Thesis on his
+theory of value and was very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of value and was very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of value and was very familiar
+with his thought 50 years pass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his thought 50 years pass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his thought 50 years pass or
+something I don't know long 35 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know long 35 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know long 35 years
+many many years and in relation to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years and in relation to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many years and in relation to my
+class some an idea came to me and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class some an idea came to me and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class some an idea came to me and I
+thought that's an interesting idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that's an interesting idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that's an interesting idea I
+should do something about that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do something about that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do something about that and it
+seemed to me very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to me very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to me very
+original and I was you know ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and I was you know ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and I was you know ready to
+work at it and in a sense willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at it and in a sense willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at it and in a sense willing to
+work at it whatever whether or not was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at it whatever whether or not was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at it whatever whether or not was
+original but just by chance I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original but just by chance I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original but just by chance I came
+across in a book of Dewey exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in a book of Dewey exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across in a book of Dewey exactly that
+same idea that I must have read when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea that I must have read when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea that I must have read when I
+was an undergraduate and i' forgotten it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate and i' forgotten it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergraduate and i' forgotten it
+but it got lodged it became part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it got lodged it became part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it got lodged it became part of my
+nervous system part of my you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system part of my you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system part of my you know the
+food that I was digesting and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that I was digesting and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that I was digesting and building
+up whatever the muscles or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up whatever the muscles or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up whatever the muscles or whatever
+tissue would be analogous um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue would be analogous um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue would be analogous um and it's
+there and that that's for me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that that's for me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that that's for me the
+Touchstone of the educated person the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone of the educated person the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Touchstone of the educated person the
+educated person doesn't have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated person doesn't have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated person doesn't have to be an
+educator or a teacher it's somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator or a teacher it's somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator or a teacher it's somebody who
+has learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned how to
+assimilate uh what ideas and attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilate uh what ideas and attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilate uh what ideas and attitudes
+and relevant feelings that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relevant feelings that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relevant feelings that would have
+come in this sort of way uh so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in this sort of way uh so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in this sort of way uh so that so
+don't worry you know what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry you know what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry you know what am I going to
+get out of it or what am I doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of it or what am I doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of it or what am I doing with
+this or it'll a lot of it will come that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or it'll a lot of it will come that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or it'll a lot of it will come that
+way but others will come more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but others will come more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but others will come more
+immediately and you'll start seeing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and you'll start seeing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and you'll start seeing uh
+this gives me an idea to do such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me an idea to do such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me an idea to do such and
+such or this helps me understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such or this helps me understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such or this helps me understand
+engineering uh in a way that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh in a way that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh in a way that I didn't
+previously and I'm sure in uh none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and I'm sure in uh none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and I'm sure in uh none of
+the Departments of engineering do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Departments of engineering do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Departments of engineering do you
+get a philosophical approach there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a philosophical approach there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a philosophical approach there are
+programs that attempt that for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that attempt that for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that attempt that for instance
+at U of the philosophy of engineering as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at U of the philosophy of engineering as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at U of the philosophy of engineering as
+such um at Princeton they had one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such um at Princeton they had one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such um at Princeton they had one but
+they're very rare and I'm not doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very rare and I'm not doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very rare and I'm not doing that
+but I'm you know this may be useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm you know this may be useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm you know this may be useful to
+you in that way and in architecture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in that way and in architecture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in that way and in architecture as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+so in order to explain to you why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to explain to you why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to explain to you why I'm
+teaching this particular class I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this particular class I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this particular class I have to
+tell you a little about my literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little about my literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little about my literary
+history I won't pass out a my curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I won't pass out a my curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history I won't pass out a my curriculum
+V or list of my books but uh I'll touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V or list of my books but uh I'll touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V or list of my books but uh I'll touch
+on the ones that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ones that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ones that are most
+relevant uh and I have to go back first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh and I have to go back first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh and I have to go back first
+to a uh Trilogy that I wrote the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a uh Trilogy that I wrote the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a uh Trilogy that I wrote the last
+volume of which came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of which came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of which came out in
+1988 uh the trilogy is called the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 uh the trilogy is called the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 uh the trilogy is called the nature
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Love um the last F was reviewed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love um the last F was reviewed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love um the last F was reviewed on the
+front page of the New York Times book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page of the New York Times book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front page of the New York Times book
+review and got great many reviews it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and got great many reviews it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and got great many reviews it was
+it's a thing I seem to be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing I seem to be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing I seem to be most
+remembered for though nowadays I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered for though nowadays I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered for though nowadays I look
+back on that as part of my juvenilia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on that as part of my juvenilia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on that as part of my juvenilia
+um it um the fundamental idea in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it um the fundamental idea in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it um the fundamental idea in that
+which we may come back to later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we may come back to later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we may come back to later in the
+course is to make a distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to make a distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to make a distinction between
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+concepts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello are you in the right room oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello are you in the right room oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello are you in the right room oh
+that's your colleague yes uh you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your colleague yes uh you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your colleague yes uh you are a
+remember from come come closer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from come come closer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from come come closer um
+just because I won't be able to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because I won't be able to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because I won't be able to hear
+anybody that that distance um I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that that distance um I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that that distance um I remember
+you from the first meeting why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from the first meeting why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from the first meeting why don't you
+sit here you might oh you happy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here you might oh you happy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here you might oh you happy there
+okay if you can hear me um I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can hear me um I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can hear me um I remember
+you from the first meeting of philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from the first meeting of philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from the first meeting of philosophy
+of film last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film last
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+um um I don't know whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I don't know whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I don't know whether you're
+interest in philosophy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in philosophy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in philosophy in
+film but um like the other one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but um like the other one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but um like the other one that
+probably will be over subscribed so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will be over subscribed so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will be over subscribed so I
+hope you will stay in this one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will stay in this one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will stay in this one which is
+smaller and I can accommodate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and I can accommodate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and I can accommodate your
+interests we'll talk about that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests we'll talk about that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests we'll talk about that so that
+uh think see let's think about ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think see let's think about ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think see let's think about ways in
+which we can do philosophy at film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do philosophy at film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do philosophy at film in
+the context of the nature of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the nature of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the nature of creativity
+which the course is about um you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the course is about um you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the course is about um you've
+missed a good deal of course um but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed a good deal of course um but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed a good deal of course um but let
+me go on and then possibly fill you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go on and then possibly fill you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go on and then possibly fill you in
+uh later what I was doing was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later what I was doing was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later what I was doing was trying to
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+the topics and point of view which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics and point of view which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics and point of view which are
+fundamental in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in this
+seminar in terms of uh earlier writings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar in terms of uh earlier writings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar in terms of uh earlier writings
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mine uh very briefly the seminar uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine uh very briefly the seminar uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine uh very briefly the seminar uh will
+begin with a book of mine that I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with a book of mine that I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with a book of mine that I'll get
+to but that's only the first four weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but that's only the first four weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but that's only the first four weeks
+and after that the ideas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that the ideas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that the ideas for the
+students from their own point of view to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students from their own point of view to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students from their own point of view to
+be dealing with research topics related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with research topics related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with research topics related
+to the creativity field feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the creativity field feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the creativity field feeling and
+Imagination which I'll be preparing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination which I'll be preparing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination which I'll be preparing you
+on that may have very little to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that may have very little to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that may have very little to do with
+what I'm doing because it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing because it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing because it'll be a
+function of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your
+expertise what is important for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise what is important for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise what is important for you and
+areas in which creativity of a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas in which creativity of a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas in which creativity of a special
+sort enters in so that uh it'll be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort enters in so that uh it'll be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort enters in so that uh it'll be like
+a graduate seminar and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate seminar and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduate seminar and very
+definitely geared to each individual as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely geared to each individual as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely geared to each individual as
+an individual so it'll be a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual so it'll be a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual so it'll be a kind of
+almost group tutorial but I'll be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost group tutorial but I'll be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost group tutorial but I'll be happy
+to see you afterwards and each of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you afterwards and each of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you afterwards and each of you uh
+on an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an individual
+basis okay uh so it's a it's a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay uh so it's a it's a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay uh so it's a it's a special
+kind of course of which in at MIT I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of course of which in at MIT I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of course of which in at MIT I
+don't think there are too many because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there are too many because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there are too many because
+MIT isn't usually structured that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT isn't usually structured that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT isn't usually structured that way so
+let me get back now to the uh books of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get back now to the uh books of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get back now to the uh books of
+mine um that I was talking about they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine um that I was talking about they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine um that I was talking about they're
+called the nature of Love there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of Love there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of Love there a
+Trilogy came out in 19 the last volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trilogy came out in 19 the last volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trilogy came out in 19 the last volume
+came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in
+1988 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and
+the whole 1,400 pages in the trilogy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole 1,400 pages in the trilogy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole 1,400 pages in the trilogy are
+devoted to a a key sort of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to a a key sort of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to a a key sort of fundamental
+distinction that I make in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that I make in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction that I make in the first
+chapter of the first volume between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of the first volume between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of the first volume between what
+I call bestow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call bestow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call bestow and
+Appraisal I won't go into it too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appraisal I won't go into it too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appraisal I won't go into it too much
+depth but you'll be able to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth but you'll be able to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth but you'll be able to see the
+point very quickly uh by appraisal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point very quickly uh by appraisal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point very quickly uh by appraisal I
+mean something very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean something very much like the
+ordinary use of that word so there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary use of that word so there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary use of that word so there's a a
+a house appraiser who goes to a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house appraiser who goes to a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house appraiser who goes to a house
+based on certain training and expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on certain training and expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on certain training and expertise
+that only he has and he's asks various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only he has and he's asks various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only he has and he's asks various
+empirical questions about the house how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical questions about the house how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical questions about the house how
+big it is uh when was it made what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it is uh when was it made what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it is uh when was it made what's the
+state of the plumbing uh how close is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the plumbing uh how close is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the plumbing uh how close is it
+to the schools um things like that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the schools um things like that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the schools um things like that where
+or is it in the city and therefore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it in the city and therefore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it in the city and therefore in
+walking distance from where people work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking distance from where people work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking distance from where people work
+or do you have to travel on the subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you have to travel on the subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do you have to travel on the subway
+or travel uh commute from the suburbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or travel uh commute from the suburbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or travel uh commute from the suburbs
+all of those are empirical questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are empirical questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are empirical questions on
+the basis of that he evaluates the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that he evaluates the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of that he evaluates the house
+in terms of a monetary figure how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a monetary figure how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a monetary figure how much
+it's worth to do that he has to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth to do that he has to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth to do that he has to know
+what the market value would be what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market value would be what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market value would be what the
+market is paying for houses of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is paying for houses of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market is paying for houses of that
+sort um it's not a perfect science but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um it's not a perfect science but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort um it's not a perfect science but
+it's a kind of inductive logic inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of inductive logic inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of inductive logic inductive
+science empirical science uh based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science empirical science uh based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science empirical science uh based on
+his good faith is coming sense and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his good faith is coming sense and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his good faith is coming sense and his
+knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the
+business now my fundamental idea I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business now my fundamental idea I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business now my fundamental idea I mean
+first of the two fundamental ideas says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the two fundamental ideas says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of the two fundamental ideas says
+that in human relations generally we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in human relations generally we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in human relations generally we go
+through this and we do it all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and we do it all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this and we do it all the time
+with everybody we meet and I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody we meet and I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everybody we meet and I always
+illustrate when this comes up in a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate when this comes up in a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate when this comes up in a class
+you wouldn't be here uh unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be here uh unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be here uh unless you
+thought you could get something valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you could get something valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you could get something valuable
+out of me or out of the class it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of me or out of the class it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of me or out of the class it may
+only be to get course credit or to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be to get course credit or to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be to get course credit or to meet
+a requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a requirement
+we are always acting on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are always acting on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are always acting on the basis of
+appraisals of the world or the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisals of the world or the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisals of the world or the part of
+the world or the people in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world or the people in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world or the people in the world
+that we're dealing with and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're dealing with and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're dealing with and this is a
+little shocking at first because I in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little shocking at first because I in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little shocking at first because I in a
+couple of books I say we are Commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of books I say we are Commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of books I say we are Commodities
+to each other uh now commodity you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other uh now commodity you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other uh now commodity you know
+like uh pork and beans that uh sold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh pork and beans that uh sold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh pork and beans that uh sold on
+on the commodity Market in Chicago or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the commodity Market in Chicago or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the commodity Market in Chicago or no
+we're not yes that's what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not yes that's what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not yes that's what I mean by
+commodity but we're not just Commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity but we're not just Commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity but we're not just Commodities
+we're more than just Commodities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're more than just Commodities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're more than just Commodities and
+it's getting beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting beyond the
+commodi of appraisal that takes us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodi of appraisal that takes us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodi of appraisal that takes us to
+the second uh part of the distinction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second uh part of the distinction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second uh part of the distinction in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+bestow and for this I my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow and for this I my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow and for this I my first
+inspiration came when um I read a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration came when um I read a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration came when um I read a book
+by a uh um Protestant Theologian named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a uh um Protestant Theologian named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a uh um Protestant Theologian named
+Anders nigrin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anders nigrin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anders nigrin
+um called agape and eras his idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called agape and eras his idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um called agape and eras his idea is
+that God loves the world with Agape it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that God loves the world with Agape it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that God loves the world with Agape it's
+a term you may have come across um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term you may have come across um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term you may have come across um and
+the world loves back through AOS by but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world loves back through AOS by but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world loves back through AOS by but
+in loving back through AOS the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in loving back through AOS the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in loving back through AOS the world is
+trying to get something out of God so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get something out of God so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get something out of God so
+you pray to God for favors and even your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pray to God for favors and even your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pray to God for favors and even your
+love is supposed to be a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is supposed to be a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is supposed to be a way of
+returning to God what God has giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to God what God has giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to God what God has giving you
+and that you may even be rewarded for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you may even be rewarded for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you may even be rewarded for
+this but God's love according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but God's love according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but God's love according to this
+Protestant Doctrine Lutheran Doctrine he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant Doctrine Lutheran Doctrine he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protestant Doctrine Lutheran Doctrine he
+was a Lutheran is God's being is sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Lutheran is God's being is sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Lutheran is God's being is sheer
+love and the love is pure bestow Divine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and the love is pure bestow Divine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and the love is pure bestow Divine
+what's called Divine bestow in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Divine bestow in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called Divine bestow in which he
+makes things to be valuable he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things to be valuable he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things to be valuable he doesn't
+get valuable out of them because God is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get valuable out of them because God is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get valuable out of them because God is
+perfect uh just as people are imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh just as people are imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh just as people are imperfect
+and they can't create value they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't create value they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't create value they can
+only reflect God's creation but God is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reflect God's creation but God is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reflect God's creation but God is
+the Creator and there are various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Creator and there are various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Creator and there are various kinds
+ofo one creating the universe second um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofo one creating the universe second um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofo one creating the universe second um
+giving people all sorts of good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving people all sorts of good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving people all sorts of good things
+third forgiving them their sins fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third forgiving them their sins fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third forgiving them their sins fourth
+um taking to Heaven uh all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking to Heaven uh all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking to Heaven uh all sorts of
+bestows that come out of the sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestows that come out of the sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestows that come out of the sheer
+goodness of God now I have no religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness of God now I have no religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness of God now I have no religious
+belief of that sort or really of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief of that sort or really of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief of that sort or really of any
+doctrinal uh sort um but I was very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrinal uh sort um but I was very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrinal uh sort um but I was very much
+excited by that because I had grown up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited by that because I had grown up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited by that because I had grown up I
+mean intellectually grown up not from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean intellectually grown up not from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean intellectually grown up not from my
+parents with the idea that all religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents with the idea that all religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents with the idea that all religion
+and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all
+metaphysics is a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics is a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics is a human
+activity for making sense out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity for making sense out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity for making sense out of the
+World by trying to get beyond the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World by trying to get beyond the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World by trying to get beyond the world
+uh the way that religion does to talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way that religion does to talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way that religion does to talking
+about a God but that one has to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a God but that one has to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a God but that one has to see it
+as a human attempt to make sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a human attempt to make sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a human attempt to make sense of the
+World by means of this concept of God so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World by means of this concept of God so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World by means of this concept of God so
+God always remains part of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God always remains part of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God always remains part of the human
+concept but the activity is a human one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but the activity is a human one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but the activity is a human one
+and this view is called U humanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this view is called U humanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this view is called U humanism and
+I'm a humanist in that sense so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a humanist in that sense so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a humanist in that sense so the
+first so my excitement for uh in reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so my excitement for uh in reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so my excitement for uh in reading
+nig's book was it showed me how all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nig's book was it showed me how all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nig's book was it showed me how all I
+had to do was to turn this upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do was to turn this upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do was to turn this upside down
+to to stand it on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stand it on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to stand it on its
+feet or uh I mean to stand it on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or uh I mean to stand it on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or uh I mean to stand it on its
+head or if I'm right standing on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head or if I'm right standing on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head or if I'm right standing on its
+feet uh and to show how Bol is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet uh and to show how Bol is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet uh and to show how Bol is something
+that human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings
+do and that that would be what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that that would be what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that that would be what happens
+in the human activity or feeling of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human activity or feeling of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human activity or feeling of love
+so that in love we don't just appraise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in love we don't just appraise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in love we don't just appraise
+other people we also bestow value upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we also bestow value upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we also bestow value upon
+them and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that is
+something gratuitous we don't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gratuitous we don't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something gratuitous we don't do it
+merely to get them to love us back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely to get them to love us back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely to get them to love us back that
+would make it appraisal but without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it appraisal but without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it appraisal but without
+appraisal we'd never know them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal we'd never know them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal we'd never know them we
+couldn't see them they wouldn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see them they wouldn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see them they wouldn't exist
+for us but in order to love them you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us but in order to love them you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us but in order to love them you get
+Beyond appraisal and bestow value on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond appraisal and bestow value on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond appraisal and bestow value on
+them all right let me just stop that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right let me just stop that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right let me just stop that uh
+unless somebody wants to make a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless somebody wants to make a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless somebody wants to make a comment
+in the course we can develop it further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course we can develop it further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course we can develop it further
+but to get going for me would take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get going for me would take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get going for me would take me
+many hours and 14 what's actually now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hours and 14 what's actually now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hours and 14 what's actually now
+it's more than 2500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pages remind me first Joan Joan Joan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages remind me first Joan Joan Joan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages remind me first Joan Joan Joan
+Joan j o a n j o h a n n j oh you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joan j o a n j o h a n n j oh you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joan j o a n j o h a n n j oh you're the
+one who sent me the email I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who sent me the email I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who sent me the email I was
+wondering Johan yes um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering Johan yes um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering Johan yes um but
+subconsciously couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconsciously couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconsciously couldn't
+you be in a state of appraisal but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be in a state of appraisal but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be in a state of appraisal but you
+think you're like you're theing yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're like you're theing yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're like you're theing yes I
+think I think there's a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think there's a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think there's a great deal of
+self-deception and above all in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-deception and above all in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-deception and above all in love
+anything that important that intimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that important that intimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that important that intimate
+that powerful we deceive ourselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powerful we deceive ourselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powerful we deceive ourselves a
+great deal um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal um that
+happens but not if they read my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but not if they read my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but not if they read my book
+because I separate them very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I separate them very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I separate them very carefully
+you know I do it too but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I do it too but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I do it too but the point is
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+analysis separates them as different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis separates them as different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis separates them as different
+human capacities okay now I can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capacities okay now I can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capacities okay now I can come
+back later afterwards any way you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back later afterwards any way you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back later afterwards any way you want
+um and actually there's a course I given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually there's a course I given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually there's a course I given
+the fall called um philosophy of love in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fall called um philosophy of love in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fall called um philosophy of love in
+the Western World which go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Western World which go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Western World which go through this
+exhaustively um the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively um the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustively um the reason I'm
+mentioning now is because even at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning now is because even at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning now is because even at the
+beginning I spoke of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I spoke of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I spoke of um
+bestow as a kind an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow as a kind an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow as a kind an act of
+imagination and as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and as an
+aesthetic activity and fundamentally I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic activity and fundamentally I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic activity and fundamentally I I
+am an esthetician I'm a philosopher of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am an esthetician I'm a philosopher of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am an esthetician I'm a philosopher of
+Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Art
+um but uh I extend that to include all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I extend that to include all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh I extend that to include all
+of Human Experience so it becomes a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Human Experience so it becomes a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Human Experience so it becomes a kind
+of moral philosophy as well as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral philosophy as well as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moral philosophy as well as an
+aesthetic philosophy but imagination has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic philosophy but imagination has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic philosophy but imagination has
+always been very important to me and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very important to me and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very important to me and I
+argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that
+pisto is a result of imagination that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pisto is a result of imagination that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pisto is a result of imagination that's
+why um love in literature you find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um love in literature you find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um love in literature you find so
+many love poems and the sort of love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many love poems and the sort of love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many love poems and the sort of love
+seems to be natural for literary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be natural for literary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be natural for literary and
+fictional uh purposes also for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictional uh purposes also for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictional uh purposes also for the the
+movies it's because imagination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it's because imagination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies it's because imagination is
+needed for them and Imagination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for them and Imagination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for them and Imagination is
+needed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for
+love I throw that out and develop it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I throw that out and develop it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love I throw that out and develop it a
+little but not enough um I also throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but not enough um I also throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but not enough um I also throw
+out the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the idea that
+bestow is an act of creativity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow is an act of creativity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow is an act of creativity because
+you're you're bringing at bringing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're bringing at bringing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're bringing at bringing into
+being a value that wouldn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a value that wouldn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a value that wouldn't exist
+otherwise again very briefly uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise again very briefly uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise again very briefly uh and I
+talk from man point of view because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk from man point of view because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk from man point of view because it's
+what I am but you can change it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am but you can change it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am but you can change it all
+around don't be confused by that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around don't be confused by that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around don't be confused by that uh the
+man speaks about the young woman as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man speaks about the young woman as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man speaks about the young woman as
+absolutely perfect beautiful more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely perfect beautiful more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely perfect beautiful more
+beautiful than anything going you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful than anything going you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful than anything going you know
+he responds to her that way uh how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he responds to her that way uh how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he responds to her that way uh how does
+one make sense out of it uh not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one make sense out of it uh not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one make sense out of it uh not by
+thinking that he is duded necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that he is duded necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that he is duded necessarily
+that's a common place which I argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a common place which I argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a common place which I argue
+against love is isn't necessarily an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against love is isn't necessarily an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against love is isn't necessarily an
+illusion it's not that he's deluded he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion it's not that he's deluded he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion it's not that he's deluded he
+would be if he thought that apprais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if he thought that apprais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if he thought that apprais
+ofely in terms of the eyes of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofely in terms of the eyes of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofely in terms of the eyes of the world
+or in the beauty contest she would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the beauty contest she would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the beauty contest she would come
+out number one but he knows that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out number one but he knows that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out number one but he knows that she
+probably won't she has certain blemishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't she has certain blemishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't she has certain blemishes
+which he then falls in love with because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he then falls in love with because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he then falls in love with because
+they're her blemishes uh there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're her blemishes uh there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're her blemishes uh there are all
+sorts of imperfections that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of imperfections that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of imperfections that everybody
+has and the lover realizes most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and the lover realizes most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and the lover realizes most of them
+um he may also be deluding himself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he may also be deluding himself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he may also be deluding himself but
+not necessarily uh and what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily uh and what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily uh and what's happening
+what he's doing is creating a new kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing is creating a new kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing is creating a new kind
+of value and bestowing it upon her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value and bestowing it upon her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value and bestowing it upon her and
+that therefore bestow is an a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that therefore bestow is an a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that therefore bestow is an a special
+kind of Act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Act of
+Creation I say that in book after book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creation I say that in book after book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creation I say that in book after book
+and I've never succeeded in analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've never succeeded in analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've never succeeded in analyzing
+creativity to my satisfaction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to my satisfaction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to my satisfaction which is
+as I was saying what propels me from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was saying what propels me from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was saying what propels me from one
+book to another because I'm never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book to another because I'm never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book to another because I'm never
+satisfied and that's what I wanted be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and that's what I wanted be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and that's what I wanted be
+doing in this course and it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this course and it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this course and it's related to
+the book on that subject that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book on that subject that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book on that subject that I am
+struggling with one of the books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with one of the books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with one of the books that
+I'm struggling with at the moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm struggling with at the moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm struggling with at the moment so
+that's the origin of the interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the origin of the interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the origin of the interest in
+this course in terms of the trilogy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course in terms of the trilogy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course in terms of the trilogy now
+after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+um I um wrote other books um in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I um wrote other books um in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I um wrote other books um in one of
+which uh called um the harmony of Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh called um the harmony of Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh called um the harmony of Nature
+and spirit I went on to another Trilogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spirit I went on to another Trilogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spirit I went on to another Trilogy
+called meaning in life and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called meaning in life and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called meaning in life and the third
+volume of that is called the harmony of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of that is called the harmony of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of that is called the harmony of
+Nature and spirit and in that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and spirit and in that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature and spirit and in that I have a
+long chapter on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chapter on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chapter on the nature of
+imagination I also have a long chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I also have a long chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I also have a long chapter
+on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nature of
+idealization um or I maybe there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization um or I maybe there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization um or I maybe there are two
+chapters idealization imagination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters idealization imagination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters idealization imagination and
+idealization and then the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and then the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and then the next one
+whatever it's called carries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called carries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's called carries that
+forward no sooner did I finish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward no sooner did I finish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward no sooner did I finish that
+book then um I felt you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book then um I felt you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book then um I felt you know something
+is lacking and I didn't quite know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lacking and I didn't quite know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lacking and I didn't quite know
+what I what was wrong or why it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what was wrong or why it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I what was wrong or why it wasn't
+it was all right I thought within its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all right I thought within its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all right I thought within its
+limits and I still think it may be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and I still think it may be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and I still think it may be my
+best book but I wasn't satisfied I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best book but I wasn't satisfied I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best book but I wasn't satisfied I was
+invited to um give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to um give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited to um give
+um a lecture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lecture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lecture at
+Oxford and uh as always I come in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford and uh as always I come in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oxford and uh as always I come in uh
+like now without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now without
+a script or manuscript that I read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a script or manuscript that I read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a script or manuscript that I read them
+word to word but I rather I look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to word but I rather I look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to word but I rather I look at them
+in the eyes and try to see what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eyes and try to see what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eyes and try to see what they
+need and what they understand and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and what they understand and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and what they understand and while
+I'm always talking about my ideas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always talking about my ideas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always talking about my ideas which
+are in constant firment and I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in constant firment and I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in constant firment and I talked
+about the ideas of this book that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ideas of this book that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ideas of this book that I just
+finished that it's soon to be published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that it's soon to be published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that it's soon to be published
+Harmony of Nature and spirit and um as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of Nature and spirit and um as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony of Nature and spirit and um as I
+went on um I was um a little um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on um I was um a little um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on um I was um a little um
+surprised because usually this method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised because usually this method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised because usually this method of
+mine of lecturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine of lecturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine of lecturing
+well the way I told you I get ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way I told you I get ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way I told you I get ideas
+being with you and talking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with you and talking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with you and talking about these
+ideas of mine I get a few usually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of mine I get a few usually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of mine I get a few usually and
+when I'm abroad I get one or two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm abroad I get one or two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm abroad I get one or two because
+I may have been working over it so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have been working over it so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have been working over it so much
+to my astonishment I the ideas flooded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my astonishment I the ideas flooded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my astonishment I the ideas flooded
+in I was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I was uh
+really I was surprised I didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I was surprised I didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I was surprised I didn't know
+where they were coming from now after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were coming from now after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were coming from now after
+that uh I took a plane to Madrid where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I took a plane to Madrid where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I took a plane to Madrid where I
+also gave a public lecture and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gave a public lecture and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gave a public lecture and that was
+on the philosophy of film same method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the philosophy of film same method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the philosophy of film same method
+looking in the audience um and I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in the audience um and I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in the audience um and I got the
+one or two ideas but what stuck with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two ideas but what stuck with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two ideas but what stuck with me
+was this flood of ideas that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this flood of ideas that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this flood of ideas that I had
+gotten in Oxford talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten in Oxford talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten in Oxford talking about the
+imagination idealization what went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination idealization what went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination idealization what went into
+the harmony of Nature and spirit it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmony of Nature and spirit it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmony of Nature and spirit it was
+in the month of June and I asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the month of June and I asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the month of June and I asked the
+people who my friends who invited me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who my friends who invited me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who my friends who invited me to
+lecture at the University of Madrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at the University of Madrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture at the University of Madrid
+where should I go to be able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where should I go to be able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where should I go to be able to go
+swimming and they said oh it's too cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and they said oh it's too cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and they said oh it's too cold
+if you go to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to uh the
+Mediterranean um uh the only place is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean um uh the only place is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mediterranean um uh the only place is on
+the Atlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Atlantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Atlantic
+coast and they gave me the name of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast and they gave me the name of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast and they gave me the name of a
+town Hela it is which mean just below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town Hela it is which mean just below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town Hela it is which mean just below
+Portugal and so I went there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portugal and so I went there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portugal and so I went there and I
+didn't know what to find when I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what to find when I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what to find when I got to
+wel I asked people where do you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wel I asked people where do you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wel I asked people where do you go
+swimming and they said well you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and they said well you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming and they said well you take the
+bus for an hour you'll end up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus for an hour you'll end up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus for an hour you'll end up at the
+Atlantic Ocean uh and there's a seaside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic Ocean uh and there's a seaside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic Ocean uh and there's a seaside
+resort um called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resort um called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resort um called um
+Puna uh and I went there and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puna uh and I went there and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puna uh and I went there and it was a
+wonderful suicide sort with nobody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful suicide sort with nobody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful suicide sort with nobody on
+the beach nobody there the weather was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach nobody there the weather was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beach nobody there the weather was
+very warm and you could go swimming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very warm and you could go swimming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very warm and you could go swimming and
+I went to a hotel and there's nobody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to a hotel and there's nobody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went to a hotel and there's nobody in
+the hotel I was walking along Ong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotel I was walking along Ong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotel I was walking along Ong the
+seashore once and I saw there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seashore once and I saw there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seashore once and I saw there was a
+youth hostel right on the beach so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth hostel right on the beach so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth hostel right on the beach so I
+went to them and I said look I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to them and I said look I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to them and I said look I'm not a
+youth anymore but could I stay here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth anymore but could I stay here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth anymore but could I stay here and
+they were empty too and they said sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were empty too and they said sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were empty too and they said sure
+you're welcome so I moved into the youth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome so I moved into the youth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome so I moved into the youth
+hustle and uh to go swimming I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hustle and uh to go swimming I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hustle and uh to go swimming I just
+walked onto the beach and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked onto the beach and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked onto the beach and it was
+marvelous I that month um I wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous I that month um I wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous I that month um I wrote the
+beginnings of the chapter on imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of the chapter on imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings of the chapter on imagination
+all of those ideas in oxra that flooded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those ideas in oxra that flooded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those ideas in oxra that flooded
+in went into the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in went into the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in went into the chapter
+and it occurred to me now there's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it occurred to me now there's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it occurred to me now there's enough
+if I could keep only keep on going I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could keep only keep on going I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could keep only keep on going I'll
+have another book well the book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another book well the book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another book well the book that
+came out of that is the one that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of that is the one that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of that is the one that I'm
+asking you to read feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to read feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to read feeling and
+Imagination um the vibrant flux of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination um the vibrant flux of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination um the vibrant flux of our
+of our existence after when I came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our existence after when I came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our existence after when I came back
+home and um I wrote The Chap a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and um I wrote The Chap a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and um I wrote The Chap a chapter
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+idealization and then having written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and then having written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and then having written
+that I got ideas for uh that were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got ideas for uh that were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got ideas for uh that were also
+relevant to all of this previous work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to all of this previous work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to all of this previous work of
+mine on consummation you know why why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine on consummation you know why why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine on consummation you know why why do
+people have imagination what do they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have imagination what do they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have imagination what do they get
+out of it uh what do they get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it uh what do they get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it uh what do they get out of
+idealization is it pleasure but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization is it pleasure but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization is it pleasure but that
+it's too narrow a concept and so out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too narrow a concept and so out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too narrow a concept and so out
+came the idea of consummation and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came the idea of consummation and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came the idea of consummation and out of
+that chapter came um other chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter came um other chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter came um other chapters
+which you'll be reading so that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll be reading so that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll be reading so that there is
+this constant development and my feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant development and my feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant development and my feeling
+I don't ever uh finish anything but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't ever uh finish anything but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't ever uh finish anything but but
+what I want with your help is to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want with your help is to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want with your help is to go on
+Beyond feeling and Imagination to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond feeling and Imagination to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond feeling and Imagination to deal
+with that underlying concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that underlying concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that underlying concept of
+creativity um that I've um never fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um that I've um never fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um that I've um never fully
+come to grips with but I have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to grips with but I have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to grips with but I have lots of
+notes about it and we'll be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about it and we'll be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about it and we'll be happy to
+share them with you um in a sense I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share them with you um in a sense I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share them with you um in a sense I
+guess I'll be dominating the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'll be dominating the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'll be dominating the first four
+meetings and then you take over with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and then you take over with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and then you take over with
+your what you really want which Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what you really want which Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your what you really want which Maybe
+very different and then I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and then I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and then I'll try to
+steer you to what you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer you to what you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer you to what you might be able to
+get out of me given my present state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of me given my present state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of me given my present state of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I was just wondering yeah in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was just wondering yeah in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was just wondering yeah in terms of
+evolution have you figured out why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution have you figured out why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution have you figured out why the
+human psyche has why why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human psyche has why why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human psyche has why why we have
+creativity well to ask about evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity well to ask about evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity well to ask about evolution
+is to ask a scientific question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ask a scientific question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to ask a scientific question
+I I um know very little of science I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I um know very little of science I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I um know very little of science I
+wouldn't pretend to tell MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pretend to tell MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't pretend to tell MIT students
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+science and uh uh though I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and uh uh though I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and uh uh though I'm an
+evolutionist instead of a creationist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionist instead of a creationist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionist instead of a creationist I
+don't have any real sophisticated ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any real sophisticated ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any real sophisticated ideas
+if you do then we can work at them or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do then we can work at them or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do then we can work at them or if
+anybody else wants to but you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else wants to but you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else wants to but you see you
+mustn't expect me to be able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustn't expect me to be able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mustn't expect me to be able to answer
+all of the questions that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the questions that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the questions that are very
+important um other people at MIT can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um other people at MIT can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um other people at MIT can
+help in different areas and there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in different areas and there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in different areas and there there
+are various various areas in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various various areas in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various various areas in philosophy
+that I just don't bother with that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just don't bother with that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just don't bother with that are
+very important my colleagues do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important my colleagues do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important my colleagues do that you
+know I say go to my colleague for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I say go to my colleague for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I say go to my colleague for that
+but um I'm I'm I'm a humanist with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I'm I'm I'm a humanist with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I'm I'm I'm a humanist with a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+special expertise I think I can say now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special expertise I think I can say now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special expertise I think I can say now
+that's developed in terms of myself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's developed in terms of myself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's developed in terms of myself as a
+perform as a Performing Artist in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform as a Performing Artist in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform as a Performing Artist in my
+writing as well as in my uh talking my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as well as in my uh talking my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as well as in my uh talking my
+teaching and that's what I offer to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and that's what I offer to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and that's what I offer to you
+so Evolution itself I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Evolution itself I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Evolution itself I'm interested in
+the evolution of our ability to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of our ability to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of our ability to create
+I'm interested in thinking of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in thinking of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in thinking of human
+nature as a tiny tiny SLI Slither or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature as a tiny tiny SLI Slither or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature as a tiny tiny SLI Slither or
+sliver in the course of EV of evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliver in the course of EV of evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliver in the course of EV of evolution
+so that when I talk about human nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when I talk about human nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when I talk about human nature
+or humanhood or what it is to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or humanhood or what it is to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or humanhood or what it is to be a
+person I realize that from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I realize that from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I realize that from the point of
+view of evolution um this is not the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of evolution um this is not the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of evolution um this is not the way
+we were whenever we started in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were whenever we started in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were whenever we started in the
+anderol man or whoever and it's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anderol man or whoever and it's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anderol man or whoever and it's not what
+will be the the descendants of us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the the descendants of us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the the descendants of us in
+maybe only 5,000 2,000 who knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe only 5,000 2,000 who knows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe only 5,000 2,000 who knows how
+many years certainly if our race can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years certainly if our race can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years certainly if our race can
+exists in a million years I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in a million years I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in a million years I don't think
+the sun is supposed to destroy the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is supposed to destroy the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun is supposed to destroy the Earth
+by that time it'll be human have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that time it'll be human have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that time it'll be human have
+developed much further and I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed much further and I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed much further and I have no
+no information about that it's just my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no information about that it's just my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no information about that it's just my
+attempt to make sense out of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to make sense out of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to make sense out of the world
+as I experience it the way which is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I experience it the way which is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I experience it the way which is true
+of every artist I think but I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every artist I think but I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every artist I think but I'm a
+cognitive artist I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive artist I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive artist I think that's the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+okay um since I've been talking so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um since I've been talking so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um since I've been talking so much
+we could stop at any point that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could stop at any point that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could stop at any point that anybody
+else want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else want to say
+anything um all right if not before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um all right if not before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um all right if not before I
+give you the class cards that help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the class cards that help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the class cards that help me
+to to know you oh no first I ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to know you oh no first I ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to know you oh no first I ought to
+hand this on uh this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this on uh this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand this on uh this gives you the
+equivalent of a syllabus except as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of a syllabus except as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of a syllabus except as you
+see there's no reading on it except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's no reading on it except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's no reading on it except for
+my book for the first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book for the first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book for the first for
+weeks um also we're on open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks um also we're on open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks um also we're on open courseware
+so we're being filmed and therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're being filmed and therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're being filmed and therefore you
+have to um give permission um could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to um give permission um could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to um give permission um could you
+tell me your name I can't remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me your name I can't remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me your name I can't remember from
+last year Michael Michael yeah yes now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year Michael Michael yeah yes now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year Michael Michael yeah yes now I
+do remember uh Michael this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember uh Michael this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember uh Michael this is what's
+needed to give o o Open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to give o o Open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to give o o Open course Weare
+permission uh I have to sign too and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission uh I have to sign too and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission uh I have to sign too and it
+looked to me very innocuous I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked to me very innocuous I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked to me very innocuous I don't
+think there's any risk uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's any risk uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's any risk uh and um
+finally there is this partial research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there is this partial research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there is this partial research
+list which is not a required reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list which is not a required reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list which is not a required reading
+list but as you develop your own ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but as you develop your own ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but as you develop your own ideas
+from your own point of view you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your own point of view you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your own point of view you will
+find you might find these books helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you might find these books helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you might find these books helpful
+and they they're all related to what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they're all related to what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they're all related to what I'm
+trying to do in the course so have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do in the course so have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do in the course so have this
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand all right let me get a hard candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand all right let me get a hard candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand all right let me get a hard candy
+so my voice does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my voice does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my voice does not
+disintegrate where did I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrate where did I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrate where did I put
+them would anyone else like one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them would anyone else like one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them would anyone else like one it's
+just as hard to listen to me as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as hard to listen to me as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as hard to listen to me as it is
+for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+um what I've written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've written out
+are I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh related to the book that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh related to the book that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics uh related to the book that I'm
+trying to write and that I'm hoping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write and that I'm hoping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write and that I'm hoping you
+will help me with and that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me with and that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help me with and that will be the
+focus of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of this
+seminar uh I don't know whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar uh I don't know whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar uh I don't know whether they're
+in any great order but uh I'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any great order but uh I'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any great order but uh I'll just go
+from one to the other so number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the other so number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to the other so number
+one the idea of creativity being modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the idea of creativity being modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the idea of creativity being modeled
+upon romantic artists of the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon romantic artists of the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon romantic artists of the 19th
+century so we all have an image we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century so we all have an image we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century so we all have an image we've
+inherited of the creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited of the creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited of the creative
+individual um living in isolation glued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual um living in isolation glued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual um living in isolation glued
+to his private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his private
+inspiration uh inhabiting a Garett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration uh inhabiting a Garett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration uh inhabiting a Garett
+perhaps hating everybody around him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps hating everybody around him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps hating everybody around him
+because they're all inferior to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all inferior to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're all inferior to him
+struggling with the great problems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with the great problems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with the great problems the
+universe with his hand to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe with his hand to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe with his hand to his
+forehead and in general uh being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forehead and in general uh being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forehead and in general uh being a very
+bizarre individual it's because he is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre individual it's because he is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre individual it's because he is so
+creative uh one of the great models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh one of the great models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh one of the great models for
+this is ludvic V Beethoven who lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ludvic V Beethoven who lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ludvic V Beethoven who lived
+that way and um suffered a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and um suffered a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and um suffered a great deal
+partly because he went deaf but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because he went deaf but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because he went deaf but because
+he had such high ideals for himself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had such high ideals for himself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had such high ideals for himself and
+for everybody else he he he was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody else he he he was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody else he he he was also
+rather neurotic or paranoid uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather neurotic or paranoid uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather neurotic or paranoid uh in the
+last years of his life in Vienna when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last years of his life in Vienna when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last years of his life in Vienna when he
+was already very successful he moved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already very successful he moved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already very successful he moved in
+one year uh and I don't know if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year uh and I don't know if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year uh and I don't know if it
+happened every year but the record I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened every year but the record I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened every year but the record I saw
+was in one year he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in one year he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in one year he
+moved from apartment to apartment 26 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from apartment to apartment 26 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from apartment to apartment 26 of
+them just picking up and moving and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just picking up and moving and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just picking up and moving and when
+he was visited I think by rosini there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was visited I think by rosini there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was visited I think by rosini there's
+a record of that uh the ceiling was had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a record of that uh the ceiling was had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a record of that uh the ceiling was had
+rain coming in uh he was living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain coming in uh he was living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain coming in uh he was living in
+squalor he had a servant but he lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squalor he had a servant but he lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squalor he had a servant but he lived
+his life was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life was a
+mess but that's because he was creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess but that's because he was creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess but that's because he was creative
+rosini um who is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosini um who is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosini um who is a much
+underestimated uh great composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimated uh great composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimated uh great composer
+particularly a lyric composer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly a lyric composer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly a lyric composer of the
+human voice um was sort of in he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human voice um was sort of in he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human voice um was sort of in he was
+entranced at being in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entranced at being in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entranced at being in the presence of
+the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great
+Beethoven uh he didn't care about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven uh he didn't care about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven uh he didn't care about all
+this he was a genius he didn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he was a genius he didn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this he was a genius he didn't care
+about all of these things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of these things that people
+may make fun about um and considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make fun about um and considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may make fun about um and considered
+himself to be a worm in comparison to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself to be a worm in comparison to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself to be a worm in comparison to
+Beethoven uh also when Beethoven said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven uh also when Beethoven said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven uh also when Beethoven said
+insulting things to him he took it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting things to him he took it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulting things to him he took it in
+perfect Grace at one point Beethoven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Grace at one point Beethoven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect Grace at one point Beethoven
+said um I like the U score of The Barber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um I like the U score of The Barber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um I like the U score of The Barber
+of sevil you know that Opera of rosini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sevil you know that Opera of rosini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sevil you know that Opera of rosini
+that's what you should be writing none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you should be writing none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you should be writing none
+of this serious stuff none of you know R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this serious stuff none of you know R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this serious stuff none of you know R
+was writing masses and very serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was writing masses and very serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was writing masses and very serious
+operas some of which are great operas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operas some of which are great operas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operas some of which are great operas
+ton CR semi ramid um uh but Boven didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton CR semi ramid um uh but Boven didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton CR semi ramid um uh but Boven didn't
+know about them but he didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about them but he didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about them but he didn't want to
+know about them he said no you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about them he said no you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about them he said no you don't
+know anything about that what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about that what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about that what do you
+would you know about that just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know about that just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know about that just write
+some more comic operas like bar Seville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more comic operas like bar Seville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more comic operas like bar Seville
+instead of being insulted by it rosini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being insulted by it rosini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being insulted by it rosini
+in his notebooks read wrote yeah he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his notebooks read wrote yeah he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his notebooks read wrote yeah he was
+right how would I who taught me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how would I who taught me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how would I who taught me how
+could I Poss Poss have learned to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I Poss Poss have learned to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I Poss Poss have learned to write
+the kind of music that Beethoven does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of music that Beethoven does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of music that Beethoven does uh
+so Beethoven was a model of the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Beethoven was a model of the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Beethoven was a model of the the uh
+bizarre maybe some mad genius and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre maybe some mad genius and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre maybe some mad genius and he
+wasn't mad but uh uh he is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't mad but uh uh he is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't mad but uh uh he is a kind of a
+genius of that sort now my point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of that sort now my point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of that sort now my point is that
+Geniuses differ very much moart was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geniuses differ very much moart was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geniuses differ very much moart was not
+like that uh and that's my second point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh and that's my second point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh and that's my second point
+the idea of Genius of creativity not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of Genius of creativity not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of Genius of creativity not
+belonging to this isol ated inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to this isol ated inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to this isol ated inspired
+individual like Beethoven but the Boart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual like Beethoven but the Boart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual like Beethoven but the Boart
+in the play called amadas do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the play called amadas do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the play called amadas do you know
+that the movie amadas too uh and um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the movie amadas too uh and um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the movie amadas too uh and um in
+the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of
+that uh one of the characters said reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh one of the characters said reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh one of the characters said reads
+U uh a manuscript of mozarts that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh a manuscript of mozarts that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh a manuscript of mozarts that he
+just wrote and handed off to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote and handed off to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote and handed off to be
+performed and there are no Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed and there are no Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed and there are no Corrections
+on it it's all perfect as if and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it's all perfect as if and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it it's all perfect as if and then he
+says it's as if Mozart was is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's as if Mozart was is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's as if Mozart was is taking
+dictation from God and that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God and that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God and that's the second
+idea of creativity that we're frail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creativity that we're frail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of creativity that we're frail
+human beings what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings what do we know about
+creation God especially if you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation God especially if you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation God especially if you have that
+religious belief uh God is the Creator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious belief uh God is the Creator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious belief uh God is the Creator
+God is the model the the only true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is the model the the only true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is the model the the only true
+create creative being in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create creative being in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create creative being in the world and
+if we do what things that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do what things that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do what things that we call
+Creative they it's like you must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creative they it's like you must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creative they it's like you must be
+taking creation from God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking creation from God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking creation from God
+all right now obviously even about moar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now obviously even about moar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now obviously even about moar
+wasn't exactly right he did make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't exactly right he did make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't exactly right he did make
+Corrections uh he worked very hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections uh he worked very hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections uh he worked very hard on
+his music uh he sometimes rewrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his music uh he sometimes rewrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his music uh he sometimes rewrote the
+music and other people rewrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and other people rewrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and other people rewrote
+tremendously uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh they
+um they went through many drafts now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they went through many drafts now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they went through many drafts now I'm
+the second kind uh for me everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind uh for me everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind uh for me everything I
+write goes through 10 15 drafts and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write goes through 10 15 drafts and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write goes through 10 15 drafts and each
+time I go from draft to draft I say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go from draft to draft I say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I go from draft to draft I say I
+can't imagine what an idiot I was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine what an idiot I was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine what an idiot I was and
+why did I say that or uh I get ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I say that or uh I get ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did I say that or uh I get ideas and
+cor and stylistic changes that I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor and stylistic changes that I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor and stylistic changes that I could
+never have predicted and I put them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have predicted and I put them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have predicted and I put them down
+and I think isn't that wonderful now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think isn't that wonderful now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think isn't that wonderful now I'm
+got it then I put it aside for a week or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it then I put it aside for a week or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it then I put it aside for a week or
+many weeks sometimes for years and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many weeks sometimes for years and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many weeks sometimes for years and come
+back to it and I have to keep on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it and I have to keep on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it and I have to keep on going
+and going and I usually stop for purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and I usually stop for purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and I usually stop for purely
+pragmatic Reasons I'm tired I'm bored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatic Reasons I'm tired I'm bored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatic Reasons I'm tired I'm bored
+there's a publisher uh or it's uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a publisher uh or it's uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a publisher uh or it's uh like
+the book of mine that's coming out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book of mine that's coming out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book of mine that's coming out um
+this in a month or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a month or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a month or so
+um I was with MIT press and they treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was with MIT press and they treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was with MIT press and they treated
+me like a member of the family so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me like a member of the family so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me like a member of the family so I was
+very much involved in the editing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much involved in the editing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much involved in the editing the
+designing all of that and making changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing all of that and making changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing all of that and making changes
+all the time and then he went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and then he went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and then he went to the
+printers and I saw there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers and I saw there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers and I saw there are other
+changes I would wanted to make and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes I would wanted to make and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes I would wanted to make and they
+very kindly sort of stopped the presses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kindly sort of stopped the presses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kindly sort of stopped the presses
+for me at the very last minute I'm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me at the very last minute I'm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me at the very last minute I'm and
+so that it's out of my life now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's out of my life now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's out of my life now it's
+printed up uh if I had had it if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed up uh if I had had it if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed up uh if I had had it if I were
+to go back to it in a few years I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to it in a few years I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to it in a few years I'll say
+oh no I've got to change this and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I've got to change this and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no I've got to change this and change
+that there's no end to that for me I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no end to that for me I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no end to that for me I'm
+the second kind the idea of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind the idea of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second kind the idea of taking
+dictation from God doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God doesn't make sense
+with my kind of writer now maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my kind of writer now maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my kind of writer now maybe it's
+because I'm not creative enough maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not creative enough maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not creative enough maybe
+it's because I am not as I know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because I am not as I know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because I am not as I know I'm not
+a genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genius
+um but it's a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's a different kind of
+creativity that goes into that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that goes into that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that goes into that kind of
+writing and some of what I write is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and some of what I write is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and some of what I write is all
+right and I might even say creative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I might even say creative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I might even say creative in
+part or limit you know limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part or limit you know limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part or limit you know limited
+creativity but um it's not because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity but um it's not because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity but um it's not because I
+it's the Mozart model of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Mozart model of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Mozart model of taking
+dictation from God ber Russell you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God ber Russell you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictation from God ber Russell you know
+that name the uh one of the great 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name the uh one of the great 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name the uh one of the great 20th
+20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century
+philosophers uh pipia Mathematica you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers uh pipia Mathematica you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers uh pipia Mathematica you've
+heard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that
+maybe well in any event he was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well in any event he was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well in any event he was one of
+the great philosophers of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great philosophers of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great philosophers of the 20th
+century and one of the founders of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and one of the founders of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and one of the founders of what
+is now called analytical philosophy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now called analytical philosophy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now called analytical philosophy so
+that he is a forbearer of what my what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is a forbearer of what my what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is a forbearer of what my what I
+was trained in but don't do what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trained in but don't do what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trained in but don't do what my
+colleagues all do as technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues all do as technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues all do as technical
+analytical philosophy at a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosophy at a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical philosophy at a certain point
+in his tremendous Pro productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his tremendous Pro productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his tremendous Pro productivity
+um he said he taught himself how to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he said he taught himself how to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he said he taught himself how to go
+through drafts in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through drafts in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through drafts in his
+mind and therefore when he wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and therefore when he wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and therefore when he wrote a book
+he just sat down and he wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just sat down and he wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just sat down and he wrote it
+out and then sent it off to be published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then sent it off to be published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then sent it off to be published
+because he had worked at it so much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had worked at it so much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had worked at it so much in
+his mind there it there it was I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mind there it there it was I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mind there it there it was I've
+never been able to do that I can't my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been able to do that I can't my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been able to do that I can't my
+mind isn't that that sort uh those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind isn't that that sort uh those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind isn't that that sort uh those of
+you who are chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are chess
+players mathematicians or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players mathematicians or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players mathematicians or with
+mathematical skill you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical skill you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical skill you might be able to
+do something more like that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something more like that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something more like that I mean
+mathematicians can work in in pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians can work in in pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians can work in in pure
+abstraction like that in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction like that in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction like that in a way that
+someone like me cannot uh so I don't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like me cannot uh so I don't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like me cannot uh so I don't fit
+that model either so there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model either so there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model either so there are these
+different models of the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models of the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models of the nature of
+creativity uh number three one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh number three one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh number three one of the
+books that uh I get a great deal out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that uh I get a great deal out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that uh I get a great deal out of
+and we'll be discussing is a book by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be discussing is a book by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be discussing is a book by um
+a a man who was very influential when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a man who was very influential when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a man who was very influential when he
+lived uh died maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived uh died maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived uh died maybe in
+1970 I'm not sure called Arthur Kesler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 I'm not sure called Arthur Kesler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 I'm not sure called Arthur Kesler
+and a playright wrote various successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a playright wrote various successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a playright wrote various successful
+plays you've heard of kesin right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays you've heard of kesin right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays you've heard of kesin right well
+he has a book called The Act of Creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a book called The Act of Creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a book called The Act of Creation
+you don't know that do you you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that do you you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know that do you you should
+look at it uh it's a 700 800 I know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it uh it's a 700 800 I know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it uh it's a 700 800 I know very
+big book which is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big book which is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big book which is almost
+encyclopedic it shows the spret of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedic it shows the spret of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedic it shows the spret of his
+mind uh and covers all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh and covers all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind uh and covers all sorts of
+questions and has a theory of what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and has a theory of what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and has a theory of what he
+calls bisociation which I want to can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls bisociation which I want to can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls bisociation which I want to can
+get go into uh right now but not in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get go into uh right now but not in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get go into uh right now but not in any
+detail and his idea is that creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and his idea is that creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and his idea is that creativity
+involves taking two Matrix Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves taking two Matrix Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves taking two Matrix Matrix
+matrices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of
+thought which are very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought which are very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought which are very different from
+each other and merging them putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and merging them putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and merging them putting them
+together so that uh let's say a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that uh let's say a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that uh let's say a metaphor
+would be good for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good for that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um I don't know
+Napoleon was um um uh a peacock or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napoleon was um um uh a peacock or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napoleon was um um uh a peacock or
+something like or Napoleon was a lion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like or Napoleon was a lion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like or Napoleon was a lion
+now one matrixes Matrix deals with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one matrixes Matrix deals with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one matrixes Matrix deals with the
+animal order and the other deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal order and the other deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal order and the other deals with
+people who are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are very
+different um if you put the in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um if you put the in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um if you put the in a
+metaphor you put the two together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor you put the two together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor you put the two together you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+Napoleon was a lion right uh Napoleon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napoleon was a lion right uh Napoleon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napoleon was a lion right uh Napoleon
+was a peacock whatever you want you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a peacock whatever you want you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a peacock whatever you want you're
+putting the two together and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the two together and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the two together and that's
+creative we don't think we ordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative we don't think we ordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative we don't think we ordinarily
+don't talk that way but except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk that way but except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk that way but except in
+metaphors but to do so uh is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors but to do so uh is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors but to do so uh is an example
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+creativity to go even further there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to go even further there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to go even further there is a
+movie made by the great Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie made by the great Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie made by the great Russian
+filmmaker um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker um
+eisenstein about uh called October about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eisenstein about uh called October about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eisenstein about uh called October about
+the Russian Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian Revolution
+1917 U and there was a provisional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 U and there was a provisional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 U and there was a provisional
+government headed by a Social Democrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government headed by a Social Democrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government headed by a Social Democrat
+named kensky whom the bolik got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named kensky whom the bolik got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named kensky whom the bolik got rid of
+eventually uh and movie was made During
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh and movie was made During
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh and movie was made During
+the stalinist period so it's a bolik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stalinist period so it's a bolik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stalinist period so it's a bolik
+scene from the bolic point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene from the bolic point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene from the bolic point of view and
+in The Winter Palace which where a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Winter Palace which where a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Winter Palace which where a lot
+of the action takes place we see kensky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the action takes place we see kensky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the action takes place we see kensky
+walking up marble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking up marble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking up marble
+stairs and uh at at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs and uh at at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs and uh at at one
+prominade you see uh Napoleon an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominade you see uh Napoleon an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominade you see uh Napoleon an image
+of Napoleon with his hand in his in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Napoleon with his hand in his in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Napoleon with his hand in his in his
+blouse in his tunic another a rooster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blouse in his tunic another a rooster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blouse in his tunic another a rooster
+and the idea is that kinsky is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that kinsky is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that kinsky is another
+Napoleon you think Napoleonic figure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napoleon you think Napoleonic figure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napoleon you think Napoleonic figure and
+we have to get rid of them uh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to get rid of them uh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to get rid of them uh just a
+rooster you know this these are metap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooster you know this these are metap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooster you know this these are metap
+visual metaphors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual metaphors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual metaphors
+but we don't ordinarily think in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't ordinarily think in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't ordinarily think in those
+terms only a filmmaker does and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms only a filmmaker does and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms only a filmmaker does and that's
+related to kesler's fundamental idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to kesler's fundamental idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to kesler's fundamental idea
+about creativity being a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creativity being a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creativity being a function of
+bisociation by association bisociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisociation by association bisociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisociation by association bisociation
+linking yoking together as he calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking yoking together as he calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking yoking together as he calls it
+of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different
+matrices all now I pick up on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all now I pick up on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all now I pick up on that and
+try to go beyond that uh on my own um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go beyond that uh on my own um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go beyond that uh on my own um
+the next is uh the role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next is uh the role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next is uh the role of the
+unconscious Castle discusses this and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious Castle discusses this and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious Castle discusses this and in
+psychoanalysis many people have spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalysis many people have spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalysis many people have spoken
+as creativity being a function of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as creativity being a function of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as creativity being a function of uh the
+unconscious the Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious the Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious the Freudian
+unconscious uh and related to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious uh and related to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious uh and related to that is
+the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that
+creativity is a function of occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is a function of occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity is a function of occurs in
+dreams that cre dreams are the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams that cre dreams are the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams that cre dreams are the basis of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+creativity because in dreams things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity because in dreams things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity because in dreams things
+happen that are unpredictable that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that are unpredictable that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that are unpredictable that seem
+very wild and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wild and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wild and very
+creative and that that's um uh what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and that that's um uh what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative and that that's um uh what a
+one entry into the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry into the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entry into the nature of
+creativity now these are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity now these are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity now these are two different
+concepts the unconscious and dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts the unconscious and dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts the unconscious and dreams
+because though Freud thought that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because though Freud thought that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because though Freud thought that the
+unconscious shows itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious shows itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious shows itself in
+dreams but uh let me give you uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams but uh let me give you uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams but uh let me give you uh one
+classic example about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example about the nature of
+creativity um Van van oan was not his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um Van van oan was not his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity um Van van oan was not his
+name the the chist who discovered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the the chist who discovered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name the the chist who discovered the
+Benzene um ring as the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene um ring as the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene um ring as the nature of the
+molecular structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structure of
+benzine um he had pondered over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzine um he had pondered over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzine um he had pondered over this
+without great success and then one night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without great success and then one night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without great success and then one night
+he was sitting in front of the fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was sitting in front of the fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was sitting in front of the fire and
+he fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he fell
+asleep and in the course of this sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and in the course of this sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and in the course of this sleep
+he had a dream and the dream finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a dream and the dream finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a dream and the dream finally
+ended up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up with a
+serpent um or little no world parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent um or little no world parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent um or little no world parts of
+the serpent which then came together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent which then came together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serpent which then came together to
+make the figure of a serpent and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the figure of a serpent and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the figure of a serpent and uh the
+serpent ended up biting its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent ended up biting its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serpent ended up biting its own
+tail and uh um the chemist woke up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and uh um the chemist woke up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and uh um the chemist woke up and
+said that's it that's the solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's it that's the solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's it that's the solution the
+Benzene molecular structure is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene molecular structure is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene molecular structure is in the
+form of a ring and that was that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a ring and that was that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a ring and that was that later
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh replicated and found to be a truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh replicated and found to be a truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh replicated and found to be a truth
+about molecular structure and still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecular structure and still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about molecular structure and still is
+nobody is under overturned that that con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is under overturned that that con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is under overturned that that con
+that idea or generalization whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea or generalization whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea or generalization whatever you
+call it that Discovery uh it because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that Discovery uh it because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that Discovery uh it because he
+was creative in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+um I mean in the uncon right creative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean in the uncon right creative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean in the uncon right creative in
+his unconscious in a way that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his unconscious in a way that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his unconscious in a way that he could
+never have been in Consciousness because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been in Consciousness because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have been in Consciousness because
+he was asleep right all right now Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was asleep right all right now Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was asleep right all right now Beyond
+over and above that idea there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above that idea there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and above that idea there's the
+idea of Dreams themselves being creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Dreams themselves being creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Dreams themselves being creative
+even if they don't make sense like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they don't make sense like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they don't make sense like the
+like the Benzene ring uh because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Benzene ring uh because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Benzene ring uh because that's
+where the unconscious is doing the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unconscious is doing the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unconscious is doing the work
+that is fundamental in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fundamental in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fundamental in all
+creativity and that's related Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and that's related Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and that's related Freudian
+ideas about dreams and also about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about dreams and also about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about dreams and also about the
+unconscious but um um these each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious but um um these each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious but um um these each of
+these Concepts have to be examined at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts have to be examined at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts have to be examined at
+this point I can't resist to giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I can't resist to giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point I can't resist to giving you
+an example Nom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example Nom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example Nom
+chamski whom my my old friend who is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamski whom my my old friend who is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamski whom my my old friend who is my
+colleague in linguistics and very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague in linguistics and very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague in linguistics and very famous
+you all know about no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about no
+momsky in a book I have at home out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momsky in a book I have at home out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momsky in a book I have at home out of
+the library um it's a book on the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library um it's a book on the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library um it's a book on the nature
+of creativity it's on the list that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity it's on the list that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity it's on the list that I
+gave you I forget which one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you I forget which one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you I forget which one it
+is it's consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's consists of
+interviews um with u various people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews um with u various people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews um with u various people in
+science primarily but maybe also in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science primarily but maybe also in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science primarily but maybe also in in
+the Arts who are considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arts who are considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Arts who are considered to be
+creative uh asking them pointed question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh asking them pointed question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh asking them pointed question
+about their creativity It Was Written 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their creativity It Was Written 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their creativity It Was Written 35
+years ago and so there is a a picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and so there is a a picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and so there is a a picture a
+picture for each of them there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for each of them there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for each of them there's a
+picture of gome the way he looked 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of gome the way he looked 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of gome the way he looked 35
+years ago very different from now um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago very different from now um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago very different from now um and
+one of the questions was how how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions was how how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions was how how does
+dreaming affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming affect your
+creativity and noome at that point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and noome at that point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and noome at that point in
+his life answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life answers
+um well dreaming is for me just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well dreaming is for me just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well dreaming is for me just like
+being awake so if I'm working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being awake so if I'm working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being awake so if I'm working on a
+problem and go to sleep and have a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and go to sleep and have a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and go to sleep and have a dream
+um what happens is that I work in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens is that I work in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens is that I work in my
+dream on the same problem it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream on the same problem it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream on the same problem it's just the
+the two sleeping and being awake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sleeping and being awake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sleeping and being awake
+conscious and unconscious are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious and unconscious are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious and unconscious are continuous
+in terms of what I really am working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what I really am working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what I really am working
+hard on at as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard on at as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard on at as a
+problem which is very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is very different from
+what Kesler said Kesler met mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Kesler said Kesler met mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Kesler said Kesler met mentions
+that and rejects it as not being true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and rejects it as not being true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and rejects it as not being true
+and argues against it my dreams are such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and argues against it my dreams are such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and argues against it my dreams are such
+that I couldn't have predicted I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't have predicted I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I couldn't have predicted I never
+have dreams like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dreams like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dreams like
+that but then maybe I'm not sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then maybe I'm not sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then maybe I'm not sufficiently
+creative anyhow recently I said to no do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative anyhow recently I said to no do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative anyhow recently I said to no do
+you remember this interview you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this interview you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember this interview you
+gave and he didn't he didn't remember he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave and he didn't he didn't remember he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave and he didn't he didn't remember he
+didn't know what I was talking about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what I was talking about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what I was talking about and
+U he asked me who who was the editor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U he asked me who who was the editor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U he asked me who who was the editor and
+told him he didn't remember I mean his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him he didn't remember I mean his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him he didn't remember I mean his
+life is so filled with this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is so filled with this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is so filled with this sort of
+thing being interviewed and and he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing being interviewed and and he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing being interviewed and and he just
+didn't remember uh and so I told him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't remember uh and so I told him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't remember uh and so I told him
+well in this interview what you say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this interview what you say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this interview what you say is
+and I told him what I just told you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I told him what I just told you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I told him what I just told you and
+I said um is that true is that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said um is that true is that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said um is that true is that the way
+you still work and was it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still work and was it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still work and was it true
+then and he laughed and said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and he laughed and said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and he laughed and said it's
+certainly not true of me now and um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not true of me now and um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not true of me now and um I
+don't know what I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what I was saying
+so I don't know what emphasis to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what emphasis to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what emphasis to put
+upon this very interesting comment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this very interesting comment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this very interesting comment and
+evidence of a a very creative person um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of a a very creative person um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of a a very creative person um
+that's one of the things we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the things we could
+explore um next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the um question is how is creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um question is how is creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um question is how is creativity
+related to imagination well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to imagination well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to imagination well this is
+something next week I want to talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something next week I want to talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something next week I want to talk with
+you about once you've read my chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about once you've read my chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about once you've read my chapter on
+imagination uh as you'll see see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh as you'll see see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh as you'll see see it's
+based on the earlier chapter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the earlier chapter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the earlier chapter in the
+earlier book but enough is enough uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier book but enough is enough uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier book but enough is enough uh if
+you just read that one chapter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just read that one chapter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just read that one chapter in
+feeling imagination that'll get us going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling imagination that'll get us going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling imagination that'll get us going
+and if you want to go back to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to go back to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to go back to the other
+uh you can find that in the library uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can find that in the library uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can find that in the library uh
+Harmony nature and spirit um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony nature and spirit um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony nature and spirit um you know
+that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right
+um and six is the relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and six is the relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and six is the relationship to
+idealization uh which is also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization uh which is also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization uh which is also what
+you'll read the week afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read the week afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read the week afterwards
+and I can just say one thing now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just say one thing now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just say one thing now the
+word idealization is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word idealization is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word idealization is very
+ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous
+um sometimes when we use the word we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes when we use the word we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes when we use the word we
+mean uh something that's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh something that's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh something that's saying
+something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+false because let's say someone say says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because let's say someone say says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because let's say someone say says
+to you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you do you
+remember um that girlfriend of yours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um that girlfriend of yours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um that girlfriend of yours or
+that boyfriend of yours you knew when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boyfriend of yours you knew when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boyfriend of yours you knew when
+you were in High School you might say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in High School you might say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in High School you might say oh
+she was terrific she was this she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was terrific she was this she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was terrific she was this she was
+that and those who knew her uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and those who knew her uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and those who knew her uh are
+little surprised they might say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprised they might say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprised they might say oh
+you're idealizing your past other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're idealizing your past other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're idealizing your past other words
+a falsification she really isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a falsification she really isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a falsification she really isn't that
+that's one way to use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way to use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way to use the word
+idealization that's not what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization that's not what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization that's not what I mean
+another way of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of using
+it is the Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the Freudian
+way and the Freud when Freud uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the Freud when Freud uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the Freud when Freud uses the
+word idealization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word idealization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word idealization
+and if you're interested I can direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're interested I can direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're interested I can direct
+you of things I've written about Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of things I've written about Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of things I've written about Freud
+on idealization but I don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on idealization but I don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on idealization but I don't want to go
+into it too much now uh what he means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it too much now uh what he means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it too much now uh what he means is
+um when people are emotionally attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people are emotionally attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when people are emotionally attached
+like in love it's part of his philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in love it's part of his philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in love it's part of his philosophy
+of Love uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Love uh they
+idealize uh in a way that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealize uh in a way that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealize uh in a way that they don't
+anywhere else in life but by idealizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else in life but by idealizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else in life but by idealizing
+he explicitly means he uses these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he explicitly means he uses these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he explicitly means he uses these words
+overestimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overvaluing uh rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvaluing uh rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvaluing uh rather than
+underestimating because on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating because on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating because on the first
+meaning when you're saying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning when you're saying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning when you're saying something
+false you could have she might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you could have she might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false you could have she might have
+ditched you and you might have said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditched you and you might have said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditched you and you might have said oh
+that one and then you know and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and then you know and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and then you know and then one
+would say Oh no you're idealizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Oh no you're idealizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say Oh no you're idealizing the
+situation she wasn't that bad or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation she wasn't that bad or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation she wasn't that bad or
+something but Freud the Freud idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but Freud the Freud idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but Freud the Freud idea is
+that you add value you overvalue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add value you overvalue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add value you overvalue you
+overestimate appraisingly because Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate appraisingly because Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate appraisingly because Freud
+always operates within the model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always operates within the model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always operates within the model of
+apprais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprais
+that's not what I mean when I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I mean when I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what I mean when I use the
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+idealization another meaning of it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization another meaning of it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization another meaning of it uh
+comes out of Plato course Plato's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of Plato course Plato's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of Plato course Plato's idea
+is that love is the search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that love is the search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that love is the search for
+Perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection
+for the realm of forms in which the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the realm of forms in which the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the realm of forms in which the good
+and the Beautiful which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+Essences are explain everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essences are explain everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essences are explain everything in the
+universe they're the highest stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe they're the highest stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe they're the highest stages of
+value and everything we do is a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and everything we do is a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and everything we do is a search
+for goodness according to Plato and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goodness according to Plato and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goodness according to Plato and
+that's the highest good and only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest good and only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest good and only the
+philosopher can get there so for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher can get there so for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher can get there so for him
+we're all idealizing a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all idealizing a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all idealizing a sense of
+struggling to reach the highest ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to reach the highest ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to reach the highest ideal
+which only very few people philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only very few people philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only very few people philosophers
+of a of a platonic persuasion are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a platonic persuasion are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a platonic persuasion are able
+to reach and that entered into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach and that entered into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach and that entered into
+Christianity but I don't have to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity but I don't have to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity but I don't have to go into
+that now for him idealis ation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now for him idealis ation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now for him idealis ation is the
+search for perfect Perfection and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for perfect Perfection and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for perfect Perfection and that
+motivates all all existence and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates all all existence and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates all all existence and above
+all all human nature that's not what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all human nature that's not what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all human nature that's not what I
+mean by idealization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by idealization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by idealization
+either um what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um what I mean by
+idealization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization
+is the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the human
+proclivity the human ex habit of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proclivity the human ex habit of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proclivity the human ex habit of making
+ideals just to make ideals the making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals just to make ideals the making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals just to make ideals the making of
+ideals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals
+is something that human beings do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that human beings do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that human beings do all
+the time and we may be the only ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and we may be the only ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and we may be the only ones to
+do it though I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it though I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it though I want to
+say uh I in the domestic animals I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I in the domestic animals I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh I in the domestic animals I've
+had they also idealize it just they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they also idealize it just they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had they also idealize it just they
+don't have as much imagination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as much imagination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have as much imagination so
+imagination comes into this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination comes into this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination comes into this and
+therefore they don't idealize as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they don't idealize as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they don't idealize as well as
+we do or as much as we do but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do or as much as we do but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do or as much as we do but many
+people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+died out of a love for Country which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died out of a love for Country which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died out of a love for Country which is
+an ideal of of Duty Devotion to your to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal of of Duty Devotion to your to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal of of Duty Devotion to your to
+your nation to your people to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nation to your people to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nation to your people to your
+feelings of honor to your sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings of honor to your sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings of honor to your sense of
+importance to your manhood to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to your manhood to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to your manhood to your
+Womanhood whatever it is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Womanhood whatever it is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Womanhood whatever it is these are
+ideals and human beings create them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and human beings create them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals and human beings create them they
+don't just come out of the ground uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just come out of the ground uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just come out of the ground uh we
+create them that's part of what it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create them that's part of what it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create them that's part of what it is to
+be human being so the study about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be human being so the study about the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be human being so the study about the
+nature of human ideals becomes a very or
+
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+nature of human ideals becomes a very or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+is a very important theme in all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important theme in all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important theme in all of my
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first volume of the love Trilogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first volume of the love Trilogy
+I have and I mean the first section I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have and I mean the first section I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have and I mean the first section I
+have a chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chapter on
+idealization and try to explain love as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and try to explain love as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and try to explain love as
+an example of idealization it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of idealization it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of idealization it's one of
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+
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+the great ideals particularly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great ideals particularly in the
+Western World which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western World which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western World which is very
+sophisticated about it but for all human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated about it but for all human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated about it but for all human
+beings uh to be able to love you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings uh to be able to love you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings uh to be able to love you know if
+somebody on his deathbed says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on his deathbed says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on his deathbed says you know
+the truth is I never learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is I never learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is I never learned how to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+love that would be a great tragedy he
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to love but the tragedy is that this is
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+
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+to love but the tragedy is that this is
+was for him an ideal and he feels now
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his life was meaningless because he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his life was meaningless because he
+didn't live up to that ideal the making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't live up to that ideal the making
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't live up to that ideal the making
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+
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+of those ideals the living in accordance
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+they entering into all of Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they entering into all of Human
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they entering into all of Human
+Experience is a very important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience is a very important part of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience is a very important part of
+our Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Human
+Condition that's the way in which I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition that's the way in which I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condition that's the way in which I talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and so that's the basis for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and so that's the basis for
+that chapter I probably touch on that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter I probably touch on that at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chapter I probably touch on that at
+the beginning because I don't presuppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because I don't presuppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because I don't presuppose
+that anybody has been devoting his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody has been devoting his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody has been devoting his life
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reading earlier worthless books by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reading earlier worthless books by
+every singer um but this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every singer um but this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every singer um but this this is
+something I wanted to prepare you for
+
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+something I wanted to prepare you for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I wanted to prepare you for
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+um um creativity as one of the sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um creativity as one of the sources
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um creativity as one of the sources
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+consummation uh people don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation uh people don't just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation uh people don't just
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+
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+
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+create for no reason it's because it's
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+
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+very fulfilling to be a creative person
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+
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+may mean suffering miserably like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may mean suffering miserably like
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+
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+may mean suffering miserably like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven or any other perfectionist
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+
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+Beethoven or any other perfectionist
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+would be because you know the more you
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+haven't achieved and the more you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you haven't achieved the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you haven't achieved the more
+uh you forget how good you are to have'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you forget how good you are to have'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you forget how good you are to have'
+got that far because you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that far because you're always
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that far because you're always
+striving for something more this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striving for something more this is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+striving for something more this is
+built into the N our search for
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+ align:start position:0%
+built into the N our search for
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+
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+built into the N our search for
+creativity so that is a source not of
+
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+creativity so that is a source not of
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+
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+creativity so that is a source not of
+Happiness it's uh the pain that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happiness it's uh the pain that goes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happiness it's uh the pain that goes
+into being creative and maybe without
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+ align:start position:0%
+into being creative and maybe without
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+
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+into being creative and maybe without
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+which you can't be creative but nobody
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+which you can't be creative but nobody
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+unless at some point the act of creat
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+
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+unless at some point the act of creat
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+wonderfully consummatory wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully consummatory wonderfully
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+
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+wonderfully consummatory wonderfully
+fulfilling a wonderfully joyous maybe
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+fulfilling a wonderfully joyous maybe
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+
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+fulfilling a wonderfully joyous maybe
+the most joyous thing one can do in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most joyous thing one can do in life
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most joyous thing one can do in life
+and maybe all joy has to be explained as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe all joy has to be explained as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe all joy has to be explained as
+a certain creativity on the part of a
+
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+a certain creativity on the part of a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain creativity on the part of a
+person who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has
+it and so people who are miserable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so people who are miserable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so people who are miserable
+throughout their lives and don't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout their lives and don't ever
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout their lives and don't ever
+achieve anything will say what a pity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve anything will say what a pity
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+
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+achieve anything will say what a pity
+they never learned how to find Joy by
+
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+they never learned how to find Joy by
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+
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+they never learned how to find Joy by
+becoming
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+becoming
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+
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+becoming
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+creative they never learn the creativity
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+
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+creative they never learn the creativity
+that goes into being joy and the joy
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+that goes into being joy and the joy
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+
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+that goes into being joy and the joy
+that comes out of being
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+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of being
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+
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+that comes out of being
+creative all right that's why why that
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+ align:start position:0%
+creative all right that's why why that
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+
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+creative all right that's why why that
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+chapter
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+exists um all right now let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um all right now let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists um all right now let me get
+beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the
+book uh to talk about a n a 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh to talk about a n a 20th century
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh to talk about a n a 20th century
+philosopher who I'm sure you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who I'm sure you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who I'm sure you haven't
+heard of is h bergson b r GS o n uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of is h bergson b r GS o n uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of is h bergson b r GS o n uh and
+he was French so his first name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was French so his first name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was French so his first name is
+always given as h h n r i and Burke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always given as h h n r i and Burke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always given as h h n r i and Burke
+bergson's philosophy is a philosophy of
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+bergson's philosophy is a philosophy of
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+
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+bergson's philosophy is a philosophy of
+creativity his most famous book is a
+
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+creativity his most famous book is a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity his most famous book is a
+book called creative evolution but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called creative evolution but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called creative evolution but it's
+philosophy it's not science uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it's not science uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it's not science uh
+and in other books well that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other books well that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in other books well that one
+throughout his books particularly one
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+throughout his books particularly one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout his books particularly one
+that I'm especially f kind of called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm especially f kind of called the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm especially f kind of called the
+two sources of religion and
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+two sources of religion and
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+
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+two sources of religion and
+morality he makes the distinction
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+ align:start position:0%
+morality he makes the distinction
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+
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+morality he makes the distinction
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+between two ways of living one of which
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+
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+between two ways of living one of which
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+the world up into little pieces and all
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+the world up into little pieces and all
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+
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+analysis like in science is
+fundamentally based on that uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally based on that uh the other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally based on that uh the other
+sees things in a Flash
+
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+sees things in a Flash
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+
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+sees things in a Flash
+intuitively and in the case of morals uh
+
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+intuitively and in the case of morals uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively and in the case of morals uh
+there are there is what he calls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there is what he calls the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there is what he calls the
+close society in which there are fixed
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+ align:start position:0%
+close society in which there are fixed
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+
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+close society in which there are fixed
+rules which you learn how to live up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules which you learn how to live up to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules which you learn how to live up to
+so if you go through the red light you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go through the red light you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go through the red light you
+get a ticket and that teaches you uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a ticket and that teaches you uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a ticket and that teaches you uh if
+you get so mad at somebody who murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so mad at somebody who murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so mad at somebody who murder
+him you called that's said to be immoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him you called that's said to be immoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him you called that's said to be immoral
+because there's a rule that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a rule that you have to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a rule that you have to
+love learn which is you you mad as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love learn which is you you mad as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love learn which is you you mad as you
+are you mustn't murder your enemy I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you mustn't murder your enemy I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you mustn't murder your enemy I mean
+unless it's in Warfare where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's in Warfare where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's in Warfare where there are
+different rules but this kind of closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules but this kind of closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules but this kind of closed
+Society conveys the nature of Morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society conveys the nature of Morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society conveys the nature of Morality
+In terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of
+rules that are B related to Intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are B related to Intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are B related to Intelligence
+and Analysis but there's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Analysis but there's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Analysis but there's another way of
+living which the saint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living which the saint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living which the saint
+does which the great ethical hero does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does which the great ethical hero does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does which the great ethical hero does
+and he has a vision he just sees things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has a vision he just sees things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has a vision he just sees things
+and he spontaneously intuitively knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spontaneously intuitively knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spontaneously intuitively knows
+what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to
+do um bergson has an Aesthetics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um bergson has an Aesthetics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um bergson has an Aesthetics which
+comes out in a book of his called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out in a book of his called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out in a book of his called
+laughter and the artist comes into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughter and the artist comes into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughter and the artist comes into that
+too it's on it's on the nature of humor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too it's on it's on the nature of humor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too it's on it's on the nature of humor
+uh but it's really a philosophy of art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's really a philosophy of art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's really a philosophy of art
+uh that distinction occurs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that distinction occurs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that distinction occurs there
+too and one other thing about one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and one other thing about one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and one other thing about one other
+topic would be does creativity lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic would be does creativity lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic would be does creativity lend
+itself to one or another of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to one or another of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to one or another of these
+bergsonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+categories uh a book I published the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh a book I published the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories uh a book I published the
+same year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same year
+that feeling and Imagination came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feeling and Imagination came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that feeling and Imagination came out
+2001 is called Explorations in love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 is called Explorations in love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 is called Explorations in love and
+sex and in that I have a long chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex and in that I have a long chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sex and in that I have a long chapter on
+bergsonian ideas about um uh intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergsonian ideas about um uh intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bergsonian ideas about um uh intuition
+as a basis for identification how why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a basis for identification how why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a basis for identification how why we
+identify with other people or what um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify with other people or what um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify with other people or what um in
+the 19th century would have been called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century would have been called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century would have been called
+sympathetic um um what is it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic um um what is it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic um um what is it called
+sympathetic identification that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic identification that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic identification that we
+sympathize with each other so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathize with each other so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathize with each other so it
+explains the nature of sympathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the nature of sympathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the nature of sympathy
+compassion how you put yourself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion how you put yourself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compassion how you put yourself in
+somebody else's position how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's position how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's position how you can
+feel what another it is to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel what another it is to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel what another it is to be another
+person and how this is the basis of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and how this is the basis of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and how this is the basis of all
+morality and all creativity that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality and all creativity that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality and all creativity that's the
+19th century idea but bergon carries it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century idea but bergon carries it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century idea but bergon carries it
+out in his own way and I attack bergon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in his own way and I attack bergon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in his own way and I attack bergon
+by proposing a different way of dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by proposing a different way of dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by proposing a different way of dealing
+with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+Concepts um the next idea I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts um the next idea I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts um the next idea I don't know
+how much I'm going to be able to at it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I'm going to be able to at it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I'm going to be able to at it's
+an hour and a half it was at any moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and a half it was at any moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and a half it was at any moment
+we could take a break so tell me well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take a break so tell me well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take a break so tell me well
+I'll go on for a few more minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go on for a few more minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go on for a few more minutes and
+then we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk more
+about U time and structure how we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U time and structure how we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about U time and structure how we want
+to proceed but I'm only on number nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed but I'm only on number nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proceed but I'm only on number nine
+but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creativity as a search for Perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity as a search for Perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity as a search for Perfection
+that comes right out of PL that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes right out of PL that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes right out of PL that the
+creative person doesn't put up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative person doesn't put up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative person doesn't put up with
+second best he wants to have things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best he wants to have things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second best he wants to have things just
+right he wants to create and one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he wants to create and one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he wants to create and one reason
+he creates is because he's aware of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he creates is because he's aware of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he creates is because he's aware of how
+imperfect the world is so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect the world is so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect the world is so he
+uh the artist and the creator of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the artist and the creator of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the artist and the creator of a
+system of thought scientific or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of thought scientific or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of thought scientific or
+otherwise wants to create something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise wants to create something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise wants to create something that
+is perfect in a way that nothing in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect in a way that nothing in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect in a way that nothing in life
+is and I think that's very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I think that's very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I think that's very closely
+related to the nature of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the nature of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the nature of mathematical
+creativity because mathematics is in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity because mathematics is in by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity because mathematics is in by
+Nature abstract uh Michael did I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature abstract uh Michael did I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature abstract uh Michael did I ask you
+what your field is I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your field is I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your field is I think I've
+forgotten I am a computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten I am a computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten I am a computer science
+computer science you didn't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you didn't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you didn't tell me
+today did you uh okay so I hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today did you uh okay so I hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today did you uh okay so I hadn't
+forgotten I'm glad um well with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten I'm glad um well with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten I'm glad um well with all of
+you you know the nature of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know the nature of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know the nature of mathematics
+that it's based on pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's based on pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's based on pure
+abstractions well being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions well being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions well being
+pure it's not like the world the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure it's not like the world the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure it's not like the world the real
+world it's a kind of perfection it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's a kind of perfection it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's a kind of perfection it's
+what the world real world would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the world real world would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the world real world would be like
+if it were um immaterial and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were um immaterial and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were um immaterial and based on
+Concepts that a mathematician can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that a mathematician can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that a mathematician can
+manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate
+to great in a great in abstraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to great in a great in abstraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to great in a great in abstraction and
+with a concern about Perfect Purity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a concern about Perfect Purity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a concern about Perfect Purity and
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+perfection so that too becomes a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection so that too becomes a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection so that too becomes a theory
+about the nature of creativity and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of creativity and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of creativity and my
+question is is that what the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that what the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is that what the world is
+like I hadn't thought about this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I hadn't thought about this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I hadn't thought about this very
+much until I began working on the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much until I began working on the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much until I began working on the book
+that I told you about that's coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I told you about that's coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I told you about that's coming out
+this next month or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next month or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next month or
+so it's called Uh three philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called Uh three philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called Uh three philosophical
+filmmakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers
+Hitchcock Wells Orson Wells you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock Wells Orson Wells you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock Wells Orson Wells you all know
+Hitchcock Orson Wells and Jean renois
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock Orson Wells and Jean renois
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock Orson Wells and Jean renois
+you probably don't know does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't know does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't know does anybody
+know the films of Jean renoa uh whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the films of Jean renoa uh whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the films of Jean renoa uh whom
+Orson WS called called the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson WS called called the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orson WS called called the greatest
+filmmaker uh he was French and he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker uh he was French and he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker uh he was French and he's very
+well known revered in France uh he um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known revered in France uh he um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known revered in France uh he um he
+died some time ago 20 years ago maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died some time ago 20 years ago maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died some time ago 20 years ago maybe
+what it was 1979 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was 1979 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was 1979 1980
+um but he still remembered as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he still remembered as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but he still remembered as one of
+their greatest and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their greatest and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their greatest and he
+um one reason I wanted to write about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one reason I wanted to write about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one reason I wanted to write about
+him besides my loving his work is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him besides my loving his work is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him besides my loving his work is that
+he wrote a good deal of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a good deal of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a good deal of film
+theory in a book it's collected in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in a book it's collected in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in a book it's collected in a
+book called renoa on renois oh he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called renoa on renois oh he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called renoa on renois oh he's the
+son of the painter not that not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son of the painter not that not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son of the painter not that not um
+Pierre AUST Renoir but his son Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre AUST Renoir but his son Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre AUST Renoir but his son Jean
+Renoir uh and in on renoa renoa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renoir uh and in on renoa renoa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renoir uh and in on renoa renoa and
+renois he says in one place the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renois he says in one place the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renois he says in one place the big
+trouble with the modern world and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the modern world and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the modern world and its
+mediocrity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocrity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocrity is that
+everybody is in search of perfection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is in search of perfection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is in search of perfection and
+I was startled well isn't everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was startled well isn't everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was startled well isn't everybody
+Plato says he is it is the modern idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato says he is it is the modern idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plato says he is it is the modern idea
+uh and what's wrong with that are are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what's wrong with that are are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what's wrong with that are are we
+supposed to be slip shot and not do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be slip shot and not do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be slip shot and not do the
+best we can uh and and Renoir has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we can uh and and Renoir has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we can uh and and Renoir has this
+marvelous discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marvelous discussion
+which sort of took took the uh the veil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of took took the uh the veil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of took took the uh the veil
+off my eyes I suddenly saw things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off my eyes I suddenly saw things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off my eyes I suddenly saw things
+differently and how brilliant and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and how brilliant and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and how brilliant and right
+he is he says if you want to be perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is he says if you want to be perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is he says if you want to be perfect
+what you do is you limit yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you limit yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you limit yourself to
+something that lends itself to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that lends itself to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that lends itself to that and
+for him that's danger in technology he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him that's danger in technology he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him that's danger in technology he
+writes a great deal about the danger to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes a great deal about the danger to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes a great deal about the danger to
+human nature human values of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature human values of Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature human values of Technology
+because he say by its very nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he say by its very nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he say by its very nature
+technology is always limited to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is always limited to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is always limited to one
+abstract aspect though it's not purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract aspect though it's not purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract aspect though it's not purely
+abstract it's related to material world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it's related to material world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it's related to material world
+that we can improve that we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can improve that we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can improve that we can make
+perfect but the world is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but the world is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but the world is not like
+that human beings are creatures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings are creatures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings are creatures of
+feelings and emotions and ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and emotions and ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and emotions and ideas and
+they're finite uh we are all imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're finite uh we are all imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're finite uh we are all imperfect
+the world is imperfect what one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is imperfect what one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is imperfect what one has to
+do is to transcend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to transcend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to transcend
+to search for Perfection and to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search for Perfection and to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search for Perfection and to learn
+how to live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to live with
+imperfection uh he is not against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection uh he is not against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection uh he is not against
+technology in fact he says in one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in fact he says in one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in fact he says in one place
+you know why my father was such a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why my father was such a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why my father was such a great
+painter uh it's because and why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter uh it's because and why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter uh it's because and why the
+school of impressionism came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of impressionism came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of impressionism came into
+existence when it did in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence when it did in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence when it did in the middle of
+the 19th century it's because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century it's because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century it's because uh
+technology discovered a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology discovered a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology discovered a way of
+transporting paints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting paints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting paints
+before uh paint was always produced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh paint was always produced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh paint was always produced in
+great big jars and so painter couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great big jars and so painter couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great big jars and so painter couldn't
+move them he had to work in the studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them he had to work in the studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them he had to work in the studio
+then through technology somebody created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then through technology somebody created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then through technology somebody created
+a way of putting them into the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of putting them into the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of putting them into the little
+tubes or a little pots and so a painter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes or a little pots and so a painter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes or a little pots and so a painter
+could put all the tubes he wanted into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put all the tubes he wanted into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put all the tubes he wanted into a
+napsack and go off into the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack and go off into the country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack and go off into the country and
+paint the landscape and out of that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the landscape and out of that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint the landscape and out of that came
+landscape painting and impressionism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape painting and impressionism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape painting and impressionism and
+that's it's wonderful that's the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's wonderful that's the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's wonderful that's the way to
+use technology the danger is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use technology the danger is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use technology the danger is when
+technology takes over and fools you into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology takes over and fools you into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology takes over and fools you into
+thinking that you're really achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you're really achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that you're really achieving
+something because you can do it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you can do it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you can do it better
+than anyone else you can do it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anyone else you can do it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anyone else you can do it to
+Perfection so that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection so that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection so that uh you
+become um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become um a
+tech um nerd is it but no it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech um nerd is it but no it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech um nerd is it but no it's not just
+there's another pH a tech um anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another pH a tech um anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another pH a tech um anyway you
+get the idea you become a techie who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea you become a techie who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea you become a techie who
+thinks that the the mission in life for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that the the mission in life for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that the the mission in life for
+any creative person is to cut down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any creative person is to cut down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any creative person is to cut down the
+time for getting you your email uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for getting you your email uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for getting you your email uh or
+get a get a um a system that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a get a um a system that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a get a um a system that works
+faster than any other that's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than any other that's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than any other that's wonderful
+and you know I too would like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I too would like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I too would like to have
+instantaneous email uh without paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous email uh without paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous email uh without paying
+for DSL uh that's marvelous and I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DSL uh that's marvelous and I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DSL uh that's marvelous and I love
+my the technology of my computer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the technology of my computer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my the technology of my computer the
+danger is if you do nothing but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is if you do nothing but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger is if you do nothing but that
+then you're missing out on a good deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're missing out on a good deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're missing out on a good deal
+of what makes life worth living and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes life worth living and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what makes life worth living and I
+began to see this discussion of renoa as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to see this discussion of renoa as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to see this discussion of renoa as
+a really very important insight into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really very important insight into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really very important insight into the
+nature of creativity so that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of creativity so that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of creativity so that's what's
+number nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number nine
+um oh he says you know if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh he says you know if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh he says you know if you're a
+painter and you want to be creative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter and you want to be creative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter and you want to be creative you
+can be like the academic painters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like the academic painters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like the academic painters the
+court painters uh the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court painters uh the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court painters uh the historical
+painters uh who are so boring who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters uh who are so boring who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters uh who are so boring who uh
+give you scenes that show uh armies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you scenes that show uh armies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you scenes that show uh armies um
+in the in the field or some official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the field or some official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the field or some official
+occasion some official painting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion some official painting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion some official painting because
+they could make a hand to Perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make a hand to Perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make a hand to Perfection
+they could make uh the end a sword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make uh the end a sword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make uh the end a sword
+looking just like a sword and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking just like a sword and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking just like a sword and
+wonderfully realistic perfect uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully realistic perfect uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully realistic perfect uh who
+would question that this this sword is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would question that this this sword is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would question that this this sword is
+the best that one can make and but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that one can make and but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that one can make and but then
+when you have a painting that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a painting that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a painting that's just
+like that does nothing else it's boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that does nothing else it's boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that does nothing else it's boring
+it's uninteresting it's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uninteresting it's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uninteresting it's not good
+art but that's what technology makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art but that's what technology makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art but that's what technology makes
+available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the next point is the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next point is the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next point is the question of
+time some people say that inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some people say that inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some people say that inspiration
+comes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in a
+Flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flash
+um it um isn't something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it um isn't something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it um isn't something that happens
+over a period of time and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time and I think that's
+a fundamental mistake I think one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental mistake I think one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fundamental mistake I think one in a
+sense learns to be inspired that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense learns to be inspired that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense learns to be inspired that one
+create to be creative one has to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create to be creative one has to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create to be creative one has to learn
+how to endure with some problem some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to endure with some problem some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to endure with some problem some
+possibility some idea over a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility some idea over a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility some idea over a period of
+time maybe that's related to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe that's related to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time maybe that's related to the fact
+that I have to go through all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to go through all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have to go through all those
+drafts because I change every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts because I change every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts because I change every time I
+make a draft or think of something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a draft or think of something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a draft or think of something I've
+changed and therefore when I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and therefore when I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and therefore when I go back to
+it it doesn't look to me like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't look to me like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't look to me like any
+anymore to me doesn't look like me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore to me doesn't look like me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore to me doesn't look like me
+anymore and in that process of living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and in that process of living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and in that process of living in
+time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I
+learn what it is that I need to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what it is that I need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what it is that I need to do in
+order to be creative to whatever extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be creative to whatever extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be creative to whatever extent
+I'm able so that if you're uninspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able so that if you're uninspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able so that if you're uninspired
+you can't be creative but you mustn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be creative but you mustn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't be creative but you mustn't
+hope to be inspired in a Flash there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to be inspired in a Flash there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to be inspired in a Flash there may
+be occasional flashes but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be occasional flashes but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be occasional flashes but they're
+isolated and the use of them takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and the use of them takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and the use of them takes time
+and so one has to learn what the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one has to learn what the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one has to learn what the what's
+has to discover what's the relation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to discover what's the relation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to discover what's the relation with
+learning through time and having being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning through time and having being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning through time and having being
+creative uh uh in terms of whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh uh in terms of whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative uh uh in terms of whatever it
+is you're dealing with now when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're dealing with now when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're dealing with now when I
+started talking about this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about this last
+year in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in the
+class um I went on in the way that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um I went on in the way that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um I went on in the way that I do
+uh and it hurts me what I'm really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it hurts me what I'm really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it hurts me what I'm really do
+dealing with here is the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here is the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here is the theory of
+Education this is a philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education this is a philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education this is a philosophy of
+education so I wrote it all out in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so I wrote it all out in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so I wrote it all out in my
+notes and that's just what it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and that's just what it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and that's just what it is it's a
+philosophy of education how do we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of education how do we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of education how do we learn
+oh course that will take time how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh course that will take time how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh course that will take time how does
+time affect our ability to learn and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time affect our ability to learn and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time affect our ability to learn and if
+you know how time affects learning then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how time affects learning then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how time affects learning then
+you will know how it is that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will know how it is that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will know how it is that one can
+teach because and what I ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach because and what I ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach because and what I ended up with
+is where I started with with those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I started with with those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I started with with those those
+of you who are here um I'm not a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are here um I'm not a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are here um I'm not a teacher
+because all I can do is help my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I can do is help my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I can do is help my students
+learn for themselves by seeing how I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn for themselves by seeing how I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn for themselves by seeing how I've
+learned maybe that's my kind of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned maybe that's my kind of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned maybe that's my kind of teaching
+but it's not as if I have a message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as if I have a message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as if I have a message to
+part in part in the case of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in part in the case of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part in part in the case of engineering
+and a great deal of science you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a great deal of science you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a great deal of science you have to
+teach that way not my way if you taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach that way not my way if you taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach that way not my way if you taught
+my way the bridge would fall down time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way the bridge would fall down time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way the bridge would fall down time
+and again you've got to learn what has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you've got to learn what has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you've got to learn what has
+been established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been established
+uh on the basis of a lot of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the basis of a lot of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the basis of a lot of experience
+experimentation trial and error by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation trial and error by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation trial and error by
+people who are highly trained to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are highly trained to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are highly trained to be
+expert in that field and the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in that field and the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in that field and the student
+inevitably at some point comes in uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably at some point comes in uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably at some point comes in uh as
+a blank sheet the tabasa and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank sheet the tabasa and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blank sheet the tabasa and the
+teacher gives him information that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher gives him information that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher gives him information that's
+great that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that's
+wonderful um it's a it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um it's a it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um it's a it's a it's a
+different kind of teaching from anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of teaching from anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of teaching from anything
+that I do or is I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do or is I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do or is I think most
+philosophers when they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers when they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers when they're doing
+philosophy and it enables you to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and it enables you to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and it enables you to teach
+yourself whatever you want to know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself whatever you want to know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself whatever you want to know by
+seeing learning from the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing learning from the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing learning from the experience of
+somebody who has gone through this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has gone through this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who has gone through this but
+won't be directly imparting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be directly imparting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be directly imparting
+his truths to you but rather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his truths to you but rather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his truths to you but rather the
+capacity to find your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to find your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to find your own
+truths all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths all
+right um well there's a lot more to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um well there's a lot more to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um well there's a lot more to be
+said so we'll come back to it next in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so we'll come back to it next in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so we'll come back to it next in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+U book I mentioned the harmony of Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U book I mentioned the harmony of Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U book I mentioned the harmony of Nature
+and spirit I have several P chapters on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spirit I have several P chapters on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spirit I have several P chapters on
+uh happiness nature of Happiness one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh happiness nature of Happiness one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh happiness nature of Happiness one of
+which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um Beyond The Suffering in life I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Beyond The Suffering in life I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Beyond The Suffering in life I
+think it is it's the first of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is it's the first of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is it's the first of several
+chapters that end up with a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters that end up with a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters that end up with a theory of
+happiness and what I developed there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness and what I developed there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness and what I developed there is
+the idea that um what's fundamental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that um what's fundamental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that um what's fundamental in
+happiness is the ability to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness is the ability to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness is the ability to accept
+ourselves as vegetative creatures not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as vegetative creatures not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as vegetative creatures not
+just rational thinking conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rational thinking conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rational thinking conceptual
+creatures but as vegetative as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures but as vegetative as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures but as vegetative as sort of
+walking plants at mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking plants at mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking plants at mobile
+plants and that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and that um
+or other plants trees uh are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other plants trees uh are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other plants trees uh are sort of
+stable um vegetables whereas we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable um vegetables whereas we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable um vegetables whereas we're
+mobile vegetables by that I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile vegetables by that I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile vegetables by that I don't mean
+there were nothing but that but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were nothing but that but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were nothing but that but that is
+fundamental in us and I always point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in us and I always point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in us and I always point out
+at this moment and throughout my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment and throughout my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment and throughout my life
+through most of my life there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through most of my life there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through most of my life there are
+vegetative processes going on digestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative processes going on digestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative processes going on digestive
+processes going on in me which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes going on in me which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes going on in me which I'm not
+at all aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all aware of
+and without them I wouldn't exist but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without them I wouldn't exist but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without them I wouldn't exist but
+they are what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are what I
+am in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am in
+part it's only a question of whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's only a question of whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's only a question of whether you
+accept yourself as vegetative or feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept yourself as vegetative or feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept yourself as vegetative or feel
+embarrassed by that or or um uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed by that or or um uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed by that or or um uh for
+religious reasons consider that uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious reasons consider that uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious reasons consider that uh an
+evil or the body that is the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil or the body that is the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil or the body that is the basis of
+vegetation consider it evil or harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation consider it evil or harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation consider it evil or harmful
+or or less than ideal and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or less than ideal and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or less than ideal and to be
+contrasted with something else that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with something else that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with something else that you
+call spiritual or Soulful and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call spiritual or Soulful and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call spiritual or Soulful and I think
+that's a fundamental mistake I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fundamental mistake I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fundamental mistake I think you
+can go beyond the V vegetative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go beyond the V vegetative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go beyond the V vegetative but
+unless you accept yourself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you accept yourself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you accept yourself as a
+vegetative being you're not probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative being you're not probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative being you're not probably
+going to be very happy in the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very happy in the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very happy in the world so
+that becomes the basis of those chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes the basis of those chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes the basis of those chapters
+that leads on to a lot of other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads on to a lot of other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads on to a lot of other things
+on the nature of happiness but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nature of happiness but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nature of happiness but the idea
+that since has occurred to me is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since has occurred to me is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since has occurred to me is what
+I'm really talking about is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really talking about is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really talking about is the nature
+of creativity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creativity because
+creativity would require a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity would require a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity would require a kind of
+acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance of
+yourself and what is the nature of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and what is the nature of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and what is the nature of that
+acceptance and then that takes me into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and then that takes me into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and then that takes me into
+all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of
+analyses one of which I'll just touch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses one of which I'll just touch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses one of which I'll just touch on
+um which is um neech's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is um neech's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is um neech's
+idea of for the Superman the Superman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of for the Superman the Superman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of for the Superman the Superman is
+somebody who accepts himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who accepts himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who accepts himself
+who has a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a kind of
+selflove that has often been denigrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selflove that has often been denigrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selflove that has often been denigrated
+it's a great enemy that n attacks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great enemy that n attacks all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great enemy that n attacks all
+the time is Christianity his father was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time is Christianity his father was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time is Christianity his father was
+a pro Protestant Minister and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pro Protestant Minister and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pro Protestant Minister and uh this
+his attack on Christianity was somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his attack on Christianity was somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his attack on Christianity was somehow
+related to his emancipation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to his emancipation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to his emancipation from
+parental influence I'm sure but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental influence I'm sure but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental influence I'm sure but in any
+event he attacks Christianity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event he attacks Christianity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event he attacks Christianity because
+Christianity tells us to think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity tells us to think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity tells us to think in the
+spirit uh in terms of our soul is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit uh in terms of our soul is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit uh in terms of our soul is
+something separate from the body uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something separate from the body uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something separate from the body uh
+whereas n wants to teach people how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas n wants to teach people how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas n wants to teach people how to
+enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy
+life to enjoy all of life and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to enjoy all of life and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to enjoy all of life and all of
+being and that's what he means by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and that's what he means by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and that's what he means by the
+superman above all the Superman as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superman above all the Superman as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superman above all the Superman as it
+turns out uh people realize this after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out uh people realize this after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out uh people realize this after
+he's dead because the fragments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's dead because the fragments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's dead because the fragments that
+show what he was that going towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what he was that going towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what he was that going towards
+hadn't yet been published the Superman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't yet been published the Superman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't yet been published the Superman
+is the artist the artist is the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the artist the artist is the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the artist the artist is the person
+who truly enjoys being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who truly enjoys being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who truly enjoys being
+alive uh and he is does this because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive uh and he is does this because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive uh and he is does this because he
+loves being what he is he selflove then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves being what he is he selflove then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves being what he is he selflove then
+gets to be this um activity that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be this um activity that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be this um activity that is
+essential for enjoying life and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for enjoying life and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for enjoying life and for
+being an artist and though nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an artist and though nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an artist and though nature
+doesn't develop it and that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't develop it and that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't develop it and that I haven't
+got around developing it well enough is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got around developing it well enough is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got around developing it well enough is
+that that's what happens in creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what happens in creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what happens in creativity
+to be creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creative
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+to have enough self assurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have enough self assurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have enough self assurance
+confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+self-love that you will then go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-love that you will then go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-love that you will then go ahead
+and do something which the rest will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something which the rest will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something which the rest will see
+as being very original very creative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being very original very creative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being very original very creative but
+you're really showing yourself forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really showing yourself forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really showing yourself forth
+that's my point and the point there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my point and the point there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my point and the point there is
+that this is different from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is different from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is different from being
+selfish which is another concept uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish which is another concept uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish which is another concept uh but
+and it isn't guarantee that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it isn't guarantee that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it isn't guarantee that you're going
+to be creative but creativity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creative but creativity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creative but creativity will
+somehow be related to that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be related to that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow be related to that and that's
+what we need to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to work
+at when I was coming over I thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when I was coming over I thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when I was coming over I thought of
+something which is and let me just throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is and let me just throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is and let me just throw
+it out and I'll be repeating myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and I'll be repeating myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and I'll be repeating myself a
+lot I guess uh Herbert vkaran you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I guess uh Herbert vkaran you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot I guess uh Herbert vkaran you know
+who he is you know who's the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who he is you know who's the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who he is you know who's the great
+conductor oh you were nodding uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor oh you were nodding uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor oh you were nodding uh you
+don't know he he was a great Orchestra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know he he was a great Orchestra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know he he was a great Orchestra
+conductor the Berlin Berlin philarmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the Berlin Berlin philarmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the Berlin Berlin philarmonic
+he died I don't know 10 or 15 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died I don't know 10 or 15 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he died I don't know 10 or 15 years ago
+um he when at his height he and Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he when at his height he and Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he when at his height he and Leonard
+Bernstein were considered the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein were considered the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein were considered the two
+greatest conductors in the world they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest conductors in the world they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest conductors in the world they're
+very different but van caran was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different but van caran was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different but van caran was a great
+very great conductor and uh someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very great conductor and uh someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very great conductor and uh someone
+asked him in an interview that I saw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him in an interview that I saw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him in an interview that I saw on
+television what when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television what when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television what when you're
+conducting aren't you afraid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting aren't you afraid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting aren't you afraid that
+suddenly the orchestra will fall apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the orchestra will fall apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the orchestra will fall apart
+and there were these difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were these difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were these difficult
+coordinations that you was the conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations that you was the conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations that you was the conductor
+trying to elicit out of them that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to elicit out of them that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to elicit out of them that it
+won't work somehow all of a sudden isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work somehow all of a sudden isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work somehow all of a sudden isn't
+it always precarious and he said oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always precarious and he said oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always precarious and he said oh yes
+it is always precarious who can tell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always precarious who can tell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always precarious who can tell but
+when I was young uh my father taught me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young uh my father taught me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was young uh my father taught me
+how to ride a horse and here I was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to ride a horse and here I was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to ride a horse and here I was this
+young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+fellow and I think uh he taught him how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow and I think uh he taught him how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow and I think uh he taught him how
+to do hurdles how to jump hurdles with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do hurdles how to jump hurdles with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do hurdles how to jump hurdles with a
+horse and here was this great big animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse and here was this great big animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse and here was this great big animal
+that I was sitting on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was sitting on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was sitting on top
+of and he could have run away with me he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and he could have run away with me he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and he could have run away with me he
+could have done anything he could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done anything he could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done anything he could have
+rolled over and killed me or fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled over and killed me or fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled over and killed me or fall
+anything could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything could have
+happened but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but then I
+learned that at the moment that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that at the moment that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that at the moment that you want
+the horse to do something like jump a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horse to do something like jump a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horse to do something like jump a
+hurdle all you have to do is to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle all you have to do is to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle all you have to do is to sort of
+give yourself to the experience you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself to the experience you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself to the experience you have
+to accept your involvement in this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept your involvement in this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept your involvement in this you
+have to have faith in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have faith in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have faith in the
+horse and if you have that kind of faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse and if you have that kind of faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse and if you have that kind of faith
+in the horse and faith in yourself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Horseman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horseman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horseman
+then it'll happen he'll he he will jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll happen he'll he he will jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll happen he'll he he will jump
+the hurdle and the same thing is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurdle and the same thing is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hurdle and the same thing is true
+about the orchestra that I conduct with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the orchestra that I conduct with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the orchestra that I conduct with
+a great deal of this feeling that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal of this feeling that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great deal of this feeling that I know
+what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm
+doing this self-confidence self-mastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this self-confidence self-mastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this self-confidence self-mastery
+and of of course particularly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of of course particularly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of of course particularly with the
+Berlin philarmonic which were very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin philarmonic which were very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berlin philarmonic which were very very
+highly trained uh they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly trained uh they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly trained uh they were
+traditionally and up to the present the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally and up to the present the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally and up to the present the
+Exquisite masterful musicians everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exquisite masterful musicians everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exquisite masterful musicians everybody
+in that Orchestra because they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Orchestra because they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that Orchestra because they could
+have done it probably without V caran at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it probably without V caran at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it probably without V caran at
+the end uh he had trained them so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end uh he had trained them so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end uh he had trained them so much
+but in any event um he had this Faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event um he had this Faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any event um he had this Faith
+which is based on a self-confidence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is based on a self-confidence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is based on a self-confidence I
+think that's what n was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what n was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what n was talking about
+for the Superman the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Superman the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Superman the
+Superman shows himself forth he he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman shows himself forth he he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman shows himself forth he he knows
+where he belongs to the world and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he belongs to the world and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he belongs to the world and he
+goes and that's fundamental in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and that's fundamental in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and that's fundamental in
+creativity and the creativity of anaran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and the creativity of anaran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity and the creativity of anaran
+I think is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is related to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um next the idea that creativity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next the idea that creativity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next the idea that creativity is a
+function of problem solving all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of problem solving all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of problem solving all of you
+at MIT live in terms of problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT live in terms of problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT live in terms of problem solving
+a good of analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good of analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good of analytical
+philosopher consists in the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher consists in the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher consists in the creation of
+abstract philosophical problems as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract philosophical problems as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract philosophical problems as as
+problems and then the philosophies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then the philosophies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then the philosophies the
+analysis cons consists in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis cons consists in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis cons consists in a kind of
+problem solving so it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving so it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving so it's sort of a
+mimicry of what you do as scientists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry of what you do as scientists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry of what you do as scientists in
+problems having problem sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems having problem sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems having problem sets and
+organizing scientific think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing scientific think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing scientific think in terms of
+the solving of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solving of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solving of
+problems my my own feeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems my my own feeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems my my own feeling is
+that this gets at the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this gets at the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this gets at the nature of
+creativity from the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity from the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity from the wrong
+angle that problem solving makes it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that problem solving makes it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that problem solving makes it the
+experience look purely cognitive and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience look purely cognitive and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience look purely cognitive and out
+of this arises not just cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arises not just cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this arises not just cognitive
+science which is a great development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which is a great development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which is a great development
+that MIT is especially part can be proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT is especially part can be proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT is especially part can be proud
+of because so much of it happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because so much of it happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because so much of it happened here
+but as a philosophy and that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a philosophy and that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a philosophy and that I think is
+wrong that the creativity that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that the creativity that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that the creativity that goes into
+science even cognitive science is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science even cognitive science is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science even cognitive science is more
+than just cognitive it's a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just cognitive it's a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just cognitive it's a function of
+the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+organism uh it's it's not the Mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism uh it's it's not the Mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism uh it's it's not the Mind
+operating in isolation it's not the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in isolation it's not the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in isolation it's not the mind
+as direct and a direct expression of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as direct and a direct expression of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as direct and a direct expression of the
+brain the brain exists in a body the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the brain exists in a body the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the brain exists in a body the
+body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is
+vegetative motor animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative motor animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetative motor animal
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+cognitive uh it's not just simply u a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive uh it's not just simply u a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive uh it's not just simply u a
+function of what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what's happening in the
+brain though the brain is the pilot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain though the brain is the pilot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain though the brain is the pilot and
+very important in many ways uh to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in many ways uh to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in many ways uh to one
+needs a more holistic view of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a more holistic view of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a more holistic view of creativity
+in order to explain it and that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to explain it and that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to explain it and that is not
+given if you're thinking only in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given if you're thinking only in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given if you're thinking only in terms
+of problem solving as the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem solving as the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem solving as the nature of
+creativity this doesn't denitrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity this doesn't denitrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity this doesn't denitrate the
+importance of problem solving that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of problem solving that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of problem solving that's one
+of the ways in which you in the doing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways in which you in the doing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways in which you in the doing of
+that you can be creative or uncreative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can be creative or uncreative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can be creative or uncreative
+but if you are creative it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are creative it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are creative it's because
+you're doing more than just problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing more than just problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing more than just problem
+solving your whole organism is engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving your whole organism is engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving your whole organism is engaged
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+that do that make sense well we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+13 uh the expressiveness of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 uh the expressiveness of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 uh the expressiveness of of
+speech um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech um
+as an element in creativity there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an element in creativity there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an element in creativity there is a
+line of U in a famous poem uh by Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of U in a famous poem uh by Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of U in a famous poem uh by Thomas
+Gray in the 18th century about mute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gray in the 18th century about mute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gray in the 18th century about mute in
+glorious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorious
+Miltons uh you know that phrase perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miltons uh you know that phrase perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miltons uh you know that phrase perhaps
+mutant glorious Miltons Milton was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant glorious Miltons Milton was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant glorious Miltons Milton was the
+great uh early 17th century poet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh early 17th century poet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh early 17th century poet
+Paradise Lost and Gray's point is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Lost and Gray's point is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Lost and Gray's point is who
+knows how many Miltons existed but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how many Miltons existed but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how many Miltons existed but they
+never learned how to write or read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never learned how to write or read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never learned how to write or read and
+so they're mute they didn't learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're mute they didn't learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're mute they didn't learn how to
+how to act as poets and they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to act as poets and they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to act as poets and they're in
+glorious because you you'll never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorious because you you'll never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorious because you you'll never have
+heard of them they could be a farm boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of them they could be a farm boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of them they could be a farm boy
+or or a p a butcher boy or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a p a butcher boy or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a p a butcher boy or something
+like that uh but still they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh but still they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh but still they could be
+Geniuses without us knowing it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geniuses without us knowing it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geniuses without us knowing it and so
+they're mute and glorious Geniuses like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mute and glorious Geniuses like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mute and glorious Geniuses like
+Milton well I'm sure there are Geniuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton well I'm sure there are Geniuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton well I'm sure there are Geniuses
+who died too young or never were given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died too young or never were given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who died too young or never were given a
+chance to bring out their genius that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to bring out their genius that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to bring out their genius that's
+the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of
+egalitarian uh Universal education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian uh Universal education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian uh Universal education and
+that's that's what I you know believe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what I you know believe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what I you know believe as
+my religion the importance of democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my religion the importance of democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my religion the importance of democracy
+as an acceptance of every human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an acceptance of every human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an acceptance of every human being
+and it's a slogan that's used now it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a slogan that's used now it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a slogan that's used now it is
+No Child Left Behind as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No Child Left Behind as a matter of fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No Child Left Behind as a matter of fact
+doesn't work out that way but being true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work out that way but being true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work out that way but being true
+to that is an for me that's the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that is an for me that's the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that is an for me that's the ideal
+from being really true to that is for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being really true to that is for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being really true to that is for me
+a religious devotion in which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a religious devotion in which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a religious devotion in which I'm
+imperfect of course but that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect of course but that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect of course but that means a
+great deal to me but it doesn't follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal to me but it doesn't follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal to me but it doesn't follow
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+um just being mutant and in glorious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just being mutant and in glorious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just being mutant and in glorious
+glorious in glorious will make you into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorious in glorious will make you into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glorious in glorious will make you into
+a Milton or explain creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Milton or explain creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Milton or explain creativity
+creativity comes from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity comes from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity comes from something
+else and it itself there may be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and it itself there may be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and it itself there may be at least
+a kind of creativity results in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of creativity results in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of creativity results in the
+ability to express so that brings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to express so that brings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to express so that brings in the
+aesthetic question relevant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic question relevant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic question relevant in the
+philosophy of art what is the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of art what is the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of art what is the nature of
+expression and that's an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that's an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and that's an enormous
+problem and I really will say only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I really will say only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I really will say only one
+line about it we talk about um uh music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line about it we talk about um uh music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line about it we talk about um uh music
+expressing feelings what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing feelings what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing feelings what do we mean by
+that uh creativity may be a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh creativity may be a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh creativity may be a function of
+expression but then one has to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but then one has to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but then one has to show how
+and as I say I I shouldn't try to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I say I I shouldn't try to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I say I I shouldn't try to open
+that cat burs at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we only have a few minutes left so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we only have a few minutes left so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we only have a few minutes left so we
+only have a few minutes left so okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a few minutes left so okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have a few minutes left so okay um
+oh it's almost 4 o' then why do I stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's almost 4 o' then why do I stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's almost 4 o' then why do I stop
+right there that'll give you an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there that'll give you an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there that'll give you an idea of
+some of the topics now my Hope was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the topics now my Hope was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the topics now my Hope was in
+instead of My Talking endlessly which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of My Talking endlessly which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of My Talking endlessly which
+I'm perfectly able to do but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm perfectly able to do but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm perfectly able to do but um
+shouldn't it would help if each of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it would help if each of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't it would help if each of you
+took one chapter of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one chapter of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one chapter of my
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+and read all of you I want I hope will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read all of you I want I hope will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read all of you I want I hope will
+read it you'll find that very the re the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you'll find that very the re the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you'll find that very the re the
+writing the style is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the style is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the style is very very
+accessible and uh particularly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and uh particularly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and uh particularly with the
+preparation I've been giving you and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation I've been giving you and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation I've been giving you and uh
+the chapters are short so there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapters are short so there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapters are short so there isn't
+too much to read but so I I expect each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much to read but so I I expect each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much to read but so I I expect each
+of you to do it each week by week but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you to do it each week by week but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you to do it each week by week but if
+one of you could take a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you could take a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you could take a special
+responsibility and really think hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and really think hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and really think hard
+about how to tear it apart how to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to tear it apart how to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to tear it apart how to attack
+me how to show its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how to show its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how to show its
+inadequacies all of which can be done I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacies all of which can be done I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequacies all of which can be done I
+assure you and uh my uh I will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure you and uh my uh I will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure you and uh my uh I will learn
+because that's the only way you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way you learn
+I I say attack to be humorous but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I say attack to be humorous but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I say attack to be humorous but I
+think it's only by being criticized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's only by being criticized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's only by being criticized that
+you really make any advances in life if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really make any advances in life if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really make any advances in life if
+you're attacked the uh maliciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're attacked the uh maliciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're attacked the uh maliciously
+that's no good but if somebody really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good but if somebody really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good but if somebody really
+can show you where you go wrong or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you where you go wrong or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show you where you go wrong or or
+where you might reconsider that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might reconsider that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might reconsider that's the
+way you develop and that's in my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you develop and that's in my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you develop and that's in my own
+case as I told you I've written all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as I told you I've written all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as I told you I've written all
+these books and it's only by attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books and it's only by attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books and it's only by attacking
+myself or being criticized by others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself or being criticized by others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself or being criticized by others so
+that one has to cultivate that capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to cultivate that capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to cultivate that capacity
+uh but it also will help you by you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it also will help you by you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it also will help you by you here
+you have me in front of you uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have me in front of you uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have me in front of you uh and
+showing how one can go beyond me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how one can go beyond me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how one can go beyond me or
+against me or undermine what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me or undermine what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against me or undermine what I'm saying
+will help you to develop your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you to develop your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help you to develop your own
+originality I don't want you just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality I don't want you just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality I don't want you just to
+summarize or or agreed agreed too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize or or agreed agreed too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize or or agreed agreed too
+readily or necessarily agree at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily or necessarily agree at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily or necessarily agree at all so
+is that acceptable to the class who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that acceptable to the class who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that acceptable to the class who's
+going to do the first week uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the first week uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the first week uh which is
+automatic I'll tell you what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic I'll tell you what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic I'll tell you what's in the
+first week There's the preface there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first week There's the preface there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first week There's the preface there's a
+chapter called affective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter called affective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter called affective
+attachment um which is related to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment um which is related to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment um which is related to a very
+important theme throughout the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important theme throughout the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important theme throughout the course
+that I haven't much turn turned to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't much turn turned to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't much turn turned to and
+that is the relationship between feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the relationship between feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the relationship between feeling
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+cognition and the whole cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and the whole cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and the whole cognitive
+Revolution that we've just been through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution that we've just been through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution that we've just been through
+and my suggesting we take another tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my suggesting we take another tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my suggesting we take another tack
+um that's effective attachment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's effective attachment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's effective attachment and then
+in comes the philosophy of love some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comes the philosophy of love some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comes the philosophy of love some of
+which you've already learned about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you've already learned about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you've already learned about uh
+the second chapter so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second chapter so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second chapter so there's a
+preface that effective attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface that effective attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface that effective attachment
+chapter which is either one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which is either one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which is either one or
+introduction or something and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction or something and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction or something and then the
+next chapter which is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next chapter which is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next chapter which is on
+imagination uh that that's Pages 1X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh that that's Pages 1X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh that that's Pages 1X to
+58 on on the syllabus so it's not a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 on on the syllabus so it's not a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 on on the syllabus so it's not a lot
+of pages but I want all of you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages but I want all of you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages but I want all of you to think
+about it of course but one person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it of course but one person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it of course but one person in
+particular think hard about it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular think hard about it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular think hard about it and then
+we'll all be able to discuss it next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all be able to discuss it next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll all be able to discuss it next
+time given that preparation in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given that preparation in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given that preparation in the next
+four weeks you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four weeks you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four weeks you'll have a
+basis at least in my way of approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis at least in my way of approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis at least in my way of approaching
+the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of
+creativity uh from any point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh from any point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh from any point of view and
+and also ideas about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also ideas about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also ideas about the different
+points of view you and after that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view you and after that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of view you and after that from
+your own point of view as an artist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own point of view as an artist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own point of view as an artist a
+scientist uh an architect which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist uh an architect which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist uh an architect which is a
+kind of um engineer or an engineer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um engineer or an engineer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um engineer or an engineer um
+you can go in any direction that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in any direction that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in any direction that you
+want and we'll work with you each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and we'll work with you each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and we'll work with you each of
+each of us all all of us collaboratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of us all all of us collaboratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of us all all of us collaboratively
+will work together so that my and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work together so that my and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work together so that my and I I
+get some wonderful papers that way and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some wonderful papers that way and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some wonderful papers that way and I
+um feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feel that
+I I've been of help and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I've been of help and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I've been of help and that's what I
+want to do and also let me just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and also let me just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and also let me just give you
+one brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one brief
+example there was um in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there was um in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there was um in the course of
+the later sessions people are bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later sessions people are bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later sessions people are bringing
+in ideas and talking about them as first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ideas and talking about them as first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ideas and talking about them as first
+drafts for their papers or uh sketches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts for their papers or uh sketches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafts for their papers or uh sketches
+that so the paper you know should issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the paper you know should issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the paper you know should issue
+out in a in a pleasant way because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a in a pleasant way because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a in a pleasant way because we
+all have been working on it with you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have been working on it with you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have been working on it with you um
+and in the case of one very brilliant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of one very brilliant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of one very brilliant uh
+person I suppose I can say a young woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I suppose I can say a young woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I suppose I can say a young woman
+um I was very much impressed but I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was very much impressed but I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was very much impressed but I said
+to her you know you're um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her you know you're um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her you know you're um you're
+presenting a view but you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a view but you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a view but you don't really
+give enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give enough
+examples and that would make the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and that would make the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and that would make the reading
+and the understanding a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the understanding a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the understanding a little more
+comprehensible and in my own upbringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensible and in my own upbringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensible and in my own upbringing
+I mentioned the great mentor of mine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the great mentor of mine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the great mentor of mine at
+Harvard uh a mentor who well he's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard uh a mentor who well he's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard uh a mentor who well he's also a
+great man but he was for me a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great man but he was for me a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great man but he was for me a very
+important person for the rest of my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important person for the rest of my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important person for the rest of my life
+and very close friend and mentor of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very close friend and mentor of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very close friend and mentor of mine
+at the beginning I used to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning I used to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning I used to say
+everything you you have a uh the mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you you have a uh the mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you you have a uh the mind of
+a cookie cut cookie cutter I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cookie cut cookie cutter I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cookie cut cookie cutter I was an
+undergraduate at time and the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate at time and the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate at time and the way you
+the way you should write is you give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you should write is you give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you should write is you give you
+have to give examples so you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give examples so you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give examples so you say you
+throw out an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out an idea
+and then you'd say for instance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd say for instance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd say for instance and then
+you make it concrete don't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it concrete don't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make it concrete don't make it
+entirely abstract make it conrete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely abstract make it conrete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely abstract make it conrete and
+that's always stood stood with me now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always stood stood with me now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always stood stood with me now I
+handle it my own way uh I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle it my own way uh I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle it my own way uh I don't know if
+he he died recently I don't know if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he died recently I don't know if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he died recently I don't know if he
+would approve but um well he did seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would approve but um well he did seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would approve but um well he did seem to
+be very pleased with me at the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very pleased with me at the end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very pleased with me at the end um
+but I mean I haven't I haven't discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean I haven't I haven't discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean I haven't I haven't discussed
+this with him since I was at all ever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with him since I was at all ever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with him since I was at all ever I
+never discussed but this affected me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never discussed but this affected me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never discussed but this affected me for
+the rest of my life and so I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of my life and so I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of my life and so I sort of
+told her about my own experience of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told her about my own experience of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told her about my own experience of that
+sort and she understood and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and she understood and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and she understood and then she
+handed in this stupendous marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed in this stupendous marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed in this stupendous marvelous
+paper that I gave her an A+ for and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that I gave her an A+ for and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that I gave her an A+ for and in
+it she would say for instance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it she would say for instance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it she would say for instance and then
+out would come in a very marvelous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out would come in a very marvelous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out would come in a very marvelous
+example in physics and then a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in physics and then a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in physics and then a little
+later on for instance now we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on for instance now we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on for instance now we got a
+Marvel example in chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marvel example in chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marvel example in chemistry
+for instance the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the computer
+science all of these instances were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science all of these instances were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science all of these instances were not
+only appropriate and developed her ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only appropriate and developed her ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only appropriate and developed her ideas
+made her ideas but they were she had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made her ideas but they were she had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made her ideas but they were she had the
+ability to touch on and with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to touch on and with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to touch on and with great
+knowledge on all of these FS that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on all of these FS that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on all of these FS that it
+really was a considerable achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was a considerable achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was a considerable achievement
+now I'm not saying holding her up is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not saying holding her up is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not saying holding her up is an
+ideal that you should feel guilty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal that you should feel guilty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal that you should feel guilty about
+everyone's different but I feel proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's different but I feel proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's different but I feel proud
+that you know in this way I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in this way I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in this way I was able to
+help her and we'll all work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her and we'll all work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help her and we'll all work at the
+papers and I think you'll find that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and I think you'll find that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and I think you'll find that a
+considerable amount of help so don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable amount of help so don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable amount of help so don't get
+you can start thinking about that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start thinking about that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start thinking about that if you
+want but or think about it as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but or think about it as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but or think about it as you're
+reading the uh chapters of my book but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the uh chapters of my book but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the uh chapters of my book but
+is it acceptable we start that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it acceptable we start that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it acceptable we start that way and
+proceed that way and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed that way and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed that way and then the
+presentations now um who's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations now um who's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations now um who's going to give
+the first presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I'm getting a pen to write down oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm getting a pen to write down oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm getting a pen to write down oh oh
+no wait a minute I can't let you go we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wait a minute I can't let you go we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no wait a minute I can't let you go we
+uh that before that we have to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that before that we have to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that before that we have to discuss
+how long we're going the I think it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long we're going the I think it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long we're going the I think it's um
+on the in the catalog it's a three-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the in the catalog it's a three-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the in the catalog it's a three-hour
+course um we can run it any way we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um we can run it any way we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um we can run it any way we want
+since it's seminar and in fact um often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's seminar and in fact um often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's seminar and in fact um often
+people wanted to stay three hours and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to stay three hours and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to stay three hours and uh
+sometimes we would go on for 2 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we would go on for 2 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we would go on for 2 and a
+half through 2 hours and 30 minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half through 2 hours and 30 minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half through 2 hours and 30 minutes and
+when you uh take the intervals you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh take the intervals you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh take the intervals you know
+a class at MIT is not for 60 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class at MIT is not for 60 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class at MIT is not for 60 minutes
+it's it's uh 50 minutes really 1 hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh 50 minutes really 1 hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh 50 minutes really 1 hour
+before and 1 hour after the hour uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and 1 hour after the hour uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and 1 hour after the hour uh so
+if you subtract that it's really two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you subtract that it's really two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you subtract that it's really two and
+a half hours so we can be very flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half hours so we can be very flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half hours so we can be very flexible
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+um is that amendable to the schedule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that amendable to the schedule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that amendable to the schedule of
+everybody that's why I I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's why I I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's why I I wanted to
+Pardon we have this room from 2: to 5:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon we have this room from 2: to 5:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon we have this room from 2: to 5:
+can you be here from 2: to 5: um next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you be here from 2: to 5: um next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you be here from 2: to 5: um next
+time next today or a week from today a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next today or a week from today a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next today or a week from today a
+week from today yeah I mean in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week from today yeah I mean in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week from today yeah I mean in general
+it'll be every Tuesday 2: to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be every Tuesday 2: to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be every Tuesday 2: to
+5 not necessarily but that we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 not necessarily but that we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 not necessarily but that we'll have
+access to that and you'll be here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to that and you'll be here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to that and you'll be here and
+I'll be here if you want me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be here if you want me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be here if you want me to be
+correct we can all do that that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct we can all do that that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct we can all do that that's great
+Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael
+I have things to do with like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have things to do with like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have things to do with like you have
+what I have things to do at 4:30 tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have things to do at 4:30 tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have things to do at 4:30 tell me
+what kind of things are they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of things are they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of things are they really
+essential well I can probably change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential well I can probably change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential well I can probably change
+around it's a meeting for my resch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's a meeting for my resch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's a meeting for my resch that
+you have to do what I have like weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do what I have like weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do what I have like weekly
+meetings with my professor for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with my professor for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings with my professor for my
+research can you reschedule it with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research can you reschedule it with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research can you reschedule it with him
+possibly okay why don't we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly okay why don't we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly okay why don't we work
+something out but in principal it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out but in principal it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out but in principal it'll be
+all right okay um and all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay um and all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay um and all right now
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+um what my schedule says 2 to 4 today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what my schedule says 2 to 4 today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what my schedule says 2 to 4 today
+it says to no we're leaving it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says to no we're leaving it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says to no we're leaving it for
+today no I I don't Taran explain to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today no I I don't Taran explain to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today no I I don't Taran explain to me
+is there a problem no no no no the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a problem no no no no the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a problem no no no no the I
+think I think in the schedule it says 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think in the schedule it says 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think in the schedule it says 2
+to 4 plus third hour but that was what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 plus third hour but that was what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 plus third hour but that was what I
+wanted to arrange with you but if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to arrange with you but if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to arrange with you but if you if
+it we can keep on going that's best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can keep on going that's best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can keep on going that's best
+because we don't have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have to worry about the
+third hour all right if somebody new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third hour all right if somebody new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third hour all right if somebody new
+comes into the class who says oh it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the class who says oh it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into the class who says oh it says
+two to before I can do that but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to before I can do that but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to before I can do that but I want
+another then we'll talk we'll see but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another then we'll talk we'll see but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another then we'll talk we'll see but as
+for us at least it'll be that way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us at least it'll be that way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us at least it'll be that way all
+right could each of you then um today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could each of you then um today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could each of you then um today
+I'll keep you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll keep you a little
+longer uh unless you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh unless you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh unless you want a
+break um I don't know how long but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break um I don't know how long but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break um I don't know how long but first
+um why don't we stay in could you please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why don't we stay in could you please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why don't we stay in could you please
+make out the cards in the way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out the cards in the way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make out the cards in the way that I
+will tell you you hand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um are you want a pen I'm sorry she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are you want a pen I'm sorry she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are you want a pen I'm sorry she
+needs to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to leave
+soon why' you sit to here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what would you like a what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what would you like a what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what would you like a what what
+were we say oh no I have to leave now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we say oh no I have to leave now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we say oh no I have to leave now
+like I leave soon you you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I leave soon you you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I leave soon you you have to do
+what she has to leave soon you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she has to leave soon you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she has to leave soon you have to
+leave soon but in general you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave soon but in general you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave soon but in general you can say
+longer that's fine don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer that's fine don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer that's fine don't worry about
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+I see you have things for me to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see you have things for me to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see you have things for me to sign
+I'll be happy to sign before you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be happy to sign before you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be happy to sign before you leave
+but whenever you say you have to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you say you have to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever you say you have to leave
+get get ready and we'll stop um what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get ready and we'll stop um what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get ready and we'll stop um what I
+would like you to write on the U on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like you to write on the U on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like you to write on the U on the
+card in fact if you hand that to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in fact if you hand that to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in fact if you hand that to me
+while you're writing I can site it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're writing I can site it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're writing I can site it for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is your last
+name um so Karen that's not this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um so Karen that's not this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name um so Karen that's not this is that
+Karen is not your official name is it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karen is not your official name is it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karen is not your official name is it so
+write your well no write your but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your well no write your but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your well no write your but your
+Lee is your last name write Lee comma in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee is your last name write Lee comma in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lee is your last name write Lee comma in
+other words write your last name first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words write your last name first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words write your last name first
+then write your legal first name uh xong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then write your legal first name uh xong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then write your legal first name uh xong
+is that right yes um and then in par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right yes um and then in par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right yes um and then in par
+parenthesis how you want to be known so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis how you want to be known so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis how you want to be known so
+uh parenthesis Karen or whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parenthesis Karen or whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parenthesis Karen or whatever it is
+Mike instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike instead of
+Michael so on right Joe or Joe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael so on right Joe or Joe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael so on right Joe or Joe that's
+right uh or that way I'll I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh or that way I'll I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh or that way I'll I'll be
+addressing you that way but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing you that way but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing you that way but for the
+records I'll know what to look for under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records I'll know what to look for under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records I'll know what to look for under
+it write the in numbers are you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it write the in numbers are you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+undergraduates under graduate you're a
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+
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+
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+graduate stent okay so if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student right G and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+year of graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to say you just give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to say you just give the
+number don't say freshman Soph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number don't say freshman Soph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number don't say freshman Soph the
+number 1 2 3 four whatever it or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1 2 3 four whatever it or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+MIT this a course is this a gr dou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT this a course is this a gr dou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT this a course is this a gr dou
+course um it's in the catalog is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um it's in the catalog is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um it's in the catalog is an
+undergraduate but graduate students are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate but graduate students are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate but graduate students are
+admitted and I've The Graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and I've The Graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and I've The Graduate students
+I had in architecture didn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had in architecture didn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had in architecture didn't seem to
+have any problem their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any problem their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I might need a certain distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I might need a certain distribution
+I might need an H credit as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might need an H credit as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might need an H credit as opposed to
+just H credit for graduate school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just H credit for graduate school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just H credit for graduate school I
+don't know what H credit is I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what H credit is I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what H credit is I have to
+find out whe it's like either you AG or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out whe it's like either you AG or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out whe it's like either you AG or
+n well I'll do anything you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well I'll do anything you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well I'll do anything you tell
+me if the adviser approves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if the adviser approves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if the adviser approves
+okay um and if if there's a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and if if there's a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and if if there's a problem with
+advisor talk to me come next time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor talk to me come next time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me under that and in your case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+MFA or is it MFA or college it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MFA or is it MFA or college it's not
+College of of mass art it's MFA oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College of of mass art it's MFA oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College of of mass art it's MFA oh good
+this is the first you College of Mesa oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first you College of Mesa oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first you College of Mesa oh
+it is College of Mesa MFA is program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is College of Mesa MFA is program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is College of Mesa MFA is program
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum of Fine Arts has a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+too oh I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too oh I see
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but then I MFA I was when I was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but then I MFA I was when I was asked
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the people could come I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Museum of Fine Arts in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+years people have come from the College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years people have come from the College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years people have come from the College
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass art so maybe it isn't the Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass art so maybe it isn't the Museum
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fire Arts maybe it's the same program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I used to right it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um U maybe you ought to turn over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+already well why don't under that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already well why don't under that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already well why don't under that um
+write your email address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a way make sure to read it U because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way make sure to read it U because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will we deal in email a lot and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the telephone numbers in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+frequency at which you can be reached if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency at which you can be reached if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend all your time in the lab put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend all your time in the lab put
+that first but then put your home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first but then put your home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first but then put your home
+address or or your I mean home phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address or or your I mean home phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+number or your U or your fraternity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or your U or your fraternity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or your U or your fraternity or
+whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is
+right um under that your B local address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um under that your B local address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um under that your B local address
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Boston um and if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston um and if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston um and if it's a
+fraternity give both the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity give both the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity give both the name of the
+fraternity and the street address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else under that right anything related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else under that right anything related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+to philosophy that you've taken as an
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+ align:start position:0%
+to philosophy that you've taken as an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get me to understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+preparation better if you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation better if you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation better if you don't have any
+that doesn't matter there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't matter there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't matter there are no
+prerequisites for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites for this
+course the way I teach if you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the way I teach if you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the way I teach if you call it
+teaching the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the way I
+perform uh is designed to be accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform uh is designed to be accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform uh is designed to be accessible
+to any person of the high caliber that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any person of the high caliber that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any person of the high caliber that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are so you don't have to come in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all are so you don't have to come in
+with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preparation now what else is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation now what else is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um addresses address phone number email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preparation I think that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation I think that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation I think that may be
+everything if not I'll ask you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything if not I'll ask you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything if not I'll ask you again
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+time okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay now
+uh I remember Sharon I um I mean Karen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I remember Sharon I um I mean Karen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I remember Sharon I um I mean Karen
+not Sharon Karen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Sharon Karen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Sharon Karen
+Michael uh somehow I think it's Mike no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael uh somehow I think it's Mike no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael uh somehow I think it's Mike no
+what Nick Nick that's right Nick and Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Nick Nick that's right Nick and Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Nick Nick that's right Nick and Joe
+and who should I put down as giving next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who should I put down as giving next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who should I put down as giving next
+week's presentation where where can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's presentation where where can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's presentation where where can I
+find the book where can I find the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the book where can I find the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the book where can I find the book
+oh the the book unfortunately it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the the book unfortunately it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the the book unfortunately it's still
+in hard cover I apologize but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hard cover I apologize but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hard cover I apologize but it's the
+only book you'll have to buy is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only book you'll have to buy is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only book you'll have to buy is in the
+MIT bookstore under under this pardon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT bookstore under under this pardon on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT bookstore under under this pardon on
+kandle the coupe the MIT the MIT Coupe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kandle the coupe the MIT the MIT Coupe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kandle the coupe the MIT the MIT Coupe
+under 24262
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if um it's better if you have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if um it's better if you have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if um it's better if you have it and
+bring it in but if you want to economize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it in but if you want to economize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it in but if you want to economize
+I understand I don't care about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand I don't care about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand I don't care about that uh
+it's probably it's on reserve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably it's on reserve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably it's on reserve in the
+humanities Reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities Reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities Reserve
+library and uh on Amazon or I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and uh on Amazon or I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and uh on Amazon or I don't know
+maybe secondhand copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe secondhand copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe secondhand copies
+somewhere I I really want to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I I really want to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I I really want to read it
+because it's crucial to the course but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's crucial to the course but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's crucial to the course but I
+want you to feel free to either spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to feel free to either spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to feel free to either spend
+the money or not to spend the money I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money or not to spend the money I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money or not to spend the money I
+guess for now I'll volunteer for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for now I'll volunteer for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for now I'll volunteer for next
+week great okay so I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week great okay so I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week great okay so I'll put it
+on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my
+list um I don't know with any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um I don't know with any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list um I don't know with any of you
+want to volunteer for later the next the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to volunteer for later the next the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to volunteer for later the next the
+next reading is on idealization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next reading is on idealization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next reading is on idealization the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+next week is on imagination and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is on imagination and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week is on imagination and the
+introduction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction then
+idealization March 2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consummation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation and
+March nth it's called the aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March nth it's called the aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March nth it's called the aesthetic
+which for me is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for me is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for me is a
+category in uh the nature of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category in uh the nature of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category in uh the nature of all of this
+fundamental category and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental category and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental category and um the
+concluding chapter which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding chapter which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding chapter which is called
+um uh what is it called failure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what is it called failure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what is it called failure and
+success um that's I didn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success um that's I didn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success um that's I didn't tell you
+about the last chapter is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last chapter is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last chapter is the last
+chapter I call concluding and success is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter I call concluding and success is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter I call concluding and success is
+because I try to explain how people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I try to explain how people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I try to explain how people use
+their imagination their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idealization to make contact with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization to make contact with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization to make contact with other
+people and um to establish uh loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and um to establish uh loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and um to establish uh loving
+relationships consummation is why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships consummation is why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships consummation is why it is
+that people go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people go to the
+trouble and the aesthetic is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and the aesthetic is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and the aesthetic is the
+fundamental category in feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental category in feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental category in feeling and
+Imagination to explain why life is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination to explain why life is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination to explain why life is worth
+living the vibrant flux of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living the vibrant flux of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living the vibrant flux of our
+existence um now what we're what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence um now what we're what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence um now what we're what you're
+going to help me to do is to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help me to do is to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help me to do is to get from
+there into the book on creation all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there into the book on creation all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there into the book on creation all of
+which I think is relevant to Creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is relevant to Creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is relevant to Creation
+but which has to be reworked so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which has to be reworked so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which has to be reworked so you'll
+be you'll be getting that and doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you'll be getting that and doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you'll be getting that and doing that
+the last chapter is called um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last chapter is called um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last chapter is called um I think
+it's failure and success and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's failure and success and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's failure and success and the point
+is the burden of last chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the burden of last chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the burden of last chapter
+is why is it that we're often able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it that we're often able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is it that we're often able to
+succeed only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed only by
+failing and what is the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and what is the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and what is the relationship
+with succeeding and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with succeeding and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with succeeding and and
+failing and for that you'll we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and for that you'll we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and for that you'll we'll be
+reading about all this and many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about all this and many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about all this and many things
+come into it but one thing that um led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into it but one thing that um led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into it but one thing that um led
+me into this is uh something that Orson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into this is uh something that Orson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into this is uh something that Orson
+Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um or well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Orson W's whole life illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Orson W's whole life illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Orson W's whole life illustrates
+remember he's one of the filmmakers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he's one of the filmmakers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he's one of the filmmakers in
+my new book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my new book
+um he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he has a
+movie which comes back in the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie which comes back in the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie which comes back in the interview
+uh called f for fake it's um an essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called f for fake it's um an essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called f for fake it's um an essay
+fiction part of it's fictional but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction part of it's fictional but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction part of it's fictional but also
+part is part of it is like a documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is part of it is like a documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is part of it is like a documentary
+about the nature of fakery forgery which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of fakery forgery which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of fakery forgery which
+then gets to be a documentary about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets to be a documentary about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets to be a documentary about the
+nature of creativity so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of creativity so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of creativity so that's one
+reason it's so interesting if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's so interesting if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's so interesting if anybody
+wants to work on that I mean Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to work on that I mean Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to work on that I mean Michael
+with his interest in philosophy of film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his interest in philosophy of film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his interest in philosophy of film
+that would be a good entry um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good entry um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good entry um in the
+course of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of it
+Wells at a point in his life not long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells at a point in his life not long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells at a point in his life not long
+before he died when he couldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he died when he couldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he died when he couldn't get
+funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding
+for his movies because they the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his movies because they the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his movies because they the first
+one citizen Cain was hailed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one citizen Cain was hailed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one citizen Cain was hailed as a
+masterpiece and since then many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterpiece and since then many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterpiece and since then many people
+consider the greatest movie ever made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the greatest movie ever made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the greatest movie ever made
+but it was disaster at the box office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was disaster at the box office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was disaster at the box office
+partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because
+Ralph um Randall Hurst who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ralph um Randall Hurst who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ralph um Randall Hurst who
+was mimic parody in it decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mimic parody in it decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mimic parody in it decided to
+destroy it and and pretty much succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it and and pretty much succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it and and pretty much succeeded
+the next movie was movie that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next movie was movie that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next movie was movie that people
+said who saw it in the first um runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said who saw it in the first um runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said who saw it in the first um runs
+pre-production I mean pre release said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production I mean pre release said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-production I mean pre release said
+it might have been the greatest movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have been the greatest movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have been the greatest movie
+ever made ever by anybody it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made ever by anybody it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever made ever by anybody it was the
+destroyed by the studio because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the studio because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed by the studio because they
+thought it was too long and it was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was too long and it was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was too long and it was too
+gloomy it would lose money for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloomy it would lose money for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloomy it would lose money for them so
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+just cut out 45 minutes of it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut out 45 minutes of it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut out 45 minutes of it without
+letting him know and he destroyed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting him know and he destroyed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting him know and he destroyed them
+and there's nothing he could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing he could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing he could do that
+that's the Magnificent erson so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Magnificent erson so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Magnificent erson so he's
+he's somebody who started out with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's somebody who started out with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's somebody who started out with these
+tremendous successes and he he made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous successes and he he made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous successes and he he made the
+Citizen Kane at the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Citizen Kane at the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Citizen Kane at the age of
+25 uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 uh with the
+unmatched contract that enabled him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmatched contract that enabled him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmatched contract that enabled him to
+do anything he wanted to be the producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything he wanted to be the producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything he wanted to be the producer
+the director the cinemar everything he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director the cinemar everything he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the director the cinemar everything he
+could do exactly without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do exactly without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do exactly without any
+interference from anybody out came a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference from anybody out came a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference from anybody out came a
+masterpiece that was the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterpiece that was the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterpiece that was the last time
+anybody let him do that uh all right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody let him do that uh all right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody let him do that uh all right in
+this in EP for fake and in the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in EP for fake and in the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in EP for fake and in the interview
+um he's destroyed by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's destroyed by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's destroyed by the fact that
+nobody will give him money that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody will give him money that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody will give him money that he was
+ostracized from Hollywood would that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostracized from Hollywood would that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostracized from Hollywood would that he
+had to um do commercials on television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to um do commercials on television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to um do commercials on television
+to raise monies and take acting needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise monies and take acting needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise monies and take acting needs to
+leave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave so
+pardon no I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon no I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon no I'm sorry I
+I'll you have to go all right then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll you have to go all right then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll you have to go all right then I'll
+quickly and where do I where do I sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and where do I where do I sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and where do I where do I sign
+approved by no it says advisor oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved by no it says advisor oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved by no it says advisor oh
+instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right should I put MIT under it it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should I put MIT under it it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should I put MIT under it it says
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+MCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCA
+instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT sorry and the rest you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT sorry and the rest you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT sorry and the rest you know the
+subject and the and and the um subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and the and and the um subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and the and and the um subject
+number you know all that right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know all that right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you know all that right if you
+have any problems any of you my B my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any problems any of you my B my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any problems any of you my B my
+email address is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email address is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email address is
+bmit send me tell me your problems if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bmit send me tell me your problems if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bmit send me tell me your problems if
+you know anybody else who wants to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anybody else who wants to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anybody else who wants to come
+in the course have that person email me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course have that person email me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course have that person email me
+immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately
+well you have that Dian you sent me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have that Dian you sent me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have that Dian you sent me an
+email um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email um and
+um I'll see you at 2 o'cl next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll see you at 2 o'cl next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll see you at 2 o'cl next week
+right thanks uh the upshot of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thanks uh the upshot of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thanks uh the upshot of it was
+that Orson Wells says uh I began at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Orson Wells says uh I began at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Orson Wells says uh I began at the
+top and I've been working my way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and I've been working my way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and I've been working my way down
+ever since and that has always affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since and that has always affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever since and that has always affected
+me very much but then it occurs to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very much but then it occurs to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me very much but then it occurs to me
+that sometimes and as in his case he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes and as in his case he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes and as in his case he did
+go on and write very make very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and write very make very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and write very make very important
+movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies
+failure one succeeds only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure one succeeds only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure one succeeds only by
+failing and that's the logic that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and that's the logic that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing and that's the logic that I
+study in the last chapter of the book go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in the last chapter of the book go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in the last chapter of the book go
+go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go
+go now uh have you had enough for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now uh have you had enough for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now uh have you had enough for one
+day should we stop um and continue at 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day should we stop um and continue at 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day should we stop um and continue at 2
+o' or it'll be easier and we'll parcel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o' or it'll be easier and we'll parcel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o' or it'll be easier and we'll parcel
+the time better uh later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time better uh later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time better uh later
+on okay all right so I look forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay all right so I look forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay all right so I look forward to
+seeing all of you you will all appear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing all of you you will all appear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing all of you you will all appear on
+television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+oh no oh did you stop at one point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no oh did you stop at one point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no oh did you stop at one point you
+oh I don't know but I didn't mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know but I didn't mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know but I didn't mean that's
+true uh only I do this time but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh only I do this time but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh only I do this time but you will
+later um so give it give hand in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um so give it give hand in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um so give it give hand in the
+permission fees and not fees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission fees and not fees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission fees and not fees the
+permission um fold uh permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission um fold uh permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission um fold uh permission
+forms and I will see you next time um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and I will see you next time um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and I will see you next time um I
+don't receive the permission what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't receive the permission what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't receive the permission what you
+didn't receive it oh I'll give it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't receive it oh I'll give it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't receive it oh I'll give it to you
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+so it's just this part here it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just this part here it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just this part here it's the
+same oh do you can you tell us where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same oh do you can you tell us where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same oh do you can you tell us where to
+sign you want me to sign too Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you want me to sign too Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you want me to sign too Mike
+Michael yeah do you want to sign oh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DAftayGT9P4.txt b/DAftayGT9P4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..862aec1b2ce46710793e9020315f4fff7ee8d0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DAftayGT9P4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we were talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were talking about the
+energies of the various states in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the various states in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the various states in the
+multi-electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atom now the question is experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now the question is experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now the question is experimentally
+how do we know these what these energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know these what these energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know these what these energies
+are how do we know these energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how do we know these energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how do we know these energy levels
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+and the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the P
+primary technique that we have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary technique that we have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary technique that we have to know
+that is something called x-ray photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something called x-ray photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something called x-ray photo
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+spectroscopy an x-ray photo electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy an x-ray photo electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy an x-ray photo electron
+spectroscopy uses the same principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uses the same principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy uses the same principle
+that we talked about when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about when we talked
+about photo emission or the photo El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about photo emission or the photo El
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about photo emission or the photo El
+electric effect really explained by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric effect really explained by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric effect really explained by by
+Einstein and by the way I put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and by the way I put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and by the way I put on the
+website a uh a very comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a uh a very comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a uh a very comprehensive
+comprensible article on Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprensible article on Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprensible article on Einstein's
+contribution to the photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the photoelectric
+effect this is something that just came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is something that just came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is something that just came
+out in a uh Journal uh just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a uh Journal uh just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in a uh Journal uh just very
+recently and I saw it and so I urge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and I saw it and so I urge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently and I saw it and so I urge you
+to take a look at it because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at it because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at it because it really
+is very understandable and uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very understandable and uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very understandable and uh kind of
+fills in some of the gaps that uh I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills in some of the gaps that uh I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills in some of the gaps that uh I left
+in talking about the actual problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in talking about the actual problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in talking about the actual problems
+some of the uh uh kind of sociological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh uh kind of sociological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the uh uh kind of sociological
+effects or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects or or
+gaps okay all right so um same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps okay all right so um same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps okay all right so um same idea
+photo electron spectroscopy in that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electron spectroscopy in that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo electron spectroscopy in that we
+come in with a photon and that induces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a photon and that induces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with a photon and that induces
+an electron uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron uh to be
+emitted um but unlike uh the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted um but unlike uh the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted um but unlike uh the photo
+electron spectroscopy on a solid where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spectroscopy on a solid where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spectroscopy on a solid where
+we essentially had just one energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially had just one energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we essentially had just one energy
+level in photo electron spectr roscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in photo electron spectr roscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in photo electron spectr roscopy
+on atoms we're going to have many energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on atoms we're going to have many energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on atoms we're going to have many energy
+levels as we've already seen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels as we've already seen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels as we've already seen and the
+photon that we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon that we're going to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon that we're going to use that
+photon is going to have an energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is going to have an energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon is going to have an energy so
+that in principle it can pull out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in principle it can pull out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in principle it can pull out of the
+atom the most strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the most strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the most strongly bound
+electron and if we want that well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and if we want that well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and if we want that well then
+that means that we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we're going to have to
+use a pretty energetic Photon and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a pretty energetic Photon and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a pretty energetic Photon and that
+is we're going to use an x-ray Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to use an x-ray Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to use an x-ray Photon
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so it works in the following way let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it works in the following way let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it works in the following way let's
+take this unsuspecting neon atom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this unsuspecting neon atom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this unsuspecting neon atom we
+bring in a photon an xray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a photon an xray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in a photon an xray
+Photon turn down a little bit if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon turn down a little bit if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon turn down a little bit if you
+can't not too much all right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't not too much all right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't not too much all right and then
+that of course uh one of those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course uh one of those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course uh one of those electrons
+can come be emitted and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come be emitted and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come be emitted and one of the
+electrons that can come off is this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that can come off is this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that can come off is this P
+electron here so that the resulting ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here so that the resulting ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here so that the resulting ion
+configuration of the Neon atom is 1 S2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the Neon atom is 1 S2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the Neon atom is 1 S2 2
+S2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 2
+P5 but also this Photon can pluck off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P5 but also this Photon can pluck off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P5 but also this Photon can pluck off
+this s electron so that the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s electron so that the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this s electron so that the resulting
+ion configuration is 1 S2 2s1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion configuration is 1 S2 2s1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion configuration is 1 S2 2s1 2
+P6 and of course that Photon 10 come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P6 and of course that Photon 10 come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P6 and of course that Photon 10 come in
+and pluck off an S electron so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pluck off an S electron so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pluck off an S electron so that the
+resulting ion uh ion configuration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting ion uh ion configuration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting ion uh ion configuration here
+is 1 S2 2 S2 2 P6 all right so that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 S2 2 S2 2 P6 all right so that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 S2 2 S2 2 P6 all right so that one
+Photon in principle has enough energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon in principle has enough energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon in principle has enough energy to
+pull off even the most strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull off even the most strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull off even the most strongly bound
+electron and then what we do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then what we do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and then what we do in this
+technique is that we measure the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is that we measure the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique is that we measure the kinetic
+energies of these electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of these electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of these electrons that are
+emitted and then we plot simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and then we plot simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and then we plot simply the
+number of electrons emitted at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons emitted at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons emitted at a
+particular energy all right we scan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular energy all right we scan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular energy all right we scan the
+kinetic energy and a typical plot looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and a typical plot looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and a typical plot looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this this is just the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just the number of
+electrons coming off with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off with a particular
+kinetic energy and you see we see three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and you see we see three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and you see we see three
+different kinetic energies we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinetic energies we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinetic energies we see
+electrons coming off with 383 EVS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off with 383 EVS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off with 383 EVS
+electrons coming off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off with
+1,25 and electrons coming off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,25 and electrons coming off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,25 and electrons coming off with
+1,232
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,232
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,232
+EV well of course it's going to turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV well of course it's going to turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV well of course it's going to turn out
+here that those electrons that come off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that those electrons that come off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that those electrons that come off
+with the lowest kinetic energy are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lowest kinetic energy are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lowest kinetic energy are those
+electrons that were most strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that were most strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that were most strongly bound
+they are those electrons that were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are those electrons that were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are those electrons that were in
+that 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 1s
+State why well look at the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State why well look at the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State why well look at the energy level
+diagram here here are those 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here here are those 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here here are those 1s
+electrons here's the incident energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here's the incident energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here's the incident energy of
+the photon that we came in with if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon that we came in with if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon that we came in with if these
+electrons are most strongly bound then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are most strongly bound then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are most strongly bound then
+they're going to have the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have the highest
+ionization energy the highest energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy the highest energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy the highest energy to
+pluck them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluck them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluck them off
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+therefore in order to conserve energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in order to conserve energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in order to conserve energy
+the incident energy the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident energy the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident energy the ionization
+energy plus that kinetic energy has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus that kinetic energy has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus that kinetic energy has to
+equal that incident energy and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that incident energy and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that incident energy and if this
+is the largest energy well then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest energy well then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the largest energy well then those
+are the electrons that are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the electrons that are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the electrons that are going to have
+the lowest kinetic energy so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest kinetic energy so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest kinetic energy so those are
+those 1s electrons that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 1s electrons that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 1s electrons that's how we
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+those and then there are electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and then there are electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and then there are electrons
+coming off at 1205 where those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off at 1205 where those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off at 1205 where those are those
+electrons from the two s State that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from the two s State that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from the two s State that's a
+little bit higher energy right and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher energy right and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit higher energy right and so if
+this is the energy of the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy of the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy of the incident
+Photon that's it's the photon coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon that's it's the photon coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon that's it's the photon coming in
+is the same energy if that's the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same energy if that's the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same energy if that's the energy
+of the incident Photon this is then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident Photon this is then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident Photon this is then the
+ionization energy for those electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for those electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for those electrons in
+that 2s State well that leftover energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2s State well that leftover energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2s State well that leftover energy
+then that's the kinetic energy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the kinetic energy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the kinetic energy and it's
+a little bit greater than it was 41s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit greater than it was 41s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit greater than it was 41s
+because again those electrons are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again those electrons are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again those electrons are less
+strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound
+and then finally we have this feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we have this feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we have this feature
+here 1232 EV those are the 2p electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1232 EV those are the 2p electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1232 EV those are the 2p electrons
+these electrons are least strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons are least strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons are least strongly bound
+so here's the incident energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the incident energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the incident energy of the
+photon here's the ionization energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon here's the ionization energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon here's the ionization energy of
+those electrons in the 2p State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons in the 2p State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons in the 2p State the
+resulting or the leftover energy here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting or the leftover energy here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting or the leftover energy here is
+the energy that goes into the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that goes into the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that goes into the kinetic
+energy of those electrons and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of those electrons and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of those electrons and that's
+going to be the largest kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the largest kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the largest kinetic energy
+because those electrons are least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those electrons are least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those electrons are least
+strongly bound so in this neon atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound so in this neon atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound so in this neon atom
+we've got three different states with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got three different states with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got three different states with
+three different energies that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different energies that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different energies that is
+reflected in the fact that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the fact that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the fact that we're going
+to have in the photo electron Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in the photo electron Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in the photo electron Spectrum
+we're going to have three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have three different
+kinetic energies for the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies for the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies for the electrons
+coming off so by looking at the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off so by looking at the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off so by looking at the photo
+electron Spectrum you can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Spectrum you can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Spectrum you can immediately
+tell how many energy levels you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how many energy levels you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how many energy levels you've
+got and of course of course as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and of course of course as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and of course of course as the
+kinetic energy goes up well that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy goes up well that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy goes up well that means
+that the binding energy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binding energy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binding energy goes
+up the binding energy gets more positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the binding energy gets more positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the binding energy gets more positive
+right meaning the electrons are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right meaning the electrons are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right meaning the electrons are less
+strongly bound or another way to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound or another way to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound or another way to put it
+as this kinetic energy goes up this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this kinetic energy goes up this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this kinetic energy goes up this way
+The Binding energy gets more negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy gets more negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy gets more negative
+this way right the electrons are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right the electrons are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right the electrons are more
+strongly bound as that binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound as that binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound as that binding energy
+gets more negative all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more negative all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more negative all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay but from this kind of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but from this kind of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but from this kind of experiment
+here we can extract what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can extract what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can extract what these
+ionization energies are and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies are and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies are and we can
+extract then what the binding energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract then what the binding energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract then what the binding energies
+are because of conservation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because of conservation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because of conservation of energy
+incident energy of the photon equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy of the photon equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident energy of the photon equals the
+ionization energy plus the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy plus the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy plus the kinetic
+energy I can rearrange this to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I can rearrange this to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I can rearrange this to calculate
+the ionization energy I did that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy I did that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy I did that for all
+of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three
+features here is the incident energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here is the incident energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here is the incident energy of
+that x-ray Photon here's the measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x-ray Photon here's the measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x-ray Photon here's the measured
+kinetic energy the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy the difference between
+the two is the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is the ionization
+energy I solv for that there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I solv for that there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I solv for that there and then
+that ionization energy we know is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionization energy we know is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionization energy we know is minus
+the binding energy so if the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy so if the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy so if the ionization
+energy is 21.6 EV The Binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is 21.6 EV The Binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is 21.6 EV The Binding energy
+here for that 2p electron is minus 21.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for that 2p electron is minus 21.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for that 2p electron is minus 21.6
+EV and for 2s - 48.4 EV and 1 s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV and for 2s - 48.4 EV and 1 s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV and for 2s - 48.4 EV and 1 s minus
+87.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+87.2
+EV okay want you to notice how more how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV okay want you to notice how more how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV okay want you to notice how more how
+much more strongly bound that 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more strongly bound that 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more strongly bound that 1 s
+electron is than the electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is than the electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is than the electrons in the
+nal2 shell look at that that 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nal2 shell look at that that 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nal2 shell look at that that 1 s
+electron is bound by 870 EV binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is bound by 870 EV binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is bound by 870 EV binding
+energy minus 870 binding energy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minus 870 binding energy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minus 870 binding energy for the
+N equal 2 electrons is - 48 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equal 2 electrons is - 48 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equal 2 electrons is - 48 minus
+21 right why is that more strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 right why is that more strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 right why is that more strongly bound
+well this electron is in the N equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this electron is in the N equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this electron is in the N equal one
+shell which is much closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell which is much closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell which is much closer to the
+nucleus where the attractive interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus where the attractive interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus where the attractive interaction
+between that positive charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that positive charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that positive charge on the
+nucleus and the electron is much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the electron is much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the electron is much greater
+all right okay so this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so this is basically the
+technique this is how we calculate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique this is how we calculate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique this is how we calculate those
+binding energies or observe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies or observe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies or observe those
+binding energies for for the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies for for the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies for for the electrons
+and the multi-electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multi-electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the multi-electron
+atom okay great so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay great so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay great so what I want to do
+now is uh want to start on today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is uh want to start on today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is uh want to start on today's
+lecture and you don't have the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and you don't have the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and you don't have the lecture
+notes for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for today's
+lecture and uh there is a reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh there is a reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh there is a reason for
+that oh and I forgot to tell you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh and I forgot to tell you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh and I forgot to tell you to do
+something oh very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh very important
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um going to start on today's lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going to start on today's lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um going to start on today's lecture and
+through this lecture I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this lecture I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this lecture I'm going to be
+asking you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you some
+questions and you're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and you're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and you're going to have the
+opportunity to answer but the way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to answer but the way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to answer but the way you're
+going to have the opportunity to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the opportunity to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the opportunity to answer
+is that um you're going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you're going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you're going to have to make
+some paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paper
+airplanes and um so I'll ask a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and um so I'll ask a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and um so I'll ask a question
+and then I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll say
+launch and what you have to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch and what you have to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch and what you have to do is you
+have to throw the air paper airplane to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to throw the air paper airplane to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to throw the air paper airplane to
+the board and the first paper airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and the first paper airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and the first paper airplane
+that hits the board from that section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits the board from that section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits the board from that section
+well you that section gets a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you that section gets a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you that section gets a chance to
+answer that question and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question and we're going to
+keep score and we've got some treats for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep score and we've got some treats for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep score and we've got some treats for
+the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning
+section okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the Tas the Tas have some scrap paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Tas the Tas have some scrap paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Tas the Tas have some scrap paper
+and they're going to they're going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to they're going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to they're going to uh
+pass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that
+out and so you can be making some paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so you can be making some paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so you can be making some paper
+airplanes write the number of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes write the number of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes write the number of your
+section on the paper airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also also some of you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also some of you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also also some of you are not
+strategically located to uh hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically located to uh hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategically located to uh hit the
+Blackboard if that's the case why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard if that's the case why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard if that's the case why don't
+you select somebody from your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select somebody from your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select somebody from your recitation
+to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+launcher they can come down as close as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launcher they can come down as close as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launcher they can come down as close as
+these few stairs and aim at it for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these few stairs and aim at it for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these few stairs and aim at it for your
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so I'm going to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I'm going to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I'm going to start talking
+we're going to talk about the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the periodic
+table and the trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the trends
+in the properties uh along the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table and of course it's the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and of course it's the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and of course it's the electron
+configurations that allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that allow us to
+understand the structure of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the structure of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the structure of the periodic
+table but it is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but it is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but it is important to
+realize that the periodic table was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the periodic table was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the periodic table was
+first assembled by melave and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assembled by melave and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assembled by melave and other
+people not on the basis of knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not on the basis of knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not on the basis of knowledge of
+the electron config configurations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron config configurations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron config configurations but
+on the basis of uh knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis of uh knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the basis of uh knowledge of the
+similar properties similar chemical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar properties similar chemical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar properties similar chemical and
+physical properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical properties of the
+elements so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so for
+example lithium sodium potassium here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lithium sodium potassium here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example lithium sodium potassium here
+they were all grouped in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all grouped in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all grouped in one
+column because they were all found to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column because they were all found to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column because they were all found to be
+very soft malleable metals that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soft malleable metals that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soft malleable metals that were
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+reactive helium neon argon they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive helium neon argon they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive helium neon argon they were all
+grouped in one column because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped in one column because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped in one column because they were
+found to be very inert very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found to be very inert very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found to be very inert very
+unreactive and of course now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreactive and of course now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreactive and of course now we
+understand the uh the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the uh the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the uh the electron
+configurations why these elements have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations why these elements have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations why these elements have
+the similar properties in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar properties in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar properties in the case of
+the alkali metals lithium sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alkali metals lithium sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alkali metals lithium sodium
+pottassium hey we got that extra X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium hey we got that extra X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium hey we got that extra X
+electron that unpaired electron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that unpaired electron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that unpaired electron that
+makes those metals very reactive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes those metals very reactive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes those metals very reactive and
+helium neon argon we've got an inner gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon argon we've got an inner gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon argon we've got an inner gas
+shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell
+configuration that makes those elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that makes those elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration that makes those elements
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unreactive but by the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreactive but by the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreactive but by the late
+1800s and the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s and the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1800s and the early
+1900s the similar chemical properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s the similar chemical properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900s the similar chemical properties of
+atoms in a column of a periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in a column of a periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in a column of a periodic table
+that really was strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really was strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really was strongly
+believed strongly believed to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed strongly believed to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed strongly believed to an
+extreme so for example it was known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so for example it was known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so for example it was known
+that human beings consumed sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings consumed sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human beings consumed sodium
+salt it was known that human beings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt it was known that human beings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt it was known that human beings the
+bodies are bodies contain sodium ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are bodies contain sodium ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies are bodies contain sodium ions
+and potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potassium
+ions so well if our body has sodium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so well if our body has sodium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions so well if our body has sodium in
+it and potassium in it and we consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and potassium in it and we consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and potassium in it and we consume
+those two elements why not a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two elements why not a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two elements why not a little bit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+lithium okay so about 1925 or so a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium okay so about 1925 or so a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium okay so about 1925 or so a soft
+drink came on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink came on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink came on the
+market and that soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and that soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and that soft
+drink um they uh wanted to have a lemony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink um they uh wanted to have a lemony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink um they uh wanted to have a lemony
+flavor to that soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor to that soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor to that soft
+drink and so how do you get a lemony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink and so how do you get a lemony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink and so how do you get a lemony
+flavor well you use uh citric acid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor well you use uh citric acid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor well you use uh citric acid but
+citric acid isn't really soluble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citric acid isn't really soluble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citric acid isn't really soluble in
+water so hey we got to make a salt out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so hey we got to make a salt out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so hey we got to make a salt out
+of the citric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the citric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the citric
+acid so hey for whatever reason a salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so hey for whatever reason a salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so hey for whatever reason a salt
+uh lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lithium
+citrate was made a lithium salt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate was made a lithium salt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate was made a lithium salt of
+citric acid was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citric acid was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citric acid was
+made and that soft drink one was none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that soft drink one was none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that soft drink one was none
+other than seven up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than seven up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than seven up all
+right and in fact if you look here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact if you look here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact if you look here it
+tells you that the lithium was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the lithium was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the lithium was
+touted uh to give um healthful benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touted uh to give um healthful benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touted uh to give um healthful benefits
+including an abundance of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including an abundance of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including an abundance of energy
+enthusiasm a clear complexion lustrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm a clear complexion lustrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm a clear complexion lustrous
+eyes or lustrous hair and lustrous eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or lustrous hair and lustrous eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or lustrous hair and lustrous eyes
+shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining
+eyes and so this was on the market until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and so this was on the market until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and so this was on the market until
+the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early
+1950s when uh finally the anti psychotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s when uh finally the anti psychotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950s when uh finally the anti psychotic
+properties of lithium were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of lithium were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of lithium were being
+discovered and the side effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and the side effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and the side effects of
+lithium were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium were being
+discovered and the 7even up was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and the 7even up was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and the 7even up was then
+taken off the market or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off the market or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off the market or at least the
+lithium citrate in the seven up was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium citrate in the seven up was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium citrate in the seven up was was
+removed from the market and of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the market and of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the market and of course it
+wasn't until the early 1970s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't until the early 1970s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't until the early 1970s that
+lithium was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium was
+approved uh as an antis psychotic drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved uh as an antis psychotic drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved uh as an antis psychotic drug
+because it really is uh poisonous to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really is uh poisonous to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really is uh poisonous to the
+human body in large amounts and so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body in large amounts and so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body in large amounts and so I I
+really don't know you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know you know how many
+individuals had side effects from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals had side effects from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals had side effects from
+drinking seven up at that time um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking seven up at that time um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking seven up at that time um but
+the moral of the story is that uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral of the story is that uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral of the story is that uh even
+though we're about to talk about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're about to talk about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're about to talk about some of
+the general Trends in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Trends in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Trends in the periodic table
+don't put any element in your mouth just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put any element in your mouth just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put any element in your mouth just
+because it's in the same column as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the same column as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in the same column as some
+element you do put in your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story all righty so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story all righty so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story all righty so one of the
+properties we're going to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we're going to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we're going to talk about is
+the ionization energy and uh we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy and uh we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy and uh we we've
+talked about it already but we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it already but we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it already but we haven't
+formally defined it let me do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally defined it let me do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally defined it let me do that
+here here you see Boron with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here you see Boron with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here you see Boron with its
+electronic structure going to Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure going to Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure going to Boron
+plus the energy change for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the energy change for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the energy change for this
+reaction is what we call the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is what we call the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is what we call the ionization
+energy the products minus the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the products minus the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the products minus the reactants
+that's the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ionization
+energy equivalently that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equivalently that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equivalently that's the
+ionization that ionization energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization that ionization energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization that ionization energy is
+minus the binding energy of the 2p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the binding energy of the 2p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the binding energy of the 2p
+electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in
+Boron this is a process that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron this is a process that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron this is a process that it's
+removing the least strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the least strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the least strongly bound
+electron when we move remove the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when we move remove the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when we move remove the least
+strongly bound electron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electron the
+energy that is required to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is required to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is required to do that is
+called the ionization energy and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ionization energy and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the ionization energy and more
+fully it's the first ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully it's the first ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully it's the first ionization energy
+it is the energy to remove the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the energy to remove the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the energy to remove the electron
+from this ho8 o is the highest occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this ho8 o is the highest occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this ho8 o is the highest occupied
+atomic orbital all right or the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital all right or the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital all right or the least
+strongly bound electron same idea this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electron same idea this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electron same idea this
+is highest occupied atomic orbital this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highest occupied atomic orbital this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highest occupied atomic orbital this
+is the highest occupied atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest occupied atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest occupied atomic
+orbital now generally when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital now generally when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital now generally when we say
+ionization energy we we mean the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we we mean the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we we mean the first
+ionization energy we often leave out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we often leave out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we often leave out the
+word first all right so whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word first all right so whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word first all right so whenever you
+look up an ionization energy imply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up an ionization energy imply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up an ionization energy imply in
+that is that it is the first ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that it is the first ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that it is the first ionization
+energy the energy to remove the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy to remove the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy to remove the least
+strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron the second ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the second ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the second ionization energy
+well that's the energy required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the energy required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the energy required to
+remove another electron but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove another electron but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove another electron but now we're
+removing it from Boron plus to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it from Boron plus to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it from Boron plus to make
+Boron plus two and again we're removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron plus two and again we're removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron plus two and again we're removing
+the next least strongly bound electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next least strongly bound electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next least strongly bound electron
+that's the second ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second ionization energy
+equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently
+it is minus the binding energy of the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is minus the binding energy of the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is minus the binding energy of the 2s
+electron in boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in boron
+plus not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus not
+Boron and then there's a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and then there's a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and then there's a third
+ionization energy again now we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy again now we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy again now we're taking
+Boron plus two pulling off the next Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron plus two pulling off the next Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron plus two pulling off the next Le
+strongly bound electron to make Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electron to make Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound electron to make Boron
+plus three that's the third ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three that's the third ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three that's the third ionization
+energy and we can keep going Boron +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we can keep going Boron +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we can keep going Boron +
+three pull off the next electron Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pull off the next electron Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pull off the next electron Boron
+plus4 that's the fourth ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus4 that's the fourth ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus4 that's the fourth ionization
+energy and then the fifth ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then the fifth ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then the fifth ionization
+energy taking the last electron off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy taking the last electron off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy taking the last electron off of
+boron Boron plus4 to make Boron plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron Boron plus4 to make Boron plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron Boron plus4 to make Boron plus
+five that's the fifth ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's the fifth ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five that's the fifth ionization energy
+all right so these are our definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are our definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are our definitions
+here of the ionization energy now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the ionization energy now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of the ionization energy now I'm
+going to switch to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah great all right but now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah great all right but now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah great all right but now uh
+here comes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes the first
+question I'm going to show you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to show you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to show you two
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first
+reaction is a boron plus going to Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is a boron plus going to Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is a boron plus going to Boron
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+two we are removing here an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we are removing here an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we are removing here an S
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+the second reaction here is boron going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reaction here is boron going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reaction here is boron going
+to Boron plus again we are removing a 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Boron plus again we are removing a 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Boron plus again we are removing a 2s
+electron and the question is are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the question is are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the question is are these
+two energies equal in both cases we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energies equal in both cases we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energies equal in both cases we're
+pulling off an S electron a 2s electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling off an S electron a 2s electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling off an S electron a 2s electron
+okay so that's the question now the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the question now the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the question now the way
+we do this is I'm going to move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this is I'm going to move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this is I'm going to move to the
+side I'm going to say launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm going to say launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm going to say launch
+and then Christine and I will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Christine and I will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Christine and I will try to
+determine the first airplane to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the first airplane to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the first airplane to hit the
+board we'll pick it up and we'll ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board we'll pick it up and we'll ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board we'll pick it up and we'll ask
+that recitation section to answer all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recitation section to answer all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that recitation section to answer all
+right ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+launch recitation one are those energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can be a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effort hey you got a 50% chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no they're right they get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no they're right they get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no they're right they get a
+point okay you got to keep squore on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay you got to keep squore on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay you got to keep squore on the
+board all right now why aren't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board all right now why aren't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board all right now why aren't they
+equal hey big no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal hey big no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal hey big no
+here they are not equal because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are not equal because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are not equal because in this
+case this is the ionization energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is the ionization energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is the ionization energy the
+second ionization energy as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ionization energy as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ionization energy as we just
+defined it right Boron plus going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it right Boron plus going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it right Boron plus going to
+Boron plus two that's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron plus two that's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron plus two that's a second
+ionization energy it's minus the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy it's minus the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy it's minus the binding
+energy of the 2s electron and Bor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus here this energy what this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus here this energy what this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus here this energy what this energy
+is is the ionization energy of the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the ionization energy of the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the ionization energy of the 2s
+electron in boron not Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in boron not Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in boron not Boron
+plus this is equal to minus the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this is equal to minus the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this is equal to minus the binding
+energy of the 2s electron and Boron this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2s electron and Boron this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2s electron and Boron this
+is minus the binding energy of the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the binding energy of the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the binding energy of the 2s
+electron and Boron plus they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and Boron plus they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and Boron plus they're not
+equal the next question is which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the next question is which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the next question is which one is
+greater all right and so wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater all right and so wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater all right and so wait a minute
+wait I got to get out of the way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I got to get out of the way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I got to get out of the way here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+launch recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nine recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine recitation
+nine over there sorry which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine over there sorry which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine over there sorry which one is
+greater top one or bottom one to top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater top one or bottom one to top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater top one or bottom one to top one
+they are right hey recitation nine gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are right hey recitation nine gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are right hey recitation nine gets
+a point you can put on the score on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point you can put on the score on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point you can put on the score on the
+board that probably okay great the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that probably okay great the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that probably okay great the top
+one is greater the top one is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is greater the top one is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is greater the top one is greater
+because the effective charge of this 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the effective charge of this 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the effective charge of this 2s
+electron in boron plus is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in boron plus is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in boron plus is larger than
+the effective charge of the 2s electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective charge of the 2s electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective charge of the 2s electron
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Boron the reason for that is because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron the reason for that is because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron the reason for that is because in
+boron plus we have fewer electrons we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron plus we have fewer electrons we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron plus we have fewer electrons we've
+got less shielding of the nucleus by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got less shielding of the nucleus by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got less shielding of the nucleus by the
+electrons because we have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because we have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because we have fewer
+electrons okay so that's great but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so that's great but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so that's great but this
+is really very important for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really very important for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really very important for you to
+understand here this will be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand here this will be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand here this will be on the
+lecture notes that uh I will uh give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes that uh I will uh give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes that uh I will uh give to
+you at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the end of the
+class because we might run out a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because we might run out a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because we might run out a paper
+you might want to save those okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to save those okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to save those okay yeah
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+so now we're going to look at the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to look at the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to look at the per
+perodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perodic table
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm going to ask the this following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to ask the this following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to ask the this following
+question here as we go across the ioniz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here as we go across the ioniz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here as we go across the ioniz
+as we go across the periodic table what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go across the periodic table what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go across the periodic table what
+we want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know is
+um no chalk what we want to know is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no chalk what we want to know is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no chalk what we want to know is how
+does the ionization energy change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the ionization energy change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the ionization energy change so
+here's my periodic table so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my periodic table so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my periodic table so I'm going
+across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this
+way does the ionization energy increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way does the ionization energy increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way does the ionization energy increase
+or does it decrease all right now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does it decrease all right now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does it decrease all right now here's
+another chance for you to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chance for you to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chance for you to answer this
+for your recitation section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your recitation section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your recitation section
+launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch
+hey wads don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey wads don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey wads don't
+count wads don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count wads don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count wads don't
+count WS don't count okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count WS don't count okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count WS don't count okay for
+airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes
+eight where's eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight where's eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight where's eight
+back there hey okay hey uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there hey okay hey uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there hey okay hey uh what happens
+to the ionization energy as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ionization energy as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ionization energy as you go
+across the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic
+table what increase is that your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what increase is that your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what increase is that your final
+answer you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right the ionization energy
+increases okay why does that ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases okay why does that ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases okay why does that ionization
+energy increase here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increase here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increase here's the
+uh here here's our example here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here here's our example here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here here's our example here's our
+plot ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot ionization energy
+versus Z as you go across here is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Z as you go across here is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Z as you go across here is from
+hydrogen to helium that's one row goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to helium that's one row goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to helium that's one row goes
+up here's from lithium to Neon another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here's from lithium to Neon another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here's from lithium to Neon another
+row it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it goes
+up well the ionization energy increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well the ionization energy increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well the ionization energy increases
+because the nuclear charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nuclear charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nuclear charge
+increases right as you go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases right as you go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases right as you go across the
+periodic table the nuclear charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table the nuclear charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table the nuclear charge
+increases the Kum interaction increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the Kum interaction increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the Kum interaction increases
+is but there's another part to the kolom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but there's another part to the kolom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but there's another part to the kolom
+interaction and of course that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and of course that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and of course that other
+part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the
+distance but as you go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but as you go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but as you go across the
+periodic table you're putting electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you're putting electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you're putting electrons
+in to the same shell to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the same shell to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the same shell to the same
+principal quantum number shell and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number shell and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number shell and in
+general when you put electrons into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when you put electrons into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when you put electrons into the
+same principal quantum number shell hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principal quantum number shell hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principal quantum number shell hey
+you are on the average the same distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are on the average the same distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are on the average the same distance
+away from the nucleus all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the nucleus all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the nucleus all right
+and so R is the same Z is increasing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so R is the same Z is increasing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so R is the same Z is increasing as
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+across and so therefore that ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and so therefore that ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and so therefore that ionization
+energy increases as you go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases as you go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases as you go across the
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+table now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table now
+however you can see that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can see that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can see that there's some
+glitches right there's a glitch here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches right there's a glitch here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches right there's a glitch here
+between burum and Boron Boron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between burum and Boron Boron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between burum and Boron Boron is
+actually a little bit lower in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bit lower in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bit lower in
+ionization energy than a burum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we understand that well we sure can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we understand that well we sure can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we understand that well we sure can
+in terms of the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the electronic
+structure so here is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so here is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so here is the electron
+configuration of a brillium z equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of a brillium z equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of a brillium z equal
+4 and then here is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and then here is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and then here is the electron
+configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of
+boron all right this one is this is 2p Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron all right this one is this is 2p Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron all right this one is this is 2p Z
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+5 the bottom line is the that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 the bottom line is the that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 the bottom line is the that it takes
+more energy to put the next electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy to put the next electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy to put the next electron
+here into this 2p State and the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into this 2p State and the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into this 2p State and the bottom
+line is that the if the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that the if the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is that the if the charge on the
+nucleus does not increase sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus does not increase sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus does not increase sufficiently
+to fully compensate for the energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fully compensate for the energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fully compensate for the energy that
+is necessary to put that next electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to put that next electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to put that next electron
+in that higher energy State all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that higher energy State all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that higher energy State all right so
+this just doesn't get large enough fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just doesn't get large enough fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just doesn't get large enough fast
+enough to compensate just for the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to compensate just for the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to compensate just for the extra
+energy that's needed to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's needed to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's needed to put that
+electron in the 2p state so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the 2p state so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the 2p state so we have a
+little glitch between burum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glitch between burum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glitch between burum and
+boron in addition we got a little glitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron in addition we got a little glitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron in addition we got a little glitch
+right here between nitrogen and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here between nitrogen and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here between nitrogen and oxygen
+the oxygen ionization energy is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen ionization energy is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen ionization energy is not as
+large as you might expect from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as you might expect from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as you might expect from the
+increase in the Z uh in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the Z uh in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the Z uh in from the
+increase in the Z quantum number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the Z quantum number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the Z quantum number so
+again here's the nitrogen Z equals 7 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's the nitrogen Z equals 7 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's the nitrogen Z equals 7 the
+electron configuration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration for
+nitrogen here it is uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxygen all right and what we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen all right and what we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen all right and what we had to do
+for oxygen is that we had to put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxygen is that we had to put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for oxygen is that we had to put another
+electron into a 2p State a 2p state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into a 2p State a 2p state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into a 2p State a 2p state that
+already had electron in it and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had electron in it and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had electron in it and there's a
+great deal of repulsion here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of repulsion here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of repulsion here between
+these two electrons in the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons in the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons in the same state
+and again the Z here the nuclear charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the Z here the nuclear charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the Z here the nuclear charge
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+increase large enough or greatly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase large enough or greatly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase large enough or greatly enough
+to compensate for that electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate for that electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate for that electron electron
+repulsion and so the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and so the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and so the ionization energy
+is just a little bit lower than it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little bit lower than it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little bit lower than it is in
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+nitrogen that same trend of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen that same trend of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen that same trend of course
+continues for the other rows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues for the other rows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues for the other rows in the
+periodic table here is is the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table here is is the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table here is is the third
+row and there's also a glitch between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and there's also a glitch between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and there's also a glitch between
+magnesium and aluminum magnesium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and aluminum magnesium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and aluminum magnesium and
+aluminum are right below burum and Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum are right below burum and Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum are right below burum and Boron
+and a glitch between phosphorus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a glitch between phosphorus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a glitch between phosphorus and
+sulfur they're right below nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur they're right below nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur they're right below nitrogen and
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next
+question as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as
+we as we go down the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as we go down the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as we go down the periodic table
+what happens to the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the ionization energy
+all right wait a minute I'm getting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right wait a minute I'm getting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right wait a minute I'm getting out
+of the way okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go all right recitation one what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right recitation one what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right recitation one what happens
+to the ionization energy as you go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ionization energy as you go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ionization energy as you go down
+the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+table decrease yes they're right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table decrease yes they're right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table decrease yes they're right okay
+why does it decrease it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it decrease it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it decrease it
+decreases as you go down the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases as you go down the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases as you go down the periodic
+table Z is increasing that is true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table Z is increasing that is true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table Z is increasing that is true but
+as you go down the periodic table you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down the periodic table you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down the periodic table you're
+putting electrons into shells that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting electrons into shells that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting electrons into shells that on
+the average are farther out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average are farther out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average are farther out from the
+nucleus and so as you go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and so as you go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and so as you go down the
+periodic table it's that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table it's that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table it's that distance
+dependence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that
+dominates the ionization energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates the ionization energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates the ionization energy so
+across the periodic table ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table ionization
+energy increases down it decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases down it decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy increases down it decreases
+across it's Z dependence that dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it's Z dependence that dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it's Z dependence that dominates
+because R's constant as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R's constant as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R's constant as you go
+down it is the r dependence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it is the r dependence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it is the r dependence that
+dominates that's changing even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates that's changing even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates that's changing even though
+Z's changing R changes faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's changing R changes faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's changing R changes faster than
+Z okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay all right
+great now let's uh talk about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now let's uh talk about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now let's uh talk about another
+property here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here
+and that other property is uh called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that other property is uh called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that other property is uh called the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinity so if I take a chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity so if I take a chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity so if I take a chlorine
+atom and I add an electron to it to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and I add an electron to it to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and I add an electron to it to make
+CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL
+minus the energy change for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the energy change for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the energy change for that
+reaction is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is minus
+349 K per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 K per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 K per mole
+that is the chlorine ion is more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the chlorine ion is more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the chlorine ion is more stable
+than the chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the chlorine
+atom this is an energy this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this is an energy this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this is an energy this is a
+reaction that releases some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that releases some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that releases some
+energy okay now the question is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay now the question is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay now the question is there's
+a quantity called electron affinity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity called electron affinity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantity called electron affinity you
+need to define the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to define the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to define the electron
+affinity okay all right so are you ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity okay all right so are you ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity okay all right so are you ready
+to launch all right launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four recitation four you're up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four recitation four you're up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four recitation four you're up there
+right all right can you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right can you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right can you define the
+electron affinity what's the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity what's the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity what's the electron
+affinity equal to I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity equal to I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity equal to I'm going to write
+this electron affinity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer yes that's great but I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes that's great but I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes that's great but I want a
+mathematical definition here EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals negative IE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals negative IE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals negative IE
+no all right you got to do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right you got to do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right you got to do another
+launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one what is the electron affinity equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer oh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer oh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer oh what is
+it no next line lach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+launch what is it nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch what is it nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch what is it nine
+nine what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine what's the
+answer what's the electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what's the electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what's the electron affinity
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+beep what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going not ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay the electron affinity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the electron affinity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the electron affinity here
+is minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus this
+energy right if you add an electron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right if you add an electron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right if you add an electron to
+an atom there's an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom there's an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom there's an energy
+change the electron affinity is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the electron affinity is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the electron affinity is defined
+as minus that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as minus that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as minus that energy
+change okay great game we didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay great game we didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay great game we didn't get
+very far however from these scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far however from these scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far however from these scores
+recitation section one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+win okay I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win okay I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win okay I'll see you on
+Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DCub3iqteuI.txt b/DCub3iqteuI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d64ec7148d35db9cea6200dfdde0b75a442da705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DCub3iqteuI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2998 @@
+PROFESSOR: OK, well, we've been
+looking at streams, this
+
+signal processing way of putting
+systems together.
+
+And remember, the key idea is
+that we decouple the apparent
+
+order of events in our programs
+from the actual order
+
+of events in the computer.
+
+And that means that we can start
+dealing with very long
+
+streams and only having
+to generate
+
+the elements on demand.
+
+That sort of on-demand
+computation is built into the
+
+stream's data structure.
+
+So if we have a very long
+stream, we only
+
+compute what we need.
+
+The things only get computed
+when we actually ask for them.
+
+Well, what are examples?
+
+Are they actually
+asking for them?
+
+For instance, we might ask for
+the n-th element of a stream.
+
+Here's a procedure that
+computes the n-th
+
+element of a stream.
+
+An integer n, the n-th element
+of some stream s, and we just
+
+recursively walk down
+the stream.
+
+And the end of 0, we
+compute the head.
+
+Otherwise, it's the n-th the
+minus 1 element of the tail of
+
+the stream.
+
+Those two are just like for
+Lisp, but the difference is
+
+those elements aren't going to
+get computed until we walk
+
+down, taking successive n-ths.
+
+So that's one way
+that the stream
+
+elements might get forced.
+
+And another way, here's
+a little procedure
+
+that prints a stream.
+
+We say print a stream, so
+to print a stream s.
+
+Well, what do we do?
+
+We print the head of the stream,
+and that will cause
+
+the head to be computed.
+
+And then we recursively print
+stream the tail of the stream.
+
+And if we're already done,
+maybe we have to return
+
+something about the
+message done.
+
+OK, and then so if you make a
+stream, you could say here's
+
+the stream, this very
+long stream.
+
+And then you say print the
+stream, and the elements of
+
+the stream will get computed
+successively as that print
+
+calls them.
+
+They won't get all computed
+initially.
+
+So in this way, we can deal with
+some very long streams.
+
+Well, how long can
+a stream be?
+
+Well, it can be infinitely
+long.
+
+Let's look at an example
+here on the computer.
+
+I could walk up to this
+computer, and I could say--
+
+how about we'll define the
+stream of integers starting
+
+with some number N, the stream
+of positive integers starting
+
+with some number n.
+
+And that's cons-stream
+of n onto the
+
+integers from one more.
+
+So there are the integers.
+
+Then I could say let's
+get all the integers.
+
+define the stream of integers
+to be the integers
+
+starting with 1.
+
+And now if I say something like
+what's the what's the
+
+20th integer.
+
+So it's 21 because we
+start counting at 0.
+
+Or I can do more complicated
+things.
+
+Let me to define a little
+predicate here.
+
+How about define no-seven.
+
+It's going to test an
+integer, and it's
+
+going to say it's not.
+
+I take the remainder of
+x by 7, I don't get 0.
+
+And then I could say define the
+integers with no sevens to
+
+be, take all the integers and
+filter them to have no sevens.
+
+So now I've got the stream of
+all the integers that are not
+
+divisible by seven.
+
+So if I say what's the 100th
+integer and the list not
+
+divisible by seven, I get 117.
+
+Or if I'd like to say well,
+gee, what are all of them?
+
+So I could say print stream
+all these integers with no
+
+seven, it goes off printing.
+
+You may have to wait a very
+long time to see them all.
+
+Well, you can start asking, gee,
+is it really true that
+
+this data structure with
+the integers is
+
+really all the integers?
+
+And let me draw a picture of
+that program I just wrote.
+
+Here's the definition of the
+integers again that I just
+
+typed in, Right it's a cons of
+the first integer under the
+
+integer starting with the
+rest. Now, we can make a
+
+picture of that and see
+what it looks like.
+
+Conceptually, what I have is
+a box that's the integer
+
+starting with n.
+
+It takes in some number
+n, and it's going to
+
+return a stream of--
+
+this infinite stream of all
+integers starting with n.
+
+And what do I do?
+
+Well, this is an integers
+from box.
+
+What's it got in it?
+
+Well, it takes in this n,
+and it increments it.
+
+And then it puts the result
+into recursively another
+
+integer's from box.
+
+It takes the result of that and
+the original n and puts
+
+those together with a cons
+and forms a stream.
+
+So that's a picture of
+that program I wrote.
+
+Let's see.
+
+These kind of diagrams we
+first saw drawn by Peter
+
+Henderson, the same guy who
+did the Escher language.
+
+We call them Henderson diagrams.
+And the convention
+
+here is that you put these
+things together.
+
+And the solid lines are things
+coming out are streams, and
+
+dotted lines are initial
+values going in.
+
+So this one has the shape of--
+
+it takes in some integer,
+some initial value,
+
+and outputs a stream.
+
+Again, you can ask.
+
+Is that data structure integers
+
+really all the integers?
+
+Or is it is something that's
+cleverly arranged so that
+
+whenever you look for an integer
+you find it there?
+
+That's sort of a philosophical
+question, right?
+
+If something is there whenever
+you look, is it
+
+really there or not?
+
+It's sort of the same sense
+in which the money in your
+
+savings account is
+in the bank.
+
+Well, let me do another
+example.
+
+Gee, we started the course
+with an algorithm from
+
+Alexandria, which was Heron of
+Alexandria's algorithm for
+
+computing the square root.
+
+Let's take a look at another
+Alexandrian algorithm.
+
+This one is Eratosthenes method
+for computing all of
+
+the primes.
+
+It is called the Sieve
+of Eratosthenes.
+
+And what you do is you start
+out, and you list all the
+
+integers, say, starting
+with 2.
+
+And then you take the first
+integer, and you say, oh,
+
+that's prime.
+
+And then you go look at the
+rest, and you cross out all
+
+the things divisible by 2.
+
+So I cross out this
+and this and this.
+
+This takes a long time because
+I have to do it
+
+for all of the integers.
+
+So I go through the entire list
+of integers, crossing the
+
+ones divisible by 2.
+
+And now when I finish with all
+of the integers, I go back and
+
+look and say what
+am I left with?
+
+Well, the first thing that
+starts there is 3.
+
+So 3 is a prime.
+
+And now I go back through what
+I'm left with, and I cross out
+
+all the things divisible by 3.
+
+So let's see, 9 and 15 and 21
+and 27 and 33 and so on.
+
+I won't finish.
+
+Then I see what I'm left with.
+
+And the next one I have is 5.
+
+Now I can through the rest,
+and I find the first one
+
+that's divisible by 5.
+
+I cross out from the remainder
+all the ones that are
+
+divisible by 5.
+
+And I do that, and then I
+go through and find 7.
+
+Go through all the rest, cross
+out things divisible 7, and I
+
+keep doing that forever.
+
+And when I'm done, what
+I'm left with is a
+
+list of all the primes.
+
+So that's the Sieve
+of Eratosthenes.
+
+Let's look at it as a
+computer program.
+
+It's a procedure called sieve.
+
+Now, I just write what I did.
+
+I'll say to sieve
+some stream s.
+
+I'm going to build a stream
+whose first element is the
+
+head of this.
+
+Remember, I always found the
+first thing I was left with,
+
+and the rest of it is the result
+of taking the tail of
+
+this, filtering it to throw away
+all the things that are
+
+divisible by the head of this,
+and now sieving the result.
+
+That's just what I did.
+
+And now to get the infinite
+stream of times, we just sieve
+
+all the integers starting
+from 2.
+
+Let's try that.
+
+We can actually do it.
+
+I typed in the definition of
+sieve before, I hope, so I can
+
+say something like define the
+primes to be the result of
+
+sieving the integers
+starting with 2.
+
+So now I've got this
+list of primes.
+
+That's all of the
+primes, right?
+
+So, if for example, what's the
+20th prime in that list?
+
+73.
+
+See, and that little pause, it
+was only at the point when I
+
+started asking for
+the 20th prime is
+
+that it started computing.
+
+Or I can say here let's look
+at all of the primes.
+
+And there it goes computing
+all of the primes.
+
+Of course, it will take a while
+again if I want to look
+
+at all of them, so
+let's stop it.
+
+Let me draw you a
+picture of that.
+
+Well, I've got a picture
+of that.
+
+What's that program
+really look like?
+
+Again, some practice with
+these diagrams, I
+
+have a sieve box.
+
+How does sieve work?
+
+It takes in a stream.
+
+It splits off the head
+from the tail.
+
+And the first thing that's going
+to come out of the sieve
+
+is the head of the
+original stream.
+
+Then it also takes the
+head and uses that.
+
+It takes the stream.
+
+It filters the tail and uses
+the head to filter for
+
+nondivisibility.
+
+It takes the result of
+nondivisibility and puts it
+
+through another sieve box and
+puts the result together.
+
+So you can think of this sieve a
+filter, but notice that it's
+
+an infinitely recursive
+filter.
+
+Because inside the sieve box
+is another sieve box, and
+
+inside that is another sieve
+box and another sieve box.
+
+So you see we start getting
+some very powerful things.
+
+We're starting to mix this
+signal processing view of the
+
+world with things like recursion
+that come from
+
+computation.
+
+And there are all sorts of
+interesting things you can do
+
+that are like this.
+
+All right, any questions?
+
+OK, let's take a break.
+
+Well, we've been looking at a
+couple of examples of stream
+
+programming.
+
+All the stream procedures that
+we've looked at so far have
+
+the same kind of character.
+
+We've been writing these
+recursive procedures that kind
+
+of generate these stream
+elements one at a time and put
+
+them together in cons-streams.
+So we've been thinking a lot
+
+about generators.
+
+There's another way to think
+about stream processing, and
+
+that's to focus not on programs
+that sort of process
+
+these elements as you walk down
+the stream, but on things
+
+that kind of process the
+streams all at once.
+
+To show you what I mean, let
+me start by defining two
+
+procedures that will
+come in handy.
+
+The first one's called add
+streams. Add streams takes two
+
+streams: s1 and s2.
+
+and.
+
+It's going to produce a stream
+whose elements are the are the
+
+corresponding sums. We just sort
+of add them element-wise.
+
+If either stream is empty, we
+just return the other one.
+
+Otherwise, we're going to make a
+new stream whose head is the
+
+sum of the two heads and whose
+tail is the result of
+
+recursively adding the tails.
+
+So that will produce the
+element-wise sum of two
+
+streams.
+
+And then another useful
+thing to have
+
+around is scale stream.
+
+Scale stream takes some constant
+number in a stream s
+
+and is going to produce the
+stream of elements of s
+
+multiplied by this constant.
+
+And that's easy, that's just
+a map of the function of an
+
+element that multiplies it by
+the constant, and we map that
+
+down the stream.
+
+So given those two, let me
+show you what I mean by
+
+programs that operate on
+streams all at once.
+
+Let's look at this.
+
+Suppose I write this.
+
+I say define--
+
+I'll call it ones--
+
+to be cons-stream
+of 1 onto ones.
+
+What's that?
+
+That's going to be an infinite
+stream of ones because the
+
+first thing is 1.
+
+And the tail of it is a thing
+whose first thing is 1 and
+
+whose tail is a thing whose
+first thing is 1 and so on and
+
+so on and so on.
+
+So that's an infinite
+stream of ones.
+
+And now using that, let me give
+you another definition of
+
+the integers.
+
+We can define the
+integers to be--
+
+well, the first integer we'll
+take to be 1, this cons-stream
+
+of 1 onto the element-wise sum
+onto add streams of the
+
+integers to ones.
+
+The integers are a thing whose
+first element is 1, and the
+
+rest of them you get by taking
+those integers and
+
+incrementing each one by one.
+
+So the second element of the
+integers is the first element
+
+of the integers incremented
+by one.
+
+And the rest of that is the
+next one, and the third
+
+element of that is the same as
+the first element of the tail
+
+of the integers incremented by
+one, which is the same as the
+
+first element of the original
+integers incremented by one
+
+and incremented by one
+again and so on.
+
+That looks pretty suspicious.
+
+See, notice that it works
+because of delay.
+
+See, this looks like--
+
+let's take a look at ones.
+
+This looks like it couldn't even
+be processed because it's
+
+suddenly saying in order to know
+what ones is, I say it's
+
+cons-stream of something
+onto ones.
+
+The reason that works is because
+of that very sneaky
+
+hidden delay in there.
+
+Because what this really is,
+remember, cons-stream is just
+
+an abbreviation.
+
+This really is cons of
+1 onto delay of ones.
+
+So how does that work?
+
+You say I'm going
+to define ones.
+
+First I see what ones is
+supposed to be defined as.
+
+Well, ones is supposed to be
+defined as a cons whose first
+
+part is 1 and whose second part
+is, well, it's a promise
+
+to compute something that
+I don't worry about yet.
+
+So it doesn't bother me that
+at the point I do this
+
+definition, ones
+isn't defined.
+
+Having run the definition
+now, ones is defined.
+
+So that when I go and look at
+the tail of it, it's defined.
+
+It's very sneaky.
+
+And an integer is
+the same way.
+
+I can refer to integers here
+because hidden way down--
+
+because of this cons-stream.
+
+It's the cons-stream of 1
+onto something that I
+
+don't worry that yet.
+
+So I don't look at it, and I
+don't notice that integers
+
+isn't defined at the point
+where I try and run the
+
+definition.
+
+OK, let me draw a picture of
+that integers thing because it
+
+still maybe seems a
+little bit shaky.
+
+What do I do?
+
+I've got the stream of ones, and
+that sort of comes in and
+
+goes into an adder that's
+going to be
+
+this add streams thing.
+
+And that goes in--
+
+that's going to put
+out the integers.
+
+And the other thing that goes
+into the adder here is the
+
+integer, so there's a little
+feedback loop.
+
+And all I need to start it off
+is someplace I've got a stick
+
+that initial 1.
+
+In a real signal processing
+thing, this might be a delay
+
+element with that was
+initialized to 1.
+
+But there's a picture of
+that ones program.
+
+And in fact, that looks
+a lot like--
+
+if you've seen real signal block
+diagram things, that
+
+looks a lot like accumulators,
+finite state accumulators.
+
+And in fact, we can modify this
+a little bit to change
+
+this into something that
+integrates a stream or a
+
+finite state accumulator,
+however you like
+
+to think about it.
+
+So instead of the ones coming
+in and getting out the
+
+integers, what we'll do is say
+there's a stream s coming in,
+
+and we're going to get out the
+integral of this, successive
+
+values of that, and it looks
+almost the same.
+
+The only thing we're going to
+do is when s comes in here,
+
+before we just add it in we're
+going to multiply it
+
+by some number dt.
+
+And now what we have
+here, this is
+
+exactly the same thing.
+
+We have a box, which
+is an integrator.
+
+And it takes in a stream s, and
+instead of 1 here, we can
+
+put the additional value
+for the integral.
+
+And that one looks very much
+like a signal processing block
+
+diagram program.
+
+In fact, here's the procedure
+that looks exactly like that.
+
+Find the integral of a stream.
+
+So an integral's going to take
+a stream and produce a new
+
+stream, and it takes
+in an initial value
+
+and some time constant.
+
+And what do we do?
+
+Well, we internally define this
+thing int, and we make
+
+this internal name so
+we can feed it back,
+
+loop it around itself.
+
+And int is defined to be
+something that starts out at
+
+the initial value, and
+the rest of it is
+
+gotten by adding together.
+
+We take our input stream,
+scale it by dt,
+
+and add that to int.
+
+And now we'll return from all
+that the value of integral is
+
+this thing int.
+
+And we use this internal
+definition syntax so we could
+
+write a little internal
+definition
+
+that refers to itself.
+
+Well, there are all sorts
+of things we can do.
+
+Let's try this one.
+
+how about the Fibonacci
+numbers.
+
+You can say define fibs.
+
+Well, what are the Fibonacci
+numbers?
+
+They're something that starts
+out with 0, and
+
+the next one is 1.
+
+And the rest of the Fibonacci
+numbers are gotten by adding
+
+the Fibonacci numbers
+to their own tail.
+
+There's a definition of
+the Fibonacci numbers.
+
+How does that work?
+
+Well, we start off, and someone
+says compute for us
+
+the Fibonacci numbers, and we're
+going to tell you it
+
+starts out with 0 and 1.
+
+And everything after the 0 and
+1 is gotten by summing two
+
+streams. One is the fibs
+themselves, and the other one
+
+is the tail of the fibs.
+
+So if I know that these start
+out with 0 and 1, I know that
+
+the fibs now start out with 0
+and 1, and the tail of the
+
+fibs start out with 1.
+
+So as soon as I know that, I
+know that the next one here is
+
+0 plus 1 is 1, and that tells me
+that the next one here is 1
+
+and the next one here is 1.
+
+And as soon as I know that, I
+know that the next one is 2.
+
+So the next one here is 2 and
+the next one here is 2.
+
+And this is 3.
+
+This one goes to 3,
+and this is 5.
+
+So it's a perfectly sensible
+definition.
+
+It's a one-line definition.
+
+And again, I could walk over to
+the computer and type that
+
+in, exactly that, and then say
+print stream the Fibonacci
+
+numbers, and they all
+come flying out.
+
+See, this is a lot
+like learning
+
+about recursion again.
+
+Instead of thinking that
+recursive procedures, we have
+
+recursively defined
+data objects.
+
+But that shouldn't surprise you
+at all, because by now,
+
+you should be coming to really
+believe that there's no
+
+difference really between
+procedures and data.
+
+In fact, in some sense, the
+underlying streams are
+
+procedures sitting there,
+although we don't think of
+
+them that way.
+
+So the fact that we have
+recursive procedures, well,
+
+then it should be natural that
+we have recursive data, too.
+
+OK, well, this is
+all pretty neat.
+
+Unfortunately, there are
+problems that streams aren't
+
+going to solve.
+
+Let me show you one of them.
+
+See, in the same way, let's
+imagine that we're building an
+
+analog computer to solve some
+differential equation like,
+
+say, we want to solve the
+equation y prime dy dt is y
+
+squared, and I'm going to give
+you some initial value.
+
+I'll tell you y of 0 equals 1.
+
+Let's say dt is equal
+to something.
+
+Now, in the old days, people
+built analog computers to
+
+solve these kinds of things.
+
+And the way you do that
+is really simple.
+
+You get yourself an integrator,
+like that one, an
+
+integrator box.
+
+And we put in the initial
+value y of 0 is 1.
+
+And now if we feed something
+in and get something out,
+
+we'll say, gee, what we're
+getting out is the answer.
+
+And what we're going to feed in
+is the derivative, and the
+
+derivative is supposed to be
+the square of the answer.
+
+So if we take these values and
+map using square, and if I
+
+feed this around, that's how I
+build a block diagram for an
+
+analog computer that solves this
+differential equation.
+
+Now, what we'd like to do is
+write a stream program that
+
+looks exactly like that.
+
+And what do I mean exactly
+like that?
+
+Well, I'd say define y to be the
+integral of dy starting at
+
+1 with 0.001 as a time step.
+
+And I'd like to say
+that says this.
+
+And then I'd like to say, well,
+dy is gotten by mapping
+
+the square along y.
+
+So define dy to be map
+square along y.
+
+So there's a stream description
+of this analog
+
+computer, and unfortunately,
+it doesn't work.
+
+And you can see why it doesn't
+work because when I come in
+
+and say define y to be the
+integral of dy, it says, oh,
+
+the integral of y-- huh?
+
+Oh, that's undefined.
+
+So I can't write this definition
+before I've
+
+written this one.
+
+On the other hand, if I try and
+write this one first, it
+
+says, oh, I define y to be the
+map of square along y?
+
+Oh, that's not defined yet.
+
+So I can't write this one first,
+and I can't write that
+
+one first. So I can't quite
+play this game.
+
+Well, is there a way out?
+
+See, we can do that with ones.
+
+See, over here, we did this
+thing ones, and we were able
+
+to define ones in terms of ones
+because of this delay
+
+that was built inside because
+cons-stream had a delay.
+
+Now, why's it sensible?
+
+Why's it sensible for
+cons-stream to be built with
+
+this delay?
+
+The reason is that cons-stream
+can do a useful thing without
+
+looking at its tail.
+
+See, if I say this is
+cons-stream of 1 onto
+
+something without knowing
+anything about something, I
+
+know that the stream
+starts off with 1.
+
+That's why it was sensible
+to build something like
+
+cons-stream.
+
+So we put a delay in there,
+and that allows us to have
+
+this sort of self-referential
+definition.
+
+Well, integral is a little
+bit the same way.
+
+See, notice for an
+integral, I can--
+
+let's go back and look at
+integral for a second.
+
+See, notice integral, it makes
+sense to say what's the first
+
+thing in the integral without
+knowing the stream that you're
+
+integrating.
+
+Because the first thing in the
+integral is always going to be
+
+the initial value that
+you're handed.
+
+So integral could be a procedure
+like cons-stream.
+
+You could define it, and then
+even before it knows what it's
+
+supposed to be integrating, it
+knows enough to say what its
+
+initial value is.
+
+So we can make a smarter
+integral, which is aha, you're
+
+going to give me a stream to
+integrate and an initial
+
+value, but I really don't have
+to look at that stream that
+
+I'm supposed to integrate until
+you ask me to work down
+
+the stream.
+
+In other words, integral can be
+like cons-stream, and you
+
+can expect that there's
+going to be a
+
+delay around its integrand.
+
+And we can write that.
+
+Here's a procedure
+that does that.
+
+Another version of integral,
+and this is almost like the
+
+previous one, except the stream
+it's going to get in is
+
+going to expect to be
+a delayed object.
+
+And how does this
+integral work?
+
+Well, the little thing it's
+going to define inside of
+
+itself says on the cons-stream,
+the initial value
+
+is the initial value, but only
+inside of that cons-stream,
+
+and remember, there's going to
+be a hidden delay inside here.
+
+Only inside of that cons-stream
+will I start
+
+looking at what the actual
+delayed object is.
+
+So my answer is the first
+thing's the initial value.
+
+If anybody now asks me for my
+tail, at that point, I'm going
+
+to force that delayed object--
+
+and I'll call that s--
+
+and I do the add streams. So
+this is an integral which is
+
+sort of like cons-stream.
+
+It's not going to actually try
+and see what you handed it as
+
+the thing to integrate
+until you look
+
+past the first element.
+
+And if we do that and we can
+make this work, all we have to
+
+do here is say define y to the
+integral of delay of y, of
+
+delay of dy.
+
+So y is going to be the integral
+of delay of dy
+
+starting at 1, and now
+this will work.
+
+Because I type in the definition
+of y, and that
+
+says, oh, I'm supposed to use
+the integral of something I
+
+don't care about right now
+because it's a delay.
+
+And these things, now
+you define dy.
+
+Now, y is defined.
+
+So when I define dy, it can
+see that definition for y.
+
+Everything is now started up.
+
+Both streams have their
+first element.
+
+And then when I start mapping
+down, looking at successive
+
+elements, both y and
+dy are defined.
+
+So there's a little game you
+can play that goes a little
+
+bit beyond just using the delay
+that's hidden inside
+
+streams. Questions?
+
+OK, let's take a break.
+
+Well, just before the break,
+I'm not sure if you noticed
+
+it, but something nasty
+started to happen.
+
+We've been going along with the
+streams and divorcing time
+
+in the programs from time in
+the computers, and all that
+
+divorcing got hidden inside the
+streams. And then at the
+
+very end, we saw that sometimes
+in order to really
+
+take advantage of this
+method, you have to
+
+pull out other delays.
+
+You have to write some explicit
+delays that are not
+
+hidden inside that
+cons-stream.
+
+And I did a very simple example
+with differential
+
+equations, but if you have some
+very complicated system
+
+with all kinds of self-loops,
+it becomes very, very
+
+difficult to see where you
+need those delays.
+
+And if you leave them out by
+mistake, it becomes very, very
+
+difficult to see why the thing
+maybe isn't working.
+
+So that's kind of mess, that
+by getting this power and
+
+allowing us to use delay,
+we end up with some very
+
+complicated programming
+sometimes, because it can't
+
+all be hidden inside
+the streams.
+
+Well, is there a way
+out of that?
+
+Yeah, there is a way
+out of that.
+
+We could change the language so
+that all procedures acted
+
+like cons-stream, so that every
+procedure automatically
+
+has an implicit delay around
+its arguments.
+
+And what would that mean?
+
+That would mean when you call
+a procedure, the arguments
+
+wouldn't get evaluated.
+
+Instead, they'd only be
+evaluated when you need them,
+
+so they might be passed off to
+some other procedure, which
+
+wouldn't evaluate them either.
+
+So all these procedures would
+be passing promises around.
+
+And then finally maybe when you
+finally got down to having
+
+to look at the value of
+something that was handed to a
+
+primitive operator would you
+actually start calling in all
+
+those promises.
+
+If we did that, since everything
+would have a
+
+uniform delay, then you wouldn't
+have to write any
+
+explicit delays, because it
+would be automatically built
+
+into the way the
+language works.
+
+Or another way to say that,
+technically what I'm
+
+describing is what's called--
+
+if we did that, our language
+would be so-called
+
+normal-order evaluation language
+versus what we've
+
+actually been working
+with, which is
+
+called applicative order--
+
+versus applicative-order
+evaluation.
+
+And remember the substitution
+model for applicative order.
+
+It says when you go and evaluate
+a combination, you
+
+find the values of
+all the pieces.
+
+You evaluate the arguments and
+then you substitute them in
+
+the body of the procedure.
+
+Normal order says no,
+don't do that.
+
+What you do is effectively
+substitute in the body of the
+
+procedure, but instead of
+evaluating the arguments, you
+
+just put a promise to
+compute them there.
+
+Or another way to say that is
+you take the expressions for
+
+the arguments, if you like,
+and substitute them in the
+
+body of the procedure and go on,
+and never really simplify
+
+anything until you get down
+to a primitive operator.
+
+So that would be a normal-order
+language.
+
+Well, why don't we do that?
+
+Because if we did, we'd get all
+the advantages of delayed
+
+evaluation with none
+of the mess.
+
+In fact, if we did that and
+cons was just a delayed
+
+procedure, that would make cons
+the same as cons-stream.
+
+We wouldn't need streams of
+all because lists would
+
+automatically be streams. That's
+how lists would behave,
+
+and data structures would
+behave that way.
+
+Everything would behave
+that way, right?
+
+You'd never really do any
+computation until you actually
+
+needed the answer.
+
+You wouldn't have to worry
+about all these explicit
+
+annoying delays.
+
+Well, why don't we do that?
+
+First of all, I should say
+people do do that.
+
+There's some very beautiful
+languages.
+
+One of the very nicest is a
+language called Miranda, which
+
+is developed by David Turner
+at the University of Kent.
+
+And that's how this
+language works.
+
+It's a normal-order language and
+its data structures, which
+
+look like lists, are actually
+streams. And you write
+
+ordinary procedures in Miranda,
+and they do these
+
+prime things and eight
+queens things, just
+
+without anything special.
+
+It's all built in there.
+
+But there's a price.
+
+Remember how we got here.
+
+We're decoupling time
+in the programs
+
+from time in the machines.
+
+And if we put delay, that sort
+of decouples it everywhere,
+
+not just in streams. Remember
+what we're trying to do.
+
+We're trying to think about
+programming as a way to
+
+specify processes.
+
+And if we give up too much time,
+our language becomes
+
+more elegant, but it becomes a
+little bit less expressive.
+
+There are certain distinctions
+that we can't draw.
+
+One of them, for instance,
+is iteration.
+
+Remember this old procedure,
+iterative factorial, that we
+
+looked at quite a
+long time ago.
+
+Iterative factorial had a thing,
+and it said there was
+
+an internal procedure, and there
+was a state which was a
+
+product and a counter,
+and we iterate that
+
+going around the loop.
+
+And we said that was an
+iterative procedure because it
+
+didn't build up state.
+
+And the reason it didn't build
+up state is because this iter
+
+that's called is just passing
+these things around to itself.
+
+Or in the substitution model,
+you could see in the
+
+substitution model that Jerry
+did, that in an iterative
+
+procedure, that state doesn't
+have to grow.
+
+And in fact, we said
+it doesn't,
+
+so this is an iteration.
+
+But now think about this exact
+same text if we had a
+
+normal-order language.
+
+What would happen is this
+would no longer be an
+
+iterative procedure?
+
+And if you really think about
+the details of the
+
+substitution model, which I'm
+not going to do here, this
+
+expression would grow.
+
+Why would it grow?
+
+It's because when iter calls
+itself, it calls itself with
+
+this product.
+
+If it's a normal-order language,
+that multiplication
+
+is not going to get done.
+
+That's going to say I'm to call
+myself with a promise to
+
+compute this product.
+
+And now iter goes
+around again.
+
+And I'm going to call myself
+with a promise to compute this
+
+product where now one of the
+one factors is a promise.
+
+And I call myself again.
+
+And if you write out the
+substitution model for that
+
+iterative process, you'll see
+exactly the same growth in
+
+state, all those promises that
+are getting remembered that
+
+have to get called in
+at the very end.
+
+So one of the disadvantages
+is that you can't
+
+really express iteration.
+
+Maybe that's a little
+theoretical reason why not,
+
+but in fact, people who are
+trying to write real operating
+
+systems in these languages are
+running into exactly these
+
+types of problems. Like it's
+perfectly possible to
+
+implement a text editor in
+languages like these.
+
+But after you work a while, you
+suddenly have 3 megabytes
+
+of stuff, which is--
+
+I guess they call them the
+dragging tail problem of
+
+people who are looking at these,
+of promises that sort
+
+of haven't been called in
+because you couldn't quite
+
+express an iteration.
+
+And one of the research
+questions in these kinds of
+
+languages are figuring out the
+right compiler technology to
+
+get rid of the so-called
+dragging tails.
+
+It's not simple.
+
+But there's another kind of more
+striking issue about why
+
+you just don't go ahead
+and make your
+
+language normal order.
+
+And the reason is that
+normal-order evaluation and
+
+side effects just don't mix.
+
+They just don't go together
+very well.
+
+Somehow, you can't--
+
+it's sort of you can't
+simultaneously go around
+
+trying to model objects with
+local state and change and at
+
+the same time do these
+normal-order tricks of
+
+de-coupling time.
+
+Let me just show you
+a really simple
+
+example, very, very simple.
+
+Suppose we had a normal-order
+language.
+
+And I'm going to start
+out in this language.
+
+This is now normal order.
+
+I'm going to define x to be 0.
+
+It's just some variable
+I'll initialize.
+
+And now I'm going to define this
+little funny function,
+
+which is an identity function.
+
+And what it does, it keeps track
+of the last time you
+
+called it using x.
+
+So the identity of n just
+returns n, but it
+
+sets x to be n.
+
+And now I'll define a little
+increment function, which is a
+
+very little, simple scenario.
+
+Now, imagine I'm interacting
+with this in the normal-order
+
+language, and I type
+the following.
+
+I say define y to be increment
+the identity function of 3, so
+
+y is going to be 4.
+
+Now, I say what's x?
+
+Well, x should have been the
+value that was remembered last
+
+when I called the identity
+function.
+
+So you'd expect to say,
+well, x is 3 at this
+
+point, but it's not.
+
+Because when I defined y here,
+what I really defined y to be
+
+increment of a promise
+to do this thing.
+
+So I didn't look at y,
+so that identity
+
+function didn't get run.
+
+So if I type in this definition
+and look at x, I'm
+
+going to get 0.
+
+Now, if I go look at y and say
+what's y, say y is 4, looking
+
+at y, that very active looking
+at y caused the identity
+
+function to be run.
+
+And now x will get
+remembered as 3.
+
+So here x will be 0.
+
+Here, x will be 3.
+
+That's a tiny, little, simple
+scenario, but you can see what
+
+kind of a mess that's going to
+make for debugging interactive
+
+programs when you have
+normal-order evaluation.
+
+It's very confusing.
+
+But it's very confusing for a
+very deep reason, which is
+
+that the whole idea of putting
+in delays is that
+
+you throw away time.
+
+That's why we can have these
+infinite processes.
+
+Since we've thrown away time, we
+don't have to wait for them
+
+to run, right?
+
+We decouple the order of events
+in the computer from
+
+what we write in our programs.
+But when we talk about state
+
+and set and change, that's
+exactly what we do want
+
+control of.
+
+So it's almost as if there's
+this fundamental contradiction
+
+in what you want.
+
+And that brings us back to these
+sort of philosophical
+
+mutterings about what is it that
+you're trying to model
+
+and how do you look
+at the world.
+
+Or sometimes this is called
+the debate over functional
+
+programming.
+
+A so-called purely functional
+language is one that just
+
+doesn't have any side effects.
+
+Since you have no side effects,
+there's no assignment
+
+operator, so there are no
+terrible consequences of it.
+
+You can use a substitution-like
+thing.
+
+Programs really are like
+mathematics and not like
+
+models in the real
+world, not like
+
+objects in the real world.
+
+There are a lot of
+wonderful things
+
+about functional languages.
+
+Since there's no time, you never
+have any synchronization
+
+problems. And if you want to put
+something into a parallel
+
+algorithm, you can run the
+pieces of that parallel
+
+processing any way you want.
+
+There's just never any
+synchronization to worry that,
+
+and it's a very congenial
+environment for doing this.
+
+The price is you give
+up assignment.
+
+So an advocate of a functional
+language would say, gee,
+
+that's just a tiny
+price to pay.
+
+You probably shouldn't
+use assignment
+
+most of the time anyway.
+
+And if you just give up
+assignment, you can be in this
+
+much, much nicer world than
+this place with objects.
+
+Well, what's the rejoinder
+to that?
+
+Remember how we got
+into this mess.
+
+We started trying to model
+things that had local state.
+
+So remember Jerry's random
+number generator.
+
+There was this random number
+generator that had some little
+
+state in it to compute the next
+random number and the
+
+next random number and the
+next random number.
+
+And we wanted to hide that state
+away from the Cesaro
+
+compute part process, and that's
+why we needed set.
+
+We wanted to package that
+stated modularly.
+
+Well, a functional programming
+person would say, well, you're
+
+just all wet.
+
+I mean, you can write
+a perfectly
+
+good modular program.
+
+It's just you're thinking
+about modularity wrong.
+
+You're hung up in this next
+random number and the next
+
+random number and the
+next random number.
+
+Why don't you just say let's
+write a program.
+
+Let's write an enumerator
+which just generates an
+
+infinite stream of
+random numbers.
+
+We can sort of have that stream
+all at once, and that's
+
+going to be our source
+of random numbers.
+
+And then if you like, you can
+put that through some sort of
+
+processor, which is--
+
+I don't know--
+
+a Cesaro test, and that
+can do what it wants.
+
+And what would come out of there
+would be a stream of
+
+successive approximations
+to pi.
+
+So as we looked further down
+this stream, we'd tug on this
+
+Cesaro thing, and it
+would pull out more
+
+and more random numbers.
+
+And the further and further we
+look down the stream, the
+
+better an approximation
+we'd get to pi.
+
+And it would do exactly the same
+as the other computation,
+
+except we're thinking about
+the modularity different.
+
+We're saying imagine we had all
+those infinite streams of
+
+random numbers all at once.
+
+You can see the details of this
+procedure in the book.
+
+Similarly, there are other
+things that we tend to get
+
+locked into on this one and that
+one and the next one and
+
+the next one, which don't
+have to be that way.
+
+Like you might think about like
+a banking system, which
+
+is a very simple idea.
+
+Imagine we have a program
+that sort of
+
+represents a bank account.
+
+The bank account might
+have in it--
+
+if we looked at this in a sort
+of message-passing view of the
+
+world, we'd say a bank account
+is an object that has some
+
+local state in there, which
+is the balance, say.
+
+And a user using this system
+comes and sends a transaction
+
+request. So the user sends a
+transaction request, like
+
+deposit some money, and the
+bank account maybe--
+
+let's say the bank account
+always responds with what the
+
+current balance is.
+
+The user says let's deposits
+some money, and the bank
+
+account sends back a message
+which is the balance.
+
+And the user says deposit some
+more, and the bank account
+
+sends back a message.
+
+And just like the random number
+generator, you'd say,
+
+gee, we would like to use set.
+
+We'd like to have balance be a
+piece of local state inside
+
+this bank account because we
+want to separate the state of
+
+the user from the state
+of the bank account.
+
+Well, that's the
+message-processing view.
+
+There's a stream view with that
+thing, which does the
+
+same thing without any
+set or side effects.
+
+And the idea is again we don't
+think about anything having
+
+local state.
+
+We think about the bank account
+as something that's
+
+going to process a stream
+of transaction requests.
+
+So think about this bank account
+not as something that
+
+goes message by message, but
+something that takes in a
+
+stream of transaction
+requests like maybe
+
+successive deposit announced.
+
+1, 2, 2, 4, those might be
+successive amounts to deposit.
+
+And then coming out of
+it is the successive
+
+balances 1, 3, 5, 9.
+
+So we think of the bank account
+not as something that
+
+has state, but something that
+acts sort of on the infinite
+
+stream of requests.
+
+But remember, we've
+thrown away time.
+
+So what we can do is if the
+user's here, we can have this
+
+infinite stream of requests
+being generated one at a time
+
+coming from the user and this
+transaction stream coming back
+
+on a printer being printed
+one at a time.
+
+And if we drew a little line
+here, right there to the user,
+
+the user couldn't tell
+that this system
+
+doesn't have state.
+
+It looks just like the
+other one, but
+
+there's no state in there.
+
+And by the way, just to show
+you, here's an actual
+
+implementation of this-- we'll
+call it make deposit account
+
+because you can only deposit.
+
+It takes an initial balance and
+then a stream of deposits
+
+you might make.
+
+And what is it?
+
+Well, it's just cons-stream of
+the balance onto make a new
+
+account stream whose initial
+balance is the old balance
+
+plus the first thing in the
+deposit stream and make
+
+deposit account works on the
+rest of which is the tail of
+
+the deposit stream.
+
+So there's sort of a very
+typical message-passing,
+
+object-oriented thing
+that's done without
+
+side effects at all.
+
+There are very many things
+you can do this way.
+
+Well, can you do everything
+without assignment?
+
+Can everybody go over to purely
+functional languages?
+
+Well, we don't know, but there
+seem to be places where purely
+
+functional programming
+breaks down.
+
+Where it starts hurting is
+when you have things like
+
+this, but you also mix it up
+with the other things that we
+
+had to worry that, which are
+objects and sharing and two
+
+independent agents
+being the same.
+
+So under a typical one, suppose
+you want to extend
+
+this bank account.
+
+So here's a bank account.
+
+Bank accounts take in a stream
+of transaction requests and
+
+put out streams of, say,
+balances or responses to that.
+
+But suppose you want to model
+the fact that this is a joint
+
+bank account between two
+independent people.
+
+So suppose there are two people,
+say, Bill and Dave,
+
+who have a joint bank account.
+
+How would you model this?
+
+Well, Bill puts out a stream of
+transaction requests, and
+
+Dave puts out a stream of
+transaction requests, and
+
+somehow, they have to merge
+into this bank account.
+
+So what you might do is write
+a little stream processing
+
+thing called merge, which sort
+of takes these, merges them
+
+together, produces a single
+stream for the bank account.
+
+Now they're both talking to
+the same bank account.
+
+That's all great, but how
+do you write merge?
+
+What's this procedure merge?
+
+You want to do something
+that's reasonable.
+
+Your first guess might be
+to say, well, we'll take
+
+alternate requests from Bill and
+Dave. But what happens if
+
+suddenly in the middle of this
+thing, Dave goes away on
+
+vacation for two years?
+
+Then Bill's sort of stuck.
+
+So what you want to do is--
+well, it's hard to describe.
+
+What you want to do is what
+people call fair merge.
+
+The idea of fair merge is it
+sort of should do them
+
+alternately, but if there's
+nothing waiting here, it
+
+should take one twice.
+
+Notice I can't even say that
+without talking about time.
+
+So one of the other active
+researcher areas in functional
+
+languages is inventing little
+things like fair merge and
+
+maybe some others, which will
+take the places where I used
+
+to need side effects and objects
+and sort of hide them
+
+away in some very well-defined
+modules of the system so that
+
+all the problems of assignment
+don't sort of leak out all
+
+over the system but are captured
+in some fairly
+
+well-understood things.
+
+More generally, I think what
+you're seeing is that we're
+
+running across what I think
+is a very basic problem in
+
+computer science, which is how
+to define languages that
+
+somehow can talk about delayed
+evaluation, but also be able
+
+to reflect this view
+that there are
+
+objects in the world.
+
+How do we somehow get both?
+
+And I think that's a
+very hard problem.
+
+And it may be that it's a very
+hard problem that has almost
+
+nothing to do with computer
+science, that it really is a
+
+problem having to do with two
+very incompatible ways of
+
+looking at the world.
+
+OK, questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: You mentioned
+earlier that once you
+
+introduce assignment, the
+general rule for using the
+
+substitution model
+is you can't.
+
+Unless you're very careful,
+you can't.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a set of
+techniques or a set of
+
+guidelines for localizing the
+effects of assignment so that
+
+the very careful becomes
+defined?
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't know.
+
+Let me think.
+
+Well, certainly, there was an
+assignment inside memo proc,
+
+but that was sort
+of hidden away.
+
+It ended up not making
+any difference.
+
+Part of the reason for that is
+once this thing triggered that
+
+it had run and gotten
+an answer, that
+
+answer will never change.
+
+So that was sort of a
+one-time assignment.
+
+So one very general thing you
+can do is if you only do
+
+what's called a one-time
+assignment and never change
+
+anything, then you
+can do better.
+
+One of the problems in this
+merge thing, people have--
+
+let me see if this is right.
+
+I think it's true that with
+fair merge, with just fair
+
+merge, you can begin effectively
+simulating
+
+assignment in the rest
+of the language.
+
+It seems like anything you
+do to go outside--
+
+I'm not quite sure that's true
+for fair merge, but it's true
+
+of a little bit more
+general things that
+
+people have been doing.
+
+So it might be that any little
+bit you put in, suddenly if
+
+they allow you to build
+arbitrary stuff, it's almost
+
+as bad as having assignment
+altogether.
+
+But that's an area that people
+are thinking about now.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess I don't see
+the problem here with merge if
+
+I call Bill, if Bill is a
+procedure, then Bill is going
+
+to increment the bank account
+or build the list that 's
+
+going to put in the
+next element.
+
+If I call Dave twice in a
+row, that will do that.
+
+I'm not sure where fair merge
+has to be involved.
+
+PROFESSOR: The problem
+is imagine
+
+these really as people.
+
+See, here I have the user who's
+interacting with this
+
+bank account.
+
+Put in a request,
+get an answer.
+
+Put in a request,
+get an answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: But if the only way
+I can process request is to
+
+alternate them from
+two people--
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, why would
+you alternate them?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why don't I?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+Why do you?
+
+PROFESSOR: Think of them
+as real people, right?
+
+This guy might go
+away for a year.
+
+And you're sitting here at the
+bank account window, and you
+
+can't put in two requests
+because it's
+
+waiting for this guy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why does it have
+to be waiting for one?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because it's trying
+to compute a function.
+
+I have to define a function.
+
+Another way to say that is the
+answer to what comes out of
+
+this merge box is not a function
+of what goes in.
+
+Because, see, what would
+the function be?
+
+Suppose he puts in 1, 1, 1, 1,
+and he puts in 2, 2, 2, 2.
+
+What's the answer
+supposed to be?
+
+It's not good enough to say
+it's 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: I understand.
+
+But when Bill puts
+in 1, 1 goes in.
+
+When Dave puts in 2 twice,
+2 goes in twice.
+
+When Bill puts in--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why can't
+it be hooked to
+
+the time of the input--
+
+the actual procedural--
+
+PROFESSOR: Because I
+don't have time.
+
+See, all I can say is I'm going
+to define a function.
+
+I don't have time.
+
+There's no concept if it's going
+to alternate, except if
+
+nobody's there, it's going
+to wait a while for him.
+
+It's just going to say I have
+the stream of requests, the
+
+timeless infinite streams of
+all the requests that Dave
+
+would have made, right?
+
+And the timeless infinite stream
+of all the requests
+
+Bill would have made, and I
+want to operate on them.
+
+See, that's how this bank
+account is working.
+
+And the problem is that these
+poor people who are sitting at
+
+the bank account windows
+have the
+
+misfortune to exist in time.
+
+They don't see their infinite
+stream of all the requests
+
+they would have ever made.
+
+They're waiting now, and
+they want an answer.
+
+So if you're sitting there--
+
+if this is the screen operation
+on some time-sharing
+
+system and it's working
+functionally, you want an
+
+answer then when you
+talk the character.
+
+You don't want it to have to
+wait for everybody in the
+
+whole system to have typed one
+character before it can get
+
+around to service you.
+
+So that's the problem.
+
+I mean, the fact that people
+live in time, apparently.
+
+If they didn't, it wouldn't
+be a problem.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm afraid I miss the
+point of having no time in
+
+this banking transaction.
+
+Isn't time very important?
+
+For instance, the sequence
+of events.
+
+If Dave take out $100,
+then the timing
+
+sequence should be important.
+
+How do you treat transactions
+as streams?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, that's
+the thing I'm saying.
+
+This is an example
+where you can't.
+
+You can't.
+
+The point is what comes out of
+here is simply not a function
+
+of the stream going in here and
+the stream going in here.
+
+It's a function of the stream
+going in here and the stream
+
+going in here and some kind of
+information about time, which
+
+is precisely what a normal-order
+language won't
+
+let you say.
+
+AUDIENCE: In order to brings
+this back into a more
+
+functional perspective, could we
+just explicitly time stamp
+
+all the inputs from Bill and
+Dave and define fair merge to
+
+just be the sort on
+those time stamps?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you
+can do that.
+
+You can do that sort of thing.
+
+Another thing you could say is
+imagine that really what this
+
+function is, is that it does a
+read every microsecond, and
+
+then if there's none
+there, that's
+
+considered an empty one.
+
+That's about equivalent
+to what you said.
+
+And yes, you can do that,
+but that's a clg.
+
+So it's not quite only
+implementation
+
+we're worried about.
+
+We're worried about expressive
+power in the language, and
+
+what we're running across is a
+real mismatch between what we
+
+can say easily and what
+we'd like to say.
+
+AUDIENCE: It sounds like where
+we're getting hung up with
+
+that is the fact it expects one
+input from both Bill and
+
+Dave at the same time.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not quite one,
+but it's anything you define.
+
+So you can say Dave can go
+twice as often, but if
+
+anything you predefine, it's
+not the right thing.
+
+You can't decide at some
+particular function of their
+
+input requests.
+
+Worse yet, I mean, worse yet,
+there are things that even
+
+merge can't do.
+
+One thing you might want to do
+that's even more general is
+
+suddenly you add somebody else
+to this bank account system.
+
+You go and you add John to
+this bank account system.
+
+And now there's yet another
+stream that's going to come
+
+into the picture at some time
+which we haven't prespecified.
+
+So that's something even fair
+merge can't do, and they're
+
+things called--
+
+I forget--
+
+natagers or something.
+
+That's a generalization of
+fair merge to allow that.
+
+There's a whole sort of research
+discipline saying how
+
+far can you push this functional
+perspective by
+
+adding more and more
+mechanism?
+
+And how far does that go before
+the whole thing breaks
+
+down and you might as well
+been using set anyway.
+
+AUDIENCE: You need to set him
+up on automatic deposit.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DOq2YChGmlg.txt b/DOq2YChGmlg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38e998aefc5d3fe55124008fe5b87edb6ea5d921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DOq2YChGmlg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2377 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to remind
+and clarify as needed the
+
+equilibrium constant Kp for
+gas phase reaction was the
+
+ratios of the partial pressures
+referenced to some
+
+reference pressure, which we
+usually take as one, one bar.
+
+To the stoichiometry , pD
+divided by p naught, to the mu
+
+D where species C and
+D are products.
+
+And the reactants are
+on the bottom.
+
+And usually we don't write p
+naught, but it's important to
+
+remember that it's there.
+
+And then we can also write this
+in terms of the Gibbs
+
+free energy for the reaction.
+
+The standard Gibbs free energy,
+minus delta G naught
+
+of the reaction,
+divided by RT.
+
+And what this tells us is
+that this is a number.
+
+This is a number, there's
+no pre-factor
+
+here that has units.
+
+That's a unitless number.
+
+And it doesn't depend on
+the total pressure.
+
+And the other thing to remember
+is that delta G
+
+naught for the reaction is
+the process of taking the
+
+reactants separated in separate
+boxes, separate
+
+containers, and the final
+product, the final step, is
+
+the products separated in
+individual containers.
+
+That's what we write when
+we write delta G
+
+naught for the reaction.
+
+We also looked at K in terms
+of mole fractions.
+
+So if you replace all the
+partial pressures with the
+
+mole fraction times the total
+pressure, you get an
+
+expression for K sub x, which we
+define as the mole fraction
+
+of the products to the
+stoichiometric powers.
+
+Which is also unitless.
+
+This is true, it's unitless.
+
+But, if you write it in terms of
+K sub p, the total pressure
+
+comes in here. p total, divided
+by the reference
+
+pressure to the minus delta nu,
+where this is the change
+
+in the number of moles,
+in going from
+
+reactants to products.
+
+And there's K sub
+p sitting here.
+
+So unlike K sub p, which doesn't
+depend on the total
+
+pressure, K sub x does depend on
+the total pressure through
+
+this term right here.
+
+So when we look at problems
+where we change the pressure,
+
+the total pressure of
+the system, this is
+
+going to stay the same.
+
+Because it only cares
+about delta G
+
+naught for the reaction.
+
+But this K sub x will depend
+on the total pressure.
+
+And that's often a source of
+confusion in doing problems.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+We're going to do an example
+where we change
+
+the pressure first.
+
+So there are examples in the
+notes, and I'm going to skip
+
+the first one.
+
+I'm going to go to the second
+one, which is the effect of
+
+the total pressure
+on the reaction.
+
+And Le Chatelier's principle,
+for pressure.
+
+And the example we're going to
+take is a fairly standard
+
+example, also.
+
+Which is the reaction of N2O4,
+which is a gas, to 2 NO2,
+
+which is a gas, the kind of
+reaction that happens when you
+
+have smog and, fairly common
+in big cities.
+
+The question we're going to ask
+is, what happens when we
+
+change the total pressure
+in this reaction here.
+
+Which way does the
+equilibrium go?
+
+Does it go to the right,
+does it go to the left?
+
+Does it go to the products
+or the reactants.
+
+And so, in order to answer that
+question, we're going to
+
+ask a slightly different
+question.
+
+We're going to ask what is the
+molar ratio, what is the
+
+fraction, what is fraction
+of the reactant,
+
+the N2O4 that's reacted.
+
+That has reacted.
+
+And we're going to
+call that alpha.
+
+It's the number of moles that
+have reacted divided by number
+
+of moles initially.
+
+So we're going to need to find
+at equilibrium what is the
+
+number of moles of N2O4
+that has reacted.
+
+So we have to set
+up the problem.
+
+And so the way that, the
+standard way of setting up the
+
+problem is to write the
+equilibrium, 2 NO2 gas.
+
+And then on this line here, we
+write the initial conditions
+
+before we set up the
+equilibrium.
+
+And let's say that we
+have n moles of N2O4
+
+initially in the box.
+
+And zero moles of the NO2.
+
+So we have n moles here.
+
+And zero moles here.
+
+At equilibrium, let's write
+the number of moles.
+
+A certain number of moles of
+N2O4 will have reacted, let's
+
+call that x.
+
+So n minus x moles left.
+
+For every x moles of N2O4 that's
+reacted, we create two
+
+moles of NO2.
+
+So we have 2x here.
+
+And then we're going to need
+the total number of moles,
+
+because we're going
+to be doing mole
+
+ratios, mole fractions.
+
+So the total number of moles
+at any time is the sum of
+
+these two, n minus x plus 2x.
+
+It's n plus x.
+
+So if we're going to be writing
+our equilibrium
+
+constant in terms of mole
+fractions, we're going to need
+
+mole fractions.
+
+So the mole fraction at any time
+is n minus x divided by
+
+the total number of moles,
+which we just
+
+calculated as n plus x.
+
+And this is 2x divided by
+the total number of
+
+moles, n plus x.
+
+And what we want is
+this ratio here.
+
+We want the ratio of the number
+of moles reacted, which
+
+is x, that's the number
+of moles that's gone.
+
+That have reacted.
+
+Divided by the number of moles
+initially, which is n.
+
+That's what we want.
+
+We want to see how that is going
+to change with pressure.
+
+So we're going to deal first
+with Kp, because Kp doesn't
+
+depend on total pressure.
+
+We're going to write
+that down.
+
+Then we're going to
+go to Kx, somehow.
+
+And that's going to depend
+on pressure.
+
+So let's see what Kp is here.
+
+So K sub p, you've got
+the products on top.
+
+So it's the partial pressure
+of NO2 to the second power,
+
+divided by the partial
+pressure of
+
+N2O4 to the one power.
+
+And everything is referenced
+to one bar,
+
+everything's in bar.
+
+And in terms of the molar
+fractions, it's the total
+
+pressure squared, times the mole
+fraction of NO2 squared,
+
+divided by the total pressure
+to the first power.
+
+So the square root on
+top gets divided by
+
+one factor of pressure.
+
+So we have total pressure
+in front.
+
+Divided by x to the N2O4,
+and that's p times Kx.
+
+So let's plug in what these mole
+fractions are from our
+
+table here.
+
+The mole fraction of NO2 is
+2x divided by n plus x.
+
+2x divided by n plus x
+to the square power.
+
+Mole fraction of N2O4, n minus
+x over n plus x. n minus x
+
+over n plus x.
+
+Multiply, square the
+top, 4x squared.
+
+Divided by n plus x squared.
+
+Things sort of cancel out here.
+
+Rearrange.
+
+4x squared divided by n squared
+minus x squared.
+
+What we're really interested
+in is, we're not
+
+interested in x.
+
+We're interested in
+x divided by n.
+
+So let's divide both the top and
+the bottom by n squared.
+
+And we're going to get
+alpha come up.
+
+So this is then p times 4 alpha
+squared divided by one
+
+minus alpha squared.
+
+This is not, there's no
+total pressure here.
+
+The only way, the only place,
+where the total pressure comes
+
+in, is right here.
+
+This is just a number that
+doesn't care what the total
+
+pressure is.
+
+Which is why we're using it.
+
+And not K sub x, which cares
+what the total pressure is.
+
+So now we can solve for alpha.
+
+We can solve for alpha by
+rearranging this equation.
+
+This is just a number.
+
+And this is where the total
+pressure comes in.
+
+So you rearrange that, and you
+get alpha is equal to 1 plus
+
+4p divided by Kp, to the
+minus 1/2 power.
+
+And if I rewrite that slightly
+to make it a little bit easier
+
+to see what's going to happen,
+when I change the pressure, 1
+
+plus 4p divided by Kp,
+to the 1/2 power.
+
+And that's what I'm after.
+
+This tells me what happens at
+equilibrium to the amount of
+
+NO2 as I change the
+total pressure.
+
+This is the only place
+where it comes in.
+
+So now I can see that if I
+raise the pressure in my
+
+container, raise the pressure,
+this is in the denominator, so
+
+this fraction gets smaller.
+
+Alpha gets smaller.
+
+I raise the pressure, the
+fraction of material that
+
+reacts gets smaller.
+
+Therefore, the reaction goes
+towards the reactants.
+
+If I decrease the pressure, this
+is a smaller number here.
+
+The fraction gets bigger.
+
+Alpha goes up.
+
+If I decrease the pressure and
+I compare what happens to the
+
+number of moles of reactants
+that react, more of it reacts.
+
+Equilibrium shifts towards
+the product.
+
+And this is Le Chatelier
+that you already know.
+
+Le Chatelier's principle,
+for pressure.
+
+The way it works is that Le
+Chatelier's principle states
+
+that, this chemical system wants
+to stay as close to what
+
+it was before.
+
+It doesn't like change.
+
+It doesn't want to have
+any change happen.
+
+So if you increase the pressure,
+the chemical system
+
+says, hey, you know I'm not so
+happy that you're increasing
+
+the pressure on me.
+
+I'd like to go back to
+a smaller pressure.
+
+It doesn't like change.
+
+Very conservative.
+
+And the way to decrease the
+pressure is to decrease the
+
+number of moles in
+the container.
+
+How does it decrease the
+number of moles?
+
+Goes back to where there
+are fewer moles.
+
+And that's on the
+reactant side.
+
+How many of you know
+Lenz's law?
+
+In magnetism.
+
+The diamagnetic materials.
+
+Right.
+
+At least one person knows it.
+
+It's the same idea.
+
+You take a diamagnetic material
+in the absence of a
+
+magnetic field, and you slowly
+move it into a place where
+
+there's high magnetic field,
+what does the diamagnetic
+
+material do?
+
+It orients its magnetic moment
+to reverse the field.
+
+So that there's no
+field inside.
+
+It starts out with no field.
+
+Doesn't like change.
+
+So Lenz's law says it's going to
+do whatever it can so that
+
+it retains no field inside.
+
+Le Chatelier's principle is
+basically the same thing.
+
+Equilibrium systems are
+very unhappy if you
+
+try to change them.
+
+And that's what happens for Le
+Chatelier here with pressure.
+
+Any questions?
+
+So before we go to Le
+Chatelier's with temperature,
+
+and the van 't Hoff equation.
+
+Let's do a little detour here
+and talk about equilibrium in
+
+solution, which is really as
+important, or if not important
+
+for a lot of you, then gas
+phase equilibrium.
+
+Although gas phase equilibrium
+was where everything started.
+
+And still a huge deal.
+
+OK, so in equilibrium now, when
+we talk about equilibrium
+
+in solution, we still have
+to, still going to be
+
+the chemical potential.
+
+It's still going to be looking
+at how chemical potential
+
+likes to go downhill.
+
+And we're going to have to write
+chemical potential for a
+
+species, A, let's say,
+which is in solution.
+
+At some concentration
+c sub A in solution.
+
+And the concentration could be
+given in moles per liter.
+
+Or it could be in
+grams per liter.
+
+Or it could be in grams
+per 1000 grams.
+
+Whatever your favorite unit
+of concentration is.
+
+Use it.
+
+Stick to it.
+
+And in order to do equilibrium,
+we're going to
+
+have to reference it to, so this
+would be the species at
+
+some arbitrary concentration.
+
+We're going to have to reference
+it to some reference
+
+concentration.
+
+Just like we referenced
+everything to one bar before,
+
+as our standard pressure.
+
+And we're going to take, usually
+you take one mole per
+
+liter, or one gram per liter,
+or one whatever.
+
+One as your reference
+concentration.
+
+And the reference concentration
+is going to
+
+disappear from the equation.
+
+It's just like the reference
+pressure.
+
+Disappear from the equation.
+
+So we're going to reference this
+to some standard state
+
+chemical potential.
+
+Where the naught refers now to
+the standard concentration.
+
+And instead of having RT
+log p, now we're going
+
+to have RT log cA.
+
+It's kind of like considering
+the molecules in the solution
+
+to act like an ideal gas.
+
+Knowing fully well that behind,
+that underneath the
+
+cA, is this reference
+concentration of one.
+
+One whatever is your
+favorite units.
+
+Now, it's a little bit
+more complicated than
+
+for the ideal gas.
+
+Because your solution may
+contain other things than your
+
+reactants and your products.
+
+Especially if you're
+doing biology.
+
+It could be a buffer.
+
+It could be a buffer,
+it could have salt.
+
+It could have a pH that's not
+equal to seven, whatever.
+
+And so this reference, chemical
+potential, now needs
+
+to be referenced to a particular
+pH or salt
+
+concentration.
+
+Or whatever the properties
+of your solvent are.
+
+Or your solution are.
+
+And that's the big difference.
+
+In an ideal gas, it's
+
+reference to vacuum, basically.
+
+There's nothing there.
+
+In here, in solution you have
+all these molecules of
+
+solvent, molecules of salt,
+molecules of acid, or
+
+whatever, that are going to be
+around to buffer the pH.
+
+And that's going to change what
+the chemical potential of
+
+a species is.
+
+And if I change the pH and I've
+got a molecule that I'm
+
+interested in, it may not have
+an acidic moiety on it, but it
+
+could still care what
+the pH is, slightly.
+
+And that would change what the
+reference potential is,
+
+chemical potential is.
+
+So this is really important
+to remember.
+
+And there are textbooks that are
+written on how to do this
+
+the right way.
+
+We're not going to
+do that here.
+
+We're just going to remember
+this is, we're going to assume
+
+that this is done correctly.
+
+Once you take that as a given,
+that you have a way to have a
+
+reference chemical potential
+at a properly referenced pH
+
+and salt concentration, then
+you can go through the same
+
+analysis that we went to
+for partial pressures.
+
+This looks just like the ideal
+gas, where the concentration
+
+replaces the partial pressure.
+
+Or the pressure of chemical A.
+And you can go through, then
+
+the same argument, where
+you take your reaction.
+
+And you initially have some
+delta G for the reactants.
+
+And you have some delta
+G for the products.
+
+And the difference is the delta
+G for the reaction,
+
+delta G naught for the reaction,
+and then on this
+
+side here, you have a solution
+of A, so the reaction would be
+
+nu A times A, which
+is in a solution.
+
+Temperature and pressure.
+
+Plus nu B of reactant
+B, in a solution,
+
+temperature and pressure.
+
+Going to a nu C, C solution,
+temperature and pressure plus
+
+nu D, D in a solution, constant
+
+temperature and pressure.
+
+So this is taking a solution
+of A, in one container, a
+
+solution of B in another
+the container.
+
+That's the initial point.
+
+Mix them together.
+
+Let them react.
+
+Then you take the product,
+you put them in separate
+
+containers.
+
+And that gets you the stuff that
+you have the reaction.
+
+So when you mix A and B, you're
+going to have the same
+
+entropy of mixing.
+
+You're going to lower the delta
+G. Of the solution.
+
+And you're going to have
+the same curve that
+
+goes down like this.
+
+To the mixture of products.
+
+And just like for the gases,
+where we wanted to know what
+
+is the bottom of this curve
+which gives us the
+
+equilibrium, we can
+do the same thing.
+
+Exactly the same thing,
+for solutions.
+
+And so we start out with a
+mixture of the A and B in
+
+solution and C and D, reactants
+
+and products together.
+
+And we let the reaction
+proceed a little bit.
+
+And we look at the change in
+delta G, going from, say this
+
+point here through
+that point here.
+
+This will be delta
+G of epsilon.
+
+We ask, is this positive,
+negative, or zero.
+
+And if it's zero, that means
+that we're in equilibrium,
+
+that we're actually
+sitting down here.
+
+And that gives us the
+equilibrium constant.
+
+So, just for the sake of
+completeness, let me just
+
+write down what we would do.
+
+We would react it for
+a small amount.
+
+And then we'd end
+up with nu C.
+
+So you would have the chemical
+potentials of the products
+
+minus the chemical potentials
+of the reactants, nu C mu C,
+
+plus nu D mu D, minus nu A mu
+A, minus nu B mu B. And
+
+instead of these chemical
+potentials, you would write
+
+them in terms of the pure
+chemical potentials times
+
+their concentrations.
+
+And then you'd end up with
+epsilon times delta G naught
+
+of the reaction, plus RT log,
+and then the concentrations.
+
+And then you write them
+in a different way.
+
+So if it's moles per liter, you
+usually write that with
+
+these brackets here.
+
+That means concentration of A
+in moles per liter, I'd say.
+
+So C to the nu C power, D to the
+nu D power, A to the nu A
+
+power, and B to the nu
+B power, in these
+
+concentrations.
+
+Where this ratio of logs comes
+from expanding out the
+
+chemical potential here.
+
+And there's the log term here.
+
+Just like an ideal gas.
+
+Then at equilibrium, this is
+equal to zero, you're at the
+
+bottom of that curve.
+
+And you set these two things
+equal to each other.
+
+And you get the chemical,
+you get your equation
+
+that you know well.
+
+For the equilibrium constant.
+
+And this time it's not K sub
+p, it's just K. And that's
+
+what you know from doing
+solution equilibrium.
+
+And it's just like V.
+
+So the thing to remember, which
+is the slightly more
+
+advanced part, which you'll have
+to worry about at some
+
+point if you stay in some sort
+of biochemistry oriented
+
+field, is that you've got to
+reference your initial
+
+solution properly.
+
+To get to the right equilibrium
+constant.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+Alright, then now we can do the
+temperature dependence of
+
+the equilibrium constant
+in a general way.
+
+Whether it be a gas
+or a solution.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+It's going to be
+the same thing.
+
+So the question that we ask now
+is, suppose that I change
+
+the temperature of my
+equilibrium, which way is the
+
+equilibrium going to shift?
+
+And you all know the answer
+already, probably.
+
+But let's derive it out.
+
+So we're going to want to know
+basically, we want to know
+
+what is dKp/dT.
+
+How does equilibrium constant,
+or dK/dT, if you're doing
+
+solution, how does the
+equilibrium change with
+
+temperature?
+
+What's the slope?
+
+Is it positive, negative?
+
+If we have this, we can
+integrate it out.
+
+We can do an integral
+over temperature.
+
+And get an actual change.
+
+So that's our goal.
+
+To find how the equilibrium
+constant changes with
+
+temperature.
+
+What do we know?
+
+Well, we know how Kp depends
+on temperature, through the
+
+Gibbs free energy
+of the reaction.
+
+The Gibbs free energy, delta
+G naught, has a temperature
+
+dependence.
+
+And then there's an RT sitting
+on the bottom.
+
+There's another temperature
+dependence here.
+
+Well, dKp/dT is sort of like,
+we could also ask
+
+what's d log Kp dT.
+
+That might be an easier
+question.
+
+It's basically the
+same question.
+
+Especially since we have
+something which is log K, is
+
+equal to something.
+
+So let's ask this question
+instead.
+
+Let's ask, what is
+d log Kp dT?
+
+Alright, so let's differentiate
+both sides.
+
+d/dT, d/dT here.
+
+Got to use the chain rule now.
+
+Because we've got temperature
+as part of
+
+delta G Write it out.
+
+So let's take the derivative
+with respect to the
+
+temperature on the
+bottom first.
+
+We have delta G naught, which is
+a function of temperature,
+
+divided by RT squared.
+
+The minus sign here disappears
+when you take the derivative
+
+on the bottom.
+
+Minus one over RT, d/dT
+of delta G naught.
+
+So this is a derivative
+of delta G, where zero
+
+means here one bar.
+
+Fixed at one bar.
+
+So really, d/dT, with delta G
+naught fixed on one bar, is
+
+the same thing as the partial
+derivative of delta G with
+
+respect to temperature, keeping
+p is equal to constant
+
+at one bar.
+
+It's the same thing, just
+different notation.
+
+And we know what this is.
+
+In terms of other things that
+we can find in books, like
+
+delta H, or delta S. Because
+we can go to
+
+the fundamental equations.
+
+To find out how delta G depends
+on temperature.
+
+And our goal is to get rid of
+delta G, which clearly has a
+
+nice temperature dependence
+through the entropy term.
+
+And to replace delta G with
+delta H, if we can.
+
+Because delta h is going to
+be much less sensitive to
+
+temperature and it's, delta H
+is going to be over small
+
+temperature ranges, is going
+to be independent of
+
+temperature.
+
+And we know the temperature
+dependence of delta H, because
+
+it's through the heat
+capacities.
+
+So our goal is to get rid
+of this delta G here.
+
+And to try to replace it with
+delta H, if at all possible.
+
+So we go to the fundamental
+equation for G, dG is equal to
+
+minus S dT plus V dp.
+
+And sitting right here is
+dG/dT at constant p.
+
+Which is what we have here.
+
+So we get rid of this derivative
+of G. And replace
+
+it with S. So now, now we have
+d log Kp dT, and I mentioned
+
+already that I want to get rid
+of G. Because it has a strong
+
+temperature dependence.
+
+And I want to somehow get H in
+there, which is not going to
+
+have a strong temperature
+dependence.
+
+And delta G naught, I can write
+in terms of H and S, and
+
+T. Delta H naught minus
+T delta S naught
+
+divided by RT squared.
+
+And then my derivative here,
+I have minus one over RT.
+
+Partial of G with respect to
+T. p is equal to one bar.
+
+Well, that's just delta S. p
+is equal to one bar, well,
+
+that's just delta S naught.
+
+Times delta S naught.
+
+And that's great, because
+now there's minus T
+
+divided by RT squared.
+
+That's one over RT.
+
+And somewhere I've
+lost a sign.
+
+And there's my sign that
+I lost, right there.
+
+This minus sign here. d/dT of
+delta G naught is minus S. It
+
+actually includes this minus
+sign right here.
+
+Which is great, because now
+things work out, because this
+
+becomes a plus sign.
+
+And this and this cancel out.
+
+And this becomes delta H
+naught over RT squared.
+
+Great, so we have
+what we want.
+
+We have how the equilibrium
+constant depends on
+
+temperature in a way which
+is very clear.
+
+Where the top part is only
+very weakly dependent on
+
+temperature, usually.
+
+And this is called the
+van 't Hoff equation.
+
+And this will tell us what
+happens to equilibrium when we
+
+change the temperature.
+
+So if you want to do a finite
+temperature change, now what
+
+you need to do is, you
+need to integrate.
+
+You integrate both sides here.
+
+From some T1 to T2.
+
+From T1 to T2, and that tells
+you, then, that the log of the
+
+equilibrium constant at the new
+temperature is equal to
+
+the log of the equilibrium
+constant of the old
+
+temperature, T1, plus the
+integral from T1 to T2 of
+
+delta H over RT delta H naught,
+over RT squared.
+
+And this could be slightly
+temperature dependent. dT.
+
+And this is the integrated
+van 't Hoff equation.
+
+And if you're going to be
+designing a chemical plant
+
+where you have high temperatures
+and high
+
+pressures around, you
+better use that.
+
+Because there is some
+temperature dependence in
+
+delta H, through the heat
+capacities of the reactants
+
+and the products.
+
+And that could make the
+difference between your plant
+
+running nice and smoothly
+or your plant exploding.
+
+And you don't want to have
+exploding plants around.
+
+So for heavy-duty uses of this
+equation, you've got to do the
+
+integral properly.
+
+But for most normal
+applications, like if you're
+
+doing biology, where the
+temperature changes by a few
+
+degrees, like today I have
+a little bit of a cold.
+
+I don't have a fever, but
+I could have a fever.
+
+So my biochemistry would change
+if I had a fever.
+
+The equilibrium constant of all
+my reactions would change
+
+a little bit.
+
+It's a small change
+in temperature.
+
+I'm not going to explode.
+
+And so you can then take
+the approximation.
+
+In that case, the delta H
+naught, is independent of T.
+
+And this is fine over small
+temperature ranges.
+
+And that's the one that
+you're most used to.
+
+Is this approximation
+here, this
+
+approximate van 't Hoff equation.
+
+Which is really fine for most
+cases that you're going to be
+
+dealing with.
+
+So then, if that's the case then
+you can take your delta
+
+H. Ignore the temperature
+dependence and take it outside
+
+of the integral.
+
+And now you can do the
+integral fine.
+
+And then you have an analytic
+expression for the change in
+
+the equilibrium constant
+with temperature.
+
+Log Kp at a new temperature, T2,
+is log Kp temperature T1.
+
+And I'm carrying this little
+p around everywhere.
+
+But really, it doesn't
+have to be there.
+
+This could be solution.
+
+I shouldn't really have written
+this for the specific
+
+case of partial pressures.
+
+But it's equally valid
+for solutions.
+
+Then we have delta H naught over
+R. And then we have the
+
+integral from T1 to T2, over
+one of RT squared.
+
+And if you do that the
+right way, you get T2
+
+minus T1 over T1 T2.
+
+And that gives you the
+
+approximate van 't Hoff equation.
+
+Which is fine.
+
+And you'll know that it's fine
+in problem sets or exam,
+
+because we'll say assume that
+delta H is temperature - yes.
+
+STUDENT: You said that
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: For K, if
+K is solution K.
+
+STUDENT: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: So then, can
+you also use Kx?
+
+PROFESSOR: Can you use Kx?
+
+Well, as long as you keep the
+pressure, the total pressure,
+
+constant, then you should
+be able to use Kx.
+
+Let me think about this.
+
+Yeah, here you would have p, you
+have a log c so, you can
+
+use Kx, fine.
+
+Because then you would have log
+p to the minus delta nu
+
+times Kx, log p to the
+delta nu minus Kx.
+
+And the log of the
+multiplication is
+
+the sum of the logs.
+
+And the logs will
+just fall out.
+
+So it could be any
+K that you want.
+
+Doesn't matter.
+
+As long as you keep the
+pressure constant.
+
+If you change the pressure,
+then you're in trouble.
+
+So now we can see what happens
+when you do change the
+
+temperature.
+
+If I have some equilibrium, and
+it's all going to depend
+
+on the sign of delta H. Whether
+the reaction is
+
+exothermic or endothermic.
+
+And it's the same thing as Le
+Chatelier's for pressure, or
+
+Lenz's law.
+
+The system doesn't want to
+have change happening.
+
+So if you have something that's,
+delta H is less than
+
+zero, it's exothermic.
+
+Exothermic, that means that
+it's putting out heat. it
+
+wants to heat up its
+environment.
+
+And if I take temperature and
+I raise the temperature, the
+
+system's not going to
+like that very much.
+
+It doesn't want to get hotter,
+and going from reactants to
+
+products makes things hotter.
+
+And if you go from products to
+
+reactants, that's the opposite.
+
+Go from reactants to products,
+that becomes endothermic.
+
+It sucks in heat.
+
+You raise the temperature.
+
+The system said no, no, no,
+I'm happy where I am at my
+
+original temperature.
+
+I'm going to start sucking in
+heat, to try to get the
+
+temperature down.
+
+And it's going to try to
+make more product.
+
+More reactants.
+
+So, equilibrium K is going to go
+down. and the reaction goes
+
+towards the reactants.
+
+And the opposite if you have
+something that's endothermic
+
+to begin with.
+
+OK, delta H is positive here.
+
+Delta H naught is positive.
+
+You raise the temperature, delta
+H naught is positive,
+
+T2's bigger.
+
+This is a positive number.
+
+K becomes larger at higher
+temperature.
+
+K goes up.
+
+The reaction goes to products.
+
+So if you think of it in terms
+of the system, the system is
+
+at some temperature.
+
+You raise the temperature.
+
+System doesn't like it.
+
+Says, I want to go back
+to my original
+
+temperature, what can I do.
+
+I can try to suck in heat that
+you're trying to put in the
+
+environment.
+
+That's great because if I make
+more products, that's
+
+endothermic.
+
+And I'm just going to make more
+products until I try to
+
+lower my temperature.
+
+So I move the equilibrium
+to the products.
+
+OK, Le Chatelier for
+temperature.
+
+Any questions?
+
+On equilibrium.
+
+OK, let's do a quick example.
+
+Because this was the example
+that we started out with,
+
+talking about, the
+Haber process.
+
+This important industrial
+reaction that started the
+
+chemical industry,
+essentially.
+
+That uses up 1%, or close to
+1%, of the world's energy.
+
+If you think about it, that's
+an amazing number.
+
+1% of all energy
+produced in the
+
+world goes to one reaction.
+
+One industrial reaction.
+
+Just shows how important
+it is.
+
+OK, why does it take
+so much energy?
+
+We're going to find out.
+
+We're going to find out why it
+takes so much energy to run
+
+this here reaction.
+
+Alright, let's look at
+this Haber process.
+
+Take some nitrogen gas.
+
+Plus some hydrogen gas.
+
+And this is usually done over
+catalysts, like an iron oxide
+
+catalyst or something.
+
+To try to speed it up.
+
+It doesn't change the
+thermodynamics.
+
+As you know, and you'll hear
+again in this class, catalysts
+
+just affect the kinetics.
+
+They don't change the
+thermodynamics.
+
+So this is usually done over
+some catalyst to try to
+
+speed things up.
+
+To make ammonia.
+
+And ammonia becomes the
+feedstock for fertilizers, for
+
+almost anything that contains
+an amine in it, or
+
+a nitrogen in it.
+
+If you're going to make
+proteins or whatever.
+
+You've got to have ammonia
+somewhere in the process.
+
+OK, delta H naught of the
+reaction, we're given all
+
+these numbers.
+
+At 298 degrees Kelvin.
+
+And they're in your notes, so
+I'm not going to go through
+
+them in detail.
+
+Delta G naught for
+the reaction,
+
+we're given that number.
+
+At 298 degrees Kelvin, that's
+minus 16, roughly minus 16
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+And we want to know, what is
+the equilibrium constant.
+
+Room temperature.
+
+So you know how to
+calculate that.
+
+Minus RT log Kp, log K
+is equal to minus RT.
+
+Minus delta G naught over RT.
+
+So you put that in there.
+
+You get Kp is equal to 860.
+
+A number, no units.
+
+It's a big number.
+
+It's a big number, you've
+got the products
+
+divided by the reactants.
+
+It means that the products
+are favored.
+
+This is great.
+
+What a wonderful reaction.
+
+Shouldn't take energy to for
+us to do that, right?
+
+It's a room temperature
+reaction.
+
+Thermodynamics is great.
+
+But even over a catalyst, this
+is a really, really, really
+
+slow reaction.
+
+We'd still be waiting here for
+Mr. Haber to produce his first
+
+mole of amine, if you were doing
+it, or ammonia if we
+
+were doing it at room
+temperature.
+
+It's just so slow.
+
+Thus, not at all practical.
+
+We're not going to run the
+world on room temperature
+
+Haber process.
+
+But it turns out, if you raise
+the temperature, kinetics is
+
+wonderful in terms of the
+temperature dependence.
+
+It's exponential.
+
+Arrhenius rate law.
+
+Great thing, you raise the
+temperature by a little bit.
+
+Rates speed up, things
+go faster.
+
+So if you were to raise the
+temperature from 298 degrees
+
+Kelvin to 800 degrees Kelvin,
+the rate speeds up.
+
+You're going to need
+some energy.
+
+As input here, to feed that.
+
+Hence the 1% energy use.
+
+Rate speeds up, that's great.
+
+Things happen faster.
+
+It becomes practical.
+
+But, what happens if you
+raise the temperature?
+
+Let's see.
+
+This is an endothermic, or
+exothermic, negative sign.
+
+And negative sign's
+exothermic.
+
+I raise the temperature,
+K goes down.
+
+I know how to calculate
+it here.
+
+And if I want to be super
+careful, because it's a fairly
+
+large temperature range, I can
+even use the exact form of the
+
+van 't Hoff equation.
+
+And what I find, if I do that,
+and putting the heat
+
+capacities for all these
+gases, I find
+
+that Kp does go down.
+
+In fact, it goes down
+quite a bit.
+
+It becomes 0.0007.
+
+Two zero's.
+
+Still really small.
+
+That's not practical.
+
+Not practical at all.
+
+No good.
+
+We can't run an industrial plant
+with this kind of yield.
+
+There's just no way it's
+going to work.
+
+So, you're a chemical
+engineer.
+
+Or a chemist, like Haber
+and Bosch were.
+
+And you're trying, you know by
+Le Chatelier, you know that it
+
+went in the wrong direction
+for you here.
+
+And then you look at your
+reaction and you say, how many
+
+moles of reactants do I have?
+
+3/2 plus 1/2, that's two
+moles of reactants.
+
+And I've got one mole
+of product.
+
+Two moles reactants, one
+mole of product.
+
+Two moles reactant...
+
+What happens if I change
+the pressure?
+
+If I change the pressure, if I
+increase the pressure, the
+
+system is going to say,
+no, I don't want
+
+the pressure increased.
+
+It's going to go to where
+there's less moles.
+
+And the less moles in
+the product area.
+
+It's going to go
+to my product.
+
+That's great.
+
+I've got to increase
+the pressure.
+
+Wonderful.
+
+Let's start increasing
+the pressure.
+
+Again, we need some
+energy to do that.
+
+We're going to go from one bar
+to some higher pressure.
+
+It's going to make our lives
+more complicated.
+
+The plant might explode now.
+
+If the pressure's too high.
+
+All sorts of problems going
+to come into play.
+
+But, let's do it.
+
+Let's increase the pressure.
+
+So, you increase the pressure
+from one bar to 100 bar.
+
+And you calculate Kx.
+
+Which is really what you want.
+
+So Kx, in this case here,
+is equal to p times Kp.
+
+Kp doesn't change.
+
+Kp doesn't care what the
+total pressure is.
+
+It's Kx that cares.
+
+At one bar, Kx is equal Kp.
+
+Kx is p to the minus delta nu.
+
+Number of moles of products
+minus the number of reactants.
+
+If I go from one bar to 100
+bars, Kx goes from 0.007 to
+
+100 times 0.007, which
+is equal to 0.7.
+
+That's a lot better.
+
+Kx is the mole fraction
+or the, of
+
+products divided by reactants.
+
+And if I go to p is equal to 300
+bars, then Kx goes to 2.1.
+
+three times 0.7.
+
+This is great.
+
+Now I'm really starting
+to make good products.
+
+But I've got to go to 300 bar.
+
+I've got to go to 300 bar,
+and 800 degrees Kelvin.
+
+That is incredibly
+energy-intensive.
+
+But it works.
+
+That's why Haber and Bosch
+made this work.
+
+And why Germany stayed in the
+war longer than after 1916.
+
+The first world war.
+
+Ended in 1918.
+
+Nobel Prizes.
+
+Merck, Bayer, all these
+german companies.
+
+Because they figured how to do
+this at high pressure and high
+
+temperature.
+
+Without blowing everything up.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Alright.
+
+The last topic is, so far we've
+seen equilibria where
+
+you had things that
+were well mixed.
+
+equilibria of ideal gases.
+
+Or in solutions, where your
+solutes, your solute molecules
+
+are mixing around.
+
+And the entropy of mixing was
+really super important.
+
+Our curve, our going down for
+delta G, was all because of
+
+the entropy of mixing.
+
+Now, suppose that I have a
+heterogeneous mixture.
+
+I've got some solids or some
+pure liquids that are refusing
+
+to share their environment.
+
+And staying as pure materials.
+
+So, for instance, if I have
+a beaker with some solid
+
+reactant on the bottom here.
+
+And the products are
+in solution.
+
+How do I deal with
+that equilibrium?
+
+Well, you know the answer, but
+let's just do it out again.
+
+So we're going to have nu
+A moles of A, of solid.
+
+Not mixed in the solution.
+
+Let's say we have multiple
+phases here.
+
+Nu B moles of B,
+which is a gas.
+
+Instead of a solution, let's
+do a gas phase reaction.
+
+Nu C moles of C, which
+is a pure liquid.
+
+And nu D moles of D,
+which is a gas.
+
+So these two gases can mix.
+
+But the pure solid and the
+pure liquid can't mix.
+
+So let's think again, where
+does the equilibrium
+
+constant come from?
+
+It comes from looking at this
+delta G of the mixture and
+
+letting it react a
+little bit more.
+
+And taking out these chemical
+potentials for the species and
+
+the mixture.
+
+Expanding it out in terms of
+log p or log concentration.
+
+So we need to have
+this delta G in.
+
+Let's take epsilon equal
+to one, to make our
+
+life simpler here.
+
+So now we have nu C
+mu C of the pure.
+
+The pure solid.
+
+Plus nu D mu C of the gas.
+
+Which is in the mixture.
+
+Minus nu A mu A of the
+pure liquid, minus nu
+
+B mu B of the gas.
+
+Which is in the mixture.
+
+That's what this delta G is,
+when we allow the reaction to
+
+proceed for a little bit more.
+
+We add a little bit of chemical
+
+potentials from the products.
+
+Subtract a little
+bit of chemical
+
+potential from the reactants.
+
+And then we expand it out in
+terms of the standard chemical
+
+potentials for everything
+being pure.
+
+Entropy of mixing
+comes in here.
+
+Comes in here.
+
+Delta G of mixing
+comes in here.
+
+And we end up with something
+that looks like nu C mu C
+
+naught, plus nu D mu D naught,
+minus nu A mu A naught, minus
+
+nu B mu B naught.
+
+Plus RT log, and the only place
+where we have these log
+
+p's, or log concentration
+coming in, is for those
+
+species that were not pure.
+
+And those are only these
+two guys here.
+
+The ones that are in
+the gas phase.
+
+D and B. So we end up with
+partial pressure of D to the
+
+nu D power.
+
+Partial pressure of B,
+to the nu B power.
+
+The other two species
+don't come in there.
+
+Because they started
+out as pure.
+
+There's no mixing going on.
+
+And there's no expansion
+of the log for them.
+
+And so now, when we look at the
+Q for the reaction, the
+
+reaction quotient, it
+doesn't contain
+
+any of the pure species.
+
+It only contains those species
+that are allowed to mix.
+
+Those that are in the gas
+phase or in solution.
+
+And so K, then, for this
+reaction only takes in those
+
+products like D. Or reactants
+like B, which
+
+are in the gas phase.
+
+The pure solids or pure
+liquids don't come in.
+
+They come in for
+delta G naught.
+
+There's delta G naught
+sitting right here.
+
+Delta G naught for
+the reaction is
+
+sitting right there.
+
+So when you write your log K
+is equal to minus delta G
+
+naught over RT, the delta G
+naught has everything in it.
+
+The pure stuff, the solution
+stuff, the gas phase stuff.
+
+But the K only has the gas
+phase and solution stuff.
+
+Alright, any questions?
+
+Good.
+
+Next time we'll do an example.
+
+And then we'll go on
+phase transitions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DYi8KTt8688.txt b/DYi8KTt8688.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccc9e1b80ec0a05272e5610cb6a55cd28e7241ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DYi8KTt8688.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider a system in which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a system in which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider a system in which there
+is no non-conservative work and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no non-conservative work and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no non-conservative work and there's
+a potential energy associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential energy associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential energy associated with
+forces in the system and for an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the system and for an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the system and for an example
+let's write our potential energy like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write our potential energy like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write our potential energy like a
+following will'll model some system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following will'll model some system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following will'll model some system by
+the following function b x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following function b x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following function b x
+cubed um and we know that our definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed um and we know that our definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed um and we know that our definition
+of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force
+is that it's minus the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's minus the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's minus the change in
+potential energy so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so if we
+differentiate this our force is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this our force is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this our force is a
+function of X and because of that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and because of that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and because of that minus
+sign you always have to be careful when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you always have to be careful when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you always have to be careful when
+you take that type of derivative we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that type of derivative we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that type of derivative we get
+as far as the force goes 2 ax - 3 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the force goes 2 ax - 3 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the force goes 2 ax - 3 B
+x^2 now we ask ourselves where does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 now we ask ourselves where does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 now we ask ourselves where does this
+Force vanish so if we look at the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force vanish so if we look at the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force vanish so if we look at the zero
+points for the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for the force
+we can see immediately that there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see immediately that there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see immediately that there's one
+x equals z the other one if we set 2 ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals z the other one if we set 2 ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals z the other one if we set 2 ax
+= to 3B x^2 tells us that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 3B x^2 tells us that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to 3B x^2 tells us that we have
+another zero point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another zero point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another zero point at
+2/3 over 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 over 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 over 2/3
+A over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A over
+B um now let's also for our example just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um now let's also for our example just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B um now let's also for our example just
+put some numbers in for some Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some numbers in for some Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some numbers in for some Simplicity
+let's write this as 4 jewles per m squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this as 4 jewles per m squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this as 4 jewles per m squ
+for a why do we have met squ well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a why do we have met squ well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a why do we have met squ well the
+units of potential energy are Jews and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of potential energy are Jews and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of potential energy are Jews and
+we're multiplying by x s and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're multiplying by x s and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're multiplying by x s and so you can
+see that b also we're going to write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that b also we're going to write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that b also we're going to write as
+2 jewles meter to the minus 3 and um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 jewles meter to the minus 3 and um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 jewles meter to the minus 3 and um if
+we put those numbers in we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put those numbers in we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put those numbers in we can see that
+we'll get 8 over 6 and 8 over 6 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get 8 over 6 and 8 over 6 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get 8 over 6 and 8 over 6 is just
+4/3 and and that will be in meters where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 and and that will be in meters where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 and and that will be in meters where
+the other zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other zero point
+is so that's nice but we'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's nice but we'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's nice but we'd like to know
+some properties of these zero points if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of these zero points if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties of these zero points if
+we had a particle that we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a particle that we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a particle that we started with
+some energy at one zero point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy at one zero point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy at one zero point where
+would it go what would it do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it go what would it do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it go what would it do with the
+other point so in order to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point so in order to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point so in order to understand a
+little bit more detail about these zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about these zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about these zero
+points let's make a plot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points let's make a plot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points let's make a plot of our
+potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U of X verse X now to begin with we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of X verse X now to begin with we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of X verse X now to begin with we want
+to ask ourselves how does this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask ourselves how does this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask ourselves how does this function
+behave and for big values of X the X Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and for big values of X the X Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and for big values of X the X Cub
+piece will dominate and if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece will dominate and if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece will dominate and if we're
+positive X we dominate with a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X we dominate with a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X we dominate with a negative
+value for potential energy so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for potential energy so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for potential energy so our
+potential energy function goes off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy function goes off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy function goes off into
+negative Infinity as X goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Infinity as X goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Infinity as X goes to Infinity
+now on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the other side of the
+scale um the X Cub term will dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um the X Cub term will dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale um the X Cub term will dominate
+for negative values of X but this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative values of X but this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative values of X but this term
+is negative and that's negative so up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and that's negative so up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative and that's negative so up
+here it will go off to Infinity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it will go off to Infinity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it will go off to Infinity in the
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+direction now where are the zeros of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now where are the zeros of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now where are the zeros of the
+potential function um there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function um there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function um there's one
+obviously one at x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one at x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one at x equals
+0 and with these values it's not 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and with these values it's not 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and with these values it's not 100%
+obvious immediately but 4x^2 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious immediately but 4x^2 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious immediately but 4x^2 - 2
+x cubed if you set x = 2 4 * 2 is 8 b 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed if you set x = 2 4 * 2 is 8 b 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x cubed if you set x = 2 4 * 2 is 8 b 2
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+2 uh 4 * 4 is 16 if B is 2 and X is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh 4 * 4 is 16 if B is 2 and X is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh 4 * 4 is 16 if B is 2 and X is 2
+that's 16 so we get a cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 16 so we get a cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 16 so we get a cancellation
+at x = 2 and so we have a point up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x = 2 and so we have a point up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x = 2 and so we have a point up here
+I'm sorry that's our zero point at x = 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry that's our zero point at x = 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry that's our zero point at x = 2
+now we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said that the
+force at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at
+xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4/3 had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 had a
+zero and so if we plot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so if we plot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so if we plot this
+function it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's going to
+look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like
+that now let's focus on these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now let's focus on these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now let's focus on these two points
+right here where our force is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where our force is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where our force is zero
+remember that this is minus the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this is minus the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this is minus the slope
+and so we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can see
+immediately that these two points have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that these two points have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that these two points have
+zero slope and so the force is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero slope and so the force is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero slope and so the force is zero
+there notice potential energy always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there notice potential energy always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there notice potential energy always
+depends on a reference point so whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a reference point so whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a reference point so whether
+the potential energy is zero or not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy is zero or not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy is zero or not is
+not crucial but the physical fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not crucial but the physical fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not crucial but the physical fact that
+the force is zero there has physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is zero there has physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is zero there has physical
+meaning so here this is one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so here this is one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so here this is one of our
+points XX f ofx is zero now what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points XX f ofx is zero now what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points XX f ofx is zero now what is the
+property of this point well suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of this point well suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of this point well suppose we
+ask ourselves if the particle were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask ourselves if the particle were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask ourselves if the particle were just
+displaced slightly from this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced slightly from this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced slightly from this position
+where the force is zero which way would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the force is zero which way would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the force is zero which way would
+the force Point well in order to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force Point well in order to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force Point well in order to answer
+a question like that we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question like that we can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question like that we can look at the
+slopes on either side of the zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes on either side of the zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes on either side of the zero so
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is
+negative but the force is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but the force is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but the force is minus the
+slope so f ofx is positive on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so f ofx is positive on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so f ofx is positive on this side
+and so if a particle is displaced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if a particle is displaced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if a particle is displaced a
+little bit from this zero point it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from this zero point it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from this zero point it moves
+off to the right and it will continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the right and it will continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the right and it will continue to
+feel a force in this direction and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a force in this direction and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a force in this direction and so it
+will move away from this zero point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move away from this zero point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move away from this zero point of
+the force now on the other side we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force now on the other side we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force now on the other side we do
+the same type of argument and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of argument and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type of argument and over here
+the slope is positive but the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is positive but the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is positive but the force is
+negative so again what we see on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so again what we see on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so again what we see on this
+side the particle will move away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the particle will move away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the particle will move away from
+this zero point and so if our particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero point and so if our particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero point and so if our particle
+just started there and it had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started there and it had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started there and it had a little
+bit of kinetic energy it would move one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of kinetic energy it would move one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of kinetic energy it would move one
+way or the other away from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other away from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other away from that point
+and so we call this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we call this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we call this an
+unstable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium
+point and that's an abbreviation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's an abbreviation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's an abbreviation for
+equilibrium now what about this zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now what about this zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium now what about this zero
+point over here well we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point over here well we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point over here well we already know
+that as the particle if a particle is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the particle if a particle is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as the particle if a particle is on
+this side of the zero it feels a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the zero it feels a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the zero it feels a force
+this way but what if our particle were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but what if our particle were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but what if our particle were
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+side well once again we analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side well once again we analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side well once again we analyze the
+slope the slope is negative force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope is negative force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope is negative force is
+minus the slope so it's positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the slope so it's positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the slope so it's positive so
+everywhere on this side the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on this side the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on this side the particle is
+getting a restoring Force back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a restoring Force back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a restoring Force back to
+equilibrium and so if we displace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so if we displace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so if we displace this
+particle just on either side if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle just on either side if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle just on either side if it
+doesn't have enough energy to get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough energy to get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough energy to get over
+this point then the particle will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point then the particle will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point then the particle will stay
+around this area and that what is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this area and that what is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this area and that what is why we
+give this point the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this point the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this point the name of
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+equilibrium point
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DaLRx48fnt4.txt b/DaLRx48fnt4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1113debc88630da1498e5560f8da2e72b1adc025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DaLRx48fnt4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today I'm going to ask you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to ask you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to ask you a lot of
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's there's a lot of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of very
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+intuition that connects up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that connects up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that connects up with the
+periodic table and I think you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and I think you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and I think you want to
+be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+answering questions of that nature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering questions of that nature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering questions of that nature so
+the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you
+heard so their inhibitions are down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard so their inhibitions are down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard so their inhibitions are down and
+they're willing to say stupid things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to say stupid things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to say stupid things
+that they might not say at five o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might not say at five o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might not say at five o'clock
+on uh on an afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on an afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh on an afternoon
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the goal here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal here is
+understanding Spectra and we unders want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding Spectra and we unders want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding Spectra and we unders want
+to understand Spectra because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand Spectra because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand Spectra because we want to
+learn something from the Spectrum not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something from the Spectrum not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something from the Spectrum not
+just because you know it's the daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you know it's the daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you know it's the daily
+crossword puzzle and we have to do it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle and we have to do it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossword puzzle and we have to do it to
+keep from developing Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep from developing Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep from developing Alzheimer's
+I mean that's people my age that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's people my age that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that's people my age that's what
+you're told you got to do that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told you got to do that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told you got to do that sort of
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the goal is to learn about what's unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to learn about what's unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to learn about what's unique
+about that the system in question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the system in question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that the system in question which
+is the uh something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh something about the
+intramolecular potential whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramolecular potential whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intramolecular potential whether it's
+the uh vibrational potential or it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh vibrational potential or it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh vibrational potential or it's the
+what does the electron feel as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the electron feel as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the electron feel as it
+approaches the atom or molecule and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the atom or molecule and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the atom or molecule and so
+the whole goal of spectroscopy is to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole goal of spectroscopy is to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole goal of spectroscopy is to is
+to find out about the wave function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out about the wave function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out about the wave function the
+form of the potential but in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the potential but in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the potential but in order to do
+that one has to know what the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to know what the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to know what the spectrum
+is going to look like know how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like know how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like know how to find
+critical patterns in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical patterns in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical patterns in it
+and so one of the critical patterns has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the critical patterns has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the critical patterns has
+to do with electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with electronic structure
+and it also makes direct connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also makes direct connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also makes direct connection to
+uh what we've learned in freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we've learned in freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we've learned in freshman
+chemistry about the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry about the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry about the periodic table
+and so I'm going to be asking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to be asking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm going to be asking a lot of
+questions about the periodic table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the periodic table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the periodic table and
+simple Concepts like that so the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Concepts like that so the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Concepts like that so the goals
+for today uh are going to be we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today uh are going to be we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today uh are going to be we have the
+one electron Spectrum which we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron Spectrum which we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron Spectrum which we talked
+about before and we have The Alkali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Spectrum where you have one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spectrum where you have one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spectrum where you have one electron
+outside of a spherical closed cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a spherical closed cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a spherical closed cell and
+this difference is basically all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference is basically all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference is basically all you
+really need in order to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need in order to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need in order to understand the
+periodic table or at least the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table or at least the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table or at least the way we
+asked our freshmen to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked our freshmen to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked our freshmen to understand the
+periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+so almost all of the Freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all of the Freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all of the Freshman chemistry
+Insight comes at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight comes at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight comes at this point
+and the other main goal is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other main goal is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other main goal is that we're
+going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have
+I'm going to explain where this scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain where this scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain where this scaling
+comes from using a semi-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from using a semi-classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from using a semi-classical
+argument for rydberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series and for many other things as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and for many other things as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and for many other things as well
+so this this is a really important idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is a really important idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is a really important idea
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+we can draw a cartoon of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a cartoon of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a cartoon of an atom
+we have a filled shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a filled shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a filled shell
+and we have an electron outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an electron outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an electron outside the
+field shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field shell
+and so we want to understand how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to understand how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to understand how that's
+going to be expressed in the Spectra of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed in the Spectra of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed in the Spectra of
+alkali like atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkali like atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkali like atoms
+and the important thing is that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is that when the
+electron is outside of the filled shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is outside of the filled shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is outside of the filled shell
+it looks it sees something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks it sees something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks it sees something that looks
+like hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydrogen
+and if the electron penetrates inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the electron penetrates inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the electron penetrates inside of
+the filled shell it looks like it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filled shell it looks like it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filled shell it looks like it's it
+sees something that has a larger charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees something that has a larger charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees something that has a larger charge
+and so its wave function is pulled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so its wave function is pulled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so its wave function is pulled in
+toward uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward uh
+uh the nodes get closer together it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nodes get closer together it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nodes get closer together it's
+stabilized there are all sorts of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized there are all sorts of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized there are all sorts of ways
+of thinking about that and all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about that and all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about that and all of this
+is the crucial for understanding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the crucial for understanding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the crucial for understanding uh
+electronic Spectra of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Spectra of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Spectra of atoms and
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's begin I'm going to just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin I'm going to just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin I'm going to just write down
+the effective potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective potential
+or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for
+an atom and so that we have z e over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom and so that we have z e over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom and so that we have z e over r
+with a minus sign plus l l plus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign plus l l plus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign plus l l plus one over
+to Mu r squared so this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mu r squared so this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Mu r squared so this is the uh
+radial potential that an electron sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial potential that an electron sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial potential that an electron sees
+when it's on an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's on an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's on an atom
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is exactly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly correct
+for a one electron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a one electron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a one electron atom
+and we want to use this idea for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to use this idea for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to use this idea for many
+electron atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atoms
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+first question I'm going to have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question I'm going to have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question I'm going to have to ask
+you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we estimate the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we estimate the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we estimate the ionization energy
+for atoms and molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for atoms and molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for atoms and molecules
+using the ideas in this equation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the ideas in this equation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the ideas in this equation and the
+redberg equation the rydberg equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redberg equation the rydberg equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redberg equation the rydberg equation
+says the ionization energy minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the ionization energy minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the ionization energy minus the
+actual energy in other words The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual energy in other words The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual energy in other words The Binding
+energy of the nth orbital is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the nth orbital is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the nth orbital is equal to
+the rydberg constant Over N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rydberg constant Over N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rydberg constant Over N squared
+and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with
+a factor indicating that the charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor indicating that the charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor indicating that the charge on
+the nucleus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I like to know I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to know I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to know I like to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+that I'll never forget this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll never forget this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll never forget this number
+because this number sets the scale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this number sets the scale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this number sets the scale for
+ionization energies of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies of everything
+but how do we use this equation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we use this equation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we use this equation and this
+number to predict the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to predict the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to predict the ionization energy
+of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean when we if we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when we if we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when we if we are talking about
+hydrogen we know the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we know the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we know the ionization energy
+is from n equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from n equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from n equals one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh n equals 1 to infinity and so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n equals 1 to infinity and so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n equals 1 to infinity and so we just
+get Z squared which is one for a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Z squared which is one for a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Z squared which is one for a hundred
+times the rydberg it's an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rydberg it's an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rydberg it's an additional
+energy for hydrogen is 110 000 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for hydrogen is 110 000 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for hydrogen is 110 000 wave
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+if you're in the N equals two level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the N equals two level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the N equals two level of
+hydrogen then it's this divided by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it's this divided by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it's this divided by four
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+is the ionization energy of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ionization energy of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ionization energy of stuff
+typically 27 000 wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 27 000 wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically 27 000 wave numbers
+if you're in the second row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the second row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the second row of the
+periodic table and you start with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and you start with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and you start with n
+equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's definitely larger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how does how does how do we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does how does how do we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does how does how do we make the
+ionization energy use this this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy use this this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy use this this constant
+and this equation how do we generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation how do we generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equation how do we generalize
+this in order to explain ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in order to explain ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in order to explain ionization
+energies but in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but in a way
+that doesn't leave us completely free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't leave us completely free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't leave us completely free to
+say well it could be a million wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it could be a million wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well it could be a million wave
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+or it could be two wave numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be two wave numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be two wave numbers that
+that we want to be able somehow to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to be able somehow to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to be able somehow to get
+these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what do we do in freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we do in freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we do in freshman chemistry
+to explain what are the pro you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what are the pro you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what are the pro you know the
+properties we explain in freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we explain in freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we explain in freshman
+chemistry are what ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry are what ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry are what ionization energy
+electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+electronegativity but we have a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity but we have a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity but we have a nice way
+of uh explaining the trends in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh explaining the trends in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh explaining the trends in these
+things relating to the Shell structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things relating to the Shell structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things relating to the Shell structure
+you know fill we fill in orbitals and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fill we fill in orbitals and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fill we fill in orbitals and we
+also have this business that uh 4S fills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this business that uh 4S fills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have this business that uh 4S fills
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3D but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D but
+4S ionizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+3D in other words before you have 3D 4S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D in other words before you have 3D 4S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D in other words before you have 3D 4S
+is lowest after you have a 3D electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowest after you have a 3D electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lowest after you have a 3D electron
+at 4S is the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4S is the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4S is the highest
+and so how do we explain the trends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we explain the trends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we explain the trends in
+these things and this sort of idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and this sort of idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and this sort of idea
+as freshmen where we don't know quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as freshmen where we don't know quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as freshmen where we don't know quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+what are the key Concepts that enable us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the key Concepts that enable us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the key Concepts that enable us
+to use all these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the main thing you do and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the main thing you do and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the main thing you do and you
+develop ideas for how does one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop ideas for how does one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop ideas for how does one kind of
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+sealed the nuclear charge from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed the nuclear charge from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed the nuclear charge from other
+kinds of orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of orbitals
+now that's really self-consistent field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's really self-consistent field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's really self-consistent field
+but we don't ask people to do this hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't ask people to do this hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't ask people to do this hard
+tree fog as freshmen we ask them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree fog as freshmen we ask them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree fog as freshmen we ask them to
+somehow say okay what kind of charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow say okay what kind of charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow say okay what kind of charge is
+the electron going to see based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron going to see based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron going to see based on the
+states of all the other electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of all the other electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of all the other electrons
+and it doesn't take too much Insight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't take too much Insight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't take too much Insight in
+order to use these Concepts well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to use these Concepts well enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to use these Concepts well enough
+to get almost everything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get almost everything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get almost everything right
+so we have shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have shielding
+and that comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because when L is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when L is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when L is zero
+the electron sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron sees
+a potential that looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential that looks like that
+so that's an S orbital and when L is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an S orbital and when L is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an S orbital and when L is not
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+sees a potential that looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+for l equals zero the electron can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l equals zero the electron can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for l equals zero the electron can get
+really close to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to the nucleus
+so s orbitals are pretty good they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s orbitals are pretty good they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s orbitals are pretty good they're
+going to get very in close and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get very in close and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get very in close and they're
+going to Shield anything with a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Shield anything with a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Shield anything with a larger
+principle quantum number and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle quantum number and they're
+going to partially Shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to partially Shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to partially Shield
+P orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P orbitals
+and so these sorts of ideas of shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these sorts of ideas of shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these sorts of ideas of shielding
+enable us to explain or at least after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to explain or at least after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to explain or at least after
+the fact rationalize almost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact rationalize almost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact rationalize almost everything
+that one sees in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one sees in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one sees in the periodic table
+so we're going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have two
+ideas here one is we're going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas here one is we're going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas here one is we're going to let
+we're going to talk about Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Z effective
+one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my
+Z effective and the Z effective is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective and the Z effective is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective and the Z effective is going
+to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on
+which orbital we're talking about and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which orbital we're talking about and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which orbital we're talking about and it
+also depends on what other orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends on what other orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends on what other orbitals are
+occupied and we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied and we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied and we're also going to
+generalize to and Star from n we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to and Star from n we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to and Star from n we're
+going to have two different knobs we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two different knobs we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two different knobs we can
+adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh so both of them are doing more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so both of them are doing more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so both of them are doing more or
+less the same thing they are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same thing they are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same thing they are saying
+when the electron is out here it sees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron is out here it sees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron is out here it sees a
+charge of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of one
+when it's in here it sees a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's in here it sees a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's in here it sees a charge
+larger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one
+but the ability to get inside the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ability to get inside the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ability to get inside the core
+depends on l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on l
+and so they're going to be two ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're going to be two ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they're going to be two ways in
+which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to
+dress up the hydrogenic equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress up the hydrogenic equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress up the hydrogenic equations in
+order to rationalize everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to rationalize everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to rationalize everything and
+you'd say well why too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say well why too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say well why too
+and that's because there are two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because there are two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because there are two kinds
+of properties uh there's a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties uh there's a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of properties uh there's a fine
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's uh oh well just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's uh oh well just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's uh oh well just call it
+growth structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the fine structure is you know has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fine structure is you know has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fine structure is you know has a
+one over R cubed or one or you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R cubed or one or you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over R cubed or one or you know it's
+it's near the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's near the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's near the core
+and the growth structure is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the growth structure is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the growth structure is mostly
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+and so if we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we're going to try to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+uh the uh energy levels of States we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh energy levels of States we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh energy levels of States we're
+going to need two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need two different
+things one knob to adjust the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one knob to adjust the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one knob to adjust the spin orbit
+say and one knob to adjust the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and one knob to adjust the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and one knob to adjust the energy
+levels and so we we are going to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so we we are going to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so we we are going to play
+games with the effector charge and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with the effector charge and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games with the effector charge and and
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I said I would ask questions but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I would ask questions but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said I would ask questions but I I
+answered them all so anyway you're lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered them all so anyway you're lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered them all so anyway you're lucky
+okay okay so let us now go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let us now go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let us now go back to the
+notes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me oh I do have a question suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me oh I do have a question suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me oh I do have a question suppose
+we have a one electron Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a one electron Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a one electron Spectrum
+and so the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the Spectrum
+you you record the spectrum of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you record the spectrum of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you record the spectrum of hydrogen
+or some one electron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some one electron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some one electron atom
+and so you see a series of Transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see a series of Transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you see a series of Transitions
+and how do you know what you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you know what you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you know what you've got
+are there any things in the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any things in the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any things in the spectrum
+that jump out at you and say oh I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jump out at you and say oh I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jump out at you and say oh I've got
+to I've got a reference point that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I've got a reference point that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I've got a reference point that will
+enable me to assign the Spectrum I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable me to assign the Spectrum I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable me to assign the Spectrum I mean
+suppose you have you have a spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have you have a spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have you have a spectrum and
+it's a one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one electron
+Spectrum but you don't know whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum but you don't know whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum but you don't know whether it's
+hydrogen or helium Plus or lithium two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or helium Plus or lithium two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or helium Plus or lithium two
+plus or you know something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or you know something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or you know something like that and
+that you'd never have that's too crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd never have that's too crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd never have that's too crude
+you would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know
+but what would be the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what would be the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what would be the characteristic
+features in a spectrum and suppose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in a spectrum and suppose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in a spectrum and suppose it's
+an emission spectrum so as opposed to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emission spectrum so as opposed to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emission spectrum so as opposed to an
+absorption Spectrum in an absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Spectrum in an absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption Spectrum in an absorption
+Spectrum everything is from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum everything is from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum everything is from the ground
+state that makes it trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that makes it trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that makes it trivial
+but if it's an emission spectrum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's an emission spectrum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's an emission spectrum then
+they're going to be all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be all sorts of
+overlaid patterns and how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid patterns and how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid patterns and how do you know
+what to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for
+well one of the things you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the things you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the things you're going to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+that's too crude so you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too crude so you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too crude so you're going to see
+a series of lines getting closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of lines getting closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of lines getting closer and
+closer together and also getting weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together and also getting weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together and also getting weaker
+a convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergence
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this tells you there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you there's going to be a
+convergence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence here
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a feature in the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a feature in the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a feature in the spectrum
+that just yells out at you that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just yells out at you that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just yells out at you that there's
+a a series of transitions getting closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a series of transitions getting closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a series of transitions getting closer
+and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer together
+that's an anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an anchor
+it says their converging to ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says their converging to ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says their converging to ionization
+and there's going to be a pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be a pattern that
+you can use to to work backwards to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to to work backwards to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to to work backwards to make
+assignments of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments of everything
+does an atomic emissions Vector have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an atomic emissions Vector have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an atomic emissions Vector have to
+get monoclonically weaker as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get monoclonically weaker as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get monoclonically weaker as you get
+closer to the Continuum now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the Continuum now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the Continuum now there are
+all sorts of there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of there's all sorts of
+kinetic processes that can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic processes that can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic processes that can produce
+weird things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is a a scaling rule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a scaling rule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a scaling rule on
+if all of the upper levels are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the upper levels are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of the upper levels are equally
+populated and you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated and you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated and you're looking at
+transitions to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to uh
+to a lower State there will be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lower State there will be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lower State there will be this
+decrease in intensity because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in intensity because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in intensity because the
+transitions get weaker for reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions get weaker for reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions get weaker for reasons that
+I'm going to explain today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain today
+so you I'll get to you in a second I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you I'll get to you in a second I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you I'll get to you in a second I
+mean you want to look for patterns but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you want to look for patterns but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you want to look for patterns but
+sometimes the patterns are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the patterns are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the patterns are going to be
+distorted because of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted because of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted because of something
+interesting you know one you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know one you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know one you might find
+that one of these lines is really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of these lines is really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of these lines is really strong
+that's telling you boy you better do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling you boy you better do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling you boy you better do
+something about that because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about that because that's
+that's going to tell you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell you something about
+a kinetic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic process
+which you might be interested in okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might be interested in okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might be interested in okay
+your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question
+you would also see this convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would also see this convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would also see this convergence in
+molecular systems today absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular systems today absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular systems today absolutely
+whenever you take an electron far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take an electron far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take an electron far away
+from something it look the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something it look the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something it look the electron
+thinks it's on hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks it's on hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks it's on hydrogen
+and so change its energy levels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so change its energy levels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so change its energy levels to
+resemble those of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble those of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble those of hydrogen
+and sometimes it has some extra stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it has some extra stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it has some extra stuff
+and you have to somehow not see that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to somehow not see that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to somehow not see that or
+deal with it to uncover the pattern so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it to uncover the pattern so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it to uncover the pattern so
+the bigger the molecule and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the molecule and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the molecule and the more
+complicated the system the more decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the system the more decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the system the more decoding
+you have to do but at the core you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do but at the core you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do but at the core you're
+going to be looking for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking for something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and you have to be willing to allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to be willing to allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to be willing to allow for
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+patterns that get broken so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that get broken so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that get broken so you know
+it's it is not a trivial thing to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is not a trivial thing to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it is not a trivial thing to assign
+an interpret a spectrum and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpret a spectrum and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpret a spectrum and there are
+all sorts of wonderful ways in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of wonderful ways in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of wonderful ways in which you
+can get off the track uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get off the track uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get off the track uh but
+um you have to be looking for fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to be looking for fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to be looking for fragments
+of patterns or you have to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patterns or you have to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patterns or you have to be looking
+for some way that you say I know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some way that you say I know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some way that you say I know what's
+going on here because I've sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here because I've sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here because I've sampled
+to something two different ways or I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something two different ways or I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something two different ways or I see
+something that's unmistakable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a red bugs spectroscopy of sorts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a red bugs spectroscopy of sorts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a red bugs spectroscopy of sorts to
+kind of get an idea of what let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get an idea of what let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get an idea of what let's say
+you have like a diatomic or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a diatomic or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a diatomic or something
+yes could you then use whatever you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes could you then use whatever you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes could you then use whatever you see
+like what you expect versus what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you expect versus what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you expect versus what you see
+to kind of give you an idea of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of give you an idea of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of give you an idea of what that
+molecule shape looks like because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule shape looks like because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule shape looks like because it's
+no longer say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer say like
+circular so that writtenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular so that writtenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular so that writtenberg
+those red bug interactions aren't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those red bug interactions aren't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those red bug interactions aren't going
+to are going to be different so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to are going to be different so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to are going to be different so then you
+might be able to extract something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to extract something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to extract something about
+the shape absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape absolutely
+I mean for example uh well one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for example uh well one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean for example uh well one kind of
+shape is how how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is how how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape is how how uh
+what is the radial structure of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the radial structure of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the radial structure of the core
+and so that results in differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that results in differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that results in differences
+between uh SP and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh SP and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh SP and D
+it leads to Quantum these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to Quantum these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it leads to Quantum these different
+values of n star how much they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of n star how much they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of n star how much they're doing
+but if the core is not round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the core is not round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the core is not round
+then the uh the degenerate L's split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh the degenerate L's split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh the degenerate L's split
+into say Sigma Pi and Delta for a d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into say Sigma Pi and Delta for a d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into say Sigma Pi and Delta for a d and
+the splittings among them are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splittings among them are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splittings among them are telling
+you something about the uh the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the uh the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about the uh the crystal
+field or the the not roundness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or the the not roundness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or the the not roundness of the
+core so yes you can always get that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core so yes you can always get that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core so yes you can always get that kind
+of information and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information and uh
+and sometimes knowing it enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes knowing it enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes knowing it enables you to
+to make some sense of what the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some sense of what the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some sense of what the spectrum
+is so this is a it's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this is a it's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this is a it's a beautiful
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so convergence is one thing that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so convergence is one thing that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so convergence is one thing that would
+help you to see where you are if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to see where you are if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to see where you are if you
+look at say one of these lines it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at say one of these lines it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at say one of these lines it might
+be split into some hyperfine structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which has to do with the interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with the interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with the interaction of
+the electron with the nuclear spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron with the nuclear spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron with the nuclear spin
+of one of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the atoms
+and that hyperfine structure is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that hyperfine structure is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that hyperfine structure is often
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+if the there's a single electron in an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the there's a single electron in an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the there's a single electron in an S
+orbital outside of closed shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital outside of closed shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital outside of closed shells
+or it and because then that electron why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it and because then that electron why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it and because then that electron why
+does that matter because of this the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that matter because of this the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that matter because of this the S
+can penetrate into the core or the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can penetrate into the core or the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can penetrate into the core or the peak
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+so the S can get really close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the S can get really close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the S can get really close to the
+thing that it's that it's feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it's that it's feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that it's that it's feeling and
+producing the splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the splitting
+or it can be due to uh the quadrupole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be due to uh the quadrupole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be due to uh the quadrupole
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+of a nucleus that means the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nucleus that means the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nucleus that means the nucleus
+isn't round and how do you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't round and how do you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't round and how do you feel
+something that's not wrong well use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not wrong well use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not wrong well use
+something that's not around like a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not around like a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not around like a p
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+and so uh there's these details that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's these details that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's these details that
+appear on each line that can also tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on each line that can also tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear on each line that can also tell
+you something about what is the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about what is the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about what is the nature
+of that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you don't ever hear about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't ever hear about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't ever hear about this in
+textbooks you know you get a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks you know you get a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks you know you get a spectrum
+and or you get tables and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or you get tables and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or you get tables and you know
+you're supposed to say oh yeah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to say oh yeah of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to say oh yeah of course
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way of knowing what you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of knowing what you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of knowing what you've got
+is to say well what do I expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well what do I expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well what do I expect
+and so what do I expect to use really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do I expect to use really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do I expect to use really
+crude ideas of orbitals and filling just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude ideas of orbitals and filling just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude ideas of orbitals and filling just
+like what filling of orbitals just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what filling of orbitals just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what filling of orbitals just like
+what you would do in freshman chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do in freshman chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would do in freshman chemistry
+with maybe a little more sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maybe a little more sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maybe a little more sophistication
+and then once you have a level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have a level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have a level diagram
+you simplify things by saying well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simplify things by saying well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simplify things by saying well what
+are the selection rules which are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the selection rules which are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the selection rules which are going
+to be the strong transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the strong transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the strong transitions
+and then you have a more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a more or less
+complete picture that says okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture that says okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete picture that says okay what
+could this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this be
+and so there are lots of tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are lots of tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are lots of tools that
+you're going to get from me to enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get from me to enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get from me to enabling
+you to to deal with a spectrum but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to deal with a spectrum but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to to deal with a spectrum but the
+purpose of the spectrum is really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the spectrum is really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the spectrum is really to
+learn about the the the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the the the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the the the structure
+the potential energy curve or the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy curve or the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy curve or the you
+know the electronic structure the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the electronic structure the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the electronic structure the the
+not uh sharp edgedness of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh sharp edgedness of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh sharp edgedness of this thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the basis of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+I come back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back to you
+what would you expect to be the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect to be the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you expect to be the typical
+ionization energies for atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies for atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies for atoms in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+uh well I guess it's the second row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I guess it's the second row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I guess it's the second row of
+the periodic table lithium to uh Neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I mean if they all start they're high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean if they all start they're high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean if they all start they're high
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+um their highest uh energy partly filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their highest uh energy partly filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their highest uh energy partly filled
+shell has n equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell has n equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell has n equals two
+so if one was just naive we you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one was just naive we you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one was just naive we you know we
+would and use this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would and use this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would and use this equation
+we would say that they roughly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say that they roughly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say that they roughly have
+ionization energies of 25 27 000 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies of 25 27 000 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies of 25 27 000 wave
+numbers or something like that but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or something like that but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or something like that but we
+know that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this is four right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is four right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is four right
+yeah yeah okay so there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay so there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay so there's going to be an
+increase of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of Z
+and there's going to be this greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be this greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's going to be this greater
+penetration of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration of s
+and so there will be different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there will be different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there will be different things
+but and So you you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and So you you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and So you you're going to have
+rules for how does Z effective increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for how does Z effective increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for how does Z effective increase
+as you increase the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase the charge on the
+nucleus it increases in steps of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it increases in steps of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it increases in steps of one and
+first you add s orbitals which don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you add s orbitals which don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you add s orbitals which don't
+Shield each other very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield each other very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield each other very well
+and then you add P orbitals and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add P orbitals and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you add P orbitals and so on
+you go up and you make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up and you make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up and you make some
+empirical rules for how the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical rules for how the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical rules for how the different
+orbitals field and so you have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals field and so you have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals field and so you have a pretty
+good idea how this is going to evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea how this is going to evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea how this is going to evolve
+and then there's going to be some rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be some rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's going to be some rules
+uh based on this uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on this uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on this uh you know the
+penetration versus less penetration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration versus less penetration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetration versus less penetration and
+that enables you to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables you to say something about
+Ed star and so you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed star and so you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed star and so you know you could
+probably say pretty good estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say pretty good estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say pretty good estimate that
+across the whole second row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole second row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole second row of the
+periodic table you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table you're dealing with
+something around 50 000 wave numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around 50 000 wave numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something around 50 000 wave numbers and
+then there'll be structure having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there'll be structure having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there'll be structure having to do
+with uh s versus p and the trend as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh s versus p and the trend as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh s versus p and the trend as you
+go up in charge and shield imperfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up in charge and shield imperfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up in charge and shield imperfectly
+so anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that's
+all I really wanted to say Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an energy level diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy level diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy level diagram
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the effective potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective potentials
+that depend on L and let's say here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on L and let's say here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend on L and let's say here's a
+potential for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and L equals one orbital so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L equals one orbital so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L equals one orbital so it doesn't
+it it doesn't go into the core and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't go into the core and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't go into the core and here
+is an effective potential for an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an effective potential for an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an effective potential for an L
+equals zero it's going to go way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero it's going to go way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero it's going to go way way
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+and there are two choices we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two choices we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two choices we can use
+we can draw a potential which is z e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a potential which is z e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw a potential which is z e
+squared over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over r
+in other words if the atom were bare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if the atom were bare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if the atom were bare and
+had only one electron it would be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one electron it would be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only one electron it would be seeing
+the full charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full charge
+or we could draw a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could draw a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could draw a potential
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+like this where it's just e squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where it's just e squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where it's just e squared over
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+where it's seeing a charge of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's seeing a charge of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's seeing a charge of one
+okay these are the two zero order models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the two zero order models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the two zero order models
+reality is going to start here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is going to start here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is going to start here because
+when the electron is outside it sees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron is outside it sees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron is outside it sees a
+charge of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of one
+and somehow it makes its way over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow it makes its way over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow it makes its way over to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the closer it gets to the core it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closer it gets to the core it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closer it gets to the core it starts
+to see more and more charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see more and more charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see more and more charge
+so the real curve is more attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real curve is more attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the real curve is more attractive
+than the simple uh one electron curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the simple uh one electron curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the simple uh one electron curve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now you have shell structure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have shell structure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have shell structure and so
+you can you can sort of draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can sort of draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can sort of draw a picture
+of what would be uh Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what would be uh Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what would be uh Z effective
+of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r
+versus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus r
+and so here's Z of the iron core we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's Z of the iron core we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's Z of the iron core we have
+two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons
+and so then you know and two more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you know and two more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you know and two more and
+then maybe some more and so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe some more and so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe some more and so it has
+structure and eventually it gets down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and eventually it gets down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and eventually it gets down to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and so the different L's are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the different L's are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the different L's are going to be
+sampling this uh radially depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling this uh radially depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling this uh radially depending
+structure in different ways and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in different ways and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in different ways and so one
+way of learning about this core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of learning about this core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of learning about this core
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+would be to do XPS spectrum and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to do XPS spectrum and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to do XPS spectrum and just
+ionize out of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize out of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize out of there
+or you could throw s orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could throw s orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could throw s orbitals
+P orbitals D orbital electrons in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P orbitals D orbital electrons in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P orbitals D orbital electrons in those
+at this nucleus and they will each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this nucleus and they will each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this nucleus and they will each
+sample this structure differently and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this structure differently and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample this structure differently and by
+doing the sampling you will eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the sampling you will eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the sampling you will eventually
+build up a picture of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a picture of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a picture of what's going on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the Core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Core
+so the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the difference between
+hydrogenic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogenic systems
+and non-hydrogenic systems is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-hydrogenic systems is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-hydrogenic systems is for
+hydrogen there is no core it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen there is no core it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen there is no core it's just a
+point charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point charge
+it's not interesting for non-hydrogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not interesting for non-hydrogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not interesting for non-hydrogenic
+systems alkalis and other there's stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems alkalis and other there's stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems alkalis and other there's stuff
+stuff in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in there
+and it's interesting it's different we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting it's different we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting it's different we
+don't know we have to we could do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we have to we could do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we have to we could do a
+calculation but we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but we want to be able to
+either observe experimentally or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either observe experimentally or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either observe experimentally or have
+some some Concepts that are more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some Concepts that are more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some Concepts that are more than
+just Concepts things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Concepts things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Concepts things that
+enable us to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to actually
+learn about the core structure and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the core structure and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the core structure and build
+a model that explains everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's just draw a toy potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indicating that there is a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that there is a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that there is a region of
+very uh uh uh that the potential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh uh uh that the potential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh uh uh that the potential curve
+or the the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the potential energy
+okay so we're at this energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're at this energy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're at this energy in this
+region the electron has huge kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the electron has huge kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the electron has huge kinetic
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+because the potential is very small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the potential is very small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the potential is very small and
+in this region the kinetic energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region the kinetic energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region the kinetic energy is
+decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+and uh so uh can we use a model like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so uh can we use a model like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so uh can we use a model like
+this to enable us to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to enable us to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to enable us to understand what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+okay if we have a model like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we have a model like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we have a model like that you
+all know about particle in a box and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know about particle in a box and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know about particle in a box and the
+energy levels are far apart they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are far apart they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels are far apart they get
+farther apart as you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart as you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart as you go up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you could imagine if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could imagine if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could imagine if you're
+looking at core structure you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at core structure you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at core structure you could you
+could you could learn something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could learn something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could learn something about
+the inner part of the potential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part of the potential and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part of the potential and the
+levels are far apart okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are far apart okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are far apart okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this would be a way of modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be a way of modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be a way of modeling the
+Spectra but it's it's it's not that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra but it's it's it's not that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectra but it's it's it's not that good
+a model but one important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model but one important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model but one important thing is
+suppose we're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're sampling
+at this energy and at that energy two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this energy and at that energy two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this energy and at that energy two
+different energies and the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies and the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies and the potential is
+very very low in other words there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low in other words there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low in other words there's a
+huge kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge kinetic energy
+do these two levels have a structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these two levels have a structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these two levels have a structure in
+the core region that is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we know about uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about uh the way
+what did Mr de broglie or de broy say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did Mr de broglie or de broy say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did Mr de broglie or de broy say
+about this quantity the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+this kinetic energy is p squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic energy is p squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinetic energy is p squared over 2m
+and so we can get P from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can get P from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can get P from this
+and what does the wavelength mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the wavelength mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the wavelength mean well
+you know we a wave looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so from here to here
+is the spacing of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the spacing of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the spacing of nodes
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+if we know the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know the momentum
+we know how far apart the nodes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how far apart the nodes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how far apart the nodes in the
+wave function are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is true now there are ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true now there are ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true now there are ways in which
+you can make it more complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it more complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it more complicated but
+it's basically true if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically true if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically true if you have a
+potential you start especially if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you start especially if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you start especially if it's
+an infinite potential you start at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite potential you start at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite potential you start at zero
+and you propagate your wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you propagate your wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you propagate your wave function and
+uh you you can calculate where the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you can calculate where the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you can calculate where the first
+node is and less well the second node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is and less well the second node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is and less well the second node
+but basically you know these are simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you know these are simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you know these are simple
+numerical integration of the schroding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration of the schroding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical integration of the schroding
+equation or a simple concept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a simple concept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a simple concept the
+classical momentum we're constant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical momentum we're constant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical momentum we're constant then
+you know exactly where the nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly where the nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly where the nodes are
+now the important thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing is that the
+energy levels go as uh one over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels go as uh one over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels go as uh one over N
+squared or a constant Over N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or a constant Over N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or a constant Over N squared
+they get closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get closer and closer together
+and so let us say we start at n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let us say we start at n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let us say we start at n equals
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+well that's the redberg over 36.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the redberg over 36.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the redberg over 36.
+and suppose now we go to n equals 60.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose now we go to n equals 60.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose now we go to n equals 60.
+well that's the rydberg over uh 36. 100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the rydberg over uh 36. 100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the rydberg over uh 36. 100.
+well this is uh so this is the rib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is uh so this is the rib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is uh so this is the rib
+Burger over 36 is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burger over 36 is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Burger over 36 is uh
+three thousand wave numbers and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand wave numbers and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three thousand wave numbers and this is
+through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh
+30 wave numbers yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 wave numbers yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 wave numbers yes
+going back to this again so if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this again so if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to this again so if you know
+the momentum then if you can reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum then if you can reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum then if you can reconstruct
+the nodes that does you essentially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes that does you essentially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes that does you essentially if
+from the nodes account you then pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nodes account you then pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nodes account you then pull out
+the wave function absolutely up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function absolutely up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function absolutely up until
+the point where things get complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where things get complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where things get complicated
+for this it's not complicated at all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this it's not complicated at all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this it's not complicated at all you
+have you can solve this problem from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can solve this problem from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can solve this problem from
+what you've either done before you came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've either done before you came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've either done before you came
+to MIT or what you will do in 573
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT or what you will do in 573
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT or what you will do in 573
+because these this you know particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these this you know particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these this you know particle in
+a flat bottom box or a linear potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat bottom box or a linear potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat bottom box or a linear potential
+those are easy and whenever you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are easy and whenever you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are easy and whenever you solve
+these problems you always worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you always worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you always worry about
+boundary you know joining things at they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you know joining things at they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary you know joining things at they
+and Boundary condition at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Boundary condition at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Boundary condition at Infinity
+okay so all of these these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of these these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of these these sorts of
+problems you know how to solve and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you know how to solve and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you know how to solve and so
+it's nice to build up a problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice to build up a problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice to build up a problem uh
+relating molecular or electron atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating molecular or electron atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating molecular or electron atomic
+structure to problems you can solve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to problems you can solve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to problems you can solve but
+the crucial simple is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crucial simple is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crucial simple is
+where is it uh the that we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it uh the that we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it uh the that we want to know
+IP minus uh the energy and so the IP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP minus uh the energy and so the IP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP minus uh the energy and so the IP is
+a very large number or really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large number or really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large number or really the the
+kinetic energy of the electron is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the electron is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the electron is a very
+large number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number here
+because it's not seeing just Z of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not seeing just Z of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not seeing just Z of one
+it's seeing it's inside the core it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seeing it's inside the core it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seeing it's inside the core it's
+seeing Z of whatever the charge is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing Z of whatever the charge is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing Z of whatever the charge is on
+the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus
+and so there is a core region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is a core region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is a core region
+where uh the kinetic energy is huge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the kinetic energy is huge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the kinetic energy is huge and
+the difference between the rydberg over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the rydberg over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the rydberg over
+30 36 which is three thousand versus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 36 which is three thousand versus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 36 which is three thousand versus uh
+uh 30. so this is 3000 wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 30. so this is 3000 wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 30. so this is 3000 wave numbers
+below the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you've reduced say a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've reduced say a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you've reduced say a hundred
+times the rydberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rydberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rydberg
+if there's a charge of 10 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a charge of 10 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a charge of 10 here
+by 3 000 wave numbers which is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3 000 wave numbers which is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3 000 wave numbers which is nothing
+and here you reduce it by even less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you reduce it by even less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you reduce it by even less so
+my point is that once you're uh the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is that once you're uh the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is that once you're uh the wave
+functions in this region for our states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in this region for our states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in this region for our states
+with principal quantum numbers six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with principal quantum numbers six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with principal quantum numbers six or
+higher they're not changing and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher they're not changing and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher they're not changing and you can
+actually carry that down much lower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carry that down much lower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carry that down much lower but
+the so the internal structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the internal structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the internal structure of the
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+is the same for all members of a rydberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same for all members of a rydberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same for all members of a rydberg
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the nodes are the same distance apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes are the same distance apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes are the same distance apart
+and the only thing that's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that's different from
+one state to the next is the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state to the next is the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state to the next is the amplitude
+in the inner region and how and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inner region and how and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inner region and how and how do
+we know that well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that well we know that
+the electron is going really fast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is going really fast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is going really fast in
+this coral-like region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coral-like region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coral-like region
+and it and the whole argument is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and the whole argument is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and the whole argument is it
+spends the same same time going in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends the same same time going in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends the same same time going in and
+out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here
+but the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the period
+of or how long it takes for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or how long it takes for the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or how long it takes for the electron
+to go in from its Turning Point here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in from its Turning Point here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in from its Turning Point here and
+back out that gets longer and longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out that gets longer and longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out that gets longer and longer
+as you go up in principle quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go up in principle quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go up in principle quantum number
+so you're asking well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're asking well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're asking well what is the
+probability of finding the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and so that's going to be related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's going to be related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's going to be related to the
+fraction of time it spins inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of time it spins inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of time it spins inside
+relative to the total period okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the total period okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the total period okay now
+where do we get the period from quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we get the period from quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we get the period from quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know we know uh that the uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we know uh that the uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we know uh that the uh for a
+harmonic oscillator the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the energy levels
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar Omega
+V plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V plus a half
+we know that the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the period
+of the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the levels
+uh the period for a harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the period for a harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the period for a harmonic oscillator
+is independent of excitation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we learn from this that the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learn from this that the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learn from this that the period
+is related to uh h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to uh h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to uh h
+over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh
+well the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one over new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's new
+C Overland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Overland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Overland
+uh that's the difference in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the difference in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the difference in energy
+levels so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so we have
+H over uh e n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over uh e n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H over uh e n minus
+oh let's do this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I want to build up a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to build up a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I want to build up a formula
+that I can generalize so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can generalize so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can generalize so if we want to
+know the period at energy en we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the period at energy en we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the period at energy en we take the
+levels on either side of En divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels on either side of En divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels on either side of En divide by
+two to get the average spacing which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to get the average spacing which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to get the average spacing which for
+the harmonic oscillator is just Omega H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator is just Omega H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator is just Omega H
+bar Omega and so we we do this and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega and so we we do this and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega and so we we do this and from
+the level spacing we can determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level spacing we can determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level spacing we can determine the
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+so the general rule for quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general rule for quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general rule for quantum
+mechanical periods is that you take H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical periods is that you take H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical periods is that you take H
+over uh the for whether it's a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh the for whether it's a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh the for whether it's a harmonic
+oscillator or not you say we we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator or not you say we we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator or not you say we we want the
+period at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period at
+uh quantum number n we use this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a kind of a semi-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a kind of a semi-classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a kind of a semi-classical
+idea we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we're taking
+quantum mechanics energy level spacings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics energy level spacings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics energy level spacings
+and we're saying well there's motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're saying well there's motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're saying well there's motion
+well there isn't Motion in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there isn't Motion in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there isn't Motion in quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+there's probability amplitude we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability amplitude we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability amplitude we're
+using classical ideas to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using classical ideas to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using classical ideas to get
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+uh fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+over period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is going to be related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be related to the
+probability of finding the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron in
+the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the amplitude of the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the amplitude of the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the amplitude of the electron in
+the core which is the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core which is the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core which is the wave function is
+going to be the square root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the square root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the square root of this
+okay well what about this what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what about this what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what about this what is the
+period uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh
+um so if we take the rydberg equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we take the rydberg equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we take the rydberg equation
+and we calculate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's going to be the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to be the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to be the same thing
+as taking the derivative the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking the derivative the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking the derivative the energy
+with respect to n and so we get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to n and so we get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to n and so we get two
+ridberg over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg over uh
+and acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rydberg equation is R Over N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rydberg equation is R Over N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rydberg equation is R Over N squared
+the energy difference especially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference especially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference especially at
+large n is just going to be two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large n is just going to be two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large n is just going to be two times
+the red burger for n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red burger for n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red burger for n cubed
+so the the difference in energy is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the difference in energy is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the difference in energy is this
+we want one over the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want one over the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want one over the difference is
+energy so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this is going to be
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the period is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the period is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the period is going to be
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+n cubed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+so this is uh this energy difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this energy difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this energy difference is
+one over n oh good yes okay the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n oh good yes okay the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n oh good yes okay the energy
+difference is 1 over n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is 1 over n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is 1 over n cubed
+and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh
+we want the period which is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the period which is one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the period which is one over the
+energy and so we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we're going to get
+n cubed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed here
+we're going to get a number here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a number here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get a number here which
+doesn't change Within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now if we want the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if we want the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if we want the amplitude of
+the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's just going to be the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be the square root
+of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we got an N cubed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got an N cubed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got an N cubed in the
+denominator we're taking the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we're taking the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator we're taking the square root
+we have n to the minus 3 halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n to the minus 3 halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have n to the minus 3 halves
+so we know that for all red bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+the amplitude in the core scales as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude in the core scales as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude in the core scales as one
+over n to the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n to the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n to the three halves
+now we have Matrix elements uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have Matrix elements uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have Matrix elements uh one
+some operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operator
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and this goes as one over N1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes as one over N1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes as one over N1 to the
+minus three halves this goes one over N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three halves this goes one over N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three halves this goes one over N2
+to the minus three halves and so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus three halves and so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus three halves and so we know
+how Matrix elements are going to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Matrix elements are going to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Matrix elements are going to scale
+our expectation values are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectation values are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectation values are going to
+scale so an expectation value is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so an expectation value is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so an expectation value is going
+to scale is one over n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Matrix elements are going to scale as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Matrix elements are going to scale as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Matrix elements are going to scale as
+one over the first n times one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the first n times one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the first n times one over the
+second and that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that quantity
+to the three halves and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three halves and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three halves and so that's
+telling you how transition amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how transition amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how transition amplitudes
+are going to scale and that's why I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to scale and that's why I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to scale and that's why I drew
+the the amplitudes decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amplitudes decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amplitudes decreasing
+so this simple idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this simple idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this simple idea of
+the electrons moving really fast when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons moving really fast when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons moving really fast when
+they're close to the core because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close to the core because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close to the core because
+they're seeing a z effective uh Z of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're seeing a z effective uh Z of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're seeing a z effective uh Z of the
+the charge on the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the core
+versus slowly outside leads to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus slowly outside leads to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus slowly outside leads to this
+scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+the and and what happens is all states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and what happens is all states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and what happens is all states
+with which belong to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which belong to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which belong to the same
+orbital angle momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital angle momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital angle momentum
+belong to the same series they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the same series they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the same series they have uh
+the same scaling law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same scaling law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same scaling law
+states with a different series they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with a different series they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with a different series they
+start out at uh they don't sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at uh they don't sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at uh they don't sample the
+core quite the same way but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core quite the same way but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core quite the same way but because
+s could get all the way in D doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s could get all the way in D doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s could get all the way in D doesn't get
+in quite so far and so you can uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quite so far and so you can uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quite so far and so you can uh say
+okay it'll be ridberg series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll be ridberg series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll be ridberg series
+they all scale in the same way but n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all scale in the same way but n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all scale in the same way but n is
+there the the effective principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the effective principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the effective principle
+quantum number is different for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is different for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is different for each of
+them you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get
+and star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and star
+the effective principle quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective principle quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective principle quantum number
+that you use in the scaling is n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use in the scaling is n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use in the scaling is n minus
+Delta of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of L
+where this is a this is a fudge Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a this is a fudge Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is a this is a fudge Factor
+called the quantum defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the quantum defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the quantum defect
+I know but I'm I'm about to you stepped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know but I'm I'm about to you stepped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know but I'm I'm about to you stepped
+on my punch line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my punch line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my punch line
+it looks like a fudge Factor because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like a fudge Factor because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like a fudge Factor because
+we're we're we're saying there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're saying there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're saying there's going
+to be an L dependence in how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an L dependence in how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an L dependence in how is the
+effect the this principle clone are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the this principle clone are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the this principle clone are
+different from the integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the integer
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+already that it you know the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that it you know the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that it you know the the the
+difference is going to be larger for S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is going to be larger for S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is going to be larger for S
+than for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for p
+but there's more to it than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's more to it than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's more to it than this
+now we started doing quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we started doing quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we started doing quantum mechanics
+we have this wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this wave function
+when it hits this uh turning point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it hits this uh turning point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it hits this uh turning point it's
+going into it's going into forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into it's going into forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into it's going into forbidden
+territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+the wave function has to go to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function has to go to zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function has to go to zero at
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+and when it's outside the core it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's outside the core it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's outside the core it's
+seeing the core as if it were hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the core as if it were hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the core as if it were hydrogen
+so once the interesting stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once the interesting stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once the interesting stuff is
+finished the electron is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the electron is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the electron is going to
+infinity and it has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it has to have
+the right phase in order to go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right phase in order to go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right phase in order to go to zero
+at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Infinity
+and since everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since everybody
+comes out of the car with the same phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the car with the same phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the car with the same phase
+because they had the same nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had the same nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they had the same nodal
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there is a phase shift associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a phase shift associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a phase shift associated with a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+value of the orbital angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the orbital angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the orbital angular momentum
+and so that turns out to be the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that turns out to be the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that turns out to be the quantum
+defect and so the quantum defect 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect and so the quantum defect 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect and so the quantum defect 2 pi
+times this Delta L is what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this Delta L is what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this Delta L is what happens when
+this electron goes in to the core it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron goes in to the core it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron goes in to the core it
+comes out and it's the Rel it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out and it's the Rel it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out and it's the Rel it's it's the
+phase relative to what it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase relative to what it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase relative to what it would have
+been if it were a bit an empty if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been if it were a bit an empty if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been if it were a bit an empty if it
+were hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so when you when you say phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you when you say phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you when you say phase shift
+with respect to what well with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what well with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what well with respect
+to a bare core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bare core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bare core
+so all of the unique stuff comes into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the unique stuff comes into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the unique stuff comes into uh
+in this it is a phase shift the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this it is a phase shift the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this it is a phase shift the wave
+function once it's leaving the core once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function once it's leaving the core once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function once it's leaving the core once
+it's in the well once it's left the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the well once it's left the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the well once it's left the core
+or once it's in the Forbidden region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or once it's in the Forbidden region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or once it's in the Forbidden region
+it's seeing a charge of one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seeing a charge of one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's seeing a charge of one it's
+Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal
+and they're all the same they all start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all the same they all start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all the same they all start
+at the same phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same phase
+and so you end up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you end up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you end up uh
+getting this incredible simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this incredible simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this incredible simplification
+now there's this phrase ontology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's this phrase ontology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's this phrase ontology
+recapitulates phylogeny and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulates phylogeny and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulates phylogeny and this is not
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+for ontology is the development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ontology is the development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ontology is the development of the
+organism from a single cell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism from a single cell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism from a single cell to the
+mature uh organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature uh organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature uh organism
+and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is
+or there was believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there was believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there was believed
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the development of the organism from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the organism from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the organism from a
+single cell to the mature organism uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell to the mature organism uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell to the mature organism uh
+replicates or mirrors the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates or mirrors the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates or mirrors the development
+The evolutionary development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The evolutionary development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The evolutionary development of the
+organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism
+and there are certainly parallels but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certainly parallels but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certainly parallels but in
+rydberg States this is the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rydberg States this is the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rydberg States this is the truth
+if you have a rydberg series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a rydberg series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a rydberg series
+the internal part of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal part of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal part of the wave function
+for every member of the rydberg series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every member of the rydberg series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every member of the rydberg series
+is exactly the same they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the same they have the same
+nodal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal structure
+the only thing that's different is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's different is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's different is the
+amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+so for ridberg States and for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for ridberg States and for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for ridberg States and for a lot of
+spectroscopy ontology does recapitulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy ontology does recapitulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy ontology does recapitulate
+phyogeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phyogeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phyogeny
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+all different redberg states are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different redberg states are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different redberg states are built
+on the same you know all members of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same you know all members of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same you know all members of a
+Series have the same core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series have the same core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series have the same core
+and I think that's really beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's really beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's really beautiful and
+am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I
+I still have no I'm I'm out of time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have no I'm I'm out of time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have no I'm I'm out of time okay
+so that was the point that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the point that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the point that was the
+beginning of quantum defect theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of quantum defect theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of quantum defect theory that
+we combine simple ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine simple ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine simple ideas
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics
+with some minimal quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some minimal quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some minimal quantum mechanics and
+we're forced to make a conclusion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forced to make a conclusion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forced to make a conclusion about
+how things scale overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things scale overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things scale overall
+and what's the nodal structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the nodal structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the nodal structure and
+grouping of things grouping of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping of things grouping of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping of things grouping of States
+together and I think that this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and I think that this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and I think that this is really
+a stunningly beautiful and surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stunningly beautiful and surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stunningly beautiful and surprising
+result and there was very little error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and there was very little error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and there was very little error
+you know I didn't do any differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I didn't do any differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I didn't do any differential
+equations I just said okay by analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I just said okay by analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I just said okay by analogy to
+classical objects we can say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical objects we can say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical objects we can say there's a
+period of motion in quantum mechanics it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of motion in quantum mechanics it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of motion in quantum mechanics it
+comes from energy level differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from energy level differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from energy level differences
+and I I compare the period of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I compare the period of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I compare the period of the one
+oscillation to the time it spends in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation to the time it spends in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation to the time it spends in the
+interesting region we get amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting region we get amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting region we get amplitude
+scaling and it's there wasn't much there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling and it's there wasn't much there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling and it's there wasn't much there
+I certainly will do this more rigorously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly will do this more rigorously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly will do this more rigorously
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so let's go back to the second row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the second row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the second row of
+the periodic table yeah and if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table yeah and if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table yeah and if we look
+at the ionization energies going lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ionization energies going lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ionization energies going lithium
+and neon yes they go from like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neon yes they go from like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and neon yes they go from like five
+something easy to 25 something maybe yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something easy to 25 something maybe yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something easy to 25 something maybe yes
+well not 25 I don't think or 28 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not 25 I don't think or 28 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not 25 I don't think or 28 years
+you've got your your Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your your Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your your Wikipedia
+I think neon is pretty high yes it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think neon is pretty high yes it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think neon is pretty high yes it is
+but it's not nearly as high as helium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not nearly as high as helium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not nearly as high as helium so
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I'm looking it up as we speak yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking it up as we speak yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking it up as we speak yeah so
+finish your quest today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish your quest today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish your quest today so
+um sorry 15.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry 15.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry 15.
+can I ask a question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I ask a question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I ask a question yeah
+so maybe I'm misremembering but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'm misremembering but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'm misremembering but I
+thought the spaceship was pi times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the spaceship was pi times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the spaceship was pi times the
+quantity it probably is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it probably is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it probably is okay
+okay sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry about that
+okay so so my question now 21.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so my question now 21.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so my question now 21.5
+okay so what do you do to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you do to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you do to actually
+determine the Z do you be effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Z do you be effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Z do you be effective
+if you want to really calculate this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to really calculate this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to really calculate this do
+you do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something like
+well what you could do for neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you could do for neon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you could do for neon
+is uh suppose you have uh the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh suppose you have uh the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh suppose you have uh the ground
+state of neon would be 1s squared 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of neon would be 1s squared 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of neon would be 1s squared 2s
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+2p6 and the first excited state will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p6 and the first excited state will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p6 and the first excited state will be
+2p5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p5
+3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s
+sure open cell here right spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure open cell here right spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure open cell here right spin orbit
+spinner it tells you Z effective for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner it tells you Z effective for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner it tells you Z effective for uh
+the p orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p orbital
+you can also then go to a higher excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also then go to a higher excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also then go to a higher excited
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+3p now you have two open cells but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3p now you have two open cells but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3p now you have two open cells but you
+can you can determine the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can determine the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can determine the spin orbit
+associated with 3p as well as 2p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with 3p as well as 2p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with 3p as well as 2p and
+you use those to determine Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the PO so for L not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the PO so for L not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the PO so for L not equal to zero
+you can use spin orbit to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use spin orbit to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use spin orbit to determine the
+Z effective for that particular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective for that particular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective for that particular orbital
+okay so from a spin orbit coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from a spin orbit coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from a spin orbit coupling
+constant one can measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one can measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one can measures
+microscopically yeah you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopically yeah you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopically yeah you can then
+determine the Z effective you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Z effective you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Z effective you you're
+going to try to build a a a model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to build a a a model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to build a a a model which
+has both Z effective parameter so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both Z effective parameter so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has both Z effective parameter so in
+terms of l or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of l or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of l or
+okay we have a z effective of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a z effective of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a z effective of r
+and we're going to take expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to take expectation
+values of it and so we'll end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of it and so we'll end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of it and so we'll end up getting
+Z effective NL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective NL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective NL
+okay and that's equivalent to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's equivalent to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's equivalent to what's
+called effective core potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called effective core potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called effective core potentials
+so that you uh you take the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you uh you take the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you uh you take the energy
+levels everything you know about a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels everything you know about a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels everything you know about a few
+energy levels and you uh you use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and you uh you use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and you uh you use that to
+determine the radial charge distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the radial charge distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the radial charge distribution
+uh and that's Z effective and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's Z effective and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's Z effective and then
+everything is so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is so yes
+that for record series the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for record series the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for record series the normal
+structure is the same inside the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is the same inside the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is the same inside the core
+and then they also need to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they also need to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they also need to have the
+right phase to go to zero Infinity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right phase to go to zero Infinity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right phase to go to zero Infinity right
+how are they still orthogonal of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they still orthogonal of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they still orthogonal of one
+another with those restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another with those restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another with those restrictions
+that's actually how they get to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how they get to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually how they get to be
+orthogonal so the wave functions uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so the wave functions uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so the wave functions uh in
+the core all have have overlap integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core all have have overlap integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core all have have overlap integrals
+that are uh the same but with a scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh the same but with a scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh the same but with a scaling
+and the output outer side part then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output outer side part then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the output outer side part then is
+what makes them different because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes them different because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes them different because you
+you basically uh you each new state has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically uh you each new state has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically uh you each new state has
+an extra lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra lobe
+and so that it it turns out that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that it it turns out that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that it it turns out that's all
+you need to make everybody orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to make everybody orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to make everybody orthogonal
+they build a positive overlap inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build a positive overlap inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build a positive overlap inside the
+core region it's cancer it's it's dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core region it's cancer it's it's dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core region it's cancer it's it's dead
+on the first oscillations yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I mean there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I mean there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I mean there are all sorts of
+complicated things that can come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things that can come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things that can come about
+when the electron comes in and scatters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron comes in and scatters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the electron comes in and scatters
+off the core but the it's built on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the core but the it's built on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the core but the it's built on a
+very simple structure and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple structure and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple structure and that's what I
+wanted you to see before we do any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to see before we do any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to see before we do any real
+calculations I don't think we'll really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I don't think we'll really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I don't think we'll really
+do too much okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do too much okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do too much okay so
+yes this is one last thing um so was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is one last thing um so was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is one last thing um so was
+that Delta L then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta L then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta L then
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+I guess I'm trying to make sense of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm trying to make sense of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm trying to make sense of it
+in terms of our ease proportional to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our ease proportional to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of our ease proportional to one
+over this n star squared right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this n star squared right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this n star squared right so if
+Delta is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is large
+well Delta isn't large Delta is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Delta isn't large Delta is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Delta isn't large Delta is on the
+order of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one
+you know it's it's on the order of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's on the order of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's on the order of a
+tenth for a d orbital and a half for a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth for a d orbital and a half for a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth for a d orbital and a half for a p
+orbital and one for S but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and one for S but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and one for S but it's also
+modulo Pi you know the phase shift is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo Pi you know the phase shift is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo Pi you know the phase shift is
+you know you know what does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know what does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know what does it mean to
+have a phase shift more than Pi or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phase shift more than Pi or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a phase shift more than Pi or two
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+so it turns out that Delta can be large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that Delta can be large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that Delta can be large
+but it really matters only between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really matters only between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really matters only between you
+know for the zero to one region of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the zero to one region of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the zero to one region of Delta
+and it just makes sense of the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just makes sense of the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it just makes sense of the limits of
+Delta like a sort of a large phase ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta like a sort of a large phase ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta like a sort of a large phase ships
+would mean that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that you have a
+A system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A system that is
+scattering very differently from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering very differently from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering very differently from what
+hydrogen would be that's right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen would be that's right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen would be that's right uh
+because you know nothing could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know nothing could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know nothing could be more
+different than a charge of One Versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a charge of One Versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a charge of One Versus
+two or one versus ten and S can get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or one versus ten and S can get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or one versus ten and S can get all
+the way in and see that charger is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in and see that charger is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in and see that charger is this
+the charge it's not one and and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge it's not one and and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge it's not one and and so it's
+going to have the biggest phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the biggest phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the biggest phase shift
+the biggest difference from hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest difference from hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest difference from hydrogen
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know that the phase shift would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the phase shift would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the phase shift would be
+largest for S smaller for p and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest for S smaller for p and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest for S smaller for p and so on
+but if the phase shift is larger than pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the phase shift is larger than pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the phase shift is larger than pi
+then you start over and it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start over and it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start over and it just means
+that the S Series are are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the S Series are are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the S Series are are going to be
+interleaved with the P and D series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved with the P and D series in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaved with the P and D series in
+surprising ways sometimes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising ways sometimes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising ways sometimes because
+sometimes that phase shift in fact very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that phase shift in fact very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that phase shift in fact very
+quickly it is larger than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it is larger than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it is larger than what
+yes one last question today yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes one last question today yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes one last question today yes so
+we use uh the fact that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use uh the fact that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use uh the fact that different
+orbitals have different shapes Fade Into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals have different shapes Fade Into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals have different shapes Fade Into
+The Core in different ways to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Core in different ways to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Core in different ways to learn
+something about the core yes by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the core yes by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the core yes by these
+sort of and you know and then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and you know and then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and you know and then that's
+when you talk about it like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about it like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you talk about it like that it
+seems natural to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems natural to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems natural to think about a
+scattering picture because you're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering picture because you're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering picture because you're sort
+of scattering electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scattering electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scattering electrons that are
+constrained by these orbitals yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by these orbitals yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by these orbitals yes
+now if we had a magic a magic tunable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we had a magic a magic tunable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we had a magic a magic tunable
+x-ray laser that could you know work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray laser that could you know work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray laser that could you know work
+just as easily as our visible lasers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily as our visible lasers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as easily as our visible lasers but
+in the bands that are directly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bands that are directly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bands that are directly in the
+core yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core yes
+could we learn things the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we learn things the same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we learn things the same things
+more easily by doing that or is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily by doing that or is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily by doing that or is there
+something really special that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really special that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really special that one can
+learn even if you had a magic laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn even if you had a magic laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn even if you had a magic laser
+blazing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blazing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blazing that
+you learn by using these sort of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn by using these sort of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn by using these sort of strange
+scattering approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the zero you know the zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the zero you know the zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the zero you know the zero order
+picture is based on this radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is based on this radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is based on this radial
+structure in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the core
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+it's not that hard using it's not x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard using it's not x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that hard using it's not x-ray
+lasers but it's not that hard to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers but it's not that hard to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers but it's not that hard to learn
+about the structure of the core that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of the core that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the structure of the core that way
+but then there is details the core is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is details the core is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is details the core is
+not just a continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a continuum
+and there's the scattering of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the scattering of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the scattering of the
+electron electron comes in hits the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron comes in hits the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron comes in hits the core
+electron scatters the core electron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scatters the core electron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scatters the core electron out
+and now you have two things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have two things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have two things that are
+outside and so there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and so there's all sorts of
+subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+multi-particle interactions so it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-particle interactions so it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-particle interactions so it you
+know there's always more but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's always more but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's always more but you know if
+you can get the big picture by a crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the big picture by a crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the big picture by a crude
+experiment then it helps to constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment then it helps to constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment then it helps to constrain
+the uh the subtle experiment okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the subtle experiment okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the subtle experiment okay so uh
+and and that's one of the Beauties you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's one of the Beauties you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's one of the Beauties you
+do want to bring different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to bring different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to bring different kinds of
+observations to bear on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to bear on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to bear on the problem
+because this isn't anybody problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this isn't anybody problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this isn't anybody problem this
+is not a two-body problem and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a two-body problem and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a two-body problem and you know
+we we make a lot of Headway by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we make a lot of Headway by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we make a lot of Headway by thinking
+of it as if it were a two by problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as if it were a two by problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as if it were a two by problem
+but then it's you know the the many body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's you know the the many body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's you know the the many body
+nature of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of it
+enters and you know a molecule is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters and you know a molecule is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters and you know a molecule is going
+to be vibrating and rotating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be vibrating and rotating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be vibrating and rotating in the
+electron scattering off of something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scattering off of something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron scattering off of something and
+so there's also there's a new level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also there's a new level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also there's a new level of
+complexity the atom just sort of stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity the atom just sort of stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity the atom just sort of stuck
+there just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just being
+a plum pudding
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dletk3FZUvI.txt b/Dletk3FZUvI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..875e62f1576759abfb05c024e3097ebdbc459793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Dletk3FZUvI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you everyone for coming back after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you everyone for coming back after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you everyone for coming back after
+the coffee break. Um our next session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coffee break. Um our next session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coffee break. Um our next session
+our moderator is uh Kurt Newton stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our moderator is uh Kurt Newton stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our moderator is uh Kurt Newton stepping
+in. uh the previous moderator is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. uh the previous moderator is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. uh the previous moderator is okay
+but she won't be ava a available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she won't be ava a available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she won't be ava a available for
+this session. Uh and with that I'll pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session. Uh and with that I'll pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session. Uh and with that I'll pass
+it on to Kurt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on to Kurt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on to Kurt.
+>> All right. Uh coming out of our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. Uh coming out of our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. Uh coming out of our our
+first session we now you know where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first session we now you know where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first session we now you know where it
+was I think was teed up in a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think was teed up in a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think was teed up in a really
+interesting way with the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way with the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way with the kind of the
+final discussion what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final discussion what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final discussion what's going on with
+the sort of human side of this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of human side of this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of human side of this the the
+social uh decision making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social uh decision making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social uh decision making the
+motivations and such. we get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations and such. we get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations and such. we get into the
+the the human landscape for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the human landscape for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the human landscape for these
+networks and we have you know again a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and we have you know again a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and we have you know again a a
+wonderful series of three uh speakers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful series of three uh speakers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful series of three uh speakers uh
+starting with Nathan Phillips uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with Nathan Phillips uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with Nathan Phillips uh and
+then uh we'll hear from Chris Rae and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we'll hear from Chris Rae and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we'll hear from Chris Rae and
+last uh Kelsey Worth and then as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh Kelsey Worth and then as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh Kelsey Worth and then as we did
+with the previous session then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the previous session then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the previous session then we'll
+we'll go from the presentations into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go from the presentations into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go from the presentations into uh
+into a Q&A session. So over to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Q&A session. So over to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Q&A session. So over to you
+Nathan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathan.
+>> Right. Thank you, uh, Kurt. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right. Thank you, uh, Kurt. And let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right. Thank you, uh, Kurt. And let's
+see, is this the slide advancer thingy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, is this the slide advancer thingy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, is this the slide advancer thingy?
+Okay, great. All right. Well, I'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. All right. Well, I'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. All right. Well, I'm here
+to share with you how a mildmannered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you how a mildmannered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you how a mildmannered
+forest ecologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest ecologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest ecologist
+ended up in a room with engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in a room with engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up in a room with engineers and
+law experts and policy people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law experts and policy people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law experts and policy people and
+activists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists
+uh to work on the energy transition. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to work on the energy transition. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to work on the energy transition. So,
+I'm going to give you that ecological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you that ecological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you that ecological
+viewpoint of this energy transition. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint of this energy transition. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint of this energy transition. And
+it started for me as this mildmannered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started for me as this mildmannered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started for me as this mildmannered
+uh ecologist who learned uh stumbled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ecologist who learned uh stumbled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ecologist who learned uh stumbled out
+of my lane and learned that gas leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my lane and learned that gas leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my lane and learned that gas leaks
+damage trees. So I study the plumbing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage trees. So I study the plumbing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage trees. So I study the plumbing of
+trees and I wanted to know why what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and I wanted to know why what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and I wanted to know why what's
+going on. Uh this is in Newton about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. Uh this is in Newton about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. Uh this is in Newton about
+three blocks away from where I live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three blocks away from where I live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three blocks away from where I live and
+seeing uh the loss of the tree canopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh the loss of the tree canopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh the loss of the tree canopy
+was really heartbreaking as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really heartbreaking as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really heartbreaking as a as a
+person uh but also as a scientist like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh but also as a scientist like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh but also as a scientist like
+what is going on and from that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on and from that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on and from that moment
+things started moving. I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things started moving. I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things started moving. I had an
+accidental toolkit for understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental toolkit for understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental toolkit for understanding the
+problem of methane leaks because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of methane leaks because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of methane leaks because I was
+looking at how greenhouse gases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how greenhouse gases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how greenhouse gases are
+exchanged from soils and leaves and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged from soils and leaves and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged from soils and leaves and the
+same kind of equipment could be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of equipment could be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of equipment could be used to
+document where this greenhouse gas was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document where this greenhouse gas was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document where this greenhouse gas was
+leaking from the streets and sidewalks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking from the streets and sidewalks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking from the streets and sidewalks.
+So we got funded to do a research study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we got funded to do a research study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we got funded to do a research study
+in the city of Boston where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city of Boston where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the city of Boston where we
+documented 3,356 gas leaks across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented 3,356 gas leaks across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented 3,356 gas leaks across the
+city. Uh that was in 2012. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city. Uh that was in 2012. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city. Uh that was in 2012. And this is
+where as an ecologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as an ecologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as an ecologist
+I started thinking about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started thinking about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started thinking about kind of
+biomimicry and thinking about the eco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicry and thinking about the eco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomimicry and thinking about the eco
+the city as an ecosystem. We had a grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city as an ecosystem. We had a grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city as an ecosystem. We had a grant
+called urban metabolism at the time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called urban metabolism at the time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called urban metabolism at the time from
+the National Science Foundation and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Science Foundation and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Science Foundation and it
+was the lens of using living things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lens of using living things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lens of using living things to
+think about how cities function. And as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how cities function. And as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how cities function. And as
+a tree physiologist, it became clear,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree physiologist, it became clear,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree physiologist, it became clear,
+you know, this gas network, this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this gas network, this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this gas network, this thing
+that's having this kind of metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's having this kind of metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's having this kind of metabolic
+problem is like a tree. It's got trunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is like a tree. It's got trunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is like a tree. It's got trunks
+and it's got branches and twigs and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got branches and twigs and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got branches and twigs and we
+we need to fix this uh problem. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to fix this uh problem. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to fix this uh problem. And
+that's where the the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the the idea of the
+transition started to come in. Uh can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition started to come in. Uh can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition started to come in. Uh can we
+prune the tree? Can the tree retract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune the tree? Can the tree retract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune the tree? Can the tree retract and
+a new system uh grow from there? Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new system uh grow from there? Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new system uh grow from there? Now
+things were happening at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were happening at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things were happening at the same time
+like the collapse of the gas system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the collapse of the gas system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the collapse of the gas system in
+the Marramac Valley where uh system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Marramac Valley where uh system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Marramac Valley where uh system
+level failures were happening and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level failures were happening and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level failures were happening and we
+realized in talking with folks like Zanb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in talking with folks like Zanb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized in talking with folks like Zanb
+and Audrey and Heat that to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Audrey and Heat that to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Audrey and Heat that to solve
+problems like that we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like that we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like that we need to think
+bigger. We need to make the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. We need to make the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. We need to make the problem
+bigger. And coming back to the gas leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. And coming back to the gas leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. And coming back to the gas leaks
+problems on the streets and sidewalks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the streets and sidewalks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the streets and sidewalks of
+of of Boston and the greater Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Boston and the greater Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Boston and the greater Boston
+area, it became apparent to me that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area, it became apparent to me that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area, it became apparent to me that I
+needed to think bigger as an ecologist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to think bigger as an ecologist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to think bigger as an ecologist.
+And when I started to see things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I started to see things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I started to see things like
+new trees, this is in Roslandale, being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new trees, this is in Roslandale, being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new trees, this is in Roslandale, being
+planted into active gas leaks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted into active gas leaks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted into active gas leaks and the
+money that was being spent and the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that was being spent and the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that was being spent and the labor
+and energy that was being spent to plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy that was being spent to plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy that was being spent to plant
+urban street trees in a place where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban street trees in a place where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban street trees in a place where we
+knew they were going to die. So the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were going to die. So the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were going to die. So the gas
+in the soil here is at about you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the soil here is at about you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the soil here is at about you can't
+see it but it's like 15% in the soil.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it but it's like 15% in the soil.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it but it's like 15% in the soil.
+That tree was not going to live. Um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That tree was not going to live. Um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That tree was not going to live. Um to
+see things like uh okay the fixes made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things like uh okay the fixes made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see things like uh okay the fixes made
+after the problem has wre havoc on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the problem has wre havoc on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the problem has wre havoc on the
+tree. So there's the empty tree pit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So there's the empty tree pit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. So there's the empty tree pit and
+there's the patch that fixed the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the patch that fixed the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the patch that fixed the gas
+leak after the uh fact. So it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak after the uh fact. So it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak after the uh fact. So it became
+apparent to me that what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent to me that what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent to me that what we call
+infrastructure ecology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure ecology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure ecology
+is about the wires and the pipes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the wires and the pipes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the wires and the pipes and the
+streets and and all of those things. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and and all of those things. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and and all of those things. But
+it's also about the knowledge networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about the knowledge networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also about the knowledge networks
+and the systems and the institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the systems and the institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the systems and the institutions
+that need to communicate to actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to communicate to actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to communicate to actually get
+the problem uh fixed. the coordination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem uh fixed. the coordination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem uh fixed. the coordination.
+Uh just here's another example in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh just here's another example in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh just here's another example in what
+we uh call the circle of death in Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh call the circle of death in Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh call the circle of death in Newton
+which is right over the mass pike where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right over the mass pike where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right over the mass pike where
+you can see the new pavement here. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the new pavement here. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the new pavement here. You
+can see the line where the uh lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the line where the uh lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the line where the uh lighter
+grade shade shade becomes darker and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade shade shade becomes darker and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade shade shade becomes darker and the
+uh new pavement being cut up like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new pavement being cut up like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new pavement being cut up like two
+weeks after it was put down to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks after it was put down to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks after it was put down to uh
+address a gas leak. That's a 10-in cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a gas leak. That's a 10-in cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a gas leak. That's a 10-in cast
+iron uh gas mane there. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron uh gas mane there. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron uh gas mane there. And so this
+problem really I couldn't avoid as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem really I couldn't avoid as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem really I couldn't avoid as an
+ecologist to think about how we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist to think about how we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist to think about how we need to
+bring all of the stakeholders and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all of the stakeholders and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring all of the stakeholders and we
+need to think about the colllocated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about the colllocated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about the colllocated and
+interdependent critical infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependent critical infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependent critical infrastructure
+including the trees and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the trees and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the trees and everything else
+as an ecosystem. That's the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ecosystem. That's the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an ecosystem. That's the only way
+we're going to solve this problem. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve this problem. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to solve this problem. And
+so that's what inspired me so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what inspired me so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what inspired me so much about
+being here and connecting with groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being here and connecting with groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being here and connecting with groups
+like mothers out front and heat where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mothers out front and heat where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mothers out front and heat where we
+weren't I was no longer being restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't I was no longer being restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't I was no longer being restricted
+to my discipline of forest ecology. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my discipline of forest ecology. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my discipline of forest ecology. I
+was connecting with people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connecting with people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connecting with people who were
+thinking in a much more inclusive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in a much more inclusive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in a much more inclusive and
+holistic uh manner about all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic uh manner about all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic uh manner about all of the
+actors and entities that need to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and entities that need to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and entities that need to come
+together. So I feel like a more holistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So I feel like a more holistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So I feel like a more holistic
+uh ecologist. Uh this exemplifies to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ecologist. Uh this exemplifies to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ecologist. Uh this exemplifies to me
+the way we need to see beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we need to see beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we need to see beyond the
+surface and make the connections uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and make the connections uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and make the connections uh that
+are there uh under the streets uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there uh under the streets uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there uh under the streets uh and
+with other stakeholders. And so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other stakeholders. And so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other stakeholders. And so what
+continues this work the for me is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues this work the for me is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues this work the for me is being
+involved in the uh project in Framingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the uh project in Framingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the uh project in Framingham
+that is happening and to come back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is happening and to come back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is happening and to come back to my
+uh profession as a tree physiologist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh profession as a tree physiologist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh profession as a tree physiologist and
+an ecoysiologist is really fulfilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ecoysiologist is really fulfilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ecoysiologist is really fulfilling
+because it's like a a circle has come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like a a circle has come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like a a circle has come
+back around where we are now as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back around where we are now as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back around where we are now as part of
+this big project with so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big project with so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big project with so many different
+uh academic research researchers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh academic research researchers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh academic research researchers and
+others. Uh my part of this is to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Uh my part of this is to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Uh my part of this is to come
+back to look at tree health. So do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to look at tree health. So do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to look at tree health. So do these
+thermal networks uh have any effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal networks uh have any effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal networks uh have any effect on
+the tree canopy? Sometimes in in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree canopy? Sometimes in in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree canopy? Sometimes in in science
+a nonresult is actually a really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonresult is actually a really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonresult is actually a really great
+thing to have. And after uh our research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have. And after uh our research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to have. And after uh our research
+in two years of looking at the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two years of looking at the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two years of looking at the tree
+canopy where this infrastructure has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy where this infrastructure has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy where this infrastructure has
+gone in, we don't see any uh negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone in, we don't see any uh negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone in, we don't see any uh negative
+impact on the trees. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the trees. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the trees. We're going to
+continue to monitor this the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to monitor this the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to monitor this the urban
+canopy in this area because there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy in this area because there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy in this area because there may be
+some subtle changes. If you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subtle changes. If you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subtle changes. If you change the
+thermal environment in the soil, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal environment in the soil, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal environment in the soil, there
+may be a change in when the leaves come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a change in when the leaves come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be a change in when the leaves come
+out or when the leaves drop and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or when the leaves drop and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or when the leaves drop and it may
+be species dependent. So, lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be species dependent. So, lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be species dependent. So, lots of
+interesting questions, but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions, but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions, but really
+gratifying to to know that there's we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying to to know that there's we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratifying to to know that there's we're
+not seeing any negative impact on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seeing any negative impact on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seeing any negative impact on uh the
+e the actual ecosystem and and just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the actual ecosystem and and just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the actual ecosystem and and just that
+you know uh there was a term that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh there was a term that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh there was a term that a
+famous uh thinker and writer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh thinker and writer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh thinker and writer and
+philosopher came up with who was not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher came up with who was not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher came up with who was not an
+ecologist but came up with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist but came up with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist but came up with a very
+important ecological term called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ecological term called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ecological term called
+succession. And that was Henry David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession. And that was Henry David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession. And that was Henry David
+Thorough in conquered succession the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thorough in conquered succession the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thorough in conquered succession the
+change in ecosystems over time and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in ecosystems over time and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in ecosystems over time and so
+it's really gratifying to be part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really gratifying to be part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really gratifying to be part of a
+project was which is looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was which is looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was which is looking at that
+transition from our fossilfueled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from our fossilfueled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from our fossilfueled
+infrastructure into this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure into this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure into this new
+infrastructure where we're not seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure where we're not seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure where we're not seeing
+negative impacts on the trees here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impacts on the trees here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impacts on the trees here and
+we're likely to see a healthier tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're likely to see a healthier tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're likely to see a healthier tree
+canopy in places like the place where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy in places like the place where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canopy in places like the place where I
+saw the tree uh being damaged in my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the tree uh being damaged in my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the tree uh being damaged in my own
+city of Newton. So, uh, thank you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of Newton. So, uh, thank you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of Newton. So, uh, thank you and
+I'll leave it at that. There's my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave it at that. There's my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave it at that. There's my friend
+Bob Aley, colleague and Margaret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Aley, colleague and Margaret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Aley, colleague and Margaret
+Hendrickk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hendrickk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hendrickk.
+Yeah. And
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DsekJYem-h0.txt b/DsekJYem-h0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e581a8dbab1f00b75a171cd07e9a93aff1173a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DsekJYem-h0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to begin by giving a recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to begin by giving a recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to begin by giving a recap
+of the last lecture just very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last lecture just very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last lecture just very briefly
+and then we'll keep going with where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll keep going with where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll keep going with where we
+left off before so you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off before so you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off before so you remember we
+talked about B dot probes these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about B dot probes these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about B dot probes these were
+little Loops of wire like this they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loops of wire like this they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loops of wire like this they've
+got some area a they've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some area a they've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some area a they've got some
+magnetic field pointing through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field pointing through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field pointing through them
+we're only sensitive to the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only sensitive to the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only sensitive to the component of
+the magnetic field that is parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field that is parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field that is parallel to
+the normal of this Loop uh and we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal of this Loop uh and we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal of this Loop uh and we what
+we want to do is measure some voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is measure some voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is measure some voltage
+across this Loop uh and we showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this Loop uh and we showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this Loop uh and we showed that
+the flux through this Loop Pi was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux through this Loop Pi was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux through this Loop Pi was going
+to be equal to the integral of B do DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the integral of B do DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the integral of B do DS
+over this area and the voltage that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this area and the voltage that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this area and the voltage that we
+were going to get out is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to get out is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to get out is going to be
+equal to the time rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the time rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the time rate of change of the
+flux which is equal to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux which is equal to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux which is equal to B
+do a like that so by measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a like that so by measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a like that so by measuring the
+voltage on this Loop and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on this Loop and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on this Loop and then
+integrating it up we can work out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it up we can work out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it up we can work out what
+the magnetic field is doing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is doing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is doing as a
+function of time here we also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time here we also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time here we also talked
+about these are B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these are B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these are B
+dots we also talked about rowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coils which is effectively a set of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils which is effectively a set of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils which is effectively a set of B
+dots arranged around the circle so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots arranged around the circle so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots arranged around the circle so we
+have our circle like this but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our circle like this but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our circle like this but now we
+have a load of B dots arranged all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a load of B dots arranged all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a load of B dots arranged all the
+way around and we join them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together and we measure the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we measure the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we measure the voltage
+again here and this tells us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here and this tells us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here and this tells us something
+about the current which is flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current which is flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current which is flowing
+through this Loop here and we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Loop here and we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Loop here and we found that
+the voltage that we get out here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage that we get out here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage that we get out here is
+equal to the number of turns per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of turns per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of turns per unit
+length so for example this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so for example this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so for example this might be
+three turns per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three turns per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three turns per
+millimeter the area of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter the area of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter the area of each of these
+little Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loops
+here Times by I Dot and there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Times by I Dot and there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Times by I Dot and there was an
+optional factor of mu R here if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional factor of mu R here if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional factor of mu R here if this is
+different from one or if it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one or if it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from one or if it's different
+from one because you've chosen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one because you've chosen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one because you've chosen a
+material that saturates like steel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that saturates like steel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that saturates like steel or
+something like that so these rowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so these rowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so these rowski
+coils are used for measuring current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils are used for measuring current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils are used for measuring current in
+a very similar way to B dots we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar way to B dots we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar way to B dots we get out
+of voltage which we can then integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage which we can then integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltage which we can then integrate
+up and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and find the
+current so then we talked about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so then we talked about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so then we talked about how we
+could use uh these symbol devices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use uh these symbol devices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use uh these symbol devices to
+measure the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity which we represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity which we represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity which we represented by
+this symbol Sigma and the bar here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symbol Sigma and the bar here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symbol Sigma and the bar here is
+just sort of some sort of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of some sort of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of some sort of average
+conductivity here we made lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity here we made lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity here we made lots of
+assumptions such as the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions such as the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions such as the fact that we're
+in steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state which allowed us to ditch a load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which allowed us to ditch a load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which allowed us to ditch a load
+of terms and we then ended up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms and we then ended up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms and we then ended up with a
+Power Balance where we balance the omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Balance where we balance the omic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Balance where we balance the omic
+dissipation within the plasma which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation within the plasma which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation within the plasma which is
+the integral of the current density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the current density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the current density
+squared over this plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over this plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over this plasma
+conductivity with the pointing flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity with the pointing flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity with the pointing flux
+which is the energy we're pushing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy we're pushing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy we're pushing into
+the plasma in the form of a loot voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma in the form of a loot voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma in the form of a loot voltage
+driven by our Transformer in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by our Transformer in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by our Transformer in the case of
+something like a toac or this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a toac or this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a toac or this could be
+the voltage inside a z pinch as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage inside a z pinch as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage inside a z pinch as well and
+Times by the current flowing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times by the current flowing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times by the current flowing in that
+same direction here and so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction here and so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction here and so this was a
+balance between the omic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the omic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the omic
+heating and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and the
+external applied power here and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external applied power here and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external applied power here and we found
+that for something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toac just giving you half the donuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac just giving you half the donuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac just giving you half the donuts
+here if we put AR rowski around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we put AR rowski around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we put AR rowski around the
+cross-section here we could measure II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section here we could measure II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section here we could measure II
+and if we put a voltage Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we put a voltage Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we put a voltage Loop
+around the toac like this which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the toac like this which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the toac like this which will
+effectively sense the same voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively sense the same voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively sense the same voltage
+that's being driven inside the toac by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being driven inside the toac by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being driven inside the toac by
+our uh Transformer we measure VII we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh Transformer we measure VII we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh Transformer we measure VII we can
+measure those two things and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure those two things and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure those two things and we could
+with a little bit of rearrangement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of rearrangement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of rearrangement here
+we ended up with a formula for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with a formula for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up with a formula for our
+conductivity which was equal to II over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity which was equal to II over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity which was equal to II over
+V5 with some geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 with some geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 with some geometric
+terms 2 R A 2 where R is the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms 2 R A 2 where R is the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms 2 R A 2 where R is the major
+radius and a is the minor radius of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and a is the minor radius of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and a is the minor radius of our
+toac and this was particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac and this was particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac and this was particularly
+interesting because we have good models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because we have good models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because we have good models
+for plasma resistivity and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for plasma resistivity and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for plasma resistivity and we know that
+this conductivity is proportional to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conductivity is proportional to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conductivity is proportional to a
+load of constants times te to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of constants times te to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of constants times te to the three
+halves like that and so by measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves like that and so by measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves like that and so by measuring the
+plasma conductivity we could effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma conductivity we could effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma conductivity we could effectively
+measure the temperature inside our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the temperature inside our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the temperature inside our
+plasma just using two Loops of wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma just using two Loops of wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma just using two Loops of wire
+which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty
+cool finally we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool finally we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool finally we started talking about
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+balance so we looked at our mhd equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so we looked at our mhd equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so we looked at our mhd equation
+J cross B minus grad P equals zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J cross B minus grad P equals zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J cross B minus grad P equals zero this
+is steady state mhd in completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steady state mhd in completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steady state mhd in completely
+General three dimensions and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General three dimensions and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General three dimensions and the idea is
+we want to be able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and use that to infer the pressure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and use that to infer the pressure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and use that to infer the pressure uh
+and so then the pressure is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the pressure is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the pressure is an important
+quantity because the density in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity because the density in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity because the density in the
+temperature of the toac or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the toac or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the toac or whatever
+device you're trying to measure uh gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you're trying to measure uh gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you're trying to measure uh gives
+you the fusion power output here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the fusion power output here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the fusion power output here and we
+decided that trying to solve this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that trying to solve this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that trying to solve this for
+like a three-dimensional toac or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a three-dimensional toac or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a three-dimensional toac or
+accelerator was very hard and so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was very hard and so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator was very hard and so we were
+just going to focus to start with on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to focus to start with on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to focus to start with on a
+so-called straight toac which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called straight toac which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called straight toac which is just
+where we take the Taurus and unfold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take the Taurus and unfold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we take the Taurus and unfold it
+into a cylinder like this so we went for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a cylinder like this so we went for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a cylinder like this so we went for
+cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we also said we would focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we also said we would focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we also said we would focus on
+just the first two modes the m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first two modes the m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first two modes the m equals
+zero and the m equals one modes and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the m equals one modes and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the m equals one modes and this
+was the idea that we if we put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that we if we put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that we if we put some
+probe out here measuring B Theta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe out here measuring B Theta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe out here measuring B Theta the
+magnetic field going around a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field going around a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field going around a little
+cylinder here we could decompose that b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder here we could decompose that b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder here we could decompose that b
+Theta as we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta as we can always
+do using a fuer decomposition so we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do using a fuer decomposition so we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do using a fuer decomposition so we'd
+have some DC component c0 and then we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some DC component c0 and then we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some DC component c0 and then we'd
+have a sum over these series of M modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sum over these series of M modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sum over these series of M modes
+from one to Infinity with coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to Infinity with coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to Infinity with coefficients
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+TM POS M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM POS M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TM POS M
+Theta running out of space plus SM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta running out of space plus SM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta running out of space plus SM
+sin M Theta just about made it okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin M Theta just about made it okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin M Theta just about made it okay cool
+and the idea is really most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is really most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is really most of the time
+we're just going be interested in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going be interested in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going be interested in these
+lower order modes but of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order modes but of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower order modes but of course if you
+have lots and lots of B dots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots and lots of B dots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots and lots of B dots and
+digitizers you might want to go after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizers you might want to go after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizers you might want to go after
+some of these haral modes but what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these haral modes but what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these haral modes but what we're
+going to show in today's class is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show in today's class is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show in today's class is that
+the size of the m equals z mode tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the m equals z mode tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the m equals z mode tells
+you something about energy confinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about energy confinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about energy confinement
+and the size of the m equals 1 mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the m equals 1 mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the m equals 1 mode
+tells you something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about the
+displacement of your plasma both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of your plasma both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of your plasma both of
+which are useful things to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are useful things to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are useful things to be able to
+measure so I'm going to pause there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so I'm going to pause there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so I'm going to pause there and
+let you ask any questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you ask any questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you ask any questions on the
+material that we covered last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I haven't drawn the return Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I haven't drawn the return Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I haven't drawn the return Loop
+there if you want to put the return loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you want to put the return loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you want to put the return loop
+on which is a good idea for canceling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which is a good idea for canceling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which is a good idea for canceling
+out uh some of the Stray Fields when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh some of the Stray Fields when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh some of the Stray Fields when you
+get to this end you simply wind it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this end you simply wind it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this end you simply wind it back
+here and put it out this side so one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put it out this side so one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and put it out this side so one way
+you can do this simply is you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this simply is you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this simply is you take a
+coaxial cable like a BNC cable you strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaxial cable like a BNC cable you strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaxial cable like a BNC cable you strip
+off the outer conductor and so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the outer conductor and so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the outer conductor and so you just
+have the dialectric in the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dialectric in the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dialectric in the inner
+conductor you take some Magnet Wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor you take some Magnet Wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor you take some Magnet Wire and
+you back wind it along the section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back wind it along the section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back wind it along the section
+you've stripped and then solder it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've stripped and then solder it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've stripped and then solder it back
+onto the outer sheath and so that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the outer sheath and so that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the outer sheath and so that makes
+this configuration very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this configuration very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this configuration very
+easily other questions anyone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the question is does the rowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the question is does the rowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the question is does the rowski
+have to form a complete Loop uh or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to form a complete Loop uh or can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to form a complete Loop uh or can
+you go like halfway and the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like halfway and the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go like halfway and the answer is no
+you definitely have to form a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely have to form a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely have to form a complete
+Loop we all using when you're deriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we all using when you're deriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we all using when you're deriving
+this you're using like ampers law where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're using like ampers law where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're using like ampers law where
+you have a loop integral and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a loop integral and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a loop integral and that
+requires you to do a full circuit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to do a full circuit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to do a full circuit around
+the surface that you're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface that you're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface that you're integrating
+around yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around yeah um
+Matthew yeah I think you mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew yeah I think you mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew yeah I think you mentioned this
+last class but I just want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class but I just want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class but I just want to make sure
+I can't hear you and that's probably my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't hear you and that's probably my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't hear you and that's probably my
+fault so just give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second can you try to say something now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second can you try to say something now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second can you try to say something now
+test test yeah okay I can hear you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test test yeah okay I can hear you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test test yeah okay I can hear you can
+you uh say your question again please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh say your question again please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh say your question again please
+yeah um so I think you mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so I think you mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so I think you mentioned this
+last class but I just want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class but I just want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class but I just want to make sure
+so the another assumption in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the another assumption in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the another assumption in your
+computation of the conductivity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the conductivity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation of the conductivity is that
+all the current in the plasma is omally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the current in the plasma is omally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the current in the plasma is omally
+driven right like you can't have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven right like you can't have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven right like you can't have you
+know CCD or neutral beam driven current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know CCD or neutral beam driven current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know CCD or neutral beam driven current
+or anything like that otherwise that VII
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that otherwise that VII
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that otherwise that VII
+measurement wouldn't be accurate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement wouldn't be accurate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement wouldn't be accurate right
+yeah absolutely true so in caseone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely true so in caseone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely true so in caseone
+didn't ask here properly here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask here properly here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask here properly here we're
+assuming that all the things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that all the things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that all the things that's
+driving uh the current here is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving uh the current here is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving uh the current here is to do
+with like a Transformer that's driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a Transformer that's driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a Transformer that's driving
+it's not to do with like waves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to do with like waves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not to do with like waves or
+something else like that if you want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else like that if you want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else like that if you want if
+you have a toat where you're driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a toat where you're driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a toat where you're driving
+waves this very simple treatment won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves this very simple treatment won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves this very simple treatment won't
+work anymore but many tox for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work anymore but many tox for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work anymore but many tox for a long
+time they were just inductively griven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were just inductively griven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they were just inductively griven
+so right right right all right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so yeah we started with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so yeah we started with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so yeah we started with this
+derivation was the pointing flux but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation was the pointing flux but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation was the pointing flux but I
+quickly simplified it to this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly simplified it to this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly simplified it to this circuit
+model but you're right if I if I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but you're right if I if I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but you're right if I if I kept
+the pointing flux in there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing flux in there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing flux in there then
+obviously I'm capturing all of the Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I'm capturing all of the Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I'm capturing all of the Power
+I'm putting into but we wouldn't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting into but we wouldn't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting into but we wouldn't be able
+to do it in this very simple way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in this very simple way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in this very simple way with
+two Loops anymore because these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Loops anymore because these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Loops anymore because these two
+Loops are only measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops are only measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops are only measuring the
+contributions to the pointing flux from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the pointing flux from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the pointing flux from
+the Transformer these Loops won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Transformer these Loops won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Transformer these Loops won't
+capture your lower hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current oh yeah so if you if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current oh yeah so if you if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current oh yeah so if you if you know
+that power if you know how much power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power if you know how much power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power if you know how much power
+you're coupling um right exactly yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coupling um right exactly yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coupling um right exactly yeah so
+you might know you're putting in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know you're putting in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know you're putting in 10
+megawatts but you may not be coupling 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatts but you may not be coupling 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatts but you may not be coupling 10
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all right let's keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm just going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to write
+that actually I don't think I need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I don't think I need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually I don't think I need it
+I'm not going to write the decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to write the decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to write the decomposition
+again hopefully you remember this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hopefully you remember this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hopefully you remember this I'll
+come write it again if I need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come write it again if I need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come write it again if I need it
+sometime later so we're gonna Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later so we're gonna Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later so we're gonna Focus
+first of all on the m equals zero term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all on the m equals zero term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all on the m equals zero term
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+decomposition this is often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition this is often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition this is often called the
+DI magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see in fact that the plasma does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in fact that the plasma does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in fact that the plasma does
+not have to be diamagnetic it just turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be diamagnetic it just turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be diamagnetic it just turns
+out for many plasmas we study like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for many plasmas we study like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for many plasmas we study like
+toomax and accelerators they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toomax and accelerators they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toomax and accelerators they are
+diamagnetic and so this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic and so this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic and so this is a reasonable
+thing to call them but we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to call them but we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to call them but we'll talk about
+paramagnetism briefly as well and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetism briefly as well and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetism briefly as well and the
+point of studying this just so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of studying this just so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of studying this just so you don't
+lose all hope as we plow through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all hope as we plow through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all hope as we plow through all
+this mathematics the thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematics the thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematics the thing we're going
+for is it allows us to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is it allows us to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is it allows us to measure the
+energy confinment time inside our plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy confinment time inside our plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy confinment time inside our plasma
+to e and you probably recall that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e and you probably recall that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e and you probably recall that the uh
+lossing criteria depends on the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lossing criteria depends on the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lossing criteria depends on the density
+and on this to e quantity and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this to e quantity and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this to e quantity and you know
+if you want to put a t on there and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to put a t on there and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to put a t on there and call
+it the triple product you can do that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the triple product you can do that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the triple product you can do that as
+well and pretty clearly uh right now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and pretty clearly uh right now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and pretty clearly uh right now we
+able to measure T very roughly using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure T very roughly using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure T very roughly using two
+loops and we're going to see it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and we're going to see it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and we're going to see it only
+takes three Loops of wire to measure t e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three Loops of wire to measure t e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three Loops of wire to measure t e
+it takes significantly more than that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes significantly more than that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes significantly more than that to
+measure n unfortunately but we can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure n unfortunately but we can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure n unfortunately but we can get a
+pretty decent way to being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty decent way to being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty decent way to being able to
+measure the Lawson parameter for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Lawson parameter for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Lawson parameter for our
+plasma with just some little Loops of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma with just some little Loops of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma with just some little Loops of L
+which is pretty cool so let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty cool so let's have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty cool so let's have a
+look at this so the Mal equals z term as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this so the Mal equals z term as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this so the Mal equals z term as
+we discussed last week is a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last week is a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last week is a term that
+says something about the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something about the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something about the size of the
+plasma right this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma right this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma right this is something that
+tells us uh has no information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us uh has no information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us uh has no information
+whatsoever about the aamal profile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever about the aamal profile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever about the aamal profile of
+our plasma we've thrown all that away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plasma we've thrown all that away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plasma we've thrown all that away so
+we're only interested in things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only interested in things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only interested in things that
+move in the radial coordinate so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the radial coordinate so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the radial coordinate so I can
+for example take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example take
+my mhd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and Dot it with the radial unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and Dot it with the radial unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and Dot it with the radial unit
+vector and say this is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and say this is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and say this is equal to zero
+previously the whole equation was equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the whole equation was equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously the whole equation was equal
+to zero but now I don't care about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but now I don't care about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but now I don't care about all
+the other terms there'll be Zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other terms there'll be Zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other terms there'll be Zero by
+symmetry I'm just going to focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry I'm just going to focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry I'm just going to focus on this
+one and that allows us to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that allows us to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that allows us to write down a
+simplified form this mhd equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified form this mhd equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified form this mhd equation which
+is minus DP d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus DP d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus DP d
+r plus d b by Dr R times D5 upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r plus d b by Dr R times D5 upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r plus d b by Dr R times D5 upon
+mu plus 1 upon r d r b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus 1 upon r d r b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus 1 upon r d r b
+Theta b r times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta b r times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta b r times B
+Theta over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta over mu
+not and you'll recall that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and you'll recall that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and you'll recall that all of these
+mu knes are popping out because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu knes are popping out because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu knes are popping out because we've
+replaced uh J with the Cur of B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced uh J with the Cur of B over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced uh J with the Cur of B over
+mu and you'll also remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and you'll also remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and you'll also remember that
+although we don't really have a Theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't really have a Theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't really have a Theta in
+our is because we're dealing with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is because we're dealing with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is because we're dealing with our
+straight cylinder we agreed that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight cylinder we agreed that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight cylinder we agreed that we
+would still continue to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still continue to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still continue to call this
+direction along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction along the
+cylinder by like that because uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder by like that because uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder by like that because uh if we
+do Bend this background into a Taurus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Bend this background into a Taurus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Bend this background into a Taurus
+that's what it'll be and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it'll be and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it'll be and of course the
+other direction that's important here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction that's important here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction that's important here is
+the Theta Direction which wraps around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta Direction which wraps around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Theta Direction which wraps around
+so that's like your colloidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle okay if you take this equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay if you take this equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay if you take this equation one
+and you spend a little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you spend a little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you spend a little bit of time
+fiddling with it and this is where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiddling with it and this is where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiddling with it and this is where I'm
+not going to do the whole derivation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do the whole derivation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do the whole derivation in
+class you can take this equation one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can take this equation one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can take this equation one and
+you can multiply it by R 2 and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can multiply it by R 2 and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can multiply it by R 2 and then you
+can integrate it up equation one * R 2 D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate it up equation one * R 2 D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate it up equation one * R 2 D
+and you can integrate it between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can integrate it between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can integrate it between zero
+and a where a is the edge of your plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a where a is the edge of your plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a where a is the edge of your plasma
+here and if you do all of that plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you do all of that plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you do all of that plus some
+rearrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement
+and I suggest you go away in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suggest you go away in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suggest you go away in your own
+time and give this a go especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and give this a go especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and give this a go especially if
+you're studying for quals in NSE because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying for quals in NSE because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying for quals in NSE because
+this is a sort of question we love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of question we love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of question we love to
+ask you will end up being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you will end up being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you will end up being able to
+rearrange it into a dimensionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it into a dimensionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it into a dimensionist
+parameter called beta theta and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter called beta theta and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter called beta theta and beta
+theta is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is defined
+as 2 * mu over B Theta a squared so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 * mu over B Theta a squared so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 * mu over B Theta a squared so this
+is the magnetic field at the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnetic field at the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnetic field at the edge of the
+plasma and this is multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and this is multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and this is multiplied by the
+average pressure so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pressure so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pressure so this is not
+necessarily the standard definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the standard definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the standard definition of
+beta that you've seen it's a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that you've seen it's a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that you've seen it's a definition
+of beta that uses an average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta that uses an average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of beta that uses an average of the
+magnetic Fe pressure sorry an average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic Fe pressure sorry an average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic Fe pressure sorry an average of
+the thermal pressure over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal pressure over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal pressure over the whole
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+cross-section and we're comparing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and we're comparing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and we're comparing that
+to the magnetic pressure at the edge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnetic pressure at the edge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnetic pressure at the edge so
+it's a little bit subtle because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit subtle because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit subtle because it's
+not actually a local dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually a local dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually a local dimensionless
+parameter this is an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter this is an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter this is an average
+dimensionless parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless parameter
+here so you've done you've taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you've done you've taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you've done you've taken this
+you've integrated up you've rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've integrated up you've rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've integrated up you've rearranged
+it so that you have on your left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that you have on your left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that you have on your left hand
+side of your equation you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of your equation you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of your equation you have this
+which is what you're going after on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you're going after on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you're going after on the
+right hand side of your equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of your equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of your equation you
+find out you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out you have one
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+BF at the edge so BF a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF at the edge so BF a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF at the edge so BF a s
+minus the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the average of
+b i^ 2 across the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i^ 2 across the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i^ 2 across the plasma
+cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+over the Theta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again these two are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these two are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these two are at the
+edge and so you can measure them just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and so you can measure them just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and so you can measure them just
+using B dot probes which are sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using B dot probes which are sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using B dot probes which are sitting at
+the edge not inside your plasma this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge not inside your plasma this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge not inside your plasma this
+one is going to give you more trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to give you more trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to give you more trouble
+measuring it now if I asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it now if I asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it now if I asked you to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+B5 you'd say that's not a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 you'd say that's not a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 you'd say that's not a big problem
+I'm just going to stick a b dot all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to stick a b dot all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to stick a b dot all the
+way around my plasma and you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around my plasma and you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around my plasma and you see how
+this is going to average the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to average the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to average the average
+B5 all the way over the area and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 all the way over the area and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 all the way over the area and you say
+job done but I didn't ask you for B5 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done but I didn't ask you for B5 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done but I didn't ask you for B5 I
+ask you for b^2 five I also didn't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you for b^2 five I also didn't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you for b^2 five I also didn't ask
+you for B by squared which you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for B by squared which you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for B by squared which you could do
+just by squaring that so clearly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by squaring that so clearly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by squaring that so clearly this is
+going to cause us some problems and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause us some problems and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause us some problems and we
+don't have a diagnostic that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a diagnostic that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a diagnostic that just
+measures b^ squ Pi so we can't just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures b^ squ Pi so we can't just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures b^ squ Pi so we can't just get
+this out easily and so to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out easily and so to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out easily and so to make some
+progress on this we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on this we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on this we're gonna have to
+make some assumptions this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions this is where
+we're making even more assumptions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making even more assumptions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making even more assumptions in
+order to be able to make progress before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to make progress before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to make progress before
+we keep going does anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep going does anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep going does anyone have any
+questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all I need is for the uh the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need is for the uh the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need is for the uh the question
+was can I put a b do probe at a and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was can I put a b do probe at a and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was can I put a b do probe at a and have
+it survive in fact all I need is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it survive in fact all I need is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it survive in fact all I need is for the
+plasma pressure to be zero where I place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma pressure to be zero where I place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma pressure to be zero where I place
+my probe and it could have been zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my probe and it could have been zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my probe and it could have been zero at
+a over2 much further in as long as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over2 much further in as long as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over2 much further in as long as it's
+still zero where I put my probe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero where I put my probe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero where I put my probe this
+will all work so it needs to be a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all work so it needs to be a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all work so it needs to be a vacuum
+measurement there cannot be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement there cannot be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement there cannot be any
+at a larger radius my but yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a larger radius my but yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a larger radius my but yeah okay
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it's free it's a free agent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's free it's a free agent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's free it's a free agent this is
+a fraction the one is by itself yes cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction the one is by itself yes cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction the one is by itself yes cool
+uh can't remember what equation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can't remember what equation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can't remember what equation this is
+in Hutchinson but this is definitely one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hutchinson but this is definitely one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hutchinson but this is definitely one
+of his equations so yeah other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we're bothering was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're bothering was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're bothering was this
+definition of beta it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of beta it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of beta it's actually the
+beta it doesn't matter what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta it doesn't matter what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta it doesn't matter what we've done
+is just ignore that if you don't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just ignore that if you don't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just ignore that if you don't like it
+I've shown that I can write the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown that I can write the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown that I can write the average
+pressure in terms of some quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in terms of some quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in terms of some quantities
+right and we can certainly measure these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can certainly measure these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can certainly measure these
+quantities I could multiply this up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities I could multiply this up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities I could multiply this up by
+the way right I could put this over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way right I could put this over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way right I could put this over on
+the right hand side then I'd have a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side then I'd have a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side then I'd have a b
+Theta a s minus this blah blah blah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta a s minus this blah blah blah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta a s minus this blah blah blah so
+far it's looking good apart from we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's looking good apart from we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far it's looking good apart from we
+can't measure this one we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure this one we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure this one we're going to
+explain how to measure that so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how to measure that so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how to measure that so if you
+don't like thinking about B Theta just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like thinking about B Theta just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like thinking about B Theta just
+think hey You' measured the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hey You' measured the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think hey You' measured the average
+thermal pressure inside the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal pressure inside the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal pressure inside the plasma
+that's already pretty good so questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already pretty good so questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already pretty good so questions
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Columbia all right yeah another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here apart from the last one the squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here apart from the last one the squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here apart from the last one the squar
+term yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term yes
+yeah okay good so to make progress we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good so to make progress we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay good so to make progress we
+are going to make some assumptions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to make some assumptions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to make some assumptions this
+happens quite a lot some people like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens quite a lot some people like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens quite a lot some people like is
+that assumption good well it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption good well it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption good well it doesn't
+matter it lets me keep going with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it lets me keep going with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it lets me keep going with the
+mathematics so it's good enough for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so it's good enough for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so it's good enough for now
+if you want to do it properly you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do it properly you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do it properly you'll
+often have to result to numerics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have to result to numerics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have to result to numerics as
+opposed to analytical results so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to analytical results so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to analytical results so we want
+to make analytical progress here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make analytical progress here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make analytical progress here so
+we're going to assume three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume three
+things first of all that our toroidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all that our toroidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all that our toroidal
+magnetic field b as a function of r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field b as a function of r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field b as a function of r is
+roughly constant as in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly constant as in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly constant as in constant
+spatially it doesn't change much in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially it doesn't change much in R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially it doesn't change much in R
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+assume that B5 is much much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and we're also going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and we're also going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and we're also going to assume
+that beta by and we haven't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta by and we haven't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta by and we haven't actually
+Define that yet but if you squint over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that yet but if you squint over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that yet but if you squint over
+here you can probably work out what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can probably work out what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can probably work out what it's
+going to look like um oh no I'll Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like um oh no I'll Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like um oh no I'll Define
+it here okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here okay to
+new B by at the edge B A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new B by at the edge B A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new B by at the edge B A
+squar Times by the average pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Times by the average pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Times by the average pressure is
+much much less than one can anyone tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less than one can anyone tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much less than one can anyone tell
+me a system for which this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a system for which this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a system for which this is a
+reasonable set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable set of
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+yeah yeah High aspect ratio toac High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah High aspect ratio toac High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah High aspect ratio toac High
+aspect ratio accelerator as well so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect ratio accelerator as well so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect ratio accelerator as well so some
+sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac
+accelerator these are machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator these are machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator these are machines
+stellarator okay these are machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellarator okay these are machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellarator okay these are machines
+where we are deliberately operating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are deliberately operating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are deliberately operating at
+low beta to avoid mhd instabilities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low beta to avoid mhd instabilities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low beta to avoid mhd instabilities uh
+where we have a very strong thidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a very strong thidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a very strong thidal
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+uh to prevent mhd instabilities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to prevent mhd instabilities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to prevent mhd instabilities like
+Kink and if you're at high aspect ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kink and if you're at high aspect ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kink and if you're at high aspect ratio
+then your magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your magnetic
+field as a function of r is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as a function of r is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as a function of r is going to be
+dropping as roughly one over R so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping as roughly one over R so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping as roughly one over R so I just
+put my circular crosssection far off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my circular crosssection far off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my circular crosssection far off and
+far enough out that this is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough out that this is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough out that this is roughly
+constant across the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant across the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant across the circular
+cross-section so these are actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so these are actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so these are actually not
+terrible assumptions to make for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible assumptions to make for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible assumptions to make for certain
+plasmas but they are violated for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas but they are violated for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas but they are violated for other
+ones like this won't work for field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like this won't work for field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like this won't work for field
+pinch where this is not true but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinch where this is not true but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinch where this is not true but it does
+work quite well for these okay so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work quite well for these okay so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work quite well for these okay so using
+these assumptions what can we do we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions what can we do we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions what can we do we can
+say again that bi is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again that bi is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again that bi is roughly
+constant which means it's also roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which means it's also roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which means it's also roughly
+equal to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the average
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+BF but to take into account the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF but to take into account the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF but to take into account the fact
+that bf probably does vary just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bf probably does vary just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bf probably does vary just a little
+bit I'm going to write this as B5 at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I'm going to write this as B5 at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I'm going to write this as B5 at at
+the edge BF a plus some small quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge BF a plus some small quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge BF a plus some small quantity
+Delta BF which will vary as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta BF which will vary as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta BF which will vary as a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+r if I take the square of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r if I take the square of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r if I take the square of this
+then B5 squared I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B5 squared I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B5 squared I'm going to get
+something that's roughly equal to B by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's roughly equal to B by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's roughly equal to B by a
+2 plus 2 Delta b d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 2 Delta b d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 2 Delta b d by
+a plus a term which is quadratic in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus a term which is quadratic in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus a term which is quadratic in this
+quantity Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Delta
+BF and we will say that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF and we will say that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF and we will say that we're going to
+drop the quadratic terms and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the quadratic terms and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the quadratic terms and we're just
+going to keep the linear terms here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep the linear terms here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep the linear terms here so
+this is a standard sort of pertubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standard sort of pertubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standard sort of pertubation
+theory trick and if you squint at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory trick and if you squint at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory trick and if you squint at this
+for a little bit you realize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit you realize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little bit you realize that you
+can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then
+write B by a^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write B by a^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write B by a^ 2
+minus the average of b by^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and is equal to 2 B5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and is equal to 2 B5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and is equal to 2 B5
+A B A minus the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A B A minus the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A B A minus the average
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+B5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5
+conveniently this term here is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently this term here is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently this term here is the same
+as this term here but we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this term here but we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this term here but we've now
+Rewritten it in terms of things which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten it in terms of things which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten it in terms of things which we
+can measure so we can now finally make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure so we can now finally make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure so we can now finally make
+some progress I will say I find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress I will say I find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress I will say I find this
+derivation slightly hand wavy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation slightly hand wavy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation slightly hand wavy and it's
+not in Hutchinson's book he skips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in Hutchinson's book he skips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in Hutchinson's book he skips
+straight to the result so you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the result so you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the result so you might want
+to sit down and work it out yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit down and work it out yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit down and work it out yourself and
+convince yourself that it's really true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that it's really true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that it's really true
+we're definitely playing fast and loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're definitely playing fast and loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're definitely playing fast and loose
+with our averages as we do this so This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our averages as we do this so This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our averages as we do this so This
+suddenly randomly including these angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly randomly including these angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly randomly including these angle
+bracket signs is maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket signs is maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket signs is maybe a little bit
+dodgy so give it a go you might find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodgy so give it a go you might find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodgy so give it a go you might find it
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+okay so that means we can now write our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means we can now write our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means we can now write our
+Lyal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta as roughly equal to 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as roughly equal to 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as roughly equal to 1 plus
+2 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 b
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a minus the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bii over the Theta a squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bii over the Theta a squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bii over the Theta a squar
+and if I go back and I have a look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go back and I have a look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I go back and I have a look at my
+little straight poac I can put in a b do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little straight poac I can put in a b do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little straight poac I can put in a b do
+here to measure the Theta a I can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to measure the Theta a I can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to measure the Theta a I can put it
+in a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a loop
+that's aligned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's aligned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's aligned with
+Fi and I can measure eii a and as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi and I can measure eii a and as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi and I can measure eii a and as I've
+already said I can put a big loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said I can put a big loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said I can put a big loop that
+goes around the entire plasma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around the entire plasma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around the entire plasma and
+measure the average value across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the average value across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the average value across the
+plasma of B5 if I number those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma of B5 if I number those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma of B5 if I number those
+one two and three you can see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two and three you can see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two and three you can see that we
+have now measured all the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now measured all the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now measured all the things that we
+wanted to there's two this one this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to there's two this one this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to there's two this one this one
+this one great so it's pretty clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one great so it's pretty clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one great so it's pretty clear that
+we can actually measure the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually measure the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually measure the average
+pressure inside our plasma using just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure inside our plasma using just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure inside our plasma using just
+three loops and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three loops and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three loops and a lot of
+assumptions but these assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but these assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions but these assumptions are
+reasonable for the sorts of that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for the sorts of that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable for the sorts of that many of
+us work on any questions on that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us work on any questions on that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us work on any questions on that before
+we keep going and I show you how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+right let's briefly return to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's briefly return to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's briefly return to our
+definition for beta F because this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for beta F because this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for beta F because this tells
+us something about the D magnetism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about the D magnetism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something about the D magnetism that
+I hint that earlier so beta we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hint that earlier so beta we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hint that earlier so beta we can write
+very simply as beta theta but we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simply as beta theta but we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simply as beta theta but we need to
+swap out the uh magnetic field Theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap out the uh magnetic field Theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap out the uh magnetic field Theta in
+beta theta for a beta Pi field and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta theta for a beta Pi field and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta theta for a beta Pi field and so we
+just multiply this by beta theta a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply this by beta theta a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply this by beta theta a s
+sorry not beta B beta a s over B by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not beta B beta a s over B by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry not beta B beta a s over B by a
+squ and if you remember what that looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and if you remember what that looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and if you remember what that looked
+like you're just swapping out the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're just swapping out the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're just swapping out the B
+thetas for the B fi and so then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas for the B fi and so then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas for the B fi and so then you'll
+have your definition of BF and if we pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your definition of BF and if we pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your definition of BF and if we pop
+in this B Theta definition we'd end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this B Theta definition we'd end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this B Theta definition we'd end up
+with B Theta 2 a over e^ 2 The Edge Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B Theta 2 a over e^ 2 The Edge Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with B Theta 2 a over e^ 2 The Edge Plus
+2 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1
+minus the average value of B pi over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the average value of B pi over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the average value of B pi over B
+Pi at the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't go down low enough but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't go down low enough but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't go down low enough but if you
+look at this you multiply it by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this you multiply it by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this you multiply it by that
+ratio of B Theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of B Theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of B Theta over
+B5 the one picks up that term the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 the one picks up that term the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 the one picks up that term the B
+Theta conveniently cancels with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta conveniently cancels with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta conveniently cancels with the
+denominator this we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator this we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator this we end up with
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+this we can go further than this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can go further than this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can go further than this for the
+assumptions that we've made because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we've made because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we've made because we
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+assumed that the poloidal magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the poloidal magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the poloidal magnetic field
+is weak compared to the thidal magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak compared to the thidal magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak compared to the thidal magnetic
+field so we'll drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so we'll drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so we'll drop
+this Now can anyone tell me any bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Now can anyone tell me any bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Now can anyone tell me any bounds
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta H it's positive why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive so the definition is 2 mu over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the definition is 2 mu over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the definition is 2 mu over
+B Pi a 2 average pressure every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Pi a 2 average pressure every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Pi a 2 average pressure every single
+one of those terms is positive so beta f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those terms is positive so beta f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those terms is positive so beta f
+is positive has to there might be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive has to there might be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive has to there might be other
+limits mhd inabilities but these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits mhd inabilities but these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits mhd inabilities but these are the
+this is the most basic liit that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most basic liit that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most basic liit that also
+implies that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that this
+term is positive right because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is positive right because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is positive right because that's
+just the same as beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same as beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same as beta
+5 so from that we can see that b f at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so from that we can see that b f at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 so from that we can see that b f at
+the edge here is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge here is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge here is always going to be
+larger than the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the average value of
+B5 if that were not true then this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 if that were not true then this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 if that were not true then this could
+be a negative number which would be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a negative number which would be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a negative number which would be bad
+and what this is effectively telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is effectively telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this is effectively telling us
+is something that you already know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you already know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you already know but
+is nice to show just using some mhd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice to show just using some mhd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice to show just using some mhd
+which is you think about your toac as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you think about your toac as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you think about your toac as a
+function of major radius you've got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of major radius you've got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of major radius you've got your
+magnetic field which is falling off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field which is falling off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field which is falling off as
+one upon R like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one upon R like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one upon R like that the
+crosssection of your toac is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection of your toac is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection of your toac is something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this we have sort of decreed that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have sort of decreed that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have sort of decreed that in
+fact B5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact B5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact B5
+at the edge is the same on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge is the same on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge is the same on either side
+so maybe I need to go a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I need to go a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I need to go a little bit
+further out until this line flattened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out until this line flattened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out until this line flattened
+off but what this is saying is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but what this is saying is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off but what this is saying is that the
+average magnetic field has to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average magnetic field has to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average magnetic field has to be less
+than the magneet field of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magneet field of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magneet field of the edges
+which means that this magnetic field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this magnetic field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this magnetic field has
+a lovely little dip inside it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lovely little dip inside it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lovely little dip inside it so the
+magnetic field is less than you predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is less than you predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is less than you predict
+from the one over R and it is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one over R and it is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one over R and it is indeed
+that dip that the thermal pressure sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dip that the thermal pressure sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dip that the thermal pressure sits
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside
+there so the plasma reduces the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and that is the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and that is the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and that is the definition of a
+diamagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substance any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+there was no pressure gradient there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no pressure gradient there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no pressure gradient there'd
+be no plasma and so it wouldn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no plasma and so it wouldn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no plasma and so it wouldn't happen
+there' just be a vacuum you can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' just be a vacuum you can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there' just be a vacuum you can't have a
+plasma without a pressure gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma without a pressure gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma without a pressure gradient
+because you need to have a plasma which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to have a plasma which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need to have a plasma which
+has zero pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero pressure
+a because otherwise you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because otherwise you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because otherwise you don't have the
+edge of a plasma and if you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of a plasma and if you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of a plasma and if you have no
+gradients then the only other pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients then the only other pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients then the only other pressure
+available to plasma throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to plasma throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to plasma throughout the
+entire volum is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it would under these strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it would under these strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it would under these strong
+assumptions that we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we've made
+and we're going to talk about relaxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about relaxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about relaxing
+those assumptions and finding plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assumptions and finding plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assumptions and finding plasma
+which is paramagnetic which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is paramagnetic which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is paramagnetic which actually
+enhances field in a moment but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances field in a moment but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances field in a moment but for
+something like a toac then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a toac then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a toac then this is
+always uh paramagnetic diamagnetic sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh paramagnetic diamagnetic sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh paramagnetic diamagnetic sorry
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean this is a pretty good model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a pretty good model um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a pretty good model um
+you can go to Hutchinson's textbook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to Hutchinson's textbook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to Hutchinson's textbook and
+see measurements he made in 1973 when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see measurements he made in 1973 when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see measurements he made in 1973 when I
+assume his mustache was absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume his mustache was absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume his mustache was absolutely
+brilliant and he does a very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant and he does a very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant and he does a very good job
+there right the erab bars are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right the erab bars are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right the erab bars are quite
+tight on measuring the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight on measuring the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight on measuring the energy
+Consignment time so this was possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consignment time so this was possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consignment time so this was possible in
+the 70s so I imagine it is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s so I imagine it is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 70s so I imagine it is still
+possible now we're going to go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now we're going to go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible now we're going to go in a
+little bit about how difficult it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how difficult it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how difficult it is
+because effectively you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because effectively you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because effectively you're trying to
+measure it's a very small dip I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it's a very small dip I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it's a very small dip I've made
+it look very big here but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look very big here but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look very big here but of course the
+actual difference between the tooo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual difference between the tooo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual difference between the tooo
+magnetic field at the edge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field at the edge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field at the edge and the
+average toid magnetic field is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average toid magnetic field is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average toid magnetic field is very
+small because the beta is so low so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because the beta is so low so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because the beta is so low so this
+is a very difficult measurement to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very difficult measurement to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very difficult measurement to make
+but as Hutchinson said in his book if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Hutchinson said in his book if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as Hutchinson said in his book if
+you do it very carefully uh you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it very carefully uh you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it very carefully uh you can get
+reasonable results from it so yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable results from it so yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable results from it so yeah it's
+I think it is a real technique that want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it is a real technique that want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it is a real technique that want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+use yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the a refers to a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the a refers to a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the a refers to a point where
+pressure goes to zero I'm saying like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes to zero I'm saying like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes to zero I'm saying like at
+the edge of the vacuum chamber because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the vacuum chamber because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the vacuum chamber because
+it definitely should go to zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it definitely should go to zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it definitely should go to zero there
+but if you want to put a further out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to put a further out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to put a further out you
+can also do that yeah do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter it absolutely matters that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it absolutely matters that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it absolutely matters that it's
+outside the last Clos flu surface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the last Clos flu surface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the last Clos flu surface you
+cannot have any plasma further out than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have any plasma further out than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have any plasma further out than
+this probe because that plasma could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probe because that plasma could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probe because that plasma could
+carry current and that would violate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry current and that would violate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry current and that would violate all
+of the assumptions you've made so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assumptions you've made so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assumptions you've made so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't understand I would so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand I would so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand I would so I would
+never put a b probe inside last even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never put a b probe inside last even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never put a b probe inside last even
+anywhere close to last those but you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere close to last those but you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere close to last those but you'd
+have them very far away because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them very far away because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them very far away because of
+reasons mentioned earlier that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons mentioned earlier that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons mentioned earlier that they
+would melt right okay right so so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would melt right okay right so so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would melt right okay right so so let me
+give you an example if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example if this is
+your toac with a diverter we've got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toac with a diverter we've got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toac with a diverter we've got our
+core plasma and we've got all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core plasma and we've got all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core plasma and we've got all of this
+stuff here you can just put your B dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here you can just put your B dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here you can just put your B dots
+out here somewhere where the pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here somewhere where the pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here somewhere where the pressure is
+equal to zero the pressure is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero the pressure is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero the pressure is is not
+equal to zero in the last closed flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero in the last closed flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero in the last closed flux
+surface and it's not equal to zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and it's not equal to zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and it's not equal to zero in
+the core and that effectively reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core and that effectively reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core and that effectively reflects
+that there is some plasma there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some plasma there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some plasma there that
+plasma could carry some cidal current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma could carry some cidal current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma could carry some cidal current
+density and that would mess with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and that would mess with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and that would mess with all of
+the magnetic field calculations we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field calculations we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field calculations we've
+been doing where we've carefully assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing where we've carefully assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing where we've carefully assumed
+that there is no uh further plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no uh further plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no uh further plasma
+carrying current outside so we certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying current outside so we certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying current outside so we certainly
+couldn't suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't suddenly
+introduce a blob of plasma out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a blob of plasma out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a blob of plasma out here that
+would ruin our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ruin our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ruin our
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean pressure of the plasma has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean pressure of the plasma has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean pressure of the plasma has to go
+to zero somewhere otherwise it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero somewhere otherwise it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero somewhere otherwise it has no
+end right and you can Define where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right and you can Define where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end right and you can Define where that
+goes like you say by sticking a limiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like you say by sticking a limiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like you say by sticking a limiter
+in like that and so you can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like that and so you can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like that and so you can put it
+anywhere that is behind the limiter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that is behind the limiter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that is behind the limiter yeah
+anywhere anywhere where the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere anywhere where the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere anywhere where the plasma
+pressure is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is zero
+yes yeah I see a question from on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah I see a question from on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah I see a question from on
+L uh hi there um so my question is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh hi there um so my question is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh hi there um so my question is about
+the uh b b at the edge on both sides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh b b at the edge on both sides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh b b at the edge on both sides you
+said at one point that we were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at one point that we were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at one point that we were like
+confining them to be the same on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining them to be the same on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confining them to be the same on either
+Edge and so it's the dip yeah so we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and so it's the dip yeah so we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge and so it's the dip yeah so we made
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+assumption here that B5 was roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here that B5 was roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here that B5 was roughly
+constant so all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so all I'm
+saying probably I shouldn't have drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying probably I shouldn't have drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying probably I shouldn't have drawn
+the diagram exactly like this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram exactly like this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram exactly like this in the
+model that we're doing at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we're doing at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we're doing at the moment
+what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+is a plasma like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plasma like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plasma like
+this and we're saying the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're saying the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're saying the magnetic field
+up to the edge of our plasma is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the edge of our plasma is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the edge of our plasma is some
+value B by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and inside that it has some dip we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and inside that it has some dip we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and inside that it has some dip we
+don't know the exact shape of the dip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the exact shape of the dip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the exact shape of the dip
+that's going to be due to the uh current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be due to the uh current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be due to the uh current
+profile so the dip could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so the dip could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so the dip could look
+like like this for examp example but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this for examp example but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this for examp example but I'm
+just you know some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know some sort of
+dip does that make sense yeah that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip does that make sense yeah that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip does that make sense yeah that makes
+sense and then the the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and then the the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and then the the thermal
+energy the uh thermal what what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the uh thermal what what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the uh thermal what what did you
+say about thermal I missed that part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about thermal I missed that part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about thermal I missed that part you
+said there was thermal energy well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there was thermal energy well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there was thermal energy well we'll
+go through it in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it in a little bit more
+detail in a moment but the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in a moment but the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in a moment but the thermal
+pressure here is just the thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure here is just the thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure here is just the thermal energy
+density so you can measure the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so you can measure the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so you can measure the thermal
+energy inside the plasma now that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy inside the plasma now that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy inside the plasma now that you
+know the average thermal energy density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the average thermal energy density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the average thermal energy density
+okay yeah we'll get to that in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah we'll get to that in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah we'll get to that in in a
+second yeah okay more questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yeah okay more questions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yeah okay more questions here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+we haven't got there yet if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't got there yet if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't got there yet if you if
+you'll wait five minutes I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll wait five minutes I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll wait five minutes I will get
+there big reveal at the end okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question well the way we have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well the way we have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well the way we have done this
+is we have taken such a large aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have taken such a large aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have taken such a large aspect
+ratio that our one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that our one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that our one /
+R is effectively constant where we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is effectively constant where we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is effectively constant where we've
+chosen this this this is our unwrapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen this this this is our unwrapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen this this this is our unwrapping
+of our Taurus into a cylinder it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Taurus into a cylinder it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Taurus into a cylinder it's not
+true and we will talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and we will talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and we will talk a little bit about
+the not truthfulness of it in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not truthfulness of it in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not truthfulness of it in a moment
+as well yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question cool I'm just going to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question cool I'm just going to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question cool I'm just going to raise
+these answers to questions and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these answers to questions and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these answers to questions and then I'll
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going so I want to briefly touch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so I want to briefly touch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so I want to briefly touch on
+times when we have paramagnetism instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the case where our poloidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case where our poloidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case where our poloidal
+magnetic field is not necessarily much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is not necessarily much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is not necessarily much
+smaller than our thidal magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field that doesn't necessarily mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that doesn't necessarily mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that doesn't necessarily mean it's
+bigger than the thidal magnetic field it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the thidal magnetic field it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the thidal magnetic field it
+might just be that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be that it's not
+negligible if you go and you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible if you go and you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible if you go and you work
+through through this equation and stare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through this equation and stare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through this equation and stare
+at it for a little bit uh it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it for a little bit uh it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it for a little bit uh it's actually
+pretty obvious that you can end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious that you can end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious that you can end up with
+a situation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which
+B5 is greater than B5 a so where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 is greater than B5 a so where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B5 is greater than B5 a so where the
+average B5 is greater than b by a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average B5 is greater than b by a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average B5 is greater than b by a so
+that would be a situation which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+that anyone got any idea what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone got any idea what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone got any idea what's going on
+here why that could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that would be cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would be cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would be cool
+um Dynamo is forbidden an axisymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dynamo is forbidden an axisymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Dynamo is forbidden an axisymmetric
+system like howlings theorem so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like howlings theorem so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like howlings theorem so I think
+we can't have that but okay it' be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't have that but okay it' be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't have that but okay it' be a
+good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good okay so let's draw that out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay so let's draw that out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good okay so let's draw that out so
+let's start with a big plan plasma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a big plan plasma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a big plan plasma that
+has got a uniform magnetic field across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a uniform magnetic field across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a uniform magnetic field across
+it but this plasma also has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but this plasma also has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but this plasma also has some
+current going in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and that current is generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that current is generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that current is generating
+a poloidal magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field Theta and this poloidal magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theta and this poloidal magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theta and this poloidal magnetic
+field is allowed inside the plasma well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is allowed inside the plasma well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is allowed inside the plasma well
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course this configuration gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this configuration gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this configuration gives rise to
+jross B forces which will always pinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jross B forces which will always pinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jross B forces which will always pinch
+inwards these are pinching forces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inwards these are pinching forces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inwards these are pinching forces this
+is like two wires attracting uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like two wires attracting uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like two wires attracting uh that you
+know about from electromagnetism so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about from electromagnetism so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about from electromagnetism so this
+is your jross B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your jross B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your jross B
+Force now the magnetic field inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force now the magnetic field inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force now the magnetic field inside a
+sufficiently conducting plasma is frozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently conducting plasma is frozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently conducting plasma is frozen
+to it so as this plasma compresses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so as this plasma compresses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so as this plasma compresses the
+magnetic field inside will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field inside will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field inside will also be
+compressed so we'll end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed so we'll end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed so we'll end up with a
+situation where the plasma is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the plasma is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the plasma is now
+smaller the magnetic field on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the magnetic field on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the magnetic field on the
+outside is still pinned but the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is still pinned but the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is still pinned but the magnetic
+field on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the
+inside can have some pattern which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside can have some pattern which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside can have some pattern which again
+is going to depend on some details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend on some details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to depend on some details of
+how the current is distributed such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the current is distributed such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the current is distributed such that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fulfilled and it turns out if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled and it turns out if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled and it turns out if you go
+through mathematically this whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematically this whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mathematically this whether you
+get paramagnetism or diamagnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paramagnetism or diamagnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paramagnetism or diamagnetism
+depends not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends not on
+beta but it depends on beta theta and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but it depends on beta theta and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but it depends on beta theta and if
+you have beta theta less than one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have beta theta less than one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have beta theta less than one it's
+diamagnetic and if you have beta theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic and if you have beta theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic and if you have beta theta
+greater than one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one it's
+paramagnetic don't ask me what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic don't ask me what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic don't ask me what happens
+if it's equal to one probably nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's equal to one probably nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's equal to one probably nothing
+so cool and so that situation can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool and so that situation can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool and so that situation can anyone
+tell me some sort of device where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me some sort of device where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me some sort of device where this
+could happen said this was relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen said this was relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could happen said this was relevant for
+accelerat and toomax any sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerat and toomax any sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerat and toomax any sorts of
+devices where this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occur yeah Z Pinchers don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur yeah Z Pinchers don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur yeah Z Pinchers don't actually
+have a thidal magnetic field so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thidal magnetic field so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thidal magnetic field so it
+wouldn't work but a screw pinch would a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work but a screw pinch would a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work but a screw pinch would a
+generic screw pinch yeah something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic screw pinch yeah something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic screw pinch yeah something like
+a reversed field pinches like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversed field pinches like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversed field pinches like the the
+classic examples are reversed field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic examples are reversed field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic examples are reversed field
+pinches which look topologically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinches which look topologically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinches which look topologically like
+toomax uh fulfill this condition here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toomax uh fulfill this condition here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toomax uh fulfill this condition here in
+fact they have a region where the toal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they have a region where the toal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they have a region where the toal
+magnetic field goes to zero and reverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field goes to zero and reverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field goes to zero and reverses
+hence reversed field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence reversed field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence reversed field
+and they definitely see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they definitely see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they definitely see this
+paramagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah I think you probably would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes s for Columbia people that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes s for Columbia people that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes s for Columbia people that I think
+you would see this in asph farac but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see this in asph farac but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see this in asph farac but I
+don't know any questions from Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know any questions from Columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know any questions from Columbia
+or anyone else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's a good question um I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a good question um I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a good question um I guess the
+way we're coming at it here is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're coming at it here is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're coming at it here is what we
+can measure and so what we can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure and so what we can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure and so what we can learn
+about our plasma rather than what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our plasma rather than what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our plasma rather than what we can
+do to our plasma so I'm not sure Hudson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to our plasma so I'm not sure Hudson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to our plasma so I'm not sure Hudson
+sh goes into much detail on this I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh goes into much detail on this I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh goes into much detail on this I'm not
+sure uh the answer to your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh the answer to your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh the answer to your question
+there yeah I don't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah I don't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah I don't have a good
+answer I had a question yes please so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I had a question yes please so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I had a question yes please so
+how does this relate to the DI magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this relate to the DI magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this relate to the DI magnetic
+drifts like often in a talk if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts like often in a talk if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts like often in a talk if it's
+diamagnetic there'll be some poal drifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic there'll be some poal drifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamagnetic there'll be some poal drifts
+associated with this but does that drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this but does that drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this but does that drift
+flip Direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip Direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip Direction in the
+paramagnetic yeah that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic yeah that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramagnetic yeah that's a great
+question so if people didn't hear here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if people didn't hear here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so if people didn't hear here
+how does this relate to like diamagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this relate to like diamagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this relate to like diamagnetic
+drifts that we talk about from single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts that we talk about from single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts that we talk about from single
+particle motion the answer is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle motion the answer is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle motion the answer is this is
+equivalent right so you can get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent right so you can get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent right so you can get these
+same results by following single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same results by following single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same results by following single
+particles as they orbit and you also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles as they orbit and you also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles as they orbit and you also get
+it from mhd which is quite nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from mhd which is quite nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from mhd which is quite nice because
+you can't always get everything single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't always get everything single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't always get everything single
+particle from mhd but in this case mhd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from mhd but in this case mhd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from mhd but in this case mhd
+retains that information um and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains that information um and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retains that information um and so I
+think in the parametric magnetic place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the parametric magnetic place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the parametric magnetic place
+you're right the drifts in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right the drifts in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right the drifts in the opposite
+direction to enhance the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to enhance the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to enhance the magnetic
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no it's still still this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so it's that beta theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all
+right let's measure the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's measure the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's measure the energy
+confinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but all of this has led to us being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of this has led to us being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of this has led to us being able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the volume
+averaged pressure right and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged pressure right and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged pressure right and we found
+that we could do that using B Theta at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do that using B Theta at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do that using B Theta at
+the edge b f at the edge and the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge b f at the edge and the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge b f at the edge and the average
+of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B
+5 the reason we might want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 the reason we might want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 the reason we might want to do that
+is that this average thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this average thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this average thermal
+pressure is just equal to the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is just equal to the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is just equal to the density
+times the temperature using temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the temperature using temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the temperature using temperature
+in energy units we've swallowed the volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy units we've swallowed the volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy units we've swallowed the volt
+constant and the stored thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the stored thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the stored thermal energy
+is just equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just equal to this
+average uh energy density times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh energy density times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh energy density times the
+volume of our plasma times a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of our plasma times a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of our plasma times a factor of
+three halves which comes partition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves which comes partition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three halves which comes partition and
+three dimensions and you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions and you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions and you've probably
+seen from ideal gases I'm not go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen from ideal gases I'm not go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen from ideal gases I'm not go through
+but just it's there um cool so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just it's there um cool so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just it's there um cool so the
+trouble is measuring this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is measuring this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is measuring this is still
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+because where's my board with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the thing that we're measuring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thing that we're measuring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thing that we're measuring in
+order to get this pressure is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get this pressure is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get this pressure is the ratio
+of these two things and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two things and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two things and it turns out
+that this diff is going to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this diff is going to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this diff is going to be very very
+small uh and so it's going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and so it's going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh and so it's going to be very
+very hard to measure this so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to measure this so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to measure this so I'm going
+to put that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the thing we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing we're trying to
+measure all of the errors are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure all of the errors are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure all of the errors are going to
+come from the average value of BF over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the average value of BF over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the average value of BF over
+V5 at the edge and this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 at the edge and this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 at the edge and this is going to be
+uh you know it's going to vary within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's going to vary within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it's going to vary within
+about 10% so not really the right use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10% so not really the right use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10% so not really the right use of
+approximately equal s so sort of 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal s so sort of 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal s so sort of 10%
+variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation
+so this is difficult to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is difficult to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is difficult to measure
+accurately but you can still do it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately but you can still do it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately but you can still do it so it
+is hard but possible and as I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard but possible and as I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard but possible and as I said you
+should have a look in the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a look in the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a look in the textbook
+there's a very nice figure from a toac I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very nice figure from a toac I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very nice figure from a toac I
+think in Australia and they still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Australia and they still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Australia and they still have
+toax uh where they did this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toax uh where they did this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toax uh where they did this and the
+reason you might want to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you might want to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you might want to do that is
+because you might want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might want to calculate the
+energy confinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy confinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy confinement
+time so can anyone tell me a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so can anyone tell me a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so can anyone tell me a useful
+definition for the energy confinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for the energy confinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for the energy confinement
+time and you can do it in words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can do it in words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can do it in words you
+don't want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in perfect thank you very much so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perfect thank you very much so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perfect thank you very much so it is
+defined as the total stored energy W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the total stored energy W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the total stored energy W
+over the input power and I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the input power and I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the input power and I'm writing
+that as a big p because it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a big p because it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a big p because it's not the
+same as our little p it's the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as our little p it's the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as our little p it's the power
+going in right so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in right so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in right so as I
+said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is
+simply well I'm not going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply well I'm not going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply well I'm not going to write it
+out again it's there um and this for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again it's there um and this for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again it's there um and this for an
+omally driven inductively driven toac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omally driven inductively driven toac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omally driven inductively driven toac
+doesn't include all the other heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include all the other heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include all the other heating
+terms you might want to do is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you might want to do is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you might want to do is going to
+be i^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be i^
+2 RP where this is the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 RP where this is the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 RP where this is the plasma
+resistivity or plasma resistance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity or plasma resistance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity or plasma resistance right
+so we're treating the entire plasma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're treating the entire plasma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're treating the entire plasma the
+entire donut here here as some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire donut here here as some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire donut here here as some sort
+of resistor with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resistor with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resistor with
+resistance RP like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance RP like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance RP like
+that okay and if you crank the handle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and if you crank the handle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and if you crank the handle on
+all of this you remember the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this you remember the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this you remember the volume of
+your Taurus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Taurus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Taurus
+is pi a^ 2 time 2 pi r at least for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi a^ 2 time 2 pi r at least for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi a^ 2 time 2 pi r at least for a
+large aspect ratio Taurus so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large aspect ratio Taurus so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large aspect ratio Taurus so that we
+have a simple formula um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple formula um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple formula um and you
+remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that
+your PO your pidal mag H your pidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your PO your pidal mag H your pidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your PO your pidal mag H your pidal
+current from Amper law is going to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from Amper law is going to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from Amper law is going to be 2
+pi a b Theta at the edge over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi a b Theta at the edge over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi a b Theta at the edge over
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+squared you can write all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you can write all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you can write all of this
+triumphantly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphantly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphantly as
+38 new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 new
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta R over r p I personally dislike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R over r p I personally dislike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R over r p I personally dislike
+the way that we use R here because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we use R here because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we use R here because these
+are completely different RS makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely different RS makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely different RS makes it
+look like it's a ratio of things of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it's a ratio of things of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it's a ratio of things of the
+same quantities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same quantities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same quantities but
+this is the r for your Taurus the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the r for your Taurus the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the r for your Taurus the major
+radius and this again as we said is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and this again as we said is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and this again as we said is the
+plasma resistivity which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma resistivity which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma resistivity which is going to
+be let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's see
+round it should go up with length so 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round it should go up with length so 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round it should go up with length so 2
+pi r dotted with the resistivity over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r dotted with the resistivity over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r dotted with the resistivity over Pi
+a 2 and that resistivity we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 and that resistivity we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 and that resistivity we can just
+replace with a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace with a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace with a one
+over the conductivity as R so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the conductivity as R so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the conductivity as R so we've
+measured that already remember we Ed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured that already remember we Ed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured that already remember we Ed two
+Loops to measure that we used rowski and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops to measure that we used rowski and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops to measure that we used rowski and
+we measured the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measured the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measured the f
+and then we also need to know this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also need to know this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also need to know this and
+again we can measure that using three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops uh which are B Theta a b Pi a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops uh which are B Theta a b Pi a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops uh which are B Theta a b Pi a and
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Loops so the conclusion of all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so the conclusion of all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so the conclusion of all this is
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+Loops get to your Tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a fair few assumptions along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fair few assumptions along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fair few assumptions along the
+way but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but that's not
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah I guess you can you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I guess you can you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I guess you can you can you
+can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also
+extract rather more noisily the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract rather more noisily the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract rather more noisily the density
+at this point right so your argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point right so your argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point right so your argument is
+right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the conductivity we've also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity we've also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity we've also got
+temperature and because we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and because we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and because we've got the
+average pressure which is presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pressure which is presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average pressure which is presumably
+going to be the average of n times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the average of n times T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the average of n times T
+we're going to be able to get out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to get out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to get out an
+estimate for n with lots of exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for n with lots of exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for n with lots of exciting
+averaging going on but again for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging going on but again for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging going on but again for five
+Loops that's not bad so you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops that's not bad so you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops that's not bad so you're gonna
+argue that we can also get n and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that we can also get n and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that we can also get n and so we
+can get the Lawson criteria I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the Lawson criteria I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the Lawson criteria I'll talk
+about that sounds like fun um someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that sounds like fun um someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that sounds like fun um someone
+should try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try
+that okay yeah I see there's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay yeah I see there's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay yeah I see there's a question
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+oh hi would you uh just quickly mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh hi would you uh just quickly mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh hi would you uh just quickly mind
+showing where you would place all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing where you would place all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing where you would place all of
+these uh thank you that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question I'm just going to eras some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm just going to eras some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm just going to eras some of
+this because I think you guys have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I think you guys have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I think you guys have seen
+it and I want to have this space so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I want to have this space so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I want to have this space so I
+can draw nice and big what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw nice and big what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw nice and big what's going on
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to
+draw my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw my
+toac or my toal device in cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac or my toal device in cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac or my toal device in cross-section
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this so I need to have a rowski I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I need to have a rowski I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I need to have a rowski I'm
+going to put that round some poid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put that round some poid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put that round some poid or
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+section I'm going to back wind it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section I'm going to back wind it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section I'm going to back wind it to
+keep everyone happy so that's I um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep everyone happy so that's I um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep everyone happy so that's I um I'm
+going to stick in a probe which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick in a probe which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick in a probe which
+measures the thidal mag magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the thidal mag magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the thidal mag magnetic field
+at the edge I'm going to stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge I'm going to stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge I'm going to stick in
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe I hope you can appreciate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe I hope you can appreciate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe I hope you can appreciate the
+beautiful perspective I put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful perspective I put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful perspective I put into the
+circle here um and this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle here um and this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle here um and this is going to be
+measuring the Theta at the edge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the Theta at the edge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the Theta at the edge so
+remember that probe should be lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that probe should be lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that probe should be lined up
+with the long axis of the Taurus here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the long axis of the Taurus here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the long axis of the Taurus here so
+I could if you want me to I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could if you want me to I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could if you want me to I could just
+draw it like this I guess there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it like this I guess there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it like this I guess there we go
+cool uh I also want to have some that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh I also want to have some that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh I also want to have some that
+measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the
+average magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average magnetic
+field by note how this looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by note how this looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by note how this looks a little
+bit like the rowski but it measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like the rowski but it measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like the rowski but it measures
+something very very different okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very very different okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very very different okay and
+then finally I need to have my flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop which was measuring VII like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop which was measuring VII like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop which was measuring VII like this
+and remember what we were saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember what we were saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember what we were saying is
+we're talking about here and omally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here and omally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here and omally
+driven inductively driven uh device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven inductively driven uh device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven inductively driven uh device and
+so that in Transformer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in Transformer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in Transformer which
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+s around the cross-section here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s around the cross-section here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s around the cross-section here is
+driving some voltage it drives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving some voltage it drives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving some voltage it drives the
+voltage in the plasma but exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the plasma but exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in the plasma but exactly the
+same voltage is being uh driven across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same voltage is being uh driven across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same voltage is being uh driven across
+this Loop and so we can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop and so we can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop and so we can measure the
+voltage that's in the plasma using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that's in the plasma using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that's in the plasma using this
+Loop here okay hopefully that is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop here okay hopefully that is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop here okay hopefully that is clear
+any more questions yeah thank you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions yeah thank you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions yeah thank you you're
+welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's do m equals 1 that m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as we discussed last week m equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we discussed last week m equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we discussed last week m equals 1
+is a displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a displacement
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and so what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so what we're doing is we're
+talking about a cylindrical vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a cylindrical vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a cylindrical vacuum
+vessel here that has inside it some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel here that has inside it some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel here that has inside it some sort
+of cylindrical plasma and the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cylindrical plasma and the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cylindrical plasma and the center of
+that plasma is offset from the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plasma is offset from the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plasma is offset from the geometric
+center of our vacuum vessel by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of our vacuum vessel by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of our vacuum vessel by a
+distance that we're going to call Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that we're going to call Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that we're going to call Delta
+Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+Delta and we'll say that the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and we'll say that the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and we'll say that the vacuum
+vessel has a radius a here and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel has a radius a here and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel has a radius a here and around
+the edge of this vacuum vessel we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of this vacuum vessel we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of this vacuum vessel we're
+going to place a series of B do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place a series of B do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place a series of B do
+probes and these B dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probes are going to be lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes are going to be lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes are going to be lined
+up to measure the E Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to measure the E Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to measure the E Theta
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if we look at what B Theta is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at what B Theta is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at what B Theta is going
+to be as a function of Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as a function of Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as a function of Theta and
+remember each of these probes is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember each of these probes is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember each of these probes is at a
+different angle Theta 1 Theta 2 so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle Theta 1 Theta 2 so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angle Theta 1 Theta 2 so on so
+effectively we are measuring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively we are measuring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively we are measuring this
+function sparsely at e do probe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sparsely at e do probe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sparsely at e do probe here
+we're going to see that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that this is equal to
+m not over 2 pi a times the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m not over 2 pi a times the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m not over 2 pi a times the current
+inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma ramp's law we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma ramp's law we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma ramp's law we don't care about
+how the current is distributed it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the current is distributed it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the current is distributed it's just
+the total current here and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total current here and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total current here and this is going
+to be modified by a term that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be modified by a term that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be modified by a term that looks
+like sin s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sin s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sin s
+theta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus
+cos Theta minus Delta Upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos Theta minus Delta Upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos Theta minus Delta Upon
+A all of that in bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A all of that in bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A all of that in bracket
+squared square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared square
+rooted this is just geometry this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted this is just geometry this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted this is just geometry this term
+here is just r where R is the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just r where R is the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just r where R is the distance
+from the center of the plasma to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center of the plasma to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center of the plasma to some
+probe right which is now different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe right which is now different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe right which is now different
+depending on your angle you're going at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your angle you're going at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your angle you're going at
+which is why I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I'm just going to
+clarify this now has a Theta dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify this now has a Theta dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify this now has a Theta dependence
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and we're going to make an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to make an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we're going to make an assumption
+again that Delta Upon A is small is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that Delta Upon A is small is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that Delta Upon A is small is this
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+assumption or happen if it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+yeah Plasma's gone it's hit the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Plasma's gone it's hit the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Plasma's gone it's hit the wall
+already exactly so we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already exactly so we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already exactly so we're going to make
+it and it's a very good assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's a very good assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's a very good assumption
+because otherwise you have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you have already
+failed you need to go sweep up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed you need to go sweep up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed you need to go sweep up all the
+piles so having made that assumption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles so having made that assumption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piles so having made that assumption we
+can approximate this as m i upon 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and we get out one plus Delta upon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we get out one plus Delta upon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we get out one plus Delta upon a
+COS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COS
+Theta the tailor expansion here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the tailor expansion here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the tailor expansion here and you
+can see that there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's going to be a
+second or determined Delta Upon A that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or determined Delta Upon A that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or determined Delta Upon A that
+disappears and there's going to be a sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and there's going to be a sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and there's going to be a sin
+squ and a COS squar and they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and a COS squar and they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and a COS squar and they going to
+come together to make a one so this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together to make a one so this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together to make a one so this all
+looks like it's going to work remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's going to work remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's going to work remember
+here in this case we've specified that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case we've specified that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case we've specified that
+Delta is in the X Direction so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is in the X Direction so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is in the X Direction so this is
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+X like that if it was in y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X like that if it was in y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X like that if it was in y direction
+this would be 1 + Delta y upon a sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be 1 + Delta y upon a sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be 1 + Delta y upon a sin
+Theta and if you remember the Foria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and if you remember the Foria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and if you remember the Foria
+decomposition we said we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we said we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition we said we were going to
+do at the start for this magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the start for this magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the start for this magnetic field
+pattern there are only two terms there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern there are only two terms there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern there are only two terms there's
+the B well this is the C 0 coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B well this is the C 0 coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B well this is the C 0 coefficient
+and these two are the C1 coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two are the C1 coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two are the C1 coefficients
+and so we can say that we can directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can say that we can directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can say that we can directly
+measure the displacement X as two 2 a C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the displacement X as two 2 a C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the displacement X as two 2 a C1
+over c0 or the display in y as 2 a S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c0 or the display in y as 2 a S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c0 or the display in y as 2 a S1
+over c0 so this is C1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S1 so by doing a f decomposition of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 so by doing a f decomposition of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 so by doing a f decomposition of our
+signal and therefore finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and therefore finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and therefore finding the
+coefficients C1 and S1 we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients C1 and S1 we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients C1 and S1 we can
+immediately find the displacement of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately find the displacement of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately find the displacement of our
+plasma and that's pretty fast to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and that's pretty fast to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and that's pretty fast to do and
+so we can see if our plasma is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see if our plasma is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see if our plasma is starting
+to move and we can do something about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move and we can do something about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move and we can do something about it
+like active feedback to stop it hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like active feedback to stop it hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like active feedback to stop it hitting
+the wall so that's pretty useful any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall so that's pretty useful any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall so that's pretty useful any
+questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+yeah so if your plasma is in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if your plasma is in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if your plasma is in the center
+you would have e Theta would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be like this and you might reconstruct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this and you might reconstruct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like this and you might reconstruct a
+flat profile if your plasma moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat profile if your plasma moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat profile if your plasma moves
+towards data one you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards data one you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards data one you might have a
+profile and use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color uh yeah that goes back to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color uh yeah that goes back to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color uh yeah that goes back to there
+and you'll notice that in this case I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that in this case I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll notice that in this case I've
+got four sensors and I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four sensors and I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four sensors and I can just
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+reconstruct the uh cosinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the uh cosinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the uh cosinusoidal
+variation there and you'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation there and you'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation there and you'll find that
+very interesting when you come to the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting when you come to the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting when you come to the P
+Set uh because this sort of question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh because this sort of question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh because this sort of question is
+fundamental to how many B dot probes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to how many B dot probes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to how many B dot probes do
+you need to measure some displacement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to measure some displacement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to measure some displacement so
+thinking in terms of micr shanon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of micr shanon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms of micr shanon
+sampling theorem things like that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling theorem things like that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling theorem things like that might
+get you a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you a long way
+cool other question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool other question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool other question yeah
+we for measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many did we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many did we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many did we need to
+measure just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one no it's still here you see the c0o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no it's still here you see the c0o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one no it's still here you see the c0o
+term when you do your Foria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when you do your Foria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when you do your Foria
+decomposition so you have no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so you have no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so you have no matter how
+many probes you have you can always F A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many probes you have you can always F A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many probes you have you can always F A
+decompose it to C 0 upon two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it to C 0 upon two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it to C 0 upon two and then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum to Infinity of CM cos M Theta s m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to Infinity of CM cos M Theta s m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum to Infinity of CM cos M Theta s m
+sin M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin M
+Theta and what we're saying is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and what we're saying is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and what we're saying is if you
+want to measure for example te and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure for example te and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure for example te and all
+that beta stuff we did before you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta stuff we did before you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beta stuff we did before you just
+take this one this is the m equal Z term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this one this is the m equal Z term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this one this is the m equal Z term
+if you want to measure displacements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to measure displacements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to measure displacements of
+the plasma you take these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma you take these first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma you take these first two
+terms C1 if you want to measure more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms C1 if you want to measure more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms C1 if you want to measure more
+exciting higher order modes where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting higher order modes where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting higher order modes where your
+plasma gets pancak or it comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma gets pancak or it comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma gets pancak or it comes into
+increasingly unlikely shapes then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly unlikely shapes then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly unlikely shapes then you
+want the higher order ones of these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the higher order ones of these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the higher order ones of these but
+John made a very good point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John made a very good point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John made a very good point which is
+that you'll have to think about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have to think about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have to think about how many
+uh what M you need to get to will set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what M you need to get to will set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what M you need to get to will set a
+requirement on how many probes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on how many probes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on how many probes that you
+have in order to properly do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in order to properly do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in order to properly do this for
+your decomposition this again is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decomposition this again is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decomposition this again is related
+to micos the so a a little bit to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to micos the so a a little bit to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to micos the so a a little bit to think
+about any other questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the question was at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the question was at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the question was at what
+point do you need to start worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point do you need to start worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point do you need to start worrying
+about Eddie currents in the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Eddie currents in the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Eddie currents in the vacuum
+vessel messing up this measurement these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel messing up this measurement these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel messing up this measurement these
+would definitely be affected by Eddie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely be affected by Eddie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely be affected by Eddie
+currents right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents right
+so um that's some that's like a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that's some that's like a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that's some that's like a higher
+order higher order correction that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order higher order correction that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order higher order correction that you
+need to do to understand what the Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to understand what the Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to understand what the Ed
+current do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current do
+yeah so in in this assumption we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in in this assumption we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in in this assumption we have
+assume there are no Edie currents we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there are no Edie currents we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume there are no Edie currents we
+have like a a non-conducting vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a a non-conducting vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a a non-conducting vacuum
+vessel or something else that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just very briefly Hutchinson spends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just very briefly Hutchinson spends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just very briefly Hutchinson spends a
+long time on this in the book and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time on this in the book and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time on this in the book and I
+think it's very interesting but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very interesting but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very interesting but it's
+very hard to go through in class because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to go through in class because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to go through in class because
+it's very mathematical so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very mathematical so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very mathematical so I just want to
+give you a little taster of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little taster of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little taster of what would
+happen uh for a thidal system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh for a thidal system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh for a thidal system so
+remember we've really been assuming all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've really been assuming all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've really been assuming all
+along here that we've got a cylinder a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here that we've got a cylinder a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along here that we've got a cylinder a
+very high aspect ratio toac so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high aspect ratio toac so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high aspect ratio toac so that we
+don't have to worry about like thidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about like thidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about like thidal
+curvature but what happens in a toroidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature but what happens in a toroidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature but what happens in a toroidal
+system uh is that we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh is that we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh is that we have a very
+complicated for force balance remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for force balance remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for force balance remember
+our mhd equations which we simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mhd equations which we simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mhd equations which we simplified
+massively uh we're going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively uh we're going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively uh we're going to have some
+more terms there there's a complex force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more terms there there's a complex force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more terms there there's a complex force
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+shifts if this is our axis of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts if this is our axis of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts if this is our axis of symmetry
+of our toac and this is the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our toac and this is the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our toac and this is the vacuum
+vessel that shifts the magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel that shifts the magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel that shifts the magnetic flux
+surfaces uh so that they're no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces uh so that they're no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces uh so that they're no longer
+concentric so we may have a flux surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric so we may have a flux surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric so we may have a flux surface
+like this and a flux surface like this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and a flux surface like this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and a flux surface like this a
+flux surface like this and a flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux surface like this and a flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux surface like this and a flux
+surface like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface like
+this and again I'm not explaining where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again I'm not explaining where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and again I'm not explaining where
+you get to from this this is like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to from this this is like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to from this this is like three
+or four pages of algebra uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four pages of algebra uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four pages of algebra uh but you
+start ending up with systems look much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ending up with systems look much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start ending up with systems look much
+more complicated we have kind of been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated we have kind of been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated we have kind of been
+assuming a lot of the time here that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a lot of the time here that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming a lot of the time here that we
+have concentric flux surfaces actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have concentric flux surfaces actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have concentric flux surfaces actually
+not important for most the things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important for most the things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important for most the things we're
+driving but we certainly would have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving but we certainly would have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving but we certainly would have no
+reason to believe the flux surfaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to believe the flux surfaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to believe the flux surfaces are
+not concentric because our system is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concentric because our system is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not concentric because our system is as
+amuly symmetric there' be nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amuly symmetric there' be nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amuly symmetric there' be nothing
+pushing them from one side to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing them from one side to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing them from one side to the other
+so if you start doing this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start doing this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start doing this analysis
+properly you get to equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you get to equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly you get to equation
+22.25 in Hutchinson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22.25 in Hutchinson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22.25 in Hutchinson's
+book just to let you know where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book just to let you know where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book just to let you know where I've
+pulled this away from and you find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this away from and you find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled this away from and you find out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+your magnetic field the m equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic field the m equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic field the m equals one
+term is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is going to be equal
+to the m equal Z term times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction for where you are inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction for where you are inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction for where you are inside the
+plasma so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma so this
+coordinate are measures radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate are measures radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate are measures radially
+outwards from the center of our poloidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards from the center of our poloidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards from the center of our poloidal
+cross-section and this our zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and this our zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and this our zero is the
+distance from the axis the center of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the axis the center of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the axis the center of our
+bidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidal
+cross-section and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and we
+find sorry this isn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear and all of this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and all of this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and all of this is going to be
+multiplied by beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by beta
+theta plus a term Li upon 2 which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus a term Li upon 2 which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus a term Li upon 2 which I'll
+explain in a moment minus one again none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in a moment minus one again none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in a moment minus one again none
+of this is derived I'm just throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is derived I'm just throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is derived I'm just throwing
+this equation at you to show you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation at you to show you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation at you to show you some of
+things that you can do in a thidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can do in a thidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can do in a thidal
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+now beta theta is something that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now beta theta is something that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now beta theta is something that we can
+measure from our m equals z Diagnostics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure from our m equals z Diagnostics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure from our m equals z Diagnostics
+they're still going to work just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still going to work just fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still going to work just fine
+what's interesting is that this shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is that this shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is that this shift
+here results in a term that is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here results in a term that is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here results in a term that is to do
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+inductance not quite the inductance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance not quite the inductance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance not quite the inductance but
+it's similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductance and we talked before about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and we talked before about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and we talked before about
+how the inductance is a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the inductance is a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the inductance is a measure of the
+geometry of your current so how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of your current so how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of your current so how the
+current is flowing in the system and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is flowing in the system and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is flowing in the system and so
+by measuring this very precisely you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring this very precisely you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by measuring this very precisely you may
+be able to determine whether your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to determine whether your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to determine whether your system
+has a current profile that is nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a current profile that is nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a current profile that is nicely
+peaked or whether it has a profile which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked or whether it has a profile which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked or whether it has a profile which
+has a hollow in the center something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a hollow in the center something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a hollow in the center something
+like that and so you actually can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you actually can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you actually can end up
+getting more information out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more information out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more information out of your
+system when you have a toal geometry but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when you have a toal geometry but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when you have a toal geometry but
+the price you pay for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price you pay for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price you pay for that is
+significantly more complexity with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly more complexity with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly more complexity with all
+of the equations so again that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equations so again that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equations so again that's all I'm
+going to go into in terms of this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into in terms of this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into in terms of this if you
+work with Magnetic diagnostic for tox or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Magnetic diagnostic for tox or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Magnetic diagnostic for tox or
+accelerators or other devices like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators or other devices like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators or other devices like that
+you will definitely come across some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will definitely come across some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will definitely come across some of
+this very complicated stuff so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay now we're going to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now we're going to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay now we're going to stick
+the probe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe in the
+plasma see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're discussing internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PRS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again we'll have some vacuum chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we'll have some vacuum chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we'll have some vacuum chamber
+with some sort of clever re-entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of clever re-entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some sort of clever re-entrance
+port and we can stick into it our B dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe we'll probably put a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe we'll probably put a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe we'll probably put a bit of
+shielding insulation on the B do probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding insulation on the B do probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding insulation on the B do probe
+like that and we'll talk talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and we'll talk talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and we'll talk talk a little
+bit more about that in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that in the context of
+langar probes next lecture and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+langar probes next lecture and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+langar probes next lecture and there is
+some plasma here and there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plasma here and there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plasma here and there will be
+some magnetic fields which may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magnetic fields which may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magnetic fields which may be
+three-dimensional in nature now despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional in nature now despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional in nature now despite
+what it looks like this is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like this is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like this is actually not
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+perturbative despite the fact you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative despite the fact you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative despite the fact you stick
+a probe right in your plasma this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probe right in your plasma this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probe right in your plasma this is not
+as bad as it might seem what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bad as it might seem what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bad as it might seem what do we mean
+by perturbative we mean that it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by perturbative we mean that it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by perturbative we mean that it changes
+the measurement that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement that we're trying to
+make right this turns out not to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right this turns out not to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right this turns out not to be very
+perturbative the main reason is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative the main reason is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative the main reason is that the
+magnetic fields at a given points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields at a given points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields at a given points here
+are not just set by the currents locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just set by the currents locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just set by the currents locally
+they're set by currents over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're set by currents over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're set by currents over here and
+over here and over here so B is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and over here so B is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and over here so B is set
+by global currents and so disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by global currents and so disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by global currents and so disturbing
+just a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of the
+plasma doesn't actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma doesn't actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma doesn't actually change the
+magnetic field at a point that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field at a point that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field at a point that much
+again we're going to put an insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to put an insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to put an insulator
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it to set I into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to set I into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to set I into the
+probe equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe equal to
+zero and we're going to make the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we're going to make the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we're going to make the probe
+small we want it to be small to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we want it to be small to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we want it to be small to reduce
+the pertubation on the plasma um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pertubation on the plasma um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pertubation on the plasma um but
+also to make Delta B over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe small as we discussed before four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe small as we discussed before four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe small as we discussed before four
+which makes our analysis easier because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes our analysis easier because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes our analysis easier because
+it means the magnetic field is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the magnetic field is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means the magnetic field is constant
+over the probe here so you wouldn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the probe here so you wouldn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the probe here so you wouldn't want
+to stick one of these inside a very hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick one of these inside a very hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick one of these inside a very hot
+and dense plasma well you might uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense plasma well you might uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense plasma well you might uh you
+if you wouldn't want to stick one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wouldn't want to stick one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wouldn't want to stick one of
+these inside a toac because it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inside a toac because it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inside a toac because it would
+just melt and it would fill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just melt and it would fill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just melt and it would fill your
+Plasma's impurities and your plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plasma's impurities and your plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plasma's impurities and your plasma
+crash be bad if you're doing for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash be bad if you're doing for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash be bad if you're doing for example
+a pulse power driven experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pulse power driven experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pulse power driven experiment you
+might want to stick these inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to stick these inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to stick these inside of
+plasma but you might not expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma but you might not expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma but you might not expect it to
+last more than one experiment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last more than one experiment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last more than one experiment right
+because of the heat flux on it now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the heat flux on it now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the heat flux on it now what
+people do on machine on some machines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do on machine on some machines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do on machine on some machines is
+they have sticks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sticks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sticks of
+probes that they can position and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that they can position and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that they can position and the
+probes that the stick has a load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that the stick has a load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that the stick has a load of
+probes wound like this to measure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes wound like this to measure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes wound like this to measure for
+example BX it also has a load of probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example BX it also has a load of probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example BX it also has a load of probes
+wound like this in the same location to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound like this in the same location to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound like this in the same location to
+measure by Y and it'll have a load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure by Y and it'll have a load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure by Y and it'll have a load of
+probes wound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes wound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes wound like
+this measure bz so you'll be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measure bz so you'll be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measure bz so you'll be able to get
+all three of the axes here and the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of the axes here and the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three of the axes here and the nice
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that you put these all together you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put these all together you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put these all together you can
+find out what the current is locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what the current is locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what the current is locally
+inside your plasma because the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your plasma because the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your plasma because the current
+is simply one over M curl of B now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply one over M curl of B now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply one over M curl of B now
+you're taking the gradient of a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking the gradient of a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking the gradient of a signal
+and the signal might be noisy so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the signal might be noisy so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the signal might be noisy so you've
+got to be a little bit careful here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be a little bit careful here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be a little bit careful here um
+because this is going to be a noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going to be a noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going to be a noisy
+measurement itself but the fact is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement itself but the fact is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement itself but the fact is you
+can still have some go at measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still have some go at measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still have some go at measuring the
+current internally to a plasma which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current internally to a plasma which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current internally to a plasma which is
+a very very hard thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll just make a note here that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just make a note here that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just make a note here that this
+is noisy because we have Delta B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is noisy because we have Delta B over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is noisy because we have Delta B over
+Delta X where Delta X is your spacing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X where Delta X is your spacing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X where Delta X is your spacing of
+your probes here so the smaller you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probes here so the smaller you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probes here so the smaller you can
+make Delta X the better you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Delta X the better you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Delta X the better you're going to
+be uh measuring this gradient and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh measuring this gradient and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh measuring this gradient and this
+looks very nisty again all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very nisty again all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very nisty again all of a sudden
+so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't
+escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape
+um the nice thing about measuring J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the nice thing about measuring J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the nice thing about measuring J is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+then we would have J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we would have J and
+B and we can use that to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we can use that to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and we can use that to measure the
+pressure so we can actually measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so we can actually measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so we can actually measure the
+pressure inside our plasma using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure inside our plasma using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure inside our plasma using these
+closely space probes or at least we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely space probes or at least we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely space probes or at least we can
+measure the pressure along the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the pressure along the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the pressure along the line of
+probe uh this turns out to be hard below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe uh this turns out to be hard below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe uh this turns out to be hard below
+beta plasmas because rad p is small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plasmas because rad p is small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta plasmas because rad p is small so
+you won't see much change in J cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't see much change in J cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't see much change in J cross
+B but when beta is reasonable you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but when beta is reasonable you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but when beta is reasonable you might
+be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do
+this a very nice trick is if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a very nice trick is if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a very nice trick is if you have a
+steady plasma or a plasma which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady plasma or a plasma which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady plasma or a plasma which is
+highly reproducible so you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reproducible so you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reproducible so you can do this
+experiment over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again you can actually take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can actually take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can actually take this
+probe and say you've got a plasma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe and say you've got a plasma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe and say you've got a plasma that
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+this and you can step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can step the
+probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+plasma and either the plasma is steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and either the plasma is steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and either the plasma is steady
+or you're doing the same experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're doing the same experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're doing the same experiment
+again and again and again and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again and you can
+build up a complete map of b as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a complete map of b as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a complete map of b as a
+function of space and time and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space and time and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space and time and therefore
+J is a function of space and time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is a function of space and time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is a function of space and time as
+well and people do this uh one great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and people do this uh one great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and people do this uh one great
+experiment is the large area plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is the large area plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is the large area plasma
+device uh at UCLA LD uh and on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh at UCLA LD uh and on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh at UCLA LD uh and on this
+device where they do astrophysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device where they do astrophysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device where they do astrophysics
+relevance experiments they can map out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance experiments they can map out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance experiments they can map out
+all of this uh they will do a shot every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this uh they will do a shot every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this uh they will do a shot every
+second there'll be a Servo steeper motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there'll be a Servo steeper motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there'll be a Servo steeper motor
+that moves this across and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moves this across and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moves this across and they just
+press go after programming it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press go after programming it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press go after programming it and it
+will run 24 hours a day for a week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run 24 hours a day for a week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run 24 hours a day for a week and
+you'll have a huge amount of data with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a huge amount of data with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a huge amount of data with a
+full three-dimensional map for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full three-dimensional map for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full three-dimensional map for the
+magnetic fields so this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields so this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields so this is the sort of
+thing you can do with high rep rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do with high rep rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do with high rep rate
+devices it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices it's very very
+cool okay any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when you're me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what local current is the local it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what local current is the local it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what local current is the local it's the
+local current so this is a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local current so this is a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local current so this is a local
+equation right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so
+it's this is B of X so you get J of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is B of X so you get J of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is B of X so you get J of X
+wherever your measurement is being taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever your measurement is being taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever your measurement is being taken
+so you would get J at the locations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would get J at the locations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would get J at the locations of
+each of these coils or depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these coils or depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these coils or depending on your
+differencing scheme halfway between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing scheme halfway between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing scheme halfway between the
+locations of each of the coils yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that the the thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that the the thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that the the thing is that the
+this equation here does not imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here does not imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here does not imply
+causality you don't have magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality you don't have magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality you don't have magnetic fields
+telling currents where to go or currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling currents where to go or currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling currents where to go or currents
+going where telling magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going where telling magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going where telling magnetic fields
+where to go it's just true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go it's just true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go it's just true
+simultaneously that a global magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously that a global magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously that a global magnetic
+field also constrains the global current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field also constrains the global current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field also constrains the global current
+and so you don't end up having too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't end up having too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't end up having too much
+pertubation yeah there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertubation yeah there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertubation yeah there will be some
+pertubation you'll be cooling down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertubation you'll be cooling down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertubation you'll be cooling down the
+plasma and things like that but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and things like that but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and things like that but if
+you're on small length scales compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on small length scales compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on small length scales compared
+to the plasma Dynamics the current will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plasma Dynamics the current will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plasma Dynamics the current will
+still be roughly the same yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repat it's just that in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repat it's just that in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repat it's just that in that case you
+have P much less than b^2 over 2 mu uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P much less than b^2 over 2 mu uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have P much less than b^2 over 2 mu uh
+which means that this jross B term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this jross B term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this jross B term is
+just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to
+look like this right and say this is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this right and say this is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this right and say this is X
+and this is B ^2 over 2 not so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is B ^2 over 2 not so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is B ^2 over 2 not so this is
+only going to vary by say 1% or so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to vary by say 1% or so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to vary by say 1% or so but
+you're trying to measure the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to measure the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to measure the pressure
+which is going to be the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the opposite of
+this down at about a 1% level which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down at about a 1% level which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down at about a 1% level which
+means you need to have 1% uh accuracy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need to have 1% uh accuracy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need to have 1% uh accuracy on
+this reconstruction so you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reconstruction so you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reconstruction so you need to have
+very low signal to noise because if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low signal to noise because if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low signal to noise because if your
+signal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noisy you would just reconstruct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy you would just reconstruct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy you would just reconstruct a
+completely noisy pressure signal and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely noisy pressure signal and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely noisy pressure signal and it
+wouldn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't make any
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do some other cool tricks you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some other cool tricks you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some other cool tricks you can do
+with uh probes if you can't move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh probes if you can't move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh probes if you can't move the
+probe inside the plasma because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe inside the plasma because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe inside the plasma because the
+plasma is moving too quickly or it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is moving too quickly or it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is moving too quickly or it's not
+steady enough uh you can just set your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady enough uh you can just set your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady enough uh you can just set your
+probe up and let the plasma blow over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe up and let the plasma blow over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe up and let the plasma blow over it
+so for example we could have a b do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we could have a b do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we could have a b do
+probe like this and we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma that is moving towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that is moving towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that is moving towards the
+probe with some velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe with some velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe with some velocity
+V and we're assuming here that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and we're assuming here that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and we're assuming here that this
+plasma is GRA taking with it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is GRA taking with it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is GRA taking with it some
+magnetic field and maybe you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and maybe you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and maybe you know what
+which direction that magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction that magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction that magnetic field is
+pointing in PRI the experiment and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in PRI the experiment and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in PRI the experiment and you
+set up your BT probe so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up your BT probe so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up your BT probe so that it's
+aligned with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with this
+field and if you have a set of these B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and if you have a set of these B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and if you have a set of these B
+dot probes for example if you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot probes for example if you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot probes for example if you have one
+here and then you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you have one
+up here and they've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and they've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and they've got some
+separation Delta X like this the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation Delta X like this the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation Delta X like this the signal
+that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll
+measure on the two probes will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on the two probes will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on the two probes will be
+delayed so if one probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed so if one probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed so if one probe
+goes like this and gives you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and gives you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and gives you this
+magnetic field as a function of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field as a function of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field as a function of time so
+that one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one this
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+one and the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like
+this you can do some rather neat tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can do some rather neat tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can do some rather neat tricks
+and identify similar features in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify similar features in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identify similar features in these
+two signals so the start of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signals so the start of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signals so the start of the magnetic
+field the start of this foot uh the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the start of this foot uh the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the start of this foot uh the peak
+of the magnetic field here and the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnetic field here and the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnetic field here and the fall
+of this foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and you can calculate the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can calculate the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can calculate the time
+differences here so you'll have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here so you'll have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here so you'll have a set of
+time differences like Delta T1 Delta T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time differences like Delta T1 Delta T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time differences like Delta T1 Delta T2
+Delta T3 and so like that and from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta T3 and so like that and from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta T3 and so like that and from this
+you can put it all together and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put it all together and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put it all together and you can
+get out an estimate for the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out an estimate for the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out an estimate for the flow
+velocity of your plasma as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of your plasma as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of your plasma as a function of
+time at a specific point so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at a specific point so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at a specific point so at the
+location of your thr just from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of your thr just from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of your thr just from doing
+very simple time of flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differencing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing like
+this it turns out this formula is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it turns out this formula is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it turns out this formula is a bit
+simplified you actually have to think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified you actually have to think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified you actually have to think in
+a lran sense rather than this is like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lran sense rather than this is like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lran sense rather than this is like an
+oian sense and one of my GR students RAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oian sense and one of my GR students RAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oian sense and one of my GR students RAB
+data wrote a nice paper on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data wrote a nice paper on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data wrote a nice paper on how to do
+this properly last year which is in RSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this properly last year which is in RSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this properly last year which is in RSI
+so if you want to know any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to know any more
+details that's all RSI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that's all RSI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that's all RSI
+2022 another thing that rishab then did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2022 another thing that rishab then did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2022 another thing that rishab then did
+which is the sort of final thing I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of final thing I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the sort of final thing I want
+to talk about today is he ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about today is he ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about today is he ask what
+happens if the plasma which is Flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the plasma which is Flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the plasma which is Flowing
+here is flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supersonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersonically
+there's a mark number greater than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mark number greater than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mark number greater than what
+and you all know what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+yeah yeah so you'll get a bow shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you'll get a bow shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you'll get a bow shock
+forming around your pro anyone taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming around your pro anyone taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming around your pro anyone taken a
+course in shock physics and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in shock physics and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in shock physics and know
+anything interesting about the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting about the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting about the shape of
+The Vow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shock indeed so the opening angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock indeed so the opening angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock indeed so the opening angle of
+this shock which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shock which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shock which we call
+MU from simple shock Theory we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU from simple shock Theory we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU from simple shock Theory we get that
+the sign of this opening angle is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of this opening angle is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of this opening angle is equal
+to one over the mark number so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over the mark number so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over the mark number so if we
+have a probe and a camera taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a probe and a camera taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a probe and a camera taking a
+picture of this bowel shock and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this bowel shock and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this bowel shock and we can
+measure the opening angle of it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the opening angle of it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the opening angle of it we can
+get out the mark number what's the mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out the mark number what's the mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out the mark number what's the mark
+number equal to the dimensionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equal to the dimensionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equal to the dimensionist
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speed over Sound Speed great well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed over Sound Speed great well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed over Sound Speed great well we've
+already measured the speed using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already measured the speed using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already measured the speed using this
+technique we've just measured the mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we've just measured the mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we've just measured the mark
+number using this technique so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number using this technique so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number using this technique so now we
+have an estimate of the Sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an estimate of the Sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an estimate of the Sound
+Speed and in a plasma The Sound Speed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speed and in a plasma The Sound Speed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speed and in a plasma The Sound Speed is
+going to be something like gamma average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something like gamma average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something like gamma average
+ionization times the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization times the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization times the electron
+temperature over the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature over the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature over the ion
+mass or half like this now some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or half like this now some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or half like this now some of these
+coefficients we don't know very well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we don't know very well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients we don't know very well we
+should know what our Plasma's made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what our Plasma's made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know what our Plasma's made out
+of we should know the ion Mass it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we should know the ion Mass it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we should know the ion Mass it turns
+out that this gamma for sort of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this gamma for sort of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this gamma for sort of high
+density plasma where you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density plasma where you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density plasma where you're going to see
+shocks is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks is about
+1.1 it would be 5/3 in an ideal gas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 it would be 5/3 in an ideal gas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 it would be 5/3 in an ideal gas but
+it's reduced by the effective ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reduced by the effective ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reduced by the effective ionization
+and so all of this together gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of this together gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all of this together gives you a
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+of the ionization times the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ionization times the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ionization times the electron
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+which is kind of cool because it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of cool because it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of cool because it means
+that just by using a single B dot as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by using a single B dot as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just by using a single B dot as a
+camera you can get out the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can get out the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you can get out the electron
+temperature of your plasma which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of your plasma which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of your plasma which is the
+sort of thing that you normally need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that you normally need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing that you normally need to
+do Optical Thompson scattering for we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Optical Thompson scattering for we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Optical Thompson scattering for we're
+going to spend four lectures on optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend four lectures on optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend four lectures on optical
+Thompson scattering it's not an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson scattering it's not an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson scattering it's not an easy
+thing to understand whereas this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to understand whereas this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to understand whereas this is a
+relatively simple Diagnostic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple Diagnostic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple Diagnostic and
+relatively cheap as well this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively cheap as well this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively cheap as well this is kind of
+a nice way of being able to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way of being able to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way of being able to measure the
+temperature of your plasma just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of your plasma just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of your plasma just by
+taking pictures of Val shocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures of Val shocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures of Val shocks and
+measuring the magnetic field flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the magnetic field flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the magnetic field flowing
+over them so I see that with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so the question is uh does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is uh does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is uh does the
+heating of the probe cause problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating of the probe cause problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating of the probe cause problems
+definitely these probes get blown up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely these probes get blown up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely these probes get blown up and
+normally you see the voltage signal go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you see the voltage signal go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you see the voltage signal go
+HeyWire and then you stop trusting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HeyWire and then you stop trusting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HeyWire and then you stop trusting it
+after that point so you integrate up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that point so you integrate up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that point so you integrate up
+until time of death and then you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until time of death and then you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until time of death and then you leave
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the thing is that heat transport is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the thing is that heat transport is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the thing is that heat transport is
+actually very slow on the on these time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very slow on the on these time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very slow on the on these time
+scales these are like nanc time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales these are like nanc time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales these are like nanc time scale
+experiments here so you're not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments here so you're not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments here so you're not too
+worried about uh heat transport so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about uh heat transport so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about uh heat transport so yeah
+ablation is actually like photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablation is actually like photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablation is actually like photo
+anization of the surface and heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anization of the surface and heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anization of the surface and heating
+through as an ablation to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is uh are you looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is uh are you looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is uh are you looking at
+Optical wavelengths you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical wavelengths you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical wavelengths you're looking at
+x-ray wavelengths yes all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray wavelengths yes all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray wavelengths yes all of those
+wavelengths will work in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths will work in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths will work in general the
+brightness will be to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness will be to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness will be to do with the
+density of the plasma it has a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the plasma it has a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the plasma it has a stronger
+dependence on density than anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on density than anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on density than anything else
+so if if the plasma is hot enough to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if the plasma is hot enough to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if the plasma is hot enough to be
+emitting uh then you will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting uh then you will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting uh then you will see the
+density jump and you'll see that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density jump and you'll see that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density jump and you'll see that as a
+dark region and then a bright region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark region and then a bright region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark region and then a bright region
+where the shock is so measuring this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the shock is so measuring this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the shock is so measuring this is
+uncertain like it's the want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain like it's the want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain like it's the want to measure
+mu as far back as possible where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu as far back as possible where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu as far back as possible where you've
+got to a weak shock but where you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to a weak shock but where you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to a weak shock but where you've got
+the weak shock you have a small density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak shock you have a small density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak shock you have a small density
+jum so you can't see it so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jum so you can't see it so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jum so you can't see it so what you
+actually do is you sort of measure up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do is you sort of measure up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do is you sort of measure up
+here and then sort of eyeballs and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then sort of eyeballs and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then sort of eyeballs and you
+go maybe like that and then you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go maybe like that and then you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go maybe like that and then you measure
+that so that contributes a lot to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that contributes a lot to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that contributes a lot to the
+errors and then of course because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and then of course because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and then of course because you're
+only measuring the Sound Speed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measuring the Sound Speed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only measuring the Sound Speed with
+temperature inside a square root when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature inside a square root when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature inside a square root when
+you square the Sound Speed to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square the Sound Speed to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you square the Sound Speed to get the
+temperature that amplifies those errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that amplifies those errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that amplifies those errors
+so we measured like 22 plus orus 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we measured like 22 plus orus 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we measured like 22 plus orus 9
+electron volts which is not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts which is not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts which is not a very
+precise measurement but it's still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise measurement but it's still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise measurement but it's still you
+know better than you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know better than you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know better than you can do
+as yeah any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes Z is the average ionization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Z is the average ionization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Z is the average ionization of the
+of the plasma so for hydrogen that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma so for hydrogen that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma so for hydrogen that would
+just be one for fully stripped carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be one for fully stripped carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be one for fully stripped carbon
+that would be six but in the plasmas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be six but in the plasmas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be six but in the plasmas I
+work with your atom can have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with your atom can have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with your atom can have some
+electrons attached to it so it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons attached to it so it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons attached to it so it's still
+an ion but it doesn't have all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion but it doesn't have all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion but it doesn't have all of the
+electrons removed so and we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons removed so and we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons removed so and we'll talk a
+lot more about ionization States later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about ionization States later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more about ionization States later
+on right just throwing that in there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right just throwing that in there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right just throwing that in there if
+you're a toac person you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a toac person you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a toac person you don't like
+thinking about Z you can just make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Z you can just make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Z you can just make that
+one but then you probably won't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but then you probably won't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but then you probably won't get any
+radiation because it's fully stripped so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation because it's fully stripped so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation because it's fully stripped so
+you probably won't be able to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't be able to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't be able to see this
+very EAS so you need to have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very EAS so you need to have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very EAS so you need to have something
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+yeah any other questions anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Columbia all right well we're at time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia all right well we're at time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia all right well we're at time or
+past time thank you very much see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past time thank you very much see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past time thank you very much see you
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Em9I6XTQA3I.txt b/Em9I6XTQA3I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14383ba26092c1b82432a4cec915be9136e92762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Em9I6XTQA3I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so we have this wanted information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this wanted information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this wanted information and
+unbolted information not an one I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbolted information not an one I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbolted information not an one I call
+unbolting information noise and wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbolting information noise and wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbolting information noise and wanted
+information signal not all noises are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information signal not all noises are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information signal not all noises are
+created equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created equal
+there are some noises which partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some noises which partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some noises which partially
+understood and I'm claiming this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and I'm claiming this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and I'm claiming this this is
+what we should like strip off very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should like strip off very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should like strip off very
+quickly like linear distortions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly like linear distortions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly like linear distortions of
+speaker dependencies those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker dependencies those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker dependencies those are two
+things I will be talking about you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I will be talking about you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I will be talking about you can
+easily do it in the feature extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily do it in the feature extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily do it in the feature extraction
+there are noises which are expected but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are noises which are expected but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are noises which are expected but
+effects may not be well understood these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects may not be well understood these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects may not be well understood these
+should go into machine language I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go into machine language I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go into machine language I'm
+claiming this is something which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming this is something which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming this is something which we
+whatever you don't know you better have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you don't know you better have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you don't know you better have
+the machine to end so always better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine to end so always better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine to end so always better to
+use the dumb machine with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the dumb machine with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the dumb machine with a lot of
+training data then putting in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data then putting in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data then putting in something
+which you don't know for sure but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't know for sure but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you don't know for sure but what
+you know for sure it should go here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for sure it should go here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for sure it should go here and
+then there is an interesting set of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is an interesting set of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is an interesting set of the
+whole noises which you don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole noises which you don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole noises which you don't know that
+they are they even exist these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they even exist these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they even exist these are the
+ones which I'm especially interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which I'm especially interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which I'm especially interested
+because they cause us the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they cause us the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they cause us the biggest
+problems basically the word you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems basically the word you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems basically the word you don't
+know that it exists noises which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it exists noises which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it exists noises which
+somebody introduces I never talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody introduces I never talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody introduces I never talked about
+and so on and so on so I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on so I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on so I think this is
+an interesting problem hopefully I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting problem hopefully I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting problem hopefully I will
+get to it towards the end of the talk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to it towards the end of the talk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to it towards the end of the talk so
+some noises with known effects one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noises with known effects one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noises with known effects one is
+like this mean you have a you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this mean you have a you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this mean you have a you have a
+speech of you are yo yo and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech of you are yo yo and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech of you are yo yo and you have
+another speech which looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another speech which looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another speech which looks very
+different but it says the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but it says the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but it says the same thing
+right I mean this is a child this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is a child this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is a child this is a
+doubt I mean can tell this was me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt I mean can tell this was me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt I mean can tell this was me this
+was my daughter and she was for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my daughter and she was for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my daughter and she was for not
+steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+the problem is that different human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that different human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that different human
+beings have different vocal tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings have different vocal tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings have different vocal tracks
+especially when it comes to children the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when it comes to children the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when it comes to children the
+vocal tract is much much shorter and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract is much much shorter and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract is much much shorter and I
+was solving Lyra effect what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was solving Lyra effect what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was solving Lyra effect what happens is
+that you get a very different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a very different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a very different set of
+hormones like these dark lines which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones like these dark lines which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones like these dark lines which
+means number of people believe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means number of people believe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means number of people believe we should
+look at if we want to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at if we want to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at if we want to understand what's
+being said we have for four months here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being said we have for four months here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being said we have for four months here
+but we have only two four months here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have only two four months here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have only two four months here
+they are approximately similar positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are approximately similar positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are approximately similar positions
+but where you had a fourth form and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where you had a fourth form and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where you had a fourth form and you
+have only second form on here so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only second form on here so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only second form on here so what we
+want we want some techniques which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we want some techniques which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we want some techniques which would
+work more like a human perception not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work more like a human perception not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work more like a human perception not
+look at the spectral and a lot but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spectral and a lot but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the spectral and a lot but maybe
+look at the whole clusters so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the whole clusters so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the whole clusters so this is a
+technique which has been developed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which has been developed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which has been developed a
+long time ago but I still mention me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago but I still mention me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago but I still mention me
+because it's an interesting way of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an interesting way of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an interesting way of going
+about things so it uses the several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things so it uses the several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things so it uses the several
+things one is that it suppresses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is that it suppresses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is that it suppresses the
+signals at low frequencies you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals at low frequencies you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals at low frequencies you basically
+use this equal loudness curves so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this equal loudness curves so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this equal loudness curves so you
+emphasize the parts of the signals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the parts of the signals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the parts of the signals which
+are hard well second money that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard well second money that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard well second money that uses
+these critical bands because you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these critical bands because you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these critical bands because you say
+first step which if you want to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step which if you want to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step which if you want to do is to
+integrate over critical bands this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over critical bands this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over critical bands this is
+the simplest way of processing within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way of processing within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way of processing within
+the band you integrate what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band you integrate what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band you integrate what's happening
+inside so what you do you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so what you do you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so what you do you take your
+Fourier spectrum this is the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier spectrum this is the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier spectrum this is the spectrum
+which has equal frequency resolution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has equal frequency resolution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has equal frequency resolution at
+all times a lot of details in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all times a lot of details in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all times a lot of details in this case
+because it's a fundamental frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a fundamental frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a fundamental frequency
+yeah you integrate over this over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you integrate over this over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you integrate over this over these
+different frequency bands they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency bands they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency bands they are they
+are narrower at low frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are narrower at low frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are narrower at low frequencies and
+getting broader and broader and broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting broader and broader and broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting broader and broader and broader
+very much how we learned from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much how we learned from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much how we learned from the
+experiment with the simultaneous masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with the simultaneous masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with the simultaneous masking
+so this is a textbook knowledge so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a textbook knowledge so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a textbook knowledge so you
+get a different spectrum which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different spectrum which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a different spectrum which is
+unequally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequally
+sampled so of course you go back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled so of course you go back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled so of course you go back into
+the equal sampling but you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal sampling but you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equal sampling but you know that
+there is fewer samples at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is fewer samples at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is fewer samples at the high
+frequencies because you are integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies because you are integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies because you are integrating
+more spectral energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spectral energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spectral energy
+see them in low frequencies and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in low frequencies and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them in low frequencies and you
+multiply this output through this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this output through this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this output through this equal
+loudness curve so from the spectrum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness curve so from the spectrum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness curve so from the spectrum you
+get something which is which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something which is which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something which is which is a
+resolution which is more like auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution which is more like auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution which is more like auditory
+like then you put it through the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then you put it through the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then you put it through the equal
+loudness curve so because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness curve so because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness curve so because you know the
+loudness depends on the cubic root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness depends on the cubic root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness depends on the cubic root of
+intensity so you get a modified spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so you get a modified spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so you get a modified spectrum
+and then you find some approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find some approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you find some approximation to
+this to this spectrum auditory spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this spectrum auditory spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this spectrum auditory spectrum
+saying that I don't think that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I don't think that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I don't think that all these
+details still have to be important I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details still have to be important I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details still have to be important I
+would like to have some control how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have some control how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have some control how much
+spectral detail I want to keep in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral detail I want to keep in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral detail I want to keep in so the
+whole thing looks like this style with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing looks like this style with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing looks like this style with
+respect to MU go through steps you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to MU go through steps you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to MU go through steps you end
+up with the spectrum which is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the spectrum which is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the spectrum which is of course
+related to the origin spectrum but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the origin spectrum but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the origin spectrum but is
+much simpler so we eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler so we eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler so we eliminated
+information about fundamental frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about fundamental frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about fundamental frequency
+we merged number of four months and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we merged number of four months and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we merged number of four months and so
+on and so on so we follow our philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on so we follow our philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on so we follow our philosophy
+leave out the stuff which you think may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the stuff which you think may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the stuff which you think may
+not be important you don't know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be important you don't know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be important you don't know how much
+stuff you should leave out so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you should leave out so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you should leave out so if you
+don't know something and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know something and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know something and you are
+engineer you run experiment you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you run experiment you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you run experiment you know
+research is what I'm doing when I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is what I'm doing when I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is what I'm doing when I don't
+know what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm doing
+supposingly I don't know where no for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposingly I don't know where no for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposingly I don't know where no for
+brown or somebody was saying that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown or somebody was saying that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown or somebody was saying that so we
+didn't know what how much smoothing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what how much smoothing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what how much smoothing we
+should do if we want to derive a beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do if we want to derive a beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do if we want to derive a beaker
+independent representation so we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent representation so we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent representation so we run
+experiment for a number of smooth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for a number of smooth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for a number of smooth a
+number of complex poles telling you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of complex poles telling you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of complex poles telling you how
+much smoothing you get through Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smoothing you get through Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smoothing you get through Auto
+regressive model and there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive model and there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressive model and there was a very
+distinct peak in the situations where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct peak in the situations where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct peak in the situations where we
+had a training coming for templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a training coming for templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a training coming for templates
+coming from one speaker and the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from one speaker and the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from one speaker and the test
+coming from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we use this kind of representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use this kind of representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we use this kind of representation
+in the in the speech recognition opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the speech recognition opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the speech recognition opinion
+and derive the features from the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derive the features from the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derive the features from the speech
+suddenly these two pictures start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly these two pictures start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly these two pictures start
+looking much more similar because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking much more similar because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking much more similar because what
+this technique is doing is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique is doing is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique is doing is basically
+interpreting the spectrum in a way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the spectrum in a way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the spectrum in a way the
+hearing might be doing it has much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing might be doing it has much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing might be doing it has much lower
+resolution that that normally people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that that normally people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that that normally people
+would use it has only two peaks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use it has only two peaks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use it has only two peaks right
+but it was good enough for speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was good enough for speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was good enough for speech
+recognition well what's more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition well what's more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition well what's more interesting
+about a little bit of a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit of a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit of a little bit of
+interesting science and we also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting science and we also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting science and we also that
+difference in a between production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in a between production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in a between production of
+the adults and the children might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adults and the children might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adults and the children might be
+just in the ranks of the pharynx this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the ranks of the pharynx this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the ranks of the pharynx this is
+a back part of the vocal tract we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a back part of the vocal tract we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a back part of the vocal tract we think
+that the children may be producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the children may be producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the children may be producing
+speech in such a way that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in such a way that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in such a way that they are
+putting already the constriction into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting already the constriction into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting already the constriction into
+right position against the palate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right position against the palate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right position against the palate and
+because they know or they were named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know or they were named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they know or they were named
+mother nature to them that farings will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature to them that farings will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother nature to them that farings will
+grow in the lifetime but the front part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow in the lifetime but the front part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow in the lifetime but the front part
+of the vocal tract is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vocal tract is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vocal tract is going to be
+similar so it is the front cavity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so it is the front cavity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so it is the front cavity which
+is speaker independent and it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is speaker independent and it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is speaker independent and it is the
+back cover the rest of the vocal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back cover the rest of the vocal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back cover the rest of the vocal tract
+which may be introducing speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be introducing speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be introducing speaker
+dependencies it's quite possible if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies it's quite possible if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies it's quite possible if you
+will learn if you ask people how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn if you ask people how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will learn if you ask people how they
+being trained like actors or how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trained like actors or how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trained like actors or how they
+are being trained to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being trained to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being trained to generate the
+different voices they are being trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voices they are being trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voices they are being trained
+to modify back part of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify back part of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify back part of the world
+normally we don't know how to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we don't know how to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we don't know how to do but
+there is there's some circumstantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there's some circumstantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there's some circumstantial
+evidence for this might be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for this might be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for this might be at least
+partially true so what is nice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially true so what is nice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially true so what is nice is that
+you know when we synthesize the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we synthesize the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we synthesize the speech
+and we made sure that the front cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made sure that the front cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made sure that the front cavity
+is always in the same place even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always in the same place even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always in the same place even when
+the four months were in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four months were in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four months were in different
+positions we were getting very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we were getting very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions we were getting very similar
+result so we have this theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so we have this theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so we have this theory the
+message is encoded in the shape of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is encoded in the shape of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is encoded in the shape of in
+the shape of the film cavity through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the film cavity through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the film cavity through
+speaker dependent vocal tract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker dependent vocal tract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker dependent vocal tract you
+generate the speech spectrum with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the speech spectrum with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the speech spectrum with all
+the four months but then there comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four months but then there comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four months but then there comes the
+speech perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech perception
+nine point which extracts what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point which extracts what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point which extracts what is called
+perception the second Foreman's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception the second Foreman's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception the second Foreman's are
+worried about their basic on the spin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about their basic on the spin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about their basic on the spin at
+most two peaks from the spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two peaks from the spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two peaks from the spectrum and
+this is being used for the coding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being used for the coding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being used for the coding of the
+signal speaker independently however I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal speaker independently however I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal speaker independently however I
+told you one thing which is like don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you one thing which is like don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you one thing which is like don't
+use the textbook data and we did exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the textbook data and we did exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the textbook data and we did exactly
+and so I was challenged by my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I was challenged by my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I was challenged by my friend
+late professor fragile Enoch he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late professor fragile Enoch he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late professor fragile Enoch he is
+claimed to say airplanes don't swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed to say airplanes don't swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed to say airplanes don't swap
+wings so why should we putting be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings so why should we putting be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings so why should we putting be
+putting the knowledge of the hearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the knowledge of the hearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the knowledge of the hearing and
+actually he said something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he said something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he said something quite
+different this is what neural Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is what neural Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is what neural Times
+quoted after he passed away because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted after he passed away because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted after he passed away because
+there was one of supposedly one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one of supposedly one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one of supposedly one of his
+famous quotes no he said something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous quotes no he said something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous quotes no he said something else
+but airplanes do not fill up wings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but airplanes do not fill up wings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but airplanes do not fill up wings but
+they have a they have a wings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a they have a wings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a they have a wings
+nevertheless they use some knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless they use some knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless they use some knowledge
+from from the nature in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the nature in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the nature in order to get the
+job done the flapping of the wings is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done the flapping of the wings is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job done the flapping of the wings is
+not important having the wings is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important having the wings is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important having the wings is
+important if you want to join if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you want to join if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you want to join if you
+want to create the the machine which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create the the machine which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create the the machine which is
+heavier than the air and flies so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than the air and flies so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than the air and flies so we
+should try to include everything what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to include everything what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to include everything what we
+know about human perception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about human perception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about human perception and
+production and so on however we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and so on however we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and so on however we need to
+estimate the parameters from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the parameters from the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the parameters from the data
+because don't trust just the textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because don't trust just the textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because don't trust just the textbooks
+and it sort of thing you have to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of thing you have to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of thing you have to derive
+in such a way that is relevant to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that is relevant to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that is relevant to your
+task what I wanted to say you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task what I wanted to say you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task what I wanted to say you can use
+the data to derive the similar knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to derive the similar knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to derive the similar knowledge
+and I want to show it to you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show it to you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show it to you what you
+can do is to use it again known from set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to use it again known from set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to use it again known from set
+is called linear discriminant analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called linear discriminant analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called linear discriminant analysis
+is the statisticians friend you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statisticians friend you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statisticians friend you watch
+for this you need a within class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you need a within class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you need a within class
+covariance and between cross covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and between cross covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and between cross covariance
+matrix you need the label data and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you need the label data and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you need the label data and you
+need to make some assumptions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make some assumptions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make some assumptions which
+turns out are not very not very critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out are not very not very critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out are not very not very critical
+but I mean they are approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean they are approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean they are approximately
+satisfied when you are working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied when you are working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied when you are working with the
+spectra so what we did was we would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra so what we did was we would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra so what we did was we would take
+the spectrogram and he would generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrogram and he would generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrogram and he would generate
+the spectral spectral vectors from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral spectral vectors from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral spectral vectors from that
+so we would always cut part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would always cut part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would always cut part of the
+spectrum or shorten spectrum and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum or shorten spectrum and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum or shorten spectrum and we
+sign it's to the lathe to the label from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it's to the lathe to the label from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it's to the lathe to the label from
+which Paulo speech it came from so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Paulo speech it came from so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Paulo speech it came from so this
+one would have a label yo right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have a label yo right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would have a label yo right and so
+you get the big box full of textures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the big box full of textures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the big box full of textures all
+of them are labeled so you can do l da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are labeled so you can do l da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are labeled so you can do l da
+and you can look what you our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look what you our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can look what you our
+discriminant discriminants are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant discriminants are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminant discriminants are telling
+you from l da you get the discriminant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from l da you get the discriminant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from l da you get the discriminant
+matrix and each of the row of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and each of the row of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and each of the row of the main
+column of the column row whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the column row whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of the column row whatever
+creates the basis on which you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the basis on which you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the basis on which you should
+project your spectrum right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project your spectrum right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project your spectrum right these are
+the four lowest bands here you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four lowest bands here you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four lowest bands here you also have
+amount of variability the present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of variability the present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of variability the present in
+this discriminant matrix which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discriminant matrix which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discriminant matrix which you
+started with what you observe which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with what you observe which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with what you observe which is
+very interesting is that these bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting is that these bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting is that these bases
+tend to project the spectrum at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to project the spectrum at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to project the spectrum at the
+beginning to be the more detail that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to be the more detail that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to be the more detail that the
+spectrum at the end so essentially they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum at the end so essentially they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum at the end so essentially they
+tend they appear in the first appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend they appear in the first appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend they appear in the first appear to
+be like emulating properties of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like emulating properties of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like emulating properties of human
+hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing
+some of the well-known properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the well-known properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the well-known properties of
+human hearing namely non-leap or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hearing namely non-leap or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hearing namely non-leap or
+spectral resolution being verified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral resolution being verified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral resolution being verified in
+any ways many many ways like among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ways many many ways like among them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ways many many ways like among them
+was one I was showing you this masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one I was showing you this masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one I was showing you this masking
+experiment over V Fletcher there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment over V Fletcher there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment over V Fletcher there's a
+number of reasons to believe that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reasons to believe that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reasons to believe that this
+is a good thing this is what you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing this is what you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing this is what you see so
+essentially if you look at the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you look at the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you look at the zero
+crossings of these basses this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings of these basses this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings of these basses this is the
+first base they are getting broader and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first base they are getting broader and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first base they are getting broader and
+broader so you are integrating more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader so you are integrating more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader so you are integrating more and
+more spectrum right this is all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spectrum right this is all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more spectrum right this is all I
+thought I'll leave it now this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'll leave it now this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'll leave it now this is from
+another experiment with the web module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another experiment with the web module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another experiment with the web module
+database very much a very similar thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database very much a very similar thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database very much a very similar thing
+I can very quickly decay and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can very quickly decay and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can very quickly decay and what is
+interesting you can actually formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you can actually formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you can actually formally
+ask what is your resolution by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is your resolution by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is your resolution by doing
+what is called perturbation analysis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called perturbation analysis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called perturbation analysis so
+you take say some signal here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take say some signal here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take say some signal here this is a
+Gaussian you project it on this on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian you project it on this on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian you project it on this on this
+Lda basis then you perturb it you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lda basis then you perturb it you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lda basis then you perturb it you move
+it and you ask how much effect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you ask how much effect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you ask how much effect this
+movement of this say emulated space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of this say emulated space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of this say emulated space
+trout element of the speech the causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trout element of the speech the causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trout element of the speech the causes
+at the output a Cecil as the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output a Cecil as the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output a Cecil as the output of
+this projection of this many on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection of this many on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection of this many on these
+many bases and what do you see SS I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bases and what do you see SS I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bases and what do you see SS I was
+I suggesting spectral sensitivity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggesting spectral sensitivity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggesting spectral sensitivity to
+tell the movements of the form and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the movements of the form and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the movements of the form and is
+much higher at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher at the beginning of the
+spectrum and much less at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and much less at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and much less at the end of the
+spectrum you can actually compare it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you can actually compare it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum you can actually compare it to
+what we had initially in a TLP analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had initially in a TLP analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had initially in a TLP analysis
+when we integrated the spectrum based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrated the spectrum based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we integrated the spectrum based on
+the knowledge coming from from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge coming from from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge coming from from from the
+textbook and it's very much the same if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and it's very much the same if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and it's very much the same if
+they were just a plain cosine base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just a plain cosine base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just a plain cosine base is
+computing mal capstone sensitivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing mal capstone sensitivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing mal capstone sensitivity is
+the same at all frequencies but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at all frequencies but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at all frequencies but these
+bases are from LD a very much doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases are from LD a very much doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases are from LD a very much doing the
+thing which Jacobin analysis would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which Jacobin analysis would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which Jacobin analysis would be
+doing and so you can look at that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and so you can look at that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and so you can look at that it was
+a PhD thesis from Oregon Graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PhD thesis from Oregon Graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PhD thesis from Oregon Graduate
+Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute
+Marion Malaya who is now big you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marion Malaya who is now big you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marion Malaya who is now big you better
+be friends with him is that welcome I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be friends with him is that welcome I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be friends with him is that welcome I
+think he's ahead of her image processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's ahead of her image processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's ahead of her image processing
+Department be very very good friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department be very very good friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department be very very good friends
+with him okay another problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him okay another problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him okay another problem is
+linear distortions linear distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear distortions linear distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear distortions linear distortions
+Boyd was a problem now it's not problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boyd was a problem now it's not problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boyd was a problem now it's not problem
+anymore but in all days this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but in all days this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but in all days this was a
+problem the problem shows up in a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem shows up in a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem shows up in a rather
+dramatic way in following way here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic way in following way here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic way in following way here we
+have one sound beat beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one sound beat beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one sound beat beat
+so both Ito here is the very discreet e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both Ito here is the very discreet e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both Ito here is the very discreet e
+every politician would agree this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every politician would agree this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every politician would agree this is a
+high form and cluster of high or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high form and cluster of high or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high form and cluster of high or four
+months and so on some vicious person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and so on some vicious person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and so on some vicious person
+namely one of my graduate students took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely one of my graduate students took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely one of my graduate students took
+this spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectral
+envelope design the filter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope design the filter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope design the filter which is
+exact inverse of debt and put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact inverse of debt and put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact inverse of debt and put this
+speech through this inverse filter so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech through this inverse filter so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech through this inverse filter so it
+looked like this this was there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like this this was there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like this this was there is a
+spectrum where they were not for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum where they were not for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum where they were not for its
+entire effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire effect
+but if you listen to it probably already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you listen to it probably already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you listen to it probably already
+guess what you will hear you hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what you will hear you hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what you will hear you hear the
+further speech right how do you beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further speech right how do you beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further speech right how do you beat
+it's okay but this ops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay but this ops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay but this ops
+that's what do you would but whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what do you would but whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what do you would but whoever
+doesn't hear II don't spoil my talk I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hear II don't spoil my talk I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hear II don't spoil my talk I
+mean I think everybody has to hear II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think everybody has to hear II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think everybody has to hear II
+even though any politician would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though any politician would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though any politician would get
+very upset can you say this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very upset can you say this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very upset can you say this is not a
+because of course what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course what is happening
+human perception is taking relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human perception is taking relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human perception is taking relative
+percept relative to the neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percept relative to the neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percept relative to the neighboring
+sounds right and since we furthered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds right and since we furthered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds right and since we furthered
+everything with the same theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with the same theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with the same theater
+I mean relative percept is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean relative percept is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean relative percept is still the
+same so this is something which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is something which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is something which we
+needed to put into our machine and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put into our machine and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to put into our machine and we
+did actually this is a very straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually this is a very straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did actually this is a very straight
+signal processing wise the things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing wise the things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing wise the things are
+very straightforward because what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward because what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very straightforward because what you
+have the signal is actually signal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the signal is actually signal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the signal is actually signal of
+the speech convolved with the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech convolved with the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech convolved with the spectrum
+of the impulse response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impulse response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impulse response of the
+environment so in logarithmic domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so in logarithmic domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so in logarithmic domain
+this is a signal processing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a signal processing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a signal processing stuff
+basically you have a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have a logarithmic
+spectrum of the signal plus log I expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the signal plus log I expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the signal plus log I expect
+some of the environment which is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the environment which is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the environment which is fixed
+so fun in here is that if you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fun in here is that if you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fun in here is that if you remove
+somehow this environment or if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this environment or if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this environment or if you make
+it invariance to this environment thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invariance to this environment thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invariance to this environment thing
+then then you maybe win you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you maybe win you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you maybe win you may be
+winning the problem here is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the problem here is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the problem here is that each
+frequency you have a different amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you have a different amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you have a different amount of
+additive constant because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive constant because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive constant because this is a
+spectrum right if it was just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum right if it was just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum right if it was just a constant
+frequencies are just you just subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are just you just subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are just you just subtracted
+but in this case you can use the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case you can use the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case you can use the trick
+you remember what just told us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what just told us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what just told us this
+morning hearing is doing spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning hearing is doing spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning hearing is doing spectral
+analysis and what I was trying to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and what I was trying to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and what I was trying to tell
+you that each and each frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that each and each frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that each and each frequency is
+specific event this trajectory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific event this trajectory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific event this trajectory of the
+structural energy is independent of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural energy is independent of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural energy is independent of in
+the first appreciation of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first appreciation of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first appreciation of the other
+others you can do independent processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you can do independent processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you can do independent processing
+at each frequency band and maybe don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each frequency band and maybe don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each frequency band and maybe don't
+screw up very many things so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up very many things so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up very many things so this was
+kind of step which we took we said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of step which we took we said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of step which we took we said okay
+we will treat each each sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will treat each each sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will treat each each sample
+trajectory differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory differently
+and we will filter out stuff which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will filter out stuff which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will filter out stuff which is
+not changing so crazy two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing so crazy two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing so crazy two different
+events each other do the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events each other do the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events each other do the independent
+processing and each other and processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and each other and processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and each other and processing
+was that we would take first logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we would take first logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we would take first logarithm
+and then we would do that we put each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would do that we put each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would do that we put each
+trajectory through bandpass filter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory through bandpass filter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory through bandpass filter which
+would main thing this which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would main thing this which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would main thing this which would be
+suppressing DC and slowly changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing DC and slowly changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing DC and slowly changing
+memory it was suppressing anything which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it was suppressing anything which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it was suppressing anything which
+was slower than one Hertz and also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slower than one Hertz and also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slower than one Hertz and also it
+turned out was useful to suppress things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out was useful to suppress things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out was useful to suppress things
+which are higher than about 15 Hertz so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are higher than about 15 Hertz so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are higher than about 15 Hertz so
+what you get out this was the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out this was the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get out this was the origin
+spectrogram this was the modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram this was the modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram this was the modified
+spectrogram seems a little bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram seems a little bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram seems a little bit this
+trajectory got a little bit smoother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory got a little bit smoother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory got a little bit smoother
+transitions got just because there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions got just because there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions got just because there was a
+bandpass filter it was there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandpass filter it was there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandpass filter it was there was a
+high-pass elements do that very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-pass elements do that very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-pass elements do that very much
+what we thought policy's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought policy's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought policy's interesting
+maybe this water human hearing might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this water human hearing might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this water human hearing might be
+doing to tell you the truth we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to tell you the truth we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to tell you the truth we didn't
+know it was for the people who are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was for the people who are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was for the people who are from
+MIT and who are working in image it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and who are working in image it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and who are working in image it was
+inspired by some on perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by some on perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by some on perception of
+lightness but they will mark on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness but they will mark on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness but they will mark on
+lightness and here he was the type thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness and here he was the type thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightness and here he was the type thing
+which I told you about six by six by 749
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I told you about six by six by 749
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I told you about six by six by 749
+David Marr was talking about processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Marr was talking about processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Marr was talking about processing
+in space we applied in processing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space we applied in processing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space we applied in processing in
+time but it was still kind of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it was still kind of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but it was still kind of good
+enough this definitely got rid of rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this definitely got rid of rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this definitely got rid of rid of
+the problem so here it is I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so here it is I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so here it is I mean you
+know the spectrograms which look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spectrograms which look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the spectrograms which look very
+different looks and suddenly start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looks and suddenly start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looks and suddenly start
+looking very similar was good thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very similar was good thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking very similar was good thing was
+it remember I'm an engineer I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remember I'm an engineer I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remember I'm an engineer I was
+working for a home company at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a home company at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a home company at the time
+it was working better in some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working better in some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working better in some problems
+which we had before and we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we had before and we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we had before and we had a
+severely mismatched environment getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely mismatched environment getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely mismatched environment getting
+a training data from their labs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a training data from their labs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a training data from their labs and
+testing it in the u.s. West in Colorado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing it in the u.s. West in Colorado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing it in the u.s. West in Colorado
+so it didn't work at all recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't work at all recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it didn't work at all recognized
+after this processing everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this processing everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this processing everything was
+cool and ending okay so now we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and ending okay so now we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and ending okay so now we have our
+esta el día and we can do the same trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esta el día and we can do the same trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esta el día and we can do the same trick
+how about that so we taken you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about that so we taken you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about that so we taken you take the
+spectral temple of excess and you label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral temple of excess and you label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral temple of excess and you label
+each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of
+director by the label which is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director by the label which is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director by the label which is which is
+of the phoneme which is in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phoneme which is in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the phoneme which is in the center of
+this trajectory and just for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trajectory and just for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trajectory and just for the sake of
+just to have some fun we took rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have some fun we took rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have some fun we took rather
+long if there is about one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long if there is about one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long if there is about one second
+and we said well what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said well what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said well what kind of
+projections would give temple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections would give temple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections would give temple a
+trajectory should God would go on if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory should God would go on if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory should God would go on if we
+wanted to get rid of speaker dependent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get rid of speaker dependent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get rid of speaker dependent I
+mean the of environment dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the of environment dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the of environment dependent
+information well these were the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information well these were the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information well these were the impulse
+responses these were the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses these were the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses these were the frequency
+responses because in this case you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses because in this case you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses because in this case you get a
+fire filters these discriminants RF IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire filters these discriminants RF IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire filters these discriminants RF IR
+filters which are to be applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters which are to be applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters which are to be applied to
+temple or trajectory so spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple or trajectory so spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple or trajectory so spectral
+energies because it's just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies because it's just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies because it's just basically
+projection of the spectrum on the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the spectrum on the tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the spectrum on the tone
+and basis is one second long this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basis is one second long this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basis is one second long this is
+impulse response cannot be all that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response cannot be all that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response cannot be all that long
+because eventually they become zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because eventually they become zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because eventually they become zero
+right if it is not if you should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it is not if you should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it is not if you should do
+nothing to it you do nothing but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to it you do nothing but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to it you do nothing but you can
+see active part is about couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see active part is about couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see active part is about couple of
+hundred millisecond maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred millisecond maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred millisecond maybe a little bit
+more and these are the bandpass filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and these are the bandpass filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and these are the bandpass filters
+so essentially between 1 Hertz and 10 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially between 1 Hertz and 10 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially between 1 Hertz and 10 15
+Hertz very similar at all frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz very similar at all frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz very similar at all frequencies
+that was another thing which we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another thing which we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another thing which we were
+very interested in should be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested in should be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested in should be two
+different things at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things at different
+frequencies answer is pretty much no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies answer is pretty much no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies answer is pretty much no and
+so that was very exciting but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was very exciting but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was very exciting but what I
+would learn anyways let me tell you yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn anyways let me tell you yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn anyways let me tell you yes
+poor experiment which just happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor experiment which just happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor experiment which just happened and
+is going to be presented next week well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be presented next week well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be presented next week well
+we wanted to move in 21st century so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to move in 21st century so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to move in 21st century so we
+did controlled convoluted neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did controlled convoluted neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did controlled convoluted neural network
+but our convoluted network is maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our convoluted network is maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our convoluted network is maybe not
+what you are used to then you have a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are used to then you have a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are used to then you have a 2d
+convolutions there but we just said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions there but we just said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions there but we just said we
+will have a 1 1 d filter as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a 1 1 d filter as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a 1 1 d filter as the first
+processing step in this deep neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing step in this deep neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing step in this deep neural
+network so we postulated the filter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we postulated the filter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so we postulated the filter at
+the input to the neural network but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the neural network but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input to the neural network but in
+this case we trained the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we trained the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we trained the whole thing
+together so it wasn't just l da and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it wasn't just l da and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it wasn't just l da and this
+sort of thing and so we forced all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing and so we forced all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing and so we forced all
+filters at all frequencies be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters at all frequencies be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters at all frequencies be the same
+because we expected that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we expected that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we expected that's what
+we want to get and we were asking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get and we were asking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get and we were asking how
+this first has look light which come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first has look light which come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first has look light which come
+from the convoluted neural network again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the convoluted neural network again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the convoluted neural network again
+I mean I wouldn't be showing anything if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I wouldn't be showing anything if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I wouldn't be showing anything if
+it wasn't nearly somehow supportive what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't nearly somehow supportive what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't nearly somehow supportive what
+I want to say they don't look all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say they don't look all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say they don't look all that
+different for what we were getting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for what we were getting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for what we were getting from
+Lda if they definitely are enhancing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lda if they definitely are enhancing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lda if they definitely are enhancing the
+important modulation frequencies around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important modulation frequencies around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important modulation frequencies around
+four Hertz right they are passing number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Hertz right they are passing number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Hertz right they are passing number
+of them via I'm showing three here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them via I'm showing three here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them via I'm showing three here which
+is above arbitrary they are passing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above arbitrary they are passing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above arbitrary they are passing but
+most of them look like that I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them look like that I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them look like that I mean we
+used 16 of them passing come in one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used 16 of them passing come in one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used 16 of them passing come in one and
+ten Hertz in moderation spectral domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten Hertz in moderation spectral domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten Hertz in moderation spectral domain
+so changes which are one to ten times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so changes which are one to ten times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so changes which are one to ten times a
+second it's coming out in the paper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's coming out in the paper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's coming out in the paper so
+you can look it up if you want last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up if you want last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up if you want last
+thing which I still wanted to do I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I still wanted to do I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which I still wanted to do I said
+well you know maybe it has something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know maybe it has something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know maybe it has something to
+do with did him with the hearing after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with did him with the hearing after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with did him with the hearing after
+all we were deriving everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we were deriving everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we were deriving everything from
+speech there was no knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech there was no knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech there was no knowledge about
+hearing except that we said we saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing except that we said we saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing except that we said we saying
+that that we should be looking at long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we should be looking at long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we should be looking at long
+segments of the signal and we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the signal and we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the signal and we expect
+that this filtering will be very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this filtering will be very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this filtering will be very much
+the same at all frequencies actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at all frequencies actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at all frequencies actually not
+even lDA's come out automatically there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lDA's come out automatically there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lDA's come out automatically there
+wasn't much of the knowledge from human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't much of the knowledge from human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't much of the knowledge from human
+hearing no no in the first one when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing no no in the first one when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing no no in the first one when I
+was showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you
+critical band spectral resolution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band spectral resolution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band spectral resolution we
+started this Fourier spectrum we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this Fourier spectrum we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this Fourier spectrum we did not
+tell anything about human hearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell anything about human hearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell anything about human hearing and
+and what comes out is the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what comes out is the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what comes out is the property of
+human hearing I mean tell me if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hearing I mean tell me if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hearing I mean tell me if there is
+a yet another strong evidence the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yet another strong evidence the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yet another strong evidence the speech
+in such a way that if it's human hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that if it's human hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that if it's human hearing
+because the only thing which was used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only thing which was used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only thing which was used it
+was the speech labeled in two segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the speech labeled in two segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the speech labeled in two segments
+in two classes which we are using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two classes which we are using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two classes which we are using for
+recognizing it speech sounds so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing it speech sounds so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing it speech sounds so what we
+did was that was a Whitney Maharani and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was that was a Whitney Maharani and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was that was a Whitney Maharani and
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we took number of these cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took number of these cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took number of these cortical
+receptive fields which we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields which we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields which we talked about
+it before a little bit about two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before a little bit about two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before a little bit about two three
+thousand four the way we split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand four the way we split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand four the way we split this
+basically swept the floor at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically swept the floor at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically swept the floor at the
+University of Maryland and computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Maryland and computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Maryland and computed
+principal components from these yields I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components from these yields I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components from these yields I
+mean both spectral and temporal domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean both spectral and temporal domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean both spectral and temporal domain
+but here observing this the temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here observing this the temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here observing this the temple
+domain how they look they look very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain how they look they look very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain how they look they look very much
+like the raster filter this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the raster filter this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the raster filter this is what is
+happening is a bandpass peak is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is a bandpass peak is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is a bandpass peak is
+somewhere around four Hertz essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around four Hertz essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around four Hertz essentially
+I'm showing you here what I might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you here what I might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you here what I might be a
+transfer function of your auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of your auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of your auditory
+cortex derived with all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex derived with all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex derived with all the all the
+usual disclaimers like this is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual disclaimers like this is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual disclaimers like this is a linear
+approximation to the receptive fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the receptive fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the receptive fields
+and they might have been a problem since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might have been a problem since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might have been a problem since
+collecting it and so on and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it and so on and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it and so on and so on but
+but this is this is the what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is the what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is the what we are
+getting as a transfer function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting as a transfer function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting as a transfer function of
+auditory cortex I'm doing fine at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex I'm doing fine at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex I'm doing fine at a time
+right so you can do experiment in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can do experiment in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can do experiment in this
+way you can actually generate the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can actually generate the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can actually generate the speech
+which has a certain rates of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a certain rates of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a certain rates of change
+eliminated by doing this computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated by doing this computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated by doing this computing the
+capstan do the filtering of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capstan do the filtering of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capstan do the filtering of each
+trajectory and reconstruct the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and reconstruct the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and reconstruct the speech
+and ask people what do they hear how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask people what do they hear how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask people what do they hear how do
+they recognize speech you can also ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recognize speech you can also ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recognize speech you can also ask
+you recognized for this you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognized for this you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recognized for this you don't have
+to regulate the speech but you just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate the speech but you just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate the speech but you just used
+the PC capstone this is the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PC capstone this is the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PC capstone this is the experimental
+experiment with a uses for this called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with a uses for this called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with a uses for this called
+the residual wreck site in LPC vocoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual wreck site in LPC vocoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual wreck site in LPC vocoder
+but it's modified in such a way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's modified in such a way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's modified in such a way that you
+artificially slow down or modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially slow down or modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially slow down or modify the
+temporal trajectories which which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal trajectories which which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal trajectories which which are
+being which are being if there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being which are being if there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being which are being if there is no
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replicas of the original signal here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicas of the original signal here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicas of the original signal here at
+the hub and so just the bottom line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hub and so just the bottom line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hub and so just the bottom line of
+the experiment here is what if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment here is what if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment here is what if you start
+removing components which are be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing components which are be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing components which are be
+somewhere between 1 and 16 Hertz you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 1 and 16 Hertz you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between 1 and 16 Hertz you are
+getting hurt significantly most you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt significantly most you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt significantly most you are
+getting hurt in person when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt in person when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt in person when they are
+removing component between 2 and 4 heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing component between 2 and 4 heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing component between 2 and 4 heads
+this is a less you are getting biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a less you are getting biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a less you are getting biggest
+hit here we are showing how much is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit here we are showing how much is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit here we are showing how much is how
+much these bands contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much these bands contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much these bands contribute to
+recognition performance by humans this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition performance by humans this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition performance by humans this
+is a white white bars and to speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a white white bars and to speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a white white bars and to speech
+recognizer those are the black bars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer those are the black bars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer those are the black bars so
+you can see it in speech recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it in speech recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it in speech recognition
+machine recognition you can safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine recognition you can safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine recognition you can safely
+remove stuff between 0 and 1 Hertz it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove stuff between 0 and 1 Hertz it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove stuff between 0 and 1 Hertz it's
+not going to hurt you it's only helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to hurt you it's only helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to hurt you it's only helps
+you in this task speech perception there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this task speech perception there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in this task speech perception there
+is a little bit of it but certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of it but certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of it but certainly not
+as much heat as you are getting when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much heat as you are getting when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much heat as you are getting when you
+are moving to the part where you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving to the part where you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving to the part where you hear
+them and certainly the compound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and certainly the compound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and certainly the compound is
+higher than 66 16 or 20 Hertz are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 66 16 or 20 Hertz are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than 66 16 or 20 Hertz are not
+important that already Homer darling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that already Homer darling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that already Homer darling
+knew in 1930 when he was designing his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew in 1930 when he was designing his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew in 1930 when he was designing his
+vocoder but but it was a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocoder but but it was a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocoder but but it was a nice
+experiments came out in Java you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments came out in Java you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments came out in Java you can
+look it up in a vehicle just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in a vehicle just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in a vehicle just to
+summarize what I told you so far Homer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what I told you so far Homer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what I told you so far Homer
+Bradley was telling us information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley was telling us information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley was telling us information from
+the TM information about the message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TM information about the message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TM information about the message is
+in the slow modulation slow movements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slow modulation slow movements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slow modulation slow movements of
+the vocal tract so which modulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal tract so which modulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocal tract so which modulates the
+career information about the message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career information about the message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career information about the message is
+in slow mo durations of the signal slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slow mo durations of the signal slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slow mo durations of the signal slow
+changes of speech signal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of speech signal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of speech signal in the
+individual frequency bands slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency bands slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency bands slow
+modulations imply long impulse responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulations imply long impulse responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulations imply long impulse responses
+right so 5 Hertz I some something around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 5 Hertz I some something around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so 5 Hertz I some something around
+200 millisecond my magic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 millisecond my magic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 millisecond my magic number of
+critical interval which we have observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical interval which we have observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical interval which we have observed
+in this summation of substitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this summation of substitute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this summation of substitute the
+signals and in temporal masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and in temporal masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and in temporal masking
+and so I have the here number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have the here number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have the here number of things
+which I listed frequency discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I listed frequency discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I listed frequency discrimination
+in Peru if you are longer than 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Peru if you are longer than 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Peru if you are longer than 200
+millisecond below 200 milliseconds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond below 200 milliseconds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond below 200 milliseconds of
+signal you don't get such a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you don't get such a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you don't get such a good
+frequency discrimination loudness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency discrimination loudness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency discrimination loudness
+increases up to to a memory second then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases up to to a memory second then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases up to to a memory second then
+it's this stays constant depends on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this stays constant depends on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this stays constant depends on you
+know amplitude effect for while masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know amplitude effect for while masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know amplitude effect for while masking
+I was showing you us about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was showing you us about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was showing you us about 200
+millisecond independent of the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond independent of the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond independent of the amplitude
+of the masker and substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the masker and substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the masker and substantial
+integration was also showing you so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration was also showing you so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration was also showing you so I'm
+suggesting there seemed to be some tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting there seemed to be some tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting there seemed to be some tempo
+a buffer in human hearing on some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buffer in human hearing on some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buffer in human hearing on some level
+I suspect this cortical level which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect this cortical level which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect this cortical level which is
+processing whatever happens within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing whatever happens within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing whatever happens within this
+buffer is fair thing to treat as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is fair thing to treat as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer is fair thing to treat as a
+one-element so you can do filtering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-element so you can do filtering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-element so you can do filtering on
+it you can integrate it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can integrate it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can integrate it and you
+basically all kinds of things if things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all kinds of things if things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all kinds of things if things
+are happening outside this buffer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening outside this buffer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening outside this buffer this
+this part should be treated in part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part should be treated in part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part should be treated in part so
+so so how does it help us you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how does it help us you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so how does it help us you remember
+the story about the phonemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about the phonemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about the phonemes
+you remember that phonemes don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that phonemes don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that phonemes don't look
+like this but they look like this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but they look like this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but they look like this length
+of the court iteration pattern is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the court iteration pattern is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the court iteration pattern is about
+200 milliseconds per more so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 milliseconds per more so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 milliseconds per more so what is a
+good thing about it is that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about it is that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about it is that if you look
+at sufficiently long segments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sufficiently long segments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sufficiently long segments of the
+signal you will get whole Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you will get whole Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you will get whole Co
+articulation pattern in and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation pattern in and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulation pattern in and then you
+have good chance that your classifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good chance that your classifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good chance that your classifier is
+getting all the information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all the information about the
+speech sound for find sound and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech sound for find sound and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech sound for find sound and then you
+may have a chance to get a good estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a chance to get a good estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a chance to get a good estimate
+of the speech sounds but you need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech sounds but you need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech sounds but you need to use
+these long term polar segments and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long term polar segments and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long term polar segments and here
+I can say it's even to YouTube I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say it's even to YouTube I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say it's even to YouTube I think
+we should claim the full picture in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should claim the full picture in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should claim the full picture in here
+because most of the systems do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the systems do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the systems do they do
+it nowadays they use the long segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it nowadays they use the long segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it nowadays they use the long segments
+of the signal as the first step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal as the first step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal as the first step of the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+so I can happily retire telling my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can happily retire telling my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can happily retire telling my
+grandchildren well we knew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren well we knew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchildren well we knew it
+she we were the only ones but I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she we were the only ones but I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she we were the only ones but I mean we
+were certainly using it for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were certainly using it for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were certainly using it for a long time
+and probably for a long time in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably for a long time in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably for a long time in such a
+way that we even design the several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we even design the several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we even design the several
+techniques we do this so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we do this so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we do this so this is a
+classifying speech recognition from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying speech recognition from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying speech recognition from the
+temporal patterns directly so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns directly so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal patterns directly so we would
+take these long segments of the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these long segments of the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these long segments of the speech
+do some processing put neural nets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some processing put neural nets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some processing put neural nets on
+every every temperate Roger trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every temperate Roger trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every temperate Roger trying to
+estimate the sound at each frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the sound at each frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the sound at each frequency
+each carrier frequency and that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each carrier frequency and that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each carrier frequency and that we would
+fuse all these decisions from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse all these decisions from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse all these decisions from different
+frequency bands and then we would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency bands and then we would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency bands and then we would use
+that final vector of posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final vector of posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that final vector of posterior
+probabilities unlike what people do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities unlike what people do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities unlike what people do very
+of most often that they just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most often that they just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most often that they just take the
+shortened spectra and then they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened spectra and then they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened spectra and then they may be
+now taken along a longer segment of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taken along a longer segment of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taken along a longer segment of this
+block of this short and spectra we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of this short and spectra we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of this short and spectra we say
+shorten spectrum is good for nothing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten spectrum is good for nothing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten spectrum is good for nothing we
+just cut it into pieces and we classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut it into pieces and we classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cut it into pieces and we classify
+each temperature story individually in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each temperature story individually in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each temperature story individually in a
+first step turned out that it was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step turned out that it was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step turned out that it was used
+it may be useful later when I think be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be useful later when I think be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be useful later when I think be
+telling you about dealing with some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about dealing with some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about dealing with some kind
+of noises but you understand what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noises but you understand what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noises but you understand what we did
+here right instead of using the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right instead of using the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right instead of using the spectral
+spectral temporal blocks we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral temporal blocks we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral temporal blocks we would be
+using temporal trajectories at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using temporal trajectories at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using temporal trajectories at each
+critical event very much along the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical event very much along the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical event very much along the lines
+what we think that hearing is doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think that hearing is doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think that hearing is doing with
+the speech signal first thing is hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech signal first thing is hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech signal first thing is hearing
+is doing takes the same subdivided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing takes the same subdivided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing takes the same subdivided into
+individual frequency bands and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency bands and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency bands and then it
+treats each sample a trajectory coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats each sample a trajectory coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats each sample a trajectory coming
+from each of these cochlea verses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these cochlea verses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these cochlea verses to
+extract the information and then tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the information and then tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the information and then tries
+to figure out what to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what to do with this
+information later right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they'll be here another technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be here another technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be here another technique called
+a master just for people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master just for people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master just for people who are
+interested in in a cochlea you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in a cochlea you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in a cochlea you know or
+cortical modeling we take this data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical modeling we take this data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical modeling we take this data we
+projected a number of projections with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected a number of projections with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected a number of projections with
+variable resolution so we get a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable resolution so we get a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable resolution so we get a huge
+texture of the of the data coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture of the of the data coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture of the of the data coming from
+different parts of the spectrum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the spectrum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the spectrum and then
+we feed it into speech recognizers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feed it into speech recognizers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feed it into speech recognizers the
+filters look like this I mean they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters look like this I mean they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters look like this I mean they have
+a different temporal resolution spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different temporal resolution spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different temporal resolution spectral
+resolution we are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we are pretty much
+integrating and differentiating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and differentiating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating and differentiating over
+three critical bands following some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three critical bands following some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three critical bands following some of
+the and coming from this three I'm if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and coming from this three I'm if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and coming from this three I'm if
+all PLP law order model and three bark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all PLP law order model and three bark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all PLP law order model and three bark
+tree bark critical integration so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree bark critical integration so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree bark critical integration so you
+know these ones look a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these ones look a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these ones look a little bit like
+what people would call gobble filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people would call gobble filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people would call gobble filters
+but but they are put together basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they are put together basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they are put together basically
+from these two from from these two basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two from from these two basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these two from from these two basis
+in time and in frequency nom different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and in frequency nom different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and in frequency nom different
+the temporal resolution enhancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal resolution enhancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal resolution enhancing
+different components of modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components of modulation
+spectrum again I mean you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum again I mean you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum again I mean you may be
+claiming that this is something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that this is something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that this is something which
+resembles the Thurston Dow Josh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles the Thurston Dow Josh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles the Thurston Dow Josh was
+mentioning in the morning his cochlear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning in the morning his cochlear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning in the morning his cochlear
+filter banks auditory mixes cochlea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks auditory mixes cochlea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter banks auditory mixes cochlea and
+cortical cortical Bank modulation filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical cortical Bank modulation filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical cortical Bank modulation filter
+banks so there are some noble expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks so there are some noble expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks so there are some noble expect in
+this type of processing I would dress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of processing I would dress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of processing I would dress
+there was no barrel in 1998 that is as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no barrel in 1998 that is as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no barrel in 1998 that is as I
+said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this
+fortunately becoming less noble 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately becoming less noble 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately becoming less noble 15 years
+later use this rather long temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later use this rather long temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later use this rather long temporal
+context of the signal as an input it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the signal as an input it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the signal as an input it
+uses already here Oracle neural nets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses already here Oracle neural nets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses already here Oracle neural nets so
+deep you I think which wasn't around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep you I think which wasn't around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep you I think which wasn't around in
+1998 the only thing was that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 the only thing was that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 the only thing was that there was
+independent processing of frequency unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent processing of frequency unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent processing of frequency unit
+estimator a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator a difference
+winces the only thing which we didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winces the only thing which we didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winces the only thing which we didn't do
+at a time and I don't know how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and I don't know how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and I don't know how important
+it is I don't see me doesn't hurt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I don't see me doesn't hurt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is I don't see me doesn't hurt it
+hurts anybody ever training these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts anybody ever training these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts anybody ever training these parts
+of this system is deep neural net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system is deep neural net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system is deep neural net
+individually and just concatenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and just concatenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and just concatenated
+output so we never did training all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so we never did training all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so we never did training all
+together as we do now in convulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as we do now in convulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as we do now in convulsive
+nests and sort of thing because simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nests and sort of thing because simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nests and sort of thing because simply
+we didn't even dream about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't even dream about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't even dream about doing that
+because we didn't have the hardware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have the hardware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't have the hardware that
+was one thing which I try to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one thing which I try to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one thing which I try to point out
+during this panel a lot of progress in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this panel a lot of progress in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this panel a lot of progress in
+neural nets research and success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets research and success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural nets research and success of
+units comes from the fact that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units comes from the fact that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units comes from the fact that we have
+very very powerful hardware which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful hardware which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful hardware which we
+didn't have so we didn't dream about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have so we didn't dream about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have so we didn't dream about
+anything doing even when they might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything doing even when they might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything doing even when they might have
+made sense so okay there are we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense so okay there are we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sense so okay there are we always
+hear one more thing coati collation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear one more thing coati collation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear one more thing coati collation this
+is a problem which is known since people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem which is known since people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem which is known since people
+started looking at the spectrograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started looking at the spectrograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started looking at the spectrograms
+there's some consonants like a curve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some consonants like a curve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some consonants like a curve or
+her they are very dependent on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her they are very dependent on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her they are very dependent on what's
+following so cut in front of eek eek ook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so cut in front of eek eek ook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so cut in front of eek eek ook
+kuqali as a birth year in front of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuqali as a birth year in front of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kuqali as a birth year in front of who
+has a birth year and in front of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a birth year and in front of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a birth year and in front of I
+there's a first year so the phonemes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a first year so the phonemes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a first year so the phonemes are
+very different depending on its on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different depending on its on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different depending on its on the
+environment when you start using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when you start using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when you start using this
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+temporal segments know all the tricks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal segments know all the tricks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal segments know all the tricks or
+some of the tricks I showed about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tricks I showed about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tricks I showed about what
+comes out the the post area gram in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out the the post area gram in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out the the post area gram in
+which the curve almost looks the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the curve almost looks the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the curve almost looks the same as
+a curve it basically recognizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve it basically recognizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve it basically recognizes this
+recogniz since it looks at the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recogniz since it looks at the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recogniz since it looks at the whole
+quality creation pattern all group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality creation pattern all group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality creation pattern all group of
+the of the phonemes in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the phonemes in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the phonemes in order to
+recognize this this sound it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this this sound it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this this sound it does the
+right thing so I suspect that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing so I suspect that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing so I suspect that that
+success of these long temporal context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of these long temporal context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of these long temporal context
+which people are using now in speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are using now in speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are using now in speech
+recognition comes from the fact that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition comes from the fact that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition comes from the fact that is
+partially compensates for the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially compensates for the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially compensates for the problems
+with by problems for the co articulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with by problems for the co articulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with by problems for the co articulation
+and what I also wanted to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I also wanted to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I also wanted to say the
+correlation is not really a problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is not really a problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation is not really a problem it
+just spreads the in-form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spreads the in-form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spreads the in-form
+long period of the time if you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of the time if you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of the time if you know how
+to suck it out it can be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suck it out it can be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suck it out it can be useful
+it's a terrible thing if you start just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible thing if you start just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible thing if you start just
+looking at individual frequency bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at individual frequency bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at individual frequency bands
+individual frequencies slices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequencies slices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequencies slices of the
+shortened spectrum so it's another deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened spectrum so it's another deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened spectrum so it's another deep
+light I mean sort of deep lit from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light I mean sort of deep lit from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light I mean sort of deep lit from I
+don't know natives so it was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know natives so it was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know natives so it was already
+almost legally you you do the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost legally you you do the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost legally you you do the you
+estimate the posterior Graham from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the posterior Graham from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the posterior Graham from the
+short window in the first step for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short window in the first step for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short window in the first step for about
+forty me links window and then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty me links window and then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty me links window and then you take
+the long I mean the big window of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long I mean the big window of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long I mean the big window of the
+posterior chain another neural net and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior chain another neural net and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior chain another neural net and
+get much better also work better again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much better also work better again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much better also work better again
+in the mainstream tech technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mainstream tech technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mainstream tech technique
+nowadays it's a is being used in most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it's a is being used in most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays it's a is being used in most of
+the DARPA systems oh yes one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DARPA systems oh yes one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DARPA systems oh yes one more thing
+I want to stress this one sorry I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stress this one sorry I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to stress this one sorry I didn't
+want to show it all at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show it all at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show it all at the same time
+anyways I don't think that anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways I don't think that anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways I don't think that anything
+which is which is terribly special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is terribly special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is terribly special about
+shorten spectrum of speech I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten spectrum of speech I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorten spectrum of speech I think what
+really matters is how you process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters is how you process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters is how you process a
+temporal of trajectories of the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal of trajectories of the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal of trajectories of the spectral
+energies this is what the human hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies this is what the human hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies this is what the human hearing
+is doing that seems to be doing a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing that seems to be doing a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing that seems to be doing a good
+job on our speech recognizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job on our speech recognizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job on our speech recognizers
+essentially this is was one message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is was one message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this is was one message
+which i want to say don't be don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i want to say don't be don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i want to say don't be don't don't
+be afraid to treat different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be afraid to treat different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be afraid to treat different parts of
+the spectrum different individually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum different individually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum different individually you
+may get some advantages from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get some advantages from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get some advantages from them
+started with the rest about it shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the rest about it shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the rest about it shows up
+over and over again so away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again so away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again so away from the
+short-term spectrum go away start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term spectrum go away start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term spectrum go away start using
+what hearing is doing start using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hearing is doing start using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hearing is doing start using a
+temple a trajectories of the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple a trajectories of the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple a trajectories of the spectral
+energies coming from your from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies coming from your from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies coming from your from your
+analysis to the point that we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to the point that we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to the point that we did this
+work on arias and then alice on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on arias and then alice on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on arias and then alice on going
+directly don't do this and don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly don't do this and don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly don't do this and don't don't
+get your time frequency patterns from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your time frequency patterns from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your time frequency patterns from
+the shortened spectra but think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortened spectra but think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortened spectra but think about
+ways how to get directly what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways how to get directly what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways how to get directly what you want
+turns out that there is a nice way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a nice way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is a nice way of
+doing pasta mating directly the hilbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pasta mating directly the hilbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pasta mating directly the hilbert
+envelopes of the signal in a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelopes of the signal in a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelopes of the signal in a frequency
+bands called frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands called frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands called frequency domain
+Mario says PhD thesis and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario says PhD thesis and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario says PhD thesis and we were
+working together for a couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together for a couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together for a couple of years
+so what you do instead of using the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do instead of using the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do instead of using the time
+trajectory to use the use this this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory to use the use this this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory to use the use this this case
+auto regressive modeling LPC modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regressive modeling LPC modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto regressive modeling LPC modeling
+and put the windows on a time to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the windows on a time to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the windows on a time to get the
+frequency frequency vectors you do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency frequency vectors you do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency frequency vectors you do it on
+a cosine transform of the signal so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine transform of the signal so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine transform of the signal so you
+move the signal into a sort of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the signal into a sort of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the signal into a sort of frequency
+domain and then you put the windows on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then you put the windows on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then you put the windows on
+this cosine transform of the signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cosine transform of the signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cosine transform of the signal and
+you derive directly the approximate ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive directly the approximate ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive directly the approximate ball
+approximations to herbert envelopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to herbert envelopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to herbert envelopes of
+the signal ELISA bangs you don't ever do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal ELISA bangs you don't ever do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal ELISA bangs you don't ever do
+the Hilbert transform you just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hilbert transform you just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hilbert transform you just use the
+usual techniques from auto regressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual techniques from auto regressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual techniques from auto regressive
+modeling the only difference is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the only difference is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the only difference is on the
+cosine transform of the signal and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine transform of the signal and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine transform of the signal and your
+windowing determines which frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowing determines which frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windowing determines which frequency
+range you are looking so of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you are looking so of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you are looking so of course you
+can what you typically do you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can what you typically do you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can what you typically do you can use
+the longer windows at higher frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer windows at higher frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer windows at higher frequencies
+sort of in those lower frequencies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in those lower frequencies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in those lower frequencies you
+do all these things this is a convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all these things this is a convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all these things this is a convenient
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+it's called V and this is more more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called V and this is more more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called V and this is more more like
+fun but maybe somebody might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun but maybe somebody might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun but maybe somebody might be
+interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that
+so essentially what you do what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what you do what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what you do what you do
+is that you take the signal and you s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you take the signal and you s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you take the signal and you s
+you you eliminate the modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you eliminate the modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you eliminate the modulation
+component out of that am component which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component out of that am component which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component out of that am component which
+is with which the signal is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with which the signal is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with which the signal is being
+modulated so this carries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated so this carries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated so this carries the
+information about the message and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the message and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the message and this
+is the carrier itself and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the carrier itself and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the carrier itself and you can do
+what is called channel vocoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called channel vocoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called channel vocoder
+which we did and you can listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did and you can listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did and you can listen to the
+signal so this is in some ways it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so this is in some ways it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so this is in some ways it's
+interesting original signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are both trend-following methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are both trend-following methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are both trend-following methods
+somebody may recognize him glass from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody may recognize him glass from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody may recognize him glass from
+MIT in that and ideological argument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in that and ideological argument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in that and ideological argument the
+participants tend to top the table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants tend to top the table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants tend to top the table so
+this is right now you can look what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right now you can look what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right now you can look what you
+get if you just keep the modulations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you just keep the modulations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you just keep the modulations and
+excite you know with the white noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite you know with the white noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite you know with the white noise
+oops oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're both trend following message you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both trend following message you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both trend following message you
+recognized in class I can and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in class I can and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in class I can and then you
+can also listen to what is left after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also listen to what is left after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also listen to what is left after
+you eliminate the message maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate the message maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eliminate the message maybe it's a
+male right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male right
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+is fun this is fun it may have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun this is fun it may have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fun this is fun it may have some
+implication for speech recognition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication for speech recognition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication for speech recognition but
+it certainly if I have seen one van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly if I have seen one van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly if I have seen one van
+verification about all Horner that Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification about all Horner that Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification about all Horner that Lee
+was telling us where the message is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling us where the message is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was telling us where the message is I
+mean this is it right anyways what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is it right anyways what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is it right anyways what is
+Gooding for that is that once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gooding for that is that once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gooding for that is that once you get
+the open it's relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open it's relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open it's relatively easy to
+compensate for linear distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for linear distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for linear distortions
+because main effect of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because main effect of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because main effect of linear
+distortions is basically shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions is basically shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions is basically shifting the
+energy a different frequency by and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a different frequency by and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a different frequency by and by
+different amounts but all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts but all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts but all this
+information is in the gain of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in the gain of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in the gain of the model
+it's a van parameter with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a van parameter with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a van parameter with you
+essentially after you do this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially after you do this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially after you do this frequency
+domain in your prediction and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain in your prediction and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain in your prediction and you get a
+very similar trajectory for for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar trajectory for for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar trajectory for for both
+this is a telephone speech and clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a telephone speech and clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a telephone speech and clean
+speech which differed quite a bit and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech which differed quite a bit and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech which differed quite a bit and I
+hope that I have oh this is forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that I have oh this is forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that I have oh this is forever
+baron speech they seem to be also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baron speech they seem to be also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baron speech they seem to be also some
+advantage because evaporation is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because evaporation is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because evaporation is in the
+Fire Nation it is a convolution with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire Nation it is a convolution with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire Nation it is a convolution with the
+impulse response of the room so you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response of the room so you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response of the room so you make
+the if you use the truly long segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you use the truly long segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you use the truly long segments
+in this case we use about 10 seconds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we use about 10 seconds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we use about 10 seconds of
+the signal approximating by this opal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal approximating by this opal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal approximating by this opal
+model and eliminate the DC from that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and eliminate the DC from that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and eliminate the DC from that you
+know we seem to be getting some advent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we seem to be getting some advent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we seem to be getting some advent
+so no noise with unknown effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no noise with unknown effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no noise with unknown effect
+I say train the machine on it here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say train the machine on it here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say train the machine on it here is
+the one example right you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one example right you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one example right you have a
+four-team error rate noise it emit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-team error rate noise it emit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-team error rate noise it emit if
+everything is good clean trading clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is good clean trading clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is good clean trading clean
+test you have about twenty percent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you have about twenty percent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you have about twenty percent for
+him accuracy this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him accuracy this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him accuracy this is kind of
+state-of-the-art result reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art result reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art result reasonable
+result but once you start adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but once you start adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but once you start adding the
+noise quickly things quickly go sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise quickly things quickly go sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise quickly things quickly go sounds
+typical way of dealing with it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical way of dealing with it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical way of dealing with it is that
+you train multi style so if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train multi style so if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train multi style so if you know
+these noises you are going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these noises you are going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these noises you are going to deal with
+you train on them and things get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train on them and things get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train on them and things get better
+but you pay some price I mean certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you pay some price I mean certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you pay some price I mean certainly
+you pay the price on clean because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay the price on clean because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay the price on clean because you
+recognize your model became a smoochie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize your model became a smoochie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize your model became a smoochie
+or basically it's not very sharp model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or basically it's not very sharp model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or basically it's not very sharp model
+though so here we have the one wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so here we have the one wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so here we have the one wonderful
+turn it at 31% we pay 10% 10% relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it at 31% we pay 10% 10% relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it at 31% we pay 10% 10% relative
+price for getting getting this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for getting getting this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for getting getting this better
+performance on a noises what we observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on a noises what we observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance on a noises what we observed
+is that you get much better results most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get much better results most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get much better results most
+noticeably better results if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeably better results if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeably better results if you would
+have and recognizes for each type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and recognizes for each type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and recognizes for each type of
+noise so but of course the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so but of course the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so but of course the problem is
+that you have different types of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have different types of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have different types of noise
+so you have this number of recognises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this number of recognises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this number of recognises
+but now you need to pick up the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you need to pick up the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you need to pick up the best
+Street how do you do that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street how do you do that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street how do you do that this is
+something again which I was mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something again which I was mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something again which I was mentioning
+you know this is something which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is something which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is something which we are
+struggling with and we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with and we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with and we don't know how to
+do that if you are human being maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if you are human being maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if you are human being maybe you
+can just look at the output and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just look at the output and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just look at the output and it can
+keep switching after your message starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep switching after your message starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep switching after your message starts
+looking reasonably well but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking reasonably well but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking reasonably well but if you want
+to do it for you automatically I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for you automatically I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for you automatically I don't
+know why we want to only build a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why we want to only build a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why we want to only build a fully
+automatic recognizes but that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic recognizes but that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic recognizes but that's what we
+are doing so you want to pick up the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing so you want to pick up the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing so you want to pick up the you
+you want a system to pick up the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a system to pick up the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a system to pick up the best
+stream so how do we do that first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so how do we do that first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so how do we do that first thing
+is of course one way is to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course one way is to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course one way is to recognize
+type of noise this is a sort of typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of noise this is a sort of typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of noise this is a sort of typical
+system nowadays you recognize type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system nowadays you recognize type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system nowadays you recognize type of
+the noise and you use the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise and you use the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise and you use the appropriate
+recognises BB and is doing it my feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognises BB and is doing it my feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognises BB and is doing it my feeling
+is that is somehow cleaner and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is somehow cleaner and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is somehow cleaner and more
+elegant to be able to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant to be able to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant to be able to figure out what is
+the right output because what matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right output because what matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right output because what matter is
+not what is the signal but what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what is the signal but what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what is the signal but what is the
+signal interacting with your classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal interacting with your classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal interacting with your classifier
+so for this we have to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this we have to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this we have to figure out what
+the best means so here we have to foster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best means so here we have to foster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best means so here we have to foster
+diagrams if you look at it if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams if you look at it if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams if you look at it if you know
+that these are trajectories of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are trajectories of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are trajectories of the
+posteriors post of the speech sounds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriors post of the speech sounds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriors post of the speech sounds you
+know this one is good this one is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one is good this one is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one is good this one is not so
+good because the word is 9 no I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because the word is 9 no I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because the word is 9 no I know
+right here is all of garbage so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is all of garbage so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is all of garbage so I will
+know that it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it automatically
+so ideally I will pick up the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally I will pick up the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ideally I will pick up the stream
+which gives me the lowest error but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives me the lowest error but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives me the lowest error but I
+don't know what there are obvious error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what there are obvious error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what there are obvious error
+is because I don't know what the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because I don't know what the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because I don't know what the correct
+answer is that's the problem right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that's the problem right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that's the problem right so
+one is to maybe try to see what I wore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to maybe try to see what I wore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to maybe try to see what I wore
+my I did try to figure out which posture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I did try to figure out which posture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my I did try to figure out which posture
+diagram is the cleanest another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is the cleanest another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is the cleanest another one is
+following thinking like when I trained I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thinking like when I trained I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thinking like when I trained I
+train the neural net on something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the neural net on something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the neural net on something it's
+going to work well on the data on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work well on the data on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work well on the data on which
+it was trained so I have some gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was trained so I have some gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was trained so I have some gold
+standard output and then I will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard output and then I will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard output and then I will try to
+see how much my my output differs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much my my output differs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much my my output differs if
+it's the test data which are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the test data which are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the test data which are not the
+same same as the data on which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same as the data on which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same as the data on which the
+recognizer was trained so both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer was trained so both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer was trained so both of these
+tricks we were using so first one use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks we were using so first one use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks we were using so first one use
+this kind of technique which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of technique which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of technique which is like
+this you look at the differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you look at the differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you look at the differences between
+posteriors or KL divergence areas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriors or KL divergence areas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriors or KL divergence areas a
+certain distance from each other and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance from each other and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance from each other and you
+will slice this window you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will slice this window you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will slice this window you do
+cumulatively over as much data as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulatively over as much data as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulatively over as much data as you
+possibly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can
+and what you observe is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you observe is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you observe is that if you have
+a good clean data and this cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good clean data and this cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good clean data and this cumulative
+divergence keeps increasing and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence keeps increasing and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence keeps increasing and after
+you cross the point where there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross the point where there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross the point where there is a
+quadratic relation pattern or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic relation pattern or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic relation pattern or
+calculation ceases suddenly you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation ceases suddenly you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation ceases suddenly you start
+getting pretty much the fixed high KL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pretty much the fixed high KL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pretty much the fixed high KL
+divergence cumulative KL divergence if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence cumulative KL divergence if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence cumulative KL divergence if
+we have a noisy data the noise start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a noisy data the noise start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a noisy data the noise start
+dominating this KL divergences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating this KL divergences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating this KL divergences and
+differences are less because because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are less because because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are less because because the
+signal in the first place carries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in the first place carries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in the first place carries the
+information and information is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and information is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and information is in this
+in the changes a noise is creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the changes a noise is creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the changes a noise is creating the
+information which sort of it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which sort of it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which sort of it doesn't
+doesn't have these segments or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have these segments or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have these segments or something
+so this is one technique which we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one technique which we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one technique which we used
+another technique which is even more now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique which is even more now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique which is even more now
+popular in at least in my lab training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in at least in my lab training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular in at least in my lab training
+another new net we try this is auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another new net we try this is auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another new net we try this is auto
+encoder on the output of the classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder on the output of the classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder on the output of the classifier
+and we say so we on the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say so we on the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say so we on the output of the
+classifier as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier as is
+I used on the training data and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used on the training data and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used on the training data and we say
+auto-encoder then we'll learn how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-encoder then we'll learn how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-encoder then we'll learn how in
+average the output from the classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the output from the classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the output from the classifier
+used on its training data looks like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on its training data looks like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used on its training data looks like and
+if and then we use it on output from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and then we use it on output from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and then we use it on output from the
+classifier used to unknown data and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier used to unknown data and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier used to unknown data and if
+the auto encoder autoencoders a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto encoder autoencoders a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auto encoder autoencoders a new
+model which tries to predict input on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which tries to predict input on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which tries to predict input on
+its output this is how it is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output this is how it is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its output this is how it is being
+trained so if the output if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained so if the output if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained so if the output if the
+prediction is not very good then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is not very good then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is not very good then we say
+we are probably dealing with the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are probably dealing with the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are probably dealing with the data
+which for which the the classifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for which the the classifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for which the the classifier is
+not good is how it works I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good is how it works I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good is how it works I mean you know
+on this if you are looking at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this if you are looking at the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this if you are looking at the output
+of the neural net which has been applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neural net which has been applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the neural net which has been applied
+to a training data the test is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a training data the test is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a training data the test is all the
+test is met the training data is matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is met the training data is matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is met the training data is matched
+pretty much the error is very similar as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the error is very similar as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the error is very similar as
+it was on a training data when you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on a training data when you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on a training data when you apply
+it to a data or for which to classify or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a data or for which to classify or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a data or for which to classify or
+Bhosle trained your error is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bhosle trained your error is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bhosle trained your error is of course
+much larger prediction is prediction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger prediction is prediction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger prediction is prediction of
+the output of the so there is a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the so there is a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the so there is a double
+there's a double dip net one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double dip net one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double dip net one is
+classifying and then another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying and then another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying and then another one is
+predicting its output one and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting its output one and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting its output one and the one
+which predicts output is trained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which predicts output is trained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which predicts output is trained to
+predict its best output if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict its best output if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict its best output if you don't
+possibly have which is the output on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have which is the output on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have which is the output on the
+training data of the previous classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data of the previous classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data of the previous classifier
+I don't know if you follow me or if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you follow me or if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you follow me or if it
+is becoming so complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming so complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming so complicated but
+essentially we are trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we are trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we are trying to figure out
+if anything like it it is looking on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything like it it is looking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anything like it it is looking on the
+training day and apply it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training day and apply it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training day and apply it on the
+training data so seems to be working to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data so seems to be working to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data so seems to be working to
+some extent here we have a multi style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent here we have a multi style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent here we have a multi style
+results here we have a matched result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results here we have a matched result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results here we have a matched result
+this is what we would like to achieve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we would like to achieve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we would like to achieve of
+course this is Oracle this is what we is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is Oracle this is what we is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is Oracle this is what we is
+it will be ideal it will be new restrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be ideal it will be new restrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be ideal it will be new restrain
+is best this is what we would be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best this is what we would be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best this is what we would be getting
+but what we are getting is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we are getting is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we are getting is not that
+terribly bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly bad
+I mean it certainly is it is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it certainly is it is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it certainly is it is typically
+better than multi style training right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than multi style training right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than multi style training right
+yeah and we have some ways to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we have some ways to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we have some ways to go to
+Oracle like not too far from the mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle like not too far from the mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle like not too far from the mic
+sometimes is even after because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is even after because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is even after because it's
+making decision on every every utterance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decision on every every utterance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decision on every every utterance
+sometimes if quite well so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if quite well so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if quite well so we were
+capable of picking up that the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of picking up that the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of picking up that the good
+streams and leaving out the best bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and leaving out the best bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and leaving out the best bed
+streams even at the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams even at the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams even at the output of the
+classifier how do work on previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier how do work on previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier how do work on previously
+unseen oh it's fortunately for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unseen oh it's fortunately for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unseen oh it's fortunately for this
+example we still seem to be getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we still seem to be getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we still seem to be getting some
+some advantage we are using voice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantage we are using voice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantage we are using voice which
+has never been seen by the classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been seen by the classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been seen by the classifiers
+but still it was capable of picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still it was capable of picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still it was capable of picking up
+the good classifier which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good classifier which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good classifier which is actually
+better than any of these classes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any of these classes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than any of these classes so the
+FIR so so this seems to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another technique of dealing with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique of dealing with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique of dealing with with
+the unseen noises it's actually the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unseen noises it's actually the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unseen noises it's actually the one
+which I like maybe a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I like maybe a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I like maybe a little bit more
+which is like you do the pre-processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you do the pre-processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like you do the pre-processing
+and in sub processing in is hoping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in sub processing in is hoping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in sub processing in is hoping the
+main effect of the different noises is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of the different noises is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main effect of the different noises is
+in shape spectral shape of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shape spectral shape of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in shape spectral shape of different
+noise so if you are doing recognition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so if you are doing recognition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so if you are doing recognition in
+the sub bands then the noise start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub bands then the noise start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub bands then the noise start
+looking in each sub and start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in each sub and start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in each sub and start looking
+more like a white noise except of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a white noise except of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like a white noise except of
+different levels so meaning like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels so meaning like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels so meaning like sort of
+that you know here that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know here that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know here that maybe the
+signal-to-noise ratio is higher here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal-to-noise ratio is higher here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal-to-noise ratio is higher here it
+is more miserable but if I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more miserable but if I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more miserable but if I have the
+classifier which is trained on market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier which is trained on market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier which is trained on market
+multiple levels of the white noise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels of the white noise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels of the white noise in
+each frequency band perhaps I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each frequency band perhaps I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each frequency band perhaps I can get
+some advantage so I do in the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantage so I do in the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some advantage so I do in the cochlea
+might be doing which is like I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be doing which is like I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be doing which is like I divide
+each signal into number of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each signal into number of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each signal into number of frequency
+bands and then I have a one fusion D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and then I have a one fusion D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and then I have a one fusion D and
+then we will try to put these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will try to put these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will try to put these things
+together but each of these nets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but each of these nets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but each of these nets are
+going to be trained on multiple levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be trained on multiple levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be trained on multiple levels
+but this time of the white notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time of the white notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time of the white notes and
+it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going
+title noises which are not white or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title noises which are not white or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title noises which are not white or the
+noise which is not white so how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise which is not white so how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise which is not white so how it works
+I mean configure if this was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean configure if this was done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean configure if this was done in
+this case in the case of Aurora so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in the case of Aurora so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in the case of Aurora so here
+we have the examples here how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the examples here how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the examples here how it works
+on in a master and situations here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a master and situations here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in a master and situations here is
+multi style training but here it is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi style training but here it is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi style training but here it is what
+you are getting apply this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting apply this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting apply this technique
+this is what you get on multi start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get on multi start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get on multi start
+training but in the Subban recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training but in the Subban recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training but in the Subban recognition
+you are getting half of the error it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting half of the error it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are getting half of the error it
+just a simple trick which I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple trick which I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple trick which I sort of
+think is reasonable which is like you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is reasonable which is like you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is reasonable which is like you do
+this sub band ring recognition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub band ring recognition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sub band ring recognition the
+intercept the number of power recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept the number of power recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept the number of power recognize
+each of them paying attention to part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them paying attention to part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them paying attention to part of
+the spectrum and then you each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum and then you each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum and then you each of them
+is being trained to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being trained to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being trained to help
+white noise a simple white noise but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise a simple white noise but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white noise a simple white noise but you
+turn in some ways arbitrary added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in some ways arbitrary added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in some ways arbitrary added
+additive noise the car noise into white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive noise the car noise into white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive noise the car noise into white
+like noise in each servant and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like noise in each servant and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like noise in each servant and that's
+for you so in general dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so in general dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so in general dealing with
+unexpected noise if you want to model do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected noise if you want to model do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected noise if you want to model do
+the adaptation you want to modify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptation you want to modify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptation you want to modify your
+classifier on the fly you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier on the fly you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier on the fly you want to have
+parts of the classifier or some streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the classifier or some streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the classifier or some streams
+which are doing well and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are doing well and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are doing well and some of the
+parts or parts of the classifier still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or parts of the classifier still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or parts of the classifier still
+reliable and you want to pick up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and you want to pick up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and you want to pick up these
+streams which are reliable on unseen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams which are reliable on unseen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams which are reliable on unseen
+situation so this is what we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so this is what we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so this is what we call this
+multi stream recognition a diplomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi stream recognition a diplomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi stream recognition a diplomatic
+stream adaptation to unknown so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream adaptation to unknown so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream adaptation to unknown so you
+assume that not all the all the streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that not all the all the streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that not all the all the streams
+are going to give you a good result but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give you a good result but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give you a good result but
+you assume that at least some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that at least some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that at least some of the
+streams are going to good results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams are going to good results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams are going to good results and
+all these things are being trained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things are being trained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things are being trained on
+sacred speech or something and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred speech or something and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred speech or something and so this
+is this not even processing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this not even processing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this not even processing right so
+this is what you do we do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you do we do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you do we do different
+frequency ranges and then you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ranges and then you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ranges and then you use a
+performance monitor to pick up the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance monitor to pick up the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance monitor to pick up the best
+stream so here is the one experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so here is the one experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so here is the one experiment
+which we did so you would have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did so you would have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did so you would have this
+even processing streams created from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even processing streams created from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even processing streams created from all
+combinations of file free one stream was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of file free one stream was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of file free one stream was
+talking at full spectrum and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking at full spectrum and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking at full spectrum and the other
+scenes were only looking at the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes were only looking at the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes were only looking at the path of
+the spectrum so more black ones there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so more black ones there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so more black ones there is
+a more spectrum more why some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more spectrum more why some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more spectrum more why some of them
+are looking only at a single frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking only at a single frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking only at a single frequency
+band so we have at this number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so we have at this number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so we have at this number of
+processing channels and we burrow it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing channels and we burrow it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing channels and we burrow it no
+noise comes here maybe this one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise comes here maybe this one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise comes here maybe this one is going
+to be good because this one is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be good because this one is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be good because this one is not going
+to be not not picking up this noise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be not not picking up this noise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be not not picking up this noise or
+recognizer basically which only uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer basically which only uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer basically which only uses the
+bands which are not noisy going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands which are not noisy going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands which are not noisy going to be
+good oh so this is the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh so this is the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh so this is the whole system
+we've also published in 230 inter speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also published in 230 inter speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also published in 230 inter speech
+we have the sub earn recognition fusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the sub earn recognition fusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the sub earn recognition fusing
+performance monitor and the selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance monitor and the selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance monitor and the selecting
+the best stream this is how it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best stream this is how it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best stream this is how it worked
+you can show me for comic-con which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show me for comic-con which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show me for comic-con which is
+very nice because it really corrupts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice because it really corrupts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice because it really corrupts the
+low frequencies all this sub band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies all this sub band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies all this sub band
+techniques work quite well but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques work quite well but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques work quite well but you can
+see that is pretty really impressive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that is pretty really impressive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that is pretty really impressive I
+mean sort of if you if you didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sort of if you if you didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sort of if you if you didn't do
+anything you get 50 percent error with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you get 50 percent error with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you get 50 percent error with
+this one you get to say the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you get to say the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you get to say the eighth
+person error if he knew which beds pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person error if he knew which beds pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person error if he knew which beds pick
+up he would be getting Oracle experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up he would be getting Oracle experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up he would be getting Oracle experiment
+cheating experiment we would be cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating experiment we would be cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating experiment we would be cutting
+about 35% so that was I thought quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 35% so that was I thought quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 35% so that was I thought quite
+nice just to conclude so auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice just to conclude so auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice just to conclude so auditory system
+doesn't only look like this that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't only look like this that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't only look like this that it
+starts with a signal does the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a signal does the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a signal does the analysis
+and then it reduces the reduces the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it reduces the reduces the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it reduces the reduces the the
+bitrate but it also increases number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitrate but it also increases number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitrate but it also increases number of
+views of the signal and this is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of the signal and this is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views of the signal and this is based on
+the fact that there is a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there is a massive
+increase or not in number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or not in number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or not in number of the
+cortical neurons on the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical neurons on the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical neurons on the level of the
+cortex so so there is many ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so so there is many ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so so there is many ways of
+describing information at high level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing information at high level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing information at high level of
+perception essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception essentially
+this signal person goes in one task but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal person goes in one task but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal person goes in one task but
+it goes through many many policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through many many policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through many many policy
+and then we need to have some means or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to have some means or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to have some means or
+we have some means to pick up the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some means to pick up the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some means to pick up the good
+ones and ignore the other ones maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and ignore the other ones maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and ignore the other ones maybe
+switch them entirely off this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch them entirely off this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch them entirely off this is sort of
+like business so this is the processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like business so this is the processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like business so this is the processing
+in general signal you get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general signal you get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general signal you get a different
+probability estimates from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability estimates from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability estimates from different
+strings and then you need to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and then you need to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings and then you need to do some
+fusion and decide on based on the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion and decide on based on the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion and decide on based on the level
+of the fusion how you can create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fusion how you can create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fusion how you can create the
+strings we were showing you differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings we were showing you differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings we were showing you differently
+train probability estimator on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train probability estimator on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train probability estimator on different
+noises different aspects of signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises different aspects of signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises different aspects of signal that
+is different parts of the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different parts of the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different parts of the spectrum of
+the signal but you can go wild you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal but you can go wild you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal but you can go wild you can
+start thinking about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about different
+modalities because there is we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities because there is we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities because there is we talked
+about it also in the panel you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it also in the panel you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it also in the panel you know very
+often audio visual modality carries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often audio visual modality carries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often audio visual modality carries the
+same in for me information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in for me information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in for me information about the
+same things as in fusion of audio-visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things as in fusion of audio-visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things as in fusion of audio-visual
+strings you can also imagine the fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings you can also imagine the fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings you can also imagine the fusion
+from strings with different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from strings with different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from strings with different levels of
+priors different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors different levels of
+hallucinations so basically this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations so basically this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations so basically this is what
+I see human beings are doing very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see human beings are doing very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see human beings are doing very often
+if the signal is very noisy at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the signal is very noisy at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the signal is very noisy at a
+cocktail party you are guessing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocktail party you are guessing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocktail party you are guessing because
+there's the best way to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the best way to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the best way to get through
+if the informed communication is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the informed communication is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the informed communication is not
+very important it's not about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it's not about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it's not about your
+salary increase but about the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary increase but about the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary increase but about the weather
+so basically guessing what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically guessing what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically guessing what the other
+people are saying especially if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying especially if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying especially if they
+speak the way I do right with the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the way I do right with the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the way I do right with the strong
+accent or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent or something
+so the priors are very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the priors are very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the priors are very important and
+strings with priors are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings with priors are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings with priors are very important
+we use this to some extent I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this to some extent I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this to some extent I was
+mentioning by comparing the strings with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning by comparing the strings with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning by comparing the strings with
+of different different priors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different different priors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different different priors to
+discover if the signal is is a biased in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover if the signal is is a biased in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover if the signal is is a biased in
+the wrong way by priors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way by priors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong way by priors
+so three formation there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three formation there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three formation there's a number of
+PhD theses right here right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD theses right here right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD theses right here right I think
+fusion or Y select the best probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion or Y select the best probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion or Y select the best probability
+estimates I tell you this is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates I tell you this is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates I tell you this is the problem
+shy I was actually asking for please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy I was actually asking for please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy I was actually asking for please
+help me to solve it because we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to solve it because we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me to solve it because we still
+don't know how to do that I have a Isis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do that I have a Isis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do that I have a Isis
+suspect that especially in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that especially in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that especially in human
+communications people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications people are doing
+six starts making a sense if they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six starts making a sense if they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six starts making a sense if they use
+the certain processing strategy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain processing strategy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain processing strategy so
+people can tell if this if the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can tell if this if the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can tell if this if the output of
+ours is better such your system makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours is better such your system makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours is better such your system makes
+sense or not our machines don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or not our machines don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense or not our machines don't know how
+to do it yet conclusion so some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it yet conclusion so some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it yet conclusion so some problems
+with the noise are simple you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the noise are simple you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the noise are simple you know you
+can deal with it on signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with it on signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with it on signal processing
+level but I think spectrum filtering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but I think spectrum filtering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but I think spectrum filtering the
+trajectories because they these effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories because they these effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories because they these effects
+are very predictable and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very predictable and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very predictable and if you
+understand them you should do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them you should do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them you should do it because
+it is no need to train on that they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no need to train on that they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no need to train on that they say
+there's you just do it and things may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you just do it and things may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you just do it and things may be
+working well unpredictable effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well unpredictable effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well unpredictable effects of
+noise can be typically are being handled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise can be typically are being handled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise can be typically are being handled
+by now by multi style training and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now by multi style training and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now by multi style training and these
+amounts of training are enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of training are enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of training are enormous
+nowadays you know if you talk to Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you know if you talk to Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you know if you talk to Google
+people they say we are not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they say we are not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they say we are not even
+interested in this what you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this what you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this what you are doing
+because we can always collect more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can always collect more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can always collect more data
+from new environments but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from new environments but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from new environments but I think it's
+not it's disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's disorder
+I shouldn't say dishonest I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say dishonest I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say dishonest I'm sorry
+scratch it it's a it's a it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch it it's a it's a it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch it it's a it's a it's not the
+best engineering way of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best engineering way of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best engineering way of dealing with
+things because I think a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because I think a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because I think a good
+engineering way of dealing with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering way of dealing with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering way of dealing with things
+to get a very pitiless training and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a very pitiless training and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a very pitiless training and the
+sort of thing and maybe follow what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing and maybe follow what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing and maybe follow what I
+believe the human beings are doing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the human beings are doing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the human beings are doing so we
+have a power power Express working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power power Express working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power power Express working with
+different aspects of the signal giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of the signal giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of the signal giving
+us a different different pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a different different pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a different different pictures and
+then we need to pick up with the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to pick up with the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to pick up with the good
+ways of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FBKxrPEeCSU.txt b/FBKxrPEeCSU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5802de593f15db18dd6d1025d396e1b4a0feaf69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FBKxrPEeCSU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1923 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So we've got three main
+topics to talk about.
+
+One is distributions.
+
+The other is Monte
+Carlo methods.
+
+And one is on regression.
+
+So for distributions, which
+distributions have we learned
+
+about in class?
+
+Hmm?
+
+AUDIENCE: Normal.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we have normal.
+
+What's another one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Uniform.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And there's one more
+that he's kind of
+
+mentioned, I think, in passing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Exponential?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So exponential.
+
+So for uniform, what would this
+look like if I were to
+
+plot this as a histogram, and
+I have endpoints A and B?
+
+Someone clue me in?
+
+Hmm?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+straight line.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it's going to be
+a horizontal line, right?
+
+And if we were to look
+at the function for
+
+this, it would be--
+
+the probability would be 1 over
+b minus a for all points
+
+between a and b.
+
+So let's look at this
+graphically.
+
+So this chunk of code should
+not be too difficult to
+
+understand at this
+point, right?
+
+All we're doing is we're
+using the random
+
+number generator, randint.
+
+It's going to return us an
+integer, random integer from a
+
+uniform distribution
+between a and b.
+
+Is there Anyone that's
+puzzled by that?
+
+All right.
+
+We're going to do that for
+numpoints, and then we're
+
+going to plot a histogram.
+
+The only parameter that I don't
+think you've seen here
+
+is this normed=True.
+
+What this does is, normally,
+when you use the hist command
+
+in Python, it's going to give
+you raw frequency counts on
+
+the y-axis.
+
+What normed=True does is it
+gives you the proportion of
+
+the points that wound up
+in a particular bin.
+
+So I can actually show
+you both ways.
+
+So does that look about right?
+
+For 100 bins, got, what,
+100,000 points?
+
+Each one has about 0.01, so it
+looks right, 1% in each bin.
+
+So that was normed.
+
+If we do it un-normed--
+
+see how the y-axis
+here has changed?
+
+Before, it was from like
+0 to 0.12, or [? 0-1 ?]
+
+Now, it's from 0
+to like 1,000.
+
+That's all that normed
+primer does.
+
+But this is what we
+would expect.
+
+This is for integers.
+
+And then, of course, Python also
+has a way of doing it for
+
+floating point.
+
+So here, we are going to use
+the uniform command.
+
+And then when I say, show
+continuous uniform, going to
+
+give it the a and
+b, 0 and 1.0.
+
+And it's really not going to
+look all that much different.
+
+It's just that the x-axis
+is from 0 to 1.
+
+Ok.
+
+So uniform is easy.
+
+What does a Gaussian look
+like, or a normal?
+
+Like if I were to plot it, what
+should this look like?
+
+AUDIENCE: Bell curve.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, it'll
+be a bell curve.
+
+Where is its peak going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: Exactly
+in the middle?
+
+AUDIENCE: At the mean.
+
+PROFESSOR: At the mean.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So the peak is going
+to be at the mean.
+
+We usually denote it with mu.
+
+And then it's going to fall
+off asymmetrically or
+
+symmetrically off
+on either side?
+
+Symmetrically.
+
+Now, a Gaussian can be specified
+fully using two
+
+parameters.
+
+What are they?
+
+You have one here, and then you
+have standard deviation.
+
+So mean and sigma.
+
+Now, the function for this is
+not something you're going to
+
+have to know.
+
+But I wanted to show
+it to you.
+
+And the stats major can correct
+me if I'm wrong.
+
+So it might be a little scary.
+
+I don't know.
+
+It intimidated me the
+first time I saw it.
+
+Does that look about
+right to you?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So the reason why I threw that
+out there is because what I
+
+want to do is show you the ideal
+form when we plot out
+
+this function, versus a bunch of
+random samples we've drawn
+
+from a distribution
+that is Gaussian.
+
+So, I have a function
+make Gaussian plot.
+
+All it takes is the mean,
+standard deviation, how many
+
+points we want to draw from
+the distribution.
+
+And then I have a parameter
+here, show ideal.
+
+And we'll get to that
+in a second.
+
+The function that we use
+is called dot Gauss.
+
+And it just takes a mean and
+the standard deviation.
+
+We're also going to compute
+the ideal points.
+
+So if I take the mean, and
+I go a couple of standard
+
+deviations in either direction
+on the x-axis, then I can plot
+
+out what the y should be
+according to this function
+
+here, and then just
+do a histogram.
+
+If I want to show this
+plot, that's what
+
+that parameter controls.
+
+It'll plot out the function.
+
+And if not, then it'll just
+plot the histogram.
+
+So let's see what this looks
+like with just the histogram.
+
+So it looks like what
+we would expect.
+
+We have the nice bell shape.
+
+It's centered at 0, and it's got
+a standard deviation of 1.
+
+These are the relative
+frequencies of a random
+
+sampling of points from a
+Gaussian distribution.
+
+And we can see that if we look
+at the ideal version or the
+
+actual function, it matches
+very closely.
+
+And then for various shapes,
+standard deviation of 2,
+
+different mean, different
+standard deviation.
+
+So it's pretty easy, right?
+
+Are there any questions on
+Gaussian distributions or
+
+normal distributions?
+
+Ok.
+
+So, the last one we have--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh --
+
+frange is a custom function.
+
+So we actually define
+it up here.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Was kind of hoping
+I could slip that past you.
+
+It's just like range, except
+instead of integers, it
+
+returns a list of floating point
+numbers separated by
+
+step argument.
+
+So it starts at a lower-end
+range start, and stops at the
+
+stop, and then increments by
+step, until it returns a bunch
+
+of floating point numbers.
+
+The last one is the exponential
+distribution.
+
+And I don't know-- did he really
+explain what the shape
+
+looked like for this at all?
+
+So we can go really quickly
+through it, because it doesn't
+
+sound he actually expects you
+to know it too deeply.
+
+Basically, it'll like that.
+
+And the function is--
+
+you don't need to know it.
+
+It's just there for
+your edification.
+
+Lambda is greater than 0.
+
+So I'm just going to show you
+what it looks like, and then
+
+we'll move on.
+
+So here, the blue are the sample
+points, and the red is
+
+the ideal curve.
+
+Just different values
+of lambda.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does it always have a
+downward slope like that for
+
+it to be exponential?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, in this case.
+
+There's another family of
+distributions that we're not
+
+going to touch on.
+
+But that is that for
+distributions for today.
+
+Unless anyone has any
+questions, I'm
+
+going to move on.
+
+OK.
+
+So the next big topic is
+Monte Carlo methods.
+
+So can someone give me an
+informal definition of what a
+
+Monte Carlo method is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Really roughly, is
+it based on using a random
+
+method to try to approximate
+something that's not random,
+
+by doing it many,
+many times over?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, more or less.
+
+It's trying to arrive at a
+solution by repeated sampling,
+
+or random sampling.
+
+And we've seen many different
+applications of this.
+
+But we're going to review them
+and kind of try and get a
+
+better understanding.
+
+So the Monty Hall problem.
+
+This is a Monte Carlo
+simulation.
+
+So, one, what's the action that
+a person should take?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+And does anyone remember what
+proportion of the time if they
+
+switch they won?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2/3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Two-thirds, Ok.
+
+So I happen to know
+this works--
+
+maybe.
+
+I think my program died.
+
+OK, so it works.
+
+Is this code confusing
+to anyone or cryptic?
+
+I tried to make it a little bit
+simpler than the code that
+
+was in the handout for class.
+
+We have a number of trials.
+
+We're going to pick a
+door for the prize.
+
+The player's going
+to choose a door.
+
+If they choose to stay, and the
+prize is in the door that
+
+they chose, then stay wins.
+
+And if they choose to switch,
+and the prize door is not the
+
+door that they originally
+chose, then switch wins.
+
+So it's easy.
+
+What I wanted to try and do
+is look at an intuitive
+
+explanation for this.
+
+At office hours, we were kicking
+around different ways
+
+of explaining this.
+
+And we went to Wikipedia, and
+we found this explanation.
+
+So the idea is let's say
+that the contestant
+
+chooses door One.
+
+So there's a 1/3 probability
+that they've chosen the door
+
+that has the prize behind it.
+
+And then there's a 1/3
+probability that it's behind
+
+door number Two, 1/3 probability
+it's behind door
+
+number Three.
+
+The key to this kind of
+explanation is that if you
+
+consider both Two and Three
+together, then there's a 2/3
+
+probability that the prize is
+behind one of those two doors.
+
+So the player chooses, and
+then Monty opens a door.
+
+There's a goat behind
+door number Three.
+
+This new knowledge doesn't
+change, though, the
+
+probability that you chose
+the correct door.
+
+So you still have 1/3 chance
+that One was the correct door.
+
+And there's still 2/3
+chance on this side.
+
+But you know this one is 0,
+because you see the goat.
+
+So this door has to a 2/3 chance
+of having the prize.
+
+Does that agree with you?
+
+So it's one way of
+explaining it.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I had problems getting
+this into my head.
+
+Does anyone want me
+to try again?
+
+All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+two doors the probability that
+your goat is going to be
+
+[INAUDIBLE] behind the door you
+chose [INAUDIBLE], so it's
+
+basically the same
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Same idea, but kind
+of negating it, and thinking
+
+of it from the negative
+direction.
+
+Another explanation that was
+good was if you had a million
+
+doors, and you had 999,999
+goats, and you had one prize,
+
+you have a one in a
+million chance of
+
+choosing the right door.
+
+So now imagine Monty walking
+down and open opening up
+
+999,998 doors, each with
+a goat behind it.
+
+Well, now you have your door
+that's still closed, and the
+
+door that's mystery
+also closed.
+
+The probability that you chose
+the correct door is still one
+
+in a million.
+
+So if you see 999,998 goats, and
+one closed door, and you
+
+know that your door only has a
+one in a million chance, you
+
+want to switch to the other
+door, because that probably
+
+has the prize.
+
+So different ways of
+thinking about it.
+
+The probability problems and
+statistics problems, it always
+
+helps to-- or at least, I think
+it does-- to have an
+
+intuitive idea of
+what's going on.
+
+So with that said, let's
+talk about pi.
+
+Because this is one of my
+favorite Monte Carlo methods.
+
+Because it's got a
+nice explanation.
+
+So does anyone need me to talk
+about the idea behind this,
+
+like how this method works,
+or to go through it?
+
+Someone's nodding.
+
+So the idea is we
+have a square.
+
+And its side is 2r units long.
+
+So what's the area
+of the square?
+
+So Asq ...
+
+squared, right?
+
+Now, we still have
+a circle that's
+
+inscribed in the square.
+
+And it's got a radius of r.
+
+So area of circle.
+
+If we take the ratio of the
+circle to the area of the
+
+square, then we find
+have pi over 4.
+
+Now, let's assume that I
+throw darts at this.
+
+Wakes people up.
+
+And there's a uniform
+probability that the point
+
+will land somewhere in
+the square here.
+
+If I throw N of these, then I
+can expect pi over 4 of them,
+
+times N, to wind up
+in the circle.
+
+And since I find this number and
+this number, and I want to
+
+find pi, I can just
+rearrange this.
+
+That's how we get pi.
+
+So let's go to the code.
+
+We just have some easy code.
+
+It gets a random point within
+a square that's from minus r
+
+to r, so 2r units long.
+
+I have a function that makes
+a whole bunch of points.
+
+And then I have a function
+that checks if a point is
+
+within a circle of radius r
+and another function that
+
+looks at a bunch of points
+and counts how many
+
+are within the circle.
+
+And then I have my compute
+pi function here.
+
+And all it does is you can
+either pass at some points
+
+that are already made, or just
+say, I want to have 100,000
+
+darts thrown at this square.
+
+And it'll make a whole bunch of
+those random points, figure
+
+out many are in the circle.
+
+And then we have--
+
+this would be m and numpoints
+N. If we multiply it by 4,
+
+that gives us pi,
+more or less.
+
+So let's look at a
+couple of plots.
+
+I have a function
+here, runtrials.
+
+And what it's going to do is
+it's going to run a number of
+
+trials for a given
+number of points.
+
+So what I want to do is I'm
+going to run 50 trials for
+
+each number of points.
+
+And I'm going to have a points
+list that goes from 10 to
+
+10,000 in 1000-point
+increments.
+
+I'm going to run the trials
+and get the results.
+
+And then I'm going to
+plot my results.
+
+And why don't we just throw
+that out there?
+
+Ok.
+
+So on the plot, the blue line
+blue, horizontal line, that's
+
+the actual value of pi, as
+near as a computer can
+
+approximate it.
+
+On the x-axis, we have the
+number of darts that we threw
+
+at the square.
+
+And each red dot represents
+the result of one trial of
+
+throwing however many
+darts at a board.
+
+So when you're down here, and
+you're only throwing 10 darts,
+
+you tend to have a very
+wide spread for the
+
+estimated value of pi.
+
+As you increase the number of
+darts, you get much closer--
+
+I would say shot group, but
+grouping it's probably more
+
+appropriate.
+
+And it's much closer to
+the actual of pi.
+
+There's nothing really unusual
+about this, right?
+
+Nothing confusing?
+
+So another way of visualizing
+this is to actually, well,
+
+look at the darts
+that are thrown.
+
+So I have a function here,
+plot pi scatter.
+
+And this is actually just
+going to plot this.
+
+And it's going to do it for 10
+points, 100 points, 1,000
+
+points, and 10,000 points.
+
+And we'll see why we can
+start converging on pi.
+
+So this is with only 10 darts
+thrown at the square.
+
+The value for pi is
+really pretty off.
+
+And it doesn't really look
+very compelling.
+
+In fact, one of the
+darts actually
+
+fell outside the circle.
+
+Nine of the darts fell
+inside the circle.
+
+So you're not going to get a
+real good estimate there.
+
+The blue dots there represent
+being in the circle.
+
+Red is outside.
+
+So if we do it with 100 points,
+it starts getting a
+
+little better.
+
+If we do with 1,000 points,
+starts getting better.
+
+If we do it with
+10,000 points.
+
+Anyone confused?
+
+So I'm going to move on and show
+you how we can use the
+
+same method to do numeric
+integration.
+
+So here we go.
+
+Here's that frange function
+again, so it's
+
+not confusing anyone.
+
+What we're going to do is we're
+going to use a Monte
+
+Carlo method to integrate
+a polynomial.
+
+So let's say that I have--
+
+what I want to find.
+
+I'm going to do it for--
+
+because this is a numeric
+method, let's say do it from
+
+negative 5 to 5.
+
+So I want to do this.
+
+If you haven't had calculus or
+anything like that, don't
+
+worry about this.
+
+But I think a lot of people
+have, with a couple of
+
+exceptions.
+
+So this is an easy function
+to integrate, right?
+
+But there are also some
+functions that are really hard
+
+or impossible to.
+
+So that's where a lot of
+software packages actually use
+
+Monte Carlo methods to do a
+numeric integration for you.
+
+But the idea is the same I'm
+going to take a function.
+
+And this is going
+to be x-squared.
+
+And then I'm going to take
+an x-min and an x-max.
+
+These become my left and
+right boundaries.
+
+And then I'm going to find the
+minimum of the function
+
+between these limits and the
+maximum of the function.
+
+So you see what I'm doing?
+
+I'm defining a rectangle.
+
+So again, same thing.
+
+Same principle.
+
+I have the area of
+the rectangle.
+
+I don't have the area
+of this guy.
+
+That's what I'm trying
+to find.
+
+But I know that if I find the
+ratio, the number of points
+
+that land in the square--
+
+or the ratio that land in this
+curve versus the total in the
+
+square, then I can find this
+area pretty easily.
+
+So this function, find function,
+y-min, y-max.
+
+Does exactly what it says.
+
+Just goes between x-min and
+x-max, and then finds where
+
+the function is a minimum and
+where it's a maximum.
+
+So the function I'm calling f.
+
+It's one of the few
+single-letter variable names
+
+I'll use that isn't
+an index counter.
+
+My random point generator, it's
+
+going to take the bounds--
+
+x-min, x-max, y-min, y-max.
+
+So it's going to uniformly
+produce a point that falls
+
+within this rectangle.
+
+My make-points --
+
+it just makes a whole
+bunch of these.
+
+Then I have this function
+between curve.
+
+What this tells me is if I
+have a point here, it'll
+
+return true, because
+it's between the
+
+curve and the x-axis.
+
+If it's up here, it's
+false, right?
+
+Does anyone not understand
+how that works?
+
+Ah, you're all smart.
+
+So here is our estimate of our
+main function, estimate area.
+
+You give it a function,
+x-min, x-max.
+
+I'm going to tell it how
+many points to toss.
+
+And optionally, we can tell it
+that we already have points
+
+that have been tossed.
+
+And the first thing we do is
+find the y-min and the y-max.
+
+And then if we don't have
+points, we make them.
+
+And then point counter counts
+how many times a point wound
+
+up between the curve
+and the x-axis.
+
+And we just iterate through
+the points.
+
+If it's between the curve,
+that means it's here.
+
+Then, if it's above the
+x-axis, we're going to
+
+increment the point counter.
+
+And then if it's below the
+x-axis, we're going to
+
+decrement the point counter.
+
+So we're accounting
+for signs here.
+
+So if we had a function that
+did this, we'd be able to
+
+properly handle it.
+
+Now we get the rectangular
+area.
+
+And then all we do is we
+multiply the rectangular area
+
+by the ratio of the number of
+points between the curve and
+
+the x-axis and the total number
+of points thrown.
+
+And that gives us the
+function area.
+
+So here's my function,
+x-squared.
+
+And this is just a plot
+function scatter.
+
+All this is going to do is just
+do the same thing I did
+
+with the circle.
+
+And I am going to
+do this for--
+
+if I tossed 10 points,
+100 points, 1,000,
+
+10,000, or a 100,000.
+
+So let's see what
+this looks like.
+
+Assuming that Python
+doesn't crash.
+
+So not too nice.
+
+100 points, 1,000 points,
+10,000 points.
+
+And then a whole
+mess of points.
+
+Oh, I crashed it.
+
+Hm?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can't we
+just [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry.
+
+Say that again?
+
+AUDIENCE: Calculate
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+split up the x-axis to a lot of
+points, and then multiply
+
+those by the value function
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+add them up?
+
+PROFESSOR: You're talking
+about doing a Riemann
+
+approximation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Or a Riemann sum?
+
+So his question is, why don't
+you do something like this?
+
+Divide up the x-axis into very
+small portions, like that, and
+
+then sum up the areas
+of these rectangles.
+
+Yeah, you could do that.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: You know, I don't
+have an answer for that.
+
+I can't say which one
+would work better.
+
+Do you know, Serena?
+
+I would say that right now,
+whichever one you prefer.
+
+But I'll see if there's any
+actual research on whether or
+
+not one is better
+than the other.
+
+It might turn out that there
+are certain instances where
+
+doing this sort of approximation
+is better than
+
+doing the approximation
+I'm talking about.
+
+But I don't know.
+
+Yeah, for this problem, you
+could definitely use that.
+
+Is everyone good with this?
+
+Anyone confused?
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think my concern
+is that you need a
+
+fantastically large number of
+darts to get a reasonably good
+
+integration [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That is one issue with Monte
+Carlo methods, is that they do
+
+rely on large numbers.
+
+So, yeah, sometimes they
+can take a while.
+
+AUDIENCE: At least for the
+purposes of this class, we
+
+don't need to be able to
+quantify the error or anything
+
+like that, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+You do need to understand
+that there can be error.
+
+And you should also understand
+stuff like confidence
+
+intervals and confidence
+levels.
+
+Are you OK with that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Mostly.
+
+But in order to get a confidence
+interval, you'd
+
+have to do several
+trials at, say,
+
+100,000 points, and then--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, exactly.
+
+You could estimate the error.
+
+Like you could estimate it.
+
+But in order to really get
+a good sense for how much
+
+variance there is, you'd have
+to do repeated trials.
+
+So yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: What I guess I was
+getting at was in order to get
+
+a sense of how big the
+error is relative to
+
+the number of trials--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: --without sort
+of analytically.
+
+But I guess that's probably
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry, what?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's not something
+that we're going to be asked
+
+to do, at least in
+this course?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, no.
+
+The purpose is we want you to
+understand that when you do
+
+things like this, that there is
+some thought that has to go
+
+into, well, how many trials
+do I need to do?
+
+How many points do
+I need to throw?
+
+And you have to ask yourself,
+how much error am
+
+I willing to tolerate?
+
+There's the joke that
+mathematicians call pi pi, and
+
+then engineers call it 3.14.
+
+OK, so if everyone's done with
+integration, I'm going to move
+
+on to regression.
+
+Oh, wait, now.
+
+There's one thing wanted
+to touch on.
+
+So we kind of looked at some toy
+problems with Monte Carlo.
+
+And this is, I guess, a toy
+problem too, because it has to
+
+do with a toy.
+
+Is everyone familiar with
+the game of Monopoly?
+
+So I don't have to explain the
+rules too much in depth?
+
+OK.
+
+So let's assume that there are
+no factors that modify this
+
+distribution.
+
+If I roll the die twice, then
+each one of these spaces has
+
+an equal probability
+of being landed on.
+
+It's about 2 and 1/2%.
+
+But there are certain rules
+that distort this
+
+distribution.
+
+So you can land on Go To Jail.
+
+You can roll three doubles,
+and get sent to Jail.
+
+You can draw a Chance card, and
+get sent to Jail, sent to
+
+Go, or sent anywhere
+on the board.
+
+And there are 10 out of 16
+Chance cards that modify this
+
+distribution.
+
+And for Community Chest,
+same thing.
+
+There's 2 out of the 16 cards
+that distort the distribution.
+
+So the question is, how do
+you do this analytically?
+
+And I've tried.
+
+It's hard.
+
+I'm actually not sure
+if it's possible.
+
+Well, this is a perfect example
+of where you would use
+
+a Monte Carlo simulation in
+order to arrive at the answer.
+
+So if you actually want to take
+a whack at this problem,
+
+you can go to this site called
+projecteuler.net.
+
+They have a whole bunch of mathy
+questions on there that
+
+are meant to get people to think
+about math and computer
+
+programming.
+
+And you get little rankings the
+more questions you answer
+
+correctly, and stuff
+like that.
+
+So there's a little
+competition.
+
+But the question in this
+particular case was, what are
+
+the top three places
+you'll land on
+
+with all these factors?
+
+And if you represent them as a
+number that is concatenated
+
+one after the other,
+what is the number?
+
+What is the six-digit number?
+
+But that's a fun problem.
+
+So going onto something that's
+less fun, regression.
+
+So can someone tell me what
+purposes we would use
+
+regression for?
+
+Take a stab.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sure.
+
+If you have experimental data
+which you believe to fit some
+
+type of theoretical model.
+
+But experiments being
+
+experiments, they're not perfect.
+
+You can't--
+
+the data points exactly fall in
+the model, so you have to
+
+find which parameters from the
+model to pick so that your
+
+experiment [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+best fits [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Uh-huh.
+
+So the idea is that you have a
+bunch of experimental data
+
+that has error.
+
+And you want to be able to
+maybe find the underlying
+
+function of those
+observations.
+
+And you would do that
+using regression.
+
+So we have a couple
+of nice cools in
+
+Python for doing that.
+
+Actually, before I move on,
+another reason is you can find
+
+the function.
+
+But you can also then, once you
+find that function, you
+
+can use it to predict
+additional values.
+
+So say you have a gap in your
+data, or you want to predict
+
+values beyond the range
+that you collected
+
+observations for.
+
+If you do a regression, you find
+the function, find the
+
+parameters for the function,
+then you can use it to predict
+
+those values.
+
+And what we mainly want you
+to understand here are the
+
+functions that you would use
+to do it, and how you would
+
+tell if you have a good fit or
+not a good fit, and the idea
+
+of overfitting.
+
+So we have a little bit of code
+that demonstrates this,
+
+so a couple of helper functions
+that compute various
+
+values that you've
+seen before.
+
+So MSE is the sum of the
+residual squares.
+
+And then you have the total
+sum of squares.
+
+So these will help you compute
+the coefficient of
+
+termination.
+
+And what I'm going to
+show is let's say I
+
+define a function here.
+
+In this case, I have it
+defined as x-cubed
+
+plus 5x plus 3.
+
+I am going to, for a certain
+number of x values, apply the
+
+function and get the y value.
+
+And then to simulate
+observational data, I'm going
+
+to perturb it using a Gaussian
+distribution.
+
+So it's going to jitter
+the points.
+
+And that's what the make
+observations function does, is
+
+it just adds noise
+to the y values.
+
+And then I'm going to--
+
+this function here plots out
+the measured or observed
+
+values, the simulated.
+
+It computes a fit
+for one degree.
+
+So in this case, I have two
+parameters, fit degree 1 and
+
+fit degree 2, because I want
+to do comparisons.
+
+So it'll compute fit using the
+first degree and predict some
+
+values for the curve.
+
+And then it'll compute the
+residual error and the
+
+coefficient of determination
+and plot it out.
+
+And then it'll do the same thing
+for the second degree.
+
+Let's see what this
+looks like.
+
+Let's see Python not
+behave badly.
+
+There we go.
+
+The function that we plotted
+was, what, x-squared
+
+something, 5x-squared?
+
+Let me see.
+
+x-cubed plus 5x plus 3.
+
+And we're plotting it from
+negative 2 to 2.
+
+So this is what I'm talking
+about with the noise.
+
+So each of these red dots
+represents some observation
+
+that's been disturbed
+a little bit.
+
+And then I try to fit this
+with a first degree
+
+polynomial, and then
+a second degree.
+
+And I see--
+
+actually, my residual error is
+lower for my first degree fit.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+So I don't know.
+
+At this point, I'd
+say just stop and
+
+don't proceed further.
+
+But we know that that's not
+the right function.
+
+So let's look at what we have
+for a third degree fit.
+
+It actually worse, huh.
+
+This is the problem with random
+programs, is that
+
+sometimes they fail you.
+
+I would say that these are nice
+pretty plots, but they're
+
+not really telling me much,
+other than I can fit some
+
+lines to some points.
+
+AUDIENCE: What should
+it look like?
+
+What are you looking for
+that's not there?
+
+PROFESSOR: So we know that the
+function that we made the
+
+observations on is a third
+degree polynomial.
+
+So it's a little puzzling why
+this first degree fit is
+
+better than our third
+degree fit.
+
+That's the conundrum.
+
+So maybe--
+
+I wonder what would happen if
+I expanded the x range.
+
+So let's say I go from
+negative 5 to 5.
+
+Maybe it's just too
+little data.
+
+That's looking a
+little better.
+
+Now I feel better.
+
+So the issue was that we just
+were going from negative 2 to
+
+2, and basically it looked
+linear there.
+
+So the first degree polynomial
+was doing fine.
+
+But as soon as we go out and get
+a little curvy in there,
+
+we see that both the first and
+the second degree fits, they
+
+have pretty high error.
+
+Their R is pretty good.
+
+But when you compare them with,
+say, a third degree fit,
+
+you see that the error drops
+down dramatically.
+
+And it's got higher coefficient
+of determination.
+
+So what we would say in this
+case is that this third degree
+
+fit here is a lot better
+than the first or
+
+second degree fit.
+
+And then we can also look at,
+say, a fourth degree fit,
+
+which in this case happens
+to have a higher error.
+
+So that's a good thing.
+
+And then if we look at a fifth
+degree fit, it also has a
+
+higher error.
+
+So we'd say in this case that
+the third degree fit is
+
+probably our best bet, and we
+probably have a pretty good
+
+idea of what the function is
+for the underlying model.
+
+AUDIENCE: Which part of
+this is regression?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the part of
+this that is regression is--
+
+the part that actually does the
+regression is this poly
+
+fit method here.
+
+And what you do is you pass it
+in the x values, the y values,
+
+and the degree of the
+polynomial that you
+
+want to fit to it.
+
+I've hit the end
+of my material,
+
+unless someone has questions.
+
+Comments, fears, trepidations?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just [INAUDIBLE]
+
+having done some stuff-- like
+in Excel, you can fit curves
+
+with the R-squares?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The R-squared values
+are really, really high, like
+
+really, really [? wanting ?]
+
+these fits, even though the
+fits are pretty terrible.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's
+weird to me.
+
+PROFESSOR: That is puzzling.
+
+And it's quite possible
+that I have a bug.
+
+AUDIENCE: I wonder whether
+there were different
+
+definitions for R-squared that
+are maybe floating around in
+
+different places?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+I made a correction
+to this earlier.
+
+And like I said, maybe
+I introduced a bug.
+
+So I'm going to have to
+double-check my math.
+
+Unfortunately, I'm
+not perfect.
+
+I wish I was.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FIef9sP-Yq8.txt b/FIef9sP-Yq8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8406668b8c32611ea1ea57099729b70d8775b8f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FIef9sP-Yq8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so time to complicate the model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so time to complicate the model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so time to complicate the model a
+little bit to get more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to get more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to get more interesting
+physics from it so what am I gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics from it so what am I gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics from it so what am I gonna do
+I'm gonna add an extra term so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna add an extra term so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna add an extra term so the
+system goes now to an H of T that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system goes now to an H of T that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system goes now to an H of T that is
+gonna have the Alpha T over 2 and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have the Alpha T over 2 and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have the Alpha T over 2 and now we
+didn't have a little term of diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you must so there's several ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you must so there's several ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you must so there's several ways of
+thinking about this H 1 2 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this H 1 2 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this H 1 2 is going to be
+constant in time so it's a number H 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in time so it's a number H 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in time so it's a number H 1 2
+star it's it's complex quantity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star it's it's complex quantity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star it's it's complex quantity if
+you're looking at T equals 0 H becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at T equals 0 H becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at T equals 0 H becomes
+just H 1 to H 1 2 star and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just H 1 to H 1 2 star and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just H 1 to H 1 2 star and the energy
+eigenstates or the energy eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates or the energy eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates or the energy eigenvalues of
+this matrix are plus or minus the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix are plus or minus the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix are plus or minus the norm
+of H 1 to the absolute value of H 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H 1 to the absolute value of H 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H 1 to the absolute value of H 1 to
+just put a couple of lambdas calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a couple of lambdas calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a couple of lambdas calculate
+the eigenvalues its it involves H 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues its it involves H 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues its it involves H 1 2
+times H 1 2 star which is the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H 1 2 star which is the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times H 1 2 star which is the square of
+the norm of H 1 2 and the energies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of H 1 2 and the energies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of H 1 2 and the energies are
+those so look at what's happening in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so look at what's happening in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so look at what's happening in our
+in your energy diagram as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your energy diagram as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your energy diagram as a function of
+T at T equals 0 there are two energies H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T at T equals 0 there are two energies H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T at T equals 0 there are two energies H
+1 2 and minus H 1 2 those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 and minus H 1 2 those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 and minus H 1 2 those are the
+energies at time equals 0 we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies at time equals 0 we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies at time equals 0 we're trying
+to get the analog of what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the analog of what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the analog of what was going on
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and now you could say okay at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you could say okay at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you could say okay at time
+equals 0 that's where I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 that's where I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 that's where I get
+what do I get at-large time so at-large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get at-large time so at-large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get at-large time so at-large
+times these are dominant and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times these are dominant and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times these are dominant and these are
+very small so you must get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small so you must get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small so you must get something
+similar to these arrows here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to these arrows here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to these arrows here so what
+I'll draw here is this and this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw here is this and this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw here is this and this and I
+cannot trust this here for small time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot trust this here for small time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot trust this here for small time
+but presumably this is about right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but presumably this is about right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but presumably this is about right here
+and about right here and about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about right here and about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about right here and about right
+here and about right here and the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and about right here and the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and about right here and the states
+must be the same 1 0 1 here 0 1 1 0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same 1 0 1 here 0 1 1 0 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same 1 0 1 here 0 1 1 0 1 0
+so that's what you know just without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you know just without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you know just without
+doing any calculation that's what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any calculation that's what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any calculation that's what your
+system does and now a Hamiltonian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does and now a Hamiltonian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does and now a Hamiltonian in
+general doesn't give get levels crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general doesn't give get levels crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general doesn't give get levels crossing
+that requires a coincidence like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires a coincidence like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires a coincidence like having
+no of diagonal elements so actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no of diagonal elements so actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no of diagonal elements so actually what
+this will give you is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's how the system will look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how the system will look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how the system will look at
+the function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of time
+those are the energy levels as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the energy levels as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the energy levels as a
+function of time the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time the instantaneous
+energy levels at every instant of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels at every instant of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels at every instant of time
+you now have the energies these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have the energies these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have the energies these are the
+energies of this matrix the energies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of this matrix the energies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of this matrix the energies the
+eigenvalues one-line computation are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues one-line computation are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues one-line computation are a
+plus/minus equal plus or minus square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus/minus equal plus or minus square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus/minus equal plus or minus square
+root of H 1/2 squared plus alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of H 1/2 squared plus alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of H 1/2 squared plus alpha squared
+T squared over 4 so plus or minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared over 4 so plus or minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared over 4 so plus or minus so
+this is a plus and a minus of T all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plus and a minus of T all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plus and a minus of T all
+right so here we go where we have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we go where we have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here we go where we have a real
+system and we have something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we have something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we have something quite
+interesting actually when you let H 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually when you let H 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually when you let H 1 to
+go to 0 you're back to that place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 0 you're back to that place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 0 you're back to that place and
+you just zoom through like here you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just zoom through like here you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just zoom through like here you did
+you just go through and go through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go through and go through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go through and go through so
+when the levels do that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the levels do that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the levels do that you just
+continue through any particular state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue through any particular state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue through any particular state
+you were in you don't start here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in you don't start here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were in you don't start here and
+then go here you just go through that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go here you just go through that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go here you just go through that's
+what you prove here and therefore when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you prove here and therefore when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you prove here and therefore when
+you take the limit of H 1/2 going to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the limit of H 1/2 going to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the limit of H 1/2 going to 0
+if H 1 2 goes to 0 these things collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if H 1 2 goes to 0 these things collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if H 1 2 goes to 0 these things collapse
+at your back there and you zoom by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your back there and you zoom by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your back there and you zoom by
+through so when H 1 2 will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so when H 1 2 will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so when H 1 2 will be very
+very small you will be likely in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small you will be likely in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small you will be likely in fact
+more likely to make the transition than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to make the transition than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to make the transition than
+not to make it so if you have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make it so if you have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make it so if you have a system
+for this is just a micron separated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is just a micron separated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is just a micron separated here
+a milli electron volt let's see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a milli electron volt let's see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a milli electron volt let's see more
+precise here you're more likely to zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise here you're more likely to zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise here you're more likely to zoom
+through and make the non-adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and make the non-adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and make the non-adiabatic
+transition because this will not be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition because this will not be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition because this will not be an
+adiabatic process they're getting too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic process they're getting too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic process they're getting too
+close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other
+on the other hand if you are far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're going to be merry unlikely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be merry unlikely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be merry unlikely to
+make the non adiabatic transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the non adiabatic transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the non adiabatic transition
+because you are very separated the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are very separated the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are very separated the nice
+thing about this problem is that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this problem is that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this problem is that it can
+be solved analytically not terribly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved analytically not terribly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved analytically not terribly easy
+if it involves a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it involves a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it involves a little bit of
+hypergeometric functions and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergeometric functions and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypergeometric functions and some
+differential equations but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but it can be
+solved you will solve it numerically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved you will solve it numerically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved you will solve it numerically in
+in the homework I will say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework I will say a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework I will say a few words
+about it and we'll discuss it transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and we'll discuss it transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and we'll discuss it transition
+in this case and the answer is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case and the answer is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case and the answer is known
+analytically it's a very famous result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically it's a very famous result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically it's a very famous result
+in fact many people have written papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact many people have written papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact many people have written papers
+trying to give simple derivations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give simple derivations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to give simple derivations of
+this answer so in order to just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer so in order to just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer so in order to just write
+the answer and to say how it looks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and to say how it looks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and to say how it looks so
+this is the answer for a transition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the answer for a transition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the answer for a transition we
+try to discuss the notion of adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to discuss the notion of adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to discuss the notion of adiabatic
+process here when is this transition at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here when is this transition at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here when is this transition at
+the abetik and what we do is this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abetik and what we do is this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abetik and what we do is this you
+can imagine taking a tangent here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another tangent here and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another tangent here and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another tangent here and when it
+hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits
+the lines the linear lines of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines the linear lines of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines the linear lines of that we
+plotted here bring them down so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here bring them down so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here bring them down so you get
+the rectangle here so you hit the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle here so you hit the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rectangle here so you hit the Alpha
+T over to line and you call this to tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over to line and you call this to tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over to line and you call this to tau
+D or to tau naught howdy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D or to tau naught howdy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D or to tau naught howdy
+okay so let's figure out what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's figure out what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's figure out what that is
+because I say that this time is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I say that this time is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I say that this time is the time
+that going up on the line alpha 3 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going up on the line alpha 3 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going up on the line alpha 3 over 2
+at this time to tally you get the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time to tally you get the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time to tally you get the height
+h1 2 that means that H 1 2 is alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 2 that means that H 1 2 is alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 2 that means that H 1 2 is alpha
+times 2 tau D divided by 2 so tau D is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 tau D divided by 2 so tau D is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 tau D divided by 2 so tau D is H
+1 2 over alpha so tau D is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 over alpha so tau D is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 over alpha so tau D is usually
+thought as the time scale associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought as the time scale associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought as the time scale associated to
+the change in the Hamiltonian that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the Hamiltonian that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the Hamiltonian that is
+you had an original Hamiltonian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an original Hamiltonian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had an original Hamiltonian that
+were this linear things and over a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this linear things and over a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were this linear things and over a time
+to thee the shape is change into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thee the shape is change into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thee the shape is change into the
+final Hamiltonian this is the process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Hamiltonian this is the process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Hamiltonian this is the process in
+which the original system is changing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the original system is changing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the original system is changing to
+the new system within this time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new system within this time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new system within this time scale
+the time scale tau D but we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale tau D but we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale tau D but we have another
+time that is interesting here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is interesting here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is interesting here you see
+while this change is happening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this change is happening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this change is happening the
+separation of the energy levels is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the energy levels is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the energy levels is by
+this distance H 1 2 so the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance H 1 2 so the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance H 1 2 so the Hamiltonian
+at T equals 0 the Hamiltonian looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals 0 the Hamiltonian looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals 0 the Hamiltonian looks like
+0 H 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 H 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 H 1
+- h1 - here and if you have two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- h1 - here and if you have two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- h1 - here and if you have two states
+governed by such Hamiltonian that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by such Hamiltonian that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by such Hamiltonian that is
+valid near time equals zero there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid near time equals zero there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid near time equals zero there's
+gonna be oscillations between states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be oscillations between states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be oscillations between states
+here you can go from the first day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can go from the first day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can go from the first day to
+the second state with some frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second state with some frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second state with some frequency
+governed by this number that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by this number that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by this number that is called
+the Rabi frequency Rabi oscillation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rabi frequency Rabi oscillation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rabi frequency Rabi oscillation it's
+something you've done in 805 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done in 805 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done in 805 in
+two-state systems you oscillate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-state systems you oscillate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-state systems you oscillate and the
+frequency of oscillation one between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation one between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation one between the
+states 1 & 2 is H 1 2 divided by h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or 2 pi divided by the period t 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2 pi divided by the period t 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2 pi divided by the period t 1 -
+that's the definition of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of the frequency
+so what do we have here the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have here the process is
+adiabatic if the time tau B from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic if the time tau B from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic if the time tau B from the
+probe for the change to happen it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe for the change to happen it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe for the change to happen it's much
+larger than the period capital T 1/2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the period capital T 1/2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the period capital T 1/2 of
+the oscillation so you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation so you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation so you can think of the
+system during the time it spends in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system during the time it spends in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system during the time it spends in this
+box like a two level system separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box like a two level system separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box like a two level system separated by
+H 1 - that oscillates between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 1 - that oscillates between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 1 - that oscillates between the two
+states and in that time - tau D all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in that time - tau D all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and in that time - tau D all the
+change is happening so you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is happening so you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is happening so you should have
+that tau D is much bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tau D is much bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tau D is much bigger than the
+period of oscillation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of oscillation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of oscillation and this
+corresponds to because T 1 2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to because T 1 2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to because T 1 2 is the
+inverse of Omega 1 - 2 Omega 1 2 tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of Omega 1 - 2 Omega 1 2 tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of Omega 1 - 2 Omega 1 2 tau
+greater than 1 so either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that would be adiabatic Patek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be adiabatic Patek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be adiabatic Patek
+condition let's put them numbers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition let's put them numbers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition let's put them numbers here
+Omega 1 2 is is H 1 2 norm over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 2 is is H 1 2 norm over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 2 is is H 1 2 norm over H bar
+and tau D we all found it there is H 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tau D we all found it there is H 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tau D we all found it there is H 1 2
+over alpha so over alpha so this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha so over alpha so this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha so over alpha so this is much
+greater than 1 I don't know there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 I don't know there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 1 I don't know there's this
+2 here has nothing to do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 here has nothing to do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 here has nothing to do with that
+formula so this is the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is the adiabatic
+condition and this is reasonable of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and this is reasonable of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and this is reasonable of you
+see what is going to make it a diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is going to make it a diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is going to make it a diabetic
+the more these branches are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more these branches are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more these branches are separated
+the more difficult to transition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more difficult to transition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more difficult to transition the
+better the adiabatic approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the adiabatic approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the adiabatic approximation and
+it's this thing here the bigger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing here the bigger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing here the bigger this
+number the better you are the slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the better you are the slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the better you are the slower
+alpha is the lower the slope is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is the lower the slope is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is the lower the slope is the more
+time it's going to take the better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to take the better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to take the better the
+adiabatic approximation so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic approximation so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic approximation so this is
+really the thing and the final formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the thing and the final formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the thing and the final formula
+that I will write here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will write here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will write here is the
+probability for a non adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for a non adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for a non adiabatic
+transition is exponential of minus 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is exponential of minus 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is exponential of minus 2 pi
+Omega 1 2 tau D so the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 2 tau D so the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 2 tau D so the probability that
+you cross the thing and jump from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross the thing and jump from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross the thing and jump from this
+down to here is this is suppressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to here is this is suppressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to here is this is suppressed by
+the adiabatic factor and that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic factor and that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic factor and that's what you
+will check in the homework
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G5q1_zhG86g.txt b/G5q1_zhG86g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b26f3e35027b19eb01133acc2f9c8cd9ea635c13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G5q1_zhG86g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7912 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to start with um the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with um the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with um the lecture
+notes from last uh Friday because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes from last uh Friday because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes from last uh Friday because I
+didn't finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish
+them what we were doing at the end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what we were doing at the end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what we were doing at the end of a
+lecture last time was probably oh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time was probably oh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time was probably oh some
+of the hardest Concepts that we've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hardest Concepts that we've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hardest Concepts that we've uh
+covered so far in this course and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so far in this course and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so far in this course and maybe
+even in the whole course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you'll remember that we finally got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll remember that we finally got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll remember that we finally got
+around to uh talking about what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to uh talking about what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to uh talking about what does a
+wave function mean how does it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function mean how does it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function mean how does it actually
+represent the electron in our hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atom and we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and we saw that
+the the physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the physically
+significant interpretation of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant interpretation of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant interpretation of the wave
+function was not EX the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was not EX the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was not EX the wave function
+itself but the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but the wave function
+squared so s here which we learned has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so s here which we learned has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so s here which we learned has
+to be labeled by three quantum numbers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be labeled by three quantum numbers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be labeled by three quantum numbers n
+l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and
+m and that is a function of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and that is a function of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and that is a function of three
+position variables are Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position variables are Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position variables are Theta and
+Pi if you square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi if you square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi if you square
+that the physical interpretation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physical interpretation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physical interpretation of that
+is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density this means this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density this means this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density this means this has
+units this has units of inverse volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units this has units of inverse volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units this has units of inverse volume
+right it's a probability per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a probability per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a probability per unit volume
+that's very important it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important it's not a
+probability but a probability per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume but the other quantity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but the other quantity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but the other quantity that we
+would like to know something about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know something about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know something about is a
+probability we'd like to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we'd like to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we'd like to know something
+about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how
+far is the electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is the electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is the electron from the
+nucleus and in order to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and in order to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and in order to do that we
+needed to invoke this concept here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to invoke this concept here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to invoke this concept here this
+radial probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution
+function and what we said it was last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what we said it was last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what we said it was last
+time is the probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the probability of finding an
+electron in a spherical shell of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a spherical shell of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a spherical shell of radius
+R and that spherical shell has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that spherical shell has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that spherical shell has a
+thickness Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness Dr
+or another way to say it is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way to say it is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way to say it is that it's
+the probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the
+electron at a distance between R to r+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at a distance between R to r+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at a distance between R to r+
+Dr okay now this is a probability here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay now this is a probability here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay now this is a probability here
+and we Illustrated that that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Illustrated that that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Illustrated that that in the
+following way this uh gray portion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way this uh gray portion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way this uh gray portion here
+well that was our DOT density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was our DOT density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was our DOT density
+diagram that gray portion was was the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that gray portion was was the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that gray portion was was the uh
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+density right size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right size
+squared in this particular case the one0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in this particular case the one0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared in this particular case the one0
+wave function the on S wave function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function the on S wave function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function the on S wave function we
+squared it and then we represented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it and then we represented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it and then we represented the
+magnitude of that by that dot density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that by that dot density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that by that dot density
+diagram where the density the dots where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where the density the dots where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where the density the dots where
+that was highest that represented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was highest that represented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was highest that represented the
+highest value of s squar and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest value of s squar and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest value of s squar and then it
+radially dissipated exponentially okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially dissipated exponentially okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially dissipated exponentially okay
+that's what that uh gray dot density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that uh gray dot density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that uh gray dot density
+diagram was and now if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram was and now if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram was and now if we take a
+spherical shell and we put it right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell and we put it right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical shell and we put it right at
+the origin right where our nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin right where our nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin right where our nucleus is
+and that spherical shell has a radius R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that spherical shell has a radius R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that spherical shell has a radius R
+and it's a since it's a shell it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a since it's a shell it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a since it's a shell it's
+infinitesimally thin right so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally thin right so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally thin right so it has a
+thickness Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness Dr
+here the probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability of finding the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+in that spherical shell is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that spherical shell is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that spherical shell is what the
+radial probability is okay so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability is okay so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability is okay so it's going
+to be able to tell us how far or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to tell us how far or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to tell us how far or the
+probability of finding the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron
+between R and R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between R and R plus
+Dr okay now how do we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay now how do we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr okay now how do we calculate the
+radial probability distribution or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution or how
+do we calculate the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we calculate the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we calculate the radial
+probability well the first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well the first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability well the first thing you
+have to realize is what the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize is what the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize is what the volume of
+this spherical shell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical shell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spherical shell is
+right the volume of the spherical shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the volume of the spherical shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the volume of the spherical shelf
+is just the surface area of the sphere 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the surface area of the sphere 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the surface area of the sphere 4
+pi r squared times the thickness Dr so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r squared times the thickness Dr so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi r squared times the thickness Dr so
+that's the volume of the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the volume of the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the volume of the spherical
+shell now what can I do to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell now what can I do to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell now what can I do to calculate the
+radial probability well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability well we know that
+size squared is the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size squared is the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size squared is the probability density
+probability per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per unit volume
+If I multiply it by that unit volume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply it by that unit volume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I multiply it by that unit volume in
+this case 4 pi r 2 Dr hey the volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case 4 pi r 2 Dr hey the volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case 4 pi r 2 Dr hey the volumes
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+cancel and we have a probability that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and we have a probability that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and we have a probability that's
+our radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our radial
+probability all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability all
+right and this is strictly correct for S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is strictly correct for S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is strictly correct for S
+orbitals only there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals only there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals only there's a little
+difference here for the P orbitals and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here for the P orbitals and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here for the P orbitals and D
+orbitals we're actually not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we're actually not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals we're actually not going to do
+that all right but this is our radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right but this is our radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right but this is our radial
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+so let's take an example let's uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take an example let's uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take an example let's uh look
+at an example of the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example of the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example of the radial
+probability for the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so what have we done here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so what have we done here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so what have we done here to
+calculate radial probability we've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate radial probability we've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate radial probability we've taken
+s squared we've squared 1 s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squared we've squared 1 s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squared we've squared 1 s wave
+function and we've multiplied it by 4 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we've multiplied it by 4 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we've multiplied it by 4 Pi
+r^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r^ 2
+Dr right for all these values of R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr right for all these values of R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr right for all these values of R so
+we've calculated s at all the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've calculated s at all the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've calculated s at all the values of
+R and multiplied it by 4 pi r 2 d r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and multiplied it by 4 pi r 2 d r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and multiplied it by 4 pi r 2 d r and
+the result is this radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is this radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is this radial probability
+all right that's what I'm plotting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's what I'm plotting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's what I'm plotting right
+here what do you see well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do you see well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do you see well the first
+thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you
+see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that the
+electron the most probable value of r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the most probable value of r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the most probable value of r or
+the most probable distance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable distance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable distance of the
+electron from the nucleus is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the nucleus is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the nucleus is quite a
+ways out that most probable value is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways out that most probable value is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways out that most probable value is all
+the way out here where R is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out here where R is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out here where R is equal to a
+knot and I said last time that this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and I said last time that this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and I said last time that this a
+knot this a knot is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot this a knot is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot this a knot is a
+constant it's called the bore radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's called the bore radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's called the bore radius and
+today I'll explain why it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'll explain why it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'll explain why it's called the
+bore radius but it has a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore radius but it has a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore radius but it has a value of
+0.529
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.529
+enroms all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroms all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroms all
+right so it's most likely to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's most likely to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's most likely to find the
+electron about a half an angstrom away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron about a half an angstrom away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron about a half an angstrom away
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+nucleus all right the most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right the most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right the most probable
+value or the most probable position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or the most probable position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or the most probable position of
+finding the electron is not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electron is not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electron is not at the
+nucleus and in fact hey look at this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and in fact hey look at this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and in fact hey look at this in
+fact that radial probability here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that radial probability here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that radial probability here is
+actually let me Focus my pointer there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me Focus my pointer there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me Focus my pointer there
+you go uh is actually zero at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go uh is actually zero at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go uh is actually zero at R equals
+z okayy that seems a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okayy that seems a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okayy that seems a little
+strange because we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange because we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange because we looked at the
+probability density remember we plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density remember we plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density remember we plotted
+the probability density the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density the last time
+which was just s squar for the one0 wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was just s squar for the one0 wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was just s squar for the one0 wave
+function as a function of r and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of r and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of r and when we
+did that we saw that at R equals z here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that we saw that at R equals z here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that we saw that at R equals z here
+the probability density was some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density was some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density was some large
+maximum value and that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value and that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value and that this
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+decayed well the probability density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed well the probability density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed well the probability density is
+a large maximum value at R equals z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large maximum value at R equals z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large maximum value at R equals z but
+when we look at the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the radial
+probability it's zero at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's zero at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability it's zero at R equals
+z why well because when we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z why well because when we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z why well because when we go to
+calculate the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the radial
+probability we are multiplying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we are multiplying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we are multiplying that
+probability density by a sphere a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density by a sphere a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density by a sphere a sphere
+whose volume now has shrunk to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose volume now has shrunk to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose volume now has shrunk to zero
+because R is equal to zero all right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R is equal to zero all right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R is equal to zero all right all
+right so the probability of finding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the probability of finding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the probability of finding that
+electron right at the nucleus between R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right at the nucleus between R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right at the nucleus between R
+equals z and r + Dr is zero all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and r + Dr is zero all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and r + Dr is zero all right so
+the most likely distance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely distance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely distance of that
+electron and the hydrogen atom from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the hydrogen atom from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the hydrogen atom from the
+nucleus is one bore radius and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is one bore radius and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is one bore radius and actually
+then the diameter of that hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the diameter of that hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the diameter of that hydrogen atom
+we typically say is twice the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically say is twice the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically say is twice the bore
+radius or a little bit over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius or a little bit over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius or a little bit over an
+angrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angrum
+okay all right so that's what a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's what a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's what a radial
+probability distribution function means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function means
+all right it's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's going to tell
+us it's going to tell us um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's going to tell us um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's going to tell us um the
+probability of finding the electron a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron a
+certain distance R to R plus Dr from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance R to R plus Dr from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance R to R plus Dr from the
+nucleus all right but now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right but now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right but now I want to
+explain to you where this a KN comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you where this a KN comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you where this a KN comes
+from and I want to uh and that allows me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I want to uh and that allows me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and I want to uh and that allows me
+then to also explain a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to also explain a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to also explain a very important
+concept here about quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here about quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here about quantum
+mechanics um 1911 by 1911 both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um 1911 by 1911 both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um 1911 by 1911 both the
+electron and the nucleus had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus had been
+discovered and scientists were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and scientists were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and scientists were trying
+very hard to understand how the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to understand how the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to understand how the electron
+and the nucleus hung together and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleus hung together and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleus hung together and it
+wasn't really till 1926 when schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really till 1926 when schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really till 1926 when schinger
+wrote down his wave equation that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down his wave equation that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down his wave equation that things
+really began to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really began to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really began to make
+sense but there were many attempts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but there were many attempts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but there were many attempts in
+between 1911 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1911 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1911 and
+1926 to understand what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 to understand what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1926 to understand what was going on
+with the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hydrogen
+atom and one of those attempts was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and one of those attempts was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and one of those attempts was made
+by Neil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bore and um backwards I think it's niie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore and um backwards I think it's niie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore and um backwards I think it's niie
+okay and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um
+what bour uh said is well okay I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bour uh said is well okay I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bour uh said is well okay I know
+this classical physics predicts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical physics predicts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this classical physics predicts that
+this electron will plummet into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron will plummet into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron will plummet into the
+nucleus in 10 the minus 10 seconds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in 10 the minus 10 seconds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in 10 the minus 10 seconds that
+is if I take a planetary model I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I take a planetary model I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I take a planetary model I put the
+nucleus in the center and I give the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in the center and I give the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus in the center and I give the uh
+electron a uniform circular orbit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a uniform circular orbit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a uniform circular orbit around
+that nucleus um well I know class IAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nucleus um well I know class IAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nucleus um well I know class IAL
+physics tells me this won't hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics tells me this won't hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics tells me this won't hang
+together but let me ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but let me ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but let me ignore
+that and let me propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let me propose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let me propose
+that there's something quantized about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something quantized about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something quantized about
+the hydrogen atom and he knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom and he knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom and he knew that
+because he knew the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knew the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he knew the hydrogen atom
+Spectrum he knew that in the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum he knew that in the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum he knew that in the hydrogen
+atom spectrum that light was emitted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom spectrum that light was emitted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom spectrum that light was emitted at
+only certain frequencies as we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only certain frequencies as we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only certain frequencies as we saw the
+other day and that gave him the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day and that gave him the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day and that gave him the idea
+that there's something quantized about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something quantized about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something quantized about
+the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+atom so we then proposed okay let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so we then proposed okay let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so we then proposed okay let me go
+and I'm going to quantize the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to quantize the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to quantize the angular
+momentum of that electron going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that electron going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that electron going around
+in this circular orbit so what he did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this circular orbit so what he did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this circular orbit so what he did is
+he kind of took a classical model and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he kind of took a classical model and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he kind of took a classical model and he
+pasted some quantum mechanical ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasted some quantum mechanical ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasted some quantum mechanical ideas
+onto the system all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the system all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the system all
+right and when he did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when he did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when he did that
+the value for R here at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value for R here at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value for R here at which the
+electron was going around the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron was going around the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron was going around the nucleus
+well that value of R ended up being what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that value of R ended up being what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that value of R ended up being what
+we call here the bore radius now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call here the bore radius now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call here the bore radius now this
+value of a KN okay now we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a KN okay now we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a KN okay now we're not going
+to study the bore atom because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the bore atom because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the bore atom because it's
+wrong all right and in particular what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right and in particular what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right and in particular what
+it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets
+wrong is the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is the radial probability
+distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay
+here's the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the radial probability
+distribution function as it comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function as it comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function as it comes out of
+solving the schinger equation for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the schinger equation for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the schinger equation for an
+electron in that in this one s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that in this one s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in that in this one s
+state but here's the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but here's the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but here's the radial probability
+distribution function for What's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for What's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for What's called
+the boore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boore
+atom the radial probability I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the radial probability I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the radial probability I'll just
+write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as
+RPD the radial probability here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPD the radial probability here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPD the radial probability here is going
+to be a whopping one right at r equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a whopping one right at r equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a whopping one right at r equal a
+that's the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the radial probability
+distribution for the bore atom what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the bore atom what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the bore atom what that
+tells us is we know exactly where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is we know exactly where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us is we know exactly where the
+electron is what that tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is what that tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is what that tells us is that
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+exactly that the radius of that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that the radius of that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that the radius of that electron
+in that stable in that circular orbit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that stable in that circular orbit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that stable in that circular orbit is
+a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not
+okay this is what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what we call a
+deterministic picture that is we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic picture that is we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic picture that is we know
+exactly where the electron is in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the electron is in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the electron is in terms
+of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its
+radius however we now know that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius however we now know that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius however we now know that what's
+really going on is that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on is that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on is that we don't know
+exactly where the uh electron is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the uh electron is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where the uh electron is we
+can't tell you exactly what the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you exactly what the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you exactly what the radius
+is the best we can tell you is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best we can tell you is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best we can tell you is a
+probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the
+electron within some value R to R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron within some value R to R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron within some value R to R plus
+Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr
+quantum mechanics this is a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics this is a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics this is a quantum
+mechanical result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical result is
+nondeterministic we are limited in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministic we are limited in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterministic we are limited in the
+Precision with which we can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision with which we can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision with which we can tell you
+where something is like the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something is like the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something is like the electron
+we're limited within the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're limited within the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're limited within the uncertainty
+principle the uncertainty principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the uncertainty principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the uncertainty principle is
+not something that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that we're going to be
+discussing here but the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing here but the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing here but the uncertainty
+principle does give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle does give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle does give us a
+limit to which we can know know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to which we can know know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to which we can know know the
+position and the momentum say of a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the momentum say of a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the momentum say of a uh
+particle all right so that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle all right so that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle all right so that's really the
+big Point here is that quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Point here is that quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Point here is that quantum mechanics
+the best it can do for you is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best it can do for you is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best it can do for you is to give
+you a probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a probability of finding the
+electron at some some position classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at some some position classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at some some position classical
+mechanics which was really this bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which was really this bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which was really this bore
+atom approach classical me mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom approach classical me mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom approach classical me mechanics
+will tell you exactly where something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you exactly where something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you exactly where something is
+right but not in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not in quantum mechanics
+okay very important difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very important difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very important difference
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do well it does turn out that if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well it does turn out that if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well it does turn out that if you go
+to take this distribution function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this distribution function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this distribution function and
+you actually look at the value of r that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually look at the value of r that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually look at the value of r that
+um at which this is a maximum it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at which this is a maximum it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at which this is a maximum it comes
+out to be exactly that number a not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be exactly that number a not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be exactly that number a not okay
+that actually there's more to the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually there's more to the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually there's more to the story
+in the sense that that's an a that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that that's an a that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that that's an a that is an
+accident of of the particular form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident of of the particular form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident of of the particular form of
+the kolon potential that bore was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kolon potential that bore was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kolon potential that bore was able
+to get this value a KN right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this value a KN right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this value a KN right so this
+this value really is a not okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value really is a not okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value really is a not okay that
+most probable value and so you saw we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value and so you saw we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value and so you saw we
+wrote all of our wave functions in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote all of our wave functions in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote all of our wave functions in terms
+of that constant a not so certainly bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that constant a not so certainly bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that constant a not so certainly bore
+made a contribution he realized hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a contribution he realized hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a contribution he realized hey you
+know there's something quantized about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's something quantized about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's something quantized about
+the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen
+atom and but he in order to get that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and but he in order to get that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and but he in order to get that he
+kind of pasted the idea of quantization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pasted the idea of quantization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pasted the idea of quantization
+on a classical model in contrast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a classical model in contrast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a classical model in contrast in
+Schrodinger's equation when we solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's equation when we solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's equation when we solve it
+we talked about how when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about how when you have a
+differential equation you have to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you have to apply
+boundary conditions to the problem well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions to the problem well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions to the problem well
+when you apply the appropriate boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply the appropriate boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you apply the appropriate boundary
+conditions the quantum numbers drop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the quantum numbers drop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the quantum numbers drop out
+you know you're not doing an ad hoc um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're not doing an ad hoc um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're not doing an ad hoc um
+kind of pasting of a quantization ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pasting of a quantization ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pasting of a quantization ideas
+onto some model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto some model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto some model
+okay okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now so that's uh the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so that's uh the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so that's uh the radial
+probability distribution function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function for
+the 1s uh wave function but uh we'd also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s uh wave function but uh we'd also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1s uh wave function but uh we'd also
+like to look at the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to look at the radial probability
+distribution function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for
+the other swave functions that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other swave functions that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other swave functions that we've
+looked at so far right and uh let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at so far right and uh let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at so far right and uh let me go
+here and the next one that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the next one that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the next one that we're going
+to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+at is for the 2s wve function all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is for the 2s wve function all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is for the 2s wve function all right
+so this will be the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be the radial probability
+distribution function for the 2s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for the 2s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function for the 2s wave
+function this is versus R all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is versus R all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is versus R all right and
+if I plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plot it
+what I'm going to see is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to see is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to see is something that
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+this all right lo and behold the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right lo and behold the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right lo and behold the most
+probable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value
+here of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of R
+rmp this most probable value let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmp this most probable value let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmp this most probable value let me get
+my chalk all going to do it okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my chalk all going to do it okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my chalk all going to do it okay the
+most probable value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value here
+rmp is actually 6 a on hey it is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmp is actually 6 a on hey it is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmp is actually 6 a on hey it is most
+likely for the electron in a 2s state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely for the electron in a 2s state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely for the electron in a 2s state to
+be six times as far from the nucleus as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be six times as far from the nucleus as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be six times as far from the nucleus as
+it is in the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the 1s
+state right that's the what the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right that's the what the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right that's the what the radial
+probability distribution function tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function tells
+us so if you have a hydrogen atom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so if you have a hydrogen atom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so if you have a hydrogen atom that
+is in the first excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the first excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the first excited
+state that hydrogen atom in a sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that hydrogen atom in a sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that hydrogen atom in a sense is
+bigger it's bigger in the sense that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger it's bigger in the sense that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger it's bigger in the sense that it
+is more like likely to find the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like likely to find the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more like likely to find the electron
+a farther a further distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farther a further distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farther a further distance from the
+nucleus than it is in the N equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus than it is in the N equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus than it is in the N equal one
+state all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state all
+right the other interesting thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other interesting thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the other interesting thing here
+about this radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this radial probability
+distribution is that uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is that uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is that uh you can see
+where the node is where the radial node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the node is where the radial node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the node is where the radial node
+is right we talked about the radial node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right we talked about the radial node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right we talked about the radial node
+last time this is r equal 2 a KN a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is r equal 2 a KN a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time this is r equal 2 a KN a
+radial node is the value of r that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node is the value of r that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node is the value of r that will
+make your wave function be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your wave function be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your wave function be equal to zero
+so that's the radial node now very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the radial node now very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the radial node now very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+here this R equals z r equal Z is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this R equals z r equal Z is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this R equals z r equal Z is not a
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node r equal Z is never a radial node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node r equal Z is never a radial node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node r equal Z is never a radial node
+this gets students into trouble so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets students into trouble so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets students into trouble so let
+me emphasize this over and over again R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me emphasize this over and over again R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me emphasize this over and over again R
+equals 0 is never a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is never a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is never a radial
+node okay this R equals z right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay this R equals z right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay this R equals z right here is
+a consequence of our definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consequence of our definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consequence of our definition of the
+radial probability 4 Pi r^ 2 s s Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability 4 Pi r^ 2 s s Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability 4 Pi r^ 2 s s Dr
+that's not a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a radial
+node okay what about the 3s way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay what about the 3s way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay what about the 3s way
+function let's look at that so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's look at that so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's look at that so this is a
+radial probability distribution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distribution for the
+3s wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s wave
+function what that distribution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what that distribution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what that distribution would
+look like is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like is something like
+this hey look at where the most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hey look at where the most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hey look at where the most probable
+value of R is here this most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R is here this most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R is here this most probable
+value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is
+11.46
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.46
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.46
+a it's about 11 and a half times as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's about 11 and a half times as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's about 11 and a half times as far
+out from the nucleus as it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the nucleus as it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the nucleus as it was in the
+case of the hydrogen 1s state so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the hydrogen 1s state so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the hydrogen 1s state so if you
+have a hydrogen atom in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen atom in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen atom in the second
+excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited
+state in a sense again it is bigger it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in a sense again it is bigger it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in a sense again it is bigger it's
+bigger in the sense that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in the sense that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in the sense that it's more
+likely to find the electron at a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find the electron at a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to find the electron at a larger
+distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the
+nucleus okay and again the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus okay and again the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus okay and again the radial
+probability distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function
+reflects the two radial nodes in the 3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the two radial nodes in the 3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the two radial nodes in the 3s
+wave function there's a node here at r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function there's a node here at r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function there's a node here at r
+equal 1 .9 a and there's a node here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 .9 a and there's a node here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 .9 a and there's a node here at
+Ral 7.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 7.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 7.1
+a okay the two radial nodes for 3s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay the two radial nodes for 3s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay the two radial nodes for 3s and
+there's no radial node here at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no radial node here at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no radial node here at R equals
+z this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z this is really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right now if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if you look at
+this it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's very
+tempting to look at this radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to look at this radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting to look at this radial
+probability distribution function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function and
+say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the
+following well if the electron is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following well if the electron is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following well if the electron is some
+probability of being over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being over
+here and then it has some probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it has some probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it has some probability of
+being over here and then it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being over here and then it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being over here and then it has some
+probability of being over here then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being over here then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being over here then how
+does the electron get from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the electron get from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the electron get from here to here
+to here if this point right here at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here if this point right here at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here if this point right here at a
+Ral 1. a and Ral 7.1 a KN how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 1. a and Ral 7.1 a KN how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 1. a and Ral 7.1 a KN how does it
+get there if these points the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there if these points the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there if these points the
+probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+zero well you say well maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well you say well maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well you say well maybe the
+probability is just small it's not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is just small it's not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is just small it's not zero
+hey but I'm telling you that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey but I'm telling you that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey but I'm telling you that probability
+is zero zip zilch NADA NYX Cipher not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero zip zilch NADA NYX Cipher not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero zip zilch NADA NYX Cipher not
+anybody else got a goose egg anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else got a goose egg anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else got a goose egg anybody
+else got another one it is zero it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else got another one it is zero it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else got another one it is zero it's not
+small it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's just
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so that's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an interesting question
+and the answer to that question is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that question is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that question is that
+it's not an appropriate question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an appropriate question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an appropriate question
+okay it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not
+appropriate because when you ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate because when you ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate because when you ask how
+does a particle get from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a particle get from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a particle get from one place to
+another place to another place right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place to another place right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place to another place right
+what you're asking about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're asking about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're asking about is the
+trajectory of a particle you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of a particle you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of a particle you're asking
+for a path how does it get from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a path how does it get from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a path how does it get from here to
+here to here to here that's a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here to here that's a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here to here that's a classical
+idea right and this is not a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right and this is not a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right and this is not a classical
+system so that's why the question isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's why the question isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's why the question isn't
+appropriate so instead what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate so instead what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate so instead what we have to
+think about this as is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as is a wave
+right the electron is represented by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the electron is represented by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the electron is represented by a
+wave and you know that a wave can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and you know that a wave can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and you know that a wave can have
+amplitude in many in at many values of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in many in at many values of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in many in at many values of X
+or at many distances right it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at many distances right it can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at many distances right it can have
+amplitude and it does right here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and it does right here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and it does right here at the
+same time that it has amplitude here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that it has amplitude here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time that it has amplitude here at
+the same time that it has amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that it has amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that it has amplitude
+there right that's the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right that's the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right that's the answer to that
+question you have to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you have to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you have to look at this
+electron as a wave that can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as a wave that can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as a wave that can have
+amplitude at many different positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at many different positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude at many different positions
+simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously
+I know that seems strange to you but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that seems strange to you but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that seems strange to you but you
+know this is a different world this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a different world this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a different world this is a
+world that you don't have everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you don't have everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you don't have everyday
+experience with that's why it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with that's why it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with that's why it seems
+strange but it is part of our world it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange but it is part of our world it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange but it is part of our world it's
+just the world that you've got to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the world that you've got to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the world that you've got to to do
+some experiments to actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments to actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments to actually see
+okay yes um but if the wave is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes um but if the wave is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes um but if the wave is going
+through then wouldn't it pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through then wouldn't it pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through then wouldn't it pass through
+that point where has no probility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point where has no probility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point where has no probility
+okay what I'm talking about here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'm talking about here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'm talking about here and uh
+this I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I didn't
+emphasize I'm talking about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize I'm talking about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize I'm talking about something
+called a standing wave all right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a standing wave all right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a standing wave all right you're
+thinking about a traveling wave all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a traveling wave all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a traveling wave all
+right one thing I think I forgot to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one thing I think I forgot to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one thing I think I forgot to tell
+you the last time is that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the last time is that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the last time is that the wave
+function is in general a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in general a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in general a function of r
+Theta F and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta F and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta F and time
+okay but um what I forgot to tell you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but um what I forgot to tell you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but um what I forgot to tell you is
+that we were not going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were not going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were not going to look at the
+time dependence of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves and the reason is because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and the reason is because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and the reason is because we're
+going to be looking at a hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at a hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at a hydrogen atom
+as a hydrogen atom that isn't undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hydrogen atom that isn't undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hydrogen atom that isn't undergoing
+any chemical reaction so its electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chemical reaction so its electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any chemical reaction so its electrons
+or the electron of the hydrogen atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the electron of the hydrogen atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the electron of the hydrogen atom is
+bound to the nucleus and it's and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the nucleus and it's and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the nucleus and it's and it
+stays there in a sense right it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays there in a sense right it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays there in a sense right it is
+stable we're not going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable we're not going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable we're not going to be looking at
+the way function Is two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way function Is two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way function Is two hydrogen atoms
+come together and make a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and make a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and make a hydrogen
+molecule then if we were doing that we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule then if we were doing that we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule then if we were doing that we'd
+have to invoke the time dependence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invoke the time dependence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invoke the time dependence but
+because we're going to start here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to start here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to start here by
+looking at a hydrogen atom helium atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a hydrogen atom helium atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a hydrogen atom helium atom
+Etc you know an isolated stable atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc you know an isolated stable atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc you know an isolated stable atom
+there's no time dependence here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no time dependence here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no time dependence here so we're
+actually looking at something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at something called
+stationary waves right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary waves right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary waves right and
+um and that that has no time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that has no time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that has no time dependence
+in it okay so this is called time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it okay so this is called time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it okay so this is called time
+independent or uh um stationary wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or uh um stationary wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or uh um stationary wave of
+quantum mechanics time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics time independent
+quantum mechanics there is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics there is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics there is time
+dependent quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent quantum mechanics
+okay so why does the electron choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does the electron choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does the electron choose to
+be at a part of distance from Theon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a part of distance from Theon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a part of distance from Theon
+colic attracted to each other Ah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colic attracted to each other Ah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colic attracted to each other Ah that's
+a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question
+and it doesn't stay it doesn't choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't stay it doesn't choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't stay it doesn't choose to
+stay in the 3s State very long okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the 3s State very long okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the 3s State very long okay that
+is an unstable state so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unstable state so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unstable state so in other words
+if we put the electron in that 3s State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put the electron in that 3s State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put the electron in that 3s State
+and we have to put energy to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to put energy to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to put energy to do that
+that electron does want to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron does want to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron does want to be in the
+more stable state which is the 1s State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable state which is the 1s State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable state which is the 1s State
+and there will be a probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be a probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be a probability of that
+electron dropping down to the 1s State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron dropping down to the 1s State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron dropping down to the 1s State
+and emitting in a photon just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emitting in a photon just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emitting in a photon just like we
+saw in the uh hydrogen atom discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the uh hydrogen atom discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the uh hydrogen atom discharge
+experiment we put those hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we put those hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we put those hydrogen atoms
+into these excited States they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these excited States they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these excited States they didn't
+stay there very long right they dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there very long right they dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there very long right they dropped
+down and when they did so they emitted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and when they did so they emitted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and when they did so they emitted a
+photon and there's some natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and there's some natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and there's some natural
+probability of that happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that happening in the
+case of the hydrogen atom those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the hydrogen atom those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the hydrogen atom those
+lifetimes are depending what state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes are depending what state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes are depending what state
+you're in if the very high ridberg they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in if the very high ridberg they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in if the very high ridberg they
+have long lifetimes but you know for 3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long lifetimes but you know for 3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long lifetimes but you know for 3s
+or something you know maybe 10 - 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know maybe 10 - 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something you know maybe 10 - 10
+seconds 10 - 11 seconds doesn't last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 10 - 11 seconds doesn't last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds 10 - 11 seconds doesn't last
+there very long okay it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there very long okay it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there very long okay it does
+emit okay it does come down it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit okay it does come down it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit okay it does come down it doesn't
+want to be there for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be there for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be there for a very long time
+and what that probability is has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that probability is has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that probability is has to do
+with the overlap of the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the overlap of the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the overlap of the wave functions
+between the initial and the final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the initial and the final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the initial and the final state
+which isn't something that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't something that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't something that we're going
+to do but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but well
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so now it's actually time to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now it's actually time to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now it's actually time to look
+at the uh P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the uh P
+orbitals so with the S orbitals we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so with the S orbitals we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so with the S orbitals we saw
+they were spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were spherically
+symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U so either were spherically symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so either were spherically symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so either were spherically symmetric
+and we use those S orbitals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use those S orbitals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use those S orbitals to
+illustrate a lot of Concepts what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate a lot of Concepts what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate a lot of Concepts what we
+meant by a wave function what we meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by a wave function what we meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by a wave function what we meant
+by probability density what we meant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by probability density what we meant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by probability density what we meant by
+radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability but now we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but now we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability but now we're going to look
+at the two P wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two P wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two P wave
+functions and the P wve functions as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the P wve functions as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the P wve functions as you
+probably already know are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already know are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already know are not
+spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric we're going to use this a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we're going to use this a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric we're going to use this a DOT
+density diagram again to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density diagram again to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density diagram again to represent the
+probability density for the P wve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the P wve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density for the P wve
+functions and so I'm going to take the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so I'm going to take the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so I'm going to take the S
+210 wave function and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+210 wave function and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+210 wave function and I'm going to
+square it to get the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it to get the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it to get the probability density
+and then I'm going to plot the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to plot the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to plot the result of
+that in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in three
+dimensions and the result is what I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and the result is what I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and the result is what I show
+you here and of course this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here and of course this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here and of course this is the
+typical pz orbital you've all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical pz orbital you've all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical pz orbital you've all seen
+before and what you see in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what you see in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and what you see in the case of
+the pz state or the pz wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pz state or the pz wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pz state or the pz wave function is
+that the probability density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability density is
+symmetric around this Z axis here most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around this Z axis here most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric around this Z axis here most
+of that probability density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that probability density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that probability density is
+concentrated along the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated along the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated along the Z
+axis and if you look very carefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and if you look very carefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and if you look very carefully you
+can sort of see that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of see that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of see that there's no
+probability density here in this XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density here in this XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density here in this XY
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+here's the uh PX orbital I'm plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the uh PX orbital I'm plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the uh PX orbital I'm plotting
+the probability density that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density that probability
+density is concentrated along the x axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is concentrated along the x axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is concentrated along the x axis
+it's symmetric along the x-axis and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric along the x-axis and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric along the x-axis and if
+you look very carefully you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look very carefully you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look very carefully you can see that
+there's no probability density in the YZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no probability density in the YZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no probability density in the YZ
+plane and then the p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then the p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then the p uh
+py orbital that probability density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py orbital that probability density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py orbital that probability density is
+concentrated along the Y AIS if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated along the Y AIS if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated along the Y AIS if you look
+very carefully there's no probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully there's no probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully there's no probability
+density here in the y in the XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density here in the y in the XZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density here in the y in the XZ
+plane and the other thing I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and the other thing I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and the other thing I just wanted
+to note as you see I got this plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note as you see I got this plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note as you see I got this plus sign
+here and the minus sign there plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the minus sign there plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the minus sign there plus sign
+there and the minus sign there okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the minus sign there okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the minus sign there okay that
+we talked about uh the other day just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about uh the other day just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about uh the other day just
+very briefly that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly that just
+indicates the sign of the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the sign of the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the sign of the amplitude of
+the wave function not the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function not the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function not the wave function
+squared but the wave function itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but the wave function itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but the wave function itself
+remember sometimes it's called the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember sometimes it's called the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember sometimes it's called the phase
+so in this part here below this XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this part here below this XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this part here below this XY plane
+the wave function actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function actually has a
+negative value in this part the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value in this part the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value in this part the wave
+function has a positive value and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a positive value and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has a positive value and I said
+that the sign of the wave function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sign of the wave function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sign of the wave function was
+going to be important because when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important because when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important because when we
+start to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to make
+bonds whether you have two-way functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds whether you have two-way functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds whether you have two-way functions
+that are overlapping and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are overlapping and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are overlapping and they have a
+positive amplitude well then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude well then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive amplitude well then you have
+constructive interference and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive interference and you have
+Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond
+if you've got two wave functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got two wave functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got two wave functions that
+overlap and they have opposite signs hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and they have opposite signs hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and they have opposite signs hey
+you're going to have destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have destructive
+interference and you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and you're not going to
+have bonding so that will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bonding so that will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bonding so that will become
+important later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important later on in the
+course okay but now as I started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay but now as I started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay but now as I started to
+point out as I went through here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out as I went through here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out as I went through here what
+we've got are nodal planes we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got are nodal planes we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got are nodal planes we've got
+planes here in which there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes here in which there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes here in which there is no
+probability density because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density because there's no
+wave function function all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function function all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function function all right and
+nodal planes are a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal planes are a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal planes are a consequence of
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+nodes angular nodes are values of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes angular nodes are values of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes angular nodes are values of theta
+and f that will make the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f that will make the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f that will make the wave function
+be equal to zero so radial node is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero so radial node is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to zero so radial node is a
+value of r that makes the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r that makes the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of r that makes the wave function
+be zero angular nodes are values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero angular nodes are values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero angular nodes are values of
+theta and five that make the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and five that make the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and five that make the wave
+function be equal to zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be equal to zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be equal to zero and the
+consequence of an angular node is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of an angular node is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of an angular node is that
+you have an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an angular
+plane that you have a nodal plane so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that you have a nodal plane so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that you have a nodal plane so for
+example in the case of the pz wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of the pz wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the case of the pz wave
+function when Theta is equal to 90 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when Theta is equal to 90 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when Theta is equal to 90 that
+makes the wave function be zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the wave function be zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the wave function be zero and
+theta equals to 90 corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals to 90 corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals to 90 corresponds to
+everywhere on this XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on this XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on this XY
+plane in the case of the PX when f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the case of the PX when f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the case of the PX when f is
+equal to 90 if you plug it into your PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 90 if you plug it into your PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 90 if you plug it into your PX
+wave function you'll find you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you'll find you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function you'll find you'll get
+zero and when pi is equal to 90 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when pi is equal to 90 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when pi is equal to 90 that
+means everywhere on the that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means everywhere on the that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means everywhere on the that means
+everywhere on the YZ plane you have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on the YZ plane you have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere on the YZ plane you have zero
+wave function and same thing here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and same thing here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and same thing here for
+the py wave function Pi is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the py wave function Pi is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the py wave function Pi is equal to zero
+that means everywhere on the XZ plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means everywhere on the XZ plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means everywhere on the XZ plane
+you have the wave function b equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wave function b equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wave function b equal to
+zero all right so these uh angular these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so these uh angular these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so these uh angular these
+nodal planes the angular nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal planes the angular nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal planes the angular nodes are
+consequences of values of theta and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of values of theta and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of values of theta and f
+that make the wave function be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make the wave function be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make the wave function be
+zero all right now in general and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right now in general and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right now in general and this
+is something you really do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you really do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you really do have to
+know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in
+general the total number of nodes that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the total number of nodes that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the total number of nodes that a
+wave function has is always n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has is always n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function has is always n minus one
+it's given by the principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by the principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by the principal quantum
+number minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one the number of angular nodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the number of angular nodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the number of angular nodes is
+always given by the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always given by the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always given by the angular momentum
+quantum number l so if um L is uh equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number l so if um L is uh equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number l so if um L is uh equal
+to one you have a p-wave function you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one you have a p-wave function you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one you have a p-wave function you've
+got one angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one angular
+node and so therefore if L is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and so therefore if L is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and so therefore if L is the number
+of angular nodes and N minus one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular nodes and N minus one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular nodes and N minus one is the
+number of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of total
+nodes and you only have angular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and you only have angular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and you only have angular and
+Radial nodes well then n minus one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radial nodes well then n minus one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radial nodes well then n minus one minus
+L is the number of radial nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is the number of radial nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is the number of radial nodes
+all right so the only thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the only thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the only thing you have to
+remember is L always give you gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is L always give you gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is L always give you gives you
+the number of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of angular
+nodes and you have to remember n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and you have to remember n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and you have to remember n minus
+one is the number of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the number of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the number of total
+nodes and then you can always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then you can always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and then you can always just
+figure out that n minus one minus L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that n minus one minus L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that n minus one minus L is
+the number of radial nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of radial nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of radial nodes
+right okay so for example here 2 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so for example here 2 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so for example here 2 p
+orbital number of total nodes one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital number of total nodes one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital number of total nodes one number
+of angular nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular nodes
+one number of radial nodes zero okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number of radial nodes zero okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number of radial nodes zero okay you
+got to know this and the other thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know this and the other thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know this and the other thing you
+have to know is you have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know is you have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know is you have to be able to
+go the other way around in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way around in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way around in other words
+if I ask you I tell you uh a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you I tell you uh a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask you I tell you uh a wave
+function has so many angular nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has so many angular nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has so many angular nodes and
+so many radial nodes tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many radial nodes tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many radial nodes tell me what the
+possible wave functions are okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible wave functions are okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible wave functions are okay so you
+got to go be able to go both ways here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go be able to go both ways here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go be able to go both ways here
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so we've looked at kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've looked at kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've looked at kind of the
+shapes of these p-wave functions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these p-wave functions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of these p-wave functions by
+looking at the probability densities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability densities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability densities but
+there's another aspect of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another aspect of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another aspect of these uh
+p-wave functions that I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-wave functions that I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-wave functions that I want to look at
+and that is that I want to look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that I want to look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that I want to look at their
+radial probability radial probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability radial probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability radial probabilities
+I want to look at the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at the radial probability
+distrib distributions for the p-wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib distributions for the p-wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib distributions for the p-wave
+functions and compare those to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and compare those to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and compare those to the
+s-wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and so I plotted here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so I plotted here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so I plotted here the
+radial probability for the 2s we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability for the 2s we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability for the 2s we just
+looked at that and I plotted here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that and I plotted here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that and I plotted here the
+radial probability for the 2p wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability for the 2p wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability for the 2p wave
+function again the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function again the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function again the radial probability
+here at R is equal to zero is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at R is equal to zero is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at R is equal to zero is uh
+zero and for the two 2p wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and for the two 2p wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and for the two 2p wave function
+you can see that there is no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there is no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there is no other
+radial node a 2p wave function doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node a 2p wave function doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node a 2p wave function doesn't
+have a radial node you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a radial node you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a radial node you can see that
+reflected in the radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the radial probability
+distribution but the point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but the point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but the point I want to
+make right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right here is
+this that the most probable value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the most probable value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the most probable value of R
+for an electron in the 2p State it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an electron in the 2p State it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an electron in the 2p State it's
+actually a little closer in than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little closer in than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little closer in than the
+most probable value of R for the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value of R for the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value of R for the 2s
+State all right right as the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State all right right as the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State all right right as the angular
+momentum quantum number goes up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number goes up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number goes up on the
+average the electrons are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the electrons are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average the electrons are a little bit
+closer in to the nucleus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer in to the nucleus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer in to the nucleus on the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+okay here's the radial probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the radial probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the radial probability for
+3s that we looked at you can see the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s that we looked at you can see the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s that we looked at you can see the two
+radial nodes here one here one here R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes here one here one here R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes here one here one here R
+equals z is not a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z is not a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z is not a radial
+node here's the radial probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here's the radial probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here's the radial probability for
+the 3p state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3p state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3p state
+you can see in 3p we got one radial node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in 3p we got one radial node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in 3p we got one radial node
+right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in
+here this is not a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is not a radial
+node and here's the 3D State we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and here's the 3D State we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and here's the 3D State we didn't
+look at the probability density for 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the probability density for 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the probability density for 3D
+you will look at that with professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will look at that with professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will look at that with professor
+drenan in the second half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenan in the second half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drenan in the second half of the course
+when we talk about transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about transition
+metals but here you don't see any radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but here you don't see any radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals but here you don't see any radial
+nodes you see an R equals z but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you see an R equals z but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you see an R equals z but that's
+because of our definition for the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our definition for the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our definition for the radial
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution but again the point I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but again the point I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but again the point I want
+to make is here's the most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is here's the most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is here's the most probable
+value of R for 3s here it is for 3 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R for 3s here it is for 3 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of R for 3s here it is for 3 p
+here it is for 3D Hey again the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is for 3D Hey again the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is for 3D Hey again the most
+probable value of R for 3D is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R for 3D is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable value of R for 3D is a little
+smaller than it is for 3 p is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it is for 3 p is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it is for 3 p is a little
+smaller than it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it is for
+3s okay so in general as the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s okay so in general as the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s okay so in general as the angular
+momentum quantum number goes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number goes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number goes up the
+electrons are are a little bit closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are are a little bit closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are are a little bit closer
+into the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the nucleus
+however and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however and this is
+important only in the S orbitals or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important only in the S orbitals or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important only in the S orbitals or the
+S States is there really a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S States is there really a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S States is there really a substantial
+probability of being very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being very close to the
+nucleus because look it's only in the 3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus because look it's only in the 3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus because look it's only in the 3s
+or the 2s do you have really some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the 2s do you have really some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the 2s do you have really some
+probability that's very very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's very very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's very very close to
+the nucleus you don't have that in 3p or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus you don't have that in 3p or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus you don't have that in 3p or
+3D or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D or
+2p okay so there's there's kind of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p okay so there's there's kind of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p okay so there's there's kind of a a
+an irony here it's only in the Estates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an irony here it's only in the Estates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an irony here it's only in the Estates
+that you have a a a a considerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a a a a considerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a a a a considerable
+probability of being really close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being really close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being really close to the
+nucleus right but in general as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus right but in general as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus right but in general as you
+increase the angu momentum quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the angu momentum quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the angu momentum quantum
+number the most probable value of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the most probable value of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the most probable value of our
+comes in closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in closer to the
+nucleus all right so got two competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right so got two competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right so got two competing
+factors there now this information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors there now this information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors there now this information on
+this slide here might seem to you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide here might seem to you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide here might seem to you kind
+of like it's unattached and why is she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's unattached and why is she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's unattached and why is she
+telling me this and I understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me this and I understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me this and I understand that
+that's probably how you feel at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably how you feel at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably how you feel at the
+moment but I have to tell it to you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but I have to tell it to you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but I have to tell it to you now
+because next time we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next time we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because next time we're going to use
+this information to uh understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information to uh understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information to uh understand the
+behavior of Adams all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of Adams all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of Adams all right so this
+information is going to be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is going to be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is going to be important
+we're going to refer back to it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to refer back to it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to refer back to it in the
+next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few
+lectures Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures Okay so
+we're done at the moment for what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done at the moment for what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done at the moment for what we're
+going to say about the hydrogen atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about the hydrogen atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say about the hydrogen atom and
+now it's time to move on to um it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's time to move on to um it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's time to move on to um it's time
+to move on to multi-electron atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to multi-electron atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to multi-electron atoms and
+we're going to start here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helium well the schinger equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium well the schinger equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium well the schinger equation of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+correctly predicts um the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly predicts um the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly predicts um the atomic
+structure of of all atoms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of of all atoms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of of all atoms right
+but um the difficulty is that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the difficulty is that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um the difficulty is that as you
+increase the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of
+electrons the problem the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the problem the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the problem the differential
+equation that you have to solve gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that you have to solve gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that you have to solve gets
+more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+complicated and um there is no nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and um there is no nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and um there is no nice
+analytical way to solve that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical way to solve that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical way to solve that equation
+which means that there's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that there's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that there's not going to be
+a nice analytical form for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice analytical form for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice analytical form for example for
+the allowed energies of a a helium at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allowed energies of a a helium at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allowed energies of a a helium at
+that is we're not not going to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we're not not going to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we're not not going to get an
+expression of uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of uh e
+subn equal to minus r subh over N2 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn equal to minus r subh over N2 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subn equal to minus r subh over N2 this
+is a nice analytical expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice analytical expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice analytical expression for the
+hydrogen atom energies we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom energies we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom energies we're not going
+to get that for helium all right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that for helium all right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that for helium all right so if
+you solve the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the equation for
+helium which you actually have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium which you actually have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium which you actually have to do
+numerically what you're going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically what you're going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically what you're going to get is
+a list of numbers and you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of numbers and you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of numbers and you're not going
+to get a nice analytical form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a nice analytical form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a nice analytical form for the
+wave function what you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function what you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function what you're going to get
+is the amplitude of the function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amplitude of the function as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amplitude of the function as a
+function of r Theta and F another list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r Theta and F another list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r Theta and F another list
+of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers
+okay but the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the truth
+is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you
+increase the number of uh electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of uh electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the number of uh electrons in
+the system you very quickly by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you very quickly by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you very quickly by the time
+you get to three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to three and
+four run into such a problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four run into such a problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four run into such a problem that you
+can't even solve the Shing jur equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even solve the Shing jur equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even solve the Shing jur equation
+exactly even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly even
+numerically okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically okay
+why well here's the example here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well here's the example here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well here's the example here's
+um here's helium here's the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's helium here's the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's helium here's the shinger
+equation for helium I didn't write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for helium I didn't write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for helium I didn't write out
+the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian
+precisely I just wrote it the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely I just wrote it the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely I just wrote it the general
+hamiltonian but what I want you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but what I want you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian but what I want you to see
+is that the true wave function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the true wave function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the true wave function for the
+helium atom would be a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium atom would be a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium atom would be a wave function
+that had six coordinates in it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had six coordinates in it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had six coordinates in it two
+values of R for each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R for each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R for each one of the
+electrons electron one electron two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons electron one electron two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons electron one electron two two
+values of theta two values of five hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta two values of five hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta two values of five hey
+we already have six coordinates in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have six coordinates in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have six coordinates in that
+wave function in the case of helium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function in the case of helium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function in the case of helium and
+as we uh go to lithium Brum Boron hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we uh go to lithium Brum Boron hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we uh go to lithium Brum Boron hey
+the number of electrons these uh wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons these uh wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons these uh wave
+functions the number of coordinates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the number of coordinates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the number of coordinates it
+just goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes up
+exponentially and so in order to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and so in order to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and so in order to solve
+this equation we're going to need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation we're going to need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation we're going to need some
+approximations and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and we're going to talk
+about the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the most basic
+approximation that there is and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that there is and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that there is and that is
+called the one electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the one electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the one electron wave
+approximation or the one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation or the one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation or the one electron
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+approximation and here's the essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and here's the essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and here's the essence of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+approximation what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation what we're going to do is
+we're going to take that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that wave
+function and then we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we're going to assume
+that that wave function can be factored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wave function can be factored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wave function can be factored
+into a wave function for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wave function for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wave function for electron
+one times a wave function function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times a wave function function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times a wave function function for
+electron 2 all right so it's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 all right so it's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 all right so it's a one
+electron wave each electron gets their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave each electron gets their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave each electron gets their
+own wave in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own wave in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own wave in this
+approximation we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we're going to make a
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+approximation and that is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and that is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and that is that we're
+going to give the functional form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give the functional form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give the functional form to
+electron one in the helium atom we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one in the helium atom we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one in the helium atom we're
+going to give it a functional form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a functional form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a functional form that
+looks like that of an electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that of an electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that of an electron in
+hydrogen we're going to give it the S10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we're going to give it the S10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen we're going to give it the S10
+wave function same thing for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function same thing for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function same thing for electron
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+two or an alternate way to write that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or an alternate way to write that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or an alternate way to write that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 times 1 S2 where this refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 times 1 S2 where this refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 times 1 S2 where this refers to
+electron one this refers to electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one this refers to electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one this refers to electron
+2 and a more shorthand way is to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and a more shorthand way is to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and a more shorthand way is to write
+this as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as 1
+S2 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 1 s
+squared okay so then that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so then that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so then that's the
+approximation for helium let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for helium let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for helium let's just
+carry it out for lithium well here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it out for lithium well here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry it out for lithium well here's
+what the wave function would really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the wave function would really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the wave function would really like
+would look like function of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like function of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like function of nine
+variables but we're going to give each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but we're going to give each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but we're going to give each
+electron its own wave function in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron its own wave function in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron its own wave function in this
+approximation and again we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and again we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and again we're going to
+say electron one has the 1s hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say electron one has the 1s hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say electron one has the 1s hydrogen
+wave function electron 2 has the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function electron 2 has the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function electron 2 has the 1s
+hydrogen wave function and electron 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen wave function and electron 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen wave function and electron 3
+has a 2s hydrogen wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 2s hydrogen wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a 2s hydrogen wave function
+another way to write that is 1 S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2s do do you have a question over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s do do you have a question over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s do do you have a question over here
+can I help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I help
+you okay how about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay how about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay how about uh
+burum 16 but we're going to use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burum 16 but we're going to use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burum 16 but we're going to use our
+approximation again one electron is 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation again one electron is 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation again one electron is 1 s
+1 s 2s 2s way to write that 1 S2 2 S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s 2s 2s way to write that 1 S2 2 S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s 2s 2s way to write that 1 S2 2 S2
+hey and we can keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey and we can keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey and we can keep going
+and when I keep going you go oh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I keep going you go oh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I keep going you go oh I've
+seen this before right you've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before right you've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before right you've written
+down the electron configurations for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the electron configurations for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the electron configurations for all
+of the atoms in the periodic table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atoms in the periodic table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atoms in the periodic table here
+they are you know what those electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you know what those electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are you know what those electron
+configurations were that you wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations were that you wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations were that you wrote down
+hey they were just the shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey they were just the shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey they were just the shorthand
+notation for the one electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the one electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the one electron wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+approximation to solve the Shing J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to solve the Shing J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to solve the Shing J
+equation that's what those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's what those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's what those were
+okay that's it nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it nothing
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+now what you do notice is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you do notice is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you do notice is that when I
+got to Boron here you know I didn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to Boron here you know I didn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to Boron here you know I didn't give
+all five electrons the 1s hydrogen wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five electrons the 1s hydrogen wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five electrons the 1s hydrogen wave
+function and when I got to to carbon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when I got to to carbon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and when I got to to carbon I
+didn't give all six electrons the 1 s Hy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give all six electrons the 1 s Hy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give all six electrons the 1 s Hy
+hren wave function why didn't I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hren wave function why didn't I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hren wave function why didn't I do that
+well you already know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you already know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you already know that there's
+something called spin right okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called spin right okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called spin right okay and you
+already know that in the 1s State you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that in the 1s State you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know that in the 1s State you
+can only put in two electrons and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only put in two electrons and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only put in two electrons and one of
+those electrons has to be spin up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons has to be spin up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons has to be spin up and
+one has to be spin down and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to be spin down and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to be spin down and the same
+thing for all of these other states one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for all of these other states one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for all of these other states one
+has to be spin up and one has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be spin up and one has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be spin up and one has to be
+spinned down here's the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinned down here's the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinned down here's the electron
+configuration here for neon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration here for neon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration here for neon that
+electron configuration just being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration just being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron configuration just being the
+shorthand notation for the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation for the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation for the wave function
+in the one electron orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation okay so now we got to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay so now we got to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation okay so now we got to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+spin and what is this thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and what is this thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and what is this thing called
+spin well spin is entirely a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin well spin is entirely a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin well spin is entirely a quantum
+mechanical phenomen on right it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical phenomen on right it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical phenomen on right it has no
+classical analogy that is accurate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical analogy that is accurate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical analogy that is accurate that
+is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct
+spin is intrinsic angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin is intrinsic angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin is intrinsic angular
+momentum it is angular momentum that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it is angular momentum that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it is angular momentum that is
+built into your particle it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into your particle it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built into your particle it's part of
+the nature of the particle electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the particle electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the particle electrons
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+spin all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin all
+right where does the spin uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where does the spin uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where does the spin uh how do you
+see the spin well if you solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the spin well if you solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the spin well if you solve the
+relativistic Shing Jer equation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic Shing Jer equation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic Shing Jer equation which we
+didn't even write down if you sol solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even write down if you sol solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even write down if you sol solve
+that equation as Dro did well then two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation as Dro did well then two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation as Dro did well then two
+other one other quantum number drops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one other quantum number drops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one other quantum number drops out
+and that's the spin quantum number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the spin quantum number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the spin quantum number and
+that spin quantum number we call M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spin quantum number we call M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spin quantum number we call M
+subs and M Subs has two allowed values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs and M Subs has two allowed values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs and M Subs has two allowed values
+it can be 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be 1/2
+or it can be minus one2 so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be minus one2 so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can be minus one2 so here we have
+a quantum number that's not an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantum number that's not an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantum number that's not an integer
+right so it's 1/2 or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's 1/2 or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's 1/2 or minus
+one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2
+now um what students often like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um what students often like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um what students often like to do is
+to think about spin as a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about spin as a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about spin as a classical
+analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy
+whereby if you have some electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby if you have some electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby if you have some electrons so
+this is my electron here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my electron here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my electron here and it's
+spinning around its own axis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning around its own axis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning around its own axis right
+the angular momentum vcum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum vcum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum vcum is
+perpendicular to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that
+plane and if it's spinning in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and if it's spinning in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and if it's spinning in this
+direction you might call this spin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you might call this spin up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you might call this spin up
+but of course if it's spinning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if it's spinning in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if it's spinning in the
+other direction and then the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction and then the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction and then the angular
+momentum Vector is again perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Vector is again perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum Vector is again perpendicular
+to that plane hey you might call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that plane hey you might call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that plane hey you might call that
+spin down okay this is a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin down okay this is a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin down okay this is a classical
+analogy that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that is not
+correct the electron isn't rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the electron isn't rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the electron isn't rotating
+around its its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its its own
+axis but if it's going to help you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but if it's going to help you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but if it's going to help you think
+about that right now okay just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that right now okay just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that right now okay just remember
+it's not really correct right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really correct right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really correct right because
+this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of
+spin is intrinsic angular momentum it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin is intrinsic angular momentum it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin is intrinsic angular momentum it's
+it's part of the nature of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the nature of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the nature of the particle
+itself right okay next time I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right okay next time I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right okay next time I'll tell
+you about oen Beck and hoid and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about oen Beck and hoid and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about oen Beck and hoid and how
+ho see you Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H94lCCyg7x8.txt b/H94lCCyg7x8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81dc95c0f71fc1175ee8a186d92385256171c557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H94lCCyg7x8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and first slide okay see whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first slide okay see whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first slide okay see whether you
+guys can spend some time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can spend some time thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can spend some time thinking about
+it uh so what happens is there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so what happens is there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh so what happens is there's this
+function and there are some caller save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and there are some caller save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and there are some caller save
+registers and some call Save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and some call Save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and some call Save
+registers and some of those uh registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and some of those uh registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and some of those uh registers
+I just did a very abstract we used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did a very abstract we used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did a very abstract we used and
+then there's a function call and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a function call and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a function call and at
+these four locations you have to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four locations you have to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four locations you have to either
+save and restore some stuff which has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save and restore some stuff which has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save and restore some stuff which has to
+be saved and restored where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give hand we chest we saved and restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give hand we chest we saved and restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give hand we chest we saved and restored
+where which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+registers so what should happen at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so what should happen at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so what should happen at the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything what do we
+use what I have to save is the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what I have to save is the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what I have to save is the things I
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+use 0 say where do you restore them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 0 say where do you restore them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 0 say where do you restore them very
+very okay next one is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very okay next one is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very okay next one is a little bit more
+interesting uh before call to Bar what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh before call to Bar what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh before call to Bar what
+should I have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 T1 uh anybody think t0 needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 T1 uh anybody think t0 needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 T1 uh anybody think t0 needs to be
+saved at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved at
+T2 why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly the value is not live only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the value is not live only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the value is not live only thing
+you say is the value is live across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say is the value is live across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say is the value is live across that
+function called value is not live so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called value is not live so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called value is not live so
+basically what happens is you uh save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is you uh save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is you uh save
+and restore T1 here uh you have save and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restore T1 here uh you have save and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restore T1 here uh you have save and
+restore all the SS used in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore all the SS used in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore all the SS used in in the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically okay so last time we went very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so last time we went very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically okay so last time we went very
+fast over the proced linkage and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast over the proced linkage and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast over the proced linkage and I'm
+going to go a little bit slower this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go a little bit slower this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go a little bit slower this
+time and go through this this a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and go through this this a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and go through this this a second
+time so uh if you have any questions ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh if you have any questions ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh if you have any questions ask
+me then I will talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then I will talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me then I will talk a little bit about
+generation of statements and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of statements and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of statements and control
+flow that kind of covers everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that kind of covers everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that kind of covers everything
+that's required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required
+and few slides on the architecture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and few slides on the architecture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and few slides on the architecture you
+guys are using and give a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are using and give a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are using and give a little bit of
+overview of different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of different type of
+architectures out there and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures out there and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures out there and then finally
+uh uh some guidance of how to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh some guidance of how to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh some guidance of how to write a
+code generator so you guys can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generator so you guys can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generator so you guys can get
+started by the way did Puna give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by the way did Puna give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by the way did Puna give you the
+account information to get into the x864
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account information to get into the x864
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account information to get into the x864
+machine no okay so we'll try to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine no okay so we'll try to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine no okay so we'll try to get it
+today because we created a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because we created a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because we created a bunch of
+accounts for you guys and and and um get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for you guys and and and um get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for you guys and and and um get
+started fast so that's the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started fast so that's the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started fast so that's the first thing
+proced linkage so what happened is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proced linkage so what happened is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proced linkage so what happened is every
+time you do a function call procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do a function call procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you do a function call procedure
+call you have to do a preall uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you have to do a preall uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call you have to do a preall uh there's
+a prolog epilog at the caller site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prolog epilog at the caller site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prolog epilog at the caller site and
+also prolog on epilog at the call uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prolog on epilog at the call uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prolog on epilog at the call uh uh
+at the beginning and end so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and end so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and end so let's go
+through what this changes from every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what this changes from every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what this changes from every
+architecture to architecture in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture to architecture in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture to architecture in fact
+what we are giving for dkf is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are giving for dkf is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are giving for dkf is in fact
+not the calling convention for for Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the calling convention for for Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the calling convention for for Linux
+x86 65 which seem to be a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 65 which seem to be a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 65 which seem to be a little bit too
+complicated so we created a smaller uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so we created a smaller uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so we created a smaller uh
+simpler calling convention so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler calling convention so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler calling convention so what that
+means is if you directly call a Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you directly call a Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you directly call a Linux
+Library it won't work or if you compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library it won't work or if you compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library it won't work or if you compile
+another object Linux object and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object Linux object and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object Linux object and and then
+link them together it won't work so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link them together it won't work so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link them together it won't work so you
+need a little bit of a rapper so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit of a rapper so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit of a rapper so this is
+a simple simpler calling convention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple simpler calling convention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple simpler calling convention so
+what we assume is assume uh I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we assume is assume uh I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we assume is assume uh I have uh
+rcx is live and so I have to call a save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcx is live and so I have to call a save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcx is live and so I have to call a save
+uh uh that one and and I am passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that one and and I am passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that one and and I am passing
+calling f with three different arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling f with three different arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling f with three different arguments
+so these are some um I told I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some um I told I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some um I told I just said
+where are they in in in the uh uh stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are they in in in the uh uh stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are they in in in the uh uh stack
+basically because they are local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because they are local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because they are local
+variable somewhere sitting in the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable somewhere sitting in the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable somewhere sitting in the stack
+we know those things and so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know those things and so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know those things and so what we have
+to do is so when you start we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is so when you start we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is so when you start we have a
+stack like that we have a dynamic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack like that we have a dynamic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack like that we have a dynamic area
+something might have Push stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might have Push stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might have Push stack
+Temporaries local variables uh Callis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries local variables uh Callis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries local variables uh Callis
+registers all those things are under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers all those things are under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers all those things are under the
+stack and and most of these are access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and and most of these are access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and and most of these are access
+through the base point or uh in here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the base point or uh in here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the base point or uh in here or
+the frame point so what the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame point so what the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame point so what the first thing
+you have to do is you have to save this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is you have to save this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is you have to save this
+call Save registers either you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Save registers either you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Save registers either you know some
+fixed location you you put it there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed location you you put it there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed location you you put it there or
+you can just push it and and if do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just push it and and if do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just push it and and if do a
+matching pop at the other end and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching pop at the other end and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching pop at the other end and then I
+need to put those arguments in there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put those arguments in there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put those arguments in there I
+push those arguments in uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push those arguments in uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push those arguments in uh into the
+stack you can do this by just doing push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you can do this by just doing push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you can do this by just doing push
+and pop also if you actually calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pop also if you actually calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pop also if you actually calculated
+the stack location we can do explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack location we can do explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack location we can do explicit
+saves of uh uh uh base point but pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves of uh uh uh base point but pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves of uh uh uh base point but pushing
+and popping is probably okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and popping is probably okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and popping is probably okay that's
+right in there because if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in there because if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in there because if you're doing
+base point that means you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base point that means you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base point that means you need to have
+if you have multiple function calls then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have multiple function calls then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have multiple function calls then
+you need to have exact same size frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have exact same size frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have exact same size frame
+which is hard so so each function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hard so so each function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hard so so each function you
+you push what's needed and then I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push what's needed and then I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push what's needed and then I do the
+call call instruction by itself we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call call instruction by itself we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call call instruction by itself we'll go
+and put the return address in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the return address in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the return address in there and
+get the stackle point there so now I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the stackle point there so now I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the stackle point there so now I am
+at that point I actually am in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point I actually am in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point I actually am in the uh
+Callie and assume the colie has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callie and assume the colie has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callie and assume the colie has one
+register that is basically Callie said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register that is basically Callie said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register that is basically Callie said
+so the first thing they called and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing they called and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing they called and it
+needs 40 bytes for locals so what first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs 40 bytes for locals so what first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs 40 bytes for locals so what first
+thing I had to do is I had push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I had to do is I had push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I had to do is I had push the
+frame point because I I I'm am starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame point because I I I'm am starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame point because I I I'm am starting
+a new frame so I had to store the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new frame so I had to store the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new frame so I had to store the old
+frame pointer and after I store the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer and after I store the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer and after I store the old
+frame poter what I do is I update my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame poter what I do is I update my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame poter what I do is I update my
+frame now everything is out of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame now everything is out of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame now everything is out of the new
+frame in here my new uh function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in here my new uh function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in here my new uh function and
+then uh I added 48 why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+48 why not 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm trying to reave uh uh this call Save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to reave uh uh this call Save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to reave uh uh this call Save
+register too I have four uh 40 for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register too I have four uh 40 for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register too I have four uh 40 for all
+the locals but I had to put the call SA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locals but I had to put the call SA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locals but I had to put the call SA
+register somewhere too so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register somewhere too so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register somewhere too so basically what
+I did was I I added room for call Save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did was I I added room for call Save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did was I I added room for call Save
+register stack Temporaries I don't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register stack Temporaries I don't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register stack Temporaries I don't seem
+to and local variable seem require 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and local variable seem require 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and local variable seem require 40
+bytes so I added that and I have 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes so I added that and I have 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes so I added that and I have 48
+bytes and I do that and then finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and I do that and then finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and I do that and then finally I
+move the uh uh uh call Save of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the uh uh uh call Save of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the uh uh uh call Save of the the
+frame point in there so now I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame point in there so now I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame point in there so now I'm ready to
+do the what the function has to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the what the function has to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the what the function has to do so
+what kind of things you do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of things you do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of things you do in the
+function oh by the way so all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function oh by the way so all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function oh by the way so all those
+things can be done by one instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be done by one instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be done by one instruction
+called enter so so you can use see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called enter so so you can use see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called enter so so you can use see the
+uh ENT easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ENT easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ENT easier to
+generate uh so the next thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh so the next thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate uh so the next thing is
+now I in the function now I can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I in the function now I can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I in the function now I can access
+all my parameters using basically uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my parameters using basically uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my parameters using basically uh uh
+uh what we did so so we passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we did so so we passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we did so so we passed
+parameters by just pushing them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters by just pushing them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters by just pushing them into the
+stack so we know where the arguments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack so we know where the arguments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack so we know where the arguments are
+in there just before the uh return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just before the uh return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just before the uh return
+address in there and then when and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in there and then when and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in there and then when and I
+want to address I know exactly that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to address I know exactly that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to address I know exactly that uh
+uh from the base point of the officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the base point of the officer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the base point of the officer
+the first one is 16 off there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is 16 off there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is 16 off there because
+there you have to pass the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to pass the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have to pass the return
+address and and get to that and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and and get to that and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and and get to that and and and
+then you can just do move save store of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just do move save store of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can just do move save store of
+that okay so so it's it's uh pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so it's it's uh pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so it's it's uh pretty easy
+thing to do that so so so all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do that so so so all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do that so so so all the all
+the uh uh arguments that get passed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh arguments that get passed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh arguments that get passed is
+access directly of Bas uh uh base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access directly of Bas uh uh base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access directly of Bas uh uh base
+pointer uh that's great and then locals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer uh that's great and then locals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer uh that's great and then locals
+also you are addressing on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you are addressing on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you are addressing on the other
+side of the base pointer so locals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the base pointer so locals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the base pointer so locals and
+Temporaries you know you probably have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries you know you probably have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries you know you probably have a
+map somewhere saying where those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map somewhere saying where those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map somewhere saying where those things
+are you allocate memory and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you allocate memory and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you allocate memory and you can just
+directly go and access those things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly go and access those things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly go and access those things so
+now by doing this you know how to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by doing this you know how to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by doing this you know how to access
+all the both the locals and Temporaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the both the locals and Temporaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the both the locals and Temporaries
+what you assign as well as all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you assign as well as all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you assign as well as all the
+arguments so now we are here uh ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so now we are here uh ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so now we are here uh ready to
+return so what do you have to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so what do you have to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so what do you have to do in
+return you have to restore the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return you have to restore the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return you have to restore the uh uh
+caller save register so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller save register so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller save register so we have to
+basically restore that thing uh in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically restore that thing uh in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically restore that thing uh in there
+uh uh and then one convention we follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and then one convention we follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and then one convention we follow
+is all the return goes through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the return goes through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the return goes through a
+register we don't put return value in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register we don't put return value in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register we don't put return value in in
+the stack so return value goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack so return value goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack so return value goes through
+the register Rax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register Rax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register Rax
+so what that means is you copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is you copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is you copy the
+return value into um RX what assume this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value into um RX what assume this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value into um RX what assume this
+return value was here in in a local here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value was here in in a local here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value was here in in a local here
+somewhere copied it to RX and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere copied it to RX and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere copied it to RX and the next
+thing you do is you uh restore the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do is you uh restore the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do is you uh restore the uh uh
+uh stack pointer why didn't I just go I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stack pointer why didn't I just go I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stack pointer why didn't I just go I
+I did uh before and I did a a subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did uh before and I did a a subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did uh before and I did a a subtract
+48 why didn't I go and just add 48 to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 why didn't I go and just add 48 to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 why didn't I go and just add 48 to um
+RSB why did I actually copy RBP RS B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSB why did I actually copy RBP RS B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSB why did I actually copy RBP RS B
+what happens if I just because before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I just because before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I just because before I
+did was I I I did I add 48 why did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was I I I did I add 48 why did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was I I I did I add 48 why did I
+just go and do subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+48 would I done the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing anybody want take guess is it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anybody want take guess is it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing anybody want take guess is it too
+early in the morning it's not that early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the morning it's not that early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the morning it's not that early
+I wouldn't have wored if you had popped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't have wored if you had popped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't have wored if you had popped
+something onto the side or push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something onto the side or push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something onto the side or push
+something on the stack and I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the stack and I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the stack and I never
+bother to PO if you had messed up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to PO if you had messed up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to PO if you had messed up your
+stack in the function because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in the function because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack in the function because you are
+going through control flow doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through control flow doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through control flow doing
+different things if you messed up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things if you messed up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things if you messed up your
+stack and the minute you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and the minute you subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and the minute you subtract
+something thinking the stack a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something thinking the stack a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something thinking the stack a certain
+way you just this function is gone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you just this function is gone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you just this function is gone and
+you will never return out of it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never return out of it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never return out of it you're
+crash in the program because you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash in the program because you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash in the program because you the
+things written address somewhere here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things written address somewhere here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things written address somewhere here by
+doing this at least even if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this at least even if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this at least even if you have
+messed up your stack you can recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up your stack you can recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up your stack you can recover
+because because that value didn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because that value didn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because that value didn't change
+and and so you so so that's a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you so so that's a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you so so that's a nice thing
+to do basically so this gives you much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do basically so this gives you much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do basically so this gives you much
+better chance of of uh recovering from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better chance of of uh recovering from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better chance of of uh recovering from
+some kind of a mess up on the stack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a mess up on the stack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a mess up on the stack the
+stack you keep pushing and popping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you keep pushing and popping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you keep pushing and popping a
+lot so the next thing is you uh move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so the next thing is you uh move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so the next thing is you uh move the
+uh frame to the previous one and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frame to the previous one and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frame to the previous one and I
+return and voila I'm out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and voila I'm out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and voila I'm out of this
+function so at that point also these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so at that point also these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so at that point also these two
+instructions could be replace by leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions could be replace by leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions could be replace by leave
+again this is thing about x86 basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is thing about x86 basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is thing about x86 basically
+everything has its own instruction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has its own instruction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has its own instruction and
+and it's amazing how complicated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's amazing how complicated things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's amazing how complicated things
+some of these instructions does so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these instructions does so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these instructions does so so uh
+uh pun gave you that and but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pun gave you that and but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pun gave you that and but I want to
+actually show exactly what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show exactly what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show exactly what these things
+go now I'm coming out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now I'm coming out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now I'm coming out to the
+call first thing I want to do is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call first thing I want to do is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call first thing I want to do is I want
+to get rid of all the arguments I passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of all the arguments I passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of all the arguments I passed
+because I actually push them so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually push them so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I actually push them so I can
+either pop the same amount some man get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either pop the same amount some man get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either pop the same amount some man get
+rid of it it's easier just to add add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it it's easier just to add add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of it it's easier just to add add to
+the stack pointer in there and I save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack pointer in there and I save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack pointer in there and I save
+this register I need to uh restore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this register I need to uh restore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this register I need to uh restore that
+register and and then also I need need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and and then also I need need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and and then also I need need
+to move the uh return value I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the uh return value I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move the uh return value I got to
+wherever it's supposed to go because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it's supposed to go because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it's supposed to go because
+normally we keep all the values in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we keep all the values in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we keep all the values in in
+stack or or uh uh per Global Storage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack or or uh uh per Global Storage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack or or uh uh per Global Storage you
+don't keep things from registers so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't keep things from registers so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't keep things from registers so we
+move it from there and then you are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it from there and then you are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it from there and then you are done
+so at this point we know how to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point we know how to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point we know how to do a
+procedure so by doing this generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so by doing this generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so by doing this generating
+this code you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code you should be able to
+basically call a function get come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically call a function get come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically call a function get come out
+of a function and also generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function and also generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function and also generate the
+prolog and epilog for function so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolog and epilog for function so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolog and epilog for function so you
+should be able get to that point so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able get to that point so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able get to that point so most
+of things are there so let me go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things are there so let me go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things are there so let me go go
+through a simple example to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a simple example to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a simple example to demonstrate
+this uh something uh decaf looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh something uh decaf looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh something uh decaf looking
+program uh there's a a function down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh there's a a function down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh there's a a function down
+here that do a comparison and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that do a comparison and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that do a comparison and and and
+basically find trying to find a m uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically find trying to find a m uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically find trying to find a m uh do
+a uh uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh uh basically
+uh uh to find the difference basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to find the difference basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to find the difference basically
+uh AB absolute of the difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh AB absolute of the difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh AB absolute of the difference and
+then add some value into this one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add some value into this one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add some value into this one just
+just and then so what I'm doing is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and then so what I'm doing is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and then so what I'm doing is I'm
+passing three three Global values into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing three three Global values into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing three three Global values into
+this one so what that means actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so what that means actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so what that means actually
+uh not Global actually three locals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not Global actually three locals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not Global actually three locals from
+the function main so locals I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function main so locals I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function main so locals I have this
+kind of a frame pointer starting so PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a frame pointer starting so PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a frame pointer starting so PX
+py PC is in the local variables in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py PC is in the local variables in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py PC is in the local variables in here
+and then I'm here and this is what I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm here and this is what I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm here and this is what I my
+stack will look like and the minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack will look like and the minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack will look like and the minute I
+call what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call what happens
+is uh um before I call I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh um before I call I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh um before I call I basically
+passed the arguments I put the the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed the arguments I put the the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed the arguments I put the the three
+arguments in here 10 uh uh uh 20 and 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in here 10 uh uh uh 20 and 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in here 10 uh uh uh 20 and 30
+still I don't know what names it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I don't know what names it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I don't know what names it's going
+to buy to because I haven't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy to because I haven't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy to because I haven't actually
+done the call in here so the minute I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the call in here so the minute I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the call in here so the minute I do
+the call I'm here I actually got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call I'm here I actually got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call I'm here I actually got the
+return address and frame pointer going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address and frame pointer going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address and frame pointer going
+in there and now I know which arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and now I know which arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and now I know which arguments
+match up basically CX BX ax get matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up basically CX BX ax get matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up basically CX BX ax get matched
+up here and then now uh when I go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and then now uh when I go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and then now uh when I go into
+this function I actually will allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I actually will allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function I actually will allocate
+my uh uh DX Dy DC also uh um in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh uh DX Dy DC also uh um in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh uh DX Dy DC also uh um in here and
+voila I get uh basically now I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila I get uh basically now I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila I get uh basically now I can go
+and execute what's inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute what's inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute what's inside this
+there okay so another question why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so another question why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so another question why do I
+need the Bas point or frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point what's why can't we use why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what's why can't we use why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point what's why can't we use why can't
+we just use stack point and use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just use stack point and use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just use stack point and use that
+register for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for something
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better yeah so what that means is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yeah so what that means is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better yeah so what that means is all
+the way we accessing l locals and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we accessing l locals and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we accessing l locals and uh
+basically um parameters passed is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um parameters passed is off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um parameters passed is off
+the base point and nice thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base point and nice thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base point and nice thing about that
+is within the function that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within the function that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within the function that those
+offsets are all the same but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets are all the same but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets are all the same but if you're
+doing a stack offset every time you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a stack offset every time you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a stack offset every time you push
+something that all the offsets keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that all the offsets keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that all the offsets keep
+changing so you have to actually keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so you have to actually keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so you have to actually keep
+tab of where stack point and where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab of where stack point and where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab of where stack point and where all
+the offsets are can be done but could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offsets are can be done but could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offsets are can be done but could be
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messy the other side of that argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy the other side of that argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy the other side of that argument is
+that the comp like that's all by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the comp like that's all by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the comp like that's all by the
+compiler the comp very good don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler the comp very good don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler the comp very good don't
+ex I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess yeah but the trouble with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah but the trouble with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah but the trouble with that is
+sometimes if you throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you throw
+exception the system relies on base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception the system relies on base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception the system relies on base
+pointer to figure out where the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to figure out where the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to figure out where the stack
+frame is and stuff like that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is and stuff like that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is and stuff like that if you're
+messed up with the base pointer you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up with the base pointer you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up with the base pointer you just
+did a divide by zero and now now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a divide by zero and now now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a divide by zero and now now it's
+completely no idea where you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely no idea where you are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely no idea where you are in the
+stack and and it's hard to kind of undo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and and it's hard to kind of undo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and and it's hard to kind of undo
+things so base pointer gives some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so base pointer gives some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so base pointer gives some
+Advantage because it it because it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage because it it because it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage because it it because it gives
+a very clear indication where each frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very clear indication where each frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very clear indication where each frame
+is so things like recovering from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so things like recovering from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so things like recovering from
+exceptions and stuff like could be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and stuff like could be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions and stuff like could be much
+easier deal with otherwise you had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier deal with otherwise you had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier deal with otherwise you had to go
+make some assumptions just scan and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions just scan and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions just scan and say
+okay I think this is the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think this is the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think this is the return
+address so okay at this point we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so okay at this point we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so okay at this point we have
+covered most of things that's necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered most of things that's necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered most of things that's necessary
+to do the code generation and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the code generation and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the code generation and the two
+things that left is control flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that left is control flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that left is control flow and
+statements and we'll go Slowly cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and we'll go Slowly cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and we'll go Slowly cover
+control flow and statements at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow and statements at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow and statements at that time
+you you guys are ready to go write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you guys are ready to go write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you guys are ready to go write a
+full uh code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full uh code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full uh code
+generator so generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so generation of
+statements so normally the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so normally the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so normally the thing about
+the statements is they have expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statements is they have expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statements is they have expression
+trees and statements are either just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and statements are either just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and statements are either just
+expression tree that get evaluated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression tree that get evaluated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression tree that get evaluated by a
+compare instruction uh that change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare instruction uh that change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare instruction uh that change a
+condition code use somewhere else to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition code use somewhere else to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition code use somewhere else to do
+a branch or it actually evaluated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch or it actually evaluated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch or it actually evaluated and
+assigned to some variable uh there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to some variable uh there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to some variable uh there's one
+thing that can be little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can be little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can be little bit more
+complicated anybody can can see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated anybody can can see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated anybody can can see what it
+is uh that is if you have accessing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that is if you have accessing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that is if you have accessing if
+you are assigning it to array access so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are assigning it to array access so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are assigning it to array access so
+then the left hand side is not simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the left hand side is not simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the left hand side is not simple
+variable you actually have to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you actually have to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you actually have to calculate
+address to in some sense so it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address to in some sense so it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address to in some sense so it's not a
+simple going going into one location so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple going going into one location so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple going going into one location so
+you might have some address calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have some address calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have some address calculation
+coming up there too so so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up there too so so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up there too so so that that
+means the top is a move uh with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the top is a move uh with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the top is a move uh with some
+address calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address calculation
+coming so uh the key thing about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming so uh the key thing about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming so uh the key thing about this is
+how to arrange the evaluation order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to arrange the evaluation order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to arrange the evaluation order of
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+uh and we have to keep all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we have to keep all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we have to keep all the
+intermediate values those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate values those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate values those are the two
+things we have to decide and and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to decide and and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to decide and and and we
+will do some very simple dumb things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some very simple dumb things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do some very simple dumb things and
+there are two approaches the stack model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two approaches the stack model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two approaches the stack model
+and a very like a flat list model so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very like a flat list model so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very like a flat list model so in
+the stack model what you do is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack model what you do is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack model what you do is very
+simple you get look at the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you get look at the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you get look at the expression
+tree and you uh uh start emitting code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and you uh uh start emitting code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and you uh uh start emitting code
+in a recursive way you can first say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a recursive way you can first say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a recursive way you can first say
+emit the code for the left sub tree emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit the code for the left sub tree emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit the code for the left sub tree emit
+the code for and put the results into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code for and put the results into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code for and put the results into
+the stack emit the code for right sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack emit the code for right sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack emit the code for right sub
+tree put into the stack and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree put into the stack and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree put into the stack and then
+generate a instruction uh uh uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a instruction uh uh uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a instruction uh uh uh after
+all those instructions are generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those instructions are generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those instructions are generated
+let's say take the two things from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say take the two things from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say take the two things from the
+stack do the operation and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack do the operation and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack do the operation and put the
+result on the stack it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on the stack it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result on the stack it's a very simple
+stack machine so if if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack machine so if if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack machine so if if you do that
+recursively very simple fun recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively very simple fun recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively very simple fun recursive
+call and at the end of the day what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and at the end of the day what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and at the end of the day what
+you'll have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have is a
+a piece of code that basically push into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of code that basically push into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of code that basically push into
+the all the intermediate value into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the intermediate value into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the intermediate value into the
+stack calculate and return return come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack calculate and return return come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack calculate and return return come
+in there uh the thing about this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there uh the thing about this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there uh the thing about this is it's
+pretty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty in
+efficient and more than inefficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and more than inefficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and more than inefficiency
+when you go to code uh optimization it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to code uh optimization it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to code uh optimization it's
+a pain because things are in stack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain because things are in stack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain because things are in stack you
+have no idea what order things get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what order things get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what order things get in
+and Things become much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Things become much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Things become much more complicated
+to optimize a stack machine so uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize a stack machine so uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to optimize a stack machine so uh we can
+actually go with a flat list model flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go with a flat list model flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go with a flat list model flat
+miss model is is also something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss model is is also something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss model is is also something similar
+what you do is you want to flatten out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you want to flatten out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you want to flatten out
+all the uh uh the uh uh expression tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh uh the uh uh expression tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the uh uh the uh uh expression tree
+so what you do is you do uh left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you do uh left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you do uh left to
+right dep first reversal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dep first reversal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dep first reversal of the
+expression tree and and on the return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression tree and and on the return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression tree and and on the return of
+the uh Trier cell you start generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Trier cell you start generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Trier cell you start generating
+code so what happens is at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so what happens is at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so what happens is at every
+expression so you have operation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so you have operation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so you have operation what
+you do is you put that result into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you put that result into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you put that result into
+temporary and then when you come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary and then when you come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary and then when you come from
+then you have then when you come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have then when you come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have then when you come from
+expression you'll have two temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you'll have two temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you'll have two temporary
+instead of two operations coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two operations coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two operations coming in
+there and you take the Temporaries uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you take the Temporaries uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you take the Temporaries uh in
+there and operate uh uh do the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and operate uh uh do the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and operate uh uh do the operation
+and put it into temporary and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into temporary and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into temporary and then at
+the end of the day you have a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you have a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day you have a straight
+line list of things that have bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line list of things that have bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line list of things that have bunch of
+Temporaries here's one thing I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries here's one thing I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries here's one thing I'll tell
+you guys don't try to do anything crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys don't try to do anything crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys don't try to do anything crazy
+with temporary every time you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temporary every time you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with temporary every time you need a
+temporary allocate a new temporary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary allocate a new temporary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary allocate a new temporary and
+you go allocate new temp don't try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go allocate new temp don't try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go allocate new temp don't try to do
+reuse Temporaries none of those crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse Temporaries none of those crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse Temporaries none of those crazy
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why why am I saying that why don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why am I saying that why don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why am I saying that why don't want
+to try to reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temporary yeah so let it leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary yeah so let it leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary yeah so let it leave the
+optimizer doing that so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizer doing that so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizer doing that so another
+interesting thing is so asum I come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is so asum I come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is so asum I come up
+with this tool saying okay by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this tool saying okay by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this tool saying okay by the way
+each expression is evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each expression is evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each expression is evaluated
+separately so what I'm going to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so what I'm going to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so what I'm going to say is
+I'm going to use the same Temporaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the same Temporaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use the same Temporaries
+for each different expression sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each different expression sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each different expression sounds
+great sounds simple it will work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sounds simple it will work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sounds simple it will work but
+then what will happen is when you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what will happen is when you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what will happen is when you could
+optimize you say wait a minute I wanton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize you say wait a minute I wanton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize you say wait a minute I wanton
+move these two expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move these two expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move these two expressions
+around and now when you actually try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and now when you actually try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and now when you actually try to
+do analysis it looks like it has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do analysis it looks like it has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do analysis it looks like it has all
+these dependences because it's using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dependences because it's using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dependences because it's using the
+same Temporaries and now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Temporaries and now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Temporaries and now you have to
+know that okay by the way if it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that okay by the way if it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that okay by the way if it is a
+tempor is not defendant other one so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempor is not defendant other one so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempor is not defendant other one so so
+it gets too complicated so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets too complicated so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets too complicated so if you have
+separate Temporaries Things become easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Temporaries Things become easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Temporaries Things become easy
+and nice thing about you Optimizer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice thing about you Optimizer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice thing about you Optimizer will
+actually generate faster code you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate faster code you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate faster code you can
+actually see it's F faster so start down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it's F faster so start down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it's F faster so start down
+and speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speed
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see something like this so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like this so what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like this so what you do
+is so uh what what you want to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so uh what what you want to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so uh what what you want to generate
+is do this one so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do this one so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do this one so uh uh
+say move uh uh I'm I'll just say a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say move uh uh I'm I'll just say a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say move uh uh I'm I'll just say a okay
+I'm not saying that uh we'll say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that uh we'll say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying that uh we'll say uh
+R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+move B to R1 and then say move uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move B to R1 and then say move uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move B to R1 and then say move uh
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+r10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r10
+R1 we say uh uh put put into R11 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 we say uh uh put put into R11 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 we say uh uh put put into R11 and
+then what I will do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I will do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I will do is
+move uh R11 to something uh uh we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh R11 to something uh uh we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move uh R11 to something uh uh we'll say
+minus 24 out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of so this is this is where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so this is this is where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so this is this is where this
+temporary goes so my I Mark here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary goes so my I Mark here I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary goes so my I Mark here I am
+minus 24 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 24 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 24 out of
+rsbs this is where this temporary go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsbs this is where this temporary go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsbs this is where this temporary go
+in yeah exactly so so the next time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah exactly so so the next time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah exactly so so the next time I
+come around what I do is I I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around what I do is I I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around what I do is I I basically
+when I come here I basically get it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I come here I basically get it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I come here I basically get it out
+again it's some very dumb uh uh uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's some very dumb uh uh uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's some very dumb uh uh uh but
+but you can keep tab of saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can keep tab of saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can keep tab of saying this is
+my temporary one temporary one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my temporary one temporary one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my temporary one temporary one which is
+location here and then what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location here and then what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location here and then what I do is I
+now when I start generating this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I start generating this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I start generating this one I
+basically get it back move minus 24 out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get it back move minus 24 out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get it back move minus 24 out
+of uh uh R BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry uh R BP into uh R11 r10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh R BP into uh R11 r10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh R BP into uh R11 r10 or
+something so it looks very dumb because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it looks very dumb because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it looks very dumb because
+you are saving the next instruction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are saving the next instruction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are saving the next instruction you
+are restoring it but when you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are restoring it but when you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are restoring it but when you trying to
+go code generation it will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go code generation it will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go code generation it will actually
+match nicely and and and things things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match nicely and and and things things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match nicely and and and things things
+become I mean optimization Things become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become I mean optimization Things become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become I mean optimization Things become
+easier so here's what it is so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so here's what it is so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so here's what it is so at the
+end of the day what you'll have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day what you'll have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day what you'll have is
+you'll have operations like that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have operations like that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have operations like that in a
+flat list so each of these X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat list so each of these X Y and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat list so each of these X Y and Z
+should have very explicit locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have very explicit locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have very explicit locations
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+some of them are Temporaries all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are Temporaries all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are Temporaries all three
+might be Temporaries but that means each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be Temporaries but that means each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be Temporaries but that means each
+has expit location get from explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has expit location get from explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has expit location get from explicit
+location into art get from the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location into art get from the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location into art get from the explicit
+location into R11 do the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location into R11 do the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location into R11 do the operation
+sa okay don't worry the ACT next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa okay don't worry the ACT next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa okay don't worry the ACT next
+inspection I'm getting it again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection I'm getting it again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection I'm getting it again just
+just the dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the dumb
+thing so at this point we should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so at this point we should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so at this point we should be able
+to flatten out statements do this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flatten out statements do this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flatten out statements do this thing
+okay in fact this is uh almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact this is uh almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact this is uh almost the same
+as my stack model but the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my stack model but the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my stack model but the difference is
+now actually will have known handles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually will have known handles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually will have known handles for
+these temporary variables in the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temporary variables in the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temporary variables in the stack
+model is implicit that that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is implicit that that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is implicit that that in fact
+there are Temporaries in there here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Temporaries in there here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are Temporaries in there here now
+now because in in some sense in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because in in some sense in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because in in some sense in new
+intermediate representation instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate representation instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate representation instead of
+directly saying the tempor if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly saying the tempor if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly saying the tempor if you
+associate a temporary variable name then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a temporary variable name then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a temporary variable name then
+later on when you're optimizing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on when you're optimizing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on when you're optimizing you
+actually have a temporary variable name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a temporary variable name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a temporary variable name
+and you can deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can deal with that
+separately so why didn't I map all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so why didn't I map all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so why didn't I map all those
+things into registers I could have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into registers I could have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into registers I could have said
+look I'm putting all my Temporaries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm putting all my Temporaries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm putting all my Temporaries in
+registers in fact after optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers in fact after optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers in fact after optimizations
+you could do that the reason we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that the reason we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that the reason we didn't
+start here is registers are limited if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here is registers are limited if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start here is registers are limited if
+you have a very large humongous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very large humongous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very large humongous
+expression you might not have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you might not have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you might not have enough
+registers to do that and so because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to do that and so because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers to do that and so because of
+that we don't want to assume that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't want to assume that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't want to assume that and
+trying to do special cases when you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do special cases when you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do special cases when you run
+out of registers start in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of registers start in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of registers start in the general
+case and then do the optimization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then do the optimization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then do the optimization uh
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+needed and some cases you might find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and some cases you might find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and some cases you might find
+there's no one to one correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one to one correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one to one correspondence
+between machine instruction and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between machine instruction and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between machine instruction and and the
+decaf instruction you have you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaf instruction you have you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaf instruction you have you might not
+find Direct machine instruction at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Direct machine instruction at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Direct machine instruction at that
+point the best thing is to First lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the best thing is to First lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the best thing is to First lower
+decaf to sequence of instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaf to sequence of instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaf to sequence of instruction that
+actually has corresponding matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has corresponding matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has corresponding matching
+instruction and then you can actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then you can actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and then you can actually go
+and do that so at some point when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that so at some point when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that so at some point when you
+look at the expression tree it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the expression tree it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the expression tree it should
+have matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have matching
+instruction very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction very
+inefficient don't worry we'll deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient don't worry we'll deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient don't worry we'll deal with
+that later and nice thing about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and nice thing about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later and nice thing about this is
+you'll see you actually compile compile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you actually compile compile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you actually compile compile
+code getting faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code getting faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code getting faster and
+faster okay uh the next thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay uh the next thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay uh the next thing we have to
+do after generating statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after generating statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do after generating statements
+generating control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating control
+flow so there are also two approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so there are also two approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so there are also two approaches to
+this first is a template matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first is a template matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first is a template matching
+approach that we can actually easily do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that we can actually easily do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that we can actually easily do
+uh uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for
+uh decaf and the second thing is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decaf and the second thing is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decaf and the second thing is a more
+of Al algorithmic approach so let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Al algorithmic approach so let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Al algorithmic approach so let me go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so template matching approach is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so template matching approach is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so template matching approach is for
+each construct you have very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each construct you have very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each construct you have very specific
+template and we take the code and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and we take the code and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and we take the code and kind
+of plug it in in in into these templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plug it in in in into these templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plug it in in in into these templates
+and since there's not too many control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since there's not too many control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since there's not too many control
+constructs in dcap you are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs in dcap you are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs in dcap you are not going to
+run a make this this problem is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a make this this problem is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a make this this problem is not
+going to blow on your face so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to blow on your face so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to blow on your face so here's
+interesting so so if you have statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so so if you have statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so so if you have statement
+like this so uh the first thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so uh the first thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so uh the first thing you can
+do it write some code in assembly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it write some code in assembly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it write some code in assembly by
+hand and say okay so what do what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and say okay so what do what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and say okay so what do what should
+I generate and then that relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I generate and then that relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I generate and then that relate to
+template so the template is do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template so the template is do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template so the template is do the
+test and if jump uh uh uh that the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and if jump uh uh uh that the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and if jump uh uh uh that the test
+is true uh there's a label true and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true uh there's a label true and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true uh there's a label true and do
+the false body and go to the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false body and go to the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false body and go to the end and
+then do the label true true so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do the label true true so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do the label true true so so this
+this is so basically in some sense first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so basically in some sense first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so basically in some sense first
+is the false body then is the true body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the false body then is the true body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the false body then is the true body
+and the label end so this is the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the label end so this is the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the label end so this is the way to
+look at that so to give example so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so to give example so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that so to give example so it's
+our previous code in here so uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous code in here so uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous code in here so uh uh I
+want to look at first ax greater than BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at first ax greater than BX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at first ax greater than BX
+so I first do the uh uh and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I first do the uh uh and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I first do the uh uh and I have a
+jump so every time Temple get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump so every time Temple get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump so every time Temple get in
+instantiated this shouldn't be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated this shouldn't be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiated this shouldn't be the same
+label also some people make that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label also some people make that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label also some people make that mistake
+so you have a nice template with label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a nice template with label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a nice template with label
+012 and you get label 012 get instant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+012 and you get label 012 get instant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+012 and you get label 012 get instant so
+you have to actually at least add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to actually at least add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to actually at least add the
+uh uh uh instance number into that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh instance number into that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh instance number into that thing
+so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be
+l0 01 or something like that so so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 01 or something like that so so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 01 or something like that so so and
+also if you have descriptive names like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you have descriptive names like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if you have descriptive names like
+that it's easy to debug to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's easy to debug to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's easy to debug to you know
+where it came from it's not like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from it's not like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from it's not like some
+crazy labels showing up somewhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy labels showing up somewhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy labels showing up somewhere so
+first thing you had to do is I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you had to do is I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you had to do is I actually
+got those two variables out of uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got those two variables out of uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got those two variables out of uh using
+move Q I actually added Q because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Q I actually added Q because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Q I actually added Q because I'm
+moving cadboard it should figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving cadboard it should figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving cadboard it should figure this
+out automatically but uh for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out automatically but uh for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out automatically but uh for some reason
+I I made a made a mistake somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I made a made a mistake somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I made a made a mistake somewhere and
+it think if it thinks it's not a Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think if it thinks it's not a Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think if it thinks it's not a Cod
+word it'll actually complain then doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it'll actually complain then doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it'll actually complain then doing
+some weird intermediate numbers that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird intermediate numbers that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some weird intermediate numbers that you
+don't know what's going on so actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on so actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on so actually I
+it's almost for my type I my type saf I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost for my type I my type saf I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost for my type I my type saf I
+actually put this type in there the Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put this type in there the Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put this type in there the Cod
+word type and I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word type and I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word type and I did the
+comparison and I'm I'm doing a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and I'm I'm doing a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and I'm I'm doing a jump
+greater than to l z which is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than to l z which is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than to l z which is the true
+body and then I do the false body in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and then I do the false body in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and then I do the false body in
+here which is basically again bringing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is basically again bringing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is basically again bringing a
+x bringing BX doing the subtraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bringing BX doing the subtraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bringing BX doing the subtraction and
+moving the result back and and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the result back and and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the result back and and then I
+will go to the true body again bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the true body again bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the true body again bringing
+BX uh uh bringing ax doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX uh uh bringing ax doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX uh uh bringing ax doing the
+subtraction putting the result back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction putting the result back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction putting the result back so
+so very dumb I mean when I'm generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very dumb I mean when I'm generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very dumb I mean when I'm generating
+code I don't know too much things I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I don't know too much things I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I don't know too much things I only
+know is I have a map of each V each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is I have a map of each V each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is I have a map of each V each
+variable name and and the loc offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name and and the loc offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name and and the loc offset
+from the uh uh base point of ID is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh uh base point of ID is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh uh base point of ID is
+that's all I need to know and I generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I need to know and I generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I need to know and I generate
+code I go to the next one and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I go to the next one and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code I go to the next one and there's no
+Global Knowledge anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global Knowledge anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global Knowledge anything in
+here and template for while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and template for while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and template for while
+Loops is basically uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops is basically uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops is basically uh uh
+I do uh uh uh continue label do the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do uh uh uh continue label do the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do uh uh uh continue label do the test
+and uh do the uh uh body jump to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh do the uh uh body jump to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh do the uh uh body jump to the end
+and body jump to the end uh uh can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and body jump to the end uh uh can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and body jump to the end uh uh can I do
+better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this can I uh create more tighter code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I uh create more tighter code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can I uh create more tighter code
+tighter uh thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so something like this you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so something like this you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so something like this you can do
+test uh uh uh basically and a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh uh uh basically and a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test uh uh uh basically and a negative
+operation jump to the end so so in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation jump to the end so so in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation jump to the end so so in there
+so so you can play with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can play with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can play with all these
+templates and trying to find a nice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates and trying to find a nice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates and trying to find a nice a
+cool template do it something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool template do it something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool template do it something like that
+and now we got to do control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we got to do control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we got to do control
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+so I mean there a thing do you have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean there a thing do you have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean there a thing do you have time
+yeah we cannot have time what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we cannot have time what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we cannot have time what do you
+think this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this should
+be what's what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+template I'm trying to get people woken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template I'm trying to get people woken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template I'm trying to get people woken
+up so they can actually instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so they can actually instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so they can actually instead of just
+listening be active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like yeah this actually pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah this actually pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah this actually pretty simple
+one what you have is where's the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what you have is where's the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what you have is where's the result
+you have body do the test and jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have body do the test and jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have body do the test and jump to
+the beginning of that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of that so that's
+basically it's a very simple uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a very simple uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a very simple uh simple
+template for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template for that
+okay that's the template model so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the template model so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the template model so what
+you do is you hierarch go down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you hierarch go down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you hierarch go down and then
+basically keep plugging uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically keep plugging uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically keep plugging uh into the
+template another way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template another way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template another way to do that
+is create this uh uh uh control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is create this uh uh uh control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is create this uh uh uh control flow
+graph by expanding uh all the nodes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph by expanding uh all the nodes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph by expanding uh all the nodes so
+let me I will leave this slide I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I will leave this slide I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I will leave this slide I will
+get back this later let me explain by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back this later let me explain by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back this later let me explain by
+example so what happens is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what happens is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what happens is if you have
+uh uh function like this basic condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh function like this basic condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh function like this basic condition
+if then else you want to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if then else you want to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if then else you want to generate
+something like this that says do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this that says do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this that says do the
+condition here uh do the If part else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here uh do the If part else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here uh do the If part else
+part and exit in there entry and exit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and exit in there entry and exit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and exit in there entry and exit so
+that's that's the condition here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the condition here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the condition here and and
+then this actually gets into some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this actually gets into some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this actually gets into some very
+interesting issues so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issues so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issues so for example if
+program has this bunch of conditionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has this bunch of conditionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program has this bunch of conditionals
+like this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and
+no uh there's a notion called short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh there's a notion called short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh there's a notion called short
+circuiting short circuit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuiting short circuit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuiting short circuit in
+says if so assume I have an the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if so assume I have an the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if so assume I have an the first
+condition is true false okay and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is true false okay and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is true false okay and I'm
+never going to execute anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to execute anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to execute anything else
+because I know that the entire and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that the entire and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that the entire and is
+always going to be false okay so whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be false okay so whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be false okay so whereas
+same thing as oh if the first condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as oh if the first condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as oh if the first condition
+is true so I know I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true so I know I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true so I know I don't have to
+execute the rest of the thing I because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the rest of the thing I because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the rest of the thing I because
+it has to be true I I I fall true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be true I I I fall true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be true I I I fall true so
+this is why things like in C sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why things like in C sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why things like in C sometimes
+in the condition even if you put some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the condition even if you put some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the condition even if you put some uh
+statements that might never get executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that might never get executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that might never get executed
+because the first one uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first one uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first one uh basically
+dictate what happened and I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate what happened and I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate what happened and I don't have
+to execute the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute the rest of the
+things okay so this is this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so this is this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so this is this is called
+short Circ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Circ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Circ
+so what that means is uh so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is uh so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is uh so here's
+interesting so if I have and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so if I have and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so if I have and here you
+understand what's happening here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's happening here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's happening here so I
+enter in there and do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in there and do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in there and do the first
+condition I uh uh uh less than n and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I uh uh uh less than n and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I uh uh uh less than n and in
+the first one here and if that is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one here and if that is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one here and if that is false
+I just can I I don't have to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just can I I don't have to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just can I I don't have to do anything
+else I don't have to do the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I don't have to do the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I don't have to do the rest of the
+condition I exit in and then if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I exit in and then if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I exit in and then if it is
+true I go to the next one I do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I go to the next one I do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I go to the next one I do that and
+if it is false I exit if it is only true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is false I exit if it is only true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is false I exit if it is only true
+then that's the only time I go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the only time I go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's the only time I go and
+actually do this addition so so I I I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this addition so so I I I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this addition so so I I I do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+twice uh same thing if I do uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh same thing if I do uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh same thing if I do uh uh
+um this Dell if you do the O because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Dell if you do the O because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this Dell if you do the O because
+what happens is if the O is true any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if the O is true any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if the O is true any
+type then I don't have to do the St I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type then I don't have to do the St I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type then I don't have to do the St I
+can just directly go and execute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just directly go and execute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just directly go and execute the
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+basically and then you only false go try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and then you only false go try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and then you only false go try
+the next one and and so if you have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and and so if you have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and and so if you have very
+large condition so you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large condition so you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large condition so you can do this
+things short cir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things short cir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things short cir
+so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is
+uh if you have complet control flow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have complet control flow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have complet control flow you
+have this set of functions you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this set of functions you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this set of functions you can go
+and deconstruct this condition this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deconstruct this condition this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deconstruct this condition this
+complex control flow into a nice control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex control flow into a nice control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex control flow into a nice control
+flow graph where you have a body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow graph where you have a body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow graph where you have a body and
+basically simple very simple edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically simple very simple edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically simple very simple edges so
+what that means is if you give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is if you give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is if you give some
+chunk of dkf code we say n at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of dkf code we say n at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of dkf code we say n at the end
+what you'll do is you generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll do is you generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll do is you generate this
+control flow graph with the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow graph with the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow graph with the beginning
+and end okay you enter from the B node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end okay you enter from the B node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end okay you enter from the B node
+and execute then ex exit from the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute then ex exit from the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and execute then ex exit from the uh uh
+n node and between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n node and between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n node and between here
+there it's a graph instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a graph instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a graph instead of having
+this complex uh um statements in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex uh um statements in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex uh um statements in here so
+uh and then there's a function called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then there's a function called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then there's a function called
+short circuit that says given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit that says given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit that says given a
+condition if the condition uh uh is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if the condition uh uh is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if the condition uh uh is true
+for goes in the true side so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goes in the true side so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for goes in the true side so it
+basically gives you a uh basically tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives you a uh basically tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives you a uh basically tree
+so come in do the condition and go two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so come in do the condition and go two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so come in do the condition and go two
+different edges so so you get edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different edges so so you get edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different edges so so you get edges and
+what you do is you put together this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you put together this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you put together this to
+form a graph and at some point you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a graph and at some point you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a graph and at some point you have
+to flatten the graph and then if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flatten the graph and then if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flatten the graph and then if if
+there Edge that's nothing in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Edge that's nothing in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Edge that's nothing in between
+just control flow you jump over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just control flow you jump over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just control flow you jump over
+something you have to generate the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instru in order to do that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instru in order to do that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instru in order to do that you need to
+add a new kind of node called a no of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a new kind of node called a no of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a new kind of node called a no of
+node so simplest thing is assume I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so simplest thing is assume I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so simplest thing is assume I have
+sequence of blocks or sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of blocks or sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of blocks or sequence of
+statements X by y it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements X by y it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements X by y it's a very simple
+thing put it into graph so first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing put it into graph so first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing put it into graph so first thing
+what you do is when you deconstruct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is when you deconstruct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is when you deconstruct you
+could deconstruct X so X could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deconstruct X so X could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deconstruct X so X could be
+anything X could be complex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything X could be complex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything X could be complex uh
+something like a w statement or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a w statement or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a w statement or some
+very complex structure out there who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex structure out there who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex structure out there who
+cares but you deconstruct X you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares but you deconstruct X you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares but you deconstruct X you get the
+graph out of there to deconstruct a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph out of there to deconstruct a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph out of there to deconstruct a y
+get the graph out of there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the graph out of there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the graph out of there and then
+basically connect these two together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically connect these two together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically connect these two together and
+then what you do is you return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is you return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is you return a
+beginning and well so you create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and well so you create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and well so you create this
+graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in
+here so uh if you have e that means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh if you have e that means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh if you have e that means if
+condition XY what you do is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition XY what you do is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition XY what you do is first
+deconstruct X reconstruct Y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct X reconstruct Y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct X reconstruct Y and then
+what you do is to get the end you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is to get the end you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is to get the end you put
+this noop node and connect them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noop node and connect them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this noop node and connect them together
+to no no and then what you do is Short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no no and then what you do is Short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no no and then what you do is Short
+Circuit the condition do the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit the condition do the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit the condition do the condition
+for short circuiting and connect it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short circuiting and connect it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for short circuiting and connect it here
+so I will get tell you how to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will get tell you how to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will get tell you how to generate
+this short so at this point what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short so at this point what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short so at this point what in
+these blobs each blob itself is a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blobs each blob itself is a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blobs each blob itself is a graph
+and you connect together you get a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you connect together you get a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you connect together you get a much
+higher graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher graph
+graph and then you return this beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then you return this beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then you return this beginning
+and the end not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end not you
+uh while is also the same so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while is also the same so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while is also the same so first of
+all you create this no up no to ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you create this no up no to ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you create this no up no to ending
+and then you deconstruct the body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you deconstruct the body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you deconstruct the body and
+you put a short circuiting in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a short circuiting in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a short circuiting in here and
+now what what do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connect where should the N connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect where should the N connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect where should the N connect
+to ex where should ex connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ex where should ex connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ex where should ex connect to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BC yeah exct BC because that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC yeah exct BC because that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BC yeah exct BC because that's that's
+the V Loop and you return BC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V Loop and you return BC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V Loop and you return BC and
+E so so now what you have is again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so so now what you have is again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E so so now what you have is again in
+the and so short C if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so short C if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and so short C if we have a
+c one and C2 basically you first find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one and C2 basically you first find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c one and C2 basically you first find a
+short circuit for uh uh C2 and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit for uh uh C2 and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit for uh uh C2 and you find
+short circuit for C1 and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit for C1 and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit for C1 and basically
+connect it like this and so now what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it like this and so now what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it like this and so now what you
+do is return uh we only have to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is return uh we only have to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is return uh we only have to return
+the beginning because T1 T2 get expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because T1 T2 get expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because T1 T2 get expand
+there uh so so this is graph same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh so so this is graph same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh so so this is graph same kind
+of things for o go fast so you put so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things for o go fast so you put so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things for o go fast so you put so
+then what happens is instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is instead of having
+this weird uh construct you have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird uh construct you have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird uh construct you have very
+nice fling graph with uh uh this short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fling graph with uh uh this short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice fling graph with uh uh this short
+circuit instructions as well as uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit instructions as well as uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit instructions as well as uh uh uh
+edges in there so what you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in there so what you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in there so what you need to do is
+so you have a graph you have to flatten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a graph you have to flatten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a graph you have to flatten
+the graph that linear uh put the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph that linear uh put the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph that linear uh put the graph
+together and and you can do it in a down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and and you can do it in a down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and and you can do it in a down
+way or a little bit of a smart way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or a little bit of a smart way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or a little bit of a smart way and
+then if there's Edge that is adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there's Edge that is adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there's Edge that is adjacent
+going one to another it's easy there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one to another it's easy there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going one to another it's easy there's
+nothing you to do with this instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you to do with this instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you to do with this instruction
+are followed by instruction any Ed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are followed by instruction any Ed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are followed by instruction any Ed that
+has to jump over go something has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to jump over go something has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to jump over go something has to
+jump instruction so at that point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump instruction so at that point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump instruction so at that point you
+can nice thing about this is now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can nice thing about this is now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can nice thing about this is now what
+you end up other than in a template is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up other than in a template is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up other than in a template is
+is a graph and then when you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph and then when you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph and then when you go into
+doing uh optimization you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh optimization you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh optimization you can actually
+use this graph for analysis and moreing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this graph for analysis and moreing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this graph for analysis and moreing
+if you do template when you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do template when you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do template when you could
+optimize it you don't have you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize it you don't have you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize it you don't have you still
+have Wes ifs and stuff like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Wes ifs and stuff like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Wes ifs and stuff like that and
+there does not something nice simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does not something nice simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does not something nice simple
+uniform to analyze this actually gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform to analyze this actually gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform to analyze this actually gives
+you something nice simple uniform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something nice simple uniform to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something nice simple uniform to
+analyze so this can help in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze so this can help in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze so this can help in the
+optimization even though right now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization even though right now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization even though right now it's
+much little bit harder than doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much little bit harder than doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much little bit harder than doing the
+templates just create this graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates just create this graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates just create this graph in
+there and and flatten the graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and flatten the graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and flatten the graph and
+generate code and then later you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate code and then later you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate code and then later you can
+actually figure out how to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out how to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out how to move the
+graph into different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm
+jump uh so another thing that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump uh so another thing that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump uh so another thing that will
+happen is when you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is when you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is when you generate
+something uh complicated like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh complicated like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh complicated like this you
+end up having this no instructions no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having this no instructions no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up having this no instructions no
+not instruction there are uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not instruction there are uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not instruction there are uh basically
+nodes in the graph and so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the graph and so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the graph and so you can do
+very simple optimization saying if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple optimization saying if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple optimization saying if you
+have bunch of things coming in no going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bunch of things coming in no going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bunch of things coming in no going
+out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can
+directly you don't want to keep keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly you don't want to keep keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly you don't want to keep keep
+generating nors so so you can do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating nors so so you can do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating nors so so you can do one
+simple uh optimizing even now and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh optimizing even now and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh optimizing even now and do
+that and then you need to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you need to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you need to come up with a
+little bit of intelligent way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of intelligent way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of intelligent way of
+flattening flattening you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening flattening you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening flattening you can just
+randomly flatten and then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly flatten and then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly flatten and then everything
+will be a branch every instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a branch every instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a branch every instruction
+probably have do jump but if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have do jump but if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have do jump but if you if you
+FL it a little bit more intelligently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL it a little bit more intelligently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL it a little bit more intelligently
+you can eliminate the amount of branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eliminate the amount of branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can eliminate the amount of branches
+jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps
+you so actually I told you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so actually I told you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so actually I told you a little bit
+so what do you think pros and cons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think pros and cons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think pros and cons of
+template versus matching versus Alor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template versus matching versus Alor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template versus matching versus Alor
+what would you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you guys
+use you have one minute to decide would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you have one minute to decide would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you have one minute to decide would
+use template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching it see like the template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching it see like the template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching it see like the template
+matching is a lot easier to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is a lot easier to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is a lot easier to implement
+quickly with the algorithmic one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly with the algorithmic one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly with the algorithmic one it
+gives you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you more
+information be more useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information be more useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information be more useful for
+optimization later see what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization later see what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization later see what happens is
+if you do template making now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do template making now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do template making now you
+probably do the algorithmic approach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the algorithmic approach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do the algorithmic approach uh
+you go to data flow optimization because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to data flow optimization because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to data flow optimization because
+suddenly when you do data flow you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly when you do data flow you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly when you do data flow you say
+geez now I have to write data flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez now I have to write data flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez now I have to write data flow
+classes to deal with all this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to deal with all this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes to deal with all this weird
+constructs and and data flow basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs and and data flow basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs and and data flow basically
+has a notion that the data the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a notion that the data the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a notion that the data the control
+comes into some place join and split and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into some place join and split and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes into some place join and split and
+you iterate through this graph nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you iterate through this graph nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you iterate through this graph nice to
+have a graph of have while how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph of have while how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph of have while how to
+iterate data to a while if it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate data to a while if it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate data to a while if it's going to
+be much more complicated and so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more complicated and so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more complicated and so you need
+to have all this weird higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all this weird higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all this weird higher level
+things so if you have a graph it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if you have a graph it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if you have a graph it becomes
+much more easier so so I I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more easier so so I I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more easier so so I I mean it
+depends on where you would buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you would buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you would buy the
+bullet you want bu it now or later so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet you want bu it now or later so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet you want bu it now or later so at
+some point uh uh I mean template s very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point uh uh I mean template s very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point uh uh I mean template s very
+interestingly thing but later it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly thing but later it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly thing but later it might
+help to have have the graph graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to have have the graph graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to have have the graph graph
+test uh anything else you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add okay so I want to give a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add okay so I want to give a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add okay so I want to give a little bit
+a flavor of this x 664 Pro how many knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flavor of this x 664 Pro how many knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flavor of this x 664 Pro how many knew
+about this before we assigning the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this before we assigning the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this before we assigning the class
+everybody knew have followed up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knew have followed up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knew have followed up all the
+EIC between Intel and AMD that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EIC between Intel and AMD that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EIC between Intel and AMD that led to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point okay so x64 is a CIS architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so x64 is a CIS architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so x64 is a CIS architecture
+versus what you call risk in 80s the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what you call risk in 80s the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus what you call risk in 80s the big
+thing was redu instruction set AR for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was redu instruction set AR for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was redu instruction set AR for
+risk it's supposed to be the in thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it's supposed to be the in thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it's supposed to be the in thing
+it's much nicer simple architecture can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much nicer simple architecture can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much nicer simple architecture can
+do lot of cool things and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lot of cool things and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lot of cool things and everybody
+thought going to take over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought going to take over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought going to take over the world
+technically it should have taken over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it should have taken over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it should have taken over
+the world obviously a lot of times what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world obviously a lot of times what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world obviously a lot of times what
+happens at the end is nothing only small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end is nothing only small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end is nothing only small
+percentage technical lot to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage technical lot to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage technical lot to do with this
+lot of other things Intel did a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things Intel did a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other things Intel did a really
+good execution and managed to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good execution and managed to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good execution and managed to keep this
+clan ex going uh so it's a it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clan ex going uh so it's a it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clan ex going uh so it's a it has a very
+low lineage in 80 80 there are 8bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low lineage in 80 80 there are 8bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low lineage in 80 80 there are 8bit
+instructions 16bit then they become 302
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions 16bit then they become 302
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions 16bit then they become 302
+bit so still if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so still if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so still if you look at the
+instruction set I said the manual is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set I said the manual is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set I said the manual is
+this thing and there are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and there are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and there are things that
+probably still can date back to 70s lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still can date back to 70s lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still can date back to 70s lot
+of old decision SK that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old decision SK that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old decision SK that
+and so this work of really nicely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this work of really nicely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this work of really nicely for
+Intel it actually went from PM pm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel it actually went from PM pm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel it actually went from PM pm to
+kill all the other risk processor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill all the other risk processor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill all the other risk processor and
+then there was a shift to 64 bit so 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was a shift to 64 bit so 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was a shift to 64 bit so 32
+bit was uh getting running out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit was uh getting running out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit was uh getting running out what's
+the problem with thir two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+soory yeah 4 gigs that's maximum you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soory yeah 4 gigs that's maximum you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soory yeah 4 gigs that's maximum you can
+allocate accesses 4 gigs and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate accesses 4 gigs and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate accesses 4 gigs and and you
+want to go beyond that you won't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go beyond that you won't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go beyond that you won't have a
+larger program and so you can do crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger program and so you can do crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger program and so you can do crazy
+things like have multiple things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like have multiple things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like have multiple things get
+Prem what you like to have is nice large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prem what you like to have is nice large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prem what you like to have is nice large
+address so the first time after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so the first time after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address so the first time after all
+these years after killing all those B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these years after killing all those B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these years after killing all those B
+architecture in made a strategic mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in made a strategic mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture in made a strategic mistake
+what they did was they came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was they came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was they came up with a
+complete new architecture called it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete new architecture called it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete new architecture called it and
+said this is how 64bit architecture if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is how 64bit architecture if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is how 64bit architecture if
+anybody want to 64 scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to 64 scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to 64 scientific
+computation do itanium x86 will stay 32b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation do itanium x86 will stay 32b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation do itanium x86 will stay 32b
+and they were trying to go with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were trying to go with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were trying to go with this
+dual architectur hoping that itanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual architectur hoping that itanium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual architectur hoping that itanium
+will someday will take over ex it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will someday will take over ex it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will someday will take over ex it was
+lot more in the risk class architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more in the risk class architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more in the risk class architecture
+in fact I can go forever they took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I can go forever they took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I can go forever they took a
+risk architecture and make it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk architecture and make it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk architecture and make it look like
+CIS so they actually kind of ruin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS so they actually kind of ruin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS so they actually kind of ruin the
+architecture little but other than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture little but other than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture little but other than that
+so they started going in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they started going in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they started going in that direction
+except then am came after minut we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except then am came after minut we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except then am came after minut we don't
+want to do this it we will basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this it we will basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this it we will basically
+expand x86 to do 64 and they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand x86 to do 64 and they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand x86 to do 64 and they came up
+with this thing called x86 64 and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing called x86 64 and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this thing called x86 64 and and
+and at some point it get popularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point it get popularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point it get popularly
+enough that Intel had to back track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that Intel had to back track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that Intel had to back track and
+start supporting it so this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start supporting it so this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start supporting it so this the first
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+it didn't had in the lead so so what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't had in the lead so so what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't had in the lead so so what it
+did is so how does architectures keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is so how does architectures keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is so how does architectures keep
+exping at so what these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exping at so what these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exping at so what these these
+architectures do is they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures do is they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures do is they have different
+execution mode so it's like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution mode so it's like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution mode so it's like having
+multiple chips on a single single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple chips on a single single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple chips on a single single
+process so you have the x86 mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you have the x86 mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you have the x86 mode and
+then there's the 64-bit mode that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the 64-bit mode that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the 64-bit mode that that
+basically gives you all 64-bit registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives you all 64-bit registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives you all 64-bit registers
+they change the register name a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the register name a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change the register name a little
+bit and plus they actually added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and plus they actually added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and plus they actually added
+additional register so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional register so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional register so that's why we
+pick this up not because it's 64 B but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this up not because it's 64 B but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this up not because it's 64 B but
+because instead of having eight register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of having eight register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of having eight register
+deal with now it actually has 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with now it actually has 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with now it actually has 16
+registers so we have more registers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so we have more registers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so we have more registers we
+can do registeration and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do registeration and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do registeration and stuff like that
+so so this and it also at 64bit Things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this and it also at 64bit Things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this and it also at 64bit Things
+become uniform larger levels but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become uniform larger levels but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become uniform larger levels but I don't
+think you guys have wor about that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys have wor about that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys have wor about that that
+we don't WR huge prog so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't WR huge prog so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't WR huge prog so so this is
+arure we are working on so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arure we are working on so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arure we are working on so if you look
+at amdon and all those machines as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at amdon and all those machines as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at amdon and all those machines as the
+new Intel extreme whatever it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Intel extreme whatever it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Intel extreme whatever it's not just
+extreme it's hard to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme it's hard to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme it's hard to figure out what
+Intel is these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel is these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel is these days
+uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have
+64 and still lot of operating systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and still lot of operating systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 and still lot of operating systems
+also are not 64 bit so Windows is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are not 64 bit so Windows is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are not 64 bit so Windows is not
+still not 64bit supported in Linux also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not 64bit supported in Linux also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not 64bit supported in Linux also
+since these machines can turn 32 bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these machines can turn 32 bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these machines can turn 32 bit too
+lot of times you run 32bit on on uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times you run 32bit on on uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times you run 32bit on on uh even
+the process 64 so the machine we got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process 64 so the machine we got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process 64 so the machine we got is
+actually supports a 64bit always so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supports a 64bit always so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supports a 64bit always so you
+can actually 64bit and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually 64bit and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually 64bit and you need to
+provide everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide everybody
+with okay and the key thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay and the key thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay and the key thing about the
+machine is it's new it's already crashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is it's new it's already crashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is it's new it's already crashed
+once uh so what that means is if it HS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh so what that means is if it HS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh so what that means is if it HS
+don't wait call somebody send email to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait call somebody send email to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait call somebody send email to
+either him or me and we try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either him or me and we try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either him or me and we try to figure
+out how to go and remove the D thing cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to go and remove the D thing cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to go and remove the D thing cuz
+everybody's using that Ma and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's using that Ma and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's using that Ma and and if
+everything fails it's F Mount is see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything fails it's F Mount is see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything fails it's F Mount is see
+have problem we we everybody have local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problem we we everybody have local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problem we we everybody have local
+this so you can you won't mount anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can you won't mount anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can you won't mount anything
+else you can use everything so we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you can use everything so we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you can use everything so we'll see
+it's still Fair New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still Fair New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still Fair New
+experiment so interesting that don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so interesting that don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so interesting that don't do
+is we are using this one proc but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we are using this one proc but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we are using this one proc but there
+are lot of other different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lot of other different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lot of other different types of
+proces each has its own OS synes lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proces each has its own OS synes lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proces each has its own OS synes lot of
+interesting differences so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting differences so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting differences so all these
+other process here in RIS listed are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process here in RIS listed are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process here in RIS listed are
+basically risk processes and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically risk processes and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically risk processes and another
+very interesting class of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting class of process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting class of process
+happening these days are signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening these days are signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening these days are signal
+processing Digital Signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing Digital Signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing Digital Signal processing
+process that deals with that like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that deals with that like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that deals with that like every
+one of your cell phones and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your cell phones and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your cell phones and everything
+probably has one of these dsps in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has one of these dsps in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has one of these dsps in there
+and in higher end there are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in higher end there are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in higher end there are things like
+superc computers that still have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superc computers that still have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superc computers that still have to get
+code generated and then also when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generated and then also when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generated and then also when the
+lowest end uh things like uh fire alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest end uh things like uh fire alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest end uh things like uh fire alarm
+up there stuff like that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there stuff like that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there stuff like that have this
+embeded process very simple uh 10 sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeded process very simple uh 10 sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeded process very simple uh 10 sense
+processes that you can get in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you can get in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you can get in fact uh
+there are this creating CL V new open S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are this creating CL V new open S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are this creating CL V new open S
+that has a process very simple process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a process very simple process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a process very simple process
+probably cost 10 cents and there Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cost 10 cents and there Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cost 10 cents and there Network
+process stuff like that so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process stuff like that so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process stuff like that so interesting
+thing is we are learning to do code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we are learning to do code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is we are learning to do code
+generation for one but but lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation for one but but lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation for one but but lot of these
+process have commonalities but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process have commonalities but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process have commonalities but some of
+them the important fact is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the important fact is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the important fact is very
+different what you worry about and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what you worry about and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different what you worry about and each
+of these process have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these process have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these process have very different
+types of execution for example it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of execution for example it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of execution for example it's a
+class called VW the the itanium procer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class called VW the the itanium procer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class called VW the the itanium procer
+was in this class it is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this class it is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in this class it is instead of
+giving one instruction at a time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving one instruction at a time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving one instruction at a time you
+give this very long instruction when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this very long instruction when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this very long instruction when you
+execute it it will do eight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute it it will do eight different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute it it will do eight different
+things in in in one Pro Cycle and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in in one Pro Cycle and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in in one Pro Cycle and and
+x86 is a class called super scale where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 is a class called super scale where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 is a class called super scale where
+you give simple instruction but Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give simple instruction but Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give simple instruction but Hardware
+will rearrange them to PL them faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rearrange them to PL them faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rearrange them to PL them faster
+and there are vectors there are lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are vectors there are lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are vectors there are lot of
+different types of things each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of things each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of things each of these
+have different memory system for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different memory system for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different memory system for example
+all the things we use has this very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things we use has this very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things we use has this very nice
+large uniform memory system uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uniform memory system uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uniform memory system uh but
+things like dsps have don't have cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like dsps have don't have cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like dsps have don't have cash
+nice memory system it has specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice memory system it has specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice memory system it has specific
+limited size memory and it has multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited size memory and it has multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited size memory and it has multiple
+of so so you have to manage memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so so you have to manage memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so so you have to manage memory
+systems uh like your managing registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh like your managing registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh like your managing registers
+and in something like spark has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in something like spark has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in something like spark has this
+notion of reg window because what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of reg window because what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of reg window because what it
+says is so we have registers we'll say 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is so we have registers we'll say 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is so we have registers we'll say 1
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+32 and the first registers in function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and the first registers in function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and the first registers in function
+call when you do the function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call when you do the function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call when you do the function call
+appears as the last registers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears as the last registers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears as the last registers of the
+next function so you have register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next function so you have register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next function so you have register
+window kind of moving down so so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window kind of moving down so so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window kind of moving down so so if you
+want parameter pass you just allocate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want parameter pass you just allocate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want parameter pass you just allocate to
+first set of registers the function code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of registers the function code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of registers the function code
+it appears as the last set of registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears as the last set of registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears as the last set of registers
+uh pre interesting thing about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pre interesting thing about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pre interesting thing about that is
+so it's Hardware managers register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's Hardware managers register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's Hardware managers register
+window so at some point if you do too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so at some point if you do too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so at some point if you do too
+many function calls the hardware will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many function calls the hardware will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many function calls the hardware will
+stop and to take all these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and to take all these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and to take all these things and
+put it into memory so provides some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into memory so provides some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into memory so provides some
+speed but if you do too many small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed but if you do too many small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed but if you do too many small
+function calls it actually becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls it actually becomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls it actually becomes uh
+bad thing because even if you don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing because even if you don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing because even if you don't use
+all the registers it has e all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the registers it has e all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the registers it has e all that
+registers well lot of interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers well lot of interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers well lot of interesting things
+in there and every instruction set AR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and every instruction set AR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and every instruction set AR is
+very unique and also another thing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unique and also another thing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unique and also another thing when
+you optimization there are lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimization there are lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimization there are lot of
+different calls we are when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calls we are when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calls we are when we do
+optimization we look at for purpose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we look at for purpose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we look at for purpose we
+TR to run things faster uh but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR to run things faster uh but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR to run things faster uh but in
+there's a large class of things please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large class of things please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large class of things please
+there fast is not the most important if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there fast is not the most important if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there fast is not the most important if
+you have your cell phone what matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your cell phone what matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your cell phone what matters is
+the battery life so how how do you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery life so how how do you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battery life so how how do you run
+your cell phone codec with the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phone codec with the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phone codec with the minimum
+amount of battery life and that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of battery life and that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of battery life and that's that
+address a very interesting different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a very interesting different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a very interesting different
+class of optimizations so so at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of optimizations so so at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of optimizations so so at some
+point when you go optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you go optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you go optimizations
+depending on what you look at there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you look at there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you look at there's a
+very large class of interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large class of interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large class of interesting things
+you can do around this okay that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do around this okay that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do around this okay that's my
+defition into uh architecture so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defition into uh architecture so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defition into uh architecture so what we
+have done today is we are here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done today is we are here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done today is we are here I think
+anything and everything you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and everything you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and everything you need to know
+about generating code I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about generating code I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about generating code I think we have
+covered if I haven't covered anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered if I haven't covered anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered if I haven't covered anything
+send me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me here
+uh so I want to give you few guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I want to give you few guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I want to give you few guidelines
+how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do
+this first thing is when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first thing is when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first thing is when you're going
+through now you have abstraction level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now you have abstraction level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now you have abstraction level
+that actually is a correct program okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is a correct program okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is a correct program okay
+one thing to do is is uh you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing to do is is uh you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing to do is is uh you can do this
+crazy reorganization that at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy reorganization that at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy reorganization that at the end
+start producing correct program that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start producing correct program that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start producing correct program that's
+not a good thing to do what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good thing to do what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good thing to do what you want to
+do is you can write this next layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can write this next layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can write this next layer
+multiple FES each pass lower some part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple FES each pass lower some part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple FES each pass lower some part
+of things expand the control prograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things expand the control prograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things expand the control prograph
+expand the into expression three through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the into expression three through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the into expression three through
+three address form but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three address form but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three address form but at the end of
+that still have a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still have a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still have a correct
+program the reason I'm saying that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the reason I'm saying that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the reason I'm saying that is
+when you look at optimization you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at optimization you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at optimization you might
+find one of those places might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one of those places might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one of those places might be the
+best place to do your optimization so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best place to do your optimization so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best place to do your optimization so if
+it is correct programing everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is correct programing everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is correct programing everything is
+working then you can basically plug your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working then you can basically plug your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working then you can basically plug your
+optimization from it's easy to debug too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization from it's easy to debug too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization from it's easy to debug too
+so lot of times if you have correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lot of times if you have correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lot of times if you have correct
+program you can look at this thing look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you can look at this thing look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you can look at this thing look
+this program has to be correct what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program has to be correct what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program has to be correct what's
+wrong with it if something goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with it if something goes wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with it if something goes wrong
+then saying okay I am Bing too much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then saying okay I am Bing too much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then saying okay I am Bing too much in
+the same way don't try to do too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way don't try to do too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way don't try to do too many
+things on one pass and it's programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on one pass and it's programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on one pass and it's programs are
+complicated and sometimes debug this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and sometimes debug this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and sometimes debug this is
+nightmare but each pass do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare but each pass do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare but each pass do something
+simple it's going to be very inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's going to be very inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's going to be very inefficient
+don't care we don't we don't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care we don't we don't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care we don't we don't look at
+your compile time just do inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compile time just do inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your compile time just do inefficient
+thing you can do lot of refactoring do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do lot of refactoring do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do lot of refactoring do
+the same code base but do small things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same code base but do small things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same code base but do small things
+at a time if you want later comine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time if you want later comine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time if you want later comine them
+but just do slowly uh read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just do slowly uh read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just do slowly uh read it
+down and yeah again I that always keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and yeah again I that always keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and yeah again I that always keep
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction
+uh at lot of times in compilers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at lot of times in compilers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at lot of times in compilers there
+are so many hidden things that goes WR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many hidden things that goes WR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so many hidden things that goes WR
+anytime if you make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime if you make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime if you make a decision
+especially you're doing a good put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you're doing a good put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you're doing a good put
+assumtions everywhere if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumtions everywhere if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumtions everywhere if you make
+assumption that what the graph should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that what the graph should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that what the graph should
+look like what you're expecting just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what you're expecting just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what you're expecting just
+assert Asser assert Asser Asser because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert Asser assert Asser Asser because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert Asser assert Asser Asser because
+one of these days between now and code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these days between now and code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these days between now and code
+generation you'll forget what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you'll forget what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation you'll forget what you did
+and something goes wrong and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something goes wrong and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something goes wrong and you'd
+rather catch it from asset than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather catch it from asset than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather catch it from asset than than
+debug for right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug for right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug for right
+so just put assertions all it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just put assertions all it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just put assertions all it's always
+good practice to do that and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good practice to do that and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good practice to do that and do this
+is hard to say because sometimes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard to say because sometimes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard to say because sometimes when
+you generate this code it's painful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate this code it's painful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generate this code it's painful to
+look at you look at that done I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you look at that done I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you look at that done I am
+saving this in previous instruction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving this in previous instruction I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving this in previous instruction I'm
+loading in the next instruction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading in the next instruction I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading in the next instruction I'm
+adding zero to this what's the me I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding zero to this what's the me I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding zero to this what's the me I can
+easily just add just one line of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily just add just one line of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily just add just one line of code
+and get rid of it it's it's just so comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of it it's it's just so comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of it it's it's just so comp
+like just it's painful when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just it's painful when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just it's painful when you look at
+some of this but just do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this but just do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this but just do that because
+that you can do the optimization you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do the optimization you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do the optimization you can
+get Satisfaction by getting doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Satisfaction by getting doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Satisfaction by getting doing all
+those things optimization but now don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things optimization but now don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things optimization but now don't
+try to do any of those simplest thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do any of those simplest thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do any of those simplest thing in
+there and and and and that's why when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and and that's why when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and and that's why when
+you do optimiz we can do comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do optimiz we can do comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do optimiz we can do comprehensive
+thing then just just just simple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then just just just simple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then just just just simple people
+all things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things that you can
+do and uh this is not that important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and uh this is not that important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and uh this is not that important
+these days because if you are generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days because if you are generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days because if you are generating
+things like objectoriented type code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like objectoriented type code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like objectoriented type code
+there are things you can actually do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can actually do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can actually do in
+run time so assume you're allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time so assume you're allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time so assume you're allocating
+some memory you will do bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some memory you will do bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some memory you will do bunch of
+instructions again and again you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions again and again you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions again and again you don't
+want to generate them you can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to generate them you can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to generate them you can write a
+small function put it in a fun runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small function put it in a fun runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small function put it in a fun runtime
+library and call it it's much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and call it it's much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and call it it's much easier
+than trying to generate that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than trying to generate that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than trying to generate that because
+it's easy to modify easy to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to modify easy to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to modify easy to do things
+like that so always figure out what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so always figure out what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so always figure out what you
+want to generate and what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to generate and what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to generate and what you can
+actually stack off with the Run typ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system key we doing optimization later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system key we doing optimization later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system key we doing optimization later
+let it do the optimization and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it do the optimization and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it do the optimization and one thing
+you need to do is right now think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do is right now think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do is right now think about
+optimization because this is one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization because this is one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization because this is one thing
+that's really hard about this C normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really hard about this C normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really hard about this C normally
+in lot of places where they do compile C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lot of places where they do compile C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lot of places where they do compile C
+compile what you do is you get entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile what you do is you get entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile what you do is you get entire
+template and you say trust me use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and you say trust me use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and you say trust me use this
+template because at some point you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template because at some point you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template because at some point you you
+will actually need and you have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually need and you have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually need and you have no idea
+why that is and you go fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is and you go fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is and you go fill in the
+blanks and build a compiler and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks and build a compiler and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks and build a compiler and then you
+have really nice working compiler but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really nice working compiler but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really nice working compiler but
+you have never learned why you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have never learned why you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have never learned why you actually
+make those decision what you do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those decision what you do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those decision what you do is we
+give you lot of Ro that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you lot of Ro that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you lot of Ro that you can actually
+hang yourself because we don't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang yourself because we don't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang yourself because we don't give you
+any kind of guidelines and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of guidelines and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of guidelines and you can do
+and every class at some point in a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every class at some point in a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every class at some point in a later
+Pro they going to scratch you say damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro they going to scratch you say damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro they going to scratch you say damn
+we did this thing and then we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this thing and then we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this thing and then we going to
+redo everything from like early on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo everything from like early on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo everything from like early on that
+happens to everybody but that but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to everybody but that but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to everybody but that but that's
+the learning experience because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning experience because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning experience because you know
+that you never ever do that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you never ever do that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you never ever do that mistake
+again but you recover from that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but you recover from that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but you recover from that so what
+that means is if you are doing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is if you are doing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is if you are doing some of
+these things just think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things just think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things just think a little bit
+about optimization just ask somebody ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimization just ask somebody ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about optimization just ask somebody ask
+what's optimization like and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's optimization like and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's optimization like and then then
+because you need have that feel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need have that feel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need have that feel because
+since optimization Pro also 3 weeks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since optimization Pro also 3 weeks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since optimization Pro also 3 weeks you
+you don't have time to reite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have time to reite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have time to reite the
+compiler so the key thing is is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler so the key thing is is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler so the key thing is is even
+though you don't know what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you don't know what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you don't know what it's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+you have to actually be ready for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to actually be ready for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to actually be ready for it to
+come and and key thing is sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and and key thing is sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and and key thing is sometimes you
+might have to do things that are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do things that are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do things that are not the
+most intuitive things like I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intuitive things like I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intuitive things like I talk about
+uh how to map control uh there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to map control uh there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to map control uh there are some
+easy simple things you can do today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy simple things you can do today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy simple things you can do today but
+later you you'll worry about so design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you you'll worry about so design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you you'll worry about so design
+decisions talk to pun and say these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions talk to pun and say these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions talk to pun and say these are
+the decisions I'm making and then ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions I'm making and then ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decisions I'm making and then ask
+okay what's my consequences what I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's my consequences what I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's my consequences what I what
+do I to pay later this this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I to pay later this this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I to pay later this this is a great
+thing or or or am I going to run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or or or am I going to run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or or or am I going to run into
+problems and then some of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then some of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then some of those things
+might be subtle and like think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be subtle and like think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be subtle and like think like
+temporary variables and you can do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variables and you can do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variables and you can do some
+really cool very simple things of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool very simple things of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool very simple things of doing
+better Temporaries but later you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Temporaries but later you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Temporaries but later you might
+when you do cult you say wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do cult you say wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do cult you say wait a minute
+now I I did this thing and now I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I I did this thing and now I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I I did this thing and now I had to
+do this very crazy analysis to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this very crazy analysis to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this very crazy analysis to figure
+out that that this weird thing is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that this weird thing is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that this weird thing is going
+on I keep this understanding of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things another thing lot of people found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things another thing lot of people found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things another thing lot of people found
+out good teams is they create actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out good teams is they create actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out good teams is they create actually
+there was some team that when we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some team that when we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some team that when we used to
+let uh yeah even three people team some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let uh yeah even three people team some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let uh yeah even three people team some
+person like did a huge concentration on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person like did a huge concentration on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person like did a huge concentration on
+doing things like build and regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like build and regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like build and regression
+didn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do that
+much yeah so one person basically spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yeah so one person basically spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yeah so one person basically spend
+all this time just building reg test at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this time just building reg test at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this time just building reg test at
+every level just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level just go
+testing and and yes it reduce the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and and yes it reduce the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and and yes it reduce the amount
+of people we have to do the real the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people we have to do the real the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people we have to do the real the
+implementation but it can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation but it can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation but it can actually
+really simplify your life when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simplify your life when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simplify your life when you're
+trying to De deug can compile is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to De deug can compile is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to De deug can compile is a
+nightmare the best thing that compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare the best thing that compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare the best thing that compiler
+can do is actually crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is actually crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is actually crash
+CU When the compiler crash you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU When the compiler crash you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU When the compiler crash you know
+where it crash you the debugger if itce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it crash you the debugger if itce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it crash you the debugger if itce
+bad code how are you going to debug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad code how are you going to debug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad code how are you going to debug that
+somewhere someplace that that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere someplace that that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere someplace that that it
+misplaced something a variable something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misplaced something a variable something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misplaced something a variable something
+and now it's the the compile code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's the the compile code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's the the compile code is
+crashing what and that can become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing what and that can become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing what and that can become a
+night because you have no idea why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night because you have no idea why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night because you have no idea why it's
+crashing and it's something that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing and it's something that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing and it's something that if you
+have 50 passes at some point 20 passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50 passes at some point 20 passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50 passes at some point 20 passes
+one of those passes did a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those passes did a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those passes did a strong
+transformation some of them doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation some of them doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation some of them doesn't even
+show up till lat because it did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up till lat because it did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up till lat because it did the
+conceptual wrong thing that later Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual wrong thing that later Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual wrong thing that later Parts
+actually did the right thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did the right thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did the right thing but the
+Assumption was wrong and this become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption was wrong and this become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption was wrong and this become
+nightmare really so writing lot of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare really so writing lot of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare really so writing lot of test
+cases test case of test case is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases test case of test case is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases test case of test case is actually
+good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing
+so so I think putting some time into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I think putting some time into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I think putting some time into
+that can he save that that last midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can he save that that last midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can he save that that last midnight
+uh for you guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for you guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for you guys and
+uh lot of times bu hunting is do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lot of times bu hunting is do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lot of times bu hunting is do the
+bunch of B research when you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of B research when you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of B research when you have this
+interchangeable switch Prof aable passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable switch Prof aable passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable switch Prof aable passes
+you can bind search through passes bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bind search through passes bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bind search through passes bind
+search through proc procedures and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search through proc procedures and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search through proc procedures and at
+some point something will just pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point something will just pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point something will just pop up
+and then so so this is debug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so so this is debug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so so this is debug in
+this and other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and other thing
+finally checkpoint take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally checkpoint take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally checkpoint take this
+seriously and think this as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and think this as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and think this as as a
+deadline and really really work for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline and really really work for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline and really really work for that
+deadline and then you can take a breae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline and then you can take a breae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline and then you can take a breae
+and have another deadline coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have another deadline coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have another deadline coming up
+for because this is a lot lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because this is a lot lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because this is a lot lot of things
+need to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be done
+uh so due dat is there and finally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so due dat is there and finally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so due dat is there and finally uh
+some of the guys have fa reading tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the guys have fa reading tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the guys have fa reading tra
+with me and other group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and other group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me and other group
+Mar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mar okay
+good don't get frustrated if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good don't get frustrated if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good don't get frustrated if something
+goes especially with the machine immed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes especially with the machine immed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes especially with the machine immed
+send email okay need to be up
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Hqm4Xc4212E.txt b/Hqm4Xc4212E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3e41b2e7c961cbda151ff2a293ae5a0876e9825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hqm4Xc4212E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay um I hope we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay um I hope we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay um I hope we had that
+wonderful Valentine Day I share you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Valentine Day I share you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Valentine Day I share you a
+story um I uh always uh make those uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um I uh always uh make those uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um I uh always uh make those uh um
+reservations and put something on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations and put something on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations and put something on my
+calendar so I put on calendar my uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar so I put on calendar my uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar so I put on calendar my uh last
+SL uh I give a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL uh I give a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL uh I give a public
+lecture uh at Boston University and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh at Boston University and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh at Boston University and it
+turns out my sponsor myself none of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out my sponsor myself none of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out my sponsor myself none of us
+noce what's date last like so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noce what's date last like so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noce what's date last like so you can
+imag imine how many people showed up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imag imine how many people showed up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imag imine how many people showed up on
+this uh public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh public
+lecture uh there was very uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh there was very uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh there was very uh one
+interesting uh in fact interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh in fact interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh in fact interesting
+couple uh and they were sitting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh and they were sitting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple uh and they were sitting my
+lecture and uh uh um I I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh uh um I I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh uh um I I was talking
+about the thero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thero
+electrics and uh and after that I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics and uh and after that I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics and uh and after that I had a
+chat with them and uh uh this uh uh her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with them and uh uh this uh uh her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with them and uh uh this uh uh her
+say his wife actually said oh today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say his wife actually said oh today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say his wife actually said oh today's
+his birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his birthday
+too birthday and uh valentine day so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too birthday and uh valentine day so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too birthday and uh valentine day so I
+was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very
+pleased okay uh uh so coming back last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased okay uh uh so coming back last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleased okay uh uh so coming back last
+time uh we uh were talking about a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh we uh were talking about a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh we uh were talking about a very
+uh say raw picture of say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say raw picture of say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say raw picture of say the
+microscopic uh energy carriers we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic uh energy carriers we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic uh energy carriers we say
+okay if we look at the molecule what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we look at the molecule what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we look at the molecule what are
+the energy and how much energy they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and how much energy they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and how much energy they have
+what are the forms of energy and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the forms of energy and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the forms of energy and then we
+see how many we have particularly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many we have particularly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many we have particularly we
+introduced the bman factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the bman factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the bman factor the
+statistics and say what's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and say what's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and say what's the average
+energy it's a KT right see the uh taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's a KT right see the uh taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's a KT right see the uh taken
+translation as one example and uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation as one example and uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation as one example and uh if you
+think about the KT uh if it's a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the KT uh if it's a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the KT uh if it's a molecule
+you can use the mass 12 M Square = KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the mass 12 M Square = KT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the mass 12 M Square = KT
+and you can actually say the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually say the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually say the molecular
+speed is very high the molecules moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is very high the molecules moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is very high the molecules moving
+few 100 m/ second except they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few 100 m/ second except they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few 100 m/ second except they are doing
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+motion and uh uh and then we see uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and uh uh and then we see uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and uh uh and then we see uh how
+how far they travel that's the mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far they travel that's the mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far they travel that's the mean free
+pass right we estimate uh the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass right we estimate uh the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass right we estimate uh the air
+molecule the mean free pass is about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the mean free pass is about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the mean free pass is about 100
+nanometer and with that we we give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer and with that we we give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer and with that we we give a
+very simple uh derivation uh k itic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple uh derivation uh k itic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple uh derivation uh k itic
+picture of the transport the fal law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the transport the fal law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the transport the fal law of
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+conduction and at the end uh we uh went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and at the end uh we uh went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and at the end uh we uh went
+into the size effects so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the size effects so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the size effects so if you
+transport uh the characteristical lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport uh the characteristical lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport uh the characteristical lens
+is less than the mean free parts or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the mean free parts or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the mean free parts or less
+than the wavelength uh of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the wavelength uh of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the wavelength uh of the um
+material wave uh you will get say either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave uh you will get say either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave uh you will get say either
+classical size effect or Quantum size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical size effect or Quantum size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical size effect or Quantum size
+effect and I now that I went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and I now that I went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and I now that I went through the
+quantum size in fact very handly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum size in fact very handly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum size in fact very handly and
+also that's the end of lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's the end of lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's the end of lecture so
+hopefully today we can make that up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today we can make that up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully today we can make that up and
+uh in today's lecture I'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in today's lecture I'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in today's lecture I'll be talking
+about materal waves and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about materal waves and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about materal waves and energy
+quantization and this is a chapter two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and this is a chapter two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and this is a chapter two
+so today and next Monday use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today and next Monday use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today and next Monday use two
+lectures and we'll go through quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and we'll go through quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and we'll go through quantum
+mechanics okay so that's ambition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay so that's ambition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay so that's ambition there
+so what I want you to get is some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want you to get is some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want you to get is some basic
+basic ideas of appreciation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas of appreciation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic ideas of appreciation for the
+importance of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of energy
+quantization and say you you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and say you you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and say you you you see
+with this very simple view you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this very simple view you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this very simple view you can
+actually understand a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand a lot of
+things so uh let's uh start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so uh let's uh start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so uh let's uh start with the
+wave I said in the last lecture uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I said in the last lecture uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I said in the last lecture uh when
+you have a interface always because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a interface always because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a interface always because
+interface thicknesses characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface thicknesses characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface thicknesses characteristic
+lens is zero so it's always good to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is zero so it's always good to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is zero so it's always good to say
+what other the wave you have ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other the wave you have ref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other the wave you have ref
+flashing uh are the waves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing uh are the waves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing uh are the waves so
+let's start with a general wave right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a general wave right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with a general wave right
+you all have learned about waves in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have learned about waves in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have learned about waves in one
+form another what are the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form another what are the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form another what are the most important
+characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves right what are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right what are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right what are the basic
+characteristic of waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you have
+face right but say going even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face right but say going even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face right but say going even more
+basic amplitude wavelength frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic amplitude wavelength frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic amplitude wavelength frequency
+right so basic characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves and then when we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and then when we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and then when we think about the
+frequency we're thinking about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we're thinking about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we're thinking about time
+domain and when we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and when we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and when we think about the
+wavelength we're thinking about space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength we're thinking about space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength we're thinking about space
+domain right so uh if we say if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain right so uh if we say if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain right so uh if we say if I have a
+wave simple wave sign wave right uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave simple wave sign wave right uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave simple wave sign wave right uh here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+period and uh in the case of time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and uh in the case of time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and uh in the case of time domain
+this period is time in the case of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period is time in the case of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period is time in the case of space
+domain this is the wave W right so time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain this is the wave W right so time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain this is the wave W right so time
+period or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period or
+wavelength and uh uh but we normally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and uh uh but we normally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and uh uh but we normally do
+not like to write time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like to write time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like to write time
+period we like to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we like to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we like to talk about
+frequency right so can anyone tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so can anyone tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so can anyone tell me
+what's the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relation between
+frequency and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period mathematics now it's a foral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period mathematics now it's a foral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period mathematics now it's a foral
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+right so if you have periodic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have periodic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have periodic function
+do your F transform the inverse is 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your F transform the inverse is 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your F transform the inverse is 2 pi
+over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that
+period so uh we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so uh we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so uh we have uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and
+frequency this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the foral pair right we of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foral pair right we of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foral pair right we of course
+frequency is 2 pi over the period so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 2 pi over the period so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 2 pi over the period so at
+least in time domain you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in time domain you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in time domain you're very
+comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+right and in space domain we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wavelength what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength what's the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+foror inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry wave wave L that's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry wave wave L that's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry wave wave L that's probably a
+less famar you you don't use often right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less famar you you don't use often right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less famar you you don't use often right
+so the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lumber AA equal 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumber AA equal 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumber AA equal 2 pi over
+Lambda it's a f real pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's a f real pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's a f real pair
+right and uh of course uh when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh of course uh when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh of course uh when we talk
+about frequency there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frequency there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about frequency there's another
+frequency we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we often
+use angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use angular
+frequency right so Omega is angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so Omega is angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so Omega is angular
+frequency is 2 pi uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 2 pi uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is 2 pi uh um
+new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and
+correspondingly I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly I have a
+k equals 2 pi a or is 2 pi/ Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+yeah new you were I'm sorry okay yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah new you were I'm sorry okay yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah new you were I'm sorry okay yes
+sorry sorry no all this has a problem 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry no all this has a problem 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry sorry no all this has a problem 1
+/ T and otherwise might have two 2 pi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T and otherwise might have two 2 pi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ T and otherwise might have two 2 pi 2
+pi there thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi there thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi there thank
+you okay but uh uh space is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay but uh uh space is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay but uh uh space is more
+complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than
+time right right space has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right right space has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right right space has
+Direction so when a wave traveling in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so when a wave traveling in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so when a wave traveling in a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+direction uh I can say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh I can say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh I can say this is the
+wavelength in that specific Direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength in that specific Direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength in that specific Direction I
+have I can have KX KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I can have KX KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I can have KX KY
+KZ so the uh here K in general is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ so the uh here K in general is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ so the uh here K in general is a wave
+Vector so it's a KX KY KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have V
+Vector I want to be consistent using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Capital so this K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital so this K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital so this K is the
+magnitude of the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the V
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+right so now we have the space we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we have the space we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now we have the space we have
+the time basic characteristics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time basic characteristics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time basic characteristics that
+characterize is a wave it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize is a wave it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize is a wave it's
+periodicity and now we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity and now we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity and now we can write the
+simplest wave simple form of a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest wave simple form of a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest wave simple form of a wave
+right the simplest wave is a S Wave or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the simplest wave is a S Wave or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the simplest wave is a S Wave or
+cosine wave constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine wave constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine wave constant
+amplitude right so let's write simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right so let's write simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude right so let's write simple
+way and I'll write using general symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I'll write using general symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and I'll write using general symbol
+uh five and this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh five and this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh five and this could be a
+vector it could be a vector wave think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it could be a vector wave think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it could be a vector wave think
+about acoustic wave is a is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about acoustic wave is a is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about acoustic wave is a is a vector
+wave W electromagnetic wave is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave W electromagnetic wave is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave W electromagnetic wave is a vector
+wave right so uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so uh a
+vector that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has a
+amplitude and I write a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and I write a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and I write a constant
+amplitude and uh I have a Time Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and uh I have a Time Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and uh I have a Time Omega
+tus K * X you can go to say subtitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus K * X you can go to say subtitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus K * X you can go to say subtitute
+Omega 2 pi new K is 2 pi over Lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 pi new K is 2 pi over Lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 pi new K is 2 pi over Lambda so
+this is wave traveling in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction and then I have a uni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and then I have a uni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and then I have a uni
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this
+Vector when I see the direction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector when I see the direction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector when I see the direction that's
+the wave traveling Direction so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave traveling Direction so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave traveling Direction so I have
+two direction there one is wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two direction there one is wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two direction there one is wave
+traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+Direction the other is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the other is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the other is the wave
+oscillation direction right if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation direction right if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation direction right if you think
+about electromagnetic field the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electromagnetic field the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electromagnetic field the wave is
+traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling
+forward and we know electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and we know electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and we know electromagnetic
+field is a transverse wave so electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a transverse wave so electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a transverse wave so electric
+field is perpendicular to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is perpendicular to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is perpendicular to the wave
+traveling direction if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling direction if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling direction if you think about
+the acoustic wave the sound wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acoustic wave the sound wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acoustic wave the sound wave is
+longitudinal wave so the wave Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal wave so the wave Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal wave so the wave Vector is
+propagating to U and the oscillation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to U and the oscillation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to U and the oscillation the
+pressure wave is also in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure wave is also in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure wave is also in the same
+direction longitudinal way right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction longitudinal way right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction longitudinal way right so I
+have two directions and this this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two directions and this this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two directions and this this is I
+can I associate as polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave and this x is the direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this x is the direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this x is the direction the
+wave propagation Direction This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagation Direction This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagation Direction This is the
+failed uh Y is the fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed uh Y is the fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed uh Y is the fail
+direction right so this is the uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so this is the uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so this is the uh simple
+wave of course a here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of course a here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of course a here is the
+amplitude and somebody mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and somebody mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and somebody mentioned the
+phas so face of the wave is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas so face of the wave is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas so face of the wave is what's
+inside so Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so Omega
+T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+KX that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase and uh for a constant phase so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and uh for a constant phase so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and uh for a constant phase so a
+plan of a certain face value and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of a certain face value and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of a certain face value and if this
+is a constant that's a constant face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant that's a constant face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant that's a constant face
+plan and you can see this plan is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and you can see this plan is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and you can see this plan is moving
+at DX DT equal Omega over K from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at DX DT equal Omega over K from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at DX DT equal Omega over K from here
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+derivative right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative right so that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+velocity of the constant face so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the constant face so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the constant face so this is
+called the face velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course the most uh common uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the most uh common uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the most uh common uh
+relation you probably famar is the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation you probably famar is the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation you probably famar is the light
+where you have uh for uh light in vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have uh for uh light in vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have uh for uh light in vacuum
+we know frequency times wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know frequency times wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know frequency times wavelength is
+speed of light I use a small C or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light I use a small C or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light I use a small C or here
+let's put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a
+constant and uh so speed of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and uh so speed of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and uh so speed of light and
+and this we say Omega equal c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we say Omega equal c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we say Omega equal c
+k right for light it's a linear relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k right for light it's a linear relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k right for light it's a linear relation
+between Omega and K in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and K in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and K in free
+space but more generally as you say very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but more generally as you say very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but more generally as you say very
+soon there is a very complex relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon there is a very complex relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon there is a very complex relation
+between Omega and K in general so Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and K in general so Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and K in general so Omega
+and K in general case could be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K in general case could be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K in general case could be a very
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+function of the V vector and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the V vector and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the V vector and what that
+means is in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is in different
+direction right the um wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right the um wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right the um wavelength and
+fre uh frequency have very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre uh frequency have very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre uh frequency have very complex
+relations and this is a particular true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and this is a particular true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and this is a particular true
+when we go to solids Fons and electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to solids Fons and electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to solids Fons and electrons
+so that's just a awarding down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a awarding down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a awarding down the
+street and so here we talk about phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and so here we talk about phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and so here we talk about phase
+we talk about uh uh sine wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about uh uh sine wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about uh uh sine wave
+here but uh in mathematical operation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but uh in mathematical operation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but uh in mathematical operation if
+you take a derivative of sign what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a derivative of sign what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a derivative of sign what you
+get cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cosine
+right and that's not convenient even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's not convenient even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's not convenient even
+though it's simple enough a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's simple enough a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's simple enough a simpler
+derivative where it goes to itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative where it goes to itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative where it goes to itself is
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+function right so very often rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so very often rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so very often rather than
+representing a wave in sign and cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a wave in sign and cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a wave in sign and cosine
+I'm going to represent it in exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to represent it in exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to represent it in exponential
+functions so this is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that's
+really for mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convenience and if I use a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and if I use a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience and if I use a complex
+representation I will write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I will write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I will write this
+wave as um I can combine uh a and Y into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as um I can combine uh a and Y into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as um I can combine uh a and Y into
+a vector that's the wave oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that's the wave oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that's the wave oscillation
+Direction and then I will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and then I will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and then I will write
+exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+I uh Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh Omega
+T so I use a complex Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I use a complex Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so I use a complex Omega
+t k * X first do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t k * X first do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t k * X first do
+1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D
+okay so if you if you see this right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you if you see this right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you if you see this right of
+course it's easy to take a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's easy to take a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's easy to take a derivative of
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+function and uh what I have here really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh what I have here really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh what I have here really
+means I can write this exponential back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I can write this exponential back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I can write this exponential back
+into cosine and S so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine Omega t - k x - I sin Omega t - k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x right so I have a real part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right so I have a real part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right so I have a real part and the
+imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagin
+part and be uh in real life of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and be uh in real life of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and be uh in real life of course
+the waves normally is either s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves normally is either s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves normally is either s and
+cosine so the uh the case you stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so the uh the case you stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so the uh the case you stick to
+say okay if my solution if my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if my solution if my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if my solution if my initial
+condition my boundary condition all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition my boundary condition all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition my boundary condition all is
+for the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the real part
+cosine then at the end after I Sol my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine then at the end after I Sol my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine then at the end after I Sol my
+problem in this complex representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this complex representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in this complex representation
+my real part solution is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my real part solution is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my real part solution is what I'm
+looking for if you stick to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for if you stick to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for if you stick to the
+imaginary part again you have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part again you have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part again you have to look at
+the initial your boundary condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial your boundary condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial your boundary condition and
+uh as long as you meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as you meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as long as you meet the
+sign this constraint you see the imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign this constraint you see the imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign this constraint you see the imagin
+part is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is your
+solution so that's the uh this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so that's the uh this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so that's the uh this complex
+representation gives you a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation gives you a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation gives you a mathematical
+convenience another comment is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience another comment is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience another comment is if you
+look at there I put a minus sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at there I put a minus sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at there I put a minus sign in the
+front right that's just my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right that's just my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right that's just my
+preference it turns out that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference it turns out that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference it turns out that even
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+book people sometimes use positive some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book people sometimes use positive some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book people sometimes use positive some
+use negative and particularly when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use negative and particularly when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use negative and particularly when you
+go to read Optics and some book use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to read Optics and some book use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to read Optics and some book use
+positive some people use negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive some people use negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive some people use negative and
+that create a lot of confusion because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create a lot of confusion because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create a lot of confusion because
+that will mean the uh later on you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will mean the uh later on you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will mean the uh later on you'll
+see there's a op constant that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a op constant that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a op constant that has a
+real part imagin part and in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part imagin part and in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part imagin part and in the front
+it could be a positive or negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a positive or negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a positive or negative sign
+so unfortunately that's the case and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unfortunately that's the case and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unfortunately that's the case and uh
+uh that's we we we don't have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's we we we don't have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's we we we don't have a solution
+there okay and uh uh the other comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and uh uh the other comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and uh uh the other comment
+want to say this waves are traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say this waves are traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say this waves are traveling
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+right uh last lecture I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh last lecture I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh last lecture I mentioned
+standing wave if you play guitar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave if you play guitar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave if you play guitar you
+clamp the two ends that's a standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp the two ends that's a standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp the two ends that's a standing
+wave and here is a wave that traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and here is a wave that traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and here is a wave that traveling
+in this case Omega tus KX into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Omega tus KX into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Omega tus KX into the
+positive X direction if it's a plus KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X direction if it's a plus KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X direction if it's a plus KX
+that's W traveling into the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's W traveling into the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's W traveling into the negative
+Direction X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction X direction
+right more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right more
+generalization uh here is a wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization uh here is a wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization uh here is a wave in the
+X Direction but I said K is generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction but I said K is generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction but I said K is generally a
+vector so if I write a threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so if I write a threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so if I write a threedimensional
+plan wave and they uh general form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan wave and they uh general form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan wave and they uh general form for
+this wave is a that's the again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave is a that's the again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave is a that's the again the
+polarization Direction and amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization Direction and amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization Direction and amplitude
+exponential minus I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T minus K is Vector do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus K is Vector do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus K is Vector do
+R so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so this is
+a the S uh the plan wave in complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the S uh the plan wave in complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the S uh the plan wave in complex
+representation in 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in 3D
+okay General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay General
+space and uh uh we mentioned here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh uh we mentioned here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh uh we mentioned here is a
+traveling wave and I can use traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave and I can use traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave and I can use traveling
+wave to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to
+construct uh the standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct uh the standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct uh the standing
+waves uh example let's talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh example let's talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves uh example let's talk about uh
+think about standing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I have
+two opposing traveling waves uh same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two opposing traveling waves uh same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two opposing traveling waves uh same
+amplitude one is s Omega tus KX so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude one is s Omega tus KX so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude one is s Omega tus KX so this
+is a wave ping from to the positive X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave ping from to the positive X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave ping from to the positive X
+Direction I have a opposing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I have a opposing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I have a opposing wave
+traveling in the negative Direction same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling in the negative Direction same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling in the negative Direction same
+plus k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus k x
+right so two traveling waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so two traveling waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so two traveling waves
+now and I superimpose them together what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I superimpose them together what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I superimpose them together what
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+get right two add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign it's two co uh uh two signs s s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it's two co uh uh two signs s s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign it's two co uh uh two signs s s
+cosine right so the negative part cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine right so the negative part cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine right so the negative part cancel
+so I will get a 2 a sin Omega T cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KX right so now uh you can say uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX right so now uh you can say uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX right so now uh you can say uh I have
+uh standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standing
+wave because these are my loads when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because these are my loads when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because these are my loads when the
+KX equal zero it doesn't depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX equal zero it doesn't depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX equal zero it doesn't depend on time
+so my zero point is fixed right you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my zero point is fixed right you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my zero point is fixed right you play
+your guitar you press your finger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guitar you press your finger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guitar you press your finger and
+then you fix your uh loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fix your uh loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fix your uh loads
+there okay so this the I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this the I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this the I can use the
+standing wave uh to uh construct uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave uh to uh construct uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave uh to uh construct uh the
+traveling wave construct standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave construct standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave construct standing
+wave last comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave last comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave last comment on
+Wave what's the energy of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically so energy of wave is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically so energy of wave is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically so energy of wave is typically
+proportional to the square right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square right the
+square so the energy is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so the energy is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so the energy is typically
+proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the
+square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave right the amplitude of the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right the amplitude of the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right the amplitude of the higher
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+energy those are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+right so with this let's go to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with this let's go to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with this let's go to talk
+about material wave and that's the uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about material wave and that's the uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about material wave and that's the uh we
+have to go into the quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's talk about how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started so this is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so this is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so this is a very interesting
+history in science if you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in science if you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in science if you look at uh
+this is a studying about with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a studying about with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a studying about with uh the
+Optics right and uh you heard probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics right and uh you heard probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics right and uh you heard probably
+Luton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luton
+Optics and of course uh uh they uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and of course uh uh they uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and of course uh uh they uh when
+Newton did the Optics hat trade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton did the Optics hat trade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton did the Optics hat trade the
+light as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as
+particles he didn't think light was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles he didn't think light was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles he didn't think light was a
+wave and uh uh so it took a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and uh uh so it took a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and uh uh so it took a lot of time
+to challenge Newton and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to challenge Newton and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to challenge Newton and there are
+wiggans there are a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggans there are a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggans there are a lot of people
+eventually it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it was
+established light is a wave it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established light is a wave it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established light is a wave it's not a
+particle and uh the uh uh the final time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and uh the uh uh the final time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and uh the uh uh the final time
+is Max equations for light right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Max equations for light right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Max equations for light right so
+going from particle to wave and uh Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from particle to wave and uh Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from particle to wave and uh Max
+equation solidify the wave lat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation solidify the wave lat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation solidify the wave lat of
+light and that seems to be all settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that seems to be all settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that seems to be all settled
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+except say if you go to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except say if you go to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except say if you go to look at the
+history of physics and there are two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of physics and there are two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of physics and there are two uh
+uh problems people res with one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems people res with one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems people res with one is uh
+black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation and uh it was found through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and uh it was found through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and uh it was found through
+experiment that the this is a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that the this is a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that the this is a wavelength
+and this is the emission from black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the emission from black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the emission from black body
+at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different
+wavelengths and uh this is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and uh this is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and uh this is a typical
+curve of black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of black body
+radiation and with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and with a
+classical uh wave mechan classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical uh wave mechan classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical uh wave mechan classical
+mechanics of black body for light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of black body for light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of black body for light
+unfortunately uh the trend should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh the trend should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately uh the trend should be
+always like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like
+this right so that was a big parle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so that was a big parle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so that was a big parle for
+physicist at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist at the time
+and the other is all related to photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is all related to photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is all related to photon
+is the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectrum and it was observed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and it was observed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and it was observed that the
+absorption happens at discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption happens at discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption happens at discrete
+lines and the Contin mechanics say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the Contin mechanics say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the Contin mechanics say you
+should have continous Spectrum but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have continous Spectrum but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have continous Spectrum but say
+the measurement actually say that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement actually say that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement actually say that's not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+case so to answer this puzzle a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so to answer this puzzle a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so to answer this puzzle a lot of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+tried and was plank that first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried and was plank that first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried and was plank that first uh
+introduced a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept right and he rather than uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right and he rather than uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right and he rather than uh when
+we talk about uh electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about uh electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about uh electromagnetic wave
+right we say the energy is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we say the energy is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we say the energy is proportional
+to amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amplitude
+Square okay it's continum you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay it's continum you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square okay it's continum you can have
+any amplitude right so what PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any amplitude right so what PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any amplitude right so what PL
+introduced is that you cannot have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced is that you cannot have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced is that you cannot have any
+continuous function of that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function of that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function of that say
+amplitude you so your energy is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude you so your energy is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude you so your energy is not a
+continuous function and energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function and energy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function and energy at
+specific frequency can only be multip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequency can only be multip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific frequency can only be multip
+of this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this H
+new and this H is the pl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this H is the pl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this H is the pl
+constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+6.6 10- 34 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second right n is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right n is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right n is an
+integer n is 0 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer n is 0 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer n is 0 1 2
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+energy of the light cannot be any value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the light cannot be any value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the light cannot be any value
+it has to be multiple of this H new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be multiple of this H new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be multiple of this H new so
+that was a radical concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a radical concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a radical concept
+discretization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretization of
+energy and uh uh so what happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh uh so what happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh uh so what happened is
+Einstein was you know he was a patter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was you know he was a patter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was you know he was a patter
+clerk read uh Plank's uh uh Theory black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clerk read uh Plank's uh uh Theory black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clerk read uh Plank's uh uh Theory black
+body and uh he did another radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and uh he did another radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and uh he did another radical
+proposal and and uh he say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and and uh he say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and and uh he say this
+means that the electromagnetic wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the electromagnetic wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the electromagnetic wave is
+granular it's a has a partical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular it's a has a partical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular it's a has a partical
+characteristics so it came back to paror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so it came back to paror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so it came back to paror
+paragor has energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragor has energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragor has energy and
+momentum so what's the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so what's the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so what's the momentum of
+light right so you uh or know Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right so you uh or know Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right so you uh or know Einstein
+has his famous energy relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his famous energy relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his famous energy relation
+mc²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mc²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mc²
+right and uh a momentum p is a mass CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh a momentum p is a mass CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh a momentum p is a mass CU
+light is not a particle that has mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is not a particle that has mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is not a particle that has mass
+right so we need to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we need to get rid of the
+mass and uh so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and uh so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and uh so is
+MC so we have uh MC is M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC so we have uh MC is M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC so we have uh MC is M
+c² divide by C that's the energy energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c² divide by C that's the energy energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c² divide by C that's the energy energy
+is H nide by C so is H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda so Einstein argu that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so Einstein argu that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so Einstein argu that the
+momentum of this light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of this light
+quanta is H or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta is H or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta is H or
+Lambda and now the uh light has both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and now the uh light has both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and now the uh light has both uh
+say this basic Quant has both energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this basic Quant has both energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this basic Quant has both energy
+Unit H new and a momentum unit of H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unit H new and a momentum unit of H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unit H new and a momentum unit of H over
+Lambda right so with that he argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right so with that he argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda right so with that he argue that
+light uh say it has a particle this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh say it has a particle this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh say it has a particle this is
+granular wave it has both wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular wave it has both wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular wave it has both wave and
+particle right and in fact if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right and in fact if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle right and in fact if you go to
+read Einstein paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read Einstein paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read Einstein paper in
+19905 he publish four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19905 he publish four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19905 he publish four
+papers and uh uh uh one is um relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and uh uh uh one is um relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and uh uh uh one is um relativity
+the other was on browny motion browny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was on browny motion browny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other was on browny motion browny
+motion was his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion was his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion was his PhD
+thesis okay and the time he didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis okay and the time he didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis okay and the time he didn't know
+bronie motion he didn't know there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronie motion he didn't know there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronie motion he didn't know there was
+brownie observation he was just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie observation he was just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownie observation he was just trying
+to infer the size of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer the size of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infer the size of atoms
+molecules and uh uh and then he uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and uh uh and then he uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and uh uh and then he uh uh
+hypothesis this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis this energy
+Quant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quant and
+uh uh I wasn't sure the other one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I wasn't sure the other one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh I wasn't sure the other one was
+about the uh this is a photo electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh this is a photo electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh this is a photo electric
+effect but I thought this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but I thought this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but I thought this one is
+together with the photo electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the photo electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the photo electric
+effect okay anybody remember four papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay anybody remember four papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay anybody remember four papers
+like only so if the photo electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like only so if the photo electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like only so if the photo electric
+effect with this together is one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect with this together is one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect with this together is one then
+only I can only count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three maybe you uh you go you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three maybe you uh you go you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three maybe you uh you go you go back to
+check so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so uh
+with this energy quanta concept he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this energy quanta concept he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this energy quanta concept he
+explain another experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain another experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain another experimental
+observation that's the photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that's the photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that's the photoelectric
+effect and the uh photo electric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the uh photo electric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the uh photo electric effect
+is when you have two electrod metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have two electrod metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have two electrod metal
+electrode you shine light on to it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode you shine light on to it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode you shine light on to it you
+will have a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a current
+flow Uh current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flow okay and uh the the uh physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay and uh the the uh physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow okay and uh the the uh physics is
+that the light get the drive electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light get the drive electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light get the drive electron
+out of the metal so go from one electrod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the metal so go from one electrod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the metal so go from one electrod
+to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other
+electrod okay but the puzzle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrod okay but the puzzle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrod okay but the puzzle was
+that you should be the current should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be the current should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be the current should be
+proportional to the intensity of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the intensity of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the intensity of light
+so the more light they come the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more light they come the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more light they come the higher
+current you have but the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you have but the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you have but the experimental
+observation is if the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is if the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is if the light
+wavelength or say frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or say frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or say frequency
+right Wen is too long or frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Wen is too long or frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Wen is too long or frequency is
+too low it doesn't have current so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low it doesn't have current so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low it doesn't have current so there
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+threshold for this photo electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for this photo electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for this photo electrical
+effect and Einstein's explanation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and Einstein's explanation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and Einstein's explanation is
+this is where electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where electron
+sit right later on we'll say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit right later on we'll say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit right later on we'll say this is the
+firming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firming
+level and here is the it needs to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and here is the it needs to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and here is the it needs to come
+out of the metal to the vacuum right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the metal to the vacuum right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the metal to the vacuum right and
+the there you got a a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there you got a a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there you got a a difference
+in energy and this difference here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum is the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so uh that's why you say you have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's why you say you have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's why you say you have to uh
+have you have to have this energy quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to have this energy quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to have this energy quanta
+hn larger than the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hn larger than the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hn larger than the work
+function and it's like you get one ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's like you get one ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's like you get one ball
+you lock out another ball right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lock out another ball right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lock out another ball right so this
+is the granular the consequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the granular the consequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the granular the consequence of this
+granular picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granular picture of
+light and uh uh in fact uh uh if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and uh uh in fact uh uh if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and uh uh in fact uh uh if you go
+to check uh the Einstein papers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check uh the Einstein papers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check uh the Einstein papers so
+sometimes I joke he's a he transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I joke he's a he transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I joke he's a he transfer
+guy uh if you go to check Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh if you go to check Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh if you go to check Einstein
+papers he really all those argument were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers he really all those argument were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers he really all those argument were
+based on uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh some
+Dynamics right if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics right if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics right if you think about the
+time there was no quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there was no quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there was no quantum
+mechanics and they only had a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and they only had a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and they only had a classical
+mechanics and the Borman and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and the Borman and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and the Borman and that's the
+Borman uh statistical physics that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borman uh statistical physics that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borman uh statistical physics that's
+that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the
+foundation uh at the time and Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation uh at the time and Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation uh at the time and Max
+equations right so uh uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so uh uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so uh uh very
+interesting to read those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read those
+articles and uh it took actually on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and uh it took actually on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and uh it took actually on this
+quanta of light it took Einstein another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta of light it took Einstein another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta of light it took Einstein another
+10 years or so to think more and came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years or so to think more and came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years or so to think more and came up
+with the idea of stimulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of stimulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of stimulate the
+emission right that's also further say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right that's also further say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right that's also further say
+the the uh uh the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh uh the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh uh the light
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+okay so with that we have basic relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we have basic relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we have basic relation
+uh PL Einstein relation the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PL Einstein relation the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PL Einstein relation the energy of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+quanta is H new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta is H new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta is H new
+and the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of the
+quanta is H over Lambda and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta is H over Lambda and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanta is H over Lambda and this is
+for EM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for EM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for EM
+wave and later on at the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and later on at the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and later on at the time they
+didn't give the name Photon so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give the name Photon so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't give the name Photon so it was
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+1930s uh uh somebody suggest this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh uh somebody suggest this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s uh uh somebody suggest this basic
+energy quanta for light is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy quanta for light is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy quanta for light is called
+Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+okay and uh so that's where Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so that's where Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so that's where Einstein
+stopped on this Photon and I said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped on this Photon and I said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped on this Photon and I said he
+said stimulate emission or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said stimulate emission or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said stimulate emission or
+that and uh then there was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh then there was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh then there was a graduate
+student uh his name was de broy doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh his name was de broy doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh his name was de broy doing
+his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his PhD
+thesis and he look like this uh plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and he look like this uh plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and he look like this uh plank
+Einstein relation for the quanta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein relation for the quanta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein relation for the quanta and
+there is going from wave two particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going from wave two particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going from wave two particle
+right and he made a very bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extrapolation he say why just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation he say why just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation he say why just for the
+electromagnetic wave why is not for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave why is not for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave why is not for any
+particle also has the reverse wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle also has the reverse wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle also has the reverse wave
+characteristics so uh this uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Broly further extended this to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waves he didn't have any equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves he didn't have any equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves he didn't have any equation you
+couldn't write that and say wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't write that and say wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't write that and say wave
+equation but let's say uh uh I I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but let's say uh uh I I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but let's say uh uh I I I have
+to admit I didn't go to read his thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit I didn't go to read his thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to admit I didn't go to read his thesis
+but I heard that the thesis was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I heard that the thesis was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I heard that the thesis was very
+short and just to say reverse and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and just to say reverse and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and just to say reverse and made
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+argument uh and uh then people going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh and uh then people going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument uh and uh then people going to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+experiment and the uh experiment on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the uh experiment on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the uh experiment on that
+was by uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divison and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammer
+so okay so if we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so if we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so if we think about the
+material wave right let's take a say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave right let's take a say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave right let's take a say the
+wavelength of matter is H over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can go to calculate what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can go to calculate what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can go to calculate what's the
+wavelength and uh I take any object 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kilogram and move 1 m/ second with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and move 1 m/ second with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and move 1 m/ second with
+wavelength that's just H right p is MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's just H right p is MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's just H right p is MV
+is one and wavelength is 10 to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and wavelength is 10 to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one and wavelength is 10 to Theus
+34 so I think this are probably related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 so I think this are probably related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 so I think this are probably related
+to gravitational wave people are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravitational wave people are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gravitational wave people are still
+trying to establish a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to establish a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to establish a relation between
+gravitational waves and the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves and the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational waves and the quantum
+mechanics all this but that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics all this but that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics all this but that's too
+short so your m is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so your m is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so your m is too
+large and by say if you go to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and by say if you go to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and by say if you go to take a
+electron electron mass is 10 Theus 31
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron mass is 10 Theus 31
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron mass is 10 Theus 31
+9.1 10-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.1 10-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.1 10-
+31 if electron moves 1 m/ second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 if electron moves 1 m/ second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 if electron moves 1 m/ second the
+wavelength is very long because the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is very long because the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is very long because the 10
+to- 34 / 10-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to- 34 / 10-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to- 34 / 10-
+31 give you 10- 3 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 give you 10- 3 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 give you 10- 3 meter
+that's a very long wavelength right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very long wavelength right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very long wavelength right in
+fact it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's too
+long so uh the davidon and uh gmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so uh the davidon and uh gmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so uh the davidon and uh gmer
+experiment was actually shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was actually shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was actually shooting
+electron yes your velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron yes your velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron yes your velocity is
+always uh well say uh you should go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh well say uh you should go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh well say uh you should go to
+uh idea should go to relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea should go to relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh idea should go to relativistic
+velocities when you go actually electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities when you go actually electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities when you go actually electron
+when you see relative what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see relative what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see relative what do you mean
+relative to each other or relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to each other or relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to each other or relative
+example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh relative to which observation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative to which observation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative to which observation system
+what do you mean I I don't know good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean I I don't know good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean I I don't know good
+question uh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh R to the emitter of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R to the emitter of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh R to the emitter of the electron
+relative to the question is relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the question is relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the question is relative to
+what what the Observer I think it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the Observer I think it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the Observer I think it just
+has to be relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Observer yeah should be right me say If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer yeah should be right me say If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Observer yeah should be right me say If
+you think about Doppler effect right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about Doppler effect right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about Doppler effect right a
+moving object Emit and uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving object Emit and uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving object Emit and uh you have
+different wavelengths depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths depends on the
+speed okay so uh uh Lambda equals c h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed okay so uh uh Lambda equals c h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed okay so uh uh Lambda equals c h
+over p and what they did is sh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p and what they did is sh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p and what they did is sh the
+electron a luminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a luminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron a luminum
+foil so a num foil has atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and uh uh uh and when you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh uh and when you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh uh and when you it's
+periodic arrangement of atoms so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic arrangement of atoms so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic arrangement of atoms so when
+you have a wave comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a wave comes
+in and a wave say periodic structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and a wave say periodic structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and a wave say periodic structure you
+have constructive destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constructive destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have constructive destructive
+interference you have defraction so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you have defraction so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you have defraction so they
+only go to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go to certain
+directions so what they observe is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so what they observe is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so what they observe is they
+transmitted if you look at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted if you look at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted if you look at the different
+directions and transmitted electron has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and transmitted electron has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and transmitted electron has
+spikes as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes as the
+angular right and that established the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular right and that established the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular right and that established the
+evidence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the
+electrons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons of
+waves okay so all those people got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay so all those people got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay so all those people got
+Lowery price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lowery price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lowery price of
+course and uh uh so that's the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh uh so that's the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh uh so that's the uh uh
+this is this in fact is the foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this in fact is the foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this in fact is the foundation
+for the tools you'll be using some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tools you'll be using some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tools you'll be using some of
+you use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use in
+research uh the typical transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh the typical transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh the typical transmission
+electron microscope scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microscope right so how it works uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope right so how it works uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope right so how it works uh
+you one way is you use a very sharp tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one way is you use a very sharp tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one way is you use a very sharp tip
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+tip you have apply a voltage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip you have apply a voltage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip you have apply a voltage between
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+TP a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP a high
+voltage you drive the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage you drive the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage you drive the electron
+out okay so this is a field emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so this is a field emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so this is a field emission
+when you your voltage apply high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you your voltage apply high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you your voltage apply high enough
+tip the electron get enough energy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip the electron get enough energy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip the electron get enough energy they
+go overcome the uh they they jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go overcome the uh they they jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go overcome the uh they they jump to the
+vacuum okay this is a f emission you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay this is a f emission you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay this is a f emission you can
+also heit this tip that's a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also heit this tip that's a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also heit this tip that's a thermal
+emission get the electron out of the tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission get the electron out of the tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission get the electron out of the tip
+and then you apply another high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you apply another high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you apply another high voltage
+to accelate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelate this
+electron and typical uh say temm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and typical uh say temm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and typical uh say temm uh
+people see how good is a TM TM it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see how good is a TM TM it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people see how good is a TM TM it
+typically means how short is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically means how short is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically means how short is the
+electron wavelength so you actually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wavelength so you actually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wavelength so you actually want
+to act electron to very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act electron to very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to act electron to very high
+velocity and typ TM uh voltage is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and typ TM uh voltage is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and typ TM uh voltage is about
+100 K EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 K EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 K EV
+uh uh 100 k k so K kilo kilov volt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 100 k k so K kilo kilov volt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 100 k k so K kilo kilov volt so
+that's the voltage appli to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the voltage appli to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the voltage appli to the
+electrons and uh uh and then say you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh uh and then say you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh uh and then say you got
+the electron Focus Optics so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron Focus Optics so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron Focus Optics so it's not
+it's electron Optics not the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's electron Optics not the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's electron Optics not the normal
+Optics and it Focus Electron Beam to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and it Focus Electron Beam to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and it Focus Electron Beam to a
+very small spot and you look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small spot and you look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small spot and you look at the uh
+because of the wence depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the wence depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the wence depends on the
+momentum right so the higher voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right so the higher voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right so the higher voltage the
+shorter walence so you can look smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter walence so you can look smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter walence so you can look smaller
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+and you can do transmission mode uh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do transmission mode uh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do transmission mode uh look
+at the reciprocal space this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reciprocal space this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reciprocal space this is the
+defraction pattern or you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern or you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern or you can look at
+the real space so this is a TM and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real space so this is a TM and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real space so this is a TM and the
+other is uh uh SCM scanning electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is uh uh SCM scanning electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is uh uh SCM scanning electron
+microscope right and it's similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope right and it's similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope right and it's similar in
+terms of driving electron out and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of driving electron out and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of driving electron out and what
+it does is say it look at reflection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is say it look at reflection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is say it look at reflection so
+in this case TM is transmission so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case TM is transmission so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case TM is transmission so you
+have to thin your sample very thin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to thin your sample very thin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to thin your sample very thin and
+that thickness is typically 2,000 arong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thickness is typically 2,000 arong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thickness is typically 2,000 arong
+or so so that the electron can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so so that the electron can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so so that the electron can go
+through the sample you look at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the sample you look at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the sample you look at the other
+side right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right so that's
+transmission and and say SCM is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and and say SCM is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and and say SCM is your
+electron comes in and you look you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes in and you look you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes in and you look you look
+at the reflected electrons scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reflected electrons scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the reflected electrons scanning
+electron so you scan your laser be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so you scan your laser be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so you scan your laser be uh
+the Electron Beam on the surface and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Electron Beam on the surface and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Electron Beam on the surface and in
+that case uh you don't actually actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case uh you don't actually actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case uh you don't actually actually
+accelerate the electron to 100 typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the electron to 100 typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the electron to 100 typical
+SCM voltage is about 20 K okay and 20K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCM voltage is about 20 K okay and 20K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCM voltage is about 20 K okay and 20K
+is still pretty high and the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still pretty high and the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still pretty high and the resolution
+is not as good as TM because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as good as TM because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as good as TM because the
+voltage right so this is the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so this is the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so this is the uh uh the
+uh in terms of what led to the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of what led to the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of what led to the we
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+duality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality and
+uh I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I did
+time there are a lot of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there are a lot of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there are a lot of young
+people right uh it's if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right uh it's if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right uh it's if you look at the
+Heisenberg The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg The
+Rock I remember I see they were all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock I remember I see they were all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock I remember I see they were all in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+20s and uh developing took this idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s and uh developing took this idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20s and uh developing took this idea and
+developing the quantum fre say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the quantum fre say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the quantum fre say the
+description for the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for the quantum
+mechanics and uh uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and uh uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and uh uh so we
+have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shinger shinger is a older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger shinger is a older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger shinger is a older
+guy but he's younger than me he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but he's younger than me he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but he's younger than me he was in
+the 30 35 or 38 range okay shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so it turns out before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so it turns out before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so it turns out before
+shinger uh heisenberger developed Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger uh heisenberger developed Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger uh heisenberger developed Matrix
+description for the uh uh wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for the uh uh wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description for the uh uh wave
+description of this so Matrix based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of this so Matrix based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of this so Matrix based
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+right and uh uh the story was that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh the story was that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh uh the story was that uh in
+one Summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Summer
+School uh shinger was in a summer school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School uh shinger was in a summer school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School uh shinger was in a summer school
+and learned about the bro's idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learned about the bro's idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learned about the bro's idea of
+material wave and somebody say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave and somebody say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material wave and somebody say there
+should be a wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a wave equation
+there uh for this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh for this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh for this material
+wave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so
+uh Shing R the equation the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Shing R the equation the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Shing R the equation the wave
+equation for uh the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for uh the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for uh the material
+wave and this is a h bar squar 2 m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this is a h bar squar 2 m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this is a h bar squar 2 m and
+uh not plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not plus
+operator and this is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+potential times the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential times the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential times the wave function
+equals I bar the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I bar the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I bar the time
+derivative of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+so that's the shingary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the shingary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the shingary
+equation as ringer himself didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as ringer himself didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as ringer himself didn't
+know what this F really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this F really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this F really
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+right and if you look at it take a yo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you look at it take a yo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you look at it take a yo
+this is Yo is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a electron you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a electron you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a electron you have a
+particle what's the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle what's the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle what's the potential
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+right and then let's say if we take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then let's say if we take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then let's say if we take out
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+U you think this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you think this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you think this as a
+temperature that looks like a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that looks like a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that looks like a heat
+conduction equation right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation right the first
+order time derivative second order space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order time derivative second order space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order time derivative second order space
+derivative and heat conduction is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and heat conduction is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and heat conduction is not a
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+equation so the magic came from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the magic came from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the magic came from that
+I right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I is negative square root right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is negative square root right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is negative square root right that's
+the imaginary L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary L
+there if you think about any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you think about any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you think about any other
+equation that has I is there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that has I is there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that has I is there any other
+equation in physics that has I equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in physics that has I equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in physics that has I equation
+huh Oiler equation where is the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+okay uh uh so this is this is really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh so this is this is really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh so this is this is really uh
+uh the what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what it
+has is for scient uh say the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is for scient uh say the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is for scient uh say the wave
+function is a function of space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and uh I at the time uh Sher didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh I at the time uh Sher didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and uh I at the time uh Sher didn't
+have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right
+interpretation and it was born uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and it was born uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and it was born uh and uh
+gave the uh right interpretation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the uh right interpretation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the uh right interpretation but
+this caused a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this caused a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this caused a lot of
+trouble because they born say this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because they born say this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because they born say this wave
+function itself is not observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself is not observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself is not observable
+quantity and it's the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it's the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it's the um uh
+Pai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pai
+times the complex conjugate it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the complex conjugate it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the complex conjugate it because
+normally if you solve this you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally if you solve this you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally if you solve this you'll get a
+imagin number there what does the imagin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagin number there what does the imagin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagin number there what does the imagin
+number mean so is complex conjugate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number mean so is complex conjugate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number mean so is complex conjugate will
+give you a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a real
+number and of course this will be a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and of course this will be a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and of course this will be a l
+that depends on time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time and
+space right and the interpretation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and the interpretation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and the interpretation is
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+probability this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of finding this par at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of finding this par at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of finding this par at the
+space r and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space r and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space r and time
+t Okay this interpretation cause a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay this interpretation cause a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay this interpretation cause a lot
+of trouble because that means everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble because that means everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble because that means everything
+is uncertain it's a probability you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncertain it's a probability you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uncertain it's a probability you have
+uncertainty and Einstein didn't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and Einstein didn't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and Einstein didn't like it
+Einstein never agreed with quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein never agreed with quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein never agreed with quantum
+mechanics and schinger himself didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and schinger himself didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and schinger himself didn't
+like it he even regret he wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it he even regret he wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it he even regret he wrote this
+equation that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's what I
+heard okay uh but say uh this was a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard okay uh but say uh this was a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard okay uh but say uh this was a uh
+uh really the uh Foundation that we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really the uh Foundation that we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really the uh Foundation that we uh
+use now for uh lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things so uh if if you read the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so uh if if you read the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so uh if if you read the uh the
+fight and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight and the
+debate Al those say it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate Al those say it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate Al those say it was a
+plank who discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank who discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plank who discovered
+Einstein because I I if you see I at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein because I I if you see I at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein because I I if you see I at the
+time PL was very big shot uh in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time PL was very big shot uh in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time PL was very big shot uh in Germany
+there's a Max Punk Institute that's PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Max Punk Institute that's PL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Max Punk Institute that's PL
+and he was a very established and inste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was a very established and inste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was a very established and inste
+was a patent Clerk and plank was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a patent Clerk and plank was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a patent Clerk and plank was the
+editor for this Anna and of physics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor for this Anna and of physics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor for this Anna and of physics the
+physic and so when uh Einstein sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic and so when uh Einstein sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic and so when uh Einstein sent
+paper he actually published his paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he actually published his paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper he actually published his paper uh
+even though PL himself he didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though PL himself he didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though PL himself he didn't quite
+understand his paper um this relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand his paper um this relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand his paper um this relativity
+right nobody claimed they understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nobody claimed they understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right nobody claimed they understand
+it and uh but say later on I I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh but say later on I I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh but say later on I I say the
+this fight uh between Einstein and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fight uh between Einstein and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fight uh between Einstein and the
+relativ the quantum mechanics people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativ the quantum mechanics people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativ the quantum mechanics people uh
+got very very uh hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very very uh hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got very very uh hot
+and uh so uh let me just uh uh make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so uh let me just uh uh make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so uh let me just uh uh make the
+clarification this laass operator right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification this laass operator right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification this laass operator right
+so is whatever if in the cartisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is whatever if in the cartisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is whatever if in the cartisan
+coordinate is whatever behind you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh uh this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh this is not
+plus and uh now since pign here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and uh now since pign here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and uh now since pign here is a
+probability probability density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability density of
+finding this particle in uh say location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this particle in uh say location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding this particle in uh say location
+and time so you have a normalization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time so you have a normalization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time so you have a normalization and
+probability at the end finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability at the end finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability at the end finding the
+particle in the space you're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the space you're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the space you're considering
+is one right so the normalization for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right so the normalization for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right so the normalization for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function integrated over the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function integrated over the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function integrated over the time the
+space of the whole domain that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the whole domain that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the whole domain that the
+consider should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider should be
+one and because it's probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and because it's probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and because it's probability so
+there is the expectation value right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the expectation value right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the expectation value right and
+it turns out in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in quantum mechanics
+everything is UN uncertain the space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is UN uncertain the space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is UN uncertain the space the
+momentum the energy the time everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the energy the time everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the energy the time everything
+and you have to calculate what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to calculate what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to calculate what's the
+most probable value and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable value and what's the
+uncertainty with that associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty with that associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty with that associated with
+this expectation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+pant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value and uh for any quantity this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh for any quantity this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and uh for any quantity this could
+be so we use this one is now a l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we use this one is now a l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we use this one is now a l
+expected expectant value of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected expectant value of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected expectant value of any
+quantity is uh uh integrated over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is uh uh integrated over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is uh uh integrated over again
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+volume and the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and for that quantity normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for that quantity normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for that quantity normal
+representation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is a
+operator so this quantity in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so this quantity in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so this quantity in quantum
+mechanics is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is a
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+and so we have the operator operates say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have the operator operates say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have the operator operates say
+the complex conjugate of we function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of we function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of we function
+operate and uh operator operat on the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and uh operator operat on the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and uh operator operat on the we
+function and times the complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and times the complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and times the complex conjugate
+so operator operates on the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so operator operates on the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so operator operates on the function
+following it what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it what does it
+mean so let's write the operator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so let's write the operator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so let's write the operator for
+few common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few common
+quantities uh for position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's easy that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy that's just a
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+r right and uh but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum this operator now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this operator now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum this operator now is a
+derivative say a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative say a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative say a momentum
+operator is mass I bar gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is mass I bar gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is mass I bar gradient
+right so this is the gradient operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the gradient operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the gradient operator
+is D DX in cation coordinate I and D Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D DX in cation coordinate I and D Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D DX in cation coordinate I and D Dy
+J and D DZ K right so now if you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and D DZ K right so now if you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and D DZ K right so now if you put it
+here this W function goes here so it's D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this W function goes here so it's D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this W function goes here so it's D
+pide DX d pide d y That's the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pide DX d pide d y That's the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pide DX d pide d y That's the operator
+you take that derivative and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that derivative and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that derivative and then you do
+the complex conjugate you integrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate you integrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate you integrate and
+that's your expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+okay and uh uh for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is
+Honan and is the you can actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honan and is the you can actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honan and is the you can actually think
+about the momentum so it's the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the momentum so it's the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the momentum so it's the kinetic
+energy divide plus the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy divide plus the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy divide plus the potential energy
+so is 2 m that's a kinetic energy plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is 2 m that's a kinetic energy plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is 2 m that's a kinetic energy plus
+the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential
+energy and now the p is a operator so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and now the p is a operator so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and now the p is a operator so if
+you do your uh say IH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your uh say IH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your uh say IH
+square and this laas do product give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and this laas do product give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and this laas do product give you
+uh or gradient operator do product give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or gradient operator do product give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or gradient operator do product give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+laas so what you have here is a mass H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laas so what you have here is a mass H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laas so what you have here is a mass H
+bar Square 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Square 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Square 2
+m uh laas plus the potential potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh laas plus the potential potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh laas plus the potential potential
+is a function this another gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function this another gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function this another gradient so
+you can just it's the product so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just it's the product so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just it's the product so you can
+go back to look at the Stringer equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right this is the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is the kinetic energy
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+energy and that's what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay now uh let's look at some first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh let's look at some first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh let's look at some first
+think about the general solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the general solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the general solution for
+this rer equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to get about get the uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get about get the uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to get about get the uh time
+dependent term out first so for that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent term out first so for that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent term out first so for that I
+will assume the energ the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume the energ the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume the energ the potential
+energy is a a function of space only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a a function of space only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a a function of space only
+it's not a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function of
+time this is not always the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is not always the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is not always the case for
+example when I want to solve a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I want to solve a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I want to solve a problem
+light interact with electron right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interact with electron right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light interact with electron right and
+in that case I have a Time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case I have a Time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case I have a Time dependent
+potential because light interact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because light interact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential because light interact that
+the the interaction will be time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interaction will be time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interaction will be time
+dependent so but for the moment I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so but for the moment I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so but for the moment I want
+to find the only given potential what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the only given potential what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the only given potential what's
+the energy of the system so I say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the system so I say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the system so I say a
+space uh dependent but time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh dependent but time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh dependent but time independent
+potential and in that case if you go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in that case if you go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in that case if you go uh
+look at your stral equation you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right this is a Time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is a Time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right this is a Time dependent
+this one is space this one is space so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is space this one is space so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is space this one is space so I
+can use the separation variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the separation variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the separation variable to
+separate the time and space part so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the time and space part so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the time and space part so I'm
+going to write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write in this
+case I'm going say time space into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going say time space into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going say time space into
+separation of variable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of variable uh
+space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time
+function okay and we substitute in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and we substitute in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and we substitute in to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so let's if you substitute into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's if you substitute into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's if you substitute into
+this equation what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation what you
+find is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+sign h² to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M uh the plus operator cosine plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh the plus operator cosine plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh the plus operator cosine plus u
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+equals uh I H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh I H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh I H
+bar Y and Dy DT so this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Y and Dy DT so this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Y and Dy DT so this is the same as
+we solve any separation variable problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve any separation variable problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve any separation variable problem
+this is space dependent only this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is space dependent only this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is space dependent only this is
+time dependent only so the only way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent only so the only way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependent only so the only way the
+equal to each other is the each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other is the each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other is the each of them
+is a constant of that separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant of that separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant of that separation
+variable so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so let me
+use denote that constant as e it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use denote that constant as e it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use denote that constant as e it's not
+the incident I use e because this e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident I use e because this e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident I use e because this e
+turns out is the energy okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is the energy okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out is the energy okay so this
+part is easy to solve is the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is easy to solve is the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is easy to solve is the first order
+differential equation when I solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation when I solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation when I solve it
+what I have is y is a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is y is a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have is y is a function of time
+is um exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh say a constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh say a constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh say a constant times
+exponential U minus I uh e over H * T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so e over H I just use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so e over H I just use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so e over H I just use another
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+Omega if you think this e is energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega if you think this e is energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega if you think this e is energy but
+the let me uh Mo so is minus I Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me uh Mo so is minus I Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me uh Mo so is minus I Omega t
+so that's the time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter
+okay and uh the space dependent term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh the space dependent term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh the space dependent term
+once I have the separation of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I have the separation of variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I have the separation of variable
+the space dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space dependent
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no is you see here is I I multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is you see here is I I multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is you see here is I I multiply this
+e times plus sign so what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e times plus sign so what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e times plus sign so what I have is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u
+e sign = Z so this is a Time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sign = Z so this is a Time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e sign = Z so this is a Time independent
+sh angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is the
+one that you use when you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you use when you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you use when you want to solve
+uh say most problem what's the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say most problem what's the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say most problem what's the energy of
+matter with the energy of electron with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with the energy of electron with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with the energy of electron with
+the energy of say uh cryst Crystal what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of say uh cryst Crystal what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of say uh cryst Crystal what
+are the allowable energy of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the allowable energy of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the allowable energy of atoms
+vibration in Crystal this is the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration in Crystal this is the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration in Crystal this is the uh uh
+shinger equation uh time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation uh time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation uh time independent
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+equation and the difference of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the difference of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the difference of this is
+if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it
+um what differ for each problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what differ for each problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what differ for each problem is
+really this U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this U is a
+potential that this matter matter wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that this matter matter wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that this matter matter wave
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms right what's the constraint they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right what's the constraint they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms right what's the constraint they
+constraint by different potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint by different potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint by different potential and
+this different potential give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different potential give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different potential give you
+different energy state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy state of the
+matter okay and a few more comments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay and a few more comments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay and a few more comments on
+theordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theordinary
+equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+um uh I said this is a separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I said this is a separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I said this is a separation of
+variable here this is e and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here this is e and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here this is e and in fact you
+can go to show because we say the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to show because we say the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to show because we say the energy
+operator energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator energy
+operator where is my energy operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here here energy operator is H so uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here energy operator is H so uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here energy operator is H so uh it
+turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the
+uh H if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H if you
+substitute using what's the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute using what's the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute using what's the expectation
+value and go to use this ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and go to use this ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and go to use this ordinary
+equation your find out that this H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation your find out that this H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation your find out that this H
+expectation value is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is actually
+e I'm not going to uh go through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e I'm not going to uh go through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e I'm not going to uh go through all the
+mass but so that separation of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass but so that separation of variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass but so that separation of variable
+constant e represent actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant e represent actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant e represent actually the
+energy of the system the allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system the allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the system the allowable
+Quantum energy Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum energy Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum energy Quantum
+States and the other comment is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the other comment is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and the other comment is this
+equation you actually use the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you actually use the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you actually use the equation
+to solve e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve e
+right so this is a different then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a different then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a different then you
+solve a heat conduction equation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a heat conduction equation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a heat conduction equation where
+you give boundary condition you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give boundary condition you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give boundary condition you find the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+distribution is a ion value problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is a ion value problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is a ion value problem this
+is what you want to find given boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you want to find given boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you want to find given boundary
+condition given potential you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition given potential you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition given potential you typically
+have a I value allowable value for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I value allowable value for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I value allowable value for that
+e that's the quantum constraint give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's the quantum constraint give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e that's the quantum constraint give you
+say not all the energy of the system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not all the energy of the system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not all the energy of the system I
+say any energy but say uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any energy but say uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any energy but say uh the um
+allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable
+value a few more comments and uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a few more comments and uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a few more comments and uh because
+the wave function is probability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is probability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is probability right
+the so we have basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+uh one is Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle you all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you all have
+heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+um any value has its uh spread right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any value has its uh spread right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any value has its uh spread right
+expectation and the uh uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and the uh uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and the uh uh standard
+deviation so if we Define the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so if we Define the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so if we Define the standard
+deviation Delta Q equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation Delta Q equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation Delta Q equals
+and uh uh the the typical we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the the typical we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh the the typical we Define the
+standard deviation is this Q that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is this Q that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is this Q that's the
+operator remember minus the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator remember minus the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator remember minus the uh
+expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value
+square and the expectation value right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and the expectation value right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and the expectation value right
+that's how we Define standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we Define standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we Define standard
+deviation okay this is the operator this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay this is the operator this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay this is the operator this
+is expected expectant value so operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected expectant value so operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected expectant value so operator
+M expectant value and again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M expectant value and again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M expectant value and again you
+operate on you put in this into your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on you put in this into your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on you put in this into your uh
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+Omega that's how you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that's how you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that's how you calculate the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+Division and uh what the Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and uh what the Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and uh what the Heisenberg
+uncertainty principle tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle tells
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+is for example momentum this copper pel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for example momentum this copper pel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for example momentum this copper pel
+momentum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the
+space uh are the two conjugate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh are the two conjugate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh are the two conjugate and you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+never reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never reach a
+Precision that better than h bar/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision that better than h bar/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision that better than h bar/
+two H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself is H over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is H over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is H over 2
+pi and the same for energy and time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and the same for energy and time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and the same for energy and time you
+can never do better than H power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never do better than H power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never do better than H power
+two so this is the uh Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this is the uh Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this is the uh Heisenberg
+uncertainty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and
+finally after this we'll go to Sol more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally after this we'll go to Sol more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally after this we'll go to Sol more
+Shing equations okay my final comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shing equations okay my final comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shing equations okay my final comment
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+again from shinger equation we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from shinger equation we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from shinger equation we're not
+proven uh you can manipulate the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven uh you can manipulate the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven uh you can manipulate the shinger
+equation and the way you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is for here is real you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for here is real you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for here is real you multiply
+complex conjugate on both sides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate on both sides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate on both sides and
+second time you take a complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time you take a complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time you take a complex conjugate
+and multiply by real and then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by real and then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply by real and then you take
+the difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of the
+two and what you get here is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what you get here is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what you get here is like a
+continuity equation so what you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity equation so what you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity equation so what you have in
+that case I will get the uh Square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I will get the uh Square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case I will get the uh Square so
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density
+right time derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time derivative of that
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+times a flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term the Divergence of the flux equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the Divergence of the flux equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the Divergence of the flux equal
+zero so this is like a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is like a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is like a mass
+continuity and this J is a mass flux so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and this J is a mass flux so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity and this J is a mass flux so
+the uh particle flux for in the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh particle flux for in the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh particle flux for in the quantum
+term so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so this is
+flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is
+i h bar 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h bar 2
+m complex say the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when need this expression later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when need this expression later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when need this expression later on
+when we look at what's the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at what's the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at what's the electron
+reflection at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection at the
+interface right if you do charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right if you do charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right if you do charge
+transfer uh you need to look at the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer uh you need to look at the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer uh you need to look at the how
+the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface
+we scatter or reflect the electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scatter or reflect the electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we scatter or reflect the electrons and
+that's material wave and uh we also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's material wave and uh we also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's material wave and uh we also do
+what's electron magnetic wave reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's electron magnetic wave reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's electron magnetic wave reflection
+and the interface and in fact later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interface and in fact later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interface and in fact later on
+we'll be starting with two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be starting with two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be starting with two different
+equation maxal equation for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maxal equation for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maxal equation for electron
+magnetic wave and electron equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic wave and electron equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic wave and electron equation for
+from the Shing equation and you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Shing equation and you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Shing equation and you'll find
+for all those waves the final expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those waves the final expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those waves the final expression
+of reflectance is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar okay
+so uh any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh let me recap it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let me recap it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let me recap it's a lot of
+material that's basic uh uh uh say uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's basic uh uh uh say uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's basic uh uh uh say uh uh
+lot of things so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things so what we
+have for a material wave and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for a material wave and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for a material wave and it's
+Convent and at least let's say I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convent and at least let's say I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convent and at least let's say I like to
+use strer uh equation there physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use strer uh equation there physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use strer uh equation there physics
+actually like to they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like to they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like to they're different
+there's three different ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different ways to do
+quantum mechanics you can go Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you can go Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you can go Heisenberg
+that g do Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g do Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g do Matrix
+representation and you can go D and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and you can go D and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and you can go D and uh
+uh this uh D doal operator quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh D doal operator quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh D doal operator quantum
+mechanics and then lot of physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then lot of physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and then lot of physics is
+book physics books is written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book physics books is written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book physics books is written in
+operator format okay and you go to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator format okay and you go to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator format okay and you go to read
+papers many most of time they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers many most of time they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers many most of time they actually
+read in operator format I'm not familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in operator format I'm not familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in operator format I'm not familiar
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+that uh Shing equation is Master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Shing equation is Master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Shing equation is Master
+equation here and the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here and the wave function
+right so it's like kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like kinetic energy
+potential energy and time dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and time dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy and time dependent
+ter right and this is the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter right and this is the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter right and this is the wave function
+it doesn't have meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have meaning
+itself it's only through the uh complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's only through the uh complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's only through the uh complex
+the wave function multiply the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function multiply the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function multiply the complex
+conjugate that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate that gives you the
+probability of finding this matter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding this matter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding this matter a
+certain space r and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain space r and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain space r and time
+time and this because of that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this because of that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this because of that everything
+in the quantum world is probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quantum world is probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quantum world is probability
+based so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based so you
+have best say uh the expected expectant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have best say uh the expected expectant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have best say uh the expected expectant
+value you have standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you have standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you have standard
+deviation right so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation right so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation right so you have the
+uncertainties and that's uh the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties and that's uh the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties and that's uh the uh uh
+basic uh um idea we have let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh um idea we have let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh um idea we have let's see what
+what we introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we introduce
+today and what I want to do next I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what I want to do next I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what I want to do next I
+promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise
+you right is see every week I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right is see every week I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right is see every week I want to go
+to look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some
+journals and then we look that uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals and then we look that uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals and then we look that uh last
+uh uh Wednesday and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Wednesday and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Wednesday and this is the
+Wednesday so what Journal you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look you can ask me questions while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you can ask me questions while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you can ask me questions while I
+turn on the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so it turns
+out the simply solution of the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the simply solution of the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the simply solution of the shinger
+equation in the past was a pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the past was a pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the past was a pretty much
+academic exercise mean say every book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic exercise mean say every book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic exercise mean say every book
+will take that as your first solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take that as your first solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take that as your first solution of
+short equation because that's simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short equation because that's simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short equation because that's simplest
+mathematics that was the problem uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that was the problem uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that was the problem uh I
+talked uh in the uh last uh lecture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked uh in the uh last uh lecture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked uh in the uh last uh lecture is a
+film with standing wave inside that's 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film with standing wave inside that's 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film with standing wave inside that's 1D
+right a film so you have boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a film so you have boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a film so you have boundary
+condition and uh uh the Energy Solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and uh uh the Energy Solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and uh uh the Energy Solution
+what's energy quantization we we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's energy quantization we we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's energy quantization we we'll go
+through that mathematic in next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that mathematic in next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that mathematic in next lecture
+but you have seen uh in the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have seen uh in the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have seen uh in the last lecture
+uh see that's the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see that's the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see that's the simplest
+solution the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the energy
+quantization so uh in the past this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization so uh in the past this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization so uh in the past this was
+really considered just academic exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really considered just academic exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really considered just academic exercise
+but that changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1970s and uh that's because uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s and uh that's because uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s and uh that's because uh people
+start well of course people have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well of course people have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well of course people have looked
+at film deposition for uh for 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at film deposition for uh for 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at film deposition for uh for 100 years
+right but in 1970 there was this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in 1970 there was this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in 1970 there was this idea of
+if you deposit Perfect film you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you deposit Perfect film you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you deposit Perfect film you actually
+can make Quantum Wells you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make Quantum Wells you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make Quantum Wells you can see the
+energy quanti leip and this was uh uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy quanti leip and this was uh uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy quanti leip and this was uh uh by
+uh isak and R2 and they actually made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isak and R2 and they actually made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isak and R2 and they actually made
+super luses multi-layer of some films so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super luses multi-layer of some films so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super luses multi-layer of some films so
+it was suggested to look at the apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was suggested to look at the apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was suggested to look at the apply
+physics letters I didn't coordinate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics letters I didn't coordinate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics letters I didn't coordinate with
+him so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so that was a
+suggestion okay and uh this apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion okay and uh this apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion okay and uh this apply
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+letters uh let's see research High let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters uh let's see research High let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters uh let's see research High let's
+look at a few research highlight I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a few research highlight I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a few research highlight I did
+actually look at this this morning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at this this morning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at this this morning so
+what I found is let's go to the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found is let's go to the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I found is let's go to the last two
+of this uh uh research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh uh research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh uh research
+highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight
+right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh
+I say here you have two one is reduce as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say here you have two one is reduce as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say here you have two one is reduce as
+improve photo response in the like G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve photo response in the like G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve photo response in the like G
+like quantum dot infr detectors now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum dot infr detectors now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum dot infr detectors now you
+can see the quantum dot the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the quantum dot the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the quantum dot the energy
+quantization right and uh uh the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization right and uh uh the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization right and uh uh the next
+one is the effect of electron blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the effect of electron blocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the effect of electron blocking
+layer on the P electric field in gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer on the P electric field in gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer on the P electric field in gum
+indium gum L gum L multiple Quantum whe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh energy
+quantization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization is
+uh wi they explored particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wi they explored particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wi they explored particularly in
+photonics field to make better lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonics field to make better lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonics field to make better lasers
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+detectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so let's go a little bit deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this is not the paper is the actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not the paper is the actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not the paper is the actually
+the the paper beneath it that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the paper beneath it that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the paper beneath it that's the one
+I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should
+click okay this is a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click okay this is a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click okay this is a quantum
+dot right so what you will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right so what you will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right so what you will see the
+energy band diagram that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawn so it's a th films layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn so it's a th films layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn so it's a th films layers
+right and it turns out the uh the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out the uh the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out the uh the this
+quantum dot indium asite quantum dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot indium asite quantum dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot indium asite quantum dot is
+when they grw those films so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they grw those films so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they grw those films so it's
+through this molecular MB molecular beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this molecular MB molecular beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this molecular MB molecular beam
+EPI and you have a heated cell you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPI and you have a heated cell you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPI and you have a heated cell you do
+ultra high vacuum you don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra high vacuum you don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra high vacuum you don't want any
+junk there and this molecule say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk there and this molecule say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk there and this molecule say the
+atom were re say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom were re say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom were re say
+evaporated and goes to a Target at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporated and goes to a Target at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporated and goes to a Target at a
+control rate and when you grw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control rate and when you grw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control rate and when you grw this
+uh Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Indian
+arenite uh film it has a say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenite uh film it has a say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arenite uh film it has a say it's a
+crystal normally it should do a film but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal normally it should do a film but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal normally it should do a film but
+because the Lattis constant is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Lattis constant is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Lattis constant is very
+different so they are strin okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they are strin okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so they are strin okay so you
+once you grow to certain thickness they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you grow to certain thickness they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you grow to certain thickness they
+cannot grow a film anymore they stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot grow a film anymore they stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot grow a film anymore they stress
+will break the mouth into dusts okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break the mouth into dusts okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break the mouth into dusts okay so
+that's how people make those control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how people make those control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how people make those control the
+quantum dot and then when they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot and then when they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot and then when they are very
+small feel using here how much uh 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small feel using here how much uh 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small feel using here how much uh 2.2
+mol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mol
+layer ml is a m Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer ml is a m Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer ml is a m Atomic
+layer okay and uh in that case the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay and uh in that case the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay and uh in that case the The
+Dot may be just a few nanometers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot may be just a few nanometers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot may be just a few nanometers and you
+have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have energy
+quantization and this are some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and this are some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and this are some examples
+of energy band diagram we learn more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy band diagram we learn more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy band diagram we learn more in
+this in solid but essentially uh you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in solid but essentially uh you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in solid but essentially uh you see
+this is the energy diagram let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy diagram let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy diagram let's say
+last time I say a particle in say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I say a particle in say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I say a particle in say a
+standing wave right so this is a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave right so this is a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave right so this is a film
+the standing wave and this are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standing wave and this are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standing wave and this are different
+energy levels if it's a half wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels if it's a half wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels if it's a half wavelength
+or uh say full wavelength they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh say full wavelength they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh say full wavelength they are
+different energy associated and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy associated and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy associated and with
+that you can be responsive to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can be responsive to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can be responsive to different
+wavelengths of light okay so this is a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of light okay so this is a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of light okay so this is a I
+just uh this is the one uh example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh this is the one uh example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh this is the one uh example and
+in fact a lot of this very simple cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a lot of this very simple cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact a lot of this very simple cases
+you learn in classroom this these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn in classroom this these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn in classroom this these days
+is being used uh of course with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used uh of course with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used uh of course with the with
+the I say complication of real materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I say complication of real materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I say complication of real materials
+and uh not the idea solution that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh not the idea solution that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh not the idea solution that you
+say I gave on on board but say the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I gave on on board but say the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I gave on on board but say the basic
+ideas uh are there and that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh are there and that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas uh are there and that's what I'm
+hoping you take those and you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping you take those and you can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping you take those and you can um
+don't get afraid that you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get afraid that you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get afraid that you can start
+reading some of this paper and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of this paper and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading some of this paper and get
+familiar with what not only what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with what not only what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with what not only what you
+doing but what others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but what others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but what others are
+doing uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions let me just go to next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me just go to next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me just go to next
+one make a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one make a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one make a few
+comment the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is a gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a gum
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+okay uh what's so special with GM lri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's a White Band Gap and uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a White Band Gap and uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a White Band Gap and uh uh in
+the past so colum the previous one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so colum the previous one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so colum the previous one is a
+is is say uh longer wavelength so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is say uh longer wavelength so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is say uh longer wavelength so uh uh
+the laser semic Canal laser first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser semic Canal laser first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser semic Canal laser first you
+have red gas based and uh people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have red gas based and uh people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have red gas based and uh people want to
+have green and blue okay and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have green and blue okay and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have green and blue okay and a lot of
+people spend lot of time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people spend lot of time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people spend lot of time trying to
+develop blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop blue
+lasers and the first they look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and the first they look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and the first they look at the
+zinc site so you look at the bang Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc site so you look at the bang Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc site so you look at the bang Gap
+we'll talk about bang Gap later on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about bang Gap later on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about bang Gap later on okay
+but say uh uh nobody can make them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh uh nobody can make them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh uh nobody can make them very
+successfully so there was a guy uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully so there was a guy uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully so there was a guy uh uh in
+Japan um his name is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um his name is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um his name is uh
+lamura and he was not a PhD he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamura and he was not a PhD he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamura and he was not a PhD he was in
+this company called uh I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company called uh I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company called uh I think it's
+nichia and they supported him for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nichia and they supported him for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nichia and they supported him for a long
+time he had a master degree he deposited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he had a master degree he deposited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he had a master degree he deposited
+he was playing with gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was playing with gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was playing with gum
+Lite and uh he was able to make the lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lite and uh he was able to make the lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lite and uh he was able to make the lce
+and and say immediate light at the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say immediate light at the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say immediate light at the blue
+everybody was shocked because nobody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was shocked because nobody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was shocked because nobody was
+working on GM light right say people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on GM light right say people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on GM light right say people
+were looking at the sand light they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the sand light they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the sand light they're
+direct I say because it's hard to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct I say because it's hard to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct I say because it's hard to grow
+those so gum nit that was in the '90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so gum nit that was in the '90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so gum nit that was in the '90s
+and since that people like making op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that people like making op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since that people like making op
+device making electronic device and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device making electronic device and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device making electronic device and uh
+uh again say if you grew very thin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again say if you grew very thin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again say if you grew very thin uh
+films uh you can have that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh you can have that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh you can have that energy
+quantization the quantum Wells right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization the quantum Wells right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization the quantum Wells right in
+the case of particle is a dots is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of particle is a dots is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of particle is a dots is a
+Quantum dots the film is a well uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum dots the film is a well uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum dots the film is a well uh uh
+it's actually 1D problem 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually 1D problem 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually 1D problem 3D
+problem okay so uh with for next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so uh with for next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so uh with for next lecture
+we'll solve the 1D problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve the 1D problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll solve the 1D problem
+okay I'll stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HzLSToubVI8.txt b/HzLSToubVI8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a149a47386b34b5a316e17600a00005f53b36ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HzLSToubVI8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so this is lecture eight that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is lecture eight that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is lecture eight that starts
+uh partial differential equations and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial differential equations and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial differential equations and in
+particular Lassa equation certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Lassa equation certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Lassa equation certainly
+won't finish partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't finish partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't finish partial differential
+equations that's a giant part of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that's a giant part of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that's a giant part of uh
+mathematics and it's it's we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and it's it's we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and it's it's we have a lot
+to say and it comes up in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and it comes up in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say and it comes up in all sorts of
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+but before I start on letting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before I start on letting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before I start on letting any
+partial derivatives appear p I come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives appear p I come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives appear p I come back
+to a central point of lecture seven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a central point of lecture seven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a central point of lecture seven that
+I didn't get a chance to treat properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't get a chance to treat properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't get a chance to treat properly
+and that was we only treated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was we only treated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was we only treated by
+analogy looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy looking at
+matrices but ought to think even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but ought to think even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but ought to think even more
+directly in what way is the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in what way is the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly in what way is the transpose of
+the derivative minus the derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative minus the derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative minus the derivative and
+and what do we mean by transpose well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we mean by transpose well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we mean by transpose well
+actually it's quite improper notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's quite improper notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's quite improper notation
+I've never seen it in any uh proper math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never seen it in any uh proper math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never seen it in any uh proper math
+journal transpose of some operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal transpose of some operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal transpose of some operator
+certainly the idea is Central often some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the idea is Central often some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the idea is Central often some
+other symbol uh it's the jewel operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbol uh it's the jewel operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other symbol uh it's the jewel operator
+or the adjoint adjoint would be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the adjoint adjoint would be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the adjoint adjoint would be the most
+frequently used word maybe a star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used word maybe a star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently used word maybe a star is
+pretty common but let's say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common but let's say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common but let's say with
+transpose because it's why use a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because it's why use a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because it's why use a new
+symbol when really we're speaking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol when really we're speaking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol when really we're speaking about
+the same idea okay now so to to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea okay now so to to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea okay now so to to get a
+little deeper here we have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper here we have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper here we have to remember
+what the transpose was about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the transpose was about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the transpose was about for
+matrices I mean with matrices we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I mean with matrices we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices I mean with matrices we just
+flipped it across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped it across the
+diagonal but why did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but why did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but why did we do
+that and the the the real reason is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the the the real reason is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the the the real reason is in
+this uh formula if I have a matrix a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh formula if I have a matrix a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh formula if I have a matrix a and
+a vector U and a vector W I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector U and a vector W I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector U and a vector W I
+can and they're the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and they're the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and they're the right
+sizes I can form a * U I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes I can form a * U I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes I can form a * U I'm always
+thinking of a as M byn and then U has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a as M byn and then U has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a as M byn and then U has n
+components and then Au has M components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then Au has M components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then Au has M components
+and so does w so I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does w so I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does w so I can take the
+dotproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct
+okay now the point about matrices which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the point about matrices which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the point about matrices which
+we can just check by by uh expanding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just check by by uh expanding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just check by by uh expanding out
+all the little terms that show up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the little terms that show up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the little terms that show up there
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+can that expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that expression is
+really if I write it out it's U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if I write it out it's U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really if I write it out it's U
+transpose a transpose W and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a transpose W and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a transpose W and the point
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh these Matrix operations is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these Matrix operations is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these Matrix operations is that I can
+put the parentheses in there if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the parentheses in there if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the parentheses in there if I want
+to and I do because now I see what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I do because now I see what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I do because now I see what a
+transpose really is a transpose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose really is a transpose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose really is a transpose the
+reason we flipped it across the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we flipped it across the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we flipped it across the diagonal
+was to make this formula right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make this formula right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make this formula right the the
+the correct if if if uh if this is a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct if if if uh if this is a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct if if if uh if this is a DOT
+product uh two vectors then this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh two vectors then this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh two vectors then this formula
+becomes correct if a transposes what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes correct if a transposes what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes correct if a transposes what we
+understand it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be why do I make that point Simply Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why do I make that point Simply Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why do I make that point Simply Be
+simply that now if we UND if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that now if we UND if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that now if we UND if we
+take the idea of inner product dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the idea of inner product dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the idea of inner product dot
+product over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product over the
+functions and we ask for this thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we ask for this thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we ask for this thing this
+rule to still hold it will tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to still hold it will tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to still hold it will tell us what
+the transpose should be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose should be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose should be for
+functions so how do you so this is a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so how do you so this is a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so how do you so this is a DOT
+product of of e with W so so just let a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of of e with W so so just let a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of of e with W so so just let a
+little timeout here e transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little timeout here e transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little timeout here e transpose
+W those are vectors so it's a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W those are vectors so it's a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W those are vectors so it's a sum of
+e e EI i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e e EI i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e e EI i
+w from I = 1 to M right that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from I = 1 to M right that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w from I = 1 to M right that's what the
+dot product is that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product is that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product is that's what this
+operation was now suppose these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation was now suppose these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation was now suppose these are
+function suppose e is a function as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function suppose e is a function as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function suppose e is a function as it
+was and U is a function as uh W is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and U is a function as uh W is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and U is a function as uh W is a
+function as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by the way this dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this dot
+product is quite physically significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is quite physically significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is quite physically significant
+this e transpose W that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e transpose W that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e transpose W that's that's
+uh what strain times stress that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what strain times stress that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what strain times stress that's
+internal work I mean so it's these dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal work I mean so it's these dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal work I mean so it's these dot
+products are not like accid nothing ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are not like accid nothing ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products are not like accid nothing ever
+happens in mathematics by accident so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in mathematics by accident so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in mathematics by accident so to
+speak I think uh and this expression has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak I think uh and this expression has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak I think uh and this expression has
+a physical meaning but what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical meaning but what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physical meaning but what I want to
+know is this this how should I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this this how should I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this this how should I change
+that definition when I'm when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition when I'm when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition when I'm when I'm
+dealing with functions okay so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with functions okay so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with functions okay so what do I
+do in the function case well instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the function case well instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the function case well instead of
+summing what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing what do I
+do I integrate I integrate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I integrate I integrate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I integrate I integrate right so
+that's the dot product I integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dot product I integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dot product I integrate over
+whatever region the functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever region the functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever region the functions are
+defined and in that lect X went from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and in that lect X went from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and in that lect X went from 0
+to one that would be the dotproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one that would be the dotproduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one that would be the dotproduct
+somehow this is this is e this is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this is this is e this is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this is this is e this is e
+transpose W for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W for
+functions and and it's just perfect uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and and it's just perfect uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and and it's just perfect uh I
+can when would when would these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can when would when would these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can when would when would these vectors
+be perpendicular to each other when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to each other when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to each other when
+would we have be doing no work e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have be doing no work e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have be doing no work e
+transpose W when e transpose W is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W when e transpose W is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W when e transpose W is zero
+our geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our geometry
+our picture of in case e transpose W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our picture of in case e transpose W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our picture of in case e transpose W is
+zero our the picture in our mind is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero our the picture in our mind is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero our the picture in our mind is two
+perpendicular vectors well now you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular vectors well now you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular vectors well now you got
+to think of two perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of two perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of two perpendicular
+functions and what the heck well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what the heck well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and what the heck well that
+picture is getting blurry right but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is getting blurry right but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is getting blurry right but to
+what does it mean for one function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for one function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for one function like
+sinx to be orthogonal to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx to be orthogonal to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx to be orthogonal to another
+function maybe cosine X it would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe cosine X it would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function maybe cosine X it would mean
+that the integral the dotproduct is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral the dotproduct is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral the dotproduct is zero
+what I'm saying is all the sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is all the sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is all the sensible
+things that we can visualize in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can visualize in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can visualize in two
+Dimensions almost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions almost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions almost in
+three we can pretend we understand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we can pretend we understand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we can pretend we understand in
+four and five Dimensions it's fine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five Dimensions it's fine here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five Dimensions it's fine here
+in infinite Dimensions with functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinite Dimensions with functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinite Dimensions with functions
+okay now so that's the that's the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that's the that's the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so that's the that's the dot
+product and that that's why I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that that's why I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that that's why I did this
+integral this is the integral from xal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this is the integral from xal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this is the integral from xal 0
+to 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 okay
+now I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to get
+I'm copying this do you see that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm copying this do you see that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm copying this do you see that I want
+to get U by itself and throw stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get U by itself and throw stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get U by itself and throw stuff on
+W and and this is got to be like just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and and this is got to be like just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and and this is got to be like just an
+identity that's the way this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's the way this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's the way this was an
+identity but this identity is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but this identity is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but this identity is going to
+is going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to uh
+identify uh what a transpose should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh what a transpose should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh what a transpose should be
+now how do I I I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I I I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I I I would like to
+have as I said I'd like to have you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as I said I'd like to have you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as I said I'd like to have you by
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+and whatever should move on to W so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever should move on to W so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever should move on to W so what
+do I do here I integrate by Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do here I integrate by Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do here I integrate by Parts
+integrate by parts now I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts now I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate by parts now I don't know if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ever paid any attention to integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever paid any attention to integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever paid any attention to integration
+by parts because because one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts because because one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts because because one of the
+troubles is it's only introduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles is it's only introduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubles is it's only introduced in
+calculus as like a way to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus as like a way to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus as like a way to integrate
+certain weird I mean certain otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain weird I mean certain otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain weird I mean certain otherwise
+unpleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+functions like maybe log X or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like maybe log X or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like maybe log X or something
+has a you can figure out its integral by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a you can figure out its integral by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a you can figure out its integral by
+by using this trick but I my point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this trick but I my point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this trick but I my point here
+is really that integration by parts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really that integration by parts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really that integration by parts is
+far from just a little trick and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from just a little trick and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from just a little trick and and
+it's much more fundamental one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more fundamental one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more fundamental one of the
+most fundamental things I I could put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental things I I could put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fundamental things I I could put in
+any lecture is integration by parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any lecture is integration by parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any lecture is integration by parts and
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+rule uh you remember that it turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh you remember that it turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule uh you remember that it turn that
+the that the integral still from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the integral still from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the integral still from 0 to
+one I take the derivative off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take the derivative off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take the derivative off of
+U and I put it onto w but what's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I put it onto w but what's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I put it onto w but what's the key
+point then in integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then in integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then in integration by parts
+there's a minus sign so let me put let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus sign so let me put let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus sign so let me put let
+me put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it in
+here so that's the that's integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the that's integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the that's integration by
+parts almost perfect but now and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts almost perfect but now and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts almost perfect but now and and
+it's enough to make the point that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to make the point that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to make the point that a
+transpose W is there you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W is there you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W is there you see that
+integration by parts has has produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts has has produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts has has produced
+the minus d W DX that we so integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus d W DX that we so integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus d W DX that we so integration
+by parts is the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts is the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts is the way to
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+derivatives but always boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but always boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but always boundary
+conditions are an issue and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are an issue and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are an issue and of course
+this formula isn't exactly correct is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula isn't exactly correct is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula isn't exactly correct is it
+there's a boundary term and what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a boundary term and what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a boundary term and what's that
+boundary term it's U *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term it's U *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term it's U *
+W evaluated at xal one the upper limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W evaluated at xal one the upper limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W evaluated at xal one the upper limit
+minus the value at the lower limit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the value at the lower limit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the value at the lower limit so
+now I've got the integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got the integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got the integration by parts
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed
+and somehow I want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow I want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow I want this to be
+correct even with this term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct even with this term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct even with this term in
+there and the boundary conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the boundary conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the boundary conditions are
+got to deal with that term right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to deal with that term right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to deal with that term right in the
+inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the
+interval uh it's minus dwdx but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh it's minus dwdx but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh it's minus dwdx but we know
+that at the ends of the interval that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the ends of the interval that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the ends of the interval that's
+where the boundary conditions come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the boundary conditions come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the boundary conditions come in
+and and uh but think of the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh but think of the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh but think of the boundary
+conditions that we had we we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we had we we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we had we we had two
+examples in the fixed fixed case U was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the fixed fixed case U was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the fixed fixed case U was
+Zero at both ends so what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero at both ends so what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero at both ends so what happens to
+this it vanishes it's gone what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it vanishes it's gone what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it vanishes it's gone what about
+the fixed free case U was Zero at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed free case U was Zero at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed free case U was Zero at one
+end W was Zero at the other end so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end W was Zero at the other end so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end W was Zero at the other end so what
+happens to this thing W vanished again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this thing W vanished again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this thing W vanished again
+gone so the in a way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so the in a way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone so the in a way the
+the the boundary condition on W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the boundary condition on W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the boundary condition on W and
+maybe I just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just say this
+here we if we start with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we if we start with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we if we start with the with the
+operation a which is on U and has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation a which is on U and has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation a which is on U and has has
+any boundary conditions that apply to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any boundary conditions that apply to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any boundary conditions that apply to U
+then we integrate by parts and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we integrate by parts and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we integrate by parts and we find
+out what a transpose is and we also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a transpose is and we also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what a transpose is and we also find
+out what the boundary conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the boundary conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the boundary conditions are
+that go with a transpose the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go with a transpose the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go with a transpose the the the the
+the mate the operator and its ad joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mate the operator and its ad joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mate the operator and its ad joint
+are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like
+you know uh they're they're together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh they're they're together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh they're they're together you
+if if I know the operator a then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I know the operator a then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I know the operator a then that
+tells me what its ad joint has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what its ad joint has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me what its ad joint has to be
+just the way I know the transpose of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way I know the transpose of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way I know the transpose of a
+matrix okay I that's this is discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay I that's this is discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay I that's this is discussed
+also in this uh section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in this uh section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in this uh section of the
+book uh and uh this a little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh and uh this a little little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book uh and uh this a little little
+thinking here but uh at least I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here but uh at least I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking here but uh at least I could
+make the point first The crucial nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point first The crucial nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point first The crucial nature
+of integration by parts and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration by parts and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration by parts and we're going
+to see the same thing now for partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the same thing now for partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the same thing now for partial
+derivatives so I'm I'll move to partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I'm I'll move to partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I'm I'll move to partial
+derivatives and remember we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and remember we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and remember we're going to
+have to transpose somebody and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to transpose somebody and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to transpose somebody and the way
+we'll have to do it is an integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to do it is an integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to do it is an integration by
+parts but we'll be in uh a plane it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts but we'll be in uh a plane it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts but we'll be in uh a plane it'll
+be an X and Y derivative not just X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an X and Y derivative not just X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an X and Y derivative not just X okay
+so let me go to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me go to that
+Point okay so now I'm in a PL in a plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so now I'm in a PL in a plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so now I'm in a PL in a plain
+region instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval and of course the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and of course the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and of course the shape of the
+region is going to be highly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is going to be highly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is going to be highly important
+in whether we're able to get anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whether we're able to get anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whether we're able to get anywhere
+with pencil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pencil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pencil and
+paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or
+whether uh it's it's going to be finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh it's it's going to be finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh it's it's going to be finite
+differences for a circle circular reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for a circle circular reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences for a circle circular reason
+we can get somewhere with with pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get somewhere with with pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get somewhere with with pencil
+and paper but anyway we've got a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paper but anyway we've got a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paper but anyway we've got a region
+there in the XY plane so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the XY plane so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the XY plane so this is a
+region R let's say in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R let's say in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R let's say in the XY
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+okay okay and uh what's the well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and uh what's the well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and uh what's the well let me
+let me start jump right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start jump right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start jump right into the
+framework as I often do so I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework as I often do so I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework as I often do so I have a a
+function U of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that could represent a potential if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that could represent a potential if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that could represent a potential if
+we were speaking about ideal fluid flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were speaking about ideal fluid flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were speaking about ideal fluid flow
+I I don't know what example you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know what example you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know what example you will
+prefer the potential it might be let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the potential it might be let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the potential it might be let
+me a potential function or a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a potential function or a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a potential function or a temperature
+could be a temperature if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a temperature if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a temperature if we were
+discussing heat flow so it's the temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing heat flow so it's the temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing heat flow so it's the temp
+let me use the word temperature okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use the word temperature okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me use the word temperature okay now
+we need as always an a which will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need as always an a which will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need as always an a which will take
+us to a I I'll still call it e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to a I I'll still call it e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to a I I'll still call it e
+maybe e will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe e will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe e will be
+Au okay what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au okay what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au okay what do
+you what's going to be the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going to be the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's going to be the natural
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+here and in over here a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in over here a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in over here a was
+derivative first derivative that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative that's
+that's the natural starting point so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the natural starting point so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the natural starting point so a
+is going to be first derivative here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be first derivative here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be first derivative here too
+but we've got two derivatives two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got two derivatives two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got two derivatives two first
+derivatives the X and the Y so a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the X and the Y so a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the X and the Y so a is
+going to be a better tell us both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a better tell us both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a better tell us both of
+them a will be D by DX and D by d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a will be D by DX and D by d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a will be D by DX and D by d
+y so that Au is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so that Au is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so that Au is now
+Dux and duy we've got two functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dux and duy we've got two functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dux and duy we've got two functions so
+so this this guy this thing is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this guy this thing is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this guy this thing is now a
+vector this was a scalar we have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this was a scalar we have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this was a scalar we have to pay
+attention to this to what's up here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to this to what's up here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to this to what's up here this
+was a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a scalar
+function now we've got a vector because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now we've got a vector because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now we've got a vector because
+we've got two components and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two components and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two components and what's the
+name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for
+that it's the so it it's it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the so it it's it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the so it it's it's just like
+a vector that contains the two first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that contains the two first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that contains the two first
+derivatives and then of course so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then of course so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and then of course so we're
+into multivariable last semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into multivariable last semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into multivariable last semester
+calculus here and uh but I hope actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus here and uh but I hope actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus here and uh but I hope actually
+that some of that last semester calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of that last semester calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of that last semester calculus
+will become clear by by using it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become clear by by using it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become clear by by using it okay so
+what's the name for this thing it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name for this thing it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the name for this thing it's the
+gradient this is called the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and grad for short and there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and grad for short and there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and grad for short and there there's
+some sort of a triangular symbol but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a triangular symbol but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a triangular symbol but I
+feel more comfortable writing the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable writing the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel more comfortable writing the four
+letters grad so a is the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and then we apply it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then we apply it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then we apply it to you
+okay and then as always off comes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then as always off comes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then as always off comes some
+kind of conductivity if it's a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conductivity if it's a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conductivity if it's a heat
+problem so this is a like a a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is a like a a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so this is a like a a this is
+like temperature differential right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temperature differential right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temperature differential right this
+is if we were if we were in the discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we were if we were in the discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we were if we were in the discreet
+case it would be here yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it would be here yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it would be here yeah it's it's
+sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you
+know a temperature gradient you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a temperature gradient you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a temperature gradient you know how
+how steep is the temperature gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how steep is the temperature gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how steep is the temperature gradient
+that tells us how quickly Heat's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how quickly Heat's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how quickly Heat's going
+to flow right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow right
+right I mean always there's somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean always there's somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean always there's somebody's
+law here and it says that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law here and it says that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law here and it says that some
+differential produces some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential produces some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential produces some some
+flow and uh this would be c will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and uh this would be c will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and uh this would be c will be some
+conductance or conductivity or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance or conductivity or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance or conductivity or something
+and it could vary from point to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could vary from point to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could vary from point to point
+but if we're going to do anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're going to do anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're going to do anything with
+pencil and paper we'll hope that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and paper we'll hope that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and paper we'll hope that it's
+not not varying but it could vary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not varying but it could vary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not varying but it could vary okay
+so we get a w of X and Y which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a w of X and Y which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get a w of X and Y which is again
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+vector which will be in general some C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which will be in general some C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector which will be in general some C
+of X and Y * grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y * grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y * grad
+U so remember that's a vector so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so remember that's a vector so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so remember that's a vector so I just
+I'll just momentarily at least put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just momentarily at least put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just momentarily at least put a
+little arrow on these two guys to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow on these two guys to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arrow on these two guys to to
+remember that that's those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that's those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that's those are
+vectors okay and now of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay and now of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay and now of course the
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+comes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes when
+we so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this
+is this is the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the flow of
+uh of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat and so now we're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and so now we're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and so now we're going to have an
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+balance there there may be some heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance there there may be some heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance there there may be some heat
+coming externally we may be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming externally we may be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming externally we may be you know
+holding a candle under part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a candle under part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding a candle under part of this
+region or putting ice or something doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or putting ice or something doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or putting ice or something doing
+something externally or it may just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something externally or it may just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something externally or it may just
+balance to zero that will be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance to zero that will be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance to zero that will be the case
+that we'll study most so there'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll study most so there'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll study most so there'll be an
+a transpose here and would you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose here and would you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose here and would you want to
+guess what a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is well if a is this let let's just work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well if a is this let let's just work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well if a is this let let's just work
+by analogy and then of course it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by analogy and then of course it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by analogy and then of course it's going
+to be some kind of a integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some kind of a integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some kind of a integration by
+parts that'll look like be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that'll look like be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that'll look like be more
+legitimate but what do you what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate but what do you what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate but what do you what do you
+figure for a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for a transpose
+so a was like this 2 by one operator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a was like this 2 by one operator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a was like this 2 by one operator I
+think a transpose is going to be 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a transpose is going to be 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a transpose is going to be 1 by
+two in a way and and and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a way and and and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a way and and and what's the
+transpose of d by DX my negative d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of d by DX my negative d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of d by DX my negative d by
+DX and what's the transpose of d by Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and what's the transpose of d by Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and what's the transpose of d by Dy
+negative d by Dy so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative d by Dy so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative d by Dy so those are the two
+you could say you could say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say you could say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say you could say this is a
+block Operator 2 by one this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block Operator 2 by one this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block Operator 2 by one this is a
+transposed is a 1x two block okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed is a 1x two block okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed is a 1x two block okay so now
+what's our equation our equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our equation our equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our equation our equation is
+going to be a transpose W equals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a transpose W equals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a transpose W equals this
+right side as always so that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side as always so that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side as always so that will be
+minus okay oh now are we are we in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay oh now are we are we in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay oh now are we are we in good
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+here uh let's see this is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let's see this is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh let's see this is supposed to
+act onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act onto
+that what's happening it's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's happening it's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's happening it's going to work
+so right I'm multiplying a 1 by two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right I'm multiplying a 1 by two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right I'm multiplying a 1 by two and
+this guy's 2 by one can you you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's 2 by one can you you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's 2 by one can you you okay
+with that so it'll be minus d by DX this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so it'll be minus d by DX this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so it'll be minus d by DX this
+guy applied to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy applied to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy applied to c
+d d by DX good the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d by DX good the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d by DX good the first
+component minus now I'm ready for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component minus now I'm ready for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component minus now I'm ready for this
+guy minus this guy times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy minus this guy times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy minus this guy times the
+C second component of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C second component of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C second component of the gradient
+equals F ofx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F ofx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F ofx and
+Y these equations take more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now okay I've written it out to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay I've written it out to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay I've written it out to see that
+it really is a partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is a partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is a partial differential
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and a highly important one the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a highly important one the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a highly important one the most
+important steady state elliptic partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important steady state elliptic partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important steady state elliptic partial
+differential equation well the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation well the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation well the most
+important special one is if C is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important special one is if C is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important special one is if C is if
+C is one and F is zero then we of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is one and F is zero then we of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is one and F is zero then we of course
+it should simplify if C is one I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should simplify if C is one I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should simplify if C is one I can
+ignore C if f is zero I have zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore C if f is zero I have zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore C if f is zero I have zero on the
+right so I have just minus the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have just minus the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have just minus the second
+derivative of U respect to x minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U respect to x minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U respect to x minus the
+second derivative of U with respect to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of U with respect to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of U with respect to y
+equals z and that's a famous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and that's a famous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and that's a famous equation
+named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+after llas that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after llas that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after llas that's like the
+that's named after llas and if if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's named after llas and if if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's named after llas and if if we're
+going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve
+any partial differential equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any partial differential equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any partial differential equation that
+the one we better tackle first because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we better tackle first because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we better tackle first because
+of its importance and then also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its importance and then also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its importance and then also because
+it's relative Simplicity of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relative Simplicity of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relative Simplicity of course it's
+still a PD you can never it never pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a PD you can never it never pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a PD you can never it never pays
+to underestimate a a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to underestimate a a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to underestimate a a partial
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equation okay and finally uh just so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and finally uh just so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and finally uh just so I
+we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+minus anybody recognize so this we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus anybody recognize so this we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus anybody recognize so this we had a
+we knew a name for it was the gradient d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew a name for it was the gradient d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew a name for it was the gradient d
+by DX d by Dy now there's also a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DX d by Dy now there's also a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DX d by Dy now there's also a name
+inevitably because it's so important the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably because it's so important the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably because it's so important the
+transpose of the gradient is minus so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the gradient is minus so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the gradient is minus so do
+you see what the you know if I apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what the you know if I apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what the you know if I apply a
+to everybody's seeing how I'm applying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody's seeing how I'm applying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everybody's seeing how I'm applying a
+to W if I apply a to a transpose to W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W if I apply a to a transpose to W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W if I apply a to a transpose to W
+this is W has two component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comp and what have I done I've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp and what have I done I've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp and what have I done I've taken
+minus d by DX of the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d by DX of the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d by DX of the first component
+minus d by Dy of the second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d by Dy of the second component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus d by Dy of the second component
+and what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's that
+called there's a Divergence that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called there's a Divergence that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called there's a Divergence that's a
+Divergence I'm taking the Divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence I'm taking the Divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence I'm taking the Divergence of
+the vector W and with a minus so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector W and with a minus so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector W and with a minus so this is
+minus the Divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the Divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the Divergence of
+w so in other words we're discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so in other words we're discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w so in other words we're discovering
+that the I I frankly was happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the I I frankly was happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the I I frankly was happy to
+realize that the transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the transpose of the
+gradient was minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divergence that's maybe you know of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence that's maybe you know of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence that's maybe you know of of
+the pleasant things to say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pleasant things to say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pleasant things to say in this
+lecture that's certainly one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's certainly one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture that's certainly one of them
+that the transpose of the gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transpose of the gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transpose of the gradient is
+minus the Divergence so far totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the Divergence so far totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the Divergence so far totally
+formally totally formally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally totally formally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally totally formally but
+um maybe we should take a second to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we should take a second to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we should take a second to make
+it uh I mean when I said formally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I mean when I said formally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I mean when I said formally I
+meant informally I meant just like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant informally I meant just like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant informally I meant just like it
+seemed right uh now let's maybe take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed right uh now let's maybe take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed right uh now let's maybe take
+another second since we discussed it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another second since we discussed it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another second since we discussed it in
+One D to make it seem even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D to make it seem even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One D to make it seem even more
+true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay
+but I this is like maybe the will'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I this is like maybe the will'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I this is like maybe the will'll be
+in these lectures like maybe the climax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these lectures like maybe the climax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these lectures like maybe the climax
+of the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the framework
+to make L pla's equation pop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make L pla's equation pop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make L pla's equation pop out
+here uh for the for partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for the for partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh for the for partial differential
+equations and again I'm hoping that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and again I'm hoping that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and again I'm hoping that uh
+you you you pick some physical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you pick some physical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you pick some physical problem
+like temperature temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temperature temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like temperature temperature
+gradient uh flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient uh flow of
+heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat
+balance balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance balance of
+heat as a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat as a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat as a model
+or if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like
+fluids so how would we think of fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids so how would we think of fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids so how would we think of fluids
+this U if it's some potential and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U if it's some potential and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U if it's some potential and it's a
+fluid flowing around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flowing around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flowing around the
+plane in in steady state again steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in in steady state again steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in in steady state again steady
+state so it's it's not it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's it's not it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's it's not it's it's it's
+got a then this would be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a then this would be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a then this would be its
+velocity if we if if if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if we if if if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if we if if if this is the
+potential for fluids this thing might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for fluids this thing might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for fluids this thing might be
+the veloc velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veloc velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veloc velocity of the
+fluid and it's not changing with time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and it's not changing with time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and it's not changing with time we
+we were talking about ideal very ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about ideal very ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about ideal very ideal
+flow here you know we're not near the ne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow here you know we're not near the ne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow here you know we're not near the ne
+Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes
+equations uh so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh so this would be the
+velocity and this what would W be I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and this what would W be I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and this what would W be I'd be
+multiplying probably by the maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying probably by the maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying probably by the maybe the
+density so maybe W would represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so maybe W would represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so maybe W would represent a
+momentum I'm multiplying a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I'm multiplying a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I'm multiplying a sort of a
+mass by a velocity might be a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass by a velocity might be a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass by a velocity might be a momentum
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+term I'm I'm just I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm I'm just I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm I'm just I don't know if you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+fluids I'm far far from being an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids I'm far far from being an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids I'm far far from being an expert
+but I just felt I should give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just felt I should give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just felt I should give an
+alternative set of words that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative set of words that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative set of words that would
+describe the our our problem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the our our problem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the our our problem and then
+this balance would be a balance of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh to be in steady state at every around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be in steady state at every around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be in steady state at every around
+every point or in every region the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point or in every region the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point or in every region the flow
+in has to equal the flow out this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in has to equal the flow out this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in has to equal the flow out this is in
+some form it's Kirk off's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form it's Kirk off's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form it's Kirk off's
+law in some form we have a network here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in some form we have a network here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in some form we have a network here
+but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a
+Continuum for me that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum for me that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum for me that's quite
+instructive to think of our of our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to think of our of our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to think of our of our uh
+original networks with kerkoff's laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original networks with kerkoff's laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original networks with kerkoff's laws
+and and that fundamental kirkoff current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that fundamental kirkoff current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that fundamental kirkoff current
+law Char you know charge in equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law Char you know charge in equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law Char you know charge in equals
+charge out flow in equals flow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge out flow in equals flow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge out flow in equals flow out
+that's what we have here but now flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here but now flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we have here but now flow in
+and flow out would be applied to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flow out would be applied to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flow out would be applied to any
+little any little square or any little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little any little square or any little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little any little square or any little
+region or the whole thing flow in has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or the whole thing flow in has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region or the whole thing flow in has to
+equal flow out because we're uh we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal flow out because we're uh we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal flow out because we're uh we're in
+a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady
+state okay now I I guess I better since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay now I I guess I better since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay now I I guess I better since
+I'm so close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I mean having put this discussion up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean having put this discussion up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean having put this discussion up
+why don't I put up the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I put up the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I put up the corresponding
+integration by parts uh and there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts uh and there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts uh and there will
+be a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term for 2D so what's this what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for 2D so what's this what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for 2D so what's this what do you
+figure is going to be our identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is going to be our identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is going to be our identity
+Green's formula it'll be Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's formula it'll be Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's formula it'll be Green's
+formula which is just integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is just integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is just integration by
+parts in 2D so I mean all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in 2D so I mean all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in 2D so I mean all these
+important formulas are just like have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important formulas are just like have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important formulas are just like have a
+have a they grew out of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a they grew out of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a they grew out of something
+simpler so something simpler here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so something simpler here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so something simpler here was
+integration by parts even simpler was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts even simpler was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts even simpler was
+summation by parts now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation by parts now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation by parts now we're going to
+have double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have double
+integrals Au is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals Au is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals Au is going to be the
+gradient of U which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of U which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of U which is a
+vector times W which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times W which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector times W which is a
+vector and integrated DX Dy and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and integrated DX Dy and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and integrated DX Dy and let me
+let me put put a temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put put a temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put put a temporary
+little reminder so that's actually a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little reminder so that's actually a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little reminder so that's actually a DOT
+product or uh of two because this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or uh of two because this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or uh of two because this has
+two components and that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components and that has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components and that has two
+components so I have a du DX time W1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so I have a du DX time W1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so I have a du DX time W1 and
+I have a duy * W2 in this right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a duy * W2 in this right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a duy * W2 in this right this is
+a is that right in this thing I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is that right in this thing I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is that right in this thing I'm I'm
+seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a
+DX multiplying W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX multiplying W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX multiplying W1
+and I'm seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm seeing a
+duy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duy
+multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W2 I'm sorry I you know I apologize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I'm sorry I you know I apologize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I'm sorry I you know I apologize to
+to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+multivariable calculus formulas I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus formulas I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus formulas I I
+promise to do as little of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to do as little of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to do as little of it as
+possible uh but this is as little as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh but this is as little as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh but this is as little as
+possible okay and this is a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay and this is a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay and this is a double
+integral over our region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over our region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over our region
+R fine okay so what's the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R fine okay so what's the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R fine okay so what's the other side of
+the what of Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what of Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what of Green's
+formula what's Green's formula going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what's Green's formula going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula what's Green's formula going to
+be it'll be a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it'll be a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it'll be a double
+integral over R okay and I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over R okay and I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over R okay and I'm taking
+things off of U and dumping them onto W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things off of U and dumping them onto W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things off of U and dumping them onto W
+so it'll be a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a u
+times what do I dump on to w DX Dy plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what do I dump on to w DX Dy plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what do I dump on to w DX Dy plus
+plus boundary terms oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus boundary terms oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus boundary terms oh
+dear probably green figured out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear probably green figured out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear probably green figured out what
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+were so there's a plus boundary terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so there's a plus boundary terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so there's a plus boundary terms
+and then tell me what goes in here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tell me what goes in here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tell me what goes in here okay
+you might want to do it by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do it by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do it by looking at
+these two pieces separately so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces separately so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces separately so just
+think take I'm taking the X derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think take I'm taking the X derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think take I'm taking the X derivative
+off of U and putting it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of U and putting it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of U and putting it on
+W1 I'm taking the Y derivative off of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 I'm taking the Y derivative off of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 I'm taking the Y derivative off of U
+and putting it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting it on
+W2 then I'm putting those two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 then I'm putting those two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 then I'm putting those two pieces
+together and there's a minus sign when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and there's a minus sign when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and there's a minus sign when I
+do that when I do the taking off of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that when I do the taking off of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that when I do the taking off of one
+putting onto the other so what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting onto the other so what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting onto the other so what do I have
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I have minus the first guy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have minus the first guy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have minus the first guy with
+respect to X and I have a minus W2 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and I have a minus W2 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and I have a minus W2 with
+respect to Y and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and what is
+it that's the Divergence right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the Divergence right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's the Divergence right so we
+what we're seeing in here is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing in here is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing in here is minus the
+Divergence of w so that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of w so that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of w so that would be a
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+of two variable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two variable calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two variable calculus
+that that the integral of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the integral of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the integral of the gradient
+of U with W gives me the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with W gives me the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with W gives me the same as the
+integral of VI with minus the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of VI with minus the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of VI with minus the Divergence
+of w notice these are scalers I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w notice these are scalers I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w notice these are scalers I don't
+put arrows on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put arrows on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put arrows on those
+and then finally there's got to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally there's got to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally there's got to be a
+boundary term which we might as well get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term which we might as well get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary term which we might as well get
+this close get this far let's go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close get this far let's go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close get this far let's go for
+it what would be appropriate what form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would be appropriate what form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would be appropriate what form
+will the boundary term take well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the boundary term take well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the boundary term take well the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+is this this boundary B is this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this boundary B is this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this boundary B is this curve
+it's it's a one-dimensional curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a one-dimensional curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a one-dimensional curve so
+this will be an integral around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be an integral around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be an integral around the
+boundary B of something you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary B of something you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary B of something you see the
+dimen the B boundaries like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimen the B boundaries like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimen the B boundaries like one
+dimension lower here the here this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension lower here the here this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension lower here the here this was a
+onedimensional integral so the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional integral so the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional integral so the boundary
+terms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms were
+points values at points 0o and one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points values at points 0o and one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points values at points 0o and one the
+boundary of the boundary of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the boundary of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of the boundary of the interval
+from 0 to one is those two points one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to one is those two points one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to one is those two points one
+dimension lower from Dimension one down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension lower from Dimension one down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension lower from Dimension one down
+to Dimension zero the boundary of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dimension zero the boundary of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dimension zero the boundary of this
+2D region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D region is
+1D okay and so what what is the what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D okay and so what what is the what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D okay and so what what is the what is
+the what do we integrate around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what do we integrate around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what do we integrate around this
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+B well that's what calculus ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well that's what calculus ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well that's what calculus ought to
+tell us so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us so this is an
+integral around the boundary and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around the boundary and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around the boundary and what do
+you figure we've got here well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure we've got here well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure we've got here well you
+figure a u no problem there what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure a u no problem there what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure a u no problem there what's
+what's not so obvious is what is the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not so obvious is what is the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's not so obvious is what is the W
+Factor why why can't I just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor why why can't I just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor why why can't I just write
+UW the way I did in the boundary term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UW the way I did in the boundary term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UW the way I did in the boundary term
+for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in
+1D because W is a a vector and use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D because W is a a vector and use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D because W is a a vector and use a
+scaler and I don't they you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler and I don't they you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler and I don't they you know like
+the life should stay you know stay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life should stay you know stay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life should stay you know stay right
+and it turns out that what it is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that what it is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that what it is is the
+normal component of w so the the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal component of w so the the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal component of w so the the so the
+so the it's the integral of U that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the it's the integral of U that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the it's the integral of U that's
+scalar U times the normal component of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar U times the normal component of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar U times the normal component of w
+which may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may be
+w.n integrated around DS is the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n integrated around DS is the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n integrated around DS is the usual
+letter for integrating around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter for integrating around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter for integrating around the
+boundary okay I'm normal to the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay I'm normal to the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay I'm normal to the boundary
+yeah n is the n is defined as the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n is the n is defined as the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n is the n is defined as the unit
+whoops does that look normal uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops does that look normal uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops does that look normal uh this is
+going on tape let me try to get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on tape let me try to get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on tape let me try to get so
+that's n is the unit normal Vector going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n is the unit normal Vector going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n is the unit normal Vector going
+out at at every boundary point so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at at every boundary point so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at at every boundary point so you
+see I mean right away we see okay it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean right away we see okay it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I mean right away we see okay it's a
+little not so well in a way what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little not so well in a way what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little not so well in a way what was the
+unit normal Vector I ought to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit normal Vector I ought to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit normal Vector I ought to be able to
+go back and see this in the easy case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and see this in the easy case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and see this in the easy case
+what was the unit normal Vector pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the unit normal Vector pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the unit normal Vector pointing
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+interval uh in this when it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh in this when it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval uh in this when it was an
+interval well at what were the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval well at what were the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval well at what were the boundary
+points there was one where's the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there was one where's the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points there was one where's the unit
+normal well I don't know I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal well I don't know I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal well I don't know I think it's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+way and and here the other way so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and here the other way so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and and here the other way so maybe
+that even explains the reason that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even explains the reason that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even explains the reason that had a
+plus sign and that has a had a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign and that has a had a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sign and that has a had a minus
+sign in the in the boundary term you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in the in the boundary term you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in the in the boundary term you
+remember the boundary term was UW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the boundary term was UW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the boundary term was UW
+between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+one at least I like that idea anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least I like that idea anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least I like that idea anyway
+even if it's possibly ridiculous it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's possibly ridiculous it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's possibly ridiculous it's
+still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of
+so uh so this is this is an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is this is an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is this is an identity
+then if I take and it's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take and it's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take and it's the fundamental
+IDE it's it's Green's formula probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE it's it's Green's formula probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE it's it's Green's formula probably
+gaus knew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus knew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus knew it
+too uh yeah I think it's often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh yeah I think it's often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uh yeah I think it's often called
+gaus Green formula and it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Green formula and it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus Green formula and it it's
+integration by parts in 2D it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts in 2D it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts in 2D it's taking
+derivatives off of you and putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives off of you and putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives off of you and putting them
+on the w and watching for the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the w and watching for the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the w and watching for the boundary
+term that appears and uh uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that appears and uh uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that appears and uh uh if the
+region is a rectangle we could uh U give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is a rectangle we could uh U give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is a rectangle we could uh U give
+a justification but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a justification but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a justification but I think
+uh done enough to get it up there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done enough to get it up there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done enough to get it up there okay
+so you saw that happen so what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw that happen so what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw that happen so what sort of
+boundary conditions would we expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions would we expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions would we expect in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and so I've I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so I've I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so I've I've got the
+framework here but I haven't done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework here but I haven't done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework here but I haven't done the
+tricky part the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky part the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky part the boundary conditions
+so what tell me what kind of boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what tell me what kind of boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what tell me what kind of boundary
+conditions could I impose on say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions could I impose on say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions could I impose on say in the
+temperature problem okay I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature problem okay I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature problem okay I have a
+region and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and I'm
+uh uh heating or not heating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh heating or not heating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh heating or not heating some
+interior parts FF could be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior parts FF could be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior parts FF could be quite
+possibly be zero all the action could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be zero all the action could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be zero all the action could
+come at the boundary and what could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come at the boundary and what could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come at the boundary and what could we
+do at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the
+boundary well we could maintain main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary well we could maintain main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary well we could maintain main
+part of the boundary or all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the boundary or all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the boundary or all of the
+boundary at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary at certain
+temperature I could so boundary can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I could so boundary can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I could so boundary can so
+let me let me go for it here boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me go for it here boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me go for it here boundary
+conditions I could have U equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I could have U equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I could have U equals some
+specified function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified function
+u0o maybe on part or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0o maybe on part or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0o maybe on part or or
+all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+boundary and what else what's my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+option a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option a condition
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+w.n I can't prescribe both components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n I can't prescribe both components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n I can't prescribe both components of
+w that's two boundary conditions at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that's two boundary conditions at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w that's two boundary conditions at a
+point that's this is like this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's this is like this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's this is like this is like
+this is only a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only a second order
+equation I'm expecting to prescribe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm expecting to prescribe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I'm expecting to prescribe one
+boundary condition at every boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition at every boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition at every boundary
+point just as always just as we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just as always just as we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just as always just as we've done
+and I could prescribe you or I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could prescribe you or I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could prescribe you or I could
+prescribe the normal derivative so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the normal derivative so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the normal derivative so this
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w.n so this is like prescribing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n so this is like prescribing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w.n so this is like prescribing the
+temperature like saying okay I'll hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like saying okay I'll hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature like saying okay I'll hold
+this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the
+boundary at freezing at zero at at0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary at freezing at zero at at0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary at freezing at zero at at0
+degrees maybe okay and on this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees maybe okay and on this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees maybe okay and on this part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+boundary I'm it's it's what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I'm it's it's what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I'm it's it's what would be the
+word it's I can prescribe w.n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it's I can prescribe w.n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it's I can prescribe w.n as
+whatever I like maybe some f on the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I like maybe some f on the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I like maybe some f on the rest
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm hoping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm hoping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm hoping the
+these uh and this this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh and this this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh and this this series of
+lectures will not you know we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures will not you know we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures will not you know we haven't
+we're not going to disappear into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to disappear into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to disappear into
+multivariable calculus and never never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus and never never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable calculus and never never
+reappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappear
+again uh but I think it's well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh but I think it's well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh but I think it's well the
+plusus equation is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus equation is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plusus equation is so
+important that it's right to see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it's right to see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that it's right to see it in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+framework it's right to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework it's right to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework it's right to see what the
+boundary conditions might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions might
+be and then it's going to be right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then it's going to be right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then it's going to be right to
+try to think how we might solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think how we might solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think how we might solve
+it and of course solving lassus equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and of course solving lassus equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and of course solving lassus equation
+is going to be a bigger job than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bigger job than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bigger job than that
+that two point ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two point ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two point ordinary differential
+twoo boundary value problem with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoo boundary value problem with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twoo boundary value problem with an
+ordinary differential equation I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation I'll
+still be interested in a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be interested in a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be interested in a Delta function
+a two-dimensional Delta function as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional Delta function as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional Delta function as a as
+a as an important case and I'm certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as an important case and I'm certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as an important case and I'm certainly
+interested also in zero as an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested also in zero as an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested also in zero as an important
+case and then let the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then let the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then let the boundary
+conditions uh do the provide the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh do the provide the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh do the provide the action
+okay so um any question or discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um any question or discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um any question or discussion
+while we're while we're sort of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're while we're sort of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're while we're sort of taking
+the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big
+view recognizing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view recognizing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view recognizing that the
+gradient and the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the Divergence
+actually what I ought to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I ought to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I ought to do now
+is focus a little bit on those separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focus a little bit on those separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focus a little bit on those separate
+Pieces Just can I focus for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pieces Just can I focus for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pieces Just can I focus for a little bit
+to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the
+Divergence yeah let let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence yeah let let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence yeah let let's let's
+understand what does Divergence mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what does Divergence mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what does Divergence mean
+understand a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a transpose
+well what do I mean by understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do I mean by understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do I mean by understand
+it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I
+mean well like I I think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well like I I think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well like I I think of this as
+totally analogous to Kirk's current law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally analogous to Kirk's current law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally analogous to Kirk's current law
+and for kof's current law we succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for kof's current law we succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for kof's current law we succeeded
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+solve the system of equations so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system of equations so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system of equations so let's
+try here uh so so this is like so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try here uh so so this is like so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try here uh so so this is like so this
+is minus Divergence that's that's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus Divergence that's that's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus Divergence that's that's and
+now can I try in this corner so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I try in this corner so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I try in this corner so this
+corner is a discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divergence okay what what is this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence okay what what is this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence okay what what is this so the
+Divergence so let's just be I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so let's just be I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so let's just be I better
+write down again the Divergence of w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down again the Divergence of w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down again the Divergence of w is
+dw1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dw1
+DX plus dw2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy okay so that's our a transpose W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay so that's our a transpose W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay so that's our a transpose W and
+I guess I'm interested in what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm interested in what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm interested in what you know
+well could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could we
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+solve so Kirk's current law if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so Kirk's current law if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so Kirk's current law if there
+were no Source terms would be the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no Source terms would be the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no Source terms would be the thing
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+zero and we would expect to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we would expect to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we would expect to be able to
+solve that so could could we solve tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that so could could we solve tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that so could could we solve tell
+me some solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me some solutions
+to uh so so I'd like to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh so so I'd like to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh so so I'd like to solve
+Divergence of w equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z and I'm certainly expecting lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I'm certainly expecting lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and I'm certainly expecting lots of
+solutions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this is
+our a a transpose is our wide short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our a a transpose is our wide short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our a a transpose is our wide short
+Matrix in the discret case more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the discret case more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in the discret case more
+unknowns than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns than
+equations you see actually I've got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you see actually I've got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you see actually I've got here
+I've got one equation and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one equation and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one equation and two
+unknowns so so tell me a tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns so so tell me a tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns so so tell me a tell me a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+W it can depend on X and Y of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it can depend on X and Y of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W it can depend on X and Y of course if
+W is a constant field if W is if W1 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a constant field if W is if W1 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W is a constant field if W is if W1 is a
+constant and W2 is a constant then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and W2 is a constant then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and W2 is a constant then then
+of course the Divergence is zero so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the Divergence is zero so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the Divergence is zero so so
+that would be one example tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one example tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one example tell me
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+W so can we just like build up a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so can we just like build up a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so can we just like build up a few
+examples lar different sles if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples lar different sles if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples lar different sles if they were
+okay so what could what would another so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what could what would another so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what could what would another so
+examples uh so just to be sure W it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh so just to be sure W it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh so just to be sure W it's
+got two components so tell me two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two components so tell me two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two components so tell me two
+functions that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that uh
+work 3x three 3x here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work 3x three 3x here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work 3x three 3x here
+and minus 3 y there right okay any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 3 y there right okay any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 3 y there right okay any any
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+that two con two constant would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two con two constant would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two con two constant would
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+work uh we got a lot of freedom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh we got a lot of freedom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh we got a lot of freedom here
+right I mean if I tell you W1 you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if I tell you W1 you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if I tell you W1 you could
+probably tell me what W2 had to be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell me what W2 had to be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tell me what W2 had to be right
+suppose I tell you W1 is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I tell you W1 is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I tell you W1 is X
+squ okay let's just this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay let's just this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay let's just this is like
+fun if if W1 was x s then I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun if if W1 was x s then I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun if if W1 was x s then I think you
+could probably figure out a W2 to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably figure out a W2 to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably figure out a W2 to go
+with it and what would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and what would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and what would it be
+be yeah so the the dw1 would be 2X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah so the the dw1 would be 2X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah so the the dw1 would be 2X and
+we want to get a 2X out of that so oh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get a 2X out of that so oh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get a 2X out of that so oh a
+minus so maybe minus 2xy is that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so maybe minus 2xy is that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so maybe minus 2xy is that is that
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work n plus C that's right we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work n plus C that's right we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work n plus C that's right we we've
+certainly got uh an arbitrary constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly got uh an arbitrary constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly got uh an arbitrary constant
+in both of them that's right add add if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of them that's right add add if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of them that's right add add if
+we add any two in other words we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add any two in other words we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add any two in other words we're
+struggling or moving here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling or moving here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling or moving here
+toward can you tell me all is how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward can you tell me all is how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward can you tell me all is how could
+we how could we handle all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions oh
+gosh I'm looking for a function I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh I'm looking for a function I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gosh I'm looking for a function I'm
+looking for two functions the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for two functions the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for two functions the X
+derivative of one plus the Y derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of one plus the Y derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of one plus the Y derivative
+of the other is opposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing I don't know how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here can I explain can I describe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can I explain can I describe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can I explain can I describe my
+thought as a as a way to because you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought as a as a way to because you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought as a as a way to because you see
+what I want to do now is to try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is to try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do now is to try to write
+down all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the
+solutions somehow get a handle on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions somehow get a handle on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions somehow get a handle on them
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um here here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um here here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um here here's my
+thought suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah suppose
+W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1
+was the Y derivative of something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Y derivative of something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Y derivative of something of
+some function so let me imagine there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so let me imagine there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function so let me imagine there's
+a function s so so now I'm trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function s so so now I'm trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function s so so now I'm trying to get
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions okay if I can to all solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay if I can to all solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay if I can to all solutions
+to to div W equals z this is my equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to div W equals z this is my equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to div W equals z this is my equation
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+better be sure we're know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be sure we're know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be sure we're know what we're
+doing okay I'm looking for all solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay I'm looking for all solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay I'm looking for all solutions
+okay let me start start with start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me start start with start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me start start with start with
+any okay take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any okay take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any okay take any
+function s ofx and Y let me call it s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s ofx and Y let me call it s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s ofx and Y let me call it s of
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y S of X and Y and now here's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y S of X and Y and now here's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y S of X and Y and now here's the key
+suppose let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose let
+W1 be the Y derivative of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll see why this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why this this is
+a possible way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible way to
+go what would W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what would W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go what would W2
+be what would W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so what will we have in our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so what will we have in our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so what will we have in our equation
+here we'll have dw1 DX which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll have dw1 DX which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll have dw1 DX which is
+what the is the X derivative of the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the is the X derivative of the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the is the X derivative of the Y
+derivative of x yes it's it's looking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x yes it's it's looking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of x yes it's it's looking a
+little funny but you'll see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funny but you'll see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funny but you'll see that it's
+worth it This this term would be if so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it This this term would be if so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth it This this term would be if so I
+take any function s so there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any function s so there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any function s so there's going to
+be a I'm claiming that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a I'm claiming that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a I'm claiming that there's some
+function s hiding behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s hiding behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s hiding behind this
+answer and that W1 could be the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and that W1 could be the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and that W1 could be the Y
+derivative of that function and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function and then
+what will I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will I have
+here mixed derivative I'll have the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mixed derivative I'll have the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mixed derivative I'll have the X
+derivative of the Y derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Y derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Y derivative
+okay now do you see what W2 should be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now do you see what W2 should be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now do you see what W2 should be if
+W2 I want W I want to get that mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I want W I want to get that mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I want W I want to get that mixed
+derivative with a minus sign so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with a minus sign so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with a minus sign so then
+I'll do it with yellow then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it with yellow then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do it with yellow then
+W2 I want to have the minus sign because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I want to have the minus sign because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 I want to have the minus sign because
+I want to cancel and what should W2 be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cancel and what should W2 be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cancel and what should W2 be
+minus what partial of s with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what partial of s with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what partial of s with respect to
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+perfect partial of s with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect partial of s with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect partial of s with respect to
+X great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X great
+that gives us a whole lot of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a whole lot of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a whole lot of solutions
+and in fact it gives us all of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it gives us all of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it gives us all of them in
+fact I let me just test it on one what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I let me just test it on one what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I let me just test it on one what's
+the s hiding behind here so that this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s hiding behind here so that this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s hiding behind here so that this I
+hope is the Y derivative of it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is the Y derivative of it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is the Y derivative of it so what
+is the S here X2 y because the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the S here X2 y because the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the S here X2 y because the Y
+derivative of that will be this so the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that will be this so the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that will be this so the S
+that's hiding behind is X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now if
+if our reasoning was right this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our reasoning was right this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our reasoning was right this should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+what this should be minus which is see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this should be minus which is see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this should be minus which is see
+the minus anyway the X derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus anyway the X derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus anyway the X derivative and
+the X derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X derivative is
+2xy right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xy right so that's
+my suggestion is that to if we're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my suggestion is that to if we're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my suggestion is that to if we're if
+we're focusing on the Divergence and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're focusing on the Divergence and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're focusing on the Divergence and we
+wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to
+know uh solutions to Kirk's current law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh solutions to Kirk's current law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh solutions to Kirk's current law
+in this continuous casee that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this continuous casee that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this continuous casee that they would
+come from this s and I even have a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from this s and I even have a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from this s and I even have a name
+for that s uh the stream function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that s uh the stream function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that s uh the stream function so
+somehow the stream function is uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the stream function is uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the stream function is uh is is
+a suitable name when I'm thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suitable name when I'm thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suitable name when I'm thinking of
+this flow problem I don't know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow problem I don't know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow problem I don't know what to
+call what maybe it's ISO something I bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call what maybe it's ISO something I bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call what maybe it's ISO something I bet
+it's ISO whatever ISO bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ISO whatever ISO bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ISO whatever ISO bars
+what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an
+isobar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobar in
+temperature oh it's some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature oh it's some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature oh it's some constant
+pressure hasn't got a lot to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure hasn't got a lot to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure hasn't got a lot to do with
+temperature does it ISO what is it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature does it ISO what is it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature does it ISO what is it in
+THM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ISO now now that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO now now that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO now now that isn't
+right that isn't what I because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that isn't what I because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that isn't what I because because
+the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream
+function this is I'm putting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is I'm putting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is I'm putting a lot of
+words up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words up
+here um this stream function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this stream function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this stream function
+is not the same as the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as the potential
+function s and U are not the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s and U are not the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s and U are not the same but
+boy are they like twins in some way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy are they like twins in some way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy are they like twins in some way the
+lines U equal constant what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines U equal constant what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines U equal constant what's the right
+word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for
+those equip potentials the a line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equip potentials the a line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equip potentials the a line in
+which along a curve along which U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which along a curve along which U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which along a curve along which U is a
+constant is called an equip potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is called an equip potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is called an equip potential
+the potentials equal All Along The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials equal All Along The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials equal All Along The
+Curve uh a line on which the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curve uh a line on which the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curve uh a line on which the stream
+function is a constant is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a constant is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a constant is called a
+streamline and that tells which way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline and that tells which way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline and that tells which way the
+fluid is going it's the fluid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid is going it's the fluid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid is going it's the fluid is
+traveling along streamlines if you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling along streamlines if you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling along streamlines if you drop
+a leaf in the fluid the leaf will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaf in the fluid the leaf will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leaf in the fluid the leaf will follow
+the Streamline and those will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Streamline and those will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Streamline and those will be
+perpendicular to the equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the equip
+potentials oh I'm I'm really far ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials oh I'm I'm really far ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials oh I'm I'm really far ahead
+of myself here but uh I think it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself here but uh I think it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself here but uh I think it's worth
+getting some kind of physical sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some kind of physical sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some kind of physical sense of
+what the problem is it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is it's sort of
+pleasant at least to get some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant at least to get some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant at least to get some physical
+sense which with flow is going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense which with flow is going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense which with flow is going on here
+maybe we're feeding fluid in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're feeding fluid in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're feeding fluid in here and
+it's coming out somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming out somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming out somewhere else
+whatever uh so so flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh so so flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh so so flow is
+traveling uh and if we drop a leaf in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling uh and if we drop a leaf in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling uh and if we drop a leaf in
+the flow it'll follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow it'll follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow it'll follow a
+streamline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline and
+um and if we drew the lines where U was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if we drew the lines where U was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if we drew the lines where U was
+constant it would be perpendicular so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it would be perpendicular so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it would be perpendicular so
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+that fact ought to appear out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fact ought to appear out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fact ought to appear out of this
+and and and It ultimately it will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and It ultimately it will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and It ultimately it will that
+that these curves you equal constant are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these curves you equal constant are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these curves you equal constant are
+perpendicular to the curves s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the curves s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the curves s equal
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+okay I guess I feel that we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I guess I feel that we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I guess I feel that we solve
+Divergence W equals z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence W equals z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence W equals z but
+I I don't know that I have a hang of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know that I have a hang of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't know that I have a hang of
+what that Divergence really means what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Divergence really means what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Divergence really means what
+what's what does it mean the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what does it mean the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what does it mean the Divergence
+of a of a of a vector field so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a of a vector field so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a of a vector field so I've got
+this flow field everybody's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow field everybody's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow field everybody's going
+somewhere and I compute its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and I compute its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and I compute its
+Divergence so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so I
+compute what does that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what does that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute what does that expression
+represent dw1 DX plus dw2 Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent dw1 DX plus dw2 Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent dw1 DX plus dw2 Dy
+and it's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of the
+rate yeah the rate that stuff is leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate yeah the rate that stuff is leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate yeah the rate that stuff is leaving
+the point that's really what it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that's really what it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that's really what it is the
+Divergence is the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence is the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence is the rate
+which fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fluid
+is is leaving a point right right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is leaving a point right right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is leaving a point right right and
+the reason it's we're interested in zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's we're interested in zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's we're interested in zero
+is that maybe if there's no Source term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maybe if there's no Source term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maybe if there's no Source term
+then that rate should be zero in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that rate should be zero in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that rate should be zero in that
+yeah here here's a way to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here here's a way to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here here's a way to think of it
+take a little bit of the region like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit of the region like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little bit of the region like a
+little square a little tiny Square even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little square a little tiny Square even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little square a little tiny Square even
+smaller than that one okay the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that one okay the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that one okay the so
+practically a point so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically a point so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically a point so then the
+Divergence at that point is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence at that point is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence at that point is telling us
+how much the rate at which fluid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the rate at which fluid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the rate at which fluid is
+going out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of that
+square it's going out this way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it's going out this way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it's going out this way it's
+going out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out this
+way so there's kind of a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so there's kind of a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so there's kind of a difference
+between W it's going out this way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between W it's going out this way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between W it's going out this way with
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+W1 at at at this point and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 at at at this point and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 at at at this point and it's going
+out this way with velocity n W1 but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way with velocity n W1 but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this way with velocity n W1 but at
+this point and there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and there's a difference
+between those two points so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points so there's a
+derivative of W1 that tells us how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of W1 that tells us how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of W1 that tells us how much
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out
+horizontally and then W2 is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally and then W2 is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally and then W2 is the rate of
+flow in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the vertical
+Direction and there's a flow out through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and there's a flow out through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and there's a flow out through
+the top and a flow this way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and a flow this way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and a flow this way which is
+going to be almost equal and opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be almost equal and opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be almost equal and opposite
+but slightly different B Bas on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but slightly different B Bas on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but slightly different B Bas on the
+difference in inside there which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in inside there which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in inside there which is in
+the Continuum case is going to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Continuum case is going to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Continuum case is going to go to a
+derivative so do you I never said these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so do you I never said these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so do you I never said these
+words before but I I'm sort of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words before but I I'm sort of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words before but I I'm sort of seeing
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+this for flow out of that little square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for flow out of that little square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for flow out of that little square
+that it's essentially the Divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's essentially the Divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's essentially the Divergence of
+w the X derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w the X derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w the X derivative of
+W1 plus the Y derivative of W2 probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 plus the Y derivative of W2 probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 plus the Y derivative of W2 probably
+divided by the area of the Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the area of the Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the area of the Square
+because uh or or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh or or something yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh or or something yeah
+yeah so that's that's how I interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's how I interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's how I interpret
+Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+gradient is is uh well we have a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is is uh well we have a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is is uh well we have a sense
+of what the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the gradient
+means and uh so if I give you a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh so if I give you a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh so if I give you a function
+U you could tell me it's now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you could tell me it's now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you could tell me it's now I'm
+focusing for a moment on gradient what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing for a moment on gradient what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing for a moment on gradient what's
+the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of
+that uh so what does it mean so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so what does it mean so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so what does it mean so I have a
+let's think about the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the meaning of
+gradient so I'm I'm starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so I'm I'm starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so I'm I'm starting with a
+function U of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of X and
+Y let's take think of its graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y let's take think of its graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y let's take think of its graph so
+what's the graph of U of X and Y so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the graph of U of X and Y so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the graph of U of X and Y so now
+I'm I'm I'm turning to the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm turning to the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm turning to the meaning of
+gradient and uh applying it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and uh applying it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and uh applying it to a
+function U okay so let's let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U okay so let's let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U okay so let's let's try to
+hang on to gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on to gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on to gradient
+because of course it's the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course it's the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course it's the Divergence
+and the gradient that enter the ples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gradient that enter the ples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gradient that enter the ples
+equation this is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is this thing
+is just exactly this is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just exactly this is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just exactly this is minus the
+Divergence of the grade because C is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of the grade because C is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of the grade because C is one
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+U that's the by the way why the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign well you could say because it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign well you could say because it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign well you could say because it came
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose and I mean another way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I mean another way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I mean another way to say
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is it's the minus sign that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the minus sign that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the minus sign that makes the
+thing positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing positive
+definite right it's the minus sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite right it's the minus sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite right it's the minus sign the
+minus sign has to be in there to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign has to be in there to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign has to be in there to make a
+transpose a appear and and produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a appear and and produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a appear and and produce the
+thing so so it's minus it's this Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so so it's minus it's this Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so so it's minus it's this Min
+with this minus sign that I that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this minus sign that I that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this minus sign that I that this
+Lan is positive definite thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan is positive definite thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lan is positive definite thing right
+yeah yeah so so in a way I guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so in a way I guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so in a way I guess what
+I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is
+derivative d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative d by
+DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-symmetric DC by dx2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric DC by dx2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric DC by dx2 which is
+twice squared it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice squared it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice squared it is
+symmetric but negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definite and only if I put in the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and only if I put in the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and only if I put in the minus
+sign there can I change that to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there can I change that to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there can I change that to positive
+definite because then it's then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite because then it's then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite because then it's then it's a
+transpose a if this is a then this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a if this is a then this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a if this is a then this is a
+transpose a minus sign included okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a minus sign included okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a minus sign included okay
+yeah is this the sameus sign that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is this the sameus sign that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is this the sameus sign that comes
+from going down uh maybe I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going down uh maybe I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going down uh maybe I don't know if
+it is yeah I I don't know this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yeah I I don't know this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yeah I I don't know this is it
+somehow in a way it's the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in a way it's the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in a way it's the minus sign
+that we when I when I kept having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we when I when I kept having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we when I when I kept having these
+matrices and you haven't seen the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you haven't seen the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you haven't seen the last
+of them uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing yeah I was going to pause and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah I was going to pause and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah I was going to pause and ask
+you about that what's what what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about that what's what what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about that what's what what do you
+think of when you see minus1 to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of when you see minus1 to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of when you see minus1 to minus
+one applying applying to some u in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one applying applying to some u in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one applying applying to some u in other
+words when you see something like minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words when you see something like minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words when you see something like minus
+un n + 1 plus 2 unu n's minus a u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un n + 1 plus 2 unu n's minus a u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un n + 1 plus 2 unu n's minus a u n
+minus one what what comes to mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one what what comes to mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one what what comes to mind when
+you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination it's a it's a sort of a yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination it's a it's a sort of a yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination it's a it's a sort of a yeah
+it's a it's like a second derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's like a second derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's like a second derivative so
+it's a second difference it's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second difference it's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second difference it's a second
+difference it's the difference of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's the difference of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's the difference of a
+difference of course it came from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of course it came from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of course it came from a
+transpose a and but normally the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and but normally the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and but normally the second
+differ difference of something would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ difference of something would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ difference of something would
+have this opposite signs this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this opposite signs this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this opposite signs this is this is
+minus a second difference just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a second difference just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a second difference just the way
+this should was minus a derivative so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should was minus a derivative so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should was minus a derivative so I
+think maybe that's where this minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe that's where this minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe that's where this minus sign
+is coming in it's it's coming from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming in it's it's coming from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming in it's it's coming from a
+transpose because we can't help it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because we can't help it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because we can't help it so
+this this is this is this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference of of these you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of of these you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of of these you know I'm
+taking not just like the slope U at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking not just like the slope U at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking not just like the slope U at the
+new Point minus U at the old but U at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Point minus U at the old but U at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Point minus U at the old but U at
+the new minus U at the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new minus U at the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new minus U at the old
+minus U at the old minus U at the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U at the old minus U at the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U at the old minus U at the older
+in other words difference of differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words difference of differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words difference of differences
+second difference is producing this 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference is producing this 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference is producing this 1
+minus 21 and then I reversed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 21 and then I reversed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 21 and then I reversed all the
+signs because transposing made me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs because transposing made me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs because transposing made me do it
+and of course it produced the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it produced the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it produced the positive
+twos on the diagonal and and made things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos on the diagonal and and made things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos on the diagonal and and made things
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite okay so that's yeah other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so that's yeah other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite okay so that's yeah other other
+thoughts about signs and so on now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about signs and so on now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about signs and so on now I
+guess what I okay uh if you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I okay uh if you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I okay uh if you're willing
+to hang on for one more minute were we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang on for one more minute were we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hang on for one more minute were we
+going to do something to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something to say something
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+gradient yeah just just just to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient yeah just just just to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient yeah just just just to get a
+hang of gradient well I made some space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang of gradient well I made some space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang of gradient well I made some space
+and then I used it so let me uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I used it so let me uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I used it so let me uh make
+this is the absolute last corner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the absolute last corner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the absolute last corner of the
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I just wanted to get to to uh the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wanted to get to to uh the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wanted to get to to uh the idea
+of GRA of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient okay gradient of U okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient okay gradient of U okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient okay gradient of U okay so
+what's the idea of U well let me try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea of U well let me try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea of U well let me try to
+graph here is X here's y if I graph U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here is X here's y if I graph U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here is X here's y if I graph U of
+X and Y I get some surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right maybe I'm climbing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right maybe I'm climbing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right maybe I'm climbing a
+hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill
+right so the surface think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the surface think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the surface think of that
+surface beautiful art there as uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface beautiful art there as uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface beautiful art there as uh like
+uh a hill okay and now I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a hill okay and now I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a hill okay and now I take a
+particular point in the base XY I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in the base XY I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in the base XY I look
+at that point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point on the
+hill so that's that's that's going up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill so that's that's that's going up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill so that's that's that's going up to
+the point on the hill that's that's U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point on the hill that's that's U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point on the hill that's that's U of
+X and Y right there that height is U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y right there that height is U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y right there that height is U of
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+Y what's the gradient what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what's the gradient what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what's the gradient what what what
+what what do I what picture do I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do I what picture do I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do I what picture do I have in
+mind when I speak about when I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when I speak about when I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when I speak about when I talk
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+gradient so the gradient well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so the gradient well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so the gradient well the
+gradient is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is a
+vector yeah the gradient is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector yeah the gradient is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector yeah the gradient is a vector
+well which way does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which way does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which way does it
+point the steepest right the gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the steepest right the gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the steepest right the gradient so
+if I if I'm going to try to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I'm going to try to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I'm going to try to interpret
+this whole vector and not just its two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole vector and not just its two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole vector and not just its two
+pieces which I would certainly want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which I would certainly want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which I would certainly want to
+do the gradient is is points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the gradient is is points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the gradient is is points in the
+steepest Direction like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest Direction like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest Direction like
+that if that's does that look to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that's does that look to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if that's does that look to your
+eye like up the hill right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye like up the hill right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye like up the hill right and the
+magnitude of the gradient is like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient is like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient is like how
+hard it is to go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is to go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is to go straight
+up uh how hard is it to go in just uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh how hard is it to go in just uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh how hard is it to go in just uh to
+stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in
+uh uh a direction say a where Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a direction say a where Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a direction say a where Y is
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah what am I trying to do here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what am I trying to do here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what am I trying to do here I'm
+trying to say the gradient is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say the gradient is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say the gradient is a vector
+it not only tells us like how steep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not only tells us like how steep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not only tells us like how steep the
+hill is in the steepest Direction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill is in the steepest Direction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill is in the steepest Direction it
+tells us how steep it is in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how steep it is in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how steep it is in every
+direction how how do we find out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction how how do we find out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction how how do we find out how
+steep suppose you want to walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep suppose you want to walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep suppose you want to walk in
+another Direction not so not not such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction not so not not such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction not so not not such
+hard work so so climbing more slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work so so climbing more slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work so so climbing more slowly
+you're suppose you take so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suppose you take so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're suppose you take so so the
+derivative the directional derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the directional derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the directional derivative
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional
+derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of
+U of our of our surface in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of our of our surface in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of our of our surface in some
+direction now I guess I have to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now I guess I have to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now I guess I have to tell you
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+direction what should we use for well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what should we use for well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction what should we use for well
+okay so tell me in words if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tell me in words if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tell me in words if I wanted to
+travel in a different direction suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in a different direction suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in a different direction suppose
+I wanted to travel in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to travel in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to travel in the direction
+opposite to the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite to the gradient
+what would the direction opposite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the direction opposite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the direction opposite to the
+the steepest then what am I doing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest then what am I doing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest then what am I doing it's
+it's as negative as possible and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as negative as possible and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as negative as possible and if I
+travel in some other direction it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in some other direction it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel in some other direction it's in
+between and and what is that in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and and what is that in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and and what is that in between
+number I'm somehow projecting or taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm somehow projecting or taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm somehow projecting or taking
+an inner product or something I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product or something I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inner product or something I'm taking
+the component of the gradient in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of the gradient in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component of the gradient in the
+direction I'm going right that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm going right that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm going right that's a good
+way to look at it it it's a DOT it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it it it's a DOT it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to look at it it it's a DOT it'll be
+a DOT product it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DOT product it'll be
+a because it'll be the gradient which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because it'll be the gradient which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because it'll be the gradient which is
+the steepest dotted with the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest dotted with the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest dotted with the direction
+what am what letter should I use for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am what letter should I use for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am what letter should I use for a
+direction I hesitate to well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I hesitate to well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I hesitate to well just
+Direction I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I'll write it
+out unit say a unit Vector in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out unit say a unit Vector in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out unit say a unit Vector in in the
+direction a unit Direction Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a unit Direction Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a unit Direction Vector
+okay so the absolute steepest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the absolute steepest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the absolute steepest the
+biggest I can make this is for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest I can make this is for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest I can make this is for that
+direction Vector to be to be lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction Vector to be to be lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction Vector to be to be lined up
+with grad U to climb the hill as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with grad U to climb the hill as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with grad U to climb the hill as fast as
+I could and then this would be unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could and then this would be unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could and then this would be unit
+Vector the cosine would be one between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the cosine would be one between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the cosine would be one between
+them and I would get the gradient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I would get the gradient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I would get the gradient the
+magnitude as the steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as the steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude as the steepest
+way the opposite direction I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the opposite direction I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the opposite direction I would get
+minus and what direction would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and what direction would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and what direction would I
+climb would I would I be staying level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb would I would I be staying level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb would I would I be staying level
+so what's my level Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my level Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my level Direction
+when the dotproduct is zero right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the dotproduct is zero right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the dotproduct is zero right and so
+that that would mean what I'm I'm in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would mean what I'm I'm in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would mean what I'm I'm in I
+don't go in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go in the direction of the
+gradient and what direction do I go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and what direction do I go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and what direction do I go you
+said it just say it again I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it just say it again I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it just say it again I go
+orthogonal to it if I travel orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to it if I travel orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to it if I travel orthogonal
+to the gradient then I'm on an equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient then I'm on an equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient then I'm on an equip
+potential do you see it's connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential do you see it's connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential do you see it's connecting
+with what I was saying before the equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I was saying before the equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I was saying before the equip
+potentials will be oh God what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials will be oh God what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials will be oh God what what
+looks like equip potential on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like equip potential on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like equip potential on that
+I don't know somehow this is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know somehow this is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know somehow this is supposed to
+be not climbing just you know having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not climbing just you know having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not climbing just you know having a
+pleasant hike uh by staying uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant hike uh by staying uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant hike uh by staying uh at the
+same so this is an equal potential U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is an equal potential U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is an equal potential U
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+constant I don't know if you if your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I don't know if you if your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I don't know if you if your eye
+is saying that this that should be perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that this that should be perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that this that should be perp
+that should be a right angle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a right angle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a right angle there
+that's the steepest way so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the steepest way so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the steepest way so that's the
+Streamline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streamline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streamline
+okay the analogy there the Streamline is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the analogy there the Streamline is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the analogy there the Streamline is
+the the the leaf is traveling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the leaf is traveling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the leaf is traveling in the
+direction of uh uh fastest CH in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of uh uh fastest CH in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of uh uh fastest CH in the
+direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the
+gradient that's what this produces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's what this produces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient that's what this produces this
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity so the streamlines are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so the streamlines are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so the streamlines are those
+guys so yeah so suppose I'm on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so yeah so suppose I'm on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so yeah so suppose I'm on a
+mountain and I spill uh the water I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and I spill uh the water I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and I spill uh the water I
+carried up to drink or something okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried up to drink or something okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried up to drink or something okay so
+what where does that how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where does that how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where does that how does that
+travel down the mountain or it rains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel down the mountain or it rains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel down the mountain or it rains
+that's that's more realistic right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's more realistic right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's more realistic right okay
+so it rains at the top of the mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it rains at the top of the mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it rains at the top of the mountain
+then how does the water travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does the water travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how does the water travel
+downwards it down the gradient right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards it down the gradient right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards it down the gradient right so
+the those little um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those little um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those little um um
+erosion uh gullies are in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion uh gullies are in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion uh gullies are in the direction
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so that's the
+Streamline and perpendicular to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streamline and perpendicular to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streamline and perpendicular to them
+would be uh a line of equal potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh a line of equal potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh a line of equal potential
+right okay okay so in other words I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay okay so in other words I yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay okay so in other words I yeah
+equip potential I would cut this Surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potential I would cut this Surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potential I would cut this Surface
+by a horizontal and it'll cut it in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a horizontal and it'll cut it in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a horizontal and it'll cut it in an
+equip potential because horizontal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potential because horizontal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potential because horizontal plane
+would be U equal constant so it'll cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be U equal constant so it'll cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be U equal constant so it'll cut
+the surface in some curve that'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in some curve that'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in some curve that'll be the
+equip potential curve and at every level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potential curve and at every level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equip potential curve and at every level
+I get a different equip potential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a different equip potential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a different equip potential curve
+so my I I really see the whole region as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my I I really see the whole region as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my I I really see the whole region as
+made up of these equip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of these equip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of these equip
+potentials yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials yeah
+I'll when I come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll when I come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll when I come back to
+uh this topic we'll see that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this topic we'll see that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this topic we'll see that in this
+region will be some equip potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region will be some equip potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region will be some equip potentials
+curves and perpendicular to those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and perpendicular to those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and perpendicular to those are
+the streamlines it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streamlines it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streamlines it's quite
+beautiful and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and and
+uh and so these functions U of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so these functions U of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so these functions U of X and Y
+that give the give the potential and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give the give the potential and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give the give the potential and S
+of X and Y that gives the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y that gives the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y that gives the stream
+function are are are somehow quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are are are somehow quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are are are somehow quite uh
+beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully
+related okay I think uh that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related okay I think uh that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related okay I think uh that's probably
+all we can do for laos's equation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can do for laos's equation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we can do for laos's equation what
+we didn't do was solve it and uh that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do was solve it and uh that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't do was solve it and uh that'll
+take a little while okay see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little while okay see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little while okay see you next
+Thursday than
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I5yQgNyBYb8.txt b/I5yQgNyBYb8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e48bed595c3a62eab26c81bd2131e4e7c2394e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I5yQgNyBYb8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in this video we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this video we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this video we'll talk about the
+nuclear shell model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear shell model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear shell model
+we've already seen an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen an interesting
+empirical model to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical model to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical model to describe
+nuclear binding energies the liquid drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear binding energies the liquid drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear binding energies the liquid drop
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+but it comes short in the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes short in the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes short in the description of
+all aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aspects
+of the nucleus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus so
+let's see what we can find here first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we can find here first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we can find here first of
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+you probably remember shell models from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably remember shell models from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably remember shell models from
+atomic physics and gel models are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic physics and gel models are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic physics and gel models are very
+successful in describing hydrogen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in describing hydrogen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in describing hydrogen for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+the question is can this also work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can this also work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can this also work for
+the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus
+after all the nucleus is a many body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the nucleus is a many body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the nucleus is a many body
+system right compared to hydrogen where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right compared to hydrogen where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right compared to hydrogen where
+you have a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a proton
+and an electron circling around there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an electron circling around there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an electron circling around there's
+no analytic solutions like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no analytic solutions like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no analytic solutions like the
+schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+there is no dominant center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no dominant center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no dominant center for
+long-range force like the proton has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range force like the proton has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range force like the proton has
+been the dominant center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the dominant center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the dominant center
+um and short-range force forces with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and short-range force forces with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and short-range force forces with
+many pairs of inter we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pairs of inter we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pairs of inter we have
+short-range range forces with many pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range range forces with many pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range range forces with many pairs
+of interacting and that can continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interacting and that can continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interacting and that can continue the
+list of difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of difficulties
+on the other hand the interactions kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the interactions kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the interactions kind
+of average out and result in a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of average out and result in a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of average out and result in a potential
+which depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends
+only on the position but not on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the position but not on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on the position but not on the time
+timing of the nucleus and that leads us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of the nucleus and that leads us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing of the nucleus and that leads us
+then to what we call a nuclear mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to what we call a nuclear mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to what we call a nuclear mean
+field so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so on
+average our proton and our neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average our proton and our neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average our proton and our neutron
+inside the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the nucleus
+sees a specific potential and we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a specific potential and we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a specific potential and we can use
+that then parameterize this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then parameterize this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then parameterize this potential
+with a harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a harmonic oscillator
+and you know use that model then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know use that model then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know use that model then in
+order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+describe our nucleus so this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our nucleus so this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our nucleus so this works
+actually surprisingly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprisingly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprisingly well
+but before we go there we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we go there we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we go there we look at
+experimental evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence for
+closed nuclear shells so again here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed nuclear shells so again here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed nuclear shells so again here's
+our plot of the binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plot of the binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plot of the binding energy
+and you see that there is those areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that there is those areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that there is those areas
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+there seem to be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seem to be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seem to be some sort of
+higher binding energies and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher binding energies and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher binding energies and it turns out
+those happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those happen at
+so-called magic numbers imagine numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called magic numbers imagine numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called magic numbers imagine numbers
+are 2 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2 8
+20 28 50 126
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 28 50 126
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 28 50 126
+um so the question now is how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the question now is how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the question now is how can we
+explain this where does this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again the experimental evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the experimental evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the experimental evidence is
+numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous
+we find that the number of stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the number of stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the number of stable
+isotopes or isotones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes or isotones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes or isotones
+is significantly higher for nuclei with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly higher for nuclei with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is significantly higher for nuclei with
+a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton
+or neutron or both numbers equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or neutron or both numbers equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or neutron or both numbers equal to one
+of those magic numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those magic numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those magic numbers
+the nuclear capture cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear capture cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear capture cross section
+meaning the the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the the likelihood
+to capture a proton or neutron are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture a proton or neutron are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture a proton or neutron are high
+for nucleoids where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleoids where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nucleoids where
+exactly one nucleon is missing from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one nucleon is missing from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one nucleon is missing from a
+magic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic number
+but it's significantly lower for nucleis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's significantly lower for nucleis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's significantly lower for nucleis
+with numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers
+of this number of nucleons equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number of nucleons equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number of nucleons equal to the
+magic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic number
+meaning that there is this concept of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there is this concept of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there is this concept of a
+closed shelf you either just add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed shelf you either just add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed shelf you either just add a
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+to close it or we have to pay a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close it or we have to pay a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close it or we have to pay a higher
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+the energy of excited states for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of excited states for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of excited states for nuclear
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+with a proton or neutron number equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton or neutron number equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton or neutron number equal to
+the magic number are significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic number are significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic number are significantly
+higher than for other nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than for other nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than for other nuclei
+so this are all experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this are all experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this are all experimental
+observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations
+and the excitation probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the excitation probabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the excitation probabilities of the
+first excited states are low for nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excited states are low for nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excited states are low for nuclei
+with a proton or neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton or neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proton or neutron
+or both numbers equal to the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both numbers equal to the magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both numbers equal to the magic
+minerals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals
+quadrupole moments we haven't discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole moments we haven't discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrupole moments we haven't discussed
+those at length but you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those at length but you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those at length but you can think about
+them as deformations of the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as deformations of the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as deformations of the nuclei
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+they almost vanish for nucleus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they almost vanish for nucleus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they almost vanish for nucleus with
+proton or neutral numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or neutral numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or neutral numbers
+equal to the magic numbers so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the magic numbers so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the magic numbers so those are
+more kind of theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of theory
+kind of objects uh here's a plot which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of objects uh here's a plot which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of objects uh here's a plot which
+shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows
+or points out the double magic numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or points out the double magic numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or points out the double magic numbers
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+those are nucleus where both the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are nucleus where both the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are nucleus where both the proton
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and the neutron number are lying on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neutron number are lying on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neutron number are lying on the
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+on the magic number so calcium here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the magic number so calcium here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the magic number so calcium here has
+two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those
+um with 20 protons and 20 neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with 20 protons and 20 neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with 20 protons and 20 neutrons
+or 20 protons and 28 neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 protons and 28 neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 protons and 28 neutrons
+and there's others those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's others those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's others those are
+specifically interesting interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically interesting interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically interesting interesting
+objects of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of research
+there was some historic confusion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some historic confusion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some historic confusion in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and it came from the fact that while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came from the fact that while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came from the fact that while the
+experimental data pointed to nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data pointed to nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data pointed to nuclear
+magic numbers of 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic numbers of 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic numbers of 22
+8 20 28 50 and under 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 20 28 50 and under 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 20 28 50 and under 26
+if you just think about a flat bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just think about a flat bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just think about a flat bottom
+potential just a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential just a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential just a flat
+potential um you find magic numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential um you find magic numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential um you find magic numbers
+which are 2a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are 2a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are 2a
+20 40 70 and 112 and those are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 40 70 and 112 and those are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 40 70 and 112 and those are typically
+not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+agreement so therefore you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement so therefore you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement so therefore you know
+it seemed like that this shell model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like that this shell model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed like that this shell model
+kind of worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worked
+but not really we found agreement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not really we found agreement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not really we found agreement here
+but then disagreement in the higher part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then disagreement in the higher part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then disagreement in the higher part
+of the magic numbers so something was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magic numbers so something was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magic numbers so something was
+missing and so what was missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and so what was missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and so what was missing
+was the spin orbit part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the spin orbit part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the spin orbit part of the
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+we alluded to this in the nuclear force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we alluded to this in the nuclear force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we alluded to this in the nuclear force
+what you have to do is beyond a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is beyond a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is beyond a
+three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator
+you have to add the spin-orbit complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add the spin-orbit complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add the spin-orbit complex
+to your hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your hamiltonian
+and when you do that you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you change the
+orbit such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit such that
+the magic numbers agree with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic numbers agree with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic numbers agree with the
+experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+data so you see here the potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you see here the potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you see here the potentials
+for proton which has also the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proton which has also the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proton which has also the column
+repulsion added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion added
+and the nuclear potential and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nuclear potential and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nuclear potential and then you
+see that you know the spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know the spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know the spin orbit
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+slightly changes the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly changes the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly changes the potential
+all right as a comparison here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as a comparison here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as a comparison here the
+nuclear and atomic shell models just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and atomic shell models just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear and atomic shell models just for
+an example and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and you see
+we call them shells because you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them shells because you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them shells because you know we
+see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the
+you see that the energy gaps between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the energy gaps between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the energy gaps between
+individual shells are quite large much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual shells are quite large much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual shells are quite large much
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+um than than within the shell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than than within the shell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than than within the shell and the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+this is for the atomic model and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the atomic model and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the atomic model and for the
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+you see very similar so it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see very similar so it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see very similar so it's not that
+extended but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended but still
+larger gaps and energy when you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger gaps and energy when you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger gaps and energy when you go from
+one stage
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/I9u15zdgJvI.txt b/I9u15zdgJvI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26b67977d30e6a2adf959d82c0102f407d6ede07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/I9u15zdgJvI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hi as you recall last time we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi as you recall last time we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi as you recall last time we developed
+the discreet time forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discreet time forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discreet time forier
+transform and one of the issues that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and one of the issues that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and one of the issues that I
+alluded to although I didn't say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to although I didn't say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to although I didn't say it
+explicitly is that the forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly is that the forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly is that the forier transform
+doesn't exist for all sequences in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist for all sequences in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist for all sequences in fact
+as we'll see today one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see today one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see today one of the
+difficulties is the issue of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties is the issue of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties is the issue of convergence
+that is the forier transform doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the forier transform doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the forier transform doesn't
+converge for all sequences and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge for all sequences and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge for all sequences and to get
+around this we'll generalize the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this we'll generalize the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this we'll generalize the notion
+of the forier transform as we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier transform as we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier transform as we introduced
+it last time to what's called called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time to what's called called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time to what's called called the
+Z transform the Z transform being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform the Z transform being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform the Z transform being the
+discrete time counterpart of the llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time counterpart of the llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time counterpart of the llas
+transform for continuous time systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform for continuous time systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform for continuous time systems
+well let me Begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me Begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me Begin by
+examining uh just a little this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining uh just a little this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining uh just a little this issue of
+convergence we have here the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we have here the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we have here the forier
+transform relationship as we developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform relationship as we developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform relationship as we developed
+it last time x of e to the J Omega given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time x of e to the J Omega given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it last time x of e to the J Omega given
+by the sum of X of n * eus J Omega n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sum of X of n * eus J Omega n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sum of X of n * eus J Omega n and
+as we discussed the 4A transform last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed the 4A transform last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed the 4A transform last
+time we assumed that the sum was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we assumed that the sum was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we assumed that the sum was
+convergent and or at least we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and or at least we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent and or at least we didn't
+particularly raise the issue as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly raise the issue as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly raise the issue as to
+whether it is or isn't well we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is or isn't well we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is or isn't well we can look
+at the magnitude of X or equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the magnitude of X or equivalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the magnitude of X or equivalently
+the magnitude of this sum and ask under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of this sum and ask under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of this sum and ask under
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+conditions this sum will converge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this sum will converge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this sum will converge that
+is under what conditions will this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under what conditions will this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under what conditions will this sum
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+finite well here we have the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite well here we have the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite well here we have the magnitude
+of a sum of things from What's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of things from What's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum of things from What's called
+the triangle inequality or uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality or uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle inequality or uh you can
+just kind of imagine that this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of imagine that this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of imagine that this is true
+from common sense is that the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from common sense is that the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from common sense is that the magnitude
+of a sum has to be less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum has to be less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sum has to be less than or equal to
+the sum of the magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the magnitudes
+so the magnitude of this sum has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the magnitude of this sum has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the magnitude of this sum has to be
+less than or equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the sum of the
+magnitude of X of n e to minus J Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of X of n e to minus J Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of X of n e to minus J Omega n
+the magnitude of a product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a product is the
+product of the magnitudes of course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the magnitudes of course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the magnitudes of course so
+this says that the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that the magnitude of the
+forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+transform has to be less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform has to be less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform has to be less than or equal
+to the sum of the magnitude of X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of the magnitude of X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum of the magnitude of X of n
+times the magnitude of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the magnitude of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the magnitude of the complex
+exponential e to the minus J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the minus J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the minus J Omega
+n well this of course we can't say a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well this of course we can't say a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well this of course we can't say a lot
+about this we can recognize as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we can recognize as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we can recognize as
+Unity it's a complex exponential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity it's a complex exponential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity it's a complex exponential the
+magnitude of a complex exponential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a complex exponential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a complex exponential is
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+consequently the magnitude of the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the magnitude of the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the magnitude of the 4A
+transform is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is less than or equal to the
+sum of the magnitudes of x of n summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the magnitudes of x of n summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the magnitudes of x of n summed
+over minus infinity Nal minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over minus infinity Nal minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over minus infinity Nal minus infinity
+to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus
+infinity well that tells us then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity well that tells us then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity well that tells us then that
+the 4A transform will converge converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform will converge converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform will converge converge
+meaning that the sum ends up finite if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the sum ends up finite if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the sum ends up finite if
+this converges that is certainly if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges that is certainly if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges that is certainly if this
+sum is finite then X magnitude of X of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is finite then X magnitude of X of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is finite then X magnitude of X of V
+to the J Omega is finite so we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega is finite so we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega is finite so we can say
+that X of e to the J Omega the 4H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of e to the J Omega the 4H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of e to the J Omega the 4H
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+converges if the sum of the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if the sum of the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if the sum of the magnitude of
+X of n is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n is less than
+infinity well this is a condition that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity well this is a condition that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity well this is a condition that's
+commonly referred to as absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly referred to as absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly referred to as absolutely
+summable the condition is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable the condition is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable the condition is that the
+sequence X of n be absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of n be absolutely summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of n be absolutely summable
+the way we've gone through this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've gone through this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we've gone through this the
+statement is that if x of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that if x of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that if x of n is
+absolutely summable then the 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable then the 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable then the 4 a
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+converges under some sorts of conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges under some sorts of conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges under some sorts of conditions
+and depending on how you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how you interpret
+convergence this can be modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this can be modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this can be modified
+somewhat but basically and that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat but basically and that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat but basically and that in fact
+is discussed in some detail in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discussed in some detail in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discussed in some detail in the
+text but basically the condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text but basically the condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text but basically the condition for
+convergence of the fora transform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the fora transform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the fora transform is
+that the sequence whose fora transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence whose fora transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence whose fora transform
+we're talking about be absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about be absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about be absolutely
+summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we've seen a sum like this someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've seen a sum like this someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've seen a sum like this someplace
+else in fact a couple of lectures ago we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in fact a couple of lectures ago we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in fact a couple of lectures ago we
+talked about stability of discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stability of discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about stability of discrete time
+systems and the statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and the statement about
+stability was that the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability was that the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability was that the unit sample
+response of the system be absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system be absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system be absolutely
+summable that was that is or was that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable that was that is or was that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable that was that is or was that if
+the unit sample response is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response is absolutely
+summable then the system is stable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable then the system is stable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable then the system is stable so
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+conclusion which you should tuck away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which you should tuck away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which you should tuck away
+for now and we'll be bringing into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and we'll be bringing into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and we'll be bringing into play
+later on in this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in this lecture is
+that a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a stable
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+implies that the system fun uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the system fun uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the system fun uh the the
+frequency response or the fora transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response or the fora transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response or the fora transform
+of the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample response
+converges so this is Convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so this is Convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so this is Convergence
+then and we can look at a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and we can look at a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and we can look at a couple of
+examples just to see uh how this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples just to see uh how this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples just to see uh how this looks
+in some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some specific
+cases let's first of all take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's first of all take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases let's first of all take the
+example of the sequence X of N is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the sequence X of N is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the sequence X of N is a half
+to the n u of n is an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n u of n is an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n u of n is an exponential
+sequence which is zero for n less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is zero for n less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is zero for n less than
+zero because of the unit step it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because of the unit step it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because of the unit step it's
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+decaying uh for n greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying uh for n greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying uh for n greater than
+zero if we sum the magnitude of X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if we sum the magnitude of X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if we sum the magnitude of X of n
+from minus infinity to plus infinity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to plus infinity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to plus infinity we
+get that the magnitude the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the magnitude the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the magnitude the sum of the
+magnitude of X of n is equal to two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of X of n is equal to two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of X of n is equal to two well
+uh this is something a type of sum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is something a type of sum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is something a type of sum that
+hopefully you're familiar with carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're familiar with carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're familiar with carrying
+out uh in any case what we're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh in any case what we're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh in any case what we're summing
+here is the series 1 a half quarter an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the series 1 a half quarter an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the series 1 a half quarter an
+eighth Etc that sums to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth Etc that sums to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth Etc that sums to two
+so we can say that for this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that for this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that for this sequence
+certainly the forier transform converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the forier transform converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the forier transform converges
+it's perfectly well behaved sequence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly well behaved sequence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly well behaved sequence the
+forier transform converges we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform converges we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform converges we can
+compute the forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the forier transform
+Etc well another sequence we can try is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc well another sequence we can try is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc well another sequence we can try is
+the sequence X of n = 2 to the N time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence X of n = 2 to the N time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence X of n = 2 to the N time a
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+step well if we just think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well if we just think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well if we just think about the
+values that we have at Nal 0 we have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that we have at Nal 0 we have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that we have at Nal 0 we have 1
+at Nal 1 we have 2 at Nal 2 we have 4 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Nal 1 we have 2 at Nal 2 we have 4 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Nal 1 we have 2 at Nal 2 we have 4 at
+Nal 3 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 3 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 3 we have
+8 and obviously then the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and obviously then the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and obviously then the sum of the
+absolute values of X of n for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values of X of n for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values of X of n for that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence diverges that is the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence diverges that is the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence diverges that is the sum is
+infinite so here's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so here's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so here's an example of a
+sequence which for which the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which for which the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which for which the fora
+transform doesn't converge in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform doesn't converge in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform doesn't converge in other
+words the fora trans form for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the fora trans form for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the fora trans form for this
+sequence doesn't exist and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence doesn't exist and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence doesn't exist and you can
+imagine the generalization here that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the generalization here that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the generalization here that if
+we talk about a sequence which decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a sequence which decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a sequence which decays
+exponentially by the way in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially by the way in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially by the way in either
+direction negative n or positive n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction negative n or positive n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction negative n or positive n then
+the fora transform will exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform will exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform will exist
+whereas if it's an exponential sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's an exponential sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's an exponential sequence
+that grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grows
+exponentially then the fora transform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially then the fora transform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially then the fora transform is
+not going to exist or is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to exist or is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to exist or is not going to
+converge well what do we do about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge well what do we do about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge well what do we do about that
+there is a way around it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way around it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way around it by
+essentially using the AR artifice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially using the AR artifice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially using the AR artifice of
+multiplying a sequence that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a sequence that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a sequence that doesn't
+converge or say that grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge or say that grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge or say that grows
+exponentially by a decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially by a decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially by a decaying exponential
+and making the Decay on the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making the Decay on the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making the Decay on the exponential
+fast enough so that the product has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough so that the product has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough so that the product has a
+forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier
+transform that is we can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that is we can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that is we can talk about the
+forier transform in general not of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform in general not of X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform in general not of X of
+n but of X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but of X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but of X of n
+multiplied by a sequence R to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a sequence R to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a sequence R to the minus
+n which for which we pick R so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which for which we pick R so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which for which we pick R so that the
+product of these two is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two is absolutely
+summable and since we've introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable and since we've introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable and since we've introduced
+another parameter R then the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another parameter R then the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another parameter R then the fora
+transform of x n * Rus n we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of x n * Rus n we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of x n * Rus n we don't want
+to call X of e j Omega let's for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call X of e j Omega let's for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call X of e j Omega let's for now
+think of it as X subr time e to J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as X subr time e to J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as X subr time e to J Omega
+the r denoting the complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r denoting the complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r denoting the complex exponential
+that we're multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're multiplying
+by and then of course for some values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and then of course for some values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and then of course for some values of
+R this sum is going to converge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this sum is going to converge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R this sum is going to converge for
+other values of R this sum is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values of R this sum is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values of R this sum is not going
+to converge for example if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge for example if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge for example if we look at
+our example two Here If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example two Here If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example two Here If I
+multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this
+sequence by a decaying exponential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence by a decaying exponential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence by a decaying exponential that
+decays fast enough so that the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays fast enough so that the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays fast enough so that the product
+decays and what do I have to multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and what do I have to multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays and what do I have to multiply it
+by I have to multiply it by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I have to multiply it by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I have to multiply it by something
+that decays faster than a half to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decays faster than a half to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decays faster than a half to the N
+so if I stick in here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I stick in here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I stick in here an
+r that is greater than two two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r that is greater than two two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r that is greater than two two because
+there's a minus sign here R to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus sign here R to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus sign here R to the minus
+n then I'll end up with for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then I'll end up with for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then I'll end up with for this
+sequence with a sum here that converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence with a sum here that converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence with a sum here that converges
+so for this example if R any choice of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this example if R any choice of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this example if R any choice of R
+greater than two this sum is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two this sum is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two this sum is going to
+converge and I can talk about X of R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and I can talk about X of R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge and I can talk about X of R of
+e to the J Omega so that's the idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Omega so that's the idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the J Omega so that's the idea the
+idea is to multiply by an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to multiply by an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to multiply by an exponential
+that decays fast than enough or doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decays fast than enough or doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decays fast than enough or doesn't
+grow so fast that the product X of n * R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so fast that the product X of n * R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so fast that the product X of n * R
+Theus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus n
+converges well we can rewrite this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges well we can rewrite this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges well we can rewrite this a
+little differently we can combine the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently we can combine the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little differently we can combine the r
+to the minus n and the E to Theus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n and the E to Theus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus n and the E to Theus J
+Omega n and what results is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n and what results is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n and what results is the sum
+minus infinity to plus infinity of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to plus infinity of X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to plus infinity of X of
+n time r e to the J Omega to the minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time r e to the J Omega to the minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time r e to the J Omega to the minus n
+just simply combining these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply combining these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply combining these two terms
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and it's convenient to think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's convenient to think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's convenient to think of this as
+a new complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new complex
+variable magnitude R and angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable magnitude R and angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable magnitude R and angle
+Omega which will denote by z z as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which will denote by z z as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega which will denote by z z as in the
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+transform the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the Z
+transform so this essentially leads us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so this essentially leads us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so this essentially leads us
+to the notion of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the notion of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the notion of the Z
+transform where the Z transform of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform where the Z transform of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform where the Z transform of a
+sequence X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence X of
+n is defined as X of Z is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is defined as X of Z is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is defined as X of Z is equal to the
+sum of X of n * Z to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of X of n * Z to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of X of n * Z to the minus
+n where Z is equal to R * e j Omega in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where Z is equal to R * e j Omega in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where Z is equal to R * e j Omega in
+other words x of Z is just simply the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words x of Z is just simply the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words x of Z is just simply the x
+subr of e to the J Omega that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr of e to the J Omega that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr of e to the J Omega that we
+finished talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished talking
+about well how is the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well how is the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well how is the Z transform
+related to the 4 transform if the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the 4 transform if the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the 4 transform if the 4A
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+exists obviously from what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists obviously from what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists obviously from what we just
+finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+saying the Z transform is the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the Z transform is the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the Z transform is the forier
+transform for this waiting Factor r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform for this waiting Factor r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform for this waiting Factor r
+equal to Unity that is X of e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Unity that is X of e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Unity that is X of e to the J
+Omega is equal to X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z where well for Z equal to e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z where well for Z equal to e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z where well for Z equal to e to the J
+Omega or another way of saying that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega or another way of saying that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega or another way of saying that is
+for the magnitude of Z equal to Unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude of Z equal to Unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnitude of Z equal to Unity
+with Z equal to e to the J Omega the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Z equal to e to the J Omega the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Z equal to e to the J Omega the
+magnitude of Z obviously is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z obviously is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z obviously is equal to
+Unity so we have now the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity so we have now the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity so we have now the Z transform
+it's a function of a complex variable Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of a complex variable Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of a complex variable Z
+which has a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a magnitude
+R and an angle Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and an angle Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and an angle Omega
+and is just simply a generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is just simply a generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is just simply a generalization of
+the fora transform it in fact is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform it in fact is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform it in fact is equal
+to the 4A transform for the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4A transform for the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4A transform for the magnitude of
+Z equal to 1 and it effect in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to 1 and it effect in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to 1 and it effect in effect
+corresponds to the for transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the for transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the for transform of the
+sequence multiplied by an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence multiplied by an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence multiplied by an exponential
+sequence R to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence R to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence R to Theus
+n when does the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when does the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when does the Z transform
+converge well the Z transform converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge well the Z transform converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge well the Z transform converges
+when this x subr of e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this x subr of e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this x subr of e to the J Omega
+that we were talking about converges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about converges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about converges and
+that converges when the sequence X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges when the sequence X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges when the sequence X of n
+r Theus n is absolutely summable so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theus n is absolutely summable so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r Theus n is absolutely summable so the
+Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform
+converges if the sum of X of n * Rus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if the sum of X of n * Rus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges if the sum of X of n * Rus n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+finite and for some values of R given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and for some values of R given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and for some values of R given a
+certain sequence for some values of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sequence for some values of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sequence for some values of r
+the Z transform will converge for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform will converge for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform will converge for some
+values of R the Z transform won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R the Z transform won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R the Z transform won't
+converge well let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge well let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge well let's look at an example
+and it's an example I guess that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an example I guess that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an example I guess that uh
+you're seeing fairly frequently in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing fairly frequently in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing fairly frequently in fact
+it'll keep cropping up in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll keep cropping up in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll keep cropping up in a variety of
+ways U it's kind of a simple one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways U it's kind of a simple one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways U it's kind of a simple one and
+nice to use that is the sequence our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to use that is the sequence our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to use that is the sequence our old
+friend again X of N is a half to the n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend again X of N is a half to the n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend again X of N is a half to the n *
+U of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of n
+n well the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n well the Z
+transform of X of n x of Z is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X of n x of Z is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X of n x of Z is the sum of
+X of n z the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n z the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n z the minus
+n since this is multiplied by a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n since this is multiplied by a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n since this is multiplied by a unit
+step the limits on the sum are from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the limits on the sum are from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the limits on the sum are from zero
+to Infinity so this is the sum from 0er
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so this is the sum from 0er
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so this is the sum from 0er
+to Infinity of a half to the n z Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of a half to the n z Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of a half to the n z Theus
+n and that's equal to the sum from Nal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and that's equal to the sum from Nal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and that's equal to the sum from Nal 0
+to Infinity of a half time Z theus1 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of a half time Z theus1 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of a half time Z theus1 just
+combining these together to the N now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining these together to the N now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining these together to the N now
+let me point out incidentally and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out incidentally and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out incidentally and I
+think that by now you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that by now you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that by now you've seen
+this this is a kind of sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a kind of sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a kind of sum this
+geometric series is a kind of sum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series is a kind of sum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series is a kind of sum that
+comes up over and over and over again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up over and over and over again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up over and over and over again in
+dealing with sequences and it's the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with sequences and it's the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with sequences and it's the kind
+of summation that you should carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summation that you should carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summation that you should carry
+around in your hip pocket that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your hip pocket that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in your hip pocket that is you
+should keep keep in mind because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep keep in mind because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep keep in mind because it
+keeps coming up like standard integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps coming up like standard integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps coming up like standard integrals
+do in the continuous time case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the continuous time case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the continuous time case that the
+sum from 0 to Infinity of a to the N A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from 0 to Infinity of a to the N A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from 0 to Infinity of a to the N A
+has to be less than one for convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than one for convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than one for convergence
+of a to the N is equal to 1 over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to the N is equal to 1 over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to the N is equal to 1 over 1 minus
+a just store that away anyway um summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just store that away anyway um summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just store that away anyway um summing
+this then we end up with 1 over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we end up with 1 over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we end up with 1 over 1 minus
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing so the Z transform is 1 over 1 - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the Z transform is 1 over 1 - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the Z transform is 1 over 1 - a
+half Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Z
+theus1 which we can leave in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 which we can leave in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 which we can leave in this form
+and sometimes we will or we can multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we will or we can multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we will or we can multiply
+numerator and denominator by Z in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and denominator by Z in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and denominator by Z in which
+case we have Z divided by Z minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half well when does this converge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half well when does this converge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half well when does this converge it
+converges when the magnitude of a half *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges when the magnitude of a half *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges when the magnitude of a half *
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+minus1 raised to the N is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 raised to the N is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 raised to the N is finite
+and that requires that this thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that requires that this thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that requires that this thing that
+we're taking the absolute magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the absolute magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking the absolute magnitude of
+be raised to the N be less than Unity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be raised to the N be less than Unity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be raised to the N be less than Unity or
+that implies that Z the magnitude of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that Z the magnitude of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that Z the magnitude of Z
+must be greater than a half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be greater than a half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be greater than a half the
+magnitude of Z must be greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z must be greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z must be greater than a
+half or the magnitude of Z minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or the magnitude of Z minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half or the magnitude of Z minus Z
+theus1 must be less than two magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 must be less than two magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 must be less than two magnitude
+of zus one less than two or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zus one less than two or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zus one less than two or the
+magnitude of Z greater than a half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z greater than a half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z greater than a half and
+under those conditions this Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those conditions this Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those conditions this Z transform
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+converge now for this example does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge now for this example does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge now for this example does the
+forier transform exist Does the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform exist Does the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform exist Does the forier
+transform converge how do we answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform converge how do we answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform converge how do we answer that
+well the fora transform converges if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the fora transform converges if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the fora transform converges if the
+convergence of the Z transform includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the Z transform includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of the Z transform includes
+the magnitude of Z equal to one does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z equal to one does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z equal to one does it
+sure it does the magnitude of Z must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it does the magnitude of Z must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it does the magnitude of Z must be
+greater than a half for convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a half for convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a half for convergence of
+the Z transform that includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform that includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform that includes the
+magnitude of Z equal to one therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z equal to one therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z equal to one therefore
+for this sequence the forier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sequence the forier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sequence the forier transform
+converges we had already decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges we had already decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges we had already decided that
+before of course that is uh obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of course that is uh obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of course that is uh obviously a
+better turn out that way this time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better turn out that way this time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better turn out that way this time also
+but an important notion then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an important notion then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an important notion then is
+interpreting the existence of the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the existence of the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting the existence of the forier
+transform in terms of the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in terms of the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in terms of the region of
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z
+transform this then defines the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform this then defines the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform this then defines the region
+of convergence the set of values of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence the set of values of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence the set of values of Z
+for which the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the Z transform
+converges another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges another interesting
+observation about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation about this
+example is that we ended up with a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that we ended up with a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that we ended up with a z
+transform that is a ratio of pols in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that is a ratio of pols in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that is a ratio of pols in in
+this case z to the minus one or if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case z to the minus one or if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case z to the minus one or if we
+rewrite it a ratio of pooms in Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it a ratio of pooms in Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it a ratio of pooms in Z and
+that's an important observation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important observation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important observation in
+fact it is a consequence of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it is a consequence of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it is a consequence of the fact
+that we're talking about the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about the Z transform
+of an exponential sequence any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exponential sequence any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exponential sequence any
+exponential sequence will have a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequence will have a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential sequence will have a z
+transform that's a ratio of polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's a ratio of polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's a ratio of polinomial
+in Z furthermore any sequence that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Z furthermore any sequence that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Z furthermore any sequence that's a
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+exponentials will have a z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials will have a z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials will have a z transform
+that's a ratio of polinomial in Z since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a ratio of polinomial in Z since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a ratio of polinomial in Z since
+the Z transform of a sum is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform of a sum is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform of a sum is the sum of
+the Z trans transforms and the sum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z trans transforms and the sum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z trans transforms and the sum of a
+ratio of pols is a ratio of pols and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of pols is a ratio of pols and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of pols is a ratio of pols and all
+that but basically the point to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but basically the point to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but basically the point to remember
+is that sums of exponentials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sums of exponentials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sums of exponentials as
+sequences result in Z transforms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences result in Z transforms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences result in Z transforms that
+are ratios of polinomial in z or in Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ratios of polinomial in z or in Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ratios of polinomial in z or in Z to
+the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+one well for that for those class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well for that for those class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well for that for those class of
+sequences which in fact they most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which in fact they most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which in fact they most of the
+sequences we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we're going to be talking
+about in these lectures it's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in these lectures it's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in these lectures it's convenient
+to look at the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the Z
+transform graphically in terms of a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform graphically in terms of a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform graphically in terms of a plot
+in the pole zero plane in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pole zero plane in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pole zero plane in the Z
+plane so I've indicated here the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane this is the real part of Z this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is the real part of Z this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is the real part of Z this
+axis this axis is the imaginary part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this axis is the imaginary part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this axis is the imaginary part of
+Z and I've drawn a circle which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and I've drawn a circle which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and I've drawn a circle which I've
+called the unit circle ccle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the unit circle ccle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the unit circle ccle which is
+convenient to focus on it's the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to focus on it's the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to focus on it's the circle
+in the Z plane for which the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z plane for which the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z plane for which the magnitude
+of Z is equal to one what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z is equal to one what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z is equal to one what's important
+about the magnitude of Z equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the magnitude of Z equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the magnitude of Z equal to one
+well it's on that Circle when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's on that Circle when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's on that Circle when we look at
+the Z transform on that Circle that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform on that Circle that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform on that Circle that we
+see the 4A transform so it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the 4A transform so it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the 4A transform so it's often
+convenient to make reference to the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to make reference to the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to make reference to the unit
+circle in the Z plane corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in the Z plane corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle in the Z plane corresponding to
+that place in the Z plane where the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place in the Z plane where the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place in the Z plane where the Z
+Transit form is equal to the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit form is equal to the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit form is equal to the 4A
+transform when we have a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform when we have a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform when we have a z
+transform that is a ratio of pols in Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that is a ratio of pols in Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that is a ratio of pols in Z
+it's convenient to represent it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient to represent it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient to represent it in terms
+of the roots of the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the roots of the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the roots of the numerator
+polinomial and the roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the roots of the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+polinomial the roots of the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial the roots of the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial the roots of the numerator
+polinomial will refer to as the zeros of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial will refer to as the zeros of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial will refer to as the zeros of
+the Z transform they're those values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform they're those values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform they're those values of
+Z for which the Z transform is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for which the Z transform is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for which the Z transform is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+zero and the roots of the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the roots of the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the roots of the denominator
+polinomial will refer to as the poles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial will refer to as the poles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial will refer to as the poles of
+the Z transform those are the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform those are the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform those are the values of
+Z at which the Z transform blows up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z at which the Z transform blows up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z at which the Z transform blows up just
+like poles and zeros of the llast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like poles and zeros of the llast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like poles and zeros of the llast
+transform in the continuous time case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the continuous time case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the continuous time case
+we'll denote in the Z plane Roots the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll denote in the Z plane Roots the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll denote in the Z plane Roots the
+the zeros by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros by a
+Circle and we'll denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle and we'll denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle and we'll denote the
+poles by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles by a
+cross so we have for that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so we have for that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so we have for that particular
+example a zero at the origin since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a zero at the origin since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a zero at the origin since the
+numerator polinomial was simply Z and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator polinomial was simply Z and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator polinomial was simply Z and we
+have a pole at Z equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pole at Z equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pole at Z equal to a
+half well what else do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half well what else do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half well what else do we know about
+this Z transform we know that the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Z transform we know that the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Z transform we know that the Z
+transform doesn't exist for all values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform doesn't exist for all values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform doesn't exist for all values
+of Z in particular for convergence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z in particular for convergence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z in particular for convergence we
+require that the magnitude of Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that the magnitude of Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that the magnitude of Z is
+greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a
+half so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I've
+indicated that region in the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that region in the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated that region in the Z plane
+with these slanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these slanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these slanted
+lines the region of convergence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the region of convergence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines the region of convergence for this
+particular example are those values of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example are those values of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example are those values of Z
+that lie outside the circle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lie outside the circle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lie outside the circle that's
+bounded by the pole it's equal to a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the pole it's equal to a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the pole it's equal to a half
+and we'll see that that is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that that is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that that is in fact the
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+convergences tend to go they'll tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergences tend to go they'll tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergences tend to go they'll tend to
+be outside and inside poles so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be outside and inside poles so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be outside and inside poles so the
+important aspects of this picture there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects of this picture there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects of this picture there
+are the zeros and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the zeros and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the zeros and the
+poles there's the unit circle where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles there's the unit circle where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles there's the unit circle where the
+Z transform is equal to the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform is equal to the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z transform is equal to the forier
+transform and there's the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and there's the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and there's the region of
+convergence which tells us where in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence which tells us where in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence which tells us where in the
+Z plane the Z transform Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plane the Z transform Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plane the Z transform Mak
+sense all right let's uh try try another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right let's uh try try another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right let's uh try try another
+example let's take the example of X of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the example of X of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the example of X of n
+= to minus a half to the n u of minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to minus a half to the n u of minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= to minus a half to the n u of minus n
+minus one now you saw that sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one now you saw that sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one now you saw that sequence a
+couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures
+ago it's a sequence that is like a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it's a sequence that is like a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it's a sequence that is like a half
+to the N but not for positive values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N but not for positive values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N but not for positive values of
+n but for negative values of n in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but for negative values of n in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but for negative values of n in other
+words it's zero for positive values of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's zero for positive values of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's zero for positive values of N
+and it does something something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does something something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does something something
+exponentially for negative values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n if you evaluate the Z transform sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if you evaluate the Z transform sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n if you evaluate the Z transform sum
+and I'll leave it to you to do this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll leave it to you to do this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll leave it to you to do this then
+we end up with X of Z the Z transform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with X of Z the Z transform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with X of Z the Z transform is
+1 over 1 - a half zus one just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1 - a half zus one just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 1 - a half zus one just like we
+saw before in fact that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before in fact that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before in fact that's exactly the
+same expression as a ratio of pols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same expression as a ratio of pols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same expression as a ratio of pols that
+we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw
+before which of of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which of of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which of of course we can
+rewrite as we did before as Z /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as we did before as Z /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as we did before as Z /
+by Z minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Z minus a
+half all right do you think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all right do you think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half all right do you think that the
+fora transform of this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora transform of this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora transform of this sequence
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+well it's a half to the N which dies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a half to the N which dies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a half to the N which dies out
+for negative n for positive n but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative n for positive n but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative n for positive n but for
+negative n that's a sequence that grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative n that's a sequence that grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative n that's a sequence that grows
+exponentially so in fact if you examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so in fact if you examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so in fact if you examine
+convergence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of this
+this sequence is not absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence is not absolutely summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence is not absolutely summable
+the fora transform does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fora transform does not
+exist what's the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist what's the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist what's the region of convergence
+of the Z transform well to decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z transform well to decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z transform well to decide that
+we need to look at the sum of a half * Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to look at the sum of a half * Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to look at the sum of a half * Z
+theus1 to the n and ask for what values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 to the n and ask for what values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 to the n and ask for what values
+of Z this sum is less than infinity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z this sum is less than infinity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z this sum is less than infinity in
+other words for what values of Z that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words for what values of Z that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words for what values of Z that
+sum converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum converges
+and to do that if this was a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that if this was a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that if this was a sum over
+positive values of n then we would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values of n then we would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive values of n then we would want
+the magnitude of this to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of this to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of this to be less than
+one since we're looking at this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one since we're looking at this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one since we're looking at this for
+negative values of n we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative values of n we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative values of n we want the
+magnitude of this to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this to be greater than
+one and the conclusion is and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the conclusion is and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the conclusion is and if you
+don't see this right away you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this right away you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this right away you could just
+fiddle with it on the back of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiddle with it on the back of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiddle with it on the back of an
+envelope that this converges provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope that this converges provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope that this converges provided
+that the magnet itude of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half so we can look at this example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we can look at this example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so we can look at this example in
+the Z plane just as we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z plane just as we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z plane just as we looked at the
+previous example in the Z plane we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example in the Z plane we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example in the Z plane we first
+of all have poles and zeros we have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all have poles and zeros we have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all have poles and zeros we have well
+where do we have a zero we have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we have a zero we have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we have a zero we have a zero
+at Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z equals
+z so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so that's
+here we you have a pole at Z equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we you have a pole at Z equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we you have a pole at Z equal to a
+half and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here just like in the previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just like in the previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just like in the previous example
+the zero and the pole fall in exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero and the pole fall in exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero and the pole fall in exactly
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+place what's the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place what's the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place what's the region of convergence
+well the region of convergence is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the region of convergence is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the region of convergence is for
+the magnitude of Z less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of Z less than a
+half and now in this case that's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and now in this case that's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and now in this case that's inside
+this circle rather than in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circle rather than in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circle rather than in the previous
+case where was outside that Circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where was outside that Circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where was outside that Circle so
+the region of convergence now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence now is the
+region that is inside the circle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is inside the circle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is inside the circle which
+is bounded by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pole all right this raises an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole all right this raises an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole all right this raises an important
+Point here we had an example where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here we had an example where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here we had an example where we
+got a z transform ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a z transform ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a z transform ratio of
+polinomial the previous example we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial the previous example we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial the previous example we got
+exactly the same ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same ratio of
+polinomial how did these two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial how did these two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial how did these two examples
+differ in terms of the Z transform they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in terms of the Z transform they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in terms of the Z transform they
+differed in terms of the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed in terms of the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differed in terms of the region of
+convergence that we associate with the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that we associate with the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that we associate with the Z
+transform the other case the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the other case the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the other case the region of
+convergence was outside this circle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was outside this circle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was outside this circle in
+this case the region of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the region of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the region of convergence is
+inside this circle the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this circle the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this circle the ratio of
+polinomial for the Z transforms is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for the Z transforms is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial for the Z transforms is the
+same in both cases it's the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in both cases it's the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in both cases it's the region of
+convergence is different so an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is different so an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is different so an important
+point to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to keep in mind
+is that the Z transform is not specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the Z transform is not specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the Z transform is not specified
+just by the function of Z it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the function of Z it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the function of Z it's also
+specified it has to have attached to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified it has to have attached to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified it has to have attached to it
+a little tag that tells you for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tag that tells you for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tag that tells you for what
+values of Z it's legitimate to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Z it's legitimate to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Z it's legitimate to look at
+that expression it's so it's specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression it's so it's specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expression it's so it's specified
+by the ratio of polinomial and also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ratio of polinomial and also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ratio of polinomial and also by
+the region of convergence of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence of the Z
+transform so here for example that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so here for example that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so here for example that's the
+ratio of polinomial and that's the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of polinomial and that's the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of polinomial and that's the Z
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+uh that's the ratio of polinomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the ratio of polinomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the ratio of polinomial and
+that's the region of convergence and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the region of convergence and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the region of convergence and the
+two together are the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two together are the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two together are the Z
+transform now it often happens that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform now it often happens that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform now it often happens that the
+region of convergence of the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence of the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence of the Z transform
+is specified in a somewhat indirect way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specified in a somewhat indirect way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specified in a somewhat indirect way
+uh by saying something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by saying something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by saying something about the
+sequence that basically implies what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that basically implies what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that basically implies what the
+region of convergence has to be and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence has to be and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence has to be and we
+can lead into that by stating what some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead into that by stating what some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead into that by stating what some
+of the properties are that the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties are that the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties are that the region of
+convergence has and I'll always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence has and I'll always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence has and I'll always be
+talking now about sequences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now about sequences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now about sequences that are
+sums of exponentials or Z transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of exponentials or Z transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums of exponentials or Z transforms
+that are ratios of polinomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ratios of polinomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ratios of polinomial and
+consequently that can be described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently that can be described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently that can be described by
+poles and zeros in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and zeros in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and zeros in the Z
+plane okay well uh I have here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay well uh I have here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay well uh I have here the first
+thing you can say actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can say actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can say actually there's a
+zero thing you can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thing you can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thing you can say that
+um follows fairly straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um follows fairly straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um follows fairly straightforward and
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+obviously there can't be any poles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there can't be any poles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there can't be any poles in
+the region of convergence because at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence because at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence because at a
+pole of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole of the Z
+transform that's where the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's where the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that's where the Z transform
+blows up and we know that the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up and we know that the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blows up and we know that the region of
+convergence is where the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is where the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is where the Z transform
+converges so obviously there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so obviously there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges so obviously there are no
+poles in the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in the region of
+convergence however we can make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence however we can make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence however we can make another
+statement which is uh worked which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which is uh worked which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement which is uh worked which is
+Justified in some detail in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified in some detail in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Justified in some detail in the
+text that the region of conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text that the region of conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text that the region of conversion
+will always be bounded by either poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be bounded by either poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be bounded by either poles
+or zero or Infinity for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero or Infinity for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero or Infinity for example in this
+example that we worked out here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we worked out here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that we worked out here the
+region of convergence goes to zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence goes to zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence goes to zero I
+mean it includes zero and it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it includes zero and it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it includes zero and it's bounded
+at the outside in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outside in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outside in this particular case
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+pole in the example that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the example that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the example that we had
+previously if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously if we look at this
+example the region of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the region of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the region of convergence is
+bounded on the inside by a pole and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded on the inside by a pole and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded on the inside by a pole and it's
+bounded on the outside by infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded on the outside by infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded on the outside by infinity and
+that's a statement that we can generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a statement that we can generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a statement that we can generally
+make I won't try to justify that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I won't try to justify that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I won't try to justify that right
+now but the region of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but the region of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but the region of convergence is
+bounded by poles and in fact is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by poles and in fact is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by poles and in fact is bounded
+by a circle that goes through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a circle that goes through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a circle that goes through a
+pole all right that's one statement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole all right that's one statement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole all right that's one statement we
+can make now some other statements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make now some other statements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make now some other statements that
+we can make which are all developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make which are all developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make which are all developed in
+the text that is the proof of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text that is the proof of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text that is the proof of them is
+worked out first of all let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out first of all let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out first of all let's consider
+finite length sequences a finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequences a finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite length sequences a finite length
+sequence sequence that's zero except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence sequence that's zero except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence sequence that's zero except for
+a finite number of values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number of values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number of values of
+n has a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n has a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n has a region of
+convergence that is the entire Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that is the entire Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that is the entire Z plane
+perhaps with the exception of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps with the exception of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps with the exception of the point
+Z equals 0 or perhaps with the exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals 0 or perhaps with the exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals 0 or perhaps with the exception
+of the point Z equals infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point Z equals infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point Z equals infinity
+and that follows in a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that follows in a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that follows in a pretty
+straightforward way basically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way basically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward way basically because
+the sum in examining absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum in examining absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum in examining absolute
+convergence the sum just includes finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the sum just includes finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence the sum just includes finite
+limits so as long as each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so as long as each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so as long as each of the
+sequence values is finite the sum has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence values is finite the sum has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence values is finite the sum has to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+finite a little more involved we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite a little more involved we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite a little more involved we have
+right sided sequences what I mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sided sequences what I mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sided sequences what I mean by a
+right-sided sequence is a sequence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequence is a sequence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequence is a sequence which
+is zero for n less than some value of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero for n less than some value of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero for n less than some value of N
+and then goes on uh up to Nal plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes on uh up to Nal plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes on uh up to Nal plus
+infinity and what you can say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and what you can say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and what you can say about
+right-sided sequences as it turns out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequences as it turns out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequences as it turns out is
+that the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the region of
+convergence is outside some value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is outside some value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is outside some value which
+I've denoted by R subx minus and goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've denoted by R subx minus and goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've denoted by R subx minus and goes to
+Infinity it may include infinity or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity it may include infinity or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity it may include infinity or it
+may not include Infinity but it goes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not include Infinity but it goes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not include Infinity but it goes at
+least up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least up to
+Infinity so it begins at some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so it begins at some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so it begins at some finite
+value in the Z plane bounded by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the Z plane bounded by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the Z plane bounded by some
+circle with radius R subx minus and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle with radius R subx minus and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle with radius R subx minus and goes
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+Infinity well look if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity well look if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity well look if we had a
+right-sided sequence how are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequence how are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequence how are you going
+to find what R subx minus is just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what R subx minus is just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what R subx minus is just by
+looking at the pole zero pattern because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the pole zero pattern because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the pole zero pattern because
+we know that the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the region of convergence
+is bounded by poles we know also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by poles we know also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by poles we know also that
+the region of convergence can't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence can't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence can't have any
+poles so R subx minus has has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so R subx minus has has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so R subx minus has has to be the
+circle that goes through the outermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle that goes through the outermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle that goes through the outermost
+pole in the Z plane so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the Z plane so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the Z plane so if we have a
+right sided sequence that implies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sided sequence that implies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sided sequence that implies a
+region of convergence it implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence it implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence it implies that
+the region of convergence is outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence is outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence is outside the
+outermost pole in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost pole in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost pole in the Z
+plane we can talk also about left-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we can talk also about left-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we can talk also about left-sided
+sequences Left sided sequences are ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences Left sided sequences are ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences Left sided sequences are ones
+for which the sequence is zero for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the sequence is zero for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the sequence is zero for n
+greater than some value N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than some value N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than some value N1
+and here the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the region of
+convergence begins at zero may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence begins at zero may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence begins at zero may or may
+not include zero depending on uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not include zero depending on uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not include zero depending on uh some
+issues about the left-sided sequence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about the left-sided sequence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about the left-sided sequence but
+at least goes up to zero and then goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least goes up to zero and then goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least goes up to zero and then goes
+out to some value R subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to some value R subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to some value R subx
+plus how do we find R subx plus we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus how do we find R subx plus we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus how do we find R subx plus we do it
+the same way that is we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that is we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that is we know that the
+region of convergence is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence is bounded by
+poles and doesn't contain any poles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and doesn't contain any poles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles and doesn't contain any poles so
+this must be a circle whose radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a circle whose radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be a circle whose radius is
+equal who's a circle that goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal who's a circle that goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal who's a circle that goes through
+the innermost pole other than the one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innermost pole other than the one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innermost pole other than the one at
+Z equals z in the Z plane so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals z in the Z plane so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals z in the Z plane so if I have a
+left-sided sequence if I know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-sided sequence if I know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-sided sequence if I know it's a
+left-sided sequence then by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-sided sequence then by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-sided sequence then by looking at
+the pole zero pattern I can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole zero pattern I can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole zero pattern I can immediately
+infer what the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what the region of
+convergences finally we have two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergences finally we have two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergences finally we have two-sided
+sequences sequences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences sequences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences sequences that
+go on to minus infinity and they go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to minus infinity and they go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to minus infinity and they go on
+to plus infinity in that case the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity in that case the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity in that case the region
+of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence
+lies between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies between two
+circles which go through two poles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles which go through two poles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles which go through two poles and
+obviously again they have to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously again they have to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously again they have to be two
+poles that are adjacent in the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that are adjacent in the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that are adjacent in the Z plane
+in other words again to avoid having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words again to avoid having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words again to avoid having
+poles that are inside the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence and uh out of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and uh out of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and uh out of all this
+incidentally if I tell you that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally if I tell you that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally if I tell you that I have a
+sequence whose forier transform exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence whose forier transform exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence whose forier transform exists
+and I don't tell you anything else about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't tell you anything else about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't tell you anything else about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sequence can you infer what the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence can you infer what the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence can you infer what the region
+of convergence is well sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence is well sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence is well sure you can
+because you know that the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that the region of
+convergence includes the unit circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence includes the unit circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence includes the unit circle and
+then where it's got to go from there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then where it's got to go from there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then where it's got to go from there is
+to the first pole that you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first pole that you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first pole that you run into
+heading toward the origin and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading toward the origin and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading toward the origin and to the
+first pole that that you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pole that that you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pole that that you run into
+heading out toward Infinity so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading out toward Infinity so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading out toward Infinity so in fact
+if I tell you that the sequence H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you that the sequence H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I tell you that the sequence H is
+absolutely summable or that the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable or that the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable or that the forier
+transform exists that also in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform exists that also in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform exists that also in effect
+tell lets you construct the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell lets you construct the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell lets you construct the region of
+convergence in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in the Z
+plane well let's just uh cement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well let's just uh cement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well let's just uh cement this
+with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+example let's say that I have a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that I have a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that I have a z
+transform which has a pole zero pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which has a pole zero pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which has a pole zero pattern
+that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has
+a pole at Z equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole at Z equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole at Z equal
+a and a pole at Z equal B so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a pole at Z equal B so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a pole at Z equal B so this is a
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+B and let's consider what turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and let's consider what turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and let's consider what turn out to be
+the the only three possible choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the only three possible choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the only three possible choices for
+the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of
+convergence given this pole zero pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence given this pole zero pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence given this pole zero pattern
+no zeros to make the example easy well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zeros to make the example easy well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zeros to make the example easy well
+first of all let's suppose that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's suppose that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's suppose that we
+picked the region of convergence to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the region of convergence to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked the region of convergence to be
+less than a so the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a so the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a so the region of convergence
+for this first case is inside a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this first case is inside a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this first case is inside a circle
+bounded by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by that
+pole well let's see let's answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole well let's see let's answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole well let's see let's answer the
+easy question first does the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy question first does the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy question first does the forier
+transform exist to answer that we ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform exist to answer that we ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform exist to answer that we ask is
+the unit circle inside the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle inside the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle inside the region of
+convergence well it's not if the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence well it's not if the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence well it's not if the region
+of convergence is inside that pole so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence is inside that pole so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence is inside that pole so
+for this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case
+the forier transform doesn't exist that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform doesn't exist that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform doesn't exist that
+is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it doesn't
+converge how about which sided left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge how about which sided left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge how about which sided left
+sided right sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided right sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided right sided
+two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided
+well we can answer that again because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can answer that again because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can answer that again because we
+know from what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from what we said
+previously that a left-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that a left-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously that a left-sided
+sequence has a region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has a region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence has a region of convergence
+that starts at zero and goes out to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at zero and goes out to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at zero and goes out to some
+value R subx plus well that's the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value R subx plus well that's the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value R subx plus well that's the region
+of convergence that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence that we're talking about
+here so this particular example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this particular example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this particular example is a
+sequence for a sequence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for a sequence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for a sequence that's
+left-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-sided
+how about the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the region of convergence
+between A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and
+B think of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B think of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B think of two
+circles with radi A and B and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles with radi A and B and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles with radi A and B and now the
+region of convergence is between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence is between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence is between them
+does that include the unit circle yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that include the unit circle yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that include the unit circle yeah
+it includes the unit circle so for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it includes the unit circle so for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it includes the unit circle so for that
+case the fora transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the fora transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the fora transform
+exists is it left sided right sided or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists is it left sided right sided or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists is it left sided right sided or
+two-sided well it's two-sided because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided well it's two-sided because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided well it's two-sided because
+the region of convergence doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence doesn't make
+it to zero and it doesn't make it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to zero and it doesn't make it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to zero and it doesn't make it to
+Infinity so this is a two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this is a two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this is a two-sided
+sequence the final example or the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the final example or the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the final example or the final
+choice for the region of convergence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the region of convergence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the region of convergence the
+magnitude of Z greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z greater than
+b does the fora transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b does the fora transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b does the fora transform
+exists no because the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists no because the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists no because the region of
+convergence is is outside this pole it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is is outside this pole it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is is outside this pole it
+doesn't include the unit circle so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include the unit circle so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't include the unit circle so the
+forier transform doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform doesn't
+exist well we can figure out uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist well we can figure out uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist well we can figure out uh which
+side of it is either by using what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of it is either by using what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of it is either by using what we
+know or using quism ship uh here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or using quism ship uh here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or using quism ship uh here we had
+left here we had two-sided so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here we had two-sided so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left here we had two-sided so obviously
+it's right sided in fact it is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right sided in fact it is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right sided in fact it is right
+sided because the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided because the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided because the region of
+convergence starts at some value R subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence starts at some value R subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence starts at some value R subx
+minus and goes out to Infinity so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and goes out to Infinity so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and goes out to Infinity so this
+case then is a right-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then is a right-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then is a right-sided
+sequence this stresses again the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence this stresses again the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence this stresses again the point
+that if I just specify the pole zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I just specify the pole zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I just specify the pole zero
+pattern that doesn't specify the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that doesn't specify the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that doesn't specify the Z
+transform or the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniquely now one of the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely now one of the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely now one of the properties of
+the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+transform which follows essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which follows essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform which follows essentially
+directly from the fact that the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the fact that the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the fact that the Z
+transform is interpretable in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is interpretable in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is interpretable in terms of
+the forier transform or this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform or this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier transform or this can be
+developed more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed more
+formally um and we won't do that here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally um and we won't do that here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally um and we won't do that here is
+the convolution property namely if y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution property namely if y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution property namely if y of
+n is the convolution of X of n with h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the convolution of X of n with h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the convolution of X of n with h of
+n then the Z transform of Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then the Z transform of Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then the Z transform of Y of
+n is equal to the product of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to the product of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to the product of the Z
+transform of X of N and the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X of N and the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X of N and the Z transform
+of H of n that is z transformation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of n that is z transformation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of n that is z transformation or
+the Z transform Maps convolution into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform Maps convolution into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform Maps convolution into
+multiplication just like the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication just like the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication just like the forier
+transform did and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform did and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform did and that's not
+surprising we typically refer to H of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising we typically refer to H of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising we typically refer to H of Z
+the Z transform of the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform of the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform of the unit sample
+response of the system as the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system as the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the system as the system
+function well on the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well on the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well on the basis of the
+discussion that we just finished there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that we just finished there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that we just finished there
+are some things that we can say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that we can say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some things that we can say about
+the system function and the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system function and the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system function and the unit sample
+response and regions of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and regions of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and regions of convergence
+Etc first of all suppose that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc first of all suppose that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc first of all suppose that we're
+talking about a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a stable
+system stable system the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stable system the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stable system the unit sample
+response is absolutely summable what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is absolutely summable what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is absolutely summable what
+does that imply about the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that imply about the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that imply about the Z transform
+well it implies that the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform the region of convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the region of convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the region of convergence of
+the Z transform includes the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform includes the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform includes the unit circle
+that is it implies the 48 transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it implies the 48 transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it implies the 48 transform
+exists or equivalently that the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists or equivalently that the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists or equivalently that the Z
+transform region of convergence includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform region of convergence includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform region of convergence includes
+the unit circle so this is a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle so this is a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle so this is a statement
+that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can
+make suppose that we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make suppose that we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make suppose that we were talking about
+a stable system uh sorry supposed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable system uh sorry supposed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable system uh sorry supposed we
+were talking about a causal system if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about a causal system if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about a causal system if
+the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is
+causal well what does causal mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal well what does causal mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal well what does causal mean it
+means that the unit sample response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the unit sample response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the unit sample response is
+zero for n Less Than Zero in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for n Less Than Zero in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for n Less Than Zero in particular
+the unit sample response is right sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response is right sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response is right sided
+if it's right sided then the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's right sided then the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's right sided then the region of
+convergence must be outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence must be outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence must be outside the
+outermost pole because that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost pole because that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost pole because that's what we
+said about what happens with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about what happens with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about what happens with a
+right-sided sequence the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequence the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided sequence the region of
+convergence has to be outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence has to be outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence has to be outside the
+outermost pole so you can get the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost pole so you can get the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost pole so you can get the notion
+then that when we talk about the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that when we talk about the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that when we talk about the Z
+transform of a system in essence we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a system in essence we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of a system in essence we can
+imply the region of convergence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the region of convergence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply the region of convergence by
+making some statements about stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some statements about stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some statements about stability
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+causality all right let's uh try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality all right let's uh try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality all right let's uh try this
+out on an example let's take an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on an example let's take an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on an example let's take an example
+which in fact uh we've talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact uh we've talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact uh we've talked about in
+some lectures in a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lectures in a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lectures in a lecture
+previously let's take the example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously let's take the example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously let's take the example of a
+system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that
+is represented by a linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by a linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is represented by a linear constant
+coefficient difference equation Y of nus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equation Y of nus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference equation Y of nus
+a half y of nus 1 equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half y of nus 1 equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half y of nus 1 equals x
+event to get the system function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event to get the system function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event to get the system function for
+this we'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll take a
+shortcut in particular particular we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut in particular particular we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut in particular particular we'll
+use a property that we haven't derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a property that we haven't derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a property that we haven't derived
+at least not yet um but in fact you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not yet um but in fact you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not yet um but in fact you'll
+be deriving in the study guide notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be deriving in the study guide notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be deriving in the study guide notice
+how I put everything off to the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I put everything off to the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I put everything off to the study
+guide when we get to study guide I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide when we get to study guide I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide when we get to study guide I'll
+tell you we did it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you we did it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you we did it in the
+lecture well the property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well the property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well the property is that
+if the Z transform of Y of n is y of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Z transform of Y of n is y of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Z transform of Y of n is y of Z
+then the Z transform of Y of n plus n0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Z transform of Y of n plus n0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Z transform of Y of n plus n0
+is z to the n0 * y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is z to the n0 * y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is z to the n0 * y of
+Z so if we take the Z transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if we take the Z transform of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so if we take the Z transform of this
+difference equation we have then y of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation we have then y of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation we have then y of z
+z transform of that minus a half Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z transform of that minus a half Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z transform of that minus a half Z to
+the min-1 since we have y of n minus1 z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min-1 since we have y of n minus1 z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the min-1 since we have y of n minus1 z
+theus1 y of Z is equal to the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 y of Z is equal to the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 y of Z is equal to the Z
+transform of the right side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the right side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the right side of the
+equation which is X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is X of
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+well the system function is equal to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the system function is equal to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the system function is equal to Y
+of Z / X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z / X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z / X of
+Z and so we can simply solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so we can simply solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and so we can simply solve this
+equation for y of Z over X of Z and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y of Z over X of Z and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y of Z over X of Z and what
+we get is 1 over 1 - half * Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is 1 over 1 - half * Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is 1 over 1 - half * Z
+theus1 so that's the system function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 so that's the system function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 so that's the system function for
+that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what's the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the region of
+convergence we don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we don't know what the
+region of convergence is in fact we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence is in fact we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence is in fact we're
+going to have to in fact there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to in fact there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to in fact there might be
+several choices for the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several choices for the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several choices for the region of
+convergence but that's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence but that's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence but that's not too
+surprising because remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because remember when we
+talked about this equation a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this equation a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this equation a couple of
+lectures ago and we showed that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago and we showed that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago and we showed that in fact
+there is more than one choice for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more than one choice for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is more than one choice for the
+unit sample response of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response of this system
+and that is related to the fact that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is related to the fact that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is related to the fact that all
+we got out of here so far was the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got out of here so far was the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got out of here so far was the ratio
+of pols that h of Z is and not what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pols that h of Z is and not what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pols that h of Z is and not what the
+region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence
+is all right so this ratio of pols is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right so this ratio of pols is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all right so this ratio of pols is 1
+over 1 - a half * Z theus1 we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - a half * Z theus1 we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - a half * Z theus1 we've been
+staring at that ratio of polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at that ratio of polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at that ratio of polinomial
+through a couple of previous examples it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple of previous examples it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple of previous examples it
+has a zero at Z equals 0 and a pole at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a zero at Z equals 0 and a pole at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a zero at Z equals 0 and a pole at Z
+equal a half so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a half so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a half so let's take a look at
+that in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane we have then the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we have then the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we have then the Z
+plane here the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane here the unit
+circle we have for the example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle we have for the example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle we have for the example we're
+talking about a zero there and a pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a zero there and a pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a zero there and a pole
+there and what's the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's the region of
+convergence well it seems like we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence well it seems like we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence well it seems like we can
+take the region of convergence to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the region of convergence to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the region of convergence to be
+whatever we want to consistent with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want to consistent with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want to consistent with what
+what regions of convergences tend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what regions of convergences tend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what regions of convergences tend to do
+so let's say for example that the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say for example that the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say for example that the region
+of convergence was outside that pole so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence was outside that pole so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence was outside that pole so
+let's take a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a region of
+convergence first that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence first that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence first that looks like
+that well for that case if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well for that case if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well for that case if that's the
+region of convergence there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence there are some
+things that we could say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we could say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we could say about
+the system for example is the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for example is the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for example is the system
+stable is the system stable if the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable is the system stable if the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable is the system stable if the unit
+sample respond if the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample respond if the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample respond if the unit sample
+response has a forier transform and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response has a forier transform and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response has a forier transform and it
+has that if the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that if the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that if the region of convergence
+includes the unit circle which it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the unit circle which it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the unit circle which it does
+here so this particular system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this particular system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this particular system is
+stable and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and is it
+causal well what we want to examine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal well what we want to examine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal well what we want to examine for
+that region of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region of convergence is
+does it imply a right-sided sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it imply a right-sided sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it imply a right-sided sequence
+well it does because the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it does because the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it does because the region of
+convergence is outside this pole so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is outside this pole so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is outside this pole so in
+fact for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact for this
+example the system is also causal and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the system is also causal and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the system is also causal and in
+fact look we know what the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact look we know what the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact look we know what the unit sample
+response is because we've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is because we've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is because we've been working
+with that example previously the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that example previously the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that example previously the unit
+sample response here in fact is H of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response here in fact is H of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response here in fact is H of N
+is a half to the N times a unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that's not the only choice for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the only choice for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the only choice for the
+region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of
+convergence we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence we could
+alternatively pick a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively pick a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively pick a region of
+convergence which is inside that pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence which is inside that pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence which is inside that pole
+that is let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is let's look at this
+again zero at the origin a pole at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again zero at the origin a pole at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again zero at the origin a pole at Z
+equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+half but now let's take the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but now let's take the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but now let's take the region of
+convergence to be inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to be inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence to be inside that
+pole if it's inside that pole then first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole if it's inside that pole then first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole if it's inside that pole then first
+of all is the system stable no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all is the system stable no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all is the system stable no it's not
+stable because the region of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because the region of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable because the region of convergence
+didn't include the unit circle so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't include the unit circle so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't include the unit circle so it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable and furthermore it's not causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and furthermore it's not causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and furthermore it's not causal
+in fact it's just the reverse it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's just the reverse it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's just the reverse it's
+anti-causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-causal
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+causal and in fact we know again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal and in fact we know again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal and in fact we know again what
+the unit sample response is for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response is for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response is for that
+case because we worked it out previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because we worked it out previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because we worked it out previously
+namely h of n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely h of n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely h of n is equal to
+minus a half to the N but for n negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half to the N but for n negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half to the N but for n negative
+not for n positive that is multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for n positive that is multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for n positive that is multiplied by
+U of minus n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of minus n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of minus n minus
+one so and this by the way if you refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so and this by the way if you refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so and this by the way if you refer
+back several lectures ago is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back several lectures ago is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back several lectures ago is consistent
+with the two solutions that we got for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two solutions that we got for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two solutions that we got for a
+linear constant coefficient difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+equation and now you can see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and now you can see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and now you can see that for
+example if I specified the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I specified the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I specified the difference
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+equation and I said that in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I said that in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I said that in addition
+what we're talking about is say a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about is say a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about is say a stable
+system then you could construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then you could construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then you could construct the
+region of convergence by saying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence by saying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence by saying all
+right the unit circle has to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the unit circle has to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the unit circle has to be in the
+region of convergence and now I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence and now I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence and now I'll take
+the region of convergence to uh go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence to uh go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence to uh go in
+toward a pole and out toward a pole or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a pole and out toward a pole or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a pole and out toward a pole or
+if I said the system was causal then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I said the system was causal then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I said the system was causal then you
+could construct the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could construct the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could construct the region of
+convergence so sometimes in stating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so sometimes in stating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so sometimes in stating a
+linear constant coefficient difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant coefficient difference
+equation will basically imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will basically imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation will basically imp
+of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence
+by making an additional statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making an additional statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making an additional statement about
+the system for example system is causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for example system is causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for example system is causal
+or the system is stable or both if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the system is stable or both if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the system is stable or both if it
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+both fine so this is the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both fine so this is the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both fine so this is the Z transform
+just to summarize the key points first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize the key points first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to summarize the key points first
+the Z transform was introduced to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform was introduced to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z transform was introduced to get
+around the convergence problem of the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the convergence problem of the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the convergence problem of the 4A
+transform the Z transform of sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the Z transform of sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the Z transform of sequences
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+exponentials are ratios of pols that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are ratios of pols that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are ratios of pols that is
+they can be described in terms of poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be described in terms of poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be described in terms of poles
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+zeros but the Z transform is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but the Z transform is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but the Z transform is not
+specified just by the ratio of pols you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified just by the ratio of pols you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified just by the ratio of pols you
+also need to know what the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to know what the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to know what the region of
+convergence is of the Z transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is of the Z transform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is of the Z transform so
+that in fact for several re several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact for several re several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact for several re several
+R for several different sequences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for several different sequences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for several different sequences you
+can end up with the same ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up with the same ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can end up with the same ratio of
+polinomial but of course you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but of course you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but of course you'll get
+different regions of convergence finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions of convergence finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions of convergence finally
+the region of convergence includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of convergence includes the
+unit circle that tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle that tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle that tells us that the
+forier transform converges and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform converges and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier transform converges and also
+we're able to make statements about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to make statements about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to make statements about uh
+region of convergence as it relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence as it relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of convergence as it relates to
+right-sided left-sided and two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided left-sided and two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-sided left-sided and two-sided
+sequences next time we'll continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences next time we'll continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences next time we'll continue the
+discussion of the Z transform and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the Z transform and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the Z transform and in
+particular develop the inverse Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular develop the inverse Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular develop the inverse Z
+transform thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform thank you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IPSaG9RRc-k.txt b/IPSaG9RRc-k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffeae33d0119d0dd80c8dcab2959b25df952f4c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IPSaG9RRc-k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm jason hopefully you guys saw me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm jason hopefully you guys saw me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm jason hopefully you guys saw me on
+tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday
+uh this is our first ever 6006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is our first ever 6006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is our first ever 6006
+problem session that we'll be having on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session that we'll be having on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session that we'll be having on
+fridays this term it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridays this term it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fridays this term it's really an
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+we've never done this before but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've never done this before but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've never done this before but one of
+the things that we were discussed while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we were discussed while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we were discussed while
+preparing for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for this class
+is that we have two different methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have two different methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have two different methods
+of instruction formally usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instruction formally usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instruction formally usually
+in this class a lecture which is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class a lecture which is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class a lecture which is there
+to present you with the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present you with the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present you with the fundamental
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+the the data structures and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the data structures and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the data structures and the
+algorithms uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms uh that are
+kind of the base the foundation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the base the foundation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the base the foundation of what
+how you will be approaching problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you will be approaching problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you will be approaching problems in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+uh and then the problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the problem sets
+that you will will you will work on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will will you will work on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will will you will work on our
+applications of that material but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of that material but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of that material but it's
+there's usually a much different feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually a much different feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's usually a much different feel
+between those problems that we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those problems that we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those problems that we'll give
+you than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you than the
+underlying foundational material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying foundational material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying foundational material right
+so the application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the application that
+material feel very different and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material feel very different and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material feel very different and a lot
+of times there are tricks to approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times there are tricks to approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times there are tricks to approaching
+the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems
+uh or ways of approaching the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or ways of approaching the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or ways of approaching the problems
+that um you kind of just have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you kind of just have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you kind of just have to figure
+out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by
+working on the problems sometimes going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problems sometimes going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the problems sometimes going
+to office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to office hours
+but what we wanted to do this term was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we wanted to do this term was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we wanted to do this term was
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+since we had the opportunity to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we had the opportunity to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we had the opportunity to be
+recorded by ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded by ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded by ocw
+was to record us going through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to record us going through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to record us going through some
+problems that we've had on problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we've had on problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we've had on problem sets
+in the past so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past so you could
+see how we would approach working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we would approach working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we would approach working on
+these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems
+that you'll be working on at least in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be working on at least in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be working on at least in a
+similar vein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar vein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar vein
+so that's the goal of this these problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the goal of this these problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the goal of this these problem
+sessions in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions in the past
+for ocw we have recorded recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ocw we have recorded recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ocw we have recorded recitation
+but we felt that that was a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we felt that that was a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we felt that that was a little less
+useful to you guys because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to you guys because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to you guys because
+recitation is meant for interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is meant for interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is meant for interaction
+questions one-on-one questions we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one-on-one questions we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions one-on-one questions we wanted
+to be a safe space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a safe space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a safe space
+for you guys to interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to interact with the
+material with in a in a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with in a in a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with in a in a smaller
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+that might not be recorded so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be recorded so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be recorded so that's the
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+of of this these sessions that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this these sessions that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this these sessions that we'll be
+doing on fridays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on fridays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing on fridays
+any questions about what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what we're going to
+be doing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing today
+okay so uh we do have a handout up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we do have a handout up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we do have a handout up here
+by the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the door
+um which uh we may or may not have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh we may or may not have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh we may or may not have in
+the future this is all an experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future this is all an experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future this is all an experiment so
+you'll have to work with us as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to work with us as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to work with us as we
+figure this stuff out um they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this stuff out um they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this stuff out um they were
+posted on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on uh
+elmod about an hour before this session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elmod about an hour before this session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elmod about an hour before this session
+we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to
+keep that uh as a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that uh as a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that uh as a standard
+uh but it just shows you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it just shows you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it just shows you the the
+questions we'll work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we'll work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we'll work on
+uh today in the in the session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today in the in the session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh today in the in the session
+it won't necessarily be the entire it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't necessarily be the entire it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't necessarily be the entire it's
+it isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't just
+the problem set from last term it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set from last term it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set from last term it's a
+selection of problems from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of problems from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of problems from previous
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+and some of them have been edited to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them have been edited to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them have been edited to be
+maybe a little shorter and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little shorter and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little shorter and things like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um so what we're going to do is just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're going to do is just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we're going to do is just go
+through the problems one by one i'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the problems one by one i'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the problems one by one i'll try
+to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just
+kind of show you how i'm approaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show you how i'm approaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show you how i'm approaching the
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+uh but at any point if you want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but at any point if you want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but at any point if you want to you
+can ask questions that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask questions that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask questions that's fine
+okay all right so the first question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the first question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the first question we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+is has a setup that's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has a setup that's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has a setup that's very similar to
+what you will have on your pset one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will have on your pset one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will have on your pset one
+it's essentially saying that uh it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially saying that uh it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially saying that uh it has
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+usually many parts this has two parts an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually many parts this has two parts an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually many parts this has two parts an
+a part and a d part uh i've i've omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part and a d part uh i've i've omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part and a d part uh i've i've omitted
+a b and a c that that was on last term's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and a c that that was on last term's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and a c that that was on last term's
+problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set
+and it has five functions each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has five functions each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has five functions each and
+you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+order them increasing asym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order them increasing asym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order them increasing asym
+based on their asymptotic behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their asymptotic behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their asymptotic behavior so
+here are the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the uh
+the functions that we have uh maybe i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions that we have uh maybe i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions that we have uh maybe i'll
+stick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it up
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we have a few sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have a few sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have a few sets of
+functions and we just want to order them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we just want to order them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we just want to order them
+and some of the the functions may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the the functions may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the the functions may be
+uh asymptotically equivalent right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asymptotically equivalent right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asymptotically equivalent right in
+which case when we are ordering these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case when we are ordering these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case when we are ordering these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+we're going to put those numbers in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put those numbers in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put those numbers in a in
+a set so what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set so what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set so what we have is
+as an example are three functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example are three functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example are three functions
+uh n uh root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n uh root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n uh root n
+and n plus root n this is one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n plus root n this is one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n plus root n this is one two
+three and what we're going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what we're going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what we're going to ask you to
+do is order those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is order those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is order those functions
+uh based on their asymptotic complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on their asymptotic complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on their asymptotic complexity
+so hopefully you guys can get this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you guys can get this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you guys can get this one
+which one's the slowest growth in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's the slowest growth in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's the slowest growth in term
+root n so number two so if we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n so number two so if we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n so number two so if we say
+f of two will be our first one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of two will be our first one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of two will be our first one and then
+how about the other two they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the other two they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the other two they're the same
+they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both
+order n right so we would put in set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n right so we would put in set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n right so we would put in set
+brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets
+f1 and f3 on your problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 and f3 on your problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 and f3 on your problem set
+if you put just two and one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put just two and one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put just two and one and three
+here that would probably be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would probably be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would probably be fine
+okay but if you were to put two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you were to put two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you were to put two over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+or not have these curly braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not have these curly braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not have these curly braces
+around here those would not be correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here those would not be correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here those would not be correct
+and you'd get points marked off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd get points marked off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd get points marked off
+does that make sense okay so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so we're going
+to approach the first set of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach the first set of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach the first set of problems
+first set of functions which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of functions which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set of functions which is a little
+different than the second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the second set of
+functions hopefully this one's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions hopefully this one's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions hopefully this one's a little
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the common approaches that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the common approaches that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the common approaches that i have
+in going through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in going through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in going through these
+things some of these are in a form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some of these are in a form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some of these are in a form that
+is hard for me to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard for me to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hard for me to tell
+how they would compare to other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they would compare to other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they would compare to other things
+actually most of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most of these are
+are fine but in general does can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine but in general does can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine but in general does can can
+anyone just buy eyeballing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone just buy eyeballing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone just buy eyeballing
+tell me an order that that works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an order that that works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an order that that works for
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um okay this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um okay this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um okay this is a little
+a little difficult to do on the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little difficult to do on the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little difficult to do on the spot
+with five functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great that's that's excellent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great that's that's excellent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great that's that's excellent so
+what we've got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got here
+is on f2 f3 and f5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on f2 f3 and f5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on f2 f3 and f5
+we kind of have this n leading term if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have this n leading term if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have this n leading term if
+we factor an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we factor an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we factor an n
+out of that then we're comparing log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that then we're comparing log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that then we're comparing log
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+you know basically we look over here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically we look over here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically we look over here at
+the polynomial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial function
+right this one's smallest out of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one's smallest out of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this one's smallest out of them
+and then the log factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the log factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the log factor
+is smaller than a polynomial factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than a polynomial factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than a polynomial factor
+right log grows slower than linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right log grows slower than linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right log grows slower than linear
+right and so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this guy
+is smaller than f2 is smaller than f3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than f2 is smaller than f3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than f2 is smaller than f3
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+great that your colleague said um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that your colleague said um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that your colleague said um in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+you hopefully you proved in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hopefully you proved in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hopefully you proved in recitation
+today no wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today no wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today no wednesday
+this nice uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice uh you know
+fact i guess that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is less than asymptotically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than asymptotically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than asymptotically this
+polynomial this log and to any power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial this log and to any power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial this log and to any power is
+asymptotically less than any polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically less than any polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically less than any polynomial
+for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any
+positive a and b and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive a and b and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive a and b and in particular
+there's actually a stronger thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a stronger thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a stronger thing you
+can say which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say which is
+little o did you guys talk about little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o did you guys talk about little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o did you guys talk about little
+o in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o in
+recitation at all probably not it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation at all probably not it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation at all probably not it's kind
+of the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same as
+big o except is big o minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o except is big o minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big o except is big o minus
+theta right so things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right so things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right so things that are
+asymptotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically
+equivalent are not going to be included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent are not going to be included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent are not going to be included
+in this set so actually these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set so actually these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set so actually these things are
+strictly asymptotic grows strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly asymptotic grows strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly asymptotic grows strictly
+asymptotically slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically slower
+than any polynomial does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any polynomial does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any polynomial does that make sense
+okay so knowing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so knowing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so knowing this
+identity right or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity right or this
+uh relation can we say anything about f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone maybe maybe someone else any a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone maybe maybe someone else any a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone maybe maybe someone else any a
+and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+any positive a and b anyone else have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive a and b anyone else have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive a and b anyone else have a
+a guess on how yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess on how yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guess on how yeah uh
+that f1 is less than f1 yeah f1 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f1 is less than f1 yeah f1 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f1 is less than f1 yeah f1 is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+f5 right because just using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f5 right because just using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f5 right because just using that
+identity this sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity this sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity this sorry a
+here that i erased stupidly right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that i erased stupidly right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that i erased stupidly right is
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+say this is small this is bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is small this is bigger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is small this is bigger than n
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and n to the b being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n to the b being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n to the b being one
+is bigger right so uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger right so uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger right so uh and then
+as your colleague pointed out before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your colleague pointed out before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your colleague pointed out before
+this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is
+exponential so definitely higher than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so definitely higher than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so definitely higher than a
+polynomial okay so that was very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial okay so that was very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial okay so that was very easy
+right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the
+the answer here is if i if i got uh if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here is if i if i got uh if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here is if i if i got uh if i
+remember correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly
+f1 f5 f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 f5 f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 f5 f2
+f3 and then f4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 and then f4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 and then f4
+great so that one was pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so that one was pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so that one was pretty easy
+how about b or d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about b or d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about b or d
+i guess yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would you go about proving that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you go about proving that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you go about proving that so
+there is a proof in your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a proof in your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a proof in your recitation
+handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout
+uh there the the method in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there the the method in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there the the method in which they
+proved that in the recitation handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that in the recitation handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that in the recitation handout
+was putting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was putting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was putting um
+the the two taking a ratio of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two taking a ratio of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two taking a ratio of the two
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and taking their limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking their limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking their limit as n goes to
+infinity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right
+and if the top one if it goes to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the top one if it goes to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the top one if it goes to it
+it grows arbitrarily then the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows arbitrarily then the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it grows arbitrarily then the top one
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+asymptotic grow absent faster and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic grow absent faster and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic grow absent faster and if the
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+went to zero the bottom one would grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to zero the bottom one would grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to zero the bottom one would grow
+asymptotically faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically faster
+and if it went to some constant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it went to some constant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it went to some constant then
+that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be
+asymptotically equivalent does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equivalent does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equivalent does that make
+sense in in actuality to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in in actuality to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in in actuality to make the
+limit easier to take we take the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit easier to take we take the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit easier to take we take the limit
+of the logarithm of the ratio it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the logarithm of the ratio it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the logarithm of the ratio it just
+made it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it easier
+does that make sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay
+so let's move on to b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to b b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to b b
+we have a polynomial and an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a polynomial and an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a polynomial and an exponential
+and then we have these things down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have these things down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have these things down here
+what do these things in in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do these things in in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do these things in in parentheses
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+choose right it's a binomial coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose right it's a binomial coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose right it's a binomial coefficient
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+does anyone know what a binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what a binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what a binomial
+coefficient is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is yeah
+pro hopefully from o42 or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro hopefully from o42 or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro hopefully from o42 or something like
+that or whatever your competition math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or whatever your competition math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or whatever your competition math
+background is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is
+um but in general we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in general we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in general we have this
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+right this thing is what does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this thing is what does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this thing is what does anyone
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+what does n choose k mean it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does n choose k mean it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does n choose k mean it means
+that yeah to choose k objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah to choose k objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah to choose k objects
+yeah the number of ways to choose k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the number of ways to choose k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the number of ways to choose k
+objects from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects from n
+things right i never remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right i never remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right i never remember this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+uh and probably a lot of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and probably a lot of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and probably a lot of you have
+memorized this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized this formula
+uh i'm not going to ask you to do it i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not going to ask you to do it i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not going to ask you to do it i'm
+going to tell you how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you how i
+kind of think about this uh what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think about this uh what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think about this uh what if i
+want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the
+number of permutations of n choose k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of permutations of n choose k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of permutations of n choose k
+i mean of of of n so sorry just how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean of of of n so sorry just how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean of of of n so sorry just how many
+permutations are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations are there
+of n items what is that that's just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n items what is that that's just n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n items what is that that's just n
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+right so what we do here is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we do here is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we do here is we want to
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+some n number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n number of things
+okay i have n factorial different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have n factorial different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have n factorial different ways
+of choosing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing those
+but then essentially in here and in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then essentially in here and in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then essentially in here and in here
+k and n minus k i don't really care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and n minus k i don't really care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and n minus k i don't really care what
+their order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their order is
+right so i'm going to divide out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to divide out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going to divide out
+the permutations of this stuff and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutations of this stuff and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutations of this stuff and this
+stuff does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does that make sense
+so the formula here as i remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula here as i remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula here as i remember it
+that hopefully is correct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hopefully is correct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hopefully is correct is
+n minus k factorial right so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus k factorial right so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus k factorial right so i'm
+getting all of the permutations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of the permutations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all of the permutations of the
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+divided by their constituents does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their constituents does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their constituents does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+did i do that right okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i do that right okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i do that right okay cool
+so that's a nice transformation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a nice transformation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a nice transformation so the
+first step is kind of writing these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is kind of writing these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is kind of writing these in
+terms of factorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of factorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of factorials
+that doesn't really help me any because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really help me any because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really help me any because
+i don't know how big factorial is base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how big factorial is base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how big factorial is base
+with respect to these other things does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to these other things does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to these other things does
+anyone know how big factorial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know how big factorial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know how big factorial is
+yeah you can use sterling's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can use sterling's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can use sterling's
+approximation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so that's
+that's nice does anyone remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice does anyone remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice does anyone remember what
+sterling's approximation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation is
+no i don't remember either i always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't remember either i always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i don't remember either i always have
+to look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look it up
+uh sterling's approximation says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n factorial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial is
+uh approximately and this approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approximately and this approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approximately and this approximation
+is much stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much stronger than
+um uh than an asymptotic behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh than an asymptotic behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh than an asymptotic behavior
+it's actually as these things as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually as these things as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually as these things as n
+approaches infinity these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches infinity these things are
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+the limit is the identity uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit is the identity uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit is the identity uh but the
+approximation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is
+the square root of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 2 pi
+n n over e to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n over e to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n over e to the n
+okay that's fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what kind of growth is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+super super bad right right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super super bad right right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super super bad right right it's
+it's you know definitely exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know definitely exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know definitely exponential
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+higher than exponential it's n to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than exponential it's n to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than exponential it's n to the n
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+dividing out uh an e e this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing out uh an e e this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing out uh an e e this is uh
+you know e right uh the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know e right uh the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know e right uh the base of the
+natural logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural logarithm
+right and this is a constant right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a constant right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a constant right and
+so it's pi pi is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pi pi is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pi pi is a constant
+kind of interesting that we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting that we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting that we have two
+transcendental numbers here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental numbers here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcendental numbers here that's
+that's kind of fun like mathematics i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of fun like mathematics i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of fun like mathematics i'm
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+some one of your o42 instructors could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of your o42 instructors could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of your o42 instructors could
+tell you why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you why uh
+i can't right now off the top of my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't right now off the top of my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't right now off the top of my head
+but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is
+this is an approximation that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximation that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximation that's very
+good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right
+and actually uh some sometimes other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh some sometimes other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually uh some sometimes other
+people will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will think
+this is this is what people call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what people call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what people call
+sterling's approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation
+one a weaker notion that sometimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a weaker notion that sometimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a weaker notion that sometimes is
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+for you is uh if you take the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is uh if you take the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is uh if you take the logarithm
+of both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is asymptotically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i took the log of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i took the log of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i took the log of this thing
+it is uh you know a polynomial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh you know a polynomial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh you know a polynomial thing
+it's it's basically n log n right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically n log n right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's basically n log n right so
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+if we take a log of this thing it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a log of this thing it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a log of this thing it would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh various things all right let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various things all right let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various things all right let's let's
+do it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it out
+2 pi n n over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n n over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n n over e
+to the n so when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n so when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n so when we're
+inside a logarithm multiplication we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a logarithm multiplication we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a logarithm multiplication we can
+split it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it out
+becomes addition division becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes addition division becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes addition division becomes
+subtraction right and this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction right and this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction right and this thing
+grows faster than all these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows faster than all these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows faster than all these other things
+so we can ignore them when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can ignore them when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can ignore them when we
+add them out asymptotically and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them out asymptotically and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them out asymptotically and so we
+end up getting is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting is this
+n to the n the n comes out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n the n comes out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n the n comes out on the
+logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm
+and you get something that's theta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get something that's theta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get something that's theta n
+log n oh that's fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n oh that's fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n oh that's fun
+this is something we might use later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we might use later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we might use later on
+in the class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class okay
+okay but when we are comparing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when we are comparing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when we are comparing these
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+one of the nice things to do is convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nice things to do is convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the nice things to do is convert
+them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into
+something that's familiar to us so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's familiar to us so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's familiar to us so that
+we can compare them easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compare them easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compare them easily
+right so here this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here this thing is
+whatever that thing is right roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that thing is right roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that thing is right roughly
+square root n n over e to the n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root n n over e to the n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root n n over e to the n right
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's the this is uh i'm gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the this is uh i'm gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the this is uh i'm gonna say
+theta okay that's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay that's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay that's a little bit more
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+all right then what about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then what about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then what about these two
+things let's start with the bottom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things let's start with the bottom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things let's start with the bottom one
+can someone tell me what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone tell me what this is
+asymptotically yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically yeah
+n cubed why is that well if we plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed why is that well if we plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed why is that well if we plug this
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+into that definition here right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that definition here right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that definition here right we have
+n factorial over 3 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial over 3 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial over 3 factorial
+n minus 3 factorial right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 3 factorial right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 3 factorial right
+n factorial over n minus 3 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial over n minus 3 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial over n minus 3 factorial
+just leaves us with an n an n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaves us with an n an n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaves us with an n an n minus 1
+and an n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an n minus 2
+over 6 right and if you multiply all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 right and if you multiply all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 right and if you multiply all
+that out the leading term is an n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out the leading term is an n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out the leading term is an n cubed
+right so this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this thing is
+asymptotically n cubed i kind of skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically n cubed i kind of skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically n cubed i kind of skipped
+some steps but hopefully you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steps but hopefully you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steps but hopefully you could
+follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that
+okay and then the last thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last thing to
+remain is this one right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one's a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one's a little tricky
+anyone want to help me out here what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to help me out here what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to help me out here what we
+can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can
+stick it into this formula and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into this formula and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into this formula and then
+apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply
+sterling's approximation to replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation to replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation to replace the
+factorials that make sense okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials that make sense okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials that make sense okay so what
+i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do
+is let's do this in two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's do this in two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's do this in two steps
+uh this is going to be n factorial over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is this n over 2 factorial and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this n over 2 factorial and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this n over 2 factorial and then
+what is n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n minus
+n over 2 that's also n over two so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2 that's also n over two so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over 2 that's also n over two so this
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+n over two factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two factorial
+squared is that okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is that okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is that okay yeah
+now let's replace this stuff with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's replace this stuff with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's replace this stuff with
+sterling's approximation and see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation and see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterling's approximation and see if we
+can simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simplify
+okay so on the top we have 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on the top we have 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on the top we have 2 pi
+n n over e to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n over e to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n over e to the n
+over and then we've got a square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then we've got a square here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then we've got a square here
+pi n x canceled the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n x canceled the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n x canceled the two
+n over two over e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two over e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two over e to the
+n over two did i do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two did i do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two did i do that right
+okay i can't spell and a lot of times i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i can't spell and a lot of times i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i can't spell and a lot of times i
+make arithmetic errors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arithmetic errors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arithmetic errors so
+catch me if i if i am doing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me if i if i am doing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me if i if i am doing one
+okay so let's simplify this bottom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's simplify this bottom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's simplify this bottom here
+uh i'm not going to rewrite the top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not going to rewrite the top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not going to rewrite the top the
+bottom here we square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here we square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here we square
+this guy it's pi times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy it's pi times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy it's pi times n
+and then this guy n over 2 squared that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this guy n over 2 squared that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this guy n over 2 squared that
+just stays as an n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays as an n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays as an n right
+then we have n over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have n over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have n over 2
+to the n over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n over e
+something like that and over 2 over e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and over 2 over e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and over 2 over e to
+the n that makes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n that makes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n that makes more
+mean happier okay so now we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean happier okay so now we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean happier okay so now we have this
+over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this
+how do we simplify well we can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we simplify well we can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we simplify well we can cancel
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+one of the root n so we've got square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the root n so we've got square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the root n so we've got square
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+of pi n down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi n down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi n down here
+and square root of 2 up top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then what do we got we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do we got we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do we got we've got
+n to the n down here and n to the n down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n down here and n to the n down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n down here and n to the n down
+up there so those cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there so those cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there so those cancel
+we got e 1 over e to the n 1 over e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got e 1 over e to the n 1 over e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got e 1 over e to the n 1 over e to
+the n up there those cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n up there those cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n up there those cancel
+what's left in this term when after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left in this term when after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left in this term when after we
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+uh 1 over 2 to the n in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 over 2 to the n in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 over 2 to the n in the denominator
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+which is 2 to the n in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 to the n in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 to the n in the numerator
+okay so this thing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this thing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this thing is what
+this thing is right asymptote we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is right asymptote we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is right asymptote we can get
+rid of these constants and it's root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of these constants and it's root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of these constants and it's root n
+it means it's 2 to the n over root n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it's 2 to the n over root n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means it's 2 to the n over root n
+asymptotically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically right
+does that make sense everybody okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense everybody okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense everybody okay with
+that knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowledge
+and i'm sorry for my messy board work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sorry for my messy board work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sorry for my messy board work
+uh what is the ordering of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the ordering of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is the ordering of these
+functions then can someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions then can someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions then can someone
+help me out someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eric i'm sorry you can't answer come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eric i'm sorry you can't answer come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eric i'm sorry you can't answer come on
+guys you followed what i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you followed what i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you followed what i said
+how about some of the starting start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about some of the starting start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about some of the starting start it
+out for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so both of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so both of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so both of these things are
+asymptotically equivalent so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equivalent so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically equivalent so we should
+put those in brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those in brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those in brackets
+f2 f5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 f5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 f5
+f3 this one why this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 this one why this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 this one why this one
+i'm i'm just asking you to justify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm just asking you to justify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm i'm just asking you to justify what
+you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one's the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know if that's f4 f4 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if that's f4 f4 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if that's f4 f4 is the
+biggest right so this one's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest right so this one's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest right so this one's definitely
+bigger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this
+right because it's n to the n as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's n to the n as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's n to the n as opposed
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+two to the n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n okay
+so for any n larger than 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any n larger than 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any n larger than 2 plus
+e is is you know fairly obvious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is is you know fairly obvious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is is you know fairly obvious that
+that's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger
+so when have 3 why would f3 be before f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when have 3 why would f3 be before f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when have 3 why would f3 be before f1
+but we're dividing by a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're dividing by a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're dividing by a polynomial
+factor right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor right so
+it's going to be uh slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be uh slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be uh slower
+asymptotically than than the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically than than the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotically than than the first one
+right there right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there right so
+you got it right what is it f3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it right what is it f3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it right what is it f3
+f1 and f4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 and f4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 and f4
+okay cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool so
+it's a little complicated but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little complicated but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little complicated but you know
+just applying some logarithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just applying some logarithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just applying some logarithm and
+exponent rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent rules
+uh understanding that log rhythmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding that log rhythmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding that log rhythmic
+factors grow slower than polynomial ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors grow slower than polynomial ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors grow slower than polynomial ones
+and again grow slower than exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again grow slower than exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again grow slower than exponential
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+and being able to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being able to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being able to do some
+transformations of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of some of these
+mathematical quantities to get them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical quantities to get them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical quantities to get them in a
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+like looking form is how you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like looking form is how you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like looking form is how you're going to
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+these problems does that make sense all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems does that make sense all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems does that make sense all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+we're going to move on to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on to question
+tuna yeah you've got a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's just that i don't i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just that i don't i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just that i don't i don't know
+how to simplify that any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to simplify that any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to simplify that any further
+right you've got a polynomial factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got a polynomial factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got a polynomial factor
+here and then this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then this is an
+n to the n term divided by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n term divided by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the n term divided by an
+exponential okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f3 took this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 took this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f3 took this uh this
+little cycle here okay what we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cycle here okay what we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cycle here okay what we did was
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+probably we uh expanded out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we uh expanded out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we uh expanded out the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+of the binomial coefficient here then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the binomial coefficient here then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the binomial coefficient here then we
+applied sterling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied sterling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied sterling
+and then we simplified and got back does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we simplified and got back does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we simplified and got back does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+yeah sure is there a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is f3 before f1 right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is f3 before f1 right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is f3 before f1 right so this is
+if i erase the 2 and the pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i erase the 2 and the pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i erase the 2 and the pi
+this thing is theta of that 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is theta of that 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is theta of that 2 to the n
+over a polynomial factor right it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a polynomial factor right it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a polynomial factor right it's over
+n to the one-half right n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the one-half right n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the one-half right n
+to the one-half grows uh non-trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one-half grows uh non-trivially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one-half grows uh non-trivially
+right right and so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right and so this is going to
+decrease the running time of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the running time of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the running time of this thing
+by a polynomial factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a polynomial factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a polynomial factor
+right you could think about a we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could think about a we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could think about a we're
+multiplying this by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying this by a
+n to the minus one-half as well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the minus one-half as well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the minus one-half as well right
+that's another way of thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way of thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way of thinking about it
+any other questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay
+so we're going to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem two i guess i need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two i guess i need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two i guess i need a
+an eraser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so problem two is kind of a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem two is kind of a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem two is kind of a funny
+looking problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking problem
+uh the point of this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point of this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point of this problem is
+uh kind of to get you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of to get you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of to get you to think about
+using some of the things we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the things we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of the things we're going to
+be using in this class as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using in this class as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using in this class as a black box
+if you if you using something as black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you using something as black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you using something as black
+box means is that it has a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box means is that it has a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box means is that it has a kind of a
+public interface that you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public interface that you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public interface that you're allowed to
+work with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with but
+i'm not allowed to see what's inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not allowed to see what's inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not allowed to see what's inside of
+it right and a lot of times what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and a lot of times what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and a lot of times what we'll
+do in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this class
+is try to use a black box and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to use a black box and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to use a black box and just
+try to use the abstracted outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use the abstracted outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use the abstracted outer
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+uh so that we can prove things about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that we can prove things about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that we can prove things about it
+right we can just accept those as true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can just accept those as true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can just accept those as true
+and then use those to to deal with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use those to to deal with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use those to to deal with our
+analysis so what we're given in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so what we're given in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so what we're given in this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+is a data structure supporting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data structure supporting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a data structure supporting um
+a sequence interface that you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence interface that you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence interface that you heard
+about yesterday right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yesterday right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yesterday right
+what's the sequence interface again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sequence interface again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the sequence interface again it
+what is a sequence interval how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a sequence interval how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a sequence interval how does it
+store items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store items
+anyone remember yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember yeah
+in in well it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in well it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in well it okay
+all right so so what your your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so what your your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so what your your colleague
+is saying here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying here is
+we list them in a contiguous array okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we list them in a contiguous array okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we list them in a contiguous array okay
+does anyone have a problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have a problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have a problem with that
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+yeah up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you use the link so um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you use the link so um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you use the link so um one of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the important things about this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things about this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things about this class
+is abstracting this idea of an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is abstracting this idea of an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is abstracting this idea of an interface
+versus an implementation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus an implementation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus an implementation and so
+what this student down here said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this student down here said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this student down here said is
+talking to me about an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me about an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me about an array
+as an underlying implementation and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an underlying implementation and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an underlying implementation and what
+the student back there was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student back there was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student back there was talking about
+is a linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linked list
+these are both things that can implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both things that can implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both things that can implement
+that interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interface
+right but in reality the interface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in reality the interface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in reality the interface is
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+abstracted outside of those ideas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted outside of those ideas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted outside of those ideas we
+could implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could implement
+with either of those data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either of those data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with either of those data structures
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+what makes the sequence interface a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the sequence interface a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the sequence interface a
+sequence interface yeah an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence interface yeah an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence interface yeah an order
+or at least an index specific way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least an index specific way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least an index specific way that
+allows for calling though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for calling though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for calling though
+so so it's about the data right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's about the data right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's about the data right that
+we're storing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're storing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're storing right
+the data that we're storing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we're storing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that we're storing we're
+storing some number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing some number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing some number of things
+right and the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the important thing is that
+the data structure is maintaining being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure is maintaining being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure is maintaining being
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+find items in that set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find items in that set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find items in that set by
+by maintaining an order on them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by maintaining an order on them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by maintaining an order on them right
+i usually like to call it an extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually like to call it an extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually like to call it an extrinsic
+order on these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on these things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on these things right
+it has nothing to do with what the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with what the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with what the items
+are right it has to do with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right it has to do with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right it has to do with how
+i put them in order there's a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put them in order there's a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put them in order there's a first
+thing there's a tenth thing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's a tenth thing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's a tenth thing there's a
+last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing
+right that's what a sequence of items is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what a sequence of items is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what a sequence of items is
+right and so uh what this data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh what this data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so uh what this data structure
+is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing
+that's the input that is the kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the input that is the kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the input that is the kind of uh
+what we have available to us in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have available to us in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have available to us in this
+problem is some kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is some kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is some kind of data
+structure storing a sequence of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure storing a sequence of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure storing a sequence of things
+and it can support these four operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can support these four operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can support these four operations
+right and insert first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and insert first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and insert first
+insert last delete first and delete last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert last delete first and delete last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert last delete first and delete last
+and it supports each of those things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it supports each of those things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it supports each of those things in
+constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+okay you don't know a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't know a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't know a data structure
+that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that
+yet you will on your problem set one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you will on your problem set one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you will on your problem set one
+and we'll talk about another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about another way to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+today um but we we don't care how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um but we we don't care how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um but we we don't care how it's
+implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented
+we just give you this black box that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just give you this black box that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just give you this black box that
+achieves these things yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves these things yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves these things yay
+awesome uh and so what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome uh and so what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome uh and so what we're trying to
+do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+we have this thing right and i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this thing right and i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this thing right and i want to
+be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+manipulate the sequence stored inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the sequence stored inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate the sequence stored inside
+but all i have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all i have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all i have access to
+are these external operations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these external operations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these external operations okay
+so the idea is going to be let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implement algorithms for these some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement algorithms for these some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement algorithms for these some
+higher level operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level operations
+in terms of these lower level things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these lower level things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these lower level things
+that are given to us does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given to us does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given to us does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+okay and this is actually a pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is actually a pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is actually a pretty easy
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+hopefully we'll have slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll have slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we'll have slightly more
+difficult ones for you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult ones for you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult ones for you on
+in a different context uh on problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different context uh on problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different context uh on problem set
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay so uh the first uh operation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the first uh operation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the first uh operation we're
+going to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to support
+or try to support uh is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to support uh is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to support uh is an
+operation called swap ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation called swap ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation called swap ends
+okay and what this is going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this is going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this is going to do is
+take the data structure that we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the data structure that we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the data structure that we gave
+another way you could do this is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you could do this is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you could do this is put
+this as a method on that data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a method on that data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a method on that data structure
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+let's do this separately it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this separately it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this separately it's going to
+take that data structure that we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data structure that we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that data structure that we gave
+i gave you that's storing the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the only argument and what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the only argument and what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the only argument and what is going
+to what we're asking you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're asking you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're asking you to do
+is describe an algorithm to swap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describe an algorithm to swap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describe an algorithm to swap the
+first and the last items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the last items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the last items
+okay so i i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i i mean i
+if it's if it was an array i could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if it was an array i could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if it was an array i could just
+look at index 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at index 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at index 0
+look at that look at the last one look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that look at the last one look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that look at the last one look
+at that and swap them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that and swap them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that and swap them
+okay but i don't have access to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i don't have access to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i don't have access to what
+that underlying representation is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying representation is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying representation is so
+how would i do that using the the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would i do that using the the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would i do that using the the things
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+available to us this is a pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us this is a pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us this is a pretty easy
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+uh what do we got just a quick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we got just a quick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what do we got just a quick question
+yeah does the delete method also return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does the delete method also return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does the delete method also return
+whatever deletes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever deletes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever deletes
+yes yes it does so in general if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it does so in general if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it does so in general if you
+actually take a look at the session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take a look at the session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take a look at the session
+notes it's giving you a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's giving you a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes it's giving you a nice little
+reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder
+recall the delete operations return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the delete operations return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the delete operations return the
+deleted item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted item
+okay it says it right there on the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it says it right there on the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it says it right there on the thing
+all right uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh yeah
+did you oh i i also had a question sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you oh i i also had a question sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you oh i i also had a question sure
+and then this actually after you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this actually after you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this actually after you got it
+it's not related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not related
+if they don't specify a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't specify a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't specify a space of
+complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+one of the things that eric talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that eric talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that eric talked about
+yesterday was generally in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday was generally in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday was generally in this class
+uh if you have it usually what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have it usually what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have it usually what we'll
+give you is a running time bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is a running time bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is a running time bound on the
+things that you ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you ask for
+and because allocation of space by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because allocation of space by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because allocation of space by our
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+takes that amount of time right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that amount of time right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes that amount of time right the
+amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time
+but the amount of space that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount of space that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the amount of space that we are
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+is going to be asymptotically upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be asymptotically upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be asymptotically upper
+bounded by the time that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the time that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the time that we're going to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+for the algorithm right and so generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the algorithm right and so generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the algorithm right and so generally
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ask you to stay within a time bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to stay within a time bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to stay within a time bound and
+not ask you to do something separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ask you to do something separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ask you to do something separate
+with space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with space
+but there are problems probably at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are problems probably at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are problems probably at the
+end of this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this unit
+where we might talk about space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we might talk about space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we might talk about space
+complexity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh
+but usually we will be we will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually we will be we will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually we will be we will be very
+specific if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific if we
+if we want you to think about space any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want you to think about space any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want you to think about space any
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions
+all right so how do we implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do we implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do we implement this
+swap ends thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap ends thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap ends thing
+yeah this is a pretty easy one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so another thing about this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another thing about this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so another thing about this class
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+your your colleague over here is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your colleague over here is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your colleague over here is trying
+to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write
+code to me okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to me okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to me okay uh
+which is great for a computer and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is great for a computer and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is great for a computer and that's
+great if you're taking six level nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if you're taking six level nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great if you're taking six level nine
+it's not great if you're talking to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not great if you're talking to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not great if you're talking to your
+friends or if you're talking to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or if you're talking to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends or if you're talking to me
+right i am i can't parse code in my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i am i can't parse code in my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i am i can't parse code in my head
+and compile it all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compile it all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compile it all the time
+sometimes something i can but but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes something i can but but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes something i can but but not
+all the time especially when it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time especially when it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time especially when it gets to
+be a large program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a large program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a large program
+so i want you to explain in words to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to explain in words to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want you to explain in words to me
+and we want you to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want you to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want you to explain
+in words in your latex submissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words in your latex submissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words in your latex submissions
+what it is the algorithm is doing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is the algorithm is doing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is the algorithm is doing okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+can you start over with your description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you start over with your description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you start over with your description
+words are hard i agree with you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are hard i agree with you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are hard i agree with you okay
+computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science
+i would delete the last the last then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would delete the last the last then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would delete the last the last then
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so proposal we have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so proposal we have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so proposal we have a sequence of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+uh again as eric was doing in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again as eric was doing in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again as eric was doing in lecture
+yesterday uh this isn't representing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday uh this isn't representing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday uh this isn't representing an
+array it's representing a sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's representing a sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array it's representing a sequence so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+front first i guessed and last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front first i guessed and last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front first i guessed and last
+and what your colleague was saying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your colleague was saying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your colleague was saying was
+to delete this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delete this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delete this guy
+yeah and stick it on the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and stick it on the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and stick it on the front
+okay maybe by using delete last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe by using delete last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe by using delete last
+and insert first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insert first okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insert first okay
+that sounds pretty good does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds pretty good does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds pretty good does that do
+what swap ends is doing swap ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what swap ends is doing swap ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what swap ends is doing swap ends
+swap the first and last items in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the first and last items in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the first and last items in the
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+it's probably better to first store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably better to first store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably better to first store it
+in some other variables so that way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other variables so that way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other variables so that way we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+get the delete the end so what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the delete the end so what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the delete the end so what your
+colleague is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague is saying
+is well we've done kind of half of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well we've done kind of half of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well we've done kind of half of our
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+the first one's still over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one's still over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one's still over here right
+that's no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good
+okay does someone have a way to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does someone have a way to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does someone have a way to modify
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yeah before i modify the question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before i modify the question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah before i modify the question in
+order to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to modify
+um restrictions about the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um restrictions about the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um restrictions about the amount of
+things we're storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're storing
+ah yeah so how much extra space can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah so how much extra space can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah so how much extra space can we
+use for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for example
+right the easiest way would be to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the easiest way would be to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the easiest way would be to um
+delete the labs that they prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete the labs that they prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete the labs that they prefer
+and then just if we have them already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just if we have them already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just if we have them already
+kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept
+them but i don't know if i can keep two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but i don't know if i can keep two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but i don't know if i can keep two
+different bibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bibles
+good good question so the question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good question so the question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good question so the question right
+can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i
+use additional space and in general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use additional space and in general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use additional space and in general if
+we don't give you any restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't give you any restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't give you any restrictions
+on what you can store then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what you can store then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what you can store then
+you can go wild do whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go wild do whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go wild do whatever you want
+outside of this data structure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this data structure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this data structure right
+like one of the things you could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the things you could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the things you could do is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+remove first on all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove first on all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove first on all of these things
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+store it in some data structure you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it in some data structure you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it in some data structure you like
+manipulate it as much as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it as much as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it as much as you want
+and then insert first i'm all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then insert first i'm all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then insert first i'm all the way
+back in and rewrite the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and rewrite the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and rewrite the thing
+but that's not going to give us constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not going to give us constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not going to give us constant
+time which is what we're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what we're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is what we're asking for
+right but if we don't tell you otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we don't tell you otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we don't tell you otherwise
+feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to
+you know i mean probably you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean probably you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean probably you're only
+allowed to store a constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to store a constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to store a constant number of
+things since we have constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things since we have constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things since we have constant time
+but generally uh unless we say no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally uh unless we say no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally uh unless we say no you
+can't use additional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use additional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use additional space
+you can use additional space okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use additional space okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use additional space okay so how
+would you do that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that would
+probably erase the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's great so what your colleague is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so what your colleague is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great so what your colleague is
+saying we delete both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we delete both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we delete both of them
+we store them in temporary variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store them in temporary variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we store them in temporary variables and
+then one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one at a time
+we insert each of them in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert each of them in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert each of them in their
+corresponding place using the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding place using the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding place using the functions
+that we have available okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have available okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have available okay
+so if i were to write little pseudocode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i were to write little pseudocode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i were to write little pseudocode
+for this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this um
+i might take you know the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might take you know the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might take you know the first one
+right i'd delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'd delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'd delete
+uh first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first okay
+i'm really abusing notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really abusing notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really abusing notation here
+but that's okay you get what i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay you get what i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay you get what i'm saying
+uh delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last and then store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last and then store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last and then store them
+in their respective places insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their respective places insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their respective places insert
+at the front which one i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front which one i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the front which one i'm going to
+insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert
+what's up hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up hmm
+speak up guys x2 yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up guys x2 yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up guys x2 yes thank you
+and insert last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insert last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insert last
+x1 right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 right okay
+that's pretty easy yeah what would in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty easy yeah what would in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty easy yeah what would in
+this case what would let her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what would let her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what would let her and
+i think this might be relevant from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this might be relevant from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this might be relevant from like
+what would constitute a pseudocode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would constitute a pseudocode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would constitute a pseudocode
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+writing pythons all right so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing pythons all right so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing pythons all right so for this
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+you'll see the solutions posted to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the solutions posted to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the solutions posted to this
+later on in that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in that one
+i wrote up a description of what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote up a description of what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wrote up a description of what i was
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+and then i actually because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i actually because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i actually because this was
+pretty easy you know i actually wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy you know i actually wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy you know i actually wrote
+down some python code to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some python code to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some python code to do
+whatever whatever this thing was but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever this thing was but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever this thing was but in
+general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and
+uh it's actually okay to write python or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually okay to write python or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's actually okay to write python or
+pseudo code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code
+of this form on your problem sets or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form on your problem sets or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form on your problem sets or on
+an exam or something like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam or something like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam or something like that but
+if we can't understand what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can't understand what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can't understand what your
+variables mean if we can't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables mean if we can't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables mean if we can't understand
+what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your
+pseudo code is doing then that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code is doing then that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code is doing then that's not
+sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient
+right so the reason why we ask for words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the reason why we ask for words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the reason why we ask for words
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so that you can communicate those ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can communicate those ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can communicate those ideas
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay so can you also have a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so can you also have a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so can you also have a combination
+of pseudocode and description sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pseudocode and description sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pseudocode and description sure
+yeah including both of them can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah including both of them can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah including both of them can be
+clarifying for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifying for you
+potentially yeah any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we have so one of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have so one of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have so one of this is
+not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a
+interesting question from an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question from an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question from an algorithm
+standpoint right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint right
+this is a constant size problem kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant size problem kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant size problem kind of
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i have this data structure i do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this data structure i do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this data structure i do two
+operations i need to do something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations i need to do something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations i need to do something right
+and this is so easy that i'm really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is so easy that i'm really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is so easy that i'm really not
+even gonna argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even gonna argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even gonna argue
+correctness i'm not even gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness i'm not even gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness i'm not even gonna have to
+argue correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue correctness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue correctness
+to you because we're essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because we're essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because we're essentially just
+doing exactly what we asked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing exactly what we asked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing exactly what we asked for
+right so you don't most of the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't most of the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't most of the time in
+this class when you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class when you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class when you're doing something
+non-trivial especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial especially
+when you're doing something that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing something that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing something that has to
+recurse in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse in some way
+we do want you to argue correctness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do want you to argue correctness okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do want you to argue correctness okay
+but in this case the for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case the for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case the for example the
+time analysis is very easy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time analysis is very easy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time analysis is very easy right
+we do four operations they each take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do four operations they each take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do four operations they each take
+constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time
+so this operation takes constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this operation takes constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this operation takes constant time
+done yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah
+all right so how about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how about the second
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+second operation at least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allows us to use a little bit more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to use a little bit more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to use a little bit more so
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the
+k this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k this is
+the operation we're supporting now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation we're supporting now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation we're supporting now is
+we're given this sequence and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given this sequence and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given this sequence and what we
+want to do is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is take the
+first k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and stick it over here at the back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it over here at the back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it over here at the back okay
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+the uh these k go here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh these k go here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh these k go here so the
+kth item ends up being the last item and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kth item ends up being the last item and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kth item ends up being the last item and
+the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+plus one item now becomes the first item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one item now becomes the first item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one item now becomes the first item
+does that make sense okay again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay again this is
+actually not such an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not such an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not such an interesting
+algorithm from an algorithm standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from an algorithm standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm from an algorithm standpoint
+but it's hopefully uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hopefully uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's hopefully uh
+helpful to talk about from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to talk about from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to talk about from an
+instructional point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional point of view
+okay so how would i approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how would i approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how would i approach this
+problem i i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i i need
+this operation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation to
+happen in order k time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in order k time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in order k time
+yeah okay so first i'm go and delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so first i'm go and delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so first i'm go and delete
+set a variable x1 to be the d dot delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a variable x1 to be the d dot delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a variable x1 to be the d dot delete
+first element then a pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element then a pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first element then a pet
+do dot insert at the last exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do dot insert at the last exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do dot insert at the last exponent
+d write a for loop and then do that k2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d write a for loop and then do that k2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d write a for loop and then do that k2
+okay and i should have take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i should have take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i should have take two
+steps which is okay okay so what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps which is okay okay so what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps which is okay okay so what your
+colleague was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague was saying
+is uh that we're just going to delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that we're just going to delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that we're just going to delete
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+stick it on there do it k times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it on there do it k times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it on there do it k times
+that sound good yeah so there's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound good yeah so there's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound good yeah so there's one of
+the things in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in this class
+that you have in terms of implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in terms of implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in terms of implementation
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+usually there are two ways at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there are two ways at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there are two ways at least two
+ways you could do something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could do something that
+takes longer than constant time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer than constant time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes longer than constant time you
+could write a for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a for loop
+or you could use recursion right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could use recursion right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could use recursion right
+and that's sometimes approaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sometimes approaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sometimes approaching a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+would be good one way rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good one way rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good one way rather than
+another right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another right
+why is it that a lot of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that a lot of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that a lot of computer
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+as opposed to coding engineers prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to coding engineers prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to coding engineers prefer to
+think about an algorithm recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an algorithm recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an algorithm recursively
+does anyone know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know why
+at least i do when i'm explaining it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least i do when i'm explaining it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least i do when i'm explaining it
+from a theory standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a theory standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a theory standpoint
+it actually might not be good from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually might not be good from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually might not be good from an
+implementation standpoint because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation standpoint because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation standpoint because your
+computer can vectorize for loops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can vectorize for loops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can vectorize for loops and
+things like but that's not something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like but that's not something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like but that's not something we
+need to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about
+uh why would we want to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why would we want to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why would we want to talk about a
+recursive algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive algorithm
+maybe more it lets you break up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more it lets you break up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more it lets you break up the
+problem much smaller more manageable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem much smaller more manageable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem much smaller more manageable
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+okay so recursion uh lets you break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so recursion uh lets you break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so recursion uh lets you break up
+the problem into small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem into small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem into small
+measurable pieces that's that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable pieces that's that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable pieces that's that's actually
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+in in some context what your recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in some context what your recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in some context what your recursion
+how i like to think about recursion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i like to think about recursion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i like to think about recursion a
+lot of times is if i have a non-constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times is if i have a non-constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times is if i have a non-constant
+amount of work that i have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work that i have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of work that i have to do
+usually easy for me it's hard for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually easy for me it's hard for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually easy for me it's hard for me to
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+a non-constant amount of information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-constant amount of information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-constant amount of information in
+my head right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head right
+what i want to do is think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do is think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do is think about a
+constant amount of information at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amount of information at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amount of information at
+at any given point in time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given point in time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given point in time because
+that's easier for me to argue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier for me to argue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier for me to argue on
+right it's easier for me to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's easier for me to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's easier for me to think about
+making arguments case analysis on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arguments case analysis on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arguments case analysis on these
+small amount of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of things
+and so one of the things you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the things you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the things you can do is
+if you break it down so that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break it down so that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break it down so that i
+i solve a slightly smaller problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i solve a slightly smaller problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i solve a slightly smaller problem
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+and then do a constant amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a constant amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do a constant amount of work
+and maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintain
+some invariant then it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some invariant then it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some invariant then it's very easy to
+argue things about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue things about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue things about it
+right it's very easy for me to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's very easy for me to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's very easy for me to convince
+myself that this thing is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that this thing is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself that this thing is correct
+okay so i'm going to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to provide
+a recursive way of solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive way of solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive way of solving this problem
+can anyone set up maybe a recursive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone set up maybe a recursive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone set up maybe a recursive way
+of thinking about this problem instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about this problem instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about this problem instead
+of putting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting this
+inside a for loop like your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a for loop like your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a for loop like your colleague
+was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah so what your colleague is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so what your colleague is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so what your colleague is saying is
+setting up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the
+a very nice thing right but she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice thing right but she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice thing right but she is
+saying that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if
+we if we think about this recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we think about this recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we think about this recursively
+we'll think about a base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think about a base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think about a base case
+which your colleague was saying maybe k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your colleague was saying maybe k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your colleague was saying maybe k
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+right uh and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and otherwise
+if we're not at zero what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're not at zero what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're not at zero what we'll do is
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+start it out right move one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it out right move one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it out right move one of these
+guys over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys over
+and then we have an instance where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an instance where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an instance where we
+want to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift
+k minus one things over right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus one things over right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus one things over right
+it's we want to do the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we want to do the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's we want to do the same thing but
+with k minus 1 things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with k minus 1 things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with k minus 1 things
+and so we can just call this thing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can just call this thing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can just call this thing for a
+smaller value of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller value of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller value of k
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's try to write that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's try to write that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's try to write that out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first thing i'm going to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i'm going to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i'm going to write out
+is kind of a a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a a break
+if if i'm at a base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if i'm at a base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if i'm at a base case
+let's not do anything to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do anything to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do anything to this thing
+right and maybe i also want some bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe i also want some bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and maybe i also want some bounce
+checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking
+to make sure that we're in range okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that we're in range okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that we're in range okay so
+i'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say
+if you know our k is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know our k is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know our k is less than one
+right we're certain i don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're certain i don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're certain i don't think we
+should be doing anything to this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing anything to this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing anything to this array
+so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just
+not do anything right if k is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything right if k is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do anything right if k is less than
+one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or
+k is bigger than the length of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than the length of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than the length of d
+minus one so i don't know what to do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so i don't know what to do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so i don't know what to do if
+i'm you're asking me to shift more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm you're asking me to shift more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm you're asking me to shift more than
+the things i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things i have
+right so let's not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's not do that
+uh is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is this uh
+i guess it's really yeah because if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's really yeah because if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's really yeah because if it
+was length of d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was length of d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was length of d
+right we would just not move anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we would just not move anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we would just not move anything
+anyway right because we'd shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway right because we'd shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway right because we'd shift the
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+right so we don't have to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we don't have to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we don't have to do anything
+all right if we're in either of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if we're in either of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if we're in either of these
+cases we're just going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we're just going to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we're just going to return
+because i either shouldn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i either shouldn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i either shouldn't do anything
+to the array or i have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the array or i have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the array or i have no idea what
+you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about
+right if it's negative or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's negative or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's negative or something like
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+so that's the first thing otherwise what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing otherwise what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing otherwise what
+do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do
+we shift one thing over and then we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shift one thing over and then we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shift one thing over and then we make
+a recursive call does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive call does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive call does that make sense
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we'll delete the first thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll delete the first thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll delete the first thing as a
+temporary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary variable
+right delete first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll
+insert last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert last
+uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we need to do the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to do the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to do the recursive
+call so what's our recursive call look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so what's our recursive call look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so what's our recursive call look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+so shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shift
+left d k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left d k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left d k
+minus one okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay and then
+we can return this this thing doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can return this this thing doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can return this this thing doesn't
+need to return anything it's just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to return anything it's just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to return anything it's just doing
+stuff to the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to the thing
+right and whenever we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and whenever we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and whenever we get
+this k we make a call that gets down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k we make a call that gets down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this k we make a call that gets down to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+we will terminate right because we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will terminate right because we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will terminate right because we will
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+right we're in this range somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're in this range somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're in this range somewhere
+between we have an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we have an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we have an input
+after this line we know that k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this line we know that k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this line we know that k is
+somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between
+1 and n minus 1 right and what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and n minus 1 right and what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and n minus 1 right and what we'll do
+is every time through this recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every time through this recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every time through this recursion
+we will subtract 1 from k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will subtract 1 from k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will subtract 1 from k
+so this is a nice well-ordered sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a nice well-ordered sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a nice well-ordered sequence
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+we do the correct thing obviously right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the correct thing obviously right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the correct thing obviously right
+in the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the base case
+and as long as this thing was correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as this thing was correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as this thing was correct
+for a smaller value of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a smaller value of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a smaller value of k
+this thing also does the correct thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing also does the correct thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing also does the correct thing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because we're shifting over one as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're shifting over one as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're shifting over one as we
+are asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are asked
+and we're letting this do the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're letting this do the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're letting this do the work of
+the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+i don't have to think about that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to think about that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to think about that right
+like i just have to think about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i just have to think about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i just have to think about this one
+loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+this one part of the thing that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one part of the thing that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one part of the thing that i'm
+doing constant amount of work is done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing constant amount of work is done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing constant amount of work is done in
+this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section
+and how many times do i call a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many times do i call a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many times do i call a function
+okay yeah i think k minus one times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah i think k minus one times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah i think k minus one times or
+i don't know i forget but it's order k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i forget but it's order k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i forget but it's order k
+for sure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure right
+and we do a constant amount of work per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do a constant amount of work per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do a constant amount of work per
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ignoring this extra call does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring this extra call does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring this extra call does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+right so this thing runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this thing runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this thing runs in
+order k as desired okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order k as desired okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order k as desired okay does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+all right so now we'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that any questions about question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that any questions about question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that any questions about question
+two it's that one's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's that one's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's that one's really
+probably one of the easiest problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the easiest problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the easiest problems
+we've ever had on a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry to uh scare you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to uh scare you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to uh scare you okay
+so problem three okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem three okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so problem three okay so this is a
+little block of text right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little block of text right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little block of text right here
+okay a dynamic array can support a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a dynamic array can support a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a dynamic array can support a
+sequence interface supporting worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence interface supporting worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence interface supporting worst case
+constant time indexing as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time indexing as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time indexing as well as
+insertion and removal of items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion and removal of items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion and removal of items
+at the back of the array in amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back of the array in amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the back of the array in amortized
+constant time so this is what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time so this is what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time so this is what we did
+yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday
+in lecture right we showed how a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture right we showed how a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture right we showed how a dynamic
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+it's fast to do dynamic operations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fast to do dynamic operations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fast to do dynamic operations at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+right okay however insertion deletion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay however insertion deletion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay however insertion deletion at
+the front is not very efficient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front is not very efficient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front is not very efficient because
+if you tried to do that you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tried to do that you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tried to do that you'd have to
+shift everything over right that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift everything over right that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift everything over right that makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+all right on the other hand what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on the other hand what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on the other hand what we
+talked about yesterday was linked lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yesterday was linked lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yesterday was linked lists
+uh they can be made to support insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can be made to support insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they can be made to support insertion
+and uh deletion at both ends in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh deletion at both ends in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh deletion at both ends in constant
+time okay so that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's a little
+foreshadowing of something you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing of something you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreshadowing of something you're going
+to do on pset one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on pset one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do on pset one
+okay but in lecture we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in lecture we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in lecture we talked about
+that operation that data structure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operation that data structure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operation that data structure a
+singly linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly linked list
+being good at dynamic operations at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being good at dynamic operations at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being good at dynamic operations at the
+front of the list right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the list right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the list right because
+essentially we could just remember where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we could just remember where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we could just remember where
+the front of the list was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the list was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of the list was
+and swap things in if as as needed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swap things in if as as needed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swap things in if as as needed right
+that makes sense okay so on your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense okay so on your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense okay so on your problem
+set what you're going to do is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set what you're going to do is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set what you're going to do is make
+end operations good on the length list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end operations good on the length list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end operations good on the length list
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+as well as supporting another operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as supporting another operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as supporting another operation
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but what's the problem with linked lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the problem with linked lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's the problem with linked lists
+uh as compared to dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as compared to dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as compared to dynamic
+dynamic arrays yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah linked list lookups can take linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah linked list lookups can take linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah linked list lookups can take linear
+time right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right because
+i have no i don't have the benefit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no i don't have the benefit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no i don't have the benefit of an
+array where i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array where i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array where i can
+randomly access something in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly access something in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly access something in the middle
+by essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by essentially just
+doing one arithmetic offset calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one arithmetic offset calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one arithmetic offset calculation
+from the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the front
+address right and being able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address right and being able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address right and being able to find
+this thing further down in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing further down in constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing further down in constant time
+using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our
+com model of computation of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com model of computation of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com model of computation of the random
+access machine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access machine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access machine right
+you know linked lists these things could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linked lists these things could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know linked lists these things could
+be stored all over the place in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stored all over the place in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stored all over the place in memory
+and i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to
+kind of traverse those pointers until i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of traverse those pointers until i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of traverse those pointers until i
+get to the one that i'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the one that i'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the one that i'm looking for
+right that's that's a benefit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's a benefit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's a benefit of an
+array-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array-based
+data structure versus a a link to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure versus a a link to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure versus a a link to a
+pointer-based one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer-based one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer-based one
+right okay so the then we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the then we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the then we get to the
+meat of this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat of this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat of this question
+show that we can have the best of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we can have the best of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we can have the best of both
+worlds right we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds right we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds right we can have a
+data structure that supports um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that supports um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that supports um
+worst case constant time lookup just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case constant time lookup just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case constant time lookup just
+like an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an array
+but amortize constant time dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amortize constant time dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amortize constant time dynamic
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+from the back and the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back and the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back and the front
+of the sequence does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence does that make sense
+all right so is this question or if okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so is this question or if okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so is this question or if okay
+yes can i define sorry about that can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can i define sorry about that can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can i define sorry about that can i
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+amortize one more time okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize one more time okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortize one more time okay so this is
+this is a tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a tough
+thing to define in general but and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to define in general but and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to define in general but and uh
+but not that much right so all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that much right so all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not that much right so all right so
+amortization usually you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization usually you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization usually you put in the
+at least in this class we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this class we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this class we're going to
+put in in terms of the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in in terms of the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in in terms of the data structure
+okay so you have this thing right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have this thing right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have this thing right it
+supports some operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports some operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports some operations
+and you're going to do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to do a bunch of
+operations on that thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on that thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on that thing right
+there's not really a reason to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a reason to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a reason to have a
+data structure unless you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure unless you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure unless you're going to do
+lots of things to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things to it
+right otherwise you just write a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise you just write a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right otherwise you just write a single
+algorithm to do whatever it is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to do whatever it is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to do whatever it is that you
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+right so data structure the the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so data structure the the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so data structure the the value of
+the data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure
+is that you can do some work up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can do some work up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can do some work up front
+by making this thing to make some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making this thing to make some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making this thing to make some of
+these operations faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations faster
+okay so what amortization means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what amortization means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what amortization means
+is okay if i have say a dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay if i have say a dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay if i have say a dynamic array
+where i'm going to be inserting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm going to be inserting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm going to be inserting things
+at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+right yes sometimes when i add something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes sometimes when i add something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes sometimes when i add something
+i'm going to spend a lot of time to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to spend a lot of time to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to spend a lot of time to add
+that thing i'm going to spend linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing i'm going to spend linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing i'm going to spend linear
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right but what's the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's the point of this
+data structure in the first place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure in the first place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure in the first place the
+point is that i want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that i want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that i want to be able to
+potentially add a lot of things to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially add a lot of things to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially add a lot of things to this
+thing does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does that make sense
+right amortization is saying that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amortization is saying that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amortization is saying that even
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+sometimes this operation will be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this operation will be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this operation will be bad
+right averaged over many operations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right averaged over many operations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right averaged over many operations this
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+have a better running time that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better running time that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better running time that's the
+amortization so more formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization so more formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization so more formally
+right what's that's going to say is if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's that's going to say is if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's that's going to say is if i
+have an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an operation
+the definition of it running in amortize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of it running in amortize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of it running in amortize
+some amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of time
+say k time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say k time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say k time or
+yeah sure that means that if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure that means that if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure that means that if i do
+n operations kind of generally for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n operations kind of generally for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n operations kind of generally for large
+n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right
+if i do that operation n times the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do that operation n times the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do that operation n times the total
+time it takes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes me
+to do all of those operations is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all of those operations is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all of those operations is not
+going to be more than n times k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more than n times k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more than n times k
+right so on average it's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on average it's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on average it's going to take
+me k time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me k time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me k time okay
+now in o46 you'll get a more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in o46 you'll get a more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in o46 you'll get a more formal
+definition of that and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of that and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of that and you'll
+get a lot of ways of analyzing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of ways of analyzing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of ways of analyzing things
+like a potential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a potential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a potential function
+and we're going to use some what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use some what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use some what we call
+charging arguments even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging arguments even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging arguments even
+even today um but it so it's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today um but it so it's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today um but it so it's a much
+broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader
+uh uh analysis paradigm than what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh analysis paradigm than what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh analysis paradigm than what we're
+going to talk about we're only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about we're only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about we're only going to
+talk about it for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it for this
+this material with dynamic arrays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material with dynamic arrays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material with dynamic arrays and
+we'll just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just kind of
+it's just kind of an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of an introduction to
+that concept but does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concept but does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concept but does that make sense
+amortized as a financial term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized as a financial term right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized as a financial term right
+if you know from financial term it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know from financial term it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know from financial term it kind
+of means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of means
+over the long term this is what it is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the long term this is what it is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the long term this is what it is on
+average right you can think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right you can think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right you can think about that
+but that's different than running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's different than running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's different than running time
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+average running time of an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average running time of an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average running time of an algorithm
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it's it's a much different concept right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a much different concept right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a much different concept right
+what do what is an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what is an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what is an average
+running time well that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time well that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time well that that's that's
+hard to define because it's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to define because it's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to define because it's talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+an average over all possible inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average over all possible inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average over all possible inputs and
+then okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay
+maybe some inputs are more likely than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some inputs are more likely than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some inputs are more likely than
+others right and so you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right and so you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right and so you've got a
+distribution on the inputs and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the inputs and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on the inputs and you're
+trying to average the running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to average the running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to average the running time
+that's a much that this has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much that this has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a much that this has nothing to
+do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that
+right amortization means that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amortization means that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amortization means that you have a
+usually a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a data structure
+that you're operating on and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're operating on and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're operating on and you're
+doing an operation multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an operation multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an operation multiple times
+and you're getting a benefit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're getting a benefit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're getting a benefit because
+you're doing that operation lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that operation lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that operation lots of
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+okay and so when you are instantiating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when you are instantiating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when you are instantiating a
+python list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python list
+and you're doing push and pop operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're doing push and pop operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're doing push and pop operations
+on the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back
+right that's or is it append a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's or is it append a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's or is it append a
+pendant and pop okay i'm i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendant and pop okay i'm i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendant and pop okay i'm i've been
+writing javascript a little bit recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing javascript a little bit recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing javascript a little bit recently
+um but so append and pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so append and pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but so append and pop
+right those those operations while not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those those operations while not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those those operations while not
+cheap all the time are cheap well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap all the time are cheap well enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap all the time are cheap well enough
+that when we analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we analyze
+an entire algorithm that might do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire algorithm that might do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire algorithm that might do a
+linear number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of
+uh appends to this list right all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appends to this list right all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appends to this list right all of
+those pens added together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pens added together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pens added together
+will only take linear time because i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only take linear time because i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only take linear time because i've
+done a linear number of them does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a linear number of them does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a linear number of them does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+okay long-winded uh answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay long-winded uh answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay long-winded uh answer to your
+question sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sorry about that
+uh any other questions before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any other questions before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any other questions before we get
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+all right so how can anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how can anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how can anyone have any
+ideas of how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of how we can
+use the ideas of a dynamic array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the ideas of a dynamic array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the ideas of a dynamic array and
+make it good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it good
+for operations on both ends i'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for operations on both ends i'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for operations on both ends i'll let
+someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+answer i'll give give a second and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer i'll give give a second and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer i'll give give a second and then
+go to you in a second yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's an excellent idea is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an excellent idea is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's an excellent idea is one
+of the ways we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways we're going to
+we're going to talk about two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about two ways of
+doing this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this um
+right so what your colleague was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what your colleague was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what your colleague was saying
+was that in lecture when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that in lecture when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that in lecture when we were talking
+about dynamical ways and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dynamical ways and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about dynamical ways and we wanted to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+operations on the kind of the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the kind of the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the kind of the right side
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+uh fast right what we did was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fast right what we did was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fast right what we did was we
+allocated some extra space at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated some extra space at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated some extra space at the end
+and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we
+added things right we didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added things right we didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added things right we didn't have to
+reallocate we had space to put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocate we had space to put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reallocate we had space to put those
+things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right
+so what your uh what your colleague was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what your uh what your colleague was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what your uh what your colleague was
+saying was let's just do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying was let's just do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying was let's just do the same thing
+on both ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both ends
+okay let's leave some extra space on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's leave some extra space on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's leave some extra space on the
+front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and
+extra space on the back when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space on the back when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space on the back when we
+instantiate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate this thing
+and then we can rebuild less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can rebuild less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can rebuild less
+frequently than if we didn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than if we didn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than if we didn't have that
+extra space does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space does that make sense
+okay so what we had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we had for
+let's stay down here so this is question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stay down here so this is question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stay down here so this is question
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+right the idea of the dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea of the dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea of the dynamic array
+right was that we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right was that we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right was that we kind of
+left some extra space here at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left some extra space here at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left some extra space here at the end
+right so that uh sure we allocated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that uh sure we allocated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that uh sure we allocated more
+than we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we needed to
+right but when we insert things now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when we insert things now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but when we insert things now
+it's cheap and we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheap and we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheap and we don't have to
+allocate more space for this thing until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate more space for this thing until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate more space for this thing until
+we've done a linear number of insertions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a linear number of insertions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done a linear number of insertions
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this was and this was n really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was and this was n really any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was and this was n really any
+constant factor we'll do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor we'll do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor we'll do here
+but if you had n things here we'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had n things here we'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had n things here we'd be
+assured that i wouldn't need to rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that i wouldn't need to rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that i wouldn't need to rebuild
+this thing until i've done a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing until i've done a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing until i've done a linear
+number of operations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations and so
+in a sense i can charge the linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense i can charge the linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense i can charge the linear time
+operation of re-expanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of re-expanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of re-expanding this
+thing to each one of those operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to each one of those operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to each one of those operations
+and so on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on average
+it'll be constant does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be constant does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be constant does that make sense
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+instead what your colleague was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what your colleague was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what your colleague was saying
+let's instantiate this thing with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's instantiate this thing with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's instantiate this thing with some
+extra space on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space on both sides
+okay so now as i insert thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now as i insert thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now as i insert thing here
+insert thing here blah blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert thing here blah blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert thing here blah blah blah blah
+i'll definitely know that after a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll definitely know that after a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll definitely know that after a linear
+number of insertions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of insertions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of insertions
+when i rebuild this thing i'll have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i rebuild this thing i'll have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i rebuild this thing i'll have done
+enough operations to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough operations to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough operations to pay
+for that expensive operation does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that expensive operation does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that expensive operation does that
+make sense so that's the idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so that's the idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so that's the idea behind
+you know expanding this dynamic array to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know expanding this dynamic array to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know expanding this dynamic array to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+kind of this dynamic deck right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this dynamic deck right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this dynamic deck right so it
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+it's a doubly ended queue kind of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a doubly ended queue kind of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a doubly ended queue kind of system
+where i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i can
+do dynamic operations efficiently on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do dynamic operations efficiently on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do dynamic operations efficiently on
+both ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ends
+okay so one of the things that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the things that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the things that we talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh yesterday was also removing right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yesterday was also removing right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yesterday was also removing right at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+right removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right removing
+uh items from the back of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh items from the back of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh items from the back of this thing
+will decrease the number of items we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease the number of items we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decrease the number of items we're
+storing right that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing right that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing right that makes sense
+and maybe we're just fine with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe we're just fine with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe we're just fine with that
+right but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what's
+what's a problem what what's as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a problem what what's as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a problem what what's as a
+programmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer
+why might you not like just removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might you not like just removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might you not like just removing
+items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items
+until you got to nothing and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you got to nothing and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you got to nothing and just
+leaving the space where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the space where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the space where it is
+yeah it might lock up a lot of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it might lock up a lot of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it might lock up a lot of memory
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+let's say over the course of my program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say over the course of my program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say over the course of my program
+i use this data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use this data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i use this data structure
+right i'm just trying to fill it up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just trying to fill it up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just trying to fill it up with
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+and then i remove all but like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i remove all but like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i remove all but like two
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+right and then i go about my business i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then i go about my business i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then i go about my business i
+run through the program right but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through the program right but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through the program right but i'm
+i'm never really using all any but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm never really using all any but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm never really using all any but those
+two things for the rest of my program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things for the rest of my program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things for the rest of my program
+but now i've got i don't know maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've got i don't know maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i've got i don't know maybe i
+did put a thousand or a million or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put a thousand or a million or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did put a thousand or a million or a
+billion things in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion things in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion things in that
+thing and then when i as i decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then when i as i decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then when i as i decreased
+uh as i removed things from that item i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as i removed things from that item i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as i removed things from that item i
+still have all that space there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have all that space there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have all that space there
+being taken up by essentially is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken up by essentially is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taken up by essentially is nothing
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because i've removed everything from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've removed everything from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've removed everything from it
+at least in my conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in my conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in my conception
+right so what i would really like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i would really like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i would really like to
+maintain with this data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain with this data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain with this data structure
+is that at no point in time am i using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at no point in time am i using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at no point in time am i using
+more than a linear amount of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a linear amount of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a linear amount of space
+with respect to the number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the number of things
+that are stored in it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are stored in it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are stored in it right
+does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so
+in a dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dynamic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dynamic array
+right what we do is when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we do is when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what we do is when we get
+small enough let's resize this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough let's resize this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough let's resize this thing
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+so that we have we're using less space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have we're using less space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have we're using less space
+okay so when should i as i'm decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when should i as i'm decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when should i as i'm decreasing
+as i'm popping things from the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm popping things from the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm popping things from the end of
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+right at what point do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at what point do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at what point do you think
+i should rebuild my array when i'm no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should rebuild my array when i'm no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should rebuild my array when i'm no
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+a linear amount well that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear amount well that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear amount well that's a little
+hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell
+what that is in real life because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is in real life because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is in real life because our
+ends aren't arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends aren't arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends aren't arbitrary
+we need to actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to actually have a
+a time at which we need to transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time at which we need to transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time at which we need to transition
+over and copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and copy
+things over so when might we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over so when might we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over so when might we want to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say again after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again after
+n over two removals okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two removals okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over two removals okay so
+i remove n over two things okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remove n over two things okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remove n over two things okay so now
+we're kind of at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of at a
+n over four fill rate i mean so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over four fill rate i mean so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over four fill rate i mean so we're
+using a fourth of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a fourth of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a fourth of the space
+okay and now great so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now great so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now great so you're saying
+rebuild okay so i'll stick everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild okay so i'll stick everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild okay so i'll stick everything
+in something that's now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that's now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something that's now this is
+m i'm going to call this m and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i'm going to call this m and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i'm going to call this m and now we're
+sticking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking it
+into something that has size m over 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that has size m over 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that has size m over 4.
+sound good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound good yeah
+yeah everyone okay with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh okay so what you're saying is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so what you're saying is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay so what you're saying is that we
+we actually want to keep some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually want to keep some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually want to keep some extra
+space back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space back here
+right and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because imagine if we just allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because imagine if we just allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because imagine if we just allocated
+this amount of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of space
+and i removed the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i removed the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i removed the m
+over four plus one item here we resize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four plus one item here we resize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four plus one item here we resize
+down to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to this thing
+and then i want to do an insertion again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want to do an insertion again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want to do an insertion again
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+well then i have to re-expand out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then i have to re-expand out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then i have to re-expand out to
+something like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right
+and that's maybe not going to be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's maybe not going to be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's maybe not going to be a good
+thing right we might have to bounce back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right we might have to bounce back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right we might have to bounce back
+and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth
+a lot that's that's hard for me to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that's that's hard for me to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that's that's hard for me to think
+about what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we're going to do
+right but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we
+always resize to a fill ratio that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always resize to a fill ratio that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always resize to a fill ratio that
+includes a linear amount of things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a linear amount of things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a linear amount of things on
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+then i know that when i resize down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know that when i resize down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i know that when i resize down
+you know i'll be doing either a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'll be doing either a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'll be doing either a linear
+number of deletions or a linear number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of deletions or a linear number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of deletions or a linear number
+of insertions before i have to rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insertions before i have to rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insertions before i have to rebuild
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+right so this charging argument again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this charging argument again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this charging argument again i
+have to do a linear number of cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a linear number of cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a linear number of cheap
+things before i have to do an expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before i have to do an expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before i have to do an expensive
+thing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing again
+okay so i resize down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i resize down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i resize down to
+b still keep a linear amount of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b still keep a linear amount of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b still keep a linear amount of extra
+space at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at the end
+right and with the double ended thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and with the double ended thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and with the double ended thing
+you can write the same kind of policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write the same kind of policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write the same kind of policy
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+with the extra space as your colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the extra space as your colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the extra space as your colleague
+was saying we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying we can just
+resize down always to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resize down always to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resize down always to shift
+these things to be placed in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to be placed in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to be placed in the middle
+with a linear amount of extra space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a linear amount of extra space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a linear amount of extra space on
+the ends right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions all right
+that was a way in which we kind of had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a way in which we kind of had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a way in which we kind of had
+to redefine an entirely new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redefine an entirely new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redefine an entirely new data
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+right we took the ideas behind dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we took the ideas behind dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we took the ideas behind dynamic
+arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays
+and we extended those ideas to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we extended those ideas to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we extended those ideas to make this
+thing have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing have
+extra space on both ends but we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space on both ends but we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra space on both ends but we kind of
+had to do that re-implementation all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do that re-implementation all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do that re-implementation all by
+ourselves right if we were doing code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves right if we were doing code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves right if we were doing code
+that would be kind of gnarly okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be kind of gnarly okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be kind of gnarly okay but
+what if someone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if someone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if someone just
+gave us a dynamic array right like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us a dynamic array right like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us a dynamic array right like what
+if someone gave you a python list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone gave you a python list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone gave you a python list
+right and you wanted this functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you wanted this functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you wanted this functionality
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i don't want to re-implement a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to re-implement a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to re-implement a dynamic
+array but i want this behavior so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array but i want this behavior so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array but i want this behavior so how
+any way that i could do that by reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way that i could do that by reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way that i could do that by reducing
+to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using
+a dynamic array this kind of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic array this kind of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic array this kind of running
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no one no one thinks that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no one no one thinks that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no one no one thinks that we can
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+this is impossible no no ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is impossible no no ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is impossible no no ideas
+no ideas how could i use some let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ideas how could i use some let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ideas how could i use some let's say
+i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had
+i have a dynamic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's good on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there anything i can do to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything i can do to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything i can do to support
+dynamic operations on both sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operations on both sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic operations on both sides of a
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah are we able to just use like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are we able to just use like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are we able to just use like a
+second dynamic already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i like oh that's supposed to be empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like oh that's supposed to be empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like oh that's supposed to be empty
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what your colleague is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what your colleague is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what your colleague is saying
+yeah let's do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's do that right
+let's have one pointing forwards one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have one pointing forwards one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have one pointing forwards one
+pointing backwards right this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing backwards right this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing backwards right this is the
+first of a certain thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of a certain thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of a certain thing
+right when we were doing just a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we were doing just a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we were doing just a dynamic
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+here where we had to rebuild everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we had to rebuild everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we had to rebuild everything
+it was important that we kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was important that we kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was important that we kept
+track of where the front thing was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of where the front thing was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of where the front thing was right
+so that we could do constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we could do constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we could do constant time
+indexing right we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing right we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing right we could
+as this thing changed we would now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this thing changed we would now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this thing changed we would now have
+to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute
+where our index was in this thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our index was in this thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our index was in this thing by
+adding it to where the front was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it to where the front was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it to where the front was
+right okay on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay on this one
+we've got some similar problems so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some similar problems so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some similar problems so what
+i'm going to do is i'm going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do is i'm going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do is i'm going to divide
+the sequence i'm trying to store up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence i'm trying to store up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence i'm trying to store up into
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+sections right maybe about the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections right maybe about the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections right maybe about the same size
+right so each of these contains a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each of these contains a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each of these contains a linear
+number of items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of items
+that's how i'm going to instantiate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i'm going to instantiate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i'm going to instantiate my
+thing with a linear amount of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a linear amount of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a linear amount of extra
+space on both ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on both ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on both ends
+okay so now as i insert on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now as i insert on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now as i insert on either side
+or delete from either side it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or delete from either side it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or delete from either side it's going to
+work just like a dynamic array right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just like a dynamic array right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just like a dynamic array right i
+have to do some arithmetic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some arithmetic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some arithmetic here
+to figure out where if i was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out where if i was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out where if i was trying to
+access these items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access these items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access these items
+i'd have to like subtract from wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd have to like subtract from wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd have to like subtract from wherever
+this thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing was
+right i'd have to do some index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'd have to do some index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'd have to do some index
+arithmetic but you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic but you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic but you know that's
+tedious but you know you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious but you know you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious but you know you could do it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay there's one caveat one problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one caveat one problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one caveat one problem that
+you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into
+in using something like this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in using something like this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in using something like this and what
+would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be
+yeah i'm not sure that you can't store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm not sure that you can't store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm not sure that you can't store
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in here in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here in here
+right so what i'm doing here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm doing here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what i'm doing here is actually
+i'm thinking of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm thinking of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm thinking of this as
+two dynamic arrays but i'm viewing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dynamic arrays but i'm viewing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dynamic arrays but i'm viewing this
+one in reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in reverse
+right so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually
+the last of this dynamic array does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last of this dynamic array does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last of this dynamic array does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+all right so if that's the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if that's the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if that's the situation
+i'm in is am i done do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in is am i done do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in is am i done do i
+do i have to care about anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys are all like we're done and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are all like we're done and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are all like we're done and i
+would not give you full points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not give you full points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not give you full points
+why aren't we done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what your colleague is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what your colleague is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what your colleague is saying is
+we somehow have to merge these into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we somehow have to merge these into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we somehow have to merge these into one
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+so we're getting around that by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting around that by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting around that by kind of
+keeping indexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping indexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping indexes
+to here and being able to do index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and being able to do index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and being able to do index
+arithmetic to kind of simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic to kind of simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic to kind of simulate
+an array underneath right so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array underneath right so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array underneath right so we can
+compute where these indices should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute where these indices should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute where these indices should be
+okay anyone have another problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone have another problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone have another problem with
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+an underspecified data structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underspecified data structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underspecified data structure here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i see so what your colleague is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so what your colleague is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so what your colleague is saying
+which is exactly correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly correct
+if i were removing things removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were removing things removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i were removing things removing
+things removing things uh i have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things removing things uh i have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things removing things uh i have nothing
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+in here if i try to pop from this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here if i try to pop from this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here if i try to pop from this end
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+i'm gonna have to pop from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna have to pop from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna have to pop from the beginning
+of this thing which i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing which i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing which i don't
+really that's that's gonna break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that's that's gonna break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that's that's gonna break
+something of what i'm doing right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what i'm doing right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what i'm doing right it's
+not maintaining the invariance of what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maintaining the invariance of what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maintaining the invariance of what i
+want on my data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want on my data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want on my data structure
+and so the only caveat here is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only caveat here is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only caveat here is that when
+i reduce down to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i reduce down to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i reduce down to one of these
+is empty what do i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could cut this thing in half move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cut this thing in half move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cut this thing in half move
+these elements over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements over
+but that's going to leave these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's going to leave these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's going to leave these things
+in the middle here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle here right
+the nice thing that happens here is i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing that happens here is i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing that happens here is i've
+done a linear number of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a linear number of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a linear number of options
+operations i have i i now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations i have i i now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations i have i i now
+have an amortized cost buildup that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amortized cost buildup that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amortized cost buildup that i
+can spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spend
+to now rebuild the entire data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now rebuild the entire data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now rebuild the entire data structure
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+right i can now once i get down to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can now once i get down to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can now once i get down to this
+thing you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know take
+whatever the remaining things are split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the remaining things are split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the remaining things are split
+in half put it into two entirely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half put it into two entirely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in half put it into two entirely new
+arrays copy them all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays copy them all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays copy them all over
+and now i've restored my invariant where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've restored my invariant where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've restored my invariant where
+i'm again a linear amount of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm again a linear amount of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm again a linear amount of operations
+away from having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from having to do
+an expensive operation again does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expensive operation again does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expensive operation again does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so while we were able to reduce to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we were able to reduce to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while we were able to reduce to using
+these dynamic arrays for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamic arrays for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamic arrays for
+a lot of the cases right we actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the cases right we actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the cases right we actually had
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+a little bit more work to make this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more work to make this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more work to make this work
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+that makes sense okay cool so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense okay cool so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense okay cool so that's
+that's two ways of approaching problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two ways of approaching problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two ways of approaching problem
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+okay in the last little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the last little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the last little bit
+we're going to talk about the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the last
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+all right that makes sense i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that makes sense i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that makes sense i'm going to
+erase this picture if that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this picture if that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this picture if that's all right
+with you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's up it's not all right well too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up it's not all right well too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up it's not all right well too
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+all right watch the video okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right watch the video okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right watch the video okay so
+problem four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem four
+also a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a fairly
+uh accessible shall we say code in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accessible shall we say code in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accessible shall we say code in
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay what we're doing on problem four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we're doing on problem four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we're doing on problem four is
+we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this
+nice little story at the beginning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little story at the beginning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little story at the beginning which
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+this this woman jen and her friend barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this woman jen and her friend barry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this woman jen and her friend barry
+who are trying to sell ice cream to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trying to sell ice cream to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are trying to sell ice cream to
+elementary school kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school kids
+they're basically lined up at jen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically lined up at jen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically lined up at jen's
+truck and she's like oh there's too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck and she's like oh there's too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck and she's like oh there's too many
+students here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here
+so she calls up for friend barry he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she calls up for friend barry he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she calls up for friend barry he has
+another ice cream truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ice cream truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ice cream truck
+parks at the end of the line and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks at the end of the line and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks at the end of the line and the
+students what they want to do is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students what they want to do is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students what they want to do is to make
+it more fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more fair
+is they're going to take the last half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're going to take the last half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're going to take the last half
+of the line reverse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line reverse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line reverse it
+to make it more fair i don't know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it more fair i don't know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it more fair i don't know it's a
+stupid situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid situation
+but the underlying thing is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the underlying thing is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the underlying thing is what we're
+doing is part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is part a
+here is we have we're giving you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we have we're giving you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we have we're giving you a
+linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list
+a singly linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what i want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what i want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what i want you to do
+this singly linked list all it has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this singly linked list all it has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this singly linked list all it has is
+a notion of size how long it is right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of size how long it is right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of size how long it is right it
+has a size and it has a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this list it has a size and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list it has a size and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list it has a size and it has a
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+okay and this head is a pointer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this head is a pointer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this head is a pointer to a
+node and the node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and the node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and the node has
+kind of just one two two things stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just one two two things stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of just one two two things stored
+in it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it right
+it has who which the name of the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has who which the name of the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has who which the name of the child
+that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there
+right and the next pointer to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the next pointer to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the next pointer to the next
+node right that's what a singly linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right that's what a singly linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right that's what a singly linked
+list is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is so
+node has a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node has a an
+item key and a next pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item key and a next pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item key and a next pointer
+okay this next pointer points to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this next pointer points to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this next pointer points to the
+next node in the sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next node in the sequence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next node in the sequence okay
+and the question is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is asking
+if we give you a linked list that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we give you a linked list that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we give you a linked list that has
+two n nodes i want you to take the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n nodes i want you to take the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n nodes i want you to take the last
+n nodes and reverse their order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n nodes and reverse their order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n nodes and reverse their order
+and do this to the data structure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this to the data structure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do this to the data structure you're
+not going to return a new data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to return a new data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to return a new data structure
+right you're going to do this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're going to do this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're going to do this you're
+going to modify the existing nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to modify the existing nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to modify the existing nodes and
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+here is goes back to your question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is goes back to your question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is goes back to your question right
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh can what are we limited to in how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can what are we limited to in how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can what are we limited to in how we
+approach this problem what this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this problem what this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach this problem what this uh
+problem says is your algorithm should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says is your algorithm should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says is your algorithm should
+not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make
+any new linked list nodes or instantiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new linked list nodes or instantiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new linked list nodes or instantiate
+any new non-constant size data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new non-constant size data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new non-constant size data
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+right so it's not like i can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not like i can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not like i can read
+through this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole thing
+find out where the n plus one node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where the n plus one node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where the n plus one node is
+read out all of those names store them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out all of those names store them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out all of those names store them
+in an array somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an array somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an array somewhere
+and then rewrite them back out right i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rewrite them back out right i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rewrite them back out right i'm
+not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to
+store more than a constant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store more than a constant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store more than a constant amount of
+stuff outside of this linked list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff outside of this linked list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff outside of this linked list and
+i'm not able to make any new nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not able to make any new nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not able to make any new nodes
+essentially i just have to probably keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i just have to probably keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i just have to probably keep
+these items where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these items where they are
+and move around the nodes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so if you're using non-constant space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you're using non-constant space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you're using non-constant space
+you're instantiating some kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're instantiating some kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're instantiating some kind of data
+structure whether it be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure whether it be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure whether it be in
+an array right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure i'm wanting you not to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i'm wanting you not to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure i'm wanting you not to do that
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are we going to do this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody anyone have approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anyone have approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anyone have approach
+for how i might approach this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how i might approach this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how i might approach this problem
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+in order to get to the second half you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get to the second half you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get to the second half you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+do like oh then over two times so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like oh then over two times so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like oh then over two times so sure
+could you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you start
+like uh i probably start counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh i probably start counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh i probably start counting
+backwards so that you can get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so that you can get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so that you can get them
+in the back order and then meet it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back order and then meet it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back order and then meet it in
+the middle so then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle so then say
+interesting so there's there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so there's there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so there's there's a lot of
+things going so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going so the
+let's let's break this down so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's break this down so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's break this down so a lot of
+times when we're asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we're asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when we're asking you to
+construct an algorithm a lot of times it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an algorithm a lot of times it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an algorithm a lot of times it
+makes sense to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to kind of
+develop an outline or a game plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an outline or a game plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an outline or a game plan of
+kind of constituent parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of constituent parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of constituent parts
+that you might want to approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to approach this
+problem with right like so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with right like so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with right like so the first
+thing that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that your
+colleague over here was saying was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague over here was saying was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague over here was saying was at
+some point we need to find out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point we need to find out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point we need to find out where the
+middle of this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this thing is
+right does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense
+so maybe the first thing we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the first thing we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the first thing we want to do
+to approach this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+find nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find nth
+node okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay that's the
+end of the first set of children okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first set of children okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first set of children okay
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have a second thing that i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a second thing that i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a second thing that i want to do
+what's the next thing i have to do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next thing i have to do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next thing i have to do i
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+kind of reverse the pointers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reverse the pointers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reverse the pointers of
+everything after the nth note right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything after the nth note right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything after the nth note right okay
+so second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess next pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of everything after the nth node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything after the nth node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything after the nth node
+right the nodes n plus 1 to 2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the nodes n plus 1 to 2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the nodes n plus 1 to 2n
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and after i've reversed all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after i've reversed all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after i've reversed all of those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+what do i have i have a first block this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i have i have a first block this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i have i have a first block this
+points like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points like that
+and now we've got this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got this thing
+and we've reversed all the pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's after step two is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's after step two is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's after step two is that
+what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah step three would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah step three would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah step three would be um
+you don't find the flat the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is my new end right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my new end right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my new end right
+i'm going to call this node a and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call this node a and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call this node a and this
+node b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node b
+okay and this node c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this node c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this node c
+okay so tell me in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tell me in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tell me in terms of a
+b and c what i'm supposed to do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c what i'm supposed to do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c what i'm supposed to do yeah
+question how old we reverse the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how old we reverse the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how old we reverse the next
+pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+i mean i get what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i get what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i get what you're talking about
+like right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right to
+actually make that happen yeah so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that happen yeah so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that happen yeah so to
+actually make that happen this thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that happen this thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make that happen this thing has
+a next pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a next pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a next pointer
+right it's pointed to some pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's pointed to some pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's pointed to some pointing to
+some node but i don't necess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some node but i don't necess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some node but i don't necess
+i'm needing to relink it to the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm needing to relink it to the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm needing to relink it to the thing
+before me right so i better remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before me right so i better remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before me right so i better remember
+what was before me so i can set you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was before me so i can set you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was before me so i can set you know
+node b dot next equals the thing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node b dot next equals the thing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node b dot next equals the thing before
+me instead of the thing after me does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me instead of the thing after me does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me instead of the thing after me does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+so that would be re-linking the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be re-linking the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be re-linking the point
+next it disconnects the link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next it disconnects the link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next it disconnects the link list
+possibly temporarily right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly temporarily right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly temporarily right and so
+therefore it still works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it still works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it still works out
+well we have to relink everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to relink everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to relink everything to
+make sure it's temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's temporary
+right if we i mean it's very possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we i mean it's very possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we i mean it's very possible
+when you're dealing with linked data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're dealing with linked data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're dealing with linked data
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+to unlink something and not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unlink something and not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unlink something and not have a
+reference back to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference back to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference back to it and
+now this thing is in memory that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing is in memory that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing is in memory that your
+garbage collector hopefully will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collector hopefully will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collector hopefully will
+pick up but if you're writing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up but if you're writing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up but if you're writing in a
+language that's not garbage collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's not garbage collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's not garbage collected
+then that's called the memory leak right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's called the memory leak right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's called the memory leak right
+that's no good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no good okay so
+how do i relink these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i relink these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i relink these things
+right this is the picture that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the picture that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the picture that i have
+right now how do i make this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now how do i make this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now how do i make this into a
+linked list where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list where
+it's here and then reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so i replace this pointer from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i replace this pointer from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i replace this pointer from a to
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+to make it point to c instead and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it point to c instead and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it point to c instead and then
+whatever my pointer is to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever my pointer is to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever my pointer is to b
+from b b is reversed right it's pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from b b is reversed right it's pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from b b is reversed right it's pointing
+to a let's set that equal to none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a let's set that equal to none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a let's set that equal to none
+right so basically the last step here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clean up ends all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up ends all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up ends all right
+and in a latex write-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a latex write-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a latex write-up
+right you'd want to specify what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd want to specify what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd want to specify what are the
+things that you're re-linking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're re-linking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're re-linking okay
+but this was a coding question and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was a coding question and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was a coding question and so we
+actually gave you code to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave you code to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave you code to work with
+okay so i'm going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm going to see
+whether i can live code this for you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i can live code this for you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i can live code this for you in
+front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here was uh
+our code submission site from last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code submission site from last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code submission site from last term
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and what i have here is my template from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i have here is my template from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i have here is my template from
+last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term
+pset one it opens this folder okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset one it opens this folder okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pset one it opens this folder okay it's
+got a bunch of things in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of things in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bunch of things in it
+the template the latex template that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template the latex template that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the template the latex template that you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+and then a bunch of these python files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bunch of these python files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bunch of these python files
+okay so i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna
+uh where is it here okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where is it here okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where is it here okay so these are
+the files that are in my directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the files that are in my directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the files that are in my directory
+i've given you a version of this linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've given you a version of this linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've given you a version of this linked
+list sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list sequence
+uh and then we have two more code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we have two more code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we have two more code
+questions a test file and a reorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions a test file and a reorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions a test file and a reorder
+student's file right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's file right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's file right
+so reorder students look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reorder students look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reorder students look something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay it has a template of the code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it has a template of the code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it has a template of the code that
+we're going to want you to write with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want you to write with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want you to write with
+inputs and outputs and you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs and you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and outputs and you're putting
+your code here right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code here right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code here right and
+this function doesn't need to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function doesn't need to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function doesn't need to return
+anything all right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything all right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything all right and then
+we also give you this link list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also give you this link list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also give you this link list
+implementation which is what's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation which is what's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation which is what's in your
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+handout right i'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout right i'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout right i'm actually going to
+ignore most of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore most of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore most of this stuff
+really just that this thing contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that this thing contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that this thing contains a
+item in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in
+next in your node i'm not actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in your node i'm not actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in your node i'm not actually going
+to look at the items at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the items at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the items at all
+and a head and size in my linked list at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a head and size in my linked list at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a head and size in my linked list at
+the top level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top level
+okay but this is just to kind of tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is just to kind of tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is just to kind of tell
+you what's in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's in there
+right so that's what's going to be input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what's going to be input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what's going to be input
+to my thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my thing
+and if i go here and i run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i go here and i run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i go here and i run
+the tests document that you gave me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests document that you gave me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests document that you gave me it
+fails because i don't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails because i don't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails because i don't have anything
+it didn't do anything to the list okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't do anything to the list okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't do anything to the list okay
+right uh and in fact if i go into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and in fact if i go into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and in fact if i go into here
+to the tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tests
+and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know
+i uh what is it it's reordering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh what is it it's reordering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh what is it it's reordering the
+students here i print the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here i print the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here i print the
+the linked list that you gave me i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list that you gave me i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list that you gave me i'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+have a line break here what we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a line break here what we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a line break here what we can see
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when i do this okay here are my test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i do this okay here are my test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i do this okay here are my test
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+here's a linked list right and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a linked list right and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a linked list right and what's
+happening is it's just spitting out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is it's just spitting out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is it's just spitting out the
+same linked lists right i haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linked lists right i haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same linked lists right i haven't done
+anything to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to it
+right all right so we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so we need to do
+something to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it
+how are we going to do that all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do that all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to do that all right so
+let's let's implement this function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's implement this function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's implement this function and
+i'm going to get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get rid of this
+stuff because get rid of that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because get rid of that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because get rid of that all right
+so we need to reorder this student so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to reorder this student so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to reorder this student so
+i'm going to break this under the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to break this under the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to break this under the three
+parts that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts that we have here
+we're going to find the nth node so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find the nth node so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find the nth node so how
+do we find the nth node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find the nth node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find the nth node
+well we have a saw this thing has a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a saw this thing has a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have a saw this thing has a size
+on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+so let's at least figure out what n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's at least figure out what n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's at least figure out what n is
+right so let's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's set
+n equal to uh i think i can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal to uh i think i can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equal to uh i think i can use
+length right because i've implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right because i've implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length right because i've implemented
+that on my thing and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on my thing and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on my thing and it's going to be
+whatever the length is over 2 and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the length is over 2 and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the length is over 2 and i'm
+defined by the problem statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the problem statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the problem statement that
+i'm only going to have even inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only going to have even inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only going to have even inputs
+okay and i'm going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm going to set
+at first my a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first my a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first my a
+to be the starting place okay i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the starting place okay i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the starting place okay i'm going
+to just have a little temporary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just have a little temporary variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just have a little temporary variable
+that's going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to say
+this is going to be equal to the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to the head of
+my list okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my list okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my list okay
+and what i'm going to do is what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to do is what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to do is what your
+colleague was saying is i'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague was saying is i'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague was saying is i'm just going
+to loop through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to loop through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to loop through
+end times until i reach the end thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end times until i reach the end thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end times until i reach the end thing
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+how many times do i have to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times do i have to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times do i have to travel
+through next pointers to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through next pointers to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through next pointers to get to
+node a and minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node a and minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node a and minus 1
+actually yeah so this is going to be 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah so this is going to be 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah so this is going to be 4.
+i don't care about this loop variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about this loop variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about this loop variable
+so i'm going to just use that n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to just use that n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to just use that n minus 1
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+right what am i going to do i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what am i going to do i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what am i going to do i want to
+replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace
+a with the thing it's pointed to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with the thing it's pointed to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with the thing it's pointed to right
+so i'm going to just walk down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to just walk down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to just walk down this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+a equals a dot next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals a dot next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals a dot next
+okay and now after the end of this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now after the end of this loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now after the end of this loop
+what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is the nth node right i've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the nth node right i've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the nth node right i've now
+made it the nth node fantastic okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it the nth node fantastic okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it the nth node fantastic okay so
+and now i'm going to say that b is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to say that b is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to say that b is going
+to be the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the next one
+right i'm just just in terms of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just just in terms of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i'm just just in terms of my
+write-up i labeled these things as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-up i labeled these things as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-up i labeled these things as a
+and b and c and so in my mind i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b and c and so in my mind i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b and c and so in my mind i'm going
+to want to use the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to use the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to use the same kind of
+notation here so that i can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here so that i can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here so that i can understand
+my code okay so b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my code okay so b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my code okay so b
+is going to be the next thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now in this process as i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now in this process as i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now in this process as i'm going to
+flip things around what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip things around what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip things around what i'm going to do
+is i'm going to keep track of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to keep track of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to keep track of three
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+i'm going to keep track of x which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to keep track of x which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to keep track of x which is
+the node that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node that i'm
+going to be relinking and what else do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relinking and what else do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relinking and what else do i
+need to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i'm destination yeah where i came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm destination yeah where i came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm destination yeah where i came
+from and where i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and where i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and where i'm going to
+right because that's what i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's what i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's what i'm going to
+need to relink right in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to relink right in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to relink right in particular
+i'm going to have someone pointing to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have someone pointing to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have someone pointing to me
+which i'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to call
+next previous right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next previous right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next previous right or
+no the x previous and the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the x previous and the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the x previous and the next thing
+when i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm going
+to uh label it it's going to be the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh label it it's going to be the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh label it it's going to be the next
+thing all right does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right does that make sense
+so in in my first situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in my first situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in my first situation
+i'm my the first thing i need to relink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm my the first thing i need to relink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm my the first thing i need to relink
+is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b
+right so that's going to be my x and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's going to be my x and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's going to be my x and the
+x previous is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x previous is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x previous is going to be a
+does that make sense so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so i'm going to
+instantiate those two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate those two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate those two variables
+x and xp are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and xp are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and xp are going to be
+b and a sorry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and a sorry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and a sorry that's
+right yeah maybe it makes more sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah maybe it makes more sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah maybe it makes more sense to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+x previous and x equal a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x previous and x equal a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x previous and x equal a b
+all right that's in in the right order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's in in the right order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's in in the right order
+all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's
+either way is fine and then i i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way is fine and then i i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way is fine and then i i want to
+go through a loop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a loop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a loop this
+i'm going to be doing in the loop way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be doing in the loop way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be doing in the loop way
+you can do it a recursive way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it a recursive way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it a recursive way if you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+okay here's a loop way in which i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a loop way in which i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a loop way in which i'm just
+going to loop through how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to loop through how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to loop through how many times
+how many pointers am i going to relink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pointers am i going to relink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pointers am i going to relink
+as i go down this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i need to re-link the pointers of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to re-link the pointers of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to re-link the pointers of all of
+these guys how many are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys how many are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys how many are there
+how many n there are n of them right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many n there are n of them right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many n there are n of them right so
+four i don't care about the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four i don't care about the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four i don't care about the loop
+variable here either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here either
+i'm going to do this n times and what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do this n times and what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do this n times and what am
+i going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i going to do
+i'm going to first figure out who my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to first figure out who my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to first figure out who my
+next guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next guy is
+okay i'm going to set xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to set xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to set xn
+equals what x dot next all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what x dot next all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals what x dot next all right so now
+i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+who's next to me right so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's next to me right so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's next to me right so i can
+go there later after i relink my pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there later after i relink my pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there later after i relink my pointer
+i'm remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm remembering that
+okay now i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i i
+don't care about what's stored in x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about what's stored in x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about what's stored in x dot
+next because i've stored it locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next because i've stored it locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next because i've stored it locally
+right that makes sense all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense all right so now
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+am free to re-link that next pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am free to re-link that next pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am free to re-link that next pointer to
+my previous guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and now i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and now i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and now i can
+essentially shift my perspective over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially shift my perspective over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially shift my perspective over
+so the thing that i'm going to relink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing that i'm going to relink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing that i'm going to relink
+now is the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the next one
+okay so uh x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh x
+previous and x now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and x now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous and x now
+equals x x next does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x x next does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x x next does that make sense
+just re-linked things over okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just re-linked things over okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just re-linked things over okay
+so that's the end of step two now as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the end of step two now as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the end of step two now as i
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+as i got down this at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i got down this at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i got down this at the end of this
+for loop where is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is x p x and x next or x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is x p x and x next or x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is x p x and x next or x n
+really i'm only keeping track of x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i'm only keeping track of x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i'm only keeping track of x and x
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+here right so what are x p and x at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so what are x p and x at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so what are x p and x at the
+end of this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've done this n times i started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done this n times i started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've done this n times i started
+with b at x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with b at x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with b at x right
+so what is x yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a vote that x is c okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a little interesting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little interesting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little interesting all
+right i agree i will tell you that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i agree i will tell you that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i agree i will tell you that c
+is either xp x or xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either xp x or xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either xp x or xn
+okay so we have one vote for x who says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have one vote for x who says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have one vote for x who says
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+eric doesn't like x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so any there are only two other choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any there are only two other choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any there are only two other choices
+just someone say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xp well i will argue that it is xp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xp well i will argue that it is xp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xp well i will argue that it is xp
+all right why because i'm at b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why because i'm at b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why because i'm at b
+there are eight n things i did n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are eight n things i did n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are eight n things i did n
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+right and every operation i move one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and every operation i move one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and every operation i move one
+over right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right
+so when i've done n minus 1 things i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i've done n minus 1 things i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i've done n minus 1 things i'm
+at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at c
+the nth one now x is none because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth one now x is none because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth one now x is none because
+there's no pointer at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no pointer at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no pointer at the end of the
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+so xp is c so i'm going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so xp is c so i'm going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so xp is c so i'm going to set
+p equal to xp which is it's just for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p equal to xp which is it's just for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p equal to xp which is it's just for me
+to remember what these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember what these things are
+and i just re-link these two pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just re-link these two pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just re-link these two pointers
+right a dot next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a dot next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a dot next
+should be c and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be c and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be c and b
+dot next should be none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does that make sense everybody
+let's see if we did it right so we saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we did it right so we saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we did it right so we saved
+that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing
+and we run python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we run python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we run python
+on the test cases and it did the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test cases and it did the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the test cases and it did the right
+thing apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing apparently
+right maybe uh let's see ran five test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe uh let's see ran five test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe uh let's see ran five test
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+okay all right so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's take a look at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we had this linked list lily sally cindy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this linked list lily sally cindy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this linked list lily sally cindy
+maisie sammy davey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisie sammy davey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisie sammy davey
+and what it turns into is lily sally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it turns into is lily sally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it turns into is lily sally
+cindy which is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cindy which is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cindy which is correct
+and then it reverses this last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it reverses this last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it reverses this last part of
+the list danny sammy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list danny sammy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list danny sammy
+maisie cool awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisie cool awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maisie cool awesome
+but these are the test cases we gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the test cases we gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are the test cases we gave you
+so let's try this against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try this against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try this against
+our code checker so i select the file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code checker so i select the file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our code checker so i select the file
+where do i go i think i'm in my desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do i go i think i'm in my desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do i go i think i'm in my desktop
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and session one and template and reorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and session one and template and reorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and session one and template and reorder
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+i submit it please work please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a hundred percent and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hundred percent and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a hundred percent and now we're
+happy and we can go party okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and we can go party okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and we can go party okay
+all right so that's uh the first problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's uh the first problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's uh the first problem
+session hopefully this was helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session hopefully this was helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session hopefully this was helpful to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh we will release uh problem set one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will release uh problem set one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will release uh problem set one
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+uh and good luck on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and good luck on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and good luck on it
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ISVOH18BIHM.txt b/ISVOH18BIHM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42c41a6f0712c4ede4e0b6782c976adc3c153f9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ISVOH18BIHM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10528 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+uh first let me look at a curb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first let me look at a curb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first let me look at a curb and
+plate. Talked a little bit about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate. Talked a little bit about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate. Talked a little bit about this
+last time at the very end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so let's first talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so let's first talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so let's first talk about
+curves in the plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves in the plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves in the plane.
+So we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have uh
+um we have functions uh f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have functions uh f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have functions uh f and g
+on some interval say from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some interval say from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some interval say from a to b
+uh into r and they are uh I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into r and they are uh I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into r and they are uh I'm assuming
+that uh f and g are differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh and that the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that the derivative
+uh are continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And then I'm thinking about uh so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm thinking about uh so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I'm thinking about uh so I'm
+thinking about the curve. So gamma here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the curve. So gamma here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the curve. So gamma here
+of s is a curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's given by the gamma of s is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's given by the gamma of s is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's given by the gamma of s is f of
+s comma g of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want to look at the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to look at the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to look at the length of this
+curve right so s here is running in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right so s here is running in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right so s here is running in the
+interval from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the length and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the length and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the length and this is the
+definition of the length But then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the length But then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the length But then we
+will justify it. So the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so L is equal to the integral from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so L is equal to the integral from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so L is equal to the integral from A
+to B of square root of F prime of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B of square root of F prime of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B of square root of F prime of S
+squared plus G prime of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus G prime of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus G prime of S
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+DS. Okay. Now why is this the case? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS. Okay. Now why is this the case? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS. Okay. Now why is this the case? So
+so why do we why is this a sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we why is this a sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we why is this a sensible
+definition?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition?
+So suppose that this thing here is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that this thing here is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that this thing here is f of
+a comma g of a. So this is the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma g of a. So this is the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma g of a. So this is the starting
+point of the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the curve
+and suppose that the curve looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that the curve looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that the curve looks like
+this. So here is here's the end point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now imagine that you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now imagine that you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now imagine that you take the
+interval from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from A to B
+and you partition it into a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you partition it into a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you partition it into a lot of
+small. So so you have this partition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So so you have this partition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So so you have this partition of
+this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval
+and then you're looking at so so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're looking at so so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're looking at so so again
+so we have the curve here. This is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the curve here. This is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the curve here. This is maybe
+x i minus one. And here I have x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i minus one. And here I have x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i minus one. And here I have x i
+and under the the map gamma this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under the the map gamma this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under the the map gamma this little
+interval here is mapped maybe into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here is mapped maybe into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here is mapped maybe into this
+piece of the curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the curve.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+Now this piece of the curve I will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this piece of the curve I will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this piece of the curve I will then
+approximate it by the line segment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it by the line segment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it by the line segment from
+here to here. Right? So if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here. Right? So if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here. Right? So if you do that
+then it means that you are looking at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that you are looking at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that you are looking at so
+you have that you're looking at right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that you're looking at right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that you're looking at right?
+So you have that. So here you have x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have that. So here you have x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have that. So here you have x i
+minus one. Here you have x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. Here you have x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. Here you have x i
+and you're looking at the curve on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the curve on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the curve on this
+little uh uh interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh uh interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh uh interval.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+and there the curve goes from so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the curve goes from so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the curve goes from so the
+initial point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point is
+is this right? That's the image of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this right? That's the image of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this right? That's the image of that
+point. And the image of this is gamma of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And the image of this is gamma of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And the image of this is gamma of
+Xi,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And so the line segment from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the line segment from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the line segment from here to
+here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here,
+right? So this is so the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is so the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is so the length of this
+line segment if you have this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment if you have this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment if you have this point
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+So this is gamma of x i minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is gamma of x i minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is gamma of x i minus one and
+this is gamma of x i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gamma of x i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gamma of x i.
+Then the length here is the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the length here is the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the length here is the this the
+vector here. So gamma of x i minus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here. So gamma of x i minus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here. So gamma of x i minus gamma
+of x i -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x i -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x i -1
+the length of this. But this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this. But this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this. But this thing here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+right. This is the end point is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. This is the end point is this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. This is the end point is this.
+Sorry. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the beginning point is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this here. So it's the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here. So it's the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here. So it's the length of
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+But the length of this by pyagoras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the length of this by pyagoras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the length of this by pyagoras
+is um is the square of the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then taking the square root of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then taking the square root of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then taking the square root of that.
+So this is what the length of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what the length of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is what the length of this of
+the line segment here is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And now, but now like the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now, but now like the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now, but now like the mean value
+theorem tells you that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells you that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem tells you that this thing here
+is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+at some point in between these two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in between these two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in between these two,
+right? It's it's there's the it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's it's there's the it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's it's there's the it actually
+is equal to if you will uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to if you will uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to if you will uh the
+derivative at some intermediate point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at some intermediate point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at some intermediate point
+um times times the length of that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times times the length of that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times times the length of that little
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+right this is this different here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this different here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this different here and
+likewise so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise so this is
+u x like this some intermediate point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u x like this some intermediate point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u x like this some intermediate point
+and likewise for this there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise for this there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise for this there's some
+intermediate point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate point
+times the length here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length here.
+So this means that this little line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that this little line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that this little line
+segment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment here
+the length of this little line segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is equal to and you see that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is equal to and you see that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is equal to and you see that when you
+take this thing here and you square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this thing here and you square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this thing here and you square it
+then you can factor out. So let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can factor out. So let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can factor out. So let me just
+write it out. So you take this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out. So you take this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out. So you take this thing
+here. So it's f prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So it's f prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So it's f prime
+like this squared delta xi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this squared delta xi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this squared delta xi
+squar plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar plus
+and then g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar delta x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar delta x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar delta x i
+squ. Okay. But now you can factor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. Okay. But now you can factor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. Okay. But now you can factor this
+out. So you can write this as square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So you can write this as square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So you can write this as square
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+of uh delta xi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh delta xi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh delta xi
+squared and then frime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then frime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then frime
+like this squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this squared
+plus g prime in this intermediate point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus g prime in this intermediate point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus g prime in this intermediate point
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+right and this factor out both of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this factor out both of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this factor out both of them.
+And so now you can just take when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you can just take when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you can just take when you
+take the square root it actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root it actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root it actually goes
+out as the this is anyway positive. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as the this is anyway positive. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as the this is anyway positive. So
+it comes becomes like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now
+the functions g prime and fprime are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions g prime and fprime are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions g prime and fprime are
+both continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both continuous.
+So this thing here is like roughly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing here is like roughly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing here is like roughly what
+it is at one of the end point right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at one of the end point right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at one of the end point right. So
+this here is like roughly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is like roughly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is like roughly equal to
+right like this and then it's like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this and then it's like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like this and then it's like one
+end point or you can even take like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point or you can even take like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point or you can even take like the
+Yeah. So it's like an end point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so you see that this thing here. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that this thing here. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that this thing here. Now
+when you sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you sum up all of these over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sum up all of these over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sum up all of these over this
+partition and you let the partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and you let the partition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and you let the partition the
+the the delta xi goes to zero, then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the delta xi goes to zero, then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the delta xi goes to zero, then this
+here is going to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to converge
+to the integral from a to b of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from a to b of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from a to b of the uh
+square root of frime of s squared plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of frime of s squared plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of frime of s squared plus G
+prime of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of S
+squ D S right so so that's why so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ D S right so so that's why so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ D S right so so that's why so you
+take this little curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this little curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this little curve
+it's parameterized or you take the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's parameterized or you take the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's parameterized or you take the curve
+parameterized by a to b you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by a to b you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by a to b you're looking
+at this uh at at a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh at at a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh at at a partition
+and then on each of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on each of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on each of these little
+intervals you approximate the curve by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals you approximate the curve by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals you approximate the curve by
+the by the line segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the line segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by the line segment
+And then you let the as you let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you let the as you let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you let the as you let this
+refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement
+uh the length of these individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length of these individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length of these individual
+interval goes to zero then actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval goes to zero then actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval goes to zero then actually this
+approximation will have a limit and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation will have a limit and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation will have a limit and that
+limit is this integral right. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is this integral right. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is this integral right. So that's
+why we define it to be the arc length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we define it to be the arc length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we define it to be the arc length.
+Okay. So that's our arc length. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's our arc length. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's our arc length. And so
+let's look at an example of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example of this.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we look at two examples. Let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we look at two examples. Let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we look at two examples. Let me first
+look at case where f of s is equal to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at case where f of s is equal to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at case where f of s is equal to s
+and uh g of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh g of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh g of s
+uh is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is equal to
+uh s squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s squared.
+Then I have that. So then the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I have that. So then the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I have that. So then the curve is
+uh so the curve gamma of s is is s comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the curve gamma of s is is s comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the curve gamma of s is is s comma
+s 2 and uh frime of s is equal to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 2 and uh frime of s is equal to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 2 and uh frime of s is equal to 1 and
+g prime of s is equal to 2 s and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g prime of s is equal to 2 s and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g prime of s is equal to 2 s and so this
+means that um and let's say that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um and let's say that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um and let's say that it's
+parameterized s here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized s here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized s here
+from 0 to one. So then the length here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to one. So then the length here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to one. So then the length here
+of this curve is the integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this curve is the integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this curve is the integral from 0 to
+1 and then square root and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then square root and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then square root and then you have
+to take this thing here squared. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this thing here squared. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this thing here squared. So
+that's one plus this here 2 s squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one plus this here 2 s squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one plus this here 2 s squared
+ds. So this is and is this integral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. So this is and is this integral here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. So this is and is this integral here
+1 + 4².
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 4².
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 4².
+So that's the arc length. just given us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the arc length. just given us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the arc length. just given us
+this integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral.
+The second example I want to look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second example I want to look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second example I want to look at um
+about for aren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for aren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for aren
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+uh is uh if you you have the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh if you you have the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is uh if you you have the unit
+circle. So suppose that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So suppose that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So suppose that you have the
+unit circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here you have one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you have one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you have one.
+So this is supposed to be the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is supposed to be the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is supposed to be the unit
+circle. So it's x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So it's x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So it's x^2
++ y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2
+= 1. It's a unit circle centered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1. It's a unit circle centered at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1. It's a unit circle centered at the
+origin. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Okay.
+Now this means that um that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this means that um that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this means that um that if you take
+a point right then um then y here is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point right then um then y here is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point right then um then y here is so
+this here means that y is given in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here means that y is given in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here means that y is given in terms
+of x with that y^2 is equal to 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x with that y^2 is equal to 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x with that y^2 is equal to 1 - x^2
+and so if you're assuming that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're assuming that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're assuming that you are
+in this upper where y is positive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this upper where y is positive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this upper where y is positive so if
+if uh y here is positive positive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh y here is positive positive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh y here is positive positive then
+you're looking at y =<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at y =<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at y =<unk>
+of 1 - x square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - x square.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - x square.
+So in this part here where y is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this part here where y is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this part here where y is positive
+you have that you have the curve uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that you have the curve uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that you have the curve uh this
+part here of the this part here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here of the this part here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here of the this part here of the
+unit circle this one here is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle this one here is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle this one here is given by
+the parameization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameization
+gamma of s equal to uh s and then square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of s equal to uh s and then square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma of s equal to uh s and then square
+root of 1 - s² right and s here is Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 1 - s² right and s here is Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 1 - s² right and s here is Now
+running uh right s is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running uh right s is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running uh right s is the first
+coordinates so it's between minus1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so it's between minus1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so it's between minus1 and
+one so s here it's between minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so s here it's between minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so s here it's between minus one and
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now suppose that you take some x here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose that you take some x here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose that you take some x here
+and suppose that you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that you want to look at
+what is the arc length of this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the arc length of this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the arc length of this part of
+the circle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle right
+Well then uh in this case if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well then uh in this case if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well then uh in this case if you're
+looking at the arc length of this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the arc length of this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the arc length of this part
+of the circle let's call that arc length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circle let's call that arc length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circle let's call that arc length
+uh teta theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teta theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teta theta
+um so theta here is equal to this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so theta here is equal to this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so theta here is equal to this part
+it's now par metricized like this but x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now par metricized like this but x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now par metricized like this but x
+here is so this here is this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of gamma. But now gamma by now s here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma. But now gamma by now s here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma. But now gamma by now s here is
+running from x to one right because x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from x to one right because x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from x to one right because x is
+the first coordinate and it's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coordinate and it's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coordinate and it's running
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the first coordinate is running from x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coordinate is running from x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coordinate is running from x
+from this point right this here to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point right this here to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point right this here to to
+one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now let's try to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now let's try to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now let's try to calculate this
+length or at least write it up as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or at least write it up as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or at least write it up as an
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+So if we write it up as an integral um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we write it up as an integral um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we write it up as an integral um
+we have that so in this case so gamma s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that so in this case so gamma s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that so in this case so gamma s
+is equal to s square<unk> of 1 - s²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to s square<unk> of 1 - s²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to s square<unk> of 1 - s²
+and so if we define f of s = s and g of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we define f of s = s and g of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we define f of s = s and g of
+s=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s=
+to square<unk> of 1 - s²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square<unk> of 1 - s²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square<unk> of 1 - s²
+then we take f prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take f prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take f prime
+well that's equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's equal to one
+and uh g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh g prime
+right so there we use the chain rule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there we use the chain rule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there we use the chain rule so
+this is equal to 1 / 2 square<unk> of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 1 / 2 square<unk> of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 1 / 2 square<unk> of 1
+- s^2 and then we have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- s^2 and then we have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- s^2 and then we have to take the
+derivative of this also so this is times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this also so this is times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this also so this is times
+-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+uh s like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this here is of course then equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here is of course then equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this here is of course then equal
+to the two cancels and you're getting -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two cancels and you're getting -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the two cancels and you're getting -
+s over<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s over<unk>
+of 1 - s 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - s 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - s 2.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And so now if you're looking at so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now if you're looking at so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now if you're looking at so f
+prime squar + g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squar + g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squar + g prime
+squared this is equal to f is one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is equal to f is one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this is equal to f is one. So
+this is one plus this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one plus this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one plus this thing here
+squared. So this is s^ squ and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So this is s^ squ and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So this is s^ squ and then the
+denominator squared is just of course 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator squared is just of course 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator squared is just of course 1
+- s squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- s squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- s squ
+and we can now put it on a common uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can now put it on a common uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can now put it on a common uh
+with a common denominator right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a common denominator right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a common denominator right and so
+you see that this is 1 - s^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is 1 - s^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is 1 - s^ 2
+1 - s^ 2 that's how you write 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - s^ 2 that's how you write 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - s^ 2 that's how you write 1 and then
+plus s 2 1 - s 2 and so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s 2 1 - s 2 and so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s 2 1 - s 2 and so you see that
+This whole thing is the s squ cancel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This whole thing is the s squ cancel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This whole thing is the s squ cancel in
+the denominator and so you're getting 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator and so you're getting 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator and so you're getting 1
+over 1 - s^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - s^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 - s^2
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so this means that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this means that the integral
+so this means that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that the integral
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this length here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this length here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this length here
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+the length uh is so actually uh we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length uh is so actually uh we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length uh is so actually uh we call
+the length theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length theta
+and uh it will be clear in a minute why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it will be clear in a minute why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it will be clear in a minute why
+I do this. So the length here is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this. So the length here is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do this. So the length here is then
+the integral from x to one right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from x to one right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from x to one right and
+then it is uh of the square root right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is uh of the square root right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is uh of the square root right
+so it's supposed to be the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's supposed to be the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's supposed to be the square root
+of this thing here so it's the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing here so it's the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing here so it's the square
+root so if you will is one square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so if you will is one square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so if you will is one square root
+of 1 - s^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - s^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - s^2
+ds Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's the length, right? But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the length, right? But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the length, right? But if you
+think about it, so you have here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it, so you have here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it, so you have here the
+unit circle again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle again.
+What we now calculated was that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we now calculated was that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we now calculated was that we take
+some x here and then we calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x here and then we calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some x here and then we calculated the
+length of this piece here, right? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this piece here, right? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this piece here, right? Well,
+that piece is um this here is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece is um this here is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece is um this here is also the
+this is how you define this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you define this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you define this is if you
+will this is the angle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? So theta is the angle, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So theta is the angle, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So theta is the angle, right?
+And um and so you see that so theta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the angle and x here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angle and x here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angle and x here
+x here is so and and and this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here is so and and and this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x here is so and and and this point here
+sorry this point here is uh is cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this point here is uh is cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this point here is uh is cosine
+to the angle comma sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle comma sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle comma sign
+to the angle right that's piece so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle right that's piece so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the angle right that's piece so this
+means that X is X is actually cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that X is X is actually cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that X is X is actually cosine
+to the angle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, so this means that that uh theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this means that that uh theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this means that that uh theta
+here in terms of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of X
+uh theta is the inverse function. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta is the inverse function. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theta is the inverse function. So
+it's what's called arc uh co cosine 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what's called arc uh co cosine 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what's called arc uh co cosine 2x
+right. So this arc cosine it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this arc cosine it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So this arc cosine it means that
+it's the inverse function. If you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the inverse function. If you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the inverse function. If you take
+the inverse function on both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function on both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse function on both sides of
+this right then um so if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right then um so if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right then um so if you take the
+inverse function so arc cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function so arc cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function so arc cosine
+so you get r cosine to x on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get r cosine to x on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get r cosine to x on this side
+this side you're getting arc cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side you're getting arc cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side you're getting arc cosine
+and then cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then cosine
+to theta but these two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta but these two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta but these two functions
+together gives you the identity so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gives you the identity so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gives you the identity so this
+is to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to theta
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so in other words, in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so in other words, in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so in other words, in other
+words, what you have is that arc cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, what you have is that arc cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, what you have is that arc cosine
+to x is given as the integral from x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x is given as the integral from x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x is given as the integral from x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /<unk>
+of 1 - s^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - s^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - s^2
+ds. So you have this formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. So you have this formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. So you have this formula here
+which is not so so surprising but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not so so surprising but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not so so surprising but anyway
+you can get it from this and so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it from this and so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it from this and so now you
+can get it. So now the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it. So now the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it. So now the fundamental
+theorem of calculus. So by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus. So by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus. So by the
+fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you have that. So if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have that. So if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have that. So if you have a
+function that is given like a integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is given like a integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is given like a integral
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+then this thing here is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing here is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing here is the derivative
+right the one thing you that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the one thing you that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the one thing you that's what the
+fundamental theorem calculus say except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem calculus say except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem calculus say except
+you got to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to be a little bit careful
+because this is if the variable is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is if the variable is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is if the variable is up
+here but now it's down here because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now it's down here because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but now it's down here because it's
+down here the derivative is minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here the derivative is minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here the derivative is minus this
+okay let me explain that so you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me explain that so you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me explain that so you get from
+the from the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the fundamental theorem of
+calculus. The derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. The derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. The derivative of this
+function I claim is minus this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I claim is minus this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I claim is minus this thing
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then this should be evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then this should be evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then this should be evaluated
+at x. This is the r cosine at x is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x. This is the r cosine at x is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x. This is the r cosine at x is equal
+to like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like that.
+Okay. So now let's just see that. So why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's just see that. So why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's just see that. So why
+is this the case? So you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the case? So you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the case? So you take
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So remember that if you have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember that if you have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember that if you have a function
+f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+and this is given as you're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is given as you're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is given as you're integrating
+from some x some a to some x a is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some x some a to some x a is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some x some a to some x a is fixed
+and then you're integrating of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're integrating of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're integrating of a
+function like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this right
+assuming that the function is nice etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the function is nice etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the function is nice etc.
+Do we then we have that the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we then we have that the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do we then we have that the fundamental
+theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus
+fundamental theorem of calculus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus the
+derivative of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function
+is little f right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little f right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little f right
+but suppose I now switch so now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose I now switch so now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose I now switch so now suppose
+I now look so I don't look at this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now look so I don't look at this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now look so I don't look at this but I
+look at at suppose that g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at suppose that g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at suppose that g of x
+is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral
+from X to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from X to A
+X to let's call it X to B just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to let's call it X to B just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to let's call it X to B just because
+we usually have the end point as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually have the end point as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually have the end point as the the
+the the the last point as B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the last point as B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the last point as B.
+So suppose that the function is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that the function is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that the function is like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+what is the derivative right? So but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative right? So but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the derivative right? So but but
+this is just the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the fundamental theorem of
+but you know that's one of the rules we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's one of the rules we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's one of the rules we
+had with writing the integral is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with writing the integral is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with writing the integral is we can
+write this one here as so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this one here as so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this one here as so here I'm
+thinking about that the function little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that the function little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that the function little
+f is defined on some integral from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is defined on some integral from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is defined on some integral from a to
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can rewrite this thing here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can rewrite this thing here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can rewrite this thing here in
+this form here because I can just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form here because I can just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form here because I can just think
+about this thing here as the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing here as the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing here as the integral
+from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b
+of f of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of s
+right so sorry let me let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so sorry let me let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so sorry let me let me write it
+over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm just making the trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just making the trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just making the trivial
+observation that we have that so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we have that so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we have that so if we
+have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function
+from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b
+into r and we have some x that lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into r and we have some x that lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into r and we have some x that lie
+between a and b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b.
+Then we proved that the integral from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we proved that the integral from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we proved that the integral from a
+to b of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b of f
+this thing here is equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is equal to the integral
+from a to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the integral from uh x to b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? That was one of the rules that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That was one of the rules that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That was one of the rules that if
+you if you take this if you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you take this if you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you take this if you have like a
+dividing point in this interval then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing point in this interval then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing point in this interval then you
+could integrate over the first half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could integrate over the first half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could integrate over the first half and
+then in add integral of the second half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in add integral of the second half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in add integral of the second half.
+But this thing here just tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this thing here just tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this thing here just tells you that
+this thing here you can rewrite as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here you can rewrite as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here you can rewrite as this
+minus that. So you have that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that. So you have that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus that. So you have that the
+integral from x to b f of s d s is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from x to b f of s d s is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from x to b f of s d s is equal
+to the integral from a to b f of s d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from a to b f of s d s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral from a to b f of s d s
+minus the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the integral from
+uh from uh a to x f of s ds right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from uh a to x f of s ds right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from uh a to x f of s ds right and so
+a and b are fixed and when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b are fixed and when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b are fixed and when you think
+about this thing here as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing here as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing here as a function
+function of x then it's equal to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x then it's equal to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x then it's equal to this is
+just a constant and then minus this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant and then minus this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant and then minus this. So
+when you take the derivative of this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take the derivative of this,
+this is a constant. So this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant. So this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant. So this derivative
+is zero. The derivative of this, well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. The derivative of this, well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. The derivative of this, well
+that is straight the fundamental thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is straight the fundamental thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is straight the fundamental thermal
+calculus. And because of this sign, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. And because of this sign, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. And because of this sign, you
+get minus little f, right? And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus little f, right? And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus little f, right? And so that's
+what I applied over here that if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I applied over here that if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I applied over here that if it is
+of this form here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form here
+then the derivative of this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative of this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative of this function is
+minus little f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus little f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus little f.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this was this is so right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this was this is so right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this was this is so right. So
+this is how the angle is defined if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the angle is defined if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how the angle is defined if you
+will right. The angle is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will right. The angle is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will right. The angle is defined as the
+length arc length of the curve, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length arc length of the curve, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length arc length of the curve, right?
+And we can calculate it using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can calculate it using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can calculate it using this
+formula here. And we're getting a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here. And we're getting a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here. And we're getting a nice
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+nice uh I mean we get you know we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh I mean we get you know we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh I mean we get you know we know
+what the this arc cosine we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the this arc cosine we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the this arc cosine we know
+actually what the derivative is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the derivative is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the derivative is just
+from this arc length and the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this arc length and the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this arc length and the fundamental
+calculus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+The next thing I want to talk about is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next thing I want to talk about is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next thing I want to talk about is I
+want to talk about uh pointwise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about uh pointwise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about uh pointwise and
+uniform convergence of functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence of functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence of functions.
+So you have a sequence of functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You have a sequence of functions fn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose you have you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you have you have some
+interval I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval I
+and you have a sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn and you have a function uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn and you have a function uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn and you have a function uh another
+function f also on this interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then we say so this is the definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We say that the sequence here converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We say that the sequence here converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We say that the sequence here converts
+to f pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you're looking at this, so x here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're looking at this, so x here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're looking at this, so x here,
+think about x as x as being x could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about x as x as being x could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about x as x as being x could be
+anything, but it is fixed. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything, but it is fixed. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything, but it is fixed. And then
+you're looking at this sequence here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this sequence here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this sequence here,
+right? So this is a sequence of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is a sequence of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is a sequence of real
+numbers because x is fixed. Then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because x is fixed. Then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because x is fixed. Then you
+want this thing here to converge to f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing here to converge to f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing here to converge to f of
+x. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Yeah.
+>> Sorry, I had a quick question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry, I had a quick question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry, I had a quick question about the
+last thing. So how do you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing. So how do you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing. So how do you know that the
+integral of a to bs is zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a to bs is zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a to bs is zero?
+So no uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So no uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So no uh so so
+um so the thing is that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the thing is that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the thing is that what we're
+looking at here so I was asking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here so I was asking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here so I was asking so
+um so this here is uh so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this here is uh so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this here is uh so if you have a
+function capital f that's given like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function capital f that's given like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function capital f that's given like
+this the fundamental the calculus gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fundamental the calculus gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fundamental the calculus gives
+you what the derivative is so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the derivative is so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the derivative is so I'm just
+asking suppose that the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking suppose that the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking suppose that the function that
+the variable was not up here but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable was not up here but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable was not up here but it was
+down here what is the derivative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here what is the derivative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here what is the derivative and so
+in order to figure out that derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out that derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out that derivative
+I'm just using that so that if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using that so that if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just using that so that if I was
+integrating over the whole interval a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the whole interval a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the whole interval a
+and b are fixed right so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are fixed right so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are fixed right so this is just
+some number whatever it is it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number whatever it is it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number whatever it is it but it's
+probably not zero right I mean general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not zero right I mean general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not zero right I mean general
+wouldn't be zero but it's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be zero but it's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be zero but it's just some
+constant right and so for each x you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right and so for each x you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right and so for each x you get
+the same constant here and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same constant here and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same constant here and and it's
+equal to this plus that. And so, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this plus that. And so, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this plus that. And so, but
+this is what we're interested in. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're interested in. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're interested in. So,
+I'm just moving this one over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just moving this one over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just moving this one over on the
+other side. So, I get this thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. So, I get this thing here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. So, I get this thing here.
+But remember, this here is a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember, this here is a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But remember, this here is a constant.
+So, when you take the derivative, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when you take the derivative, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when you take the derivative, it's
+zero, right? And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay. So,
+>> if you were to set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes to zero and then you can get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero and then you can get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero and then you can get like
+But that's but if uh right so but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's but if uh right so but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's but if uh right so but if you
+if if if you if B is equal to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if B is equal to A uh yeah I mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is equal to A uh yeah I mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is equal to A uh yeah I mean but
+it's not I mean so then this interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I mean so then this interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I mean so then this interval is
+just a trivial interval right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trivial interval right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trivial interval right
+>> right but doesn't allow you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right but doesn't allow you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right but doesn't allow you to get
+identity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity there
+>> right but but the thing is so the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right but but the thing is so the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right but but the thing is so the reason
+why so why did I want to do it yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so why did I want to do it yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so why did I want to do it yes but
+it's like H but but but but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like H but but but but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like H but but but but it's it's
+kind of using something implicitly. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of using something implicitly. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of using something implicitly. You
+see what I mean? I'm assuming that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean? I'm assuming that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean? I'm assuming that X is
+between A and B because when we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and B because when we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and B because when we took
+this interval, you know, if X is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval, you know, if X is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval, you know, if X is not
+between A and B, we had to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and B, we had to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and B, we had to figure out
+what the hell do we mean by this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell do we mean by this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell do we mean by this sort of
+integral, right? Anyway, and so yes, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, right? Anyway, and so yes, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, right? Anyway, and so yes, it
+it works even if you re you know if even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works even if you re you know if even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works even if you re you know if even
+if you have the ordering differently but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the ordering differently but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the ordering differently but
+you just have to all I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to all I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to all I want to point out
+here is that if it is downstairs and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that if it is downstairs and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that if it is downstairs and not
+upstairs you have to you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs you have to you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs you have to you know just
+remember the sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the sign.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the sign.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this here so so again so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this here so so again so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this here so so again so I have
+a sequence of functions on the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions on the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of functions on the interval
+I have another function on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another function on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another function on the same
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+and I uh we say that this sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I uh we say that this sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I uh we say that this sequence is
+converging pointwise to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging pointwise to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging pointwise to f
+if for all x fixed when we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all x fixed when we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all x fixed when we're looking at
+this sequence it converts to that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence it converts to that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence it converts to that right
+and so let me look at two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me look at two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me look at two examples of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first example I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is where the functions fn of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the functions fn of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the functions fn of x is
+equal to uh x to the n and uh and x here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh x to the n and uh and x here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh x to the n and uh and x here
+is between zero and one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so this is my fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is my fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is my fn
+and my f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my f
+uh my my function f which is now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my my function f which is now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my my function f which is now of
+course also a function on this interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course also a function on this interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course also a function on this interval.
+This is equal to zero if um x is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is equal to zero if um x is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is equal to zero if um x is uh
+bigger equal to zero but strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to zero but strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger equal to zero but strictly less
+than one and is one if x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and is one if x is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and is one if x is equal to
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So of course this function f is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course this function f is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course this function f is not
+continuous. The other ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. The other ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. The other ones are
+continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+I claim that that this sequence so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that that this sequence so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that that this sequence so the
+sequence fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence fn
+is converging pointwise to f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converging pointwise to f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converging pointwise to f.
+So fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converts to f pointw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because if you take if you fix if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you take if you fix if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if you take if you fix if
+you fix x let's say fix x and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix x let's say fix x and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix x let's say fix x and let's
+assume uh and uh assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh and uh assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh and uh assume
+that that that it's between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that it's between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that it's between
+sorry it's between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's between
+zero it's strictly less than one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's strictly less than one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's strictly less than one right
+so you're fixing x and let's first deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're fixing x and let's first deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're fixing x and let's first deal
+with a case where that x is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a case where that x is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a case where that x is strictly
+less than one well if I'm looking at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one well if I'm looking at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one well if I'm looking at x
+to the n so I take some small number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n so I take some small number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n so I take some small number by
+small just means that it's strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small just means that it's strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small just means that it's strictly less
+than one and I multiply it by itself n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and I multiply it by itself n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and I multiply it by itself n
+time well that certainly goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well that certainly goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well that certainly goes to zero
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+if the if X here is fixed but it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if X here is fixed but it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if X here is fixed but it's now
+one then X to the N. If X is one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then X to the N. If X is one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then X to the N. If X is one then
+this here is still one. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you see that in this case so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that in this case so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see that in this case so this
+here is f to the n of X and this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is f to the n of X and this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is f to the n of X and this here is
+F of X. So these things here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of X. So these things here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of X. So these things here I mean
+they're actually equal to this. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually equal to this. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually equal to this. So in
+particular they converge right? And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they converge right? And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they converge right? And this
+here is what f of x is. And this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what f of x is. And this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what f of x is. And this here is
+again fn of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fn of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fn of x.
+Right? So you have that this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you have that this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So you have that this sequence of
+functions converge to this slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converge to this slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions converge to this slightly
+crazy function. Um right. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy function. Um right. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy function. Um right. Okay. So
+that's the first example. They converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first example. They converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first example. They converge
+pointwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next example
+I want to look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the next example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next example
+is where uh the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where uh the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where uh the functions
+uh are you just summing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are you just summing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are you just summing here
+you're summing you just take the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're summing you just take the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're summing you just take the power
+series for for the exponential function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for for the exponential function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series for for the exponential function.
+So you take your summing where k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take your summing where k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take your summing where k is
+equal to 1 to n and that's my fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 to n and that's my fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 to n and that's my fn
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then my f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then my f of x
+is the infinite sum which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infinite sum which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infinite sum which is the
+exponential function and we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function and we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function and we have already
+proved that if you fix x right so we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that if you fix x right so we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that if you fix x right so we fix
+x then this fn here of x converts to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then this fn here of x converts to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then this fn here of x converts to f
+of x point you know for each fixed x for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x point you know for each fixed x for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x point you know for each fixed x for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+fixed x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so so this sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this sequence of functions
+pointwise converge to the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise converge to the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise converge to the exponential
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+now so this is one notion of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is one notion of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so this is one notion of convergence
+for functions and there's another notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for functions and there's another notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for functions and there's another notion
+that is also useful. They're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also useful. They're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also useful. They're both
+useful. Uh the other one is stronger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. Uh the other one is stronger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. Uh the other one is stronger.
+And so, of course, if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, of course, if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, of course, if you have the
+stronger version, you often get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger version, you often get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger version, you often get
+something much better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much better.
+Oh, I shouldn't have erased this, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I shouldn't have erased this, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I shouldn't have erased this, but
+anyway. So, uh and so the second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. So, uh and so the second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. So, uh and so the second the
+second notion is uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is a notion of uniform convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform is is means that it's that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform is is means that it's that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform is is means that it's that it's
+uniform in x. So, so we what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in x. So, so we what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in x. So, so we what we have
+here is we have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is we have a sequence
+of functions and f defined on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and f defined on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions and f defined on some
+interval into R and then we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into R and then we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into R and then we say that
+this sequence here converts to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here converts to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here converts to f
+uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+epsilon greater than zero there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero there exist a
+capital n. So that if little n is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So that if little n is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So that if little n is bigger
+than this capital n then f of x minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then f of x minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this capital n then f of x minus f
+n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of x
+is smaller than epsilon for all x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And again right the uniformness is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again right the uniformness is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again right the uniformness is that
+it holds for all x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds for all x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds for all x right
+you can use the same capital n for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what you have is that if a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you have is that if a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you have is that if a sequence
+converge uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly
+then it converge pointwise. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it converge pointwise. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it converge pointwise. So we have
+the following lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following lema
+that follows directly from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows directly from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows directly from the from the
+definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+So lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of fn to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point polarwise convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of fn of fn to f to to f okay so uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn of fn to f to to f okay so uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fn of fn to f to to f okay so uniform
+convergence imply pointwise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence imply pointwise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence imply pointwise convergence
+and that's that's clear that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's clear that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's clear that's really
+just the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the definition
+if I had written out what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had written out what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had written out what it means for
+so this here I've written out what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here I've written out what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here I've written out what it
+means to have uniform convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to have uniform convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to have uniform convergence.
+If it was pointwise convergence, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was pointwise convergence, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it was pointwise convergence, right?
+Then you have these functions again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you have these functions again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you have these functions again and
+you have that this converts to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that this converts to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that this converts to that
+pointwise. It means that the sequence fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise. It means that the sequence fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise. It means that the sequence fn
+so so once you fix x then the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so once you fix x then the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so once you fix x then the sequence
+fn of x right. So once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x right. So once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x right. So once
+so once x is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these here
+converge to this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to this.
+But saying that this sequence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But saying that this sequence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But saying that this sequence here
+converge means that for all epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge means that for all epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge means that for all epsilon
+greater than zero there exist a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero there exist a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero there exist a n
+but this n is now allowed to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this n is now allowed to depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this n is now allowed to depend on
+x. So that if little n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So that if little n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So that if little n is bigger than
+this capital n then f n of x minus f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital n then f n of x minus f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital n then f n of x minus f ofx
+is smaller than epsilon. Right? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than epsilon. Right? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than epsilon. Right? So you
+see that clearly uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that clearly uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that clearly uniform convergence
+implies pointwise and again uniform just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies pointwise and again uniform just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies pointwise and again uniform just
+means that this capital n can be chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this capital n can be chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this capital n can be chosen
+to be the same for all x. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same for all x. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same for all x. Right?
+Okay. So now let's look at the examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's look at the examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's look at the examples.
+Unfortunately, I raised like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, I raised like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, I raised like the most
+important one. Uh so I'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one. Uh so I'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one. Uh so I'll just go
+through it again. Let me just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it again. Let me just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it again. Let me just talk about
+the example again and then we'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example again and then we'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example again and then we'll see why
+this um this example here does not. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this example here does not. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this example here does not. So
+we had this example from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this example from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this example from before
+where the sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sequence of functions
+uh was x to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was x to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was x to the n
+and x here was between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x here was between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x here was between zero and one
+and then we had this function f that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had this function f that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had this function f that was
+this function that was not continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function that was not continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function that was not continuous
+but this function was given to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this function was given to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this function was given to be equal
+to zero if x here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strictly less one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less one
+and it was one if x is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was one if x is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was one if x is equal to one
+right that was this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was this function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was this function f
+and we know we already shown that the fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know we already shown that the fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know we already shown that the fn
+converts to f pointw wise but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f pointw wise but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f pointw wise but we want to
+see now so that this so I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn
+does not converge so This does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge so This does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge so This does not
+converge uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F.
+We know already that it converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know already that it converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know already that it converge
+pointwise and I claim that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise and I claim that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise and I claim that that this
+sequence does not converge uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does not converge uniformly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does not converge uniformly.
+Okay. So now why is this the case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now why is this the case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now why is this the case?
+Well, this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is because
+you see by the intermediate value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see by the intermediate value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see by the intermediate value
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions
+Fn are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fn are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fn are continuous
+at zero they take the value of zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero they take the value of zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero they take the value of zero at
+one they take the value one so for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they take the value one so for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they take the value one so for each
+n by the intermediate value theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for each
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+since each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fn
+is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist
+there exist a x n but it really will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a x n but it really will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a x n but it really will
+depend on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on n
+so that f n of xn n will take the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f n of xn n will take the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f n of xn n will take the value
+1/2 right so the functions here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 right so the functions here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 right so the functions here this is
+the functions oops this is the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions oops this is the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions oops this is the functions
+this is the function fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function fn
+it takes at zero it takes a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes at zero it takes a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes at zero it takes a value of
+zero at one it takes a value one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at one it takes a value one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at one it takes a value one so
+there is somewhere where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is somewhere where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is somewhere where where
+a half is achieved and this is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half is achieved and this is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half is achieved and this is at this
+exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So you have that and again this xn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have that and again this xn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have that and again this xn is
+depending on n and the thing is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on n and the thing is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on n and the thing is that as
+n get large this point will have to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n get large this point will have to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n get large this point will have to move
+very close to one. Okay. But if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one. Okay. But if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one. Okay. But if you're
+now looking at f(n)
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looking at f(n)
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looking at f(n)
+uh of x minus f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of x minus f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of x minus f ofx
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want to we if it was converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to we if it was converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to we if it was converging
+uniformly it would mean that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly it would mean that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly it would mean that this
+difference here would be smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here would be smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here would be smaller than
+some epsilon for all x right but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some epsilon for all x right but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some epsilon for all x right but if
+you're just looking at this point Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this difference here is this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference here is this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference here is this point here
+xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn
+will lie strictly xn here will lie this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lie strictly xn here will lie this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lie strictly xn here will lie this
+is where this value here is a half it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where this value here is a half it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where this value here is a half it's
+not one so it's lie be strictly between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one so it's lie be strictly between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one so it's lie be strictly between
+zero and one right so you see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one right so you see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one right so you see that for
+each n this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each n this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each n this function
+f at xn this will always be zero. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f at xn this will always be zero. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f at xn this will always be zero. This
+is because the function f is zero except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the function f is zero except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the function f is zero except
+at one and this point is definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one and this point is definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one and this point is definitely not
+one. Right? So you have that. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? So you have that. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Right? So you have that. So you
+have you see that this thing here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you see that this thing here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you see that this thing here this
+is this here is zero. So this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this here is zero. So this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this here is zero. So this is just
+the value of this the absolute value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this the absolute value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this the absolute value but
+that's actually a half. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a half. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a half. So this is
+always a half. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a half. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a half. Right?
+So the function would converge uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the function would converge uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the function would converge uniformly
+as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as
+that if you right. So uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you right. So uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you right. So uniform
+convergence would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence would mean
+so uniform convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uniform convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uniform convergence.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's show
+So let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+FN does not converge uniformly to F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And so I just pick my epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so I just pick my epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so I just pick my epsilon
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+I pick a epsilon less than half, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick a epsilon less than half, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick a epsilon less than half, right?
+And then if it was converging and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if it was converging and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if it was converging and and
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+and suppose not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.e. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e. That is
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn converts to f uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This means that for all epsilon but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means that for all epsilon but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means that for all epsilon but I
+just use this epsilon. Yeah, I just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this epsilon. Yeah, I just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this epsilon. Yeah, I just take
+use this one epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one epsilon.
+But then I would have that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then I would have that there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then I would have that there exist
+capital n so that um so that I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that um so that I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that um so that I mean I
+can even take it to to be equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even take it to to be equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even take it to to be equal to a
+half. So there exist capital n so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. So there exist capital n so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. So there exist capital n so that
+such that if little n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if little n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if little n is bigger than
+capital n then this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then this thing here
+minus f of x would have to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x would have to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x would have to be less than
+strictly less than a half for all x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? If it was converging uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If it was converging uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If it was converging uniformly
+then in particular for this one choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in particular for this one choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in particular for this one choice
+of of epsilon you would have this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of epsilon you would have this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of epsilon you would have this for
+all x but we already know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all x but we already know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all x but we already know that if we
+looking at now depending on what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now depending on what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now depending on what this is
+but that's fine you know if you insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine you know if you insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine you know if you insert
+x= to xn then this is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x= to xn then this is actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x= to xn then this is actually equal to
+a half right so this is this here does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half right so this is this here does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half right so this is this here does
+not hold this is the contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hold this is the contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hold this is the contradiction
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, uh in the other example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, uh in the other example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, uh in the other example that we
+looked at before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before,
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the other example, uh we have that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the other example which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other example which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other example which is this
+example here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here.
+uh this sequence here is converging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sequence here is converging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sequence here is converging and
+I'll return to this in in a minute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return to this in in a minute uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return to this in in a minute uh
+that so in this case the these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in this case the these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in this case the these here
+converge to f uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interval
+on each bounded interval. So in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each bounded interval. So in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each bounded interval. So in each
+interval of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L
+to L. So on each bounded interval. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L. So on each bounded interval. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L. So on each bounded interval. Okay.
+And we will talk about this more in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we will talk about this more in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we will talk about this more in just
+a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second.
+Um okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay.
+Um and right because this is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and right because this is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and right because this is uh this is
+this is uh this is the contact uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is the contact uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is the contact uh uh
+content of the uh what's called bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the uh what's called bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the uh what's called bas
+test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test.
+So this hold more generally that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this hold more generally that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this hold more generally that if you
+take a sequence so you see bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sequence so you see bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a sequence so you see bias
+M test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in bio stress end test you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in bio stress end test you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in bio stress end test you have a
+sequence of functions fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions fn
+and you have that this sequence. So fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that this sequence. So fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that this sequence. So fn
+sorry is functions on some interval into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is functions on some interval into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is functions on some interval into
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then you have that the fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you have that the fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you have that the fn
+uh is are bounded by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is are bounded by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is are bounded by some
+some constant mn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant mn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant mn
+and then you have that the mn. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have that the mn. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have that the mn. So these
+are clearly non- negative numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly non- negative numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly non- negative numbers and
+you have that this that this series here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this here is um is uh is is finite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is um is uh is is finite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is um is uh is is finite right
+so this is a series of non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a series of non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a series of non- negative
+numbers so to say that it's that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so to say that it's that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so to say that it's that this
+series is summable is the same as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is summable is the same as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is summable is the same as saying
+that it's finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now the claim is so then bias M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the claim is so then bias M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the claim is so then bias M
+testers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testers.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is that if this is the case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that if this is the case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is that if this is the case then
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sequence converts to some f uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that's why M test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh yeah. So this here so this here means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yeah. So this here so this here means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh yeah. So this here so this here means
+this here just means that fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here just means that fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here just means that fn of x
+is lesser equal to m for all x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, that's a kind of you know quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a kind of you know quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a kind of you know quite
+common used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh so let's try to prove that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose we look at suppose we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we look at suppose we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we look at suppose we define
+sn of x. So this is just when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn of x. So this is just when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn of x. So this is just when you're
+summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing
+from k = z to n of fk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k = z to n of fk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k = z to n of fk
+of x. Suppose you're looking at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. Suppose you're looking at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. Suppose you're looking at this and
+we want to prove so want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry about that this is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry about that this is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry about that this is not what
+we want to prove. Sorry this is uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove. Sorry this is uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to prove. Sorry this is uh sorry
+I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have said
+yeah this it's not these functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this it's not these functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this it's not these functions that
+converge it's a sum of them. So what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it's a sum of them. So what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge it's a sum of them. So what I
+want to prove is that I want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove is that I want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove is that I want to prove
+that this thing here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here as
+k equal to zero to n that this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal to zero to n that this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equal to zero to n that this function
+here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So think about it. You want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So think about it. You want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So think about it. You want this
+to kind of probably apply to a to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of probably apply to a to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of probably apply to a to to
+some power series. Right? And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power series. Right? And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power series. Right? And so the
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+uh fk is like this polomial it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fk is like this polomial it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fk is like this polomial it is you
+right it's some of some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's some of some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's some of some degree
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so we define this function sn and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we define this function sn and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we define this function sn and I
+want to prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that this
+sn and then converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and and and and if It's okay. I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and and if It's okay. I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and and if It's okay. I said
+it's better to call this something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to call this something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to call this something else
+than little f to call it s, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than little f to call it s, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than little f to call it s, right?
+Because it's not these guys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's not these guys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because it's not these guys that
+converge. It's a sum of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. It's a sum of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. It's a sum of them that
+converge, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we want to show that these guys here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to show that these guys here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we want to show that these guys here,
+the sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sn
+converts to this s uniform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? That's what we want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what we want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That's what we want.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+let's look at the difference between Sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the difference between Sn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the difference between Sn
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+and SM of X. And so here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SM of X. And so here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SM of X. And so here I'm going to
+think about N as being larger than M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about N as being larger than M.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about N as being larger than M.
+Suppose I'm thinking about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I'm thinking about this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I'm thinking about this thing
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, this here is when you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this here is when you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this here is when you're summing
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+I guess we're starting at k equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we're starting at k equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we're starting at k equal to
+zero. So then we're summing the first m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So then we're summing the first m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So then we're summing the first m
++ one, right, of those guys here. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one, right, of those guys here. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one, right, of those guys here. We're
+summing more. We're summing those guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing more. We're summing those guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing more. We're summing those guys,
+but then we're also summing some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we're also summing some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we're also summing some some
+more, right? And so this thing here, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, right? And so this thing here, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, right? And so this thing here, so
+the the let me just write it out. So k =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the let me just write it out. So k =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the let me just write it out. So k =
+to zero to n of f uh k of x and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero to n of f uh k of x and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero to n of f uh k of x and the
+second one is when we're summing right n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is when we're summing right n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is when we're summing right n
+is bigger than m. So here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than m. So here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than m. So here we are
+actually summing fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so of course the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course the differences
+between these two are how many more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two are how many more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two are how many more of
+these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are
+there than those guys. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than those guys. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there than those guys. So this is
+summing absolute value where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing absolute value where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing absolute value where we're
+summing from k = m + 1 up to n of fk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from k = m + 1 up to n of fk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing from k = m + 1 up to n of fk
+of x. Right? So that's what it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. Right? So that's what it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. Right? So that's what it it's
+equal to. And we didn't even have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to. And we didn't even have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to. And we didn't even have to
+have absolute value, but in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolute value, but in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolute value, but in a minute
+it's useful to have absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to have absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to have absolute value
+because now of course this sum here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now of course this sum here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now of course this sum here is
+less than than the sum of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than than the sum of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than than the sum of the absolute
+values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+k = m + one to n and then we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = m + one to n and then we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k = m + one to n and then we take the
+absolute value in under the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value in under the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value in under the summation
+sign like this right but now we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign like this right but now we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign like this right but now we can use
+our condition here so this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our condition here so this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our condition here so this thing here is
+less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or equal to
+the sum here from k = m + one up to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here from k = m + one up to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here from k = m + one up to n of
+m k Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But but those guys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but those guys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but those guys,
+right? This is just a sequence of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is just a sequence of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is just a sequence of real
+numbers, right? This is not a function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, right? This is not a function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, right? This is not a function.
+It's just real numbers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just real numbers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just real numbers and they
+converge. So this means that that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. So this means that that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge. So this means that that so
+this means that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that given
+this means that you have that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that you have that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that you have that you can
+make this saying here as small as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this saying here as small as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this saying here as small as you
+want as long as m is sufficiently large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as long as m is sufficiently large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as long as m is sufficiently large.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given
+epsilon greater than zero there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero there exist a
+capital n such that if m here is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that if m here is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n such that if m here is bigger
+than capital n then the sum here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n then the sum here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n then the sum here of the
+tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing here up to anything else,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here up to anything else,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here up to anything else,
+right? Right. Uh is of this MK that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Right. Uh is of this MK that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Right. Uh is of this MK that this
+is less than epsilon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon,
+right? And so you see that this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you see that this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you see that this really
+say that the so this implies that the Sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the so this implies that the Sn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the so this implies that the Sn
+for each X for each X if you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each X for each X if you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each X for each X if you can think
+about this thing here as a sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing here as a sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing here as a sequence,
+right? And so you have that that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you have that that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so you have that that now
+this sequence here is a cushy sequence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here is a cushy sequence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here is a cushy sequence,
+right? For each x this is a cushy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? For each x this is a cushy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? For each x this is a cushy
+sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this means that these sn of x they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that these sn of x they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this means that these sn of x they
+will actually converge to something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually converge to something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually converge to something and
+that's something I call s of x. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I call s of x. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I call s of x. So that
+gives you a function s of x but it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a function s of x but it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a function s of x but it gives
+you more because you see it's uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more because you see it's uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more because you see it's uh right
+it actually show you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually show you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually show you something about
+because this inequality here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this inequality here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this inequality here
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+that this difference here is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this difference here is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this difference here is less than
+that that hold for all x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that hold for all x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that hold for all x right
+so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that
+this means that as you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that as you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that as you're sending
+so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that
+that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So now let n go to infinity. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now let n go to infinity. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now let n go to infinity. If
+you take this inequality here. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this inequality here. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this inequality here. So you
+have we have this inequality sn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have this inequality sn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have this inequality sn of x
+minus sn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sn of x
+is less or equal to the sum here k = m +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to the sum here k = m +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less or equal to the sum here k = m +
+one to n of mk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to n of mk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to n of mk.
+So we have this inequality and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this inequality and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have this inequality and we have
+in fact you can write it as if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can write it as if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can write it as if you're
+summing over the entire tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so now this side of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now this side of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now this side of it this
+side does not depend on little n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side does not depend on little n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side does not depend on little n right
+this here hold as long as all here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here hold as long as all here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here hold as long as all here we
+required was that this here was bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required was that this here was bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required was that this here was bigger
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+and so as n go to infinity. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as n go to infinity. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as n go to infinity. You have
+that s of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s of x
+minus s m of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s m of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s m of x
+will have to be less or equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be less or equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be less or equal to this
+sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the key point here is for this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the key point here is for this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the key point here is for this for
+this size m test is that this here holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size m test is that this here holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size m test is that this here holds
+for all this inequality holds for all x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this inequality holds for all x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this inequality holds for all x.
+Right? You see the little n is gone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You see the little n is gone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? You see the little n is gone.
+there's only this capital N uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only this capital N uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only this capital N uh this
+sorry the the M right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the M right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the the M right
+and so now we again we can so if you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we again we can so if you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we again we can so if you as
+long as you choose some n sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you choose some n sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you choose some n sufficiently
+large then if little m is bigger equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then if little m is bigger equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then if little m is bigger equal
+to this n then you can make this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this n then you can make this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this n then you can make this sum
+here that have no reference to x you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that have no reference to x you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that have no reference to x you can
+make this less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this less than epsilon
+right so this here is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this here is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this here is less than epsilon
+And you have this inequality for all x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have this inequality for all x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you have this inequality for all x.
+So you have this one here less than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have this one here less than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have this one here less than this
+for all x. And that's exactly uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x. And that's exactly uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x. And that's exactly uniform
+convergence. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence. Yeah.
+>> Um where did we get the first um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um where did we get the first um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um where did we get the first um like
+when we said that the sum of these k are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we said that the sum of these k are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we said that the sum of these k are
+less than ep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than ep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than ep.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Where did that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Where did that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Where did that?
+>> Okay. So the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So the the the
+right so let let me just let me just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let let me just let me just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let let me just let me just um
+I I'll get to this in just a second but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll get to this in just a second but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll get to this in just a second but
+let me just say what is the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say what is the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say what is the strategy
+here so you have so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you have so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you have so we have this
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+uh maybe I erased the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I erased the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I erased the statement
+unfortunat So we have this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunat So we have this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunat So we have this sequence of
+functions on an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on an interval
+and you had that this function here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had that this function here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had that this function here was
+bounded like this and then you had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded like this and then you had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded like this and then you had that
+these these are just real numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are just real numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are just real numbers and
+you had that these real numbers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had that these real numbers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had that these real numbers here
+was summable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was summable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was summable.
+So these are non- negative real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are non- negative real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are non- negative real numbers
+of course right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course right
+and so then and I claim so the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then and I claim so the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then and I claim so the claim is
+that these that the sum here of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these that the sum here of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these that the sum here of these
+guys these here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys these here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys these here
+I claim that these guys here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that these guys here converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that these guys here converge
+uniformly to some function s of x. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to some function s of x. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly to some function s of x. The
+first step is to say that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is to say that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is to say that they actually
+that there exist some function s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exist some function s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exist some function s and
+they converge to that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge to that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge to that function
+pointwise. Right? In order to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise. Right? In order to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise. Right? In order to prove that
+I proved that this se this the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I proved that this se this the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I proved that this se this the this
+these these sums here for each fixed x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sums here for each fixed x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sums here for each fixed x
+is a cushy sequence. Right? Once there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cushy sequence. Right? Once there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cushy sequence. Right? Once there
+sequence for each fix x then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for each fix x then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for each fix x then they will
+be convergent and the limits I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convergent and the limits I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convergent and the limits I now
+defined to be s of x right. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be s of x right. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be s of x right. So that
+gives me a function and then the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a function and then the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a function and then the thing
+is that I have to upgrade this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I have to upgrade this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I have to upgrade this
+convergence which initially is pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence which initially is pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence which initially is pointwise
+to uniform convergence. Okay. And so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uniform convergence. Okay. And so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uniform convergence. Okay. And so now
+you were asking so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were asking so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were asking so now
+>> like why did so we got the sum of MKs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like why did so we got the sum of MKs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like why did so we got the sum of MKs
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+>> where did we like how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> where did we like how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> where did we like how do we
+>> that's fine and so now so so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's fine and so now so so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's fine and so now so so this here
+was just very general and it just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just very general and it just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just very general and it just used
+this inequality that's all it used right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality that's all it used right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality that's all it used right
+now I'm using that these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using that these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm using that these guys are
+summable so this means that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable so this means that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable so this means that if I'm
+starting this summation sufficiently far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this summation sufficiently far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this summation sufficiently far
+out then I can make it less than a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then I can make it less than a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then I can make it less than a given
+epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+>> Oh it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh it's like
+>> because it's just like that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> because it's just like that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> because it's just like that these are
+non- negative number and that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative number and that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative number and that they are
+summable just means that if I go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable just means that if I go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable just means that if I go out
+really really far then from there on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really far then from there on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really far then from there on and
+out it makes very little contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it makes very little contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it makes very little contribution to
+the total sum. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sum. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sum. Okay.
+Okay. So uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh right so
+right and so right so so you see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so right so so you see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so right so so you see like
+the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is
+for each fix x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fix x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each fix x
+I prove that these sn of x is a cruise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prove that these sn of x is a cruise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prove that these sn of x is a cruise
+sequence that then allow me to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that then allow me to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that then allow me to define a
+function uh s of x and I get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh s of x and I get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh s of x and I get that the
+sequence sn of x is converging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence sn of x is converging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence sn of x is converging the
+sequence function is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence function is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence function is converging
+pointwise and then again Then once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise and then again Then once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise and then again Then once I
+have that then I need to upgrade it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then I need to upgrade it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then I need to upgrade it to
+be uniform convergence and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uniform convergence and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uniform convergence and that's what
+we did. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did. Yes.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+Um okay. So now let's try to uh apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. So now let's try to uh apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. So now let's try to uh apply
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+>> Uh yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh yeah.
+>> So what if the MKS are a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So what if the MKS are a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So what if the MKS are a kind of
+converging sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging sequence that
+>> but in like the small side the zero side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but in like the small side the zero side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but in like the small side the zero side
+is on a low index.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a low index.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a low index.
+So then like as I go further out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then like as I go further out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then like as I go further out,
+>> it's getting bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's getting bigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's getting bigger.
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> can can we look at an example and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> can can we look at an example and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> can can we look at an example and see if
+it become clear? Um so let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it become clear? Um so let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it become clear? Um so let's look at a
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um let's look at an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's look at an example.
+Let's look at it very yeah let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at it very yeah let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at it very yeah let's look at
+at an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an example.
+So in fact let's look at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact let's look at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in fact let's look at the function
+the example we just looked at but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we just looked at but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example we just looked at but we
+said that it followed from stress M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that it followed from stress M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that it followed from stress M
+test. So what was the example I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. So what was the example I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. So what was the example I just
+looked at?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at?
+So I take a function fn of x this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I take a function fn of x this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I take a function fn of x this is now
+x to the to the n divided by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the to the n divided by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the to the n divided by n
+factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial.
+Okay. Now I define uh sn of x. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I define uh sn of x. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I define uh sn of x. So this
+is now the sum from k= to0 to n of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the sum from k= to0 to n of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the sum from k= to0 to n of this
+fn of x f k k of x sorry. So this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x f k k of x sorry. So this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x f k k of x sorry. So this means
+that this thing here is the sum from k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is the sum from k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here is the sum from k
+=0 to n of x k over k factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=0 to n of x k over k factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+=0 to n of x k over k factorial.
+Okay. And I want to show that this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I want to show that this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I want to show that this. So
+want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this Sn of X converge to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Sn of X converge to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Sn of X converge to the
+exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function
+uh uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on on an interval of this form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on an interval of this form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on an interval of this form.
+So L is some fixed number and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So L is some fixed number and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So L is some fixed number and I'm
+looking between minus L to L. Right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking between minus L to L. Right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking between minus L to L. Right? And
+I claim that they converge. Okay? Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that they converge. Okay? Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim that they converge. Okay? Now
+let's try to apply Bas M test. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to apply Bas M test. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to apply Bas M test. Right?
+And so what are the MN?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what are the MN?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what are the MN?
+The MN in this case the natural one is N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The MN in this case the natural one is N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The MN in this case the natural one is N
+to the power N*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power N*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power N*
+N factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. If I'm looking at those numbers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I'm looking at those numbers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I'm looking at those numbers,
+these are just these are non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just these are non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just these are non- negative
+numbers, right? And we already know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, right? And we already know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, right? And we already know that
+this sequence of non- negative numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of non- negative numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of non- negative numbers
+is summable that these non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable that these non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable that these non- negative
+numbers like this that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like this that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like this that they are
+summable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And so then and suppose now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so then and suppose now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so then and suppose now I
+have suppose now I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suppose now I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have suppose now I take this
+f uh n of x. So this is this function x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh n of x. So this is this function x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh n of x. So this is this function x
+^ n over n factorial. x here remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ n over n factorial. x here remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^ n over n factorial. x here remember is
+in this bounded interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this bounded interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this bounded interval.
+Well, let's look at fn of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's look at fn of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's look at fn of x.
+So this is x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is x n
+/ n factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ n factorial.
+But this thing here, so this is just x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this thing here, so this is just x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this thing here, so this is just x
+to the power n factorial. This is right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power n factorial. This is right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power n factorial. This is right.
+It's lying in here. So it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's lying in here. So it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's lying in here. So it's it's the
+absolute value is bound by L. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is bound by L. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is bound by L. So this is
+L n / N factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L n / N factorial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L n / N factorial.
+Right? So I have that this sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I have that this sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So I have that this sequence is
+less than these m MN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than these m MN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than these m MN
+right and so now bias stress but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now bias stress but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now bias stress but it is
+it we restrict to this interval here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we restrict to this interval here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we restrict to this interval here and
+so now based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now based
+M test tell you that that this that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M test tell you that that this that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M test tell you that that this that the
+sum here when you're summing from K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here when you're summing from K to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here when you're summing from K to
+zero to N X K over K factorial that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to N X K over K factorial that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to N X K over K factorial that
+these actually converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actually converge
+to the limit uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on but remember we we are restricting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but remember we we are restricting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but remember we we are restricting.
+So and the limit here we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and the limit here we already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and the limit here we already have
+defined the limit to be the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the limit to be the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the limit to be the exponential
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Does that is that clear or not? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that is that clear or not? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does that is that clear or not? Uh
+does it answer it or not really?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it answer it or not really?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it answer it or not really?
+I'm not sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+>> So I guess my question was y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I guess my question was y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I guess my question was y
+>> is is it that mn must be a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is is it that mn must be a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is is it that mn must be a convergent
+like series like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like series like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like series like
+>> Yeah. So mn that's right. So mn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So mn that's right. So mn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So mn that's right. So mn
+m uh you know in this example or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh you know in this example or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh you know in this example or in the
+general example it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general example it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general example it's it's it's
+you know so why so why is the mn so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so why so why is the mn so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so why so why is the mn so much
+easier to determine because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to determine because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to determine because they are
+just numbers they are just non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just numbers they are just non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just numbers they are just non- negative
+numbers and you're just asking if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you're just asking if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you're just asking if the
+series of non- negative numbers is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of non- negative numbers is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of non- negative numbers is not
+function it's non- negative numbers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's non- negative numbers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's non- negative numbers if
+that's convergent or not right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convergent or not right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convergent or not right and so
+since they're non are negative, it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're non are negative, it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're non are negative, it just
+means that the sum is finite, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the sum is finite, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the sum is finite, right?
+And so that's that's much easier to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's that's much easier to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's that's much easier to to
+determine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So now we can do this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now we can do this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now we can do this sort of
+same argument more generally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument more generally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument more generally.
+So this lead us to the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this lead us to the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this lead us to the following
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that suppose you take a power series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose you take a power series. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you take a power series. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose you take a power series. So
+you summing here n = 0 to infinity a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you summing here n = 0 to infinity a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you summing here n = 0 to infinity a n
+xn. This is a power series right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. This is a power series right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. This is a power series right? So
+power series remember that a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series remember that a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series remember that a power
+series is where you're taking a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is where you're taking a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is where you're taking a sequence
+of fun of numbers real numbers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun of numbers real numbers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun of numbers real numbers and you
+think about these as coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these as coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these as coefficients in
+this polinomial and then you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial and then you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polinomial and then you're summing
+o over them right but it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o over them right but it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o over them right but it's like you know
+the it's the a n is the coefficient to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the a n is the coefficient to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the a n is the coefficient to x
+to x to the power n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x to the power n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x to the power n
+okay so this is a power series and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a power series and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a power series and a
+power series again means so like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series again means so like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series again means so like you
+think about it as a series because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a series because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a series because like
+for each X it's like a regular series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each X it's like a regular series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each X it's like a regular series
+right but then it's like the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then it's like the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then it's like the value of
+that you get depends on X right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get depends on X right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get depends on X right and so
+for this we define the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this we define the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this we define the radius of
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me remind you how this radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me remind you how this radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me remind you how this radius of
+convergence was defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was defined
+you take the AM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the AM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the AM
+and you take the absolute value of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the absolute value of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the absolute value of it
+and then you take the n root of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take the n root of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take the n root of that and
+then you're looking at lean soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're looking at lean soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're looking at lean soup
+as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n goes to infinity
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that gives you some number that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you some number that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you some number that number
+potentially it could be infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially it could be infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially it could be infinity
+it's always non negative but and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always non negative but and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always non negative but and it will
+always give you a number it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give you a number it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always give you a number it could be
+zero it could be infinity and It could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it could be infinity and It could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it could be infinity and It could
+be anything in between.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything in between.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything in between.
+And then the radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+so this is what I write by r and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I write by r and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what I write by r and this is
+one m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one m
+and where where there's this convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where where there's this convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where where there's this convention
+in this case usually you you know don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case usually you you know don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case usually you you know don't
+let divide by zero or infinity but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let divide by zero or infinity but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let divide by zero or infinity but in
+this case if m here is zero this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if m here is zero this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case if m here is zero this means
+that the radius of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of convergence is
+infinite if m is uh is uh is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if m is uh is uh is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if m is uh is uh is infinite
+then it means that the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that the radius
+convergence is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is zero
+and now this sort of slightly surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this sort of slightly surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this sort of slightly surprising
+fact but we proved this but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but we proved this but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but we proved this but I'm just
+reminding about it that that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding about it that that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding about it that that the the
+thing is that that the power series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that that the power series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that that the power series is
+convergent. So here you have zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. So here you have zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent. So here you have zero is
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+inside. If this has the if this here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. If this has the if this here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. If this has the if this here is
+r it's convergent inside here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r it's convergent inside here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r it's convergent inside here and it's
+divergent outside but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent outside but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergent outside but it's not
+completely clear what happened on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear what happened on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely clear what happened on the
+boundary. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary. Right?
+So you have to check the boundary uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have to check the boundary uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have to check the boundary uh uh
+you know in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in you know
+separately and that that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and that that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and that that depends on the
+power you know there's no general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you know there's no general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you know there's no general
+formula for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for that.
+Okay. So now the theorem here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the theorem here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now the theorem here is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so the theorem is like this and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the theorem is like this and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the theorem is like this and this is
+just generalizing this example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generalizing this example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generalizing this example that we
+just did and the theorem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did and the theorem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did and the theorem is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+that if you take a power series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you have a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and R is the radius of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh L here is strictly less. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh L here is strictly less. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh L here is strictly less. It has
+to be strictly less than than the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strictly less than than the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strictly less than than the radius
+of convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence.
+Then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then um
+then these functions here k= to zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these functions here k= to zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these functions here k= to zero to
+n a n a k sorry x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a n a k sorry x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a n a k sorry x k
+that these functions here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these functions here converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these functions here converge
+to uh to this to the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on on this interval here from minus L to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this interval here from minus L to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this interval here from minus L to
+L. But remember that L had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. But remember that L had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L. But remember that L had to be
+strictly less than the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than the radius of
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence.
+Okay. And so so this is like extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so so this is like extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so so this is like extremely
+useful like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful like if you have
+um and and and it will be clear next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and it will be clear next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and it will be clear next
+time why it's useful because if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time why it's useful because if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time why it's useful because if you have
+uniform convergence then it becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence then it becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence then it becomes very
+easy to if you have uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to if you have uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to if you have uniform convergence
+then you can argue about if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can argue about if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can argue about if you want to
+take the derivative of integrating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of integrating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of integrating this
+thing over here. If you have uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here. If you have uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here. If you have uniform
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+then it will say that it's then a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will say that it's then a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will say that it's then a lot of
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+we'll be more precise about that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be more precise about that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be more precise about that next
+time but a lot of operation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but a lot of operation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but a lot of operation like
+integration and differentiation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and differentiation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and differentiation you can
+do that over here and then go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that over here and then go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that over here and then go to the
+limit. So instead of you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. So instead of you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. So instead of you know if you
+were to integrate this thing here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to integrate this thing here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to integrate this thing here right
+so just say that but this seems maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just say that but this seems maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just say that but this seems maybe
+very very hard but the thing is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard but the thing is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard but the thing is if you
+can integrate here then you can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate here then you can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate here then you can just use
+the usual sum the usual formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual sum the usual formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual sum the usual formula for the
+sum that you it's just a sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum that you it's just a sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum that you it's just a sum of the
+integral and likewise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and likewise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and likewise for
+differentiation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation okay
+and so uh okay maybe I will just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh okay maybe I will just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh okay maybe I will just uh
+uh yeah maybe to stop here. I wrote out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah maybe to stop here. I wrote out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah maybe to stop here. I wrote out
+the but the proof in the notes. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the proof in the notes. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the proof in the notes. Uh I
+already posted the notes the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already posted the notes the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already posted the notes the lecture
+notes. Are there any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, great.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IT_4fw6gfJw.txt b/IT_4fw6gfJw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e445f23c577e2d25dd63f1db1b998d4b35f50d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IT_4fw6gfJw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi good afternoon everyone so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi good afternoon everyone so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi good afternoon everyone so today
+we're going to be talking about graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about graph
+optimizations and as a reminder on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations and as a reminder on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations and as a reminder on
+Thursday we're gonna have a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we're gonna have a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we're gonna have a guest
+lecture by Professor Johnson of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by Professor Johnson of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by Professor Johnson of the MIT
+math department and he'll be talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math department and he'll be talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math department and he'll be talk about
+performance of high-level languages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of high-level languages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of high-level languages so
+please be sure to attend the guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be sure to attend the guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be sure to attend the guest
+lecture on Thursday so here's an outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Thursday so here's an outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on Thursday so here's an outline
+of what I'm gonna be talking about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm gonna be talking about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm gonna be talking about today
+so we're first going to remind ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're first going to remind ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're first going to remind ourselves
+what a graph is and then we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a graph is and then we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a graph is and then we're talking
+you're gonna talk about various ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna talk about various ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna talk about various ways to
+represent a graph in memory and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a graph in memory and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a graph in memory and then
+we'll talk about how to implement an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to implement an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to implement an
+efficient breadth-first search algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient breadth-first search algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient breadth-first search algorithm
+both serially and also in parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both serially and also in parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both serially and also in parallel and
+then i'll talk about how to use graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll talk about how to use graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll talk about how to use graph
+compression and graph reordering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and graph reordering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression and graph reordering to
+improve the locality of graph algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the locality of graph algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the locality of graph algorithms
+so first of all what is a graph so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all what is a graph so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all what is a graph so a
+graph contains vertices and edges where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph contains vertices and edges where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph contains vertices and edges where
+vertices represent certain objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices represent certain objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices represent certain objects of
+interest and add just between objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and add just between objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and add just between objects
+model relationships between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model relationships between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model relationships between the two
+objects for example you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for example you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for example you can have a
+social network where the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social network where the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social network where the people are
+represented as vertices and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as vertices and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as vertices and edges
+between people means that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people means that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people means that they're
+friends with each other the edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with each other the edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with each other the edges in
+this graph don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph don't have to be
+bi-directional so you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-directional so you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-directional so you could have a
+one-way relationship for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way relationship for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way relationship for example if
+you're looking at the Twitter network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the Twitter network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the Twitter network
+Alice could follow Bob but Bob doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice could follow Bob but Bob doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice could follow Bob but Bob doesn't
+necessarily have to follow Alice back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to follow Alice back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to follow Alice back
+the graph also doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph also doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph also doesn't have to be
+connected so here this graph here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so here this graph here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected so here this graph here is
+connected but for example there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected but for example there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected but for example there could be
+some people who don't like to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who don't like to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who don't like to talk to
+other people and then they're just off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and then they're just off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and then they're just off
+in their own component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own component
+you can also use graphs to model protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use graphs to model protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use graphs to model protein
+networks where the vertices are proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks where the vertices are proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks where the vertices are proteins
+and edges between vertices means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edges between vertices means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edges between vertices means that
+there's some sort of interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of interaction between
+the proteins so this is useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins so this is useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins so this is useful in
+computational biology as I said edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology as I said edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology as I said edges
+can be directed so the relationship can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be directed so the relationship can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be directed so the relationship can
+go one way or both ways in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one way or both ways in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one way or both ways in this graph
+here we have some directed edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have some directed edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have some directed edges and
+then also some edges that are directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also some edges that are directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also some edges that are directed
+in both directions so here John follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions so here John follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions so here John follows
+Alice Alice follows Peter and then Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Alice follows Peter and then Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Alice follows Peter and then Alice
+Falls Bob and Bob also follows Alice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls Bob and Bob also follows Alice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls Bob and Bob also follows Alice if
+you use a graph to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a graph to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a graph to represent the
+worldwide web then the vertices would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web then the vertices would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web then the vertices would be
+websites and then the edges would denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites and then the edges would denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites and then the edges would denote
+that there's a hyperlink from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a hyperlink from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a hyperlink from one
+website to another and again the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to another and again the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to another and again the edges
+here don't have to be bi-directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here don't have to be bi-directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here don't have to be bi-directional
+because website a could have a link to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because website a could have a link to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because website a could have a link to
+website B but website B doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website B but website B doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website B but website B doesn't
+necessarily have to have a link back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to have a link back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to have a link back I
+just can also be weighted so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can also be weighted so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can also be weighted so you can
+have a weight on the edge that denotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weight on the edge that denotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weight on the edge that denotes
+the strength of the relationship or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the relationship or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of the relationship or some
+sort of distance measure corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of distance measure corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of distance measure corresponding
+to that relationship so here I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that relationship so here I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that relationship so here I have an
+example where I'm using a graph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where I'm using a graph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where I'm using a graph to
+represent cities and the edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cities and the edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent cities and the edges between
+cities have a weight that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities have a weight that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities have a weight that corresponds to
+the distance between the two cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the two cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the two cities and
+if I want to find the quickest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to find the quickest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to find the quickest way to
+get from City a to city B then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from City a to city B then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from City a to city B then I would
+be interested in finding the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in finding the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in finding the shortest
+path from A to B in this graph here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from A to B in this graph here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from A to B in this graph here
+here's another example where the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example where the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example where the edge
+weights now are the cost of a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights now are the cost of a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights now are the cost of a direct
+flight from City a to city B and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight from City a to city B and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight from City a to city B and here
+the edges are directed so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are directed so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are directed so for example
+this says that there's a flight from San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that there's a flight from San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says that there's a flight from San
+Francisco to LA for 45 dollars and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco to LA for 45 dollars and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco to LA for 45 dollars and if I
+want to find the cheapest way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the cheapest way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find the cheapest way to get
+from one city to another city then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one city to another city then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one city to another city then again
+I would try to find the shortest path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would try to find the shortest path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would try to find the shortest path in
+this graph from City a to city B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices and edges can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges can also have
+metadata on them and they can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata on them and they can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata on them and they can also have
+types so for example here's the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so for example here's the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so for example here's the Google
+knowledge graph which represents all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge graph which represents all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge graph which represents all the
+knowledge on the internet that Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on the internet that Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge on the internet that Google
+knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about
+and here the nodes have metadata on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the nodes have metadata on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the nodes have metadata on them
+so for example the node corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the node corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the node corresponding to
+da Vinci is labeled with his date of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da Vinci is labeled with his date of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da Vinci is labeled with his date of
+birth and date of death and the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and date of death and the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and date of death and the vertices
+also have a color corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a color corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a color corresponding to the
+type of knowledge that they refer to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of knowledge that they refer to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of knowledge that they refer to so
+you can see that some of these nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that some of these nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that some of these nodes are
+blue some of them are red some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue some of them are red some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue some of them are red some of them
+are green and some of them have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are green and some of them have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are green and some of them have other
+things on them so in general crafts can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on them so in general crafts can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on them so in general crafts can
+have types and metadata on both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have types and metadata on both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have types and metadata on both the
+vertices as well as the edges let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices as well as the edges let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices as well as the edges let's look
+at some more applications of graphs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some more applications of graphs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some more applications of graphs so
+graphs are very useful for implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are very useful for implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are very useful for implementing
+queries on social networks so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries on social networks so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries on social networks so here are
+some examples of queries that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of queries that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of queries that you might
+want to ask on a social network so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask on a social network so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask on a social network so for
+example you might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might be interested in
+finding all of your friends who went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding all of your friends who went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding all of your friends who went to
+the same high school as you on Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same high school as you on Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same high school as you on Facebook
+so that can be implemented using a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be implemented using a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be implemented using a graph
+algorithm you might also be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you might also be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you might also be interested
+in finding all the common friends you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finding all the common friends you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finding all the common friends you
+have with somebody else again a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with somebody else again a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with somebody else again a graph
+algorithm in a social network service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in a social network service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in a social network service
+might run a graph algorithm to recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run a graph algorithm to recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run a graph algorithm to recommend
+people that you might know and want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you might know and want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you might know and want to
+become friends with and they might use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become friends with and they might use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become friends with and they might use a
+graph algorithm to recommend certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm to recommend certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm to recommend certain
+products that you might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you might be interested in
+so these are all examples of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all examples of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all examples of social
+network fries and there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network fries and there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network fries and there are many other
+queries that you might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries that you might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries that you might be interested in
+running on a social network and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on a social network and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on a social network and many of
+them can be implemented using graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be implemented using graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be implemented using graph
+algorithms another important application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms another important application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms another important application
+is clustering so here the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clustering so here the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clustering so here the goal is to
+find groups of vertices in a graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find groups of vertices in a graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find groups of vertices in a graph that
+are well connected internally and poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well connected internally and poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are well connected internally and poorly
+connected externally so in this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected externally so in this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected externally so in this image
+here each blob of vertices of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each blob of vertices of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here each blob of vertices of the same
+color correspond to a cluster and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color correspond to a cluster and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color correspond to a cluster and you
+can see that inside a cluster there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that inside a cluster there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that inside a cluster there are
+a lot of edges going among the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of edges going among the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of edges going among the vertices
+and between clusters there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between clusters there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between clusters there are
+relatively fewer edges and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively fewer edges and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively fewer edges and some
+applications of clustering include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of clustering include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of clustering include
+community detection and social networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community detection and social networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community detection and social networks
+so here you might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you might be interested in
+finding groups of people with similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding groups of people with similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding groups of people with similar
+interests or hobbies you can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests or hobbies you can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests or hobbies you can also use
+clustering to detect fraudulent websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering to detect fraudulent websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering to detect fraudulent websites
+on your internet you can use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your internet you can use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your internet you can use it for
+clustering documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering documents
+so you would cluster documents that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would cluster documents that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would cluster documents that have
+similar text together and clustering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar text together and clustering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar text together and clustering is
+often used for unsupervised learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used for unsupervised learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used for unsupervised learning in
+machine learning applications another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning applications another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning applications another
+application is connect omics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is connect omics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is connect omics so
+connectomics is the study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectomics is the study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectomics is the study of the
+structure of the the network structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the the network structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the the network structure
+of the brain and here the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain and here the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain and here the vertices
+correspond to neurons and edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to neurons and edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to neurons and edges between
+two vertices means that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices means that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices means that there's some
+sort of interaction between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interaction between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interaction between the two
+neurons and recently there's been a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and recently there's been a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and recently there's been a lot
+of work on trying to do high-performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on trying to do high-performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on trying to do high-performance
+connect omics and some of this work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect omics and some of this work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect omics and some of this work has
+been going on here at MIT by professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on here at MIT by professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on here at MIT by professor
+charles leiserson and professor near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles leiserson and professor near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles leiserson and professor near
+Shahid's research groups so recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shahid's research groups so recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shahid's research groups so recently
+this has been a very hot area graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been a very hot area graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been a very hot area graphs
+also used in computer vision for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used in computer vision for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used in computer vision for example
+an image segmentation so here you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image segmentation so here you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image segmentation so here you want
+to segment your image into the distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to segment your image into the distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to segment your image into the distinct
+objects that appear in the image and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that appear in the image and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that appear in the image and you
+can construct a graph by representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a graph by representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct a graph by representing
+the pixels as vertices and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixels as vertices and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixels as vertices and then you
+would place an edge between every pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would place an edge between every pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would place an edge between every pair
+of neighboring pixels with a weight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighboring pixels with a weight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighboring pixels with a weight that
+corresponds to their similarity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to their similarity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to their similarity and then
+you would run some sort of minimum cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would run some sort of minimum cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would run some sort of minimum cost
+cut algorithm to partition your graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut algorithm to partition your graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut algorithm to partition your graph
+into the different objects that appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the different objects that appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the different objects that appear
+in the in the image so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the image so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the image so there are many
+other applications and I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications and I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications and I'm not gonna
+have time to go through all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to go through all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to go through all of them
+today but here's just a flavor of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but here's just a flavor of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but here's just a flavor of some
+of the applications of graphs so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the applications of graphs so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the applications of graphs so any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so next let's look at how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next let's look at how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next let's look at how we can
+represent a graph in memory so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a graph in memory so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a graph in memory so for the
+rest of this lecture I'm gonna assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this lecture I'm gonna assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this lecture I'm gonna assume
+that my vertices are labeled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my vertices are labeled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my vertices are labeled in the
+range from 0 to Adam and minus 1 so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 0 to Adam and minus 1 so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 0 to Adam and minus 1 so they
+have an integer in this range sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integer in this range sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an integer in this range sometimes
+your graph might be given to you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph might be given to you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph might be given to you where
+the vertices are already labeled in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are already labeled in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are already labeled in this
+range sometimes not but you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range sometimes not but you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range sometimes not but you can always
+get these labels by mapping each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these labels by mapping each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these labels by mapping each of the
+identifiers to unique integer in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers to unique integer in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers to unique integer in this
+range so for the rest of the lecture I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so for the rest of the lecture I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so for the rest of the lecture I'm
+just going to assume that we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that we have these
+labels from 0 to n minus 1 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels from 0 to n minus 1 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels from 0 to n minus 1 for the
+vertices one way to represent a graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices one way to represent a graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices one way to represent a graph is
+to use an adjacency matrix so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an adjacency matrix so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an adjacency matrix so this is
+going to be an N by n matrix and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an N by n matrix and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an N by n matrix and there's
+a 1 bit in the eighth row and J column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 bit in the eighth row and J column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 bit in the eighth row and J column
+if there's an edge that goes from vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's an edge that goes from vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's an edge that goes from vertex
+I to vertex J and 0 otherwise another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to vertex J and 0 otherwise another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to vertex J and 0 otherwise another
+way to represent a graph is the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent a graph is the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent a graph is the edge
+list representation well we just store a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list representation well we just store a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list representation well we just store a
+list of the edges that appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the edges that appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the edges that appear in the
+graph so we have one pair for each edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we have one pair for each edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we have one pair for each edge
+where the pair contains the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pair contains the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the pair contains the two
+coordinates of that edge so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of that edge so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of that edge so what is a
+space requirement for each of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space requirement for each of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space requirement for each of these two
+representations in terms of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in terms of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in terms of the number
+of edges M in the number of vertices n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges M in the number of vertices n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges M in the number of vertices n
+in the graph so it should be pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the space for the AJC matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the space for the AJC matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the space for the AJC matrix is
+order N squared because you have N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order N squared because you have N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order N squared because you have N
+squared cells in this matrix and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared cells in this matrix and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared cells in this matrix and you
+have one bit for each of the cells for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one bit for each of the cells for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one bit for each of the cells for
+the edge list it's going to be order M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge list it's going to be order M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge list it's going to be order M
+because you have M edges and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have M edges and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have M edges and for each
+edge you're storing a constant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you're storing a constant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you're storing a constant amount of
+data in the edge list so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the edge list so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the edge list so here's another
+way to represent a graph this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent a graph this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent a graph this is known
+as the adjacency list format and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the adjacency list format and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the adjacency list format and the
+idea here is that we're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that we're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that we're going to have an
+array of pointers one per vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of pointers one per vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of pointers one per vertex and
+each pointer points to a linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pointer points to a linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pointer points to a linked list
+storing the edges for that vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the edges for that vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the edges for that vertex and
+the linked list is unordered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list is unordered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list is unordered in this
+example so what's the space requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what's the space requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what's the space requirement
+of this representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so it's going to be order n plus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so it's going to be order n plus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so it's going to be order n plus M
+and this is because we have n pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is because we have n pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is because we have n pointers
+and the sum of the number of entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum of the number of entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sum of the number of entries
+across all the linked lists is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the linked lists is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all the linked lists is just
+equal to the number of edges in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of edges in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of edges in the
+graph which is M what's one potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is M what's one potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which is M what's one potential
+issue with this sort of representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with this sort of representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with this sort of representation
+if you think in terms of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in terms of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in terms of cash
+performance does anyone see a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance does anyone see a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance does anyone see a potential
+performance issue here yeah right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issue here yeah right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issue here yeah right so the
+so the issue here is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue here is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue here is that if you're
+trying to loop over all the neighbors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to loop over all the neighbors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to loop over all the neighbors of
+a vertex you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex you're going to have to
+dereference the pointer in every linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dereference the pointer in every linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dereference the pointer in every linked
+list node because these are not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list node because these are not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list node because these are not two
+contiguous in memory and every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous in memory and every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous in memory and every time you
+dereference linked lists note that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dereference linked lists note that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dereference linked lists note that's
+going to be a random access into memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a random access into memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a random access into memory
+so that can be bad for cache performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be bad for cache performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can be bad for cache performance
+one way you can improve cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can improve cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can improve cache
+performance is instead of using linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is instead of using linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is instead of using linked
+lists for each of these neighbor lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists for each of these neighbor lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists for each of these neighbor lists
+you can use an array so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use an array so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use an array so now you can
+store the neighbors just in this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the neighbors just in this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the neighbors just in this array
+and they'll be contiguous in memory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll be contiguous in memory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll be contiguous in memory one
+drawback of this approach is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawback of this approach is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawback of this approach is that it
+becomes more expensive if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more expensive if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more expensive if you're trying
+to update the graph and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the graph and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update the graph and we'll talk more
+about that later so I knew questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later so I knew questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later so I knew questions so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's another way to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's another way to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's another way to represent the
+graph that we've seen in a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that we've seen in a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that we've seen in a previous
+lecture what's a more compressed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what's a more compressed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what's a more compressed or
+compact way to represent a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way to represent a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact way to represent a graph
+especially a sparse graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says anybody remember the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says anybody remember the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says anybody remember the compressed
+sparse row format so we looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse row format so we looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse row format so we looked at this
+in one of the early lectures and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the early lectures and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the early lectures and in that
+lecture we used it to store a sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we used it to store a sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we used it to store a sparse
+matrix but you can also use it to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but you can also use it to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but you can also use it to store
+a sparse graph and as a reminder we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sparse graph and as a reminder we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sparse graph and as a reminder we have
+two arrays in the compressed sparse row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arrays in the compressed sparse row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arrays in the compressed sparse row
+or CSR format we have two offsets array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or CSR format we have two offsets array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or CSR format we have two offsets array
+and the edges array the offsets array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges array the offsets array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges array the offsets array
+stores an offset for each vertex into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores an offset for each vertex into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores an offset for each vertex into
+the edges array telling us where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges array telling us where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges array telling us where the
+edges for that particular vertex begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges for that particular vertex begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges for that particular vertex begins
+in the edges array so offsets of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the edges array so offsets of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the edges array so offsets of I
+stores the offset of where vertex i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the offset of where vertex i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the offset of where vertex i's
+edges start in the edges array so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges start in the edges array so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges start in the edges array so in
+this example vertex zero has an offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example vertex zero has an offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example vertex zero has an offset
+of zero so it's edges start at position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero so it's edges start at position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero so it's edges start at position
+zero in the edges array vertex one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the edges array vertex one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the edges array vertex one has
+an offset of four so it starts at index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an offset of four so it starts at index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an offset of four so it starts at index
+4 in this offsets array so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 in this offsets array so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 in this offsets array so with this
+representation how can we get the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation how can we get the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation how can we get the degree
+of a vertex so we're not storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vertex so we're not storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vertex so we're not storing the
+degree explicitly here can we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree explicitly here can we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree explicitly here can we get the
+degree efficiently yes yes so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree efficiently yes yes so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree efficiently yes yes so you can
+get the degree of a vertex just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the degree of a vertex just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the degree of a vertex just by
+looking at the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the difference between the
+next offset and its own offset so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next offset and its own offset so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next offset and its own offset so for
+vertex zero you can see that it's degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex zero you can see that it's degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex zero you can see that it's degree
+is 4 because vertex one's offset is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 because vertex one's offset is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 because vertex one's offset is 4
+and vertex zero is offset as zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertex zero is offset as zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vertex zero is offset as zero and
+similarly you can do that for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can do that for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can do that for all the
+other vertices so what's the space usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertices so what's the space usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertices so what's the space usage
+of this representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so again it's going to be order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so again it's going to be order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so again it's going to be order n
+plus n because you need order and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n because you need order and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n because you need order and space
+for the offsets array in order M space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the offsets array in order M space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the offsets array in order M space
+for the edges array you can also store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the edges array you can also store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the edges array you can also store
+values or weights on the edges one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or weights on the edges one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or weights on the edges one way
+to do this is to create an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is to create an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is to create an additional
+array of size m and then for edge I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of size m and then for edge I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of size m and then for edge I you
+just store the weight or the value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the weight or the value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the weight or the value in
+this in the ithe index of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the ithe index of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the ithe index of this
+additional array that you created if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional array that you created if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional array that you created if
+you're always accessing to wait when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always accessing to wait when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always accessing to wait when you
+acts as an edge then it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as an edge then it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as an edge then it's actually
+better for a cache locality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for a cache locality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for a cache locality to
+interleave the weights with the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleave the weights with the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleave the weights with the edge
+targets so instead of creating two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets so instead of creating two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets so instead of creating two
+arrays of size m you have one array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of size m you have one array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays of size m you have one array of
+size 2m and every other entry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 2m and every other entry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 2m and every other entry is the
+weight and this improves casual county
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and this improves casual county
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and this improves casual county
+because every time you access an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time you access an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time you access an edge
+its weight is going to be right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its weight is going to be right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its weight is going to be right next to
+it in memory and it's going to likely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in memory and it's going to likely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in memory and it's going to likely be
+on the same cache line so that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same cache line so that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same cache line so that's one way
+to improve cache locality any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve cache locality any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve cache locality any questions
+so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at some of the trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some of the trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some of the trade-offs
+in these different graph representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these different graph representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these different graph representations
+that we've looked at so far so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've looked at so far so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've looked at so far so here I'm
+listing the storage cost for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing the storage cost for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing the storage cost for each of
+these representations which we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations which we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these representations which we already
+discussed this is also the cost for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this is also the cost for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this is also the cost for just
+scanning the whole graph in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning the whole graph in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning the whole graph in one of these
+representations what's the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations what's the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations what's the cost of
+adding an edge in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an edge in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an edge in each of these
+representations so for adjacency matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so for adjacency matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so for adjacency matrix
+what's the cost of adding an edge yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost of adding an edge yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost of adding an edge yeah
+so for adjacency matrix it's just order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for adjacency matrix it's just order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for adjacency matrix it's just order
+1 to add an edge because you have random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to add an edge because you have random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to add an edge because you have random
+access into this matrix so you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access into this matrix so you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access into this matrix so you just have
+to access the I comma J entry and flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access the I comma J entry and flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access the I comma J entry and flip
+the bit from a 0 to 1 what about for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit from a 0 to 1 what about for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit from a 0 to 1 what about for the
+edge list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're assuming that the edgeless is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're assuming that the edgeless is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're assuming that the edgeless is
+unordered so you don't have to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered so you don't have to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered so you don't have to keep the
+list in any sorted order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in any sorted order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in any sorted order
+yeah yes so again it's just oh of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so again it's just oh of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so again it's just oh of one
+because you can just add it to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just add it to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just add it to the end
+of the edge list so that's constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edge list so that's constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edge list so that's constant time
+what about for that jcu list so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about for that jcu list so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about for that jcu list so actually
+this depends on whether we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depends on whether we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depends on whether we're using
+linked lists or a race for the neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked lists or a race for the neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked lists or a race for the neighbor
+list of the vertices if we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the vertices if we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the vertices if we're using a
+linked list adding an edge just takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list adding an edge just takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked list adding an edge just takes
+constant time because we can just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time because we can just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time because we can just put it
+at the beginning of the linked list if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the linked list if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the linked list if
+we're using an array then we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using an array then we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using an array then we actually
+need to create a new array to make space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to create a new array to make space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to create a new array to make space
+for this edge that we add and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this edge that we add and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this edge that we add and that's
+going to cost us degree of V work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost us degree of V work to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost us degree of V work to do
+that because we have to copy all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we have to copy all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we have to copy all the
+existing edges over to this new array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing edges over to this new array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing edges over to this new array
+and then add this new edge to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add this new edge to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add this new edge to the end of
+that array of course you could amortize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array of course you could amortize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array of course you could amortize
+this cost across multiple update so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost across multiple update so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost across multiple update so if
+you run out of memory you can double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of memory you can double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of memory you can double the
+size your array so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size your array so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size your array so you don't have to
+create these new arrays too often but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these new arrays too often but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these new arrays too often but
+the cost for any individual addition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost for any individual addition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost for any individual addition is
+still relatively expensive compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still relatively expensive compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still relatively expensive compared to
+say an edge list or @jc matrix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an edge list or @jc matrix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an edge list or @jc matrix and then
+finally for the compressed sparse row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally for the compressed sparse row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally for the compressed sparse row
+format if you add an edge in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format if you add an edge in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format if you add an edge in the worst
+case it's going to cost us order m+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to cost us order m+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to cost us order m+ and
+work because we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because we're going to have to
+reconstruct the entire offsets array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the entire offsets array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the entire offsets array and
+the entire edges rating in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire edges rating in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire edges rating in the worst
+case because we have to put something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because we have to put something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because we have to put something in
+and then shift in the edges the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shift in the edges the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then shift in the edges the way you
+have to put something in and it shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put something in and it shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put something in and it shift
+all of the values to the right of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the values to the right of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the values to the right of that
+over by one location and then for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one location and then for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one location and then for the
+offsets array we have to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets array we have to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets array we have to modify the
+offset for the particular vertex we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset for the particular vertex we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset for the particular vertex we're
+adding an edge to and then the offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an edge to and then the offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding an edge to and then the offsets
+for all the vertices after that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the vertices after that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the vertices after that so the
+compressed bars row representation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed bars row representation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed bars row representation is
+not particularly friendly to edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly friendly to edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly friendly to edge
+updates what about for deleting an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates what about for deleting an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates what about for deleting an edge
+from some vertex V so for our JC matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some vertex V so for our JC matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some vertex V so for our JC matrix
+it's again it's going to be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again it's going to be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again it's going to be constant
+time because you just randomly access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you just randomly access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you just randomly access
+the correct entry and flipped a bit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct entry and flipped a bit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct entry and flipped a bit from
+a 1 to 0 what about for an edge list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so for an edge lights in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for an edge lights in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for an edge lights in the worst
+case it's going to cost us order at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to cost us order at work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's going to cost us order at work
+because the edges are not in any sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the edges are not in any sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the edges are not in any sorted
+order so we have to scan through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we have to scan through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we have to scan through the
+whole thing in the worst case to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in the worst case to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in the worst case to find
+the edge that we're trying to delete for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge that we're trying to delete for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge that we're trying to delete for
+a JCL list it's going to take order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a JCL list it's going to take order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a JCL list it's going to take order
+degree of V work because the neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of V work because the neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of V work because the neighbors
+are not sorted so we have to scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sorted so we have to scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not sorted so we have to scan
+through the whole thing to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole thing to find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole thing to find this
+edge that we're trying to delete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that we're trying to delete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that we're trying to delete and
+then finally for a compressed Barse row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally for a compressed Barse row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally for a compressed Barse row
+it's going to be order n plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be order n plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be order n plus and
+because we're gonna have to reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna have to reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna have to reconstruct
+the whole thing in the worst case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing in the worst case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing in the worst case what
+about finding all the neighbors of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding all the neighbors of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding all the neighbors of a
+particular vertex V what's the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex V what's the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex V what's the cost of
+doing this in the adjacency matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so it's going to cause this order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so it's going to cause this order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so it's going to cause this order n
+work to find all the neighbors of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to find all the neighbors of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to find all the neighbors of a
+particular vertex because we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex because we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex because we just
+scanned the correct row in this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned the correct row in this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned the correct row in this matrix
+the row corresponding to vertex V for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row corresponding to vertex V for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row corresponding to vertex V for
+the edge list we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge list we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge list we're going to have to
+scan the entire edge list because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the entire edge list because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the entire edge list because it's
+not sorted so in the worst case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sorted so in the worst case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sorted so in the worst case that's
+going to be order M for adjacency list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order M for adjacency list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order M for adjacency list
+that's going to take order degree of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take order degree of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to take order degree of V
+because we can just find the pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can just find the pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can just find the pointer to
+the linked list for that vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list for that vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linked list for that vertex in
+constant time and then we just traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then we just traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time and then we just traverse
+over the linked list and that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the linked list and that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the linked list and that takes
+order degree of V time and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order degree of V time and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order degree of V time and then finally
+for the compress bars row format it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the compress bars row format it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the compress bars row format it's
+also ordered degree of V because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ordered degree of V because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ordered degree of V because we have
+constant time access into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time access into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time access into the
+appropriate location and the edges array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate location and the edges array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate location and the edges array
+and then we can just read off the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can just read off the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can just read off the edges
+which are consecutive in memory so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are consecutive in memory so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are consecutive in memory so what
+about finding if a vertex W is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding if a vertex W is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finding if a vertex W is a
+neighbor of V so I'll just give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor of V so I'll just give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor of V so I'll just give you the
+answers so for that Jacy matrix is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so for that Jacy matrix is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so for that Jacy matrix is going
+to take constant time because again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take constant time because again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take constant time because again we
+just have to check the Vieth row and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to check the Vieth row and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to check the Vieth row and the
+W with column and check of the bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W with column and check of the bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W with column and check of the bit is
+set there for edge list we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set there for edge list we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set there for edge list we have to
+traverse the entire list to see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the entire list to see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse the entire list to see if the
+edges there and then for a JCL list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges there and then for a JCL list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges there and then for a JCL list and
+compress bars row is going to be ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress bars row is going to be ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress bars row is going to be ordered
+degree of V because we just have to scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of V because we just have to scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of V because we just have to scan
+the neighbor list for that vertex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbor list for that vertex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbor list for that vertex so
+these are some graph representations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some graph representations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some graph representations but
+there are actually many other graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually many other graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually many other graph
+representations including variants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations including variants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations including variants of
+the ones that I've talked about here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that I've talked about here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that I've talked about here so
+for example for that jcu list I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for that jcu list I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for that jcu list I said you
+can either use a linked list or an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either use a linked list or an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either use a linked list or an array
+to store the neighbor list but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the neighbor list but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store the neighbor list but you can
+actually use a hybrid approach where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use a hybrid approach where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use a hybrid approach where you
+solve a linked list but each linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a linked list but each linked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a linked list but each linked list
+node actually stores more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node actually stores more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node actually stores more than one
+vertex so you can store maybe 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so you can store maybe 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so you can store maybe 16
+vertices in each linked list node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in each linked list node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in each linked list node and
+that gives us better cache locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the rest of this lecture I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the rest of this lecture I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the rest of this lecture I'm
+going to talk about algorithms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about algorithms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about algorithms that are
+best implemented using the compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best implemented using the compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best implemented using the compressed
+sparse row format and this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse row format and this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse row format and this is because
+we're going to be dealing with sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be dealing with sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be dealing with sparse
+graphs we're going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we're going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs we're going to be looking at
+static algorithms where we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static algorithms where we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static algorithms where we don't have to
+update the graph if we do have to update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the graph if we do have to update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update the graph if we do have to update
+the graph then CSR isn't a good choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph then CSR isn't a good choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph then CSR isn't a good choice
+but we're just gonna be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just gonna be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're just gonna be looking at
+static algorithms today and then for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static algorithms today and then for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static algorithms today and then for all
+the algorithms that we'll be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms that we'll be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms that we'll be looking at
+we're going to need to scan over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to scan over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to scan over all the
+neighbors of a vertex that we that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of a vertex that we that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of a vertex that we that we
+visit and CSR is very good for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and CSR is very good for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and CSR is very good for that
+because all the neighbors for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the neighbors for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the neighbors for a
+particular vertex are stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex are stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex are stored
+contiguously in memory so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously in memory so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously in memory so I need
+questions so far okay I do want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far okay I do want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far okay I do want to talk
+about some properties of real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some properties of real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some properties of real-world
+graphs so first we're seeing graphs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so first we're seeing graphs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so first we're seeing graphs that
+are quite large today but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite large today but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite large today but actually
+they're not too large so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not too large so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not too large so here are the
+sizes of some of the real-world graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of some of the real-world graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of some of the real-world graphs
+out there so there's a Twitter Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so there's a Twitter Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there so there's a Twitter Network
+this is actually a snapshot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a snapshot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a snapshot of the
+Twitter network from a couple years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter network from a couple years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twitter network from a couple years ago
+has 41 million vertices and 1.5 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 41 million vertices and 1.5 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 41 million vertices and 1.5 billion
+edges and you can store this graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and you can store this graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and you can store this graph in
+about six point three gigabytes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six point three gigabytes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six point three gigabytes of
+memories you can probably store it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories you can probably store it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories you can probably store it in
+the main memory of your laptop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main memory of your laptop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main memory of your laptop the
+largest publicly available graph out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest publicly available graph out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest publicly available graph out
+there now is this common crawl web graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now is this common crawl web graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now is this common crawl web graph
+it has 3.5 billion vertices and 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has 3.5 billion vertices and 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has 3.5 billion vertices and 128
+billion edges so storing this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion edges so storing this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion edges so storing this graph
+requires a little over half a terabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a little over half a terabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a little over half a terabyte
+of memory says it is quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory says it is quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory says it is quite a bit of
+memory but it's actually not too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but it's actually not too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but it's actually not too big
+because there are machines out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are machines out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are machines out there
+with main memory sizes in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with main memory sizes in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with main memory sizes in the order of
+terabytes of memory nowadays so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes of memory nowadays so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes of memory nowadays so for
+example you can rent a 2 terabyte or 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can rent a 2 terabyte or 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can rent a 2 terabyte or 4
+terabyte memory instance on AWS which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabyte memory instance on AWS which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabyte memory instance on AWS which
+you're using for your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using for your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using for your homework
+assignments see if you have any leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments see if you have any leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments see if you have any leftover
+credits at the end of the semester you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits at the end of the semester you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits at the end of the semester you
+can and you want to play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and you want to play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and you want to play around with
+this graph you can rent one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph you can rent one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph you can rent one of these
+terabyte machines just to remember to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabyte machines just to remember to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabyte machines just to remember to
+turn it off when you're done because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off when you're done because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it off when you're done because
+it's kind of expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another property of reward graphs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property of reward graphs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property of reward graphs is
+that they're quite sparse so M tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're quite sparse so M tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're quite sparse so M tends to
+be much less than N squared so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much less than N squared so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much less than N squared so most of
+the edges most of the possible edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges most of the possible edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges most of the possible edges are
+not actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually there
+and finally the degree distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the degree distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the degree distributions of
+the vertices can be highly skewed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices can be highly skewed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices can be highly skewed in
+many real-world graphs see here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many real-world graphs see here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many real-world graphs see here I'm
+plotting the degree on the x-axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the degree on the x-axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the degree on the x-axis and
+the number of vertices with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices with that
+particular degree on the y-axis and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular degree on the y-axis and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular degree on the y-axis and we
+can see that it's highly skewed and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it's highly skewed and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it's highly skewed and for
+example in a social network most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a social network most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in a social network most of the
+people would be on the left hand side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be on the left hand side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be on the left hand side so
+their degree is not that high and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their degree is not that high and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their degree is not that high and then
+we have some very popular people on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some very popular people on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some very popular people on the
+right hand side where their degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side where their degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side where their degree is
+very high but we don't have too many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high but we don't have too many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high but we don't have too many of
+those so this is what's known as a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this is what's known as a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so this is what's known as a power
+law degree distribution and there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law degree distribution and there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law degree distribution and there have
+been various studies that have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been various studies that have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been various studies that have shown
+that many real-world graphs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many real-world graphs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many real-world graphs have
+approximately a power law degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a power law degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a power law degree
+distribution and mathematically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and mathematically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and mathematically this
+means that the number of vertices with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the number of vertices with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the number of vertices with
+degree D is proportional to D to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree D is proportional to D to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree D is proportional to D to the
+negative P so negative P is the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative P so negative P is the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative P so negative P is the exponent
+and for many graphs the value of P lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many graphs the value of P lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many graphs the value of P lies
+between 2 and 3 and this power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2 and 3 and this power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2 and 3 and this power law
+degree distribution does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree distribution does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree distribution does have
+implications when we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications when we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications when we're trying to
+implement parallel algorithms to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement parallel algorithms to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement parallel algorithms to process
+these graphs because with graphs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs because with graphs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs because with graphs that
+have a skewed degree distribution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a skewed degree distribution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a skewed degree distribution you
+could run into load imbalance issues if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run into load imbalance issues if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run into load imbalance issues if
+you just paralyze across the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just paralyze across the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just paralyze across the vertices
+the number of edges they have can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges they have can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges they have can vary
+significantly any questions ok so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly any questions ok so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly any questions ok so now
+let's talk about how we can implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how we can implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how we can implement a
+graph algorithm and I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm and I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm and I'm going to talk
+about the breadth first search algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the breadth first search algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the breadth first search algorithm
+so how many of you have seen Bradford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you have seen Bradford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you have seen Bradford
+search before ok so about half of you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search before ok so about half of you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search before ok so about half of you I
+did talk about breadth-first search in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did talk about breadth-first search in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did talk about breadth-first search in
+the previous lecture so I was hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture so I was hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture so I was hoping
+everybody would raise their hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would raise their hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would raise their hands
+okay so as a reminder in the BFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as a reminder in the BFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as a reminder in the BFS
+algorithm were given a source vertex s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm were given a source vertex s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm were given a source vertex s
+and we want to visit the vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to visit the vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to visit the vertices in
+order of their distance from the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of their distance from the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of their distance from the source
+s and there are many possible outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and there are many possible outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and there are many possible outputs
+that we might care about one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might care about one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might care about one possible
+output is we just want to report the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is we just want to report the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is we just want to report the
+vertices in the order that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the order that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in the order that they were
+visited by the breadth first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited by the breadth first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited by the breadth first search
+traversal so let's say we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal so let's say we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal so let's say we have this
+graph here and our source vertex is D so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here and our source vertex is D so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here and our source vertex is D so
+what's one possible order in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one possible order in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one possible order in which we
+can traverse these vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I should specify that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I should specify that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I should specify that we should
+traverse this graph in a breadth-first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse this graph in a breadth-first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse this graph in a breadth-first
+search manner so what's the first vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search manner so what's the first vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search manner so what's the first vertex
+we're going to explore D so we're first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to explore D so we're first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to explore D so we're first
+going to look at deep because that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at deep because that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at deep because that's our
+source vertex the second vertex we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source vertex the second vertex we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source vertex the second vertex we can
+actually choose between B C and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually choose between B C and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually choose between B C and E
+because all we care about is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we care about is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we care about is that we're
+visiting these vertices in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting these vertices in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting these vertices in order of
+their distance from the source but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their distance from the source but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their distance from the source but these
+three vertices all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices all have the same
+distance so let's just pick B C and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so let's just pick B C and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so let's just pick B C and then
+e and then finally I'm going to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and then finally I'm going to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and then finally I'm going to visit
+vertex a which has a distance of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex a which has a distance of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex a which has a distance of two
+from the source so this is one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the source so this is one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the source so this is one possible
+solution there are other possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution there are other possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution there are other possible
+solutions because we could have visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions because we could have visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions because we could have visited
+e before we visited B and so on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e before we visited B and so on another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e before we visited B and so on another
+possible output that we might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible output that we might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible output that we might care about
+is two we might want to report the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two we might want to report the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two we might want to report the
+distance from each vertex to the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from each vertex to the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from each vertex to the source
+vertex s so in this example here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s so in this example here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex s so in this example here are the
+distances so D as a distance of zero B C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so D as a distance of zero B C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances so D as a distance of zero B C
+and E all have a distance of one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E all have a distance of one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E all have a distance of one and a
+as the distance of two we might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the distance of two we might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the distance of two we might also
+want to generate a breadth first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to generate a breadth first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to generate a breadth first search
+tree where each vertex in the tree has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree where each vertex in the tree has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree where each vertex in the tree has a
+parent who which is a neighbor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent who which is a neighbor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent who which is a neighbor in the
+previous level of the breadth-first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous level of the breadth-first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous level of the breadth-first
+search or in other words the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search or in other words the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search or in other words the parent
+should have a distance of one less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a distance of one less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a distance of one less than
+that vertex itself so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex itself so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex itself so here's an example
+of a breadth-first search tree and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a breadth-first search tree and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a breadth-first search tree and we
+can see that each of the vertices has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that each of the vertices has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that each of the vertices has a
+parent whose breadth-first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent whose breadth-first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent whose breadth-first search
+distance is 1 less than itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the algorithm said I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the algorithm said I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the algorithm said I'm going to be
+talking about today will generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today will generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today will generate the
+distances as well as the BFS tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances as well as the BFS tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances as well as the BFS tree and
+BFS actually has many applications so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS actually has many applications so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS actually has many applications so
+it's used as a subroutine in between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used as a subroutine in between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used as a subroutine in between a
+centrality which has a very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality which has a very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality which has a very popular
+graph mining algorithm used to rank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph mining algorithm used to rank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph mining algorithm used to rank the
+importance of nodes in a network and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of nodes in a network and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of nodes in a network and the
+importance of nodes here corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of nodes here corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of nodes here corresponds to
+how many shortest paths go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many shortest paths go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many shortest paths go through that
+node other applications include a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node other applications include a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node other applications include a
+centricity estimation maximum flows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centricity estimation maximum flows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centricity estimation maximum flows are
+some max flow algorithms use BFS as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some max flow algorithms use BFS as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some max flow algorithms use BFS as
+routine you can use BFS to crawl the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine you can use BFS to crawl the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine you can use BFS to crawl the web
+do cycle detection garbage collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cycle detection garbage collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cycle detection garbage collection
+and so on so let's now look at a serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so let's now look at a serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so let's now look at a serial
+BFS algorithm and here I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS algorithm and here I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS algorithm and here I'm just going to
+show the pseudocode so first we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the pseudocode so first we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the pseudocode so first we're going
+to initialize the distances to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize the distances to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize the distances to all
+infinity and we're gonna initialize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we're gonna initialize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and we're gonna initialize the
+parents to be nil and then we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents to be nil and then we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents to be nil and then we're gonna
+create a queue data structure we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a queue data structure we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a queue data structure we're
+going to set the distance of the route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set the distance of the route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set the distance of the route
+to be zero because the route has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero because the route has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero because the route has a
+distance of zero to itself and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of zero to itself and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of zero to itself and then
+we're going to place the route on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to place the route on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to place the route on to
+this queue and then while the queue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this queue and then while the queue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this queue and then while the queue is
+not empty we're going to DQ the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not empty we're going to DQ the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not empty we're going to DQ the first
+thing in the queue we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the queue we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the queue we're going to look
+at all the neighbors of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the neighbors of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the neighbors of the current
+vertex that we DQ'd and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that we DQ'd and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that we DQ'd and for each
+neighbor we're going to check if its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor we're going to check if its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor we're going to check if its
+distance is infinity if the distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is infinity if the distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is infinity if the distance is
+infinity that means we haven't explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that means we haven't explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity that means we haven't explored
+that neighbor yet so we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neighbor yet so we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neighbor yet so we're going to go
+ahead and explore it and we do so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and explore it and we do so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and explore it and we do so by
+setting its distance value to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting its distance value to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting its distance value to be the
+current vertex is distance plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current vertex is distance plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current vertex is distance plus one
+we're going to set the parent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set the parent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set the parent of that
+neighbor to be the current vertex and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor to be the current vertex and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor to be the current vertex and it
+will place the neighbor onto the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will place the neighbor onto the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will place the neighbor onto the queue
+so some pretty simple algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some pretty simple algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some pretty simple algorithm and
+we're just according to keep iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just according to keep iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just according to keep iterating
+and this while loop until there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this while loop until there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this while loop until there are no
+more vertices left in the queue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vertices left in the queue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more vertices left in the queue so
+what's the work of this algorithm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the work of this algorithm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the work of this algorithm in
+terms of N and M so how much work are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of N and M so how much work are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of N and M so how much work are we
+doing per edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes yes so assuming that the NQ and EQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so assuming that the NQ and EQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so assuming that the NQ and EQ
+operators operators are constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators operators are constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators operators are constant time
+then we're doing cost amount of work per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're doing cost amount of work per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're doing cost amount of work per
+edge so sum across all edges that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so sum across all edges that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so sum across all edges that's
+going to be order M and then we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order M and then we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be order M and then we're also
+doing a cost amount of work per vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a cost amount of work per vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a cost amount of work per vertex
+because we have to basically place it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to basically place it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to basically place it
+onto the queue and then take it off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the queue and then take it off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the queue and then take it off the
+queue and then also initialize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and then also initialize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue and then also initialize their
+values so the overall work is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the overall work is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the overall work is going to
+be order M plus n ok so let's now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order M plus n ok so let's now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order M plus n ok so let's now look
+at some actual code to implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some actual code to implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some actual code to implement this
+serial BFS algorithm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial BFS algorithm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial BFS algorithm using the
+compressed sparse row format so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed sparse row format so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed sparse row format so first
+I'm going to initialize two arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to initialize two arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to initialize two arrays
+parent and Q and these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and Q and these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and Q and these are going to be
+integer arrays of size N I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer arrays of size N I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer arrays of size N I'm going to
+initialize all of the parent entries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize all of the parent entries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize all of the parent entries to
+be negative 1 I'm going to place a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative 1 I'm going to place a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative 1 I'm going to place a
+source vertex on to the queue so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source vertex on to the queue so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source vertex on to the queue so it's
+going to appear at Q of 0 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear at Q of 0 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appear at Q of 0 that's the
+beginning of the queue and then I'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the queue and then I'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the queue and then I'll set
+the parent of the source vertex to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent of the source vertex to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent of the source vertex to be
+the source itself and then I also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source itself and then I also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source itself and then I also have
+two integers that point to the front in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two integers that point to the front in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two integers that point to the front in
+the back of the queues initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the queues initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the queues initially the
+front of the queue is at position 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the queue is at position 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the queue is at position 0 and
+the back is at position 1 and then while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back is at position 1 and then while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back is at position 1 and then while
+the queue is not empty and I can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue is not empty and I can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue is not empty and I can check
+that by checking if queue front is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by checking if queue front is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by checking if queue front is not
+equal to Q back then I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Q back then I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Q back then I'm going to take
+DQ the first vertex in my queue I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ the first vertex in my queue I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ the first vertex in my queue I'm
+gonna set current to be that vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna set current to be that vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna set current to be that vertex and
+then I'll increment Q front and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll increment Q front and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll increment Q front and then
+I'll compute the degree of that vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll compute the degree of that vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll compute the degree of that vertex
+which are going to do by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to do by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to do by looking at the
+difference between consecutive offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between consecutive offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between consecutive offsets
+and I also assume that offsets of Adhan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also assume that offsets of Adhan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also assume that offsets of Adhan
+is equal to em just to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to em just to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to em just to deal with the
+last vertex and then I'm going to loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last vertex and then I'm going to loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last vertex and then I'm going to loop
+through all of the neighbors for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of the neighbors for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of the neighbors for the
+current vertex and to access each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current vertex and to access each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current vertex and to access each
+neighbor what I do is I go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor what I do is I go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor what I do is I go into the
+address array and I know that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address array and I know that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address array and I know that my
+neighbors start at offsets of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors start at offsets of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors start at offsets of current
+and therefore to get the ithe I just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to get the ithe I just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to get the ithe I just do
+offsets of current plus I that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets of current plus I that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets of current plus I that's my
+index into the address array now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into the address array now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index into the address array now I'm
+gonna check if my neighbor has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna check if my neighbor has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna check if my neighbor has been
+explored yet and I can check that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet and I can check that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet and I can check that by
+checking a parent of neighbors equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking a parent of neighbors equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking a parent of neighbors equal to
+one if it is that means I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if it is that means I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if it is that means I haven't
+explored it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored it yet
+and then I'll set a parent of neighbour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll set a parent of neighbour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll set a parent of neighbour
+to be current and then I'll place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be current and then I'll place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be current and then I'll place the
+neighbor onto the back of the queue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor onto the back of the queue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor onto the back of the queue and
+increment queue back and I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment queue back and I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment queue back and I'm just gonna
+keep repeating this while loop until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep repeating this while loop until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep repeating this while loop until it
+becomes empty and here I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes empty and here I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes empty and here I'm only
+generating the parent pointers but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the parent pointers but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the parent pointers but I
+could also generate the distances if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also generate the distances if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also generate the distances if I
+wanted to with just a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to with just a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to with just a slight
+modification of this code so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of this code so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of this code so any
+questions on how this code works okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on how this code works okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on how this code works okay so
+here's a question what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a question what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a question what's the most
+expensive part of the code can you point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive part of the code can you point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive part of the code can you point
+to one particular line here that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one particular line here that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one particular line here that is the
+most expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+sir okay so actually turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir okay so actually turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir okay so actually turns out that
+that's not the most expensive part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the most expensive part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the most expensive part of
+this code but you're close does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code but you're close does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code but you're close does anyone
+have any other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes it turns out that this line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it turns out that this line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it turns out that this line here
+where we're accessing parent of neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're accessing parent of neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're accessing parent of neighbor
+that turns out to be the most expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be the most expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be the most expensive
+because whenever we access this parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever we access this parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever we access this parent
+array the neighbor can appear anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array the neighbor can appear anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array the neighbor can appear anywhere
+in memory so that's going to be a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory so that's going to be a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory so that's going to be a random
+access and if the parent array doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and if the parent array doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and if the parent array doesn't
+fit in our cache then that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in our cache then that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in our cache then that's going to
+cost us a cache miss almost every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost us a cache miss almost every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost us a cache miss almost every time
+this address array is actually mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this address array is actually mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this address array is actually mostly
+accessed sequentially because for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed sequentially because for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed sequentially because for each
+vertex all of its edges are stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex all of its edges are stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex all of its edges are stored
+contiguously in memory we do have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously in memory we do have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously in memory we do have one
+random access into the edges array per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access into the edges array per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random access into the edges array per
+vertex because we have to look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex because we have to look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex because we have to look up the
+starting location for that vertex but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting location for that vertex but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting location for that vertex but
+it's not one per edge unlike this check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one per edge unlike this check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not one per edge unlike this check
+of the parent array that that occurs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parent array that that occurs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parent array that that occurs for
+every edge does that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so let's do a back-of-the-envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's do a back-of-the-envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's do a back-of-the-envelope
+calculation to figure out how many cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to figure out how many cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to figure out how many cache
+misses we would incur assuming that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses we would incur assuming that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses we would incur assuming that we
+started with a cold cache and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a cold cache and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a cold cache and we also
+assume that n is much larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that n is much larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that n is much larger than the
+size of a cache so we can't fit any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a cache so we can't fit any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a cache so we can't fit any of
+these arrays into cache we'll assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays into cache we'll assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrays into cache we'll assume
+that a cache line has 64 bytes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cache line has 64 bytes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a cache line has 64 bytes and
+integers are 4 bytes each so let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are 4 bytes each so let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are 4 bytes each so let's try
+to analyze this so the initialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this so the initialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze this so the initialization
+will cost us and over 16 cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cost us and over 16 cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cost us and over 16 cache misses
+and the reason here is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason here is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason here is that we're
+initializing this array sequentially so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializing this array sequentially so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializing this array sequentially so
+we're accessing contiguous locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're accessing contiguous locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're accessing contiguous locations and
+this can take advantage of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can take advantage of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can take advantage of spatial
+locality on each cache line we can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality on each cache line we can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality on each cache line we can fit
+16 of the integers so overall we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 of the integers so overall we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 of the integers so overall we're
+going to need n over 16 cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need n over 16 cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need n over 16 cache misses
+just to initialize this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also need n over 16 cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need n over 16 cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need n over 16 cache misses
+across the entire algorithm to DQ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the entire algorithm to DQ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the entire algorithm to DQ the
+vertex from the front of the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex from the front of the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex from the front of the queue
+because again this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again this is going to be a
+sequential access into this queue array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential access into this queue array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential access into this queue array
+and across all vertices that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and across all vertices that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and across all vertices that's going to
+be n over 16 cache misses because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n over 16 cache misses because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be n over 16 cache misses because we can
+fit 16 virtus 16 integers on a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit 16 virtus 16 integers on a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit 16 virtus 16 integers on a cache
+line to compute the degree here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to compute the degree here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to compute the degree here that's
+going to take n cache misses over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take n cache misses over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take n cache misses over all
+because each of these accesses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of these accesses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of these accesses the
+offsets array is going to be a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets array is going to be a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets array is going to be a random
+access because we we have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because we we have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because we we have no idea what
+the value of current here is it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of current here is it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of current here is it could be
+anything so across the entire algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so across the entire algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so across the entire algorithm
+we're going to need n cache misses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need n cache misses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need n cache misses to
+access this offsets array and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this offsets array and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this offsets array and then to
+access this edges array I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this edges array I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this edges array I claim that
+we're going to need at most two n plus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need at most two n plus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need at most two n plus M
+over 16 cache misses so does anyone see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 cache misses so does anyone see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 cache misses so does anyone see
+where that bound comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where does the M over 16 come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right so you have to pay I'm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so you have to pay I'm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so you have to pay I'm over
+16 because you're accessing every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 because you're accessing every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 because you're accessing every edge
+once and you're accessing the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and you're accessing the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and you're accessing the edges
+contiguously so therefore across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously so therefore across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguously so therefore across all
+edges that's going to take em over 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that's going to take em over 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that's going to take em over 16
+cache misses but we also have to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses but we also have to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses but we also have to add to
+n because whenever we access the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because whenever we access the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because whenever we access the edges
+for a particular vertex the first cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular vertex the first cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particular vertex the first cache
+line might not only contain that vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line might not only contain that vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line might not only contain that vertex
+as edges and similarly the last cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as edges and similarly the last cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as edges and similarly the last cache
+line that we access might also not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that we access might also not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that we access might also not just
+contain that vertex as edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain that vertex as edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain that vertex as edges so
+therefore we're going to waste the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to waste the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to waste the first
+cache line in the last cache line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line in the last cache line in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line in the last cache line in the
+worst case for each vertex and summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case for each vertex and summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case for each vertex and summed
+across all vertices that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all vertices that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all vertices that's going to be
+two ends so this is an upper bound to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ends so this is an upper bound to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ends so this is an upper bound to n
+plus M over 16 accessing this parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M over 16 accessing this parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M over 16 accessing this parent
+array that's going to be a random access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that's going to be a random access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that's going to be a random access
+every time so we're gonna incur a cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time so we're gonna incur a cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time so we're gonna incur a cache
+miss in the worst case every time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss in the worst case every time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss in the worst case every time so
+summed across all edge accesses that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed across all edge accesses that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed across all edge accesses that's
+going to be M cache misses and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be M cache misses and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be M cache misses and then
+finally we're going to pay an over 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're going to pay an over 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we're going to pay an over 16
+cache misses 2 and cue the neighbor onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses 2 and cue the neighbor onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache misses 2 and cue the neighbor onto
+the queue because these are sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue because these are sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue because these are sequential
+accesses so in total we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses so in total we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses so in total we're going to
+incur at most 51 over 16 and plus 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur at most 51 over 16 and plus 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur at most 51 over 16 and plus 17
+over 16 cache misses and if M is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 cache misses and if M is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 16 cache misses and if M is greater
+than 3n then the second term here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 3n then the second term here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 3n then the second term here is
+going to dominate and M is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate and M is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dominate and M is usually
+greater than 3n in most real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 3n in most real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 3n in most real-world
+graphs and the second term here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and the second term here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and the second term here is
+dominated by this random access into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by this random access into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by this random access into the
+parent array so let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent array so let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent array so let's see if we can
+optimize this code so that we get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this code so that we get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this code so that we get better
+cache performance so let's say we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache performance so let's say we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache performance so let's say we could
+fit a bit vector of size n into cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a bit vector of size n into cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a bit vector of size n into cache
+but we couldn't fit the entire parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we couldn't fit the entire parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we couldn't fit the entire parent
+array in the cache what do we do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in the cache what do we do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array in the cache what do we do to
+reduce the number of cache misses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of cache misses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of cache misses so
+anyone have any ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah so that's exactly correct so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's exactly correct so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's exactly correct so we're
+going to use a bit vector to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a bit vector to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a bit vector to store
+whether the vertex has been explored yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the vertex has been explored yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the vertex has been explored yet
+or not so we only need one bit for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so we only need one bit for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so we only need one bit for that
+we're not storing the parent idea in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not storing the parent idea in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not storing the parent idea in
+this bit vector we're just storing a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit vector we're just storing a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit vector we're just storing a bit
+to say whether that vertex has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say whether that vertex has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say whether that vertex has been
+explored yet or not and then before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet or not and then before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet or not and then before we
+check this parent array we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this parent array we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this parent array we're going to
+first check the bit vector to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first check the bit vector to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first check the bit vector to see if
+that vertex has been explored yet and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex has been explored yet and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex has been explored yet and if
+it has been explored yet we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been explored yet we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been explored yet we don't even
+need to access this parent array if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to access this parent array if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to access this parent array if it
+hasn't been explored then we won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been explored then we won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been explored then we won't go
+ahead and access the parent entry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and access the parent entry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and access the parent entry of the
+neighbor but we only have to do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor but we only have to do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor but we only have to do this one
+time for each vertex in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for each vertex in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for each vertex in the graph
+because we can only visit each vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can only visit each vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can only visit each vertex
+once and therefore we can reduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and therefore we can reduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and therefore we can reduce a
+number of cache misses from em down to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so overall this might improve the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall this might improve the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall this might improve the number
+of cache misses in fact it does if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache misses in fact it does if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache misses in fact it does if if
+the number of edges is large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges is large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges is large enough
+relative to the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the number of vertices
+however you do have to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you do have to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you do have to do a little bit
+more computation because you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computation because you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computation because you know you
+have to do bit vector manipulation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do bit vector manipulation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do bit vector manipulation to
+check this bit vector and then also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this bit vector and then also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this bit vector and then also to
+set the bit vector when you explore a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the bit vector when you explore a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the bit vector when you explore a
+neighbor so here's the code using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor so here's the code using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor so here's the code using the
+bit vector optimization so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vector optimization so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vector optimization so here I'm
+initializing this bit factor called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializing this bit factor called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializing this bit factor called
+visited it's of size approximately an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited it's of size approximately an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited it's of size approximately an
+over 32 and then I'm setting off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 32 and then I'm setting off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 32 and then I'm setting off the
+bits to 0 except for the source vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to 0 except for the source vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to 0 except for the source vertex
+where I'm going to set its bit to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to set its bit to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to set its bit to 1 and
+I'm doing this bit calculation here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this bit calculation here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this bit calculation here to
+figure out the bit for the source vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the bit for the source vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the bit for the source vertex
+and then now when I'm trying to visit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now when I'm trying to visit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now when I'm trying to visit a
+neighbor I'm first going to check if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor I'm first going to check if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor I'm first going to check if the
+neighbor is visited by checking this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor is visited by checking this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor is visited by checking this bit
+array and I can do this using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and I can do this using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and I can do this using this
+computation here so I I and visited of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here so I I and visited of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here so I I and visited of
+neighbor over 32 by this mask one left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor over 32 by this mask one left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor over 32 by this mask one left
+should that shifted by a neighbor mod 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that shifted by a neighbor mod 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that shifted by a neighbor mod 32
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's false that means the neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false that means the neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false that means the neighbor
+hasn't been visited yet so I'll go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been visited yet so I'll go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been visited yet so I'll go in
+inside this if clause and then I'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this if clause and then I'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this if clause and then I'll set
+the visited bit to be true using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visited bit to be true using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visited bit to be true using this
+statement here and then I do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here and then I do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here and then I do the same
+operations as I did before it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations as I did before it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations as I did before it turns out
+that this version is faster for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this version is faster for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this version is faster for large
+enough values of M relative to n because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough values of M relative to n because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough values of M relative to n because
+you reduce the number of cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the number of cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the number of cache misses
+overall you still have to do this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall you still have to do this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall you still have to do this extra
+computation here this bit manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here this bit manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here this bit manipulation
+but if M is large enough then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if M is large enough then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if M is large enough then the
+reduction in number of cache misses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in number of cache misses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in number of cache misses
+outweighs the additional computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweighs the additional computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweighs the additional computation
+that you have to do any questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do any questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do any questions okay
+so that was a serial implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a serial implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a serial implementation of
+preference search now let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference search now let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference search now let's look at a
+parallel implementation so I'm first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel implementation so I'm first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel implementation so I'm first
+going to do an animation of how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an animation of how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an animation of how a
+parallel breadth first search algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel breadth first search algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel breadth first search algorithm
+would work the parallel breadth-first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work the parallel breadth-first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work the parallel breadth-first
+search algorithm is going to operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search algorithm is going to operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search algorithm is going to operate on
+frontiers where the initial frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontiers where the initial frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontiers where the initial frontier
+contains just the source vertex and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains just the source vertex and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains just the source vertex and on
+every iteration i'm going to explore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration i'm going to explore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every iteration i'm going to explore all
+of the vertices on the frontier and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices on the frontier and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices on the frontier and then
+place any unexplored neighbors on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place any unexplored neighbors on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place any unexplored neighbors on to the
+next frontier and then i move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next frontier and then i move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next frontier and then i move on to the
+next frontier so the first iteration i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next frontier so the first iteration i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next frontier so the first iteration i'm
+going to mark the source vertex i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mark the source vertex i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mark the source vertex i's
+explored sight its distance to be 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored sight its distance to be 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored sight its distance to be 0 and
+then place the neighbors of that source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then place the neighbors of that source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then place the neighbors of that source
+vertex onto the next frontier the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex onto the next frontier the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex onto the next frontier the next
+iteration i'm going to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration i'm going to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration i'm going to do the same thing
+set these distances to one i also am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set these distances to one i also am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set these distances to one i also am
+going to generate a parent pointer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate a parent pointer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate a parent pointer for
+each of these vertices and this parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these vertices and this parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these vertices and this parent
+should come from the previous front here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come from the previous front here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come from the previous front here
+and there should be a neighbor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a neighbor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a neighbor of the
+vertex and here there's only one option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and here there's only one option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and here there's only one option
+which is the source for a text so i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the source for a text so i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the source for a text so i'll
+just pick that as the parent and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick that as the parent and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick that as the parent and then
+i'm gonna place the neighbors on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna place the neighbors on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna place the neighbors on to the
+next frontier again mark those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next frontier again mark those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next frontier again mark those as
+explored set their distances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored set their distances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored set their distances and
+generate a parent pointer again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a parent pointer again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a parent pointer again and
+notice here when i'm generating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here when i'm generating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here when i'm generating these
+parent pointers there's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointers there's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointers there's actually more
+than one choice for some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one choice for some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one choice for some of these
+vertices and this is because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and this is because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and this is because there are
+multiple vertices on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple vertices on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple vertices on the previous
+frontier and some of them explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and some of them explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and some of them explore the
+same neighbor on the current frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same neighbor on the current frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same neighbor on the current frontier
+so a parallel implementation has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a parallel implementation has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a parallel implementation has to be
+aware of this potential race here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of this potential race here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of this potential race here I'm
+just picking an arbitrary parent so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking an arbitrary parent so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking an arbitrary parent so as
+we see here you can process each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here you can process each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here you can process each of
+these frontiers in parallel so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frontiers in parallel so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frontiers in parallel so you can
+paralyze over all of the vertices on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze over all of the vertices on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze over all of the vertices on the
+frontier as well as all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier as well as all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier as well as all of their
+outgoing edges however you do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges however you do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges however you do need to
+process one frontier before you move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one frontier before you move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one frontier before you move on
+to the next one in this BFS algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one in this BFS algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one in this BFS algorithm
+and a parallel implementation has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a parallel implementation has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a parallel implementation has to be
+aware of potential races so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of potential races so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of potential races so as I said
+earlier we could have multiple vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we could have multiple vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we could have multiple vertices
+on the frontier trying to visit the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frontier trying to visit the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frontier trying to visit the same
+neighbor so somehow that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor so somehow that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor so somehow that has to be
+resolved and also the amount of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and also the amount of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and also the amount of work on
+each frontier is changing changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each frontier is changing changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each frontier is changing changing
+throughout the course of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course of the algorithm
+so you have to be careful with load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be careful with load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be careful with load
+balancing because you have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing because you have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing because you have to make sure
+that the amount of work each processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of work each processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of work each processor
+has has to do is about the same if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has to do is about the same if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has to do is about the same if you
+use silk to implement this then load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use silk to implement this then load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use silk to implement this then load
+balancing doesn't really become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing doesn't really become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing doesn't really become a
+problem so any questions on the BFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so any questions on the BFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so any questions on the BFS
+algorithm before I go over the code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm before I go over the code okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm before I go over the code okay
+so here's the actual code and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the actual code and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the actual code and here I'm
+gonna initialize these four arrays so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna initialize these four arrays so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna initialize these four arrays so
+the parent array which is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent array which is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent array which is the same as
+before I'm gonna have an array called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm gonna have an array called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm gonna have an array called
+frontier which stores the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier which stores the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier which stores the current
+frontier and then I'm gonna have a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and then I'm gonna have a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and then I'm gonna have a rate
+called frontier next which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frontier next which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called frontier next which is a
+temporary array that I use to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary array that I use to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary array that I use to store the
+next front here of the BFS and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next front here of the BFS and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next front here of the BFS and then also
+have an array called degrees I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an array called degrees I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an array called degrees I'm going
+to initialize all of the parent entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize all of the parent entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initialize all of the parent entries
+to be negative one or do that using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative one or do that using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative one or do that using a
+silk for loop I'm going to place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk for loop I'm going to place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silk for loop I'm going to place the
+source vertex at the 0th index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source vertex at the 0th index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source vertex at the 0th index of the
+front here also at the front here size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here also at the front here size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here also at the front here size
+b1 and then I set the parent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and then I set the parent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and then I set the parent of the
+source to be the source itself while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to be the source itself while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to be the source itself while the
+frontier size is greater than zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier size is greater than zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier size is greater than zero that
+means I still have more work to do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I still have more work to do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I still have more work to do I'm
+going to first iterate over all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first iterate over all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first iterate over all of the
+vertices on my frontier in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on my frontier in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on my frontier in parallel
+using a cell for loop and then I'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a cell for loop and then I'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a cell for loop and then I'll set
+the the ithe entry of the degrees array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ithe entry of the degrees array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ithe entry of the degrees array
+to be the degree of the vertex on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the degree of the vertex on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the degree of the vertex on the
+frontier and I can do this just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and I can do this just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and I can do this just using
+the difference between consecutive offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between consecutive offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between consecutive offs
+and then I'm going to perform a prix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to perform a prix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to perform a prix
+fixe some on this degrees array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixe some on this degrees array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixe some on this degrees array and
+we'll see in a minute why I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute why I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a minute why I'm doing this
+prefix um but first of all does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix um but first of all does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix um but first of all does anybody
+recall what prefix autumn is so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what prefix autumn is so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what prefix autumn is so who
+knows what prefix on this do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what prefix on this do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what prefix on this do you want to
+tell us what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah so prefix some so here I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so prefix some so here I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so prefix some so here I'm gonna
+demonstrate this with an example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this with an example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this with an example so
+let's say this this is our input array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this this is our input array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this this is our input array
+the output of this array would store for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of this array would store for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of this array would store for
+each location the sum of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each location the sum of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each location the sum of everything
+before that location in the input array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that location in the input array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that location in the input array
+so here we see that the first position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we see that the first position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we see that the first position
+has a value of zero because the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a value of zero because the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a value of zero because the sum of
+everything before it is zero there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything before it is zero there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything before it is zero there's
+nothing before it in the input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing before it in the input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing before it in the input the
+second position has a value of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second position has a value of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second position has a value of two
+because the sum of everything before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sum of everything before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the sum of everything before it
+is just the first location the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the first location the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the first location the third
+location has a value six because of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location has a value six because of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location has a value six because of some
+of everything before it is 2 plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything before it is 2 plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything before it is 2 plus 4
+which is 6 and so on so I believe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 6 and so on so I believe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 6 and so on so I believe this
+was on one of your homework assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on one of your homework assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on one of your homework assignments
+so hopefully everyone knows what prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully everyone knows what prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully everyone knows what prefix
+sum is and later on we'll see how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is and later on we'll see how we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is and later on we'll see how we use
+this to do the parallel reference search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to do the parallel reference search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to do the parallel reference search
+ok so I'm gonna do a prefix sum on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I'm gonna do a prefix sum on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I'm gonna do a prefix sum on this
+degrees array and then I'm going to loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees array and then I'm going to loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees array and then I'm going to loop
+over my front here again in parallel I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my front here again in parallel I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my front here again in parallel I'm
+gonna let B be the Eifert X on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let B be the Eifert X on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let B be the Eifert X on the
+frontier index is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier index is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier index is going to be equal to
+degrees of I and then my degree is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of I and then my degree is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of I and then my degree is going
+to be offsets of V plus 1 minus offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offsets of V plus 1 minus offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be offsets of V plus 1 minus offsets
+of V now I'm gonna loop through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V now I'm gonna loop through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V now I'm gonna loop through all
+these neighbors and here I just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neighbors and here I just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neighbors and here I just have a
+serial for loop but you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial for loop but you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial for loop but you could actually
+paralyze this for loop turns out that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze this for loop turns out that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze this for loop turns out that if
+the number of iterations in the for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of iterations in the for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of iterations in the for loop
+is small enough there's additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small enough there's additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small enough there's additional
+overhead to making this parallel so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead to making this parallel so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead to making this parallel so I
+just made it serial for now but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it serial for now but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it serial for now but you
+could make it parallel to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it parallel to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it parallel to get the
+neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+I just index into this edges array I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just index into this edges array I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just index into this edges array I
+look at offsets of V plus J then now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at offsets of V plus J then now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at offsets of V plus J then now I'm
+going to check if the neighbor has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check if the neighbor has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check if the neighbor has been
+explored yet and I can check if parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet and I can check if parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored yet and I can check if parent
+of neighbor is equal to negative 1 if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighbor is equal to negative 1 if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighbor is equal to negative 1 if so
+that means it hasn't been explored yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it hasn't been explored yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it hasn't been explored yet
+so I'm gonna try to explore it and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna try to explore it and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna try to explore it and I do
+so using a compare and swap I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using a compare and swap I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using a compare and swap I'm gonna
+try to swap in the value of V with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to swap in the value of V with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to swap in the value of V with the
+original value of negative 1 in parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value of negative 1 in parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original value of negative 1 in parent
+of neighbor and the compare and swap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighbor and the compare and swap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighbor and the compare and swap is
+going to return true if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return true if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return true if it was
+successful in false otherwise and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in false otherwise and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in false otherwise and if it
+returns true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns true
+that means this vertex becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means this vertex becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means this vertex becomes the
+parent of this neighbor and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of this neighbor and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of this neighbor and then I'll
+place the neighbor onto frontier next at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the neighbor onto frontier next at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the neighbor onto frontier next at
+this particular index index plus J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular index index plus J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular index index plus J and
+otherwise I'll set a negative one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'll set a negative one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'll set a negative one at
+that location okay so let's see why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location okay so let's see why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location okay so let's see why I'm
+using index plus J here so here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using index plus J here so here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using index plus J here so here's how
+frontier next is organized so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier next is organized so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier next is organized so each
+vertex on the frontier owns a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex on the frontier owns a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex on the frontier owns a subset of
+these locations in the frontier next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these locations in the frontier next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these locations in the frontier next
+array and these are all contiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and these are all contiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and these are all contiguous
+memory locations and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory locations and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory locations and it turns out that
+the starting location for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting location for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting location for each of these
+vertices in this frontier next to race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in this frontier next to race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in this frontier next to race
+exactly the value in this prefix some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the value in this prefix some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the value in this prefix some
+DeRay up here so vertex one has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeRay up here so vertex one has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeRay up here so vertex one has its
+first location at index zero vertex two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first location at index zero vertex two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first location at index zero vertex two
+has its first location at index two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its first location at index two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its first location at index two
+vertex three has its first location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex three has its first location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex three has its first location
+index six and so on so by using a prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index six and so on so by using a prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index six and so on so by using a prefix
+um I can guarantee that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can guarantee that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can guarantee that all these
+vertices have a disjoint sub array in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have a disjoint sub array in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have a disjoint sub array in
+this frontier next array and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frontier next array and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frontier next array and then they
+can all right to this frontier next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right to this frontier next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right to this frontier next
+story in parallel without any races an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in parallel without any races an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in parallel without any races an
+index plus J just gives us the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index plus J just gives us the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index plus J just gives us the right
+location of right two in this array so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of right two in this array so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of right two in this array so
+index is the starting location and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is the starting location and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is the starting location and then
+J is for the J's neighbor so here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is for the J's neighbor so here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is for the J's neighbor so here's one
+potential output after we write to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output after we write to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential output after we write to this
+frontier next array so we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier next array so we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier next array so we have some
+non-negative values and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative values and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative values and these are
+vertices that we explored in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that we explored in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that we explored in this
+iteration we also have some negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration we also have some negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration we also have some negative one
+values and the negative one here means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the negative one here means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the negative one here means
+that either the vertex has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either the vertex has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either the vertex has already been
+explored in a previous iteration or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in a previous iteration or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in a previous iteration or we
+tried to explore it in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to explore it in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to explore it in the current
+iteration but somebody else got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration but somebody else got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration but somebody else got there
+before us because somebody else is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before us because somebody else is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before us because somebody else is doing
+the compare and swap at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compare and swap at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compare and swap at the same time
+and they could have finished before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could have finished before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could have finished before we
+did so we failed on the compare and swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so we failed on the compare and swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so we failed on the compare and swap
+so we don't actually want these negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't actually want these negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't actually want these negative
+one values so we're gonna filter them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one values so we're gonna filter them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one values so we're gonna filter them
+out and we can filter them out using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we can filter them out using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we can filter them out using a
+prefix sum again and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix sum again and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix sum again and this is going to
+give us a new frontier and we'll set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a new frontier and we'll set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a new frontier and we'll set the
+frontier size equal to the sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier size equal to the sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier size equal to the sides of this
+new frontier and then we repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new frontier and then we repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new frontier and then we repeat this
+while loop until there are no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop until there are no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop until there are no more
+vertices on the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so any questions on this parallel BFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions on this parallel BFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any questions on this parallel BFS
+algorithm do you mean the filter out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm do you mean the filter out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm do you mean the filter out
+yeah so what you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what you can do is you can
+create another array which stores a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another array which stores a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another array which stores a one
+in location i if that location is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in location i if that location is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in location i if that location is not a
+negative one in the zero if it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one in the zero if it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one in the zero if it is a
+negative one then you do a prefix um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one then you do a prefix um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one then you do a prefix um on
+that array which gives us unique offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array which gives us unique offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that array which gives us unique offsets
+into an output array so then everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an output array so then everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an output array so then everybody
+just looks at the prefix some array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks at the prefix some array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks at the prefix some array
+there and then it writes to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it writes to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it writes to the output
+array so I might be easier if I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so I might be easier if I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so I might be easier if I try to
+draw this on the board okay so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this on the board okay so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this on the board okay so let's say
+we have an array of size five here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an array of size five here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an array of size five here so
+what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna generate
+another array which stores a one if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another array which stores a one if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another array which stores a one if the
+positive a lis in the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive a lis in the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive a lis in the corresponding
+location is not a negative one and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is not a negative one and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is not a negative one and zero
+otherwise and then I do a prefix um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and then I do a prefix um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and then I do a prefix um on
+this array here and this gives me 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array here and this gives me 0 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array here and this gives me 0 0 1
+1 2 and 2 and now each of these non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 and 2 and now each of these non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 and 2 and now each of these non
+these values that are not negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values that are not negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values that are not negative 1
+they can just look up the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can just look up the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can just look up the corresponding
+index in this output array and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index in this output array and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index in this output array and this
+gives us a unique index into an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a unique index into an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a unique index into an output
+array so this this element we're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so this this element we're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so this this element we're right
+to position 0 this helmet would write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position 0 this helmet would write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position 0 this helmet would write to
+position 1 and this element would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 1 and this element would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position 1 and this element would write
+to position 2 in my final output so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position 2 in my final output so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to position 2 in my final output so this
+would be my final frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense okay so let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay so let's now
+analyze the work and span of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the work and span of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the work and span of this
+parallel BFS algorithm so a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel BFS algorithm so a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel BFS algorithm so a number of
+iterations required by the BFS algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations required by the BFS algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations required by the BFS algorithm
+is upper bounded by the diameter D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upper bounded by the diameter D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upper bounded by the diameter D of
+the graph in the diameter of a graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in the diameter of a graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph in the diameter of a graph is
+just the maximum shortest path between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the maximum shortest path between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the maximum shortest path between
+any pair of vertices in the graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair of vertices in the graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair of vertices in the graph and
+that's an upper bound on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an upper bound on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an upper bound on the number of
+iterations we need to do each iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations we need to do each iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations we need to do each iteration
+is going to take log M span for the soak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take log M span for the soak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take log M span for the soak
+for loops the prefix sum in the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loops the prefix sum in the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for loops the prefix sum in the filter
+and this is also assuming that the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also assuming that the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also assuming that the inner
+loop is paralyzed the inner loop over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is paralyzed the inner loop over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is paralyzed the inner loop over
+the neighbors of a vertex so to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors of a vertex so to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors of a vertex so to get the
+span we just multiply these two terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span we just multiply these two terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span we just multiply these two terms so
+we get theta of D times log M span what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get theta of D times log M span what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get theta of D times log M span what
+about the work so compute the work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work so compute the work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the work so compute the work we
+have to figure out how much work we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how much work we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out how much work we're
+doing per vertex and per edge so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing per vertex and per edge so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing per vertex and per edge so first
+notice that the sum of the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the sum of the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the sum of the frontier
+sizes across entire algorithm is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes across entire algorithm is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes across entire algorithm is going
+to be n because each vertex can be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n because each vertex can be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n because each vertex can be on
+the front here at most once also each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front here at most once also each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front here at most once also each
+edge is going to be traversed exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is going to be traversed exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is going to be traversed exactly
+once so that leads to M total edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so that leads to M total edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so that leads to M total edge
+visits on each iteration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits on each iteration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits on each iteration of the
+algorithm we're doing a prefix sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're doing a prefix sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm we're doing a prefix sum and
+the cost of this prefix sum is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of this prefix sum is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of this prefix sum is going to
+be proportional to the front here sighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to the front here sighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proportional to the front here sighs
+so summed across all iterations the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so summed across all iterations the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so summed across all iterations the cost
+of the prefix sum is going to be theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prefix sum is going to be theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prefix sum is going to be theta
+and we also do this filter but the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also do this filter but the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also do this filter but the work
+of the filter is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter is proportional to the
+number of edges traversed in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges traversed in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges traversed in that
+iteration and summed across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and summed across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and summed across all
+iterations that's going to give us theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that's going to give us theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that's going to give us theta
+of M total so overall the work is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M total so overall the work is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M total so overall the work is going
+to be theta of n plus M for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be theta of n plus M for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be theta of n plus M for this
+parallel BFS algorithm so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel BFS algorithm so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel BFS algorithm so this is our
+work efficient algorithm the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficient algorithm the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficient algorithm the work
+matches that of the serial algorithm any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches that of the serial algorithm any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches that of the serial algorithm any
+questions on the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's look at how this parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at how this parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at how this parallel
+BFS algorithm runs in practice so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS algorithm runs in practice so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS algorithm runs in practice so here I
+ran some experiments on a random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran some experiments on a random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran some experiments on a random graph
+with ten million vertices in a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ten million vertices in a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ten million vertices in a hundred
+million edges and the edges were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million edges and the edges were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million edges and the edges were
+randomly generated and I made sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated and I made sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated and I made sure that
+each vertex had ten inches every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex had ten inches every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex had ten inches every
+experiments on a forty core machine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on a forty core machine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on a forty core machine with
+two-way hyper-threading does anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way hyper-threading does anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way hyper-threading does anyone know
+what hyper threading is yeah what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that's a great answers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a great answers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a great answers so
+hyper-threading is an Intel technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper-threading is an Intel technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyper-threading is an Intel technology
+where for each physical core the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for each physical core the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for each physical core the
+operating system actually ceases as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system actually ceases as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system actually ceases as two
+logical cores they share many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical cores they share many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical cores they share many of the
+same resources but they have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same resources but they have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same resources but they have their own
+registers so if one of the logical cores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so if one of the logical cores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so if one of the logical cores
+stalls on a long latency operation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls on a long latency operation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls on a long latency operation the
+other logical core can use the shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logical core can use the shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logical core can use the shared
+resources and hide some of the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and hide some of the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and hide some of the latency
+okay so here I'm plotting to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I'm plotting to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I'm plotting to speed up
+over the single threaded time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the single threaded time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the single threaded time of the
+parallel algorithm versus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithm versus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel algorithm versus the number of
+threads so we see that on 40 threads we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads so we see that on 40 threads we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads so we see that on 40 threads we
+get a speed-up of about 22 or 23 X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a speed-up of about 22 or 23 X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a speed-up of about 22 or 23 X and
+when we turn on hyper threading and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we turn on hyper threading and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we turn on hyper threading and use
+all 80 threads the speed-up is about 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 80 threads the speed-up is about 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 80 threads the speed-up is about 32
+times on 40 cores and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times on 40 cores and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times on 40 cores and this is actually
+pretty good for a parallel graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good for a parallel graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good for a parallel graph
+algorithm it's very hard to get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it's very hard to get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm it's very hard to get good
+very good speed ups on these irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good speed ups on these irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good speed ups on these irregular
+graph algorithms so 32 X on 40 cores is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms so 32 X on 40 cores is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms so 32 X on 40 cores is
+pretty good I also compare this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good I also compare this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good I also compare this to the
+serial BFS algorithm because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial BFS algorithm because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial BFS algorithm because that's what
+we ultimately want to compare against so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ultimately want to compare against so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ultimately want to compare against so
+we see that on 80 threads the speed-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that on 80 threads the speed-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that on 80 threads the speed-up
+over the serial BFS is about 21 22 X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the serial BFS is about 21 22 X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the serial BFS is about 21 22 X and
+the serial BFS is 54 percent faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serial BFS is 54 percent faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serial BFS is 54 percent faster than
+the parallel BFS on one thread this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel BFS on one thread this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel BFS on one thread this is
+because it's doing less work than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's doing less work than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's doing less work than the
+parallel version the parallel version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel version the parallel version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel version the parallel version
+has to do extra work with the prefix um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do extra work with the prefix um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do extra work with the prefix um
+in the filter whereas the serial version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the filter whereas the serial version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the filter whereas the serial version
+doesn't have to do that but overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to do that but overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to do that but overall the
+parallel implementation is still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel implementation is still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel implementation is still pretty
+good any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a couple lectures ago we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple lectures ago we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple lectures ago we saw this
+slide here such whorls told us never to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here such whorls told us never to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here such whorls told us never to
+write non-deterministic parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write non-deterministic parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write non-deterministic parallel
+programs because it's very hard to debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs because it's very hard to debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs because it's very hard to debug
+these programs and hard to reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs and hard to reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs and hard to reason about
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so is there non determinism in this BFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there non determinism in this BFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there non determinism in this BFS
+code that we looked at yeah so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that we looked at yeah so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that we looked at yeah so there's
+non determinism in the compare-and-swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non determinism in the compare-and-swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non determinism in the compare-and-swap
+so let's go back to the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the code
+so this compare-and-swap here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this compare-and-swap here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this compare-and-swap here there's a
+race there because we can have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race there because we can have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race there because we can have multiple
+vertices trying to write to the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices trying to write to the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices trying to write to the parent
+entry of the neighbor at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the neighbor at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the neighbor at the same time
+and the one that wins is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that wins is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that wins is
+non-deterministic so the BFS tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic so the BFS tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic so the BFS tree that
+you get at the end is non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see how we can try to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how we can try to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how we can try to fix
+this non determinism okay so as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non determinism okay so as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this non determinism okay so as we said
+this is the line that cause done causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the line that cause done causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the line that cause done causes
+the non determinism it turns out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non determinism it turns out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non determinism it turns out that we
+can actually make the output BFS tree be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually make the output BFS tree be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually make the output BFS tree be
+deterministic by going over the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic by going over the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic by going over the outgoing
+edges in each iteration in two phases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in each iteration in two phases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in each iteration in two phases so
+how this works is that in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works is that in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works is that in the first
+phase the vertices on the frontier are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the vertices on the frontier are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the vertices on the frontier are
+not actually going to write to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually going to write to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually going to write to the
+parent array of the or they are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent array of the or they are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent array of the or they are gonna
+write but they're using going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write but they're using going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write but they're using going to be
+using this write min operator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this write min operator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this write min operator and the
+right min operator is an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right min operator is an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right min operator is an atomic
+operation that guarantees that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that guarantees that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that guarantees that we have
+concurrent writes to the same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrent writes to the same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrent writes to the same location
+the smallest value gets written there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest value gets written there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest value gets written there so
+the value that gets written there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that gets written there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value that gets written there is
+going to be deterministic it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be deterministic it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be deterministic it's always
+going to be the smallest one that tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the smallest one that tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the smallest one that tries
+to write there then in the second phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write there then in the second phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write there then in the second phase
+each vertex is going to check for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex is going to check for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex is going to check for each
+neighbor whether a parent of neighbor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor whether a parent of neighbor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor whether a parent of neighbor is
+equal to V if it is that means it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V if it is that means it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V if it is that means it was
+the vertex that successfully wrote to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex that successfully wrote to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex that successfully wrote to
+parent of neighbor in the first phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of neighbor in the first phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of neighbor in the first phase
+and therefore it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it's going to be
+responsible for placing this neighbor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for placing this neighbor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for placing this neighbor on
+to the next frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next frontier
+and we're also according to SAP parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also according to SAP parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're also according to SAP parent
+of neighbor to be negative v this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighbor to be negative v this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neighbor to be negative v this is
+just a minor detail and this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minor detail and this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minor detail and this is because
+when we're doing this right min operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing this right min operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're doing this right min operator
+we could have a future iteration where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have a future iteration where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have a future iteration where a
+lower vertex tries to visit the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower vertex tries to visit the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower vertex tries to visit the same
+vertex that we already explored but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that we already explored but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that we already explored but if
+we set this to a negative value we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set this to a negative value we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set this to a negative value we're
+only going to be writing non negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be writing non negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be writing non negative
+values to this location so the write min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to this location so the write min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to this location so the write min
+on a neighbor that has already makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a neighbor that has already makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a neighbor that has already makes
+been explored would never succeed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been explored would never succeed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been explored would never succeed okay
+so the final BFS that's final BFS tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final BFS that's final BFS tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final BFS that's final BFS tree
+that's generated by this code is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generated by this code is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generated by this code is always
+going to be the same every time you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same every time you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same every time you run
+it I want to point out that this code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to point out that this code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I want to point out that this code is
+still not deterministic with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not deterministic with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not deterministic with respect to
+the order in which individual memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which individual memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which individual memory
+locations get updated so you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations get updated so you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations get updated so you still have
+a determinacy race here in the right min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determinacy race here in the right min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determinacy race here in the right min
+operator but it's still better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but it's still better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but it's still better than a
+non-deterministic code in that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic code in that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic code in that you
+always get the same BFS tree so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get the same BFS tree so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get the same BFS tree so how do
+you actually implement the right min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually implement the right min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually implement the right min
+operation so it turns out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so it turns out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so it turns out you can
+implement this using a loop with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this using a loop with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this using a loop with a
+compare and swap so reitman takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and swap so reitman takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare and swap so reitman takes as
+input two arguments to memory address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input two arguments to memory address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input two arguments to memory address
+that we're trying to update and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to update and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to update and the new
+value that we want to write to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we want to write to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we want to write to that
+address we're first going to set old Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address we're first going to set old Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address we're first going to set old Val
+equal to the value at that memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value at that memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value at that memory
+address and we're gonna check of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and we're gonna check of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and we're gonna check of new
+vows less in old Bell if it is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vows less in old Bell if it is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vows less in old Bell if it is then
+we're gonna attempt to do a compare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna attempt to do a compare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna attempt to do a compare and
+swap out that location writing new vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap out that location writing new vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap out that location writing new vowel
+into that address if its initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that address if its initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that address if its initial value
+was old Val and if that succeeds then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was old Val and if that succeeds then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was old Val and if that succeeds then we
+return otherwise we failed and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return otherwise we failed and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return otherwise we failed and that
+means that somebody else came in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that somebody else came in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that somebody else came in in the
+meantime and changed the value there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime and changed the value there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime and changed the value there and
+therefore we have to reread the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to reread the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we have to reread the old
+value at the memory address and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the memory address and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the memory address and then we
+repeat in there are two ways that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat in there are two ways that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat in there are two ways that this
+write min operator could finish one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write min operator could finish one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write min operator could finish one is
+if the compare and swap was successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the compare and swap was successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the compare and swap was successful
+other the other one is if new Val is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other one is if new Val is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other one is if new Val is
+greater than or equal to old Val in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to old Val in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to old Val in that
+case we no longer have to try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we no longer have to try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we no longer have to try to write
+anymore because the value that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because the value that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because the value that let's
+there is already smaller than what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is already smaller than what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is already smaller than what we're
+trying to write so I implemented so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write so I implemented so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to write so I implemented so I
+implemented an optimized version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented an optimized version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented an optimized version of this
+deterministic parallel BFS code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic parallel BFS code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic parallel BFS code and
+compared it to the non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to the non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to the non-deterministic
+version and it turns out on 32 cores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and it turns out on 32 cores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and it turns out on 32 cores
+it's only a little bit slower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a little bit slower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a little bit slower than the
+non-deterministic version so it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic version so it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic version so it's about
+5 to 20 percent slower on a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 20 percent slower on a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 20 percent slower on a range of
+different input graphs so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different input graphs so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different input graphs so this is a
+pretty small price to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small price to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small price to pay for
+determinism and you get many nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and you get many nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism and you get many nice
+benefits such as ease of debugging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits such as ease of debugging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits such as ease of debugging and
+ease of reason and reasoning about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease of reason and reasoning about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ease of reason and reasoning about the
+performance of your code any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so let me talk about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so let me talk about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so let me talk about another
+optimization for breadth-first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization for breadth-first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization for breadth-first search
+and this is called the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called the direction
+optimization and ideas motivated by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and ideas motivated by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and ideas motivated by how
+the sizes of the frontiers change in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes of the frontiers change in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizes of the frontiers change in a
+typical BFS algorithm over time see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical BFS algorithm over time see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical BFS algorithm over time see here
+I'm plotting the frontier size on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the frontier size on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the frontier size on the
+y-axis in log scale and the x-axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis in log scale and the x-axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis in log scale and the x-axis is
+the iteration number and on the left we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iteration number and on the left we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iteration number and on the left we
+have a random graph on the right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random graph on the right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random graph on the right we have
+a power-law graph and we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power-law graph and we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power-law graph and we see that the
+the frontier size actually grows pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontier size actually grows pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frontier size actually grows pretty
+rapidly especially for the power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly especially for the power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly especially for the power law
+graph and then it drops pretty rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then it drops pretty rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then it drops pretty rapidly
+so this is true for many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is true for many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is true for many of the
+real-world graphs that we see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world graphs that we see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world graphs that we see because
+many of them look like power law graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them look like power law graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them look like power law graphs
+and in the BFS algorithm most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the BFS algorithm most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the BFS algorithm most of the
+work is done when the frontier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is done when the frontier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is done when the frontier is
+relatively large so most of the work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively large so most of the work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively large so most of the work is
+going to be done in these middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be done in these middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be done in these middle
+iterations where the frontier is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations where the frontier is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations where the frontier is very
+large and turns out that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and turns out that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and turns out that there are two
+ways to do broth first search one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do broth first search one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do broth first search one way is
+the traditional way which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional way which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional way which I'm going to
+refer to that as the top-down method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to that as the top-down method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to that as the top-down method and
+this is just what we did before we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just what we did before we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just what we did before we look
+at the frontier vertices and explore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frontier vertices and explore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frontier vertices and explore all
+of their output neighbors and mark any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their output neighbors and mark any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their output neighbors and mark any
+of the unexplored ones as explored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unexplored ones as explored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unexplored ones as explored and
+place them onto the next frontier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place them onto the next frontier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place them onto the next frontier but
+there's actually another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually another way to do
+breadth-first search and this is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search and this is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth-first search and this is known
+as a bottom-up method and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bottom-up method and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a bottom-up method and in the
+bottom-up method I'm gonna look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up method I'm gonna look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up method I'm gonna look at all
+of the vertices in the graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices in the graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertices in the graph that
+haven't been explored yet and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been explored yet and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been explored yet and I'm gonna
+look at their incoming edges and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their incoming edges and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their incoming edges and if I
+find an incoming edge that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an incoming edge that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an incoming edge that's on the
+current frontier I can just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current frontier I can just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current frontier I can just say that
+that incoming neighbor is my parent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incoming neighbor is my parent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incoming neighbor is my parent and
+I don't even need to look at the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even need to look at the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't even need to look at the rest of
+my incoming neighbors so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my incoming neighbors so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my incoming neighbors so in this example
+here vertices 9 through 12 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here vertices 9 through 12 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here vertices 9 through 12 when
+they loop through their incoming edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they loop through their incoming edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they loop through their incoming edges
+they found incoming neighbor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found incoming neighbor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found incoming neighbor on the
+frontier and they chose that neighbor as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and they chose that neighbor as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and they chose that neighbor as
+their parent and they get marked as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parent and they get marked as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parent and they get marked as
+explored and we can actually save some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored and we can actually save some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored and we can actually save some
+matched reversals here because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched reversals here because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched reversals here because for
+example if you look at vertex 9 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at vertex 9 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at vertex 9 and you
+imagine the edges being traversed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the edges being traversed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the edges being traversed in a
+top-to-bottom manner then vertex 9 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-to-bottom manner then vertex 9 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-to-bottom manner then vertex 9 is
+only going to look at its first incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to look at its first incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to look at its first incoming
+edge and find that the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and find that the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and find that the incoming
+neighbors on the frontier so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors on the frontier so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors on the frontier so it doesn't
+even need to inspect the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need to inspect the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need to inspect the rest of the
+incoming edges because all we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges because all we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges because all we care about
+finding is just one parent in the BFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is just one parent in the BFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding is just one parent in the BFS
+tree we don't need to find all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we don't need to find all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we don't need to find all of the
+possible parents in this example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible parents in this example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible parents in this example here
+vertices 13 through 15 actually ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices 13 through 15 actually ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices 13 through 15 actually ended up
+wasting work because they looked at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting work because they looked at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting work because they looked at all
+their incoming edges and none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their incoming edges and none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their incoming edges and none of the
+incoming neighbors are on the frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming neighbors are on the frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming neighbors are on the frontier
+so they don't actually find a neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't actually find a neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they don't actually find a neighbor
+so the bottom-up approach turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom-up approach turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bottom-up approach turns out to
+work pretty well when the frontier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work pretty well when the frontier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work pretty well when the frontier is
+large and many vertices have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and many vertices have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and many vertices have been
+already explored because in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already explored because in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already explored because in this case
+you don't have to look at many vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to look at many vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to look at many vertices
+and for the ones that you do look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the ones that you do look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the ones that you do look at
+when you scan over their incoming edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you scan over their incoming edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you scan over their incoming edges
+it's very likely that early on you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very likely that early on you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very likely that early on you'll
+find a neighbor that is on the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a neighbor that is on the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a neighbor that is on the current
+frontier and you can skip a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and you can skip a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and you can skip a bunch of
+edge traversals in the top-down approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge traversals in the top-down approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge traversals in the top-down approach
+is better when the frontier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better when the frontier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better when the frontier is
+relatively small and in a paper by scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small and in a paper by scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small and in a paper by scott
+beamer in 2012 he actually studied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beamer in 2012 he actually studied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beamer in 2012 he actually studied the
+performance of these two approaches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of these two approaches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of these two approaches in
+BFS and this was this plot here plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS and this was this plot here plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFS and this was this plot here plots
+the running time versus to iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time versus to iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running time versus to iteration
+number for a power-law graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for a power-law graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for a power-law graph and
+compares the performance of the top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares the performance of the top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares the performance of the top-down
+and bottom-up approach so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom-up approach so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom-up approach so we see that
+for the first two steps the top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first two steps the top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first two steps the top-down
+approach is faster than the bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is faster than the bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is faster than the bottom-up
+approach but then for the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but then for the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but then for the next couple
+steps the bottom-up approach is faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the bottom-up approach is faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the bottom-up approach is faster
+than the top-down approach and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the top-down approach and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the top-down approach and then when
+we get to the end the top-down approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the end the top-down approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the end the top-down approach
+becomes faster again so the top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes faster again so the top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes faster again so the top-down
+approach as I said is more efficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as I said is more efficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as I said is more efficient for
+small frontiers whereas the bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small frontiers whereas the bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small frontiers whereas the bottom-up
+approach is more efficient for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is more efficient for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is more efficient for large
+frontiers also I want to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontiers also I want to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontiers also I want to point out that
+in the top-down approach when we update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top-down approach when we update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top-down approach when we update
+the parent alright that actually has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent alright that actually has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent alright that actually has to
+be atomic because we could have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be atomic because we could have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be atomic because we could have multiple
+vertices trying to update the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices trying to update the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices trying to update the same
+neighbor but in the bottom-up approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor but in the bottom-up approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor but in the bottom-up approach
+to update to the parent or it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update to the parent or it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to update to the parent or it doesn't
+have to be atomic because we're scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be atomic because we're scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be atomic because we're scanning
+over the incoming neighbors of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the incoming neighbors of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the incoming neighbors of any
+particular vertex V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vertex V
+serially and therefore there there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serially and therefore there there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serially and therefore there there can
+only be one processor that's writing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be one processor that's writing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be one processor that's writing to
+parent of V so we choose between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of V so we choose between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent of V so we choose between these
+two approaches based on the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two approaches based on the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two approaches based on the size of the
+frontier we found that a threshold of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier we found that a threshold of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier we found that a threshold of a
+frontier size of about n over 20 works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier size of about n over 20 works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier size of about n over 20 works
+pretty well in practice so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in practice so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in practice so if the
+frontier has more than n over 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier has more than n over 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier has more than n over 20
+vertices we use the bottom-up approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices we use the bottom-up approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices we use the bottom-up approach
+and otherwise we use the top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise we use the top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise we use the top-down
+approach you can also use more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you can also use more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you can also use more
+sophisticated thresholds such as also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated thresholds such as also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated thresholds such as also
+considering the sum of out degrees since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the sum of out degrees since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the sum of out degrees since
+the actual work is dependent on the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual work is dependent on the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual work is dependent on the sum
+of out degrees of the vertices on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of out degrees of the vertices on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of out degrees of the vertices on the
+frontier you can also use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier you can also use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier you can also use different
+thresholds for going from top to bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds for going from top to bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds for going from top to bottom
+to top down to bottom up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to top down to bottom up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to top down to bottom up and then
+another threshold for going from bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another threshold for going from bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another threshold for going from bottom
+up back to top top down and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back to top top down and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back to top top down and in fact
+that's what the original paper did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the original paper did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the original paper did they
+had two different thresholds we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two different thresholds we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two different thresholds we also
+need to generate the inverse graph where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to generate the inverse graph where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to generate the inverse graph where
+the transpose graph if we're using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose graph if we're using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose graph if we're using this
+method if the graph is directed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if the graph is directed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method if the graph is directed because
+if the graph is directed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the graph is directed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the graph is directed in the
+bottom-up approach we actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach we actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach we actually need to
+look at the incoming neighbors not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the incoming neighbors not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the incoming neighbors not the
+outgoing neighbors so if the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbors so if the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbors so if the graph
+wasn't already symmetrized and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't already symmetrized and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't already symmetrized and we have
+to generate both incoming neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate both incoming neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate both incoming neighbors and
+outgoing neighbors for each vertex so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbors for each vertex so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbors for each vertex so we
+can do that as a pre-processing step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that as a pre-processing step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that as a pre-processing step
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we actually represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually represent the
+front here so one way to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here so one way to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here so one way to represent the
+frontier is just to use a sparse integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier is just to use a sparse integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier is just to use a sparse integer
+array which is what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which is what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which is what we did before
+another way to do this is to use a dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do this is to use a dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do this is to use a dense
+array so for example here I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so for example here I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so for example here I have an
+array of bytes the array is of size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of bytes the array is of size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of bytes the array is of size n
+where as number vertices and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as number vertices and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as number vertices and then I have
+a 1 in position I if vertex eyes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 in position I if vertex eyes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 in position I if vertex eyes on the
+frontier and 0 otherwise I can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and 0 otherwise I can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier and 0 otherwise I can also use
+a bit vector to further compress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit vector to further compress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit vector to further compress this
+and then use additional bit level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use additional bit level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use additional bit level
+operations to access it so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to access it so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to access it so for the
+top-down approach a sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down approach a sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down approach a sparse
+representation is better because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is better because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is better because the
+top-down approach usually it deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down approach usually it deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down approach usually it deals with
+small frontiers and if we use a sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small frontiers and if we use a sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small frontiers and if we use a sparse
+array we only have to do work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we only have to do work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we only have to do work
+proportional to the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of vertices
+on the frontier and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frontier and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frontier and then in the
+bottom-up approach it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach it turns out the
+dense representation is better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense representation is better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense representation is better because
+we're looking at most of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at most of the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at most of the vertices
+anyways and then we need to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways and then we need to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways and then we need to switch
+between these two methods based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two methods based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two methods based on the
+based on the approach that we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here are some performance numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some performance numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some performance numbers
+comparing the three different modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the three different modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the three different modes of
+traversal so we have bottom-up top-down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal so we have bottom-up top-down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal so we have bottom-up top-down
+and then the direction optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the direction optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the direction optimizing
+approach using a threshold of n over 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach using a threshold of n over 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach using a threshold of n over 20
+first of all we see that the bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we see that the bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we see that the bottom-up
+approach is a small slowest for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is a small slowest for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is a small slowest for both of
+these graphs and this is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs and this is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphs and this is because it's
+doing a lot of wasted work in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of wasted work in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of wasted work in the early
+iterations we also see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations we also see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations we also see that the
+direction optimising approach is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimising approach is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimising approach is always
+faster than both the top-down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than both the top-down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than both the top-down in a
+bottom-up approach this is because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach this is because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-up approach this is because if we
+switch to the bottom-up approach at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the bottom-up approach at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to the bottom-up approach at an
+appropriate time then we can save a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate time then we can save a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate time then we can save a lot
+of edge traversals and for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edge traversals and for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edge traversals and for example you
+can see for the paragraph the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see for the paragraph the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see for the paragraph the direction
+optimizing approach is almost three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing approach is almost three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing approach is almost three
+times faster than the top-down approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the benefits of this approach is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of this approach is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of this approach is highly
+dependent on the input graph so it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the input graph so it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the input graph so it works
+very well for power law power law graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well for power law power law graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well for power law power law graphs
+and random graphs but if you have graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and random graphs but if you have graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and random graphs but if you have graphs
+where the frontier size is always small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the frontier size is always small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the frontier size is always small
+such as a grid graph or a road network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a grid graph or a road network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a grid graph or a road network
+then you would never use the bottom-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would never use the bottom-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would never use the bottom-up
+approach so this wouldn't actually give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this wouldn't actually give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this wouldn't actually give
+you any performance gains any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns out that this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that this direction
+optimizing idea is more general than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing idea is more general than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing idea is more general than
+just breadth-first search so a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breadth-first search so a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breadth-first search so a couple
+years ago I developed this framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I developed this framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I developed this framework
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+my Grove where I generalized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Grove where I generalized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Grove where I generalized the
+direction optimising idea to other graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimising idea to other graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimising idea to other graph
+algorithms such as betweenness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms such as betweenness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms such as betweenness
+centrality connected components sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality connected components sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality connected components sparse
+PageRank shortest paths and so on and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PageRank shortest paths and so on and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PageRank shortest paths and so on and in
+the library work we have an edge map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library work we have an edge map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the library work we have an edge map
+operator that chooses between a sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that chooses between a sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that chooses between a sparse
+implementation and in dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and in dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation and in dense
+implementation based on the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation based on the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation based on the size of the
+frontier so sparse here corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier so sparse here corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier so sparse here corresponds to
+the top-down approach and dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top-down approach and dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top-down approach and dense
+corresponds to the bottom-up approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the bottom-up approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the bottom-up approach
+and it turns out that using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that using this
+direction optimizing idea for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimizing idea for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimizing idea for these
+other applications also gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications also gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications also gives you
+performance gains in practice ok so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance gains in practice ok so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance gains in practice ok so let
+me now talk about another optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now talk about another optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now talk about another optimization
+which is graph compression and the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is graph compression and the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is graph compression and the goal
+here is to reduce the amount of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to reduce the amount of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to reduce the amount of memory
+usage in the graph algorithm so recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage in the graph algorithm so recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage in the graph algorithm so recall
+this was our CSR representation and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was our CSR representation and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was our CSR representation and in
+the edges array we just stored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges array we just stored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges array we just stored the
+values of the target edges in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the target edges in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the target edges in sort
+instead of storing the actual targets we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of storing the actual targets we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of storing the actual targets we
+can actually do better by first sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do better by first sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do better by first sorting
+the edges so that they appear in non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges so that they appear in non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges so that they appear in non
+decreasing order and then just storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing order and then just storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing order and then just storing
+the differences between consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between consecutive
+edges and then for the first edge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and then for the first edge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and then for the first edge for
+any particular vertex will store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular vertex will store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular vertex will store the
+difference between the target and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the target and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the target and the
+source of that edge so for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of that edge so for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of that edge so for example here
+for vertex 0 the first edge is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vertex 0 the first edge is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vertex 0 the first edge is going to
+have a value of 2 because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value of 2 because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value of 2 because we're going to
+take the difference between the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference between the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference between the target
+and the source so 2 minus 0 is 2 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the source so 2 minus 0 is 2 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the source so 2 minus 0 is 2 then
+for the next edge we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next edge we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next edge we're going to take
+the difference between the second edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the second edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the second edge
+and the first edge so that's 7-5 7-5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first edge so that's 7-5 7-5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first edge so that's 7-5 7-5 and
+there similarly we do that for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there similarly we do that for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there similarly we do that for all the
+remaining edges notice that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining edges notice that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining edges notice that there are
+some negative values here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative values here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative values here and this is
+because the target is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the target is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the target is smaller than the
+source so in this example 1 is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so in this example 1 is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so in this example 1 is smaller
+than 2 so if you do 1 minus 2 you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 so if you do 1 minus 2 you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 so if you do 1 minus 2 you get a
+negative negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative negative 1
+and this can only happen for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can only happen for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can only happen for the first
+edge for any particular vertex because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge for any particular vertex because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge for any particular vertex because
+for all of the other edges were encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the other edges were encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the other edges were encoding
+the difference between that edge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between that edge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between that edge in the
+previous edge and we already sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous edge and we already sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous edge and we already sorted
+these edges so that they appear in non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges so that they appear in non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges so that they appear in non
+decreasing order okay so this compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing order okay so this compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing order okay so this compress
+edges re will typically contain smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges re will typically contain smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges re will typically contain smaller
+values than this original edges array so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values than this original edges array so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values than this original edges array so
+now we want to be able to use fewer bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to be able to use fewer bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to be able to use fewer bits
+to represent these values we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent these values we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent these values we don't want
+to use 32 or 64 bits likely like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use 32 or 64 bits likely like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use 32 or 64 bits likely like we did
+before otherwise we wouldn't be saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before otherwise we wouldn't be saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before otherwise we wouldn't be saving
+any space so one way to reduce the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any space so one way to reduce the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any space so one way to reduce the space
+usage is to store these values using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage is to store these values using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage is to store these values using
+what's called a variable length code or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a variable length code or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a variable length code or
+a K bit code and idea is to encode each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K bit code and idea is to encode each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K bit code and idea is to encode each
+value in chunks of K bits where for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in chunks of K bits where for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in chunks of K bits where for each
+chunk we use K minus 1 bits for the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk we use K minus 1 bits for the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk we use K minus 1 bits for the data
+and one bit as the continue bit so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one bit as the continue bit so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one bit as the continue bit so for
+example let's encode the integer 401
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's encode the integer 401
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's encode the integer 401
+using 8-bit or byte codes so first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 8-bit or byte codes so first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 8-bit or byte codes so first we're
+gonna write this value out in binary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write this value out in binary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write this value out in binary and
+then we're gonna take the bottom 7 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna take the bottom 7 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna take the bottom 7 bits
+and we're going to place that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to place that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to place that into the
+data field of the first chunk and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data field of the first chunk and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data field of the first chunk and then
+in the last bit of this Chuck we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last bit of this Chuck we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last bit of this Chuck we're
+gonna check if we still have any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna check if we still have any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna check if we still have any more
+bits that we need to encode and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that we need to encode and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that we need to encode and if we do
+then we're gonna set a 1 in the continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna set a 1 in the continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna set a 1 in the continue
+bit position and then we create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit position and then we create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit position and then we create another
+chunk where we place the next 7 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk where we place the next 7 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk where we place the next 7 bits
+into the data field of that chunk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the data field of that chunk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the data field of that chunk and
+then now we're actually done encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now we're actually done encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now we're actually done encoding
+this integer value so we can place a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integer value so we can place a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integer value so we can place a 0
+in the continue bit so that's how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continue bit so that's how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continue bit so that's how the
+encoding works and decoding is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding works and decoding is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding works and decoding is just
+doing this process backwards so you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this process backwards so you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this process backwards so you read
+chunks until you find a chunk with a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks until you find a chunk with a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks until you find a chunk with a 0
+continue bit and then you shift all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue bit and then you shift all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue bit and then you shift all of
+the data values left accordingly and sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data values left accordingly and sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data values left accordingly and sum
+them together to reconstruct the integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to reconstruct the integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to reconstruct the integer
+value that you encoded one performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you encoded one performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you encoded one performance
+issue that might occur here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that might occur here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that might occur here is that you
+have when you're decoding you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you're decoding you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you're decoding you have to
+check this continue bit for every chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this continue bit for every chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this continue bit for every chunk
+and decide what to do based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide what to do based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide what to do based on that
+continue bit and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue bit and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue bit and this is actually
+unpredictable branch so you can suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable branch so you can suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable branch so you can suffer
+from branch mispredictions from checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from branch mispredictions from checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from branch mispredictions from checking
+this continue bit so one way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continue bit so one way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continue bit so one way you can
+optimize this is to get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this is to get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this is to get rid of these
+continued bids in the idea here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued bids in the idea here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued bids in the idea here is to
+first figure out how many bytes you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first figure out how many bytes you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first figure out how many bytes you need
+to encode each integer in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode each integer in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encode each integer in the sequence
+and then you group together integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you group together integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you group together integers
+that require the same number of bytes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require the same number of bytes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require the same number of bytes to
+encode use a run length encoding idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode use a run length encoding idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode use a run length encoding idea to
+encode all of these integers together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode all of these integers together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode all of these integers together by
+using a header byte where in the header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a header byte where in the header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a header byte where in the header
+byte use a lower 6 6 bits to store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte use a lower 6 6 bits to store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte use a lower 6 6 bits to store the
+size of the group and the high highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the group and the high highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the group and the high highest
+two bits to store the number of bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits to store the number of bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits to store the number of bytes
+each of these integers needs to decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these integers needs to decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these integers needs to decode
+and now all the integers will just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now all the integers will just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now all the integers will just in
+this group will just be stored after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group will just be stored after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group will just be stored after
+this header byte and we know exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this header byte and we know exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this header byte and we know exactly how
+many bytes they need to decode so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bytes they need to decode so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bytes they need to decode so we
+don't need to a story continue bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to a story continue bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to a story continue bit in
+these chunks this does slightly increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chunks this does slightly increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chunks this does slightly increase
+a space usage but it makes decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space usage but it makes decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space usage but it makes decoding
+cheaper because we no longer have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper because we no longer have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper because we no longer have to
+suffer from branch mispredictions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from branch mispredictions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer from branch mispredictions from
+checking this continue bit okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking this continue bit okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking this continue bit okay so now
+we have to decode these edge lists on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decode these edge lists on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decode these edge lists on
+the fly as we're running our algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly as we're running our algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly as we're running our algorithm
+if we decoded everything at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we decoded everything at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we decoded everything at the
+beginning we wouldn't actually be saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we wouldn't actually be saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we wouldn't actually be saving
+any space we need to decode these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any space we need to decode these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any space we need to decode these edges
+as we access them in our algorithm since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we access them in our algorithm since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we access them in our algorithm since
+we encoded all of these edge lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encoded all of these edge lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we encoded all of these edge lists
+separately for each vertex we can decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately for each vertex we can decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately for each vertex we can decode
+all of them in parallel the and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them in parallel the and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them in parallel the and each
+vertex just decodes as edgeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex just decodes as edgeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex just decodes as edgeless
+sequentially but what about high degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially but what about high degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially but what about high degree
+vertices if you have a high degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices if you have a high degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices if you have a high degree
+vertex you swap to decode it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex you swap to decode it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex you swap to decode it's actually
+sequentially and if you're running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially and if you're running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially and if you're running this
+in parallel this could lead to load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel this could lead to load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel this could lead to load
+imbalance so one way to fix this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance so one way to fix this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance so one way to fix this is
+instead of just encoding the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just encoding the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just encoding the whole thing
+sequentially you can chunk it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially you can chunk it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially you can chunk it up into
+chunks of size T and then for each chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of size T and then for each chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of size T and then for each chunk
+you encode it like you did before where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encode it like you did before where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encode it like you did before where
+you store the first route value relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store the first route value relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you store the first route value relative
+to the source vertex and then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the source vertex and then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the source vertex and then all the
+other values relative to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values relative to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other values relative to the previous
+edge and now you can actually decode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and now you can actually decode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and now you can actually decode the
+first value here for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first value here for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first value here for each of these
+chunks all in parallel without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks all in parallel without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks all in parallel without having to
+wait for the previous edge to be decoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the previous edge to be decoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the previous edge to be decoded
+and then this gives us much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this gives us much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this gives us much more
+parallelism because all of these chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism because all of these chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism because all of these chunks
+can be decoded in parallel and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be decoded in parallel and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be decoded in parallel and we found
+that a value of T where T is a chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a value of T where T is a chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a value of T where T is a chunk
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+between a hundred and ten thousand works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a hundred and ten thousand works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a hundred and ten thousand works
+pretty well in practice okay so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in practice okay so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in practice okay so not
+gonna have time to go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have time to go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have time to go over the
+experiments but at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but at a high level
+experiments show that the compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments show that the compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments show that the compression
+schemes do save space and see really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes do save space and see really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes do save space and see really
+it's only slightly slower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only slightly slower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only slightly slower than the
+uncompressed version but surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompressed version but surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncompressed version but surprisingly
+when you run it in parallel it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run it in parallel it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you run it in parallel it actually
+becomes faster than the uncompressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes faster than the uncompressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes faster than the uncompressed
+version and this is because these graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and this is because these graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and this is because these graph
+algorithms are memory bound and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are memory bound and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms are memory bound and if
+you're using less memory you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using less memory you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using less memory you can
+alleviate this memory subsystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleviate this memory subsystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleviate this memory subsystem
+bottleneck and get better scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and get better scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck and get better scalability
+and the decoding part of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the decoding part of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the decoding part of these
+compressed algorithms actually get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed algorithms actually get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed algorithms actually get very
+good parallel speed-up because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good parallel speed-up because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good parallel speed-up because they're
+just doing local operations okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing local operations okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing local operations okay okay so
+let me summarize now so we saw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me summarize now so we saw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me summarize now so we saw some
+properties of real world graphs we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of real world graphs we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of real world graphs we saw
+that they're quite large but they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're quite large but they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're quite large but they can
+still fit on a multi-core server and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fit on a multi-core server and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fit on a multi-core server and
+they're relatively sparse they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relatively sparse they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relatively sparse they also have
+a parallel degree distribution many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel degree distribution many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel degree distribution many
+graph algorithms are irregular in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms are irregular in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms are irregular in that
+they involve many random memory accesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve many random memory accesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve many random memory accesses
+so that becomes the bottleneck of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that becomes the bottleneck of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that becomes the bottleneck of the
+performance of these algorithms and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of these algorithms and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of these algorithms and you
+can improve performance with algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve performance with algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can improve performance with algorithmic
+algorithmic optimizations such as using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic optimizations such as using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic optimizations such as using
+this Direction optimization and also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Direction optimization and also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Direction optimization and also by
+creating an exploiting locality for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an exploiting locality for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an exploiting locality for
+example by using this bit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by using this bit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by using this bit vector
+optimization and finally optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and finally optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and finally optimizations
+for graphs might work well for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graphs might work well for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for graphs might work well for certain
+graphs but they might might not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but they might might not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs but they might might not work
+well for other graphs for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for other graphs for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for other graphs for example the
+direction optimization idea works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimization idea works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction optimization idea works well
+for paralog routes but not for road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for paralog routes but not for road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for paralog routes but not for road
+graphs when you're trying to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs when you're trying to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs when you're trying to optimize
+your graph algorithm we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph algorithm we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph algorithm we should
+definitely test it on different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely test it on different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely test it on different types of
+graphs and see where it works well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and see where it works well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and see where it works well and
+where it doesn't work so that's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it doesn't work so that's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it doesn't work so that's all I
+have if you have any additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have any additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have any additional
+questions please feel free to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions please feel free to ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions please feel free to ask me
+after class and as a reminder we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class and as a reminder we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class and as a reminder we have a
+guest lecture on Thursday by Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture on Thursday by Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest lecture on Thursday by Professor
+Johnson of the MIT math department on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson of the MIT math department on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson of the MIT math department on
+and he'll be talked about high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'll be talked about high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'll be talked about high level
+languages so please be sure to attend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IXddoba3uQ4.txt b/IXddoba3uQ4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7cd31635417588d482f4ced38d4d49429e4f713
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IXddoba3uQ4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning
+um I'm often hungry for an audience so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm often hungry for an audience so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm often hungry for an audience so I
+came here with eight presentations I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here with eight presentations I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came here with eight presentations I've
+condensed it down to three which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed it down to three which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensed it down to three which have
+been merged here and I'll try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been merged here and I'll try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been merged here and I'll try to be
+through my section in 10 minutes U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my section in 10 minutes U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my section in 10 minutes U
+because I have some very other um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have some very other um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have some very other um very
+knowledgeable people to speak after me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable people to speak after me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable people to speak after me I
+was supposed to speak about evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to speak about evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to speak about evolution of
+RFID systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um I was trying to capture the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was trying to capture the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was trying to capture the notion of
+how these systems evolved under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these systems evolved under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these systems evolved under the
+various constraints that have regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constraints that have regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constraints that have regulated
+the evolution and how they might evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution and how they might evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution and how they might evolve
+under future research and there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under future research and there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under future research and there will
+won't be any time to say much about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be any time to say much about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be any time to say much about what
+we're doing at Adelaide the the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing at Adelaide the the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing at Adelaide the the sorts of
+topics that I thought we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that I thought we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that I thought we might
+collectively talk about are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively talk about are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively talk about are here
+something on our FID regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on our FID regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on our FID regulations
+something about antennas uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about antennas uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about antennas uh something
+about propagation and protocols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about propagation and protocols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about propagation and protocols and
+higher functionality tags now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher functionality tags now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher functionality tags now I have
+other speakers that are very good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other speakers that are very good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other speakers that are very good on
+some of those issues so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those issues so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those issues so I'm going to
+talk a little bit about antennas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about antennas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about antennas and
+also propagation studies and I'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also propagation studies and I'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also propagation studies and I'll move
+to that almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immediately so talking about antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so talking about antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so talking about antenna
+issues I'll say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues I'll say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues I'll say a little bit about
+electromagnetic Theory and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic Theory and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic Theory and maybe
+something about how antennas work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how antennas work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how antennas work
+largely through diagrams talk about near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely through diagrams talk about near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely through diagrams talk about near
+and far fields and talk about what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and far fields and talk about what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and far fields and talk about what I
+think are important conclusions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are important conclusions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are important conclusions that you
+might draw about what you can do with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might draw about what you can do with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might draw about what you can do with an
+antenna in the near field and the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna in the near field and the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna in the near field and the far
+field I think they'll be time for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I think they'll be time for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I think they'll be time for me to
+talk a little bit about the Bodo limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the Bodo limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the Bodo limit
+on efficiency and uh maybe show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on efficiency and uh maybe show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on efficiency and uh maybe show you a
+couple of simple tag designs I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of simple tag designs I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of simple tag designs I never
+give a presentation without showing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation without showing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a presentation without showing this
+slide which shows a an encapsulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide which shows a an encapsulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide which shows a an encapsulation of
+Maxwell's equations in the source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations in the source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations in the source and
+Vortex interpretation of Helm HS uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vortex interpretation of Helm HS uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vortex interpretation of Helm HS uh
+which I think the more you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think the more you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think the more you look at it
+the more you realize that it contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you realize that it contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you realize that it contains
+the secret of life um but it boils down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret of life um but it boils down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret of life um but it boils down
+to these pictures which show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these pictures which show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these pictures which show you the
+source nature of an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source nature of an electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source nature of an electric field
+coming from a charge distribution also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a charge distribution also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a charge distribution also
+shows you the boundary conditions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the boundary conditions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the boundary conditions you
+have to contend with when it gets near a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to contend with when it gets near a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to contend with when it gets near a
+conducting surface this shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting surface this shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting surface this shows you the
+vortex nature of a magnetic field caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortex nature of a magnetic field caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortex nature of a magnetic field caused
+by a current or displacement current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a current or displacement current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a current or displacement current and
+again the boundary conditions you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the boundary conditions you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the boundary conditions you have
+to contend with when that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contend with when that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contend with when that becomes
+neuromagnetic surface I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromagnetic surface I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuromagnetic surface I think this is a
+picture which will show you how an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which will show you how an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which will show you how an
+electric field might excite an antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field might excite an antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field might excite an antenna
+and how a magnetic field might excite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a magnetic field might excite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a magnetic field might excite an
+antenna unfortunately these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna unfortunately these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna unfortunately these are really
+useful for small antennas when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for small antennas when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for small antennas when the
+antennas get a bit big it gets to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas get a bit big it gets to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas get a bit big it gets to be a
+bit more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated than
+that um well these are the fields of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um well these are the fields of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um well these are the fields of a
+small magnetic dipole you should only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small magnetic dipole you should only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small magnetic dipole you should only
+look at the red and the blue Parts which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the red and the blue Parts which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the red and the blue Parts which
+show you that there's one field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that there's one field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that there's one field that
+diminishes rather slowly only is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishes rather slowly only is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishes rather slowly only is the
+first Power of distance and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Power of distance and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Power of distance and another
+field field that diminishes rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field field that diminishes rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field field that diminishes rather
+quickly uh that's the third pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh that's the third pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh that's the third pair of
+distance that shows you that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that shows you that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that shows you that there are
+near fields which is the blue part or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near fields which is the blue part or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near fields which is the blue part or
+the far field which is the red part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far field which is the red part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the far field which is the red part that
+uh we should think about when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we should think about when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we should think about when we're
+trying to Design Systems to couple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Design Systems to couple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to Design Systems to couple to
+them uh we're not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh we're not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh we're not going to talk about
+that slide this is a glimpse of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide this is a glimpse of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide this is a glimpse of how
+radar Engineers work out power transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar Engineers work out power transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar Engineers work out power transfer
+between the antennas and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the antennas and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the antennas and you can see
+towards the bottom there's a dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom there's a dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom there's a dependence
+upon wavelength and a dependence upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon wavelength and a dependence upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon wavelength and a dependence upon
+inverse Square power of distance and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Square power of distance and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Square power of distance and if
+you look about that and you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look about that and you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look about that and you think about
+it you say well I'm going to do best if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you say well I'm going to do best if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you say well I'm going to do best if
+I have a very long wavelength and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very long wavelength and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a very long wavelength and that
+means I should be at a low frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I should be at a low frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I should be at a low frequency so
+the question we should ask is why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we should ask is why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we should ask is why is
+that not true and I think you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not true and I think you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not true and I think you can come
+to an answer on that question by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an answer on that question by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an answer on that question by
+focusing attention on what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing attention on what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing attention on what happens when
+you're close to an antenna you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're close to an antenna you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're close to an antenna you've got
+stored energy so I have what I call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy so I have what I call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy so I have what I call a
+nearfield cover Theory with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearfield cover Theory with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearfield cover Theory with some of
+those Concepts within it but uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Concepts within it but uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Concepts within it but uh I think
+these are the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the significant
+conclusions uh an antenna can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions uh an antenna can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions uh an antenna can be
+characterized uh by a coupling volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized uh by a coupling volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized uh by a coupling volume
+not really an effective area and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really an effective area and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really an effective area and it's
+proportional to the third power of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the third power of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the third power of its
+largest physical Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest physical Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest physical Dimension
+and you can also characterize it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also characterize it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also characterize it by a
+quality factor which tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factor which tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factor which tells you how
+narrow band the antenna is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow band the antenna is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow band the antenna is and that
+unfortunately the quality factors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the quality factors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the quality factors are
+inversely proportional to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely proportional to the third
+power of the distance so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the distance so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the distance so I think that
+this gives us a clue as to why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us a clue as to why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us a clue as to why we
+shouldn't always go to low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't always go to low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't always go to low frequencies
+when we're designing antennas because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're designing antennas because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're designing antennas because
+the low frequencies have um very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low frequencies have um very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low frequencies have um very large
+beers and the and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beers and the and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beers and the and the the
+U very small beers actually so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U very small beers actually so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U very small beers actually so the
+quality factors go up and the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factors go up and the bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality factors go up and the bandwidth
+over which your antenna will work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which your antenna will work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which your antenna will work is
+impossibly small this leads you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly small this leads you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly small this leads you to
+conclude iions you can draw about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude iions you can draw about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude iions you can draw about
+Optimum operating frequencies and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum operating frequencies and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum operating frequencies and it's
+really the lowest frequency at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the lowest frequency at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the lowest frequency at which
+your antenna will still be efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your antenna will still be efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your antenna will still be efficient and
+that often happens to be about the UHF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often happens to be about the UHF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often happens to be about the UHF
+region so that's no surprise of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so that's no surprise of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so that's no surprise of course
+why there's a lot of uh tags working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's a lot of uh tags working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's a lot of uh tags working at
+the UHF region where range is required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UHF region where range is required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UHF region where range is required
+we're also recently interested in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also recently interested in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also recently interested in uh
+what the bod F theorem tells us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bod F theorem tells us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bod F theorem tells us about
+how over what sort of bandwidth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how over what sort of bandwidth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how over what sort of bandwidth you
+ought to be able to make a UHF tag work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to make a UHF tag work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be able to make a UHF tag work
+and uh there's the theorem there and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's the theorem there and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's the theorem there and a
+few slides here about what it means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides here about what it means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides here about what it means in
+terms of making yourself a bad match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of making yourself a bad match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of making yourself a bad match
+over frequencies you're not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over frequencies you're not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over frequencies you're not interested
+in and a very good match over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and a very good match over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and a very good match over
+frequencies you well as good a match as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you well as good a match as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you well as good a match as
+you can manage over frequencies you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can manage over frequencies you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can manage over frequencies you're
+interested in and I think you conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and I think you conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and I think you conclude
+that if you look at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the different
+problems we face like um the USA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we face like um the USA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we face like um the USA which
+has got one bandwidth the Japanese which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got one bandwidth the Japanese which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got one bandwidth the Japanese which
+has a smaller bandwidth but a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a smaller bandwidth but a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a smaller bandwidth but a different
+part of the spect spectum or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the spect spectum or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the spect spectum or the
+European countries um we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European countries um we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European countries um we can ask
+ourselves can we go do a good match over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves can we go do a good match over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves can we go do a good match over
+those frequency ranges and um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those frequency ranges and um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those frequency ranges and um I think
+the conclusions are does depend a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusions are does depend a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusions are does depend a bit
+upon the characteristics of your circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the characteristics of your circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the characteristics of your circuit
+and um you're not troubled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you're not troubled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you're not troubled by the
+theorem I think if your microcircuit has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I think if your microcircuit has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I think if your microcircuit has
+a relatively low impedance of 1,000 ohm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively low impedance of 1,000 ohm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively low impedance of 1,000 ohm
+in parallel with the peak of faret but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with the peak of faret but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel with the peak of faret but
+once it starts to become a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it starts to become a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it starts to become a very low
+power circuit still about Peak a farad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power circuit still about Peak a farad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power circuit still about Peak a farad
+of input capacitance but lesser power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input capacitance but lesser power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input capacitance but lesser power
+consumption it isn't practical to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption it isn't practical to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption it isn't practical to make
+the antenna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antenna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antenna work
+optimally without some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally without some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally without some
+inefficiency so but based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency so but based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency so but based on those
+principles we have designed some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles we have designed some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles we have designed some small
+antennas with simple matching circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas with simple matching circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas with simple matching circuits
+um down the bottom here you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um down the bottom here you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um down the bottom here you can see a
+tag chip and behind it there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag chip and behind it there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag chip and behind it there's a
+capacitance in parallel with it up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance in parallel with it up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance in parallel with it up here
+there's another capacitance um also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another capacitance um also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another capacitance um also in
+parallel with that g and that provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with that g and that provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with that g and that provides a
+reasonable match between the circuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable match between the circuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable match between the circuit and
+the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation
+impedance so that's uh I think all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance so that's uh I think all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance so that's uh I think all I
+want to say about tags and I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about tags and I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about tags and I think uh
+about antennas and I think Rich fleeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about antennas and I think Rich fleeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about antennas and I think Rich fleeter
+will give you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you something
+substantially um more widespread in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially um more widespread in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially um more widespread in that
+but I think I've got time to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I've got time to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I've got time to talk a
+little bit about higher functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about higher functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about higher functionality
+tags and um I think the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags and um I think the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags and um I think the interesting
+questions to me seem can you merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to me seem can you merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to me seem can you merge
+electronic article surveillance and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic article surveillance and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic article surveillance and data
+tags and I think I'm pretty convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags and I think I'm pretty convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags and I think I'm pretty convinced
+the answer is not easily for the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is not easily for the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is not easily for the reasons
+that uh to turn them off you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh to turn them off you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh to turn them off you're going to
+lower the queue inevitably and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the queue inevitably and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the queue inevitably and you can't
+get the high quality factors that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the high quality factors that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the high quality factors that you
+need in E tags if you're turning on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in E tags if you're turning on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in E tags if you're turning on and
+off the resonance but I think we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the resonance but I think we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the resonance but I think we've also
+become interested in that second topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become interested in that second topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become interested in that second topic
+turning on battery operat tags and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on battery operat tags and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning on battery operat tags and I
+just want to show you some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you some simple
+results for both low power consumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for both low power consumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for both low power consumptions
+circuits and what I call zero power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and what I call zero power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and what I call zero power
+consumption circuits for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption circuits for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption circuits for those
+operations this is what you might do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations this is what you might do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations this is what you might do if
+you have a turn on circuit down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a turn on circuit down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a turn on circuit down the
+bottom right and you have a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right and you have a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right and you have a label
+antenna which you want to both resonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna which you want to both resonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna which you want to both resonate
+because resonance has the desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because resonance has the desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because resonance has the desirable
+property of magnifying voltages and U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of magnifying voltages and U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of magnifying voltages and U so
+you might want to resonate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to resonate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to resonate your
+available induced voltage to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available induced voltage to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available induced voltage to produce the
+maximum voltage across the depletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum voltage across the depletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum voltage across the depletion
+layer capacitance of a rectifying diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer capacitance of a rectifying diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer capacitance of a rectifying diode
+and um then use the DC voltage to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um then use the DC voltage to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um then use the DC voltage to apply
+a turn on circuit uh there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turn on circuit uh there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turn on circuit uh there's a couple of
+um contexts here you might want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um contexts here you might want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um contexts here you might want to apply
+get about a volt out of the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about a volt out of the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about a volt out of the system so
+you can turn a a transistor from Deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn a a transistor from Deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn a a transistor from Deep
+saturation to conduction or you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation to conduction or you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation to conduction or you might
+want to just get about 10 molts so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just get about 10 molts so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just get about 10 molts so you
+can operate the input of a very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate the input of a very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate the input of a very very low
+power consumption amplifier this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption amplifier this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption amplifier this shows
+some experimental work uh that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experimental work uh that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experimental work uh that we were
+doing to reveal the fact that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to reveal the fact that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to reveal the fact that if you're
+working at relatively low Powers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at relatively low Powers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at relatively low Powers you can
+get a nice resonance curve as you see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nice resonance curve as you see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a nice resonance curve as you see on
+the left but as soon as you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left but as soon as you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left but as soon as you start to
+increase the power levels the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the power levels the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the power levels the nonlinear
+capacitance variation with developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance variation with developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance variation with developed
+voltage of the diode becomes into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of the diode becomes into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage of the diode becomes into play
+and you end up with that kind of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with that kind of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with that kind of uh um
+resonance curve with when the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance curve with when the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance curve with when the right hand
+side is quite vertical as it goes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is quite vertical as it goes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is quite vertical as it goes off
+resonance it suddenly drives itself away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance it suddenly drives itself away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance it suddenly drives itself away
+in operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in operating
+frequency that's the idea of a low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's the idea of a low power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's the idea of a low power
+con consumption circuit which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con consumption circuit which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con consumption circuit which will
+consume about 10 nanoamps and turn on at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume about 10 nanoamps and turn on at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume about 10 nanoamps and turn on at
+about a few molts and this is a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few molts and this is a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a few molts and this is a totally
+different Concept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Concept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Concept in
+which a vibrating magnetic field might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a vibrating magnetic field might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which a vibrating magnetic field might
+shake a magnet which will distort a piz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake a magnet which will distort a piz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake a magnet which will distort a piz
+electric material which will generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric material which will generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric material which will generate
+about a volt uh the analysis of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a volt uh the analysis of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a volt uh the analysis of that uh
+involves things like looking at charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves things like looking at charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves things like looking at charge
+and and and displacement and voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and displacement and voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and displacement and voltage and
+torque on the device you can relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque on the device you can relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque on the device you can relate
+material properties to structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties to structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties to structural
+properties if you know the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if you know the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if you know the dimensions of
+the structure and I think eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and I think eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and I think eventually
+produce this expression for the turnon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce this expression for the turnon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce this expression for the turnon
+voltage which will um allow you to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage which will um allow you to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage which will um allow you to work
+out uh that the concept is feasible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh that the concept is feasible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh that the concept is feasible at
+frequencies of about 100 KZ and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of about 100 KZ and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of about 100 KZ and magnetic
+fields of the kind that you can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of the kind that you can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of the kind that you can use to
+create uh stored energy in the fo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh stored energy in the fo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh stored energy in the fo and
+the obvious application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious application is
+theft detection so if I were to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft detection so if I were to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft detection so if I were to try and
+walk away with this PC and it had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away with this PC and it had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away with this PC and it had uh
+such a theft detection tag based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a theft detection tag based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a theft detection tag based on
+these principles in it it would raise an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles in it it would raise an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles in it it would raise an
+alarm so thank you very much I now give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm so thank you very much I now give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm so thank you very much I now give
+have pleasure in introducing my other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colleagues yep yep so our our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues yep yep so our our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues yep yep so our our next
+speaker is Dr Rich Fletcher who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker is Dr Rich Fletcher who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker is Dr Rich Fletcher who's a
+visiting scientist here with the Auto ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting scientist here with the Auto ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting scientist here with the Auto ID
+labs and was involved back at the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs and was involved back at the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs and was involved back at the media
+Labs at MIT when uh Sanjay and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs at MIT when uh Sanjay and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs at MIT when uh Sanjay and uh and
+Dave Brock and so on were in the basan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave Brock and so on were in the basan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave Brock and so on were in the basan
+over here uh uh Rich was working in RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh uh Rich was working in RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh uh Rich was working in RFID
+in the media Labs which was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the media Labs which was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the media Labs which was a little bit
+more glitzy at the time I believe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more glitzy at the time I believe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more glitzy at the time I believe but
+yeah we we had more money back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we we had more money back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we we had more money back then
+that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure all right oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+um I'm happy to be here today and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm happy to be here today and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm happy to be here today and give
+you have a chance to tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a chance to tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a chance to tell you a little
+bit about uh some part of some aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about uh some part of some aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about uh some part of some aspects
+of RFID and some of my work um I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RFID and some of my work um I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RFID and some of my work um I am a
+visiting scientist at MIT but I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting scientist at MIT but I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting scientist at MIT but I work
+also with MIT media lab so some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with MIT media lab so some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with MIT media lab so some of the
+slides that I'm going to show you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that I'm going to show you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides that I'm going to show you and
+some of the pictures are are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pictures are are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the pictures are are from
+different projects at MIT as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects at MIT as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projects at MIT as well as
+some of my uh company projects as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my uh company projects as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my uh company projects as
+well um the the basic uh uh uh topic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the the basic uh uh uh topic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um the the basic uh uh uh topic or
+theme of my talk is looking at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of my talk is looking at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of my talk is looking at different
+electromagnetic issues and how they vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic issues and how they vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic issues and how they vary
+depending on different frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on different frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on different frequencies and
+uh there's there's a lot of slides I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's there's a lot of slides I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's there's a lot of slides I'm
+just going to go through it very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go through it very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go through it very quickly
+but just to give you some sort of Flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to give you some sort of Flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just to give you some sort of Flavor
+of the different RFID frequencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different RFID frequencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different RFID frequencies that
+are out there and some of the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and some of the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and some of the issues
+involved so as we all know you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so as we all know you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so as we all know you know our
+RFID the main goal is to send out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID the main goal is to send out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID the main goal is to send out some
+sort of signal from the reader to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of signal from the reader to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of signal from the reader to the
+tag and to get some sort of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and to get some sort of response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and to get some sort of response
+either reflected power or some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reflected power or some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reflected power or some uh
+modulation from the tag to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation from the tag to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation from the tag to get
+information or to use a tag as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or to use a tag as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or to use a tag as a
+sensor um and obviously if if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor um and obviously if if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor um and obviously if if there's no
+power if there's problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if there's problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if there's problems with
+electromagnetics uh it affects either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics uh it affects either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics uh it affects either
+the turnon of the tag or the signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turnon of the tag or the signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turnon of the tag or the signaling
+is corrupted or you have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupted or you have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupted or you have some other
+types of Errors um I'm going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of Errors um I'm going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of Errors um I'm going to start by
+just giving you very just brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving you very just brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving you very just brief
+fundamental introduction to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental introduction to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental introduction to some of the
+um electromagnetic effects that we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um electromagnetic effects that we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um electromagnetic effects that we look
+at um obviously we have different sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um obviously we have different sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um obviously we have different sort
+of Reflections depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Reflections depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Reflections depending on what
+frequency you're looking at the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you're looking at the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you're looking at the signal
+also spreads in space it's not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also spreads in space it's not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also spreads in space it's not like a
+laser that goes in a straight line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser that goes in a straight line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser that goes in a straight line so
+you have a spreading loss and every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a spreading loss and every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a spreading loss and every time
+you go through an interface face uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through an interface face uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through an interface face uh you
+get different types of uh loss just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different types of uh loss just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different types of uh loss just
+through the impedance mismatch there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the impedance mismatch there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the impedance mismatch there's
+shielding and the tuning of the antennas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and the tuning of the antennas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding and the tuning of the antennas
+um at the higher frequency uh RFID you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the higher frequency uh RFID you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the higher frequency uh RFID you
+have multipath Reflections from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multipath Reflections from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multipath Reflections from other
+things in the room including the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the room including the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the room including the floor
+um when you go through different slits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you go through different slits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you go through different slits
+like layers of a pallet you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like layers of a pallet you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like layers of a pallet you also have
+other types of interference the the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of interference the the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of interference the the wave
+interferes with itself um You probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with itself um You probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with itself um You probably
+experienced some of that with your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced some of that with your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced some of that with your cell
+phone um I'm now going to tell tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone um I'm now going to tell tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone um I'm now going to tell tell you
+a little bit about the different RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about the different RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about the different RFID
+frequencies that exist um some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that exist um some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that exist um some of these
+are only used today for EAS or anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only used today for EAS or anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only used today for EAS or anti-
+theft applications so um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft applications so um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft applications so um I don't know
+how familiar you are with those but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how familiar you are with those but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how familiar you are with those but I
+thought it would be interesting just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be interesting just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it would be interesting just to
+to give you a flavor of that um as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a flavor of that um as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a flavor of that um as we
+all know the RFID tags come in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know the RFID tags come in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know the RFID tags come in many
+shapes and sizes and it's they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and sizes and it's they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes and sizes and it's they've been
+around since the 70s um at the very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around since the 70s um at the very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around since the 70s um at the very low
+end we have um at 77 Hertz which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we have um at 77 Hertz which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we have um at 77 Hertz which is
+extremely low frequency um that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low frequency um that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low frequency um that's used
+for library books or certain CDs anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for library books or certain CDs anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for library books or certain CDs anti-
+theft tags little strips that are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft tags little strips that are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft tags little strips that are made
+by 3M uh the advantages of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3M uh the advantages of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3M uh the advantages of this is that
+it's a magnetic material is very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a magnetic material is very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a magnetic material is very thin
+film very low cost it's good for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film very low cost it's good for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film very low cost it's good for making
+uh different types of sensors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different types of sensors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different types of sensors the
+disadvantage is that it's shorter range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is that it's shorter range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage is that it's shorter range
+and to generate those magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to generate those magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to generate those magnetic fields
+you generally need a larger antenna and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally need a larger antenna and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally need a larger antenna and
+sometimes higher power that's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes higher power that's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes higher power that's a picture
+of what some of those tags look like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some of those tags look like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some of those tags look like um
+I've worked in some of this uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've worked in some of this uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've worked in some of this uh some of
+these areas to make sensor tags we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas to make sensor tags we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these areas to make sensor tags we've
+made item level temperature sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made item level temperature sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made item level temperature sensors
+using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these
+materials um moving up to slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um moving up to slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um moving up to slightly
+higher frequency this is your common uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency this is your common uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency this is your common uh
+125 khz sort of tag um it's it's uh uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 khz sort of tag um it's it's uh uh s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 khz sort of tag um it's it's uh uh s
+sort of the classic RFID tag what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the classic RFID tag what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the classic RFID tag what's
+great about it is that it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about it is that it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about it is that it uh it
+penetrates liquids and other materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrates liquids and other materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrates liquids and other materials
+very well so it's used a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so it's used a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so it's used a lot in
+industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial
+applications um and has a a worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications um and has a a worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications um and has a a worldwide
+frequency it's pretty easy to to to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's pretty easy to to to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it's pretty easy to to to find
+uh uh to to be able to use it anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to to be able to use it anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh to to be able to use it anywhere
+in the world the disadvantage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world the disadvantage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world the disadvantage is that
+it's also somewhat short range and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also somewhat short range and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also somewhat short range and you
+need uh uh larger coils and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh uh larger coils and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh uh larger coils and
+antennas um some there are magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas um some there are magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas um some there are magnetic
+versions that work in this frequency as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions that work in this frequency as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions that work in this frequency as
+well um and uh let's see I'll just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and uh let's see I'll just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and uh let's see I'll just give
+you a I'll play this this is uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a I'll play this this is uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a I'll play this this is uh one of
+the very early demos that uh I I did at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very early demos that uh I I did at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very early demos that uh I I did at
+MIT this was in um at the media lab in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT this was in um at the media lab in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT this was in um at the media lab in
+1995 we were looking at using some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 we were looking at using some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1995 we were looking at using some of
+the some of these magnetic materials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of these magnetic materials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of these magnetic materials as
+uh exploring how they could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exploring how they could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exploring how they could be used for
+RFID sensors and there's uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID sensors and there's uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID sensors and there's uh we were
+looking at using it at to to uh measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at using it at to to uh measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at using it at to to uh measure
+the displacement of a piston and also me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of a piston and also me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of a piston and also me
+uh detect other objects and also in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh detect other objects and also in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh detect other objects and also in this
+case detect the squeezing of a toy so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case detect the squeezing of a toy so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case detect the squeezing of a toy so as
+you squeeze it you can see the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squeeze it you can see the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squeeze it you can see the little
+figure animates over there um so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure animates over there um so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure animates over there um so there's
+a lot a lot you can do with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot you can do with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot you can do with just
+different types of magnetic materials uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of magnetic materials uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of magnetic materials uh
+this is the more common form of uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the more common form of uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the more common form of uh these
+sort of tags uh and uh these are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tags uh and uh these are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tags uh and uh these are still
+by far the largest RFID Market even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far the largest RFID Market even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far the largest RFID Market even
+today used for mostly access control car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today used for mostly access control car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today used for mostly access control car
+immobilizers cattle tagging and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilizers cattle tagging and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilizers cattle tagging and the
+cattle tagging actually started uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle tagging actually started uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle tagging actually started uh was
+invented by an MIT grad here Mike beagle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by an MIT grad here Mike beagle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by an MIT grad here Mike beagle
+uh in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the late
+70s um because this works pretty well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um because this works pretty well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s um because this works pretty well in
+proximity to to metal and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity to to metal and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity to to metal and it's pretty
+robust uh we also used it to do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust uh we also used it to do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust uh we also used it to do some of
+the early smart shelf work back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early smart shelf work back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early smart shelf work back at the
+at the media lab this was in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the media lab this was in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the media lab this was in the late
+90s um where we had to rags either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s um where we had to rags either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s um where we had to rags either
+through an LCD display or or through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an LCD display or or through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an LCD display or or through
+other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of
+materials um something else which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um something else which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um something else which which
+I'll just mention briefly uh for a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention briefly uh for a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention briefly uh for a brief
+time while I was at Motorola and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time while I was at Motorola and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time while I was at Motorola and also in
+collaboration with the media lab we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with the media lab we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with the media lab we we
+developed um capacitively coupled tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed um capacitively coupled tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed um capacitively coupled tags
+so most tags work with magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most tags work with magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most tags work with magnetic fields
+and inductive coupling with coils um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inductive coupling with coils um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inductive coupling with coils um for
+a brief time we did develop um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief time we did develop um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief time we did develop um
+capacitively coupled tags and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitively coupled tags and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitively coupled tags and what's
+nice about this is that it's it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this is that it's it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice about this is that it's it uses
+electric Fields instead of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Fields instead of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Fields instead of magnetic
+fields but what's nice about is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields but what's nice about is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields but what's nice about is that you
+can make a printed antenna and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a printed antenna and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a printed antenna and it's it's
+very flexible and robust it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flexible and robust it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very flexible and robust it doesn't
+require soldering you could rip up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require soldering you could rip up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require soldering you could rip up the
+antenna and it still works uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and it still works uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and it still works uh but
+unfortunately Motorola uh they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately Motorola uh they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately Motorola uh they were
+losing a lot of money in the late 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a lot of money in the late 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a lot of money in the late 90s
+due to iridium and other projects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to iridium and other projects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to iridium and other projects so
+they sold their RFID division uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sold their RFID division uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sold their RFID division uh but
+this technology is still out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology is still out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology is still out there and
+it's uh it's it's a pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's it's a pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's it's a pretty interesting
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+um moving up to slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moving up to slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um moving up to slightly higher
+frequencies HF uh for example 1356
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies HF uh for example 1356
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies HF uh for example 1356
+megahertz um this enable this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz um this enable this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz um this enable this frequency
+uh you need fewer antennas on your coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need fewer antennas on your coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need fewer antennas on your coil
+so you can make a lower cost tag you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make a lower cost tag you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make a lower cost tag you can
+make it out of foil however uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it out of foil however uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it out of foil however uh because
+the penetration depth is still rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penetration depth is still rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penetration depth is still rather
+thick you need a thick uh a thick metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick you need a thick uh a thick metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick you need a thick uh a thick metal
+layer and also it requires a crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and also it requires a crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and also it requires a crossover
+to do a coil so it's not as low cost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a coil so it's not as low cost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a coil so it's not as low cost as
+say a UHF tag um but it but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a UHF tag um but it but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a UHF tag um but it but it does
+enable a very lowcost reader you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable a very lowcost reader you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable a very lowcost reader you can
+make extremely lowc cost readers at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make extremely lowc cost readers at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make extremely lowc cost readers at this
+frequency and this is this is used a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this is this is used a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this is this is used a lot
+in toy applications you you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in toy applications you you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in toy applications you you can you can
+buy a reader for a couple dollars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a reader for a couple dollars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a reader for a couple dollars in
+Hong Kong that's used in the Toy Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong that's used in the Toy Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong that's used in the Toy Market
+um and it's Al very nice for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's Al very nice for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's Al very nice for making
+different types of sensors because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of sensors because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of sensors because the
+value of inductances and capacitances at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of inductances and capacitances at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of inductances and capacitances at
+these frequency range um is is is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequency range um is is is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these frequency range um is is is just
+right for for uh for different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for for uh for different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for for uh for different types of
+for integrating it into a tag and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integrating it into a tag and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integrating it into a tag and for
+different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of
+sensors um this is some of the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors um this is some of the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors um this is some of the um uh
+another type of reader that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of reader that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of reader that that was
+developed uh in my lab and um for look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh in my lab and um for look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh in my lab and um for look
+exploring how cell phones can be used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring how cell phones can be used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring how cell phones can be used as
+a reader and also as a tag so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reader and also as a tag so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reader and also as a tag so you can
+transfer data from one cell phone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer data from one cell phone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer data from one cell phone to
+another you can also load up a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you can also load up a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you can also load up a variety
+of IDs onto your phone and and and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IDs onto your phone and and and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IDs onto your phone and and and read
+so so this sort of um nearfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this sort of um nearfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this sort of um nearfield
+applications is is what's possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications is is what's possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications is is what's possible and
+convenient to do at low frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to do at low frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to do at low frequencies and
+obviously another Market that's growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously another Market that's growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously another Market that's growing
+very fast is payment uh it's growing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast is payment uh it's growing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast is payment uh it's growing all
+over the world um I don't I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world um I don't I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world um I don't I don't need
+to really talk about that um moving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really talk about that um moving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really talk about that um moving up
+to higher frequencies um so UHF tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher frequencies um so UHF tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher frequencies um so UHF tags
+which is obviously uh what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously uh what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously uh what's been
+getting the most attention for supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the most attention for supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the most attention for supply
+chain and this is what's being being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and this is what's being being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and this is what's being being
+used uh you know in EPC uh in the EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh you know in EPC uh in the EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used uh you know in EPC uh in the EPC
+world mostly um it has uh the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world mostly um it has uh the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world mostly um it has uh the its
+advantages are a very lowcost tag you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages are a very lowcost tag you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages are a very lowcost tag you
+can now uh use very thin metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now uh use very thin metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now uh use very thin metal
+conductors you can make a single layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors you can make a single layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors you can make a single layer
+antenna so it it makes uh the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna so it it makes uh the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna so it it makes uh the cost
+brings the cost of tag way down it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings the cost of tag way down it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings the cost of tag way down it also
+has an increased read range um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an increased read range um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an increased read range um the
+antennas have a at this frequency have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas have a at this frequency have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas have a at this frequency have a
+larger uh capture larger cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger uh capture larger cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger uh capture larger cross-section
+which allows you to get a longer range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to get a longer range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to get a longer range
+for um a longer range for your reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um a longer range for your reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um a longer range for your reader
+um but the disadvantages are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the disadvantages are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the disadvantages are that
+there's null spots and because the frequ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's null spots and because the frequ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's null spots and because the frequ
+the the wavelengths are on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wavelengths are on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wavelengths are on the order of
+of a meter you you get null spots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a meter you you get null spots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a meter you you get null spots on
+sort of uh that sort of scale um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh that sort of scale um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh that sort of scale um and
+there are also chip list versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also chip list versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also chip list versions of
+this that work for EAS and um I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that work for EAS and um I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that work for EAS and um I believe
+uh Professor Cole was involved in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Professor Cole was involved in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Professor Cole was involved in some
+of an early version of this um here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an early version of this um here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an early version of this um here's a
+the the costs of UHF technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the costs of UHF technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the costs of UHF technology in
+general has been plummeting which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general has been plummeting which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general has been plummeting which is uh
+uh uh pretty amazing the the tags you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh pretty amazing the the tags you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh pretty amazing the the tags you
+can now buy tags for less than uh 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now buy tags for less than uh 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now buy tags for less than uh 20
+cents in in even slow low quality low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents in in even slow low quality low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents in in even slow low quality low
+quantities such as uh you know um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities such as uh you know um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities such as uh you know um a
+thousand tags uh the cost of readers due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand tags uh the cost of readers due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand tags uh the cost of readers due
+to um the Advent of Wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um the Advent of Wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um the Advent of Wireless
+Technologies in in uh commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in in uh commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies in in uh commercial
+products and consumer electronics uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and consumer electronics uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and consumer electronics uh the
+cost of camos radio ic's has been coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of camos radio ic's has been coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of camos radio ic's has been coming
+down uh dramatically and you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh dramatically and you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh dramatically and you can now
+build a reader um there's a reader I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a reader um there's a reader I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a reader um there's a reader I
+designed last summer just a parts cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed last summer just a parts cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed last summer just a parts cost
+of $30 and it could read um EPC Gen 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $30 and it could read um EPC Gen 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of $30 and it could read um EPC Gen 2
+and gen one and with a a read range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gen one and with a a read range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gen one and with a a read range of
+of a couple meters so um moving moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple meters so um moving moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple meters so um moving moving
+up to uh microwave so uh microwave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to uh microwave so uh microwave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to uh microwave so uh microwave in
+particular 2.4 gigahertz sort of the ism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular 2.4 gigahertz sort of the ism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular 2.4 gigahertz sort of the ism
+band um this is very attractive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band um this is very attractive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band um this is very attractive because
+it has a it's a smaller smaller antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a it's a smaller smaller antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a it's a smaller smaller antenna
+it's a worldwide frequency um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a worldwide frequency um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a worldwide frequency um there's
+many other standards and wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other standards and wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other standards and wireless
+technologies that work there so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that work there so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that work there so you have
+the economy of scale so the parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy of scale so the parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy of scale so the parts and
+the antennas are available and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antennas are available and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antennas are available and you can
+you can uh make RFID systems in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh make RFID systems in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh make RFID systems in this
+frequency very cheaply as well um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency very cheaply as well um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency very cheaply as well um but
+the disadvantages as with UHF is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disadvantages as with UHF is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disadvantages as with UHF is that
+it's easily shielded here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easily shielded here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easily shielded here's an example
+of a zigby tag that that I designed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a zigby tag that that I designed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a zigby tag that that I designed and
+um you you one big Advantage here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you one big Advantage here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you one big Advantage here is
+just that obviously this is battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that obviously this is battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that obviously this is battery
+powered however um you have you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered however um you have you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered however um you have you can make
+a very tiny reader that's very low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very tiny reader that's very low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very tiny reader that's very low cost
+and the advantage for example for a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage for example for a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage for example for a p
+tracking application is rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking application is rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking application is rather than
+having um you know a $1,000 reader at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um you know a $1,000 reader at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um you know a $1,000 reader at
+each portal you can now have a reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each portal you can now have a reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each portal you can now have a reader
+one reader covering 10 dock doors um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reader covering 10 dock doors um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reader covering 10 dock doors um for
+the same at at a fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at at a fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at at a fraction of the
+cost um then moving up finally to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um then moving up finally to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost um then moving up finally to the
+next um to the next frequency range you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um to the next frequency range you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um to the next frequency range you
+have a a millimeter wave or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a millimeter wave or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a millimeter wave or you know
+higher higher microwaves and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher microwaves and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher microwaves and these are
+very tiny uh dipoles very tiny antennas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny uh dipoles very tiny antennas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny uh dipoles very tiny antennas
+and um this is mostly used today for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is mostly used today for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this is mostly used today for
+anti- counter fitting because they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- counter fitting because they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- counter fitting because they can
+embed the materials into things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed the materials into things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed the materials into things like
+passports or Fabrics or other printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passports or Fabrics or other printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passports or Fabrics or other printed
+printed media um you could because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed media um you could because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed media um you could because the
+antennas are so small you can make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas are so small you can make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas are so small you can make an
+array of the antennas and you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of the antennas and you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of the antennas and you can use a
+a you can make a phased array so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can make a phased array so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you can make a phased array so you can
+steer your beam around and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer your beam around and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer your beam around and here's a
+here's a picture of of uh of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of of uh of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of of uh of a little
+reader and you can see how tiny that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and you can see how tiny that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and you can see how tiny that
+that that antenna array is um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that antenna array is um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that antenna array is um this is a
+26 this particular one's at 26 1 12 GHz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 this particular one's at 26 1 12 GHz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 this particular one's at 26 1 12 GHz
+and what you see in the background are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see in the background are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see in the background are
+some of the printed dipoles this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the printed dipoles this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the printed dipoles this happens
+to be printed on a on a polyester sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be printed on a on a polyester sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be printed on a on a polyester sheet
+but um it comes in many other forms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it comes in many other forms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it comes in many other forms and
+it's used for food packaging and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used for food packaging and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used for food packaging and other
+other things around the world so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things around the world so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things around the world so an
+anti-counterfeiting and currency and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-counterfeiting and currency and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-counterfeiting and currency and so
+forth um just to tell you briefly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um just to tell you briefly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth um just to tell you briefly uh
+Lena the next speaker is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lena the next speaker is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lena the next speaker is going to give
+you an example of some of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of some of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of some of the work
+that's being done here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being done here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being done here in
+electromagnetics at the auto ID lab but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics at the auto ID lab but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics at the auto ID lab but
+I just wanted to mention the the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to mention the the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to mention the the topics
+that we generally look at uh that fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we generally look at uh that fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we generally look at uh that fall
+under the category of electromagnetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the category of electromagnetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the category of electromagnetics
+is uh reader antenna design and also tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh reader antenna design and also tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh reader antenna design and also tag
+antenna design but things like geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna design but things like geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna design but things like geometry
+the materials interaction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials interaction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials interaction and the
+overall um propagation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um propagation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall um propagation between the
+reader and the tag so um one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and the tag so um one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and the tag so um one important
+point I'd like to make here is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'd like to make here is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'd like to make here is that it's
+important to standardize all of that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to standardize all of that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to standardize all of that not
+just the the protocol and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the protocol and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the protocol and the and the
+reader um I'm going to fast forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader um I'm going to fast forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader um I'm going to fast forward
+through some of this some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of this some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of this some of the things
+that we've done is uh We've we've built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done is uh We've we've built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done is uh We've we've built
+simulation tools uh some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation tools uh some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation tools uh some of you have
+seen this already uh we've built probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this already uh we've built probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this already uh we've built probes
+that could um that we could we could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could um that we could we could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could um that we could we could use
+to it's a semi semi-active or semi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a semi semi-active or semi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a semi semi-active or semi-
+passive tag that you we could embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive tag that you we could embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive tag that you we could embed
+inside a pallet that takes readings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a pallet that takes readings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a pallet that takes readings of
+the field it samples a field and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field it samples a field and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field it samples a field and it it
+talks back to the reader using the EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks back to the reader using the EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks back to the reader using the EPC
+protocol so um you could sprinkle some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so um you could sprinkle some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so um you could sprinkle some
+of these in with standard tags to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these in with standard tags to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these in with standard tags to give
+you more information about your reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more information about your reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more information about your reader
+installation and we've done a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation and we've done a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation and we've done a variety of
+propagation studies um looking at uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation studies um looking at uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation studies um looking at uh you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+how the different thicknesses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the different thicknesses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the different thicknesses of
+materials and different properties of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and different properties of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and different properties of M
+material affect the read rates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material affect the read rates and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material affect the read rates and the
+propagation and uh well surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and uh well surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation and uh well surprise
+surprise Electro Maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise Electro Maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise Electro Maxwell's equations
+Works um and so we've also looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um and so we've also looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um and so we've also looked at
+certain geometries for for pallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain geometries for for pallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain geometries for for pallet
+stacking um how we can use printed inks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking um how we can use printed inks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking um how we can use printed inks
+and try to look at lowcost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to look at lowcost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to look at lowcost
+implementations how packaging can be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations how packaging can be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations how packaging can be the
+the proper packaging design can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper packaging design can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper packaging design can be used
+to improve the read rates um I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the read rates um I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the read rates um I could
+tell you more detail in person if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you more detail in person if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you more detail in person if you're
+interested and finally we've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and finally we've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and finally we've looked at
+how um over the evolution of packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um over the evolution of packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um over the evolution of packaging
+over time how how starting with slap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time how how starting with slap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time how how starting with slap and
+ship you can be smarter about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship you can be smarter about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship you can be smarter about the way
+you place the tags and and and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place the tags and and and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place the tags and and and the way
+you fabricate your boxes um maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fabricate your boxes um maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fabricate your boxes um maybe
+eventually if we if we get to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if we if we get to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if we if we get to the point
+where where the the the tags are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the the the tags are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the the the tags are
+actually embedded into the cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually embedded into the cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually embedded into the cardboard
+boxes um um we can vastly improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes um um we can vastly improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes um um we can vastly improve the
+read rates and your Roi level depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read rates and your Roi level depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read rates and your Roi level depends on
+your application and depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application and depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application and depends on the
+particular company so in conclusion um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular company so in conclusion um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular company so in conclusion um
+as uh Sanji and everybody else has said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh Sanji and everybody else has said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh Sanji and everybody else has said
+there's a lot of work to do um but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work to do um but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of work to do um but um I
+just wanted to mention that there's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to mention that there's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to mention that there's much
+more to do than just uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to do than just uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to do than just uh you know
+protocol and and uh tag IC design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and and uh tag IC design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and and uh tag IC design and
+and there's also the the the EPC sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also the the the EPC sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also the the the EPC sort of
+RFID is just a very small slice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID is just a very small slice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID is just a very small slice of the
+potential RFID Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential RFID Technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential RFID Technologies and
+frequencies that that are available out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that that are available out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that that are available out
+there so um there's a lot that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um there's a lot that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um there's a lot that we can
+look at as well I think I'll end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at as well I think I'll end there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at as well I think I'll end there
+and um we'll move on thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you thank you Rich so so our our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you Rich so so our our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you Rich so so our our our
+next speaker we thought since this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next speaker we thought since this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next speaker we thought since this this
+conference was about academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference was about academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference was about academic
+collaboration that we might share with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration that we might share with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration that we might share with
+you uh the results of a collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the results of a collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the results of a collaboration
+between temper University of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between temper University of Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between temper University of Technology
+at the and the realm Research Unit uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the and the realm Research Unit uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the and the realm Research Unit uh uh
+and and the Auto ID labs and Lina aquan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the Auto ID labs and Lina aquan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the Auto ID labs and Lina aquan
+is here to to share with us uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here to to share with us uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here to to share with us uh some
+specific work in the uh in the antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific work in the uh in the antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific work in the uh in the antenna
+design area that she's worked on over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design area that she's worked on over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design area that she's worked on over
+the course of the last year between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the last year between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the last year between the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+institutions is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so good afternoon everyone and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good afternoon everyone and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good afternoon everyone and it's
+great to be here today uh talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to be here today uh talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to be here today uh talking about
+um the research on antenna designs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the research on antenna designs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the research on antenna designs and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have um been collaborating with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um been collaborating with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um been collaborating with uh
+the MIT Auto ID lab since 2001 and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Auto ID lab since 2001 and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Auto ID lab since 2001 and our
+collaboration uh began uh through uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration uh began uh through uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration uh began uh through uh the
+Auto ID center economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ID center economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto ID center economic
+Alliance and um well uh the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alliance and um well uh the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alliance and um well uh the main
+research focus on RFID as our research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research focus on RFID as our research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research focus on RFID as our research
+uh Institute in t University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Institute in t University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Institute in t University of
+Technology Raa Research Unit um is Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology Raa Research Unit um is Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology Raa Research Unit um is Tech
+antennas and I was here two years ago as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas and I was here two years ago as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas and I was here two years ago as
+a visiting PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visiting PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visiting PhD
+student uh working on Tech antenas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh working on Tech antenas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh working on Tech antenas for
+challenging objects like objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging objects like objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging objects like objects
+containing um metal metals and liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing um metal metals and liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing um metal metals and liquids
+and um this collaboration has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this collaboration has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this collaboration has been
+continuing uh also after when I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing uh also after when I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing uh also after when I went
+back to Finland and it's been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Finland and it's been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Finland and it's been very
+fruitful and great to to work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful and great to to work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful and great to to work with the
+MIT Auto ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Auto ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Auto ID
+labs and about uh today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs and about uh today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs and about uh today's
+presentation um well uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um well uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um well uh since
+um the main research focus of our lab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the main research focus of our lab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the main research focus of our lab is
+Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech
+antennas uh I'm talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas uh I'm talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas uh I'm talking about uh
+omnidirectional Tech antenna for Passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional Tech antenna for Passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional Tech antenna for Passive
+UHF rid of paper res and this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHF rid of paper res and this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHF rid of paper res and this has been
+um our main research topic at Raa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our main research topic at Raa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our main research topic at Raa
+Research Unit uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2005 and first um I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 and first um I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 and first um I'm going to tell
+something about the challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the challenges in
+applying passive uh UHF rid in paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying passive uh UHF rid in paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying passive uh UHF rid in paper
+industry because at the moment there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry because at the moment there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry because at the moment there is
+uh an urging need in paper industry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an urging need in paper industry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an urging need in paper industry for
+an identification system uh that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identification system uh that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identification system uh that would
+carry on the identification code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry on the identification code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry on the identification code
+throughout the whole supply chain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole supply chain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole supply chain of the
+Reel because um at the moment when all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reel because um at the moment when all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reel because um at the moment when all
+the barcod systems are used they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barcod systems are used they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barcod systems are used they are
+placed on the surface of the reel on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the surface of the reel on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the surface of the reel on the
+frapping and all the identification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frapping and all the identification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frapping and all the identification is
+um removed when the frapping is removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um removed when the frapping is removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um removed when the frapping is removed
+and then you cannot know anymore like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you cannot know anymore like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you cannot know anymore like
+the origin of the re and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of the re and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of the re and that kind of
+things which uh would be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which uh would be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which uh would be important for
+example printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example printing
+companies so that's why in our approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so that's why in our approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so that's why in our approach
+we are placing attack on the uh paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are placing attack on the uh paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are placing attack on the uh paper
+real core and the fra paper and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real core and the fra paper and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real core and the fra paper and that has
+a lot of uh effects uh on the RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh effects uh on the RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of uh effects uh on the RFID
+system performance and the check tener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system performance and the check tener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system performance and the check tener
+performance that have to be taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that have to be taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance that have to be taken into
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+account and well of course uh because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and well of course uh because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and well of course uh because we
+are um operating in the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um operating in the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um operating in the industrial
+environment um there is all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um there is all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um there is all kind of
+background noise that has to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise that has to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise that has to be taken
+into account and also the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account and also the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account and also the environment
+can be kind of hearts for example C cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be kind of hearts for example C cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be kind of hearts for example C cold
+environments and such and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and such and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and such and of course
+there is there are a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there are a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is there are a lot of different
+paper qualities and cardboard and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper qualities and cardboard and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper qualities and cardboard and we
+would like to have a tag that uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have a tag that uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have a tag that uh would
+function with all of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with all of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with all of those different
+paper qualities and also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper qualities and also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper qualities and also with
+cardboard but the biggest challenge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard but the biggest challenge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard but the biggest challenge um
+so far has been uh de developing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far has been uh de developing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far has been uh de developing an
+omnidirectional Tech antenna which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional Tech antenna which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional Tech antenna which is
+indis placeable for example in Lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indis placeable for example in Lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indis placeable for example in Lift
+Truck handling because as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truck handling because as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truck handling because as you can see
+from here um you cannot like the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here um you cannot like the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here um you cannot like the guy
+who's like driving this truck uh he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like driving this truck uh he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like driving this truck uh he just
+uh grabs the Reel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grabs the Reel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh grabs the Reel and the
+identification uh which is carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification uh which is carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification uh which is carried out
+used using um a reader unit that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used using um a reader unit that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used using um a reader unit that would
+be integrated into this truck it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be integrated into this truck it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be integrated into this truck it has to
+be automatic so the driver doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be automatic so the driver doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be automatic so the driver doesn't have
+to look for any direction where the tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for any direction where the tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for any direction where the tag
+is it has to be uh able to be read like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it has to be uh able to be read like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it has to be uh able to be read like
+om directionally around the Reel and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om directionally around the Reel and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om directionally around the Reel and of
+course in general uh in Papermill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in general uh in Papermill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in general uh in Papermill
+environment if you just can identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment if you just can identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment if you just can identify the
+antenna with only one reader antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna with only one reader antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna with only one reader antenna
+that would be also good anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be also good anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be also good anyway
+and well um next there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well um next there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well um next there is something
+about this concept of omnidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this concept of omnidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this concept of omnidirectional
+reading and also of the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and also of the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and also of the structure of
+this paper reel so here you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper reel so here you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper reel so here you can see the
+vertically orientated reel and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically orientated reel and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically orientated reel and first
+there is a reel core uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a reel core uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a reel core uh which is
+fabricated of um a hard cardboard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated of um a hard cardboard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated of um a hard cardboard and
+then uh the tag is placed on the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the tag is placed on the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the tag is placed on the core
+and then the paper is wrapped around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the paper is wrapped around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the paper is wrapped around the
+core and typically um these thicknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and typically um these thicknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and typically um these thicknesses
+the paper layer that's wrapped around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper layer that's wrapped around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper layer that's wrapped around
+the core varies between 500 and 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core varies between 500 and 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core varies between 500 and 600
+mm and also the length of the Reel can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and also the length of the Reel can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and also the length of the Reel can
+vary or it varies from some from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary or it varies from some from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary or it varies from some from
+something like 300 mm up to 2. half M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 300 mm up to 2. half M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 300 mm up to 2. half M
+and well the omnidirectional reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well the omnidirectional reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well the omnidirectional reading
+means that um the paper reel or the tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um the paper reel or the tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that um the paper reel or the tack
+can be identified uh omnidirectionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be identified uh omnidirectionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be identified uh omnidirectionally
+360° around the real so you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° around the real so you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° around the real so you don't have
+to care uh like where the tag has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care uh like where the tag has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care uh like where the tag has been
+placed on on this course so you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on on this course so you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on on this course so you can read
+a tag around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tag around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tag around the
+Reel and well uh in this tag creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reel and well uh in this tag creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reel and well uh in this tag creation
+process there is many steps and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there is many steps and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process there is many steps and I'm
+going to briefly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to briefly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to briefly uh
+describe them so first there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them so first there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe them so first there is
+modeling this picture has been uh taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling this picture has been uh taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling this picture has been uh taken
+from the simulation software that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the simulation software that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the simulation software that is
+based on finance element method and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on finance element method and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on finance element method and you
+can see that it's um very real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it's um very real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it's um very real life
+structure so there's uh the real the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so there's uh the real the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so there's uh the real the
+check is placed on the core the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is placed on the core the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is placed on the core the real
+core and then the paper is wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and then the paper is wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and then the paper is wrapped
+around the core so it's like a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the core so it's like a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the core so it's like a real
+Industrial Paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Paper
+reel and here are some um radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reel and here are some um radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reel and here are some um radiation
+patterns um of the of those um Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns um of the of those um Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns um of the of those um Tech
+antenna models that we've been um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna models that we've been um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna models that we've been um
+modeling during this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling during this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling during this project
+so those pictures on the left are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those pictures on the left are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those pictures on the left are some
+earlier stages of modeling so because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stages of modeling so because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stages of modeling so because we
+um uh tried different antenna um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh tried different antenna um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh tried different antenna um
+geometries and tried how changing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries and tried how changing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries and tried how changing some
+um some some things and some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some some things and some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some some things and some uh
+geometries on those designs affects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries on those designs affects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries on those designs affects uh
+the radiation pattern and the bigger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation pattern and the bigger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation pattern and the bigger one
+on the of the left is um the stage we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the of the left is um the stage we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the of the left is um the stage we
+are at the moment so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the moment so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the moment so you can see that
+um the tag antenna radias into all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tag antenna radias into all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the tag antenna radias into all
+directions around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reel and well then there is also um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reel and well then there is also um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reel and well then there is also um of
+course measurements and these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course measurements and these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course measurements and these pictures
+here are just some basic measurement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just some basic measurement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just some basic measurement uh
+setups uh with network analyzer to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setups uh with network analyzer to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setups uh with network analyzer to to
+see how um adding paper on a tack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how um adding paper on a tack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how um adding paper on a tack
+affects for example res on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects for example res on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects for example res on
+frequency and well cuz um our goal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and well cuz um our goal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and well cuz um our goal was
+to develop an omnidirectional Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop an omnidirectional Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop an omnidirectional Tech
+antenna we develop an omni directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna we develop an omni directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna we develop an omni directional
+model uh with which uh we can uh test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh with which uh we can uh test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh with which uh we can uh test
+the omnidirectional reading of the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omnidirectional reading of the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omnidirectional reading of the tax
+because when we uh go to the paper mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we uh go to the paper mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we uh go to the paper mill
+we want to have um as uh good tax as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have um as uh good tax as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have um as uh good tax as
+possible so uh we develop this model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so uh we develop this model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so uh we develop this model and
+we we could test um the omnidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could test um the omnidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could test um the omnidirectional
+reading from all the directions so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading from all the directions so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading from all the directions so we
+have 16 measurement points and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 16 measurement points and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 16 measurement points and um uh
+four different um distances and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different um distances and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different um distances and if the
+tech was identified um at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech was identified um at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech was identified um at all the
+directions at all those uh distances it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions at all those uh distances it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions at all those uh distances it
+was omnidirectional also inside a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was omnidirectional also inside a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was omnidirectional also inside a real
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+reel and here um is the OM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reel and here um is the OM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reel and here um is the OM
+omnidirectional Tech antenna which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional Tech antenna which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional Tech antenna which we
+call the CAC because when it's wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the CAC because when it's wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the CAC because when it's wrapped
+around this core it forms um a shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this core it forms um a shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this core it forms um a shape of
+c and here you can see the antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and here you can see the antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and here you can see the antenna
+design flat and well here it is um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design flat and well here it is um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design flat and well here it is um in
+the paper mill environment uh mounted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper mill environment uh mounted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper mill environment uh mounted on
+the core before the paper is wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core before the paper is wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core before the paper is wrapped
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+it and um we did a lot of uh practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and um we did a lot of uh practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and um we did a lot of uh practical
+testing with this antenna design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing with this antenna design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing with this antenna design and
+here you can see our measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see our measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see our measurement
+equipment and we used alien Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and we used alien Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and we used alien Technologies
+uh European reader unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh European reader unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh European reader unit
+uh alien technology straps as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alien technology straps as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alien technology straps as a
+microchips and the reader was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microchips and the reader was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microchips and the reader was based on
+um new ET regulations and it had two wat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new ET regulations and it had two wat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new ET regulations and it had two wat
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Erp transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erp transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erp transmitting
+power and here is some pictures um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and here is some pictures um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and here is some pictures um from
+the measurements so this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements so this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurements so this is basically
+how the read ranges were measured in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the read ranges were measured in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the read ranges were measured in a
+paper mill and we had this um we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper mill and we had this um we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper mill and we had this um we could
+move the reader unit and the reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the reader unit and the reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the reader unit and the reader
+antenna and roll the reel on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and roll the reel on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and roll the reel on the floor
+so that we could measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we could measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we could measure the
+omnidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional
+reading and here is some more pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and here is some more pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and here is some more pictures
+and here you can see how the tag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can see how the tag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can see how the tag is
+placed on the core and we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the core and we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the core and we didn't
+actually uh kill any tags on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh kill any tags on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh kill any tags on this
+process so that was kind of good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that was kind of good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that was kind of good news
+that it went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it went through the
+process and well now I'm moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and well now I'm moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and well now I'm moving on to
+the uh measurement results so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh measurement results so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh measurement results so we
+measured in the paper mill coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in the paper mill coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in the paper mill coded
+printing paper with diameters of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing paper with diameters of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing paper with diameters of uh
+varying from 1200 to 1300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying from 1200 to 1300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying from 1200 to 1300
+mm and um here is the data of the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and um here is the data of the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm and um here is the data of the r
+renes that were achieved around the Reel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renes that were achieved around the Reel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renes that were achieved around the Reel
+so here you can see that it's red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that it's red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that it's red
+omnidirectionally and uh the r renes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectionally and uh the r renes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectionally and uh the r renes
+very have some variation around the Reel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very have some variation around the Reel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very have some variation around the Reel
+which was also expected from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was also expected from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was also expected from the
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results and well I'm going to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and well I'm going to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and well I'm going to briefly
+tell something about it identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell something about it identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell something about it identification
+of cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cardboard
+wheels and well they said that um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels and well they said that um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels and well they said that um it's
+been impossible with conventional TXS so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been impossible with conventional TXS so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been impossible with conventional TXS so
+we tested our tack also for cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tested our tack also for cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tested our tack also for cardboard
+identification and there is some um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification and there is some um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification and there is some um more
+challenges with these cardboard reels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with these cardboard reels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with these cardboard reels
+which are larger diameter and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are larger diameter and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are larger diameter and also the
+more layered and inhomogeneous structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more layered and inhomogeneous structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more layered and inhomogeneous structure
+of the cardboard which increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cardboard which increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cardboard which increases the
+boundaries and lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and lens
+effect so um we did some practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so um we did some practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so um we did some practical
+testing and the T antenna was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and the T antenna was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and the T antenna was the same
+than we used um with the paper wheel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we used um with the paper wheel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we used um with the paper wheel so
+it was not yet optimized for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not yet optimized for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not yet optimized for the
+cardboard uh so the first the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard uh so the first the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard uh so the first the goal of
+the first testing was to identif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first testing was to identif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first testing was to identif
+identify um the tack through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify um the tack through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify um the tack through the
+cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard
+reel uh which we did as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reel uh which we did as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reel uh which we did as you can see
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+also yeah the kind of a most surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah the kind of a most surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah the kind of a most surprising
+and good great result was that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good great result was that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good great result was that we could
+identify uh the real 800 180 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh the real 800 180 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify uh the real 800 180 degrees
+around it so we achieved better results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so we achieved better results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so we achieved better results
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um was like the goal of this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was like the goal of this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was like the goal of this first
+testing uh well there is still a lot lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh well there is still a lot lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh well there is still a lot lot
+of work to do on this uh but um to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to do on this uh but um to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to do on this uh but um to our
+best knowledge this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best knowledge this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best knowledge this is the first
+omnidirectional second CER for passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional second CER for passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional second CER for passive
+UHF RFID of paper wheels that can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHF RFID of paper wheels that can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHF RFID of paper wheels that can be uh
+read omnidirectionally with standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read omnidirectionally with standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read omnidirectionally with standardized
+RFID equipment and it has been tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID equipment and it has been tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID equipment and it has been tested
+with copy paper and coded printing paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with copy paper and coded printing paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with copy paper and coded printing paper
+and also the cardboard has been tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the cardboard has been tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the cardboard has been tested
+uh with one 180 degree identification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with one 180 degree identification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with one 180 degree identification
+around the Reel so in the future we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Reel so in the future we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Reel so in the future we will
+develop uh an omni omnidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh an omni omnidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh an omni omnidirectional
+second CH also for cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second CH also for cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second CH also for cardboard
+wheels and um we will test and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels and um we will test and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels and um we will test and develop
+the antenna also for American and Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antenna also for American and Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antenna also for American and Asian
+UHF arfi band so that we could achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHF arfi band so that we could achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UHF arfi band so that we could achieve a
+global Teck that we that could be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global Teck that we that could be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global Teck that we that could be used
+like around the world and also longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like around the world and also longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like around the world and also longer
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ranges uh will be achieved so uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges uh will be achieved so uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges uh will be achieved so uh we've
+talked about this with uh paper industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this with uh paper industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this with uh paper industry
+people and they say that a minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they say that a minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and they say that a minimum of
+0.5 M from the paper surface uh would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 M from the paper surface uh would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 M from the paper surface uh would be
+required and also the TX has to be EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and also the TX has to be EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and also the TX has to be EV
+valuate it in harsh environments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuate it in harsh environments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuate it in harsh environments for
+example in cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in cold
+temperatures and well there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and well there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and well there is some
+other research project also in 2006 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other research project also in 2006 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other research project also in 2006 so
+we'll continue also developing the ters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll continue also developing the ters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll continue also developing the ters
+for metallic and liquid containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for metallic and liquid containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for metallic and liquid containing
+objects so basically uh we will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so basically uh we will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects so basically uh we will continue
+on the miniaturization of the alphano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the miniaturization of the alphano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the miniaturization of the alphano
+batch type Tech so thank you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch type Tech so thank you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch type Tech so thank you for your
+attention okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you Lena and our final speaker on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Lena and our final speaker on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you Lena and our final speaker on
+this Pon is Dr Alan LC he's a colleague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pon is Dr Alan LC he's a colleague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pon is Dr Alan LC he's a colleague
+of Dr cave palavan at the center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dr cave palavan at the center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dr cave palavan at the center for
+wireless Information Network studies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless Information Network studies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless Information Network studies uh
+Cave was it I think a chair of an i e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cave was it I think a chair of an i e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cave was it I think a chair of an i e of
+the Wi-Fi committee at one point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wi-Fi committee at one point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wi-Fi committee at one point or
+something but yes actually uh Cave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but yes actually uh Cave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but yes actually uh Cave has
+been involved in uh in wireless issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been involved in uh in wireless issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been involved in uh in wireless issues
+since the early days of Wireless lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the early days of Wireless lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the early days of Wireless lands
+uh those of you that uh know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those of you that uh know the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those of you that uh know the uh
+business uh at all in the Greater Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh at all in the Greater Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh at all in the Greater Boston
+area know that about 15 years ago I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area know that about 15 years ago I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area know that about 15 years ago I like
+that slide someone said uh hope to Hype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide someone said uh hope to Hype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide someone said uh hope to Hype
+to implementation I like that about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implementation I like that about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implementation I like that about 15
+years ago was the hype phase of Wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago was the hype phase of Wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago was the hype phase of Wireless
+lands and a lot of that activity was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands and a lot of that activity was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands and a lot of that activity was a
+number of uh startup companies in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh startup companies in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh startup companies in the uh
+actually in Massachusetts and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Massachusetts and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Massachusetts and my
+colleague cab palaban was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague cab palaban was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague cab palaban was actually
+involved with several of those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with several of those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with several of those uh
+startup so that's a good but any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup so that's a good but any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup so that's a good but any case
+they're doing some some very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing some some very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing some some very interesting
+work in location based uh tracking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in location based uh tracking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in location based uh tracking that
+we uh thought would complement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh thought would complement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh thought would complement this
+session exactly thank you uh Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session exactly thank you uh Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session exactly thank you uh Steve
+Steve's provided uh I should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve's provided uh I should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve's provided uh I should do that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes thank you Steve is Steve has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you Steve is Steve has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you Steve is Steve has
+provided a uh a uh nice introduction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a uh a uh nice introduction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided a uh a uh nice introduction for
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see how do we move to the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentation good thank you very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation good thank you very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation good thank you very good
+I'm painfully aware that I'm the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm painfully aware that I'm the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm painfully aware that I'm the one
+who's keeping us all from lunch now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's keeping us all from lunch now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's keeping us all from lunch now so
+I'm going to do some realtime editing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do some realtime editing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do some realtime editing uh
+as I uh as I go uh along here um cave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I uh as I go uh along here um cave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I uh as I go uh along here um cave in
+fact intended to be here but he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact intended to be here but he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact intended to be here but he has a
+commitment in Japan So based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment in Japan So based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment in Japan So based on the
+weather report that Steve gave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather report that Steve gave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather report that Steve gave this
+morning about Japan he may have swapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning about Japan he may have swapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning about Japan he may have swapped
+a snowstorm in Cambridge for a snowstorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snowstorm in Cambridge for a snowstorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a snowstorm in Cambridge for a snowstorm
+in Japan I'm I'm not sure uh as U as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan I'm I'm not sure uh as U as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan I'm I'm not sure uh as U as
+Steve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve uh
+uh said our uh our emphasis in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh said our uh our emphasis in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh said our uh our emphasis in the last
+few years in the uh Wireless Center at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years in the uh Wireless Center at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years in the uh Wireless Center at
+WPI uh has been on location uh sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WPI uh has been on location uh sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WPI uh has been on location uh sensing
+we also use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also use the term
+localization and uh because of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization and uh because of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization and uh because of uh
+um some of the previous presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the previous presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of the previous presentations
+and obviously the background of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously the background of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously the background of
+knowledge that many of you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that many of you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that many of you will have
+I'll be able to uh uh skip over uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to uh uh skip over uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be able to uh uh skip over uh some
+of this we have actually been focused in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we have actually been focused in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this we have actually been focused in
+recent years primarily on public safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years primarily on public safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years primarily on public safety
+and Military uh applications uh partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Military uh applications uh partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Military uh applications uh partly
+sponsored by DARPA uh by NSF and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored by DARPA uh by NSF and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored by DARPA uh by NSF and with
+some uh membership subscription type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh membership subscription type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh membership subscription type
+sponsorship from uh member companies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsorship from uh member companies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsorship from uh member companies in
+the uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center um in I'll leave this up long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center um in I'll leave this up long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center um in I'll leave this up long
+enough to point out that several people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to point out that several people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to point out that several people
+made mention of the of the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made mention of the of the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made mention of the of the history of
+this technology going back 50 years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology going back 50 years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technology going back 50 years to
+World War II and everyone has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II and everyone has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II and everyone has a little
+bit different take on it my take is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different take on it my take is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different take on it my take is the
+fact that that era introduced the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that era introduced the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that era introduced the use of
+what are called technically net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called technically net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called technically net
+broadcast radios push to talk radios the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast radios push to talk radios the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast radios push to talk radios the
+devices were socalled walkie-talkies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices were socalled walkie-talkies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices were socalled walkie-talkies
+about the weight of a brick and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the weight of a brick and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the weight of a brick and about
+the volume of two or three bricks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of two or three bricks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of two or three bricks and
+that was the beginning of really of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the beginning of really of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the beginning of really of
+radio net uh networking and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio net uh networking and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio net uh networking and that
+certainly provided efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly provided efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly provided efficient
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+for soldiers in the field uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for soldiers in the field uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for soldiers in the field uh but
+immediately it was recognized that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it was recognized that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it was recognized that that
+did not give you information about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not give you information about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not give you information about where
+the soldier was push to talk radio The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soldier was push to talk radio The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soldier was push to talk radio The
+Speaker gets on the net by pressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speaker gets on the net by pressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speaker gets on the net by pressing the
+button and everyone else is in a listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and everyone else is in a listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and everyone else is in a listen
+mode and here's uh the speaker uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and here's uh the speaker uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and here's uh the speaker uh but we
+don't know where he is all we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where he is all we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where he is all we know is
+that we hear his uh voice signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hear his uh voice signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hear his uh voice signal and
+those radios uh just a had a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those radios uh just a had a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those radios uh just a had a historical
+background used analog uh voice over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background used analog uh voice over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background used analog uh voice over
+analog frequency modulation those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency modulation those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency modulation those of you
+that work in the communications field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work in the communications field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work in the communications field
+know that analog uh FM has a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that analog uh FM has a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that analog uh FM has a threshold
+characteristic the receive voice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic the receive voice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic the receive voice is
+either very good or it's very bad and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very good or it's very bad and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either very good or it's very bad and it
+has a threshold characteristic and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a threshold characteristic and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a threshold characteristic and you
+don't know really anything about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know really anything about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know really anything about what
+the received signal strength is or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the received signal strength is or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the received signal strength is or the
+received signal uh to noise ratio is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received signal uh to noise ratio is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received signal uh to noise ratio is so
+in the 50 years we've come a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50 years we've come a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 50 years we've come a long way
+from that primitive technology I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that primitive technology I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that primitive technology I just
+I'm not going to go through all of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through all of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to go through all of uh
+this but I want to halfway down I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I want to halfway down I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I want to halfway down I want
+to mention the era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention the era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention the era of
+1997 when uh the interest began in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 when uh the interest began in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 when uh the interest began in urban
+and indoor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indoor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indoor uh
+geolocation uh DARPA had a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geolocation uh DARPA had a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geolocation uh DARPA had a program that
+was uh called small unit operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh called small unit operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh called small unit operations
+situation awareness systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation awareness systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation awareness systems and
+situation awareness basically says how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation awareness basically says how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation awareness basically says how
+do you find the war fighter that is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find the war fighter that is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you find the war fighter that is in a
+hostile physical situation how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile physical situation how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile physical situation how do you
+locate him and communicate uh with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate him and communicate uh with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate him and communicate uh with him
+we had a piece of the research work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a piece of the research work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a piece of the research work in
+that project addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project addressing
+specifically the uh radio propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the uh radio propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the uh radio propagation
+problems in the indoor environment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the indoor environment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the indoor environment the
+reason I want I mention it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want I mention it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want I mention it is because
+the objectives the government's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objectives the government's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objectives the government's the
+customers objectives for that project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers objectives for that project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers objectives for that project
+simply were not not met and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply were not not met and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply were not not met and the
+fundamental reason was the complexities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reason was the complexities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental reason was the complexities
+of radio wave propagation in the indoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radio wave propagation in the indoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radio wave propagation in the indoor
+environment and that's what that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and that's what that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and that's what that's what
+killed it you could wrap all the all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it you could wrap all the all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it you could wrap all the all of
+the software uh that you wished uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software uh that you wished uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software uh that you wished uh
+around that and all the user interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that and all the user interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that and all the user interfaces
+that were all very nice but because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all very nice but because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were all very nice but because of
+the characteristics of indoor radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of indoor radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of indoor radio
+propagation you could not get a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation you could not get a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation you could not get a precise
+fix on the location of a war fighter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix on the location of a war fighter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix on the location of a war fighter in
+uh in many uh of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many uh of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many uh of those
+hostile Urban fighting is the obvious uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile Urban fighting is the obvious uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile Urban fighting is the obvious uh
+uh scenario about that time there began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scenario about that time there began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scenario about that time there began
+to be some commercial developments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some commercial developments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some commercial developments uh
+pinpoint evolved into another uh company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint evolved into another uh company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint evolved into another uh company
+uh uh name uh I don't quite recall um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh name uh I don't quite recall um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh name uh I don't quite recall um
+pinpoint we that came out of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint we that came out of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint we that came out of the body
+land uh technology which was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh technology which was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh technology which was also
+sponsored by DOD the concept to embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored by DOD the concept to embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored by DOD the concept to embed
+sensors and communication devices into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and communication devices into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and communication devices into
+the uniforms of service people and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniforms of service people and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniforms of service people and be
+able to use those as uh uh as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use those as uh uh as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use those as uh uh as part of
+accomplishing uh the uh uh the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishing uh the uh uh the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishing uh the uh uh the mission
+uh we'll just skip over the the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll just skip over the the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll just skip over the the rest
+talk a little bit uh won't say very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit uh won't say very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit uh won't say very much
+about this because so much obviously has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because so much obviously has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because so much obviously has
+been said and and uh and um you folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been said and and uh and um you folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been said and and uh and um you folks
+are all well aware of uh concepts of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all well aware of uh concepts of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all well aware of uh concepts of uh
+asset uh tracking uh putting tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset uh tracking uh putting tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset uh tracking uh putting tracking
+golf balls in there that was that was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf balls in there that was that was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf balls in there that was that was my
+idea fig I could save myself some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea fig I could save myself some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea fig I could save myself some money
+if I could find all those golf balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could find all those golf balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could find all those golf balls
+that I'm losing in the woods all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm losing in the woods all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm losing in the woods all the
+time actually someone does make a golf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time actually someone does make a golf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time actually someone does make a golf
+ball with a little radio transmitter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball with a little radio transmitter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball with a little radio transmitter in
+it and uh I'm going to try it to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh I'm going to try it to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh I'm going to try it to one of
+these but it doesn't it doesn't have ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but it doesn't it doesn't have ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but it doesn't it doesn't have ID
+uh characteristics so there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characteristics so there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characteristics so there's still a
+there's another research uh uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another research uh uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another research uh uh another
+research uh area Okay uh try to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh area Okay uh try to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh area Okay uh try to move on
+um again think I'm preaching to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again think I'm preaching to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again think I'm preaching to the to
+the choir here uh use an old slide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choir here uh use an old slide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choir here uh use an old slide but
+everything is a terminal today from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a terminal today from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a terminal today from
+Communications networking uh point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications networking uh point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications networking uh point of
+view we don't necessarily care too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view we don't necessarily care too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view we don't necessarily care too much
+about what the device does uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the device does uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the device does uh either
+it's a terminal out at the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terminal out at the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terminal out at the edge of the
+network or it's an intermediate node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or it's an intermediate node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or it's an intermediate node
+somewhere within the network and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere within the network and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere within the network and uh uh
+perhaps uh it serves both functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh it serves both functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps uh it serves both functions in
+uh in uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh some
+situations uh this great variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations uh this great variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations uh this great variety of
+applications that keeps growing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that keeps growing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that keeps growing of
+course has has uh fostered uh uh support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has has uh fostered uh uh support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has has uh fostered uh uh support
+for standardization and other folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standardization and other folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standardization and other folks
+earlier have talked uh uh to at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier have talked uh uh to at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier have talked uh uh to at some
+length about standards and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length about standards and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length about standards and the
+importance of standards for making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of standards for making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of standards for making an
+industry uh segment grow and uh uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uh segment grow and uh uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uh segment grow and uh uh just
+this is just our own way of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just our own way of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just our own way of C
+characterizing uh some of the these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing uh some of the these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing uh some of the these uh
+uh uh standards both uh Ultra wideband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh standards both uh Ultra wideband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh standards both uh Ultra wideband
+and uh uh and and lower frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and lower frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and and lower frequency
+Technologies are being looked at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are being looked at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are being looked at for
+wireless personal area wpan one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless personal area wpan one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless personal area wpan one of our
+areas of Interest wpans Wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of Interest wpans Wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of Interest wpans Wireless
+personal area uh networks and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal area uh networks and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal area uh networks and of course
+uh the i e 802.11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the i e 802.11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the i e 802.11
+initiative uh really gave a re uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative uh really gave a re uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative uh really gave a re uh
+created the Renaissance for the wirless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the Renaissance for the wirless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the Renaissance for the wirless
+land industry obviously value in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land industry obviously value in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land industry obviously value in uh
+standardization and the ubiquitous use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization and the ubiquitous use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization and the ubiquitous use
+of uh 80211 devices so-called Wi-Fi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh 80211 devices so-called Wi-Fi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh 80211 devices so-called Wi-Fi of
+course that's just a a label for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's just a a label for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's just a a label for a
+certification process but 802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification process but 802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification process but 802
+promulgation of those devices and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgation of those devices and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgation of those devices and the
+economies of scale that have pushed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale that have pushed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of scale that have pushed the
+price prices down of course uh make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price prices down of course uh make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price prices down of course uh make that
+an important uh uh element to be looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important uh uh element to be looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important uh uh element to be looked
+at in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in uh in
+location uh uh estimation here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location uh uh estimation here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location uh uh estimation here again
+this kind of figure lots of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of figure lots of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of figure lots of lots of
+folks uh use and uh it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks uh use and uh it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks uh use and uh it just
+characterizes the uh uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the uh uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the uh uh the the
+different Technologies cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Technologies cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Technologies cellular
+Technologies wireless land and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies wireless land and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies wireless land and uh
+Wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wireless
+pans uh uh against the uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pans uh uh against the uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pans uh uh against the uh uh the
+dimensions of scale that are uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of scale that are uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of scale that are uh are
+relevant to those Tech Technologies let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to those Tech Technologies let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to those Tech Technologies let
+me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+uh um to the areas of interest that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um to the areas of interest that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um to the areas of interest that that
+are that have been motivating some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that have been motivating some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that have been motivating some of
+our work navigation for firemen uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our work navigation for firemen uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our work navigation for firemen uh uh
+professor at early in the morning had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at early in the morning had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at early in the morning had a
+very a very good example I thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very a very good example I thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very a very good example I thought about
+hypothetical case of a fire in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical case of a fire in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical case of a fire in the
+building we all we all have tags and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building we all we all have tags and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building we all we all have tags and he
+uh spoke about the issue well suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spoke about the issue well suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spoke about the issue well suppose
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+miscount uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscount uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miscount uh about
+7 years ago in the city of Worcester in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 years ago in the city of Worcester in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 years ago in the city of Worcester in
+central Massachusetts there was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Massachusetts there was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Massachusetts there was a very
+bad and deadly fire in which a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and deadly fire in which a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and deadly fire in which a a
+building an unused building caught fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an unused building caught fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an unused building caught fire
+and when the fire company arrived on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the fire company arrived on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the fire company arrived on
+scene a local businessman came out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene a local businessman came out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene a local businessman came out and
+said that he saw two people running into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he saw two people running into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he saw two people running into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+building and long story short the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and long story short the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and long story short the uh
+fire captain on the scene sent close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire captain on the scene sent close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire captain on the scene sent close to
+20 of his firefighters into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 of his firefighters into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 of his firefighters into the
+building and uh six of them got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and uh six of them got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and uh six of them got
+completely lost because of the smoke uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely lost because of the smoke uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely lost because of the smoke uh
+in the building and the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the building and the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the building and the structure of the
+building uh several floors a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building uh several floors a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building uh several floors a number of
+small rooms in the building and six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small rooms in the building and six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small rooms in the building and six of
+them got lost and and they died in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them got lost and and they died in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them got lost and and they died in that
+fire it was very tragic event and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire it was very tragic event and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire it was very tragic event and after
+that was all over it was uh discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was all over it was uh discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was all over it was uh discovered
+that the information was incorrect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the information was incorrect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the information was incorrect and
+there was no one in the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no one in the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no one in the building
+building and so six firefighters lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and so six firefighters lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and so six firefighters lost
+their lives uh putting out the fire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives uh putting out the fire in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lives uh putting out the fire in
+an empty building uh we at WPI actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty building uh we at WPI actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty building uh we at WPI actually
+have now uh a funded project from US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now uh a funded project from US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now uh a funded project from US
+Government through Senator Kennedy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government through Senator Kennedy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government through Senator Kennedy's
+office and we are looking at uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and we are looking at uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and we are looking at uh uh the
+use of Wireless technology to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of Wireless technology to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of Wireless technology to try to
+deal with the problem of uh of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the problem of uh of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the problem of uh of uh
+tracking uh firefighters in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking uh firefighters in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking uh firefighters in such
+dangerous situations uh one could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous situations uh one could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous situations uh one could also
+call to mind the recent tragedy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to mind the recent tragedy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to mind the recent tragedy at the
+SEO mines in in West Virginia uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEO mines in in West Virginia uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEO mines in in West Virginia uh and uh
+there is already uh public discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is already uh public discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is already uh public discussion of
+how various uh um um Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how various uh um um Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how various uh um um Technologies
+including Wireless technology might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Wireless technology might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Wireless technology might have
+been used to uh to say let's move move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used to uh to say let's move move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used to uh to say let's move move
+on this is the kind of concept that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is the kind of concept that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is the kind of concept that the
+uh Warf Fighters or the firefighters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Warf Fighters or the firefighters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Warf Fighters or the firefighters
+would like to have they would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have they would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to have they would like to
+have a display we call it a tactical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a display we call it a tactical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a display we call it a tactical
+display that would present some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display that would present some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display that would present some kind of
+a representation of a building for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of a building for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of a building for
+example and be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and be able to
+locate uh firefighters or War Fighters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate uh firefighters or War Fighters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate uh firefighters or War Fighters
+within uh within that uh building uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within uh within that uh building uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within uh within that uh building uh
+this refers to small unit I spoke about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this refers to small unit I spoke about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this refers to small unit I spoke about
+that the uh U situation awareness the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh U situation awareness the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh U situation awareness the uh
+that DARPA was uh uh interested Ed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DARPA was uh uh interested Ed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DARPA was uh uh interested Ed in
+this I I think uh is old ah important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I think uh is old ah important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I think uh is old ah important
+the um the current DOD interest is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the current DOD interest is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the current DOD interest is in
+using signals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using signals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using signals of
+opportunity uh to be able to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh to be able to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh to be able to accomplish
+uh take advantage of whatever is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take advantage of whatever is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take advantage of whatever is out
+there in The Ether Whatever frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in The Ether Whatever frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in The Ether Whatever frequency
+bands are available and so that is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands are available and so that is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands are available and so that is a a
+current area of interest for uh us uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current area of interest for uh us uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current area of interest for uh us uh uh
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well uh other uh uh interesting research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh other uh uh interesting research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh other uh uh interesting research
+problems location based uh uh handoff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems location based uh uh handoff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems location based uh uh handoff uh
+location based routing in uh ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location based routing in uh ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location based routing in uh ad hoc
+networks and of course there are on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and of course there are on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and of course there are on that
+earlier list there is at least uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier list there is at least uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier list there is at least uh one
+company um Newberry I believe uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um Newberry I believe uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um Newberry I believe uh that is
+in the business of uh of location based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the business of uh of location based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the business of uh of location based
+authentication and security technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication and security technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication and security technology
+there's been a lot of discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of discussion about
+security issues earlier so so I'll uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security issues earlier so so I'll uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security issues earlier so so I'll uh um
+finish up by talking about the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up by talking about the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish up by talking about the the the
+two categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two categories of
+approaches uh for doing location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches uh for doing location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches uh for doing location
+estimation and one is receive signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and one is receive signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and one is receive signal
+strength of course which is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of course which is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of course which is used in
+cellular networks the second generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular networks the second generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular networks the second generation
+CDMA networks for example use already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDMA networks for example use already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDMA networks for example use already
+use receive signal strength uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use receive signal strength uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use receive signal strength uh
+estimation Advantage the hardware is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation Advantage the hardware is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation Advantage the hardware is
+simple and the the uh uh that approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and the the uh uh that approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and the the uh uh that approach
+is uh not particularly accur uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh not particularly accur uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh not particularly accur uh uh
+sensitive I should say the accuracy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive I should say the accuracy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive I should say the accuracy is
+not sensitive to multipath and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sensitive to multipath and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sensitive to multipath and uh and
+and or bandwidth it does not require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or bandwidth it does not require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or bandwidth it does not require
+synchronization because it's incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization because it's incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization because it's incoherent
+it's incoherent uh signal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incoherent uh signal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incoherent uh signal uh
+processing uh however um it in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh however um it in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh however um it in most
+cases will not provide the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases will not provide the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases will not provide the accuracy
+that's required for example for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required for example for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required for example for some of
+these Public Safety uh applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Public Safety uh applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Public Safety uh applications
+suppose for example even you uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example even you uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for example even you uh you
+could you could achieve a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could achieve a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could achieve a location
+accuracy of one foot okay and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of one foot okay and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of one foot okay and you're
+trying to locate a fire fighter inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to locate a fire fighter inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to locate a fire fighter inside a
+smoke filed building okay well you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke filed building okay well you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke filed building okay well you may
+have spotted his location to within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spotted his location to within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spotted his location to within one
+foot but you don't know if he's on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot but you don't know if he's on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot but you don't know if he's on this
+side of the wall uh or this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the wall uh or this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the wall uh or this side of the
+wall so if your algorithm says he's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall so if your algorithm says he's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall so if your algorithm says he's over
+here and he's really over here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he's really over here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and he's really over here and you
+have some kind of a system that supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of a system that supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of a system that supports
+this to try to help him find his way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to try to help him find his way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to try to help him find his way out
+of the building he's in the wrong room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building he's in the wrong room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the building he's in the wrong room
+so one foot of accuracy may seem very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one foot of accuracy may seem very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one foot of accuracy may seem very
+precise but in that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise but in that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise but in that kind of an
+application it's not precise enough just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it's not precise enough just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application it's not precise enough just
+just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an
+example um to achieve greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um to achieve greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um to achieve greater
+accuracy uh um you can resort to time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh um you can resort to time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh um you can resort to time of
+arrival U techniques and the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival U techniques and the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival U techniques and the fundamental
+time of arrival techniques are not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of arrival techniques are not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of arrival techniques are not uh
+part particularly new but making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part particularly new but making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part particularly new but making them
+work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a
+multi-path environment is a is a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-path environment is a is a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-path environment is a is a very uh
+uh difficult problem an advantage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difficult problem an advantage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difficult problem an advantage is
+that if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can do
+it um you can accomplish rather accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you can accomplish rather accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you can accomplish rather accurate
+position in with only a few reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in with only a few reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in with only a few reference
+points and it also doesn't need training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it also doesn't need training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it also doesn't need training
+the problem is that it does need well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that it does need well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that it does need well it
+doesn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need
+training uh what it does need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training uh what it does need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training uh what it does need is
+synchronous operation so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous operation so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous operation so in
+Communications terms you have to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications terms you have to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications terms you have to build a
+coherent signal processing system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent signal processing system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent signal processing system that
+adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds to
+complexity and uh and you also need uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and uh and you also need uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and uh and you also need uh a
+synchronization uh process uh to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization uh process uh to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization uh process uh to uh to
+do that let's Move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that let's Move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that let's Move
+Along um just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Along um just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Along um just say
+briefly uh two general classes of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh two general classes of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly uh two general classes of time
+of arrival algorithms one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrival algorithms one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrival algorithms one is
+distance-based localization with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance-based localization with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance-based localization with a few
+reference points and the other perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference points and the other perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference points and the other perhaps a
+more General way of thinking about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General way of thinking about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General way of thinking about it is
+a u a pattern recognition approach where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u a pattern recognition approach where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u a pattern recognition approach where
+you deploy many uh reference points on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deploy many uh reference points on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deploy many uh reference points on a
+regular grid and then you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular grid and then you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular grid and then you can use a
+variety of patent recognition techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of patent recognition techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of patent recognition techniques
+to uh uh to be able to uh get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh to be able to uh get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh to be able to uh get a
+uh uh an accurate estimate getting uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh an accurate estimate getting uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh an accurate estimate getting uh to
+the uh to the end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the end here
+uh um a um a good technique in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a um a good technique in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um a um a good technique in
+the pattern recognition Branch so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern recognition Branch so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern recognition Branch so let me
+call it that as the uh uh nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that as the uh uh nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it that as the uh uh nearest
+neighbor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor uh
+algorithm uh and uh I should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh and uh I should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh and uh I should mention
+eaha that uh is in the RF tag ID uh tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaha that uh is in the RF tag ID uh tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eaha that uh is in the RF tag ID uh tag
+uh business and they also have a uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh business and they also have a uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh business and they also have a uh uh
+very now highly developed software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very now highly developed software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very now highly developed software
+product which the E eaho uh positioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which the E eaho uh positioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which the E eaho uh positioning
+algorithm uh and that's very recent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh and that's very recent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh and that's very recent and
+uh so that represents kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that represents kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that represents kind of the
+state-of-the-art with uh with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art with uh with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art with uh with that
+approach our our uh uh our work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach our our uh uh our work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach our our uh uh our work in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+center uh has been FOC focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center uh has been FOC focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center uh has been FOC focused on
+developing an extensive Laboratory test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an extensive Laboratory test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an extensive Laboratory test
+bed with instrumentation measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed with instrumentation measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed with instrumentation measurement
+instrumentation Channel simulation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation Channel simulation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation Channel simulation uh
+instrumentation and uh uh focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and uh uh focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation and uh uh focusing on
+the evaluation this gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation this gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation this gives us the
+capability to evaluate a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to evaluate a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to evaluate a variety of
+localization algorithms under a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization algorithms under a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization algorithms under a wide
+range of realistic propagation uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of realistic propagation uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of realistic propagation uh in uh
+environment so just I'll just move uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so just I'll just move uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so just I'll just move uh
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ahead um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead um
+coverage of course is uh and and range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of course is uh and and range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of course is uh and and range
+reading is a topic that's been uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is a topic that's been uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is a topic that's been uh uh
+that's been discussed by a few speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been discussed by a few speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been discussed by a few speakers
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+already uh bandwidth it's common belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh bandwidth it's common belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh bandwidth it's common belief
+that uh increasing the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh increasing the bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh increasing the bandwidth
+steadily increases the resolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily increases the resolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily increases the resolution and
+therefore Ultra wide band is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore Ultra wide band is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore Ultra wide band is the right
+uh solution um the problem is you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solution um the problem is you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solution um the problem is you go up
+in bandwidth you reduce the coverage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bandwidth you reduce the coverage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bandwidth you reduce the coverage so
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+uh there's tradeoff issue there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's tradeoff issue there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's tradeoff issue there and we
+don't see Ultra wideband as the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see Ultra wideband as the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see Ultra wideband as the ultimate
+solution the last topic is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the last topic is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the last topic is very
+important one UDP refers to undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one UDP refers to undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one UDP refers to undirected
+DET uh direct path it sounds like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DET uh direct path it sounds like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DET uh direct path it sounds like an
+oxymoron but you Vis visualize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxymoron but you Vis visualize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxymoron but you Vis visualize a
+transmitter a receiver you're in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter a receiver you're in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter a receiver you're in uh
+inside a building and in many instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a building and in many instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a building and in many instances
+the line of sight path from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of sight path from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line of sight path from the
+transmitter to the receiver uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter to the receiver uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter to the receiver uh is not
+detectable and all of you energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable and all of you energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable and all of you energy is
+coming from the multipath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the multipath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the multipath
+components uh okay and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh okay and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh okay and what we're
+finding at this point is that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding at this point is that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding at this point is that that is
+very often the Achilles heel for time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often the Achilles heel for time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often the Achilles heel for time of
+arrival based positioning estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival based positioning estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival based positioning estimation
+system and that in fact was the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that in fact was the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that in fact was the central
+problem that caused the the failure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that caused the the failure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that caused the the failure to
+meet the objectives in the uh uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the objectives in the uh uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the objectives in the uh uh in the
+Sosa program uh several uh years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sosa program uh several uh years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sosa program uh several uh years
+back so uh our we continue to focus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so uh our we continue to focus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so uh our we continue to focus uh
+uh our research now on uh uh algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our research now on uh uh algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our research now on uh uh algorithms
+with that will allow us to operate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that will allow us to operate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that will allow us to operate in a
+condition of undetected direct path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of undetected direct path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of undetected direct path and
+that very often means making use most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very often means making use most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very often means making use most of
+the time of the multipath components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the multipath components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the multipath components and
+we're we're looking at techniques like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're looking at techniques like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're looking at techniques like
+tracking uh which works fine if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking uh which works fine if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking uh which works fine if the
+transmitter is mobile however that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter is mobile however that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter is mobile however that
+doesn't work if the transmitter is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work if the transmitter is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work if the transmitter is not
+is not mobile mobile if it's mobile you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not mobile mobile if it's mobile you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not mobile mobile if it's mobile you
+can do tracking you can work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do tracking you can work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do tracking you can work with the
+multipath components and the direct path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipath components and the direct path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipath components and the direct path
+which will occasionally appear in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will occasionally appear in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will occasionally appear in a in a
+in a time record of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a time record of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a time record of uh of
+measurements um okay we're um also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements um okay we're um also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements um okay we're um also uh
+looking at use of uh diversity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at use of uh diversity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at use of uh diversity uh
+techniques and uh some of that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and uh some of that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and uh some of that is being
+done in cooperation with Draper lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in cooperation with Draper lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in cooperation with Draper lab and
+I realize we're running out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize we're running out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realize we're running out of time
+uh so uh just beating the drum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh just beating the drum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh just beating the drum and
+saying that localization is uh still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that localization is uh still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that localization is uh still an
+important research area and we regard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important research area and we regard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important research area and we regard it
+as an unsolved problem thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an unsolved problem thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an unsolved problem thank you very
+much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K-ck5dOsPgQ.txt b/K-ck5dOsPgQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7796356871066ee6c18b7b739364872e0cb41d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K-ck5dOsPgQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we introduced Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we introduced Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we introduced Markov
+chains virginal plus of random processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains virginal plus of random processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains virginal plus of random processes
+with many applications dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many applications dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many applications dealing with the
+evolution of dynamical systems they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of dynamical systems they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of dynamical systems they have
+been used in physics chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in physics chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in physics chemistry
+information sciences queueing theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sciences queueing theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information sciences queueing theory
+internet applications statistics finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet applications statistics finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet applications statistics finance
+games music genetics baseball history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games music genetics baseball history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games music genetics baseball history
+you name it so what make these processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name it so what make these processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name it so what make these processes
+so powerful and practical well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so powerful and practical well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so powerful and practical well as
+opposed to their newly and Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to their newly and Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to their newly and Poisson
+processes which are memory less in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which are memory less in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes which are memory less in the
+sense that the future does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the future does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the future does not depend on
+the past Markov chains are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past Markov chains are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past Markov chains are more
+elaborate as they allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate as they allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate as they allow the
+representation of situations where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of situations where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of situations where the
+future depend on the past and to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future depend on the past and to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future depend on the past and to some
+extent could be predicted from the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent could be predicted from the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent could be predicted from the past
+more precisely we are going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely we are going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely we are going to consider
+malls where the influence of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls where the influence of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malls where the influence of the past
+and the future is summarized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future is summarized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future is summarized by the
+notion of a state which evolves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a state which evolves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a state which evolves over
+time according to some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time according to some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time according to some probability
+distribution that's the link between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's the link between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's the link between the
+past and the future we will restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and the future we will restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and the future we will restrict
+ourselves to discrete time Markov chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to discrete time Markov chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to discrete time Markov chains
+in which the state changes that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the state changes that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the state changes that certain
+discrete time steps to state at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time steps to state at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time steps to state at time T
+plus one which is here is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one which is here is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one which is here is a function of
+the state at time T and there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at time T and there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state at time T and there is some
+noise of randomness as an overview this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise of randomness as an overview this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise of randomness as an overview this
+is what we will cover in this lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we will cover in this lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we will cover in this lecture we
+will first introduce the basic concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first introduce the basic concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will first introduce the basic concepts
+using the example of a checkout counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the example of a checkout counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the example of a checkout counter
+at the supermarket will then abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the supermarket will then abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the supermarket will then abstract
+from the example and give some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the example and give some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the example and give some general
+definitions afterwards we will look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions afterwards we will look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions afterwards we will look at
+various questions such as predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various questions such as predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various questions such as predicting
+what could happen in the future given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen in the future given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen in the future given
+the current state of our systems we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of our systems we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state of our systems we will
+end this lecture by giving some key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end this lecture by giving some key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end this lecture by giving some key
+structural properties of Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural properties of Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural properties of Markov
+processes so let us start
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K12JGiYHcTw.txt b/K12JGiYHcTw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ffda30119def7113b1c3a39e58dadb176bb9ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K12JGiYHcTw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my name is taka Kalakaua I'm a senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my name is taka Kalakaua I'm a senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my name is taka Kalakaua I'm a senior
+lecturer in Japanese as the leader of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer in Japanese as the leader of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer in Japanese as the leader of
+the Japanese language program I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese language program I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese language program I'm
+shaping the direction of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping the direction of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping the direction of future
+direction of the Japanese language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the Japanese language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the Japanese language
+program and at the same time improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and at the same time improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and at the same time improving
+the existing language calculon so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing language calculon so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing language calculon so the
+high-level overview of the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview of the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview of the Japanese
+language program at MIT is so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language program at MIT is so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language program at MIT is so we have
+three tiers beginning intermediate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tiers beginning intermediate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tiers beginning intermediate and
+advanced courses and each layer aims to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced courses and each layer aims to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced courses and each layer aims to
+develop four language skills reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop four language skills reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop four language skills reading
+speak writing speaking and listening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak writing speaking and listening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak writing speaking and listening and
+our main focus however is to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main focus however is to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main focus however is to improve
+so-called communicative skills ie be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called communicative skills ie be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called communicative skills ie be
+able to communicate with native speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to communicate with native speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to communicate with native speakers
+my first encounter with language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first encounter with language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first encounter with language
+teaching was when I was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching was when I was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching was when I was a graduate
+student I applied for teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student I applied for teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student I applied for teaching
+assistantship for Japanese teaching I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistantship for Japanese teaching I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistantship for Japanese teaching I
+originally was trained as a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was trained as a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was trained as a theoretical
+linguist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist
+so I didn't know anything about language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't know anything about language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't know anything about language
+teaching but when I first taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching but when I first taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching but when I first taught
+Japanese I found a great gem in language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese I found a great gem in language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese I found a great gem in language
+teaching and since then I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and since then I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and since then I'm very
+passionate about language teaching
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KvQkRX1nIqQ.txt b/KvQkRX1nIqQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..036a8228926cfca7f87d9b126ce155e4cb07edb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KvQkRX1nIqQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi today we begin our eighth and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we begin our eighth and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we begin our eighth and final
+block of material in our course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of material in our course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of material in our course and
+since we began the course with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we began the course with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we began the course with an
+emphasis on structure in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on structure in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on structure in particular
+Vector spaces it's only appropriate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces it's only appropriate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces it's only appropriate that
+we conclude on the same level now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude on the same level now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude on the same level now you
+may recall when we first started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may recall when we first started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may recall when we first started talking
+about vectors we began with the rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors we began with the rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors we began with the rather
+simple interpretation of arrows then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple interpretation of arrows then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple interpretation of arrows then we
+got to two tuples and three tles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to two tuples and three tles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to two tuples and three tles to
+revisit what arrows looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit what arrows looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit what arrows looked like
+numerically then we generalize this to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically then we generalize this to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically then we generalize this to n
+dimensional nles so that we could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional nles so that we could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional nles so that we could talk
+about functions of n real variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions of n real variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions of n real variables and
+what we did was we defined a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we defined a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we defined a vector
+space to be the endles together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to be the endles together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to be the endles together with
+certain structural properties and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain structural properties and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain structural properties and at the
+very end we then did the usual thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end we then did the usual thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end we then did the usual thing
+that one does in a structure we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one does in a structure we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one does in a structure we showed
+what a vector space would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a vector space would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a vector space would look like
+without reference to to endles now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without reference to to endles now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without reference to to endles now what
+I'd like to do in this lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do in this lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do in this lecture and
+emphasize this for the remainder of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this for the remainder of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this for the remainder of our
+course is to show what Vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to show what Vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is to show what Vector spaces
+would have looked like what enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have looked like what enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have looked like what enrichment
+we could have gained if we had stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have gained if we had stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have gained if we had stuck
+with our more generalized axiomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our more generalized axiomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our more generalized axiomatic
+definition in the first place and rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the first place and rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the first place and rather
+than go on about this philosophically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than go on about this philosophically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than go on about this philosophically
+let me get to the gist of our lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get to the gist of our lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get to the gist of our lecture
+today which as I say is simply called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which as I say is simply called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which as I say is simply called
+Vector spaces but hopefully from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces but hopefully from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces but hopefully from a
+perspective different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective different
+from what we've had before that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've had before that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've had before that the
+structural axiomatic definition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural axiomatic definition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural axiomatic definition you
+recall was that V was called a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall was that V was called a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall was that V was called a vector
+space with respect to the real numbers R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with respect to the real numbers R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with respect to the real numbers R
+and I should mention here that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should mention here that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should mention here that there are
+places where one might talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where one might talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where one might talk about a
+vector space with respect to the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space with respect to the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space with respect to the complex
+numbers C or something like this but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers C or something like this but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers C or something like this but for
+our purposes we are going to be content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes we are going to be content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our purposes we are going to be content
+to stick with what what is called real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with what what is called real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with what what is called real
+Vector spaces namely a vector space with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces namely a vector space with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces namely a vector space with
+respect to the real numbers and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the real numbers and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the real numbers and what
+were the structural properties well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the structural properties well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the structural properties well the
+sum of two vectors had to be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two vectors had to be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two vectors had to be a vector
+that the that the sum had to obey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that the sum had to obey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that the sum had to obey the
+associative rule there had to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative rule there had to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative rule there had to be an
+additive identity there had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive identity there had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive identity there had to be
+additive inverses and the sum had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive inverses and the sum had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive inverses and the sum had to be
+commutative we also had a Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative we also had a Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative we also had a Scala
+multiplication structure if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication structure if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication structure if you recall
+that said that if a Scala multipli the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that if a Scala multipli the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said that if a Scala multipli the
+sum of two vectors the distributive rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two vectors the distributive rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two vectors the distributive rule
+held namely that c * Alpha Plus beta was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held namely that c * Alpha Plus beta was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held namely that c * Alpha Plus beta was
+C Alpha plus C beta where C was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Alpha plus C beta where C was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Alpha plus C beta where C was a real
+number and the distributive rule also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the distributive rule also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the distributive rule also
+held if the sum of two numbers was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held if the sum of two numbers was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held if the sum of two numbers was
+multiplying a vector you see where C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a vector you see where C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a vector you see where C1
+and C2 here are real numbers and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 here are real numbers and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 here are real numbers and finally
+if a scalar times a scalar multiple of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a scalar times a scalar multiple of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a scalar times a scalar multiple of a
+vector were given this product was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector were given this product was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector were given this product was also
+associative namely that C1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative namely that C1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative namely that C1 times the
+vector C2 Alpha is the same as the Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector C2 Alpha is the same as the Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector C2 Alpha is the same as the Scala
+multiple c1c2 time Alpha and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple c1c2 time Alpha and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple c1c2 time Alpha and finally
+that the number one multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number one multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number one multiplied by the
+vector Alpha the Scala multiple 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Alpha the Scala multiple 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Alpha the Scala multiple 1 *
+Alpha was still Alpha in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha was still Alpha in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha was still Alpha in other words
+that the Scala that with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Scala that with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Scala that with respect to
+Scala multiplication one still behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiplication one still behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiplication one still behaved
+like the multiplicative identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the multiplicative identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the multiplicative identity and
+what we noted was that the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we noted was that the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we noted was that the properties of
+endles were now theorems with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endles were now theorems with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endles were now theorems with respect to
+the structural definition you see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural definition you see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural definition you see we
+could show that if Alpha were an entle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show that if Alpha were an entle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show that if Alpha were an entle
+that 0 * Alpha was Zero for all oules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 0 * Alpha was Zero for all oules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 0 * Alpha was Zero for all oules in
+V but now what we're saying is we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but now what we're saying is we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but now what we're saying is we also
+showed at that time that axiomatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed at that time that axiomatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed at that time that axiomatically
+one could prove all of these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could prove all of these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could prove all of these results
+that uh the the zero Scala times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the zero Scala times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the zero Scala times the
+vector was always zero the Scala c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector was always zero the Scala c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector was always zero the Scala c times
+the zero Vector was always the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector was always the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector was always the zero
+Vector for all scalers that if Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector for all scalers that if Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector for all scalers that if Alpha
+plus beta equal Alpha plus gamma beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta equal Alpha plus gamma beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta equal Alpha plus gamma beta
+equal gamma the cancellation rule held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal gamma the cancellation rule held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal gamma the cancellation rule held
+uh C if C * Alpha was Zero either C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C if C * Alpha was Zero either C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh C if C * Alpha was Zero either C was
+zero or Alpha was Zero Etc meaning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or Alpha was Zero Etc meaning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or Alpha was Zero Etc meaning we
+had all these theorems and just Again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all these theorems and just Again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all these theorems and just Again by
+way of refreshing your memories I very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of refreshing your memories I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of refreshing your memories I very
+quickly jotted down a semi- proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly jotted down a semi- proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly jotted down a semi- proof of
+this result namely if C wasn't zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result namely if C wasn't zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result namely if C wasn't zero
+knowing that c * Alpha was Zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that c * Alpha was Zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that c * Alpha was Zero we
+multiply both sides by 1 / C by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by 1 / C by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by 1 / C by the
+associative property I can Group 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative property I can Group 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative property I can Group 1 over
+C with c and 1 over C * C is 1 I I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C with c and 1 over C * C is 1 I I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C with c and 1 over C * C is 1 I I also
+know that c * 0 is still Z and was any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that c * 0 is still Z and was any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that c * 0 is still Z and was any
+real number time Z the zero Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number time Z the zero Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number time Z the zero Vector is
+still the Z Vector putting all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the Z Vector putting all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the Z Vector putting all of this
+together you see I have what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you see I have what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you see I have what that
+regrouping this in this form this must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrouping this in this form this must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regrouping this in this form this must
+equal the zero Vector but this is 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the zero Vector but this is 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the zero Vector but this is 1 *
+Alpha equaling zero but by our ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equaling zero but by our ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha equaling zero but by our ninth
+axum 1 * Alpha is Alpha therefore Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axum 1 * Alpha is Alpha therefore Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axum 1 * Alpha is Alpha therefore Alpha
+equals z and we can go on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and we can go on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and we can go on in this
+particular way rederiving all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way rederiving all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way rederiving all of the
+prop ities that we previously talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop ities that we previously talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop ities that we previously talked
+about when we were dealing with endles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we were dealing with endles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we were dealing with endles
+the question that comes up is what's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that comes up is what's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that comes up is what's so
+great about doing the same thing in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about doing the same thing in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great about doing the same thing in two
+different ways why do we have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways why do we have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways why do we have to come
+back to the structural definition when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the structural definition when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the structural definition when
+the endles were working very nicely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endles were working very nicely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endles were working very nicely for
+us and what I'd like to do is two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and what I'd like to do is two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and what I'd like to do is two things
+and I'm going to introduce one New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to introduce one New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to introduce one New
+Concept and Let It Drop fairly rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept and Let It Drop fairly rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept and Let It Drop fairly rapidly
+and then come back to a older concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back to a older concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then come back to a older concept
+from a new point of view in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a new point of view in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a new point of view in the first
+place my claim is is that the axiomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place my claim is is that the axiomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place my claim is is that the axiomatic
+definition of a vector space opens up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a vector space opens up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a vector space opens up a
+whole new Avenue of things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new Avenue of things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new Avenue of things that we can
+call Vector spaces that we couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Vector spaces that we couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Vector spaces that we couldn't have
+called Vector spaces before because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Vector spaces before because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Vector spaces before because they
+couldn't be represented as endles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be represented as endles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be represented as endles for
+example let me just say that so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me just say that so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me just say that so you see
+it written down here new definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it written down here new definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it written down here new definition
+permits new Vector Spaces by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits new Vector Spaces by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits new Vector Spaces by way of
+example let me take the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me take the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me take the set of all
+functions subject only to the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions subject only to the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions subject only to the condition
+that they have a common domain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a common domain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a common domain for
+example let's take the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the set of all
+functions F whose domain of definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F whose domain of definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions F whose domain of definition
+say is the closed interval from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is the closed interval from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is the closed interval from A to B
+in other words all you need to belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words all you need to belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words all you need to belong to
+the set V is a function defined for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set V is a function defined for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set V is a function defined for all
+real numbers on the closed interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers on the closed interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers on the closed interval from
+A to B notice that both in part one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B notice that both in part one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to B notice that both in part one and
+part two of this course we had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of this course we had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two of this course we had already
+defined very special meanings for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined very special meanings for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined very special meanings for what
+it meant by the sum of two functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant by the sum of two functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant by the sum of two functions and
+the Scala multiple of a function namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scala multiple of a function namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scala multiple of a function namely
+by f plus G where f and g were functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f plus G where f and g were functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f plus G where f and g were functions
+with a common domain and by C * F recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a common domain and by C * F recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a common domain and by C * F recall
+our definitions were what that f plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definitions were what that f plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definitions were what that f plus G
+ofx is simply f ofx plus G ofx and CF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is simply f ofx plus G ofx and CF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is simply f ofx plus G ofx and CF of
+X is simply C * F ofx where X is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is simply C * F ofx where X is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is simply C * F ofx where X is any
+number in the closed interval from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the closed interval from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the closed interval from A to
+B notice in terms of a picture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B notice in terms of a picture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B notice in terms of a picture what
+we're saying is for for the f plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is for for the f plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is for for the f plus G
+machine if the input is X the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine if the input is X the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine if the input is X the output is
+f ofx plus G of x for for the CF machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx plus G of x for for the CF machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx plus G of x for for the CF machine
+if the input is X the output is C * F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input is X the output is C * F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input is X the output is C * F
+ofx notice that if f is defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx notice that if f is defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx notice that if f is defined on the
+closed interval from A to B C * f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval from A to B C * f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval from A to B C * f is
+defined on the closed interval from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the closed interval from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the closed interval from A to
+B and if if f and g have the com a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if if f and g have the com a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and if if f and g have the com a
+common domain in particular if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common domain in particular if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common domain in particular if the
+domain happens to be the closed interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain happens to be the closed interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain happens to be the closed interval
+from A to B notice that X belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B notice that X belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B notice that X belongs to
+both the domains of f and g and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the domains of f and g and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the domains of f and g and that
+consequently this summation makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently this summation makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently this summation makes sense
+in other words if we had a number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if we had a number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if we had a number which
+belonged to the the domain of f but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to the the domain of f but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to the the domain of f but not
+to the domain of G this wouldn't even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the domain of G this wouldn't even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the domain of G this wouldn't even be
+defined all right so here is a new type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined all right so here is a new type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined all right so here is a new type
+of set that doesn't look like endles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set that doesn't look like endles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set that doesn't look like endles in
+other words there are a voluminous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words there are a voluminous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words there are a voluminous
+number of independent functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent functions which
+are defined on some interval from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined on some interval from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined on some interval from A to B
+but the key point is that this new vect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key point is that this new vect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key point is that this new vect
+that this new set V satisfies axioms 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this new set V satisfies axioms 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this new set V satisfies axioms 1
+through 9 of our new definition of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 9 of our new definition of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 9 of our new definition of our
+structural definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural definition
+in other words the set of all functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the set of all functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the set of all functions
+which are continuous I'm sorry which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are continuous I'm sorry which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are continuous I'm sorry which are
+defined on the interval from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the interval from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the interval from A to B
+according to our structural definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our structural definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our structural definition
+would also be a vector space in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be a vector space in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be a vector space in other
+words our key point is that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words our key point is that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words our key point is that the new
+definition enlarges the concept of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition enlarges the concept of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition enlarges the concept of a
+vector space whereby enlarges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space whereby enlarges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space whereby enlarges the
+concept I mean it allows new animals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I mean it allows new animals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I mean it allows new animals to
+get into the definition that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the definition that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the definition that we have
+enlarged what can now be called a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged what can now be called a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged what can now be called a vector
+space let let me pause here for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let let me pause here for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let let me pause here for a moment
+just to enforce one little detail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to enforce one little detail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to enforce one little detail for
+you and that is keep in mind that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that is keep in mind that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that is keep in mind that I am
+appreciative of the fact that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciative of the fact that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciative of the fact that probably
+you are not used to visualizing a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not used to visualizing a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not used to visualizing a set of
+functions as being a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as being a vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as being a vector space
+consequently it's my feeling that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently it's my feeling that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently it's my feeling that if I
+continue hopping on this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue hopping on this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue hopping on this particular
+example much of what I say will be lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example much of what I say will be lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example much of what I say will be lost
+on you because you haven't had enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you because you haven't had enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you because you haven't had enough
+time to have this New Concept sink in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to have this New Concept sink in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to have this New Concept sink in so
+what I'm going to do is to leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is to leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is to leave a
+number of exercises for our study guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of exercises for our study guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of exercises for our study guide
+where you can get adequate drill on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can get adequate drill on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can get adequate drill on what
+we mean by uh this new type of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by uh this new type of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by uh this new type of vector
+space what I'd like to do for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what I'd like to do for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space what I'd like to do for the next
+part of our lecture is to get away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our lecture is to get away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our lecture is to get away from
+this New Concept which by the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this New Concept which by the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this New Concept which by the way is
+very important which we will emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important which we will emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important which we will emphasize
+as the remainder of this block continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the remainder of this block continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the remainder of this block continues
+but for those who say I'm not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for those who say I'm not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for those who say I'm not that
+interested in functions as Vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in functions as Vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in functions as Vector spaces
+I can't visualize that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't visualize that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't visualize that I would like to
+point out a second key point and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out a second key point and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out a second key point and that is
+that even when you deal with entes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even when you deal with entes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even when you deal with entes the
+structural definition has advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural definition has advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural definition has advantages
+over the entle definition and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entle definition and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entle definition and in
+particular which I call Key Point number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which I call Key Point number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular which I call Key Point number
+two the new definition and by new I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the new definition and by new I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the new definition and by new I mean
+the structural definition is free of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural definition is free of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural definition is free of any
+dependence of a coordinate system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of a coordinate system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of a coordinate system now
+what do I mean by dependence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by dependence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by dependence of a
+coordinate system let's see if I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system let's see if I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system let's see if I can't
+make that clear by means of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that clear by means of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that clear by means of a particular
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+let's suppose I'm dealing in the I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I'm dealing in the I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I'm dealing in the I'm in
+the XY plane and we're used to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane and we're used to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane and we're used to the
+vectors I and J as being the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I and J as being the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I and J as being the basic
+vectors of the uh XY plane let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of the uh XY plane let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of the uh XY plane let's assume
+for the sake of argument that for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of argument that for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of argument that for one
+reason or another and I'll clarify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or another and I'll clarify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or another and I'll clarify what
+one reason or another means as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason or another means as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason or another means as our
+course goes on but for one reason or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goes on but for one reason or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goes on but for one reason or
+another let's suppose that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's suppose that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's suppose that for the
+particular problem that I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that I'm interested
+in the two vectors Alpha and beta where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two vectors Alpha and beta where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two vectors Alpha and beta where
+Alpha is defined to be i+ J and beta say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is defined to be i+ J and beta say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is defined to be i+ J and beta say
+is defined to be 3 I + 2 J let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be 3 I + 2 J let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be 3 I + 2 J let's suppose
+that the two vectors Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two vectors Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two vectors Alpha and beta
+happen to be the two vectors that we for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the two vectors that we for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be the two vectors that we for
+some reason or other happen to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason or other happen to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason or other happen to be more
+interested in than we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in than we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in than we are interested in
+I and J now the idea is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J now the idea is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J now the idea is something like
+this first of all observe that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first of all observe that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first of all observe that because
+of the arithmetic the axioms that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arithmetic the axioms that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arithmetic the axioms that a
+vector space satisfies I can treat Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space satisfies I can treat Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space satisfies I can treat Alpha
+Beta I and J the same as I would real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta I and J the same as I would real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta I and J the same as I would real
+variables so to speak and I can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so to speak and I can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so to speak and I can solve
+algebraically for I and J in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically for I and J in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically for I and J in terms of
+Alpha and beta which I've just done over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta which I've just done over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta which I've just done over
+here and I leave the details for you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I leave the details for you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I leave the details for you you
+just solve these as two equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve these as two equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve these as two equations and
+two unknowns solve for I and J in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns solve for I and J in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns solve for I and J in terms
+of Alpha and beta now the idea is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and beta now the idea is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and beta now the idea is this
+let's suppose I'm given some vector v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I'm given some vector v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I'm given some vector v
+for the sake of argument let B let V be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of argument let B let V be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of argument let B let V be
+the vector 4 I + 5j now notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 4 I + 5j now notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 4 I + 5j now notice that the
+vector v is well defined and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector v is well defined and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector v is well defined and I'll show
+you that pictorially in a few moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that pictorially in a few moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that pictorially in a few moments
+but that vector v exists independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that vector v exists independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that vector v exists independently
+of whether we talk about I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether we talk about I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether we talk about I and J
+components or not in other words once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or not in other words once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or not in other words once I
+tell you that V is 4 I + 5j it exists as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that V is 4 I + 5j it exists as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that V is 4 I + 5j it exists as
+an arrow in the plane and once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow in the plane and once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow in the plane and once I've
+drawn that arrow that arrow is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn that arrow that arrow is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn that arrow that arrow is well
+defined even if I Now erase what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined even if I Now erase what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined even if I Now erase what this
+definition is the point I wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the point I wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the point I wanted to make
+though is this you will recall that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is this you will recall that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is this you will recall that when
+we dealt with two tuples we picked I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dealt with two tuples we picked I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dealt with two tuples we picked I and
+J as being the important vectors and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J as being the important vectors and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J as being the important vectors and we
+abbreviated b as 4 comma 5 indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated b as 4 comma 5 indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated b as 4 comma 5 indicating
+that the vector 4 I + 5 J if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector 4 I + 5 J if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vector 4 I + 5 J if it
+originated at 0 Z Would terminate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated at 0 Z Would terminate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated at 0 Z Would terminate at the
+point 4 comma 5 now suppose for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 4 comma 5 now suppose for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 4 comma 5 now suppose for the sake
+of argument we were interested in V not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument we were interested in V not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument we were interested in V not
+in terms of I and J but in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I and J but in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I and J but in terms of the
+new vectors Alpha and beta knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new vectors Alpha and beta knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new vectors Alpha and beta knowing that
+I is- 2 Alpha plus beta and J is 3 Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is- 2 Alpha plus beta and J is 3 Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is- 2 Alpha plus beta and J is 3 Alpha
+minus beta by direct substitution we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta by direct substitution we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta by direct substitution we can
+replace I and J by what they're equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace I and J by what they're equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace I and J by what they're equal to
+in terms of Alpha and beta see just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Alpha and beta see just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Alpha and beta see just by
+direct substitution and I can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct substitution and I can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct substitution and I can conclude
+again notice the arithmetic here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again notice the arithmetic here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again notice the arithmetic here you see
+four I can multiply this out minus 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I can multiply this out minus 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I can multiply this out minus 8
+Alpha plus 4 beta because I have a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus 4 beta because I have a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus 4 beta because I have a rule
+that tells me that a scalar times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that a scalar times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that a scalar times the
+sum of two vectors is a scalar time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two vectors is a scalar time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two vectors is a scalar time the
+first Vector plus a Scala time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vector plus a Scala time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Vector plus a Scala time the
+second Vector Etc all the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Vector Etc all the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Vector Etc all the rules of
+arithmetic apply here so I very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic apply here so I very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic apply here so I very quickly
+say 15 Alpha minus 8 Alpha is 7 Alpha 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 15 Alpha minus 8 Alpha is 7 Alpha 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 15 Alpha minus 8 Alpha is 7 Alpha 4
+beta - 5 beta is minus beta so relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta - 5 beta is minus beta so relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta - 5 beta is minus beta so relative
+to Alpha and beta notice that V has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha and beta notice that V has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha and beta notice that V has the
+unique representation 7 Alpha minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique representation 7 Alpha minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique representation 7 Alpha minus beta
+now suppose I wanted to abbreviate V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I wanted to abbreviate V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose I wanted to abbreviate V
+with reference to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reference to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reference to the
+basis vectors Alpha and beta where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors Alpha and beta where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis vectors Alpha and beta where the
+convention would be that I would list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention would be that I would list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention would be that I would list
+the alpha component first and the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha component first and the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha component first and the beta
+component secondly notice that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component secondly notice that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component secondly notice that the two
+Tuple that names V would be 7 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple that names V would be 7 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuple that names V would be 7 comma
+minus1 see 7 is the coefficient of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 see 7 is the coefficient of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 see 7 is the coefficient of alpha
+minus one is the coefficient of beta 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is the coefficient of beta 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is the coefficient of beta 7
+comma minus1 would be the twole that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma minus1 would be the twole that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma minus1 would be the twole that
+represents V if I use Alpha and beta as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents V if I use Alpha and beta as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents V if I use Alpha and beta as
+my representative vectors whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my representative vectors whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my representative vectors whereas the
+twole 4 comma 5 represents V with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole 4 comma 5 represents V with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole 4 comma 5 represents V with
+respect to the in quotation marks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the in quotation marks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the in quotation marks the
+usual representation in terms of I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual representation in terms of I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual representation in terms of I and J
+notice that V is the same Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that V is the same Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that V is the same Vector that
+hasn't changed but but certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed but but certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed but but certainly the
+twole 7 comma minus1 and the twole 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole 7 comma minus1 and the twole 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole 7 comma minus1 and the twole 4
+comma 5 do not look alike in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 5 do not look alike in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 5 do not look alike in other words
+there is a big danger as for one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a big danger as for one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a big danger as for one reason
+or another we switch from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another we switch from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another we switch from different
+representative vectors to other of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vectors to other of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vectors to other of from
+a given set of Representative vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given set of Representative vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given set of Representative vectors to
+another set of Representative vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of Representative vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of Representative vectors
+that we can become confused as to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can become confused as to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can become confused as to which
+twole in this case twole would be andle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole in this case twole would be andle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twole in this case twole would be andle
+in general but which representation goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but which representation goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general but which representation goes
+with which to tle see the whole idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which to tle see the whole idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which to tle see the whole idea is
+that our new definition structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our new definition structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our new definition structurally
+never pays any attention to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never pays any attention to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never pays any attention to what the
+particular representation is and from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular representation is and from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular representation is and from a
+mathematician's point of view what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician's point of view what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician's point of view what we
+feel is that what should happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel is that what should happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel is that what should happen in the
+study of vector spaces should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of vector spaces should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of vector spaces should be
+consequences of the vectors not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the vectors not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the vectors not the
+particular coordinate system and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coordinate system and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coordinate system and if that
+phrase confuses you I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase confuses you I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase confuses you I'm using the
+coordinate system in the following sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system in the following sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system in the following sense
+when I talk about I and J I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about I and J I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about I and J I think about
+I and J as being my coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J as being my coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J as being my coordinate system
+when I talk about Alpha and beta I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about Alpha and beta I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about Alpha and beta I think
+of Alpha and beta as being my coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and beta as being my coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Alpha and beta as being my coordinate
+system for example given the vector v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for example given the vector v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for example given the vector v
+let's suppose this is Alpha and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose this is Alpha and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose this is Alpha and this is
+beta notice that V certainly is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta notice that V certainly is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta notice that V certainly is a linear
+combination of Alpha and beta in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Alpha and beta in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Alpha and beta in other
+words it's this Vector plus this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's this Vector plus this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's this Vector plus this Vector
+it's also a linear combination of I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a linear combination of I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a linear combination of I and
+J certainly a different linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J certainly a different linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J certainly a different linear
+combination of Alpha and beta than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Alpha and beta than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of Alpha and beta than it is
+a linear combination of I and J but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of I and J but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of I and J but also
+certain is the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain is the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain is the fact that the
+representation of v in terms of Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of v in terms of Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of v in terms of Alpha
+and beta as our coordinate system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta as our coordinate system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta as our coordinate system is
+unique just as the representation of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique just as the representation of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique just as the representation of v
+in terms of an i and J coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an i and J coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an i and J coordinate system
+is unique in other words V has a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique in other words V has a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique in other words V has a unique
+representation as some Scala multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation as some Scala multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation as some Scala multiple of
+alpha plus a Scala multiple of beta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus a Scala multiple of beta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus a Scala multiple of beta but
+it also has a unique representation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has a unique representation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has a unique representation in
+the form a Scala multiple of I plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form a Scala multiple of I plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form a Scala multiple of I plus a
+Scala multiple of J you see we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of J you see we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of J you see we do not
+mean that the representation is unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the representation is unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the representation is unique
+in the sense that it can only be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that it can only be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that it can only be written
+as one set of linear combinations what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one set of linear combinations what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one set of linear combinations what
+we mean is that for each coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean is that for each coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean is that for each coordinate
+system for each coordinate system there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for each coordinate system there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for each coordinate system there
+is a unique representation as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique representation as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a unique representation as a linear
+combination of the coordinates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the coordinates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the coordinates but
+different coordinate systems lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coordinate systems lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coordinate systems lead to
+different linear combinations but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different linear combinations but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different linear combinations but the
+key point from the mathematicians point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point from the mathematicians point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point from the mathematicians point
+of view is that V exists independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view is that V exists independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view is that V exists independently
+of the choice of Alpha and beta you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the choice of Alpha and beta you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the choice of Alpha and beta you see
+again we ran into this problem before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we ran into this problem before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we ran into this problem before
+when we talked about the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the distance
+between two points in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points in the plane
+certainly the distance between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the distance between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the distance between two
+points in a plane was independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a plane was independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a plane was independent of
+what coordinate system we used but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what coordinate system we used but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what coordinate system we used but with
+respect to Polar coordinates the recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Polar coordinates the recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Polar coordinates the recipe
+for finding the distance between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding the distance between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding the distance between the two
+points did not look the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points did not look the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points did not look the same as the
+recipe that one used for finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that one used for finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe that one used for finding the
+distance between the same two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the same two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the same two points
+when the points were expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the points were expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the points were expressed in
+cartisian coordinates the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian coordinates the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian coordinates the same thing
+we're saying here we would like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying here we would like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying here we would like our
+mathematics to depend only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to depend only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics to depend only on the
+vectors not on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors not on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors not on their
+representation well enough said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation well enough said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation well enough said about
+that part of the theory what we next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the theory what we next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the theory what we next
+again the exercises will hopefully fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the exercises will hopefully fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the exercises will hopefully fill
+in any gaps that may be missing in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any gaps that may be missing in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any gaps that may be missing in The
+Logical structure from your point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logical structure from your point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logical structure from your point of
+view but the next thing we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but the next thing we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but the next thing we'd like to
+talk about is a thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is a thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is a thing called a
+substructure that whenever one talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure that whenever one talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substructure that whenever one talks
+about a new type of structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a new type of structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a new type of structure the
+concept of what we used to call a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of what we used to call a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of what we used to call a subset
+becomes too weak and con and what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes too weak and con and what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes too weak and con and what one
+wants to talk about then is the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to talk about then is the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to talk about then is the concept
+of a substructure what I mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a substructure what I mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a substructure what I mean by that is
+the next topic I want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic I want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic I want to talk about is
+called subspaces and to give you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called subspaces and to give you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called subspaces and to give you an idea
+of what I'm talking about let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm talking about let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm talking about let's do the
+following let's go back into the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let's go back into the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following let's go back into the plane
+and take just the two individual vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take just the two individual vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take just the two individual vectors
+I and J not the whole plane just the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J not the whole plane just the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J not the whole plane just the two
+vectors the unit vector and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the unit vector and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the unit vector and the
+direction of the positive xaxis the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the positive xaxis the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the positive xaxis the unit
+Vector in the direction of the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the direction of the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the direction of the positive
+y- axis just these two vectors now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis just these two vectors now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis just these two vectors now
+certainly the set consisting of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the set consisting of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the set consisting of just
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+vectors is a subset of two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is a subset of two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is a subset of two-dimensional
+Vector space in other words the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space in other words the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space in other words the set of
+all vectors in the XY plane certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors in the XY plane certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors in the XY plane certainly
+includes the I vector and the J Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the I vector and the J Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the I vector and the J Vector
+so it would certainly be fair to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would certainly be fair to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would certainly be fair to say
+that this set a is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set a is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set a is a subset of
+two-dimensional Vector spaces but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Vector spaces but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Vector spaces but the
+idea is that a vector space has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that a vector space has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that a vector space has a
+structure We Care much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure We Care much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure We Care much
+more about how you combin vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how you combin vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about how you combin vectors and
+what you get then we worry about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get then we worry about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get then we worry about whether
+you just have a set remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a set remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a set remember
+mathematically a structure is what a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically a structure is what a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically a structure is what a set
+together with certain rules and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with certain rules and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with certain rules and so what
+we're saying here is look what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying here is look what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying here is look what goes
+wrong with this if we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with this if we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with this if we were looking at
+this thing structurally one would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing structurally one would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing structurally one would say
+something like G let's add I and J if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like G let's add I and J if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like G let's add I and J if we
+add I and J we get i+ J i+ J is neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add I and J we get i+ J i+ J is neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add I and J we get i+ J i+ J is neither
+the vector I nor the vector J in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector I nor the vector J in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector I nor the vector J in other
+words in terms of a picture his ey his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in terms of a picture his ey his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in terms of a picture his ey his
+J what is i+ J i+ J is just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J what is i+ J i+ J is just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J what is i+ J i+ J is just the sum of
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors what we're saying is I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors what we're saying is I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors what we're saying is I and J
+belong to the set a but i+ J certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the set a but i+ J certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the set a but i+ J certainly
+is neither I nor J since a consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is neither I nor J since a consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is neither I nor J since a consists
+solely of I and J the fact that I plus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely of I and J the fact that I plus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solely of I and J the fact that I plus J
+is neither I nor J means that i+ J does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is neither I nor J means that i+ J does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is neither I nor J means that i+ J does
+not belong to a and similarly neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not belong to a and similarly neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not belong to a and similarly neither
+does for example twice I if I double I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for example twice I if I double I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for example twice I if I double I I
+get the vector which has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the vector which has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the vector which has the same
+direction and sense as I but it's twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and sense as I but it's twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and sense as I but it's twice
+as long consequently that Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long consequently that Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long consequently that Vector is
+neither I nor J so in particular given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither I nor J so in particular given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither I nor J so in particular given
+the set whose only two elements are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set whose only two elements are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set whose only two elements are I
+and J notice that if I add two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J notice that if I add two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and J notice that if I add two vectors
+in the set a I need not get a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set a I need not get a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set a I need not get a vector in
+the set a and if I take a scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a and if I take a scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a and if I take a scal of
+multiple of any Vector in the set a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of any Vector in the set a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of any Vector in the set a I
+need not get a vector in the set a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not get a vector in the set a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not get a vector in the set a and
+so structurally this is a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so structurally this is a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so structurally this is a bad thing
+because notice that structurally we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because notice that structurally we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because notice that structurally we will
+be adding vectors consequently if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adding vectors consequently if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be adding vectors consequently if we
+start with a set and add two members in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a set and add two members in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a set and add two members in
+that set and the resulting Vector can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set and the resulting Vector can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set and the resulting Vector can
+then be a vector which isn't in that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be a vector which isn't in that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be a vector which isn't in that set
+we don't have a very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a very convenient
+structure so what we do is is we isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so what we do is is we isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so what we do is is we isolate
+a very key point and let me give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very key point and let me give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very key point and let me give you the
+definition abstractly first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition abstractly first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition abstractly first and then
+show you in terms of familiar examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in terms of familiar examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in terms of familiar examples
+that we already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already knew
+this let's suppose that we have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's suppose that we have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's suppose that we have a vector
+space V and that W is simply a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space V and that W is simply a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space V and that W is simply a subset of
+V see this this just means subset so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V see this this just means subset so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V see this this just means subset so far
+then W is called a Subspace of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then W is called a Subspace of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then W is called a Subspace of V
+provided that one the sum of any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that one the sum of any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that one the sum of any two
+elements in the subset W is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the subset W is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the subset W is also an
+element in W in other words that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in W in other words that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in W in other words that the
+subset W is closed with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset W is closed with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset W is closed with respect to the
+addition operation that makes v a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition operation that makes v a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition operation that makes v a vector
+space and secondly that for any element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and secondly that for any element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and secondly that for any element
+in the subset W any Scala multip of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subset W any Scala multip of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subset W any Scala multip of that
+element is also in W in other words W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is also in W in other words W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is also in W in other words W
+must also be closed with respect to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also be closed with respect to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also be closed with respect to that
+same scal of multiplication with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scal of multiplication with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scal of multiplication with respect
+to which V is defined and by the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which V is defined and by the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which V is defined and by the way I
+think if you think about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you think about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you think about that for a
+while uh you will notice that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh you will notice that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh you will notice that this is
+true for for example we've often talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for for example we've often talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for for example we've often talked
+about a line being a subset of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a line being a subset of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a line being a subset of the plane
+but in terms of vectors we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of vectors we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in terms of vectors we could have
+made a stronger statement namely a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a stronger statement namely a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a stronger statement namely a line
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+Subspace of the plane and in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of the plane and in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of the plane and in a similar
+way a plane is a Subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a plane is a Subspace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a plane is a Subspace of
+three-dimensional space namely starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space namely starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space namely starting
+with a plane if you take two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plane if you take two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plane if you take two vectors
+which lie in the plane and you add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lie in the plane and you add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lie in the plane and you add them
+the sum of those two vectors is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of those two vectors is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of those two vectors is still in
+the plane and if you take a scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and if you take a scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and if you take a scal of
+multiple of any Vector in a plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of any Vector in a plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of any Vector in a plane the
+resulting Vector still lies in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting Vector still lies in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting Vector still lies in that
+plane so by means of a few examples then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so by means of a few examples then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so by means of a few examples then
+if V now is usual three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if V now is usual three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if V now is usual three-dimensional
+ukian space if I let W be the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian space if I let W be the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian space if I let W be the set of all
+linear combinations of I and J and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of I and J and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of I and J and by
+the way contrast that with the set W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way contrast that with the set W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way contrast that with the set W
+with the set a over here notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the set a over here notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the set a over here notice that the
+set a over here consisted only of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a over here consisted only of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a over here consisted only of the
+vectors I and J the set W here consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I and J the set W here consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I and J the set W here consists
+of all linear combinations of I and J in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all linear combinations of I and J in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all linear combinations of I and J in
+other words it's all vectors of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's all vectors of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's all vectors of the form
+C1 I plus C2 J where C1 and C2 are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 I plus C2 J where C1 and C2 are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 I plus C2 J where C1 and C2 are real
+numbers and notice that W is the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and notice that W is the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and notice that W is the entire
+XY plane and me after all any Vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane and me after all any Vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane and me after all any Vector in
+the X Y plane can be written as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Y plane can be written as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Y plane can be written as a linear
+combination of I and J why is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I and J why is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I and J why is this a
+Subspace well leaving the details to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace well leaving the details to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace well leaving the details to you
+notice first of all that it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice first of all that it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice first of all that it's clear that
+this should certainly be a subset namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should certainly be a subset namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should certainly be a subset namely
+every Vector in here is a vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Vector in here is a vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Vector in here is a vector that
+belongs to three-dimensional space even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to three-dimensional space even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to three-dimensional space even
+though it lies in the plane but notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it lies in the plane but notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it lies in the plane but notice
+that the sum of any two linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of any two linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of any two linear
+combinations of I and J is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of I and J is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of I and J is again a
+linear combination of I and J and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of I and J and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of I and J and any
+Scala multiple of a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of a linear combination
+of I and J is again a linear com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I and J is again a linear com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I and J is again a linear com
+combination of I and J so w satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I and J so w satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I and J so w satisfies
+the criteria for being a Subspace in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria for being a Subspace in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the criteria for being a Subspace in
+other words W is not only a Subspace in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words W is not only a Subspace in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words W is not only a Subspace in
+this case W is the XY plane by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case W is the XY plane by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case W is the XY plane by the way
+using the alpha and beta of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the alpha and beta of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the alpha and beta of the uh
+previous example notice that if I let V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example notice that if I let V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example notice that if I let V
+again be three-dimensional space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again be three-dimensional space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again be three-dimensional space and
+pick Alpha to be I + J and beta to be 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Alpha to be I + J and beta to be 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Alpha to be I + J and beta to be 3
+I + 2J notice that if I take the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + 2J notice that if I take the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I + 2J notice that if I take the set of
+all linear combinations of Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear combinations of Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all linear combinations of Alpha and
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+then W is also a plane and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then W is also a plane and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then W is also a plane and it's called
+the plane spanned by or determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane spanned by or determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane spanned by or determined by
+Alpha and beta in other words it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta in other words it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta in other words it's the
+plane that has Alpha and beta as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that has Alpha and beta as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that has Alpha and beta as
+consecutive edges of a parallelogram by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive edges of a parallelogram by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive edges of a parallelogram by
+the way let me make two comments here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way let me make two comments here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way let me make two comments here
+first of all if these D's look funny to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if these D's look funny to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if these D's look funny to
+you they should because just before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they should because just before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they should because just before the
+lecture began these were C's and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture began these were C's and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture began these were C's and I
+changed these C's to D's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed these C's to D's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed these C's to D's because the
+mathematician would have no danger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician would have no danger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician would have no danger in
+confusing the coefficients here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the coefficients here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the coefficients here with the
+coefficients here but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients here but for the
+uninitiated I think it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninitiated I think it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninitiated I think it's very important
+to make this observation notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this observation notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this observation notice that
+Alpha and beta being linear combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta being linear combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta being linear combinations
+of I and J both lie in the XY plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I and J both lie in the XY plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I and J both lie in the XY plane
+consequently the plane determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the plane determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the plane determined by
+Alpha and beta is also the XY plane this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta is also the XY plane this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta is also the XY plane this
+in turn means that in both of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn means that in both of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn means that in both of these two
+examples W is the XY plane but somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples W is the XY plane but somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples W is the XY plane but somehow
+or other you wouldn't expect that W be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other you wouldn't expect that W be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other you wouldn't expect that W be
+the same linear combination of Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same linear combination of Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same linear combination of Alpha and
+beta as it is of I and J and therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as it is of I and J and therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta as it is of I and J and therefore I
+prefer to use different letters here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to use different letters here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to use different letters here to
+indicate that a given Vector in V might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that a given Vector in V might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that a given Vector in V might
+require two numbers C1 and C2 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require two numbers C1 and C2 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require two numbers C1 and C2 to be
+coefficients of I and J but with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of I and J but with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of I and J but with respect
+to Alpha and beta two different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha and beta two different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha and beta two different numbers
+okay that's one point I wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one point I wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one point I wanted to make
+about this the other point I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this the other point I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this the other point I wanted to
+make about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about this
+you see notice that Alpha and beta don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see notice that Alpha and beta don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see notice that Alpha and beta don't
+look like I and J and there's a danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like I and J and there's a danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like I and J and there's a danger
+that you may not even realize when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may not even realize when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may not even realize when you
+see Alpha and beta that Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Alpha and beta that Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Alpha and beta that Alpha and beta
+determine the same plane as I and J now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the same plane as I and J now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the same plane as I and J now
+you see that leads to the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that leads to the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that leads to the problem that
+we were talking about before namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about before namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about before namely
+given the same plane the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the same plane the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the same plane the representation
+of the plane looks different if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane looks different if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane looks different if you use
+one set of Representative vectors than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of Representative vectors than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of Representative vectors than
+if you use another set of Representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use another set of Representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use another set of Representative
+vectors but more important importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but more important importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors but more important importantly
+let me point out that there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out that there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out that there was nothing
+sacred about the XY plane here just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred about the XY plane here just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred about the XY plane here just to
+change this problem ever so slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this problem ever so slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this problem ever so slight
+slightly let me add on a plus K say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly let me add on a plus K say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly let me add on a plus K say to
+both Alpha and beta that makes this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Alpha and beta that makes this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Alpha and beta that makes this a
+new example you see let Alpha be I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new example you see let Alpha be I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new example you see let Alpha be I plus
+J plus K let beta be 3 I + 2 J + K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus K let beta be 3 I + 2 J + K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus K let beta be 3 I + 2 J + K
+notice that Alpha and beta are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that Alpha and beta are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that Alpha and beta are not
+neither is in the XY plane they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither is in the XY plane they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither is in the XY plane they are not
+parallel to one another because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to one another because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to one another because this is
+not a constant mult of this therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a constant mult of this therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a constant mult of this therefore
+notice that Alpha and beta are still two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that Alpha and beta are still two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that Alpha and beta are still two
+vectors W is still the set of all linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors W is still the set of all linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors W is still the set of all linear
+combinations of these two vectors see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these two vectors see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these two vectors see
+this part doesn't change and W now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part doesn't change and W now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part doesn't change and W now is
+still the plane spanned by Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the plane spanned by Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the plane spanned by Alpha and
+beta but now notice that the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but now notice that the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but now notice that the plane
+spanned by Alpha and beta is the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by Alpha and beta is the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by Alpha and beta is the plane
+which has Alpha and beta as consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has Alpha and beta as consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has Alpha and beta as consecutive
+edges the the parallelogram determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges the the parallelogram determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges the the parallelogram determined
+by the plane that has Alpha and beta as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the plane that has Alpha and beta as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the plane that has Alpha and beta as
+consecutive edges and this parallelogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive edges and this parallelogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive edges and this parallelogram
+clearly is no longer in the XY plane all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is no longer in the XY plane all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is no longer in the XY plane all
+right and now for a finale for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now for a finale for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now for a finale for today
+what I'd like to do now is to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do now is to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do now is to point out
+going back ever so briefly to our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back ever so briefly to our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back ever so briefly to our first
+key point that there are vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point that there are vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point that there are vector spaces
+which aren't viewed as endles namely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which aren't viewed as endles namely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which aren't viewed as endles namely for
+example the set of all functions defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the set of all functions defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the set of all functions defined
+on the uh closed interval from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh closed interval from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh closed interval from A to B
+let me show you what subspaces mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you what subspaces mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you what subspaces mean in
+terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this
+interpretation my next example again let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation my next example again let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation my next example again let
+V be as earlier in the lecture the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V be as earlier in the lecture the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V be as earlier in the lecture the set
+of all functions having a common domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all functions having a common domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all functions having a common domain
+say the closed interval from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the closed interval from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the closed interval from A to B
+let's look now at the set W1 of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look now at the set W1 of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look now at the set W1 of all
+functions which not only are defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which not only are defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which not only are defined on
+the closed interval from A to B but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed interval from A to B but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed interval from A to B but they
+are happen to be continuous on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happen to be continuous on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happen to be continuous on the
+closed interval from A to B you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval from A to B you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval from A to B you see
+notice that originally I never had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that originally I never had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that originally I never had to
+assume continuity here as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume continuity here as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume continuity here as long as the
+function is find on the closed interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is find on the closed interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is find on the closed interval
+made B I can add any two members of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made B I can add any two members of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made B I can add any two members of this
+family I can scale and multiply any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family I can scale and multiply any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family I can scale and multiply any
+member of this family that I do not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of this family that I do not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of this family that I do not need
+continuity to have this be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity to have this be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity to have this be a vector
+space however suppose I now look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space however suppose I now look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space however suppose I now look at all
+functions which are continuous on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are continuous on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are continuous on the
+closed interval from A to B well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval from A to B well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed interval from A to B well in
+particular it should be trivial to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it should be trivial to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it should be trivial to see
+that this set W sub1 is a subset of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set W sub1 is a subset of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this set W sub1 is a subset of V
+namely every function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely every function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely every function which is
+continuous on the closed interval from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous on the closed interval from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous on the closed interval from A
+to B in particular must be defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B in particular must be defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B in particular must be defined on
+the closed interval from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed interval from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed interval from A to B
+consequently every function in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently every function in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently every function in this set
+certainly belongs to this set on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly belongs to this set on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly belongs to this set on the
+other hand notice that we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand notice that we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand notice that we already know
+that the sum of continuous functions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of continuous functions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of continuous functions is
+again a continuous function a Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a continuous function a Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a continuous function a Scala
+multiple of a continuous function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of a continuous function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of a continuous function is
+again a continuous function consequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a continuous function consequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a continuous function consequently
+according to our definition of Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our definition of Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our definition of Subspace
+W1 is not only a subset of V it's a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 is not only a subset of V it's a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 is not only a subset of V it's a sub
+space of V because it's closed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of V because it's closed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of V because it's closed with
+respect to excuse me addition and scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to excuse me addition and scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to excuse me addition and scalar
+multiplication as another example let V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication as another example let V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication as another example let V
+be the same as it was in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as it was in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as it was in the previous
+example namely the set of all functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example namely the set of all functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example namely the set of all functions
+defined on the closed interval from A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the closed interval from A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the closed interval from A to
+B and now let's take that subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and now let's take that subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and now let's take that subset
+consisting of all functions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of all functions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of all functions which are
+differentiable on the closed interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable on the closed interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable on the closed interval
+from A to B in other words this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B in other words this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B in other words this is an
+even stronger condition than being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even stronger condition than being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even stronger condition than being
+continuous we say not only must the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we say not only must the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous we say not only must the
+function be continuous but now we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be continuous but now we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be continuous but now we want
+it to be differentiable as well remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be differentiable as well remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be differentiable as well remember
+differentiability implies continuity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability implies continuity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability implies continuity but
+continuity does not imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity does not imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity does not imply
+differentiability all I'm saying now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability all I'm saying now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiability all I'm saying now is
+that since the sum of two differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since the sum of two differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since the sum of two differentiable
+functions is again a differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is again a differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is again a differentiable
+function and since a Scala multiple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and since a Scala multiple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and since a Scala multiple a
+constant times a differentiable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times a differentiable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times a differentiable function
+is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still
+differentiable not only is W2 a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable not only is W2 a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable not only is W2 a subset
+of V it's a sub space of v in fact W2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V it's a sub space of v in fact W2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V it's a sub space of v in fact W2 is
+also a Subspace of W1 recall W1 was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a Subspace of W1 recall W1 was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a Subspace of W1 recall W1 was what
+the set of continuous functions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of continuous functions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of continuous functions on the
+interval from A to B that was also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from A to B that was also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from A to B that was also a
+vector space and now what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space and now what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space and now what we're saying
+is that the differentiable functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the differentiable functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the differentiable functions are
+a Subspace of the continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Subspace of the continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Subspace of the continuous functions
+again I'm going to emphasize all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to emphasize all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to emphasize all of this
+in the exercises and we'll pick this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises and we'll pick this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises and we'll pick this up
+in more detail next time but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail next time but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail next time but what I
+wanted to close with is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to close with is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to close with is simply the
+following remark if you have studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following remark if you have studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following remark if you have studied
+calculus in the past and have been away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in the past and have been away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in the past and have been away
+from it for a while and you pick up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it for a while and you pick up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it for a while and you pick up an
+ultr modern calculus book you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultr modern calculus book you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultr modern calculus book you may be
+surprised to find that even Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to find that even Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to find that even Elementary
+calculus begins with a preface to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus begins with a preface to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus begins with a preface to uh
+emphasizing what's called linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing what's called linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing what's called linear algebra
+or vector spaces and the reason for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vector spaces and the reason for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vector spaces and the reason for this
+is the fact that all of calculus going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that all of calculus going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that all of calculus going
+back to part one of our course does deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to part one of our course does deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to part one of our course does deal
+with continuous and differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with continuous and differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with continuous and differentiable
+functions and in particular Contin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and in particular Contin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and in particular Contin and
+differentiable functions as we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions as we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions as we've just
+shown obey the structure of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown obey the structure of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown obey the structure of a vector
+space and consequently that's why many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and consequently that's why many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and consequently that's why many
+modern offers prefer to unify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern offers prefer to unify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern offers prefer to unify the
+approach to calculus and introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to calculus and introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to calculus and introduce
+Vector spaces right at the very outset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces right at the very outset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector spaces right at the very outset
+but we'll talk about this more gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll talk about this more gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll talk about this more gradually
+as we go along and until next time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+and Paul rosenbom Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom Foundation
+help ocw continue to provide free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help ocw continue to provide free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help ocw continue to provide free and
+open access to MIT courses by making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open access to MIT courses by making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open access to MIT courses by making a
+donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ky_uVNs7__o.txt b/Ky_uVNs7__o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..590d72a5c91faec454854fc99bc3eea43f8ca496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ky_uVNs7__o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open coreware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open coreware in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open coreware in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open coreware in general
+is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so for this half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so for this half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so for this half
+of the course we talked about chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we talked about chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we talked about chemical
+equilibrium acid base we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium acid base we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium acid base we talked about
+oxidation reduction we talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction we talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction we talked about uh
+shapes of molecules we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of molecules we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of molecules we talked about this
+Vesper Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vesper Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vesper Theory
+uh we talked about transition metals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about transition metals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about transition metals and
+kinetics which we just ended on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics which we just ended on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics which we just ended on Monday
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um so all of these things represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of these things represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of these things represent the
+basic principles of how enzymes work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles of how enzymes work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles of how enzymes work so
+uh enzymes work by acidbase catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enzymes work by acidbase catalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enzymes work by acidbase catalysis
+they catalyze oxidation reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they catalyze oxidation reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they catalyze oxidation reduction
+reactions and so um if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and so um if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and so um if we want to
+understand bio chemistry you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand bio chemistry you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand bio chemistry you need to
+understand these basic principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these basic principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these basic principles of
+chemistry and that's how I got into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and that's how I got into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and that's how I got into to
+uh chemistry in the first place was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemistry in the first place was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemistry in the first place was this
+connection and as I mentioned last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and as I mentioned last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and as I mentioned last time
+uh inhibition of enzymes is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inhibition of enzymes is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inhibition of enzymes is an important
+area that and we need to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that and we need to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that and we need to understand how
+the enzymes work if we want to inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes work if we want to inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes work if we want to inhibit
+them well why do we want to inhibit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well why do we want to inhibit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well why do we want to inhibit them
+well in inhibition of enzymes is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in inhibition of enzymes is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in inhibition of enzymes is used in
+the treatment of a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of a lot of different
+conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so
+headaches uh a lot this time of year a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches uh a lot this time of year a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches uh a lot this time of year a
+lot of us us uh walk around carrying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of us us uh walk around carrying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of us us uh walk around carrying uh
+a bottle you know sometimes the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottle you know sometimes the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottle you know sometimes the small
+size isn't going to really quite do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size isn't going to really quite do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size isn't going to really quite do it
+we might get a little larger so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might get a little larger so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might get a little larger so here's
+ibuprofen um so there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibuprofen um so there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ibuprofen um so there's a number of
+headaches that occur around now and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches that occur around now and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches that occur around now and uh
+headaches are treated by inhibiting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches are treated by inhibiting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches are treated by inhibiting an
+enzyme so someone has designed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so someone has designed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so someone has designed an
+inhibitor for an enzyme and the enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor for an enzyme and the enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor for an enzyme and the enzymes
+are called prostaglandin synthesis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called prostaglandin synthesis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called prostaglandin synthesis or
+cyc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyc
+oxygenases and these materials like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenases and these materials like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygenases and these materials like
+aspirin and stuff bind to the enzy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin and stuff bind to the enzy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin and stuff bind to the enzy and
+inhibit them and to get good Inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit them and to get good Inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit them and to get good Inhibitors
+we need to know how the enzyme works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know how the enzyme works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to know how the enzyme works and
+so some of you have heard a lot of news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of you have heard a lot of news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of you have heard a lot of news
+recently about viox uh that was a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently about viox uh that was a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently about viox uh that was a drug
+that was designed to Target the enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was designed to Target the enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was designed to Target the enzymes
+and it was actually uh they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was actually uh they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was actually uh they're very
+proud of themselves for finding trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of themselves for finding trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of themselves for finding trying
+to make the drug very specific to a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the drug very specific to a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the drug very specific to a per
+particular type of cyc oxygenase uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of cyc oxygenase uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of cyc oxygenase uh
+enzyme so would only inhibit uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so would only inhibit uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so would only inhibit uh the
+class two and not one and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class two and not one and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class two and not one and it turns out
+that was a great idea except that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a great idea except that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a great idea except that it was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+D it turns out to be dangerous or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D it turns out to be dangerous or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D it turns out to be dangerous or so
+we'll we'll see how that plays out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see how that plays out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see how that plays out but
+um all of that they're they're targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of that they're they're targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of that they're they're targeting
+enzymes arthritis a lot of drugs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes arthritis a lot of drugs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes arthritis a lot of drugs to
+treat cancer are inhibiting enzymes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat cancer are inhibiting enzymes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat cancer are inhibiting enzymes we
+mentioned I mentioned HIV that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I mentioned HIV that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I mentioned HIV that they're
+Inhibitors against the HIV protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors against the HIV protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors against the HIV protease
+which is an enzyme uh and so the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an enzyme uh and so the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an enzyme uh and so the people
+have designed Inhibitors against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have designed Inhibitors against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have designed Inhibitors against that
+enzyme so um designing Inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so um designing Inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so um designing Inhibitors
+against enzymes is a big part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against enzymes is a big part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against enzymes is a big part of the
+pharmaceutical industry and to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry and to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry and to really
+have a good inhibitor a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good inhibitor a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good inhibitor a good
+pharmaceutical product you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical product you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical product you need to know
+a lot about how the enzyme works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about how the enzyme works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about how the enzyme works and
+also something about how the cell works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also something about how the cell works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also something about how the cell works
+um so that you can make a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that you can make a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that you can make a good
+product and uh this will uh this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and uh this will uh this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and uh this will uh this is uh
+big money so understanding these basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big money so understanding these basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big money so understanding these basic
+principles then allows you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles then allows you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles then allows you to understand
+how enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how enzymes
+work so I'm going to take one enzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm going to take one enzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so I'm going to take one enzyme and
+I'm going to tell you about the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about the enzyme
+I'm going to tell you about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about how this
+enzyme works to do its reaction and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme works to do its reaction and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme works to do its reaction and I'm
+going to use in telling you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use in telling you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use in telling you about the
+enzyme all of these things so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme all of these things so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme all of these things so all of
+these different topics you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different topics you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different topics you need to know
+to understand this one enzyme and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this one enzyme and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this one enzyme and if you
+understand these different topics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these different topics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these different topics you
+will in fact be able to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in fact be able to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in fact be able to understand how
+this enzyme works so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme works so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme works so the
+enzyme shouldn't surprise you is vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme shouldn't surprise you is vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme shouldn't surprise you is vitamin
+B12 dependent my favorite vitamin uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B12 dependent my favorite vitamin uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B12 dependent my favorite vitamin uh and
+it's called methine synthes and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called methine synthes and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called methine synthes and I've
+mentioned this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this a little bit
+in the course of of the semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of of the semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of of the semester and
+we're going to go back over some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back over some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go back over some of
+those things as a review so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things as a review so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things as a review so this is
+going to serve as a review of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to serve as a review of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to serve as a review of the
+different topics that we've covered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topics that we've covered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topics that we've covered uh
+at the same time showing how these basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time showing how these basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time showing how these basic
+principles apply to other uh fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles apply to other uh fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles apply to other uh fields in
+in chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemistry and
+biology so we'll start at the back we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so we'll start at the back we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so we'll start at the back we'll
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+kinetics so that's easy uh methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics so that's easy uh methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics so that's easy uh methionine
+synthes it's an enzyme and enzymes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthes it's an enzyme and enzymes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthes it's an enzyme and enzymes are
+catalysts and catalysts uh speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts and catalysts uh speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts and catalysts uh speed up
+reactions make them go faster and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions make them go faster and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions make them go faster and the
+speed of reactions that's what kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of reactions that's what kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of reactions that's what kinetics
+is so here is the reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here is the reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here is the reaction that
+methionine synthes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine synthes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine synthes
+catalyzes it converts an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes it converts an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes it converts an amino acid
+called homocystine into another amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called homocystine into another amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called homocystine into another amino
+acid called methionine and it takes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid called methionine and it takes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid called methionine and it takes one
+form of folic acid which is another B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of folic acid which is another B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of folic acid which is another B
+vitamin and converts it to another form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin and converts it to another form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin and converts it to another form
+of folic acid and this reaction is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of folic acid and this reaction is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of folic acid and this reaction is very
+important in your body it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in your body it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in your body it's important
+for the uh maintain proper formation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh maintain proper formation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh maintain proper formation and
+maintenance of your spinal cord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of your spinal cord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of your spinal cord and
+women who are pregnant need to take lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who are pregnant need to take lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women who are pregnant need to take lots
+of folic acid to make sure that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of folic acid to make sure that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of folic acid to make sure that they
+have enough for this reaction to go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough for this reaction to go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough for this reaction to go so
+uh the baby is born with a properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the baby is born with a properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the baby is born with a properly
+formed brain and spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed brain and spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed brain and spinal
+column uh so it's connected uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column uh so it's connected uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column uh so it's connected uh
+inhibition is connected with neurot tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition is connected with neurot tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition is connected with neurot tube
+defects homocysteine is linked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects homocysteine is linked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects homocysteine is linked with
+heart disease so you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease so you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease so you want to make sure
+this enzyme is working really well uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme is working really well uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme is working really well uh or
+you'll have too much homocysteine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have too much homocysteine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have too much homocysteine and
+that's a big uh indicator of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big uh indicator of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big uh indicator of problems
+with heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heart
+disease also um you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease also um you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease also um you need this
+tetrahydrofolate this one form of folic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate this one form of folic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahydrofolate this one form of folic
+acid for DNA biosynthesis so some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid for DNA biosynthesis so some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid for DNA biosynthesis so some people
+have thought about inhibiting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about inhibiting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought about inhibiting this
+enzyme uh to prevent this reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme uh to prevent this reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme uh to prevent this reaction and
+that would uh lead to stopping cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh lead to stopping cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh lead to stopping cancer
+cells from growing of course if they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells from growing of course if they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells from growing of course if they do
+that they might cause people then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might cause people then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they might cause people then to
+have heart problems so there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heart problems so there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heart problems so there's a there's
+definitely balances and that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely balances and that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely balances and that's why the
+pharmaceutical industry often gets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry often gets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry often gets in
+trouble because you solve one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because you solve one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because you solve one problem
+and then create another one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create another one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then create another one so you
+really need to know a lot about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know a lot about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know a lot about how the
+system works as a whole to be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works as a whole to be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works as a whole to be able to to
+design good Inhibitors so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design good Inhibitors so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design good Inhibitors so this is a
+really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important
+reaction and so for this reaction to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so for this reaction to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so for this reaction to go
+in the body you need a catalyst you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body you need a catalyst you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the body you need a catalyst you need
+this enzyme so what a catalyst do so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme so what a catalyst do so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme so what a catalyst do so uh
+this is a review of of what we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a review of of what we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a review of of what we talked
+about on Monday okay so catalysts act by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on Monday okay so catalysts act by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on Monday okay so catalysts act by
+lowering the activation energy barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the activation energy barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the activation energy barrier
+so lowering EA the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lowering EA the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lowering EA the activation energy
+barrier for the forward reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for the forward reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for the forward reaction and
+also for the reverse reaction so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the reverse reaction so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the reverse reaction so they
+don't change the overall thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the overall thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change the overall thermodynamics
+they don't change Delta G they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't change Delta G they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't change Delta G they don't
+change the equilibrium constant but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the equilibrium constant but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the equilibrium constant but they
+do speed up the reaction by lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do speed up the reaction by lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do speed up the reaction by lowering
+this barrier so there's a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier so there's a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrier so there's a much higher
+barrier without the Catalyst lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier without the Catalyst lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier without the Catalyst lower
+barrier it's stabilizes another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier it's stabilizes another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier it's stabilizes another way to
+think about is it stabilizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is it stabilizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is it stabilizes the
+activated State or the transition state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated State or the transition state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated State or the transition state
+so catalysts don't T take part in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so catalysts don't T take part in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so catalysts don't T take part in the uh
+in they're not in the overall equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they're not in the overall equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in they're not in the overall equation
+they're not consumed in the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not consumed in the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not consumed in the reaction
+they're just added to make the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just added to make the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just added to make the reaction
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+faster so that's a catalyst and enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so that's a catalyst and enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so that's a catalyst and enzymes
+are the catalysts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the catalysts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the catalysts of
+Life transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life transition
+medals so we're moving uh backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medals so we're moving uh backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medals so we're moving uh backwards
+through the semester transition metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the semester transition metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the semester transition metals
+this one lots of transition metals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one lots of transition metals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one lots of transition metals uh
+uses vitamin B12 which has Cobalt and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses vitamin B12 which has Cobalt and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses vitamin B12 which has Cobalt and it
+uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zinc so here is the methyl form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc so here is the methyl form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc so here is the methyl form of
+vitamin B12 also called methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin B12 also called methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin B12 also called methyl
+cobalamine and it has a coron ring coron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalamine and it has a coron ring coron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalamine and it has a coron ring coron
+ring contributes four nitrogen lians to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring contributes four nitrogen lians to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring contributes four nitrogen lians to
+the central Cobalt so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central Cobalt so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central Cobalt so it is a
+tetradentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetradentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetradentate
+Lian and that tetra dentate Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian and that tetra dentate Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian and that tetra dentate Li
+coordinates the Cobalt it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the Cobalt it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the Cobalt it is a
+keyate and so we can review what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyate and so we can review what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyate and so we can review what the
+keate effect is so keates have U you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keate effect is so keates have U you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keate effect is so keates have U you
+have a Keating liant has multiple points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Keating liant has multiple points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Keating liant has multiple points
+of attachment to the particular metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attachment to the particular metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attachment to the particular metal
+and they're unusually stable why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're unusually stable why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're unusually stable why are
+keates unusually fa stable what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keates unusually fa stable what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keates unusually fa stable what what
+factor is it that that causes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is it that that causes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is it that that causes that
+unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability it's
+entropy so it's entropic effects because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so it's entropic effects because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so it's entropic effects because
+usually you're replacing four bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you're replacing four bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you're replacing four bound
+Waters in this case with one ligan so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters in this case with one ligan so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waters in this case with one ligan so
+you're putting one thing on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting one thing on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting one thing on and
+releasing four and it's easier for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing four and it's easier for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing four and it's easier for four
+things to be disordered then for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be disordered then for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be disordered then for one
+thing to be disordered so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be disordered so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be disordered so that gives you
+a favorable entropic effect so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a favorable entropic effect so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a favorable entropic effect so the
+keyate effect has to do with entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's consider the zinc it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's consider the zinc it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's consider the zinc it also
+needs zinc uh for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so zinc plus two what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so zinc plus two what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so zinc plus two what would be the
+dcount how many de electrons are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcount how many de electrons are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcount how many de electrons are you
+going to have so for that we would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have so for that we would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have so for that we would go to
+the periodic table find zinc and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table find zinc and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table find zinc and see
+what groups it's in it's 12 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what groups it's in it's 12 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what groups it's in it's 12 the
+oxidation Us number is two so we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation Us number is two so we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation Us number is two so we're at
+12 minus 2 or a d10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state what would you guess would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what would you guess would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what would you guess would be the
+color of this zinc site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of this zinc site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of this zinc site
+colorless and uh that's because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless and uh that's because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless and uh that's because you're
+not going to have be able to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have be able to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have be able to have any
+D2D transitions because you have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2D transitions because you have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2D transitions because you have 10
+electrons everything's full so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons everything's full so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons everything's full so they're
+five orbitals and they all have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five orbitals and they all have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five orbitals and they all have two
+electrons each so it's completely full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons each so it's completely full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons each so it's completely full
+so you you would have a colorless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you would have a colorless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you would have a colorless
+system now people didn't realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now people didn't realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now people didn't realize
+methionine synthes was a zinc enzyme for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine synthes was a zinc enzyme for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine synthes was a zinc enzyme for
+a long time vitamin B12 has a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time vitamin B12 has a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time vitamin B12 has a beautiful
+red color and zinc had no color so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red color and zinc had no color so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red color and zinc had no color so they
+knew it was a B12 dependent enzyme but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was a B12 dependent enzyme but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew it was a B12 dependent enzyme but
+it was people were studying this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was people were studying this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was people were studying this enzyme
+for years and years and years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years and years and years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for years and years and years before
+they realized that zinc was bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized that zinc was bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they realized that zinc was bound to the
+protein because it has no color okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein because it has no color okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein because it has no color okay so
+what about Vesper Vesper allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Vesper Vesper allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Vesper Vesper allows you to
+predict or rationalize shapes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict or rationalize shapes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict or rationalize shapes of
+molecules based on a simple idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules based on a simple idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules based on a simple idea of
+repulsion that lone pairs want to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion that lone pairs want to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion that lone pairs want to fill
+up space and move B move uh the uh bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up space and move B move uh the uh bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up space and move B move uh the uh bound
+atoms away uh that there's sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms away uh that there's sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms away uh that there's sort of a a
+the structure is is designed such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is is designed such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is is designed such that
+there's minimal repulsion between bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's minimal repulsion between bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's minimal repulsion between bound
+electrons or uh electrons in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or uh electrons in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or uh electrons in in
+orbitals so if we consider this then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so if we consider this then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so if we consider this then uh
+if we look at the steric number for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the steric number for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the steric number for the
+whole uh center around the Cobalt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh center around the Cobalt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh center around the Cobalt and
+again there's this uh tetradentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's this uh tetradentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's this uh tetradentate
+uh uh coreon ring system and there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh coreon ring system and there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh coreon ring system and there's one
+Lian above and one Lian below and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian above and one Lian below and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lian above and one Lian below and so
+what does that give for our steric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that give for our steric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that give for our steric
+number six so we have four around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six so we have four around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six so we have four around in the
+equatorial positions and two in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial positions and two in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial positions and two in the
+axial positions what formula would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial positions what formula would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial positions what formula would this
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+first a then X then six yep so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a then X then six yep so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a then X then six yep so we have a
+central atom a and we have six things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom a and we have six things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom a and we have six things
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+it and what would be the geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what would be the geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what would be the geometry of
+something that had six things around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that had six things around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that had six things around it
+octahedral and here we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral and here we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral and here we have our
+octahedral system so if I hold it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral system so if I hold it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral system so if I hold it like
+this the equatorial positions are filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the equatorial positions are filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the equatorial positions are filled
+with a coron ring have a methyl group on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a coron ring have a methyl group on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a coron ring have a methyl group on
+top top and we have another Lian on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top top and we have another Lian on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top top and we have another Lian on the
+bottom what are the angles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom what are the angles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom what are the angles for
+octahedral thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octahedral thank
+you all right the zinc site I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right the zinc site I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right the zinc site I'll tell
+you a little about the zinc site three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little about the zinc site three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little about the zinc site three
+lians were identified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lians were identified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lians were identified to
+zinc and uh so geometry is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and uh so geometry is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and uh so geometry is going to have
+xals 3 uh we might know we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals 3 uh we might know we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals 3 uh we might know we don't know
+what the lians are um might not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the lians are um might not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the lians are um might not know
+about lone pairs but if you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lone pairs but if you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lone pairs but if you have three
+things bound what's the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bound what's the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bound what's the most common
+geometry if three things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry if three things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry if three things are
+bound yeah trigonal planer is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound yeah trigonal planer is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound yeah trigonal planer is pretty
+common with three things bound so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common with three things bound so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common with three things bound so that
+might be a good guess and so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good guess and so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good guess and so it might
+look something like this and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this and what would
+be the angles if that was the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the angles if that was the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the angles if that was the correct
+geometry right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry right
+120 okay so we know something about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 okay so we know something about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 okay so we know something about it
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vesper all right oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vesper all right oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vesper all right oxidation
+reduction this enzyme catalyzes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction this enzyme catalyzes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction this enzyme catalyzes an
+oxidation reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so here is the cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so here is the cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so here is the cycle of
+turnover for this enzyme so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover for this enzyme so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover for this enzyme so we have a
+lot of different reactions going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different reactions going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different reactions going on in
+this enzyme so here's an abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme so here's an abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme so here's an abbreviation
+for the cobalamine co-actor so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cobalamine co-actor so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cobalamine co-actor so we just
+have the Cobalt and its oxidation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Cobalt and its oxidation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Cobalt and its oxidation a
+number of one here and uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of one here and uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of one here and uh sometimes
+instead of going around in this primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going around in this primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of going around in this primary
+turnover it's normal sort of cycle where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover it's normal sort of cycle where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnover it's normal sort of cycle where
+it's reacting with the folic acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reacting with the folic acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reacting with the folic acid and
+reacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with the
+homocysteine instead sometimes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine instead sometimes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine instead sometimes an
+electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is
+lost and for it to kind of come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and for it to kind of come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and for it to kind of come back
+into the catalytic cycle the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the catalytic cycle the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the catalytic cycle the enzyme
+needs to be activated and so it falls at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be activated and so it falls at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be activated and so it falls at
+it becomes cob 2 state it loses an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes cob 2 state it loses an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes cob 2 state it loses an
+electron it becomes oxidized and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it becomes oxidized and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it becomes oxidized and then
+you have to re reduce it and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to re reduce it and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to re reduce it and you have to
+methylate it to go back into this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylate it to go back into this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylate it to go back into this form
+so the methyl group in a methyl is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the methyl group in a methyl is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the methyl group in a methyl is just
+a carbon with three hydrogens the methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon with three hydrogens the methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon with three hydrogens the methyl
+group comes from this compound called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group comes from this compound called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group comes from this compound called
+aeny methionine and it gets an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeny methionine and it gets an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeny methionine and it gets an electron
+for the reduction uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reduction uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reduction uh from
+flavodoxin so if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavodoxin so if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavodoxin so if we look at this
+reduction oxidation reduction and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction oxidation reduction and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction oxidation reduction and we
+talked about this uh uh a bit earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this uh uh a bit earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this uh uh a bit earlier
+too but it's a really nice review for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but it's a really nice review for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but it's a really nice review for
+oxidation reduction so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction so we have a
+standard potential for vitamin B12 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard potential for vitamin B12 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard potential for vitamin B12 of
+minus5 to6 volts and a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 to6 volts and a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 to6 volts and a standard
+potential for flavodoxin of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for flavodoxin of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for flavodoxin of minus
+.23 volts so which of these is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.23 volts so which of these is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.23 volts so which of these is a better
+reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agent B12 is a better reducing agent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent B12 is a better reducing agent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent B12 is a better reducing agent so
+a large negative reduction potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large negative reduction potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large negative reduction potential
+means that the reduced species is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the reduced species is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the reduced species is very
+reducing so if it's a good oxidizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing so if it's a good oxidizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing so if it's a good oxidizing
+agent it likes to oxidize a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent it likes to oxidize a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent it likes to oxidize a good
+reducing agent it likes to reduce other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing agent it likes to reduce other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing agent it likes to reduce other
+things and be oxidized itself so B12 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and be oxidized itself so B12 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and be oxidized itself so B12 has
+a low negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low negative
+number so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so with this
+uh if we uh do out the ma if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we uh do out the ma if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we uh do out the ma if we do the
+math here and calculate a Delta e for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here and calculate a Delta e for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math here and calculate a Delta e for
+the cell and again the same equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and again the same equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and again the same equations
+can apply if you're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply if you're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply if you're talking about a
+battery or you're talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery or you're talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery or you're talking about a
+biological process so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process so we have the
+standard reduction potential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard reduction potential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard reduction potential for the
+reaction that is a reduction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that is a reduction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that is a reduction and the
+standard reduction potential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard reduction potential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard reduction potential for the
+reaction that's acting as the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that's acting as the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that's acting as the oxidation
+and in this B logical case flavodoxin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this B logical case flavodoxin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this B logical case flavodoxin is
+reducing vitamin B12 so flavodoxin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing vitamin B12 so flavodoxin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing vitamin B12 so flavodoxin is
+getting oxidized and b12 is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oxidized and b12 is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting oxidized and b12 is getting
+reduced and if we put in the numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and if we put in the numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and if we put in the numbers we
+find that Delta e is minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Delta e is minus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Delta e is minus.
+296 so is that going to be a spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+296 so is that going to be a spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+296 so is that going to be a spontaneous
+reaction no it won't be a spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction no it won't be a spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction no it won't be a spontaneous
+reaction because if this is negative if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction because if this is negative if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction because if this is negative if
+Delta e is negative then Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e is negative then Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e is negative then Delta G is
+going to be positive and if Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive and if Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive and if Delta G is
+positive then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then it's not
+spontaneous and uh we we did this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and uh we we did this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and uh we we did this uh
+this math before but just as a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math before but just as a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math before but just as a review
+you can um you can calculate Delta G if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um you can calculate Delta G if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um you can calculate Delta G if
+you know the Delta e so it's just minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Delta e so it's just minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Delta e so it's just minus
+the number of electrons involved times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons involved times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons involved times
+Faraday constant times your your Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday constant times your your Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday constant times your your Delta e
+or change in redu in in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or change in redu in in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or change in redu in in the cell
+potential so that would be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so that would be minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so that would be minus one
+it's a one electron reduction times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one electron reduction times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one electron reduction times
+Faraday's constant times the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's constant times the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's constant times the cell
+potential we calculated and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we calculated and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we calculated and we get
+positive 28.6 K per mole so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 28.6 K per mole so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 28.6 K per mole so that's not
+spontaneous but as I mentioned the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous but as I mentioned the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous but as I mentioned the cells
+come up with a way to do this it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a way to do this it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a way to do this it has to
+do this reaction or none of us would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reaction or none of us would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reaction or none of us would be
+alive this is an important reaction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive this is an important reaction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive this is an important reaction for
+us so uh the way that it does that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so uh the way that it does that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so uh the way that it does that is it
+couples it with another reaction so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples it with another reaction so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples it with another reaction so at
+the same time the reductions happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time the reductions happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time the reductions happening
+you're cleaving that acenil methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cleaving that acenil methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cleaving that acenil methionine
+it's giving up the methyl Group which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving up the methyl Group which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving up the methyl Group which is
+important for the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the reaction
+but also this is very favorable minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also this is very favorable minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also this is very favorable minus
+37.6 K per mole so that allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37.6 K per mole so that allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37.6 K per mole so that allows the
+reaction to go that sort of pumps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to go that sort of pumps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to go that sort of pumps in the
+energy that's needed for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's needed for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's needed for this
+unfavorable oxidation reduction reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable oxidation reduction reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable oxidation reduction reaction
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+occur so um cells that require energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so um cells that require energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur so um cells that require energy to
+catalyze nonspontaneous reactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze nonspontaneous reactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze nonspontaneous reactions are
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+what right electrolytic and if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what right electrolytic and if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what right electrolytic and if it's a
+spontaneous reaction it's what galvanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous reaction it's what galvanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous reaction it's what galvanic
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so here in this one example we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in this one example we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in this one example we talk
+about the connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the connection between
+thermodynamics and oxidation reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and oxidation reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and oxidation reduction
+and we talk about oxidizing agents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about oxidizing agents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about oxidizing agents and
+reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+agents all right so the enzyme does an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents all right so the enzyme does an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents all right so the enzyme does an
+oxidation reduction it's a catalyst it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction it's a catalyst it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation reduction it's a catalyst it
+speeds up the reaction it has uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up the reaction it has uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds up the reaction it has uh two
+transition metals in it and it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals in it and it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals in it and it uses
+acidbase uh catalysis as well so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbase uh catalysis as well so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidbase uh catalysis as well so let's
+talk about acid base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there is an acid base reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an acid base reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an acid base reaction
+there's catalysis by a leis acid in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's catalysis by a leis acid in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's catalysis by a leis acid in this
+part of the reaction the reaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reaction the reaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reaction the reaction with
+homocysteine the conversion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine the conversion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine the conversion to
+methionine so let's let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine so let's let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine so let's let's talk about
+this so the B12 is going to give up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the B12 is going to give up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the B12 is going to give up this
+methyl group to homosysteine to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methionine so it turns out that only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine so it turns out that only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine so it turns out that only the
+deprotonated homocysteine is reactive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated homocysteine is reactive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated homocysteine is reactive so
+here is homosysteine it's an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is homosysteine it's an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is homosysteine it's an amino acid
+this is protonated the sulfur down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is protonated the sulfur down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is protonated the sulfur down here
+has a proton this is deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a proton this is deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a proton this is deprotonated
+homosysteine the sulfur here has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosysteine the sulfur here has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosysteine the sulfur here has no
+proton it has a negative charge and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it has a negative charge and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it has a negative charge and only
+this homosysteine here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this homosysteine here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this homosysteine here that's
+deprotonated with a sulfur with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated with a sulfur with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated with a sulfur with a
+negative charge can be methylated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge can be methylated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge can be methylated the
+reaction catalyzed transfers this methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction catalyzed transfers this methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction catalyzed transfers this methyl
+group the ch3 group and puts it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the ch3 group and puts it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the ch3 group and puts it on the
+sulfur and that makes the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and that makes the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur and that makes the amino acid
+methionine but if there's a proton there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine but if there's a proton there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine but if there's a proton there
+the methyl transfer doesn't happen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl transfer doesn't happen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl transfer doesn't happen it
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deprotonated so at physiological pH we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated so at physiological pH we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated so at physiological pH we
+need to ask the question how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ask the question how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ask the question how much
+homocystine is deprotonated remember our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocystine is deprotonated remember our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocystine is deprotonated remember our
+body is buffered it's all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is buffered it's all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is buffered it's all around the
+same pH so we want to know at this pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pH so we want to know at this pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pH so we want to know at this pH
+how much of the homosysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the homosysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the homosysteine
+is in the deprotonated form and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the deprotonated form and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the deprotonated form and how much
+of the homocystine is in the proteinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homocystine is in the proteinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homocystine is in the proteinated
+form what do we need to know what value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what do we need to know what value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what do we need to know what value
+do we need to know to be able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need to know to be able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need to know to be able to answer
+at a particular pH how much ha do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular pH how much ha do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a particular pH how much ha do you
+have and how much a minus do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and how much a minus do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and how much a minus do you have
+what do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we need to
+know we need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we need to know the
+pka so question what is the pka and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka so question what is the pka and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka so question what is the pka and and
+here it's 10 so that is a big number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's 10 so that is a big number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's 10 so that is a big number so
+if we know the pH physiological pH we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know the pH physiological pH we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know the pH physiological pH we
+know the pka what equation can we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pka what equation can we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pka what equation can we use to
+find the ratio of ha to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the ratio of ha to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the ratio of ha to a
+minus Henderson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Henderson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Henderson
+hoselock so we can do the math so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoselock so we can do the math so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoselock so we can do the math so
+physiological pH is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological pH is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological pH is around
+7.4 the pka is 10 so what is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 the pka is 10 so what is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.4 the pka is 10 so what is the ratio
+of protonated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protonated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protonated to
+deprotonated the ratio of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated the ratio of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated the ratio of this
+protonated homosysteine to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated homosysteine to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated homosysteine to the
+deprotonated and turns out to be 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated and turns out to be 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated and turns out to be 400
+protonated for every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated for every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated for every one
+deprotonated well that's bad news for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated well that's bad news for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated well that's bad news for us
+because it needs to be deprotonated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it needs to be deprotonated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it needs to be deprotonated to
+be reactive so at physiological pH then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reactive so at physiological pH then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reactive so at physiological pH then
+it's protonated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's protonated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's protonated and
+nonreactive so here the enzyme has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonreactive so here the enzyme has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonreactive so here the enzyme has to
+come in enzymes catalyze reactions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in enzymes catalyze reactions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in enzymes catalyze reactions the
+enzyme needs to get involved and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme needs to get involved and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme needs to get involved and make
+this reaction happen so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction happen so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction happen so again this is
+unfavorable without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable without the
+enzyme so let's think a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so let's think a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so let's think a little bit about
+pH and PKA for a minute so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH and PKA for a minute so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH and PKA for a minute so let's let's
+review some acidbase titration issues uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review some acidbase titration issues uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review some acidbase titration issues uh
+this isn't in your handout but I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't in your handout but I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't in your handout but I I don't
+think but it's uh been there before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but it's uh been there before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think but it's uh been there before but
+let's just take a look at it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take a look at it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take a look at it so you
+should remember what these titration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember what these titration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember what these titration
+curves look like remember at the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves look like remember at the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves look like remember at the half
+equivalence point pH equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point pH equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point pH equals
+PKA and when that H that happens because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA and when that H that happens because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA and when that H that happens because
+at the half equivalence point half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the half equivalence point half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the half equivalence point half of
+the acid has been converted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid has been converted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid has been converted to the
+conjugate base so these are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base so these are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base so these are equal
+quantities and so they'll cancel out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and so they'll cancel out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and so they'll cancel out in
+the Henderson hosel and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Henderson hosel and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Henderson hosel and this will be
+true so you have equal amounts if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so you have equal amounts if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so you have equal amounts if you're
+at a pH that's below the uh half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pH that's below the uh half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pH that's below the uh half
+equivalence point you'll be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point you'll be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point you'll be more
+protonated if you're at a pH that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated if you're at a pH that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated if you're at a pH that's
+above the half equivalence point you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the half equivalence point you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the half equivalence point you'll
+be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more
+deprotonated so we've we've uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated so we've we've uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated so we've we've uh we
+haven't maybe discussed this in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't maybe discussed this in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't maybe discussed this in these
+terms but that's that's how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but that's that's how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but that's that's how you can
+think about this problem so now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem so now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this problem so now let's go
+back to methionine synthase and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to methionine synthase and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to methionine synthase and this is
+in your handout so at the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your handout so at the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your handout so at the half
+equivalence point in a titration or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point in a titration or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence point in a titration or when
+the pH equals the pka a half of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH equals the pka a half of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pH equals the pka a half of your
+material is proteinated half of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is proteinated half of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is proteinated half of your
+material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is
+deprotonated if your pH is below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated if your pH is below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated if your pH is below that
+PKA you're more protonated if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA you're more protonated if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA you're more protonated if you're a
+little bit below you still have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit below you still have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit below you still have some
+deprotonated if you're very far below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated if you're very far below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated if you're very far below
+it's all proteinated going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all proteinated going the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all proteinated going the other
+direction if you're at a pH above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you're at a pH above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you're at a pH above the
+pka you have mostly deprotonated maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka you have mostly deprotonated maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pka you have mostly deprotonated maybe a
+little protonated and when you get far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little protonated and when you get far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little protonated and when you get far
+away it's all deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it's all deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it's all deprotonated
+so now we can put in what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can put in what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can put in what we know about
+homosysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homosysteine
+so the pka is 10 and we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pka is 10 and we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pka is 10 and we're at
+ph7.4 so we're quite a bit below the pka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph7.4 so we're quite a bit below the pka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph7.4 so we're quite a bit below the pka
+and we calculated that at that pH with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we calculated that at that pH with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we calculated that at that pH with
+this PKA we'd have 400 protonated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PKA we'd have 400 protonated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PKA we'd have 400 protonated to
+every one deprotonated so I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one deprotonated so I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one deprotonated so I'm not going
+to didn't write out 400 of these uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to didn't write out 400 of these uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to didn't write out 400 of these uh to
+be protonated for every one deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be protonated for every one deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be protonated for every one deprotonated
+but um we're mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we're mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we're mostly
+protonated all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated all right so that's the
+problem because we don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we don't want to be
+protonated we want to be deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated we want to be deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated we want to be deprotonated
+for the enzyme to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the enzyme to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the enzyme to
+work so what does the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what does the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so what does the enzyme
+do well how part of how the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well how part of how the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well how part of how the enzyme
+catalyzes the reaction is that it lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the reaction is that it lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the reaction is that it lowers
+the pka of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka of the
+homocysteine so instead of 10 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine so instead of 10 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine so instead of 10 which is
+what the pka is with free homosysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the pka is with free homosysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the pka is with free homosysteine
+the pka now when homocysteine is bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka now when homocysteine is bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka now when homocysteine is bound
+to the enzyme is six so that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme is six so that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme is six so that's a pretty
+substantial drop so the pka is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial drop so the pka is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial drop so the pka is
+substantially lowered so now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially lowered so now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially lowered so now let's go
+and look at what that does for us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at what that does for us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at what that does for us in
+terms of the reaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+catalyzed all right so what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed all right so what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed all right so what's happening
+here is the zinc here comes the zinc the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the zinc here comes the zinc the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the zinc here comes the zinc the
+zinc is acting as a leis acid and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc is acting as a leis acid and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc is acting as a leis acid and it is
+coordinating binding that homocysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating binding that homocysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating binding that homocysteine
+and that interaction between the zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that interaction between the zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that interaction between the zinc
+and the sulfur of the homosysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sulfur of the homosysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sulfur of the homosysteine
+lowers the pka of the homosysteine from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers the pka of the homosysteine from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers the pka of the homosysteine from
+10 to six so that's why this protein has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to six so that's why this protein has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to six so that's why this protein has
+to have the zinc to act as the Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid so we can go back to Henderson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so we can go back to Henderson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so we can go back to Henderson
+hosok and plug in our new an our new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosok and plug in our new an our new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosok and plug in our new an our new uh
+values so we're still at physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we're still at physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we're still at physiological
+pH 7.4 but now the pka is six and so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH 7.4 but now the pka is six and so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH 7.4 but now the pka is six and so our
+ratio then of protonated to deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio then of protonated to deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio then of protonated to deprotonated
+instead of 400 to one is now 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 400 to one is now 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 400 to one is now 1 to
+25 so there's more deprotonated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so there's more deprotonated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so there's more deprotonated more
+deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated
+homocysteine when it's bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine when it's bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine when it's bound to the
+enzyme at this physiological pH because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme at this physiological pH because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme at this physiological pH because
+the pka is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka is
+lower and if we look at that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and if we look at that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and if we look at that in terms of
+this again here's the pka the protonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again here's the pka the protonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again here's the pka the protonated
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+deprotonated and our PKA now is six for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated and our PKA now is six for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated and our PKA now is six for
+the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound
+homocystine and now the pH the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocystine and now the pH the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocystine and now the pH the
+physiological pH is above the pka it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological pH is above the pka it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological pH is above the pka it's
+at 7.4 and above the pka there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 7.4 and above the pka there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 7.4 and above the pka there's more
+deprotonated 25 deprotonated to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated 25 deprotonated to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonated 25 deprotonated to one
+protonated so now we're in good shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated so now we're in good shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated so now we're in good shape
+you need the deprotonated for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the deprotonated for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the deprotonated for it to be
+reactive most of it is deprotonated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive most of it is deprotonated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive most of it is deprotonated the
+enzyme can go so the enzyme uses this L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme can go so the enzyme uses this L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme can go so the enzyme uses this L
+leis acid catalysis to drive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis acid catalysis to drive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leis acid catalysis to drive this
+reaction uh forward in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh forward in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction uh forward in the direction
+that you want so it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want so it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want so it's all about
+adjusting enzymes can work by adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PKA all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PKA all
+right chemical equilibrium the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chemical equilibrium the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chemical equilibrium the first
+thing we started with in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we started with in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we started with in the second half
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+semester so what's true about methionine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so what's true about methionine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so what's true about methionine
+synthes is that it exists in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthes is that it exists in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthes is that it exists in multiple
+confirmations this enzyme can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations this enzyme can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations this enzyme can have
+multiple States and these confirmations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple States and these confirmations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple States and these confirmations
+are in equilibrium with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in equilibrium with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in equilibrium with each other so
+lots of things can be in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things can be in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things can be in equilibrium
+including enzymes and and equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including enzymes and and equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including enzymes and and equilibrium is
+a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic
+process so what's happening well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so what's happening well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so what's happening well let's
+look at why this enzyme would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at why this enzyme would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at why this enzyme would need
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+States well it needs to react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States well it needs to react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States well it needs to react with
+homocysteine it needs to react with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine it needs to react with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine it needs to react with the
+folic acid and it needs to react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid and it needs to react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folic acid and it needs to react with
+the acenil methionine and flavodoxin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acenil methionine and flavodoxin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acenil methionine and flavodoxin to
+do this reaction over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reaction over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this reaction over
+here so if we look at the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if we look at the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if we look at the structure of
+the enzyme the vitamin B12 is in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme the vitamin B12 is in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme the vitamin B12 is in green
+the methyl group that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group that's going to be
+transferred is in red and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred is in red and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred is in red and all this
+yellow and white is more protein so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and white is more protein so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and white is more protein so
+homocysteine when it's deprotonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine when it's deprotonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homocysteine when it's deprotonated
+needs to come in here and accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to come in here and accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to come in here and accept that
+methyl group folic acid needs to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group folic acid needs to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group folic acid needs to come in
+here and donate the methyl group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and donate the methyl group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and donate the methyl group and
+also Eiden ail methionine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Eiden ail methionine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Eiden ail methionine in the
+reduction in the activation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in the activation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in the activation reaction
+needs to methylate at the same time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to methylate at the same time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to methylate at the same time the
+electron is uh added to the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is uh added to the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is uh added to the system so
+the enzyme needs to position all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme needs to position all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme needs to position all of
+these guys up here and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys up here and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys up here and if you look at
+the structure there's no room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure there's no room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure there's no room for
+anything to fit into the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to fit into the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to fit into the structure
+nothing can kind of go over you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can kind of go over you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing can kind of go over you can just
+barely see the methyl group but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely see the methyl group but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely see the methyl group but these
+guys are kind of big and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are kind of big and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are kind of big and they're not
+going to fit in here because in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit in here because in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fit in here because in this one
+confirmation of the enzyme they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of the enzyme they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of the enzyme they don't
+fit so the answer has to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit so the answer has to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit so the answer has to be that the
+enzyme moves it changes shape during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme moves it changes shape during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme moves it changes shape during the
+reaction and uh this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and uh this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and uh this is something that
+had been known for enzymes that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been known for enzymes that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been known for enzymes that they did
+this for quite some time but my father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for quite some time but my father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for quite some time but my father
+told all our neighbors that his daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told all our neighbors that his daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told all our neighbors that his daughter
+had discovered that enzymes change shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had discovered that enzymes change shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had discovered that enzymes change shape
+um but since none of our neighbors knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but since none of our neighbors knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but since none of our neighbors knew
+anything about biochemistry even what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about biochemistry even what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about biochemistry even what an
+enzyme was I think that that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme was I think that that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme was I think that that was just
+fine all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine all right so
+so this needs to change shape so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this needs to change shape so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this needs to change shape so this is
+a a picture of the uh structure here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a picture of the uh structure here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a picture of the uh structure here's
+the B12 the red is the methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B12 the red is the methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B12 the red is the methyl group
+again so this whole region needs to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this whole region needs to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this whole region needs to move
+to make room for those reactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make room for those reactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make room for those reactions to
+happen so there's got to be a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so there's got to be a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so there's got to be a number of
+different states of this protein so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of this protein so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of this protein so
+here's a little cartoon so in Orange is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little cartoon so in Orange is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a little cartoon so in Orange is
+where the B12 binds the protein the B 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the B12 binds the protein the B 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the B12 binds the protein the B 12
+is in red this region above we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in red this region above we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in red this region above we call the
+methyl cap it sits over the methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl cap it sits over the methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl cap it sits over the methyl group
+and protects it there needs to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protects it there needs to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protects it there needs to be a
+domain to bind folic acid another domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to bind folic acid another domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to bind folic acid another domain
+binds homocystine and another domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds homocystine and another domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds homocystine and another domain
+over here binds the acenil methine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here binds the acenil methine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here binds the acenil methine and
+is involved in that oxidation reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in that oxidation reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in that oxidation reduction
+reaction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the
+remethylation so what has to be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remethylation so what has to be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remethylation so what has to be true for
+this enzyme is that you need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme is that you need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme is that you need at least
+four different confirmations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different confirmations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different confirmations
+you need a confirmation where the folic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a confirmation where the folic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a confirmation where the folic
+acid sits on top of the B12 it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sits on top of the B12 it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid sits on top of the B12 it needs to
+give the methyl group over you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the methyl group over you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the methyl group over you need a
+confirmation where the homocystine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation where the homocystine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation where the homocystine in
+yellow domain sits on top of the B12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow domain sits on top of the B12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow domain sits on top of the B12 and
+accepts the methyl group zinc needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts the methyl group zinc needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts the methyl group zinc needs to
+be around there too uh you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around there too uh you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be around there too uh you need a
+confirmation that's resting where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation that's resting where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation that's resting where the
+region that we saw in the initials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that we saw in the initials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that we saw in the initials
+crystal structure is sitting over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure is sitting over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure is sitting over this
+cap is capping the B12 and you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap is capping the B12 and you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap is capping the B12 and you need a
+confirmation with this activating domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation with this activating domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation with this activating domain
+is above the B12 to do the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the B12 to do the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the B12 to do the oxidation
+reduction reaction there um so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reaction there um so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reaction there um so we need
+at least these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least these four
+confirmations and what's true is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations and what's true is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations and what's true is that
+the enzyme is just kind of switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme is just kind of switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme is just kind of switching
+confirmation as it's going through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation as it's going through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation as it's going through and
+that these confirmations are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these confirmations are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these confirmations are in
+equilibrium with each other and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with each other and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with each other and they're
+just shifting back and forth to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifting back and forth to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifting back and forth to these
+different states and when you add uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states and when you add uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states and when you add uh
+something like folic acid it helps shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like folic acid it helps shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like folic acid it helps shift
+the conf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conf
+to this form when you add homocysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this form when you add homocysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this form when you add homocysteine
+it helps shift the confirmation to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps shift the confirmation to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps shift the confirmation to this
+form so this is just chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so this is just chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so this is just chemical
+equilibrium going on so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium going on so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium going on so there's a lot of
+things that can be in equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be in equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can be in equilibrium and
+enzyme confirmations can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme confirmations can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme confirmations can be in
+equilibrium just like some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium just like some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium just like some of the the
+reactions that we studied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we studied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that we studied in the
+beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course so enzymes are dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so enzymes are dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so enzymes are dynamic
+equilibrium is a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a dynamic
+process chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process chemistry
+is dynamic things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dynamic things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dynamic things are
+happening I am not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I am not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I am not talking about
+chemistry in the solid state in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the solid state in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the solid state in this
+course I am talking about chemistry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I am talking about chemistry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I am talking about chemistry in
+solution because that is chemistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because that is chemistry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because that is chemistry of
+life that's the chemistry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that's the chemistry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that's the chemistry that's
+happening in your body that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in your body that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in your body that allows you
+to breathe and live and so finally I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to breathe and live and so finally I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to breathe and live and so finally I'm
+going to show you methine synthes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you methine synthes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you methine synthes in
+action in its Dynamic process
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/L1ung0wil9Y.txt b/L1ung0wil9Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b7a252e1a80ff96007e842f0da6a50fd9a7d084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/L1ung0wil9Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about
+assembly language and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly language and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly language and computer
+architecture it's interesting these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture it's interesting these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture it's interesting these days
+most software courses don't bother to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most software courses don't bother to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most software courses don't bother to
+talk about these things and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these things and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about these things and the reason
+is because as much as possible people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because as much as possible people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because as much as possible people
+have been insulated in writing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been insulated in writing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been insulated in writing their
+software from performance considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software from performance considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software from performance considerations
+but if you want to write fast code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to write fast code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to write fast code you
+have to know what is going on underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what is going on underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know what is going on underneath
+so you can exploit the strengths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can exploit the strengths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can exploit the strengths of the
+architecture and the interface the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and the interface the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and the interface the best
+interface that we have to that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that we have to that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface that we have to that is the
+assembly language so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly language so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly language so that's what we're
+going to talk about today so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today so when you
+take a particular piece of code like fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a particular piece of code like fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a particular piece of code like fib
+here to compile it you run it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to compile it you run it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to compile it you run it through
+clang as I'm sure you're familiar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clang as I'm sure you're familiar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clang as I'm sure you're familiar at
+this point and what it produces it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and what it produces it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and what it produces it is a
+binary machine language that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary machine language that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary machine language that the
+computer is hardware programmed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is hardware programmed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is hardware programmed to
+interpret and execute ok it it looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret and execute ok it it looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret and execute ok it it looks at
+the bits as instructions as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits as instructions as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits as instructions as opposed to
+as data and it executes them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as data and it executes them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as data and it executes them and and
+that's what we see when we execute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we see when we execute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we see when we execute this
+process is not one step it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is not one step it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is not one step it's actually
+there for stages two compilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for stages two compilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for stages two compilation
+pre-processing compiling sorry for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing compiling sorry for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing compiling sorry for the
+redundancy that's sort of a bad name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy that's sort of a bad name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy that's sort of a bad name
+conflict but that's what they call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict but that's what they call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict but that's what they call it
+assembling and linking so I want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling and linking so I want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling and linking so I want to take
+us through those stages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing that goes through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing that goes through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing that goes through is
+you go through a pre process stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through a pre process stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through a pre process stage and
+you can invoke that with clang manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can invoke that with clang manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can invoke that with clang manually
+so you can say for example if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say for example if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say for example if you do
+clang - II okay that will show that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clang - II okay that will show that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clang - II okay that will show that will
+run the preprocessor and nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the preprocessor and nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the preprocessor and nothing else
+and you can take a look at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take a look at the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take a look at the output
+there and look to see how all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and look to see how all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and look to see how all your
+macros got expanded and such okay before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macros got expanded and such okay before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macros got expanded and such okay before
+the compilation actually goes it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compilation actually goes it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compilation actually goes it goes
+through then you compile it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through then you compile it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through then you compile it and that
+produces assembly code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces assembly code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces assembly code
+okay so assembly is a mnemonic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so assembly is a mnemonic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so assembly is a mnemonic structure
+of the machine code that makes it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine code that makes it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine code that makes it more
+human readable than the machine code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human readable than the machine code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human readable than the machine code
+itself would be and then and once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be and then and once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be and then and once again
+you can produce the assembly yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce the assembly yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can produce the assembly yourself
+with clang - s and then finally you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clang - s and then finally you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clang - s and then finally you was
+penultimately maybe you can assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimately maybe you can assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimately maybe you can assemble
+that that assembly language code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that assembly language code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that assembly language code to
+produce an object file and since we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an object file and since we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an object file and since we like
+to have separate compilations you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have separate compilations you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have separate compilations you don't
+have to compile everything is one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compile everything is one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compile everything is one big
+monolithic hunk okay then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithic hunk okay then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithic hunk okay then there's
+typically a linking stage to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a linking stage to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a linking stage to produce the
+final executable and for that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final executable and for that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final executable and for that we are
+using LD for for the most part we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using LD for for the most part we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using LD for for the most part we're
+actually using the gold linker but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using the gold linker but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using the gold linker but but
+LD is the command that calls it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD is the command that calls it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD is the command that calls it okay so
+let's go through each of those steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through each of those steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through each of those steps and
+see what's going on so first the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on so first the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's going on so first the the the
+pre-processing is really straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing is really straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing is really straightforward
+so I'm not going to do that that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to do that that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to do that that's just
+a textual substitution the next stage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textual substitution the next stage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textual substitution the next stage is
+the source code - assembly code so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source code - assembly code so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source code - assembly code so when
+we do clang - at s we get this symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do clang - at s we get this symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do clang - at s we get this symbolic
+representation and it looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and it looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and it looks something
+like like this okay where we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this okay where we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like this okay where we have some
+labels on the side some labels on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on the side some labels on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels on the side some labels on the
+side and we have some operations we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we have some operations we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and we have some operations we may
+have some directives and then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some directives and then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some directives and then we have a
+lot of gibberish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gibberish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of gibberish
+which won't seem like so much gibberish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which won't seem like so much gibberish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which won't seem like so much gibberish
+after you've played with it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've played with it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've played with it a little bit
+okay but to begin with looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but to begin with looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but to begin with looks kind of
+like gibberish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from there we assemble that assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we assemble that assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we assemble that assembly
+code and that produces the binary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and that produces the binary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and that produces the binary okay
+and once again you can invoke it just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again you can invoke it just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once again you can invoke it just by
+doing running clang clang will recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing running clang clang will recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing running clang clang will recognize
+that it doesn't have a CE file or a C++
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have a CE file or a C++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't have a CE file or a C++
+file it says oh goodness I've got a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it says oh goodness I've got a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it says oh goodness I've got a an
+assembly language file and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly language file and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly language file and they'll
+produce the the the binary now the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the the the binary now the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the the the binary now the other
+thing that turns out to be the case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that turns out to be the case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that turns out to be the case is
+because assembly and machine the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because assembly and machine the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because assembly and machine the code
+they're really very similar in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really very similar in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really very similar in in
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+okay just things like the OP codes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just things like the OP codes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just things like the OP codes which
+are the the things that are here in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the things that are here in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the things that are here in in
+blue or purple whatever that color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or purple whatever that color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or purple whatever that color is
+like these guys okay those correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these guys okay those correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these guys okay those correspond to
+specific bit patterns over here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific bit patterns over here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific bit patterns over here in the
+machine code okay so and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code okay so and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code okay so and these are the
+the addresses and the registers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addresses and the registers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addresses and the registers that
+were operating on the operands okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were operating on the operands okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were operating on the operands okay
+those correspond to other two other bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those correspond to other two other bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those correspond to other two other bit
+codes over there okay and there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes over there okay and there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes over there okay and there's very
+close there's a very much a it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close there's a very much a it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close there's a very much a it's not
+exactly one to one but it's pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one to one but it's pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one to one but it's pretty close
+one to one compared to if you had C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one compared to if you had C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one compared to if you had C and
+you look at the binary it's like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the binary it's like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the binary it's like it's
+it's way way different okay so so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way way different okay so so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way way different okay so so one of
+the things that turns out you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that turns out you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that turns out you can do is
+if you have the if you have the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the if you have the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the if you have the machine
+code and especially if the machine code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and especially if the machine code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and especially if the machine code
+that was produced with so called debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was produced with so called debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was produced with so called debug
+symbols that is it was compiled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that is it was compiled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that is it was compiled with
+dash G you can use this program called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash G you can use this program called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash G you can use this program called
+ABS okay which will produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABS okay which will produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABS okay which will produce a
+disassembly of the machine code so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembly of the machine code so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassembly of the machine code so to
+tell you okay here's what the mnemonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you okay here's what the mnemonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you okay here's what the mnemonic
+human more human readable code is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human more human readable code is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human more human readable code is the
+assembly code from the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly code from the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly code from the binary
+and that's really useful especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really useful especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really useful especially if
+you're trying to do things well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do things well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do things well let's
+see why do we bother looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why do we bother looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why do we bother looking at the
+assembly so why would you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so why would you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so why would you want to look
+at the assembly of your program does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the assembly of your program does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the assembly of your program does
+anybody have some ideas yeah yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have some ideas yeah yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have some ideas yeah yeah you
+can see whether certain optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see whether certain optimizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see whether certain optimizations
+are made or not so other right reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made or not so other right reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made or not so other right reasons
+everybody's gonna say that one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another one is well let's see so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is well let's see so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is well let's see so here's
+some reasons okay the assembly reveals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons okay the assembly reveals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reasons okay the assembly reveals
+what the compiler did and did not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the compiler did and did not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the compiler did and did not do
+because you can see exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see exactly what the
+machine what the assembly is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what the assembly is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine what the assembly is that it's
+going to be executed as a machine code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be executed as a machine code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be executed as a machine code
+the second reason which turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reason which turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second reason which turns out to
+happen more often than you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more often than you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen more often than you would think
+is that hey guess what compiler is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that hey guess what compiler is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that hey guess what compiler is a
+piece of software it has bugs so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software it has bugs so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software it has bugs so your
+code isn't operating correctly oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code isn't operating correctly oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code isn't operating correctly oh
+goodness what's going wrong maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness what's going wrong maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness what's going wrong maybe the
+compiler made an error and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler made an error and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler made an error and we have
+certainly found found that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly found found that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly found found that for
+especially when you start using some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you start using some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you start using some of
+the less frequently used features of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less frequently used features of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less frequently used features of a
+compiler you may discover all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler you may discover all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler you may discover all it's
+actually not that well broken in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that well broken in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that well broken in and
+mentions here you may only have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions here you may only have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions here you may only have an
+effect when compiling at - oh three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when compiling at - oh three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when compiling at - oh three but
+if you compile it - oh zero - zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compile it - oh zero - zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compile it - oh zero - zero one
+everything works out just fine so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out just fine so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out just fine so then
+it says cheese somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says cheese somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says cheese somewhere in the
+optimizations they did an optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations they did an optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations they did an optimization
+wrong okay so one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay so one of the first
+principles of optimization is do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of optimization is do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of optimization is do it
+right and then the second is make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the second is make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the second is make it
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+and then and so sometimes the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and so sometimes the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and so sometimes the compiler
+doesn't that it's also the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that it's also the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that it's also the case that
+sometimes you cannot write code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you cannot write code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you cannot write code that
+produces the assembly that you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the assembly that you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the assembly that you want and
+in that case you can actually write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you can actually write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you can actually write the
+assembly by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly by hand
+okay now used to be many years ago many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now used to be many years ago many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now used to be many years ago many
+many years ago that a lot of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago that a lot of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago that a lot of software
+was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written
+in assembly okay in fact I had a my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assembly okay in fact I had a my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assembly okay in fact I had a my
+first job out of college I spent about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first job out of college I spent about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first job out of college I spent about
+half the time programming in assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time programming in assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the time programming in assembly
+language okay and it's not as bad as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay and it's not as bad as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay and it's not as bad as you
+would think okay but it certainly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think okay but it certainly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think okay but it certainly is
+easier to have high level languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to have high level languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to have high level languages
+that's for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for sure
+you get a lot more done a lot quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot more done a lot quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot more done a lot quicker
+okay and the last one is reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the last one is reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the last one is reverse
+engineer you can figure out what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you can figure out what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you can figure out what a
+program does when you have only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does when you have only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does when you have only have
+access to its source so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to its source so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to its source so for example the
+matrix multiplication example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication example that I
+gave on day one okay you know we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave on day one okay you know we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave on day one okay you know we had the
+overall outer structure but the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall outer structure but the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall outer structure but the inner
+loop we could not match the Intel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we could not match the Intel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop we could not match the Intel and
+math kernal library code so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math kernal library code so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math kernal library code so what do we
+do we look to see what it was we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we look to see what it was we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we look to see what it was we didn't
+have the source for it we look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the source for it we look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the source for it we look to see
+what it was doing we said oh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was doing we said oh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was doing we said oh is that
+what they're doing okay and then we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing okay and then we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing okay and then we were
+able to do it ourselves okay without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it ourselves okay without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it ourselves okay without
+having to without having to you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to without having to you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to without having to you know get
+the source from them so we reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source from them so we reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source from them so we reverse
+engineered what they did so all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered what they did so all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered what they did so all those
+are good reasons now in this class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good reasons now in this class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good reasons now in this class we
+have some expectations so one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some expectations so one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some expectations so one thing is
+you know assembly is complicated and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know assembly is complicated and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know assembly is complicated and you
+needn't memorize the manual in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needn't memorize the manual in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needn't memorize the manual in fact the
+manual has has like over a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual has has like over a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual has has like over a thousand
+pages okay it's like okay but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages okay it's like okay but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages okay it's like okay but here's
+what we do expect of you you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do expect of you you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do expect of you you should
+understand how a compiler implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how a compiler implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how a compiler implements
+various seed linguistic constructs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various seed linguistic constructs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various seed linguistic constructs with
+x86 instructions and that's what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 instructions and that's what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 instructions and that's what we'll
+see in the next lecture and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the next lecture and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the next lecture and you should
+be able to read x86 assembly language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read x86 assembly language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read x86 assembly language
+with the aid of an architecture manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the aid of an architecture manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the aid of an architecture manual
+and on a quiz for example we would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on a quiz for example we would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on a quiz for example we would give
+you you know snippets or explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know snippets or explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know snippets or explain what
+the op codes are that are being used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op codes are that are being used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op codes are that are being used in
+case it's not there but you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's not there but you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's not there but you should have
+some understanding of that so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some understanding of that so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some understanding of that so you can
+see what's actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's actually happening
+you should understand the high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand the high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should understand the high level
+performance implications of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance implications of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance implications of common
+assembly patterns okay so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly patterns okay so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly patterns okay so what happens
+in you know what does it mean to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know what does it mean to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know what does it mean to do
+things in a particular way in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a particular way in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a particular way in terms of
+performance so some of them are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so some of them are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so some of them are quite
+obvious vector operations tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious vector operations tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious vector operations tend to be
+faster than you know doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you know doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than you know doing the same
+thing with a bunch of scalar operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a bunch of scalar operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with a bunch of scalar operations
+okay if you do write an assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do write an assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do write an assembly
+typically what we do ziz they're a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we do ziz they're a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we do ziz they're a bunch
+of compiler intrinsic functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compiler intrinsic functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compiler intrinsic functions
+built-ins so called that that allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-ins so called that that allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-ins so called that that allowed
+you allow you to use the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow you to use the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow you to use the assembly
+language instructions and you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language instructions and you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language instructions and you should be
+after we've done this able to write code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've done this able to write code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've done this able to write code
+from scratch if the situation demands at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch if the situation demands at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch if the situation demands at
+some time in the future we won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time in the future we won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time in the future we won't do that
+in this class but we expect that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but we expect that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but we expect that you
+will be in a position to do that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in a position to do that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in a position to do that after
+after you should get a mastery to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you should get a mastery to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you should get a mastery to the
+level where that would not be impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where that would not be impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where that would not be impossible
+for you to do you'd be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do you'd be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do you'd be able to do that
+with a reasonable amount of effort so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reasonable amount of effort so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reasonable amount of effort so
+the rest of the lecture here is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture here is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture here is I'm
+going to first start by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first start by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first start by talking about
+the instruction set architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction set architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction set architecture of the
+x86 64 which is the one that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 which is the one that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 which is the one that we are
+using for the cloud machines that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for the cloud machines that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for the cloud machines that we're
+using and then I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and then I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and then I'm going to talk about
+floating-point and vector hardware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point and vector hardware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point and vector hardware and
+then I'm gonna do an overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna do an overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna do an overview of
+computer architecture now all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer architecture now all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer architecture now all of this
+I'm doing this is a software class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this is a software class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this is a software class right
+okay software performance engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay software performance engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay software performance engineering
+we're doing so the reason we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing so the reason we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing so the reason we're doing
+this is so you can write code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so you can write code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so you can write code that
+better matches the hardware therefore to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better matches the hardware therefore to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better matches the hardware therefore to
+better get it in order to do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get it in order to do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get it in order to do that I
+could give things at a high level my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give things at a high level my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give things at a high level my
+experience is that if you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that if you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that if you really want to
+understand something you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something you want to
+understand it to the level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it to the level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it to the level that's
+necessary and then one level below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and then one level below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and then one level below that
+okay it's not that you'll necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not that you'll necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not that you'll necessarily
+use that one level below it but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that one level below it but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that one level below it but that
+gives you insight as to why that layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you insight as to why that layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you insight as to why that layer
+is what it is and what's really going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is and what's really going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is and what's really going on
+okay and so that's kind of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's kind of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's kind of what we're
+gonna do we're going to do a dive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do we're going to do a dive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do we're going to do a dive that
+takes us one level beyond what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us one level beyond what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us one level beyond what you
+probably will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will
+need to know in in the class so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know in in the class so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know in in the class so that you
+have a robust foundation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a robust foundation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a robust foundation for
+understanding does that make sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding does that make sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding does that make sense okay
+that's just that's my part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's my part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's my part of my
+learning philosophy is you know go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning philosophy is you know go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning philosophy is you know go one
+step beyond and then you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step beyond and then you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step beyond and then you can you know
+come back okay the is a primer okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back okay the is a primer okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back okay the is a primer okay so
+the is a talks about the syntax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is a talks about the syntax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is a talks about the syntax and
+semantics of assembly this is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics of assembly this is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics of assembly this is there are
+four important concepts in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four important concepts in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four important concepts in in the
+instruction set architecture the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set architecture the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set architecture the notion
+of registers the notion of instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of registers the notion of instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of registers the notion of instructions
+the data types and the memory addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data types and the memory addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data types and the memory addressing
+modes and those are sort of indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and those are sort of indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and those are sort of indicated
+for example here we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here we're going to go
+through those one by one so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those one by one so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those one by one so let's start
+with the registers so the registers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the registers so the registers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the registers so the registers is
+where the processor stores things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the processor stores things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the processor stores things and
+there are a bunch of x86 registers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of x86 registers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of x86 registers so
+many that you don't need to know most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many that you don't need to know most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many that you don't need to know most of
+them okay the ones that are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay the ones that are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay the ones that are important
+are these okay so first of all there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these okay so first of all there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these okay so first of all there are
+general purpose registers and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose registers and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose registers and those
+typically have with 64 and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have with 64 and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have with 64 and there are
+many of those there is a so called Flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those there is a so called Flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those there is a so called Flags
+register called are flags which keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register called are flags which keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register called are flags which keeps
+track of things like whether there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of things like whether there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of things like whether there was
+an overflow whether the last arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overflow whether the last arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overflow whether the last arithmetic
+operation resulted in a 0 whether a kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation resulted in a 0 whether a kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation resulted in a 0 whether a kid
+there was a carry out of of a word or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a carry out of of a word or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a carry out of of a word or
+what-have-you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what-have-you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what-have-you
+the next one is the instruction pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is the instruction pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is the instruction pointer
+so the assembly language is organized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the assembly language is organized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the assembly language is organized as
+a sequence of instructions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of instructions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of instructions and the
+hardware marches linearly through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware marches linearly through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware marches linearly through that
+sequence one one after the other unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence one one after the other unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence one one after the other unless
+it encounters a conditional jump or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it encounters a conditional jump or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it encounters a conditional jump or an
+unconditional jump in which case it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional jump in which case it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional jump in which case it'll
+branch to whatever the location is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch to whatever the location is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch to whatever the location is but
+for the most part it's just running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part it's just running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part it's just running
+straight through memory then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through memory then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through memory then there are
+some registers that were added quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some registers that were added quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some registers that were added quite
+late in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in the
+that our that namely the SSC registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our that namely the SSC registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our that namely the SSC registers
+and the AVX registers and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the AVX registers and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the AVX registers and these are
+vector registers so the xmm registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector registers so the xmm registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector registers so the xmm registers
+were when they first did vectorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when they first did vectorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when they first did vectorization
+they use 128 bits there's also four AVX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use 128 bits there's also four AVX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use 128 bits there's also four AVX
+they're the ymm registers and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ymm registers and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the ymm registers and in the
+most recent processors which were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent processors which were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent processors which were not
+using this term there there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this term there there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this term there there's another
+level of av X that gives you 512 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of av X that gives you 512 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of av X that gives you 512 bit
+registers but maybe we'll use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers but maybe we'll use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers but maybe we'll use that for
+for the final project because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final project because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final project because it's just
+like more a little more power okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more a little more power okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more a little more power okay for
+the for the game-playing project okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the game-playing project okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the game-playing project okay
+but for most of what you'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most of what you'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most of what you'll be doing
+will just be keeping to the to the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be keeping to the to the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be keeping to the to the basic
+to the C for instances that in AWS that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the C for instances that in AWS that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the C for instances that in AWS that
+you guys have been using okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have been using okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have been using okay now the
+x86 64 didn't start out as x86 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 didn't start out as x86 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 didn't start out as x86 64
+started out as x86 and it was used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as x86 and it was used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out as x86 and it was used for
+machines in particularly 8086 which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines in particularly 8086 which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines in particularly 8086 which had
+a 16-bit word okay so really short okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 16-bit word okay so really short okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 16-bit word okay so really short okay
+how many things can you index with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many things can you index with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many things can you index with a
+16-bit word about how many yeah about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16-bit word about how many yeah about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16-bit word about how many yeah about
+65,000 65536 okay words you can execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65,000 65536 okay words you can execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65,000 65536 okay words you can execute
+in that sorry you can address or bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sorry you can address or bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sorry you can address or bytes
+this is byte addressing okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is byte addressing okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is byte addressing okay so that's
+65 k bytes that you can address how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 k bytes that you can address how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 k bytes that you can address how
+could they possibly use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they possibly use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they possibly use that for
+machines well the answer is that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines well the answer is that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines well the answer is that's how
+much memory was on the machine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much memory was on the machine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much memory was on the machine you
+didn't have gigabytes so as the machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have gigabytes so as the machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have gigabytes so as the machines
+as Moore's law you know marched along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Moore's law you know marched along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Moore's law you know marched along
+and we got more and more memory then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got more and more memory then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got more and more memory then the
+words had to become wider to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words had to become wider to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words had to become wider to be able to
+index them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but here's the thing is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but here's the thing is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but here's the thing is if you're
+building stuff that's going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stuff that's going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building stuff that's going to have to
+thick it's too expensive and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it's too expensive and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it's too expensive and you can't
+get memory that's big enough then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get memory that's big enough then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get memory that's big enough then then
+the then if you build a wider word like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then if you build a wider word like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then if you build a wider word like
+if you build a word of 32 bits then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build a word of 32 bits then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build a word of 32 bits then your
+processor just cost twice as much as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor just cost twice as much as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor just cost twice as much as the
+next guy's processor so instead what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next guy's processor so instead what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next guy's processor so instead what
+they did is they went along as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they went along as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they went along as long as
+that was the common size and then had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the common size and then had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the common size and then had a
+some growth pains and went to 6:32 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some growth pains and went to 6:32 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some growth pains and went to 6:32 and
+from there they had some more growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there they had some more growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there they had some more growth
+pains and went to 64 okay those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pains and went to 64 okay those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pains and went to 64 okay those are two
+separate things and in fact they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things and in fact they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things and in fact they did
+they did some really weird stuff okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did some really weird stuff okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did some really weird stuff okay so
+what they did in fact is when they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did in fact is when they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did in fact is when they made
+these longer registers they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these longer registers they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these longer registers they have
+registers that are aliased to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that are aliased to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that are aliased to exactly
+the same thing for the lower bits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for the lower bits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for the lower bits so
+they could address them either by a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could address them either by a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could address them either by a by a
+byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte
+okay so these registers all have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these registers all have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these registers all have the
+same you can do the lower and upper half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you can do the lower and upper half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you can do the lower and upper half
+of the short word or you can do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the short word or you can do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the short word or you can do the the
+32-bit word or you can do the 64-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit word or you can do the 64-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit word or you can do the 64-bit
+word okay and that's just like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay and that's just like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word okay and that's just like if you're
+doing this today you wouldn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this today you wouldn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this today you wouldn't do that
+you wouldn't have all these registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have all these registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have all these registers
+that alias and such okay but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alias and such okay but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alias and such okay but that's what
+they did because it because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did because it because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did because it because this is
+history not not design and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history not not design and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history not not design and the reason
+was because when they're doing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because when they're doing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because when they're doing that they
+were not designing for long term now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not designing for long term now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not designing for long term now are
+we gonna go to 128 bit addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gonna go to 128 bit addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gonna go to 128 bit addressing
+probably not 64 bits address is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not 64 bits address is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not 64 bits address is a
+spectacular amount of stuff I'm you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular amount of stuff I'm you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular amount of stuff I'm you know
+not quite as many 2 to the 64th is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as many 2 to the 64th is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite as many 2 to the 64th is what
+is like it's like how many gazillions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like it's like how many gazillions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like it's like how many gazillions
+it's a lot of gazillions ok ok so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of gazillions ok ok so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of gazillions ok ok so yeah
+we're not going to have to have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have to have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to have to have to go
+beyond 64 probably ok so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond 64 probably ok so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond 64 probably ok so here are the
+general-purpose registers and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general-purpose registers and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general-purpose registers and as I
+mentioned you know they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know they have different
+names but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but they
+for the same thing so if you change EA X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing so if you change EA X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same thing so if you change EA X
+for example that also changes our ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that also changes our ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that also changes our ax
+okay and so you see they they originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you see they they originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you see they they originally
+all had functional purposes now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had functional purposes now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had functional purposes now they're
+all pretty much the same thing except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pretty much the same thing except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pretty much the same thing except
+for the and but the names have stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the and but the names have stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the and but the names have stuck
+because of history okay they instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of history okay they instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of history okay they instead of
+calling them register 0 register 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them register 0 register 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling them register 0 register 1 or
+whatever they all have these funny names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they all have these funny names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they all have these funny names
+okay some of them still are used for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of them still are used for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of them still are used for a
+particular purpose like RSP is used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular purpose like RSP is used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular purpose like RSP is used as
+the stack pointer and RB p is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack pointer and RB p is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack pointer and RB p is used to
+point to the base of the frame for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the base of the frame for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the base of the frame for those
+who remember there's six double o4 stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who remember there's six double o4 stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who remember there's six double o4 stuff
+so anyway they're a whole bunch of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway they're a whole bunch of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway they're a whole bunch of them
+and there are different names depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are different names depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are different names depending
+upon which part of the register you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon which part of the register you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon which part of the register you're
+accessing now the format of an x86 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing now the format of an x86 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing now the format of an x86 64
+instruction code is to have an opcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction code is to have an opcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction code is to have an opcode
+and then an operand list and the operand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an operand list and the operand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an operand list and the operand
+list is typically 0 1 2 or rarely three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is typically 0 1 2 or rarely three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is typically 0 1 2 or rarely three
+operands separated by commas typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands separated by commas typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands separated by commas typically
+all operands are sources and one operand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all operands are sources and one operand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all operands are sources and one operand
+might also be the destination so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be the destination so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be the destination so for
+example if you take a look at this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a look at this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a look at this at
+this add instruction the operation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this add instruction the operation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this add instruction the operation is an
+ad and the operand list is the is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad and the operand list is the is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad and the operand list is the is these
+two registers one is EDI and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two registers one is EDI and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two registers one is EDI and the other
+is ECX and the destination is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ECX and the destination is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ECX and the destination is the second
+one okay when you add in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay when you add in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay when you add in this case
+what's going on is it's taking the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is it's taking the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on is it's taking the value
+in ECX adding the value in EDI into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ECX adding the value in EDI into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ECX adding the value in EDI into it
+and the result is in ECX yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funny you should ask yes okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny you should ask yes okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny you should ask yes okay so what
+does OP a B mean it turns out naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does OP a B mean it turns out naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does OP a B mean it turns out naturally
+that the literature is inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the literature is inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the literature is inconsistent
+about how it refers operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it refers operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it refers operations and
+there's two major ways that are used one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two major ways that are used one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two major ways that are used one
+is the AT&T syntax and the other is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the AT&T syntax and the other is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the AT&T syntax and the other is the
+Intel syntax so the AT&T syntax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel syntax so the AT&T syntax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel syntax so the AT&T syntax the
+second operand is the destination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second operand is the destination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second operand is the destination the
+last operand is the destination in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last operand is the destination in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last operand is the destination in the
+Intel Singh syntax the first operand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel Singh syntax the first operand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel Singh syntax the first operand is
+the destination okay is that confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destination okay is that confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destination okay is that confusing
+okay so almost all the tools that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so almost all the tools that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so almost all the tools that we're
+going to use are going to use the AT&T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use are going to use the AT&T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use are going to use the AT&T
+syntax okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax okay
+the but you will read documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but you will read documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but you will read documentation
+which is which is Intel documentation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is Intel documentation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is Intel documentation it
+will use the other syntax don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the other syntax don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the other syntax don't get
+confused okay I can't help you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay I can't help you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay I can't help you know it's
+like I I can't help that this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I can't help that this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I can't help that this is the way
+the state of the world is okay yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the world is okay yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the world is okay yeah oh
+yeah in particular if you you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular if you you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular if you you know you
+could compile it yeah and undo but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could compile it yeah and undo but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could compile it yeah and undo but I'm
+sure there's a I mean that this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's a I mean that this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there's a I mean that this is not a
+hard translation thing I'll bet if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard translation thing I'll bet if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard translation thing I'll bet if you
+just google it you can in two minutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just google it you can in two minutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just google it you can in two minutes in
+two seconds fine to find somebody who'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds fine to find somebody who'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds fine to find somebody who'll
+translate from one to the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate from one to the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate from one to the other okay
+yeah this is not a not a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is not a not a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is not a not a complicated
+translation process now here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation process now here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation process now here are some
+very common x86 op codes and so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common x86 op codes and so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common x86 op codes and so let me
+just mention a few of these because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention a few of these because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention a few of these because
+these are ones that you'll often see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ones that you'll often see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ones that you'll often see in
+in the code so move what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code so move what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code so move what do you think
+move does yeah it puts something in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move does yeah it puts something in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move does yeah it puts something in one
+register into another register of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register into another register of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register into another register of course
+when it moves it this is computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it moves it this is computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it moves it this is computer
+science move not real move you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science move not real move you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science move not real move you know when
+I move my belongings in my house to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my belongings in my house to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my belongings in my house to my
+new house they're no longer in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new house they're no longer in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new house they're no longer in the old
+place right but in computer science for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right but in computer science for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right but in computer science for
+some reason when we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason when we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason when we move
+things we leave a copy behind okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we leave a copy behind okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we leave a copy behind okay so so
+they may call it move but yeah why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may call it move but yeah why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may call it move but yeah why don't
+they call it copy you got me okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there's conditional move so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's conditional move so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's conditional move so this is
+move based on a on a condition like move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move based on a on a condition like move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move based on a on a condition like move
+and we'll see some of the ways that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see some of the ways that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see some of the ways that this
+thing like move if if a flag is equal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like move if if a flag is equal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like move if if a flag is equal or
+equal to zero or and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero or and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero or and so forth so
+basically conditional move it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically conditional move it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically conditional move it doesn't
+always do the move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do the move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do the move
+then there's then you can extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's then you can extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's then you can extend the
+sign so for example suppose you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so for example suppose you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so for example suppose you're
+moving from a 32-bit value register into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from a 32-bit value register into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from a 32-bit value register into
+a 64-bit register okay then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 64-bit register okay then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 64-bit register okay then the question
+is what happens to the higher order bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens to the higher order bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens to the higher order bits
+so there's two basic mechanisms can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two basic mechanisms can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two basic mechanisms can be
+used either can be filled with zeros or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used either can be filled with zeros or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used either can be filled with zeros or
+remember that the first bit there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the first bit there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the first bit there the
+leftmost bit as we think of it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost bit as we think of it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost bit as we think of it is the
+sign bit right from from our lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign bit right from from our lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign bit right from from our lecture on
+binary that bit will be extended through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary that bit will be extended through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary that bit will be extended through
+the high order part of the word okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high order part of the word okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high order part of the word okay so
+that the whole number will be if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole number will be if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole number will be if it's
+negative will be negative and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative will be negative and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative will be negative and if it's
+positive it'll be zeros and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it'll be zeros and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it'll be zeros and so forth
+okay does that make sense then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense then there are
+things like push and pop to do stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like push and pop to do stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like push and pop to do stacks
+there's a lot of integer arithmetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of integer arithmetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of integer arithmetic and
+you can take there's you know addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take there's you know addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take there's you know addition
+subtraction multiplication division you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction multiplication division you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction multiplication division you
+know very shifts address calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very shifts address calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very shifts address calculation
+shifts rotations incrementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts rotations incrementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts rotations incrementing
+decrementing negating etc there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrementing negating etc there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrementing negating etc there's also a
+lot of binary logic and or X or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of binary logic and or X or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of binary logic and or X or not
+those are all doing bitwise operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all doing bitwise operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all doing bitwise operations
+and then there is boolean logic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is boolean logic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is boolean logic like
+testing to see whether some value is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing to see whether some value is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing to see whether some value is has
+a given value or comparing there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given value or comparing there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given value or comparing there's
+unconditional jump which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional jump which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional jump which is
+and there's conditional jumps which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's conditional jumps which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's conditional jumps which is
+jump with a condition and then of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump with a condition and then of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump with a condition and then of things
+like subroutines and there are a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like subroutines and there are a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like subroutines and there are a bunch
+more which were which the manual will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more which were which the manual will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more which were which the manual will
+have and which will undoubtedly show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and which will undoubtedly show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and which will undoubtedly show up
+like for example there's the whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example there's the whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example there's the whole set
+of vector operations we'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector operations we'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vector operations we'll talk about a
+little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later
+okay now the opcodes may be augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the opcodes may be augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the opcodes may be augmented
+with a suffix that describes the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a suffix that describes the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a suffix that describes the data
+type of the operation or a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the operation or a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of the operation or a condition
+code okay so an opcode for data movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so an opcode for data movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so an opcode for data movement
+arithmetic or logic use a signal single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic or logic use a signal single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic or logic use a signal single
+character suffix to indicate the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character suffix to indicate the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character suffix to indicate the data
+type and if the suffix is missing it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and if the suffix is missing it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and if the suffix is missing it can
+usually be inferred so take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually be inferred so take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually be inferred so take a look at
+this example so this is a move with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so this is a move with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example so this is a move with a
+cue at the end what do you think q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue at the end what do you think q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue at the end what do you think q
+stands for quad word okay how many bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for quad word okay how many bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for quad word okay how many bytes
+in a quad word eight that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a quad word eight that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a quad word eight that's because
+originally it started out with a 16-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it started out with a 16-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it started out with a 16-bit
+word so they said a quad word was four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so they said a quad word was four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so they said a quad word was four
+of those 16-bit words so that's eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 16-bit words so that's eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 16-bit words so that's eight
+bytes okay you get the idea right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes okay you get the idea right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes okay you get the idea right but
+let me tell you this is all over the x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you this is all over the x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you this is all over the x86
+instruction set all these historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set all these historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set all these historical
+things and all these mnemonics that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and all these mnemonics that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and all these mnemonics that that
+if you don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't understand
+what they really mean you can get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really mean you can get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really mean you can get very
+confused okay so in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay so in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused okay so in this case we're
+moving a 64-bit integer because a quad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a 64-bit integer because a quad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a 64-bit integer because a quad
+word has eight bytes or 64 bits okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word has eight bytes or 64 bits okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word has eight bytes or 64 bits okay I
+this is one of my it's like whenever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my it's like whenever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my it's like whenever I
+prepare this lecture I just go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare this lecture I just go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare this lecture I just go into
+spasms laughter okay as I look and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spasms laughter okay as I look and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spasms laughter okay as I look and I say
+oh my god they really did that like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god they really did that like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god they really did that like for
+example on the last page when I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the last page when I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the last page when I did
+subtract okay so the sub operator if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract okay so the sub operator if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract okay so the sub operator if
+it's a two argument operator it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two argument operator it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two argument operator it it
+subtracts the I think it's the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts the I think it's the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts the I think it's the first one
+the second but there is no way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second but there is no way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second but there is no way of
+subtracting the other way around okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the other way around okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the other way around okay it
+puts the destination in the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the destination in the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the destination in the second one
+it basically takes the second one - the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically takes the second one - the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically takes the second one - the
+first one and puts that in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and puts that in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and puts that in the second
+one okay but if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but if you wanted
+to have it the other way around to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it the other way around to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it the other way around to save
+yourself a cycle you anyway it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a cycle you anyway it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a cycle you anyway it doesn't
+matter that you can't do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that you can't do it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that you can't do it that way
+okay and all this stuff the compiler has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and all this stuff the compiler has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and all this stuff the compiler has
+to understand okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand okay
+so here are the x86 64 datatypes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the x86 64 datatypes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the x86 64 datatypes okay
+the way I've done it is to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've done it is to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've done it is to show you the
+difference between C and an x86 64 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between C and an x86 64 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between C and an x86 64 so
+for example here the declarations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here the declarations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here the declarations
+here the declarations in C so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the declarations in C so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the declarations in C so there's a
+char a short int unsigned int long etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+char a short int unsigned int long etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+char a short int unsigned int long etc
+here's an example of a C constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a C constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of a C constant that
+does those things and here's the size in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does those things and here's the size in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does those things and here's the size in
+bytes that you get when you declare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes that you get when you declare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes that you get when you declare that
+okay and then the the assembly suffix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the the assembly suffix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the the assembly suffix is
+one of these things okay so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things okay so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things okay so in the
+assembly it says B or W for a word and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly it says B or W for a word and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly it says B or W for a word and L
+or D for a double word a queue for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or D for a double word a queue for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or D for a double word a queue for a
+quad word ie 8 bytes single precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad word ie 8 bytes single precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad word ie 8 bytes single precision
+double precision extended precision okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double precision extended precision okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double precision extended precision okay
+the so sign extension use two datatype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so sign extension use two datatype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so sign extension use two datatype
+suffixes so here's an example so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes so here's an example so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes so here's an example so the
+first one says we're going to move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one says we're going to move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one says we're going to move and
+now you see I can't read this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see I can't read this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see I can't read this without
+without my cheat sheet so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without my cheat sheet so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without my cheat sheet so what is this
+saying this is saying we're gonna move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a 0 extend and it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 0 extend and it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 0 extend and it's going to be the
+first operand is a byte and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first operand is a byte and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first operand is a byte and the second
+operand is along that's that right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand is along that's that right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand is along that's that right if
+I'm wrong it's like I got a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wrong it's like I got a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wrong it's like I got a look at the
+chart - okay and of course we don't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart - okay and of course we don't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart - okay and of course we don't hold
+you to that so but the Z there says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to that so but the Z there says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to that so but the Z there says
+extends with zeros and the S says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends with zeros and the S says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends with zeros and the S says
+preserve the sign ok so that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the sign ok so that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the sign ok so that's the the
+things now that would all be all well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now that would all be all well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now that would all be all well
+and good except that then what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good except that then what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good except that then what they did
+is if you do 32-bit operations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you do 32-bit operations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you do 32-bit operations where
+you're moving it to a sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving it to a sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving it to a sick
+the 4-bit value it implicitly zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4-bit value it implicitly zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4-bit value it implicitly zero
+extends the sign if you do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends the sign if you do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends the sign if you do it for
+smaller values and you store it in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values and you store it in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller values and you store it in it
+simply puts over writes the values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply puts over writes the values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply puts over writes the values in
+those registers doesn't touch the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those registers doesn't touch the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those registers doesn't touch the higher
+bits but for that when they did the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but for that when they did the 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but for that when they did the 32
+to 64 bit extension of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 64 bit extension of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 64 bit extension of the of the
+instruction set they decided that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set they decided that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set they decided that they
+wouldn't do what had been done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do what had been done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do what had been done in the
+past and they decided that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and they decided that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and they decided that they would
+zero extend things unless there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero extend things unless there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero extend things unless there was
+something explicit to the contrary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something explicit to the contrary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something explicit to the contrary okay
+you got me okay yeah I have a friend who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got me okay yeah I have a friend who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got me okay yeah I have a friend who
+worked at Intel and he had a joke about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at Intel and he had a joke about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at Intel and he had a joke about
+the Intel instruction set he discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel instruction set he discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel instruction set he discovered
+the Intel instructor says really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel instructor says really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel instructor says really
+complicated he says here's the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated he says here's the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated he says here's the idea of
+the Intel instruction set he said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel instruction set he said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Intel instruction set he said to
+become an Intel fellow you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an Intel fellow you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an Intel fellow you need to have
+an instruction in the Intel instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instruction in the Intel instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instruction in the Intel instruction
+set okay you have an instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay you have an instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay you have an instruction that
+you invented and that that's now used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invented and that that's now used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invented and that that's now used in
+Intel he says nobody becomes an Intel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel he says nobody becomes an Intel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel he says nobody becomes an Intel
+fellow for removing instructions so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow for removing instructions so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow for removing instructions so just
+so grows and grows and grows and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grows and grows and grows and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grows and grows and grows and gets
+more and more complicated for for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more complicated for for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more complicated for for each
+thing now once again you can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now once again you can for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now once again you can for
+extension you can sign extend and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension you can sign extend and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension you can sign extend and here's
+two examples in one case moving an 8-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples in one case moving an 8-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples in one case moving an 8-bit
+integer to a 32-bit integer and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer to a 32-bit integer and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer to a 32-bit integer and 0
+expanded it versus preserving the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditional jumps and conditional moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jumps and conditional moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jumps and conditional moves
+also use suffixes to indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use suffixes to indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use suffixes to indicate the
+condition code so here for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition code so here for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition code so here for example the
+ne indicates the jump should only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne indicates the jump should only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ne indicates the jump should only be
+taken if the argument of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken if the argument of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken if the argument of the previous
+comparison are not equal so ne is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison are not equal so ne is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison are not equal so ne is not
+equal so you do a comparison and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so you do a comparison and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so you do a comparison and that's
+going to set a flag in the are flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a flag in the are flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to set a flag in the are flags
+register then the jump will look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register then the jump will look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register then the jump will look at that
+flag and decide whether it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag and decide whether it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag and decide whether it's going to
+jump or not or just continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump or not or just continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump or not or just continue the
+sequential execution of the of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential execution of the of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential execution of the of the code
+okay and there are a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are a bunch of things
+that you can jump on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can jump on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can jump on
+so which are status flags and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which are status flags and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which are status flags and you can
+see the names here there's Carrie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the names here there's Carrie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the names here there's Carrie
+there's parity parity is the XOR of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's parity parity is the XOR of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's parity parity is the XOR of all
+the bits in the word there's and just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits in the word there's and just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits in the word there's and just I
+don't even know what that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what that's for
+okay there's the zero flag tells with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the zero flag tells with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's the zero flag tells with a
+zero there's a sign flag whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a sign flag whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a sign flag whether it's
+positive or negative there's a trap flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative there's a trap flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative there's a trap flag
+which and interrupt enable and Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and interrupt enable and Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and interrupt enable and Direction
+overflow so anyway you can see there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow so anyway you can see there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow so anyway you can see there are
+a whole bunch of these okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of these okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of these okay so for
+example here this is going to decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here this is going to decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here this is going to decrement
+RBX and then it sets the zero flag if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBX and then it sets the zero flag if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBX and then it sets the zero flag if
+the results are equal and then the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are equal and then the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are equal and then the jump
+the conditional jump jumps to the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional jump jumps to the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional jump jumps to the label
+if the z-f flag is set to is not set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the z-f flag is set to is not set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the z-f flag is set to is not set in
+this case okay makes sense after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case okay makes sense after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case okay makes sense after a
+fashion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion okay
+it doesn't make rational sense but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make rational sense but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make rational sense but it
+does make sense okay here are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make sense okay here are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make sense okay here are the main
+ones that you're going to need the carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you're going to need the carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that you're going to need the carry
+flag is whether you got a carrier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag is whether you got a carrier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag is whether you got a carrier or
+borrow out of the most significant bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow out of the most significant bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow out of the most significant bit
+the zero flag is if the ALU operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero flag is if the ALU operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero flag is if the ALU operation
+was zero whether the last lu application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero whether the last lu application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero whether the last lu application
+had the sign bit set and the overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the sign bit set and the overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the sign bit set and the overflow
+says it resulted in arithmetic overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it resulted in arithmetic overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it resulted in arithmetic overflow
+the condition codes are if you put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition codes are if you put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition codes are if you put one
+of these condition codes on the on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these condition codes on the on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these condition codes on the on your
+conditional jump or whatever this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jump or whatever this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jump or whatever this tells
+you exactly what the flag is that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly what the flag is that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly what the flag is that is is
+being set so for example you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being set so for example you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being set so for example you know the
+easy ones are if it's equal but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy ones are if it's equal but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy ones are if it's equal but you know
+there are some other ones there so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other ones there so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other ones there so for
+example you know if you say why you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know if you say why you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know if you say why you know
+why for example do the condition codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for example do the condition codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for example do the condition codes
+E&N a check the zero flag okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E&N a check the zero flag okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E&N a check the zero flag okay and the
+answer is typically rather than rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is typically rather than rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is typically rather than rather
+than having a separate comparison that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having a separate comparison that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having a separate comparison that
+what they've done is separate the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done is separate the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done is separate the branch
+from the comparison itself but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the comparison itself but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the comparison itself but it also
+needn't be a compare instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needn't be a compare instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needn't be a compare instruction
+it could be the result of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the result of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the result of the last
+arithmetic operation was a zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operation was a zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operation was a zero and
+therefore it can branch without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it can branch without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it can branch without having
+to do a comparison with zero okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a comparison with zero okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a comparison with zero okay so for
+example if you have a loop okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have a loop okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have a loop okay that
+where your decrementing a counter till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your decrementing a counter till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your decrementing a counter till
+it gets to zero that's actually faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to zero that's actually faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to zero that's actually faster
+to buy one instruction okay to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy one instruction okay to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy one instruction okay to to
+compare whether the loop index hits zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare whether the loop index hits zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare whether the loop index hits zero
+then it is if you have the loop going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is if you have the loop going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is if you have the loop going up
+to N and then every time to loop having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N and then every time to loop having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N and then every time to loop having
+to compare with N in order before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare with N in order before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare with N in order before you
+can branch okay so these days that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can branch okay so these days that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can branch okay so these days that
+optimization doesn't mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization doesn't mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization doesn't mean anything
+because as we'll talk about in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we'll talk about in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we'll talk about in a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+these machines are so powerful that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines are so powerful that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines are so powerful that you
+know doing an extra integer arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know doing an extra integer arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know doing an extra integer arithmetic
+like that probably has no bearing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that probably has no bearing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that probably has no bearing on the
+overall cost yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just looks at the flags yep just looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks at the flags yep just looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks at the flags yep just looks
+at the flags doesn't take any arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the flags doesn't take any arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the flags doesn't take any arguments
+okay now the next aspect of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the next aspect of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the next aspect of this is that
+you can give registers but you also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give registers but you also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can give registers but you also can
+address memory and there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address memory and there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address memory and there are there are
+three direct addressing modes and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three direct addressing modes and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three direct addressing modes and three
+indirect addressing modes okay at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect addressing modes okay at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect addressing modes okay at most
+one operand may specify a memory address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operand may specify a memory address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operand may specify a memory address
+so so here the direct addressing lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here the direct addressing lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here the direct addressing lines
+so for immediate what you do is you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for immediate what you do is you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for immediate what you do is you give
+it a constant like like 1 7 - random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a constant like like 1 7 - random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a constant like like 1 7 - random
+constant to store into the register in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to store into the register in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to store into the register in
+this case that's called an immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that's called an immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that's called an immediate
+what happens in the if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the if you look at the
+instruction if you look at the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction if you look at the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction if you look at the machine
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+172 is right in the instruction ok it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+172 is right in the instruction ok it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+172 is right in the instruction ok it's
+right in the instruction that number 172
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the instruction that number 172
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the instruction that number 172
+ok our register says will move the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok our register says will move the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok our register says will move the value
+from the register in this case % CX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the register in this case % CX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the register in this case % CX and
+then the index of the register is put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the index of the register is put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the index of the register is put in
+that in that part and direct memory says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that part and direct memory says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that part and direct memory says
+use a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a particular
+memory location okay and you can give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location okay and you can give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory location okay and you can give a
+hex value when you do direct memory it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex value when you do direct memory it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex value when you do direct memory it's
+gonna fetch it out of that he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fetch it out of that he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fetch it out of that he's going to
+use the value at that place in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the value at that place in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the value at that place in memory
+and and to indicate that memory is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to indicate that memory is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and to indicate that memory is going
+to take you on a 64-bit machine 64 eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you on a 64-bit machine 64 eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you on a 64-bit machine 64 eight
+bytes to specify that memory whereas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes to specify that memory whereas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes to specify that memory whereas for
+example the the move cue I can I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the the move cue I can I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the the move cue I can I can get
+one seven two will fit in one bite okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one seven two will fit in one bite okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one seven two will fit in one bite okay
+and so it will move you know I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it will move you know I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it will move you know I'll have
+spent a lot less storage in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot less storage in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot less storage in order to do
+it plus I can do it directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plus I can do it directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plus I can do it directly from the
+instruction stream and I avoid having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction stream and I avoid having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction stream and I avoid having an
+access to memory which is very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to memory which is very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to memory which is very expensive
+so what's how many cycles does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's how many cycles does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's how many cycles does it take
+if the value that you're fetching from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the value that you're fetching from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the value that you're fetching from
+memory is not in you know is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is not in you know is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is not in you know is not in
+cache or whatever okay or a register if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache or whatever okay or a register if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache or whatever okay or a register if
+I'm fetching something remember how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm fetching something remember how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm fetching something remember how many
+cycles of the Machine does it typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of the Machine does it typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles of the Machine does it typically
+take these days yeah yeah a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these days yeah yeah a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these days yeah yeah a couple
+hundred or more yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred or more yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred or more yeah
+a couple hundred cycles to fetch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple hundred cycles to fetch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple hundred cycles to fetch
+something from memory it's so slow no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from memory it's so slow no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from memory it's so slow no
+it's the processors are so fast okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the processors are so fast okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the processors are so fast okay and
+so so clearly if you can get things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so clearly if you can get things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so clearly if you can get things into
+registers most registers you can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers most registers you can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers most registers you can access
+in a single cycle okay so that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single cycle okay so that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single cycle okay so that we want
+to move things close to the process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move things close to the process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move things close to the process or
+operate on them shove them back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on them shove them back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on them shove them back and
+while we pull things from memory we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we pull things from memory we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we pull things from memory we want
+other things to be to be working on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to be to be working on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to be to be working on okay
+and so the hardware is all organized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hardware is all organized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hardware is all organized to
+the do to do that okay now of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do to do that okay now of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do to do that okay now of course we
+spent a lot of time fetching stuff from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time fetching stuff from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time fetching stuff from
+memory and that's one reason we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and that's one reason we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and that's one reason we use
+caching and we'll have a big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching and we'll have a big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching and we'll have a big thing
+caching is really important we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is really important we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching is really important we're gonna
+spend a bunch of time on how to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a bunch of time on how to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a bunch of time on how to get the
+best out of your cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best out of your cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best out of your cache
+there's also indirect addressing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also indirect addressing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also indirect addressing so
+instead of just giving a location you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just giving a location you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just giving a location you
+say oh let's go to some other place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh let's go to some other place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh let's go to some other place for
+example the register and get the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the register and get the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the register and get the value
+and the address is going to be stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the address is going to be stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the address is going to be stored in
+that location so for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location so for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that location so for example here
+register indirect says in this case move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register indirect says in this case move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register indirect says in this case move
+the contents of our ax into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry the contents is the address of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the contents is the address of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the contents is the address of the
+thing that you're going to move into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're going to move into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're going to move into our
+di okay so if our ax was location 172
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di okay so if our ax was location 172
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di okay so if our ax was location 172
+okay then it would take whatever's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then it would take whatever's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then it would take whatever's in
+location 172 and put it in our di okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location 172 and put it in our di okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location 172 and put it in our di okay
+registered index says well do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered index says well do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered index says well do the same
+thing but while you're at it add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but while you're at it add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but while you're at it add an
+offset okay so if it once again if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset okay so if it once again if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset okay so if it once again if our
+ax had 172 in this case it would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+344 okay to fetch the value out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+344 okay to fetch the value out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+344 okay to fetch the value out of that
+location 344 for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location 344 for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location 344 for this particular
+instruction okay and then instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction okay and then instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction okay and then instruction
+pointer relative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer relative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer relative okay
+instead of indexing off of a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of indexing off of a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of indexing off of a general
+purpose register you index off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose register you index off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose register you index off the
+instruction pointer okay that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer okay that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer okay that usually
+happens in the code where your modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the code where your modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the code where your modern
+where the code is is for example you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the code is is for example you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the code is is for example you can
+jump to where you are in the code plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to where you are in the code plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to where you are in the code plus
+for instructions okay so you can jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instructions okay so you can jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instructions okay so you can jump
+down some some number of instructions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some some number of instructions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some some number of instructions in
+the code usually you'll see that lonely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code usually you'll see that lonely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code usually you'll see that lonely
+with use with control because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with use with control because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with use with control because you're
+talking about things but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things but sometimes
+they'll put some data in the instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll put some data in the instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll put some data in the instruction
+stream and then it can index off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and then it can index off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and then it can index off the
+instruction pointer to get those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer to get those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer to get those values
+without having to to soil annex another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to to soil annex another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to to soil annex another
+register now the most general form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register now the most general form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register now the most general form is
+base index scale displacement addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base index scale displacement addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base index scale displacement addressing
+Wow okay this is a move that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow okay this is a move that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow okay this is a move that has a
+constant plus three terms okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant plus three terms okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant plus three terms okay and this
+is the most complicated instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most complicated instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most complicated instruction that
+is supported the mode refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supported the mode refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supported the mode refers to the
+address whatever the base is okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address whatever the base is okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address whatever the base is okay so the
+base is is a general purpose register in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is is a general purpose register in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is is a general purpose register in
+this case RDI and then it adds the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case RDI and then it adds the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case RDI and then it adds the index
+times the scale so the scale is one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the scale so the scale is one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the scale so the scale is one two
+four eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four eight
+okay and then a displacement which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then a displacement which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then a displacement which is
+that number on the front okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number on the front okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number on the front okay and this
+gives you very gentle indexing of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you very gentle indexing of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you very gentle indexing of things
+off of a base pointer so you'll often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a base pointer so you'll often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a base pointer so you'll often
+see this kind of accessing when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this kind of accessing when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this kind of accessing when you're
+accessing stack memory okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing stack memory okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing stack memory okay because
+everything you can say here's the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can say here's the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can say here's the base
+of my frame on the stack and now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my frame on the stack and now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my frame on the stack and now for
+anything that I want to add I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I want to add I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I want to add I'm gonna be
+going up a certain amount I'm in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up a certain amount I'm in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up a certain amount I'm in a
+scaling by a certain amount to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling by a certain amount to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling by a certain amount to get the
+value that I want okay so once again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that I want okay so once again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that I want okay so once again you
+know you will become familiar with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you will become familiar with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you will become familiar with these
+with a manual okay you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a manual okay you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a manual okay you don't have to
+memorize all these but you do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize all these but you do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize all these but you do have to
+understand that there are a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there are a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there are a lot of these
+complex addressing modes the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex addressing modes the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex addressing modes the jump
+instruction take a label as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction take a label as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction take a label as their
+operand which locate identifies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand which locate identifies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand which locate identifies a
+location in the code for this the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the code for this the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in the code for this the labels
+can be symbols in other words you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be symbols in other words you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be symbols in other words you can
+say here's a symbol that I want to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's a symbol that I want to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's a symbol that I want to jump
+to might be the beginning of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to might be the beginning of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to might be the beginning of a function
+or it might be a label that's generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be a label that's generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be a label that's generated
+to be at the beginning of a loop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the beginning of a loop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the beginning of a loop or
+whatever they can be exact addresses go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they can be exact addresses go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they can be exact addresses go
+to this place in the code or they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this place in the code or they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this place in the code or they can be
+relative address jump to someplace as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative address jump to someplace as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative address jump to someplace as I
+mentioned that's indexed off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that's indexed off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that's indexed off the
+instruction pointer okay and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer okay and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction pointer okay and then an
+indirect jump takes as its operand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect jump takes as its operand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect jump takes as its operand and
+in direct address I've got okay as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direct address I've got okay as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direct address I've got okay as it's
+not brand as its operand okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not brand as its operand okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not brand as its operand okay so that's
+a typo just takes an operand as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typo just takes an operand as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typo just takes an operand as an
+indirect address so basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect address so basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect address so basically you can
+say go you know jump to whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say go you know jump to whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say go you know jump to whatever is
+pointed to by that register using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to by that register using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to by that register using
+whatever indexing method that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever indexing method that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever indexing method that you want
+okay so that's kind of an overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of an overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's kind of an overview of
+the assembly language now let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly language now let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly language now let's take a
+look at some idioms so the extra opcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some idioms so the extra opcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some idioms so the extra opcode
+computes the bitwise XOR of a and B we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the bitwise XOR of a and B we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the bitwise XOR of a and B we
+saw XOR was a great trick for swapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw XOR was a great trick for swapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw XOR was a great trick for swapping
+numbers for example the other day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for example the other day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for example the other day so
+often in the code you will see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the code you will see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the code you will see something
+like this XOR ra x ra x what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this XOR ra x ra x what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this XOR ra x ra x what does that
+do yeah it zeros the register why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah it zeros the register why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah it zeros the register why is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the register yeah it's basically taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register yeah it's basically taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register yeah it's basically taking
+it's basically taking the results of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically taking the results of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically taking the results of our
+ax the results of our axe X touring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax the results of our axe X touring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax the results of our axe X touring them
+and when you XOR something with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you XOR something with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you XOR something with itself
+you get zero storing that back into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero storing that back into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero storing that back into it
+so that's actually how you zero things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually how you zero things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually how you zero things
+so you'll see that whenever you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see that whenever you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll see that whenever you see that
+hey what are they doing they're zeroing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey what are they doing they're zeroing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey what are they doing they're zeroing
+the register okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register okay
+and that's actually quicker and easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually quicker and easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually quicker and easier
+than having a zero constant that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having a zero constant that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than having a zero constant that they
+put into into the instruction it saves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into into the instruction it saves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into into the instruction it saves a
+byte because this ends up being a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte because this ends up being a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte because this ends up being a very
+short instruction I remember how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short instruction I remember how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short instruction I remember how many
+bytes that instruction is but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes that instruction is but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes that instruction is but okay
+here's another one the test opcode test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one the test opcode test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one the test opcode test
+a B computes the bitwise and of a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B computes the bitwise and of a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B computes the bitwise and of a and B
+and discards the result preserving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discards the result preserving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discards the result preserving the
+are Flags register okay so basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Flags register okay so basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Flags register okay so basically it
+says what does the test instruction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what does the test instruction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what does the test instruction for
+for these things do okay so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things do okay so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these things do okay so what is the
+first one doing so it takes our CX yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it takes the bitwise and of a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes the bitwise and of a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it takes the bitwise and of a and B
+right and so then it's saying jump if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so then it's saying jump if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so then it's saying jump if
+equal so right and is nonzero if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so right and is nonzero if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so right and is nonzero if any of
+the bits are set that's right so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits are set that's right so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits are set that's right so if the
+zero flag is set then our CX is set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero flag is set then our CX is set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero flag is set then our CX is set so
+this is going to jump to that location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to jump to that location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to jump to that location
+if our CX is holds the value 0 okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our CX is holds the value 0 okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our CX is holds the value 0 okay in
+all the other cases it won't set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other cases it won't set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other cases it won't set the
+zero flag because the result of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero flag because the result of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero flag because the result of the end
+will be zero so once again that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero so once again that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero so once again that's kind
+of an idiom that they use what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an idiom that they use what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an idiom that they use what about the
+second one so this is a conditional move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one so this is a conditional move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one so this is a conditional move
+so both of them are basically checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of them are basically checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of them are basically checking
+to see if the registers 0 ok and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if the registers 0 ok and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if the registers 0 ok and then
+doing something if it is or isn't ok but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something if it is or isn't ok but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something if it is or isn't ok but
+those are just idioms that you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just idioms that you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just idioms that you sort of
+have to look at to see you know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at to see you know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at to see you know how it
+is that they accomplish the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they accomplish the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they accomplish the particular
+thing okay here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay here's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay here's another one
+so the ISA can include several no op no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ISA can include several no op no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ISA can include several no op no
+operation instructions including knop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation instructions including knop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation instructions including knop
+not a that's an operation with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a that's an operation with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a that's an operation with an
+argument and data 16 which sets aside 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and data 16 which sets aside 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and data 16 which sets aside 2
+bytes of a no op so here's a line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes of a no op so here's a line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes of a no op so here's a line of
+assembly that we found in some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly that we found in some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly that we found in some of our
+code ok data 16 days 16 data 6 no op w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code ok data 16 days 16 data 6 no op w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code ok data 16 days 16 data 6 no op w
+you know and then % CSX you know so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then % CSX you know so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and then % CSX you know so no
+op W is going to take this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op W is going to take this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op W is going to take this argument
+which is got all this address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is got all this address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is got all this address
+calculation in it so what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in it so what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in it so what do you think
+this is doing what's the effect of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is doing what's the effect of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is doing what's the effect of this
+by the way they're all no ops so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way they're all no ops so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way they're all no ops so what
+the effect is nothing ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is nothing ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is nothing ok
+the effect is nothing ok now it does set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is nothing ok now it does set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is nothing ok now it does set
+the are flags but basically mostly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are flags but basically mostly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are flags but basically mostly it
+does nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does nothing
+why were the cat compiler generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were the cat compiler generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why were the cat compiler generated
+assembly with these idioms why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly with these idioms why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly with these idioms why would you
+get that kind of that's crazy right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's actually doing alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's actually doing alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's actually doing alignment
+optimization typically okay there's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization typically okay there's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization typically okay there's it's
+or code size so it may want to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or code size so it may want to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or code size so it may want to start the
+next instruction on the beginning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction on the beginning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction on the beginning of a
+cache line and in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line and in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache line and in fact there's a
+directive to do that if you want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive to do that if you want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive to do that if you want all
+your functions to start at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functions to start at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functions to start at the beginning
+of cache line then it wants to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache line then it wants to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cache line then it wants to make sure
+that if code gets to that point it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if code gets to that point it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if code gets to that point it will
+you know you'll just proceed to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll just proceed to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll just proceed to jump
+through memory continue through memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through memory continue through memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through memory continue through memory
+okay so mainly is to optimize marking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mainly is to optimize marking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mainly is to optimize marking so
+you'll see those things I mean you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see those things I mean you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see those things I mean you just
+have to realize oh that's the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize oh that's the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to realize oh that's the compiler
+generating some some no-ops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some some no-ops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating some some no-ops
+so that's sort of our brief excursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of our brief excursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of our brief excursion
+over assembly language x86 assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over assembly language x86 assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over assembly language x86 assembly
+language now I want to dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language now I want to dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language now I want to dive into
+floating-point and vector hardware which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point and vector hardware which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point and vector hardware which
+is going to be the main part and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the main part and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the main part and then if
+there's any time at the end I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any time at the end I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any time at the end I'll show
+the slides where there's I have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides where there's I have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides where there's I have a bunch
+of other slides on how branch prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other slides on how branch prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other slides on how branch prediction
+works and and a variety of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and and a variety of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and and a variety of other
+machines sorts of things that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines sorts of things that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines sorts of things that if we
+don't get to it's no problem you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to it's no problem you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to it's no problem you can
+take a look at the slides and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the slides and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the slides and there's
+also the architecture manual so floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the architecture manual so floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the architecture manual so floating
+point instruction sets so mostly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point instruction sets so mostly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point instruction sets so mostly the
+scalar floating point operations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar floating point operations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar floating point operations are
+accessed via a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed via a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed via a couple of different
+instruction sets so the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets so the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets so the history of
+floating point is interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point is interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point is interesting because
+Ridge '''l II the 8086 did not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge '''l II the 8086 did not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ridge '''l II the 8086 did not have a
+floating point unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point unit
+okay floating point was done in software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay floating point was done in software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay floating point was done in software
+and then they made a companionship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they made a companionship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they made a companionship that
+would do floating point and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do floating point and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do floating point and then they
+started integrating and so forth as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started integrating and so forth as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started integrating and so forth as as
+miniaturization took hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniaturization took hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniaturization took hold
+so the SSC and AVX instructions do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the SSC and AVX instructions do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the SSC and AVX instructions do both
+single and double precision scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single and double precision scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single and double precision scalar
+floating point ie floats or doubles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point ie floats or doubles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point ie floats or doubles and
+then the x86 instructions the x87
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the x86 instructions the x87
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the x86 instructions the x87
+instructions that's the 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that's the 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that's the 88
+seven that was attached to the 8086 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven that was attached to the 8086 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven that was attached to the 8086 and
+that's where they get them support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they get them support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they get them support
+single double and extended precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single double and extended precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single double and extended precision
+scalar floating-point arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar floating-point arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar floating-point arithmetic
+including float double and long double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including float double and long double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including float double and long double
+so you can actually get a great big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually get a great big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually get a great big
+result of a multiply if you use the x87
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a multiply if you use the x87
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a multiply if you use the x87
+instruction sets and they also include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets and they also include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets and they also include
+vector instructions you can multiply or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector instructions you can multiply or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector instructions you can multiply or
+add there as well so all these places on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add there as well so all these places on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add there as well so all these places on
+the chip where you can decide to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip where you can decide to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip where you can decide to do one
+thing or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or another
+okay compilers generally like the SSE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay compilers generally like the SSE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay compilers generally like the SSE
+instructions over the x87 instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions over the x87 instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions over the x87 instructions
+because they're simpler to compile for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're simpler to compile for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're simpler to compile for
+and to optimize and the SSE op codes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to optimize and the SSE op codes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to optimize and the SSE op codes are
+similar to the normal x86 op codes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the normal x86 op codes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the normal x86 op codes and
+they use the xmm registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the xmm registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the xmm registers and
+floating-point types and so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point types and so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point types and so you'll see
+stuff like this where you've got a move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like this where you've got a move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like this where you've got a move
+SD and so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD and so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD and so forth okay
+the suffix there is saying what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffix there is saying what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suffix there is saying what the
+datatype in this case it's saying it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datatype in this case it's saying it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datatype in this case it's saying it's a
+double precision floating point value ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double precision floating point value ie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double precision floating point value ie
+a double okay once again they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double okay once again they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double okay once again they're using
+suffix the SD in this case is a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix the SD in this case is a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix the SD in this case is a double
+precision floating point the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision floating point the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision floating point the other
+option is the first letter says whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is the first letter says whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is the first letter says whether
+it's single I use scalar operation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's single I use scalar operation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's single I use scalar operation or
+pet I have vector operation okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet I have vector operation okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet I have vector operation okay and the
+second letter says whether it's single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second letter says whether it's single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second letter says whether it's single
+or double precision okay and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or double precision okay and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or double precision okay and so this
+when you see one of these operations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see one of these operations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see one of these operations you
+can decode oh this is operating on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decode oh this is operating on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decode oh this is operating on a
+64-bit value or a 32-bit value floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit value or a 32-bit value floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit value or a 32-bit value floating
+point value or on a vector of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point value or on a vector of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point value or on a vector of those
+values now what about these vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now what about these vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now what about these vectors so
+when you start using the packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start using the packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start using the packed
+representation and you start using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and you start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and you start using
+vectors you have to understand a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you have to understand a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you have to understand a little
+bit about the vector units that are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the vector units that are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the vector units that are on
+these machines so they so the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines so they so the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines so they so the way a
+vector unit works is that there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector unit works is that there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector unit works is that there is the
+processor issuing instructions and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor issuing instructions and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor issuing instructions and it
+issues the instructions to all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues the instructions to all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues the instructions to all of the
+vector units okay so for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector units okay so for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector units okay so for example if you
+take a look at a typical thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at a typical thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at a typical thing that you
+may have a vector with the four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a vector with the four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a vector with the four vector
+units each of them is often called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units each of them is often called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units each of them is often called a
+lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane
+la ne and the X is the vector with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la ne and the X is the vector with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la ne and the X is the vector with and
+so when the instruction is given is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the instruction is given is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the instruction is given is
+given to all of the vector units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to all of the vector units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to all of the vector units and
+they all do it on their own local copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all do it on their own local copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all do it on their own local copy
+of the register so the register you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the register so the register you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the register so the register you can
+think of as a very wide thing broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as a very wide thing broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as a very wide thing broken
+into several words and when I say add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into several words and when I say add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into several words and when I say add
+two vectors together it'll add four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors together it'll add four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors together it'll add four
+words together okay and store it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words together okay and store it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words together okay and store it back
+into another vector register okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another vector register okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another vector register okay
+and so whatever K is you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever K is you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whatever K is you know in the
+example I just said K was four and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I just said K was four and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I just said K was four and the
+lanes are the thing that each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes are the thing that each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes are the thing that each of which
+contains the integer or floating-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the integer or floating-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the integer or floating-point
+arithmetic but the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic but the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic but the important thing is
+that they all operate in lockstep okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all operate in lockstep okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they all operate in lockstep okay
+it's not like one is going to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like one is going to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like one is going to do one
+thing and another is going to do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and another is going to do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and another is going to do another
+thing they all have to do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they all have to do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they all have to do exactly the
+same thing and the basic idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and the basic idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and the basic idea here is
+the price of one instruction okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of one instruction okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of one instruction okay I can
+command a bunch of operations to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command a bunch of operations to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command a bunch of operations to be done
+now generally vector instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now generally vector instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now generally vector instructions
+operate in an element white fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in an element white fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in an element white fashion
+where you take the eye of one vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take the eye of one vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take the eye of one vector and
+operate on it with the I L iment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on it with the I L iment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on it with the I L iment of
+another vector and all the lanes perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector and all the lanes perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector and all the lanes perform
+exactly the same operation depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same operation depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same operation depending
+upon the architecture some architectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the architecture some architectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the architecture some architectures
+the operands need to be aligned that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operands need to be aligned that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operands need to be aligned that is
+you've got to have the beginnings at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have the beginnings at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have the beginnings at the
+exactly same place in memory a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same place in memory a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly same place in memory a multiple
+of the vector length there are others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector length there are others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector length there are others
+where the vectors can be shifted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the vectors can be shifted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the vectors can be shifted in
+memory usually there's a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory usually there's a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory usually there's a performance
+difference between the two okay if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two okay if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two okay if it
+does support some of them will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does support some of them will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does support some of them will not
+support unaligned vector operations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support unaligned vector operations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support unaligned vector operations so
+if it can't figure out that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can't figure out that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can't figure out that they're
+aligned I'm sorry your code will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned I'm sorry your code will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned I'm sorry your code will end up
+being executed scalar in a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being executed scalar in a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being executed scalar in a scalar
+fashion if they are aligned okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion if they are aligned okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion if they are aligned okay it's
+got to be able to figure that out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be able to figure that out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be able to figure that out and
+and in in that case sorry if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in that case sorry if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in that case sorry if it's not
+aligned but you do support vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned but you do support vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned but you do support vector
+operations on a on line it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on a on line it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on a on line it's usually
+slower than if they are aligned okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than if they are aligned okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than if they are aligned okay and
+for some machines now they actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some machines now they actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some machines now they actually have
+good performance on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good performance on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good performance on both
+okay so it really depends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it really depends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it really depends upon the
+machine and then also there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and then also there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and then also there are some
+architectures will support cross lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures will support cross lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures will support cross lane
+operation such as inserting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation such as inserting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation such as inserting or
+extracting subsets of vector elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting subsets of vector elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting subsets of vector elements
+permuting shuffling scatter gather types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permuting shuffling scatter gather types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permuting shuffling scatter gather types
+of operations so X supports several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations so X supports several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations so X supports several
+instruction sets as I mentioned there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets as I mentioned there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets as I mentioned there's
+SSE there's a VX there's a VX - and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSE there's a VX there's a VX - and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSE there's a VX there's a VX - and then
+there's now the avx-512 or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now the avx-512 or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now the avx-512 or sometimes
+called a VX 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a VX 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a VX 3
+and which is not available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is not available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is not available on the
+machines that we'll be using the Haswell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that we'll be using the Haswell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that we'll be using the Haswell
+machines that we'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that we'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that we'll be doing
+generally the a VX and avx2 in extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the a VX and avx2 in extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the a VX and avx2 in extend
+the SSE instruction set by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SSE instruction set by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SSE instruction set by using the
+wider registers and operate on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider registers and operate on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider registers and operate on to the
+SSE use wider registers and operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSE use wider registers and operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSE use wider registers and operate on
+most two operates the a VX ones can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two operates the a VX ones can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two operates the a VX ones can use
+the 256 and also have three operands not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 256 and also have three operands not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 256 and also have three operands not
+just two operands so so you can say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two operands so so you can say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two operands so so you can say you
+know add a to be in store it and see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know add a to be in store it and see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know add a to be in store it and see as
+opposed to saying add a to b and store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to saying add a to b and store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to saying add a to b and store
+it and be ok so it can also support 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah most of them are similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of them are similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah most of them are similar to
+traditional op codes with minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional op codes with minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional op codes with minor
+differences so there's you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so there's you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so there's you know if you
+look at them they look you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them they look you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them they look you know you
+basically just if you have an SSE it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just if you have an SSE it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just if you have an SSE it
+basically looks just like a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looks just like a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looks just like a the
+traditional name like ad in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional name like ad in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional name like ad in this case
+but you can then say do a packed add or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can then say do a packed add or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can then say do a packed add or
+a vector with packed data so the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector with packed data so the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector with packed data so the V
+premise says that say V X so if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premise says that say V X so if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premise says that say V X so if you see
+it's V you go to the part in the manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's V you go to the part in the manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's V you go to the part in the manual
+that says a VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says a VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says a VX
+ok if you see the peas that say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok if you see the peas that say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok if you see the peas that say it's
+packed data then then you go to SSE if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed data then then you go to SSE if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed data then then you go to SSE if
+it doesn't have the V ok and the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have the V ok and the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have the V ok and the P
+prefix distinguish an introvert or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix distinguish an introvert or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix distinguish an introvert or
+instruction you got me I tried to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction you got me I tried to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction you got me I tried to think
+why does P in distinguishing a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does P in distinguishing a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does P in distinguishing a an
+integer it's like a P no good mnemonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it's like a P no good mnemonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer it's like a P no good mnemonic
+for integer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integer right
+okay then in addition they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then in addition they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then in addition they do this
+aliasing trick again where the ymm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing trick again where the ymm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing trick again where the ymm
+registers actually alias the xmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers actually alias the xmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers actually alias the xmm
+registers okay so you can use both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers okay so you can use both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers okay so you can use both
+operations but you got to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but you got to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but you got to be careful
+what's going on okay so because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on okay so because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on okay so because they
+just extended them and now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extended them and now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extended them and now of course
+with the avx-512 they did another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the avx-512 they did another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the avx-512 they did another
+extension to 512 bits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to 512 bits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension to 512 bits okay
+that's vectors stuff so so you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vectors stuff so so you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vectors stuff so so you can use
+those explicitly the compiler will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those explicitly the compiler will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those explicitly the compiler will
+vectorize for you and the homework this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize for you and the homework this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorize for you and the homework this
+week takes you through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week takes you through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week takes you through some
+vectorization exercises actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization exercises actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization exercises actually a lot
+of fun we're just going over it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun we're just going over it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun we're just going over it in the
+staff meeting and it's really fun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff meeting and it's really fun I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff meeting and it's really fun I
+think it's really fun exercise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really fun exercise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really fun exercise we
+introduced that last year by the O he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced that last year by the O he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced that last year by the O he
+hadn't or maybe two years ago but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't or maybe two years ago but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't or maybe two years ago but in any
+case it's a fun one for my definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a fun one for my definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a fun one for my definition of
+fun which I hope is your definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun which I hope is your definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun which I hope is your definition of
+fun okay now I want to talk generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun okay now I want to talk generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun okay now I want to talk generally
+about computer architecture and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer architecture and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer architecture and I'm not
+going to get through all of these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get through all of these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get through all of these slides
+as I say but but I want to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say but but I want to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I say but but I want to get started
+on them and give you a sense of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and give you a sense of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and give you a sense of other
+things going on in the processor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the processor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the processor that
+you should be aware of so in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of so in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be aware of so in six
+double-o for you probably talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-o for you probably talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-o for you probably talked about a
+five stage processor to anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five stage processor to anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five stage processor to anybody remember
+that okay five stage processor there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay five stage processor there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay five stage processor there's
+an instruction fetch there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instruction fetch there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instruction fetch there's an
+instruction decode there's an execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction decode there's an execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction decode there's an execute
+then there's a memory addressing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a memory addressing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a memory addressing and
+then you write back the values and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you write back the values and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you write back the values and this
+is done as a pipeline so as to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done as a pipeline so as to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done as a pipeline so as to make you
+could do all of this in one thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all of this in one thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all of this in one thing but
+then you would have a long clock cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have a long clock cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have a long clock cycle
+and you only be able to do one thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only be able to do one thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you only be able to do one thing a
+time instead they stack them together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instead they stack them together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instead they stack them together so
+here's a block diagram of the five stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a block diagram of the five stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a block diagram of the five stage
+processor we read the instruction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor we read the instruction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor we read the instruction from
+memory in the instruction fetch cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the instruction fetch cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the instruction fetch cycle
+then we decode it basically it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we decode it basically it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we decode it basically it takes a
+look at what is the opcode what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what is the opcode what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what is the opcode what are the
+addressing modes etc and figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing modes etc and figures out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing modes etc and figures out
+what it actually has to do then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually has to do then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually has to do then actually
+performs the ALU operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs the ALU operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs the ALU operations
+and then it reads and writes the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it reads and writes the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it reads and writes the data
+memory and then it writes back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and then it writes back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and then it writes back the
+results into registers that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results into registers that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results into registers that's typically
+a common way that these things go for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common way that these things go for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common way that these things go for a
+for a for a five stage processor by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a for a five stage processor by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a for a five stage processor by the
+way this is vastly oversimplified okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is vastly oversimplified okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is vastly oversimplified okay
+if you can take six eight to three if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can take six eight to three if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can take six eight to three if
+you want to learn truth okay I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn truth okay I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn truth okay I'm gonna
+tell you I'm gonna tell you nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I'm gonna tell you nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I'm gonna tell you nothing but
+white lies okay for this lecture now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white lies okay for this lecture now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white lies okay for this lecture now if
+you look at the Intel Haswell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the Intel Haswell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the Intel Haswell the
+machine that we're using it actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that we're using it actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that we're using it actually has
+between 14 and 19 pipeline stages the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 14 and 19 pipeline stages the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 14 and 19 pipeline stages the 14
+to 19 reflects the fact that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 reflects the fact that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 reflects the fact that there are
+different paths through it that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths through it that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths through it that take
+different amounts of time it also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of time it also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of time it also I
+think reflects a little bit that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think reflects a little bit that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think reflects a little bit that nobody
+has published the Intel internal stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has published the Intel internal stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has published the Intel internal stuff
+so maybe we're not sure if it's 14 to 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we're not sure if it's 14 to 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we're not sure if it's 14 to 19
+but somewhere in that range ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somewhere in that range ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somewhere in that range ok
+but I think it's actually because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's actually because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's actually because the
+different lengths of time I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths of time I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths of time I'll explain
+so what I want to do is is you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is is you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is is you've seen
+the five stage pipeline I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five stage pipeline I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five stage pipeline I want to talk
+about the difference between that and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between that and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference between that and a
+modern processor by looking at several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern processor by looking at several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern processor by looking at several
+design features we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design features we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design features we already talked about
+vector or Hardware I then want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or Hardware I then want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or Hardware I then want to talk
+about superscalar processing out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about superscalar processing out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about superscalar processing out of
+order execution and branch prediction ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order execution and branch prediction ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order execution and branch prediction ok
+a little bit and at the out of order I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and at the out of order I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and at the out of order I'm
+gonna skip a bunch of that because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip a bunch of that because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip a bunch of that because it
+has to do with score boarding which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with score boarding which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with score boarding which it's
+really interesting and fun but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and fun but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and fun but it's also
+time consuming but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time consuming but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time consuming but it's really
+interesting and fun that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and fun that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and fun that's what you
+learn in 6/8 2/3 so historically there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in 6/8 2/3 so historically there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in 6/8 2/3 so historically there's
+two ways that people make processors go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways that people make processors go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways that people make processors go
+faster by exploiting parallelism and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster by exploiting parallelism and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster by exploiting parallelism and by
+exploiting locality ok and parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting locality ok and parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting locality ok and parallelism
+there's instruction well we already did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's instruction well we already did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's instruction well we already did
+word level parallelism right in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word level parallelism right in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word level parallelism right in in the
+bit tricks thing but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricks thing but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricks thing but there's also
+instruction level parallelism so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction level parallelism so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction level parallelism so called
+ILP vectorization multi-core and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ILP vectorization multi-core and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ILP vectorization multi-core and for
+locality the main thing that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality the main thing that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality the main thing that's used
+there is caching I would say also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is caching I would say also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is caching I would say also the
+fact that you have a design with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have a design with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have a design with
+registers that also reflects locality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that also reflects locality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that also reflects locality
+because the way that the processor wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way that the processor wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way that the processor wants
+to do things is fetch stuff from memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things is fetch stuff from memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things is fetch stuff from memory
+doesn't want to operate on it in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to operate on it in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to operate on it in memory
+that's very expensive wants to fetch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very expensive wants to fetch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very expensive wants to fetch
+things into memory get enough of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into memory get enough of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into memory get enough of them
+there that you can do some calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you can do some calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you can do some calculations
+do a whole bunch of calculations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a whole bunch of calculations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a whole bunch of calculations and
+then put them back out there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put them back out there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put them back out there okay so
+this lecture we're talking about ILP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we're talking about ILP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture we're talking about ILP and
+vectorization so let me talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization so let me talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorization so let me talk about
+instruction level parallelism so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction level parallelism so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction level parallelism so when
+you have a let's say a five stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a let's say a five stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a let's say a five stage
+pipeline you're interested in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline you're interested in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline you're interested in finding
+opportunities to execute multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to execute multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to execute multiple
+instructions simultaneously so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions simultaneously so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions simultaneously so an
+instruction one it's going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction one it's going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction one it's going to do an
+instruction fish then it does its decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction fish then it does its decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction fish then it does its decode
+and so it takes five cycles for this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it takes five cycles for this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it takes five cycles for this for
+this instruction to complete so ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instruction to complete so ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instruction to complete so ideally
+what you'd like is that you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like is that you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like is that you can start
+instruction two on cycle two instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction two on cycle two instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction two on cycle two instruction
+three on cycle three and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on cycle three and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on cycle three and so forth and
+have five instructions once you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five instructions once you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five instructions once you get into
+the steady state have five instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state have five instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state have five instructions
+executing all the time that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing all the time that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing all the time that would be
+ideal okay where each one takes just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal okay where each one takes just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal okay where each one takes just one
+thing so that was really pretty good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that was really pretty good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that was really pretty good and
+that would improve the throughput even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would improve the throughput even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would improve the throughput even
+though it might take a long time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it might take a long time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it might take a long time to get
+one instruction done I can have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction done I can have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction done I can have many
+instructions in the pipeline at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in the pipeline at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in the pipeline at some
+time okay so each pipeline is executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so each pipeline is executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so each pipeline is executing
+a different structure however in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different structure however in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different structure however in
+practice this isn't what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this isn't what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this isn't what happens in
+practice you discover that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you discover that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you discover that there are
+what's called pipeline stalls when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called pipeline stalls when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called pipeline stalls when it
+comes time to execute an instruction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to execute an instruction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to execute an instruction for
+some correctness reason it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correctness reason it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some correctness reason it cannot
+execute the instruction has to wait and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the instruction has to wait and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the instruction has to wait and
+that's a pipeline stall that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pipeline stall that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pipeline stall that's what you
+want to try to avoid and the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to avoid and the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to avoid and the compiler
+tries to bruce code that will avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to bruce code that will avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to bruce code that will avoid
+stalls okay so why do stalls happen they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls okay so why do stalls happen they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls okay so why do stalls happen they
+happen because of what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because of what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because of what are called
+hazards there's actually two notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards there's actually two notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards there's actually two notions of
+hazard and this is one of them the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard and this is one of them the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard and this is one of them the other
+is a race condition hazard this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a race condition hazard this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a race condition hazard this is the
+pendency hazard but people call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendency hazard but people call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendency hazard but people call them
+both hazards just like they call the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both hazards just like they call the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both hazards just like they call the the
+second stage of compilation compiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage of compilation compiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage of compilation compiling
+they it's like they make up these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's like they make up these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they it's like they make up these words
+okay so here's three types of hazards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's three types of hazards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's three types of hazards
+can prevent an instruction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent an instruction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prevent an instruction from
+executing first of all there's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing first of all there's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing first of all there's what's
+called a structural hazard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a structural hazard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a structural hazard to
+instructions attempt to use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions attempt to use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions attempt to use the same
+functional unit the same time if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional unit the same time if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional unit the same time if there's
+for example only one floating point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example only one floating point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example only one floating point you
+know multiplier and two of them try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know multiplier and two of them try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know multiplier and two of them try to
+use at the same time one has to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the same time one has to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at the same time one has to wait
+okay in modern process there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in modern process there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in modern process there's a bunch
+of each of those but if you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of those but if you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of those but if you have you
+know k functional units and k plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know k functional units and k plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know k functional units and k plus one
+instructions want to access it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions want to access it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions want to access it you're
+out of luck one of them is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of luck one of them is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of luck one of them is going to have
+to wait the second is a data hazard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait the second is a data hazard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait the second is a data hazard this
+is when an instruction depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when an instruction depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when an instruction depends on the
+result of a prior instruction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a prior instruction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a prior instruction in the
+pipeline okay so you know I'm you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline okay so you know I'm you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline okay so you know I'm you know
+one instruction is computing a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction is computing a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction is computing a value
+that it's going to stick in in in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to stick in in in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to stick in in in you
+know RCX say okay so they stick it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know RCX say okay so they stick it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know RCX say okay so they stick it into
+RCX the other one is to read the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCX the other one is to read the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCX the other one is to read the value
+from RCX and it comes later it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from RCX and it comes later it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from RCX and it comes later it's got a
+weight that other instruction has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that other instruction has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that other instruction has to
+wait until that value is written there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until that value is written there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until that value is written there
+before it can read it that's a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it can read it that's a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it can read it that's a data
+hazard and a control hazard is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard and a control hazard is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard and a control hazard is where
+you're where where you decide that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're where where you decide that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're where where you decide that you
+need to make a jump and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a jump and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a jump and you can't
+execute the next instruction because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the next instruction because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the next instruction because you
+don't know which way the jump is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which way the jump is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which way the jump is going
+to go so if you have a conditional jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so if you have a conditional jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so if you have a conditional jump
+it's like well what's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well what's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well what's the next
+instruction after that jump I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction after that jump I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction after that jump I don't know
+so I have to wait to execute that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to wait to execute that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to wait to execute that I
+can't go ahead and do the jump and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go ahead and do the jump and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go ahead and do the jump and then
+do the net instruction after it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the net instruction after it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the net instruction after it because
+I don't know what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what happened to the
+previous one okay now all these we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one okay now all these we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one okay now all these we're
+going to mostly talk about data hazards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mostly talk about data hazards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mostly talk about data hazards
+so an instruction can create a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an instruction can create a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an instruction can create a data
+hazard I can create a data hazard due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard I can create a data hazard due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard I can create a data hazard due to
+a dependence between I and J so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dependence between I and J so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dependence between I and J so the
+first type is called a true dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first type is called a true dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first type is called a true dependence
+or I read after write dependence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I read after write dependence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I read after write dependence and
+this is where as in this example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where as in this example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where as in this example I'm
+adding something and story into our ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding something and story into our ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding something and story into our ax
+and the next instruction wants to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next instruction wants to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next instruction wants to read
+from our ax okay so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our ax okay so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our ax okay so the second
+instruction can't get going until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction can't get going until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction can't get going until the
+previous one or it's going to may stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one or it's going to may stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one or it's going to may stall
+until the previa the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the previa the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the previa the result of the
+previous one is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one is known
+there's another one called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one called an
+anti-dependence this is where I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-dependence this is where I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-dependence this is where I want to
+write into a location but I have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write into a location but I have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write into a location but I have to wait
+until the previous instruction has read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the previous instruction has read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the previous instruction has read
+the value okay because otherwise I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value okay because otherwise I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value okay because otherwise I'm
+going to clobber that instruction andrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to clobber that instruction andrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to clobber that instruction andrey
+clobber the value before it gets read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobber the value before it gets read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clobber the value before it gets read
+okay so that's an anti-dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an anti-dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an anti-dependence
+and then the final one is an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final one is an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final one is an output
+dependence where where they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence where where they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence where where they're both
+trying to move something to our ax so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move something to our ax so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move something to our ax so
+why would two things want to move things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would two things want to move things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would two things want to move things
+to the same location after all one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same location after all one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same location after all one of
+them is going to be lost and just not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is going to be lost and just not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is going to be lost and just not do
+that instruction why we yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction why we yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction why we yeah maybe
+because it wants to set some flags okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wants to set some flags okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it wants to set some flags okay
+so that's that's one reason that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's one reason that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's one reason that it
+might might do this because it wants you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might might do this because it wants you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might might do this because it wants you
+know the first instruction set some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first instruction set some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first instruction set some
+flags in addition to moving the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags in addition to moving the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags in addition to moving the output
+to that location and there's one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that location and there's one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that location and there's one other
+reason what's the other reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason what's the other reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason what's the other reason I'm
+blanking there's two reasons and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanking there's two reasons and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanking there's two reasons and I
+didn't put them in my notes I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put them in my notes I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put them in my notes I don't
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+okay but anyway that's a good that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but anyway that's a good that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but anyway that's a good that's a
+good question for quiz then okay give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question for quiz then okay give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question for quiz then okay give me
+two reasons yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there could but of course then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could but of course then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could but of course then you know
+if it's you're gonna use that register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's you're gonna use that register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's you're gonna use that register
+then oh I know the other reason okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I know the other reason okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I know the other reason okay so
+so this is still good for a quiz okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is still good for a quiz okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is still good for a quiz okay
+the other reason is there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason is there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reason is there may be
+aliasing going on maybe an intervening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing going on maybe an intervening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing going on maybe an intervening
+instruction uses one of the values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction uses one of the values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction uses one of the values and
+it's aliased okay so use as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's aliased okay so use as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's aliased okay so use as part of the
+result or whatever there still could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result or whatever there still could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result or whatever there still could be
+a a dependency anyway some arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a dependency anyway some arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a dependency anyway some arithmetic
+operations arithmetic operations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations arithmetic operations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations arithmetic operations are
+complex to implement in hardware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex to implement in hardware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex to implement in hardware and
+have long latencies so here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long latencies so here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long latencies so here's some
+sample op codes and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample op codes and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample op codes and how many
+instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+how many latency they take they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many latency they take they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many latency they take they take a
+different number so for example integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number so for example integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number so for example integer
+division actually is variable but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division actually is variable but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division actually is variable but a
+multiply takes about three times what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply takes about three times what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply takes about three times what
+most of the integer operations are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the integer operations are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the integer operations are and
+floating-point multiply is like five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point multiply is like five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point multiply is like five and
+then F ma what's F M a fuse multiply add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F ma what's F M a fuse multiply add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F ma what's F M a fuse multiply add
+this is where you're doing both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you're doing both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you're doing both a
+multiply in an ADD and why do we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in an ADD and why do we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply in an ADD and why do we care
+about fuse multiply adds not for memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fuse multiply adds not for memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fuse multiply adds not for memory
+actually this is actually floating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is actually floating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is actually floating point
+multiplier an add it's called linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier an add it's called linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier an add it's called linear
+algebra okay so when you do makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay so when you do makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra okay so when you do makes
+multiplication you're doing dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you're doing dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you're doing dot product
+you're doing multiplies and adds so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing multiplies and adds so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing multiplies and adds so that
+kind of thing that's where that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that's where that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that's where that's where
+you do a lot of those so how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lot of those so how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a lot of those so how does the
+hardware accommodate these complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware accommodate these complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware accommodate these complex
+operations so the strategy that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so the strategy that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so the strategy that that
+hardware I meant much hardware tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware I meant much hardware tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware I meant much hardware tends to
+use is to have separate functional units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is to have separate functional units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is to have separate functional units
+for complex operations such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for complex operations such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for complex operations such as
+floating-point arithmetic so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point arithmetic so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point arithmetic so there's a
+there may be in fact separate registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be in fact separate registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be in fact separate registers
+for example the xmm registers that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the xmm registers that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the xmm registers that only
+work with the floating-point so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the floating-point so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the floating-point so you have
+your basic five-stage pipeline you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basic five-stage pipeline you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your basic five-stage pipeline you have
+another pipeline that's off on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pipeline that's off on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pipeline that's off on the side
+and it's going to take multiple cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to take multiple cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to take multiple cycles
+sometimes for things and maybe pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for things and maybe pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes for things and maybe pipeline
+to a different depth okay and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different depth okay and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different depth okay and so you
+basically separate these separate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically separate these separate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically separate these separate these
+operations the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations the the
+maybe pipeline fully partially or not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe pipeline fully partially or not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe pipeline fully partially or not at
+all okay and so I now have a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay and so I now have a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay and so I now have a whole bunch
+of different different functional units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different different functional units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different different functional units
+and there's different paths and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's different paths and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's different paths and I'm
+gonna be able to take through the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to take through the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to take through the data
+path of the of the processor so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the of the processor so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the of the processor so it has
+well there have integer a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there have integer a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there have integer a vector
+floating-point demit distributed among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point demit distributed among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point demit distributed among
+eight different ports which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight different ports which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight different ports which is sort of
+the inch from the entry so so given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inch from the entry so so given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inch from the entry so so given that
+things get really complicated if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get really complicated if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get really complicated if we go
+back to our our simple diagram suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our our simple diagram suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our our simple diagram suppose
+we have all these additional functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all these additional functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all these additional functional
+units how can I now exploit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units how can I now exploit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units how can I now exploit more
+instruction level parallelism so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction level parallelism so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction level parallelism so right
+now we have you know we can start up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have you know we can start up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have you know we can start up one
+operation at a time what what might I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation at a time what what might I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation at a time what what might I do
+to get more parallelism out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more parallelism out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more parallelism out of the
+hardware that I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think computer architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think computer architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think computer architects
+did okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so even simpler than than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so even simpler than than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so even simpler than than that
+but which is implied in what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which is implied in what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which is implied in what you're
+saying is you can just inch you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you can just inch you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you can just inch you know
+fetch an issue multiple instructions per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch an issue multiple instructions per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fetch an issue multiple instructions per
+cycle so rather than just doing one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so rather than just doing one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so rather than just doing one per
+cycle as we showed with a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle as we showed with a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle as we showed with a typical
+pipeline processor let me fetch several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline processor let me fetch several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline processor let me fetch several
+that use different parts of the pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use different parts of the pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use different parts of the pipe
+processor pipeline because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor pipeline because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor pipeline because they're not
+going to interfere okay to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere okay to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere okay to keep
+everything busy and so that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything busy and so that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything busy and so that's basically
+what's called a superscalar processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a superscalar processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a superscalar processor
+where it's not executing one thing at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not executing one thing at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not executing one thing at a
+time it's executing multiple things at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's executing multiple things at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's executing multiple things at a
+time so has well in fact breaks up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so has well in fact breaks up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so has well in fact breaks up the
+instructions into simpler operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions into simpler operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions into simpler operations
+called micro ops and they can emit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called micro ops and they can emit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called micro ops and they can emit for
+micro ops per cycle to the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro ops per cycle to the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro ops per cycle to the rest of the
+pipeline and the fetch and decode stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and the fetch and decode stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and the fetch and decode stages
+implement optimizations on microcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement optimizations on microcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement optimizations on microcode
+processing including special cases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing including special cases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing including special cases for
+common patterns for example if it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common patterns for example if it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common patterns for example if it sees
+the X or of our ax and our ax it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X or of our ax and our ax it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X or of our ax and our ax it knows
+that our X is being set to zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our X is being set to zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our X is being set to zero it
+doesn't even use a functional unit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even use a functional unit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even use a functional unit for
+that it just does it and it's done ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just does it and it's done ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just does it and it's done ok
+has just a special logic that observes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just a special logic that observes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just a special logic that observes
+that because it's such a common thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's such a common thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's such a common thing to
+set things out and so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things out and so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things out and so that means that
+now your processor can execute a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your processor can execute a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your processor can execute a lot of
+things at one time and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at one time and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at one time and that's the
+machines that you're doing that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that you're doing that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that you're doing that's why
+when I said if you save one add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said if you save one add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said if you save one add
+instruction it probably doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it probably doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it probably doesn't make any
+difference in today's processor because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in today's processor because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in today's processor because
+there's probably an idle add or lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably an idle add or lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably an idle add or lying
+around there's probably did I record how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there's probably did I record how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there's probably did I record how
+many where do we go here yeah so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many where do we go here yeah so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many where do we go here yeah so if you
+look here you can you can discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here you can you can discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here you can you can discover that
+they're actually a bunch of Al use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually a bunch of Al use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually a bunch of Al use that
+are capable of doing an ad so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of doing an ad so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of doing an ad so you know
+they're all over the map and in has well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the map and in has well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the map and in has well
+now still we are insisting that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now still we are insisting that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now still we are insisting that the
+processors execute in things in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors execute in things in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors execute in things in order
+and that's kind of the next stage is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the next stage is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the next stage is how
+do you end up making things run that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you end up making things run that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you end up making things run that is
+how do you make it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make it so that
+that you can free yourself from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can free yourself from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can free yourself from the
+tyranny of one instruction after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyranny of one instruction after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyranny of one instruction after the
+other okay and so the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and so the first thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay and so the first thing is
+there's a strategy called bypassing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strategy called bypassing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strategy called bypassing so
+suppose that you have you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have you know a
+instructions running into our ax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions running into our ax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions running into our ax and
+then you're gonna use that to read well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna use that to read well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna use that to read well
+why bother waiting for it to be stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why bother waiting for it to be stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why bother waiting for it to be stored
+into into the register file and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into the register file and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into the register file and then
+pulled back out for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back out for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled back out for the second
+instruction okay instead let's have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction okay instead let's have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction okay instead let's have it
+let's have a bypass a special circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a bypass a special circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a bypass a special circuit
+that identifies that kind of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identifies that kind of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identifies that kind of situation
+and feeds it directly to the to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeds it directly to the to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeds it directly to the to the next
+instruction without requiring that it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction without requiring that it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction without requiring that it go
+into the register file and back out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the register file and back out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the register file and back out okay
+so that's called bypassing there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called bypassing there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called bypassing there are
+lots of places where things are bypassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places where things are bypassed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places where things are bypassed
+and we'll talk about it more so normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about it more so normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about it more so normally
+you would stall waiting for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would stall waiting for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would stall waiting for it to be
+written back and now when you eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written back and now when you eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written back and now when you eliminate
+it now I can move it way forward because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I can move it way forward because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now I can move it way forward because
+I just use the bypass path to to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just use the bypass path to to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just use the bypass path to to execute
+and allows the second instruction to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows the second instruction to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allows the second instruction to get
+going earlier okay what else can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going earlier okay what else can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going earlier okay what else can we do
+well let's take a large code example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take a large code example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take a large code example
+given the amount of time what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the amount of time what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the amount of time what I'm going
+to do is basically say you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is basically say you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is basically say you can go
+through and figure out what are the read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and figure out what are the read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and figure out what are the read
+after write dependence a--'s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after write dependence a--'s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after write dependence a--'s and the
+write after read dependence is there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write after read dependence is there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write after read dependence is there all
+over the place and what you can do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and what you can do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and what you can do is is
+if you look at what the dependencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at what the dependencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at what the dependencies are
+that I did that I just flashed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did that I just flashed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did that I just flashed through
+you can discover oh there's all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can discover oh there's all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can discover oh there's all these
+things each one right now has to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things each one right now has to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things each one right now has to wait
+for the previous one before it can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the previous one before it can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the previous one before it can get
+started and but there are some for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and but there are some for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and but there are some for
+example this the first one is just issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this the first one is just issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this the first one is just issue
+order you can't start the second B if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you can't start the second B if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you can't start the second B if
+it's in order you can't start the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in order you can't start the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in order you can't start the second
+till you've started the first okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you've started the first okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you've started the first okay that
+it's finished the first stage but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finished the first stage but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finished the first stage but the
+other thing here is there's a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing here is there's a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing here is there's a data
+dependence between the second and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between the second and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence between the second and third
+instructions if you look at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions if you look at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions if you look at the second
+and third instructions they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third instructions they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third instructions they're both
+using xmm - and so we're prevented so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using xmm - and so we're prevented so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using xmm - and so we're prevented so
+one of the questions there is well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions there is well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions there is well why
+not do a little bit better by taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do a little bit better by taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do a little bit better by taking a
+look at this as a graph and figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this as a graph and figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this as a graph and figuring out
+what's the best way through the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best way through the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best way through the graph
+and there are a bunch of tricks you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a bunch of tricks you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a bunch of tricks you can
+do there which I'll run through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there which I'll run through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do there which I'll run through here
+very quickly okay and you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly okay and you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly okay and you can take a
+look at these okay you can discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these okay you can discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these okay you can discover that
+some of these dependences are not real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these dependences are not real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these dependences are not real
+dependence and as long as you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and as long as you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and as long as you're willing
+to execute things out of order and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute things out of order and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute things out of order and keep
+track of that it's perfectly fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of that it's perfectly fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of that it's perfectly fine okay
+if you're not actually dependent on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not actually dependent on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not actually dependent on it
+then just go ahead and execute it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just go ahead and execute it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just go ahead and execute it and
+then you can advance things and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can advance things and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can advance things and then the
+other trick you can use is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trick you can use is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trick you can use is what's called
+register renaming if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register renaming if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register renaming if you have a
+destination that's going to be read from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination that's going to be read from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination that's going to be read from
+sorry if you have a if you have a if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you have a if you have a if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you have a if you have a if I
+want to read from something but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read from something but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read from something but if I
+want to write to something but something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write to something but something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write to something but something
+I have to wait for something else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to wait for something else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to wait for something else to
+read from it okay they write after read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from it okay they write after read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from it okay they write after read
+dependence then what I can do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence then what I can do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence then what I can do is just
+rename the register so that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename the register so that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename the register so that I have
+something to write to that is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write to that is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write to that is the same
+thing and there's a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and there's a very complex
+mechanism called scoreboarding that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism called scoreboarding that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism called scoreboarding that that
+does that so anyway you can take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so anyway you can take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so anyway you can take a look
+at all of these tricks and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of these tricks and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of these tricks and then the last
+thing that I want to so this is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to so this is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I want to so this is the part
+I was going to skip over and indeed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to skip over and indeed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to skip over and indeed I
+don't have time to do it I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to do it I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to do it I just want to
+mention the last thing which is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the last thing which is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the last thing which is is
+worthwhile so this you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile so this you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile so this you don't have to
+know any of the details of that part but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any of the details of that part but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any of the details of that part but
+it's in there if you're interested so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in there if you're interested so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in there if you're interested so it
+does renaming and reordering and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does renaming and reordering and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does renaming and reordering and then
+the last thing I just want to mention is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I just want to mention is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I just want to mention is
+branch prediction so when you come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch prediction so when you come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch prediction so when you come to
+branch prediction the outcome you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch prediction the outcome you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch prediction the outcome you can
+have a hazard because the outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hazard because the outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hazard because the outcome is
+known to late and so in that case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to late and so in that case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to late and so in that case what
+they do is what's called speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is what's called speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is what's called speculative
+execution which you've probably heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution which you've probably heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution which you've probably heard of
+okay so basically that says I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically that says I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically that says I'm going to
+guess the outcome of the branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the outcome of the branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the outcome of the branch and
+execute okay if it's encountered you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute okay if it's encountered you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute okay if it's encountered you you
+assume it's taken otherwise you exit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's taken otherwise you exit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's taken otherwise you exit and
+you execute normally and if you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you execute normally and if you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you execute normally and if you're right
+everything is hunky-dory if you're wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is hunky-dory if you're wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is hunky-dory if you're wrong
+it costs you something like a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs you something like a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs you something like a you know
+you have to undo that speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to undo that speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to undo that speculative
+computation and the effect is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and the effect is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and the effect is sort of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+stalling so you don't want that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalling so you don't want that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalling so you don't want that to
+happen and so there are a mispredicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so there are a mispredicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so there are a mispredicted
+branch on on has well cost about 15 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch on on has well cost about 15 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch on on has well cost about 15 to
+20 cycles most of the machines use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 cycles most of the machines use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 cycles most of the machines use a
+branch predictor to tell whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch predictor to tell whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch predictor to tell whether or not
+it's going to do there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do there's a little bit of
+stuff here about how you tell tell about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here about how you tell tell about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here about how you tell tell about
+whether something is going to be branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something is going to be branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something is going to be branch
+is going to be predicted or not okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be predicted or not okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be predicted or not okay and
+you can take a look at that on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a look at that on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a look at that on your own
+so sorry to rush a little bit at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry to rush a little bit at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry to rush a little bit at the end
+but I I knew I wasn't gonna get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I knew I wasn't gonna get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I knew I wasn't gonna get through
+all of this but it's in the notes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this but it's in the notes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this but it's in the notes you
+know in the slides when we put it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the slides when we put it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the slides when we put it up and
+this is really kind of interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really kind of interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really kind of interesting stuff
+once again I remember that I'm dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again I remember that I'm dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again I remember that I'm dealing
+with this at one level below what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this at one level below what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this at one level below what you
+really need to do but it is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do but it is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do but it is really
+helpful to understand that layer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to understand that layer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to understand that layer so you
+have a deep understanding of why certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a deep understanding of why certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a deep understanding of why certain
+software optimizations work and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software optimizations work and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software optimizations work and don't
+work sound good okay good luck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sound good okay good luck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work sound good okay good luck on
+finishing your project ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LJuVb-sxzoo.txt b/LJuVb-sxzoo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f13d9e4e6c69658e7a2fbbec6952fab2f6e649e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LJuVb-sxzoo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now go through a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through a very simple
+example in which we just get to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in which we just get to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in which we just get to use the
+formulas that we have available the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that we have available the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that we have available the
+Poisson process is a pretty good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process is a pretty good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process is a pretty good model
+of email arrivals at least during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of email arrivals at least during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of email arrivals at least during a
+limited part of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited part of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited part of the day
+for example during daytime emails may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example during daytime emails may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example during daytime emails may be
+arriving as a Poisson process with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving as a Poisson process with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving as a Poisson process with a
+certain rate but then during night time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rate but then during night time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain rate but then during night time
+they may be arriving as a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be arriving as a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be arriving as a Poisson
+process with a different rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with a different rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with a different rate
+nevertheless the assumption that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the assumption that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the assumption that we will
+make is that at least for this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that at least for this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is that at least for this problem
+that emails arrive as a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emails arrive as a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emails arrive as a Poisson process
+with a fixed rate of five messages per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fixed rate of five messages per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fixed rate of five messages per
+hour what is the mean and the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour what is the mean and the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour what is the mean and the variance
+of the number of emails received during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of emails received during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of emails received during
+a day well we have formulas for the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day well we have formulas for the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day well we have formulas for the mean
+and variance and in this problem we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance and in this problem we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance and in this problem we have
+a lambda equal to five and tau consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lambda equal to five and tau consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lambda equal to five and tau consists
+of 24 hours so the answer is 5 times 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 hours so the answer is 5 times 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 24 hours so the answer is 5 times 24
+and this answer applies to both the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this answer applies to both the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this answer applies to both the mean
+and the variance because for the Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance because for the Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance because for the Poisson
+random variable these are the same what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable these are the same what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable these are the same what
+is the probability that we get one new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that we get one new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that we get one new
+message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message
+in the next hour this has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hour this has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hour this has to do with the
+PMF of the number of arrivals during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF of the number of arrivals during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMF of the number of arrivals during the
+next hour and that PMF is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour and that PMF is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour and that PMF is given by the
+Poisson probabilities we are asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson probabilities we are asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson probabilities we are asking for
+the probability of one new message so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of one new message so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of one new message so
+that K is equal to 1 in the next hour so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K is equal to 1 in the next hour so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K is equal to 1 in the next hour so
+that tau is equal to 1 so we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tau is equal to 1 so we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tau is equal to 1 so we're looking
+for this expression here and using also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this expression here and using also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this expression here and using also
+that lambda is equal to 5 we enter those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda is equal to 5 we enter those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda is equal to 5 we enter those
+numbers in this formula and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this formula and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this formula and what we
+obtain is 5 times e to the minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is 5 times e to the minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is 5 times e to the minus 5
+finally what is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what is the probability that
+during each of the next 3 hours you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each of the next 3 hours you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each of the next 3 hours you
+obtain 2 messages so this is an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain 2 messages so this is an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain 2 messages so this is an event
+which is actually the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the intersection of
+three events the event of two messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three events the event of two messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three events the event of two messages
+in this hour two messages in this hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hour two messages in this hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hour two messages in this hour
+and two messages in that hour for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two messages in that hour for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two messages in that hour for the
+Poisson process we have assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process we have assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process we have assumed that
+different time intervals are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time intervals are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time intervals are independent
+of each other so what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other so what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other so what we need
+to do is to multiply the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to multiply the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to multiply the probability of
+two messages in this hour with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two messages in this hour with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two messages in this hour with a
+probability of two messages in that hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two messages in that hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two messages in that hour
+and the probability of two messages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of two messages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of two messages in
+that hour on the other hand for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hour on the other hand for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hour on the other hand for each one
+of the hours the probability is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hours the probability is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hours the probability is going to
+be the same so it's enough to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same so it's enough to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same so it's enough to take the
+probability of two messages during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two messages during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two messages during this
+hour which is in our notation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour which is in our notation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour which is in our notation this
+quantity and multiplied with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and multiplied with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and multiplied with itself
+three times so we get the third power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times so we get the third power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times so we get the third power of
+this now this expression is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this expression is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this expression is equal to the
+following lambda times tau is five K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following lambda times tau is five K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following lambda times tau is five K is
+equal to two so we get five squared then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two so we get five squared then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two so we get five squared then
+we have an e to the minus five term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an e to the minus five term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an e to the minus five term and
+K is equal to two so we're dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to two so we're dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is equal to two so we're dividing by
+two and we take the third power of this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LUdI4-YCIh8.txt b/LUdI4-YCIh8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9b825fb990b703497f9eaf2b5cbb233c6bd0c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LUdI4-YCIh8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2282 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+talking about a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a bunch of different
+integration techniques here are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration techniques here are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration techniques here are a couple
+of examples on which you can try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples on which you can try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples on which you can try and
+pick out the right technique to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the right technique to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick out the right technique to to to
+compute these two integrals with so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these two integrals with so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these two integrals with so I've
+got the first one is the indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the first one is the indefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the first one is the indefinite
+integral of x Cub time the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x Cub time the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of x Cub time the square root
+of the quantity x^2 + 2 DX and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantity x^2 + 2 DX and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantity x^2 + 2 DX and the
+second one is a definite integral it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is a definite integral it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is a definite integral it's
+the integral from 1 to e of x^2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 1 to e of x^2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from 1 to e of x^2 * the
+quantity Ln of x^2 with respect to X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Ln of x^2 with respect to X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Ln of x^2 with respect to X so
+why don't you pause the video take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video take some
+time to compute these two integrals come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to compute these two integrals come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to compute these two integrals come
+back and we can compute them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so hopefully you had some luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so hopefully you had some luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so hopefully you had some luck
+working on these integrals let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these integrals let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these integrals let's start
+with the first one so for for question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first one so for for question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first one so for for question a
+uh let me just rewrite it here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just rewrite it here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just rewrite it here we have
+the integral of x * < TK of x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of x * < TK of x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of x * < TK of x^2 +
+2 DX now if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DX now if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 DX now if you look at this
+integral what you see is a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what you see is a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what you see is a product of
+two terms this term is X cubed it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms this term is X cubed it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms this term is X cubed it's a
+nice term this one is the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice term this one is the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice term this one is the square root of
+x^2 + 2 that's not such a nice term um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 2 that's not such a nice term um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 2 that's not such a nice term um
+there are a few different things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few different things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few different things you
+might think to try here so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think to try here so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think to try here so one thing you
+might think to try is this square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think to try is this square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think to try is this square root
+of x^2 + 2 is the sort of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^2 + 2 is the sort of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x^2 + 2 is the sort of thing that
+shows up in trig substitution so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in trig substitution so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up in trig substitution so that's
+one thing you might have in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you might have in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you might have in your mind
+another thing you might have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you might have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you might have in your
+mind is that this is a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that this is a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that this is a product of two
+things so you might consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you might consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you might consider the
+possibility that you're going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you're going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that you're going to do an
+integration by parts here and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts here and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts here and the third
+thing you might have in your mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might have in your mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might have in your mind is
+just you could just you know this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you could just you know this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you could just you know this this
+might just be a substitution situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be a substitution situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be a substitution situation
+you have this x^2 + 2 is this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this x^2 + 2 is this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this x^2 + 2 is this sort of
+discrete entity that shows up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete entity that shows up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete entity that shows up there so
+you might try a regular substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might try a regular substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might try a regular substitution
+now now you have to you know make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now you have to you know make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now you have to you know make a
+choice among which of these to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice among which of these to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice among which of these to try and
+it seems to me that of those options a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that of those options a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to me that of those options a
+regular substitution is the easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular substitution is the easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular substitution is the easiest to
+do and you'll find out really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and you'll find out really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and you'll find out really quickly
+whether you've made your life horribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you've made your life horribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you've made your life horribly
+complicated or not um and frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated or not um and frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated or not um and frequently
+with integration by parts if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integration by parts if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integration by parts if you have
+the option of doing a substitution when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option of doing a substitution when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option of doing a substitution when
+you have integration by parts you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have integration by parts you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have integration by parts you know
+it won't if you do the substitution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't if you do the substitution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't if you do the substitution you
+still can do integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can do integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can do integration by parts
+afterward if you do integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward if you do integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward if you do integration by parts
+first you can still do the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you can still do the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you can still do the substitution
+afterward so so doing trying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward so so doing trying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward so so doing trying the
+substitution won't shouldn't hurt us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution won't shouldn't hurt us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution won't shouldn't hurt us for
+integration by parts and regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts and regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts and regular
+substitution will be a lot simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution will be a lot simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution will be a lot simpler than
+a trig substitution here right trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trig substitution here right trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trig substitution here right trig
+substitutions in general are complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions in general are complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions in general are complicated
+so it's a good idea to see if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good idea to see if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a good idea to see if there's
+something simpler that can be done first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simpler that can be done first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something simpler that can be done first
+so if we're going to try regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to try regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to try regular
+substitution the the sort of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution the the sort of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution the the sort of natural
+thing to do is to set u equal x^2 + 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to set u equal x^2 + 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to set u equal x^2 + 2 so
+in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we
+have du is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have du is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have du is equal to
+2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+DX or well so okay so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX or well so okay so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX or well so okay so we want to
+substitute these things in um the U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute these things in um the U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute these things in um the U is
+going to go into the square roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into the square roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into the square roots of
+term so that's going to be taken care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's going to be taken care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that's going to be taken care of
+and the DX part well we've got an an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the DX part well we've got an an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the DX part well we've got an an X
+here to pair up with the DX so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to pair up with the DX so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to pair up with the DX so that's
+going to give us a du and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us a du and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us a du and then we'll
+have X2 left over so we'll need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X2 left over so we'll need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X2 left over so we'll need to to
+substitute in for X2 so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in for X2 so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in for X2 so we're going to
+use x^2 is equal to u- 2 and X DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x^2 is equal to u- 2 and X DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use x^2 is equal to u- 2 and X DX is
+equal to D u/ 2 so when we make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D u/ 2 so when we make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D u/ 2 so when we make these
+substitutions in here what we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions in here what we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions in here what we get is
+that this integral is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral is equal to the
+integral of so it's x^2 * the < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of so it's x^2 * the < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of so it's x^2 * the < TK of
+x^2 + 2 * X DX so that's u - 2 time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 2 * X DX so that's u - 2 time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + 2 * X DX so that's u - 2 time the
+square < TK of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square < TK of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square < TK of U
+* du/ 2 now having made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* du/ 2 now having made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* du/ 2 now having made this
+substitution we see okay so with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we see okay so with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we see okay so with a
+little bit of rearrangement this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of rearrangement this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of rearrangement this is just
+a sum of powers of U right we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of powers of U right we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of powers of U right we can
+rewrite this as the integral of U to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as the integral of U to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as the integral of U to the
+3es over 2 minus U to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es over 2 minus U to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es over 2 minus U to the
+12 du and now this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 du and now this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 du and now this is just
+straightforward to integrate so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to integrate so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to integrate so it turns
+out we don't need integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we don't need integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we don't need integration by parts
+we don't need a treg substitution just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need a treg substitution just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need a treg substitution just
+this regular substitution worked nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular substitution worked nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular substitution worked nicely
+so we get well U to the three Hales so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get well U to the three Hales so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get well U to the three Hales so
+we compute an anti-derivative so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute an anti-derivative so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute an anti-derivative so that
+gives us U to the 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us U to the 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us U to the 5
+Hales and I have to divide by five Hales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales and I have to divide by five Hales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales and I have to divide by five Hales
+so I I have to multiply by two fths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I have to multiply by two fths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I have to multiply by two fths and
+then I have a half so it's U 5es over 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a half so it's U 5es over 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have a half so it's U 5es over 5
+minus so U to the 1 half so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so U to the 1 half so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so U to the 1 half so that gives
+me three halves so I need minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me three halves so I need minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me three halves so I need minus
+23 U to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 U to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 U to the
+3es okay and now to finish this off I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es okay and now to finish this off I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3es okay and now to finish this off I
+have to do my my final back substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do my my final back substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do my my final back substitution
+and and replace U with X so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and replace U with X so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and replace U with X so this is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be x^2 + 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be x^2 + 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be x^2 + 2 over
+5 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to the
+5es - 2/3 * x^2 + 2 to the three Hales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5es - 2/3 * x^2 + 2 to the three Hales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5es - 2/3 * x^2 + 2 to the three Hales
+all right plus a constant thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right plus a constant thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right plus a constant thank
+you peanut gallery plus a constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you peanut gallery plus a constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you peanut gallery plus a constant right
+in indefinite integral should have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indefinite integral should have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indefinite integral should have had
+it right the very first time I I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right the very first time I I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right the very first time I I went
+through plus a constant both times okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through plus a constant both times okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through plus a constant both times okay
+good so that's that's all there is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's that's all there is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's that's all there is for
+part a um now let's look at Part B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a um now let's look at Part B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a um now let's look at Part B so
+okay so Part B uh is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Part B uh is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Part B uh is a little more
+complicated looking let me copy it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking let me copy it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking let me copy it over
+here again so Part B we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again so Part B we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again so Part B we have the
+integral from 1 to e of x^2 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 1 to e of x^2 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 1 to e of x^2 * the
+quantity Ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Ln
+x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2
+DX so again there are a couple of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so again there are a couple of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so again there are a couple of of
+possibilities for what we could want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for what we could want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for what we could want to
+do here um one thing is you could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here um one thing is you could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here um one thing is you could try
+just a regular substitution um so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular substitution um so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular substitution um so maybe
+a regular substitution you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular substitution you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular substitution you might want to
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+is U equal Ln of X or xal e to the U now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U equal Ln of X or xal e to the U now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U equal Ln of X or xal e to the U now
+if you try that you can you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try that you can you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try that you can you can you can
+try it and what you'll see is you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it and what you'll see is you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it and what you'll see is you'll get
+something so here we have a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so here we have a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so here we have a polinomial
+times a a a a function of the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a a a a function of the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a a a a function of the logarithm
+a power of the logarithm if you try that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power of the logarithm if you try that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power of the logarithm if you try that
+substitution what you'll end up with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what you'll end up with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution what you'll end up with is
+a polinomial in U times a an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial in U times a an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial in U times a an exponential
+in U um so okay so it's not clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U um so okay so it's not clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U um so okay so it's not clear that
+that's that we've won anything if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that we've won anything if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that we've won anything if we if
+we make that substitution um the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that substitution um the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that substitution um the other
+thing uh we can try we could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh we can try we could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh we can try we could try
+integration by parts here again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts here again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts here again we have
+a we have a product form um and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have a product form um and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have a product form um and and if
+you make that substitution you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that substitution you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make that substitution you get
+polinomial time exponential and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time exponential and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time exponential and that's
+also a promising place for integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a promising place for integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a promising place for integration
+by parts after the substitution so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts after the substitution so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parts after the substitution so okay
+so I'm not going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to make the
+substitution I'm just going to go I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I'm just going to go I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I'm just going to go I'm
+seeing this this product I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this this product I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing this this product I'm going to go
+for integration by parts directly so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integration by parts directly so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integration by parts directly so I
+need to decide what pieces are which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide what pieces are which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide what pieces are which for
+integration by parts and the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts and the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts and the thing to
+remember is that so I have here a polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that so I have here a polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that so I have here a polom
+a function of the logarithm and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the logarithm and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the logarithm and the
+thing to remember is that pooms like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is that pooms like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember is that pooms like to
+be differentiated that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be differentiated that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be differentiated that's their
+preference but logarithms really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference but logarithms really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference but logarithms really really
+like to be differentiated uh you'd much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be differentiated uh you'd much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be differentiated uh you'd much
+rather differentiate a logarithm than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather differentiate a logarithm than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather differentiate a logarithm than
+integrated you can integrate a pol I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated you can integrate a pol I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated you can integrate a pol I
+mean you can integrate either of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can integrate either of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can integrate either of them
+you can integrate a polinomial um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can integrate a polinomial um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can integrate a polinomial um when
+you integrate a polinomial you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate a polinomial you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate a polinomial you get
+something that's still a fairly nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's still a fairly nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's still a fairly nice
+polinomial integrating logarithms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial integrating logarithms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial integrating logarithms is
+harder whereas differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder whereas differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder whereas differentiating
+logarithms makes them into just powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms makes them into just powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms makes them into just powers
+of x uh so so so setting this up as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh so so so setting this up as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh so so so setting this up as an
+integration by parts we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts we're going to
+we're going to want to take this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to take this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to want to take this the
+every everything with the logarithm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everything with the logarithm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everything with the logarithm in
+it and that's the piece we want to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's the piece we want to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's the piece we want to we
+want to differentiate to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate to try and
+simplify it so that's going to be our U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it so that's going to be our U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it so that's going to be our U
+part so we're going to try U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so we're going to try U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so we're going to try U
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+lnx squared and that leaves V Prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx squared and that leaves V Prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx squared and that leaves V Prime to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+X2 so to do integration by parts okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so to do integration by parts okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so to do integration by parts okay we
+need to differentiate and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to differentiate and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to differentiate and we need to
+integrate so if I differentiate Ln x^2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so if I differentiate Ln x^2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so if I differentiate Ln x^2 I
+get U Prime that's a prime is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get U Prime that's a prime is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get U Prime that's a prime is equal to
+okay well this is a little chain rule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is a little chain rule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well this is a little chain rule so
+it's 2 Ln x * the derivative of lnx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 Ln x * the derivative of lnx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 Ln x * the derivative of lnx
+which is 1 /x and if I integrate V Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 /x and if I integrate V Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 /x and if I integrate V Prime
+I get V is equal to X cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get V is equal to X cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get V is equal to X cubed over
+3 okay so now I use the the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so now I use the the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay so now I use the the formula for
+integration by parts so I have that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts so I have that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts so I have that this
+integral um I'm going to I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um I'm going to I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um I'm going to I'm going to
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+call this I'm going to give it a name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this I'm going to give it a name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this I'm going to give it a name I
+and now I'm going to come down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to come down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to come down here and
+I'm going to say I is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say I is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say I is equal to
+well by integration by parts it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by integration by parts it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by integration by parts it's equal
+to UV minus the integral of U Prime V DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to UV minus the integral of U Prime V DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to UV minus the integral of U Prime V DX
+so in our case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case
+UV is X cubed over 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV is X cubed over 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV is X cubed over 3 *
+lnx squared but the thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx squared but the thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx squared but the thing to remember is
+this was a definite integral to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a definite integral to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a definite integral to start
+out with it's from 1 to e so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with it's from 1 to e so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with it's from 1 to e so when you
+take this part out front you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this part out front you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this part out front you you have to
+take the the difference of its two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the difference of its two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the difference of its two
+values so we're going to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we're going to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so we're going to evaluate this
+between X = 1 and xal E minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X = 1 and xal E minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between X = 1 and xal E minus the
+definite integral so we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral so we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral so we still have a
+definite integral from 1 to e of uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral from 1 to e of uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral from 1 to e of uh U
+Prime V so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V so that's
+23 okay so now we have an lnx overx * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 okay so now we have an lnx overx * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 okay so now we have an lnx overx * X
+cubed so the X and the X cubed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so the X and the X cubed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed so the X and the X cubed that
+cancels one power of X out of the out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels one power of X out of the out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels one power of X out of the out of
+the numerator so we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator so we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator so we're left with
+2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3
+x^2 Ln X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 Ln X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 Ln X
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+so one thing we see this is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we see this is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we see this is just going
+to be this is going to evaluate to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this is going to evaluate to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this is going to evaluate to a
+constant we're going to plug in E and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we're going to plug in E and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we're going to plug in E and
+we're going to plug in one and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug in one and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug in one and we're
+going to take the difference so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the difference so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the difference so that's
+just some number this part is still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some number this part is still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some number this part is still some
+integral uh are We Done Yet well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh are We Done Yet well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh are We Done Yet well it's
+not obvious immediately how to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious immediately how to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious immediately how to integrate
+this I mean I don't already know off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean I don't already know off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean I don't already know off the
+top of my head what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of my head what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of my head what the what the
+anti-derivative here is um on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative here is um on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative here is um on the other
+hand it's definitely simpler than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's definitely simpler than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's definitely simpler than what
+we started with right before we had x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with right before we had x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with right before we had x^2
+L and X2 here we just have x^2 Ln X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and X2 here we just have x^2 Ln X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and X2 here we just have x^2 Ln X so
+we've we've simplified the integrand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've simplified the integrand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've simplified the integrand um
+and it's still in a form in which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still in a form in which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still in a form in which we can
+further integrate by Parts if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further integrate by Parts if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further integrate by Parts if you wanted
+to right so so now in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right so so now in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right so so now in this case the
+natural thing to do would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to do would be very
+similar to what we did before we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did before we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we did before we're
+going to take the U to be the Ln X to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the U to be the Ln X to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the U to be the Ln X to be
+the piece we differentiate and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece we differentiate and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece we differentiate and we're
+going to take the V to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the V to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the V to be
+X2 okay so so we can do that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 okay so so we can do that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 okay so so we can do that so this is
+equal to let's see I'm gonna bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to let's see I'm gonna bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to let's see I'm gonna bring it
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+upstairs so this is equal to all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs so this is equal to all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs so this is equal to all right
+so we plug in E here we get e cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we plug in E here we get e cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we plug in E here we get e cubed over
+3 Time 1 minus when we plug in one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 Time 1 minus when we plug in one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 Time 1 minus when we plug in one well
+Ln of one is zero so that just gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of one is zero so that just gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of one is zero so that just gives me
+e cubed over 3 for the first part minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cubed over 3 for the first part minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e cubed over 3 for the first part minus
+all right now I'm going to pull the 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I'm going to pull the 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I'm going to pull the 2/3
+out front so it's minus 2/3 times okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out front so it's minus 2/3 times okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out front so it's minus 2/3 times okay
+so now I'm going to do an integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to do an integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to do an integration by
+parts on this one so again like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on this one so again like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts on this one so again like I said
+I'm going to take U is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take U is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take U is equal to
+lnx I'm going to take V Prime is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx I'm going to take V Prime is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx I'm going to take V Prime is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+x^2 so that means U Prime is equal to 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so that means U Prime is equal to 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so that means U Prime is equal to 1/
+X and V is equal to X Cub over 3 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and V is equal to X Cub over 3 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and V is equal to X Cub over 3 and so
+again I get UV which is X Cub over 3 Ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I get UV which is X Cub over 3 Ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I get UV which is X Cub over 3 Ln
+X and again because it was a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and again because it was a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and again because it was a definite
+integral I have to evaluate this between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I have to evaluate this between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I have to evaluate this between
+x = 1 and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x = 1 and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x = 1 and E
+minus Okay so minus the integral of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Okay so minus the integral of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Okay so minus the integral of U
+Prime V so this is the integral from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V so this is the integral from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime V so this is the integral from 1
+to e u Prime V is 1x * X Cub over 3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e u Prime V is 1x * X Cub over 3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e u Prime V is 1x * X Cub over 3 so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+x^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so having written all that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so having written all that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so having written all that down
+what you see is this is a constant minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is this is a constant minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is this is a constant minus
+2/3 okay this is just some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay this is just some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay this is just some constant
+we'll plug in E we'll plug in one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll plug in E we'll plug in one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll plug in E we'll plug in one that's
+easy and now we have an integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and now we have an integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and now we have an integral and
+we've reduced this finally here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced this finally here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced this finally here we have
+just an integral of a polinomial so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral of a polinomial so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an integral of a polinomial so an
+integral of a polinomial that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a polinomial that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a polinomial that's easy to
+compute you can do it yourself um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute you can do it yourself um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute you can do it yourself um and
+I'm gonna let you finish off the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna let you finish off the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna let you finish off the last
+couple of steps for yourself in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps for yourself in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps for yourself in the end
+the answer should work out to 5 e cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer should work out to 5 e cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer should work out to 5 e cubed
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 27 this is what you should find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 27 this is what you should find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 27 this is what you should find the
+The Final Answer to be when you work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Final Answer to be when you work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Final Answer to be when you work it
+all out so I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LpNKCJSZk_k.txt b/LpNKCJSZk_k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa425125102cd7bb7130260ad0fe09eb7986f909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LpNKCJSZk_k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2910 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We want to turn
+this course to now start
+
+talking about some normative
+economics, which is how do we
+
+feel about the actions firms
+and consumers take.
+
+And to do that we need to
+pause, and starting last
+
+lecture now through this
+lecture, talk about welfare.
+
+Well-being.
+
+How do we measure the well-being
+implications of
+
+individual and firm actions?
+
+Now, we talked last time about
+the first concept of this,
+
+which was consumer surplus.
+
+Consumer surplus was the amount
+of utility consumers
+
+derived above and beyond
+the price they had
+
+to pay for the good.
+
+Now, since it's utility,
+remember, it's not ordinal,
+
+it's cardinal.
+
+We redefine that.
+
+That is the consumer's
+willingness to pay above the
+
+price that they pay
+for a good.
+
+So, anything a consumer's
+willing to pay that was higher
+
+than the price they actually
+paid is consumer surplus.
+
+And that was at the
+individual level.
+
+That was the individual
+consumer surplus.
+
+Now what we want to do is move
+on and talk about market
+
+consumer surplus.
+
+So for an individual, consumer
+surplus is a willingness to
+
+pay above the price
+actually paid.
+
+At the market level, it's
+the same thing.
+
+It's just the aggregation of
+individual consumer surpluses.
+
+So let's think about
+a simple example.
+
+Let's think about the case of
+the consumer surplus that you
+
+derive from my lectures.
+
+Let's think about the
+consumer surplus you
+
+derive from my lectures.
+
+So we have some demand curve
+for my lectures.
+
+Let's look at figure 13-1.
+
+Let's say this is the demand
+curve for my lectures.
+
+So basically, this is a
+willingness to pay.
+
+So the notion is that there's
+some student who's willing to
+
+pay a large amount because they
+recognize the brilliance
+
+of what they're hearing here.
+
+And they're willing to pay a
+large amount for my lectures.
+
+Then the next student's willing
+to pay slightly less.
+
+All the way down to the student
+who falls asleep every
+
+time who's not willing to pay
+anything for my lectures.
+
+So you've got some demand
+curve for my lectures.
+
+And, once again, the key to
+all this, the key to the
+
+welfare analysis, is to remember
+what this demand
+
+curve represents.
+
+It's a willingness
+to pay curve.
+
+But in this case, it's
+not an individual's
+
+willingness to pay.
+
+It's the market's willingness
+to pay.
+
+Where each point is
+a unit of demand.
+
+So in this case, one unit
+equals one person.
+
+So each point represents
+the willingness
+
+to pay of that person.
+
+So the point on the y-axis
+represents the willingness to
+
+pay of the person who most
+enjoys my lectures.
+
+Or derives the most
+value out of them.
+
+The intersection of that line
+with the x-axis is a
+
+willingness to pay of zero,
+someone who's not willing to
+
+pay anything for the lectures.
+
+Obviously, could go negative.
+
+People could be willing to pay
+not have to come to the
+
+lecture, but we won't
+consider that.
+
+We'll just say zero's
+the minimum.
+
+So, basically, what is the
+key determinant of
+
+the equilibrium outcome?
+
+It is the point where,
+equilibrium is the point,
+
+where the price is set equal to
+the willingness to pay of
+
+the marginal consumer.
+
+So if you think about typical
+supply-demand diagram, and we
+
+get some equilibrium price.
+
+So here's our equilibrium
+quantity, Q-star.
+
+And here's our program
+price, P-star.
+
+Now, let's focus in on
+this demand curve.
+
+With that price P-star,
+it represents--
+
+it's on the demand curve, so
+it's a willingness to pay.
+
+Whose willingness
+to pay is it?
+
+It's the willingness to
+pay of person Q-star.
+
+It's the willingness to pay of
+the person who's exactly
+
+willing to pay the price.
+
+That is, the equilibrium in a
+perfectly competitive market,
+
+of the kind we've discussed so
+far, the price represents the
+
+willingness to pay of the
+marginal consumer.
+
+The willingness to pay of the
+consumer who exactly is
+
+indifferent between consuming
+and not consuming the good.
+
+So this consumer, Q-star, this
+person Q-star in our example,
+
+is the person who's
+indifferent.
+
+Who derives, what, zero
+consumer surplus.
+
+This person, since their
+willingness to pay equals the
+
+price, equilibrium is achieved
+where the price is set--
+
+In equilibrium, you have that
+the marginal consumer, the
+
+last person consuming,
+is deriving
+
+zero consumer surplus.
+
+They're indifferent between
+consuming the good and not
+
+consuming the good
+at that price.
+
+If it was free, they'd be happy
+to consume it, but at
+
+the price, at that equilibrium
+price P-star, they're
+
+indifferent.
+
+So basically, looking at the
+diagram, what this is saying
+
+is that the price was
+$100 a lecture.
+
+Then person 100, that hundredth
+person, would be the
+
+marginal consumer who's
+indifferent between paying the
+
+$100 and hearing my lecture
+or paying nothing
+
+and skipping my lecture.
+
+So that person 100 is the
+person who's indifferent
+
+between paying $100 and hearing
+my lecture or paying
+
+zero and not hearing
+my lecture.
+
+That person drives no
+consumer surplus.
+
+Because their willingness
+to pay equals the price.
+
+What that means is that every
+consumer up to the first 100,
+
+by definition, must be deriving
+
+some consumer surplus.
+
+As long as the demand curve
+is downward sloping.
+
+As long as the demand curve is
+downward sloping, every person
+
+to the left of person
+100 must be deriving
+
+some consumer surplus.
+
+In particular, the first person
+is driving enormous
+
+consumer surplus.
+
+How can we prove that?
+
+Well, the proof is simple.
+
+We know their willingness to pay
+is higher than person 100.
+
+And we know person 100 is
+willing to pay $100.
+
+Therefore, by definition anyone
+to the left is deriving
+
+consumer surplus from this.
+
+Because we know they like it
+more than person 100, and
+
+person 100 is willing
+to pay $100.
+
+They only have to pay $100, it's
+one price to everybody.
+
+So by definition, they're
+deriving consumer surplus.
+
+So the first guy, he or she gets
+a big consumer surplus.
+
+Then it dwindles and dwindles
+and dwindles until the
+
+hundredth person derives zero.
+
+But, if you integrate, and the
+entire consumer surplus for
+
+the market is that entire
+triangle, that
+
+entire shaded triangle.
+
+So market consumer surplus is
+defined the same as individual
+
+consumer surplus, as
+the difference
+
+between the demand curve.
+
+It's the area under the demand
+curve above the price.
+
+So it's the integral of that
+area, under the demand curve,
+
+above the price.
+
+But here we're thinking of it
+not in terms of a person's
+
+decision but the market's
+decision.
+
+And when you think about that,
+it is the last unit be
+
+representing the person
+who's indifferent.
+
+And everybody else deriving
+surplus from it.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Now, let's ask what, then would
+happen if the price of
+
+my lecture rate rose.
+
+So let's say I was charging
+$100 boxes at the door.
+
+You guys are all the guys to
+the left of person 100.
+
+Those people who were here for
+the first lecture and don't
+
+show up any more, they're
+the people to the
+
+right of person 100.
+
+And now let's say I change.
+
+Instead of charging $100
+at the door, I
+
+charge $110 at the door.
+
+So let's look at figure 13-2.
+
+What happens there?
+
+Well, in that case, if I charge
+$110, the hundredth guy
+
+is no longer willing
+to come to lecture.
+
+Remember, the hundredth guy,
+he or she was indifferent
+
+between paying $100 and hearing
+my lecture and paying
+
+nothing and missing
+my lecture.
+
+Well at $110, clearly, they'll
+say forget it, it's not worth
+
+it any more.
+
+They'll drop out.
+
+Likewise, the way I've drawn
+this diagram, everybody above
+
+person 90 will no
+longer attend.
+
+That is, person 90 is now the
+person, where at a price of
+
+$110 they're indifferent between
+paying and attending
+
+or not paying and
+not attending.
+
+Everybody to the left
+of person 90 still
+
+gets consumer surplus.
+
+It's not shaded, but if you
+shade the triangle above the
+
+$110 dashed line, the triangle
+under the demand curve and
+
+above with a dashed line
+at $110, that's the
+
+new consumer surplus.
+
+That's the new consumer
+surplus.
+
+Those people still derive
+consumer surplus because they
+
+love me so much that they're
+willing to pay more than $110.
+
+So even $110, and they
+prefer to pay $100.
+
+But even $110 they'll still
+come and they'll still be
+
+happy about it.
+
+But now 10 people have dropped
+out because they're not
+
+willing to pay $110.
+
+They were only willing
+to pay $100.
+
+So what we see is
+that the total
+
+consumer surplus has shrunk.
+
+It's shrunk by this trapezoid,
+by this shaded trapezoid.
+
+And it's shrunk for
+two reasons.
+
+One reason is that some people
+who used to derive consumer
+
+surplus now are out
+of the market.
+
+That's the triangle.
+
+That's the shaded triangle.
+
+It's also shrunk because even
+people staying in the market
+
+are now sadder.
+
+They've lost consumer surplus.
+
+The consumer surplus
+is still positive.
+
+They're still coming to the
+lecture, but it's smaller than
+
+it was, and that's
+the rectangle.
+
+So the triangle is the people
+who drop out of the market.
+
+The rectangle is the reduced
+consumer surplus, the reduced
+
+consumer surplus of people who
+stay in the market but now
+
+have to pay $10 more.
+
+The consumer surplus is still
+positive, but it's smaller.
+
+So, a question to you.
+
+What is the key economic
+concept that's going to
+
+determine, for a given market,
+whether the consumer surplus
+
+is large or small?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Elasticity.
+
+PROFESSOR: The elasticity.
+
+And why is that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it changes
+how steeply--
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So if we look at figure 13-3,
+now here is a case with a
+
+steeper elasticity
+of demand, where
+
+consumers are more inelastic.
+
+If you compare it to figure
+13-1, you'll see the consumer
+
+surplus triangle
+is much bigger.
+
+Likewise, if we drew a flatter
+demand curve, a more elastic
+
+demand, the consumer surplus
+would be much smaller.
+
+So hopefully you can see
+graphically what will
+
+determine consumer surplus is
+the elasticity of demand.
+
+Now, can someone give me the
+intuition for why that's true?
+
+Graphically, I hope you
+can see it's true.
+
+The triangle will be smaller
+as that curve is flatter.
+
+Can someone give me the
+intuition for why that's true?
+
+Why is it that consumer surplus
+is larger the more
+
+inelastic is demand, and
+consumer surplus is smaller
+
+the more elastic is demand.
+
+Want to give it a try?
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess if it's more
+inelastic, then consumers
+
+don't have--
+
+PROFESSOR: They don't
+have what?
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+What determines it?
+
+AUDIENCE: As many choices,
+I would say.
+
+PROFESSOR: They don't have
+as many substitutes.
+
+So with inelastic demand is when
+consumers don't have as
+
+many substitutes.
+
+In that case they get a
+lot of surplus from
+
+consuming this good.
+
+So think about insulin
+versus McDonald's.
+
+The consumer surplus from
+insulin is very, very high.
+
+Because regardless of the
+price, I die without it.
+
+And there's no substitute.
+
+So it's a very inelastically
+demanded good, and as a
+
+result, at any price, I derive
+a huge consumer surplus
+
+because as long as that price
+is less than the value of my
+
+life, I derive a big
+consumer surplus.
+
+Now let's take McDonald's.
+
+I can always go to Burger King
+and be equally happy.
+
+Maybe not quite equally
+happy, the curve
+
+isn't perfectly elastic.
+
+I like McDonald's a
+little bit more.
+
+I like the prizes in their
+Happy Meals better.
+
+So it's a little bit elastic,
+but the point is, if
+
+McDonald's raises the price,
+I'm not that much sadder
+
+because I just go to Burger
+King where I was perfectly
+
+happy as well.
+
+So there's not much lost
+consumer surplus if McDonald's
+
+raises the price.
+
+There's not much consumer
+surplus arising.
+
+There's not that much
+consumer surplus--
+
+forget the loss.
+
+Go back.
+
+That's a different issue.
+
+I'm talking the sides of
+the consumer surplus.
+
+There's not much consumer
+surplus arising from consuming
+
+at McDonald's.
+
+Not much consumer surplus
+arises from consuming
+
+McDonalds because I
+can always just go
+
+to Burger King instead.
+
+So what determines consumer
+surplus is the elasticity of
+
+demand, which is fundamentally
+about your willingness to pay.
+
+Inelastic goods have higher
+willingness to pay.
+
+And so as a result, the
+consumer surplus is
+
+essentially inversely related
+to the elasticity of demand.
+
+The higher the elasticity, the
+smaller the consumer surplus.
+
+Now, let's shift and talk
+about producers.
+
+The analysis for producer
+surplus is exactly the same
+
+type of analysis, just
+flipped to the
+
+other side of the market.
+
+Now, here the question is, what
+
+determines my producer surplus?
+
+Well, what determines
+consumer surplus?
+
+It's the difference between my
+marginal willingness to pay
+
+and the price.
+
+What determines producer
+surplus, that's going to be
+
+the difference between the
+firm's marginal willingness to
+
+supply, and the price.
+
+So my marginal willingness to
+pay as a consumer is what
+
+determines my consumer
+surplus.
+
+Producer surplus will be
+determined by my marginal
+
+willingness to supply.
+
+My marginal is supply, which is
+simply represented by the
+
+supply curve.
+
+A little bit easier for
+producer surplus.
+
+The supply curve represents the
+price at which I'm willing
+
+to supply a good.
+
+That's what a supply curve is.
+
+As we learned a couple lectures
+ago, in the context
+
+of competitive firms that's my
+marginal cost. So the supply
+
+curve is my marginal cost. That
+says that is how much it
+
+costs me to produce
+the next unit.
+
+In a perfectly competitive
+long-run equilibrium, or short
+
+run equilibrium, that is
+basically what I'll
+
+set my price to.
+
+So if we go to figure
+13-4, now let's look
+
+at my producer surplus.
+
+My surplus from delivering
+lectures.
+
+Let's say that--
+
+this is a bit harder
+to imagine--
+
+but imagine that I prefer
+deliver smaller lectures.
+
+Maybe because as the number of
+kids gets smaller I can learn
+
+your names.
+
+I don't have to look around as
+much, I don't have to pace as
+
+much, whatever.
+
+So imagine that I'm most
+happy delivering a
+
+lecture to one student.
+
+And that's the lowest cost
+to me, the lowest effort.
+
+I can just come in and sit down,
+and we have coffee and I
+
+just riff, and I don't have to
+worry about notes or any of
+
+that stuff.
+
+But when there's two students
+I feel a little bit guilty
+
+doing that, so I make some
+notes to myself.
+
+When there's three students
+I make some more notes.
+
+By the time there's all you
+students, I have to type up
+
+all these notes.
+
+So every student that adds to
+my lecture, imagine, is a
+
+marginal cost.
+
+Now, you know that's not
+true, of course.
+
+I wouldn't change my notes if
+six more students walked in.
+
+But let's just imagine
+that it's linear.
+
+Imagine with every student that
+comes in here, I have to
+
+put in a little more effort
+in my lecture.
+
+So it's a marginal cost to me
+with the additional students.
+
+So that delivers the supply
+curve, this upward sloping
+
+supply curve.
+
+Now let's say at a given price,
+P, I'm willing to
+
+lecture-- so that, given the
+supply curve, if the price is
+
+equal to p, I'm willing to
+lecture to Q students.
+
+That is, if you're going to give
+me a price of P, at that
+
+price my marginal willingness to
+supply is that I'll supply
+
+Q lectures.
+
+So another way to say it is that
+if you want me to supply
+
+Q lectures, you've got to pay me
+a price P. That's the point
+
+where I derive no producer
+surplus.
+
+I'm indifferent at that point.
+
+If at that point you said,
+would you want the Q-th
+
+student or not, I'd say
+I don't really care.
+
+I'm indifferent.
+
+I get zero producer surplus.
+
+But, I got a huge surplus
+on that first student.
+
+Because I was willing to work
+with them and it wouldn't have
+
+cost me anything.
+
+But I'm getting paid P to
+work with all of you.
+
+So I make a producer
+surplus on that.
+
+So producer surplus is made on
+every unit to the left of Q,
+
+because those are units with a
+positive producer surplus.
+
+They're the units above
+the supply curve
+
+and below the price.
+
+They're the units where it's
+above the supply curve, so I'm
+
+willing to supply, but below the
+price which means that I'm
+
+getting paid more than I would
+have to to supply that unit.
+
+Can anyone think of
+another name for
+
+this triangle, roughly?
+
+How else you might think
+about that triangle.
+
+Well, I can talk about
+producer surplus.
+
+And I said, what's the
+difference between the price
+
+producers receive and the cost
+that they have to produce it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Profit.
+
+PROFESSOR: Profit.
+
+Roughly speaking, producer
+surplus is profit.
+
+Now, technically, in the short
+run, that's not true.
+
+Because in the short run there's
+fixed costs and you
+
+might lose money on fixed costs
+and still make a long
+
+run profit.
+
+So in the short run it's
+not technically true.
+
+In the long run it is
+technically true, and for the
+
+purpose of this course we'll
+say it's technically true.
+
+So producer surplus is profit.
+
+It's a lot easier
+to think about.
+
+Consumer surplus is this vague
+concept we have to measure my
+
+willingness to pay versus
+what I pay.
+
+Producer surplus is
+easy, it's profit.
+
+So producer surplus is profit,
+it's the difference between
+
+the price at which I'm willing
+to produce the good and the
+
+price you actually
+pay me for it.
+
+So that's producer surplus.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+Putting this together, we can
+now measure the total welfare
+
+of society.
+
+We now have it.
+
+We can measure the entire
+happiness of all of society.
+
+And we define social welfare of
+society as consumer surplus
+
+plus producer surplus.
+
+Now, that doesn't have to be.
+
+You could say, gee, Jon, don't
+you care more about consumers
+
+than firms?
+
+Or gee, Jon, don't
+you care more
+
+about firms than consumers.
+
+I'm going to leave that
+alone for now.
+
+We're just going to do the
+simplest thing and just say,
+
+we're going to define social
+welfare as simply the sum of
+
+how much surplus consumers
+get plus how much surplus
+
+producers get.
+
+OK?
+
+This is a particular
+representation.
+
+When we talk about efficiency
+and equilibrium, we're talking
+
+about efficiency--
+
+I'm sorry--
+
+versus equity, which we'll talk
+about towards the end of
+
+the course.
+
+We'll talk about alternative
+definitions, and how we weigh
+
+different definitions of this.
+
+But for now, this is the
+standard economic definition.
+
+Which is, let's not draw
+a judgment about
+
+who's better than who.
+
+Let's just talk about
+the total amount
+
+of surplus in society.
+
+So the amount of social welfare,
+is the total amount
+
+of surplus in society.
+
+And here's the key result.
+
+That the competitive
+equilibrium, where demand
+
+equals supply, in competitive
+equilibrium, is the welfare
+
+maximizing outcome.
+
+The competitive equilibrium of
+the market, which is where
+
+demand equals supply,
+is also the
+
+welfare maximizing outcome.
+
+And that's the key thing we want
+to go to now, which is
+
+that basically moving away from
+that equilibrium point,
+
+where demand equals supply, will
+by definition lower the
+
+amount of social welfare.
+
+So to see this, let's
+go to Figure 13-5.
+
+And we've got some supply
+and demand curves.
+
+This is from the book now.
+
+We've got some supply
+and demand curves.
+
+And we're initially in
+equilibrium at P1 Q1,
+
+at the point E1.
+
+So we're initially at
+equilibrium at E1.
+
+At E1, at that initial
+equilibrium point, consumer
+
+surplus is equal to R. Now,
+going by the letters that
+
+label the areas, R plus S plus
+V. That's the amount of
+
+consumer surplus.
+
+The amount under the demand
+curve, above the price.
+
+That's consumer surplus.
+
+Stop me if this is not clear,
+this is important stuff.
+
+So under the demand curve above
+the price, R plus S plus
+
+V. The producer surplus is T
+plus U. The profit is the
+
+amount above the supply curve
+and below the price.
+
+And so total social welfare
+is the sum of all these.
+
+R plus S plus V plus T plus U.
+That's our starting point.
+
+That's our competitive
+equilibrium starting point.
+
+Now, let's see.
+
+You should be able to
+immediately see, those of you
+
+who are good with your geometry,
+that there is no
+
+point you could choose
+which can make
+
+social welfare larger.
+
+As a simple comparative statics
+exercise, imagine I
+
+had the government come in and
+say, we're going to raise the
+
+prices in the market to P2.
+
+We decide that producers
+aren't making enough.
+
+Look, the consumers get three
+letters, the producers only
+
+get two letters,
+that's unfair.
+
+So we're going to raise the
+price to give the produces
+
+more letters and the consumer
+fewer letters.
+
+That sounds like about the
+rational basis for government
+
+policy making these days.
+
+So we're going to do that.
+
+And so we're going to raise
+the price to P2.
+
+With a price of P2, we'll
+have a new equilibrium.
+
+If you force the
+price up to P2.
+
+You have a new equilibrium
+at little e sub 2, and
+
+a quantity of Q2.
+
+What happens now?
+
+What's happened to
+consumer surplus?
+
+Consumer surplus, you've now
+lost S and V. Consumer surplus
+
+is now just R. Because at that
+new price, P2, that's the area
+
+under the demand curve
+above the price.
+
+Producer surplus has
+grown, however.
+
+Now, instead of being T plus
+U, it's now T plus S. So
+
+what's happened, effectively,
+is you've transferred S from
+
+consumers to producers.
+
+And you've lost V
+plus U, forever.
+
+So what's involved in
+this change is a
+
+transfer and a loss.
+
+The transfer is the area S,
+which used to belong to
+
+consumers now belongs
+to producers.
+
+But now we have what we call
+a dead weight loss.
+
+Dead weight loss, of V plus
+U. That's welfare that has
+
+disappeared.
+
+Welfare has disappeared.
+
+And the definition of dead
+weight loss is a net reduction
+
+in efficiency from trades
+that are not made.
+
+Remember we talked
+about efficiency
+
+early on in the course.
+
+We said the efficient outcome is
+one where trades that make
+
+both people better
+off are made.
+
+Here we have trades, which
+absent the government would
+
+have made both parties
+better off,
+
+and they're not happening.
+
+That is surplus that's
+just gone.
+
+It's into the ether.
+
+That is social surplus that is
+now social welfare, that is
+
+now gone because there are
+trades that would have made
+
+both parties happier that
+are now not happening.
+
+And that's a total waste from
+society's perspective.
+
+Because society's best off if
+all the trades that make both
+
+parties happier, happen.
+
+So the bottom line is, any price
+you would impose other
+
+than the market price of P1, and
+you can work this out for
+
+yourself, any price you would
+impose would by definition
+
+lead to a lower social
+welfare.
+
+It may shift.
+
+It may lead to a bigger or
+smaller consumer surplus
+
+relative to producer surplus.
+
+Once again at this point we're
+just using the sum of them as
+
+a measure of social welfare.
+
+Social welfare has fallen.
+
+So social welfare is maximized
+in this case.
+
+So this gives us a framework
+to think about.
+
+We started the course with
+supply and demand, and talking
+
+about how things like the
+minimum wage reduce
+
+efficiency.
+
+Well, this gives us a welfare
+framework, a more formal
+
+welfare framework, for
+thinking about that.
+
+I said it reduces efficiency
+before because you had less
+
+labor in the market.
+
+But now we can actually more
+formally say why does the
+
+minimum wage reduce
+efficiency?
+
+We can actually look at that.
+
+Let me just do the always-risky
+thing of trying a
+
+freehand diagram.
+
+You remember our market for
+labor, you had the amount of
+
+labor on the x-axis, the
+wage on the y-axis.
+
+You had some supply of labor
+that comes from workers
+
+deciding to work as the
+wage goes up, they
+
+want to work more.
+
+You've got demand for labor.
+
+That comes from firms
+demanding workers.
+
+As the wage goes up, they
+want fewer workers.
+
+And you have some initial
+equilibrium, L-star, W-star.
+
+When the government came in with
+its minimum wage and the
+
+government said, we're going
+to impose a minimum wage of
+
+W-bar, W-super bar.
+
+OK Remember, we said what
+happened was, well, of course
+
+then firms are only going
+to want L1 workers.
+
+We talked before about how that
+led to some unemployment.
+
+What we didn't mention is how
+this leads to an efficiency
+
+loss to society.
+
+This area is now dead
+weight loss.
+
+These workers, who would have
+been happy to work at the
+
+prevailing wage, and firms would
+have been happy to hire
+
+the workers at the prevailing
+wage, and those trades no
+
+longer happen.
+
+So here's an important question
+to help you think--
+
+you're going to have to draw
+dead weight loss triangles in
+
+your sleep now.
+
+So here's the trick
+with these.
+
+Why is the dead weight loss
+triangle smallest here and
+
+grow like that?
+
+Why does the dead weight loss
+triangle grow as you move away
+
+from the competitive
+equilibrium?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: There is less amount
+of people who are willing to
+
+work at that price.
+
+PROFESSOR: Say it again?
+
+AUDIENCE: So there's less people
+that are willing to
+
+work for that smaller price.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, here we're
+imposing a higher-- less
+
+people are willing to
+work for, are you
+
+referring to here or here?
+
+AUDIENCE: To all the
+way to the right.
+
+PROFESSOR: All the way.
+
+So basically, the point is--
+another way to put it is, at
+
+that wage the consumers there
+are pretty indifferent.
+
+So in other words, they're
+willing to work but barely.
+
+So at this wage, at this point
+here, the L*-th worker is
+
+getting no surplus
+from working.
+
+It's not a crappy wage,
+he's happy to take it.
+
+But he'd also be happy
+to sit at home.
+
+He's indifferent.
+
+So for that L*-th worker,
+you make him not
+
+work, he doesn't care.
+
+So if you raise the minimum wage
+and this guy sits at home
+
+instead of working,
+he didn't care.
+
+He was getting no surplus
+from working anyway.
+
+Likewise this firm, who's hiring
+the L*-th worker, they
+
+were paying this worker exactly
+what he was producing.
+
+The marginal cost of that worker
+exactly equalled what
+
+they were paying him.
+
+What that worker's producing
+was exactly equal to
+
+what they paid him.
+
+They were earning zero profit
+on that worker.
+
+So they don't care
+if he stays home.
+
+So if the government set a
+minimum wage, such that one
+
+guy stayed home, the minimum
+wage was so close to market
+
+wage that one guy stayed home,
+there would be no social
+
+welfare loss.
+
+Or infinitesimally small.
+
+Because that last guy, there was
+indifference on both the
+
+worker's side and
+the firm's side.
+
+However once you start
+displacing more and more,
+
+these workers aren't indifferent
+anymore, right?
+
+These are workers who
+were making a lot of
+
+surplus at that wage.
+
+And firms that were earning a
+lot of profit at that wage.
+
+Now they're not indifferent.
+
+So as you move farther and
+farther from the competitive
+
+equilibrium, the distortion
+gets larger and larger.
+
+Very important intuition to
+have. That for that last
+
+person, there's no distortion
+from moving epsilon away from
+
+the competitive equilibrium.
+
+Because they weren't earning
+any surplus anyway.
+
+And the firm wasn't making
+any surplus on them.
+
+But as you move away, the loss
+in social welfare gets larger
+
+and larger because these are
+people who are making all
+
+sorts of surpluses on
+these transactions.
+
+And you're stopping them
+from happening.
+
+So if the government
+interferes with the
+
+transaction--
+
+So imagine, this guy and I
+were negotiating over a
+
+baseball card and I ended up
+paying him exactly what the
+
+baseball card was
+worth to him.
+
+And I ended up paying exactly
+what it was worth
+
+to me to have it.
+
+And then my parents come in and
+say, you can't do that.
+
+Then it doesn't really matter,
+because we weren't making any
+
+surplus of that trade anyway.
+
+But, if he had three of these
+cards and was delighted to get
+
+rid of it for $50, and I have
+always wanted this card and
+
+valued it at $200, then if my
+parents come and sink this
+
+trade, then that's
+a real bummer.
+
+That's a huge loss in social
+welfare, because the trade
+
+that made both parties better
+off is not happening.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Let's look at a particularly
+good example of this.
+
+Of when the government
+interferes with trades and the
+
+implications of that.
+
+The TAs on Friday are going
+to go through a bunch of
+
+interesting examples.
+
+I'm just going to
+do one today.
+
+And then you'll do some more
+in section, because this is
+
+hard and important.
+
+I want to today focus on the
+example of taxicab medallions.
+
+It's the example in the
+book, which is a
+
+particularly good example.
+
+Taxi drivers, we've all taken
+taxis, we know how they work.
+
+But taxi drivers in virtually
+all cities, you cannot just
+
+start a cab and drive
+people around.
+
+In virtually all cities, you
+need to get something from the
+
+city that allows you to call
+yourself a taxicab.
+
+And that's typically called
+a taxicab medallion.
+
+It originally was literally
+something you had on the hood
+
+of your car.
+
+Now it's a certificate you have
+in the back of your car.
+
+So you see the certificate
+whenever you ride in a car,
+
+which says, So-and-so is
+licensed by the city of
+
+whatever to drive this cab.
+
+The government issues a certain
+amount of these
+
+taxicab medallions.
+
+And almost always issues less
+than would be demanded in the
+
+free market for taxicabs.
+
+And let's see what
+effect that has.
+
+So go to 13-6.
+
+This is getting kind of
+complicated, but this is an
+
+example of the kind of welfare
+analysis we can do.
+
+Once we understand
+these concepts.
+
+Let's say we start
+at point E1.
+
+Big E1 on the right, little
+E1 on the left.
+
+So on the right-hand side, this
+is like our other profit
+
+diagrams. The right-hand
+side is the market.
+
+The left-hand side is an
+individual cab firm.
+
+Initially, if the government
+doesn't interfere, you are in
+
+equilibrium at point E sub 1.
+
+Which is, that the price is
+P1, and the individual cab
+
+firm delivers q sub 1 rides.
+
+And let's assume cab firms
+are identical,
+
+just to make it easy.
+
+And that there are n of them.
+
+Well in that case, the total
+amount delivered is N1 Q1.
+
+So Q sub 1 is q sub 1, which is
+the amount delivered by a
+
+given cab firm at that price,
+times the n cab
+
+firms in the market.
+
+N1 cab firms in the market.
+
+So there's N1 firms.
+Each delivers
+
+little q sub 1 of rides.
+
+And you can see at that point,
+they each make some profit.
+
+So what you can see at that
+point is that at E1, at a
+
+price of P1, they're
+making some profit.
+
+The price is set equal to
+their marginal cost.
+
+I'm sorry, they're not
+making a profit.
+
+My bad.
+
+You see at that point they're
+not making profit.
+
+Because what you can see is
+price is equal to the minimum
+
+of average cost. Remember, the
+no-profit condition is where
+
+marginal cost equals average
+cost. You can see at that
+
+point, little e1 in
+the diagram at the
+
+left, there is no profit.
+
+Because price equals marginal
+cost, equals the average cost.
+
+So we're making no profit, and
+that's a perfectly competitive
+
+equilibrium.
+
+That's what we derived
+last time.
+
+Now, let's say the government
+comes in and
+
+says, you know what?
+
+And the welfare here.
+
+Just to do the welfare here.
+
+You see that the welfare
+of society is,
+
+producers make no surplus.
+
+There's no producer surplus,
+there's no profits.
+
+Consumers have surplus of A
+plus B plus C. So consumer
+
+surplus is the area on the
+demand curve above the price.
+
+That's A plus B plus C. Producer
+surplus is profits,
+
+which are zero.
+
+Because it's perfectly
+competitive.
+
+So you end up with a total
+social surplus of A plus B
+
+plus C. And it all goes
+to consumers.
+
+Now let's say, the taxicab
+owners aren't
+
+so happy about this.
+
+They don't like making
+zero surplus.
+
+And they manage to get
+a restriction.
+
+Such that the government says,
+there's only a certain number
+
+of medallions.
+
+And we're only going to let
+people drive the cabs if they
+
+have a medallion.
+
+Now, let's say that the taxicab
+owners say, we're only
+
+going to limit the number of
+medallions to N sub 2.
+
+Instead of there being n sub
+1 cab firms-- let's say
+
+medallions aren't for cabs,
+they're for cab companies.
+
+Instead of being n sub 1 cab
+companies, we're going to
+
+limit medallions so there can
+only be n sub 2 cab companies.
+
+So what happens?
+
+Well, it's a little
+complicated so
+
+let's follow along.
+
+If there's only n sub 2 cab
+companies, then what that
+
+means is that given the same
+market demand, that means
+
+firms are now going to be able
+to make some profit.
+
+So up to, if you look at the
+right-hand side diagram up to
+
+N2 Q1, the supply curve
+is the same.
+
+But at that point, once you pass
+N2 Q1, then you have a
+
+point where that's--
+
+at the old, efficient level of
+cab rides, the efficient level
+
+is, each cab company provides
+Q sub 1 rides.
+
+Well, you then run
+out of rides, but
+
+people still want more.
+
+So what happens?
+
+Well, cab companies start to
+be able to charge more.
+
+The supply curve becomes
+upward sloping.
+
+They start to be able to charge
+more for their rides.
+
+Because now you don't have extra
+cab companies entering
+
+and competing those
+profits away.
+
+They start to be able to charge
+more for their rides.
+
+And you see that that upward
+sloping supply curve meets the
+
+demand curve at N2 Q2.
+
+So up to N2 Q1 it's the
+supply curve which it
+
+was, which is flat.
+
+Once you get beyond that,
+now firms can
+
+charge a higher price.
+
+Because they don't have
+to worry about entry.
+
+So you get a new supply curve
+that's flat until N2 Q1 then
+
+starts to slope up.
+
+That's S super 2.
+
+And S super 2 intersects the
+demand curve at point E sub 2.
+
+And that is the new equilibrium,
+with the higher
+
+price of P2 and a lower
+total quantity of Q2.
+
+Now let's what that
+does to the firm.
+
+Well, a given firm at a
+price P2, they now--
+
+they always set the price
+equal to marginal
+
+cost. That's the rule.
+
+Every profit maximizing
+firm does that.
+
+Well, they now are at a
+point little e sub 2,
+
+making a huge profit.
+
+Because at that point, their
+marginal cost is well above
+
+their average cost. So at that
+point, they make the profit of
+
+the shaded area pi in the
+left-hand side diagram.
+
+They make the profit pi, because
+once again [INAUDIBLE]
+
+go to the right-hand and then
+back to the left-hand side.
+
+The right-hand side is, the new
+supply curve intersects
+
+the demand curve.
+
+At point E2.
+
+That's the price of P2.
+
+Carry that over the left-hand
+diagram, you see at a price of
+
+P2, they make a profit, the
+difference between that price
+
+and the average cost curve,
+which is that shaded pi box.
+
+So firms now make profits.
+
+And they didn't before.
+
+What's happened to welfare
+in the market?
+
+Well, what's happened is
+consumer surplus has now
+
+fallen from A plus B to
+just A. Because the
+
+price is now P2.
+
+The consumer surplus is the area
+under the demand curve
+
+above the price.
+
+That's just the triangle A. Just
+the triangle A. At that
+
+new price, that's the
+consumer surplus.
+
+What's the producer surplus?
+
+Well, now producers are
+making profits.
+
+And what they're making a
+surplus is the area below the
+
+price above their
+supply curve.
+
+The supply curve is this funky
+kinked thing I just described.
+
+So their new producer surplus is
+this, I don't know what the
+
+name is for, like a trapezoid
+with a curved side.
+
+Does that have a name?
+
+It's still a trapezoid?
+
+I don't know.
+
+Anyway.
+
+Curvazoid.
+
+B. Their new surplus is B. So
+producers now make surplus B.
+
+Consumer surplus is reduced to
+A. And what's happened to C?
+
+C is gone.
+
+C is dead weight loss.
+
+Consumer surplus is now A.
+Producer surplus is now B. The
+
+darkly shaded area C is now
+the dead weight loss.
+
+And that's the dead weight loss,
+because once again, at
+
+the old marginal cost curve, at
+the old supply curve, these
+
+are trades which both the
+producer, which is the taxicab
+
+company, and the consumer, which
+is a person riding the
+
+taxi, were happy to make.
+
+And they're not being
+made now.
+
+So we've now lost an amount
+C, dead weight loss.
+
+Sorry about the confusion.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Now, here's my question
+for you.
+
+You can go home and think about
+that, and hopefully
+
+it'll be clear in the
+examples on Friday.
+
+But let's ask a slightly
+deeper question.
+
+Does this mean that if you
+become a taxi driver today,
+
+you will derive producer
+surplus of B
+
+from driving a taxi?
+
+Why not?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you have to
+pay that lump sum to get--
+
+PROFESSOR: Because the point is,
+you have to get into the
+
+market, and to get into the
+market you need a medallion.
+
+And the guys with the medallions
+isn't going to hand
+
+them over to you for free.
+
+So let's say this guy's retiring
+as a cab driver.
+
+He's got his medallion.
+
+You come up him and say, I
+want to be a cab driver
+
+because I see this big producer
+surplus area B.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] medallion.
+
+What's this guy going to say?
+
+He's going to say, well,
+wait a second.
+
+If I give you my medallion,
+you're going to make that
+
+profits of pi.
+
+That's the profit you
+make by being a taxi
+
+driver in this market.
+
+So what should he do?
+
+What should he do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sell it to you.
+
+PROFESSOR: He should
+sell it to you.
+
+And how much should he
+sell it to you for?
+
+Pi minus a penny.
+
+And you might say, well,
+that's ridiculous.
+
+I won't pay pi minus a penny.
+
+Then I'll make nothing.
+
+Well, but he will.
+
+He'll pay minus a penny
+because at least
+
+he'll make a penny.
+
+Now, you might say a penny, a
+dollar, $5, $10 whatever.
+
+But the point is that he'll sell
+it for very close to pi.
+
+Because there's someone out
+there who's willing to pay
+
+close to pi to get that.
+
+As long as there's a
+little bit left.
+
+So it's a little bit
+less than pi.
+
+They'll pay it.
+
+But what that means is
+having paid it, you
+
+don't make any money.
+
+So let's do the extreme example
+where he's willing to
+
+sell it for $1 less than pi.
+
+What that means is you having
+bought it for $1 less than pi,
+
+you don't make any money
+as a cab driver.
+
+So wait a second.
+
+This is weird.
+
+We've just restricted
+the market.
+
+We've said there's all this
+profit to be made.
+
+And yet you're a cab driver
+and you make no profit.
+
+What happened to the profit?
+
+Who got it?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The cab drivers who
+were originally issued the
+
+medallions.
+
+The first generation cab drivers
+who got the medallions
+
+got all the money.
+
+So in fact, taxicab medallions
+do nothing [INAUDIBLE]
+
+taxi drivers.
+
+All they do is enrich the set
+of people who originally
+
+lobbied for them and got them.
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But wouldn't he make
+his money back the same day he
+
+sold it, given that he can get
+the same price for his--
+
+PROFESSOR: Wouldn't he--
+
+No, but the point is that
+basically, what he's done, or
+
+you're saying that when
+he goes to sell it.
+
+So, in other words, the taxicab
+medallion is worth a
+
+certain amount of money.
+
+But that would be embedded in
+the money he would charge you.
+
+So he's not dumb.
+
+He's straightening out the
+supply curve, he's a smart
+
+guy, you should have
+picked someone else
+
+to negotiate with.
+
+He's going to say, look, I'm
+going to charge you enough so
+
+that you'll only make $10
+forever on having this.
+
+I'm going to charge you enough
+so that basically, you will
+
+not make any money even when
+you go to get rid of it.
+
+So basically, what you'll
+do is, you'll have
+
+to pay him so much.
+
+So let's say the way it works.
+
+Let me give you an example.
+
+Let me come back to that one in
+the context of an example.
+
+So what we know is
+that basically--
+
+and this is in Perloff,
+give you some
+
+interesting facts on this.
+
+We know that taxicab
+
+medallions are really limiting.
+
+For example, we know that Tokyo
+has five times as many
+
+cabs as New York City, despite
+the fact that New York City's
+
+bigger than Tokyo.
+
+And Washington DC
+has ten times as
+
+many cabs as San Francisco.
+
+Despite the fact that Washington
+DC is smaller than
+
+San Francisco.
+
+I'm not from San Francisco.
+
+You can always get a cab in
+Washington, I don't know how
+
+hard it is to get in
+San Francisco.
+
+But there's 10 times as many
+cabs in Washington.
+
+And this is reflected in
+the value of a permit.
+
+So in San Francisco, what you
+do, and this is sort of an
+
+easier way to think about it.
+
+What he does is, he doesn't
+sell you the permit.
+
+In San Francisco they
+don't sell it.
+
+He rents it to you.
+
+So you never get to own it.
+
+He rents it to you.
+
+And in San Francisco, the
+typical permit costs $42,000 a
+
+year to rent.
+
+So if you want to be a cab
+driver, you've got to pay
+
+$42,000 off the top before
+you earn a dollar.
+
+And then he rents to you, when
+you're done, he takes it back.
+
+So in substance the way-- now,
+if he was selling it, I can
+
+describe it to you.
+
+Involves the fact that he would
+embed your future asset
+
+in his sale price.
+
+That involves some complicated
+finance that we'll get to
+
+later in the course.
+
+So think about renting
+it, that's easier.
+
+He'll rent it to you for
+the entire surplus
+
+pi, or pi minus $10.
+
+And in San Francisco that
+amounts to $42,000 a year.
+
+In New York, New York originally
+had 12,000 permits
+
+they issued in 1937.
+
+They issued 12,000 permits
+for $10 each.
+
+They have not issued
+a new one since.
+
+Literally, there are no more
+cabs allowed in New York City
+
+than there were in 1937.
+
+A typical taxicab medallion,
+which sold for $10 in 1937,
+
+now sells for $400,000.
+
+Now once again, you typically
+don't sell.
+
+You typically rent it out.
+
+But the point is, that taxicab
+medallion, which embeds the
+
+entire future stream of having
+the right to drive that
+
+taxicab, is worth $400,000.
+
+So what have we done here?
+
+What we've done-- and in Boston,
+by the way, a taxicab
+
+medallion's worth
+about $250,000.
+
+Think about that the next time
+you're standing in the rain
+
+waiting for a cab.
+
+You're standing in the rain
+waiting for a cab because some
+
+guy in 1930-something got a
+grant from the government
+
+worth $250,000.
+
+But the current cab drivers
+don't get crap.
+
+A taxicab driver in your city
+makes $10-12 an hour.
+
+It's not a very fun job being
+a taxicab driver in New York
+
+City, unless you like taking
+your life in your hands every
+
+time you go out on the streets
+of New York City.
+
+They make $10 to $12 an hour.
+
+After paying the enormous amount
+they have to pay to
+
+rent their taxicab medallion.
+
+Now, this is not the only
+example we have in the world
+
+of something we call
+occupational restrictions.
+
+There's lots of examples.
+
+Probably the most prominent
+example, that may be relevant
+
+to some of you.
+
+I hope the taxi cab driver won't
+be relevant to you guys.
+
+But the doctor example
+might be.
+
+A great occupational restriction
+is the AMA and the
+
+education, the institute that
+educates doctors puts a limit
+
+on the number of medical
+residency slots, that
+
+determines how many doctors
+there can be in America.
+
+As a result, we all pay more
+to go for our medical care,
+
+than we would if more doctors
+were allowed.
+
+And you might say, that's
+outrageous.
+
+But why, obviously, how would
+the AMA defend this?
+
+And how would you defend any
+occupational license?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The smaller the amount
+of [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You don't want everybody
+being Dr. Nick.
+
+You want--
+
+come on, you guys got
+to get Dr. Nick.
+
+Raise your hand if you
+know what I mean
+
+when I say Dr. Nick.
+
+Good lord, what is wrong
+with you people?
+
+OK, homework for this course,
+you've got to watch one
+
+episode of The Simpsons.
+
+Before the end of the term.
+
+This is crazy.
+
+Dr. Nick is the terrible
+doctor on The Simpsons.
+
+You don't want this
+terrible doctor.
+
+You don't want these terrible
+doctors operating on people,
+
+so we have these restrictions to
+make sure doctors are good.
+
+And it sounds like
+a good idea.
+
+But next time you hear
+it, remember.
+
+It's not just making sure
+there are good doctors.
+
+There are probably plenty of
+people who would be good
+
+enough doctors who aren't let
+in because there are not
+
+enough slots.
+
+It's also a way to make sure
+doctors earn lots of money.
+
+And it's not just the government
+that does this.
+
+There's no government
+involvement here.
+
+These are private associations
+which license.
+
+And they restrict, plumbers, and
+doctors and optometrists,
+
+and all these other things
+are limited.
+
+Ostensibly to keep quality up,
+but in reality often to make
+
+sure that there's some surplus
+being earned by this initial
+
+generation who puts puts
+them in place.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So is the relative
+effect on the market smaller
+
+for doctors because they're not
+
+selling each other permits?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, what's
+different with the doctors is,
+
+since it's not a permit but an
+ongoing limit, then every
+
+doctor makes the pi.
+
+There's no selling.
+
+So the effect on the market
+is no different.
+
+So imagine here, instead of it
+being a medallion, there's a
+
+limit on how many
+cabs could run.
+
+And that limit was randomly
+reallocated.
+
+Cab ran out, and then
+new people went in.
+
+Then each generation would--
+then you wouldn't get the
+
+thing where the first
+generation wins.
+
+Each generation should win.
+
+But you still get the same
+distortion of the market.
+
+The same profit being made.
+
+It's just that instead of the
+profit all accruing to the
+
+first generation, there'd be
+an ongoing approval of that
+
+profit to each generation
+of doctors.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professors
+and tenure, is that
+
+also related to--
+
+PROFESSOR: Professors and tenure
+would be another very
+
+good example.
+
+Basically, an occupational
+restriction.
+
+The difference is there's no
+limit to how many tenured
+
+professors there can be.
+
+So basically there's no sense
+in which, if there's more
+
+demand for education, a new
+university couldn't start up
+
+and have tenured professors.
+
+There's no situation in which
+a university couldn't just
+
+say, we're given tenure to any
+Tom, Dick, and Harry who walks
+
+in off the street.
+
+There's no stopping that,
+because tenure is determined
+
+by the institution.
+
+So in that sense it's not an
+occupational license, because
+
+there's no board which
+determines tenure standards.
+
+Thank goodness.
+
+So we'll come back.
+
+So that's what we were talking
+about welfare.
+
+You'll review this more
+in section on Friday.
+
+On Wednesday we'll come back
+to talk about monopoly.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lt8FtWsq0q0.txt b/Lt8FtWsq0q0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d9efab957463566c4c9dea7f8739f9c9ac3af5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lt8FtWsq0q0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3344 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we've
+been wondering
+
+how a gas, such as
+the one in this room,
+
+with particles following
+Newtonian equations of motion,
+
+comes to equilibrium.
+
+We decided to explain that
+by relying on the Boltzmann
+
+equation.
+
+Essentially, we said, let's look
+at the density, or probability,
+
+that we will find particles
+with momentum p at location q
+
+at time t, and we found that
+within some approximations,
+
+we could represent
+the evolution of this
+
+through a linear operator
+on the left-hand side
+
+equal to some
+collision second order
+
+operator on the right-hand side.
+
+The linear operator is
+a bunch of derivatives.
+
+There is the time derivative,
+then the coordinate moves
+
+according to the velocity,
+which is P over m.
+
+And summation over the index
+alpha running from 1 to 3,
+
+or x, y, z, is assumed.
+
+And at this stage,
+there is symmetry
+
+within the
+representation in terms
+
+of coordinates and momenta.
+
+There is also a force that
+causes changes of momentum.
+
+Actually, for most
+of today, we are
+
+going to be interested
+in something
+
+like the gas in this room
+far away from the walls,
+
+where essentially there
+is no external potential.
+
+And for the interest of thinking
+about modes such as sound,
+
+et cetera, we can remove that.
+
+The second order operator-- the
+collision operator-- however,
+
+explicitly because we were
+thinking about collisions
+
+among particles that
+are taking place
+
+when they are in close
+contact, breaks the symmetry
+
+between coordinate and momenta
+that were present here.
+
+So this collision
+operator was an integral
+
+over the momentum of
+another particle that
+
+would come at some
+impact parameter
+
+with relative
+velocity, and then you
+
+had a subtraction due to
+collisions, and then addition
+
+due to reverse collisions.
+
+Now, what we said is
+because of the way
+
+that this symmetry is
+broken, we can distinguish
+
+between averages in
+position and in momentum.
+
+For example, typically we
+are interested in variations
+
+of various quantities in space.
+
+And so what we can do is
+we can define the density,
+
+let's say at some
+particular point,
+
+by integrating over momentum.
+
+So again, I said I don't
+really need too much
+
+about the dependence
+on momentum,
+
+but I really am
+interested in how
+
+things vary from
+position to position.
+
+Once we have defined density, we
+could define various averages,
+
+where we would multiply this
+integral by some function of P
+
+and q, and the average was
+defined in this fashion.
+
+What we found was
+that really what
+
+happens through this collision
+operator-- that typically
+
+is much more important, as
+far as the inverse time scales
+
+are concerned, than the
+operators on the left,
+
+it has a much bigger
+magnitude-- is
+
+that momenta are very rapidly
+exchanged and randomized.
+
+And the things that are
+randomized most slowly
+
+are quantities that are
+conserved in collision.
+
+And so we focused on quantities
+that were collision conserved,
+
+and we found that for each
+one of these quantities,
+
+we could write down some kind
+of a hydrodynamic equation.
+
+In particular, if we looked
+at number conservation--
+
+two particles come
+in, two particles
+
+go out-- we found that the
+equation that described that
+
+was that the time derivative of
+the density plus moving along
+
+the streamline had
+a special form.
+
+And here, I defined the quantity
+u alpha, which is simply
+
+the average of P alpha
+over m, defined in the way
+
+that averages defined over here.
+
+And that this is the
+number of particles,
+
+how it changes if I move
+along the streamline
+
+And variations of this,
+if you are incompressible,
+
+comes from the divergence
+of your flow velocity.
+
+And actually, this operator we
+call the total, or streamline,
+
+derivative.
+
+Now, the next thing
+that we said is
+
+that OK, number is conserved,
+but momentum is also conserved.
+
+So we can see what equation
+I get if I look at momentum.
+
+But in fact, we put
+the quantity that
+
+was momentum divided by mass
+to make it like a velocity,
+
+and how much you
+deviate from the average
+
+that we just calculated.
+
+And this quantity
+we also call c.
+
+And when we looked at the
+equation that corresponded
+
+to the conservation of this
+quantity in collisions,
+
+we found that we had
+something like mass times
+
+acceleration along
+the streamline.
+
+So basically this
+operator multiplied
+
+by mass acting on this
+was external force.
+
+Well, currently we've
+said this external force
+
+to be zero-- so when
+we are inside the box.
+
+Here there was an
+additional force
+
+that came from variations
+of pressure in the gas.
+
+And so we had a term here that
+was 1 over n d alpha of P alpha
+
+beta, and we needed to define
+a pressure tensor P alpha
+
+beta, which was nm
+expectation line of c alpha c.
+
+Finally, in collisions
+there is another quantity
+
+that is conserved, which
+is the kinetic energy.
+
+So here the third quantity
+could be the kinetic energy--
+
+or actually, we chose
+the combination mc
+
+squared over 2, which is the
+additional kinetic energy
+
+on top of this.
+
+And it's very easy to check that
+if kinetic energy is conserved,
+
+this quantity is also conserved.
+
+We call the average of
+this quantity in the way
+
+that we have defined
+above as epsilon.
+
+And then the
+hydrodynamic equation
+
+is that as you move
+along the streams--
+
+so you have this derivative
+acting on this quantity
+
+epsilon-- what we are going to
+get is something like minus 1
+
+over n d alpha of a
+new vector, h alpha.
+
+h alpha, basically, tells me how
+this quantity is transported.
+
+So all I need to do is to
+have something like mc squared
+
+over 2 transported
+along direction alpha.
+
+And then there was
+another term, which
+
+was P alpha beta-- the
+P alpha beta that we
+
+defined above--
+times u alpha beta.
+
+U alpha beta was simply the
+derivative of this quantity,
+
+symmetrized.
+
+So the statement
+is that something
+
+like a gas-- or any
+other fluid, in fact-- we
+
+can describe through
+these quantities that
+
+are varying from one
+location to another location.
+
+There is something
+like a density,
+
+how dense it is
+at this location.
+
+How fast particles are
+streaming from one location
+
+to another location.
+
+And the energy content
+that is ultimately related
+
+to something like
+the temperature,
+
+how hot it is locally.
+
+So you have these equations.
+
+Solving these equations,
+presumably, is equivalent,
+
+in some sense, to solving
+the Boltzmann equation.
+
+The Boltzmann equation, we
+know, ultimately reaches
+
+an equilibrium, so we
+should be able to figure out
+
+how the system, such as
+the gas in this room,
+
+is if disturbed, comes to
+equilibrium, if we follow
+
+the density, velocity,
+and temperature.
+
+Now, the problem with the
+equations as I have written
+
+is that they are not closed
+in terms of these three
+
+quantities, because I need
+to evaluate the pressure,
+
+I need to evaluate the
+heat transfer vector.
+
+And to calculate
+these quantities,
+
+I need to be able to
+evaluate these averages.
+
+In order to evaluate these
+averages, I need to know f.
+
+So how did we proceed?
+
+We said well, let's try to find
+approximate solutions for f.
+
+So the next task
+is to find maybe
+
+some f, which is a function
+of p, q, and t, and we
+
+can substitute over there.
+
+Now, the first
+thing that we said
+
+was, OK, maybe what I can do
+is I can look at the equation
+
+itself.
+
+Notice that this
+part of the equation
+
+is order of 1 over the
+time it takes for particles
+
+to move in the gas and
+find another particle
+
+to collide with, whereas the
+left-hand side is presumably
+
+something that is
+related to how far I
+
+go before I see some variation
+due to the external box.
+
+And we are really thinking about
+cases where the gas particles
+
+are not that
+dilute, in the sense
+
+that along the way to go
+from one side of the room
+
+to another side of the
+room, you encounter
+
+many, many collisions.
+
+So the term on the right-hand
+side is much larger.
+
+If that is the case,
+we said that maybe it's
+
+justifiable to just solve this
+equation on the right-hand side
+
+as a zeroth order.
+
+And to solve that, I really
+have to set, for example,
+
+the right-hand side that
+I'm integrating here, to 0.
+
+And I know how to do that.
+
+If log f involves collision
+conserved quantities,
+
+then ff before is
+the same as ff after.
+
+And the solution
+that I get by doing
+
+that has the form of exponential
+involving conserved quantities,
+
+which are the quantities
+that I have indicated
+
+over here-- let's
+say, such as c.
+
+And so log of that
+would be something
+
+that involves--
+I can write as mc
+
+squared over 2 with
+some coefficient
+
+that, in principle, varies from
+location to another location.
+
+I want to integrate this and
+come up with the density,
+
+so I put the density out here,
+and I normalize the Gaussian.
+
+And so this is a
+reasonable solution.
+
+Indeed, this is the
+zeroth order solution
+
+for f-- I'll call that f0.
+
+So once you have the
+zeroth order solution,
+
+from that you can calculate
+these two quantities.
+
+For example, because the zeroth
+order solution is even in c,
+
+the heat vector will
+be 0, because it
+
+is symmetric in the
+different components.
+
+The pressure tensor will be
+proportional to delta alpha
+
+beta.
+
+OK?
+
+We started with that.
+
+Put those over
+here, and we found
+
+that we could get some
+results that were interesting.
+
+For example, we could see that
+the gas can have sound modes.
+
+We could calculate
+the speed of sound.
+
+But these sound modes
+were not damped.
+
+And there were other modes,
+such as sheer modes, that
+
+existed forever,
+confounding our expectation
+
+that these equations
+should eventually
+
+come to an equilibrium.
+
+So we said, OK, this
+was a good attempt.
+
+But what was not good enough to
+give us complete equilibrium,
+
+so let's try to find
+a better solution.
+
+So how did we find
+the better solution?
+
+We said that the
+better solution-- let's
+
+assume that the
+solution is like this,
+
+but is slightly changed
+by a correction.
+
+And the correction comes
+because of the effect
+
+of the left-hand side,
+which we had ignored so far.
+
+And since the left-hand
+side is smaller
+
+than the right-hand side by
+a factor involving tau x,
+
+presumably the correction
+will involve this tau x.
+
+OK.
+
+Good?
+
+We said that in
+order to see that
+
+as a correction,
+what I need to do
+
+is to essentially
+linearize this expression.
+
+So what we did was we replaced
+this f's with f0's 1 plus g,
+
+1 plus g, and so forth.
+
+The zeroth term, by
+construction, is 0.
+
+And so if we ignore terms
+that are order of g squared,
+
+we get something
+that is linear in g.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, it's still an
+integral operator,
+
+but we said let's
+approximate that integration
+
+and let's do a linearized one
+collision time approximation.
+
+What that approximation
+amounted to was
+
+that, independent of what this
+deviation is, if we are relaxed
+
+to the zeroth order
+solution over time scale
+
+that is the same, and that
+times scale we'll call tau x.
+
+So essentially we wrote this
+as minus f0, essentially
+
+g, which is the difference
+between f and f0,
+
+divided by tau x.
+
+f0, this was g.
+
+No.
+
+I guess we don't have this.
+
+We wrote it in this fashion.
+
+It's just writing the
+way that I wrote before.
+
+We wrote this as g
+over tau x, where
+
+g is the correction that
+I have to write here.
+
+And you can see that the
+correction is obtained
+
+by multiplying minus tau x with
+l acting on f0 divided by f0,
+
+which is l acting on log of f0.
+
+So I would have
+here 1 minus tau x--
+
+let's make this curly
+bracket-- and then
+
+in the bracket over here, I
+have to put the action of l
+
+on the log of f0.
+
+So I have to-- this is my f0.
+
+I take its log.
+
+So the log will have
+minus mc squared
+
+over 2 kt and the log
+of this combination,
+
+and I do d by dt plus P alpha
+over m acting on this log,
+
+and then a bunch of
+algebra will leave you
+
+to the following answer.
+
+Not surprisingly, you're
+going to get factors of mkT.
+
+So you will get m over kT.
+
+You get c alpha c beta
+minus delta alpha beta
+
+c squared over 3 acting on
+this rate of strength tensor
+
+that we have defined over here.
+
+And then there are
+derivatives that
+
+will act on temperature--
+because temperature is allowed
+
+to vary from position to
+position-- so there will be
+
+a term that will involve the
+derivative of temperature.
+
+In fact, it will come in the
+form over T c alpha multiplying
+
+another combination which is
+mc squared over 2kT minus 5/2.
+
+Let me see if I got all of
+the factors of 1/2 correct.
+
+Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is the first order term.
+
+Presumably, there will be
+high order corrections,
+
+but this is the improved
+solution to the Boltzmann
+
+equation beyond the zeroth
+order approximation.
+
+It's a solution that involves
+both sides of the equation now.
+
+We relied heavily on
+the right-hand side
+
+to calculate f0, and we
+used the left-hand side--
+
+through this log l
+acting on log of f0--
+
+to get the correction
+that is order of tau x
+
+that is coming to this equation.
+
+So now, with this
+improved solution,
+
+we can go back and re-check
+some of the conclusions
+
+that we had before.
+
+So let's, for example, start
+by calculating this pressure
+
+tensor P alpha beta, and see
+how it was made different.
+
+So what I need to do is
+to calculate this average.
+
+How do I calculate that average?
+
+I essentially multiply this f,
+as I have indicated over there,
+
+by c alpha c beta, and then
+I integrate over all momenta.
+
+Essentially, I have
+to do integrations
+
+with this Gaussian weight.
+
+So when I do the
+average of c alpha
+
+c beta with this Gaussian
+weight, not surprisingly,
+
+I will get the delta
+alpha beta, and I
+
+will get from here kT over m.
+
+Multiplying by nm
+will give me mkT.
+
+So this is the diagonal form,
+where the diagonal elements
+
+are our familiar pressures.
+
+So that was the
+zeroth order term.
+
+Essentially, that's
+the 1 over here,
+
+multiplying c alpha c
+beta before I integrate.
+
+So that's the 1 in this bracket.
+
+But there will be order
+of tau x corrections,
+
+because I will have to
+multiply two more factors of c
+
+with the c's that
+I have over here.
+
+Now, none of these
+terms are important,
+
+because these are,
+again, odd terms.
+
+So when I multiply two
+c's with three or one c
+
+the average will be zero.
+
+So all of the averages are
+really coming from these terms.
+
+Now, these terms involve
+four factors of c's.
+
+Right?
+
+There's the two c's
+that I put out here--
+
+and actually, I
+really have to think
+
+of these as different indices,
+let's say nu nu, nu nu.
+
+Summation convention
+again assumed.
+
+And then when I multiply by
+c alpha c beta, I will have,
+
+essentially, four indices
+to play with-- c alpha
+
+c beta, c nu c nu.
+
+But it's all done with the
+Gaussian weight out here.
+
+And we showed and
+discussed how there
+
+was this nice fixed theorem
+that enabled you to rapidly
+
+calculate these Gaussian
+weights with four factors of c,
+
+or more factors of c--
+doesn't really matter.
+
+And so in principle you
+know how to do that,
+
+and I'll skip the corresponding
+algebra and write the answer.
+
+It is proportional
+to minus tau x.
+
+And what it gives you, once
+you do these calculations,
+
+is a factor of u alpha beta
+minus delta alpha beta over 3
+
+nu gamma gamma.
+
+And again, let me make sure
+I did not miss out anything.
+
+And apparently I missed
+out the factor of 2.
+
+So really, the only
+thing that's happened,
+
+once we went and included this
+correction, we added this term.
+
+But the nice thing
+about this term
+
+is that potentially, it
+has off-diagonal terms.
+
+This matrix initially
+was completely diagonal.
+
+The corrections that
+we have calculated
+
+are potentially
+off-diagonal coming
+
+from this term that corrected
+the original Gaussian weight.
+
+So where is that useful?
+
+Well, one of the problems
+that we discussed
+
+was that I can imagine a
+configuration of velocities,
+
+let's say close to a
+wall-- but it does not
+
+have to be a wall,
+but something where
+
+I have a profile
+of velocities which
+
+exist with components only
+along the x direction,
+
+but vary along the y direction.
+
+So this ux is
+different from this ux,
+
+because they correspond
+to different y's.
+
+So essentially, this is a
+pattern of sheering a gas,
+
+if you like.
+
+And the question is,
+well, hopefully, this
+
+will come to relax and
+eventually give us, let's say,
+
+uniform velocity, or zero
+velocity, even better--
+
+if there's a wall, and
+the wall velocity is zero.
+
+So how does that happen?
+
+Well, the equation
+that I have to satisfy
+
+is this one that involves u.
+
+So I have m.
+
+Well, what do I have to have?
+
+I have du by dt plus
+something that acts on ux.
+
+ux only has variations
+along the y direction.
+
+So this term, if
+it was there, had
+
+to involve a derivative along
+the y direction multiplying uy,
+
+but it's not present,
+because there's no uy.
+
+On the right-hand side of the
+equation, I have to put minus 1
+
+over n.
+
+Again, the only variations
+that I'm allowed to have
+
+are along the y direction.
+
+So I have, when I do the
+summation over alpha,
+
+the only alpha that
+contributes is y.
+
+And so I need the
+pressure y, but I'm
+
+looking for velocities
+along the x direction,
+
+so the other index better be x.
+
+OK?
+
+So the time course of
+the velocity profile
+
+that I set up over
+here is determined
+
+by the y derivative of the
+yx component of the pressures
+
+tensor.
+
+Now, previously our
+problem was that we stopped
+
+at the zeroth order,
+and at the zeroth order,
+
+the pressure tensor
+was diagonal.
+
+It didn't have a yx component.
+
+So this profile
+would stay forever.
+
+But now we do have a
+yx component, and so
+
+what do I get?
+
+I will get here
+minus 1 over n dy dy.
+
+The yx component will
+come from minus 2 tau
+
+x multiplying nkT and
+then multiplying-- well,
+
+this term, again, is diagonal.
+
+I can forget about that term.
+
+So it comes from the uxy.
+
+What is uxy?
+
+It is 1/2 of the x derivative
+of uy that doesn't exist,
+
+and the y derivative
+of ux that does exist.
+
+OK?
+
+So what we have,
+once we divide by m,
+
+is that the time
+derivative of ux
+
+is given by a bunch
+of coefficients.
+
+The n I can cancel
+if it does not vary.
+
+What I have is the 2's cancel.
+
+The n's cancel.
+
+I will have tau x kT over m.
+
+tau x kT over m, that's fine.
+
+And then the second derivative
+along the y direction of ux.
+
+So suddenly, I have
+a different equation.
+
+Rather than having the time
+derivative does not change,
+
+I find that the time
+derivative of ux
+
+is proportional to Laplacian.
+
+It's a diffusion equation.
+
+And we know the solution
+to the diffusion equation,
+
+how it looks qualitative if I
+have a profile such as this.
+
+Because of the
+fusion, eventually it
+
+will become more and
+more uniform in time.
+
+And the characteristic
+time over which
+
+it does so, if I assume that,
+let's say, in the y direction,
+
+I have a pattern that has some
+characteristic size lambda,
+
+then the characteristic
+relaxation time for diffusion
+
+will be proportional
+to lambda squared.
+
+There's a proportionality here.
+
+The constant of
+proportionality is simply
+
+this diffusion coefficient.
+
+So it is inversely.
+
+So it is m kT tau x.
+
+Actually, we want to
+think about it further.
+
+kT over m is roughly the square
+of the terminal velocities
+
+of the particles.
+
+So lambda squared
+divided by v squared
+
+is roughly the time that
+you would have ballistically
+
+traveled over this line
+scale of the variation.
+
+The square of that
+time has to be provided
+
+by the characteristic
+collision time,
+
+and that tells
+you the time scale
+
+over which this kind
+of relaxation occurs.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So if x
+depends linearly, why?
+
+Would still get 0
+on the-- why can't--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So what you are setting
+up is a variation
+
+where there is some kind
+of a sheer velocity that
+
+exists forever.
+
+So indeed, this
+kind of pattern will
+
+persist, unless you say
+that there's actually
+
+another wall at the other end.
+
+So then you will have
+some kind of a pattern
+
+that you would relax.
+
+So unless you're willing to send
+this all the way to infinity,
+
+is will eventually relax.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you just
+say again the last term
+
+on the second
+line, the 1/2 term.
+
+Where did that come from?
+
+Can you just explain that?
+
+PROFESSOR: This term?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+The last half of it.
+
+PROFESSOR: The last half of it.
+
+So what did we have here?
+
+So what I have is
+that over here,
+
+in calculating
+the pressure, when
+
+I'm looking at the xy
+component, I better
+
+find some element here
+that is off diagonal.
+
+What's the off
+diagonal element here?
+
+It is u xy What is u xy?
+
+u xy is this, calculated for.
+
+So it is 1/2 of dx uy,
+which is what I don't have,
+
+because my uy is 0.
+
+And the other half or
+it, of symmetrization,
+
+is 1/2 the value of x.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+derivative [INAUDIBLE] for ux.
+
+You're starting out
+the second term uy uy.
+
+Also, shouldn't there
+be a term ux dx?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So this is a-- yes.
+
+There is a term that
+is ux dx, but there
+
+is no variation along
+the x direction.
+
+I said that I set up
+a configuration where
+
+the only non-zero derivatives
+are along the y direction.
+
+But in general, yes.
+
+You are right.
+
+This is like a divergence.
+
+It has three terms, but
+the way that I set it up,
+
+only one term is non-zero.
+
+AUDIENCE: Also, if you have
+[INAUDIBLE] one layer moving
+
+fast at some point, the other
+layer moving slower than that.
+
+And you potentially can
+create some kind of curl?
+
+But as far as I understand, this
+would be an even higher order
+
+effect?
+
+Like turbulence.
+
+PROFESSOR: You said two things.
+
+One of them was you
+started saying viscosity.
+
+And indeed, what
+we've calculated here,
+
+this thing is the
+coefficient of viscosity.
+
+So this is really the
+viscosity of the material.
+
+So actually, once I
+include this term,
+
+I have the full the
+Navier-Stokes equations
+
+with viscosity.
+
+So all of the
+vortices, et cetera,
+
+should also be present
+and discussed, however
+
+way you want to do it with
+Navier-Stokes equation
+
+into this equations.
+
+AUDIENCE: So components
+of speed which
+
+are not just x components,
+but other components which
+
+are initially zero, will
+change because of this, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, that's right.
+
+That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: You just
+haven't introduced them
+
+in the equation?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So this is I'm looking at the
+initial profile in principle.
+
+I think here I have
+set up something
+
+that because of symmetry will
+always maintain this equation.
+
+But if you put a
+little bit bump,
+
+if you make some
+perturbation, you
+
+will certainly generate
+other components of velocity.
+
+OK?
+
+And so this resolved one of the
+modes that was not relaxing.
+
+There was another mode that we
+were looking at where I set up
+
+a situation where temperature
+and density were changing
+
+across the system,
+but their products--
+
+that is, the
+pressure-- was uniform.
+
+So you had a system
+that was always there
+
+in the zeroth order, despite
+having different temperatures
+
+at two different points.
+
+Well, that was partly
+because the heat transport
+
+vector was zero.
+
+Now, if I want to calculate
+this with this more complicated
+
+equation, well, what I
+need-- the problem before
+
+with the zeroth order was
+that I had three factors of c,
+
+and that was odd.
+
+But now, I have a term in the
+equation this is also odd.
+
+So from here, I will get
+a term, and I will in fact
+
+find eventually that
+the flow of heat
+
+is proportional to
+gradient of temperature.
+
+And one can compute
+this coefficient, again,
+
+in terms of mass,
+density, et cetera,
+
+just like we calculated
+this coefficient over here.
+
+This will give you relaxation.
+
+We can also look at the
+sound modes including this,
+
+and you find that the
+wave equation that I
+
+had before for the
+sound modes will also
+
+get a second derivative
+term, and that
+
+will lead to damping
+of the modes of sound.
+
+So everything at
+this level, now we
+
+have some way of seeing
+how the gas will eventually
+
+come to equilibrium.
+
+And given some knowledge of
+rough parameters of the gas,
+
+like-- and most
+importantly-- what's
+
+the time between
+collisions, we can
+
+compute the typical relaxation
+time, and the relaxation manner
+
+of the gas.
+
+So we are now going to
+change directions, and forget
+
+about time dependents.
+
+So if you have questions
+about this section,
+
+now may be a good time.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+what is lambda?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So I assume that
+what I have to do
+
+is to solve the equation
+for some initial condition.
+
+Let's imagine that that
+initial condition, let's say,
+
+is a periodic pattern of
+some wavelength lambda.
+
+Or it could be any
+other shape that
+
+has some characteristic
+dimension.
+
+The important thing is
+that the diffusion constant
+
+has units of length
+squared over time.
+
+So eventually, you'll
+find that all times are
+
+proportional to
+some lengths where
+
+times the inverse of
+the diffusion constant.
+
+And so you have to look
+at your initial system
+
+that you want to relax, identify
+the longest length scale that
+
+is involved, and then
+your relaxation time
+
+would be roughly of that order.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we get to
+the fourth section
+
+of our course,
+that eventually has
+
+to do with
+statistical mechanics.
+
+And at the very,
+very first lecture,
+
+I wrote the definition for
+you that I will write again,
+
+that statistical mechanics
+is a probabilistic approach
+
+to equilibrium-- also
+microscopic-- properties
+
+of large numbers of
+degrees of freedom.
+
+So what we did to
+thermodynamics was
+
+to identify what equilibrium
+microscopic properties are.
+
+They are things such as
+identifying the energy, volume,
+
+number of particles of the gas.
+
+There could be other things,
+such as temperature, pressure,
+
+number, or other
+collections of variables
+
+that are independently
+sufficient to describe
+
+a macrostate.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+to indicate that macroscopic set
+
+of parameters that
+thermodynamically characterize
+
+the equilibrium
+system by big M. OK?
+
+Clearly, for a
+probabilistic approach,
+
+you want to know something
+about the probability.
+
+And we saw that probabilities
+involving large numbers--
+
+and actually various things
+involving large numbers--
+
+had some simplified character
+that we are going to exploit.
+
+And lastly, in the
+last section, we
+
+have been thinking about
+microscopic description.
+
+So these large number
+of degrees of freedom
+
+we said identify
+some point, let's
+
+say, for particles in a six-n
+dimensional phase space.
+
+So this would for gas particles
+be this collection p and q.
+
+And that these
+quantities we know
+
+are in fact subject
+to dynamics that
+
+is governed by some Hamiltonian.
+
+And we saw that
+if we sort of look
+
+at the entirety of the
+probability in this six
+
+n dimensional phase
+space, that it
+
+is subject to
+Liouville's question that
+
+said that dp by dt is a
+Poisson bracket of H and p.
+
+And if the only thing that
+we take from equilibrium
+
+is that things should not
+change as a function of time,
+
+then requiring this
+probability in phase space
+
+to be independent
+of time would then
+
+require us to have a p which
+is a function of H, which
+
+is defined in p and
+q and potentially
+
+other conserved quantities.
+
+So what we are going to do
+in statistical mechanics
+
+is to forget about how things
+eventually reach equilibrium.
+
+We spent a lot of time
+and energy thinking
+
+about how a gas
+reaches equilibrium.
+
+Having established
+what it requires
+
+to devise that solution
+in one particular case,
+
+and one of few cases where
+you can actually get far,
+
+you're going to ignore that.
+
+We say that somehow my system
+reached this state that
+
+is time independent
+and is equilibrium,
+
+and therefore the
+probability should somehow
+
+have this character.
+
+And it depends,
+however, on what choice
+
+I make for the macrostate.
+
+So what I need here-- this was
+a probability of a microstate.
+
+So what I want to do
+is to have a statement
+
+about the probability
+of a microstate given
+
+some specification
+of the macrostate
+
+that I'm interested in.
+
+So that's the task.
+
+And you're going to do that
+first in the ensemble--
+
+and I'll tell you again
+what ensemble means shortly.
+
+That's called microcanonical.
+
+And if you recall, when we
+were constructing our approach
+
+to thermodynamics, one of the
+first things that we did was we
+
+said, there's a whole bunch
+of things that we don't know,
+
+so let's imagine that our
+box is as simple as possible.
+
+So the system that
+we are looking
+
+is completely isolated from
+the rest of the universe.
+
+It's a box.
+
+There's lots of
+things in the box.
+
+But the box has no contact
+with the rest of the universe.
+
+So that was the case
+where essentially there
+
+was no heat, no work that
+was going into the system
+
+and was being exchanged,
+and so clearly
+
+this system has a
+constant energy.
+
+And so you can certainly
+prescribe a particular energy
+
+content to whatever
+is in the box.
+
+And that's the chief identity
+of the microcanonical ensemble.
+
+It's basically a
+collection of boxes
+
+that represent the
+same equilibrium.
+
+So if there is
+essentially a gas,
+
+the volume is
+fixed, so that there
+
+would be no work
+that will be done.
+
+The number of
+particles is fixed,
+
+so that there is no chemical
+work that is being done.
+
+So essentially, in general,
+all of the quantities
+
+that we identified
+with displacements
+
+are held fixed, as well as
+the energy in this ensemble.
+
+So the microcanonical
+ensemble would
+
+be essentially E, x, and N
+would be the quantities that
+
+parametrize the
+equilibrium state.
+
+Of course, there's
+a whole collection
+
+of different microstates
+that would correspond
+
+to the same macrostate here.
+
+So presumably, this bunch of
+particles that are inside this
+
+explore a huge
+multidimensional microstate.
+
+And what I want to do is to
+assign a probability that,
+
+given that I have
+fixed E, x, and n,
+
+that a particular
+microstate occurs.
+
+OK?
+
+How do I do that?
+
+Well, I say that OK, if the
+energy of that microstate
+
+that I can calculate is not
+equal to the energy that I know
+
+I have in the box,
+then that's not
+
+one of the microstates that
+should be allowed in the box.
+
+But presumably there's a
+whole bunch of micro states
+
+whose energy is
+compatible with the energy
+
+that I put in the box.
+
+And then I say, OK, if there is
+no other conserved quantity--
+
+and let's assume that there
+isn't-- I have no way a priori
+
+of distinguishing between them.
+
+So they are just like
+the faces of the dice,
+
+and I say they're
+all equally likely.
+
+For the dice, I
+would give 1/6 here.
+
+There's presumably some
+kind of a normalization that
+
+depends on E, x, and n,
+that I have to put in.
+
+And again, note
+that this is kind
+
+of like a delta
+function that I have.
+
+It's like a delta of H
+minus E, and it's therefore
+
+consistent with this
+Liouville equation.
+
+It's one of these
+functions that is related
+
+through H to the probability
+on the microstate.
+
+Now, this is an assumption.
+
+It is a way of
+assigning probabilities.
+
+It's called assumption of
+equal a priori probabilities.
+
+It's like the subjective
+assignment of probabilities
+
+and like the faces
+of the dice, it's
+
+essentially the
+best that you can
+
+do without any
+other information.
+
+Now, the statement is that once
+I have made this assumption,
+
+I can derive the three
+laws of thermodynamics.
+
+No, sorry.
+
+I can derive two of the
+three laws of thermodynamics.
+
+Actually, three of the four
+laws of thermodynamics, since we
+
+had the zeroth law.
+
+So let's proceed.
+
+OK?
+
+So we want to have a
+proof of thermodynamics.
+
+So the zeroth law
+had something to do
+
+with putting two
+systems in contact,
+
+and when they were
+in equilibrium,
+
+there was some empirical
+temperature from one
+
+that was the same as what
+you had for the other one.
+
+So basically, let's
+pick our two systems
+
+and put a wall between them that
+allows the exchange of energy.
+
+And so this is my
+system one, and they
+
+have an spontaneous energy bond.
+
+This is the part that is
+two, it has energy E2.
+
+So I start with an initial state
+where when I look at E2 and E2,
+
+I have some initial value of
+E1, 0, let's say, and E2, 0.
+
+So my initial state
+is here, in these two.
+
+Now, as I proceed in time,
+because the two systems can
+
+exchange energy, E1
+and E2 can change.
+
+But certainly, what I have is
+that E1 plus E2 is something E
+
+total that is E1,0 plus E2,0.
+
+Which means that I'm
+always exploring the line
+
+that corresponds to E1 plus
+E2 is a constant, which
+
+it runs by 45-degree
+along this space.
+
+So once I remove the
+constraint that E1 is fixed
+
+and E2 is fixed,
+they can exchange.
+
+They explore a whole
+bunch of other states
+
+that is available to them.
+
+And I would probably
+say that the probability
+
+of the microstates is the same
+up to some normalization that
+
+comes from E1.
+
+So the normalization-- not
+the entirety 1 plus 2--
+
+is a microcanonical ensemble
+but with energy E total.
+
+So there is a
+corresponding omega
+
+that is associated with
+the combined system.
+
+And to obtain that,
+all I need to do
+
+is to sum or integrate
+over the energy, let's
+
+say, that I have
+in the first one.
+
+The number of states
+that I would have,
+
+or the volume of
+phase space that I
+
+would have if I
+was at E1, and then
+
+simultaneously multiplying by
+how many states the second part
+
+can have at the energy
+that corresponds
+
+to E total minus E1.
+
+So what I need to do is
+to essentially multiply
+
+the number of states that I
+would encounter going along
+
+this axis, and the
+number of states
+
+that I would multiply
+going along the other axis.
+
+So let's try to sort of
+indicate those things
+
+with some kind of
+a color density.
+
+So let's say that the
+density is kind of low here,
+
+it comes kind of high here,
+and then goes low here.
+
+If I move along this axis,
+let's say that along this axis,
+
+I maybe become high here,
+and stay high, and then
+
+become low later.
+
+Some kind of thing.
+
+So all I need to do is to
+multiply these two colors
+
+and generate the
+color along this--
+
+there is this direction, which
+I will plot going, hopefully,
+
+coming out of the board.
+
+And maybe that product
+looks something like this.
+
+Stating that somewhere there
+is a most probable state,
+
+and I can indicate the most
+probable state by E1 star
+
+and E2 star, let's say.
+
+So you may say, OK,
+it actually could
+
+be something, who says it
+should have one maximum.
+
+It could have multiple
+maxima, or things like that.
+
+You could certainly allow
+all kinds of things.
+
+Now, my claim is that
+when I go and rely
+
+on this particular
+limit, I can state
+
+that if I explore
+all of these states,
+
+I will find my system in the
+vicinity of these energies
+
+with probability that in
+the n goes to infinity,
+
+limit becomes 1.
+
+And that kind of
+relies on the fact
+
+that each one of
+these quantities
+
+is really an exponentially
+large quantity.
+
+Before I do that, I
+forgot to do something
+
+that I wanted to do over here.
+
+I have promised that as
+we go through the course,
+
+at each stage we will
+define for each section
+
+its own definition of entropy.
+
+Well, almost, but
+not quite that.
+
+Once I have a probability,
+I had told you
+
+how to define an entropy
+associated with a probability.
+
+So here, I can say that
+when I have a probability p,
+
+I can identify the average of
+log p, the factor of minus p
+
+log p, to be the entropy
+of that probability.
+
+Kind of linked to what we
+had for mixing entropy,
+
+except that in
+thermodynamics, entropy
+
+had some particular units.
+
+It was related to
+heat or temperature.
+
+So we multiplied
+by a quantity kb
+
+that has the right
+units of energy
+
+divided by degrees Kelvin.
+
+Now, for the choice of the
+probability that we have,
+
+it is kind of like a
+step function in energy.
+
+The probability is
+either 0 or 1 over omega.
+
+So when you're at 0, this
+p log p will give you a 0.
+
+When you're over here, p log
+p will give you log of omega.
+
+So this is going to give
+you kb log of omega.
+
+So we can identify in the
+macrocanonical ensemble,
+
+once we've stated
+what E, x, and n are,
+
+what the analog
+of the six that we
+
+have for the throwing
+of the dices, what's
+
+the number of microstates that
+are compatible with the energy.
+
+We will have to do a little bit
+of massaging that to understand
+
+what that means in
+the continuum limit.
+
+We'll fix that.
+
+But once we know that
+number, essentially the log
+
+of that number up
+to a factor would
+
+give something that would be
+the entropy of that probability
+
+that eventually we're
+going to identify
+
+with the thermodynamic
+entropy that
+
+corresponds to this system.
+
+But having done
+that definition, I
+
+can rewrite this quantity
+as E1 e to the 1 over kb S1
+
+plus 1 over kb S2.
+
+This one is evaluated at E1.
+
+This one is evaluated at E2,
+which is E total minus E1.
+
+Now, the statement that we are
+going to gradually build upon
+
+is that these omegas are
+these types of quantities
+
+that I mentioned that
+depend exponentially
+
+on the number of particles.
+
+So let's say, if you just think
+about volume, one particle
+
+then, can be anywhere in this.
+
+So that's a factor of v.
+Two particles, v squared.
+
+Three particles, v cubed.
+
+n particles, v to the n.
+
+So these omegas
+have buried in them
+
+an exponential dependence on n.
+
+When you take the log, these are
+quantities that are extensing.
+
+They're proportionate
+to this number
+
+n that becomes very large.
+
+So this is one of
+those examples where
+
+to calculate this
+omega in total,
+
+I have to evaluate an integral
+where the quantities are
+
+exponentially large.
+
+And we saw that
+when that happens,
+
+I could replace this
+integral essentially,
+
+with its largest value.
+
+So I would have 1 over kb S1
+of E1 star plus S2 of E2 star.
+
+Now, how do I identify where
+E1 star and E2 star are?
+
+Well, given that I scale along
+this axis or along that axis,
+
+essentially I want
+to find locations
+
+where the exponent
+is the largest.
+
+So how do I find
+those locations?
+
+I essentially set
+the derivative to 0.
+
+So if I take the derivative
+of this with respect to E1,
+
+what do I get?
+
+I get dS1 by dE1.
+
+And from here, I
+get dS2 with respect
+
+to an argument that is
+in fact has a minus E1,
+
+so I would have minus dS2 with
+respect to its own energy.
+
+With respect to its
+own energy argument,
+
+but evaluated with
+an energy argument
+
+that goes opposite way with E1.
+
+And all of these are
+calculated at conditions
+
+where the corresponding
+x's and n's are fixed.
+
+And this has to
+be 0, which means
+
+that at the maxima, essentially,
+I would have this condition.
+
+So again, because of the
+exponential character,
+
+there could be multiple
+of these maxima.
+
+But if one of them
+is slightly larger
+
+than the other in
+absolute terms,
+
+in terms of the
+intensive quantities,
+
+once I multiply by
+these n's, it will
+
+be exponentially
+larger than the others.
+
+We sort of discussed that when
+we were doing the saddle point
+
+approximation, how essentially
+the best maximum is
+
+exponentially larger
+than all the others.
+
+And so in that sense, it is
+exponentially much more likely
+
+that you would be here
+as opposed to here
+
+and anywhere else.
+
+So the statement, again, is that
+just a matter of probabilities.
+
+I don't say what's the dynamics
+by which the energies can
+
+explore these two axes.
+
+But I imagine like
+shuffling cards,
+
+the red and the black cards
+have been mixed sufficiently,
+
+and then you ask
+a question about
+
+the typical configuration.
+
+And in typical
+configurations, you
+
+don't expect a run of ten
+black cards, or whatever,
+
+because they're
+exponentially unlikely.
+
+So this is the same
+statement, that once you
+
+allow this system to equilibrate
+its energy, after a while
+
+you look at it, and
+with probability 1
+
+you will find it
+at a location where
+
+these derivatives are the same.
+
+Now, each one of
+these derivatives
+
+is completely something that
+pertains to its own system,
+
+so one of them could be a gas.
+
+The other could be a spring.
+
+It could be anything.
+
+And these derivatives could
+be very different quantities.
+
+But this equality would hold.
+
+And that is what we
+have for the zeroth law.
+
+That when systems come
+into equilibrium, there
+
+is a function of
+parameters of one
+
+that has to be the same as
+the function of the parameters
+
+of the other, which we call
+the empirical temperature.
+
+So in principal, we could define
+any function of temperature,
+
+and in practice, for
+consistently, that function
+
+is one over the temperature.
+
+So the zeroth law
+established that exists
+
+this empirical function.
+
+This choice of 1
+over T is so that we
+
+are aligned with
+everything else that we
+
+have done so far, as
+we will see shortly.
+
+OK?
+
+The next thing is
+the first law, which
+
+had something to
+do with the change
+
+in the energy of the system.
+
+When we go from one
+state to another state
+
+had to be made up by a
+combination of heat and work.
+
+So for this, let's
+expand our system
+
+to allow some kind of work.
+
+So let's imagine that
+I have something--
+
+let's say if it is a gas-- and
+the quantity that would change
+
+if there's work done on
+the gas is the volume.
+
+So let's imagine that there
+is a piston that can slide.
+
+And this piston exerts
+for the gas a pressure,
+
+or in general, whatever
+the conjugate variable
+
+is to the displacement that's
+we now allow to change.
+
+So there's potentially a
+change in the displacement.
+
+So what we are doing
+is there's work
+
+that is done that
+corresponds to j delta x.
+
+So what happens if this
+j delta x amount of work
+
+is done on the system?
+
+Then the system goes from
+one configuration that
+
+is characterized by x to
+another configuration that
+
+is characterized
+by x plus delta x.
+
+And let's see what the change
+in entropy is when that happens.
+
+Change in entropy, or the
+log of the number of states
+
+that we have defined.
+
+And so this is essentially the
+change starting from E and x
+
+to going to the case where
+x changed by an amount dx.
+
+But through this
+process I did work,
+
+and so the amount of energy that
+is inside the system increases
+
+by an amount that is j delta x.
+
+So if all of these
+quantities are infinitesimal,
+
+I have two arguments of S now
+have changed infinitesimally,
+
+and I can make the corresponding
+expansion in derivatives.
+
+There is a dS with respect
+to dE at constant x.
+
+The corresponding change
+in E is j delta x.
+
+But then there's also a
+dS by dx at constant E
+
+with the same delta
+x, so I factored out
+
+the delta x between
+the two of them.
+
+Now, dS by dE at
+constant x is related
+
+to the empirical
+temperature, which we now
+
+set to be 1 over
+T. Now, the claim
+
+is that if you have a situation
+such as this, where you have
+
+a state that is sitting
+in equilibrium--
+
+let's say a gas with a
+piston-- then by definition
+
+of equilibrium, the system
+does not spontaneously
+
+change its volume.
+
+But it will change its volume
+because the number of states
+
+that is availability to it
+increases, or S increases.
+
+So in order to
+make sure that you
+
+don't go to a state that is
+more probable, because there are
+
+more possibilities, there
+are more microstates,
+
+I better make sure that
+this first derivative is 0.
+
+Otherwise, depending on
+whether this is plus or minus,
+
+I could make a
+corresponding change
+
+in delta x that would
+increase delta S.
+
+So what happens
+here if I require
+
+this to be 0 is that
+I can identify now
+
+that the derivative of this
+quantity dS by dx at constant E
+
+has to be minus j
+over T. Currently,
+
+I have only these two
+variables, and quite
+
+generically, I can say that dS
+is dS by dE at constant x dE
+
+plus dS by dx at constant E dx.
+
+And now I have identified
+these two derivatives.
+
+dS by dE is 1 over T, so I have
+dE over T. dS by dx is minus
+
+j over T, so I have
+minus j dx over T.
+
+And I can rearrange this, and I
+see that dE is T dS plus j dx.
+
+Now, the j dx I
+recognize as before, it's
+
+the mechanical work.
+
+So I have identified
+that generically,
+
+when you make a transformation,
+in addition to mechanical work,
+
+there's a component that
+changes the energy that
+
+is the one that we can
+identify with the heat.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you explain
+why you set that S to 0?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why did
+I set delta S to 0?
+
+So I have a box, and this
+box has a certain volume,
+
+and there's a bunch
+of particles here,
+
+but the piston that
+is holding this
+
+is allowed to slide
+to go up and down.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, I can ask what happens if
+the volume goes up and down.
+
+If the volume goes up and down,
+how many states are available?
+
+So basically, the
+statement has been
+
+that for each
+configuration, there
+
+is a number of states
+that is available.
+
+And if I were to change
+that configuration,
+
+the number of
+states will change.
+
+And hence the log of it, which
+is the entropy, will change.
+
+So how much does it change?
+
+Well, let's see what
+arguments changed.
+
+So certainly, the
+volume changed.
+
+So x went to x plus dx.
+
+And because I did
+some amount of work,
+
+pdv, the amount of energy that
+was in the box also changed.
+
+OK?
+
+So after this transformation
+with this thing going
+
+up or down, what is
+the new logarithm
+
+of the number of states?
+
+How much has it changed?
+
+And how much of the
+change is given by this?
+
+Now, suppose that
+I make this change,
+
+and I find that suddenly I
+have a thousand more states
+
+available to me.
+
+It's a thousand
+times more likely
+
+that I will accept this change.
+
+So in order for me to be
+penalized-- or actually,
+
+not penalized, or
+not gain-- because I
+
+make this transformation,
+this change better be 0.
+
+If it is not 0, if
+this quantity is,
+
+let's say, positive,
+then I will choose
+
+a delta v that is positive, and
+delta S will become positive.
+
+If this quantity
+happens to be negative,
+
+then I will choose a
+delta v that is negative,
+
+and then delta S will
+be positive again.
+
+So the statement that
+this thing originally
+
+was sitting there by
+itself in equilibrium
+
+and did not spontaneously
+go up or down
+
+is this statement
+this derivative 0.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's only 0 when
+the system is in equilibrium?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+So indeed, this is
+then a relationship
+
+that involves parameters of
+the system in equilibrium.
+
+Yeah?
+
+So there is
+thermodynamically, we
+
+said that once I specify
+what my energy and volume
+
+and number of particles
+are in equilibrium,
+
+there is a particular
+S. And what
+
+I want to know is if
+I go from one state
+
+to another state in equilibrium,
+what is the change in dS?
+
+That's what this statement is.
+
+Then I can rearrange
+it and see that when
+
+I go from one equilibrium state
+to another equilibrium state,
+
+I have to change
+internal energy, which
+
+I can do either by doing
+work or by doing heat.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, the second law
+is actually obvious.
+
+I have stated that I start
+from this configuration
+
+and go to that configuration
+simply because of probability.
+
+The probabilities are inverse
+of this omega, if you like.
+
+So I start with some location--
+like the pack of cards,
+
+all of the black
+on one side, all
+
+of the red on the other
+side-- and I do some dynamics,
+
+and I will end up
+with some other state.
+
+I will, because why?
+
+Because that state has a much
+more volume of possibilities.
+
+There is a single
+state that we identify
+
+as all-black and
+all-red, and there's
+
+a myriad of states that we say
+they're all randomly mixed,
+
+and so we're much
+more likely to find
+
+from that subset of states.
+
+So I have certainly stated
+that S1 evaluated at E1 star,
+
+plus S2 evaluated at
+E2 star, essentially
+
+the peak of that object, is much
+larger than S1 plus E1 plus 0
+
+plus S2 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And more specifically,
+if we sort of follow
+
+the course of the system
+as it starts from here,
+
+you will find that it will
+basically go in the direction
+
+always such that the derivatives
+that are related to temperature
+
+are such that the energy
+will flow from the hot air
+
+to the colder body,
+consistent with what
+
+we expect from thermodynamics.
+
+The one law of thermodynamic
+that I cannot prove from what I
+
+have given you so
+far is the third law.
+
+There is no reason
+why the entropy should
+
+go to 0 as you go
+to 0 temperature
+
+within this perspective.
+
+So it's good to look at our
+canonical example, which
+
+is the ideal gas.
+
+Again, for the
+ideal gas, if I am
+
+in a microcanonical
+ensemble, it means
+
+that I have told you what
+the energy of the box is,
+
+what the volume of the box
+is, and how many particles
+
+are in it.
+
+So clearly the microstate
+that corresponds to that
+
+is the collection of
+the 6N coordinates
+
+and momenta of the
+particles in the box.
+
+And the energy of
+the system is made up
+
+by the sum of the energies
+of all of the particles,
+
+and basically, ideal gas means
+that the energy that we write
+
+is the sum of the
+contributions that you
+
+would have from
+individual particles.
+
+So individual particles
+have a kinetic energy
+
+and some potential
+energy, and since we
+
+are stating that we
+have a box of volume v,
+
+this u essentially represents
+this box of volume.
+
+It's a potential that is 0
+inside this volume and infinity
+
+outside of it.
+
+Fine.
+
+So you ask what's
+the probability
+
+of some particular
+microstate, given
+
+that I specified E, v, and n.
+
+I would say, well, OK.
+
+This is, by the construction
+that we had, 0 or 1
+
+over some omega, depending on
+whether the energy is right.
+
+And since for the
+box, the energy
+
+is made up of the
+kinetic energy,
+
+if sum over i p i squared
+over 2m is not equal to E,
+
+or particle q is
+outside the box.
+
+And it is the same value if
+sum over i p i squared over 2m
+
+is equal to v and q i's
+are all inside the box.
+
+So a note about normalization.
+
+I kind of skipped on
+this over the last one.
+
+p is a probability in this
+6N dimensional phase space.
+
+So the normalization is that the
+integral over all of the p i's
+
+and qi's should be equal to 1.
+
+And so this omega,
+more precisely,
+
+when we are not talking
+about discrete numbers,
+
+is the quantity
+that I have to put
+
+so that when I integrate this
+over phase space, I will get 1.
+
+So basically, if I write this
+in the form that I have written,
+
+you can see that omega is
+obtained by integrating over
+
+p i q i that correspond
+to this accessible states.
+
+It's kind of like
+a delta function.
+
+Basically, there's huge
+portions of phase space
+
+that are 0 probability,
+and then there's
+
+a surface that has
+the probability that
+
+is 1 over omega and it is
+the area of that surface
+
+that I have to ensure
+is appearing here,
+
+so that when I integrate
+over that area of one
+
+over that area, I will get one.
+
+Now, the part that corresponds
+to the q coordinates
+
+is actually very
+simple, because the q
+
+coordinates have to
+be inside the box.
+
+Each one of them has a volume
+v, so the coordinate part
+
+of the integral
+gives me v to the m.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, the momentum
+part, the momenta
+
+are constrained by
+something like this.
+
+I can rewrite that as sum over
+i p i squared equals to 2mE.
+
+And if I regard this 2mE as
+something like r squared,
+
+like a radius
+squared, you can see
+
+that this is like
+the equation that you
+
+would have for
+the generalization
+
+of the sphere in 3N dimensions.
+
+Because if I had
+just x squared, x
+
+squared plus y squared
+is r squared is a circle,
+
+x squared plus y
+squared plus z squared
+
+is r squared is
+a sphere, so this
+
+is the hypersphere
+in 3N dimensions.
+
+So when I do the
+integrations over q,
+
+I have to integrate
+over the surface of a 3N
+
+dimensional hypersphere of
+radius square root of 2m.
+
+OK?
+
+And there is a simple
+formula for that.
+
+This surface area,
+in general, is
+
+going to be
+proportional to r raised
+
+to the power of
+dimension minus 1.
+
+And there's the generalization
+of 2pi r over 4pi r squared
+
+that you would have in
+two or three dimensions,
+
+which we will discuss next time.
+
+It is 2 to the
+power of 3n over 2
+
+divided by 3n over 2 factorial.
+
+So we have the formula
+for this omega.
+
+We will re-derive it and
+discuss it next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MVd5BMAgRdI.txt b/MVd5BMAgRdI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa2053e6f6fa6a1d10f7067b591e0c3f50f8ef1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MVd5BMAgRdI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hi everyone today we're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi everyone today we're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi everyone today we're um
+going to be doing trip prep and View and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing trip prep and View and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing trip prep and View and
+so the first part of trip prep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first part of trip prep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first part of trip prep this
+would work better if I were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work better if I were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work better if I were actually
+projecting wouldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting wouldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting wouldn't it
+um so trip prep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so trip prep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so trip prep and
+review and the first thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and the first thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and the first thing we're going
+to do is presentations so each team has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is presentations so each team has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is presentations so each team has
+like 15 minutes to present and then 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 minutes to present and then 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 15 minutes to present and then 5 to
+10 minutes of questions uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes of questions uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes of questions uh and then
+we'll go through a review of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through a review of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through a review of a few
+things that got missed or badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that got missed or badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that got missed or badly
+presented previously and then um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented previously and then um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented previously and then um going
+over trip CP and then there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over trip CP and then there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over trip CP and then there will be a
+little bit of time for you guys to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time for you guys to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time for you guys to work
+in teams on a few critical things I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teams on a few critical things I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teams on a few critical things I also
+need to talk to every single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk to every single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk to every single person
+who's traveling just oneon-one it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's traveling just oneon-one it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's traveling just oneon-one it's a
+dlab requirement so we'll do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlab requirement so we'll do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlab requirement so we'll do that um
+yeah are there any questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are there any questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are there any questions before we
+start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentations Okay cool so also Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations Okay cool so also Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations Okay cool so also Phoenix
+if you guys want to go first that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys want to go first that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys want to go first that would
+be awesome all right so uh we're aome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be awesome all right so uh we're aome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be awesome all right so uh we're aome
+Phoenix um I'm Carter I'm boss I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix um I'm Carter I'm boss I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix um I'm Carter I'm boss I'm
+Rosser Ranna and our uh Team Mentor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosser Ranna and our uh Team Mentor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosser Ranna and our uh Team Mentor is
+Ken um so ASA Phoenix is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken um so ASA Phoenix is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ken um so ASA Phoenix is a small
+Nicaraguan NGO um we're based in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaraguan NGO um we're based in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaraguan NGO um we're based in two
+areas El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and uh there are four products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh there are four products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh there are four products that
+we're looking at right now one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at right now one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at right now one of them
+is the OJ sealer which you guys might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the OJ sealer which you guys might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the OJ sealer which you guys might be
+aware of um the next would be the Millet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of um the next would be the Millet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of um the next would be the Millet
+thresher the washing machine and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresher the washing machine and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresher the washing machine and the uh
+the biodigester so we're going to hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biodigester so we're going to hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biodigester so we're going to hand
+it off to us so the uh OJ sealer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off to us so the uh OJ sealer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off to us so the uh OJ sealer is a
+project that was dap project previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was dap project previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was dap project previously
+and we're going to deliver it um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to deliver it um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to deliver it um so you
+I should be giving you their group names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be giving you their group names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be giving you their group names
+but I'm sorry I don't have that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sorry I don't have that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm sorry I don't have that right
+now but it was a previous it's not our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it was a previous it's not our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it was a previous it's not our
+project so um don't want to take credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so um don't want to take credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so um don't want to take credit
+for it but we are delivering it to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but we are delivering it to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it but we are delivering it to uh
+the community down there and the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community down there and the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community down there and the purpose
+is to be able to seal orange juice um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to seal orange juice um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to seal orange juice um so
+that they can sell it at a later date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can sell it at a later date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can sell it at a later date
+when oranges um like during the Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oranges um like during the Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oranges um like during the Harvest
+when oranges are just so plantable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oranges are just so plantable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when oranges are just so plantable that
+the cost really isn't worth selling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost really isn't worth selling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost really isn't worth selling uh
+so if they can bag the juice and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they can bag the juice and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they can bag the juice and then
+sell it later uh they'll be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it later uh they'll be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it later uh they'll be able to make
+money from their Harvest um so how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from their Harvest um so how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from their Harvest um so how it
+works is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is you have
+um uh it's kind of like the sealers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's kind of like the sealers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh it's kind of like the sealers we
+use in lab and you bring down this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in lab and you bring down this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in lab and you bring down this uh
+lever here and then you can latch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever here and then you can latch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever here and then you can latch it
+there's a latch that um secures it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a latch that um secures it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a latch that um secures it in
+place and that's like a safety feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and that's like a safety feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and that's like a safety feature
+and also ensures a good connection um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also ensures a good connection um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also ensures a good connection um
+between the uh metal and the plastic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh metal and the plastic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh metal and the plastic um
+so that you get a good seal and also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get a good seal and also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get a good seal and also you
+can't just kind of jolt it or lift it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just kind of jolt it or lift it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just kind of jolt it or lift it up
+accidentally and then you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally and then you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally and then you end up with a
+mess and possibly an injury um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess and possibly an injury um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess and possibly an injury um so
+there's a latch uh there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a latch uh there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a latch uh there's there's a
+switch that you press and then it Heats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that you press and then it Heats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that you press and then it Heats
+for 10 seconds you can adjust that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 seconds you can adjust that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 seconds you can adjust that time
+um we'll have to uh I guess optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll have to uh I guess optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll have to uh I guess optimize
+that time it it's 10 seconds now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time it it's 10 seconds now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time it it's 10 seconds now now
+from what I understand that's arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I understand that's arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I understand that's arbitrary
+um so we might adjust that time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we might adjust that time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we might adjust that time and
+there's an LED that lights up while um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an LED that lights up while um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an LED that lights up while um
+the uh Rod is heating so that the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Rod is heating so that the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Rod is heating so that the user
+knows that it is hot and not to undo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that it is hot and not to undo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that it is hot and not to undo the
+latch and open the rod um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch and open the rod um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch and open the rod um so this
+project um and 10 seconds of heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um and 10 seconds of heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um and 10 seconds of heating and
+that this uh the metal that's used is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh the metal that's used is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh the metal that's used is
+heats up very quickly and also cools off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up very quickly and also cools off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up very quickly and also cools off
+very quickly so in that 10 seconds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so in that 10 seconds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so in that 10 seconds you
+allow after 10 seconds over you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow after 10 seconds over you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow after 10 seconds over you allow
+like 5 Seconds of cooling and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 5 Seconds of cooling and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 5 Seconds of cooling and then you
+can open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open the
+uh the uh lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh lever
+safely so uh we're going to go down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely so uh we're going to go down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely so uh we're going to go down and
+uh implement the project and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh implement the project and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh implement the project and some of the
+um instructions that we'll have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instructions that we'll have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instructions that we'll have to give
+kind of how to handle the plastic waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how to handle the plastic waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how to handle the plastic waste
+that they have um because they're most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have um because they're most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have um because they're most
+likely not accustomed to having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely not accustomed to having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely not accustomed to having the
+sheets of plastic and what to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets of plastic and what to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets of plastic and what to you know
+make sure they understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they understand the
+consequences of littering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of littering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of littering in the
+environment um and then also exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um and then also exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment um and then also exploring
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations you're next um so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you're next um so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you're next um so when we
+were first getting the groups and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were first getting the groups and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were first getting the groups and the
+projects and stuff there was mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and stuff there was mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and stuff there was mentioned
+of a feed Chopper well after talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a feed Chopper well after talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a feed Chopper well after talking
+with a Phenix it turns out they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Phenix it turns out they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Phenix it turns out they're
+actually interested in is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested in is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interested in is a different
+part of harvest processing is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of harvest processing is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of harvest processing is um
+threshing their Millet crop that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshing their Millet crop that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshing their Millet crop that means
+is taking the um all the little seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking the um all the little seeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking the um all the little seeds
+are within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are within
+like thig home Flor it little stocks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thig home Flor it little stocks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thig home Flor it little stocks on
+the big one and removing all the seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one and removing all the seeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one and removing all the seeds
+from it separating the stuff you can eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it separating the stuff you can eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it separating the stuff you can eat
+from stuff can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stuff can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stuff can
+um so these are a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are a couple different
+designs that have been built by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that have been built by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that have been built by um
+various groups they're both you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various groups they're both you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various groups they're both you can't
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+actual um mechanism that's doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual um mechanism that's doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual um mechanism that's doing the
+threshing in both in either of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshing in both in either of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshing in both in either of them but
+it's the basically they've got like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the basically they've got like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the basically they've got like
+little spikes on I think this one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spikes on I think this one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little spikes on I think this one has
+two drums inside each other with little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two drums inside each other with little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two drums inside each other with little
+spikes that are just knocking the seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes that are just knocking the seeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes that are just knocking the seeds
+out and this one they've um taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this one they've um taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this one they've um taken the
+tire off the wheel and they're using all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire off the wheel and they're using all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire off the wheel and they're using all
+the spokes sticking out of the frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spokes sticking out of the frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spokes sticking out of the frame of
+the wheel to break it off um we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel to break it off um we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel to break it off um we didn't
+since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we
+only found out what the project was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only found out what the project was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only found out what the project was for
+recently we haven't done much thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we haven't done much thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we haven't done much thinking
+um about our own designs this stuff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about our own designs this stuff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about our own designs this stuff um
+we're wondering if these are high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wondering if these are high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wondering if these are high enough
+capacity though is um so things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity though is um so things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity though is um so things we're
+mainly on the trip we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly on the trip we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly on the trip we're going to be
+like um getting information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um getting information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um getting information about the
+process since it's not something we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process since it's not something we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process since it's not something we're
+familiar with you know what you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with you know what you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with you know what you need to
+do to um fresh the melon uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to um fresh the melon uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to um fresh the melon uh there
+Harvest is 4,000 lb we we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest is 4,000 lb we we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest is 4,000 lb we we need to know
+how much that actually is um so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that actually is um so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that actually is um so we can
+get an idea of how much we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea of how much we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea of how much we need to be
+threshing at a time and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshing at a time and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshing at a time and then there are
+different varieties we need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties we need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties we need to know what
+variety they're using which will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety they're using which will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety they're using which will help
+determine what the appropriate method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the appropriate method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the appropriate method of
+thresh unit is how long they need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresh unit is how long they need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresh unit is how long they need to do
+it and um they're currently doing it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and um they're currently doing it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and um they're currently doing it by
+hand and how efficient is this um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and how efficient is this um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and how efficient is this um and
+there was discussion about moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was discussion about moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was discussion about moving the
+machine between different communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine between different communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine between different communities
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so whether the different communities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether the different communities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whether the different communities are
+harvesting at the same time or not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting at the same time or not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting at the same time or not is
+going to affect um how fast it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect um how fast it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect um how fast it needs to
+work because if everyone's harvesting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because if everyone's harvesting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because if everyone's harvesting at
+the same time that's more people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that's more people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that's more people that
+need to get their harvests done within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get their harvests done within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get their harvests done within a
+smaller amount of time but if somebody a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount of time but if somebody a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount of time but if somebody a
+few miles away is lower elevation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few miles away is lower elevation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few miles away is lower elevation and
+has the Harvest slightly earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the Harvest slightly earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the Harvest slightly earlier that
+gives us more time spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us more time spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us more time spread
+um so the preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the preliminary
+specs um they're currently taking 4 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs um they're currently taking 4 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs um they're currently taking 4 days
+to thresh the Harvest we could get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thresh the Harvest we could get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thresh the Harvest we could get that
+down to 8 hours all of these I'm not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 8 hours all of these I'm not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 8 hours all of these I'm not I'm
+not going to go through and read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go through and read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go through and read them
+all because they're mostly very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because they're mostly very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because they're mostly very
+arbitrary at this point and um for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary at this point and um for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary at this point and um for this
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+it's going to be a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gathering okay um so the next project we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering okay um so the next project we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering okay um so the next project we
+wanted to look at was a washing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at was a washing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to look at was a washing machine
+uh interestingly enough we were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interestingly enough we were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interestingly enough we were kind of
+so gung-ho for this that we uh we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gung-ho for this that we uh we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gung-ho for this that we uh we kind
+of let through and did the most planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let through and did the most planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let through and did the most planning
+uh and it turns out that oop Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it turns out that oop Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it turns out that oop Phoenix
+said no we'd rather have you focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no we'd rather have you focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no we'd rather have you focus on
+this so you know that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you know that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you know that's part of the
+planning process um but in any case oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process um but in any case oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process um but in any case oh
+shoot chart not come through anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot chart not come through anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot chart not come through anyway um
+so there's uh some key things we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's uh some key things we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's uh some key things we want to
+keep in mind for the washing machine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind for the washing machine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind for the washing machine are
+the uh preservation of water there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh preservation of water there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh preservation of water there might
+not be that much water to use in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be that much water to use in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be that much water to use in this
+community uh also Phoenix really also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh also Phoenix really also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh also Phoenix really also
+wants to utilize the gray water to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to utilize the gray water to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to utilize the gray water to do
+something useful rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful rather than just
+dumping it um we also have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping it um we also have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping it um we also have a couple
+different variables to consider uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables to consider uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables to consider uh so
+daab has uh done a lot of work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab has uh done a lot of work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab has uh done a lot of work with
+washing machines in the past this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machines in the past this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machines in the past this is one
+of the uh designs they've come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh designs they've come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh designs they've come up with
+um Benji's not here right now but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Benji's not here right now but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Benji's not here right now but he
+also showed us a one or one that he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also showed us a one or one that he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also showed us a one or one that he did
+for daab design that was um a a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for daab design that was um a a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for daab design that was um a a similar
+design like this uh so we kind of took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design like this uh so we kind of took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design like this uh so we kind of took
+this and ran with it the yes so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and ran with it the yes so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and ran with it the yes so um this
+is basically the same idea except using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same idea except using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the same idea except using
+direct drive from a bicycle that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct drive from a bicycle that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct drive from a bicycle that can be
+detached and then still used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached and then still used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached and then still used as a
+bicycle instead of a bicycle that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle instead of a bicycle that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle instead of a bicycle that's kind
+of gutted for parts and mounted directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gutted for parts and mounted directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gutted for parts and mounted directly
+to the thing um the kind of key variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing um the kind of key variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing um the kind of key variable
+we'd like to test here is whether to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to test here is whether to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to test here is whether to do
+side or top loading that kind of depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or top loading that kind of depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side or top loading that kind of depends
+how efficient and easy it is to load uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how efficient and easy it is to load uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how efficient and easy it is to load uh
+we'd also like to kind of alter and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd also like to kind of alter and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd also like to kind of alter and play
+with the inner drum design should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inner drum design should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the inner drum design should we
+make it out of rope should we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it out of rope should we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it out of rope should we make it
+out of chicken wire should we um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of chicken wire should we um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of chicken wire should we um we
+thinking for a while of doing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for a while of doing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for a while of doing kind of
+nylon bags that would be pin in place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon bags that would be pin in place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon bags that would be pin in place so
+that would uh kind of Spin and be their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh kind of Spin and be their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh kind of Spin and be their
+own rotors um and then also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own rotors um and then also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own rotors um and then also kind of
+draining methods so again we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draining methods so again we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draining methods so again we can
+preserve as much gray water as we can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve as much gray water as we can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve as much gray water as we can um
+sorry I had a spec sheet and apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I had a spec sheet and apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I had a spec sheet and apparently
+my open Office format kind of at it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my open Office format kind of at it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my open Office format kind of at it but
+uh they're they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're they're all
+ined and then the prodject that ASO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ined and then the prodject that ASO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ined and then the prodject that ASO
+Phoenix or alsoo Phoenix want us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix or alsoo Phoenix want us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix or alsoo Phoenix want us to
+focus on is the biod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on is the biod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on is the biod
+um so what this is is basically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what this is is basically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what this is is basically they
+wanted us to uh find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted us to uh find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted us to uh find a way to
+efficiently mix up the slew um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently mix up the slew um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently mix up the slew um and uh
+based off their current concrete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based off their current concrete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based off their current concrete and
+plastic bag method um so here are spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bag method um so here are spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bag method um so here are spec
+sheets basically want it to be hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets basically want it to be hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets basically want it to be hand
+powered or uh bicycle powered uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered or uh bicycle powered uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered or uh bicycle powered uh the
+main requirement being there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main requirement being there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main requirement being there's no
+electricity needed uh we need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity needed uh we need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity needed uh we need something
+that stays in the same uh scale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stays in the same uh scale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stays in the same uh scale that
+they already have uh 4 to 10 cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have uh 4 to 10 cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have uh 4 to 10 cubic
+M um and then after one use they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um and then after one use they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M um and then after one use they want to
+produce about 1 cubic meter of uh biogas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce about 1 cubic meter of uh biogas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce about 1 cubic meter of uh biogas
+and uh should take about 2 to 3 hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh should take about 2 to 3 hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh should take about 2 to 3 hours to
+complete those are the main um specs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete those are the main um specs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete those are the main um specs
+that they wanted us to achieve um upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted us to achieve um upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wanted us to achieve um upon
+further discussions with AA Phoenix uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further discussions with AA Phoenix uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further discussions with AA Phoenix uh
+they showed us that this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed us that this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed us that this is their
+current design um and they wanted us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current design um and they wanted us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current design um and they wanted us to
+actually not focus on a method of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not focus on a method of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not focus on a method of uh
+mixing the the sleo but actually uh find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the the sleo but actually uh find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the the sleo but actually uh find
+a way or a method to determine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way or a method to determine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way or a method to determine um
+overflow improve their current process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow improve their current process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow improve their current process
+and uh find a way to gauge how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh find a way to gauge how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh find a way to gauge how much
+biogas they're producing at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogas they're producing at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biogas they're producing at any given
+time so right now what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so right now what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so right now what's happening is
+you can see the plastic bags in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the plastic bags in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the plastic bags in the
+background and the bio gas is delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and the bio gas is delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and the bio gas is delivered
+through this tube from right to left um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this tube from right to left um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this tube from right to left um
+and as there's an overflow it goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as there's an overflow it goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as there's an overflow it goes down
+this pipe and uh bubbles in the water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pipe and uh bubbles in the water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pipe and uh bubbles in the water so
+if any user were to see bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any user were to see bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any user were to see bubbles
+throughout the water they would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the water they would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the water they would know
+that there is being usage uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is being usage uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is being usage uh there's
+being overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being overflow
+usage um that being said you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage um that being said you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage um that being said you don't know
+how much is in the tubes until it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is in the tubes until it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is in the tubes until it's too
+much uh this can only determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh this can only determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh this can only determine whether
+it's overflowing or not and can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overflowing or not and can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's overflowing or not and can only be
+told uh you can only tell that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told uh you can only tell that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told uh you can only tell that if you're
+there and see the bubbles so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see the bubbles so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see the bubbles so if you're
+asleep and it starts bubbling you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and it starts bubbling you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep and it starts bubbling you won't
+know this H is happening and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this H is happening and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this H is happening and so they
+want to find a new method to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a new method to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a new method to determine
+uh how much bio gas is being produced so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much bio gas is being produced so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how much bio gas is being produced so
+we changed the whole project in regards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the whole project in regards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we changed the whole project in regards
+to this of a mixer and started looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this of a mixer and started looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this of a mixer and started looking
+at the sort of monometer pressure gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sort of monometer pressure gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sort of monometer pressure gauge
+system of how to determine how much gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of how to determine how much gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of how to determine how much gas
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+there so we're thinking about throwing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we're thinking about throwing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we're thinking about throwing a
+basically just a rubber tube um having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a rubber tube um having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a rubber tube um having a
+fixed uh diameter circular objects such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh diameter circular objects such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh diameter circular objects such
+as a soda can plastic bottle something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a soda can plastic bottle something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a soda can plastic bottle something
+of a fixed diameter that's common there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fixed diameter that's common there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a fixed diameter that's common there
+and we' wrap the uh plastic tubing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we' wrap the uh plastic tubing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we' wrap the uh plastic tubing
+around it and fill it up with water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and fill it up with water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and fill it up with water and
+we' measure make sure the water levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' measure make sure the water levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' measure make sure the water levels
+are even and then um we would release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even and then um we would release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are even and then um we would release
+the valve and so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve and so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve and so you can see the
+pressure difference uh between the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure difference uh between the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure difference uh between the water
+and that head loss is or that uh head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that head loss is or that uh head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that head loss is or that uh head
+difference is how much pressure there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is how much pressure there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is how much pressure there is
+inside um and then we'll have marking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um and then we'll have marking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside um and then we'll have marking
+saying like you know it's this much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like you know it's this much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like you know it's this much uh
+head difference then there will be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head difference then there will be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head difference then there will be you
+know you know blank amount of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know blank amount of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know blank amount of pressure
+which means you know uh 6 cubic M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you know uh 6 cubic M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you know uh 6 cubic M of
+biog gas and then every day they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biog gas and then every day they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biog gas and then every day they can
+check out how much uh bog gas there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out how much uh bog gas there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out how much uh bog gas there is
+because of the pressure difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pressure difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pressure difference and
+then once they hit a certain uh head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once they hit a certain uh head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once they hit a certain uh head
+loss difference then they would know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss difference then they would know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss difference then they would know uh
+they're reaching reaching their overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reaching reaching their overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reaching reaching their overflow
+capacity um this will help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity um this will help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity um this will help them
+determine uh how much they have and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh how much they have and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine uh how much they have and how
+much they can use so let's say if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they can use so let's say if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much they can use so let's say if they
+wanted to use some and they weren't full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use some and they weren't full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use some and they weren't full
+they wouldn't want to try to use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't want to try to use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't want to try to use you
+know .25 cubic M if they only have 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know .25 cubic M if they only have 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know .25 cubic M if they only have 0.1
+um so this is the biodigestor and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the biodigestor and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the biodigestor and some
+Key activities also basically just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Key activities also basically just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Key activities also basically just a
+quick summary of our our projects um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick summary of our our projects um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick summary of our our projects um the
+OJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OJ
+sealer um yeah so this outlines kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealer um yeah so this outlines kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealer um yeah so this outlines kind of
+what each project is going to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each project is going to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each project is going to accomplish
+while we're down there so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're down there so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're down there so we're going to
+uh deliver the OJ stealer and explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deliver the OJ stealer and explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deliver the OJ stealer and explain
+its uses and um benefits to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uses and um benefits to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uses and um benefits to the
+community um and then for the most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and then for the most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and then for the most of
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+most we can observe the shelling process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most we can observe the shelling process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most we can observe the shelling process
+for millet um or inquire into it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for millet um or inquire into it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for millet um or inquire into it if it's
+not an appropriate time to observe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an appropriate time to observe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an appropriate time to observe it
+and gather more information uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gather more information uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gather more information uh for the
+washing machine we'll determine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machine we'll determine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machine we'll determine which
+research will be useful we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research will be useful we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research will be useful we'll look at
+how they wash their clothes now and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they wash their clothes now and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they wash their clothes now and just
+like how we can optimize that with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how we can optimize that with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how we can optimize that with our
+machine for the biodigester we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine for the biodigester we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine for the biodigester we want to
+go there see the uh their current method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there see the uh their current method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there see the uh their current method
+and see how we can Implement our prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how we can Implement our prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how we can Implement our prod
+process and see if we can help uh teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and see if we can help uh teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and see if we can help uh teach
+them our preliminary concept and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them our preliminary concept and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them our preliminary concept and get
+feedback from them and then overall um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from them and then overall um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from them and then overall um
+just kind of objectives for our trip uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of objectives for our trip uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of objectives for our trip uh
+we also want to explore a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to explore a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to explore a typical
+Nicaraguan hardware store to see like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaraguan hardware store to see like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaraguan hardware store to see like if
+we were to give them a design for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to give them a design for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were to give them a design for a
+project uh what materials they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh what materials they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh what materials they have
+available um like at hand um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available um like at hand um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available um like at hand um and then
+also develop the relationships uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also develop the relationships uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also develop the relationships uh with
+the Community Partners down there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Community Partners down there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Community Partners down there so we
+can continue working uh as a dlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue working uh as a dlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue working uh as a dlab
+program with them and then uh just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with them and then uh just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program with them and then uh just take
+all necessary measurements that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all necessary measurements that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all necessary measurements that might be
+helpful related to each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful related to each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful related to each individual
+project and finally we' like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and finally we' like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and finally we' like to give
+acknowledgements to uh Amy me uh Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgements to uh Amy me uh Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgements to uh Amy me uh Ken
+daab MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab MIT and
+alixs any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions I would to give other people a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I would to give other people a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I would to give other people a
+chance to ask questions but I have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to ask questions but I have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to ask questions but I have a few
+questions and comments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sor so one is did did you get the sealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sor so one is did did you get the sealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sor so one is did did you get the sealer
+working were you able to connect it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working were you able to connect it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working were you able to connect it to a
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supply okay so you should do that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply okay so you should do that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply okay so you should do that before
+you leave to make sure it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave to make sure it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave to make sure it's still
+working preferably real soon so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working preferably real soon so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working preferably real soon so if it's
+not working you can troubleshoot it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working you can troubleshoot it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working you can troubleshoot it um
+and you might also want to drill into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might also want to drill into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might also want to drill into
+that plastic box so you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plastic box so you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plastic box so you can make the
+timing adjustment I know that the timer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing adjustment I know that the timer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing adjustment I know that the timer
+was set um for 10 seconds because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set um for 10 seconds because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set um for 10 seconds because with
+the plastic bags that this group was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic bags that this group was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic bags that this group was
+using that got them consistent good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that got them consistent good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that got them consistent good
+cealing even with like orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cealing even with like orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cealing even with like orange
+juice flopped over or in in the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice flopped over or in in the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice flopped over or in in the ceiling
+Zone um but we don't know what bags will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone um but we don't know what bags will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone um but we don't know what bags will
+be used by oop phenic so that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used by oop phenic so that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used by oop phenic so that's why you
+want to be able to adjust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to adjust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to adjust it
+um but yeah it's pretty critical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah it's pretty critical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah it's pretty critical that
+you don't bring it and then be like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't bring it and then be like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't bring it and then be like oh
+it doesn't work like it'd be good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work like it'd be good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work like it'd be good to
+know why it doesn't work at least so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it doesn't work at least so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it doesn't work at least so
+good to know when you before you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know when you before you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know when you before you leave
+um for the Millet thresher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the Millet thresher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the Millet thresher
+I don't know if you were referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you were referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you were referred to
+Donna con at Hampshire college but she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donna con at Hampshire college but she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donna con at Hampshire college but she's
+been working on Pearl Millet threshing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on Pearl Millet threshing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working on Pearl Millet threshing a
+lot and so she might be a good resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and so she might be a good resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and so she might be a good resource
+both in terms of ideas as well as um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of ideas as well as um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of ideas as well as um I
+know she's been trying to grow Pearl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she's been trying to grow Pearl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she's been trying to grow Pearl
+Millet out there and so if you do end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millet out there and so if you do end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millet out there and so if you do end up
+working on this project um one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this project um one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this project um one of your
+challenges will be not having access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges will be not having access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges will be not having access to
+the thing you're actually trying to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're actually trying to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you're actually trying to work
+on because you can't bring it back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because you can't bring it back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because you can't bring it back from
+Nicaragua without going through the U us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua without going through the U us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua without going through the U us
+agricultural stuff and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural stuff and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural stuff and that's going to
+take longer than the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take longer than the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take longer than the rest of the
+semester probably to get through um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester probably to get through um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester probably to get through um so
+finding out from her if she is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out from her if she is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out from her if she is in fact
+growing it if she does have a supply um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing it if she does have a supply um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing it if she does have a supply um
+would be pretty useful to know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pretty useful to know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pretty useful to know if it's
+the Project's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Project's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Project's going to be
+viable um for and then I like your list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable um for and then I like your list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable um for and then I like your list
+of sort of universal things um I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of universal things um I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of universal things um I do have
+some lists of products available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lists of products available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lists of products available in
+general Nicaraguan um hardware stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Nicaraguan um hardware stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Nicaraguan um hardware stores
+that I can send you to um and then but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can send you to um and then but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can send you to um and then but I
+definitely visit one and get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely visit one and get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely visit one and get a sense
+yourself um I I would also encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um I I would also encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um I I would also encourage you
+to identify other projects that um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify other projects that um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify other projects that um they
+might be interested in either for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in either for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in either for this
+year or for future years it's nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or for future years it's nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or for future years it's nice to
+just have an ongoing list and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an ongoing list and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an ongoing list and then
+finally with the Millet Beyond just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally with the Millet Beyond just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally with the Millet Beyond just
+getting information if they've got if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting information if they've got if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting information if they've got if
+it's being harvested now if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being harvested now if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being harvested now if they have
+some doing some experiments to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some doing some experiments to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some doing some experiments to really
+understand um what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand um what sort of
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+uh uh thresh successfully and opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh thresh successfully and opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh thresh successfully and opposed to
+not and then also just documenting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then also just documenting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and then also just documenting as
+much as possible about their particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible about their particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible about their particular
+Millet because there all are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millet because there all are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millet because there all are a lot of
+different varieties and so if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties and so if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties and so if they don't
+work with pearl Millet but something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with pearl Millet but something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with pearl Millet but something
+else or Donna has a different version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or Donna has a different version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or Donna has a different version of
+pearl Millet it' be good to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pearl Millet it' be good to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pearl Millet it' be good to know what
+the differences are so one thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences are so one thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences are so one thing that we
+want to do with all projects is see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with all projects is see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with all projects is see
+their current process and identify key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their current process and identify key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their current process and identify key
+aspects of what they're actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of what they're actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of what they're actually doing
+and how to sort of mechanize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to sort of mechanize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to sort of mechanize
+that cool and then you guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool and then you guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool and then you guys were
+thinking about trying to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about trying to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about trying to build the
+biodigestor um sensor right um so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodigestor um sensor right um so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodigestor um sensor right um so do you
+have your materialist list for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your materialist list for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your materialist list for that
+prepared and you know what you're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared and you know what you're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared and you know what you're either
+bringing from here or what they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing from here or what they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing from here or what they can get
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+thanks so hi everyone my name is well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so hi everyone my name is well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so hi everyone my name is well we
+are group of Phoenix my name is Jessica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are group of Phoenix my name is Jessica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are group of Phoenix my name is Jessica
+pleas said one and Kurt is here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleas said one and Kurt is here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleas said one and Kurt is here in
+spirit with us uh all the way from Costa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit with us uh all the way from Costa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit with us uh all the way from Costa
+um he's doing some field work beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's doing some field work beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he's doing some field work beforehand
+um no he's not uh so in our presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no he's not uh so in our presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no he's not uh so in our presentation
+today we decided that part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we decided that part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we decided that part of our
+project which you'll learn about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which you'll learn about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which you'll learn about is
+charcoal cookers and we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal cookers and we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal cookers and we're going to have
+to teach the community and how to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach the community and how to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach the community and how to teach
+them how to work with it so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how to work with it so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how to work with it so we're going
+to be presenting in front of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be presenting in front of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be presenting in front of this
+community and we're not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and we're not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and we're not going to have
+the PowerPoint or anything to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PowerPoint or anything to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PowerPoint or anything to help us
+with the presentation so we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the presentation so we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the presentation so we tried to
+make this a little demo and see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a little demo and see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a little demo and see how we
+can do that um to this crowd so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that um to this crowd so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that um to this crowd so we're
+not going to speak in Spanish today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to speak in Spanish today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to speak in Spanish today but
+we are going to try to let go of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to try to let go of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to try to let go of
+PowerPoint presentations today um so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint presentations today um so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint presentations today um so a
+little bit about our trip so in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about our trip so in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about our trip so in today's
+presentation I'll tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I'll tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I'll tell you a little bit
+about our trip and uh we'll walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our trip and uh we'll walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our trip and uh we'll walk you
+through each of our projects our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of our projects our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of our projects our final
+sketches that we have what we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches that we have what we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketches that we have what we're working
+on right now and what are some final uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right now and what are some final uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right now and what are some final uh
+calculations that we want to do before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that we want to do before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that we want to do before
+we head out there uh next week and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we head out there uh next week and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we head out there uh next week and uh
+and I'll just start with some little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just start with some little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just start with some little bit
+of background so we'll be visiting okot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of background so we'll be visiting okot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of background so we'll be visiting okot
+um which is like 20 minutes no we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is like 20 minutes no we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is like 20 minutes no we'll be
+visiting group of Phoenix which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting group of Phoenix which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting group of Phoenix which is like
+20 minutes outside of ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes outside of ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 minutes outside of ok
+uh which is north of Nar of Manawa which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is north of Nar of Manawa which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is north of Nar of Manawa which
+is which is narwa capital um and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is narwa capital um and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which is narwa capital um and we're
+going to be basically working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be basically working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be basically working with a
+group called group of Fe excuse me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group called group of Fe excuse me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group called group of Fe excuse me with
+a group of women called the solar women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of women called the solar women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of women called the solar women
+of toala toala and they are again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toala toala and they are again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of toala toala and they are again a
+group of around 20 25 women that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of around 20 25 women that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of around 20 25 women that are
+interested in solar solar designed solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in solar solar designed solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in solar solar designed solar
+they' designed their own solar cooker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they' designed their own solar cooker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they' designed their own solar cooker
+and you know a little bit about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a little bit about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a little bit about that
+background information um in our trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information um in our trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information um in our trip
+we're going to try to evaluate our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to evaluate our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to evaluate our main
+objectives are to evaluate the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives are to evaluate the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives are to evaluate the existing
+products and brainstorm ways to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and brainstorm ways to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and brainstorm ways to improve
+so working with what they have on site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so working with what they have on site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so working with what they have on site
+we've already sent them the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already sent them the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already sent them the materials
+list of what they should prepare for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of what they should prepare for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of what they should prepare for us
+stuff to do the charcoal Burns um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do the charcoal Burns um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to do the charcoal Burns um and
+stuff to just see what they have on site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to just see what they have on site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to just see what they have on site
+to work with them and uh finally we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with them and uh finally we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with them and uh finally we'll
+send them and while we're there we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them and while we're there we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them and while we're there we'll
+show them what we have in mind and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them what we have in mind and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them what we have in mind and we'll
+try to sort of meet in the middle from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of meet in the middle from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of meet in the middle from
+what what they want and what we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they want and what we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they want and what we have in
+mind and make that happen when we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and make that happen when we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and make that happen when we come
+back so first we'll start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so first we'll start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so first we'll start with the
+charcoal project so there's actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal project so there's actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal project so there's actually two
+parts to the charcoal project the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to the charcoal project the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to the charcoal project the first
+is that we're going to be doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to be doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to be doing a
+charcoal bur with them um they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal bur with them um they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal bur with them um they've
+actually been taught how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been taught how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been taught how to do this
+before they still have the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they still have the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they still have the materials
+from last time so mostly we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time so mostly we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time so mostly we're just
+going to sort of like refresh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of like refresh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of like refresh their
+memories so I think a lot of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories so I think a lot of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories so I think a lot of what we're
+going to do in the teaching is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in the teaching is instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in the teaching is instead
+of you know doing everything ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know doing everything ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know doing everything ourselves
+we're mostly going to kind of stand back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're mostly going to kind of stand back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're mostly going to kind of stand back
+and watch what they already know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch what they already know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch what they already know how to
+do and then kind of like be like oh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then kind of like be like oh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then kind of like be like oh it
+might work a little bit better if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work a little bit better if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work a little bit better if you do
+it this way and then show them maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and then show them maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and then show them maybe a
+little Improvement that they can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Improvement that they can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Improvement that they can do so
+it's kind of just making sure that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of just making sure that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of just making sure that what
+they're doing now is is correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing now is is correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing now is is correct and
+trying to improve it a little bit um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve it a little bit um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve it a little bit um but
+then the other thing we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other thing we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other thing we're doing is
+working with the charcoal stove um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the charcoal stove um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the charcoal stove um if
+you remember when uh you saw projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember when uh you saw projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember when uh you saw projects
+from previous D laabs there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous D laabs there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from previous D laabs there was this
+sheet metal stove that was all one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal stove that was all one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal stove that was all one piece
+and then it was cut up and then folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it was cut up and then folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it was cut up and then folded
+into this kind of like hexagonal shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this kind of like hexagonal shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this kind of like hexagonal shape
+with like a slightly open up top um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a slightly open up top um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a slightly open up top um so
+we're going to be trying to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be trying to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be trying to either
+improve that stove or come up with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that stove or come up with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve that stove or come up with a new
+one um depending on their needs when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um depending on their needs when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um depending on their needs when we
+go there so um we had some ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there so um we had some ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there so um we had some ideas for
+improving that one um a basic one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving that one um a basic one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving that one um a basic one was
+just to add insulation so if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to add insulation so if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to add insulation so if you add
+clay around the base of It kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay around the base of It kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clay around the base of It kind of like
+the stoves that we saw the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stoves that we saw the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stoves that we saw the other day
+then that might help the insulation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might help the insulation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might help the insulation a
+and we talked to a group of Phoenix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked to a group of Phoenix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked to a group of Phoenix and
+they actually have a man in the town who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have a man in the town who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have a man in the town who
+has a Kil and they said we can use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Kil and they said we can use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Kil and they said we can use it as
+long as we tell them when we want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we tell them when we want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we tell them when we want to use
+it so we're planning on taking advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we're planning on taking advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we're planning on taking advantage
+of that and just actually trying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and just actually trying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and just actually trying that
+while we're there put like putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're there put like putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're there put like putting
+whatever clay materials that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever clay materials that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever clay materials that they have
+easily available and baking it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily available and baking it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily available and baking it and then
+seeing if that improves it's um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing if that improves it's um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing if that improves it's um you know
+how quickly you can cook with it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly you can cook with it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly you can cook with it um
+we're also going to try some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to try some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to try some other
+things like adding um kind of like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like adding um kind of like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like adding um kind of like using
+chicken wire some other easily available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken wire some other easily available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken wire some other easily available
+material on top of that so that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on top of that so that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on top of that so that they can
+um kind of like have not really a grill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of like have not really a grill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of like have not really a grill
+but just like a surface on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like a surface on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just like a surface on top of the
+stove on which they can put things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove on which they can put things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove on which they can put things so
+it's more adjustable for sizes of pans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more adjustable for sizes of pans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more adjustable for sizes of pans
+um we also might need to improve airf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also might need to improve airf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also might need to improve airf
+flow but it's it kind of depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but it's it kind of depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but it's it kind of depends on
+which pans they're using it with because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pans they're using it with because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pans they're using it with because
+as long as like their pans aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as like their pans aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as like their pans aren't
+perfectly fitting then it has enough air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fitting then it has enough air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fitting then it has enough air
+flow but if we need more we can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but if we need more we can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow but if we need more we can either
+if we're using like if we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're using like if we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're using like if we're using the
+the clay we can kind of lift it up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clay we can kind of lift it up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clay we can kind of lift it up a
+little bit but H have some holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but H have some holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but H have some holes
+underneath so that it can come up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so that it can come up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so that it can come up from
+beneath and then the air can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath and then the air can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath and then the air can kind of
+like keep the fire going um or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep the fire going um or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like keep the fire going um or the
+charcoal burning or we could just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burning or we could just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burning or we could just kind
+of make the the design a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make the the design a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make the the design a little bit
+looser cuz it's held together right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looser cuz it's held together right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looser cuz it's held together right now
+by a string around the outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a string around the outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a string around the outside of the
+top and if you sort of loosen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and if you sort of loosen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and if you sort of loosen that
+string a little bit it actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string a little bit it actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string a little bit it actually like
+might open up holes a little bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might open up holes a little bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might open up holes a little bit in the
+design um to let more air flow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um to let more air flow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um to let more air flow through
+but we also could design a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also could design a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also could design a new
+stove um well yes we're also looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove um well yes we're also looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove um well yes we're also looking at
+design that could be new stove um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that could be new stove um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that could be new stove um from
+what we've seen that what actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen that what actually works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen that what actually works
+is the stove that we had last in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stove that we had last in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the stove that we had last in the the
+completely CL stove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely CL stove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely CL stove the
+but yeah the one we saw last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah the one we saw last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah the one we saw last time that
+was completely full of clay that H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely full of clay that H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completely full of clay that H to
+the middle and handles so we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and handles so we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and handles so we're thinking
+of because we we have a k over there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because we we have a k over there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because we we have a k over there we
+can just completely signed the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just completely signed the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just completely signed the stuff
+with the woman um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the woman um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the woman um some of the
+improvements we were thinking about were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements we were thinking about were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements we were thinking about were
+um adding handles that would be easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adding handles that would be easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adding handles that would be easy to
+carry and of a different material um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry and of a different material um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry and of a different material um
+adding a door which also had to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a door which also had to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a door which also had to increase
+the air flow and also adding uh a tray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air flow and also adding uh a tray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air flow and also adding uh a tray
+so you can pull the charcoal in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can pull the charcoal in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can pull the charcoal in and out
+as much as you want out of the stove um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you want out of the stove um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you want out of the stove um
+and yeah so we just so while we're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so we just so while we're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so we just so while we're there
+we was just look what the woman what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we was just look what the woman what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we was just look what the woman what it
+is like they actually cook the heat they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like they actually cook the heat they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like they actually cook the heat they
+need um where it is that they cook so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um where it is that they cook so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um where it is that they cook so if
+it needs more shelter or less Shelter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs more shelter or less Shelter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs more shelter or less Shelter
+From The Wind um how how much time do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From The Wind um how how much time do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From The Wind um how how much time do
+they actually have to produce or to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have to produce or to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have to produce or to make
+the the charcoal um how yeah how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the charcoal um how yeah how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the charcoal um how yeah how how
+much time do they have and how easy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time do they have and how easy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time do they have and how easy it
+is to actually place the the stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually place the the stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually place the the stoves
+where they are living so if it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are living so if it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are living so if it's really
+easy to carry up and put down or if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to carry up and put down or if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to carry up and put down or if they
+need to move it I don't know a kilometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move it I don't know a kilometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to move it I don't know a kilometer
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+um and yeah basically that's cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yeah basically that's cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yeah basically that's cooking
+time and they available sizes and shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they available sizes and shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and they available sizes and shapes
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+can okay yeah so next thing uh we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay yeah so next thing uh we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay yeah so next thing uh we worked
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+is so the next thing we worked on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the next thing we worked on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the next thing we worked on is
+like the solar cooker uh project now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the solar cooker uh project now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the solar cooker uh project now
+basically we approached it like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we approached it like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we approached it like three
+ways we talked about the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we talked about the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we talked about the existing
+research that was already done we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that was already done we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that was already done we uh we
+looked into what they have currently uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked into what they have currently uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked into what they have currently uh
+we looked into the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked into the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked into the product
+specifications and we looked into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications and we looked into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications and we looked into the
+questions that we had for them um as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we had for them um as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we had for them um as far
+as the literature goes um so we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the literature goes um so we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the literature goes um so we looked
+into like what types of solar cooker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like what types of solar cooker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into like what types of solar cooker
+designs like predominantly exist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs like predominantly exist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs like predominantly exist right
+now and they're basically like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they're basically like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they're basically like three
+types of designs you have curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of designs you have curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of designs you have curved
+concentrators which are basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrators which are basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrators which are basically like
+you have your cooker here and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your cooker here and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your cooker here and you have
+some kind of parabolic mirror which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of parabolic mirror which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of parabolic mirror which
+reflects sunlight into the cooker uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects sunlight into the cooker uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects sunlight into the cooker uh and
+they're curve concentrators because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're curve concentrators because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're curve concentrators because the
+parabolic mirors the curve um the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic mirors the curve um the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic mirors the curve um the second
+type is like a Heat box which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is like a Heat box which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is like a Heat box which is
+basically just a box which uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a box which uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just a box which uses the
+greenhouse effect so you have like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse effect so you have like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse effect so you have like the
+sun um sunlight hitting the box and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun um sunlight hitting the box and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun um sunlight hitting the box and then
+the Box retain retain a lot of heat um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box retain retain a lot of heat um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Box retain retain a lot of heat um
+and then the third type is your uh panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third type is your uh panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third type is your uh panel
+solar cooker which is basically like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cooker which is basically like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cooker which is basically like a
+box with like a hinged uh mirror on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with like a hinged uh mirror on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box with like a hinged uh mirror on it
+where you have sunlight hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sunlight hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sunlight hitting the
+mirror and then the and then getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then the and then getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then the and then getting
+reflected onto the Box um so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected onto the Box um so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected onto the Box um so those are
+the three types that predominantly exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three types that predominantly exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three types that predominantly exist
+uh when you when we looked into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you when we looked into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you when we looked into what
+they have currently with them there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have currently with them there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have currently with them there um
+they basically use a hybrid between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically use a hybrid between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically use a hybrid between like
+the the Box the Heat box heater and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Box the Heat box heater and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Box the Heat box heater and the
+panel heater uh where they're where some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel heater uh where they're where some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel heater uh where they're where some
+designs do have uh panels but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs do have uh panels but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs do have uh panels but then they
+also use reflective surfaces inside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use reflective surfaces inside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use reflective surfaces inside to
+keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it
+warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm
+um um so a group from Columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so a group from Columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so a group from Columbia
+University has been working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University has been working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University has been working with the
+solar woman of total GAA to develop what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar woman of total GAA to develop what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar woman of total GAA to develop what
+they currently have now and it's as s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they currently have now and it's as s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they currently have now and it's as s
+said this box kind of solar cooker um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this box kind of solar cooker um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this box kind of solar cooker um
+the one thing we really really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing we really really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing we really really want to
+focus on when we get there is U figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on when we get there is U figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on when we get there is U figure
+out why it's so expensive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why it's so expensive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out why it's so expensive to the
+manufacturer um the women didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer um the women didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer um the women didn't really
+Pride themselves in like being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride themselves in like being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride themselves in like being able to
+make this cooker on their own but um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this cooker on their own but um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this cooker on their own but um so
+we want to see how we can work with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see how we can work with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to see how we can work with them
+like what they like about the cooker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what they like about the cooker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what they like about the cooker and
+um specifically what materials make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specifically what materials make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specifically what materials make it
+so expensive to make um so we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expensive to make um so we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expensive to make um so we kind of
+came up with a new Final design that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a new Final design that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a new Final design that we
+might want to improve upon and um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to improve upon and um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to improve upon and um it's
+kind of like the same but um I think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the same but um I think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the same but um I think to
+really move forward with this we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move forward with this we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move forward with this we really
+need to figure out the materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out the materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out the materials that
+are available to us and um stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to us and um stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available to us and um stuff like
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+yeah X yeah I just wanted to quick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah X yeah I just wanted to quick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah X yeah I just wanted to quick so
+for the designs basically like we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the designs basically like we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the designs basically like we wanted
+to do two different types of designs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two different types of designs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two different types of designs one
+was like where we were trying to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like where we were trying to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like where we were trying to improve
+what they have currently and one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have currently and one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have currently and one was
+like we were we wanted to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were we wanted to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were we wanted to design
+something new uh and so basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new uh and so basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new uh and so basically we
+came up with two things um so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with two things um so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with two things um so this is an
+improvement I don't know and we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement I don't know and we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement I don't know and we might
+pass it around later but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it around later but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it around later but this is an
+improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement
+at least what we think is an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what we think is an improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what we think is an improvement
+on their current design we think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their current design we think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their current design we think it
+might reduce material costs and improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reduce material costs and improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reduce material costs and improve
+efficiency um this design is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency um this design is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency um this design is kind of
+like a mixture between the curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mixture between the curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mixture between the curved
+concentrator and the Heat box um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator and the Heat box um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrator and the Heat box um
+essentially like this was trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like this was trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like this was trying to make
+like a pressure cooker um we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pressure cooker um we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pressure cooker um we weren't
+sure if there's a need for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if there's a need for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if there's a need for that so
+that's actually one of our questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually one of our questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually one of our questions we
+were wondering like how much food they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering like how much food they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering like how much food they
+actually cook using pressure cookers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cook using pressure cookers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cook using pressure cookers uh
+but we did we didn't see any literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did we didn't see any literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did we didn't see any literature
+about them using anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them using anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them using anything like that
+currently and we were wondering if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and we were wondering if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and we were wondering if it
+was possibly if any use um so that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possibly if any use um so that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was possibly if any use um so that those
+are the basic two designs we were from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basic two designs we were from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basic two designs we were from
+and then we can talk about the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about the project
+specs yeah so some of our specs are it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs yeah so some of our specs are it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specs yeah so some of our specs are it
+needs to definitely retain heat so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to definitely retain heat so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to definitely retain heat so we'll
+think about we'll consider like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about we'll consider like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about we'll consider like
+different types of insulation um it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of insulation um it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of insulation um it has
+to be able to reach high temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to reach high temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to reach high temperatures
+whether they need to be cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they need to be cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they need to be cooking
+different kinds of meat or just boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of meat or just boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of meat or just boiling
+water um it also has to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um it also has to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um it also has to be able to
+withstand different weather conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstand different weather conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstand different weather conditions
+if it's going to be sitting outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to be sitting outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to be sitting outside
+because it is a solar cooker um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a solar cooker um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a solar cooker um the
+climate in nicara is kind of humid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate in nicara is kind of humid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate in nicara is kind of humid and
+it does rain a lot so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does rain a lot so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does rain a lot so that's really
+important um needs to be affordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um needs to be affordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um needs to be affordable
+which we've already mentioned before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've already mentioned before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've already mentioned before and
+um easy to manufacture or fairly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easy to manufacture or fairly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um easy to manufacture or fairly easy
+manufacturer yeah we we actually came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer yeah we we actually came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer yeah we we actually came up
+with like a bunch of them uh but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a bunch of them uh but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a bunch of them uh but these
+were what we thought were most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what we thought were most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what we thought were most important
+another thing that like could play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that like could play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that like could play a
+role is how aesthetically like pleasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is how aesthetically like pleasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is how aesthetically like pleasing
+it is because like we did come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because like we did come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because like we did come across
+literature where they refus to use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature where they refus to use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature where they refus to use uh
+certain cookers because they didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cookers because they didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cookers because they didn't like
+the way they looked uh so that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they looked uh so that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they looked uh so that's a very
+important part also which we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part also which we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part also which we're trying
+to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work
+that's pretty much uh what we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much uh what we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much uh what we're working
+on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right
+now great and so uh last but not least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now great and so uh last but not least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now great and so uh last but not least
+is the solar cell phone charger and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the solar cell phone charger and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the solar cell phone charger and I'll
+be speaking on behalf of me and Kirk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be speaking on behalf of me and Kirk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be speaking on behalf of me and Kirk for
+this one um so two key findings that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um so two key findings that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um so two key findings that we
+had in the in our literature research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the in our literature research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the in our literature research
+were um just a comment that solar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um just a comment that solar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um just a comment that solar is the
+most flexible and efficient of off-grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most flexible and efficient of off-grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most flexible and efficient of off-grid
+chargers and we thought we were like Yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers and we thought we were like Yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chargers and we thought we were like Yay
+thumbs up and they gave the rule of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbs up and they gave the rule of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbs up and they gave the rule of of
+thumb that about 60 minutes of charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb that about 60 minutes of charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb that about 60 minutes of charging
+would mean 10 minutes of talking on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean 10 minutes of talking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean 10 minutes of talking on the
+phone now the specification of what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone now the specification of what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone now the specification of what kind
+of panels you're using and whatever not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of panels you're using and whatever not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of panels you're using and whatever not
+all that can be optimized so that L us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that can be optimized so that L us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that can be optimized so that L us
+that led us to one of our design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led us to one of our design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led us to one of our design
+considerations which is um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations which is um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations which is um in the
+schematic basically a communal charger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic basically a communal charger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic basically a communal charger
+uh so just having instead of one small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so just having instead of one small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so just having instead of one small
+solar panel enough to charge one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel enough to charge one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel enough to charge one cell
+phone at a time um having a big like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone at a time um having a big like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone at a time um having a big like
+sort of communal charging station but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of communal charging station but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of communal charging station but of
+course that requires the fieldwork of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that requires the fieldwork of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that requires the fieldwork of
+being there for this weekend realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being there for this weekend realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being there for this weekend realizing
+whether these people can actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these people can actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether these people can actually work
+together whether there's going to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together whether there's going to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together whether there's going to be a a
+risk of having your charger stolen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of having your charger stolen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of having your charger stolen or
+having your cell phone battery stolen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having your cell phone battery stolen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having your cell phone battery stolen
+while it's being charged or whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's being charged or whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's being charged or whether you
+can have some kind of like I a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some kind of like I a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some kind of like I a system
+where you leave something that's yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you leave something that's yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you leave something that's yours
+and that doesn't get stolen while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that doesn't get stolen while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that doesn't get stolen while you
+take the battery so seeing how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the battery so seeing how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the battery so seeing how that
+works what the different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what the different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works what the different kinds of
+batteries that they're using in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that they're using in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that they're using in their
+solar cell in their cell phones are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell in their cell phones are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell in their cell phones are and
+so one idea that also stems from that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one idea that also stems from that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one idea that also stems from that is
+having um a sort of like Port that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um a sort of like Port that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having um a sort of like Port that's
+that's uh adaptable to different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh adaptable to different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh adaptable to different kinds
+of cell phone chargers because if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell phone chargers because if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell phone chargers because if they
+change the cell phone then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the cell phone then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the cell phone then you're not
+going to throw away the whole charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw away the whole charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw away the whole charging
+station um so that's some of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station um so that's some of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station um so that's some of the ideas
+that came from that and uh another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from that and uh another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from that and uh another thing
+we were thinking about was a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking about was a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking about was a design
+consideration that they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that they're going to be
+using their cell phone on cell phones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their cell phone on cell phones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their cell phone on cell phones on
+the fields um a lot of time they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields um a lot of time they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields um a lot of time they'll
+leave home they'll go uh work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave home they'll go uh work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave home they'll go uh work on the
+fields they'll go look for food whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields they'll go look for food whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields they'll go look for food whatever
+it is and they'll need and they'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and they'll need and they'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and they'll need and they'll have
+their cell phones on them for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cell phones on them for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cell phones on them for a long
+time so um if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so um if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so um if they
+ever have it with them for longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have it with them for longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever have it with them for longer than
+needed um they won't be able to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed um they won't be able to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed um they won't be able to like
+come home and just charge it or plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home and just charge it or plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home and just charge it or plug in
+their charger that they have in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their charger that they have in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their charger that they have in their
+pocket into a wall outlet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket into a wall outlet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket into a wall outlet right
+unrealistic so one thing we thought is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic so one thing we thought is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic so one thing we thought is
+some kind of mobile charger um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mobile charger um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mobile charger um one
+technology that is a little Advanced I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is a little Advanced I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is a little Advanced I
+think for our for our skills right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for our for our skills right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for our for our skills right now
+is um it's a layer of solar cells that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um it's a layer of solar cells that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um it's a layer of solar cells that's
+integrated below the LCD screens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated below the LCD screens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated below the LCD screens of the
+iPhones but we thought that something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhones but we thought that something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhones but we thought that something to
+that effect where the where um the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effect where the where um the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effect where the where um the women
+could carry it around with them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could carry it around with them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could carry it around with them and the
+idea of the solar cell phone charger for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the solar cell phone charger for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the solar cell phone charger for
+the iPhone is that you can carry it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone is that you can carry it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPhone is that you can carry it in
+your pocket with the LCD screen towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pocket with the LCD screen towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pocket with the LCD screen towards
+the outside and the Rays just hit it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside and the Rays just hit it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside and the Rays just hit it and
+it's charging as you walk around kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's charging as you walk around kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's charging as you walk around kind of
+thing so we thought that'd be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we thought that'd be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we thought that'd be a really
+nice idea if we can kind of like velro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice idea if we can kind of like velro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice idea if we can kind of like velro
+pouch um make like some kind of vgro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouch um make like some kind of vgro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouch um make like some kind of vgro
+pouch for the for the men and women that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouch for the for the men and women that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouch for the for the men and women that
+are carrying around and then it can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carrying around and then it can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carrying around and then it can like
+charge as they go or something so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge as they go or something so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge as they go or something so a
+little more reliable of a technology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more reliable of a technology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more reliable of a technology but
+we that takes a little more research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that takes a little more research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that takes a little more research and
+if they even need that kind of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they even need that kind of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they even need that kind of design
+consideration so um so some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration so um so some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration so um so some of the
+project specifications that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project specifications that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project specifications that we are
+keeping in mind are the ones that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind are the ones that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping in mind are the ones that I just
+mentioned um the idea of maybe having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um the idea of maybe having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um the idea of maybe having a
+charger that's not powered by solar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger that's not powered by solar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger that's not powered by solar uh
+radiation um have having uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation um have having uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation um have having uh different
+types of phones and whether like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of phones and whether like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of phones and whether like so
+instead of having different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having different kinds of
+phones and needing to have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and needing to have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and needing to have different
+kind of connections to the phone um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of connections to the phone um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of connections to the phone um like
+what we usually use just taking out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually use just taking out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually use just taking out the
+battery and seeing how that can fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and seeing how that can fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and seeing how that can fit into
+the adaptable ports that I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptable ports that I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptable ports that I that I
+mentioned earlier and uh and being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier and uh and being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier and uh and being able
+to charge your phone day and night we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge your phone day and night we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge your phone day and night we
+usually come home and we like to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually come home and we like to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually come home and we like to charge
+our phone while we're sleeping wake up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our phone while we're sleeping wake up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our phone while we're sleeping wake up
+in the morning pick it up and go um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning pick it up and go um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the morning pick it up and go um if
+it's a solar if it's a solar charger you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solar if it's a solar charger you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solar if it's a solar charger you
+would need the sunlight so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need the sunlight so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need the sunlight so that's a
+little trade-off but we'll be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trade-off but we'll be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trade-off but we'll be working
+with a kind of of uh energy storage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of of uh energy storage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kind of of uh energy storage in
+the solar panel it will be integrated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panel it will be integrated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panel it will be integrated so
+you can charge it at night and use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can charge it at night and use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can charge it at night and use it
+when you need to um and finally of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to um and finally of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you need to um and finally of
+course there's always the risk of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's always the risk of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's always the risk of like
+with all of our other projects of theft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of our other projects of theft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of our other projects of theft
+we are going to be there this week also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be there this week also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to be there this week also
+next week also assessing like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week also assessing like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week also assessing like if you
+leave your solar solar panel on the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave your solar solar panel on the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave your solar solar panel on the roof
+is there even a roof first of all if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there even a roof first of all if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there even a roof first of all if you
+leave it on the roof can somebody steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it on the roof can somebody steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it on the roof can somebody steal
+it if you leave it on the roof is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you leave it on the roof is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you leave it on the roof is it
+going to be damaged this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be damaged this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be damaged this is something
+you want to be able to take in and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to take in and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to take in and now
+what if we just set up a system where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we just set up a system where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we just set up a system where we
+have somebody like a security guard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody like a security guard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody like a security guard for
+this charging station and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this charging station and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this charging station and then maybe
+that's just people are willing to pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just people are willing to pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just people are willing to pitch
+in if you have a more efficient charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you have a more efficient charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you have a more efficient charging
+mechanism with somebody you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism with somebody you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism with somebody you know
+guarding the solar panels or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarding the solar panels or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarding the solar panels or something
+so lots of little things that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lots of little things that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lots of little things that we've been
+thinking about and um I guess finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and um I guess finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and um I guess finally
+I'll start the what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start the what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start the what we're going to do
+between now and before we go uh in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and before we go uh in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between now and before we go uh in these
+in this past like guess one week we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this past like guess one week we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this past like guess one week we've
+uh basically divied up the work uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically divied up the work uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically divied up the work uh so we
+become a little experts in our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little experts in our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a little experts in our little
+project but what one thing we definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but what one thing we definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but what one thing we definitely
+want to do is that uh kind of read up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is that uh kind of read up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is that uh kind of read up on
+each other's backgrounds all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's backgrounds all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's backgrounds all the
+literature all the you know catch each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature all the you know catch each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature all the you know catch each
+other up to speed on every project um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other up to speed on every project um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other up to speed on every project um
+one thing that Amelia which is our trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that Amelia which is our trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that Amelia which is our trip
+leader suggested is that we do some back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader suggested is that we do some back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader suggested is that we do some back
+of the envelope kind of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope kind of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope kind of calculations
+maybe take that with us um have that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take that with us um have that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take that with us um have that on
+hand cuz that's one of the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand cuz that's one of the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand cuz that's one of the technical
+skills that are valuable right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that are valuable right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that are valuable right that's
+why we're there um and so just to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're there um and so just to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're there um and so just to keep
+those numbers in mind and uh anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in mind and uh anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers in mind and uh anything
+else next for your um we've had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else next for your um we've had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else next for your um we've had some
+correspondence with our Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with our Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with our Community
+Partners and um one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners and um one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners and um one of the things we
+asked her that I thought was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked her that I thought was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked her that I thought was really
+important was was there going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important was was there going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important was was there going to be an
+opportunity for us to cook with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for us to cook with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for us to cook with the
+families and I think that'll be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and I think that'll be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families and I think that'll be a really
+good experience and she said there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good experience and she said there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good experience and she said there there
+will be of course but that'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be of course but that'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be of course but that'll be a
+really good experience because um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good experience because um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good experience because um that
+will just like help us like strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just like help us like strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just like help us like strengthen
+our relationships with the community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relationships with the community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relationships with the community and
+also um I think a question that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um I think a question that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um I think a question that we want
+to know for the solar cers is are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know for the solar cers is are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know for the solar cers is are they
+using the current solar CER now and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the current solar CER now and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the current solar CER now and um
+what are the benefits of them using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the benefits of them using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the benefits of them using
+their like their wood charcoal methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their like their wood charcoal methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their like their wood charcoal methods
+or however they're cooking predominantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or however they're cooking predominantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or however they're cooking predominantly
+Now versus using the solar cooker yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now versus using the solar cooker yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now versus using the solar cooker yeah
+like it should give us a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should give us a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should give us a really good
+opportunity both for the charcoal aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity both for the charcoal aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity both for the charcoal aspect
+and for the solar cooker aspect just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the solar cooker aspect just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the solar cooker aspect just see
+what they need to cook how often they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need to cook how often they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they need to cook how often they
+cook how long it takes right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook how long it takes right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook how long it takes right now you
+know are they cooking indoors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are they cooking indoors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are they cooking indoors or
+Outdoors just like everything and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors just like everything and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoors just like everything and so if
+we cook with them it'll both strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cook with them it'll both strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cook with them it'll both strengthen
+the bond but also answer all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond but also answer all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond but also answer all those
+questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have and that's us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so some thoughts you might be wanting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so some thoughts you might be wanting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so some thoughts you might be wanting
+to bring a thermometer and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a thermometer and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a thermometer and or
+thermocouple Data Logger with you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouple Data Logger with you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouple Data Logger with you for
+doing some of your stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some of your stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some of your stove
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+um with the Data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the Data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the Data
+Logger uh there's a book on the go stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logger uh there's a book on the go stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logger uh there's a book on the go stove
+which is the stove with the ceramic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the stove with the ceramic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the stove with the ceramic in
+it um that explains pretty clearly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um that explains pretty clearly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um that explains pretty clearly how
+to construct it as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct it as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct it as well as the
+specifications for the ceramic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications for the ceramic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications for the ceramic because
+is different only certain types of clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different only certain types of clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different only certain types of clay
+work for a goco um and provide good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for a goco um and provide good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for a goco um and provide good
+insulation and I don't know what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and I don't know what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and I don't know what will be
+a available in Nicaragua it's um rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a available in Nicaragua it's um rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a available in Nicaragua it's um rather
+different as a continent than um Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as a continent than um Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different as a continent than um Africa
+so I don't know um how that'll compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know um how that'll compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know um how that'll compare
+uh I know some feedback that I've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I know some feedback that I've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I know some feedback that I've heard
+on the stoves is just a different height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stoves is just a different height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stoves is just a different height
+and or size that the original design was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or size that the original design was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or size that the original design was
+designed to go inside their existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to go inside their existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to go inside their existing
+wood stoves and a lot of women preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood stoves and a lot of women preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood stoves and a lot of women preferred
+for it to be freestanding um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be freestanding um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be freestanding um so that
+would be another area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be another area of
+Investigation um for the cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigation um for the cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investigation um for the cell phone
+charger I think definitely investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger I think definitely investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger I think definitely investigating
+whether individual Chargers or a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether individual Chargers or a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether individual Chargers or a shared
+charger is preferable and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger is preferable and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charger is preferable and sort of
+figuring that out it's hard to say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out it's hard to say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring that out it's hard to say at
+this point what people would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point what people would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point what people would actually
+want and so really spending the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so really spending the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and so really spending the time
+asking the questions to learn that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the questions to learn that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking the questions to learn that um
+and also phone usage like you um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also phone usage like you um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also phone usage like you um just
+mentioned you know like standard stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know like standard stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know like standard stuff
+is that I you know most of us probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I you know most of us probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I you know most of us probably
+charge our phones overnight um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge our phones overnight um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge our phones overnight um and then
+use them during the day is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them during the day is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them during the day is that what
+their usage looks like and is that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their usage looks like and is that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their usage looks like and is that their
+ideal scenario or is charging during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal scenario or is charging during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal scenario or is charging during the
+day and using it during the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and using it during the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and using it during the night
+preferable like it's there's no telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable like it's there's no telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable like it's there's no telling
+um without asking those questions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without asking those questions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without asking those questions and I
+think Amelia's suggestion of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Amelia's suggestion of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Amelia's suggestion of running
+through those estimations and back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those estimations and back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those estimations and back of
+the envelope calculations that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope calculations that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope calculations that you have
+them on hand to modify and adapt while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on hand to modify and adapt while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on hand to modify and adapt while
+you're in the field is a great one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the field is a great one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the field is a great one for
+actually for every team so so I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for every team so so I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for every team so so I had a
+question on that um there's some mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on that um there's some mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on that um there's some mention
+in like our syllabus or something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like our syllabus or something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like our syllabus or something about
+having a journal that you were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a journal that you were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a journal that you were going
+that deab would provide for us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deab would provide for us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deab would provide for us is that
+are we going to get those soon or cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to get those soon or cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to get those soon or cuz
+then we could put our calculations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could put our calculations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could put our calculations in
+that or should we just do our are we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or should we just do our are we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or should we just do our are we not
+going to get those or uh yeah so I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get those or uh yeah so I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get those or uh yeah so I'm I
+would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I
+will it's fine if we don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's fine if we don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it's fine if we don't we
+can sure um just to clarify so last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sure um just to clarify so last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sure um just to clarify so last year
+we did give out journals and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did give out journals and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did give out journals and a lot of
+the DB trips gave them out and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DB trips gave them out and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DB trips gave them out and found
+that most students didn't use them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most students didn't use them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most students didn't use them and
+preferred to have their own notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to have their own notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to have their own notebook
+that was the form factor that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the form factor that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the form factor that they
+preferred the most so like you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred the most so like you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred the most so like you know it's
+hard to make a notebook that works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make a notebook that works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make a notebook that works for
+everyone which is why when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone which is why when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone which is why when you go to
+Staples or wherever there's like 12,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staples or wherever there's like 12,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staples or wherever there's like 12,000
+notebooks so um so what's been proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebooks so um so what's been proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebooks so um so what's been proposed
+is that the your trip leader has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the your trip leader has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the your trip leader has the
+notebook that's like the standard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook that's like the standard one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebook that's like the standard one
+that daab makes you guys will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that daab makes you guys will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that daab makes you guys will get
+subsections of that notebook just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsections of that notebook just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsections of that notebook just as
+like a pamphlet or you know a stapled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pamphlet or you know a stapled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pamphlet or you know a stapled
+documents that just has like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that just has like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that just has like the
+emergency information and some Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency information and some Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency information and some Spanish
+and things like that in it um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that in it um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that in it um and that
+you'll bring each one of you bring your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll bring each one of you bring your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll bring each one of you bring your
+own notebook um if you are like no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own notebook um if you are like no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own notebook um if you are like no I
+really want the daab notebook I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want the daab notebook I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want the daab notebook I think we
+could do that by Friday so let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that by Friday so let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that by Friday so let me know
+um there's a list of things you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a list of things you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a list of things you need to
+let me know by the end of class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know by the end of class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know by the end of class today
+that I'll be talking about so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll be talking about so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll be talking about so if you
+could add that to the list if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add that to the list if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add that to the list if you do
+want a notebook um that would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a notebook um that would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a notebook um that would be good
+and otherwise you can bring your own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise you can bring your own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise you can bring your own and
+then just start populating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now cool any other question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cool any other question question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now cool any other question question
+yeah did anything jump out at you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did anything jump out at you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did anything jump out at you guys
+any ideas that you might have had any I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas that you might have had any I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas that you might have had any I
+was going to say have you guys seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say have you guys seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say have you guys seen that
+portable light project I'm going to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable light project I'm going to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable light project I'm going to I
+actually have a little slide on it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a little slide on it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a little slide on it but
+it's it uses those flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it uses those flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it uses those flexible
+solar cells and you can put it on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells and you can put it on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells and you can put it on what
+they've done is they make a a bag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done is they make a a bag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done is they make a a bag and
+then they just open it up and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just open it up and it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they just open it up and it becomes
+a light but I'm something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light but I'm something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light but I'm something like that
+could be used for carrying around if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used for carrying around if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used for carrying around if
+it's a bag or a skirt or a SC I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bag or a skirt or a SC I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bag or a skirt or a SC I don't
+know depending on what people are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on what people are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on what people are using
+but it could be something that's sewn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be something that's sewn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be something that's sewn
+into whatever people wear during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whatever people wear during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into whatever people wear during the day
+to turn that's a great idea it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that's a great idea it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that's a great idea it's
+flexible SAR cells portable yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible SAR cells portable yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible SAR cells portable yeah it's
+it's like a it's like super thin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a it's like super thin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a it's like super thin okay
+they're are flexible solar cells I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're are flexible solar cells I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're are flexible solar cells I
+thought about that and I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that and I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that and I thought it was
+the professor had mentioned that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor had mentioned that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor had mentioned that he was
+researching that so I was like oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching that so I was like oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching that so I was like oh that's
+not out yet but no it is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out yet but no it is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out yet but no it is actually
+okay should look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should look that
+up um I don't think this select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um I don't think this select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um I don't think this select
+the flexible ones they they just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexible ones they they just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexible ones they they just have
+smaller ones they're then because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones they're then because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones they're then because the
+the problem with the flexible ones is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the flexible ones is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the flexible ones is
+their efficiency is lower um but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efficiency is lower um but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their efficiency is lower um but they
+are great so yeah what so and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great so yeah what so and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great so yeah what so and then the
+only other thing to think about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other thing to think about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other thing to think about if
+you're going to do wearables is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do wearables is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do wearables is thinking
+about where you're actually going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you're actually going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you're actually going to get
+direct sunlight um because are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sunlight um because are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sunlight um because are people
+outside enough and you know if the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside enough and you know if the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside enough and you know if the idea
+of putting the iPhone charger on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting the iPhone charger on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting the iPhone charger on your
+pocket um concerns me from uh how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket um concerns me from uh how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket um concerns me from uh how much
+direct sunlight are you going to get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sunlight are you going to get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct sunlight are you going to get um
+because if you recall that you you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you recall that you you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you recall that you you need
+to be perpendicular to your panel and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perpendicular to your panel and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be perpendicular to your panel and so
+sunlight tends not to be perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight tends not to be perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight tends not to be perpendicular
+to a human body um so um so yeah so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human body um so um so yeah so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human body um so um so yeah so just
+thinking about that um that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that um that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that um that's one of the
+challenges with wearable solar panels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with wearable solar panels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with wearable solar panels is
+making sure that they're actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that they're actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that they're actually in the
+sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun
+enough I thought that uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I thought that uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I thought that uh one
+consideration might be like we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration might be like we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration might be like we were
+studying this with the water um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this with the water um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this with the water um with
+like the first lab we did of carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first lab we did of carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first lab we did of carrying
+water right um if they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right um if they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right um if they're actually
+making long trips that's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making long trips that's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making long trips that's a pretty good
+time to just if they're carrying it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to just if they're carrying it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to just if they're carrying it on
+their backs if they're carrying the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backs if they're carrying the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backs if they're carrying the load
+on the back then like put something put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back then like put something put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back then like put something put
+some roll on or something and put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some roll on or something and put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some roll on or something and put this
+little penel on top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little penel on top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little penel on top and
+then so yeah so I think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so yeah so I think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so yeah so I think it's it's
+investigating what is actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating what is actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating what is actually happening
+what are people actually doing um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are people actually doing um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are people actually doing um and
+you will find roofs there so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find roofs there so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find roofs there so you don't
+need to worry about lack of roofs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about lack of roofs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry about lack of roofs you
+will find what you mentioned you weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find what you mentioned you weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find what you mentioned you weren't
+sure if there would be roofs and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if there would be roofs and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if there would be roofs and people
+do have roof roofs yeah okay they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have roof roofs yeah okay they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have roof roofs yeah okay they do
+have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+so that's us cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks all right so um we're as proar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks all right so um we're as proar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks all right so um we're as proar
+I'm beny I'm Julia Bessie Adrian i'mi um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm beny I'm Julia Bessie Adrian i'mi um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm beny I'm Julia Bessie Adrian i'mi um
+so we haven't had like much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't had like much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't had like much
+communication with Asa proar yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with Asa proar yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with Asa proar yet because
+they're a new um Community partner in El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a new um Community partner in El
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a new um Community partner in El
+Salvador um so some of our projects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador um so some of our projects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador um so some of our projects are
+kind of uh just our ideas and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh just our ideas and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh just our ideas and what we
+would like to see or would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to see or would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to see or would like to
+implement um it's not necessarily what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement um it's not necessarily what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement um it's not necessarily what
+we're actually that projects that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually that projects that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually that projects that we're
+actually going to be working on while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be working on while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be working on while
+we're down there um we know that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down there um we know that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're down there um we know that we're
+definitely going to be doing a charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to be doing a charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to be doing a charcoal
+burn but other than that it's kind of up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn but other than that it's kind of up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn but other than that it's kind of up
+in the air um but as proar has a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air um but as proar has a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air um but as proar has a kind of
+focus on um rural areas and needy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on um rural areas and needy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on um rural areas and needy
+communities so we're thinking that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities so we're thinking that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities so we're thinking that we're
+going to be in a rural area still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in a rural area still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in a rural area still not
+sure um so we aren't totally sure about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um so we aren't totally sure about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um so we aren't totally sure about
+the exact projects um we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact projects um we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact projects um we're looking at
+ventilation for cooking in the houses um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation for cooking in the houses um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation for cooking in the houses um
+charcoal stoves and lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal stoves and lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal stoves and lighting
+improvements so like with for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements so like with for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements so like with for instance
+with lighting improvements we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lighting improvements we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lighting improvements we don't know
+what kind of liks they have so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of liks they have so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of liks they have so those are
+questions that we need to ask when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we need to ask when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we need to ask when we're
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+there so just to introduce some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so just to introduce some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so just to introduce some of the
+things we looked at um we just created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we looked at um we just created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we looked at um we just created a
+library with like an image and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library with like an image and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library with like an image and then just
+key phrases of what these things are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key phrases of what these things are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key phrases of what these things are and
+as benzy said I think most of our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as benzy said I think most of our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as benzy said I think most of our time
+there would actually be asking questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would actually be asking questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would actually be asking questions
+we've come up with a lot of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come up with a lot of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come up with a lot of questions
+just to really get to know what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to really get to know what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to really get to know what people
+need um and then work with them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um and then work with them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um and then work with them as
+opposed to come up with some idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to come up with some idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to come up with some idea and
+just try to impose it um um but so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to impose it um um but so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to impose it um um but so in
+terms of the ventilation or using stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the ventilation or using stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the ventilation or using stoves
+that make a lot less smoke um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make a lot less smoke um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make a lot less smoke um we've
+looked at for example the first image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at for example the first image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at for example the first image is
+the solar chimney which is um a hollow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar chimney which is um a hollow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar chimney which is um a hollow
+wall that's built into the space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall that's built into the space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall that's built into the space that
+pushes the hot air out and um cool air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes the hot air out and um cool air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes the hot air out and um cool air
+comes from the other side of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the other side of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the other side of the house
+so I guess simple spatial techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess simple spatial techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess simple spatial techniques
+that can um create more air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can um create more air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can um create more air flow
+depending on where the stove is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where the stove is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where the stove is we can
+get a lot of the smoke um out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of the smoke um out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of the smoke um out of the
+house um some of the stoves we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um some of the stoves we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um some of the stoves we looked at
+were the um UPI stove is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the um UPI stove is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the um UPI stove is one of the
+first ones and it's um clay a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones and it's um clay a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones and it's um clay a lot of
+them were very similar and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were very similar and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were very similar and some of them
+were mentioned from previous groups but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mentioned from previous groups but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mentioned from previous groups but
+but um a clay stove that usually has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um a clay stove that usually has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um a clay stove that usually has an
+opening on the bottom and a metal piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening on the bottom and a metal piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening on the bottom and a metal piece
+on top uh the clay is used for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top uh the clay is used for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top uh the clay is used for a little
+bit more insulation than just a sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more insulation than just a sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more insulation than just a sheet
+sheet metal um and this um it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal um and this um it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal um and this um it's made
+with ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ceramic
+uh or mud and it it's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or mud and it it's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or mud and it it's something that
+could be or is made by women and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be or is made by women and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be or is made by women and it
+could be sold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be sold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be sold for
+profit uh a couple of the solar cookers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit uh a couple of the solar cookers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit uh a couple of the solar cookers
+are another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another
+idea um and they were mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um and they were mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um and they were mentioned before
+it was the two that I looked at um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the two that I looked at um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the two that I looked at um one
+of was actually an MIT project done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of was actually an MIT project done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of was actually an MIT project done a
+couple years ago I think and so both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago I think and so both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago I think and so both of
+them use reflective surfaces um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them use reflective surfaces um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them use reflective surfaces um to
+create to get the light and focus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create to get the light and focus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create to get the light and focus it
+onto um a surface to to heat up food um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto um a surface to to heat up food um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto um a surface to to heat up food um
+the echo China is and then the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the echo China is and then the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the echo China is and then the other one
+the onal stove they're pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onal stove they're pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onal stove they're pretty similar
+they're cast uh from cement or concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cast uh from cement or concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cast uh from cement or concrete
+they um similar to the one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um similar to the one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um similar to the one of the the
+you see above was that they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see above was that they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see above was that they have an
+opening on the on the bottom and a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening on the on the bottom and a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening on the on the bottom and a metal
+plate on top that's used to heat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate on top that's used to heat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate on top that's used to heat the
+food uh they produce a lot less smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food uh they produce a lot less smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food uh they produce a lot less smoke
+and because of the insulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of the insulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of the insulation
+uh the fuel is actually reduced by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fuel is actually reduced by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fuel is actually reduced by about
+60% which is great uh the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% which is great uh the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% which is great uh the one on the
+bottom is a improved three stone fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is a improved three stone fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is a improved three stone fire
+stove um and all it is is building it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove um and all it is is building it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove um and all it is is building it
+was a series of steps used to to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a series of steps used to to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a series of steps used to to show
+how you can actually build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can actually build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can actually build
+um a stove with clay and using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a stove with clay and using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a stove with clay and using the
+bricks and it's um it's not portable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and it's um it's not portable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and it's um it's not portable
+it's going to be um built and used where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be um built and used where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be um built and used where
+where you want it uh but it's it has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want it uh but it's it has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want it uh but it's it has um
+it has an opening on top and the usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an opening on top and the usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an opening on top and the usually
+a hole on the bottom for air flow and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hole on the bottom for air flow and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hole on the bottom for air flow and to
+feed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the
+fuel uh some of the the charcoal stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh some of the the charcoal stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh some of the the charcoal stoves
+that we looked at and we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at and we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we looked at and we've talked about
+these the jico um this other one below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the jico um this other one below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the jico um this other one below
+is very similar design just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar design just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar design just a little
+different um the one this one uses clay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um the one this one uses clay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um the one this one uses clay
+and it has the holes um and the one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the holes um and the one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the holes um and the one on
+the bottom is again something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is again something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is again something that we
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+that has um you can control the air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has um you can control the air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has um you can control the air flow
+by the different openings the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the different openings the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the different openings the door
+openings or openings on the bottom or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings or openings on the bottom or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings or openings on the bottom or on
+the side so depending on how much um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side so depending on how much um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side so depending on how much um I
+guess how much we need it to heat up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how much we need it to heat up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess how much we need it to heat up and
+how much air we want uh to let in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much air we want uh to let in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much air we want uh to let in in
+terms of the lighting this this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the lighting this this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the lighting this this first
+project was actually the portable light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was actually the portable light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was actually the portable light
+that I mentioned and what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mentioned and what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mentioned and what they do is
+they they make a bag and they put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they make a bag and they put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they make a bag and they put these
+flexible solar cells on it so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible solar cells on it so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible solar cells on it so that the
+women when they carry it it charges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women when they carry it it charges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women when they carry it it charges and
+it T night when you open it up um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it T night when you open it up um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it T night when you open it up um it
+uses these reflective and diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses these reflective and diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses these reflective and diffused
+surfaces actually to make the most use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces actually to make the most use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces actually to make the most use
+out of the the light source that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the the light source that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the the light source that they
+use and it's usually used for studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and it's usually used for studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and it's usually used for studying
+it has enough light to study at night um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has enough light to study at night um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has enough light to study at night um
+some of the other light sources we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other light sources we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other light sources we
+looked at were um solar lights mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at were um solar lights mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at were um solar lights mostly
+whether portable or stationary something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether portable or stationary something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether portable or stationary something
+that can be charged during the day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be charged during the day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be charged during the day and
+used at night and they come in so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used at night and they come in so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used at night and they come in so many
+different varieties uh flashlights these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties uh flashlights these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties uh flashlights these
+bottom ones you can hang from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ones you can hang from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ones you can hang from the
+ceiling you can carry anywhere with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling you can carry anywhere with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling you can carry anywhere with you
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+it's they're all um in a way common that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're all um in a way common that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're all um in a way common that
+they use a solar panel to charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a solar panel to charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a solar panel to charge and
+then the actual light source is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actual light source is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actual light source is is
+different but um actually the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but um actually the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but um actually the idea that
+um the information that we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the information that we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the information that we know about
+the communities is that they actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities is that they actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities is that they actually do
+have access to the grid but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the grid but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the grid but they have
+very few um light bulbs or I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few um light bulbs or I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few um light bulbs or I guess they
+don't have that much power out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much power out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much power out of it
+we're not really sure yet um but so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really sure yet um but so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not really sure yet um but so in
+terms of looking at precedents we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of looking at precedents we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of looking at precedents we
+weren't really sure what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really sure what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really sure what these things
+could be but um we have some ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be but um we have some ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be but um we have some ideas of
+how we can use as little light as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use as little light as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use as little light as they
+have in order to um brighten up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in order to um brighten up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in order to um brighten up this
+space as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want and these are some of our ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and these are some of our ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and these are some of our ideas
+okay so as Julia said earlier um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as Julia said earlier um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as Julia said earlier um one of
+the main problems in these communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main problems in these communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main problems in these communities
+is the uh existence of poor ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh existence of poor ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh existence of poor ventilation
+and uh a lot of lot of these houses use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a lot of lot of these houses use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a lot of lot of these houses use
+wood burning which as you know uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood burning which as you know uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood burning which as you know uh when
+wood burns it releases a lot of toxins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood burns it releases a lot of toxins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood burns it releases a lot of toxins
+in the air so our idea is were mainly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air so our idea is were mainly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air so our idea is were mainly to
+serve to move the smoke out of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve to move the smoke out of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve to move the smoke out of the house
+or to clean the smoke as it leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to clean the smoke as it leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to clean the smoke as it leaves the
+house so one of the ideas that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house so one of the ideas that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house so one of the ideas that we had
+was the smoke dispenser um which the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the smoke dispenser um which the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the smoke dispenser um which the way
+it works is uh you the pot is put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works is uh you the pot is put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works is uh you the pot is put on the
+stove so that um uh as the pot covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove so that um uh as the pot covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove so that um uh as the pot covers
+any any way for the smoke to be released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any way for the smoke to be released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any way for the smoke to be released
+into the house and instead it forces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the house and instead it forces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the house and instead it forces the
+it forces the smoke to go outward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forces the smoke to go outward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forces the smoke to go outward to
+someplace outside of the house uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace outside of the house uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace outside of the house uh we
+also employ the use of these Rings which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also employ the use of these Rings which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also employ the use of these Rings which
+serve to um accommodate different size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve to um accommodate different size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve to um accommodate different size
+of different sizes of pots that they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different sizes of pots that they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different sizes of pots that they may
+have and another idea that we had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and another idea that we had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and another idea that we had was
+the smoke filter um where the idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoke filter um where the idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smoke filter um where the idea was
+as the smoke Rises over the stove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the smoke Rises over the stove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the smoke Rises over the stove it
+would pass through uh possibly a wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pass through uh possibly a wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pass through uh possibly a wet
+towel in the wet would clean the smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel in the wet would clean the smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel in the wet would clean the smoke
+as it would as it would leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it would as it would leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it would as it would leave
+um so a couple specs that we um noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a couple specs that we um noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a couple specs that we um noted
+were of course low cost um of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of course low cost um of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were of course low cost um of course
+these places have low income so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places have low income so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these places have low income so they
+have to be affordable to these people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be affordable to these people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be affordable to these people uh
+it has to be easy to assemble you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be easy to assemble you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be easy to assemble you don't
+want something that's going to take 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's going to take 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's going to take 6
+months to assemble so we decided that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to assemble so we decided that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to assemble so we decided that it
+should take less than two days to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take less than two days to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take less than two days to put
+together um ease of repair was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um ease of repair was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um ease of repair was very
+important um in case any of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um in case any of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um in case any of these things
+break down it should be easy for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down it should be easy for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down it should be easy for these
+people to get parts to repair their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get parts to repair their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get parts to repair their
+stove um uh it should be effective um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove um uh it should be effective um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove um uh it should be effective um it
+should be able to increase the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to increase the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to increase the air
+quality of the house by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the house by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the house by about
+60% um it shouldn't interfere with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% um it shouldn't interfere with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% um it shouldn't interfere with their
+cooking uh a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking uh a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking uh a lot of people
+um they like the space that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they like the space that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they like the space that they have
+around the P because that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the P because that's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the P because that's what they're
+used to um which is why uh also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to um which is why uh also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to um which is why uh also in the
+um this we made the smoke filter so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this we made the smoke filter so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this we made the smoke filter so that
+it was able to be Stone away just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was able to be Stone away just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was able to be Stone away just for
+aesthetic possible aesthetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic possible aesthetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic possible aesthetically
+pleasing um to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing um to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing um to the
+users um should be easy to use obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users um should be easy to use obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users um should be easy to use obviously
+these aren't things that these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't things that these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't things that these people
+are used to using and so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to using and so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used to using and so it should be
+easy for them to get used to using them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to get used to using them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to get used to using them
+and it should be easy to maintain uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be easy to maintain uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be easy to maintain uh for
+example with the filter uh shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with the filter uh shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with the filter uh shouldn't
+have to be replaced for after every use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be replaced for after every use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be replaced for after every use
+um we estimated that maybe about less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we estimated that maybe about less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we estimated that maybe about less
+than three times a week a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three times a week a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three times a week a couple
+questions that we had um that will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we had um that will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we had um that will that
+will make us more able to solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make us more able to solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make us more able to solve these
+problems is what's the family's average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is what's the family's average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is what's the family's average
+income um and how much are they willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income um and how much are they willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income um and how much are they willing
+to pay out of their average income for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay out of their average income for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay out of their average income for
+these stoves uh where in the house is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stoves uh where in the house is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stoves uh where in the house is
+the stove located and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stove located and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stove located and is it
+movable um and can we possibly put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable um and can we possibly put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movable um and can we possibly put it
+outside of the house uh um what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the house uh um what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the house uh um what is
+already being used in their homes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already being used in their homes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already being used in their homes to
+ventilate uh what materials are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilate uh what materials are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilate uh what materials are in the
+area to uh are available such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to uh are available such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to uh are available such as the
+metal and curtains um that could be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and curtains um that could be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and curtains um that could be used
+for the prior ideas um we also uh wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the prior ideas um we also uh wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the prior ideas um we also uh wanted
+to know uh how they store their pots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know uh how they store their pots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know uh how they store their pots and
+pans and if we can incorporate that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pans and if we can incorporate that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pans and if we can incorporate that into
+our ideas and uh um we also wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideas and uh um we also wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideas and uh um we also wanted to
+know uh what the house setup was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh what the house setup was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh what the house setup was like
+and all their windows or openings for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all their windows or openings for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all their windows or openings for a
+smoke outlet instead of us having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke outlet instead of us having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke outlet instead of us having to
+break a hole in their wall we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a hole in their wall we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break a hole in their wall we figured
+they might not like that um uh Benji's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not like that um uh Benji's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not like that um uh Benji's
+now going to talk a little about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to talk a little about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to talk a little about about
+the charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charcoal
+SES all right um so a lot of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SES all right um so a lot of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SES all right um so a lot of the ideas
+are very similar as as we saw um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar as as we saw um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very similar as as we saw um they
+had sort of different features um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of different features um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of different features um that
+we thought would be useful sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought would be useful sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought would be useful sort of
+depending on what the preferences of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the preferences of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the preferences of the
+users were and so um we sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users were and so um we sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users were and so um we sort of just
+detect it from a general standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it from a general standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect it from a general standpoint of
+like what the general shape of the stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the general shape of the stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what the general shape of the stove
+would be and what sort of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and what sort of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and what sort of the key
+feuture um would be that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feuture um would be that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feuture um would be that we wanted to
+highlight and so these are two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight and so these are two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight and so these are two of them
+um one of the first one is uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the first one is uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the first one is uh basically
+like a sealed steamer it sort of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sealed steamer it sort of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sealed steamer it sort of looks
+like a vegetable steamer I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a vegetable steamer I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a vegetable steamer I don't know if
+you're familiar with those that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with those that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with those that they
+sort of open and close um they have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of open and close um they have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of open and close um they have like
+overlapping layers and so um it can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping layers and so um it can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping layers and so um it can it
+can basically accommodate just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically accommodate just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically accommodate just like a
+variety of sizes of pots and pans but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of sizes of pots and pans but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of sizes of pots and pans but it
+still maintains the seal all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still maintains the seal all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still maintains the seal all the way
+around the Pan um assuming that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Pan um assuming that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Pan um assuming that it's
+circular uh and so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular uh and so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular uh and so that's sort of the
+idea and um that's just we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and um that's just we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and um that's just we don't have
+any specific uh designs for that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specific uh designs for that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specific uh designs for that but you
+know you could incorporate the airflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could incorporate the airflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could incorporate the airflow
+or the um or the insulation as needed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the um or the insulation as needed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the um or the insulation as needed um
+so we didn't really focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't really focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we didn't really focus on the
+specifics of it um the second one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of it um the second one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of it um the second one that
+we thought about was actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about was actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about was actually it's
+actually very similar to the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar to the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar to the one that we
+saw back there before we saw it um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw back there before we saw it um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw back there before we saw it um it's
+it's a funnel basically um that uh has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a funnel basically um that uh has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a funnel basically um that uh has a
+small enough opening at the bottom and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough opening at the bottom and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough opening at the bottom and a
+steep enough angle so that the charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep enough angle so that the charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep enough angle so that the charcoal
+gets jammed within the funnel um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets jammed within the funnel um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets jammed within the funnel um it's
+something that happens all the time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens all the time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that happens all the time like
+if you have marbles or anything they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have marbles or anything they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have marbles or anything they get
+jammed and so um this allows for airf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jammed and so um this allows for airf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jammed and so um this allows for airf
+flow to come up and for Ashes to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow to come up and for Ashes to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow to come up and for Ashes to fall
+down but for the larger pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but for the larger pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but for the larger pieces of
+charcoal to stay um and so we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal to stay um and so we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal to stay um and so we thought
+that was just a a an effective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just a a an effective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just a a an effective but
+simple way of um keeping the charcoal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of um keeping the charcoal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of um keeping the charcoal in
+and um having just a simpler design um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um having just a simpler design um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um having just a simpler design um
+and it also accommodates a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also accommodates a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also accommodates a variety of
+pots and pans because of the funnel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pots and pans because of the funnel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pots and pans because of the funnel uh
+as it goes out so the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes out so the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes out so the things that we
+wanted to make sure and maintain or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure and maintain or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure and maintain or um
+its Effectiveness as a stove um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Effectiveness as a stove um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Effectiveness as a stove um so we
+wanted it to cook the food just as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to cook the food just as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to cook the food just as well
+right like who would want to switch to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like who would want to switch to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like who would want to switch to a
+stove that doesn't cook as well as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that doesn't cook as well as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that doesn't cook as well as your
+other one um so that one is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one um so that one is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one um so that one is definitely
+number one and um we wanted to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and um we wanted to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and um we wanted to maintain
+its Fel efficiency um not using any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Fel efficiency um not using any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Fel efficiency um not using any more
+fuel than they do right now because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel than they do right now because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel than they do right now because that
+also is there's no reason to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is there's no reason to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is there's no reason to switch to
+St that's less fuel efficient um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St that's less fuel efficient um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St that's less fuel efficient um and we
+also want it to be affordable um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want it to be affordable um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want it to be affordable um so that
+it's so that you know there's a reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that you know there's a reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that you know there's a reward
+for switching and um also pleasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for switching and um also pleasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for switching and um also pleasing
+aesthetically and um that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically and um that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically and um that it
+accommodates many pots and pans just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodates many pots and pans just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodates many pots and pans just so
+that um there aren't any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there aren't any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there aren't any sort of
+barriers to keeping people back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers to keeping people back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers to keeping people back from
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+them so the questions mostly revolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the questions mostly revolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the questions mostly revolved
+around um what currently exists um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um what currently exists um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um what currently exists um in in
+the places like we said we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places like we said we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places like we said we don't really
+know much about our partners there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much about our partners there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much about our partners there so
+it'll be looky we'll both mostly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be looky we'll both mostly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be looky we'll both mostly be
+asking about materials that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about materials that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking about materials that are
+available like what they usually use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available like what they usually use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available like what they usually use um
+how they what their habits are in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they what their habits are in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they what their habits are in terms
+of cooking and um you know why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cooking and um you know why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cooking and um you know why they
+don't use charcoal or how much they pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use charcoal or how much they pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use charcoal or how much they pay
+for fuel so all these sort of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fuel so all these sort of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fuel so all these sort of basic
+questions that really outlin the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that really outlin the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that really outlin the the
+needs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs of the
+community so I'm going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so I'm going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so I'm going to be talking
+about improved lighting and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about improved lighting and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about improved lighting and so we
+basically came up with two general ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically came up with two general ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically came up with two general ideas
+oh I'm sorry that could be uh feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry that could be uh feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry that could be uh feasible
+once again like we said we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again like we said we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again like we said we really don't
+know a whole lot about about what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a whole lot about about what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a whole lot about about what we're
+going to be doing at all but this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing at all but this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing at all but this was
+something that they recommended that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they recommended that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they recommended that we
+might look into we don't know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look into we don't know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look into we don't know if this is
+feasible or not but basically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible or not but basically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible or not but basically what we
+came up with was the idea of first a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was the idea of first a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was the idea of first a
+white room which is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white room which is just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white room which is just going to
+essentially like what it sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like what it sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like what it sounds like
+we're just going to maximize the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to maximize the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to maximize the amount
+of um lighting a like reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um lighting a like reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um lighting a like reflective
+surfaces so we're uh thinking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so we're uh thinking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so we're uh thinking about like
+reflectors on the ceiling having white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors on the ceiling having white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors on the ceiling having white
+curtains blocking um maybe windows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtains blocking um maybe windows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtains blocking um maybe windows and
+stuff and then painting the walls um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then painting the walls um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then painting the walls um
+white in color so that what light comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white in color so that what light comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white in color so that what light comes
+into the room um it makes the room look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room um it makes the room look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the room um it makes the room look
+lighter just in general cuz you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter just in general cuz you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter just in general cuz you know if
+you have like dark um dark colors on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like dark um dark colors on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like dark um dark colors on the
+walls that makes room darker smaller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls that makes room darker smaller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls that makes room darker smaller so
+uh the second idea we had was this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second idea we had was this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second idea we had was this uh
+concept called the sunflower who is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called the sunflower who is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called the sunflower who is kind
+of like it's sort of um kind of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's sort of um kind of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's sort of um kind of like an
+umbrella uh that can be used to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella uh that can be used to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella uh that can be used to uh
+direct light in certain areas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct light in certain areas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct light in certain areas that you
+need um go it can uh swivel and go uh Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um go it can uh swivel and go uh Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um go it can uh swivel and go uh Up
+and Down based on how where you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Down based on how where you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Down based on how where you want to
+direct your life whether you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct your life whether you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct your life whether you want it to
+illuminate most of the room or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate most of the room or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate most of the room or if
+someone's staying up later than another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's staying up later than another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's staying up later than another
+person perhaps to study or to prep for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person perhaps to study or to prep for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person perhaps to study or to prep for
+uh activities that would take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh activities that would take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh activities that would take place
+during the following day you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the following day you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the following day you don't want
+to interfere with anybody sleeping or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with anybody sleeping or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with anybody sleeping or
+such so that is why we have it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such so that is why we have it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such so that is why we have it uh
+directional and we have the um we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional and we have the um we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional and we have the um we you
+can adjust how um how much light's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust how um how much light's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can adjust how um how much light's
+directed uh Bas by twirling it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed uh Bas by twirling it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed uh Bas by twirling it around
+and then also um by how much you open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also um by how much you open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also um by how much you open
+and expand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expand it
+uh so uh some project specs we came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh some project specs we came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh some project specs we came up
+with we want uh obviously it to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we want uh obviously it to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we want uh obviously it to be very
+flexible and um uh to have multiple uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible and um uh to have multiple uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible and um uh to have multiple uses
+so basically for different tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically for different tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically for different tasks that
+you might have whether it's for cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have whether it's for cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have whether it's for cooking
+or for reading um the ability to direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for reading um the ability to direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for reading um the ability to direct
+your lights so uh where you can turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lights so uh where you can turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lights so uh where you can turn the
+lights that you choose to be directing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights that you choose to be directing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights that you choose to be directing
+we want it to be affordable and reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be affordable and reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it to be affordable and reliable
+and these are uh questions we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are uh questions we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are uh questions we don't
+necessarily have a value for because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have a value for because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have a value for because we
+don't know who we're working with so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who we're working with so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who we're working with so we
+don't know what would necessarily uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what would necessarily uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what would necessarily uh be
+reliable um or more feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable um or more feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable um or more feasible and
+obviously like the efficiency of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like the efficiency of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously like the efficiency of light
+the quality of light we want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of light we want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of light we want to be able
+to improve the lighting by about 50% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the lighting by about 50% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve the lighting by about 50% and
+um has as much brightness as we can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has as much brightness as we can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has as much brightness as we can so
+um obviously we're going to have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously we're going to have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obviously we're going to have to ask
+a lot of questions such as what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of questions such as what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of questions such as what types of
+light bulbs do they currently have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs do they currently have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs do they currently have
+available how many light bulbs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available how many light bulbs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available how many light bulbs they
+currently have available um how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently have available um how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently have available um how much
+power do they have access to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power do they have access to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power do they have access to how much
+light does each customer need um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light does each customer need um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light does each customer need um what
+type of activities do they do would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of activities do they do would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of activities do they do would also
+uh contribute to the type of lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contribute to the type of lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contribute to the type of lighting
+they were need do they just need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were need do they just need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were need do they just need a
+little bit of lighting for walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of lighting for walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of lighting for walking
+around and such then it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and such then it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and such then it doesn't have to
+be as bright but if they're reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as bright but if they're reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as bright but if they're reading and
+they're studying obviously you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying obviously you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying obviously you're going
+to leave need a lot more direct light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave need a lot more direct light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave need a lot more direct light
+and also um how much are the customer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um how much are the customer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also um how much are the customer is
+willing to pay in also um one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay in also um one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay in also um one of our
+main ideas with the idea of a white room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ideas with the idea of a white room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ideas with the idea of a white room
+but are they going to even have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are they going to even have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are they going to even have access
+to white and lighter color materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to white and lighter color materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to white and lighter color materials
+obviously that's going to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's going to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's going to make that
+entire design new if they don't so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire design new if they don't so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire design new if they don't so um
+and where is there light bulb currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where is there light bulb currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where is there light bulb currently
+located like is it wired into um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located like is it wired into um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located like is it wired into um their
+house or is it more of a portable nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or is it more of a portable nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house or is it more of a portable nature
+and then um do we need like direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um do we need like direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um do we need like direct
+daylight into dark spaces so those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight into dark spaces so those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daylight into dark spaces so those were
+some of the questions we were asked um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the questions we were asked um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the questions we were asked um
+and so we have some expected activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have some expected activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have some expected activities
+um so while we're down in El Salvador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so while we're down in El Salvador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so while we're down in El Salvador
+we're um going to do a charcoal burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um going to do a charcoal burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um going to do a charcoal burn
+demo um um we're hoping to First demo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo um um we're hoping to First demo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo um um we're hoping to First demo to
+kind of a group of people that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a group of people that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a group of people that are more
+interested in this who could learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this who could learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this who could learn and
+kind of be like our Lions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be like our Lions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of be like our Lions to the
+community so they would learn firsthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so they would learn firsthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so they would learn firsthand
+and then kind of help us with a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of help us with a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of help us with a second
+demo to the larger Community um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo to the larger Community um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo to the larger Community um and then
+we want to talk about cooking and doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about cooking and doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about cooking and doors
+and find out what they're actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out what they're actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find out what they're actually doing
+and if they're aware of these dangers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're aware of these dangers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they're aware of these dangers um
+talk about charcoal usage and how uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about charcoal usage and how uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about charcoal usage and how uh our
+charcoal burn would be effective if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burn would be effective if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burn would be effective if they
+switch to Charcoal stoves um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to Charcoal stoves um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to Charcoal stoves um and then
+just discuss what they use for lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discuss what they use for lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discuss what they use for lighting
+now and figure figure out how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and figure figure out how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and figure figure out how we can
+improve upon what they have um so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon what they have um so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve upon what they have um so a lot
+of it's just going be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's just going be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's just going be
+investigating in field and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating in field and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating in field and learning
+about their living habits and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their living habits and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their living habits and how they
+um work with what they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions the one the ventilation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the one the ventilation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the one the ventilation the
+uh what to um how often do you plan repl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what to um how often do you plan repl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what to um how often do you plan repl
+filter and is it containable or you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and is it containable or you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and is it containable or you have
+towel um so the idea was that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel um so the idea was that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel um so the idea was that it would
+have to be replaced maybe less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be replaced maybe less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be replaced maybe less than
+three times a week um so like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a week um so like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a week um so like maybe
+every other day at most um and as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other day at most um and as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other day at most um and as far as
+cleanable I mean I guess it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanable I mean I guess it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanable I mean I guess it could be
+cleanable if it's a wet tow um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanable if it's a wet tow um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanable if it's a wet tow um but it's
+we need still need to look into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need still need to look into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need still need to look into that
+yeah I mean we're not filter experts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean we're not filter experts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean we're not filter experts and
+like the the particulates really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the particulates really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the particulates really really
+small um like that's what makes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um like that's what makes them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um like that's what makes them
+really dangerous and so like a a wet tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous and so like a a wet tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous and so like a a wet tow
+wouldn't necessarily take a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily take a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily take a lot like
+take the very danger things but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the very danger things but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the very danger things but we don't
+we don't know like what if a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know like what if a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know like what if a simple
+thing could um could really remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could um could really remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could um could really remove that
+so we haven't really done any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't really done any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't really done any specific
+Research into like how to improve filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research into like how to improve filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research into like how to improve filter
+efficiency but yeah the Bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea so I would definit like before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so I would definit like before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so I would definit like before
+proposing that idea I wouldn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing that idea I wouldn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing that idea I wouldn't I
+wouldn't propose an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't propose an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't propose an idea
+that you don't actually know if a wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't actually know if a wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't actually know if a wet
+towel will provide any effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel will provide any effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel will provide any effective
+filtration um so it's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration um so it's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration um so it's something you
+could look into is this feasible but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look into is this feasible but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look into is this feasible but I
+wouldn't discuss it as an idea that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't discuss it as an idea that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't discuss it as an idea that has
+Merit to the people that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merit to the people that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merit to the people that you're working
+with until you know if it does um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with until you know if it does um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with until you know if it does um and
+from an experimental standpoint we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an experimental standpoint we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an experimental standpoint we have
+the capability to run emissions tests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability to run emissions tests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capability to run emissions tests in
+the lab I don't know if we can pull off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab I don't know if we can pull off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab I don't know if we can pull off
+running it before Sunday but we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it before Sunday but we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it before Sunday but we might be
+able to um or certainly when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um or certainly when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um or certainly when you get
+back um you should definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um you should definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um you should definitely
+like it seems like you are well prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it seems like you are well prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it seems like you are well prepared
+being prepared just to be flexible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prepared just to be flexible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prepared just to be flexible and
+figuring out what's going to happen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what's going to happen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what's going to happen I
+think you did a great job given the lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you did a great job given the lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you did a great job given the lack
+of information you had um along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information you had um along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information you had um along those
+lines uh I I would try calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh I I would try calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh I I would try calling the
+Community Partners today like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners today like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Partners today like there's
+two that we have phone numbers for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we have phone numbers for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we have phone numbers for so
+call them both do any does anyone speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them both do any does anyone speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them both do any does anyone speak
+Spanish on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+team well we we two do but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team well we we two do but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team well we we two do but we're not
+right so you could but you could help on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could but you could help on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could but you could help on
+the phone today oh yeah so um um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone today oh yeah so um um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone today oh yeah so um um that
+would be good to start um and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to start um and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to start um and then uh
+finally just stove quality there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just stove quality there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just stove quality there's a
+there was a lot of designs there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of designs there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of designs there and
+some I think have more Merit than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I think have more Merit than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I think have more Merit than others
+and this is true for group of Phoenix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for group of Phoenix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for group of Phoenix as
+well to think about um that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to think about um that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to think about um that you should
+definitely check out those two links I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely check out those two links I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely check out those two links I
+put on the charcoal lecture um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the charcoal lecture um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the charcoal lecture um which is
+uh an organization called ooo and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an organization called ooo and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an organization called ooo and then I
+think it's called cookstoves net um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called cookstoves net um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called cookstoves net um
+because there's a ton of cookstove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a ton of cookstove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a ton of cookstove
+designs out there some of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs out there some of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs out there some of which are
+really great like the goco and others of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great like the goco and others of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great like the goco and others of
+which are getting sold and do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are getting sold and do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are getting sold and do not
+actually improve efficiency or emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve efficiency or emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improve efficiency or emissions
+at all um and it's really easy to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um and it's really easy to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um and it's really easy to just
+say my stove is better and get a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my stove is better and get a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my stove is better and get a website
+up and get some funders without actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and get some funders without actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and get some funders without actually
+doing any do diligence that your stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any do diligence that your stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any do diligence that your stove
+is in fact better and so it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact better and so it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact better and so it's easy to
+make a stove that's worse um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a stove that's worse um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a stove that's worse um and you
+don't want to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be doing
+that so cool that's all I've got thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so cool that's all I've got thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so cool that's all I've got thanks
+guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MlDdfgjpBe0.txt b/MlDdfgjpBe0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b7079e072e9d99bde959289c519f45d3189dc61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MlDdfgjpBe0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we resume after our hiatus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we resume after our hiatus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we resume after our hiatus in the
+introductory theme because of the snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory theme because of the snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory theme because of the snow
+day we resume the introductory theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we resume the introductory theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we resume the introductory theme
+right and this is the second of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is the second of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is the second of three
+introductory lectures and today we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lectures and today we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lectures and today we deal
+with the modal characteristics in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the modal characteristics in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the modal characteristics in real
+so we talked about the different modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about the different modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about the different modes
+of public transportation and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of public transportation and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of public transportation and their
+characteristics and what role they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and what role they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and what role they play
+we're looking at the range of modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the range of modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the range of modes and
+services the descriptions of each mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services the descriptions of each mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services the descriptions of each mode
+and we'll do some comparisons in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do some comparisons in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do some comparisons in terms
+of how they perform okay so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they perform okay so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they perform okay so what are the
+roles for each mode when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles for each mode when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles for each mode when we think about
+the different modes that can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different modes that can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different modes that can be used for
+transport and think in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and think in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport and think in different
+dimension and one of them is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and one of them is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and one of them is going from
+low density to high density that is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density to high density that is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density to high density that is from
+very sparse OD matrices where origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse OD matrices where origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse OD matrices where origins
+and destinations are both scattered in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destinations are both scattered in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and destinations are both scattered in a
+geographical area to a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical area to a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical area to a situation where
+along a particular corridor there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a particular corridor there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a particular corridor there are
+concentrated origin destination pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated origin destination pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated origin destination pairs
+and many people wanting to travel along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people wanting to travel along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many people wanting to travel along
+a corridor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corridor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corridor
+obviously this happens more in cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this happens more in cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this happens more in cities
+than it happens in rural areas and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it happens in rural areas and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it happens in rural areas and we
+also see that we can think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that we can think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that we can think about it in
+that seam dimension from having low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seam dimension from having low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seam dimension from having low
+vehicle capacity being necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle capacity being necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle capacity being necessary to
+requiring high vehicle capacity and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring high vehicle capacity and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring high vehicle capacity and by
+the capacity I mean the capacity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity I mean the capacity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity I mean the capacity of a
+vehicle to hold passengers inside right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle to hold passengers inside right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle to hold passengers inside right
+so in that direction we have private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that direction we have private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that direction we have private
+modes and on the top and we have public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and on the top and we have public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and on the top and we have public
+modes so called public at the bottom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so called public at the bottom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so called public at the bottom so
+we all know the auto is it's a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know the auto is it's a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know the auto is it's a private
+mode that is often used a single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that is often used a single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that is often used a single person
+sometimes by a family and yeah so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes by a family and yeah so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes by a family and yeah so very
+low density OD paper being served then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density OD paper being served then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density OD paper being served then
+you go to car pool where the people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to car pool where the people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to car pool where the people or
+more are in that same vehicle and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more are in that same vehicle and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more are in that same vehicle and there
+might be multiple stops along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be multiple stops along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be multiple stops along the way
+and then pull slightly larger vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pull slightly larger vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pull slightly larger vehicle
+this is a often private so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a often private so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a often private so it could be
+arranged meant between co-workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged meant between co-workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged meant between co-workers
+requiring capacity higher than a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring capacity higher than a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring capacity higher than a normal
+car so they get a van and to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so they get a van and to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so they get a van and to be one of
+them drives it or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them drives it or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them drives it or maybe
+hire a driver so then in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire a driver so then in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire a driver so then in the public
+slide we have taxi and I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we have taxi and I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we have taxi and I'm using the
+term here generally so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here generally so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here generally so you can think of
+this as one of the newer forms of taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as one of the newer forms of taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as one of the newer forms of taxi
+transportation network companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation network companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation network companies like
+uber and lyft so you might you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and lyft so you might you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber and lyft so you might you might
+hail a cab for just for yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hail a cab for just for yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hail a cab for just for yourself and
+that's the extreme or you might use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the extreme or you might use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the extreme or you might use the
+pool servicing the pool services are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool servicing the pool services are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool servicing the pool services are
+offered by those companies or you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered by those companies or you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered by those companies or you might
+share a taxi so you start increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a taxi so you start increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a taxi so you start increasing the
+location of that vehicle then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of that vehicle then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of that vehicle then we have
+pool eco spooly kazar they can be cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool eco spooly kazar they can be cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool eco spooly kazar they can be cars
+or vans they're operated by a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vans they're operated by a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vans they're operated by a private
+driver often in an association and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver often in an association and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver often in an association and they
+usually drive these vehicles along more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually drive these vehicles along more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually drive these vehicles along more
+semi-flexible semi-fixed quarters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-flexible semi-fixed quarters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-flexible semi-fixed quarters so
+people more or less know the routes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more or less know the routes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people more or less know the routes they
+serve and they have some flexibility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve and they have some flexibility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve and they have some flexibility so
+they can say well can you take me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say well can you take me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say well can you take me you
+know around the corner and they'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know around the corner and they'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know around the corner and they'll do
+that so it's it's the mode that is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's it's the mode that is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's it's the mode that is sort
+of right before formalized public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right before formalized public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right before formalized public
+transportation then we have fixed route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation then we have fixed route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation then we have fixed route
+bus that's the route one and the buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus that's the route one and the buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus that's the route one and the buses
+here in Boston and in many places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Boston and in many places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Boston and in many places
+traditional bus service BRT which is bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional bus service BRT which is bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional bus service BRT which is bus
+rapid transit which is a mode where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid transit which is a mode where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid transit which is a mode where
+buses are being used to deliver transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses are being used to deliver transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses are being used to deliver transit
+that is generally delivered via rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is generally delivered via rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is generally delivered via rail
+services light rail services in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services light rail services in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services light rail services in
+particular we'll look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we'll look at some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we'll look at some examples
+later in this lecture then we rail like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this lecture then we rail like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this lecture then we rail like
+the Boston Boston's Green Line and heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston Boston's Green Line and heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston Boston's Green Line and heavy
+rail which is the traditional subway or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail which is the traditional subway or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail which is the traditional subway or
+metro system right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro system right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro system right in the middle
+sometimes subscription bus so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes subscription bus so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes subscription bus so these are
+services that are sometimes it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a normal-size be paid for by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal-size be paid for by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a normal-size be paid for by a
+company to get its employees to the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to get its employees to the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to get its employees to the site
+right so it's somewhere in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's somewhere in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's somewhere in the middle
+because it's not public it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not public it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not public it's not not
+everybody can use it but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can use it but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can use it but it's not
+private because somebody else is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private because somebody else is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private because somebody else is there's
+a third party who is providing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third party who is providing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third party who is providing the
+service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so along that same direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so along that same direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so along that same direction of
+increasing vehicle capacity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing vehicle capacity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing vehicle capacity and
+passenger flows we can also look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger flows we can also look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger flows we can also look at what
+happens to the operating range bins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the operating range bins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the operating range bins and
+we have three operating Arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three operating Arrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three operating Arrangements
+listed here three classes what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here three classes what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here three classes what happens
+to drivers what happens to right-of-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drivers what happens to right-of-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drivers what happens to right-of-way
+what happens to routing and scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to routing and scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to routing and scheduling
+so how much does it cost to to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much does it cost to to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how much does it cost to to have
+drivers operating a private car if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers operating a private car if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers operating a private car if it's
+just you you don't think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you you don't think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you you don't think about the
+costal you could assume some cost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costal you could assume some cost for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costal you could assume some cost for
+your value of time but you are paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value of time but you are paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your value of time but you are paying
+someone to drive you often as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to drive you often as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to drive you often as you move
+to van as I said earlier if it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to van as I said earlier if it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to van as I said earlier if it's an
+arrangement where you or one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement where you or one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement where you or one of your
+friends is the one driving to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends is the one driving to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends is the one driving to them
+that's free as well or if you hire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free as well or if you hire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's free as well or if you hire a
+driver then it becomes a local salary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver then it becomes a local salary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver then it becomes a local salary or
+payment for that driving service then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment for that driving service then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment for that driving service then we
+have minibus and bus so depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minibus and bus so depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minibus and bus so depending on the
+size of the system and how big vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the system and how big vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the system and how big vehicles
+are in the context of how that driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the context of how that driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the context of how that driver
+gets hired it could be low ha low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hired it could be low ha low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hired it could be low ha low cost
+but a similar channel Trump and Bieber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a similar channel Trump and Bieber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a similar channel Trump and Bieber
+unions then the starts increasing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions then the starts increasing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions then the starts increasing right
+so so you have higher salaries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have higher salaries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have higher salaries and
+especially as you move towards light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you move towards light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as you move towards light
+rail and heavy rail much higher salaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and heavy rail much higher salaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and heavy rail much higher salaries
+for drivers however when we get to heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drivers however when we get to heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drivers however when we get to heavy
+rail especially the more modern the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail especially the more modern the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail especially the more modern the most
+advanced systems of heavy rail a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced systems of heavy rail a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced systems of heavy rail a lot of
+these are driverless they operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are driverless they operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are driverless they operate
+automatically and they might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and they might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and they might have
+attendants inside of them necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendants inside of them necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendants inside of them necessarily
+need to happen so you could think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to happen so you could think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to happen so you could think in the
+extreme this coming back down to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme this coming back down to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme this coming back down to well
+it's a robot driving the vehicle and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a robot driving the vehicle and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a robot driving the vehicle and I
+don't have to pay for a driver in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay for a driver in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to pay for a driver in terms
+of right-of-way we start with shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right-of-way we start with shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right-of-way we start with shared
+right-of-way so cars events mini buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way so cars events mini buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way so cars events mini buses
+and buses typically share the road with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buses typically share the road with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buses typically share the road with
+other cars right so they're sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cars right so they're sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cars right so they're sharing the
+space and they're stuck in traffic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and they're stuck in traffic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and they're stuck in traffic if
+there is traffic for a bus light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is traffic for a bus light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is traffic for a bus light rail
+you have some some of these systems can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some some of these systems can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some some of these systems can
+operate only in a shared right-of-way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate only in a shared right-of-way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate only in a shared right-of-way or
+only in delegated corridors or a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in delegated corridors or a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in delegated corridors or a mix of
+both so light rail systems for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so light rail systems for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so light rail systems for example
+often have shared often have a dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have shared often have a dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have shared often have a dedicated
+right-of-ways but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-ways but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-ways but
+intersections they have to wait like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections they have to wait like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections they have to wait like all
+the other cars to cross the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cars to cross the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cars to cross the intersection
+not always but often and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always but often and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always but often and then there's
+dedicated right-of-ways which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated right-of-ways which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated right-of-ways which is more
+typical for metro systems where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical for metro systems where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical for metro systems where it's a
+tunnel or it's at grade or it's nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel or it's at grade or it's nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel or it's at grade or it's nowhere
+yeah like a elevated section but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like a elevated section but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like a elevated section but it's
+dedicated to this metro system so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to this metro system so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to this metro system so you
+have a question anything that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question anything that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question anything that's right
+yeah absolutely and that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely and that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah absolutely and that's a great
+question so the question is why or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is why or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is why or how
+do we label some of some services that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we label some of some services that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we label some of some services that
+share a characteristics that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a characteristics that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a characteristics that I'm
+describing I'm singing Metro is this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing I'm singing Metro is this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing I'm singing Metro is this way
+and Light Rail is this way but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Light Rail is this way but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Light Rail is this way but there are
+in fact systems that combines all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact systems that combines all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact systems that combines all these
+characteristics so I'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so I'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so I'm talking about the
+stereotypical descriptions of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical descriptions of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical descriptions of each
+system and one of the points of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and one of the points of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and one of the points of this
+lecture is in fact that it's blurry all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is in fact that it's blurry all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is in fact that it's blurry all
+these lines are blurry and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are blurry and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are blurry and you can
+combine different characteristics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine different characteristics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine different characteristics so
+yeah but it's it's still useful as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's it's still useful as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's it's still useful as a
+framework to think about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to think about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to think about all the
+different modes and they're typical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes and they're typical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different modes and they're typical or
+stereotypical characteristics right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical characteristics right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical characteristics right so
+routing and scheduling so if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing and scheduling so if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing and scheduling so if you're in
+your own car fully flexible right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own car fully flexible right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own car fully flexible right you
+decide where the car is when it leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where the car is when it leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where the car is when it leaves
+when it ends its trip as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it ends its trip as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it ends its trip as you move
+towards minibus and you're sharing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards minibus and you're sharing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards minibus and you're sharing the
+ride with other people might have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride with other people might have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride with other people might have either
+fixed routes or fully flexed somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed routes or fully flexed somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed routes or fully flexed somewhere
+in between like the Pali Coast that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between like the Pali Coast that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between like the Pali Coast that I
+described where there is a semi fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described where there is a semi fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described where there is a semi fixed
+routes but with some flexibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes but with some flexibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes but with some flexibility to
+deviate from those to accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from those to accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from those to accommodate
+certain passengers destinations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain passengers destinations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain passengers destinations and then
+as we move to the most formal systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move to the most formal systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move to the most formal systems
+it's a pick through it's a published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pick through it's a published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pick through it's a published
+service plan that with stops at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service plan that with stops at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service plan that with stops at certain
+places and people know where to go take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and people know where to go take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and people know where to go take
+it any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any questions on this
+services anytime yes yes yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services anytime yes yes yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services anytime yes yes yes that's
+right yes sometimes you can call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes sometimes you can call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes sometimes you can call the
+companies and they can communicate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and they can communicate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and they can communicate and
+say arrange for a pickup but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say arrange for a pickup but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say arrange for a pickup but most
+typically yeah that you you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically yeah that you you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically yeah that you you have more
+flexibility on the alighting side all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility on the alighting side all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility on the alighting side all
+right other categories let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other categories let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other categories let's talk about
+rights-of-way we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights-of-way we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights-of-way we started talking about
+that so the segregation we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the segregation we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the segregation we can think
+about three different levels surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three different levels surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three different levels surface
+with Nicks traffic this is typical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Nicks traffic this is typical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Nicks traffic this is typical for
+buses or like that's no preferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses or like that's no preferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses or like that's no preferential
+treatment then we go to longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment then we go to longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment then we go to longitudinal
+separation with ad grade crossing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation with ad grade crossing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation with ad grade crossing the
+Green Line here in Boston is mostly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line here in Boston is mostly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line here in Boston is mostly like
+that several branches are like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that several branches are like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that several branches are like that so
+they run on their own track when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run on their own track when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run on their own track when they
+hit an intersection they have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit an intersection they have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit an intersection they have to wait
+for the red light with other cars some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the red light with other cars some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the red light with other cars some
+sections of the Green Line are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the Green Line are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the Green Line are actually
+surface with mixed traffic I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with mixed traffic I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with mixed traffic I'm thinking
+about the last end of the Uihlein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last end of the Uihlein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last end of the Uihlein and
+then the full separation right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the full separation right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the full separation right so that
+could be a great tunnel elevated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a great tunnel elevated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a great tunnel elevated
+technologies let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies let's talk about
+technologies support which is referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies support which is referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies support which is referring
+to contact between the vivo on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contact between the vivo on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contact between the vivo on the
+surface what counters the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface what counters the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface what counters the force of
+gravity essentially for these vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity essentially for these vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity essentially for these vehicles
+we have rubber tire on concrete for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have rubber tire on concrete for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have rubber tire on concrete for
+buses that's typically what it is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses that's typically what it is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses that's typically what it is some
+trains have that if you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains have that if you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains have that if you go through the
+metro system and Paris for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro system and Paris for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro system and Paris for example
+you'll see a rubber tire on concrete for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a rubber tire on concrete for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a rubber tire on concrete for
+their metro that is it has a benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their metro that is it has a benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their metro that is it has a benefit
+over steel wheel on steel rail in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over steel wheel on steel rail in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over steel wheel on steel rail in terms
+of the grip and therefore acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grip and therefore acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grip and therefore acceleration
+and braking distances they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and braking distances they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and braking distances they can be
+shorter steel we don't steel rail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter steel we don't steel rail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter steel we don't steel rail is
+more common for rail systems and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common for rail systems and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common for rail systems and the
+main cost is lower there they last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main cost is lower there they last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main cost is lower there they last
+longer but they have a lower coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but they have a lower coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but they have a lower coefficient
+of friction so braking distances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friction so braking distances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of friction so braking distances are
+longer and the capacity to climb very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and the capacity to climb very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and the capacity to climb very
+steep grades is reduced you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep grades is reduced you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep grades is reduced you have a
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know yeah I don't know why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yeah I don't know why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yeah I don't know why they
+chose that that sounds more likely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose that that sounds more likely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose that that sounds more likely not
+another conspiracy but the other local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another conspiracy but the other local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another conspiracy but the other local
+industry being favored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry being favored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry being favored in the
+construction of a system that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of a system that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of a system that makes a
+lot of sense right so Oh buy that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense right so Oh buy that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense right so Oh buy that right
+so other support systems let's get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other support systems let's get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other support systems let's get some
+ideas besides this very traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas besides this very traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas besides this very traditional
+rubber on concrete or rubber and asphalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber on concrete or rubber and asphalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber on concrete or rubber and asphalt
+steel wheel and steel rail what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel wheel and steel rail what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel wheel and steel rail what other
+sub forms of support exists some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub forms of support exists some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub forms of support exists some of them
+are families on less common start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are families on less common start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are families on less common start over
+here with magnetic levitation so mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with magnetic levitation so mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with magnetic levitation so mat
+left right you can think about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right you can think about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right you can think about some of
+the Japanese systems do that for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese systems do that for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese systems do that for a very
+high speed rail you want to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speed rail you want to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high speed rail you want to reduce
+friction so you use magnetic levitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction so you use magnetic levitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction so you use magnetic levitation
+to reduce friction over here yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce friction over here yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce friction over here yeah well
+not a real system yes I can't take turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a real system yes I can't take turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a real system yes I can't take turns
+but uh but yeah so err it's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but yeah so err it's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but yeah so err it's some other
+form of levitation right well based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of levitation right well based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of levitation right well based on
+air pressure and yeah any other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we're not in this course that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not in this course that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not in this course that that
+is right it's a foreign public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right it's a foreign public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right it's a foreign public
+transportation in this course we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation in this course we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation in this course we are
+excluding some forms of public transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding some forms of public transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluding some forms of public transit
+we're excluding airplanes you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're excluding airplanes you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're excluding airplanes you could
+argue that elevators are a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that elevators are a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that elevators are a form of
+public transportation they go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation they go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation they go up and
+down along the track and you have stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down along the track and you have stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down along the track and you have stops
+that you call but we're also excluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you call but we're also excluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you call but we're also excluding
+them so yes I'm thinking more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so yes I'm thinking more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so yes I'm thinking more more
+traditionally but somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally but somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally but somewhat different
+forms of support cable cars yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of support cable cars yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of support cable cars yes or
+gondolas right so suspended cabs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gondolas right so suspended cabs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gondolas right so suspended cabs that
+are taken over the air yeah yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taken over the air yeah yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taken over the air yeah yeah right
+there's funiculars which are there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's funiculars which are there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's funiculars which are there and
+sort of they look like a little rail car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of they look like a little rail car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of they look like a little rail car
+but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they
+climb very steep grades yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fairies so if you go to a trans link in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairies so if you go to a trans link in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairies so if you go to a trans link in
+Vancouver fairies are part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vancouver fairies are part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vancouver fairies are part of their
+transits yeah so okay I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transits yeah so okay I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transits yeah so okay I think that
+covers some ideas let's our guidance now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers some ideas let's our guidance now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers some ideas let's our guidance now
+and when I say guidance I mean lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I say guidance I mean lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I say guidance I mean lateral
+control what steers the vehicle Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what steers the vehicle Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what steers the vehicle Oh
+traditionally steered by the driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally steered by the driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally steered by the driver
+right that's bus for rail obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's bus for rail obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's bus for rail obviously the
+vehicle is guided by the track and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is guided by the track and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is guided by the track and then
+there are other forms of steering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other forms of steering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other forms of steering
+anybody any ideas of what they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody any ideas of what they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody any ideas of what they could be
+Emily yes so you have a robot with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily yes so you have a robot with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily yes so you have a robot with a
+servo that's steering the thing yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servo that's steering the thing yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servo that's steering the thing yeah we
+have an example in this lecture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an example in this lecture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an example in this lecture of a
+real systems that already do that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right we have a picture of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right we have a picture of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right we have a picture of so
+great all right great so yeah um plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right great so yeah um plus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right great so yeah um plus of
+that now let's talk about energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now let's talk about energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now let's talk about energy and
+propulsion so for bus the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion so for bus the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion so for bus the most
+traditional thing is to have a diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional thing is to have a diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional thing is to have a diesel
+internal combustion engine it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine it used to be
+the conventional engine now they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional engine now they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional engine now they've
+really improved with fuel injection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improved with fuel injection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improved with fuel injection and
+other technologies they've made them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other technologies they've made them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other technologies they've made them
+clean diesel so that they control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean diesel so that they control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean diesel so that they control the
+exhaust and these engines can shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust and these engines can shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaust and these engines can shut down
+and start very without waste fuel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start very without waste fuel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start very without waste fuel so
+they reduced and then there's compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reduced and then there's compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reduced and then there's compressed
+natural gas and abbreviated CNG the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas and abbreviated CNG the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas and abbreviated CNG the a
+lot of the fleet here in Boston bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the fleet here in Boston bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the fleet here in Boston bus
+fleet is CNG and they're pretty loud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet is CNG and they're pretty loud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet is CNG and they're pretty loud and
+they have a CNG logo in the back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a CNG logo in the back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a CNG logo in the back so
+you'll notice when you give them those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice when you give them those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice when you give them those
+are they require special maintenance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they require special maintenance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they require special maintenance and
+refueling facilities of course and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refueling facilities of course and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refueling facilities of course and at
+least in America CMT was popular for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in America CMT was popular for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in America CMT was popular for a
+while but now agencies are switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but now agencies are switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but now agencies are switching
+back to diesel and in particular Clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to diesel and in particular Clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to diesel and in particular Clean
+Diesel and hybrid electric with diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diesel and hybrid electric with diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diesel and hybrid electric with diesel
+so fully electric buses exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fully electric buses exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fully electric buses exist and
+they're getting better battery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting better battery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting better battery and
+energy storage is getting better so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage is getting better so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage is getting better so we
+have the electric buses that can service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the electric buses that can service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the electric buses that can service
+that can provide service for many hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can provide service for many hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can provide service for many hours
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+recharge in between so that's great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharge in between so that's great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recharge in between so that's great and
+as I mentioned hybrid diesel electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned hybrid diesel electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned hybrid diesel electric
+that's very common I think it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common I think it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very common I think it's being
+the preferred bus mode now so preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preferred bus mode now so preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preferred bus mode now so preferred
+energy system a propulsion system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy system a propulsion system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy system a propulsion system for
+buses so often what how this works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses so often what how this works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses so often what how this works is
+that you have a diesel clean diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a diesel clean diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a diesel clean diesel
+engine that powers an electric generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that powers an electric generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that powers an electric generator
+which stores electric energy and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stores electric energy and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stores electric energy and then on
+each wheel you have electric motors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wheel you have electric motors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wheel you have electric motors so
+in fact the propulsion directly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the propulsion directly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the propulsion directly is
+electric and you're only using the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and you're only using the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and you're only using the motor
+to generate electricity so you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate electricity so you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate electricity so you can get a
+lot of fuel efficiency from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fuel efficiency from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fuel efficiency from that
+especially because these buses stop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because these buses stop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because these buses stop so
+often right they have very a lot of stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often right they have very a lot of stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often right they have very a lot of stop
+and go and sometimes you can just kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and sometimes you can just kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and sometimes you can just kill
+the engine when the bus is stopped all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine when the bus is stopped all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine when the bus is stopped all
+right what about control so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about control so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what about control so we talked
+about guidance which is a lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guidance which is a lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guidance which is a lateral
+control what about a longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what about a longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what about a longitudinal
+control so how are you control when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so how are you control when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so how are you control when you
+stop how do you accelerate how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop how do you accelerate how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop how do you accelerate how quickly
+you go or brake so we have manual or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go or brake so we have manual or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go or brake so we have manual or
+visual so buses are typically driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual so buses are typically driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual so buses are typically driven by
+a person who has a brake and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who has a brake and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who has a brake and an
+accelerator and they control everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and they control everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator and they control everything
+manually and on-site there's also manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually and on-site there's also manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually and on-site there's also manual
+with signals this more typically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with signals this more typically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with signals this more typically for
+rail you have signals that might set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail you have signals that might set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail you have signals that might set a
+limit a speed limit on the vehicle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit a speed limit on the vehicle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit a speed limit on the vehicle and
+protect trains from crashing into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect trains from crashing into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect trains from crashing into each
+other and then there's fully automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then there's fully automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then there's fully automatic
+so you have a robot controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a robot controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a robot controlling the
+longitudinal movement of the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal movement of the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal movement of the vehicle
+questions on these technologies we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on these technologies we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on these technologies we'll
+see some examples hey Don yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some examples hey Don yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some examples hey Don yep
+that's right yeah okay so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah okay so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right yeah okay so we talked
+about automatic train protection here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about automatic train protection here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about automatic train protection here's
+how it works this is the classical block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works this is the classical block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works this is the classical block
+system for rails and here's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for rails and here's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for rails and here's how we
+control the one is a little movement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the one is a little movement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the one is a little movement in
+a system like the red line so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system like the red line so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system like the red line so this is
+the fixed block system what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed block system what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed block system what you do is
+that you divide the track into sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you divide the track into sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you divide the track into sections
+and the goal of the system is to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of the system is to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of the system is to prevent
+trains from colliding to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains from colliding to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains from colliding to each other so
+let's suppose that there's a train right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that there's a train right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that there's a train right
+here and in maroon and it's occupying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in maroon and it's occupying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in maroon and it's occupying a
+section of track the track knows that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of track the track knows that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of track the track knows that a
+train is occupying that segment and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train is occupying that segment and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train is occupying that segment and it
+to prevent a collision it blocks trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent a collision it blocks trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent a collision it blocks trains
+from entering the previous segment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from entering the previous segment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from entering the previous segment okay
+and how does it do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it do that
+it does that by setting the speed limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that by setting the speed limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that by setting the speed limit
+on the segment to to upstream to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the segment to to upstream to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the segment to to upstream to zero
+so if a train were to enter that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a train were to enter that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a train were to enter that that
+segment it would be braked automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment it would be braked automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment it would be braked automatically
+and then the speed limit gets increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the speed limit gets increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the speed limit gets increased
+as you go further upstream so a train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go further upstream so a train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go further upstream so a train
+can move along the track but if it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move along the track but if it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move along the track but if it gets
+too close or to to the piece of track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close or to to the piece of track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close or to to the piece of track
+being occupied it'll have to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being occupied it'll have to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being occupied it'll have to slow down
+or break have you been on the train here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or break have you been on the train here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or break have you been on the train here
+or elsewhere where you're braked all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elsewhere where you're braked all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or elsewhere where you're braked all of
+a sudden in the middle of the track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden in the middle of the track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden in the middle of the track
+between stations yeah and then normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between stations yeah and then normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between stations yeah and then normally
+you hear the the brakes going off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the the brakes going off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the the brakes going off and
+then it starts again so what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it starts again so what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it starts again so what happens in
+those cases is that the driver exceeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases is that the driver exceeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases is that the driver exceeded
+the speed limit and the automatic train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed limit and the automatic train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed limit and the automatic train
+protection system kicked in it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection system kicked in it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection system kicked in it breaks
+that brings the train to a halt and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings the train to a halt and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings the train to a halt and the
+driver won't be able to start the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver won't be able to start the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver won't be able to start the train
+again until the very the pressure on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until the very the pressure on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until the very the pressure on the
+brake system is released questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they have that so if it's they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have that so if it's they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have that so if it's they have
+a system to prevent collisions if thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to prevent collisions if thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to prevent collisions if thinks
+if it's not maintained properly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not maintained properly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not maintained properly then
+things can happen or it could be that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen or it could be that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen or it could be that we
+hadn't enabled it in some sections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't enabled it in some sections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't enabled it in some sections of
+the track I don't know the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so alright so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so alright so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so alright so one of the things
+with blocks with block systems like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blocks with block systems like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blocks with block systems like this
+is that they constrain the capacity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they constrain the capacity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they constrain the capacity of
+the line if we look at the red line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line if we look at the red line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line if we look at the red line in
+particular this is the line that puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is the line that puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this is the line that puts a
+constraint on on the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on on the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on on the frequency of
+service three minutes you can't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service three minutes you can't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service three minutes you can't run
+service more often than not on the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service more often than not on the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service more often than not on the red
+line because of this the way the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line because of this the way the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line because of this the way the blocks
+were designed so what happens as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designed so what happens as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designed so what happens as you're
+moving from Kendall to Charles MGH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from Kendall to Charles MGH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from Kendall to Charles MGH
+and particularly in the segment from mdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly in the segment from mdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly in the segment from mdh
+to park this segment right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to park this segment right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to park this segment right here is
+downhill right you're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right you're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right you're going from
+elevated downhill on to to Subway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated downhill on to to Subway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated downhill on to to Subway so
+you're going downhill on steel wheel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going downhill on steel wheel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going downhill on steel wheel and
+steel rail and the track might be wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel rail and the track might be wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel rail and the track might be wet
+because it was outside so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was outside so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was outside so there's a
+concern that the braking distance might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that the braking distance might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern that the braking distance might
+be quite long and to be very safe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite long and to be very safe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite long and to be very safe and
+conservative what happens is that trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative what happens is that trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative what happens is that trains
+are not allowed to enter Park Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not allowed to enter Park Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not allowed to enter Park Street
+until the train ahead departs Downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the train ahead departs Downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the train ahead departs Downtown
+Crossing so you need to clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing so you need to clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing so you need to clear the
+platform of downtown crossing and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform of downtown crossing and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform of downtown crossing and only
+then can you start moving into Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can you start moving into Park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can you start moving into Park
+Street so that might cause trains to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street so that might cause trains to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street so that might cause trains to be
+held up at Charles actually so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up at Charles actually so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up at Charles actually so yeah so
+if we look at the time that it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the time that it takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the time that it takes the
+train to close in that is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to close in that is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to close in that is from the
+beginning when the head of the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when the head of the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when the head of the train
+hits the circuit just after Charles mdh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the circuit just after Charles mdh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the circuit just after Charles mdh
+to the time it actually gets to Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time it actually gets to Park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time it actually gets to Park
+Street and opens it's Earth the dwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street and opens it's Earth the dwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street and opens it's Earth the dwell
+time at Park Street serving passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at Park Street serving passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at Park Street serving passengers
+allowing passengers to get off and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing passengers to get off and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing passengers to get off and to
+board and then you have the running time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and then you have the running time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and then you have the running time
+between parks tree and Downtown Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parks tree and Downtown Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parks tree and Downtown Crossing
+and finally the time it requires the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the time it requires the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the time it requires the
+train to close its doors and X and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to close its doors and X and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to close its doors and X and and
+for the tail of the train to clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tail of the train to clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tail of the train to clear the
+circuit so that it's no longer occupying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so that it's no longer occupying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so that it's no longer occupying
+the circuit that's about three minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that's about three minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that's about three minutes
+you can't run service more often than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't run service more often than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't run service more often than
+that so you would have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you would have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you would have to change the
+blocking the sign of of this segment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking the sign of of this segment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking the sign of of this segment the
+red line if you wanted to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line if you wanted to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line if you wanted to increase the
+frequency more important ists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency more important ists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency more important ists are
+indications based train control systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications based train control systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications based train control systems
+and what happens in those cases is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens in those cases is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens in those cases is that
+the blocks are not fixed they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks are not fixed they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks are not fixed they move
+between vehicles a computer will look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vehicles a computer will look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between vehicles a computer will look at
+the speeds and the distances between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds and the distances between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds and the distances between
+trains and generate virtual blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and generate virtual blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains and generate virtual blocks that
+are quite short and they can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite short and they can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite short and they can control
+with a finer precision how the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a finer precision how the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a finer precision how the speed
+limits that a train has being applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that a train has being applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that a train has being applied
+for safety often these are in systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety often these are in systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety often these are in systems
+that are automatically controls so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are automatically controls so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are automatically controls so you
+have the moving boxes them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the moving boxes them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the moving boxes them which
+increases the capacity and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the capacity and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the capacity and you have a
+computer also regulating the speed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer also regulating the speed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer also regulating the speed which
+eliminates driver variability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates driver variability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates driver variability and
+further increases the capacity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further increases the capacity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further increases the capacity of the
+system any questions on our give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system any questions on our give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system any questions on our give some
+examples next slide actually so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples next slide actually so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples next slide actually so great
+segue so levels of automated protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue so levels of automated protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue so levels of automated protection
+so we start with basic the Green Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with basic the Green Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with basic the Green Line
+has no all right so and that's why few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no all right so and that's why few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no all right so and that's why few
+years ago somebody was well they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago somebody was well they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago somebody was well they said
+the person was texting but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person was texting but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person was texting but then they
+said there was a medical problem I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there was a medical problem I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there was a medical problem I'm not
+sure so so yeah so a train rear-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so so yeah so a train rear-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so so yeah so a train rear-ended
+another one it wasn't too bad I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one it wasn't too bad I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one it wasn't too bad I don't
+think anybody was killed but yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody was killed but yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody was killed but yeah so
+there are advisory signals along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are advisory signals along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are advisory signals along the
+track let's say you should go or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track let's say you should go or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track let's say you should go or you
+should not go or you should go slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not go or you should go slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not go or you should go slowly
+but it's up to the driver to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's up to the driver to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's up to the driver to regulate
+that speed re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and you have to proceed slowly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you have to proceed slowly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you have to proceed slowly but
+yeah right so they allow trains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so they allow trains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so they allow trains to
+sometimes - both - to trains to birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes - both - to trains to birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes - both - to trains to birth
+out of platform in some cases although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of platform in some cases although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of platform in some cases although
+they're not really liking that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really liking that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really liking that anymore
+but they used to do it more right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true for most systems you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for most systems you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for most systems you can
+override and with a very slow speed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override and with a very slow speed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+override and with a very slow speed you
+can make take control and manually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make take control and manually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make take control and manually and
+you need that because sometimes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that because sometimes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that because sometimes these
+systems fail and they all go red so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems fail and they all go red so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems fail and they all go red so you
+still have to move the trains I need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to move the trains I need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to move the trains I need you
+need this override system but it'll it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this override system but it'll it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this override system but it'll it
+won't allow quick movement yep okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't allow quick movement yep okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't allow quick movement yep okay
+the next level of automation is manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level of automation is manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level of automation is manually
+setting the speed below the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the speed below the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the speed below the maximum
+level that's the red line what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's the red line what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that's the red line what I just
+described in cap signals the speed limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in cap signals the speed limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in cap signals the speed limit
+of the block that the train is occupying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the block that the train is occupying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the block that the train is occupying
+is sent to the cab so the driver knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sent to the cab so the driver knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sent to the cab so the driver knows
+what the speed limit is it's up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the speed limit is it's up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the speed limit is it's up to the
+driver to determine what the speed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to determine what the speed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to determine what the speed is
+but if the driver exceeds that speed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the driver exceeds that speed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the driver exceeds that speed the
+automatic train protection system kicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic train protection system kicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic train protection system kicks
+in and breaks the train to a halt all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and breaks the train to a halt all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and breaks the train to a halt all
+right then we have manual setting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we have manual setting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we have manual setting of
+dwell times only so the train drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell times only so the train drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell times only so the train drives
+itself between stations the driver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself between stations the driver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself between stations the driver the
+sides on the door opening and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides on the door opening and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides on the door opening and we're
+closing manually and therefore controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing manually and therefore controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing manually and therefore controls
+how long the doors are open for so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the doors are open for so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the doors are open for so it's
+a more advanced system from the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more advanced system from the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more advanced system from the 70s and
+80s and then we have semi automated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and then we have semi automated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and then we have semi automated so
+we have automatic train supervision or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have automatic train supervision or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have automatic train supervision or
+automatic train regulation a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic train regulation a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic train regulation a good
+example of this is string Urbano in San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this is string Urbano in San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this is string Urbano in San
+Juan Puerto Rico and the London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan Puerto Rico and the London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan Puerto Rico and the London
+Underground central line so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underground central line so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underground central line so here the
+Train drive itself automatically between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train drive itself automatically between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train drive itself automatically between
+stations the driver only pushes a button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations the driver only pushes a button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations the driver only pushes a button
+to tell the train go to the next station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the train go to the next station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the train go to the next station
+essentially in remove a nose case and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in remove a nose case and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in remove a nose case and I
+imagine this is true you know systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is true you know systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is true you know systems
+drivers are required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers are required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers are required
+operate first a fraction of their and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate first a fraction of their and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate first a fraction of their and to
+manually control trains if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually control trains if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually control trains if there is a
+failure of the system any way they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of the system any way they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of the system any way they can
+but often not often the dwell times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often not often the dwell times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often not often the dwell times are
+also regulated yeah so yeah so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also regulated yeah so yeah so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also regulated yeah so yeah so so you
+have this button that you push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this button that you push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this button that you push the
+driver to sort of authorize the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to sort of authorize the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver to sort of authorize the movement
+forward so you can write you can not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so you can write you can not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so you can write you can not
+press it and thereby extend a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press it and thereby extend a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press it and thereby extend a long time
+but the speed between the stations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the speed between the stations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the speed between the stations and
+everything else is is the parking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is is the parking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is is the parking of the
+Train at the platform and the opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train at the platform and the opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train at the platform and the opening of
+the doors all happens automatically then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doors all happens automatically then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doors all happens automatically then
+you have full automation and this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have full automation and this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have full automation and this comes
+often with a communication space train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with a communication space train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with a communication space train
+control so you could drive this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so you could drive this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so you could drive this without
+any driver inside airport trains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any driver inside airport trains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any driver inside airport trains are
+often like this but we're seeing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like this but we're seeing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like this but we're seeing this in
+metro systems as well some in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro systems as well some in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro systems as well some in some
+systems though they still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems though they still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems though they still have
+attendants or they still have a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendants or they still have a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendants or they still have a driver
+just in case or for political reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case or for political reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case or for political reasons
+but these systems can drive themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these systems can drive themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these systems can drive themselves
+you often need platform screen doors oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often need platform screen doors oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you often need platform screen doors oh
+that's one of the concerns with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the concerns with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the concerns with our
+fully automatic systems people to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully automatic systems people to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully automatic systems people to go
+into the back and the computer won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the back and the computer won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the back and the computer won't see
+them right so it has to be a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so it has to be a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so it has to be a more
+controlled system line 14 in Paris is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled system line 14 in Paris is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled system line 14 in Paris is
+another example of that yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of that yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of that yeah and then
+you can add capacity through a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add capacity through a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add capacity through a moving
+block system and here's an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block system and here's an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block system and here's an example that
+a sea lion in New York City Christians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so these systems have platform screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these systems have platform screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these systems have platform screen
+doors and they don't have a driver right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and they don't have a driver right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and they don't have a driver right
+so you go in and they move between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go in and they move between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go in and they move between
+stations but you also have lots of Metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations but you also have lots of Metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations but you also have lots of Metro
+systems and cities that work like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and cities that work like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and cities that work like that
+as of 2013 they were 48 I'm at it fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of 2013 they were 48 I'm at it fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of 2013 they were 48 I'm at it fully
+automated metro lines in 32 cities over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated metro lines in 32 cities over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated metro lines in 32 cities over
+the world that didn't require a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that didn't require a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that didn't require a driver
+to operate and that number is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk about bus what is a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about bus what is a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about bus what is a bus
+and we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're talking about the
+stereotypical this is the what is a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical this is the what is a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical this is the what is a bus
+what is a train lecture so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a train lecture so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a train lecture so so we're
+these are the stereotypical description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the stereotypical description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the stereotypical description
+of what a bus is but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a bus is but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a bus is but of course the
+boundary and the boundaries between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the boundaries between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the boundaries between
+these modes are blurry so let's there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes are blurry so let's there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes are blurry so let's there is
+a vehicle operating individually with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle operating individually with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vehicle operating individually with
+rubber tires with manual lateral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber tires with manual lateral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber tires with manual lateral and
+manual longitudinal control so a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual longitudinal control so a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual longitudinal control so a driver
+has full control sizes they can be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has full control sizes they can be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has full control sizes they can be small
+like a mini bus can carry 10 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mini bus can carry 10 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mini bus can carry 10 to 20
+passengers and you could go up to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers and you could go up to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers and you could go up to by
+articulated carrying as much as a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated carrying as much as a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated carrying as much as a light
+rail system light rail train so up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail system light rail train so up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail system light rail train so up to
+250 passengers if you look at systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 passengers if you look at systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 passengers if you look at systems
+like Curitiba in Brazil vehicle design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Curitiba in Brazil vehicle design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Curitiba in Brazil vehicle design
+you can have high floor design or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have high floor design or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have high floor design or low
+floor design can somebody suggest what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor design can somebody suggest what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor design can somebody suggest what
+the differences and what the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences and what the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences and what the benefit of
+low floor is Eli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh there's another benefit so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh there's another benefit so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh there's another benefit so one of
+the benefits of low-floor is wheelchair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of low-floor is wheelchair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of low-floor is wheelchair
+accessibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility
+another benefit sorry shorter dwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another benefit sorry shorter dwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another benefit sorry shorter dwell
+times right because people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right because people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right because people are not
+climbing stairs to get on the vehicle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing stairs to get on the vehicle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing stairs to get on the vehicle or
+off the vehicle you can speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the vehicle you can speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the vehicle you can speed up the
+process and increase capacity another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and increase capacity another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and increase capacity another
+idea sorry I'm not sure that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea sorry I'm not sure that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea sorry I'm not sure that's the case
+I don't think that has a large impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that has a large impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that has a large impact on
+yeah I don't think vehicle design in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't think vehicle design in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't think vehicle design in
+terms of high floor low floor increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of high floor low floor increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of high floor low floor increases
+stability emotion not anyway for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability emotion not anyway for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability emotion not anyway for the for
+the speeds at which these buses go it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds at which these buses go it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds at which these buses go it's
+not much of a critical consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much of a critical consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much of a critical consideration
+okay right of way so all options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right of way so all options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right of way so all options are
+available you could be on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you could be on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you could be on the street
+sharing your lane with cars or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your lane with cars or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your lane with cars or you could
+have a dedicated bus lane with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dedicated bus lane with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dedicated bus lane with no
+signals and preferential treatment if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and preferential treatment if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and preferential treatment if
+you have if you have some signals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you have some signals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you have some signals so
+everything goes in terms of guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes in terms of guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes in terms of guidance
+often it is manual but sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it is manual but sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it is manual but sometimes you
+have the systems to automatically guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the systems to automatically guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the systems to automatically guide
+the bus and we'll see two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus and we'll see two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus and we'll see two examples of
+that later in this lecture propulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later in this lecture propulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later in this lecture propulsion
+all options are available you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all options are available you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all options are available you have
+Electric you have diesel you have hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric you have diesel you have hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric you have diesel you have hybrid
+everything and in terms of fare payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and in terms of fare payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and in terms of fare payment
+another key decision if you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key decision if you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key decision if you're thinking
+of a new bus system in your city is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new bus system in your city is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new bus system in your city is do
+you have the people paying the fare as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the people paying the fare as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the people paying the fare as
+they get on the vehicle or do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get on the vehicle or do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get on the vehicle or do you want
+that - they want a payment to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that - they want a payment to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that - they want a payment to happen
+outside so are you gonna make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so are you gonna make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so are you gonna make some
+stations where people pay their fare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations where people pay their fare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations where people pay their fare and
+then board without having to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then board without having to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then board without having to interact
+with a fare box the benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fare box the benefit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fare box the benefit of the
+latter is that you speed up at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter is that you speed up at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latter is that you speed up at all times
+but of course you need to spend more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you need to spend more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you need to spend more on
+fare gates or some other means of paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare gates or some other means of paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare gates or some other means of paying
+affair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're so I they're cheaper because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so I they're cheaper because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so I they're cheaper because
+it's easier you have more space to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier you have more space to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier you have more space to write
+to put all them mechanical parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put all them mechanical parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put all them mechanical parts of the
+bus and I'll actually show you and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and I'll actually show you and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and I'll actually show you and some
+BRT systems like good idea of it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BRT systems like good idea of it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BRT systems like good idea of it is very
+high floor and that's very high capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high floor and that's very high capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high floor and that's very high capacity
+so yeah so this is a bus this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so this is a bus this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so this is a bus this is this is
+a traditional 40-foot bus that seats 39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional 40-foot bus that seats 39
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional 40-foot bus that seats 39
+people it has capacity for 56 people if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it has capacity for 56 people if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it has capacity for 56 people if
+you can't stand these you can crush a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't stand these you can crush a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't stand these you can crush a
+few more people in here's a double deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more people in here's a double deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more people in here's a double deck
+capacity for 70 to 80 people the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for 70 to 80 people the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for 70 to 80 people the upper
+deck is for sitting only if they see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck is for sitting only if they see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck is for sitting only if they see you
+a driver will announce that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a driver will announce that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a driver will announce that you have to
+sit down for safety articulated bus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down for safety articulated bus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down for safety articulated bus in
+Bogota so now you're getting a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bogota so now you're getting a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bogota so now you're getting a bigger
+size you have two sections much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you have two sections much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size you have two sections much like the
+light rail you get the Green Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail you get the Green Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail you get the Green Line
+vehicle here in Boston but this is a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle here in Boston but this is a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle here in Boston but this is a bus
+and by articulated so you can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by articulated so you can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by articulated so you can keep
+adding sections this is the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding sections this is the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding sections this is the example that
+I mentioned where it's a high floor bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned where it's a high floor bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned where it's a high floor bus
+notice how high the doors are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how high the doors are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how high the doors are and
+obviously no one's gonna jump from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously no one's gonna jump from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously no one's gonna jump from from
+the street up or down these are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street up or down these are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street up or down these are at
+specific stations and here's the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stations and here's the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stations and here's the photo
+these are the stations you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the stations you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the stations you can see how
+there are gates so people have to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gates so people have to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are gates so people have to enter
+the sections and pay their fare if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections and pay their fare if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sections and pay their fare if they
+go in and sorry and then there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and sorry and then there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and sorry and then there are these
+little platforms that stick out the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little platforms that stick out the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little platforms that stick out the bus
+stops right in front of those and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops right in front of those and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops right in front of those and the
+doors open wide much like a metro then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors open wide much like a metro then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors open wide much like a metro then
+very quickly to allow level boarding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly to allow level boarding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly to allow level boarding so
+this is all of BRT Rapid Transit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all of BRT Rapid Transit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all of BRT Rapid Transit with
+all the features of bus rapid transit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the features of bus rapid transit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the features of bus rapid transit so
+you have a lynx fare collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lynx fare collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lynx fare collection
+yeah very white dope so it behaves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very white dope so it behaves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah very white dope so it behaves like
+a rail system but it's it's buses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rail system but it's it's buses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rail system but it's it's buses that
+are serving it I were there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are serving it I were there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are serving it I were there some
+questions I saw some hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I saw some hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I saw some hands
+perhaps they answered them okay now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they answered them okay now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps they answered them okay now a
+minibus very small minibus so if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minibus very small minibus so if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minibus very small minibus so if there
+were cute bus perhaps this is it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were cute bus perhaps this is it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were cute bus perhaps this is it right
+so this is a nominal front it says free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a nominal front it says free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a nominal front it says free
+service one bus every six minutes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service one bus every six minutes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service one bus every six minutes from
+7:30 to 7:30 for Monday to Saturday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:30 to 7:30 for Monday to Saturday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:30 to 7:30 for Monday to Saturday so
+this probably sits ten people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's Shire bus way in the UK this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Shire bus way in the UK this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Shire bus way in the UK this is
+automatically guided so the bus has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically guided so the bus has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically guided so the bus has a
+mechanical arm that sticks in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical arm that sticks in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical arm that sticks in front of
+the wheel or behind the wheels with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel or behind the wheels with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel or behind the wheels with a
+curb and it sort of holds laterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curb and it sort of holds laterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curb and it sort of holds laterally
+against these edges of concrete and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these edges of concrete and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these edges of concrete and so
+if we turn the steering wheel who also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we turn the steering wheel who also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we turn the steering wheel who also
+turn that make sense the benefit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that make sense the benefit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that make sense the benefit of this
+is that you can run quick you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can run quick you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can run quick you can sort
+of yeah operate at high speed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah operate at high speed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah operate at high speed through
+narrow sections this is more useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow sections this is more useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow sections this is more useful in
+tunnels so this for example a Silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnels so this for example a Silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnels so this for example a Silver
+Line here in Boston could operate much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line here in Boston could operate much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line here in Boston could operate much
+faster if it had that system to guide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's another system for guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another system for guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another system for guidance
+can somebody tell me how this works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me how this works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody tell me how this works it
+goes back to what Emily said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to what Emily said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to what Emily said earlier
+well do you know these are these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you know these are these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you know these are these lines
+on the floor so there's a camera looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the floor so there's a camera looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the floor so there's a camera looking
+down right in front and it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right in front and it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right in front and it's this
+cameras program to automatically steer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras program to automatically steer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras program to automatically steer
+the bus such that it remains along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus such that it remains along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus such that it remains along that
+line so the lateral control of that bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the lateral control of that bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the lateral control of that bus
+in hands in France it's is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hands in France it's is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hands in France it's is fully
+automatic you can tell this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic you can tell this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic you can tell this is a pretty
+narrow section if we're going both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow section if we're going both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow section if we're going both ways
+so in fact that's computers are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact that's computers are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact that's computers are better
+at controlling things so and I we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at controlling things so and I we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at controlling things so and I we could
+highlight other features like this sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight other features like this sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight other features like this sign
+here saying you know when the buses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here saying you know when the buses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here saying you know when the buses are
+coming and so this is a nicer bus system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and so this is a nicer bus system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and so this is a nicer bus system
+with elements of BRT that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elements of BRT that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elements of BRT that's another
+comment I want BRT BRT is a the full BRT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I want BRT BRT is a the full BRT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I want BRT BRT is a the full BRT
+is much like liquidity by example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much like liquidity by example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much like liquidity by example I
+showed you but especially in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you but especially in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you but especially in North
+America and actually all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and actually all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and actually all over the world
+agencies are taking elements of BRT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies are taking elements of BRT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies are taking elements of BRT and
+applying some somewhat selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying some somewhat selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying some somewhat selectively
+sometimes they call it BRT even so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they call it BRT even so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they call it BRT even so they
+take the branding of BRT into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the branding of BRT into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the branding of BRT into it
+hopefully it's more than just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's more than just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's more than just the
+branding and they've taken out Allah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah I don't know I imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I don't know I imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I don't know I imagine you
+have to clean the and repaint the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean the and repaint the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to clean the and repaint the lines
+often or you have to take throw yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often or you have to take throw yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often or you have to take throw yeah
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+let's talk about light rail so stir the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about light rail so stir the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about light rail so stir the
+beagle description of light rail the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beagle description of light rail the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beagle description of light rail the
+Eagles operating individually or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eagles operating individually or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eagles operating individually or in
+short train with electric motors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short train with electric motors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short train with electric motors and
+overhead power collectors steel wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead power collectors steel wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead power collectors steel wheel
+and steel rail with manual or automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steel rail with manual or automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steel rail with manual or automatic
+pseudo control so if you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo control so if you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo control so if you were a
+consultant and you were thinking about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant and you were thinking about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant and you were thinking about I
+don't hang about what how you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hang about what how you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hang about what how you were
+deciding on the key aspects of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding on the key aspects of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding on the key aspects of a new
+system you could think about vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you could think about vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you could think about vehicle
+design are you gonna make it high for or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design are you gonna make it high for or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design are you gonna make it high for or
+low floor so some people here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low floor so some people here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low floor so some people here in the
+Green Line are we have both in the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line are we have both in the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line are we have both in the Green
+Line I don't know if you've noticed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line I don't know if you've noticed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line I don't know if you've noticed the
+older ones are high floor yep up stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older ones are high floor yep up stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older ones are high floor yep up stairs
+to enter the vehicle and the more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the vehicle and the more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter the vehicle and the more the
+newer ones are are low you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer ones are are low you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer ones are are low you could have
+articulated or rigidbody vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated or rigidbody vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated or rigidbody vehicles
+right-of-way we have option just for bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way we have option just for bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way we have option just for bus
+and you also have fully automated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have fully automated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have fully automated to
+manually dependent or things in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here are some examples we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are some examples we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are some examples we have this
+is in Utah the tracks tra X and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Utah the tracks tra X and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Utah the tracks tra X and this one
+goes through I believe this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through I believe this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through I believe this is an
+intersection where our scan across so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection where our scan across so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection where our scan across so
+it's sharing some aspects of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sharing some aspects of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sharing some aspects of its
+right-of-way here's the Metro blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way here's the Metro blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way here's the Metro blue line
+in Minneapolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minneapolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Minneapolis
+both of these take power electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these take power electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these take power electrically
+from overhead catenaries as you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from overhead catenaries as you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from overhead catenaries as you see here
+and but the third well no another third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the third well no another third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the third well no another third
+here we also have catenary so here's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we also have catenary so here's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we also have catenary so here's of
+the fourth example I have of light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth example I have of light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth example I have of light rail
+is has no catenaries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has no catenaries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has no catenaries so
+this is a more modern system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more modern system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more modern system for
+powering with a rail that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering with a rail that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powering with a rail that actually
+stereotypical description so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical description so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical description so does
+somebody know how this works there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody know how this works there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody know how this works there are
+three lines so these two are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines so these two are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines so these two are for
+guidance and there's one in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance and there's one in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance and there's one in the middle
+that's the third rail so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the third rail so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the third rail so how do you
+prevent people from electrocuting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from electrocuting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from electrocuting
+themselves when they walk because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves when they walk because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves when they walk because
+typically in metro systems a third it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in metro systems a third it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in metro systems a third it's
+been homeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been homeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been homeless
+yeah no it's contact no it has to it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's contact no it has to it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's contact no it has to it has
+to be carry and there are electronically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be carry and there are electronically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be carry and there are electronically
+controlled so so the the head and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so so the the head and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so so the the head and the
+tail of the Train emits some signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the Train emits some signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of the Train emits some signals
+let's say I'm over you open like turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm over you open like turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I'm over you open like turn
+and turn this section on and only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn this section on and only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn this section on and only the
+section that is under the vehicle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that is under the vehicle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that is under the vehicle is
+powered the rest of it is disconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered the rest of it is disconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered the rest of it is disconnected
+so it's prettier because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's prettier because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's prettier because you don't have
+these overhead cavanaugh race they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these overhead cavanaugh race they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these overhead cavanaugh race they're
+somewhat unsightly taking space over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat unsightly taking space over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat unsightly taking space over and
+back sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back sorry
+this is in Bordeaux in France I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in Bordeaux in France I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in Bordeaux in France I don't I
+can't imagine that it's more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine that it's more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't imagine that it's more expensive
+actually but I can't say for sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but I can't say for sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but I can't say for sure it's
+getting you know when this started it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know when this started it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting you know when this started it
+was a new thing and there were issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a new thing and there were issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a new thing and there were issues
+with Eve and other things it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Eve and other things it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Eve and other things it's getting
+more widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more widespread
+I think they've solved a lot of it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they've solved a lot of it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they've solved a lot of it it's
+becoming more common so ever done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more common so ever done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more common so ever done with
+the cost will go down with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah underground yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah underground yeah all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah underground yeah all right
+stereotypical description heavy rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical description heavy rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical description heavy rail
+vehicles operating in trains with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles operating in trains with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles operating in trains with
+electric motors on a fully separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric motors on a fully separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric motors on a fully separate
+right-of-way with manual signal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way with manual signal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-way with manual signal or
+automatic blended signal control level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic blended signal control level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic blended signal control level
+boarding and off vehicle fare payment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding and off vehicle fare payment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding and off vehicle fare payment so
+metro right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro right
+Wow if you were designing a metro system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow if you were designing a metro system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow if you were designing a metro system
+what were what would be your key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were what would be your key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were what would be your key
+decisions you would think about train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you would think about train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you would think about train
+lengths how long will my train be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths how long will my train be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths how long will my train be it
+can't be longer than your platform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be longer than your platform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be longer than your platform so
+your station design has to go with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your station design has to go with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your station design has to go with this
+if you have old stations and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have old stations and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have old stations and you're
+having a capacity problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a capacity problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a capacity problem
+you can't just buy longer trains some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just buy longer trains some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just buy longer trains some
+systems allow for the last car to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems allow for the last car to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems allow for the last car to remain
+at least the last door of the last car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the last door of the last car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the last door of the last car
+to remain in the tunnel in London you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain in the tunnel in London you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain in the tunnel in London you
+see that I'm silver per station saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I'm silver per station saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I'm silver per station saying
+if you're in the rear of the car the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the rear of the car the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in the rear of the car the
+front because we're entering a shorter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front because we're entering a shorter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front because we're entering a shorter a
+shorter segment so that's one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter segment so that's one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter segment so that's one of them
+the other things I could limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things I could limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things I could limit the
+length or turning radiuses radii but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or turning radiuses radii but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or turning radiuses radii but
+that's not usually a problem with Metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not usually a problem with Metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not usually a problem with Metro
+because Metro doesn't usually have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Metro doesn't usually have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Metro doesn't usually have very
+tight curves okay right of way so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight curves okay right of way so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight curves okay right of way so you
+could have it upgrade if you have it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it upgrade if you have it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have it upgrade if you have it off
+at grade that means that if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at grade that means that if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at grade that means that if you want
+cars to cross under or over you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars to cross under or over you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars to cross under or over you have to
+do a tunnel or an overpass elevated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a tunnel or an overpass elevated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a tunnel or an overpass elevated you
+were making the overpass kind of over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making the overpass kind of over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making the overpass kind of over a
+long stretch for for the Train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long stretch for for the Train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long stretch for for the Train and
+allowing keeping your streets as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing keeping your streets as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing keeping your streets as they
+are and tunnel well the three new bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and tunnel well the three new bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and tunnel well the three new bottom
+in Puerto Rico has all three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right-of-ways station spacing is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-ways station spacing is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-of-ways station spacing is another
+consideration if you use space stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration if you use space stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration if you use space stations
+out if you have longer distance stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you have longer distance stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you have longer distance stations
+that means you can cover a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you can cover a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you can cover a longer
+distance faster but that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance faster but that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance faster but that means that
+people have to walk longer to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to walk longer to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to walk longer to their
+final origin or they're sorry they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final origin or they're sorry they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final origin or they're sorry they're
+their first the real origin or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first the real origin or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first the real origin or their
+realest ination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realest ination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realest ination
+and there are both ends of the trip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are both ends of the trip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are both ends of the trip and
+then operating arrangements we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then operating arrangements we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then operating arrangements we talked
+about the difference blocking systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference blocking systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference blocking systems
+and control systems do you want this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control systems do you want this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control systems do you want this to
+be driven by a human or will a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be driven by a human or will a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be driven by a human or will a computer
+be taking over so questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no there's nothing to do with whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's nothing to do with whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's nothing to do with whether
+with the weight of the vehicle for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weight of the vehicle for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weight of the vehicle for sure
+so but again in there yo types yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but again in there yo types yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but again in there yo types yeah no
+but but stereotypically yes because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but stereotypically yes because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but stereotypically yes because you
+have the street cars which are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the street cars which are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the street cars which are you know
+the truck is kind of embedded on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck is kind of embedded on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck is kind of embedded on the
+narrower kind of on the ground and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower kind of on the ground and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower kind of on the ground and then
+these heavy rail systems tend to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these heavy rail systems tend to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these heavy rail systems tend to have a
+third rail and sort of wider gauge for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third rail and sort of wider gauge for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third rail and sort of wider gauge for a
+higher capacity so here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher capacity so here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher capacity so here's an example
+this is a this is a Beijing or Shanghai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a Beijing or Shanghai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a Beijing or Shanghai
+yeah yeah Beijing 9/4 in Beijing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah Beijing 9/4 in Beijing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah Beijing 9/4 in Beijing and you
+can see here's a platform screen doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here's a platform screen doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here's a platform screen doors
+so these will only open when a train is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will only open when a train is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will only open when a train is
+there and it protects people from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it protects people from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it protects people from being
+pushed into the track which could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into the track which could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into the track which could happen
+by accident or a person trying to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accident or a person trying to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by accident or a person trying to commit
+suicide which is actually a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide which is actually a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide which is actually a big problem
+in for metro operators yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes they don't open the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they don't open the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they don't open the door
+that is not yeah yeah only open doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not yeah yeah only open doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not yeah yeah only open doors
+that are right in front of a platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are right in front of a platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are right in front of a platform
+screen door if that makes sense and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen door if that makes sense and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen door if that makes sense and and
+it's hard to align the Train very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to align the Train very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to align the Train very well
+so you often have these with a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you often have these with a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you often have these with a computer
+controlling the train to stop precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the train to stop precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the train to stop precisely
+where the doors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's yeah I mean it's it's just based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah I mean it's it's just based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah I mean it's it's just based on
+the train will stop so that it's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train will stop so that it's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train will stop so that it's first
+door aligns with the first platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door aligns with the first platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door aligns with the first platform
+screen door and everything else does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen door and everything else does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen door and everything else does
+Falls thank what communication happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls thank what communication happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls thank what communication happens
+exactly I'm I don't know the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I'm I don't know the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I'm I don't know the details of
+each system I feel it yeah this is no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each system I feel it yeah this is no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each system I feel it yeah this is no I
+don't go this is an elevated section you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go this is an elevated section you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go this is an elevated section you
+see the third rail right here carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the third rail right here carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the third rail right here carrying
+the power power let's have a quick aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power power let's have a quick aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power power let's have a quick aside
+and talk about powering the there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about powering the there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about powering the there are
+two electric sort of categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electric sort of categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electric sort of categories of
+weight and rail is mostly old direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and rail is mostly old direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and rail is mostly old direct
+current power and systems that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current power and systems that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current power and systems that are
+longer alternating current at twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer alternating current at twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer alternating current at twenty
+five kilo volt so much higher voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five kilo volt so much higher voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five kilo volt so much higher voltage
+it's any ideas about the trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's any ideas about the trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's any ideas about the trade-offs
+between these two or when would you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two or when would you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two or when would you use
+one over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe but more than lower speeds it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but more than lower speeds it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but more than lower speeds it's
+shorter distances so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if your yeah so if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if your yeah so if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if your yeah so if you're in a
+tunnel the tunnel construction will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel the tunnel construction will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel the tunnel construction will be
+more expensive if you have to fit in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive if you have to fit in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive if you have to fit in a
+catenary and space for the pickup right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenary and space for the pickup right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catenary and space for the pickup right
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+re and that is that is the kiri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re and that is that is the kiri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re and that is that is the kiri
+difference yeah so to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yeah so to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yeah so to maintain the
+system right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right okay
+so AC power you can you can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AC power you can you can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AC power you can you can change the
+voltage on the current right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the current right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on the current right so you can
+make it very high voltage and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very high voltage and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very high voltage and that means
+that it's easy and and and cheaper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's easy and and and cheaper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's easy and and and cheaper to
+transmit over longer distances so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit over longer distances so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit over longer distances so
+whenever you have intercity trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have intercity trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have intercity trains
+almost always they will be overhead high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always they will be overhead high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always they will be overhead high
+voltage AC for subways shorter distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage AC for subways shorter distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage AC for subways shorter distances
+tunnels you don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnels you don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnels you don't want to have
+transformers everywhere and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformers everywhere and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformers everywhere and the other
+problem with high voltage is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with high voltage is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with high voltage is that it
+arcs more easily between two pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs more easily between two pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs more easily between two pieces of
+metal so in a subway system a subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so in a subway system a subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so in a subway system a subway
+train like this you don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train like this you don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train like this you don't have much
+space between underneath the train to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between underneath the train to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between underneath the train to
+fit things in with proper electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit things in with proper electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit things in with proper electrical
+isolation so if it's an intercity train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so if it's an intercity train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so if it's an intercity train
+it's higher floor it you have more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's higher floor it you have more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's higher floor it you have more space
+but if it's a metro system often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a metro system often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a metro system often you
+have less space so if it's DC inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less space so if it's DC inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less space so if it's DC inside the
+Train and and you don't need burners at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train and and you don't need burners at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Train and and you don't need burners at
+very short intervals in your system yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short intervals in your system yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short intervals in your system yeah
+so that was a short parenthesis commuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a short parenthesis commuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a short parenthesis commuter
+rail is another kind of rail system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail is another kind of rail system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail is another kind of rail system so
+the stereotypical description vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereotypical description vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereotypical description vehicles
+operating in trains with long station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in trains with long station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in trains with long station
+spacing frequently serving long trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing frequently serving long trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing frequently serving long trips
+into the Central City there's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Central City there's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Central City there's usually a
+large balance between peak hour and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large balance between peak hour and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large balance between peak hour and
+off-peak service so commuter great to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak service so commuter great to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak service so commuter great to
+bring people in to work in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring people in to work in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring people in to work in the morning
+and out of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of work
+you know in the afternoon so you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the afternoon so you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the afternoon so you often
+have service every hour or every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have service every hour or every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have service every hour or every two
+hours in the middle of the day it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the middle of the day it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the middle of the day it's not
+designed for frequent service your key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for frequent service your key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed for frequent service your key
+decision the decisions are fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision the decisions are fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision the decisions are fair
+collection strategies are you gonna put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection strategies are you gonna put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection strategies are you gonna put
+gates on the whole system as if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates on the whole system as if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates on the whole system as if it were
+a metro system are you gonna have paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metro system are you gonna have paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metro system are you gonna have paper
+tickets some systems are moving towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets some systems are moving towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets some systems are moving towards
+mobile phone ticketing where you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone ticketing where you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone ticketing where you buy
+something that flushes and colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that flushes and colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that flushes and colors and
+proves that you've bought a valid pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that you've bought a valid pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves that you've bought a valid pass
+so different strategies for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different strategies for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different strategies for free
+collection line lengths how long how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection line lengths how long how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection line lengths how long how far
+out from the city center are you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the city center are you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the city center are you gonna
+lay track and provide service are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay track and provide service are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay track and provide service are you
+gonna through route in the CBD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna through route in the CBD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna through route in the CBD is
+there's a train gonna only get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a train gonna only get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a train gonna only get to the
+CBD and turn back or are you gonna cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD and turn back or are you gonna cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD and turn back or are you gonna cross
+the city and and provide service on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city and and provide service on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city and and provide service on the
+other side having crossed that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side having crossed that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side having crossed that's pretty
+critical actually because Camino Real is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical actually because Camino Real is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical actually because Camino Real is
+very directional so if you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very directional so if you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very directional so if you don't have a
+place near the city to store your trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place near the city to store your trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place near the city to store your trains
+after you have inbound service you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have inbound service you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have inbound service you'd
+have to then take them out so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then take them out so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then take them out so you're
+running trips that cost you money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running trips that cost you money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running trips that cost you money to
+operate and we're not serving many trips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and we're not serving many trips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and we're not serving many trips
+so if you have through routing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have through routing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have through routing and you
+have a yard close to the city center it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a yard close to the city center it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a yard close to the city center it
+might make more sense station spacing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make more sense station spacing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make more sense station spacing is
+another issue and extent of parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue and extent of parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another issue and extent of parking
+capacity why parking because commuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity why parking because commuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity why parking because commuter
+rail is often accessed with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail is often accessed with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail is often accessed with a with a
+park and ride service right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and ride service right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and ride service right so you're
+usually you you drive to a commuter rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you you drive to a commuter rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you you drive to a commuter rail
+station you park there and then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station you park there and then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station you park there and then you take
+the commuter rail questions on commuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commuter rail questions on commuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the commuter rail questions on commuter
+rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay some examples this diesel so it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some examples this diesel so it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some examples this diesel so it in
+some sections it runs on diesel I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sections it runs on diesel I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sections it runs on diesel I think
+it's closer to the city center it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closer to the city center it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's closer to the city center it uses
+electric power here's a Mumbai this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power here's a Mumbai this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power here's a Mumbai this one
+has a catenary so it's taking power from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a catenary so it's taking power from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a catenary so it's taking power from
+these catenaries just go transit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these catenaries just go transit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these catenaries just go transit in
+Toronto this is typical of commuter rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto this is typical of commuter rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto this is typical of commuter rail
+having two levels to two decks fit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two levels to two decks fit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two levels to two decks fit more
+people in okay so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in okay so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in okay so what are the
+traditional service concepts boss on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional service concepts boss on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional service concepts boss on
+ right-of-way streetcar or like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ right-of-way streetcar or like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ right-of-way streetcar or like this
+at light rail on shared right-of-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at light rail on shared right-of-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at light rail on shared right-of-way
+heavy rail on exclusive right of way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail on exclusive right of way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail on exclusive right of way and
+then commuter or regional rail on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commuter or regional rail on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commuter or regional rail on
+something that is semi exclusive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is semi exclusive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is semi exclusive or
+order exclusive right of way sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order exclusive right of way sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order exclusive right of way sometimes
+commuter rail shares the right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail shares the right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail shares the right the
+segment's with freight so and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment's with freight so and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment's with freight so and it's
+semi-exclusive newer service concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-exclusive newer service concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-exclusive newer service concepts
+BRT so looking at using buses to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BRT so looking at using buses to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BRT so looking at using buses to operate
+something that is more akin light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is more akin light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is more akin light rail
+or even to later heavy rail if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even to later heavy rail if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even to later heavy rail if you want
+so including exclusive lanes and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so including exclusive lanes and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so including exclusive lanes and or
+transit signal priority where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit signal priority where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit signal priority where the
+signals turn green when one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals turn green when one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals turn green when one of these
+vehicles approaches to not delay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles approaches to not delay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles approaches to not delay the
+vehicle in yeah and then light rail an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle in yeah and then light rail an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle in yeah and then light rail an
+exclusive right of way which makes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right of way which makes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right of way which makes more
+like heavy rail if you look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like heavy rail if you look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like heavy rail if you look at those
+stereotypical descriptions that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical descriptions that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypical descriptions that we had
+here okay and what else is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and what else is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and what else is happening
+increasing diversity IRA arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing diversity IRA arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing diversity IRA arrangement
+instead of having people hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having people hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having people hiring
+part-timers to cover the peaks or having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-timers to cover the peaks or having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-timers to cover the peaks or having
+ten-hour days but not five and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-hour days but not five and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-hour days but not five and then
+payment by vehicle type so as much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment by vehicle type so as much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment by vehicle type so as much for
+enough a heavy rail car as you would for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough a heavy rail car as you would for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough a heavy rail car as you would for
+a bus so let's go back to part-timers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bus so let's go back to part-timers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bus so let's go back to part-timers in
+10-hour days why are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-hour days why are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-hour days why are the
+helped increase the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped increase the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped increase the efficiency
+efficiency of a bus or a real system why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of a bus or a real system why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of a bus or a real system why
+is that necessary okay so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that necessary okay so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that necessary okay so that would be
+for part-timers right yeah so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part-timers right yeah so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part-timers right yeah so you might
+need more to run more service own at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more to run more service own at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need more to run more service own at the
+peaks and the peaks are not long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and the peaks are not long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and the peaks are not long enough
+they're also not they're also not spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also not they're also not spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also not they're also not spaced
+they're kind of spaced to eight hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of spaced to eight hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of spaced to eight hours
+apart aren't they so an eight-hour day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart aren't they so an eight-hour day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart aren't they so an eight-hour day
+it doesn't really work to cover both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really work to cover both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really work to cover both
+Peaks so that I you can do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks so that I you can do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks so that I you can do that by
+hiring part-timers or by extending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring part-timers or by extending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring part-timers or by extending the
+day to get ten hours and cover both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to get ten hours and cover both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to get ten hours and cover both
+Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay routing and scheduling so fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay routing and scheduling so fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay routing and scheduling so fixed
+flexible advanced booking yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible advanced booking yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible advanced booking yeah so
+vehicle types we have all these mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle types we have all these mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle types we have all these mini
+buses articulated buses rail cars by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses articulated buses rail cars by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses articulated buses rail cars by
+level rail cars low floor we saw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level rail cars low floor we saw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level rail cars low floor we saw some
+examples control options traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples control options traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples control options traditionally
+it was fixed lock but now we have moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fixed lock but now we have moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fixed lock but now we have moving
+block and we have fancier systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and we have fancier systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and we have fancier systems
+collisions and to actually control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and to actually control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and to actually control the
+system to run faster and more even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to run faster and more even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to run faster and more even
+headway and you have dual mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway and you have dual mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headway and you have dual mode
+operations so for light rail systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so for light rail systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so for light rail systems
+that work more like buses but also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work more like buses but also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work more like buses but also more
+like rails in some segments so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rails in some segments so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rails in some segments so in some
+cases this dual mode has more to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases this dual mode has more to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases this dual mode has more to do with
+power so it could be a bus that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so it could be a bus that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so it could be a bus that runs
+electric in a tunnel section but runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric in a tunnel section but runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric in a tunnel section but runs
+diesel out on section like the Silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel out on section like the Silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel out on section like the Silver
+Line here in Boston could be having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line here in Boston could be having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line here in Boston could be having some
+system that operates on streets as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that operates on streets as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that operates on streets as a
+normal bus would but then enters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal bus would but then enters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal bus would but then enters a
+corridor where it's fully dedicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor where it's fully dedicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor where it's fully dedicated to
+the bus system so its operating in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus system so its operating in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus system so its operating in both
+manners yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not sure I follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I follow
+can't hear you very well but but the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear you very well but but the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear you very well but but the if
+you're asking about why not run diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking about why not run diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking about why not run diesel
+in the tunnel it's four exhausts yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tunnel it's four exhausts yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tunnel it's four exhausts yeah so
+so there might be regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there might be regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there might be regulations
+you don't want diesel exhaust in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want diesel exhaust in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want diesel exhaust in the
+tunnels so it's for health reasons a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnels so it's for health reasons a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnels so it's for health reasons a lot
+of the newer buses like hybrid buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the newer buses like hybrid buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the newer buses like hybrid buses
+that are diesel electric obviously if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are diesel electric obviously if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are diesel electric obviously if
+you got a fully electric bus there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a fully electric bus there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a fully electric bus there's no
+issue if you get a diesel electric some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue if you get a diesel electric some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue if you get a diesel electric some
+of them have a hushed you're entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have a hushed you're entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have a hushed you're entering
+the tunnel you can tell it to only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tunnel you can tell it to only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tunnel you can tell it to only use
+electric and it to run slower it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and it to run slower it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and it to run slower it will
+but it'll it'll run only on like and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll it'll run only on like and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll it'll run only on like and I
+get you turn that off when you exit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you turn that off when you exit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you turn that off when you exit the
+direction to keep electricity questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to keep electricity questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to keep electricity questions
+on these okay bust oh rail has higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these okay bust oh rail has higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these okay bust oh rail has higher
+capacity bus has lower capital costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity bus has lower capital costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity bus has lower capital costs
+it's cheaper to buy a bus into by rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper to buy a bus into by rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cheaper to buy a bus into by rail
+or to build rail buses you buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to build rail buses you buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to build rail buses you buy the
+vehicle and the streets are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and the streets are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle and the streets are already
+there so you're not you know you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you're not you know you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you're not you know you're not
+having to build stations the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to build stations the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to build stations the unit
+operating costs are lower for rail so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating costs are lower for rail so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating costs are lower for rail so if
+you look at the average and we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the average and we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the average and we'll look
+at some of these costs unit cost by say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of these costs unit cost by say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of these costs unit cost by say
+by trip by passenger ship because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trip by passenger ship because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trip by passenger ship because so
+many people write rail it's cheaper per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people write rail it's cheaper per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people write rail it's cheaper per
+ride to to provide rail than to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride to to provide rail than to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride to to provide rail than to provide
+bus bus however can cover a what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus bus however can cover a what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus bus however can cover a what the
+network because it's real tense a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network because it's real tense a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network because it's real tense a better
+service quality because doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service quality because doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service quality because doesn't have
+traffic and it houses dedicated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and it houses dedicated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and it houses dedicated right
+away so yeah and it has a stronger land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so yeah and it has a stronger land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so yeah and it has a stronger land
+use influence because the stations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use influence because the stations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use influence because the stations are
+in a map and you you sort of know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a map and you you sort of know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a map and you you sort of know the
+rail map of a city much faster than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail map of a city much faster than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail map of a city much faster than you
+learn about its bus network so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about its bus network so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about its bus network so there's a
+bias that people have towards taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias that people have towards taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias that people have towards taking
+rail overtaking bus even if rationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail overtaking bus even if rationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail overtaking bus even if rationally
+taking bus would be faster you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking bus would be faster you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking bus would be faster you may not
+even be aware of your all of your bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be aware of your all of your bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be aware of your all of your bus
+options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options
+and fewer negative externalities that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer negative externalities that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fewer negative externalities that's
+because electricity that powers these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electricity that powers these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because electricity that powers these is
+often generated outside of the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often generated outside of the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often generated outside of the city and
+brought in so the pull air pollution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in so the pull air pollution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in so the pull air pollution
+caused by the consumption of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by the consumption of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by the consumption of electricity
+for real is not is on an externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real is not is on an externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real is not is on an externality
+that is that is internalized in the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is internalized in the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is internalized in the city
+often does that make sense so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often does that make sense so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often does that make sense so right so
+bus is Mark much more flicked and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus is Mark much more flicked and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus is Mark much more flicked and you
+can operate it on any road and we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate it on any road and we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate it on any road and we're on
+a guided right-of-way or that it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guided right-of-way or that it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guided right-of-way or that it right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+and it's more prone to being used in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more prone to being used in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more prone to being used in a
+mode nature right so just flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going back to a PTA fact book of 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to a PTA fact book of 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to a PTA fact book of 2011
+and these are numbers for 2000 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are numbers for 2000 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are numbers for 2000 because
+they always do these reports for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always do these reports for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always do these reports for
+tweeters before the report comes out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweeters before the report comes out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweeters before the report comes out so
+how much was spent in bus service in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much was spent in bus service in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much was spent in bus service in the
+u.s. so 18 this is this is in millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. so 18 this is this is in millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. so 18 this is this is in millions
+so 18 thousand million billion heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 18 thousand million billion heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 18 thousand million billion heavy
+rail less and light rail even less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail less and light rail even less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail less and light rail even less and
+then commuter rail is more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commuter rail is more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then commuter rail is more expensive
+paratransit is is a form of transit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paratransit is is a form of transit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paratransit is is a form of transit that
+is provided to handicapped people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is provided to handicapped people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is provided to handicapped people and
+it's you you reserved it you say I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you you reserved it you say I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you you reserved it you say I need
+to be picked up here and taken there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be picked up here and taken there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be picked up here and taken there and
+you got a window maybe a 3-hour window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a window maybe a 3-hour window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a window maybe a 3-hour window
+so it'll schedule will pick up and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll schedule will pick up and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll schedule will pick up and take
+you its provide service for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you its provide service for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you its provide service for you so
+because it's so dedicated it's expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so dedicated it's expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so dedicated it's expensive
+to run okay in terms of that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run okay in terms of that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run okay in terms of that's that's
+operating expenses how many trips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating expenses how many trips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating expenses how many trips are
+served so bus also provides more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served so bus also provides more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served so bus also provides more than
+heavy rail because there are more bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail because there are more bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail because there are more bus
+systems all over the US heavy rail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all over the US heavy rail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all over the US heavy rail but
+you can see if you compare the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if you compare the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see if you compare the operating
+expenses with with annual unlinked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses with with annual unlinked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses with with annual unlinked
+passenger trips that it's more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger trips that it's more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger trips that it's more efficient
+per passenger right and then light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per passenger right and then light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per passenger right and then light rail
+and commuter rail imperatives that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commuter rail imperatives that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commuter rail imperatives that are
+much smaller contributors to this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller contributors to this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller contributors to this let's
+go down to these pale yellow ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to these pale yellow ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down to these pale yellow ones here
+we are dividing operating expense by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are dividing operating expense by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are dividing operating expense by
+revenue vehicle our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue vehicle our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue vehicle our
+rubbing your vehicle mile or unlinked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbing your vehicle mile or unlinked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbing your vehicle mile or unlinked
+trip so we got some unit costs right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so we got some unit costs right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so we got some unit costs right so
+you see the unit costs for bus $3 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the unit costs for bus $3 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the unit costs for bus $3 40
+cents per per bus ride for heavy rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per per bus ride for heavy rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per per bus ride for heavy rail
+$1.00 80 cents for light rail three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1.00 80 cents for light rail three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1.00 80 cents for light rail three
+dollars for commuter rail $10 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars for commuter rail $10 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars for commuter rail $10 for
+paratransit $26 so this is how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paratransit $26 so this is how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paratransit $26 so this is how much it
+costs to run that service when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to run that service when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to run that service when you
+divided by the number of people taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of people taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of people taking
+it questions more the ladder yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it questions more the ladder yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it questions more the ladder yeah I mean
+it's it's cheaper to run one bus but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's cheaper to run one bus but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's cheaper to run one bus but if
+you if you look at how many people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you look at how many people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you look at how many people can
+write a bus and how many people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bus and how many people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bus and how many people can
+write a train yeah the tube on our unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a train yeah the tube on our unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a train yeah the tube on our unit
+cost basis is yeah it's more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost basis is yeah it's more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost basis is yeah it's more efficient
+the other thing is that you put Metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is that you put Metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is that you put Metro
+service in places where there is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service in places where there is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service in places where there is high
+demand so it's somewhat cyclical right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so it's somewhat cyclical right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so it's somewhat cyclical right
+bus service you might have a mandate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus service you might have a mandate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus service you might have a mandate to
+cover a big area so some of the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a big area so some of the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a big area so some of the bus
+quarters might be make operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters might be make operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters might be make operating on
+profit and some of them might be you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and some of them might be you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit and some of them might be you're
+doing it because you have a mandate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it because you have a mandate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it because you have a mandate to
+provide service and it's running it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide service and it's running it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide service and it's running it's
+underutilized and and the price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underutilized and and the price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underutilized and and the price that
+your cost per writer might be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost per writer might be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost per writer might be much
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes no capital costs and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes no capital costs and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes no capital costs and we're not
+talking about fairs here so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about fairs here so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about fairs here so this is how
+much it costs to pay the driver the feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it costs to pay the driver the feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it costs to pay the driver the feel
+the maintenance yeah okay let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance yeah okay let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance yeah okay let's look at
+mean passenger load I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean passenger load I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean passenger load I think this is
+interesting so ten point seven four bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so ten point seven four bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so ten point seven four bus
+so if you look at you take a bus and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at you take a bus and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at you take a bus and in
+the US at random the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US at random the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US at random the average number of
+people in it will be eleven people does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it will be eleven people does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it will be eleven people does
+that make sense is that your experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense is that your experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense is that your experience
+seems a little low so what way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little low so what way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little low so what way of
+thinking about it maybe I can clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it maybe I can clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it maybe I can clear the
+board a little bit here I'm sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board a little bit here I'm sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board a little bit here I'm sorry it's
+very yeah they're all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one way of thinking order is let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of thinking order is let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of thinking order is let's think
+of the a.m. peak so and let's just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the a.m. peak so and let's just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the a.m. peak so and let's just keep
+it very simple so you have service going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very simple so you have service going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very simple so you have service going
+this way from one terminal to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way from one terminal to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way from one terminal to the other
+let's say a and B and service going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a and B and service going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a and B and service going back
+right and because this is the a.m. peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and because this is the a.m. peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and because this is the a.m. peak
+and this is the central business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the central business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the central business
+district let's say that everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district let's say that everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district let's say that everybody's
+going in nobody's coming out so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in nobody's coming out so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in nobody's coming out so you have
+a lot of people boarding the bus closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people boarding the bus closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people boarding the bus closer
+to the city well yeah let's do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city well yeah let's do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city well yeah let's do it the
+other way more realistically people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way more realistically people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way more realistically people are
+boarding the bus and as they get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding the bus and as they get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding the bus and as they get to the
+CBD they alight they get off of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD they alight they get off of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBD they alight they get off of the city
+center right so let's say that a bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center right so let's say that a bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center right so let's say that a bus
+this bus fits 45 people so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus fits 45 people so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bus fits 45 people so that's the
+peope right there so what's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peope right there so what's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peope right there so what's the average
+in that direction it's half of 45 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction it's half of 45 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction it's half of 45 right
+and then if you divide 45 by half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you divide 45 by half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you divide 45 by half and
+then by half because there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by half because there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by half because there's only one
+direction providing service yeah 45 by 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction providing service yeah 45 by 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction providing service yeah 45 by 4
+right 45 by 4 is 11 so there you go just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+making sense of it right a quick check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah yeah and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah and there are some
+of that in some of these other modes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in some of these other modes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that in some of these other modes so
+heavy rail force reasons 25 this car an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail force reasons 25 this car an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail force reasons 25 this car an
+upper train so okay light rail also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper train so okay light rail also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper train so okay light rail also by
+car although many light rail systems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car although many light rail systems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car although many light rail systems or
+single car to car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single car to car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single car to car
+so I think commuter rail is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think commuter rail is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think commuter rail is higher
+thirty five point three a two things one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty five point three a two things one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty five point three a two things one
+is your most rating on the peak power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your most rating on the peak power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your most rating on the peak power so
+you're not providing much service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not providing much service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not providing much service
+off-peak therefore there's this higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak therefore there's this higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-peak therefore there's this higher
+the amount there the other thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount there the other thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount there the other thing is that
+it yeah right so the these cars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah right so the these cars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah right so the these cars are
+bigger they have two decks sometimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger they have two decks sometimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger they have two decks sometimes and
+they fit more people so that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit more people so that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit more people so that's why you
+have higher mean passenger load okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher mean passenger load okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher mean passenger load okay so
+looking at some sort of averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some sort of averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some sort of averages
+nationwide and make some sense writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide and make some sense writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationwide and make some sense writer
+ships by mode and unlinked look start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships by mode and unlinked look start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships by mode and unlinked look start
+with heavy systems from from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heavy systems from from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heavy systems from from the from
+two classes ago we saw that the oldest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes ago we saw that the oldest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes ago we saw that the oldest
+systems are the first ones to be built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are the first ones to be built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are the first ones to be built
+and they're in cities that depends a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're in cities that depends a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're in cities that depends a lot
+on transit and use a lot of transit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on transit and use a lot of transit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on transit and use a lot of transit so
+these five older systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five older systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five older systems
+this was the ridership in 2009 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the ridership in 2009 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the ridership in 2009 if you
+look at seven newer systems built after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at seven newer systems built after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at seven newer systems built after
+that that's combined writer much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's combined writer much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's combined writer much lower
+right so you see the older systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see the older systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see the older systems are
+carrying a lot more people and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a lot more people and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a lot more people and if you
+look at the change from 74 to 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the change from 74 to 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the change from 74 to 2009
+neither group see three percent and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither group see three percent and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither group see three percent and not
+with light rail you have you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light rail you have you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with light rail you have you start with
+seven old systems one eighty eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven old systems one eighty eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven old systems one eighty eight
+million grew by 26% a lot of newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million grew by 26% a lot of newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million grew by 26% a lot of newer
+systems you see that there are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you see that there are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you see that there are much more
+newer light rail system so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer light rail system so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer light rail system so there are
+newer heavy rail systems commuter rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer heavy rail systems commuter rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer heavy rail systems commuter rail
+for old 12 new the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for old 12 new the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for old 12 new the same idea
+the older the older systems grew by 36%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older the older systems grew by 36%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older the older systems grew by 36%
+twelve new systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve new systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve new systems
+carried much less than the for old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried much less than the for old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried much less than the for old
+system oh and here's for boss we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system oh and here's for boss we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system oh and here's for boss we had
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+five five Billy 5.4 billion I grew so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five Billy 5.4 billion I grew so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five Billy 5.4 billion I grew so
+that's just giving you an idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just giving you an idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just giving you an idea of how
+heavily the systems are being used if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily the systems are being used if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily the systems are being used if
+you look at what has happened from 1999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at what has happened from 1999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at what has happened from 1999
+to 2009 to one decade a number of active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2009 to one decade a number of active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2009 to one decade a number of active
+vehicles ten percent so the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles ten percent so the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles ten percent so the investment
+of the supply in heavy rail grew by 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply in heavy rail grew by 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply in heavy rail grew by 10%
+the demand in the case supply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand in the case supply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand in the case supply it
+measured it another in another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured it another in another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured it another in another way
+revenue vehicle miles operated 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue vehicle miles operated 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue vehicle miles operated 20
+percent or 19 percent for light rail we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or 19 percent for light rail we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or 19 percent for light rail we
+see that many more vehicles are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that many more vehicles are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that many more vehicles are our
+being and much more revenue models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and much more revenue models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and much more revenue models are
+being operated so again we're testament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being operated so again we're testament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being operated so again we're testament
+in light rail that in heavy rail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light rail that in heavy rail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light rail that in heavy rail and
+yeah commuter rail somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah commuter rail somewhere in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah commuter rail somewhere in between
+for boss it's much less it's it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for boss it's much less it's it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for boss it's much less it's it looks
+like there is a higher level of mint in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there is a higher level of mint in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there is a higher level of mint in
+light rail systems than in other modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and service trends by mode so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and service trends by mode so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and service trends by mode so we
+have here boardings for revenue vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here boardings for revenue vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here boardings for revenue vehicle
+mile so this way of measuring how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile so this way of measuring how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile so this way of measuring how much
+first apply in 2009 this is how much 5.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first apply in 2009 this is how much 5.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first apply in 2009 this is how much 5.2
+for heavy rail on light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heavy rail on light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heavy rail on light rail
+heavy rail grew by 16% light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail grew by 16% light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail grew by 16% light rail
+decreased by 15% again more investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased by 15% again more investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased by 15% again more investment
+in light rail and but more of the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light rail and but more of the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light rail and but more of the growth
+happening in heavy rail commuter rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in heavy rail commuter rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in heavy rail commuter rail
+same thing some of this could be people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing some of this could be people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing some of this could be people
+more people moving for cities and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people moving for cities and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people moving for cities and not
+requiring commuter rail or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring commuter rail or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring commuter rail or
+suburbanization people living in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbanization people living in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbanization people living in the
+suburbs and working in the suburbs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs and working in the suburbs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburbs and working in the suburbs for
+not having to take community rail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to take community rail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to take community rail for
+loads we see again loads increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads we see again loads increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads we see again loads increasing in
+heavy rail decreasing some what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail decreasing some what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail decreasing some what are
+staying flat another Road so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying flat another Road so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying flat another Road so these are
+general trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trends
+okay slide you have any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay slide you have any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay slide you have any questions on
+these modes and their characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes and their characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes and their characteristics
+and the roles they play and yes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the roles they play and yes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the roles they play and yes okay so
+revenue vehicle miles start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue vehicle miles start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue vehicle miles start with the
+first one what is revenue vehicle mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one what is revenue vehicle mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one what is revenue vehicle mile
+it's a measure of the distance total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of the distance total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of the distance total
+distance covered by a vehicle that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance covered by a vehicle that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance covered by a vehicle that is
+serving trips so it excludes deadheads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving trips so it excludes deadheads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving trips so it excludes deadheads
+from garages to the beginning of a route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from garages to the beginning of a route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from garages to the beginning of a route
+or or any other vehicle movement where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or any other vehicle movement where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or any other vehicle movement where
+the vehicle is not serving people it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle is not serving people it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicle is not serving people it's
+not it doesn't have a hit its head sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't have a hit its head sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't have a hit its head sign
+on and if it's a bust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and if it's a bust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and if it's a bust
+right so that answers the first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that answers the first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that answers the first question
+and the second one was why why is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one was why why is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one was why why is there
+weather forces seem to be investment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather forces seem to be investment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather forces seem to be investment you
+know when it seems like the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when it seems like the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when it seems like the it's the
+ridership is decreasing and the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership is decreasing and the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership is decreasing and the amount
+of yeah revenue vehicle miles are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah revenue vehicle miles are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah revenue vehicle miles are going
+down as well so this is more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as well so this is more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as well so this is more of a
+planning and politics question I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cities and urban planners because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and urban planners because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and urban planners because like
+because Rail has a more power to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Rail has a more power to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Rail has a more power to change
+the urban landscape because in people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban landscape because in people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the urban landscape because in people's
+mind it is more it's more physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it is more it's more physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it is more it's more physically
+present and permanent there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and permanent there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and permanent there is a
+preference towards rail systems over bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference towards rail systems over bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference towards rail systems over bus
+systems Metro is appropriate for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Metro is appropriate for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Metro is appropriate for very
+large cities that a lot of them a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cities that a lot of them a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cities that a lot of them a lot of
+those cities that require met through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cities that require met through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cities that require met through
+already have Metro so what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have Metro so what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have Metro so what we're seeing
+is that there's a lot of cities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a lot of cities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a lot of cities that are
+maybe not as big to require Metro but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not as big to require Metro but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not as big to require Metro but
+they could use a light rail system they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could use a light rail system they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could use a light rail system they
+could also use BRT but they have a bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also use BRT but they have a bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also use BRT but they have a bias
+towards light rail in planning and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards light rail in planning and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards light rail in planning and and
+for political reasons a politician might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for political reasons a politician might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for political reasons a politician might
+prefer to claim I built this train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to claim I built this train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to claim I built this train
+system not I put some buses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not I put some buses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system not I put some buses on
+the road right so these are real factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road right so these are real factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road right so these are real factors
+that influence the mode choice the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that influence the mode choice the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that influence the mode choice the other
+thing is a lot of these newer systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a lot of these newer systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is a lot of these newer systems
+because they are in smaller cities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are in smaller cities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are in smaller cities they
+bring the average town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the u.s. new light rail systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. new light rail systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. new light rail systems in
+Cincinnati in Tucson and Kansas City but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cincinnati in Tucson and Kansas City but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cincinnati in Tucson and Kansas City but
+even but their increase in ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even but their increase in ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even but their increase in ridership
+their their contribution to the increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their contribution to the increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their contribution to the increase
+in ridership of light rail might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ridership of light rail might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ridership of light rail might not
+even compensate for loss of ridership in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even compensate for loss of ridership in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even compensate for loss of ridership in
+other cities that have old systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities that have old systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cities that have old systems like
+Philadelphia or Boston right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia or Boston right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia or Boston right and so
+Philadelphia has a decrease I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia has a decrease I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia has a decrease I'm not
+saying it did if it did then it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it did if it did then it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it did if it did then it could
+wipe out the increase that Cincinnati
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out the increase that Cincinnati
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe out the increase that Cincinnati
+yeah goes both ways these are averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah goes both ways these are averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah goes both ways these are averages
+so any other questions yes I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+referred in terms of the operator who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred in terms of the operator who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred in terms of the operator who
+operates commuter rail and it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates commuter rail and it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates commuter rail and it's one of
+the characteristics that yeah I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics that yeah I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics that yeah I didn't
+include that here because there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that here because there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that here because there are many
+different arrangements for what commuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangements for what commuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangements for what commuter
+rail is and if it's publicly operated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail is and if it's publicly operated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail is and if it's publicly operated or
+privately operated through a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately operated through a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately operated through a contract
+with the public sector yeah there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the public sector yeah there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the public sector yeah there's all
+sorts of arrangements sometimes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of arrangements sometimes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of arrangements sometimes there's
+a separate agency that operates commuter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate agency that operates commuter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate agency that operates commuter
+rail and that's it's not the same agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and that's it's not the same agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and that's it's not the same agency
+that operates the inner city bus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operates the inner city bus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operates the inner city bus and
+metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so commuter rail is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commuter rail is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commuter rail is usually
+characterized by more service the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by more service the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by more service the
+purpose of communal is to bring workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of communal is to bring workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of communal is to bring workers
+into the city right so you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the city right so you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the city right so you have you have
+a service that has a radial going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service that has a radial going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service that has a radial going into
+the city the frequency of service is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city the frequency of service is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city the frequency of service is
+higher in the a.m. peak and the PM peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in the a.m. peak and the PM peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in the a.m. peak and the PM peak
+lower off peak whereas intercity is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower off peak whereas intercity is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower off peak whereas intercity is more
+of a scheduled intercity rail is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scheduled intercity rail is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a scheduled intercity rail is more
+like airplanes in the airline industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like airplanes in the airline industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like airplanes in the airline industry
+where you have a schedule and trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a schedule and trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a schedule and trains
+leave every hour every two hours and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave every hour every two hours and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave every hour every two hours and you
+book in advance right so slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in advance right so slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in advance right so slightly
+different characteristics my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characteristics my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characteristics my guess is
+that you have more space in airports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have more space in airports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have more space in airports and
+it's less political you have you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less political you have you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less political you have you have a
+you know the stakeholders the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the stakeholders the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the stakeholders the airport
+the airport has funding streams - for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport has funding streams - for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airport has funding streams - for
+capital projects you have the space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital projects you have the space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital projects you have the space you
+don't have to use eminent domain to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use eminent domain to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to use eminent domain to to
+you know to build any system if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to build any system if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to build any system if that's
+what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about
+if you're talking about building a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about building a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about building a new
+system in terms of retrofitting an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of retrofitting an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in terms of retrofitting an old
+system well that's harder than building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well that's harder than building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well that's harder than building
+a new one from the beginning right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new one from the beginning right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new one from the beginning right so
+the reinvestment required to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinvestment required to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reinvestment required to you the
+station shutdowns and all the headaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station shutdowns and all the headaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station shutdowns and all the headaches
+that you have to deal with if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to deal with if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to deal with if you're
+retrofitting a new system putting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitting a new system putting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofitting a new system putting in a
+new signals a new signalling system all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new signals a new signalling system all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new signals a new signalling system all
+these things you might require a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you might require a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things you might require a new
+fleet that is capable of operating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet that is capable of operating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet that is capable of operating this
+way so it's a heavy lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so it's a heavy lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so it's a heavy lift
+if - to do the retrofitting but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if - to do the retrofitting but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if - to do the retrofitting but it's
+being done if you look at London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done if you look at London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done if you look at London
+London's been doing it there yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London's been doing it there yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London's been doing it there yeah the
+Jubilee Line which is the color silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jubilee Line which is the color silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jubilee Line which is the color silver
+in the map of London is operating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the map of London is operating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the map of London is operating with
+with but from screen doors in the centre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but from screen doors in the centre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but from screen doors in the centre
+at least and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least and
+yeah yeah yeah and that's it's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah and that's it's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah and that's it's funny
+because that's Docklands Light Railway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's Docklands Light Railway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's Docklands Light Railway
+right I always for light but it's Metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I always for light but it's Metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I always for light but it's Metro
+according to what we covered today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what we covered today it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what we covered today it's
+heavy yeah so again we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy yeah so again we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy yeah so again we talked about
+stereotypes and the lines are blurry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes and the lines are blurry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes and the lines are blurry and
+I think it's useful to the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's useful to the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's useful to the point of this
+is not to really categorize everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to really categorize everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to really categorize everything
+and be able to claim this is a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to claim this is a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to claim this is a heavy
+rail this is light rail it's more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail this is light rail it's more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail this is light rail it's more of a
+framework to think about if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to think about if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to think about if you're a
+planner / consultant and you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner / consultant and you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner / consultant and you're in
+charge of deciding or helping your city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of deciding or helping your city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of deciding or helping your city
+the side would mode to to use for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side would mode to to use for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side would mode to to use for some
+project here are the things you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project here are the things you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project here are the things you should
+think about here are the key decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about here are the key decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about here are the key decisions
+that you have to make station spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make station spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make station spacing
+capacity what are you dealing with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity what are you dealing with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity what are you dealing with so
+that in that sense this context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that sense this context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that sense this context of this
+framework is useful but I wouldn't go I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is useful but I wouldn't go I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is useful but I wouldn't go I
+wouldn't use it to necessarily classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't use it to necessarily classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't use it to necessarily classify
+everything into one with one label yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we have any pictures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have any pictures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have any pictures from
+internationally yeah oh yes yes yes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally yeah oh yes yes yes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally yeah oh yes yes yes I'm
+not as knowledgeable on the trends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as knowledgeable on the trends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as knowledgeable on the trends in
+Europe and Africa and Asia South America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Africa and Asia South America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Africa and Asia South America
+though I'm sure that other countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm sure that other countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm sure that other countries and
+the European Union have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the European Union have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the European Union have something
+similar in terms of reporting so yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of reporting so yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in terms of reporting so yeah I
+happen to know the fact book and the NTV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to know the fact book and the NTV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to know the fact book and the NTV
+statistics I'm familiar with them so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics I'm familiar with them so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics I'm familiar with them so I
+can go and refresh them and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and refresh them and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and refresh them and look at the
+unit costs so I'm sure you could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit costs so I'm sure you could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit costs so I'm sure you could do the
+same thing I just haven't done it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I just haven't done it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I just haven't done it would
+be interesting to to see how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to to see how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to to see how those
+trends have compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right if there are no more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if there are no more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if there are no more questions
+classicism missed please meet with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism missed please meet with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism missed please meet with your
+teams and pick a day for data collection
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MoEaRpLNo9A.txt b/MoEaRpLNo9A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1020cfbf5ca2fe5d8376d75d1edeae2b165135aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MoEaRpLNo9A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome everyone today is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everyone today is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome everyone today is the first
+of what will be a series of four guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what will be a series of four guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what will be a series of four guest
+lectures throughout the semester there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures throughout the semester there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures throughout the semester there
+will be two guest lectures the week from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be two guest lectures the week from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be two guest lectures the week from
+starting the week from today and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the week from today and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the week from today and then
+there'll be another one towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be another one towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be another one towards the end
+of the semester and what people night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester and what people night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester and what people night
+attempted to do is to bring in people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to do is to bring in people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to do is to bring in people
+who know a lot more than Isis about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know a lot more than Isis about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who know a lot more than Isis about some
+area of expertise in today's instance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of expertise in today's instance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of expertise in today's instance is
+going to be about about cardiovascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about about cardiovascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about about cardiovascular
+medicine and particular about how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and particular about how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and particular about how to use
+imaging and machine learning on images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and machine learning on images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging and machine learning on images
+in that context and for today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context and for today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context and for today's lecture
+were very excited to have presser Rahu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very excited to have presser Rahu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very excited to have presser Rahu
+Dale to speak I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dale to speak I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dale to speak I
+Rahul's name kept on showing up as I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rahul's name kept on showing up as I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rahul's name kept on showing up as I did
+research over the last couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research over the last couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research over the last couple of years
+first my group was starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first my group was starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first my group was starting to get
+interested in echocardiography and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in echocardiography and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in echocardiography and we
+said oh here's interesting paper to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh here's interesting paper to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said oh here's interesting paper to read
+on it we read it and then we were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it we read it and then we were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it we read it and then we were at
+another paper on doing subtyping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper on doing subtyping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper on doing subtyping of
+preserved ejection fraction is a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved ejection fraction is a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved ejection fraction is a type of
+heart failure and we read it I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart failure and we read it I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart failure and we read it I wasn't
+really paying attention to the names on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really paying attention to the names on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really paying attention to the names on
+the papers and then suddenly someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers and then suddenly someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers and then suddenly someone
+told me there's this guy moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me there's this guy moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me there's this guy moving to
+Boston next month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston next month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston next month
+who's doing a lot of interesting work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing a lot of interesting work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's doing a lot of interesting work
+and interesting machine learning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting machine learning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interesting machine learning you
+should go meet him and of course I meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go meet him and of course I meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go meet him and of course I meet
+him and then I told about these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and then I told about these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and then I told about these papers
+ready he said oh I wrote all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready he said oh I wrote all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready he said oh I wrote all those
+papers he was the senior author so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers he was the senior author so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers he was the senior author so
+ruffles been around for a while he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruffles been around for a while he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruffles been around for a while he is
+already so much senior in this field he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so much senior in this field he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so much senior in this field he
+started out doing his his medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out doing his his medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out doing his his medical school
+training at Cornell in Cornell Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training at Cornell in Cornell Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training at Cornell in Cornell Medical
+School in New York City at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in New York City at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School in New York City at the same time
+as doing his PhD at Rockefeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as doing his PhD at Rockefeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as doing his PhD at Rockefeller
+University and then he spent the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and then he spent the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and then he spent the first
+large chunk after his postdoctoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large chunk after his postdoctoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large chunk after his postdoctoral
+training up at up here in Boston at her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training up at up here in Boston at her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training up at up here in Boston at her
+medical school he spent a large chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school he spent a large chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school he spent a large chunk of
+his career as faculty at UCSF in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career as faculty at UCSF in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career as faculty at UCSF in
+California and just moved back this past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and just moved back this past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and just moved back this past
+year to take a position as the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to take a position as the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to take a position as the chief
+data scientist right before the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data scientist right before the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data scientist right before the one
+brave idea project which is a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave idea project which is a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave idea project which is a very large
+initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative
+between MIT and bringing home his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between MIT and bringing home his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between MIT and bringing home his
+hospital to study cardiovascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital to study cardiovascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital to study cardiovascular
+medicine will tell you more maybe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine will tell you more maybe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine will tell you more maybe and
+Andra whose research has really gone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andra whose research has really gone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andra whose research has really gone the
+full spectrum but but the type of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full spectrum but but the type of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full spectrum but but the type of things
+you'll hear about today is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear about today is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear about today is actually not
+what he's been doing most of his career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's been doing most of his career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's been doing most of his career
+amazing most his career has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing most his career has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing most his career has been
+thinking more about genotype and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about genotype and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about genotype and how to
+really bridge that genotype phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ranch but I asked him specifically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranch but I asked him specifically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranch but I asked him specifically to
+talk about imaging so that's what he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about imaging so that's what he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about imaging so that's what he'll
+be focusing on today doctor without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing on today doctor without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing on today doctor without
+further ado thank you very little going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further ado thank you very little going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further ado thank you very little going
+here so I'm used to lecturing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm used to lecturing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm used to lecturing the
+clinical audiences so you guys are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical audiences so you guys are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical audiences so you guys are by
+far the most technical audience so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the most technical audience so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the most technical audience so so we
+hopefully spare me a little bit but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully spare me a little bit but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully spare me a little bit but well
+I actually want to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually want to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually want to encourage
+interruptions questions this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions questions this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions questions this is a very
+opinionated lecture so that if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinionated lecture so that if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinionated lecture so that if anybody
+has sort of any questions reservations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of any questions reservations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of any questions reservations
+please bring them up during lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please bring them up during lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please bring them up during lecture
+don't wait till the end and you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait till the end and you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait till the end and you know in
+part it's opinionated because I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's opinionated because I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part it's opinionated because I feel
+passionately that that the stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionately that that the stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionately that that the stuff we're
+doing needs to make its way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing needs to make its way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing needs to make its way into
+practice it's not by itself purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's not by itself purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's not by itself purely
+academically interesting my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academically interesting my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academically interesting my name is
+telling things we're doing is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling things we're doing is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling things we're doing is kind of
+already picking up what everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already picking up what everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already picking up what everybody else
+here is already doing but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is already doing but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is already doing but at the same
+time so it it's it's it's it's okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it it's it's it's it's okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it it's it's it's it's okay from
+that standpoint but it really has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that standpoint but it really has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that standpoint but it really has to
+make its way and that means that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its way and that means that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its way and that means that we have
+to have some mature understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some mature understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some mature understanding of
+what makes its way into practice where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes its way into practice where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes its way into practice where
+the resistance will be so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance will be so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance will be so the the
+lecture will we could have peppered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will we could have peppered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will we could have peppered
+throughout with some kind of opinions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout with some kind of opinions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout with some kind of opinions
+and comments in that and hopefully that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comments in that and hopefully that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comments in that and hopefully that
+will be useful so just a quick outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful so just a quick outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful so just a quick outline
+just gonna introduce cardiac structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna introduce cardiac structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna introduce cardiac structure
+and functions are probably not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and functions are probably not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and functions are probably not part of
+the sort of the regular undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the regular undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the regular undergraduate
+and graduate training here at MIT talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and graduate training here at MIT talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and graduate training here at MIT talk a
+little bit about what the major sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what the major sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what the major sort of
+cardiac Diagnostics are and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac Diagnostics are and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac Diagnostics are and how they're
+used and all this is really to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and all this is really to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and all this is really to help
+guide the sort of the thought and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide the sort of the thought and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide the sort of the thought and the
+decision-making about how we would ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making about how we would ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making about how we would ever
+automate and bring this into sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate and bring this into sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate and bring this into sort of how
+to bring machine learning artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring machine learning artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring machine learning artificial
+intelligence to actual clinical practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence to actual clinical practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence to actual clinical practice
+because it need to give enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it need to give enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it need to give enough
+background so you realize what the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so you realize what the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so you realize what the sort
+of the challenges are and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the challenges are and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the challenges are and then the
+question probably ever has is where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question probably ever has is where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question probably ever has is where's
+the data how would I would one get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data how would I would one get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data how would I would one get
+access to some of this stuff to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to some of this stuff to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to some of this stuff to be able
+to potentially do work in this area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to potentially do work in this area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to potentially do work in this area and
+then I get a sort of vent or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a sort of vent or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get a sort of vent or a little
+bit into computer vision and just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into computer vision and just talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into computer vision and just talk
+about some of the topics that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the topics that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the topics that at least
+I've been thinking about the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been thinking about the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been thinking about the relevant
+to what we're doing and then talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing and then talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing and then talk about
+some of this work around an automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this work around an automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this work around an automated
+pipeline for echocardiogram not as a by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline for echocardiogram not as a by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline for echocardiogram not as a by
+any means a gold standard but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any means a gold standard but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any means a gold standard but really
+just as sort of an initial foray into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as sort of an initial foray into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as sort of an initial foray into
+trying to make make a dent into this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make make a dent into this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make make a dent into this and
+then thinking a little bit about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then thinking a little bit about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then thinking a little bit about what
+lessons David mentioned that you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons David mentioned that you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons David mentioned that you talked
+about electrocardiograms last last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electrocardiograms last last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electrocardiograms last last week
+or last class and and so a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or last class and and so a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or last class and and so a little bit of
+some of the ideas from there and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ideas from there and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ideas from there and how
+they would lend themselves to insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would lend themselves to insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would lend themselves to insights
+about future types of approaches with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about future types of approaches with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about future types of approaches with
+automate interpretation and then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate interpretation and then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate interpretation and then my
+background is actually more biology so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is actually more biology so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is actually more biology so I
+haven't got to kind of come back and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got to kind of come back and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got to kind of come back and say
+okay enough with all this imaging stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay enough with all this imaging stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay enough with all this imaging stuff
+what about the wild you how can we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the wild you how can we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the wild you how can we make
+some insights there okay so every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insights there okay so every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insights there okay so every time
+people try to get funding for for Cori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to get funding for for Cori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to get funding for for Cori
+heart disease they try to talk up just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease they try to talk up just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease they try to talk up just
+how important it is so this is still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important it is so this is still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important it is so this is still you
+know we have some battles with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have some battles with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have some battles with with the
+oncology people but this is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncology people but this is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncology people but this is still the
+leading cause of death in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading cause of death in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading cause of death in the world and
+and then people are like oh you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people are like oh you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people are like oh you're just
+you're just you're just emphasizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just you're just emphasizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just you're just emphasizing the
+developed world there's you know lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed world there's you know lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed world there's you know lots of
+lots of communicable diseases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of communicable diseases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of communicable diseases that
+matter much more so but even if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter much more so but even if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter much more so but even if you look
+at those and you sort of look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those and you sort of look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those and you sort of look at the
+bottom here this still if this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here this still if this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here this still if this is sort
+of all causes of death age-adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all causes of death age-adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all causes of death age-adjusted
+cardiovascular disease is still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular disease is still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular disease is still sort of
+number one amongst that so so certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one amongst that so so certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one amongst that so so certainly
+it remains important and and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains important and and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains important and and sort of
+increasingly so in some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly so in some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly so in some of the
+developing world also so it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world also so it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world also so it's important
+to think of a little bit about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of a little bit about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of a little bit about what the
+heart does because this is gonna kind at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart does because this is gonna kind at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart does because this is gonna kind at
+least the way that diseases have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the way that diseases have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the way that diseases have been
+classified so maybe the art does is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified so maybe the art does is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified so maybe the art does is a
+pump and it and it delivers oxygenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump and it and it delivers oxygenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump and it and it delivers oxygenated
+blood threat on the circulatory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood threat on the circulatory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood threat on the circulatory system
+to all the tissues that need it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the tissues that need it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the tissues that need it the
+brain the kidneys the muscles and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the kidneys the muscles and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the kidneys the muscles and oxygen
+of course is required for ATP production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is required for ATP production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is required for ATP production
+so it's a pretty impressive all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a pretty impressive all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a pretty impressive all right
+pumps about five liters of blood a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps about five liters of blood a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps about five liters of blood a
+minute and with exercise I can go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and with exercise I can go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and with exercise I can go up
+five to seven fold or so with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to seven fold or so with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to seven fold or so with sort of
+conditioned athletes not me but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned athletes not me but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned athletes not me but what
+other people can kind of ramp that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people can kind of ramp that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people can kind of ramp that up
+substantially and we have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially and we have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially and we have this sort of
+need to keep a very very irregular beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep a very very irregular beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to keep a very very irregular beat
+so if you pause for about three seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pause for about three seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pause for about three seconds
+you are likely to get lightheaded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are likely to get lightheaded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are likely to get lightheaded or
+pass out so you have to maintain as sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass out so you have to maintain as sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass out so you have to maintain as sort
+of this rhythmic beating your heart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rhythmic beating your heart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this rhythmic beating your heart and
+and you can kind of compute what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of compute what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can kind of compute what that
+would be and somewhere around two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and somewhere around two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and somewhere around two
+billion beats in a typical lifetime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion beats in a typical lifetime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion beats in a typical lifetime so
+I'm going to show a lot of pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show a lot of pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show a lot of pictures
+videos throughout this so it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos throughout this so it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos throughout this so it's probably
+worthwhile there's to take a pause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile there's to take a pause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile there's to take a pause a
+little bit and talk about what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and talk about what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and talk about what what the
+anatomy of the heart is so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy of the heart is so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy of the heart is so so the
+hardest sort of sits like this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest sort of sits like this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest sort of sits like this so the
+pointy part is kind of sitting up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy part is kind of sitting up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy part is kind of sitting up to the
+side like that and so I'm gonna just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side like that and so I'm gonna just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side like that and so I'm gonna just
+sort of describe the flow of blood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of describe the flow of blood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of describe the flow of blood so
+the blood comes in something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood comes in something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood comes in something called the
+inferior vena cava or the superior vena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior vena cava or the superior vena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior vena cava or the superior vena
+cava it's raining from the brain this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cava it's raining from the brain this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cava it's raining from the brain this is
+draining from the lower body and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draining from the lower body and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draining from the lower body and then
+enters into a chamber called the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into a chamber called the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into a chamber called the right
+atrium it moves through something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrium it moves through something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrium it moves through something called
+the tricuspid valve into what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricuspid valve into what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricuspid valve into what's called
+the right ventricle so right ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ventricle so right ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right ventricle so right ventricle
+has got some muscle to it it pumps into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got some muscle to it it pumps into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got some muscle to it it pumps into
+the lungs there the blood picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs there the blood picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs there the blood picks up
+oxygen so that's why it's sort of shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so that's why it's sort of shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so that's why it's sort of shown
+as being red here the oxygenated blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being red here the oxygenated blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being red here the oxygenated blood
+comes from the left atrium and then into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the left atrium and then into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the left atrium and then into
+the left ventricle through something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left ventricle through something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left ventricle through something
+called the mitral valve we'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mitral valve we'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mitral valve we'll show you
+some pictures of the mitral valve later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of the mitral valve later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of the mitral valve later
+on and then the left ventricle which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then the left ventricle which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then the left ventricle which is
+the big sort of workhorse of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big sort of workhorse of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big sort of workhorse of the heart
+pumps blood through the LES through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps blood through the LES through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps blood through the LES through the
+rest of the body through a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the body through a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the body through a structure
+called the aorta so so in through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the aorta so so in through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the aorta so so in through the
+right heart through the lungs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right heart through the lungs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right heart through the lungs through
+the left heart through the to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left heart through the to the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left heart through the to the rest
+of the body and then showed you a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body and then showed you a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the body and then showed you a yellow
+is the conduction system so you guys got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the conduction system so you guys got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the conduction system so you guys got
+a little bit of a conversation last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a conversation last last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of a conversation last last
+class on the electrical system so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on the electrical system so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on the electrical system so the
+sinoatrial node is up here in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinoatrial node is up here in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinoatrial node is up here in the right
+atrium and then connection sort of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrium and then connection sort of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrium and then connection sort of goes
+through so the P wave on an EKG is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so the P wave on an EKG is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so the P wave on an EKG is is
+represents the conduction through there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the conduction through there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the conduction through there
+you get through the SEBI node where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get through the SEBI node where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get through the SEBI node where
+there's a delay which is the PR interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a delay which is the PR interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a delay which is the PR interval
+and then you get spreading through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get spreading through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get spreading through the
+ventricles which is the QRS complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles which is the QRS complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricles which is the QRS complex and
+then repolarization is a T wave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repolarization is a T wave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repolarization is a T wave so
+that's that's sort of the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's sort of the electrical
+system and of course these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and of course these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and of course these things have
+to kind of work intimately together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of work intimately together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of work intimately together
+every sort of bate like that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sort of bate like that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sort of bate like that every
+single basic kind of cardiac physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single basic kind of cardiac physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single basic kind of cardiac physiology
+will show this this diagram called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show this this diagram called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show this this diagram called the
+wiggers diagram which really just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggers diagram which really just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggers diagram which really just shows
+this sort of the interconnectedness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of the interconnectedness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of the interconnectedness of
+the electrical system so there's the EKG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical system so there's the EKG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical system so there's the EKG
+up there these are the heart sounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there these are the heart sounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there these are the heart sounds that
+that a provider would listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a provider would listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a provider would listen to the
+stethoscope and this is capturing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stethoscope and this is capturing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stethoscope and this is capturing the
+flow of sort of the changes in pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of sort of the changes in pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of sort of the changes in pressure
+in the heart and in the aorta so heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heart and in the aorta so heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the heart and in the aorta so heart
+fills during the period of time called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills during the period of time called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills during the period of time called
+diastole the mitral valve closes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastole the mitral valve closes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastole the mitral valve closes the
+ventricle contracts the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle contracts the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle contracts the pressure
+increases this is a period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this is a period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this is a period of time
+called systole eventually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called systole eventually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called systole eventually something
+called the aortic valve pops open blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the aortic valve pops open blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the aortic valve pops open blood
+goes through the rest of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the rest of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the rest of the body
+hearts finally starts to relax atrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts finally starts to relax atrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts finally starts to relax atrial
+ventricular valve closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular valve closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular valve closed
+then you feel again so this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you feel again so this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you feel again so this happens
+again and again and again in a cyclical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again in a cyclical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again in a cyclical
+way and you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you have this kind of
+combination of electrical and mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of electrical and mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of electrical and mechanical
+properties okay so I have some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so I have some pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so I have some pictures
+you know these are all MRIs I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are all MRIs I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are all MRIs I'm gonna
+talk about echocardiography which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about echocardiography which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about echocardiography which is
+sort of these very ugly grainy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these very ugly grainy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these very ugly grainy things
+that I unfortunately have to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I unfortunately have to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I unfortunately have to work with
+MRIs are beautiful but very expensive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs are beautiful but very expensive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRIs are beautiful but very expensive so
+there's a reason for that so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for that so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for that so this is a
+something called the long axis view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the long axis view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the long axis view of
+the heart so this is the thick-walled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart so this is the thick-walled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart so this is the thick-walled
+left ventricle there to the left atrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left ventricle there to the left atrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left ventricle there to the left atrium
+there and you can see sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you can see sort of this
+beautiful turbulent flow of blood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful turbulent flow of blood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful turbulent flow of blood in
+there and it's flowing from the atrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's flowing from the atrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's flowing from the atrium
+to the ventricle this is that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ventricle this is that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ventricle this is that another
+patients called the short axis view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients called the short axis view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients called the short axis view
+there's the left ventricle and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the left ventricle and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the left ventricle and the right
+ventricle there so we're kind of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle there so we're kind of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle there so we're kind of looking
+at it someone obliquely and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it someone obliquely and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it someone obliquely and then this is
+another view called the physical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another view called the physical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another view called the physical that
+dul there I'm sorry this is the just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dul there I'm sorry this is the just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dul there I'm sorry this is the just
+sort of what's called the for chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's called the for chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's called the for chamber
+view so you can see the left ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so you can see the left ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so you can see the left ventricle
+and right ventricle here so so these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right ventricle here so so these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right ventricle here so so these the
+reason for these different views is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for these different views is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for these different views is
+ultimately that people had have measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately that people had have measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately that people had have measures
+of function and measures of disease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function and measures of disease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function and measures of disease that
+go along with these specific views so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along with these specific views so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along with these specific views so
+you're going to see them kind of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see them kind of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see them kind of coming
+back again and again okay so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again and again okay so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again and again okay so the way
+that physicians like to organize do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physicians like to organize do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physicians like to organize do
+these definitions really around some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions really around some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions really around some of
+these same kind of functions so failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same kind of functions so failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same kind of functions so failures
+of the heart to pump fail at pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heart to pump fail at pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heart to pump fail at pump
+properly causes a disease called heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly causes a disease called heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly causes a disease called heart
+failure and this shows up in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and this shows up in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and this shows up in terms of
+being out of breath having fluid buildup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being out of breath having fluid buildup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being out of breath having fluid buildup
+in the belly and in legs and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the belly and in legs and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the belly and in legs and this is
+treated with medications sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with medications sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with medications sometimes you
+can have some artificial devices to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some artificial devices to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some artificial devices to help
+the heart pump and ultimately you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart pump and ultimately you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart pump and ultimately you can
+even have a transplant depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have a transplant depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have a transplant depending on how
+severe it is so that's the pump blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe it is so that's the pump blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe it is so that's the pump blood
+supply to the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply to the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply to the heart
+ultimately can also be blocked and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately can also be blocked and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately can also be blocked and that
+causes a disease called coronary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a disease called coronary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a disease called coronary
+arteries if what is completely blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arteries if what is completely blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arteries if what is completely blocked
+you can get something called a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get something called a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get something called a heart
+attack or myocardial infarction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack or myocardial infarction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack or myocardial infarction that's
+chest pain sometimes shortness of breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest pain sometimes shortness of breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest pain sometimes shortness of breath
+and we open up those blocked vessels by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we open up those blocked vessels by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we open up those blocked vessels by
+angioplasty stick a stent in there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angioplasty stick a stent in there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angioplasty stick a stent in there or
+bypass them all together and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass them all together and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass them all together and then the
+flow of the body I mean sorry the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the body I mean sorry the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of the body I mean sorry the flow
+of blood has to be one way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blood has to be one way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blood has to be one way so
+abnormality is a flow of the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality is a flow of the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality is a flow of the blood
+through valves is a valvular disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through valves is a valvular disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through valves is a valvular disease and
+so you can have either too tight valves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have either too tight valves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have either too tight valves
+so that's called stenosis or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called stenosis or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called stenosis or you can
+have leaky valves that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leaky valves that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leaky valves that's called
+regurgitation that shows up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regurgitation that shows up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regurgitation that shows up as
+lightheadedness shortness of breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightheadedness shortness of breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightheadedness shortness of breath
+fainting and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fainting and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fainting and then you
+fix those valves and finally there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix those valves and finally there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix those valves and finally there's
+abnormalities of rhythm so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities of rhythm so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities of rhythm so something
+like atrial fibrillation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atrial fibrillation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like atrial fibrillation which is a
+quivering of the atrium so to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quivering of the atrium so to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quivering of the atrium so to slow
+heartbeat spectracal attack cardiac can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat spectracal attack cardiac can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat spectracal attack cardiac can
+present as palpitations fainting or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as palpitations fainting or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as palpitations fainting or even
+it's a sudden death and you could stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sudden death and you could stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sudden death and you could stick
+a pacemaker and their Liberator in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pacemaker and their Liberator in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pacemaker and their Liberator in there
+or try to burn off the arrhythmia okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to burn off the arrhythmia okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or try to burn off the arrhythmia okay
+so so this is like the very physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is like the very physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is like the very physiology
+centric view but the truth is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centric view but the truth is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centric view but the truth is that the
+heart has a whole lot of cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart has a whole lot of cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart has a whole lot of cells so
+there's a lot more biology there than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more biology there than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more biology there than
+simply just thinking about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply just thinking about the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply just thinking about the kind of
+the pumping and the electrical function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping and the electrical function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumping and the electrical function
+only thirty percent of the cells are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thirty percent of the cells are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thirty percent of the cells are so
+are these cardiomyocytes so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these cardiomyocytes so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these cardiomyocytes so these are
+the cells that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells that are involved in
+contraction these are cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction these are cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction these are cells that are
+excitable but that's only thirty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitable but that's only thirty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitable but that's only thirty percent
+of the cells there is endothelial is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells there is endothelial is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells there is endothelial is in
+cell there's fibroblast there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell there's fibroblast there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell there's fibroblast there's a bunch
+of blood cells in there to certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blood cells in there to certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blood cells in there to certainly a
+lot of red blood cells in there too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of red blood cells in there too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of red blood cells in there too so
+you have lots of other things so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of other things so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lots of other things so we're
+gonna come back to here a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come back to here a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come back to here a little bit
+when talking about how should we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when talking about how should we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when talking about how should we be
+thinking about disease the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about disease the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about disease the sort of
+historic ways to think about pumping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic ways to think about pumping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic ways to think about pumping and
+electrical activation but really there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical activation but really there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical activation but really there's
+maybe a little bit more complexity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit more complexity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit more complexity here
+that needs to be addressed okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be addressed okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be addressed okay so
+there's a lot of different so cardiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different so cardiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different so cardiology
+is is very imaging centric and and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is very imaging centric and and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is very imaging centric and and as a
+result is very expensive because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is very expensive because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is very expensive because because
+imaging is you know cost a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging is you know cost a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging is you know cost a lot of money
+to do and so I have dollar signs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so I have dollar signs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so I have dollar signs here
+reflecting the sorts of different tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the sorts of different tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the sorts of different tests
+we do so you saw the cheapest one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so you saw the cheapest one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do so you saw the cheapest one last
+last week the electrocardiogram so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week the electrocardiogram so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week the electrocardiogram so one
+dollar sign and that's used for there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign and that's used for there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign and that's used for there's
+lots of utility for example one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of utility for example one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of utility for example one can
+diagnose an acute heart attack with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose an acute heart attack with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose an acute heart attack with that
+at the party I brought echocardiography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the party I brought echocardiography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the party I brought echocardiography
+which involves sound waves as ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves sound waves as ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves sound waves as ultimately
+more used for quantifying structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more used for quantifying structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more used for quantifying structure and
+function can pick up heart failure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can pick up heart failure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can pick up heart failure or
+valvular disease high blood pressure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valvular disease high blood pressure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valvular disease high blood pressure in
+the lungs so that's another modality MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs so that's another modality MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs so that's another modality MRI
+which is just not used all that much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just not used all that much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just not used all that much in
+this country is very expensive but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country is very expensive but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country is very expensive but does
+largely the same things and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely the same things and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely the same things and you can
+imagine even though it's beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine even though it's beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine even though it's beautiful
+people have not had an easy time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have not had an easy time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have not had an easy time and
+able to justify why it's any better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to justify why it's any better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to justify why it's any better than
+this slightly cheaper modality and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly cheaper modality and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly cheaper modality and then
+you have angiography which can either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have angiography which can either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have angiography which can either be
+by cat scan or by x-ray and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cat scan or by x-ray and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cat scan or by x-ray and that
+visualizes the flow of blood through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizes the flow of blood through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizes the flow of blood through the
+heart and looks for blockages which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and looks for blockages which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and looks for blockages which are
+going to be stented ballooned up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stented ballooned up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stented ballooned up and
+stented and then you have these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stented and then you have these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stented and then you have these kind of
+non-invasive technologies like pet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invasive technologies like pet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invasive technologies like pet and
+that use radio nucleotides like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use radio nucleotides like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use radio nucleotides like
+technetium rubidium and they look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium rubidium and they look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium rubidium and they look for
+abnormalities and blood flow to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities and blood flow to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormalities and blood flow to detect
+whether or not invasively there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not invasively there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not invasively there's some
+patch of the heart that isn't getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch of the heart that isn't getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch of the heart that isn't getting
+enough blood if you get one of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough blood if you get one of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough blood if you get one of these and
+it's abnormal often you go over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's abnormal often you go over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's abnormal often you go over there
+you can take a trip to the movies as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a trip to the movies as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a trip to the movies as my
+old teachers used to say and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old teachers used to say and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old teachers used to say and then you
+may get you may find yourself with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get you may find yourself with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get you may find yourself with the
+edge of lust your stent or bypass so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of lust your stent or bypass so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of lust your stent or bypass so one
+of the sort of sad things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of sad things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sort of sad things about
+cardiology is we don't define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiology is we don't define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiology is we don't define our
+diseases by biology we define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases by biology we define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases by biology we define our
+diseases often related to whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases often related to whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases often related to whether the
+anatomy or the physiology is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy or the physiology is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy or the physiology is I have
+normal or normal usually based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal or normal usually based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal or normal usually based on some
+of these images or some of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these images or some of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these images or some of these numbers
+okay so so we have to make decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we have to make decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we have to make decisions and
+we often use these very same things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often use these very same things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often use these very same things to
+to be able to make some decisions so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make some decisions so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to make some decisions so we
+have to decide to whether we want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide to whether we want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide to whether we want to put
+a defibrillator and if to do so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defibrillator and if to do so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defibrillator and if to do so you
+often need to to get an echocardiogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often need to to get an echocardiogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often need to to get an echocardiogram
+to look at the pumping function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the pumping function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the pumping function of the
+heart if you want to decide on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart if you want to decide on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart if you want to decide on whether
+somebody needs an angioplasty you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody needs an angioplasty you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody needs an angioplasty you have
+to get an angiogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an angiogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an angiogram
+if you want to decided to get a valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to decided to get a valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to decided to get a valve
+replacement you need an echo but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement you need an echo but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement you need an echo but but
+some of these other ones actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other ones actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other ones actually don't
+involve any imaging and this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve any imaging and this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve any imaging and this is sort of
+one of the challenges that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenges that I'm going to
+talk about is that is that all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is that is that all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is that is that all of this
+sort of the future if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the future if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the future if you imagine
+building brand new risk models new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building brand new risk models new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building brand new risk models new
+classification models you're stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification models you're stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification models you're stuck with
+the data that's out there and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's out there and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that's out there and the data
+that's out there is ultimately been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there is ultimately been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there is ultimately been
+collected because somebody feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected because somebody feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected because somebody feels like
+it's worth paying for it already so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth paying for it already so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth paying for it already so if
+you want to build a brand new risk model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build a brand new risk model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to build a brand new risk model
+for who's gonna have a myocardial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for who's gonna have a myocardial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for who's gonna have a myocardial
+infarction you're probably not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infarction you're probably not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infarction you're probably not gonna
+have any echocardiograms to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any echocardiograms to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any echocardiograms to be able to
+use for that because nobody is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for that because nobody is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for that because nobody is gonna
+have paid for that to be collected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paid for that to be collected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have paid for that to be collected in
+the first place so so this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so so this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place so so this is a problem
+to be able to innovate I got to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to innovate I got to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to innovate I got to keep on
+coming back to that because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to that because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to that because I think
+they're gonna be shocked by the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be shocked by the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be shocked by the small
+sample sizes that we face in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample sizes that we face in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample sizes that we face in some of
+these things and part of it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and part of it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and part of it is because
+if you just want to piggyback on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to piggyback on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just want to piggyback on what
+insurers are gonna be willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers are gonna be willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurers are gonna be willing to pay for
+to get your data you're gonna be stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your data you're gonna be stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your data you're gonna be stuck
+with only being able to work off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only being able to work off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only being able to work off the
+stuff we already know something about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we already know something about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we already know something about so
+much of my work has been really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of my work has been really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of my work has been really trying
+to think about how we can change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how we can change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how we can change that
+okay so just a little bit more and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just a little bit more and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just a little bit more and then
+we can get into started a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get into started a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get into started a little bit
+more meat so so the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meat so so the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meat so so the the sort of the
+universal standard for how data imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal standard for how data imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal standard for how data imaging
+status toward is something called DICOM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status toward is something called DICOM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status toward is something called DICOM
+so digital imaging and communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so digital imaging and communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so digital imaging and communication
+standard and and really the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and and really the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and and really the end of the
+day there's some compressed data for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day there's some compressed data for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day there's some compressed data for the
+images there's a DICOM header which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images there's a DICOM header which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images there's a DICOM header which I'll
+show you in a moment it's lots of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a moment it's lots of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a moment it's lots of nice
+Python libraries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python libraries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python libraries that
+to be able to work with this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to work with this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to work with this data and
+there's a free viewer you could use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a free viewer you could use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a free viewer you could use to
+okay so so where do I get access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so where do I get access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so where do I get access to this
+so this is actually been incredible pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually been incredible pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually been incredible pain
+so so hospitals are set up to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so hospitals are set up to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so hospitals are set up to be
+clinical operations they're not set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical operations they're not set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical operations they're not set up
+to make it easy for you to get gobs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easy for you to get gobs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easy for you to get gobs of
+data for being able to do machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for being able to do machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for being able to do machine
+learning it's just not it's just not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's just not it's just not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's just not it's just not not
+really there and so so sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there and so so sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there and so so sometimes you
+have some of these kind of data archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some of these kind of data archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some of these kind of data archives
+that store this data but there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that store this data but there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that store this data but there's lots of
+reasons for why people make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for why people make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for why people make that
+difficult and one of them is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and one of them is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and one of them is because
+often images have these burned in pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often images have these burned in pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often images have these burned in pixels
+with identifiable information so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with identifiable information so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with identifiable information so you'll
+have a patient's name emblazoned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a patient's name emblazoned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a patient's name emblazoned in the
+image you'll have date of birth you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you'll have date of birth you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you'll have date of birth you'll
+have kind of other attributes so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of other attributes so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of other attributes so you're
+stuck with that and not only is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that and not only is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that and not only is it is it
+a problem that they're there the vendors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that they're there the vendors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that they're there the vendors
+don't make it easy to be able to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it easy to be able to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it easy to be able to get rid
+of that information so you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that information so you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that information so you actually have
+a problem that that they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that that they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that that they don't really
+make it easy either download in bulk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy either download in bulk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy either download in bulk or
+de-identify this and and part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-identify this and and part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-identify this and and part of the
+reason is because then it would make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because then it would make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because then it would make it
+easy for you to switch vendors and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for you to switch vendors and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for you to switch vendors and have
+somebody else take over so so they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else take over so so they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else take over so so they've
+make it a little bit hard for you once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little bit hard for you once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a little bit hard for you once
+it's in there it's hard for you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in there it's hard for you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in there it's hard for you to get
+it out and people are selling their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and people are selling their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and people are selling their data
+that's certainly happening too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly happening too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly happening too so
+there's a little bit of kind of attempts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of kind of attempts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of kind of attempts
+to try to control things that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to control things that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to control things that way and
+many of the labels you want are stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the labels you want are stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the labels you want are stored
+separately so you want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so you want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so you want to know what the
+diseases of these people so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases of these people so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases of these people so you have the
+raw imaging data but all the clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw imaging data but all the clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw imaging data but all the clinical
+stuff is somewhere else so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is somewhere else so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is somewhere else so you have to
+sometimes link that and so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes link that and so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes link that and so you need to
+get access there and so just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get access there and so just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get access there and so just to give you
+a little bit of an idea of scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an idea of scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an idea of scale so
+we're about to get all of the ECGs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to get all of the ECGs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to get all of the ECGs from
+Brigham and Women's which is about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigham and Women's which is about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigham and Women's which is about 30
+million stored kind of historically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million stored kind of historically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million stored kind of historically and
+this is all related to cost so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all related to cost so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all related to cost so if
+positron emission tomography you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positron emission tomography you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positron emission tomography you can get
+about 8,000 or so and we're one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 8,000 or so and we're one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 8,000 or so and we're one of the
+busiest centers for that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busiest centers for that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busiest centers for that you know
+echocardiograms or in the three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echocardiograms or in the three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echocardiograms or in the three hundred
+thousand five hundred thousand range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred thousand range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five hundred thousand range is
+archived so that gets a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archived so that gets a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archived so that gets a little bit more
+interesting okay so what a DICOM header
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so what a DICOM header
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so what a DICOM header
+looks like you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like you have some sort of
+identifiers and then you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers and then you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers and then you have some
+information their attributes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information their attributes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information their attributes so the
+image is patient name date of birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is patient name date of birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is patient name date of birth
+frame rate these kind of things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame rate these kind of things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame rate these kind of things are
+there and there's some variability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's some variability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's some variability so
+it's never never quite easy okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never never quite easy okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never never quite easy okay so
+these different modalities have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different modalities have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different modalities have some
+different benefits to them and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different benefits to them and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different benefits to them and this is
+why they're used for for one disease or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're used for for one disease or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're used for for one disease or
+the other and so one of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and so one of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and so one of the real
+headaches is that the heart moves so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches is that the heart moves so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches is that the heart moves so the
+chest wall moves because we breathe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest wall moves because we breathe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chest wall moves because we breathe and
+the heart moves too so you have to image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart moves too so you have to image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart moves too so you have to image
+something does it has enough temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does it has enough temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does it has enough temporal
+frequency that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that you
+you're sort of not overwhelmed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of not overwhelmed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of not overwhelmed by the
+basic movement of the heart itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic movement of the heart itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic movement of the heart itself and
+so some of these things aren't great so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these things aren't great so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of these things aren't great so
+so SPECT or pet acquire their images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SPECT or pet acquire their images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SPECT or pet acquire their images
+which are you know where you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you know where you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are you know where you have two
+counts over minutes so that's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts over minutes so that's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts over minutes so that's certainly
+a problem when it comes to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem when it comes to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem when it comes to something
+that's moving like that and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving like that and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's moving like that and if you want
+to have high resolution so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have high resolution so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have high resolution so you
+technically don't have you a very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically don't have you a very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically don't have you a very poor
+spatial resolution for something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution for something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution for something that
+ultimately it doesn't deal well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it doesn't deal well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it doesn't deal well with
+with the moving aspect so corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the moving aspect so corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the moving aspect so corner
+angiography has very very fast frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angiography has very very fast frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angiography has very very fast frame
+rates so that's x-ray and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so that's x-ray and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so that's x-ray and that's sort of
+very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast
+cardiograph ii can be quite fast MRI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiograph ii can be quite fast MRI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiograph ii can be quite fast MRI and
+CT are not quite as good and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT are not quite as good and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT are not quite as good and so there's
+some degradation of the image as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degradation of the image as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degradation of the image as a
+result people do something called gating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result people do something called gating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result people do something called gating
+where they'll take the electrocardiogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll take the electrocardiogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they'll take the electrocardiogram
+the ECG and try to line up different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ECG and try to line up different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ECG and try to line up different
+portions of different heartbeats and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of different heartbeats and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of different heartbeats and say
+well you know we'll take this image from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know we'll take this image from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know we'll take this image from
+here line it up with this one from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here line it up with this one from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here line it up with this one from there
+this one I'm gonna talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm gonna talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm gonna talk a little bit
+about that and from about registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and from about registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and from about registration
+but ultimately that's a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately that's a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ultimately that's a problem that
+people have to deal with so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to deal with so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to deal with so it's a
+computer vision problem of interest okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision problem of interest okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision problem of interest okay
+preamble is almost done okay so so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamble is almost done okay so so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preamble is almost done okay so so why
+do we even imagine any of this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we even imagine any of this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we even imagine any of this stuff is
+going to be useful so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful so it turns out that
+the practice of interpreting involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of interpreting involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice of interpreting involves a
+lot of manual measurements so so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of manual measurements so so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of manual measurements so so people
+like me and and people who should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me and and people who should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me and and people who should have
+trained for way too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained for way too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained for way too long
+find themselves getting little rulers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find themselves getting little rulers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find themselves getting little rulers
+and measuring various things so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measuring various things so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measuring various things so for
+example this is a narrowing of an artery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a narrowing of an artery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a narrowing of an artery
+so you could take a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could take a little bit of
+calipers and measure across that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calipers and measure across that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calipers and measure across that and and
+compare it to here and say ah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to here and say ah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to here and say ah this is
+80% narrowed you could measure the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% narrowed you could measure the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% narrowed you could measure the area
+of this chamber the left ventricle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chamber the left ventricle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this chamber the left ventricle and
+you can measure what it's when its area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure what it's when its area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure what it's when its area
+is and you can say ah it's peak area as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you can say ah it's peak area as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you can say ah it's peak area as
+this it's it's its minimum area as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's its minimum area as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's its minimum area as this
+therefore it's contracting a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's contracting a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's contracting a certain
+amount so we do those things we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so we do those things we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so we do those things we measure
+those things by hand and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things by hand and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things by hand and the other thing
+we do is we actually diagnose things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we actually diagnose things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we actually diagnose things
+just by looking at them so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at them so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at them so this is a
+disease called cardiac amyloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease called cardiac amyloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease called cardiac amyloid
+characterized by some thickening I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by some thickening I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by some thickening I'll
+show you a little bit more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit more about that
+and some speckling here so people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some speckling here so people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some speckling here so people do
+look and say ah this is what it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and say ah this is what it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and say ah this is what it is so
+there's a there's a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a kind of a
+classification problem that comes either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem that comes either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem that comes either
+the image or video levels I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image or video levels I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image or video levels I'll talk
+about whether this is even worth doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this is even worth doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether this is even worth doing
+but yes is this software do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes is this software do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes is this software do you
+literally take a ruler and measure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally take a ruler and measure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally take a ruler and measure so
+the software involves clicking at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software involves clicking at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software involves clicking at one
+point stretching something and clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point stretching something and clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point stretching something and clicking
+another point so it's a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point so it's a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point so it's a little better
+than pulling the ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pulling the ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pulling the ruler
+foggy but not that much better okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foggy but not that much better okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foggy but not that much better okay so
+we're gonna talk about sort of three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about sort of three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about sort of three the
+little areas and again this is not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little areas and again this is not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little areas and again this is not I
+mean I got involved in this really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I got involved in this really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I got involved in this really in
+the last two years or so that's nice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two years or so that's nice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two years or so that's nice of
+David to ask me to speak to you but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David to ask me to speak to you but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David to ask me to speak to you but I'm
+not gonna I think they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna I think they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna I think they're probably
+people in this room have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this room have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this room have a lot more
+experience in this face but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in this face but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in this face but there is
+that there have been relevant to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there have been relevant to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there have been relevant to what
+we've been doing has been image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing has been image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing has been image
+classification and then semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and then semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and then semantic
+segmentation so image classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation so image classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation so image classification
+being assigning a label to an image very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being assigning a label to an image very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being assigning a label to an image very
+great semantic segmentation assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great semantic segmentation assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great semantic segmentation assigning
+each pixel to a class label and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pixel to a class label and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pixel to a class label and and I
+haven't we haven't done anything around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we haven't done anything around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we haven't done anything around
+the image registration that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image registration that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image registration that there are
+some interesting problems that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting problems that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting problems that I'm
+thinking about there and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about there and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about there and that's really
+mapping different sets of images onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping different sets of images onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping different sets of images onto
+one coordinate system okay so seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate system okay so seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate system okay so seems
+obvious that image classification would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that image classification would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that image classification would
+be something that you would imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that you would imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that you would imagine if
+physician does and so maybe we can mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician does and so maybe we can mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physician does and so maybe we can mimic
+that seems like a reasonable thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a reasonable thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like a reasonable thing that
+happens and so lots of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and so lots of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and so lots of things that
+radiologists people who interpret images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologists people who interpret images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologists people who interpret images
+do involve in terms of recognition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do involve in terms of recognition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do involve in terms of recognition and
+they're really fast so it takes them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really fast so it takes them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really fast so it takes them a
+couple of minutes to often do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes to often do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes to often do things
+like detective there's lung cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like detective there's lung cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like detective there's lung cancer
+detective somebody has pneumonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective somebody has pneumonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective somebody has pneumonia
+detective does breast cancer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective does breast cancer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective does breast cancer and a
+mammogram tilt those fluid in the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammogram tilt those fluid in the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammogram tilt those fluid in the heart
+and they even less than that one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they even less than that one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they even less than that one minute
+off in 30 seconds they can they can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in 30 seconds they can they can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off in 30 seconds they can they can sort
+of very very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very very fast
+so you can imagine you know the the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine you know the the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine you know the the sort
+of the wave of excitement around image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave of excitement around image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave of excitement around image
+classification was really kind of post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification was really kind of post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification was really kind of post
+image nets so maybe about three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image nets so maybe about three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image nets so maybe about three years
+four years or so though we're always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years or so though we're always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years or so though we're always a
+little slow in medicine so a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow in medicine so a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow in medicine so a little bit
+behind other fields and the police is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind other fields and the police is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind other fields and the police is
+that they went were the places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they went were the places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they went were the places where
+there were huge data sets already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were huge data sets already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were huge data sets already and
+then where there's simple recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then where there's simple recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then where there's simple recognition
+tasks so chest x-rays and mammograms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks so chest x-rays and mammograms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks so chest x-rays and mammograms in
+both places that they had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both places that they had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both places that they had a lot of
+attention and other places have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and other places have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and other places have been
+slowed down by just how hard it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down by just how hard it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down by just how hard it is to
+get data so if you can't could to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data so if you can't could to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data so if you can't could to get a
+big enough data set and you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough data set and you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough data set and you're not going
+to be able to do much okay so David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do much okay so David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do much okay so David
+mentioned you guys already covered very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you guys already covered very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you guys already covered very
+nicely and this is probably kind of old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and this is probably kind of old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and this is probably kind of old
+hat but I would say that prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but I would say that prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but I would say that prior to
+convolutional neural networks nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural networks nothing
+was happening in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening in the image
+classification space in medicine it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification space in medicine it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification space in medicine it was
+just not I mean they're what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not I mean they're what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not I mean they're what people
+weren't even thinking that it was even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't even thinking that it was even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't even thinking that it was even
+worth doing now there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth doing now there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth doing now there's a lot of
+interest and so I have many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and so I have many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and so I have many different
+companies coming and sort of asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies coming and sort of asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies coming and sort of asking for
+help with some of these things and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with some of these things and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with some of these things and and
+so that it is it is now a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it is it is now a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it is it is now a very
+attractive sort of thing in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive sort of thing in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive sort of thing in terms of
+thinking in it I think people haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in it I think people haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in it I think people haven't
+thought all that well hell we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought all that well hell we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought all that well hell we're going
+to use that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that so
+so for example if it takes a radiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if it takes a radiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if it takes a radiologist
+a minute to two minutes to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to two minutes to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute to two minutes to read
+something how much benefit are you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how much benefit are you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something how much benefit are you gonna
+get to automate it and then and the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to automate it and then and the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to automate it and then and the real
+problem is you can't take that Radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you can't take that Radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you can't take that Radio
+I'll just away they're still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just away they're still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just away they're still there
+because they're the ones who are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the ones who are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're the ones who are on the
+hook and they're gonna get sued and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook and they're gonna get sued and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook and they're gonna get sued and it's
+among the most sued profession in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the most sued profession in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the most sued profession in
+medicine so so I mean there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine so so I mean there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine so so I mean there's lots of
+people who can read an x-rays you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who can read an x-rays you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who can read an x-rays you know
+you don't you don't need to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't need to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you don't need to have all
+that training but if you're the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that training but if you're the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that training but if you're the one
+who's gonna be sued it ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gonna be sued it ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gonna be sued it ends up being
+that there really isn't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there really isn't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there really isn't any
+task-shifting in medicine there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task-shifting in medicine there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task-shifting in medicine there isn't
+that kind of oh I'm gonna let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of oh I'm gonna let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of oh I'm gonna let
+such-and-such take on 99% and just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such-and-such take on 99% and just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such-and-such take on 99% and just tell
+me when there's a problem it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when there's a problem it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when there's a problem it just
+doesn't happen because they ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen because they ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen because they ultimately
+don't feel comfortable passing that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel comfortable passing that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel comfortable passing that on
+so that's something to think about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something to think about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something to think about so
+you have a task that's relatively easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a task that's relatively easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a task that's relatively easily
+first very very expensive and skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first very very expensive and skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first very very expensive and skilled
+person to do and they refuse to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to do and they refuse to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to do and they refuse to give it
+up okay so that's that's a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so that's that's a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so that's that's a problem but
+you can imagine there are some scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there are some scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine there are some scenarios
+and we'll talk more about this as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk more about this as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk more about this as to
+where that could be so let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that could be so let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that could be so let's say it's
+overnight the radiologist is sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight the radiologist is sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overnight the radiologist is sleeping
+comfortably at home and you have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably at home and you have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortably at home and you have a bunch
+of studies being done in the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies being done in the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies being done in the emergency
+room and you want to figure out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and you want to figure out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and you want to figure out okay
+which one should we call them about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one should we call them about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one should we call them about so
+you could imagine there it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine there it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine there it could be
+triage because the status quo would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage because the status quo would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage because the status quo would be
+we'll take them one by one maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take them one by one maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take them one by one maybe you
+could imagine sifting through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine sifting through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine sifting through them
+quickly and then reprioritizing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then reprioritizing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then reprioritizing them
+they'll still be looked at by every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still be looked at by every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll still be looked at by every
+single one will still be looked at it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one will still be looked at it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one will still be looked at it's
+just the order may change so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the order may change so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the order may change so that's an
+example and you can imagine there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you can imagine there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you can imagine there could
+be separate you know someone else could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be separate you know someone else could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be separate you know someone else could
+read at the same time and we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at the same time and we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read at the same time and we'll come
+back to this in terms of whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in terms of whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in terms of whether or not
+you could have two streams and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have two streams and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have two streams and whether
+or not that is a a scenario that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that is a a scenario that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that is a a scenario that would
+make some sense and maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense and maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sense and maybe in
+resource-poor settings where we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource-poor settings where we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource-poor settings where we're not
+teaming the radiologist maybe that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaming the radiologist maybe that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaming the radiologist maybe that makes
+sense too so we'll come back to that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense too so we'll come back to that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense too so we'll come back to that too
+okay so here's another problem so almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another problem so almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another problem so almost
+everything in medicine requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in medicine requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in medicine requires some
+element of confirmation of a visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of confirmation of a visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of confirmation of a visual
+finding and you know some of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding and you know some of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding and you know some of the reasons
+are very simple so let's say you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple so let's say you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple so let's say you want to
+talk about there being a tumor so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about there being a tumor so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about there being a tumor so if
+you're gonna ask a surgeon to biopsy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna ask a surgeon to biopsy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna ask a surgeon to biopsy it
+you better tell them where it is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better tell them where it is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better tell them where it is you're
+it's not enough to just say this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to just say this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to just say this image
+has a tumor somewhere in it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tumor somewhere in it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tumor somewhere in it so so
+there's some element of that that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some element of that that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some element of that that you're
+gonna need to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need to be a little bit more
+detailed than some simply making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than some simply making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed than some simply making a
+classification with level and image but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification with level and image but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification with level and image but
+I would say beyond that so so I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say beyond that so so I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say beyond that so so I you know
+when I let's say I'm gonna try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I let's say I'm gonna try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I let's say I'm gonna try to get
+one of my patients to go for valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my patients to go for valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my patients to go for valve
+surgery I'll sit with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery I'll sit with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery I'll sit with them
+bring up their echo sit side by side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up their echo sit side by side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up their echo sit side by side
+with them and point them to where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and point them to where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and point them to where it is
+bring up a normal one and compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up a normal one and compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up a normal one and compare
+because I want them to be involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want them to be involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want them to be involved in
+the decision I want them to sort of feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision I want them to sort of feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision I want them to sort of feel
+like they're not just trust and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're not just trust and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're not just trust and they
+have to trust me at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust me at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust me at the end of the day
+they don't even know that I'm sure I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even know that I'm sure I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't even know that I'm sure I'll
+show them their name but ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them their name but ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them their name but ultimately
+there is some element of trust they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some element of trust they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some element of trust they're
+not able to do this but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to do this but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to do this but at the same time
+there is sort of this sense of shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is sort of this sense of shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is sort of this sense of shared
+decision-making you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision-making you're trying to
+communicate to somebody whose life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to somebody whose life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to somebody whose life is
+really you know at risk here that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know at risk here that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know at risk here that this
+is why we're doing this decision so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we're doing this decision so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we're doing this decision so the
+more you could imagine that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you could imagine that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you could imagine that there's
+obscuring the more difficult that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscuring the more difficult that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscuring the more difficult that is to
+make that case so so medicine is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that case so so medicine is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that case so so medicine is sort of
+this you know that I found this review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know that I found this review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know that I found this review
+by Ben Yu from Berkeley it just came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Ben Yu from Berkeley it just came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Ben Yu from Berkeley it just came out
+and it sort of talks about this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of talks about this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of talks about this kind of
+this tension between predictive accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tension between predictive accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tension between predictive accuracy
+and descriptive accuracy so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and descriptive accuracy so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and descriptive accuracy so so this is
+sort of that's sort of the typical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's sort of the typical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's sort of the typical thing
+we think about that matters and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about that matters and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about that matters and then and
+there's lots of people who've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of people who've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of people who've written
+about about this sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about this sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about this sort of thing
+medicine is tough in that it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine is tough in that it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine is tough in that it's it's very
+demanding in this space here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding in this space here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding in this space here and it's
+sort of almost inflexible in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost inflexible in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost inflexible in this space
+here so it's a it's sort of a tough nut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a it's sort of a tough nut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's a it's sort of a tough nut
+to crack in terms of being able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crack in terms of being able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crack in terms of being able to make
+some progress and so we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress and so we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress and so we'll talk more
+about one that's likely to happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one that's likely to happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one that's likely to happen okay
+so this again may be something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again may be something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this again may be something that's
+very familiar to so we had this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar to so we had this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar to so we had this problem
+in terms of some of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of some of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of some of the disease
+detection models and I didn't find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection models and I didn't find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection models and I didn't find this
+all that satisfying in terms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that satisfying in terms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that satisfying in terms of being
+able to successfully localize so so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to successfully localize so so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to successfully localize so so just
+digging through the literature it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging through the literature it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging through the literature it looks
+like like the sort of my idea of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like the sort of my idea of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like the sort of my idea of being
+able to sort of explain what part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of explain what part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of explain what part of the
+image is driving a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is driving a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is driving a certain
+classification that that field is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification that that field is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification that that field is is
+sort of modestly old maybe it goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of modestly old maybe it goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of modestly old maybe it goes back
+before that but ultimately there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that but ultimately there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that but ultimately there's sort
+of two broad ways you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two broad ways you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two broad ways you can sort of
+imagine finding an exemplar image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine finding an exemplar image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine finding an exemplar image that
+maximally activates the class score or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximally activates the class score or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximally activates the class score or
+you can take a given image and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a given image and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a given image and say what
+aspect of it is sort of driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of it is sort of driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of it is sort of driving the
+classification and so in this paper here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and so in this paper here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and so in this paper here
+sort of did both those things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of did both those things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of did both those things they
+either went through and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either went through and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either went through and kind of
+optimized this starting from an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized this starting from an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized this starting from an average
+of all the training data they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the training data they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the training data they sort of
+optimized the intensities until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized the intensities until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized the intensities until they
+maximized the score for a given class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized the score for a given class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized the score for a given class so
+that's what's shown here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's shown here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's shown here and then
+another way to do it is to in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it is to in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to do it is to in some sense
+you could take a kind of a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take a kind of a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could take a kind of a derivative of
+the score function relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the score function relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the score function relative to the
+intensities of all the pixels and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of all the pixels and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities of all the pixels and come
+up with like this but you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with like this but you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with like this but you can imagine
+you show this to a patient they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show this to a patient they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show this to a patient they wouldn't
+be very satisfied so so it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very satisfied so so it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very satisfied so so it's it's it's
+very difficult to make a case that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to make a case that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to make a case that this
+is super useful but it seems like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super useful but it seems like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super useful but it seems like this
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+has progressed somewhat and I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has progressed somewhat and I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has progressed somewhat and I haven't
+tried this out this is a paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this out this is a paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried this out this is a paper by
+maxwellian company a couple of years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian company a couple of years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian company a couple of years and
+maybe you guys have some familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you guys have some familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you guys have some familiar with
+this but this ultimately is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this ultimately is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this ultimately is a little bit
+of a different approach in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different approach in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different approach in the sense
+that they they take sort of patches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they take sort of patches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they take sort of patches that
+sort of purple like patch here and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of purple like patch here and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of purple like patch here and they
+compare this sort of the this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this sort of the this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this sort of the this sort of
+this final score or class label relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final score or class label relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final score or class label relative
+to what it you know so taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it you know so taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it you know so taking the
+intensity here and replacing it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity here and replacing it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity here and replacing it by a
+conditional result sampling from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional result sampling from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional result sampling from the
+periphery and just comparing those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery and just comparing those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery and just comparing those two
+things and seeing whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and seeing whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and seeing whether or not you
+either get activation which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get activation which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get activation which is sort of
+the red here which is the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red here which is the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red here which is the this is the
+way that they did this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they did this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they did this sort of
+conditional sampling and then blue would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional sampling and then blue would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional sampling and then blue would
+be sort of the sort of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of the sort of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of the sort of negative
+contributors and then you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributors and then you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributors and then you can imagine
+there's a little bit more distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more distinction
+here and then something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then something a little bit
+more on the medical side that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the medical side that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the medical side that this is a
+brain MRI and so depending on this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain MRI and so depending on this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain MRI and so depending on this sort
+of patch size you get sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patch size you get sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patch size you get sort of a
+different degree of sort of resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degree of sort of resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degree of sort of resolution
+to localizing some areas of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to localizing some areas of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to localizing some areas of the image
+that are relevant so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant so this is something
+that we're gonna expect a lot of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna expect a lot of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna expect a lot of a lot
+of demands from the medical field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demands from the medical field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demands from the medical field in
+terms of being able to show this and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of being able to show this and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of being able to show this and at
+least our initial forays one for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least our initial forays one for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least our initial forays one for a
+satisfying doing this with what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying doing this with what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying doing this with what we were
+doing but maybe these algorithms have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but maybe these algorithms have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but maybe these algorithms have
+gotten better okay so next thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better okay so next thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better okay so next thing that
+matters okay so this is what people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters okay so this is what people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters okay so this is what people do
+so so I spent you know why I did my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I spent you know why I did my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I spent you know why I did my
+cardiology fellowship at MGH and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiology fellowship at MGH and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiology fellowship at MGH and I just
+trace circles that's what I did I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace circles that's what I did I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace circles that's what I did I just
+trace circles and I and I stretched a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace circles and I and I stretched a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace circles and I and I stretched a
+ruler across and then fed that and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler across and then fed that and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruler across and then fed that and at
+least the program computed the volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the program computed the volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the program computed the volumes
+for for me the areas and volumes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for me the areas and volumes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for me the areas and volumes but
+otherwise you have to do this yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have to do this yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have to do this yourself
+and so this is like a task that's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like a task that's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is like a task that's done
+and sometimes you may have to sort of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you may have to sort of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you may have to sort of so
+that here's a here's sort of an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's a here's sort of an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's a here's sort of an example
+of volumes being computed by tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volumes being computed by tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volumes being computed by tracing
+these sorts of things and much of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of things and much of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of things and much of very
+odd reports just involve doing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd reports just involve doing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd reports just involve doing that so
+this seems like a very obvious task we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very obvious task we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very obvious task we
+should be able to improve on so medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to improve on so medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to improve on so medicine
+tends to be not the most creative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be not the most creative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be not the most creative in
+terms of trying bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of trying bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of trying bunch of different
+architectures so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures so if you look at the
+papers they sort of all jump on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers they sort of all jump on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers they sort of all jump on the unit
+just being the sort of the favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being the sort of the favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being the sort of the favorite
+favorite sort of architecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sort of architecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sort of architecture for
+semantic segmentation so maybe familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic segmentation so maybe familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic segmentation so maybe familiar
+to people here are really just it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people here are really just it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people here are really just it kind
+of captured this this sort of encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of captured this this sort of encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of captured this this sort of encoding
+or contracting layer where you're down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or contracting layer where you're down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or contracting layer where you're down
+sampling and then there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and then there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and then there's sort of a
+symmetric up sampling that takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric up sampling that takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric up sampling that takes place
+and then ultimately there's these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately there's these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately there's these sort
+of skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skip
+actions where you take an image and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions where you take an image and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions where you take an image and then
+you you concatenate it with the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you concatenate it with the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you concatenate it with the sort of
+sample layer and this helps get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample layer and this helps get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample layer and this helps get a little
+bit more localization so we use this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more localization so we use this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more localization so we use this for
+our paper and we'll talk about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our paper and we'll talk about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our paper and we'll talk about about
+this lo Lila and it's very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lo Lila and it's very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lo Lila and it's very popular
+within the medical literature one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the medical literature one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the medical literature one of the
+things that was quite annoying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was quite annoying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that was quite annoying is that
+what you would find for some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would find for some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would find for some of the
+images you'd find let's say a ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you'd find let's say a ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you'd find let's say a ventricle
+you'd find this nicely segmented area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find this nicely segmented area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find this nicely segmented area
+and then you'd find this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd find this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd find this little
+satellite ventricle that the image would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite ventricle that the image would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite ventricle that the image would
+just pick so you'd get this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick so you'd get this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick so you'd get this you know
+that the problem is that this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem is that this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the problem is that this sort of
+pixel level classification tends to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel level classification tends to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel level classification tends to be a
+problem and and a human would never make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and and a human would never make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and and a human would never make
+that mistake but that tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake but that tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake but that tends to be
+something that sounds like it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that sounds like it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that sounds like it is it is
+common in the this is a kind of a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the this is a kind of a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common in the this is a kind of a common
+tension is that is that this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is that is that this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is that is that this sort of
+focusing on relatively limited scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on relatively limited scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on relatively limited scales
+ends up being problematic when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being problematic when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being problematic when it comes
+to kind of picking up global kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of picking up global kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of picking up global kind of
+global architecture and so there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global architecture and so there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global architecture and so there's lots
+of different solutions it looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different solutions it looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different solutions it looks like in
+the literature I just highlighted some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature I just highlighted some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature I just highlighted some
+of these from a paper that was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these from a paper that was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these from a paper that was published
+from from Google a little while ago one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Google a little while ago one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Google a little while ago one
+of the things that's captured is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's captured is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's captured is these
+sort of ideas and dilated convolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ideas and dilated convolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ideas and dilated convolutions
+and so that you haven't you have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you haven't you have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you haven't you have sort of
+convolutions built on convolutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions built on convolutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions built on convolutions and
+so ultimately you're you have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately you're you have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately you're you have a much
+bigger receptive field for for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger receptive field for for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger receptive field for for for this
+layer then you haven't really increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer then you haven't really increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer then you haven't really increased
+the number of parameters that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parameters that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parameters that you have
+to learn so there's some seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn so there's some seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn so there's some seems like
+there's lots this is a not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots this is a not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots this is a not just a
+problem for us but a problem for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for us but a problem for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for us but a problem for many
+people in this field so so we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this field so so we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this field so so we need to be
+a little bit more adventurous in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more adventurous in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more adventurous in terms
+of trying some of these other methods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying some of these other methods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying some of these other methods we
+did try a little bit of that and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did try a little bit of that and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did try a little bit of that and didn't
+find a huge huge gains but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a huge huge gains but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a huge huge gains but I think
+ultimately there still needs to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there still needs to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there still needs to be a
+little bit more work there okay so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more work there okay so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more work there okay so last
+thing I going to talk about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I going to talk about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I going to talk about before
+getting into to my work is really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into to my work is really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into to my work is really this
+idea of image registration so I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of image registration so I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of image registration so I talked
+about how there are sometimes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how there are sometimes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how there are sometimes some
+techniques that have limitations either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that have limitations either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that have limitations either
+in terms of spatial resolution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of spatial resolution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of spatial resolution or
+temporal resolution so this is a PET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal resolution so this is a PET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal resolution so this is a PET
+scan here this sort of reddish glow here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan here this sort of reddish glow here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan here this sort of reddish glow here
+and in the background we have a cat scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the background we have a cat scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the background we have a cat scan
+of this of the heart and so clearly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of the heart and so clearly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of the heart and so clearly this
+is a perfect registered image where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect registered image where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfect registered image where you
+have this the PET scan kind of floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this the PET scan kind of floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this the PET scan kind of floating
+out here but it really should be lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here but it really should be lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here but it really should be lined
+up here and so you have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and so you have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and so you have something that's
+registered better there I also mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered better there I also mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered better there I also mentioned
+this problem about gating is ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem about gating is ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem about gating is ultimately
+if you have a image taken from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a image taken from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a image taken from different
+parts of different cardiac cycles you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of different cardiac cycles you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of different cardiac cycles you're
+gonna have to align them in some way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to align them in some way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to align them in some way so
+this is a very it sounds like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very it sounds like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very it sounds like a very
+mature problem in the computer vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature problem in the computer vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature problem in the computer vision
+world we haven't done anything in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we haven't done anything in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we haven't done anything in this
+space but ultimately it is sort of been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but ultimately it is sort of been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but ultimately it is sort of been
+for decades thought I would just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades thought I would just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades thought I would just at
+least touch it touch upon it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least touch it touch upon it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least touch it touch upon it so this is
+sort of the old-school way and then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the old-school way and then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the old-school way and then now
+people are starting to use conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to use conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting to use conditional
+variational auto-encoders to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational auto-encoders to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational auto-encoders to be able to
+learn geometric transformations this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn geometric transformations this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn geometric transformations this is
+this is the the siemens group out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the siemens group out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the siemens group out in
+Princeton that has this paper again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton that has this paper again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton that has this paper again
+nothing I'm going to focus on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I'm going to focus on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I'm going to focus on just
+wanted to bring it up as being an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to bring it up as being an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to bring it up as being an area
+it remains at interest okay so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains at interest okay so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains at interest okay so I think
+we're doing okay you said four okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing okay you said four okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing okay you said four okay okay
+all right and interrupt please interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and interrupt please interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and interrupt please interrupt
+okay don't I'm hoping that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't I'm hoping that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't I'm hoping that I'm not
+talking to us okay so so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to us okay so so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to us okay so so I'm going to
+talk about you know as David said I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you know as David said I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about you know as David said I this
+was not my field but increasingly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not my field but increasingly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not my field but increasingly there
+is some interest in terms of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some interest in terms of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some interest in terms of getting
+involved in it in part because of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it in part because of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it in part because of my
+frustrations with clinical medicine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrations with clinical medicine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrations with clinical medicine so
+this is one of my frustrations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my frustrations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of my frustrations with
+clinical medicine so cardiology has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical medicine so cardiology has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical medicine so cardiology has not
+really changed and and and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed and and and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed and and and one of the
+things that fails at miserably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that fails at miserably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that fails at miserably is
+picking up early onset disease so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up early onset disease so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up early onset disease so so
+here's here's a here's the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a here's the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a here's the kind of the
+typical profile a little facetious so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical profile a little facetious so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical profile a little facetious so so
+people like me in our in our early 40s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like me in our in our early 40s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like me in our in our early 40s
+start to already have some problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to already have some problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to already have some problems with
+some of these numbers so I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these numbers so I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these numbers so I'd like to
+joke that since I came back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke that since I came back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke that since I came back to the
+Harvard system from California my blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard system from California my blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard system from California my blood
+pressure has gone up 10 points which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure has gone up 10 points which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure has gone up 10 points which is
+true unfortunately but but so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true unfortunately but but so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true unfortunately but but so these
+these changes already start to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes already start to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes already start to happen
+and and nobody does anything about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nobody does anything about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nobody does anything about it so
+you can go to your doctor and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to your doctor and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to your doctor and you know
+you're also saying no I don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also saying no I don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also saying no I don't want to be
+on any medicines there I no no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any medicines there I no no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any medicines there I no no you
+shouldn't be out any medicine so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be out any medicine so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be out any medicine so you
+kind of ham and ha and a decade goes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ham and ha and a decade goes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ham and ha and a decade goes by
+15 years go by and then finally you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years go by and then finally you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years go by and then finally you're
+like okay well it looks like at least my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay well it looks like at least my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay well it looks like at least my
+co-workers on some medicines or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-workers on some medicines or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-workers on some medicines or maybe
+I'll be willing to do that and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be willing to do that and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be willing to do that and so there
+we had lots of stuff you can be treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had lots of stuff you can be treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had lots of stuff you can be treated
+with but but it is often very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but but it is often very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but but it is often very difficult
+then and you see this with the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you see this with the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you see this with the doctor
+level - yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the optimal value is is is fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the optimal value is is is fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the optimal value is is is fixed and
+is just like a reference value and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like a reference value and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just like a reference value and you
+can be off by so what pressure let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be off by so what pressure let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be off by so what pressure let's say
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so people consider optimal to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people consider optimal to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people consider optimal to be less
+than 120 over less than 80 people are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 120 over less than 80 people are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 120 over less than 80 people are in
+the 200s people earn it you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200s people earn it you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 200s people earn it you know so
+you'd be treated in the 200s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be treated in the 200s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be treated in the 200s but
+there'll be lots of people in the 140s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be lots of people in the 140s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be lots of people in the 140s
+and the 150s and there'll be a degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 150s and there'll be a degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 150s and there'll be a degree of
+kind of nihilism about that for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nihilism about that for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nihilism about that for some
+time and and and my patients would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and and my patients would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and and and my patients would be
+like oh I got into the fight with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh I got into the fight with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh I got into the fight with the
+parking attendant Oh I you know I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking attendant Oh I you know I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking attendant Oh I you know I just
+you know I had a really bad phone I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had a really bad phone I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I had a really bad phone I mean
+there's like countless excuses for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like countless excuses for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like countless excuses for why
+it is that one shouldn't start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that one shouldn't start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that one shouldn't start a
+medication and this can go on for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and this can go on for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication and this can go on for a long
+time yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great point so so oh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point so so oh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point so so oh yeah so
+the so the question is is is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the question is is is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the question is is is that many
+of the things that we're seeing as risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we're seeing as risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we're seeing as risk
+factors having merit variability to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors having merit variability to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors having merit variability to them
+blood sugar is another great example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood sugar is another great example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood sugar is another great example of
+those things so so how are you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so so how are you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so so how are you if you're
+gonna have a single point estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a single point estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a single point estimate that
+arises in the setting of a single clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in the setting of a single clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in the setting of a single clinic
+visit how much do you trust that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit how much do you trust that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit how much do you trust that so it's
+a couple of things related to that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things related to that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things related to that so so
+one of them is that is that people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is that is that people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is that is that people can
+be sent home with monitors and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent home with monitors and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent home with monitors and they can
+have 24-hour monitors in Europe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 24-hour monitors in Europe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 24-hour monitors in Europe that's
+much more often done and here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more often done and here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more often done and here and then
+you know the thing is that they all fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the thing is that they all fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the thing is that they all fit
+you know they'll say that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they'll say that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they'll say that and then you
+go look at like six consecutive visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at like six consecutive visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at like six consecutive visits
+and they all have something elevated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have something elevated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have something elevated but
+it's true so these are there's a noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true so these are there's a noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true so these are there's a noisy
+point estimate and people have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimate and people have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point estimate and people have shown
+that averages tend to do better but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that averages tend to do better but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that averages tend to do better but at
+the same time if that's all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time if that's all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time if that's all you have
+it's it it's you know and and the bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it's you know and and the bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it's you know and and the bias
+is interesting because the bias comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because the bias comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because the bias comes
+from some degree of stress but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some degree of stress but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some degree of stress but we have
+lots of stress in our life I hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stress in our life I hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stress in our life I hopefully
+not the most stressful part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most stressful part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most stressful part of my
+patients life and so so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients life and so so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients life and so so I think that
+ultimately there are so that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there are so that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately there are so that I mean
+that's a that's and the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's and the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's and the problem with
+that is that's a it's a good reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that's a it's a good reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that's a it's a good reason for
+someone to talk to you out of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to talk to you out of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to talk to you out of them
+starting them or anything and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting them or anything and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting them or anything and and that's
+what ends up happening and so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening and so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening and so so this
+can be a really long period of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a really long period of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a really long period of time and
+I think this is okay so this is the grim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is okay so this is the grim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is okay so this is the grim
+part okay so it turns out that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so it turns out that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so it turns out that once
+symptoms develop for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms develop for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms develop for something like
+heart failure decline is fast so 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart failure decline is fast so 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart failure decline is fast so 50%
+mortality in five years after somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality in five years after somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality in five years after somebody
+gets hospitalized for their first heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hospitalized for their first heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hospitalized for their first heart
+for their admission and often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their admission and often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their admission and often the
+symptoms are just around that time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms are just around that time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms are just around that time so
+unfortunately these things tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately these things tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately these things tend to be
+sort of irreversible changes that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of irreversible changes that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of irreversible changes that happen
+in the background and largely you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background and largely you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background and largely you don't
+really have any symptoms until late in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any symptoms until late in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have any symptoms until late in
+the game so we have this problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game so we have this problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game so we have this problem where
+we have this huge stretch we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this huge stretch we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this huge stretch we know that
+there is risk factors if we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is risk factors if we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is risk factors if we have this
+huge stretch where nobody's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge stretch where nobody's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge stretch where nobody's doing
+anything about them and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about them and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about them and then we have
+sort of things going downhill relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things going downhill relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things going downhill relatively
+quickly after that and unfortunately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly after that and unfortunately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly after that and unfortunately you
+know I would make a case that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would make a case that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I would make a case that probably
+if the responsiveness is probably best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the responsiveness is probably best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the responsiveness is probably best
+at this phase over there expense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this phase over there expense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this phase over there expense is
+really all over there so we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all over there so we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all over there so we really want
+to find and this is what I consider to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find and this is what I consider to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find and this is what I consider to
+be mystic in medicine I gotta come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mystic in medicine I gotta come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mystic in medicine I gotta come back
+to this again a little bit later on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this again a little bit later on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this again a little bit later on but
+really we want to have these kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we want to have these kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we want to have these kind of you
+know if you're gonna do something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're gonna do something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're gonna do something in
+this asymptomatic phase it better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asymptomatic phase it better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asymptomatic phase it better be
+cheap you're not going to be getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap you're not going to be getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap you're not going to be getting a
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+every day or every every year for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day or every every year for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day or every every year for people
+who have these you know no symptoms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have these you know no symptoms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have these you know no symptoms I
+mean this system would bankrupt if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this system would bankrupt if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this system would bankrupt if you
+have that so we need these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so we need these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so we need these kind of
+low-cost metrics that can tell us at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost metrics that can tell us at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-cost metrics that can tell us at an
+individual level not just if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level not just if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level not just if we had a
+thousand people like you somebody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people like you somebody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people like you somebody would
+benefit but really and this is what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit but really and this is what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit but really and this is what my
+patients would say is they would they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients would say is they would they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients would say is they would they
+would be so excited about their EKG or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so excited about their EKG or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so excited about their EKG or
+their echo being done every year because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their echo being done every year because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their echo being done every year because
+they want to know how does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to know how does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to know how does it look like
+compared to last year they want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to last year they want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to last year they want some
+comparison at their level not just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison at their level not just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison at their level not just some
+public health kind of report about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health kind of report about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public health kind of report about so
+and so being you know this being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so being you know this being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so being you know this being a
+benefit to 100 people like you and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to 100 people like you and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to 100 people like you and so so
+it should be both kind of low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be both kind of low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be both kind of low cost
+should be reflective that's something an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be reflective that's something an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be reflective that's something an
+individual level should be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level should be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level should be relatively
+specific to these process expressive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to these process expressive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to these process expressive in
+some way and should get better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and should get better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and should get better with
+therapy I mean think that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy I mean think that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy I mean think that's one of the
+things that's pretty important is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's pretty important is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's pretty important is if
+somebody does the things you ask them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does the things you ask them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody does the things you ask them to
+do hopefully that will look better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do hopefully that will look better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do hopefully that will look better and
+and then that we're motivating and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that we're motivating and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that we're motivating and I
+think that's kind of how people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's kind of how people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's kind of how people get
+motivated is that they get responses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated is that they get responses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated is that they get responses so
+so I would make a case that that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would make a case that that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would make a case that that even
+simple things like an ultrasound and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things like an ultrasound and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things like an ultrasound and I
+have one showed here it really does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one showed here it really does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one showed here it really does
+capture some of these things and not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture some of these things and not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture some of these things and not all
+those things but but they have some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but but they have some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but but they have some of
+those things so so you have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so so you have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things so so you have for example
+that in the setting of high blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the setting of high blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the setting of high blood
+pressure the left ventricular masters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the left ventricular masters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the left ventricular masters to
+thicken and this is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicken and this is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicken and this is a kind of a
+quantitative continuous measure it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative continuous measure it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative continuous measure it just
+thickens over time and the heart starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickens over time and the heart starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickens over time and the heart starts
+to change the pumping function can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the pumping function can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the pumping function can get
+worse over time the left atrium which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse over time the left atrium which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse over time the left atrium which is
+the structure over here this thin walled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure over here this thin walled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure over here this thin walled
+structure is amazing in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is amazing in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is amazing in the sense that
+it's almost as barometer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as barometer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost as barometer for the
+pressure in the heart and that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in the heart and that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in the heart and that it's
+that's a horrible reference okay so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a horrible reference okay so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a horrible reference okay so but
+it but it tends to get kind of bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it tends to get kind of bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it tends to get kind of bigger
+and bigger in a very subtle way before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger in a very subtle way before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger in a very subtle way before
+any symptoms happens so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any symptoms happens so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any symptoms happens so you have this
+this is just one view right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one view right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one view right so this is a
+simple view acquired from an ultrasound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple view acquired from an ultrasound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple view acquired from an ultrasound
+that captures some of these things at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures some of these things at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures some of these things at an
+individual level so this gets to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level so this gets to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level so this gets to what
+some of my thoughts are around where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my thoughts are around where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my thoughts are around where we
+could imagine automated interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine automated interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine automated interpretation
+benefiting so so if you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting so so if you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting so so if you want to think
+about where you're less likely so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you're less likely so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where you're less likely so with
+with these kind of very very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kind of very very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kind of very very difficult
+kind of end-stage or complex decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of end-stage or complex decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of end-stage or complex decisions
+where you have a super skilled person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a super skilled person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a super skilled person
+even collecting the data in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even collecting the data in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even collecting the data in the first
+place they've gone through training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they've gone through training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they've gone through training
+they're sort of super experienced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of super experienced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of super experienced you
+have a very expensive piece of hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very expensive piece of hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very expensive piece of hardware
+used to collect the data you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to collect the data you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to collect the data you have an
+expert interpreting it this is done late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert interpreting it this is done late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert interpreting it this is done late
+in the in the disease course you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the disease course you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the disease course you have to
+make really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really hard
+decisions so probable and it's you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so probable and it's you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so probable and it's you don't
+want to mess it up they're probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mess it up they're probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mess it up they're probably not
+good places to try to stick in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good places to try to stick in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good places to try to stick in a
+automated system in there but what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated system in there but what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated system in there but what would
+be in tractive would be to try to enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in tractive would be to try to enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in tractive would be to try to enable
+studies that are not even being done at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that are not even being done at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that are not even being done at
+all so move to the primary care setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so move to the primary care setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so move to the primary care setting
+use low-cost handheld so even there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use low-cost handheld so even there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use low-cost handheld so even there's
+even now companies that are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now companies that are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now companies that are starting to
+try to automate acquisition of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to automate acquisition of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to automate acquisition of the data
+by helping people collect it and guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by helping people collect it and guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by helping people collect it and guide
+them to collecting the right views early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to collecting the right views early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to collecting the right views early
+in the disease course no real symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the disease course no real symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the disease course no real symptoms
+here decision support just around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here decision support just around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here decision support just around
+whether you should start some meds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you should start some meds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you should start some meds or
+intensify them low liability low cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensify them low liability low cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensify them low liability low cost so
+this is a place where we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a place where we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a place where we want it to
+focus in terms of being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in terms of being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus in terms of being able to
+introduce some some kind of innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some some kind of innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some some kind of innovations
+in this space ok so this comes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space ok so this comes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this space ok so this comes back to
+this sort of slide of I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of slide of I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of slide of I talked about
+where you can imagine some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can imagine some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can imagine some of these
+things being low-hanging fruit but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being low-hanging fruit but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being low-hanging fruit but maybe
+those aren't the ones that we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't the ones that we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't the ones that we should be
+focusing on we should instead be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on we should instead be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on we should instead be
+focusing on enabling more data at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on enabling more data at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on enabling more data at low
+cost getting more out of the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost getting more out of the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost getting more out of the data that
+we're collecting and helping people even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're collecting and helping people even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're collecting and helping people even
+acquire it in the first place so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire it in the first place so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire it in the first place so that's
+one category of things and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one category of things and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one category of things and that's the
+one I just highlighted in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just highlighted in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just highlighted in the previous
+slide you could imagine something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide you could imagine something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide you could imagine something
+running in the background at a hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the background at a hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in the background at a hospital
+system level and just checking to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system level and just checking to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system level and just checking to see
+whether there's anybody who's missed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's anybody who's missed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's anybody who's missed in
+some ways and then triage we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways and then triage we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways and then triage we're going to
+talk about the next slide we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the next slide we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the next slide we'll come
+back to that and then really and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that and then really and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that and then really and this is
+again one of the reasons I got into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one of the reasons I got into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one of the reasons I got into this
+we want to do something that elevates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do something that elevates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do something that elevates
+practice beyond just simply repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice beyond just simply repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice beyond just simply repeating
+what we already do and so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we already do and so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we already do and so this kind of
+idea have quantitative tracking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea have quantitative tracking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea have quantitative tracking of
+intermediate states subclasses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate states subclasses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate states subclasses of
+disease which is actually the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which is actually the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which is actually the real
+reason I got into this space is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I got into this space is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I got into this space is because
+I wanted to kind of increase scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to kind of increase scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to kind of increase scale of
+data and be able to do this and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and be able to do this and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and be able to do this and this is
+kind of where you potentially would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where you potentially would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where you potentially would like
+to go so so the ECG example is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so so the ECG example is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go so so the ECG example is an
+interesting one because automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because automated
+systems for ECG interpretation have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for ECG interpretation have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems for ECG interpretation have been
+around for 40 or 50 years and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for 40 or 50 years and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for 40 or 50 years and they
+really got going around the early 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got going around the early 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got going around the early 2000s
+when people realized that so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people realized that so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people realized that so there's a
+structure there's a there's a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's a there's a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's a there's a pattern
+called an ST elevation on a trip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an ST elevation on a trip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an ST elevation on a trip you
+guys talked about that this is a marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys talked about that this is a marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys talked about that this is a marker
+of complete stoppage of blood flow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complete stoppage of blood flow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complete stoppage of blood flow to
+the heart so muscle starts to die and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart so muscle starts to die and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart so muscle starts to die and in
+the early 2000s there was a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2000s there was a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 2000s there was a quality
+measure kind of a quality kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure kind of a quality kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure kind of a quality kind of
+movement that said as soon as anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that said as soon as anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that said as soon as anybody
+sees that you should get to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that you should get to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees that you should get to somebody
+doing something about it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something about it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something about it with
+and a half or so and so the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half or so and so the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half or so and so the problem was
+that the old days and the old way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the old days and the old way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the old days and the old way to do
+this and even you know this is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and even you know this is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and even you know this is around
+the time I was a resident you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I was a resident you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I was a resident you would have
+you would have to first call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to first call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to first call the
+cardiologist wake up mop they've comude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist wake up mop they've comude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist wake up mop they've comude
+send them the image they look at it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them the image they look at it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them the image they look at it then
+they decide whether or not this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decide whether or not this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decide whether or not this was the
+pattern they were seeing and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern they were seeing and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern they were seeing and then they
+would activate the lab the cath lab they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would activate the lab the cath lab they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would activate the lab the cath lab they
+would come in and you were losing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in and you were losing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in and you were losing about
+an hour hour and a half in this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour hour and a half in this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour hour and a half in this process
+and so instead they decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so instead they decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so instead they decided that
+automated systems could be used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated systems could be used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated systems could be used to be
+able to in a you know sort of enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to in a you know sort of enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to in a you know sort of enable
+ambulance personnel or emergency room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance personnel or emergency room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambulance personnel or emergency room
+doc some non cardiologists to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc some non cardiologists to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doc some non cardiologists to be able to
+say hey look this is what we think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey look this is what we think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey look this is what we think is
+going on let's bring the team in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on let's bring the team in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on let's bring the team in and so
+people would get mobilized people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would get mobilized people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would get mobilized people would
+come to the hospital nobody would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the hospital nobody would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the hospital nobody would do
+anything in terms of starting the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in terms of starting the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in terms of starting the case
+and tell somebody confirmed it but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell somebody confirmed it but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell somebody confirmed it but but
+already the whole wheels were turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the whole wheels were turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the whole wheels were turning
+and so you have this sort of triage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this sort of triage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have this sort of triage
+system where you're making a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you're making a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you're making a decision
+you're not finalizing the decision but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not finalizing the decision but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not finalizing the decision but
+you're speeding things up and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're speeding things up and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're speeding things up and so this is
+an example where you can imagine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where you can imagine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where you can imagine it's
+important to try to offload this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to try to offload this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to try to offload this to
+something so this is a an example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so this is a an example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so this is a an example and
+there's gonna be false positives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be false positives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be false positives and
+people will laugh and mock the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will laugh and mock the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will laugh and mock the emergency
+room doctors and mock the ambulance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room doctors and mock the ambulance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room doctors and mock the ambulance
+drivers and say they don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and say they don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and say they don't know what
+they're doing you know they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing you know they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing you know they're not
+experienced but ultimately people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced but ultimately people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced but ultimately people were
+dying because they were waiting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying because they were waiting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying because they were waiting for the
+cardiologist to be available to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist to be available to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiologist to be available to read
+this to read the ECG so you got to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to read the ECG so you got to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to read the ECG so you got to think
+about those in terms of things that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those in terms of things that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those in terms of things that sort
+of places where they may be cost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places where they may be cost for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places where they may be cost for
+delay okay so coming back to echos okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay okay so coming back to echos okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay okay so coming back to echos okay
+so why does it a Coke study because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does it a Coke study because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does it a Coke study because this
+is probably not something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably not something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably not something that is
+typical it's a kind of a compilation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical it's a kind of a compilation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical it's a kind of a compilation of
+videos and there are about 70 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and there are about 70 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and there are about 70 different
+videos typically in the studies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos typically in the studies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos typically in the studies that we
+do at the centers that we're at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the centers that we're at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do at the centers that we're at and
+they're taken over multiple cycles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taken over multiple cycles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taken over multiple cycles and
+multiple different views and often it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different views and often it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different views and often it
+takes somebody pretty skilled to acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes somebody pretty skilled to acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes somebody pretty skilled to acquire
+those views and they take about 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those views and they take about 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those views and they take about 45
+minutes to an hour to gather that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to an hour to gather that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to an hour to gather that data
+multiple different views the sonographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different views the sonographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different views the sonographer
+is sort of changing the depth to zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of changing the depth to zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of changing the depth to zoom in
+on given structures and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on given structures and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on given structures and so you can
+understand that there's already somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there's already somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there's already somebody
+who's already very experienced in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's already very experienced in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's already very experienced in this
+process even collecting the data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process even collecting the data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process even collecting the data which
+is a problem because you need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem because you need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem because you need to take
+them out of the picture because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out of the picture because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out of the picture because they're
+expensive to be able to do those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to be able to do those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to be able to do those things
+um so we were doing at UCSF twelve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we were doing at UCSF twelve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we were doing at UCSF twelve to
+fifteen thousand bringen was probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen thousand bringen was probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen thousand bringen was probably a
+little busier at thirty to thirty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little busier at thirty to thirty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little busier at thirty to thirty five
+thousand Medicare back in 2011 had seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Medicare back in 2011 had seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Medicare back in 2011 had seven
+million of these perform and is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of these perform and is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of these perform and is probably
+hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds
+of millions of these archives so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of millions of these archives so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of millions of these archives so lots of
+data so we we we published a paper last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so we we we published a paper last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so we we we published a paper last
+year trying to automate really all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year trying to automate really all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year trying to automate really all of
+the main processes around this and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main processes around this and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main processes around this and part
+of the reason to do all is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason to do all is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason to do all is it doesn't
+help you to have one little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to have one little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to have one little bit
+automated because at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated because at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated because at the end of the day
+if you have to have a cardiologist doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to have a cardiologist doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have to have a cardiologist doing
+everything else in the sonographer doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in the sonographer doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in the sonographer doing
+everything else and what have you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and what have you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and what have you really
+saved by having one little step so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved by having one little step so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved by having one little step so so
+the goal here was to start from raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal here was to start from raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal here was to start from raw
+study coming straight off the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study coming straight off the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study coming straight off the machine
+and try to do everything and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do everything and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do everything and so that
+involves sorting through all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves sorting through all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves sorting through all these
+different views coming up with empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views coming up with empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views coming up with empirical
+Quality Score with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quality Score with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quality Score with it
+segmenting all sort of the five primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmenting all sort of the five primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmenting all sort of the five primary
+views that we use directly detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views that we use directly detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views that we use directly detecting
+some diseases and then computing sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some diseases and then computing sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some diseases and then computing sort of
+all the standard mass and volume types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the standard mass and volume types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the standard mass and volume types
+of measurements that come from this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements that come from this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements that come from this so
+we wanted to do it all and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to do it all and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to do it all and this was a
+you know I think it wasn't strikingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think it wasn't strikingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think it wasn't strikingly
+original and the hours were used but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and the hours were used but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original and the hours were used but at
+the same time it was very bold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time it was very bold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time it was very bold for
+anybody in the community to try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in the community to try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody in the community to try to take
+this on and of course engendered all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on and of course engendered all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on and of course engendered all the
+backlash you could imagine when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash you could imagine when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash you could imagine when you
+tried to just try to do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to just try to do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to just try to do something like
+this I still hearing it but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I still hearing it but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I still hearing it but but but
+there's excitement and certainly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's excitement and certainly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's excitement and certainly on the
+industry side there's really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry side there's really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry side there's really exciting
+and that this is this is feasible so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is this is feasible so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is this is feasible so I
+was running a biology lab back in 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was running a biology lab back in 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was running a biology lab back in 2016
+or so and then decided so my my cousin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and then decided so my my cousin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and then decided so my my cousin's
+husband is the Dean of engineering at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband is the Dean of engineering at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband is the Dean of engineering at
+Penn and I emailed him and said do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penn and I emailed him and said do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Penn and I emailed him and said do you
+know anyone at Berkeley I lived near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anyone at Berkeley I lived near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anyone at Berkeley I lived near
+there I have very long commute so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have very long commute so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I have very long commute so I was
+like closer to there is there anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like closer to there is there anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like closer to there is there anybody
+you know there so he's like yeah I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there so he's like yeah I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there so he's like yeah I know
+I know Roos mabashi there she used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know Roos mabashi there she used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know Roos mabashi there she used to be
+a Penn and I knew Alyosha afros and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Penn and I knew Alyosha afros and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Penn and I knew Alyosha afros and so
+he just you know he just emailed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just you know he just emailed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just you know he just emailed them
+and said can you meet so I'd actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said can you meet so I'd actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said can you meet so I'd actually do
+ten dramatic also and so I met some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dramatic also and so I met some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dramatic also and so I met some of
+them and then I tried to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then I tried to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then I tried to find some
+people who are willing to work so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are willing to work so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are willing to work so I'd
+she spent a day a week there for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she spent a day a week there for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she spent a day a week there for about
+two years just hanging out writing code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years just hanging out writing code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years just hanging out writing code
+and tried to get this kind of project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tried to get this kind of project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tried to get this kind of project
+off the ground so we have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground so we have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground so we have a few
+different institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different institutions
+Jeff sang was a senior undergraduate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff sang was a senior undergraduate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff sang was a senior undergraduate at
+the time he's at Illinois right now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he's at Illinois right now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time he's at Illinois right now as a
+graduate student it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student it's interesting
+because because it's hard to get grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's hard to get grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's hard to get grad
+student level people excited over stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student level people excited over stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student level people excited over stuff
+that's applications of existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's applications of existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's applications of existing
+algorithms but they're happy to advise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but they're happy to advise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but they're happy to advise
+and I think I think that that's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I think that that's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I think that that's so I
+know if I can write a lot of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I can write a lot of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I can write a lot of the code
+myself and and but and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and and but and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and and but and then
+undergraduates are of course excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates are of course excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates are of course excited to
+do these kind of things because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these kind of things because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these kind of things because it's
+better than home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than home
+work and and I could pay but but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and and I could pay but but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and and I could pay but but I think
+ultimately it's interesting to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it's interesting to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it's interesting to try to
+find that sweet spot and and also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that sweet spot and and also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that sweet spot and and also find
+things that ultimately could be could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that ultimately could be could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that ultimately could be could be
+interesting from algorithmic standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from algorithmic standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from algorithmic standpoint
+to you know trying to do more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know trying to do more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know trying to do more of that
+these days okay so we aren't the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days okay so we aren't the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days okay so we aren't the first
+to even do something around classifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even do something around classifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even do something around classifying
+views so somebody already published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views so somebody already published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views so somebody already published
+something but we want it to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but we want it to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but we want it to be a little
+bit more nuanced than that and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more nuanced than that and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more nuanced than that and that we
+wanted to be able to distinguish for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be able to distinguish for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be able to distinguish for
+example whether this structure the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example whether this structure the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example whether this structure the left
+ventricle is cut off because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle is cut off because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle is cut off because we don't
+want to measure it if it's cut off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure it if it's cut off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure it if it's cut off and
+we don't want to measure the atrium if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to measure the atrium if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to measure the atrium if
+it's completely cut off here so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely cut off here so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely cut off here so we want
+it to be able to have a classifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be able to have a classifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be able to have a classifier that
+are able to distinguish between some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to distinguish between some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to distinguish between some of
+those things it's not an easy task and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things it's not an easy task and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things it's not an easy task and
+our you know and a lot of these labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know and a lot of these labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our you know and a lot of these labels
+were meet me riding the train and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were meet me riding the train and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were meet me riding the train and my
+very long commute from East Bay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long commute from East Bay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long commute from East Bay in
+California to to UCSF and so I did a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California to to UCSF and so I did a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California to to UCSF and so I did a lot
+of labeling and I did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labeling and I did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labeling and I did a lot of
+segmentation too so sorry I could slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation too so sorry I could slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmentation too so sorry I could slide
+a lot and that's the other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and that's the other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and that's the other thing that's
+kind of interesting is that you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting is that you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting is that you often
+need even to do the grunt work you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need even to do the grunt work you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need even to do the grunt work you may
+need somebody fairly specialized to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need somebody fairly specialized to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need somebody fairly specialized to do
+it which is okay but but yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is okay but but yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which is okay but but yeah so that
+ended up being me for a lot of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being me for a lot of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being me for a lot of this so
+so I traced a lot of these these images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I traced a lot of these these images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I traced a lot of these these images
+and then I you know I got some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I you know I got some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I you know I got some other
+people to help out but you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to help out but you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to help out but you're not going
+to get a computer science undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a computer science undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a computer science undergraduate
+to trace art structures for you nor are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trace art structures for you nor are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trace art structures for you nor are
+you going to get them excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to get them excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to get them excited about
+doing so so we didn't end up having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so so we didn't end up having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so so we didn't end up having that
+much data and and I think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data and and I think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data and and I think we could
+probably get better than that but we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get better than that but we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get better than that but we had
+the sort of five main views and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of five main views and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of five main views and we
+implemented kind of a modified version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented kind of a modified version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented kind of a modified version
+of unit algorithm we didn't we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit algorithm we didn't we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit algorithm we didn't we sort of
+imposed a bit of a penalty to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed a bit of a penalty to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed a bit of a penalty to keep this
+sort of problem of for example a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of problem of for example a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of problem of for example a little
+stray ventral being out there we imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stray ventral being out there we imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stray ventral being out there we imposed
+a penalty to say well if that's too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a penalty to say well if that's too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a penalty to say well if that's too far
+away from the kind of the center then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the kind of the center then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the kind of the center then
+then we're going to sort of have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to sort of have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to sort of have the
+lost function kind of take that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost function kind of take that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost function kind of take that into
+account that helps somewhat but so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that helps somewhat but so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that helps somewhat but so that
+was sort of our approach to and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of our approach to and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of our approach to and this is
+a yeah this is a pretty substantial deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah this is a pretty substantial deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah this is a pretty substantial deal
+to be able to do all these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do all these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do all these things that
+normally would be very tedious and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would be very tedious and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would be very tedious and as a
+result when we start to analyze things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result when we start to analyze things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result when we start to analyze things
+we can segment every single frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can segment every single frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can segment every single frame of
+every single video the typical echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single video the typical echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single video the typical echo
+reader will take two frames and trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader will take two frames and trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader will take two frames and trace
+them that's it that's all you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's it that's all you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's it that's all you get
+so we can do everything over every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do everything over every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do everything over every
+single cardiac cycle because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cardiac cycle because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cardiac cycle because there's
+amazing variability from beat to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing variability from beat to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing variability from beat to beat
+and so you know it's sort of silly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's sort of silly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's sort of silly to
+think that that should be the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that should be the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that should be the gold
+standard but that is the gold standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard but that is the gold standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard but that is the gold standard
+so we had you know thousands of echoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had you know thousands of echoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had you know thousands of echoes
+so that's the other thing so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other thing so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other thing so it turns
+out that it's almost impossible to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's almost impossible to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's almost impossible to get
+access to echo so I wrote a keystroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to echo so I wrote a keystroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to echo so I wrote a keystroke
+encoder that sat at the front end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder that sat at the front end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder that sat at the front end and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+nicked me entering in studies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicked me entering in studies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicked me entering in studies and
+downloading them so that was the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading them so that was the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading them so that was the only
+way I could get so I had about 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I could get so I had about 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I could get so I had about 30,000
+studies built up over a year but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies built up over a year but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies built up over a year but there's
+no way to do bulk download and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to do bulk download and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way to do bulk download and so again
+that was sort of you got to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of you got to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of you got to do some
+grunt work to be willing to play in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grunt work to be willing to play in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grunt work to be willing to play in this
+face so so we had a you know a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so so we had a you know a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so so we had a you know a fair
+number of studies we could use in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of studies we could use in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of studies we could use in terms
+of where we had measurements and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we had measurements and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we had measurements and and you
+know decent decent values in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know decent decent values in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know decent decent values in terms of
+that I mean I think it's is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean I think it's is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean I think it's is interesting
+in terms of thinking about about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of thinking about about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of thinking about about how
+good one can how close one can get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one can how close one can get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one can how close one can get and
+one of the things we found is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we found is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we found is that when
+there were big deviations so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were big deviations so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were big deviations so these are
+bland altering plots almost always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bland altering plots almost always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bland altering plots almost always the
+manual ones were wrong oh okay so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual ones were wrong oh okay so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual ones were wrong oh okay so okay
+so bland Altman plots are so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bland Altman plots are so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bland Altman plots are so people
+don't like using correlations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like using correlations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like using correlations in the
+medical fit so bland and Altman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical fit so bland and Altman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical fit so bland and Altman
+published a paper in Lancet about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper in Lancet about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper in Lancet about 30
+years ago complaining that correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago complaining that correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago complaining that correlations
+and correlation coefficients are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correlation coefficients are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correlation coefficients are all
+totally not good metrics because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not good metrics because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not good metrics because you
+could have some substantial bias said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have some substantial bias said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have some substantial bias said
+really you want to know if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you want to know if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you want to know if this is the
+gold standard you need to get that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard you need to get that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard you need to get that value
+so so it really is just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it really is just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it really is just looking at
+differences between let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between let's say the
+reference value and and the let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference value and and the let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference value and and the let's say
+the automated value and then plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automated value and then plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automated value and then plotting
+that against the mean of the two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that against the mean of the two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that against the mean of the two so
+that's it I did as percentages here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it I did as percentages here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it I did as percentages here but
+ultimately it's just that is that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it's just that is that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately it's just that is that so you
+have you're just kind of taking the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you're just kind of taking the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you're just kind of taking the mean
+of let's say left ventricular volume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say left ventricular volume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let's say left ventricular volume you
+have a sort of mean of the automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sort of mean of the automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sort of mean of the automated
+versus this sort of the manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this sort of the manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus this sort of the manually
+measured one and then you compare what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured one and then you compare what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured one and then you compare what
+the what the difference is of one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the difference is of one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the difference is of one minus
+the other and so you'll be on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and so you'll be on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and so you'll be on one side
+of the other so ideally you'd just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other so ideally you'd just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other so ideally you'd just be
+sitting perfectly on this line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting perfectly on this line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting perfectly on this line and then
+you're gonna look and see whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna look and see whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna look and see whether or not
+you're sort of clustered on one side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of clustered on one side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of clustered on one side or
+the other so that's just sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so that's just sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so that's just sort of the the
+typical thing people try to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thing people try to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thing people try to avoid
+correlation coefficients because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficients because they
+kind of considered them to be not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of considered them to be not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of considered them to be not really
+telling you whether or not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you whether or not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you whether or not you know
+there really is a gold standard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is a gold standard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is a gold standard and
+there truly is a value here then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there truly is a value here then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there truly is a value here then you
+want to be near that value and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be near that value and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be near that value and so that's
+the sort of a sort of a that is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of a sort of a that is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of a sort of a that is the the
+standard for for looking at comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for for looking at comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for for looking at comparison
+of Diagnostics so we had about 8,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Diagnostics so we had about 8,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Diagnostics so we had about 8,000
+things so so one you know the reviewers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so one you know the reviewers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so one you know the reviewers
+gave us a hard time for the space up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us a hard time for the space up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us a hard time for the space up
+here and they're not that many studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they're not that many studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they're not that many studies
+up here but also been there some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here but also been there some and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here but also been there some and
+when we manually looked at a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we manually looked at a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we manually looked at a bunch of
+them they were always the manual ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they were always the manual ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they were always the manual ones
+were just wrong either there was a typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just wrong either there was a typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just wrong either there was a typo
+or something like that so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so that was
+reassuring but we were sometimes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring but we were sometimes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring but we were sometimes very
+wrong so so sometime and you'd find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so sometime and you'd find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so sometime and you'd find that
+the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the places
+be wrong would be these ridiculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong would be these ridiculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong would be these ridiculously
+complex congenital heart studies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex congenital heart studies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex congenital heart studies that we
+had never seen Oh we'd never given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never seen Oh we'd never given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never seen Oh we'd never given the
+examples like that before so that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like that before so that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like that before so that's I
+mean it's a lesson to be learned is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a lesson to be learned is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a lesson to be learned is that
+sometimes you're gonna be really off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're gonna be really off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're gonna be really off in
+these sorts of approaches and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of approaches and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of approaches and you have
+to kind of think a little bit and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of think a little bit and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of think a little bit and what
+we ended up doing is having a narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up doing is having a narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up doing is having a narrative
+cycle where we'd identify those and feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle where we'd identify those and feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle where we'd identify those and feed
+them back in and and kind of keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back in and and kind of keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back in and and kind of keep on
+doing that but but that still needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but but that still needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but but that still needs to
+be improved upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be improved upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be improved upon
+okay so function again it's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so function again it's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so function again it's a couple of
+measures of function and you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of function and you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of function and you know we're
+so there's a few there's a company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a few there's a company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a few there's a company that
+has something out there in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something out there in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something out there in this space
+got FDA approved for having an automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got FDA approved for having an automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got FDA approved for having an automated
+ejection fraction so I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection fraction so I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection fraction so I think we're
+better than their numbers overall but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than their numbers overall but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than their numbers overall but
+but yeah I think that that's just one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I think that that's just one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I think that that's just one of
+those things that you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that you're sort of
+expected to be able to do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be able to do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be able to do and then
+here's a problem that we ready to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a problem that we ready to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a problem that we ready to do so
+so we're comparing to the status quo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're comparing to the status quo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're comparing to the status quo
+which like I said is one person tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like I said is one person tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like I said is one person tracing
+two images and comparing them that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two images and comparing them that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two images and comparing them that's it
+so so we're processing potentially 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're processing potentially 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we're processing potentially 200
+300 different frames per study and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 different frames per study and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 different frames per study and
+competing sort of medians smoothing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing sort of medians smoothing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing sort of medians smoothing a
+crowd we're doing a whole lot more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd we're doing a whole lot more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowd we're doing a whole lot more than
+that so so how do we what do we do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so how do we what do we do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so how do we what do we do about
+that in terms of the gold standard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of the gold standard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of the gold standard and
+if you just take interobserver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just take interobserver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just take interobserver
+variability you're gonna have up to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability you're gonna have up to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability you're gonna have up to like
+eight to nine percent an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to nine percent an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight to nine percent an absolute
+compare it to sixty percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to sixty percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to sixty percent of the
+reference so that's horrible so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so that's horrible so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference so that's horrible so so what
+are you supposed to do and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you supposed to do and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you supposed to do and and I think
+so one thing people do is they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing people do is they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing people do is they take
+multiple readers and ask them to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple readers and ask them to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple readers and ask them to do that
+but this is like you're gonna get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is like you're gonna get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is like you're gonna get a
+bunch of cardiologists to do like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cardiologists to do like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cardiologists to do like a
+thought you know that in the studies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know that in the studies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know that in the studies for
+you they're just very hard to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're just very hard to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're just very hard to imagine
+somebody doing that you could compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody doing that you could compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody doing that you could compare to
+another modality so so we haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another modality so so we haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another modality so so we haven't done
+this yet but you could for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yet but you could for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yet but you could for example
+compared to MRI and say whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to MRI and say whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to MRI and say whether or not
+you're sort of more consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of more consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of more consistent with
+another modality and then this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another modality and then this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another modality and then this is sort
+of indirect but you can go to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indirect but you can go to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indirect but you can go to like
+outcomes in a trial and see whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in a trial and see whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in a trial and see whether or
+not you do a better job so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you do a better job so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you do a better job so there are
+there are things you can do one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can do one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can do one of the
+things we decided to do is look for kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we decided to do is look for kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we decided to do is look for kind
+of correlations of structures within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlations of structures within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlations of structures within a
+study itself and say well the mass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study itself and say well the mass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study itself and say well the mass you
+know so we know that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we know that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we know that for example
+thickened hearts lead to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickened hearts lead to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickened hearts lead to larger
+increases of pressure on left atrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases of pressure on left atrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases of pressure on left atrial
+enlargement so we can look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement so we can look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement so we can look for
+correlations between those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between those things and
+see whether we do a better job I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether we do a better job I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether we do a better job I would
+say for the most part we're about on par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the most part we're about on par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the most part we're about on par
+with everything that's there so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything that's there so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything that's there so I don't
+think we're any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're any better
+sometimes we're better than as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're better than as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're better than as
+worse and I think for the most part this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and I think for the most part this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and I think for the most part this
+is sort of another way to try to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of another way to try to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of another way to try to get at
+this because we were stuck with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we were stuck with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we were stuck with this
+having how do you how do you work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having how do you how do you work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having how do you how do you work with a
+gold standard that ultimately I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard that ultimately I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard that ultimately I don't
+know I don't think anybody really trusts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't think anybody really trusts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't think anybody really trusts
+is a gold standard and and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gold standard and and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gold standard and and this is a
+problem that just kind of has to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that just kind of has to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that just kind of has to keep on
+coming up this is just an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up this is just an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up this is just an example of
+where you could sort of facilitate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could sort of facilitate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could sort of facilitate this
+sort of idea of low-cost serial imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea of low-cost serial imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea of low-cost serial imaging
+at point of care so these are patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at point of care so these are patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at point of care so these are patients
+who are getting chemotherapy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are getting chemotherapy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are getting chemotherapy and so
+Herceptin Herceptin sore not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herceptin Herceptin sore not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herceptin Herceptin sore not
+interception Herceptin it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interception Herceptin it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interception Herceptin it's like
+inception has a is a is a is a GFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inception has a is a is a is a GFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inception has a is a is a is a GFR
+inhibitor that causes cardio toxicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor that causes cardio toxicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor that causes cardio toxicity
+and so people are getting screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people are getting screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people are getting screening
+echoes so you could imagine if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echoes so you could imagine if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echoes so you could imagine if you make
+it easier to acquire and interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier to acquire and interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier to acquire and interpret that
+all you want to care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you want to care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you want to care about is the
+function and the size so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the size so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the size so you could
+imagine automating that so we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine automating that so we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine automating that so we just did
+this as sort of proof of concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as sort of proof of concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as sort of proof of concept that
+you can imagine doing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine doing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine doing something like
+this and for the last thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for the last thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for the last thing I want to
+talk about so we are sorry the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so we are sorry the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so we are sorry the last
+thing in this space is is that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in this space is is that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in this space is is that you could
+also imagine directly detected disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also imagine directly detected disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also imagine directly detected disease
+and and so you have to say well why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you have to say well why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you have to say well why is
+that even worthwhile yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe biological I graduate this hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe biological I graduate this hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe biological I graduate this hit
+crude racism I think it has I reckon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude racism I think it has I reckon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude racism I think it has I reckon
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ecologist versus like what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist versus like what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologist versus like what you would
+need to get into MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get into MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get into MRI
+everybody not necessarily a part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody not necessarily a part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody not necessarily a part of it
+what you were sensitive based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were sensitive based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were sensitive based on
+underlying biology or those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying biology or those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying biology or those two things
+are generally yeah yeah I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally yeah yeah I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally yeah yeah I mean I think
+everything is these are these are early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is these are these are early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is these are these are early
+days for a lot of this and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days for a lot of this and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days for a lot of this and I think
+anytime you make anything more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you make anything more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you make anything more
+complicated than the readers will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the readers will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the readers will give
+you a hard time but you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hard time but you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hard time but you could imagine
+that and especially you may want to tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and especially you may want to tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and especially you may want to tune
+things to be able to be closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be able to be closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be able to be closer to
+something like that so yeah I think I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so yeah I think I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so yeah I think I I
+think unfortunately people are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think unfortunately people are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think unfortunately people are pretty
+conservative in terms of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative in terms of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative in terms of how they
+interpret but it does make some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret but it does make some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret but it does make some sense
+that there's probably something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's probably something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's probably something that you
+know ideally you want to be able to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ideally you want to be able to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ideally you want to be able to have
+something that is useful and and useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is useful and and useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is useful and and useful
+may not be exactly the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be exactly the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be exactly the same thing as
+mimicking what what humans are doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking what what humans are doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking what what humans are doing so
+no I think it's a good idea and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think it's a good idea and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I think it's a good idea and I think
+that this is going to be this next wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be this next wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be this next wave
+is gonna be thinking a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be thinking a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be thinking a little bit more
+about about that in terms of like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about that in terms of like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about that in terms of like how do
+we don't we improve on what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we improve on what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we improve on what's what's
+going on over there rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on over there rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on over there rather than
+something dragging it back to that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dragging it back to that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dragging it back to that okay
+so so there are a multiple rare diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are a multiple rare diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there are a multiple rare diseases
+I used to have a clinic that would focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to have a clinic that would focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to have a clinic that would focus
+on these and they tend to get missed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these and they tend to get missed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these and they tend to get missed it
+centers that don't see them that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers that don't see them that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers that don't see them that often
+so one place you could imagine is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one place you could imagine is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one place you could imagine is you
+could focus on trying to pick those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could focus on trying to pick those up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could focus on trying to pick those up
+and you could imagine this could be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could imagine this could be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could imagine this could be just
+surveillance running in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance running in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance running in the background
+it doesn't have to be kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be kind of you know
+real-time identification so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time identification so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time identification so there's a
+few diseases where there is it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few diseases where there is it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few diseases where there is it's very
+reasonable to do these things where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to do these things where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to do these things where it's
+sort of very obvious so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very obvious so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very obvious so this is a
+disease called hypertrophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease called hypertrophic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease called hypertrophic
+cardiomyopathy I used to see in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiomyopathy I used to see in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiomyopathy I used to see in my
+clinic so abnormally thickened hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic so abnormally thickened hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic so abnormally thickened hearts
+leading cause of sudden death and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading cause of sudden death and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading cause of sudden death and young
+athletes so Reggie Lewis thank God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes so Reggie Lewis thank God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes so Reggie Lewis thank God
+there's a bunch of people who sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of people who sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of people who sort of
+died suddenly from this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died suddenly from this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died suddenly from this condition
+unstable heart rhythms sudden death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable heart rhythms sudden death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable heart rhythms sudden death
+heart failure its runs in families and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart failure its runs in families and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart failure its runs in families and
+there are things you can do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can do if you
+identified it and so it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified it and so it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified it and so it's actually a
+fairly easy task in the sense that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy task in the sense that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy task in the sense that it
+tends to be quite obvious so we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be quite obvious so we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be quite obvious so we built
+the classification model around this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classification model around this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classification model around this and
+we tried to understand what it was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to understand what it was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to understand what it was doing
+in part and so we tried to do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part and so we tried to do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part and so we tried to do some of
+these kind of attention or saline C type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of attention or saline C type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of attention or saline C type
+things they were very unsatisfying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they were very unsatisfying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they were very unsatisfying in
+part because I think there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I think there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because I think there's so many
+different features across the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features across the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different features across the whole
+image so you're just getting this blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so you're just getting this blob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so you're just getting this blob
+but I think maybe we just weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think maybe we just weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think maybe we just weren't
+implementing it correctly I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing it correctly I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing it correctly I'm not really
+sure but you ready because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but you ready because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but you ready because there's
+you're the left atrium get bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the left atrium get bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the left atrium get bigger the
+heart gets thicker there's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart gets thicker there's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart gets thicker there's I mean
+there's so many changes across the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many changes across the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many changes across the image
+it was sort of unsatisfying in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sort of unsatisfying in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sort of unsatisfying in terms of
+that so we did something simple and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we did something simple and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we did something simple and just
+took the output of the probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the output of the probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the output of the probabilities and
+compared it to some simple things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to some simple things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared it to some simple things that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+actually know about these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know about these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know about these things and
+found that there was some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that there was some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that there was some degree
+correlation but I would like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation but I would like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation but I would like to make
+that a little bit better cardiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit better cardiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit better cardiac
+amyloidosis and so pharma is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amyloidosis and so pharma is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amyloidosis and so pharma is very
+interested in identifying these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in identifying these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in identifying these people
+and they really get missed at a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really get missed at a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really get missed at a pretty
+high rate so we built another model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high rate so we built another model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high rate so we built another model for
+this usually we've had about 250 or 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usually we've had about 250 or 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this usually we've had about 250 or 300
+cases for each of these things and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for each of these things and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for each of these things and maybe
+a few thousand controls and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few thousand controls and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few thousand controls and then this
+one's a little interesting in that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little interesting in that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a little interesting in that this
+is mitral valve prolapse so this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mitral valve prolapse so this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mitral valve prolapse so this so this
+is this is what a prolapsing valve looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what a prolapsing valve looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what a prolapsing valve looks
+like so it can you imagine the plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it can you imagine the plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it can you imagine the plane of
+the valve here it buckles back so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve here it buckles back so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve here it buckles back so it
+does this and that's abnormal and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this and that's abnormal and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this and that's abnormal and this
+is a normal valve so you notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normal valve so you notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a normal valve so you notice it
+doesn't buckle back in so so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't buckle back in so so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't buckle back in so so it's a
+little interesting in that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interesting in that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interesting in that there's
+really only one part of the cardiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only one part of the cardiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only one part of the cardiac
+cycle that would really highlight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that would really highlight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle that would really highlight this
+abnormality at least that's the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality at least that's the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormality at least that's the way that
+so the way that it's read clinically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that it's read clinically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that it's read clinically is
+people kind of wait for this one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of wait for this one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of wait for this one part of
+the cardiac cycle was buckled back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardiac cycle was buckled back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardiac cycle was buckled back
+they draw an imaginary line across and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they draw an imaginary line across and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they draw an imaginary line across and
+they measure what the displacement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure what the displacement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure what the displacement is
+there and so we built that reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so we built that reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so we built that reasonable
+model focusing so we phased this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model focusing so we phased this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model focusing so we phased this these
+images and picked the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and picked the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and picked the part of the
+cardiac cycle those relevant all in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac cycle those relevant all in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac cycle those relevant all in an
+automated way and built the model around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated way and built the model around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated way and built the model around
+that and pretty good in terms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and pretty good in terms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and pretty good in terms of being
+able to do that in terms of be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that in terms of be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that in terms of be able to
+detect that take the whole video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that take the whole video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that take the whole video
+we were segmenting it we were phasing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were segmenting it we were phasing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were segmenting it we were phasing it
+figuring out what the part of the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the part of the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the part of the you
+know when was the end systole in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when was the end systole in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when was the end systole in that
+and then using those as the so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using those as the so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using those as the so how
+they're using a stack of those to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using a stack of those to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using a stack of those to be
+able to classify and so how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify and so how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to classify and so how do you know
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+well that's I'm saying so we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's I'm saying so we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's I'm saying so we were using
+the variation in the volumes with yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in the volumes with yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation in the volumes with yeah
+yeah yeah exactly exactly because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly exactly because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly exactly because you
+know so a typical echo will have an ECG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so a typical echo will have an ECG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so a typical echo will have an ECG
+to use to gate but the handhelds don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to gate but the handhelds don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to gate but the handhelds don't
+so we want to move away from the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to move away from the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to move away from the things
+that involve the fanciness and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve the fanciness and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve the fanciness and all the
+bells and whistles we're trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bells and whistles we're trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bells and whistles we're trying to use
+the the image alone to be able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the image alone to be able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the image alone to be able to tell
+the cardiac cycle so that's that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardiac cycle so that's that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardiac cycle so that's that's how
+we did it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it yes
+since you mentioned help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they look pretty similar we got some we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look pretty similar we got some we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look pretty similar we got some we
+got we got some now and we they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we got some now and we they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we got some now and we they look
+pretty similar in terms of the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar in terms of the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar in terms of the quality
+of the images and you can acquire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images and you can acquire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images and you can acquire the
+very same view so so I think we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same view so so I think we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same view so so I think we haven't
+shown that we can do it off those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that we can do it off those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that we can do it off those in
+part because there just isn't enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because there just isn't enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because there just isn't enough
+training data but they look pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data but they look pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data but they look pretty nice
+and I know I mean at ucsf in at brigham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I mean at ucsf in at brigham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I mean at ucsf in at brigham
+all the fellows are using it it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fellows are using it it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fellows are using it it looks
+pretty much the same in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same in terms of the the
+transducers are sort of similar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducers are sort of similar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transducers are sort of similar and
+image quality is very good resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image quality is very good resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image quality is very good resolution is
+very good frame rate probably doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good frame rate probably doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good frame rate probably doesn't
+get up as high necessarily but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up as high necessarily but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up as high necessarily but for the
+most part I don't think it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part I don't think it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part I don't think it's that
+different so that is a that is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that is a that is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so that is a that is kind of
+the next piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next piece
+yes could you come in time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes could you come in time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes could you come in time it's
+mentioned how each of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned how each of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned how each of these three
+example it can be used in a surveillance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it can be used in a surveillance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it can be used in a surveillance
+outfit yeah you comment on the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit yeah you comment on the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit yeah you comment on the sort of
+the we are all this true positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we are all this true positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we are all this true positive
+positive trade-off you would actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive trade-off you would actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive trade-off you would actually be
+realistic yeah it's a good point I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic yeah it's a good point I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic yeah it's a good point I think
+I think it would vary for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would vary for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it would vary for every single
+one of those and you really want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those and you really want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those and you really want to have
+some kind of costs on what the so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of costs on what the so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of costs on what the so I
+would I would typically err on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would typically err on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would typically err on the side
+of higher sensitivity and let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher sensitivity and let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of higher sensitivity and let you know
+dump it on the cardiologist to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump it on the cardiologist to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump it on the cardiologist to be able
+to to so so I would work and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to so so I would work and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to so so I would work and you know
+but but I think I mean you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think I mean you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I think I mean you have to sort
+of pick some let's see let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pick some let's see let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pick some let's see let's say you're
+a project you're a product manager yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project you're a product manager yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project you're a product manager yeah
+so this is a pretty rare disease so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty rare disease so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty rare disease so your
+priors are pretty low in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors are pretty low in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors are pretty low in terms of these
+individuals and so I you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and so I you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and so I you know I think
+you probably would probably want to err
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably would probably want to err
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably would probably want to err
+somewhere along along this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along along this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along along this this sort of
+you know this area here and and so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this area here and and so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this area here and and so just
+working on what the so you probably will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on what the so you probably will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on what the so you probably will
+still be a relatively high rate of false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a relatively high rate of false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a relatively high rate of false
+positives even that space but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives even that space but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives even that space but if you
+know I I would argue that it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I would argue that it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I would argue that it would take
+the the treating cardiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the treating cardiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the treating cardiologist
+potentially just a few minutes to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially just a few minutes to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially just a few minutes to look
+at that study again and if you picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that study again and if you picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that study again and if you picked up
+one of those patients that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those patients that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those patients that would be a
+big win out of you know so I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big win out of you know so I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big win out of you know so I think of
+the the cost probably wouldn't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cost probably wouldn't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cost probably wouldn't be that
+high and you just have to make the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and you just have to make the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and you just have to make the case
+and I think I think the bet so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I think the bet so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I think the bet so so
+therapy for amyloid for example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy for amyloid for example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy for amyloid for example with
+these innocent I sort of sharp upstroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these innocent I sort of sharp upstroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these innocent I sort of sharp upstroke
+there there's new drugs out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's new drugs out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's new drugs out there that
+are that are that are sort of begging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are that are sort of begging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are that are sort of begging
+for patients and they're having a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients and they're having a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for patients and they're having a real
+hard time identifying them so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time identifying them so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time identifying them so you could
+imagine again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine again it
+sort of a calculus based on on what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a calculus based on on what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a calculus based on on what what
+the benefits would be for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits would be for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits would be for that
+identification and what burden you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification and what burden you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification and what burden you're
+placing on the individuals to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing on the individuals to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing on the individuals to have to
+over-read something and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-read something and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-read something and you could
+probably tune that depending on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tune that depending on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably tune that depending on sort of
+what the disease is and and and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the disease is and and and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the disease is and and and who
+you're sort of pitching it to but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of pitching it to but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of pitching it to but if
+yeah you're right you're you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right you're you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right you're you're gonna
+crush people if like one in a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crush people if like one in a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crush people if like one in a hundred
+and a true positive then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a true positive then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a true positive then you're not
+gonna get when many fans yes you comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get when many fans yes you comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get when many fans yes you comment
+on whether the laces the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether the laces the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether the laces the ones that
+you're able to take very well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to take very well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to take very well I think
+you just cuz whether that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just cuz whether that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just cuz whether that's that's a
+good point and I I don't I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point and I I don't I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point and I I don't I don't really
+I don't know in the sense that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know in the sense that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know in the sense that I haven't
+looked that closely but but I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked that closely but but I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked that closely but but I'm gonna
+guess they're very thick and and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're very thick and and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're very thick and and very
+obvious in that sort of sense and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious in that sort of sense and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious in that sort of sense and so so
+we have a a CG model that that may pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a CG model that that may pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a CG model that that may pick
+this up early I mean what you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up early I mean what you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up early I mean what you want is
+something to fix it up when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to fix it up when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to fix it up when it's
+treatable not having something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatable not having something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatable not having something that's
+sort of ridiculously exaggerated so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ridiculously exaggerated so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ridiculously exaggerated so you
+may need multiple modalities that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need multiple modalities that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need multiple modalities that some
+of which are more sensitive than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which are more sensitive than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which are more sensitive than others
+that can catch or earlier stage disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can catch or earlier stage disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can catch or earlier stage disease
+to be able to do that so so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do that so so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do that so so there are
+interesting things about this disease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about this disease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about this disease in
+particular so cataracts sometimes happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so cataracts sometimes happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so cataracts sometimes happen
+before it before these so so ideally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it before these so so ideally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it before these so so ideally the
+way you do this is in you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do this is in you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do this is in you know I'm
+actually kind of consulting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of consulting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of consulting around
+something like this you ideally wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you ideally wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you ideally wanted
+mixture an electronic health record sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture an electronic health record sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture an electronic health record sort
+of something from other findings you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something from other findings you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something from other findings you're
+finding the eye findings plus maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the eye findings plus maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the eye findings plus maybe
+something cardiac plus and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something cardiac plus and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something cardiac plus and have
+something that ideally catches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ideally catches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ideally catches the
+disease in the ideal most treated state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in the ideal most treated state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in the ideal most treated state
+and maybe echo is not the best one and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe echo is not the best one and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe echo is not the best one and I
+think that we'll come back to that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we'll come back to that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we'll come back to that at
+the end we have a little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we have a little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we have a little bit of time
+okay so UCSF is finally I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so UCSF is finally I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so UCSF is finally I don't know I
+don't think this is actually patentable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is actually patentable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is actually patentable
+where they are fighting for patent I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are fighting for patent I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are fighting for patent I'm
+just filling the paperwork out today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filling the paperwork out today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just filling the paperwork out today in
+terms of that I don't know but my code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that I don't know but my code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that I don't know but my code
+is all freely available anyway so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all freely available anyway so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all freely available anyway so yeah
+for academic non-profit use and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for academic non-profit use and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for academic non-profit use and they're
+just trying to make it better I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to make it better I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to make it better I mean I
+think ultimately my view is an academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think ultimately my view is an academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think ultimately my view is an academic
+here is to try to show what's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to try to show what's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to try to show what's possible
+and then you know if you want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know if you want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know if you want to get a
+commercial product then you need people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial product then you need people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial product then you need people
+to weigh in on the industry side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh in on the industry side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weigh in on the industry side and
+make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something
+pretty and make it usable and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty and make it usable and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty and make it usable and all that
+but I think ultimately I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think ultimately I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think ultimately I'm sort of
+trying to just show hey if we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to just show hey if we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to just show hey if we can do
+this in a scalable way and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a scalable way and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a scalable way and find out
+something new then you guys can catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new then you guys can catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new then you guys can catch up
+and do something that that ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something that that ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do something that that ultimately
+can be can be deployed what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be can be deployed what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be can be deployed what's
+interesting is I have a collaborator New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is I have a collaborator New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is I have a collaborator New
+Zealand there their resource poor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand there their resource poor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zealand there their resource poor so
+they have a huge backlog of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a huge backlog of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a huge backlog of patients
+they don't have enough stenographers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have enough stenographers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have enough stenographers and
+they're not enough cardiologists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not enough cardiologists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not enough cardiologists so
+they're trying to implement this super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to implement this super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to implement this super
+sort of ultra quick five-minute study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ultra quick five-minute study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ultra quick five-minute study
+and then have automation and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have automation and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then have automation and so they're
+they want us to our accuracy to build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want us to our accuracy to build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want us to our accuracy to build it
+a little bit better but I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better but I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit better but I think they're
+ready to roll out if we're able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to roll out if we're able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to roll out if we're able to get
+something that that sort of has probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that sort of has probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that sort of has probably
+more training dinner yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be cheese perfect yeah so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be cheese perfect yeah so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be cheese perfect yeah so that so
+the question is around what should our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is around what should our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is around what should our
+goals be and and I think it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals be and and I think it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals be and and I think it's a it's a
+you know so should should we be should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so should should we be should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so should should we be should
+be should we be just chasing after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be should we be just chasing after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be should we be just chasing after a
+level of accuracy that may be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of accuracy that may be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of accuracy that may be either
+very very difficult to attain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult to attain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult to attain and
+especially if there's never a scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if there's never a scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if there's never a scenario
+where there will be no clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there will be no clinician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there will be no clinician
+involved should we instead be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved should we instead be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved should we instead be thinking
+about something that gets good enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something that gets good enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something that gets good enough to
+that next step and I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next step and I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next step and I think that's a
+really good point and and and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good point and and and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good point and and and the the
+field and what's interesting is and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and what's interesting is and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and what's interesting is and also
+it's interesting from the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting from the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting from the industry
+scientists the field starts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists the field starts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists the field starts with the
+mimicking mode because it's much harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking mode because it's much harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking mode because it's much harder
+to change practice it's much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change practice it's much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change practice it's much easier to
+just pop something in and say hey I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pop something in and say hey I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pop something in and say hey I know
+you have to make this measurements let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make this measurements let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make this measurements let
+me make them for you and you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make them for you and you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me make them for you and you can look at
+them and see if you agree so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and see if you agree so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and see if you agree so that's what
+ECGs do right so nobody these days is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECGs do right so nobody these days is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECGs do right so nobody these days is
+measuring the QRS width and nobody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the QRS width and nobody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the QRS width and nobody does
+that I mean that's just not done if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean that's just not done if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean that's just not done if
+you've got a number that's absurd you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a number that's absurd you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a number that's absurd you'll
+change it for the most part you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it for the most part you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it for the most part you're like
+ah that's close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah that's close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah that's close enough
+butBut you almost have to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butBut you almost have to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butBut you almost have to start with
+that to do something that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do something that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do something that's sort of
+transformative is very hard to do so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative is very hard to do so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative is very hard to do so so
+I think something that involves and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think something that involves and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think something that involves and I
+and I talked to David about this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I talked to David about this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I talked to David about this is sort
+of like the kind of the the man-machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the kind of the the man-machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the kind of the the man-machine
+interface is fascinating and to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is fascinating and to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is fascinating and to think
+about how do we together come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we together come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we together come up with
+something better but it's just much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better but it's just much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better but it's just much
+harder to get that adopted because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to get that adopted because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to get that adopted because it
+requires buy-in in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires buy-in in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires buy-in in a way that's
+different than just you do my work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than just you do my work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than just you do my work but
+but more that we come together to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more that we come together to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more that we come together to do
+something better and I think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better and I think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something better and I think that that's
+going to be interesting as to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be interesting as to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be interesting as to how to
+chip away at that problem ok ok so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip away at that problem ok ok so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip away at that problem ok ok so a
+couple of musings that I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of musings that I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of musings that I'm going to talk
+a little bit about one brave idea if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about one brave idea if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about one brave idea if we
+have time or I can take I shall stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time or I can take I shall stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time or I can take I shall stop and
+take questions instead because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take questions instead because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take questions instead because it's a
+little bit of a biology venture ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a biology venture ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a biology venture ok
+so I do think that that we should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do think that that we should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do think that that we should really
+look but people ask people give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look but people ask people give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look but people ask people give me a
+hard time around echo and I'm like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time around echo and I'm like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard time around echo and I'm like well
+well you see G's been around for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see G's been around for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see G's been around for a long
+time in this automation there so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this automation there so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this automation there so let's
+think about how it's used there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how it's used there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how it's used there and then
+see whether or not you know it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether or not you know it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether or not you know it's not as
+outlandish as people think so I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlandish as people think so I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlandish as people think so I think a
+lot of these routine measurements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these routine measurements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these routine measurements are
+just going to be done in an automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be done in an automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be done in an automated
+way and then you could maybe already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then you could maybe already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then you could maybe already in
+our software you can put out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our software you can put out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our software you can put out a little
+picture and overlay the segmentation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and overlay the segmentation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and overlay the segmentation on
+the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original
+say how good it looks oh that's easy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how good it looks oh that's easy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how good it looks oh that's easy so
+you can do that and then this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that and then this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that and then this kind of
+idea of point-of-care automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of point-of-care automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of point-of-care automated
+diagnosis can make some sense around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis can make some sense around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis can make some sense around
+some emergency type situations so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some emergency type situations so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some emergency type situations so maybe
+you need a quick check of thommichan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a quick check of thommichan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a quick check of thommichan
+maybe you want to know if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to know if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to know if they have a
+lot of fluid around the heart and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fluid around the heart and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fluid around the heart and you
+don't necessarily want to wait so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily want to wait so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily want to wait so so
+those are the places where there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the places where there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the places where there may be
+some kind of innovations around just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of innovations around just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of innovations around just
+getting something done quickly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something done quickly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something done quickly and then
+you always have somebody checking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have somebody checking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have somebody checking in the
+background that are on a little like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that are on a little like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that are on a little like the
+heart attack they can I showed you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack they can I showed you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack they can I showed you and I
+think this this problem in Echo is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this this problem in Echo is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this this problem in Echo is there
+and so if you have if you need skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have if you need skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have if you need skilled
+people to be able to acquire the data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be able to acquire the data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be able to acquire the data in
+the first place you're stuck because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place you're stuck because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place you're stuck because
+they can they can read an echo really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can read an echo really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can read an echo really I
+mean they're really good scenographer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're really good scenographer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're really good scenographer
+you can read the whole study for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read the whole study for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read the whole study for you so
+if you already have that person involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you already have that person involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you already have that person involved
+in the pipeline and then it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pipeline and then it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pipeline and then it's really
+hard to sort of introduce a big advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to sort of introduce a big advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to sort of introduce a big advance
+so you need to figure out how to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to figure out how to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to figure out how to take a
+primary care doc off the street to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary care doc off the street to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary care doc off the street to put a
+machine in their hand and let them get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine in their hand and let them get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine in their hand and let them get
+the image and then automate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and then automate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and then automate all the
+interpretation for them and so until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for them and so until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation for them and so until you
+can kind of you know task shift into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of you know task shift into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of you know task shift into
+that space you're stuck with having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space you're stuck with having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space you're stuck with having
+still to high level skills so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to high level skills so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to high level skills so there are
+these companies that are in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies that are in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies that are in this space
+now I mean there's a few that are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean there's a few that are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean there's a few that are trying
+to I mean you know it's it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean you know it's it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I mean you know it's it's easy to
+imagine if you can train a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you can train a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you can train a neural
+network to classify a view you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to classify a view you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to classify a view you could get
+it to record I mean this is kind of gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to record I mean this is kind of gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to record I mean this is kind of gets
+to this idea of registration a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this idea of registration a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this idea of registration a little
+bit you can recognize if you're off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you can recognize if you're off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you can recognize if you're off by
+10 degrees or if you need a translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degrees or if you need a translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degrees or if you need a translation
+I mean you can just train a model to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you can just train a model to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you can just train a model to be
+able to do that so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that so I think that's
+already happening right now so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening right now so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already happening right now so it's it's
+a question as to whether that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question as to whether that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question as to whether that will get
+adopted or not but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted or not but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted or not but I think that
+ultimately if you want to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately if you want to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately if you want to sort of get
+shifting towards sort of less skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting towards sort of less skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting towards sort of less skilled
+personnel you need to do something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel you need to do something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personnel you need to do something in
+that space okay so this is where it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space okay so this is where it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space okay so this is where it gets
+a little bit harder is to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit harder is to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit harder is to think about
+how to make stuff and elevate medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make stuff and elevate medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make stuff and elevate medicine
+beyond what we're doing and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we're doing and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we're doing and and this
+gets back to this problem I mentioned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to this problem I mentioned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets back to this problem I mentioned is
+that at the end of the day you can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end of the day you can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end of the day you can't you
+can't find new uses for echo unless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find new uses for echo unless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find new uses for echo unless the
+data is already there for you to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is already there for you to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is already there for you to be able
+to show that there's more value than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there's more value than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that there's more value than
+there currently is sort of this chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there currently is sort of this chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there currently is sort of this chicken
+and egg thing so so in some sense well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg thing so so in some sense well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg thing so so in some sense well
+I'm trying to hope to introduce in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to hope to introduce in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to hope to introduce in some
+way that we can get much bigger datasets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can get much bigger datasets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can get much bigger datasets
+and they don't have to be 100 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have to be 100 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have to be 100 you know
+100 video datasets they can be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 video datasets they can be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 video datasets they can be like
+three video datasets but we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three video datasets but we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three video datasets but we want to be
+able to sort of figure out how to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of figure out how to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to sort of figure out how to name
+studies so then you can sort of imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies so then you can sort of imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies so then you can sort of imagine
+learning many more complicated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning many more complicated things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning many more complicated things
+you want to track people over time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to track people over time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to track people over time you
+want to look at treatment responses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at treatment responses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at treatment responses so
+so you got to look at where people where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to look at where people where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to look at where people where
+the money is already and see who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money is already and see who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money is already and see who could
+do this so so pharma companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so so pharma companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this so so pharma companies are
+interested because they have these phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested because they have these phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested because they have these phase
+2 trials they may only have three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 trials they may only have three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 trials they may only have three months
+or six months to show some benefit for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six months to show some benefit for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six months to show some benefit for a
+drug and then they're really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and then they're really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and then they're really interested
+in seeing whether there's differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seeing whether there's differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seeing whether there's differences
+after a month two months three months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a month two months three months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a month two months three months
+four months so that may be a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four months so that may be a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four months so that may be a place where
+you get and they're and they're being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and they're and they're being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and they're and they're being
+frugal but they have money so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frugal but they have money so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frugal but they have money so you could
+imagine if you could introduce sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you could introduce sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you could introduce sort of
+its pipeline in there and just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pipeline in there and just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pipeline in there and just have
+handheld simple quick to acquire high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld simple quick to acquire high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld simple quick to acquire high
+farm or frequency and you show a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm or frequency and you show a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm or frequency and you show a
+treatment response and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment response and that's kind of
+transformative then because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative then because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative then because then you
+could imagine that can get rolled out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine that can get rolled out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine that can get rolled out in
+practice after that so you need somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice after that so you need somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice after that so you need somebody
+to to bankroll this to start with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to bankroll this to start with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to bankroll this to start with and
+then you could imagine once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could imagine once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could imagine once you have a
+use case then you can imagine it getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case then you can imagine it getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case then you can imagine it getting
+much more and this kind of idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more and this kind of idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more and this kind of idea of
+surveillance you could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance you could imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveillance you could imagine that
+would be really do a wall is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really do a wall is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really do a wall is that you
+could just have something kind of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have something kind of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have something kind of taking
+I mean the problem is you can't even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the problem is you can't even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the problem is you can't even get
+the data in the in the archives anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in the in the archives anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in the in the archives anyways
+but let's say you could get that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you could get that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you could get that you
+could just have this system looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have this system looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have this system looking for
+amyloid looking for whatever and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amyloid looking for whatever and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amyloid looking for whatever and that
+would be a win to is to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a win to is to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a win to is to be able to
+imagine doing something like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing something like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing something like that it's
+not putting any pressure on the clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting any pressure on the clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not putting any pressure on the clinical
+workflow it's not making anybody look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow it's not making anybody look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workflow it's not making anybody look
+bad I think ultimately it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I think ultimately it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I think ultimately it's trying to
+just figure out if they're well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure out if they're well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure out if they're well maybe
+looking somebody maybe looking bad I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking somebody maybe looking bad I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking somebody maybe looking bad I
+guess if they miss something but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if they miss something but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if they miss something but but
+yeah I think it is just trying to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it is just trying to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it is just trying to sort
+of identify individuals and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identify individuals and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identify individuals and so this is
+an area I think that's hard and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area I think that's hard and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area I think that's hard and so this
+kind of idea and this is where I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea and this is where I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of idea and this is where I started
+a little bit around this kind of idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit around this kind of idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit around this kind of idea of
+this disease sub classification and risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease sub classification and risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease sub classification and risk
+models and so that's like that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and so that's like that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and so that's like that's more
+sophisticated than anything we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than anything we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than anything we're doing
+I think we're pretty crude at this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're pretty crude at this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're pretty crude at this kind
+of stuff but one of the challenges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff but one of the challenges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff but one of the challenges is
+people just aren't interested in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just aren't interested in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just aren't interested in new
+categories or new risk models if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories or new risk models if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories or new risk models if they
+don't have some way that they can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have some way that they can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have some way that they can change
+practice and and that that becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and and that that becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and and that that becomes more
+difficult because then you need to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because then you need to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because then you need to not
+only introduce the model you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only introduce the model you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only introduce the model you need to
+show how incorporating that model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how incorporating that model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how incorporating that model in
+some way is able to either identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way is able to either identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way is able to either identify
+people who respond but there and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who respond but there and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who respond but there and it's
+always always come down to therapies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always come down to therapies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always come down to therapies at
+the end of the day so can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day so can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day so can you tell me
+some subclass of people who will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subclass of people who will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subclass of people who will do
+better on this drug and which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on this drug and which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on this drug and which means that
+you have to have trial data that has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have trial data that has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have trial data that has all
+those people with all that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people with all that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people with all that data
+and unfortunately because echoes are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately because echoes are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately because echoes are so
+expensive in our places like a brigham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in our places like a brigham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in our places like a brigham
+charge like $3,000 per echo then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge like $3,000 per echo then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge like $3,000 per echo then you
+only have like a hundred people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have like a hundred people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have like a hundred people who have
+an echo in a trial or 300 people an echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an echo in a trial or 300 people an echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an echo in a trial or 300 people an echo
+yeah but you know five thousand for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you know five thousand for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you know five thousand for some
+trial and five percent of them have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and five percent of them have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and five percent of them have an
+echo so you need to change the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo so you need to change the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo so you need to change the way that
+gets done because you're massively sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done because you're massively sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done because you're massively sort
+of underpowered to be able to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underpowered to be able to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underpowered to be able to detect
+anything that's sort of a subgroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's sort of a subgroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's sort of a subgroup
+within that kind of work so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that kind of work so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that kind of work so yeah
+unfortunately the research pace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the research pace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the research pace of
+things outpaces the change in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things outpaces the change in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things outpaces the change in practice
+in terms of the space until we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the space until we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the space until we're able
+to sort of enable more data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of enable more data collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of enable more data collection
+so I can stop there I was going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can stop there I was going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can stop there I was going to talk
+about blood cells and slides but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blood cells and slides but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blood cells and slides but yeah
+yeah yeah okay why don't we do that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah that's a great point so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a great point so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a great point so so
+okay so the question was so in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question was so in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question was so in you know
+cardiac imaging has a very long history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac imaging has a very long history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac imaging has a very long history
+and so there was a period of time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was a period of time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was a period of time where
+there's these kind of active modelers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these kind of active modelers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these kind of active modelers
+around morphologies of the heart and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around morphologies of the heart and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around morphologies of the heart and so
+people had these sort of models around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had these sort of models around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had these sort of models around
+what the heart should look like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heart should look like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heart should look like from
+many many many studies and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many studies and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many studies and they were
+using that back at the time when you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that back at the time when you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that back at the time when you had
+these relatively coarse multi sliced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relatively coarse multi sliced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relatively coarse multi sliced
+scanners for a CT they would reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners for a CT they would reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners for a CT they would reconstruct
+the 3d image of the heart based on sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3d image of the heart based on sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3d image of the heart based on sort
+of some pre-existing geometric model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some pre-existing geometric model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some pre-existing geometric model for
+what the heart should look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heart should look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the heart should look like and
+there's of course a benefits to that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course a benefits to that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course a benefits to that for
+some risk in the sense that somebody may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risk in the sense that somebody may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some risk in the sense that somebody may
+be very different in the space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very different in the space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very different in the space that's
+missing and you may be and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and you may be and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing and you may be and so the
+question is whether those kind of priors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether those kind of priors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether those kind of priors
+can be introduced in some way and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be introduced in some way and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be introduced in some way and and it
+hasn't been straightforward as to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been straightforward as to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been straightforward as to how to
+do that but but I mean that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but but I mean that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but but I mean that's that's
+whenever you look at these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you look at these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you look at these sort of
+ridiculously for segmentation you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously for segmentation you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously for segmentation you're
+like this is idiotic we should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is idiotic we should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is idiotic we should be able
+to introduce some of that and I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce some of that and I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce some of that and I've seen
+people for example put an autoencoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for example put an autoencoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for example put an autoencoder
+and that's not that's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not that's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not that's not exactly
+getting added but it's actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting added but it's actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting added but it's actually getting
+at somewhat these kind of coarser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at somewhat these kind of coarser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at somewhat these kind of coarser
+features but no I think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but no I think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but no I think in terms of
+using kind of some degree of geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of some degree of geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kind of some degree of geometric
+priors I think I may have seen some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors I think I may have seen some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priors I think I may have seen some
+literature in that space we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in that space we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature in that space we haven't
+tried anything there we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried anything there we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried anything there we don't have any
+data to do that unfortunately and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to do that unfortunately and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to do that unfortunately and I
+suspect yeah I just don't know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect yeah I just don't know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect yeah I just don't know how how
+difficult that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah no III come on I remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah no III come on I remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah no III come on I remember when
+I was starting this space I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was starting this space I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was starting this space I was like
+this is the otic why can't we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the otic why can't we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the otic why can't we do this
+why don't we have some way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we have some way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we have some way of doing that
+we couldn't find at that time any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't find at that time any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't find at that time any
+architectures that were straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that were straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that were straightforward
+to be able to do that but I'm sure there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do that but I'm sure there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do that but I'm sure there
+are there is something in that space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there is something in that space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there is something in that space and
+we didn't also have the data for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't also have the data for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't also have the data for those
+for those Breyers ourselves I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those Breyers ourselves I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those Breyers ourselves I mean there
+are there's a long history of these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a long history of these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a long history of these kind
+of de novo heart modelers that exist out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of de novo heart modelers that exist out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of de novo heart modelers that exist out
+there from Oxford and the New Zealand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from Oxford and the New Zealand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from Oxford and the New Zealand
+group for that matter who've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for that matter who've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for that matter who've been doing
+some of this kind of multi scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this kind of multi scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this kind of multi scale
+modeling I'm sure there's there's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling I'm sure there's there's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling I'm sure there's there's I mean
+will be interesting to see whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be interesting to see whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be interesting to see whether or
+not there was anybody who kind of pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there was anybody who kind of pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there was anybody who kind of pushes
+forward in that space or is it just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in that space or is it just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in that space or is it just more
+data I think that's always the attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there's a there's a company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a there's a company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a there's a company that
+just came out with the $2,000 hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out with the $2,000 hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just came out with the $2,000 hand
+Howell doctors and the subscription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howell doctors and the subscription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howell doctors and the subscription
+model and yeah so I think that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and yeah so I think that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and yeah so I think that so
+Phillips has a handheld device around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips has a handheld device around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips has a handheld device around
+the $8,000 marker so 2,000 is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $8,000 marker so 2,000 is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the $8,000 marker so 2,000 is getting
+quite cheap so that's I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite cheap so that's I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite cheap so that's I think the the
+the space for handheld devices yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for handheld devices yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for handheld devices yeah
+developing country where maybe day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country where maybe day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country where maybe day a
+very few doctors per like population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few doctors per like population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few doctors per like population
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+what kind of imaging might be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of imaging might be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of imaging might be useful
+that we could then apply computer vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could then apply computer vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could then apply computer vision
+house yeah I still think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house yeah I still think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house yeah I still think I think
+ultrasound is that sweet spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasound is that sweet spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasound is that sweet spot
+it has versatility and its cost is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has versatility and its cost is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has versatility and its cost is about
+where and I'm sure those companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and I'm sure those companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and I'm sure those companies
+rented out for much lower cost in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented out for much lower cost in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented out for much lower cost in those
+kinds of places too so that no we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of places too so that no we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of places too so that no we were
+putting together or I put together great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together or I put together great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together or I put together great
+actually may not even find out I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually may not even find out I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually may not even find out I'm not
+sure but but looking at sub-saharan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but but looking at sub-saharan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure but but looking at sub-saharan
+Africa and collaborating with one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and collaborating with one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and collaborating with one of the
+one of the Brigham doctors who travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Brigham doctors who travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Brigham doctors who travels
+out to sub-saharan Africa and looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to sub-saharan Africa and looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to sub-saharan Africa and looking to
+try to build some of these automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build some of these automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build some of these automated
+detection type of things in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection type of things in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection type of things in that in that
+space so no I think there's definite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so no I think there's definite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so no I think there's definite in
+that and there may be a much bigger win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there may be a much bigger win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there may be a much bigger win
+there then then kind of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then then kind of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then then kind of this sort of
+stuff I'm proposing but ya know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm proposing but ya know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm proposing but ya know I think
+that's a very good point and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point and that that
+would be it's also it's portable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's also it's portable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be it's also it's portable you
+could have a phone based sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a phone based sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a phone based sort of thing
+so it's actually it's very attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually it's very attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually it's very attractive
+from that standpoint all right I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that standpoint all right I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that standpoint all right I feel
+like I'm changing the topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm changing the topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm changing the topic
+substantially but but not not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially but but not not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially but but not not totally
+okay so this is that slide I showed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is that slide I showed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is that slide I showed and
+and I pitched it in a way to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pitched it in a way to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pitched it in a way to try to
+motivate you to think about ultrasound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate you to think about ultrasound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate you to think about ultrasound
+but I'm not sure ultrasound choose all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure ultrasound choose all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not sure ultrasound choose all
+these things in the sense I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in the sense I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in the sense I wouldn't
+call it the greatest biological tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the greatest biological tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the greatest biological tool to
+get that kind of underlying disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that kind of underlying disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that kind of underlying disease
+pathways some of these things may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways some of these things may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways some of these things may be
+late like David said or maybe not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late like David said or maybe not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late like David said or maybe not so
+reversible so so we we've been given at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible so so we we've been given at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible so so we we've been given at
+this one brave idea thing eighty-five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one brave idea thing eighty-five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one brave idea thing eighty-five
+million dollars now to make some dent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars now to make some dent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars now to make some dent in
+in a specific disease so coronary artery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a specific disease so coronary artery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a specific disease so coronary artery
+is a quarry heart disease it's that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quarry heart disease it's that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quarry heart disease it's that kind
+of arrogant tech thing where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrogant tech thing where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrogant tech thing where you just
+dumped a lot of money somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumped a lot of money somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumped a lot of money somewhere and
+think you're gonna solve all problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're gonna solve all problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're gonna solve all problems
+and having to take it but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having to take it but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having to take it but I think that
+there are some problems and so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some problems and so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some problems and so so this
+is what I wanted to do so I've wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I wanted to do so I've wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I wanted to do so I've wanted to
+do this for probably the last five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for probably the last five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for probably the last five six
+years before I even started here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before I even started here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before I even started here and
+this is kind of motivated me in part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of motivated me in part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of motivated me in part for
+quite a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a while
+and so here's our problems okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's our problems okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's our problems okay so so
+we're studying heart disease so coronary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying heart disease so coronary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying heart disease so coronary
+disease or coronary heart disease is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or coronary heart disease is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease or coronary heart disease is the
+arteries in the heart you can't get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arteries in the heart you can't get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arteries in the heart you can't get at
+those so you can't do any biology you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so you can't do any biology you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so you can't do any biology you
+can't do the stuff the kids are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do the stuff the kids are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do the stuff the kids are people
+you can't biopsy that you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't biopsy that you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't biopsy that you can't do
+anything there so you're stuck with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there so you're stuck with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there so you're stuck with the
+thing that you want to get at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you want to get at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you want to get at is
+inaccessible I talked about how a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible I talked about how a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible I talked about how a lot of
+the imaging is expensive but all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaging is expensive but all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaging is expensive but all those
+other omics stuff is really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other omics stuff is really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other omics stuff is really expensive
+too so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so so that's
+not so impossible to him and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so impossible to him and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so impossible to him and you're not
+gonna be able to do cereal $1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to do cereal $1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to do cereal $1000
+proteomics on people either that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteomics on people either that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteomics on people either that's not
+happening anytime soon and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening anytime soon and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening anytime soon and then
+everything I talked about we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I talked about we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I talked about we're
+willfully inadequate in terms of sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willfully inadequate in terms of sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willfully inadequate in terms of sample
+size especially if we want to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size especially if we want to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size especially if we want to kind of
+characterize underlying complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize underlying complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize underlying complex
+biological processes so so we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological processes so so we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological processes so so we expect
+we're gonna need kind of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna need kind of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna need kind of high
+dimensional data we're gonna need huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data we're gonna need huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data we're gonna need huge
+sample side there's vladimir vapnik over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample side there's vladimir vapnik over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample side there's vladimir vapnik over
+there and then here's another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then here's another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then here's another problem
+okay so so this stuff takes time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this stuff takes time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this stuff takes time these
+diseases take time so if I introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases take time so if I introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases take time so if I introduce a
+new assay right now how am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new assay right now how am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new assay right now how am I going to
+show that any of this is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that any of this is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that any of this is gonna be
+beneficial because this disease develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial because this disease develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial because this disease develops
+or ten to twenty here so so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ten to twenty here so so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ten to twenty here so so I'm not
+gonna talk about the solution to that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about the solution to that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about the solution to that a
+little bit okay so so one of the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay so so one of the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit okay so so one of the issues
+with a lot of the data that's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of the data that's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of the data that's out there
+is this not particularly expressive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this not particularly expressive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this not particularly expressive it's
+a lot of than just the same clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of than just the same clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of than just the same clinical
+stuff the same imaging stuff so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the same imaging stuff so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the same imaging stuff so all
+these big studies these billion-dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big studies these billion-dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big studies these billion-dollar
+big studies ultimately just have echoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big studies ultimately just have echoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big studies ultimately just have echoes
+and MRIs and you know maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MRIs and you know maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and MRIs and you know maybe a little
+genetics but they really don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics but they really don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics but they really don't have
+stuff that is this kind of low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that is this kind of low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that is this kind of low cost
+expressive biological stuff that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive biological stuff that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive biological stuff that that we
+ideally want to be able to do so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally want to be able to do so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally want to be able to do so this is
+really expensive and makes eighty-five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and makes eighty-five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive and makes eighty-five
+million dollars look like a joke and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars look like a joke and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars look like a joke and
+it's not all that rich in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all that rich in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all that rich in terms of
+complexity so we wanted to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so we wanted to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so we wanted to do something
+different and so this is the crazy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so this is the crazy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so this is the crazy thing
+we're focusing on circulating cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're focusing on circulating cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're focusing on circulating cells and
+and so this is kind of a compromise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is kind of a compromise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is kind of a compromise it
+and there's a reasonably good case to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a reasonably good case to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a reasonably good case to be
+made for for their involvement so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for for their involvement so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for for their involvement so so
+there's lots of data to suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of data to suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of data to suggest that
+these are causal mediators of coronary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are causal mediators of coronary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are causal mediators of coronary
+artery disease or canary heart disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery disease or canary heart disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery disease or canary heart disease
+so you can find them in the plaques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find them in the plaques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find them in the plaques
+there are so-so patients who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so-so patients who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so-so patients who have
+autoimmune diseases certainly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune diseases certainly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune diseases certainly have
+accelerated forms otosclerosis there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated forms otosclerosis there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated forms otosclerosis there are
+drugs of the drug called catechin ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs of the drug called catechin ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs of the drug called catechin ab
+that inhibits il-1 beta secretion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inhibits il-1 beta secretion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inhibits il-1 beta secretion from
+macrophages and this is has mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macrophages and this is has mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macrophages and this is has mortality
+benefit in corner Z's there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit in corner Z's there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit in corner Z's there are
+mutations in the white blood cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the white blood cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the white blood cell
+population themselves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population themselves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population themselves that are
+associated with early heart attacks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with early heart attacks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with early heart attacks so
+so there's a there's a lot there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a lot there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a lot there and
+this has been going on and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been going on and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been going on and there's
+plenty of mouse models that show that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of mouse models that show that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of mouse models that show that if
+you make mutations only in the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make mutations only in the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make mutations only in the white
+blood cell compartment that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cell compartment that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cell compartment that you will
+completely change the disease course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely change the disease course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely change the disease course
+itself so it's a good good kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's a good good kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's a good good kind of
+amount of data out there to suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data out there to suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data out there to suggest that
+there is an informative kind of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an informative kind of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an informative kind of cell
+type there it's accessible there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type there it's accessible there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type there it's accessible there's lots
+of predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predictable
+ready there that they could be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready there that they could be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready there that they could be done with
+some of this and they express many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this and they express many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this and they express many of
+the genes that are involved and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes that are involved and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes that are involved and they
+they're sort of window on many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of window on many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of window on many of these
+biological processes so we're focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological processes so we're focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological processes so we're focusing
+on computer vision approaches to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on computer vision approaches to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on computer vision approaches to this
+data so we decided if we can't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so we decided if we can't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so we decided if we can't do the
+omics stuff because it costs too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omics stuff because it costs too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omics stuff because it costs too much
+we're gonna take slides and have tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take slides and have tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take slides and have tens of
+thousands of cells for individual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of cells for individual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of cells for individual and
+then we can introduce fluorescent dyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can introduce fluorescent dyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can introduce fluorescent dyes
+that can focus on lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can focus on lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can focus on lots of different
+organelles and then we can potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles and then we can potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles and then we can potentially
+expand the phenotypic space by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the phenotypic space by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the phenotypic space by adding
+all kinds of perturbations that can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of perturbations that can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of perturbations that can kind
+of be able to unmask attributes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be able to unmask attributes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be able to unmask attributes of
+people that may not even be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that may not even be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that may not even be relatively
+there at baseline and I got I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at baseline and I got I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at baseline and I got I think I've
+been empowered by the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been empowered by the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been empowered by the kind of the
+computer vision experience for the echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision experience for the echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision experience for the echo
+stuff and I'm like hey I can do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I'm like hey I can do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I'm like hey I can do this I
+can train these models so so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can train these models so so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can train these models so so so we're
+we're in a position now where we can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a position now where we can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a position now where we can you
+know this stuff costed a few dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff costed a few dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this stuff costed a few dollars per
+person it's cheap and you could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it's cheap and you could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person it's cheap and you could you know
+you can just keep on expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just keep on expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just keep on expanding
+phenotypic space you can bring in drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic space you can bring in drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic space you can bring in drugs
+you can bring whatever you want here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bring whatever you want here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bring whatever you want here and
+you're still in the sort of dollars type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still in the sort of dollars type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still in the sort of dollars type
+range and you could so we just piggyback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and you could so we just piggyback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and you could so we just piggyback
+and we just hover around so with just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just hover around so with just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just hover around so with just a
+couple of research assistants we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of research assistants we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of research assistants we're
+hovering around clinics and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering around clinics and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering around clinics and we can do
+thousand patients a month so tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients a month so tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients a month so tens of
+thousands of patients a year so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of patients a year so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of patients a year so we can
+get into kind of deep learning sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into kind of deep learning sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into kind of deep learning sample
+size here and so we want these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size here and so we want these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size here and so we want these sort of
+primary assays to be low-cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary assays to be low-cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary assays to be low-cost
+reproducible expressive ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible expressive ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible expressive ideally
+responsive to therapy so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to therapy so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to therapy so that's kind of
+this space here and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space here and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space here and there's lots of
+stuff that we have we have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we have we have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we have we have all the
+medical record data on all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record data on all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record data on all these people
+and we can selectively do somatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can selectively do somatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can selectively do somatic
+sequencing we can do genome-wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing we can do genome-wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing we can do genome-wide
+associations we have all the ECG data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations we have all the ECG data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations we have all the ECG data we
+have selectively positron emission data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have selectively positron emission data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have selectively positron emission data
+so it's lots of additional thump and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's lots of additional thump and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's lots of additional thump and we
+want to be able to walk our cheap assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to walk our cheap assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to walk our cheap assay
+towards those things that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those things that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those things that are sort of
+more expensive but for which there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive but for which there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive but for which there's
+much more historical data so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more historical data so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more historical data so that's what
+I do with my life these days and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do with my life these days and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do with my life these days and and the
+time problem has been solved because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time problem has been solved because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time problem has been solved because we
+found the collaborator of MGH who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the collaborator of MGH who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the collaborator of MGH who has
+three and a half million of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half million of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half million of these
+records in terms of South County and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records in terms of South County and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records in terms of South County and
+cytometer data going back for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytometer data going back for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytometer data going back for about
+three years so we should be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years so we should be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years so we should be able to get
+some decent events in that time I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some decent events in that time I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some decent events in that time I need
+to build a document classification model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a document classification model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a document classification model
+for three half million records to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three half million records to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three half million records to decide
+whether they have coronary heart disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have coronary heart disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have coronary heart disease
+but sounds like that's doable we're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sounds like that's doable we're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sounds like that's doable we're sort
+of fearless in this space and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fearless in this space and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fearless in this space and then they
+also have thirteen million images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have thirteen million images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have thirteen million images
+hundreds of thousands of people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of people with
+words of slides so we can there at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of slides so we can there at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of slides so we can there at least
+get decent weights for transfer learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get decent weights for transfer learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get decent weights for transfer learning
+from some of this data and we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of this data and we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of this data and we're doing
+this for a cute heart-attack patient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a cute heart-attack patient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a cute heart-attack patient so
+so yeah so this is kind of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so this is kind of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so this is kind of what I'm
+doing ultimately and and so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ultimately and and so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing ultimately and and so it's the
+sort of bridge between existing imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bridge between existing imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bridge between existing imaging
+existing conventional kind of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing conventional kind of medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing conventional kind of medical
+data and this kind of low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and this kind of low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and this kind of low cost
+expressive serial type of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive serial type of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive serial type of stuff that
+ultimately hoping to expand phenotypic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately hoping to expand phenotypic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately hoping to expand phenotypic
+space and keep the cost down I think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and keep the cost down I think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and keep the cost down I think all
+my sort of lessons from working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sort of lessons from working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sort of lessons from working with
+expensive image data is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive image data is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive image data is sort of
+motivated me to build something around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated me to build something around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated me to build something around
+the space so this is my it's my baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space so this is my it's my baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space so this is my it's my baby
+right now and and so lots of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and and so lots of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and and so lots of lots of
+things for people to be involved in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for people to be involved in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for people to be involved in if
+they want to and these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to and these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to and these are some of the
+funding sources all right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding sources all right thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding sources all right thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MqNq9S1_Ct8.txt b/MqNq9S1_Ct8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..401317312c2a54442f534c9d7bf8600c8e03fc2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MqNq9S1_Ct8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hi, my name is
+Nicole and welcome to
+
+recitation.
+
+Today we are going to go over
+the practice problem for the
+
+nucleic acids, carbohydrates,
+and lipids section of the
+
+biochemistry module.
+
+First, if you haven't had
+a chance to look at this
+
+problem, please go back and look
+at it and then come back
+
+to recitation and we'll
+go over it together.
+
+Welcome back.
+
+To start this problem, we are
+going to go through parts A
+
+through D and then we'll take
+a break and come back and do
+
+parts E and F.
+
+So, this problem asks us about
+the molecule shown here.
+
+First, we are asked to
+name this molecule.
+
+By looking at this molecule,
+it's really easy to figure out
+
+what it is.
+
+All you have to do is notice
+the fatty acid tail and the
+
+phosphate head.
+
+If you remember from lecture,
+this should tell you that it
+
+is a phospholipid.
+
+Next, we are asked where we find
+these molecules in living
+
+cells and what the function
+of these molecules is.
+
+So if you remember from lecture,
+we are told that we
+
+find these molecules
+in cell membranes.
+
+We learned that they are an
+integral part of cell
+
+membranes and their function is
+to control the permeability
+
+of the cell, which is a very
+important function.
+
+Their structure allows them to
+keep out polar molecules and
+
+let in nonpolar molecules so
+they can allow the cell to
+
+have a high solute concentration
+on the inside as
+
+compared to the outside.
+
+So their critical function is to
+form a permeability barrier
+
+on the cell.
+
+So now that we understand what
+the function of these
+
+molecules is, this question asks
+us what would happen if
+
+we dropped these molecules
+into a glass of water.
+
+So sometimes these molecules
+are drawn like this, with a
+
+circle as the phosphate
+head and two squiggly
+
+lines as the tail.
+
+So if we dropped these in
+water, we can get three
+
+possibilities.
+
+Either they can form a micelle,
+which is drawn with
+
+all of the heads towards the
+outside, facing the water
+
+molecules and the tails all
+hidden on the inside.
+
+Or, it can form a liposome,
+which is two layers with a
+
+very tight layer of
+phospholipids on the inside
+
+and a larger layer of
+phospholipids on the outside
+
+with the tails facing inwards
+and the heads facing outwards
+
+towards the water.
+
+And there is also water
+in the middle as well
+
+facing these nonpolar--
+
+I mean, these polar heads.
+
+The third structure they
+can form is a bilayer.
+
+This is a structure that is
+found that makes cell
+
+membranes, is this phospholipid
+bilayer.
+
+So this is actually a much
+larger structure--
+
+I've only drawn part
+of it here--
+
+and this is where you have water
+on both sides of it.
+
+So you have water molecules out
+here and on the inside of
+
+the bilayer.
+
+So those are the three
+molecules that--
+
+three structures that this
+molecule will form when you
+
+drop it into water.
+
+Now the most important part of
+this problem is asking why do
+
+these molecules form these
+structures when
+
+dropped into water.
+
+And we can find the answer to
+this very easily in just
+
+looking at the properties
+of phospholipids and the
+
+properties of water.
+
+If you look at a phospholipid,
+you'll see that the head, the
+
+phosphate head, is negatively
+charged, so that means that
+
+it's polar, whereas the tail is
+a fatty acid, and we have
+
+learned that that means
+that it is nonpolar,
+
+because it has no charge.
+
+And if you look at
+water, water is a
+
+polar molecule as well.
+
+It has two polar bonds
+to hydrogen.
+
+And the reason that they form
+these structures is because
+
+the polar heads of the
+phospholipids want to interact
+
+with polar water and the
+nonpolar tails of the
+
+phospholipids do not want to
+interact with the polar water.
+
+So they have to find the
+confirmations in which the
+
+tails are hidden from
+water and the heads
+
+are exposed to water.
+
+So now that we understand why
+phospholipids form these
+
+structures, we're going to take
+a break and come back to
+
+the second part of
+the problem.
+
+Welcome back.
+
+Now we are going to solve parts
+E and F of this problem.
+
+Part E asks us to draw another
+molecule that contains
+
+phosphate that is essential
+to biological systems.
+
+Right off, you should be
+thinking about nucleic acids.
+
+I have written an example of
+a nucleic acid up here.
+
+This, as you can see by the A in
+the base position, is ATP.
+
+And you can see where phosphate
+is essential as the
+
+triphosphate portion of ATP.
+
+The next part of the question
+asks us what is the function
+
+of these type of molecules?
+
+So the molecule that I chose
+to draw, ATP, is very
+
+interesting because it has
+multiple functions.
+
+It serves as a building block of
+RNA through oligomerization
+
+through this bond by
+adding multiple
+
+nucleic acids together.
+
+It also serves as an energy
+source for the cell, the
+
+energy source for the cell,
+through breaking of this bond,
+
+which is an exergonic reaction
+and releases energy and allows
+
+a lot of the processes in the
+cell that wouldn't normally be
+
+able to occur to occur.
+
+So I'm going to put as a
+function of this molecule as
+
+both energy and RNA.
+
+So now that we understand the
+properties of phospholipids
+
+and we've been able to
+identify another very
+
+important molecule that contains
+phosphate, we can
+
+move on to the rest of the
+biochemistry section.
+
+In this problem, we have learned
+about the properties
+
+of phospholipids as well as the
+importance of phosphate in
+
+nucleic acids.
+
+I hope you've enjoyed watching
+this video and I hope to see
+
+you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N-_XmLanPYg.txt b/N-_XmLanPYg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16a4c468a7b19c1d13935d2020336ffcbd11b869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N-_XmLanPYg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+welcome back everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back everybody
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to continue our discussion of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue our discussion of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue our discussion of um
+computability theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability theory
+turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines
+and uh how to prove things undecidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how to prove things undecidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh how to prove things undecidable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which is what we've been doing um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've been doing um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've been doing um so we
+talked about this more advanced method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this more advanced method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this more advanced method
+of proving things undecidable last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proving things undecidable last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proving things undecidable last
+lecture called the computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture called the computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture called the computation history
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+which comes up in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes up in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes up in all sorts of
+proofs of undecidability and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of undecidability and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of undecidability and usually
+more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh
+complex ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ones
+such as for example the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as for example the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as for example the proof of
+hilbert's tenth problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert's tenth problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilbert's tenth problem um
+that i mentioned whether you want to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i mentioned whether you want to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i mentioned whether you want to if
+you want to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to test
+whether a polynomial has a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a polynomial has a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a polynomial has a solution
+in integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a reduction from atm just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reduction from atm just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reduction from atm just like
+we've been doing all along those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing all along those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing all along those are the
+all of those proofs are pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those proofs are pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those proofs are pretty much
+reduction from something undecidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from something undecidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from something undecidable
+this reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reduction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reduction from
+you know from atm is a good as good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from atm is a good as good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from atm is a good as good a
+starting point as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point as any
+and in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in um
+and it uses the computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses the computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses the computation history
+method so what the end of doing is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so what the end of doing is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so what the end of doing is given
+a turing machine and an input you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine and an input you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine and an input you
+construct a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a polynomial
+that has several variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has several variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has several variables
+and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+in order to get a an integer root an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a an integer root an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a an integer root an
+integer solution of that polynomial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer solution of that polynomial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer solution of that polynomial um
+one of the variables is going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the variables is going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the variables is going to have to
+be assigned to some kind of encoding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assigned to some kind of encoding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assigned to some kind of encoding of
+a computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computation history
+of the turing machine of that of m on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the turing machine of that of m on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the turing machine of that of m on w
+it's going to be some one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be some one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be some one of those
+variables is going to be a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is going to be a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is going to be a computation
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+um an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an integer
+which represents the computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents the computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents the computation history
+for m on w um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m on w um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m on w um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh the other variables are there to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other variables are there to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other variables are there to help
+you kind of decode that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of decode that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of decode that
+so that the polynomial can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the polynomial can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the polynomial can actually
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+and make a solution it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a solution it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a solution it becomes a
+solution if that actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if that actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if that actually is a
+legitimate computation history of m w so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate computation history of m w so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate computation history of m w so
+it really uses the very same method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really uses the very same method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really uses the very same method that
+we've been using all along but it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using all along but it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using all along but it's uh
+it's just a lot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a lot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a lot it's
+it's pretty hairy to construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hairy to construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hairy to construct that
+polynomial and do the check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and do the check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and do the check
+in the way that you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that you need to do
+so for the post correspondence problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the post correspondence problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the post correspondence problem
+which we introduced last time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we introduced last time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we introduced last time it's
+doing the check is relatively simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the check is relatively simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the check is relatively simple um
+you know that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the uh
+the match is the is the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match is the is the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match is the is the computation
+history and you know following the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and you know following the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and you know following the rules
+of the match um is fairly simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the match um is fairly simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the match um is fairly simple to
+construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that
+uh post-correspondence problem instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh post-correspondence problem instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh post-correspondence problem instance
+we talked about linearly down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about linearly down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about linearly down to
+automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automata
+you know we of course we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we of course we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we of course we define
+configurations and and computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and and computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and and computation
+histories along the way and proved some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories along the way and proved some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories along the way and proved some
+certain problem other problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain problem other problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain problem other problems are
+undecidable as well using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable as well using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable as well using the same
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so today uh we're gonna shift gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today uh we're gonna shift gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today uh we're gonna shift gears
+we're gonna in our last lecture on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna in our last lecture on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna in our last lecture on the
+computability section of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability section of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computability section of the course
+we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about
+something called the recursion theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the recursion theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the recursion theorem
+which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basically
+gives turing machines the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives turing machines the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives turing machines the ability to
+refer to themselves turing machines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to themselves turing machines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to themselves turing machines in
+any program to do self-reference um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any program to do self-reference um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any program to do self-reference um so
+that you can actually get at the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually get at the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually get at the code
+of the turing machine or the code of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the turing machine or the code of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the turing machine or the code of the
+program that you're writing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that you're writing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that you're writing um
+even if that's not a built-in primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that's not a built-in primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if that's not a built-in primitive
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+programming language or the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language or the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language or the operating
+system that you're working with it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're working with it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you're working with it still
+gives you that access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that access
+um and also we're gonna if we have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also we're gonna if we have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also we're gonna if we have time
+at the end i'm gonna talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end i'm gonna talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end i'm gonna talk a little bit
+about mathematical logic which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mathematical logic which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mathematical logic which is sort
+of a nice application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice application
+of the recursion theorem and it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion theorem and it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the recursion theorem and it's you
+know it's a beautiful subject on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a beautiful subject on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a beautiful subject on its own
+and it's something that i can give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that i can give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something that i can give a
+brief introduction to okay so today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction to okay so today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief introduction to okay so today's
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+self-reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reference
+self-reproducing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reproducing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reproducing machines
+and the broader topic called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the broader topic called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the broader topic called the
+recursion theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem
+um so let me introduce it with the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me introduce it with the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me introduce it with the what
+i i would call the self-reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i would call the self-reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i would call the self-reproduction
+paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+suppose you have a factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a tesla effect or a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tesla effect or a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tesla effect or a car
+manufacturing uh factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh factory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+here's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+of the factory and it's producing cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the factory and it's producing cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the factory and it's producing cars
+all right so we have a factory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have a factory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have a factory that
+makes cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes cars
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+what can we say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we say about
+the relative complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative complexity
+of the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cars
+compared with the factory in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with the factory in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared with the factory in some
+informal sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal sense
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i would argue that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would argue that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would argue that you
+would be reasonable to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reasonable to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reasonable to say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+complexity of the factory is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the factory is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the factory is going to
+have to be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be greater
+than the complexity of the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the complexity of the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the complexity of the cars
+that it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes
+because not only does the factory have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not only does the factory have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not only does the factory have
+to know how to make the cars so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to make the cars so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to make the cars so it has
+to have all the instructions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all the instructions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all the instructions and
+whatever things that go into a car it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever things that go into a car it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever things that go into a car it
+has to be included in the you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be included in the you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be included in the you know it's
+at least in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+in some sense represented in the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense represented in the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense represented in the factory
+but the factory also has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the factory also has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the factory also has to have
+other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff
+you know the robots and the machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the robots and the machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the robots and the machine and
+the other manufacturing items uh tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other manufacturing items uh tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other manufacturing items uh tools
+and so on for making the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on for making the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on for making the cars
+so the factory has to have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the factory has to have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the factory has to have all the
+complexity of a car incorporated plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of a car incorporated plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of a car incorporated plus
+other things as well and on that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well and on that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well and on that for
+that reason one could imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason one could imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason one could imagine that the
+factory complexity is more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory complexity is more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory complexity is more than the
+car's complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now suppose you want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now suppose you want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now suppose you want to have a
+factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+that makes factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes factories
+sort of imagine here's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of imagine here's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of imagine here's the picture
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so or in general a machine that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or in general a machine that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or in general a machine that makes
+copies of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of itself
+well that seems at first glance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that seems at first glance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that seems at first glance
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+uh impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impossible
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+not only does the factory obviously have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does the factory obviously have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does the factory obviously have
+to have all of the instructions for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all of the instructions for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all of the instructions for what
+a factory is like but it needs to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factory is like but it needs to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factory is like but it needs to have
+all of the compo all of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the compo all of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the compo all of the the the
+extra things that it would need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra things that it would need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra things that it would need to do
+the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so for that reason it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for that reason it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for that reason it seems like a
+um it's not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not possible
+to have a machine make copies of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a machine make copies of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a machine make copies of itself
+i mean you would run into the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you would run into the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you would run into the very
+same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem
+if i asked you to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i asked you to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i asked you to produce
+a program and what in your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program and what in your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program and what in your favorite
+language um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language um
+that prints out itself an exact copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prints out itself an exact copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prints out itself an exact copy of
+the same code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same code
+i mean you can always write a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can always write a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can always write a program
+which is going to print out some string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to print out some string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to print out some string
+you know like hello world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like hello world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like hello world
+that's easy because you just put hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy because you just put hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy because you just put hello
+world into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world into
+you know some kind of a variable or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some kind of a variable or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some kind of a variable or some
+sort of a um you know a table into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a um you know a table into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a um you know a table into the
+program and say print that table but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and say print that table but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and say print that table but if
+you want to make a print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make a print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make a print
+if you want the program to print out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the program to print out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the program to print out a
+copy of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of itself
+you can't take the whole program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take the whole program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take the whole program and
+stick that into a table because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that into a table because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that into a table because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the the program's gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the program's gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the program's gonna have to
+be bigger than the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bigger than the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bigger than the table
+you know and so you're gonna you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so you're gonna you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and so you're gonna you're
+gonna end up with some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with some something
+impossible happening because the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible happening because the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible happening because the program
+an entire copy of the program can't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire copy of the program can't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire copy of the program can't fit
+inside the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the program
+um you just get uh you know cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you just get uh you know cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you just get uh you know cut the
+program inside itself inside itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program inside itself inside itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program inside itself inside itself
+inside itself forever um and so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside itself forever um and so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside itself forever um and so you get
+we end up with like an infinite program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with like an infinite program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with like an infinite program
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+if you know you just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know you just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know you just kind of
+naively approach the problem for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively approach the problem for how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively approach the problem for how to
+make a program which is going to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a program which is going to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a program which is going to print
+out a copy of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a copy of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a copy of itself
+it's not so easy to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so easy to do um
+but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully
+after today's lecture you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after today's lecture you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after today's lecture you will see that
+it is possible and in fact how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible and in fact how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible and in fact how to do it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+not only that is an idle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that is an idle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that is an idle
+bit curious bit of curiosity but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit curious bit of curiosity but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit curious bit of curiosity but there
+are actually applications for why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually applications for why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually applications for why you
+might want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that
+mainly within mathematics um and in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly within mathematics um and in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly within mathematics um and in uh
+computer science theory but there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science theory but there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science theory but there's even
+kind of a real world application if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a real world application if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a real world application if you
+will in a way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in a way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in a way too
+so we'll get to that at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so it seems as i'm saying impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it seems as i'm saying impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it seems as i'm saying impossible
+to have a self-reproducing machine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a self-reproducing machine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a self-reproducing machine but
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+in the world there are things that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world there are things that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world there are things that make
+copies of themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of themselves
+living things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh it seems like a paradox no cells can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it seems like a paradox no cells can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it seems like a paradox no cells can
+make copies exactly of themselves all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies exactly of themselves all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies exactly of themselves all
+living things can make copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things can make copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living things can make copies of
+themselves um so how do they manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um so how do they manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um so how do they manage to
+get around this paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this paradox
+well in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact
+there's no paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no paradox
+because it is possible to make a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is possible to make a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is possible to make a machine
+that self-reproduces that makes copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that self-reproduces that makes copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that self-reproduces that makes copies
+of itself this has been known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself this has been known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of itself this has been known for
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years
+probably it goes back to von neumann um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it goes back to von neumann um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it goes back to von neumann um
+who wrote a famous paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote a famous paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote a famous paper on
+self-reproducing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reproducing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reproducing machines
+okay so self-reproducing machines are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so self-reproducing machines are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so self-reproducing machines are in
+fact possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact possible
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so let me give you an example of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you an example of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you an example of how you
+would make a self-reproducing turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a self-reproducing turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make a self-reproducing turing
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+what do i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that
+i'm going to i mean a machine i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i mean a machine i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to i mean a machine i'm going
+to call it self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it self
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ignores its input so on any input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores its input so on any input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores its input so on any input
+you turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn it on
+machine grinds around for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine grinds around for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine grinds around for a while and
+halts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halts
+with a description of itself on the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a description of itself on the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a description of itself on the tape
+with the description of self its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the description of self its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the description of self its own
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+sitting on the table so very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the table so very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the table so very much like
+producing a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a program
+which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would
+uh print out its own code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh print out its own code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh print out its own code
+that's really what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what we're doing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so for that we're going to first need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we're going to first need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that we're going to first need a
+little lemma which is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lemma which is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lemma which is a very simple
+lemma but it looks more it looks worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma but it looks more it looks worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma but it looks more it looks worse
+than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh let me just read it out to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just read it out to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just read it out to you and
+then i'll explain what it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll explain what it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll explain what it's saying
+because what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it's
+saying is extremely simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is extremely simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is extremely simple
+so there's a computable function i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a computable function i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a computable function i'll
+call it q that maps strings to strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it q that maps strings to strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it q that maps strings to strings
+which will take any string w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will take any string w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will take any string w
+and produce from w a turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce from w a turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce from w a turing machine
+which will print w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's all it does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all it does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all it does so
+as you know if i give you a string w you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know if i give you a string w you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know if i give you a string w you
+could produce a turing machine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could produce a turing machine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could produce a turing machine which
+would have w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have w
+represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+states and transitions of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and transitions of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and transitions of the machine
+so that if you turn the machine on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you turn the machine on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you turn the machine on the
+machine will be will output w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine will be will output w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine will be will output w
+i mean if i want you to put if you i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if i want you to put if you i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if i want you to put if you i
+want you to give me a turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to give me a turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to give me a turing machine
+that predict prints the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predict prints the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predict prints the string
+1101 on the tape you could do that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1101 on the tape you could do that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1101 on the tape you could do that i
+hope um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope um
+and i'm and if no matter what the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm and if no matter what the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm and if no matter what the string
+was instead of one one zero zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was instead of one one zero zero or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was instead of one one zero zero or one
+you know whatever it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever it's you know
+20 zeros and then five ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 zeros and then five ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 zeros and then five ones
+you could do that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that too
+and in fact um there's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact um there's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact um there's a simple
+simple procedure that takes a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple procedure that takes a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple procedure that takes a string
+and maps that onto a turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maps that onto a turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maps that onto a turing machine
+which prints out that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which prints out that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which prints out that string
+so that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's a
+computable function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable function
+um which basically takes a string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which basically takes a string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which basically takes a string and
+converts it to something that evaluates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts it to something that evaluates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts it to something that evaluates
+to that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that string
+okay and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and um
+i'm calling it q i don't know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm calling it q i don't know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm calling it q i don't know if this is
+helpful to you or not it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you or not it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you or not it's kind of like
+it converts the string w to w in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converts the string w to w in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it converts the string w to w in quotes
+so q stands for quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q stands for quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q stands for quotes
+in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+okay uh so if that's helpful maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so if that's helpful maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so if that's helpful maybe
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then good um
+but anyway p sub w is a turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway p sub w is a turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway p sub w is a turing machine
+when you turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you turn it on
+it just prints out w and holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just prints out w and holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just prints out w and holds
+okay and i can find piece of w from w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i can find piece of w from w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i can find piece of w from w
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+straightforward proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward proof
+okay so now i'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i'm going to tell you
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+assuming that we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+computable function q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable function q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable function q
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm going to tell you how to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to tell you how to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to tell you how to make this
+machine self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine self
+um and it's not complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's not complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's not complicated
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a self is going to have two parts i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self is going to have two parts i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self is going to have two parts i'll
+call a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a and b
+here's a here's a schematic for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a schematic for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a schematic for the
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+so here's self it's in two parts a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's self it's in two parts a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's self it's in two parts a and b
+and what i mean by a and b it's like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i mean by a and b it's like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i mean by a and b it's like two
+subroutines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutines
+uh self is going to start out running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh self is going to start out running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh self is going to start out running a
+and when a is finished it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when a is finished it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when a is finished it's going to
+pass control to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass control to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass control to b
+and then b is going to finish the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then b is going to finish the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then b is going to finish the job
+and when it's done you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's done you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it's done you're going to have
+the description self sitting here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description self sitting here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description self sitting here on the
+tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so my what's left is to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my what's left is to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my what's left is to give you the
+code for a and for b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for a and for b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for a and for b
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a
+is going to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be something
+super simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super simple
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a is going to be that machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be that machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be that machine
+which prints out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which prints out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which prints out
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+prints out a description of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints out a description of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints out a description of b
+um the one that i described up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the one that i described up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the one that i described up here
+so remember p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember p
+sub w is the machine which prints out w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub w is the machine which prints out w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub w is the machine which prints out w
+and p sub the description of b is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p sub the description of b is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p sub the description of b is simply
+going to machine that has this string p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to machine that has this string p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to machine that has this string p
+sub b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub b
+stored in its states and transitions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in its states and transitions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in its states and transitions you
+turn on that machine and it prints out b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on that machine and it prints out b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on that machine and it prints out b
+and then it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's done
+so this is a very simple image a is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very simple image a is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very simple image a is very
+simple so here just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so here just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so here just to
+here p sub b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here p sub b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here p sub b
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is a part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a part of a
+and when it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b appears on the tape so that's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b appears on the tape so that's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b appears on the tape so that's at the
+point when a has finished its work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when a has finished its work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when a has finished its work
+now it's going to pass control to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to pass control to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to pass control to b
+so we're not obviously done yet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not obviously done yet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not obviously done yet because
+what we want is a and b both to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is a and b both to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is a and b both to be on
+the tape not just b because self is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape not just b because self is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape not just b because self is a
+combination of a and b together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i have to tell you how b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to tell you how b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to tell you how b
+works to finish the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think
+um as a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a first
+you know given what we did for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given what we did for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given what we did for for
+getting b on the tape that we'll uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting b on the tape that we'll uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting b on the tape that we'll uh get
+a on the tape in the same way by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the tape in the same way by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the tape in the same way by putting
+a copy of a inside b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a copy of b is inside a and a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a copy of b is inside a and a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a copy of b is inside a and a copy of
+a is inside b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is inside b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is inside b
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you know at some conceptual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at some conceptual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at some conceptual level
+that seems like that might do the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like that might do the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like that might do the job
+but it's really not that is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really not that is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really not that is not a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+because the fact that i can put b inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fact that i can put b inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fact that i can put b inside
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um kind of forbids me from also putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of forbids me from also putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of forbids me from also putting
+a inside b because that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inside b because that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inside b because that's going to be
+the same kind of circular reasoning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of circular reasoning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of circular reasoning of
+just putting a machine inside itself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting a machine inside itself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting a machine inside itself you
+just can't do that because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't do that because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't do that because you're going
+to end up with an infinitely big machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an infinitely big machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with an infinitely big machine
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in fact if i'm putting b inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in fact if i'm putting b inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in fact if i'm putting b inside
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a copy of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of b
+in terms of its description inside a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its description inside a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its description inside a a
+is really going to be much bigger than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really going to be much bigger than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really going to be much bigger than b
+because it has all of b with inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has all of b with inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has all of b with inside it
+plus other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus other stuff
+you know the states and transitions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the states and transitions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the states and transitions for
+printing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing that
+uh b out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b out
+so i can't have a b much bigger than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can't have a b much bigger than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can't have a b much bigger than b
+and then b also much bigger than a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then b also much bigger than a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then b also much bigger than a so
+something this is this is no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is this is no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is this is no good
+we're going to have to do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how is b now going to get a hold of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the trick for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick for doing that
+without having a copy of a inside b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having a copy of a inside b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having a copy of a inside b
+which we're not gonna which doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not gonna which doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not gonna which doesn't work
+that's not going to that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to that's not going to
+be a good solution instead of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good solution instead of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good solution instead of the way
+that b is going to get a it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b is going to get a it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b is going to get a it's going to
+figure out what it's going to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it's going to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it's going to figure out
+what a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a is
+and how is it going to figure out what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is it going to figure out what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is it going to figure out what a
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+because if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you remember
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+b can look and now look it can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b can look and now look it can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b can look and now look it can look at
+the tape it sees some string there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape it sees some string there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape it sees some string there which
+happens to be a description of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a description of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a description of itself
+but it doesn't care it sees some string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't care it sees some string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't care it sees some string
+on the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tape
+a is the machine that prints out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the machine that prints out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the machine that prints out that
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+is q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is q
+of this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so b is simply going to compute q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so b is simply going to compute q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so b is simply going to compute q of
+whatever it's whatever it sees on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's whatever it sees on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's whatever it sees on the
+tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape
+that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's i don't know if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's i don't know if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's i don't know if you can
+read this kind of small here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this kind of small here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this kind of small here
+it's going to compute a from b sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to compute a from b sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to compute a from b sitting
+on the tape so here is the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tape so here is the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tape so here is the instructions
+for b it's going to compute q of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b it's going to compute q of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b it's going to compute q of the
+tape contents which happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape contents which happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape contents which happens to be
+the description of b but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of b but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of b but that's
+irrelevant to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant to b
+b just sees some string on the tape it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b just sees some string on the tape it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b just sees some string on the tape it
+computes q of that and that is the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes q of that and that is the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes q of that and that is the that
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+because a is the machine which prints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is the machine which prints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is the machine which prints
+out that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that string
+then it's going to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to combine
+a with b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with b
+doing whatever you know slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing whatever you know slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing whatever you know slight
+interfacing that needs to happen i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacing that needs to happen i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacing that needs to happen i'm not
+going to get into those details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into those details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into those details
+to convert those two pieces into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert those two pieces into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert those two pieces into one
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+which is the machine self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the machine self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the machine self
+and then it's going to print out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to print out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to print out with
+self on the tape as i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self on the tape as i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self on the tape as i'm going to
+indicate over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how
+a turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine
+can print out a copy of its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can print out a copy of its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can print out a copy of its own
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+and leave it on the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave it on the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave it on the tape
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and what's nice about this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice about this is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice about this is nothing
+specific about turing machines this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about turing machines this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about turing machines this is a
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+that allows any programming language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows any programming language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows any programming language
+to print out a copy of its own code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print out a copy of its own code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print out a copy of its own code you
+can even carry this out in english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even carry this out in english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even carry this out in english
+as i'm going to do in the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm going to do in the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm going to do in the next slide
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a good question here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a good question here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a good question here there are
+many possible turing machines that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible turing machines that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possible turing machines that can
+print out b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out b
+um that's right how do i know how do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's right how do i know how do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's right how do i know how do i
+get the the particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the particular one
+what i have in mind that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have in mind that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have in mind that's that's a
+little bit of a subtle question but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a subtle question but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a subtle question but but
+that but it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's a good question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have in mind the the particular turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have in mind the the particular turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have in mind the the particular turing
+machine that prints out b which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that prints out b which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that prints out b which is the
+one that q produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember so we you have to refer back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so we you have to refer back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so we you have to refer back to
+this lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma
+this lemma produces a particular machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma produces a particular machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma produces a particular machine
+that prints out b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prints out b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prints out b
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+from b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from b
+and that's the one that i'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one that i'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one that i'm going to use
+for a and that's the one that b is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and that's the one that b is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a and that's the one that b is going
+to be able to obtain by running the q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to obtain by running the q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to obtain by running the q
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+to figure out what a is so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what a is so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what a is so you have to
+make sure you're being consistent it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're being consistent it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're being consistent it's a
+little bit of a detail but but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a detail but but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a detail but but it's a
+good question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question um
+and why doesn't this create a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why doesn't this create a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why doesn't this create a circular
+argument too well there is no certain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument too well there is no certain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument too well there is no certain so
+that was another question i'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another question i'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was another question i'm seeing
+here on the on the tape well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the on the tape well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the on the tape well there's
+there's no longer anything see b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no longer anything see b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no longer anything see b
+does not have to have a stored within it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to have a stored within it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to have a stored within it
+it figures out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it figures out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it figures out a
+so in a sense you're going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense you're going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a sense you're going to write the
+program the code for b first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b is just a simple program here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is just a simple program here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is just a simple program here it is
+there's nothing circular about it says b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing circular about it says b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing circular about it says b
+is a simple the code for b is take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple the code for b is take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple the code for b is take a
+look at the tape compute q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the tape compute q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the tape compute q of
+that um combine the result with whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um combine the result with whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um combine the result with whatever
+was sitting on the tape from before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting on the tape from before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting on the tape from before and
+print it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print it out
+i mean that's a piece of code which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's a piece of code which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's a piece of code which you
+can just write i mean this will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write i mean this will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write i mean this will become
+more clear hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear hopefully
+in our next slide where we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our next slide where we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our next slide where we talk about
+the english implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the english implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the english implementation
+but just just i don't want to rush to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just just i don't want to rush to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just just i don't want to rush to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so you know you could figure out b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you could figure out b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you could figure out b
+without even knowing what a is b stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even knowing what a is b stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even knowing what a is b stands
+alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+you know because b is just a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because b is just a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because b is just a piece of
+code that runs q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that runs q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that runs q
+based on what it's what it sees on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what it's what it sees on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what it's what it sees on the
+tape a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape a
+now you need to know what b is in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you need to know what b is in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you need to know what b is in order
+to obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain a
+because a has the code for b embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a has the code for b embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a has the code for b embedded
+within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a
+as a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a string
+so first you produce b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first you produce b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first you produce b
+then you can figure out then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can figure out then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can figure out then you can
+obtain a there's nothing circular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a there's nothing circular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a there's nothing circular in
+this argument i don't know if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument i don't know if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument i don't know if that's
+helpful to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to you but
+you may need to mull it over or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to mull it over or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may need to mull it over or maybe
+it'll be helpful from the next slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be helpful from the next slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be helpful from the next slide so
+let's go there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go there now
+okay so as i'm saying you can implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as i'm saying you can implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as i'm saying you can implement
+this in any language in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in any language in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in any language in particular you
+can implement it in english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement it in english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement it in english
+okay so let's just shift gears let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just shift gears let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just shift gears let's
+talk about writing down english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about writing down english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about writing down english
+instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions
+and then i'll show um you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll show um you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll show um you know what
+happens if you carry out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you carry out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you carry out those
+instructions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+start simple how about the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start simple how about the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start simple how about the sentence
+hello write hello world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello write hello world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello write hello world
+so you know um an obedient person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um an obedient person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um an obedient person
+reading those instructions um would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading those instructions um would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading those instructions um would then
+write hello world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write hello world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write hello world
+um on their paper or or wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on their paper or or wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on their paper or or wherever
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+fine you get the i hopefully you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you get the i hopefully you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you get the i hopefully you get you
+get the idea um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the idea um
+uh so now what i'd like here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now what i'd like here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now what i'd like here's an
+here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+another instruction write the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instruction write the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instruction write the sentence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+the reader uh the obedient reader would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader uh the obedient reader would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader uh the obedient reader would
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+okay write the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay write the sentence
+this is the kind of thing i'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing i'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of thing i'm looking
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+here is a sentence which instructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a sentence which instructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a sentence which instructs
+the reader to make an exact copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader to make an exact copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reader to make an exact copy
+but i don't like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't like this one
+even though it does in a sense what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it does in a sense what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it does in a sense what i'm
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um it it kind of cheats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it kind of cheats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it kind of cheats
+when it the when it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it the when it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it the when it has this
+this refers to the entire sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this refers to the entire sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this refers to the entire sentence
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+it's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using
+kind of implicitly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of implicitly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of implicitly here
+a construct which a turing machine does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a construct which a turing machine does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a construct which a turing machine does
+not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have
+the turing machine does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine does not have
+a way of accessing its own code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+really what the point of this uh whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the point of this uh whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the point of this uh whole
+uh theorem that we're going to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theorem that we're going to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theorem that we're going to present
+is that you don't need to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you don't need to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you don't need to have this
+self-reference as a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reference as a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reference as a primitive
+you can get that effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that effectively
+uh using um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+procedure that i'm describing which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that i'm describing which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that i'm describing which will
+give you the same effect so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same effect so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the same effect so you don't
+need it as a primitive you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it as a primitive you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it as a primitive you can you can
+design some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design some
+software basically which will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software basically which will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software basically which will give you
+the same effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me show you how to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you how to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show you how to do that in
+english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english
+so let's do uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do uh uh
+let's look at a slightly more oops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a slightly more oops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a slightly more oops so
+cheating so turing machines don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating so turing machines don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating so turing machines don't have
+the self-reference primitive so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-reference primitive so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self-reference primitive so let's
+look at another sentence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another sentence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another sentence here
+write the following twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice
+the second time in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second time in quotes
+and then hello world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hello world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hello world
+so what do we get if we follow those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get if we follow those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get if we follow those
+that instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instruction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get
+hello world and then hello world again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello world and then hello world again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello world and then hello world again
+now in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+hopefully not too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not too bad
+but now i'm one step away for doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm one step away for doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm one step away for doing the
+implementation of the self-reproducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the self-reproducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the self-reproducing
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+in english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write the following twice the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice the second
+time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in
+quotes and then in quotes the same text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now following those instructions you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+write the following twice the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice the second
+time in quotes so that comes out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in quotes so that comes out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in quotes so that comes out here
+and the second time you put it in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second time you put it in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second time you put it in quotes
+just like you did with the hello world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you did with the hello world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you did with the hello world
+but that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+the output is exactly what the input was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is exactly what the input was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is exactly what the input was
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there's you know even though there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know even though there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know even though there is a
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the
+sentence here which refers to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here which refers to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here which refers to a
+different part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part
+so here the the the first part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the the the first part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the the the first part is
+referring to the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to the second part
+never do i have to have the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do i have to have the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do i have to have the sense
+referring to its entirety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to its entirety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to its entirety
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+there's no part of the sentence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no part of the sentence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no part of the sentence here
+that's pointing at the entire sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pointing at the entire sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pointing at the entire sentence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so uh this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this here
+manages to get the effect that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to get the effect that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to get the effect that i'm
+looking for where the output is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for where the output is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for where the output is equal to
+the the code um but doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the code um but doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the code um but doesn't have the
+avoids having the self-reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids having the self-reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoids having the self-reference
+is in so it's one thing is referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in so it's one thing is referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in so it's one thing is referring to
+something else but not referring back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but not referring back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but not referring back to
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so uh let me just see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh let me just see here
+so here is sort of i'm sort of i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is sort of i'm sort of i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is sort of i'm sort of i'm gonna
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+check in on this uh in a minute so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in on this uh in a minute so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in on this uh in a minute so i'm
+gonna try to contrast what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to contrast what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to contrast what's happening
+here with what's happening in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with what's happening in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with what's happening in that
+turing machine itself that i had from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine itself that i had from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine itself that i had from
+the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide
+okay so a bunch of mulders over and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a bunch of mulders over and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a bunch of mulders over and i'm
+going to give you a check in to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a check in to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a check in to see
+this is a little bit of a challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of a challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of a challenging
+check-in um but let's see if you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in um but let's see if you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in um but let's see if you can uh
+figure weight your way through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and basically it says so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically it says so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and basically it says so that
+really what we're doing here is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're doing here is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're doing here is called
+the recursion theorem as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursion theorem as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursion theorem as you'll see
+we'll actually present the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually present the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually present the recursion
+theorem formally on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem formally on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem formally on the next slide
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+in both of these cases we we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these cases we we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these cases we we kind of
+have a template part and an action part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a template part and an action part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a template part and an action part
+both in both cases we have there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in both cases we have there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in both cases we have there are two
+parts to the instructions the template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to the instructions the template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to the instructions the template
+and the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the action
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i'm going to leave it to you to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave it to you to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave it to you to try to
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+which of those which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those which is which
+in each of these two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these two examples
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then i'm going to ask you to pick um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to ask you to pick um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to ask you to pick um
+in the turing machine which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the turing machine which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the turing machine which is the
+action which is a template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which is a template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action which is a template
+and in the sentence which is the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the sentence which is the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the sentence which is the action
+and which is the template the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is the template the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is the template the action is
+the part that uh where there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that uh where there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that uh where there's some
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+stuff instructional stuff happening that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff instructional stuff happening that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff instructional stuff happening that
+you have to carry out the template is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to carry out the template is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to carry out the template is
+really basically just text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basically just text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basically just text
+or just code just just uh just a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just code just just uh just a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just code just just uh just a string
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let me uh pull up that poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh pull up that poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh pull up that poll
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+see what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because i'm asking you now to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm asking you now to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm asking you now to to
+indicate where is the action part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate where is the action part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate where is the action part in
+both of those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the upper phrase and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the upper phrase and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the upper phrase and lower
+phrase i mean of the sentence here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase i mean of the sentence here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase i mean of the sentence here so
+write the following twice this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the following twice this is the
+upper phrase and the part in quotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper phrase and the part in quotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper phrase and the part in quotations
+is the lower phrase sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay almost done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a few of you have not answered yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you have not answered yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of you have not answered yet
+answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one second to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second to go
+okay here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go
+ending polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the uh the majority here is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the majority here is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the majority here is correct
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know in i would say in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in i would say in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in i would say in the um
+english sentence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english sentence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english sentence here
+uh the action part is the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the action part is the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the action part is the first part
+that's where you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you actually have
+being directed to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being directed to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being directed to do something
+the second half of the sentence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the sentence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the sentence the
+lower part of the sentence is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower part of the sentence is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower part of the sentence is just a
+template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template
+written you know this is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written you know this is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written you know this is just some
+string here there's no action really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here there's no action really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here there's no action really
+being directed it happens to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being directed it happens to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being directed it happens to be the same
+as the top but this could have been just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the top but this could have been just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the top but this could have been just
+hello world this could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello world this could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello world this could have been
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+and then the upper part acts on that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the upper part acts on that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the upper part acts on that so
+the upper part is the action part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper part is the action part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper part is the action part so
+it's the upper phrase that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the upper phrase that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the upper phrase that's the
+relevant part now in the turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant part now in the turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant part now in the turing machine
+it's kind of the uh in a sense it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the uh in a sense it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the uh in a sense it's the
+other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around
+the first part is really just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is really just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part is really just the
+template this the second part b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template this the second part b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template this the second part b
+is is where you're doing some actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is where you're doing some actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is where you're doing some actually
+work on the template um you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the template um you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the template um you're taking
+that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh
+basically text which could be anything a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically text which could be anything a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically text which could be anything a
+could be anything and your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything and your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anything and your um
+uh uh figure take looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh figure take looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh figure take looking at that
+template and reconstructing what a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and reconstructing what a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template and reconstructing what a was
+from the from that uh string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from that uh string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from that uh string that
+appears on the tape so b is actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the tape so b is actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears on the tape so b is actually one
+the one that's doing the work so it's b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's doing the work so it's b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that's doing the work so it's b
+and the upper phrase that's part c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper phrase that's part c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper phrase that's part c is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so let us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let us uh
+continue then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue then um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+i want to mention here problem six on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to mention here problem six on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to mention here problem six on
+the pset um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pset um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pset um
+so you know your job really is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know your job really is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know your job really is to
+implement this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this in
+you know if you have a programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have a programming
+language and you lot that you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and you lot that you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and you lot that you like you
+can you you can it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you can it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you can it could be
+python or whatever your favorite java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python or whatever your favorite java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python or whatever your favorite java
+whatever you like you can implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you like you can implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you like you can implement this
+if you don't know any programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know any programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know any programming
+languages then just make up some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages then just make up some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages then just make up some sort of
+pseudo programming language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo programming language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo programming language and
+implement it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it there
+let me point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me point out that
+um getting the quoting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um getting the quoting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um getting the quoting right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it is a bit of a pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a bit of a pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a bit of a pain
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because you have to kind of escape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to kind of escape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to kind of escape the
+quotes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and so on
+i'm not going to be fussy about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be fussy about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to be fussy about that so
+you can still get full credit even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still get full credit even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still get full credit even if
+you don't get the quoting part quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get the quoting part quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get the quoting part quite
+correct do your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct do your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct do your best
+um i think it's an interesting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think it's an interesting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think it's an interesting problem
+uh to try to solve and if you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to try to solve and if you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to try to solve and if you you know
+if you struggle with it for a while um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you struggle with it for a while um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you struggle with it for a while um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you know it's slippery it's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's slippery it's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's slippery it's the kind of
+thing you have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to you know
+uh you can easily spend a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can easily spend a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can easily spend a couple of
+hours on this problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours on this problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours on this problem uh
+because it's uh it's it's it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh it's it's it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh it's it's it's a bit
+tricky to manage to make a program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to manage to make a program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to manage to make a program which
+prints itself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints itself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints itself out
+which is what the task of problem six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what the task of problem six is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what the task of problem six is
+on this on the pset but don't fuss about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this on the pset but don't fuss about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this on the pset but don't fuss about
+too much on the quoting if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much on the quoting if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much on the quoting if that's the
+only thing that's hanging you up try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that's hanging you up try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that's hanging you up try to
+get the main structure of it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the main structure of it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the main structure of it which is
+fairly simple actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple actually um
+and if you can't get the quoting part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can't get the quoting part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can't get the quoting part to
+work you know i'll ask the graders not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know i'll ask the graders not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know i'll ask the graders not
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+penalize you for that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize you for that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize you for that part
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's let let's then look at the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's then look at the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's then look at the sort of
+the more formal version of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more formal version of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more formal version of what we've
+just done and really kind of also taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just done and really kind of also taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just done and really kind of also taking
+it to the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the next level
+because being able to print out a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because being able to print out a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because being able to print out a copy
+of yourself is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourself is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourself is um
+is kind of a curiosity in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a curiosity in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a curiosity in a way
+but you know the recursion theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the recursion theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the recursion theorem says
+not only can you make a machine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can you make a machine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can you make a machine which
+prints out a copy of itself but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints out a copy of itself but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints out a copy of itself but you can
+actually make a machine which can obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a machine which can obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a machine which can obtain
+a copy of itself and then do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of itself and then do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of itself and then do some
+computation on that copy of itself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on that copy of itself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on that copy of itself that
+on the on its own description which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on its own description which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on its own description which
+actually turns out to be a useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be a useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be a useful thing
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+uh once you have access to your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have access to your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have access to your own
+description as we'll see from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description as we'll see from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description as we'll see from some
+examples then you can do some perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples then you can do some perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples then you can do some perhaps
+some interesting things with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting things with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting things with that
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so basically what what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what what what the
+recursion theorem is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem is a kind of a
+compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler
+it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to
+have a new primitive when you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new primitive when you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new primitive when you're writing
+turing machines which is compute your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines which is compute your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines which is compute your
+own description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own description
+and the recursion theorem will implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recursion theorem will implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recursion theorem will implement
+that for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the technical form of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the technical form of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the technical form of the um
+recursion theorem is going to look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem is going to look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem is going to look a
+little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counterintuitive perhaps uh let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive perhaps uh let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive perhaps uh let me put
+it out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out there
+if you if you struggle with a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you struggle with a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you struggle with a little bit
+with the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the slide
+don't sweat it the main thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sweat it the main thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sweat it the main thing to
+remember and we'll see from examples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and we'll see from examples is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and we'll see from examples is
+that you can compute your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compute your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can compute your own
+description uh in a turing machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh in a turing machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh in a turing machine and
+that's going to be allowed as code um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be allowed as code um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be allowed as code um
+okay so what the way we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what the way we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what the way we're going to do
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the what the recursion theorem does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the recursion theorem does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the recursion theorem does for
+you is it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is it says
+um you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can write
+a piece of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of code
+here let's call it piece of turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's call it piece of turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's call it piece of turing
+machine code uh algorithm algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code uh algorithm algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code uh algorithm algorithmic
+code called t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code called t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code called t
+and t is going to get transformed into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t is going to get transformed into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t is going to get transformed into a
+new machine r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new machine r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new machine r
+and r is going to get provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a copy of the program itself which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of the program itself which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of the program itself which is
+just a description of r for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a description of r for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a description of r for free
+but otherwise it's going to act exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise it's going to act exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but otherwise it's going to act exactly
+like t so r is going to act exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like t so r is going to act exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like t so r is going to act exactly like
+t except r is going to have provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t except r is going to have provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t except r is going to have provided
+a copy of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of r
+and that's what the theorem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the theorem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the theorem uh
+shows you how to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you how to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you how to implement
+so let me let me just see so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me just see so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me just see so for any
+machine t there is a machine r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine t there is a machine r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine t there is a machine r
+which for any w which is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for any w which is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for any w which is going to be the
+input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to
+the input for r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input for r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input for r
+uh r on w operates the same as t on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r on w operates the same as t on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r on w operates the same as t on the
+input with w where it's given where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input with w where it's given where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input with w where it's given where it's
+given r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given r
+so r is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r is going to be
+getting access to r without um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting access to r without um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting access to r without um it's
+going to be configuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be configuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be configuring
+obtaining r by by calculating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining r by by calculating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining r by by calculating it
+maybe it'll be clear from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'll be clear from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'll be clear from the from the
+proof uh i always struggle with how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh i always struggle with how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh i always struggle with how to
+explain this clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this clearly
+so now the proof of this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the proof of this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the proof of this is going to be
+very much like the proof uh from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the proof uh from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the proof uh from two
+slides back uh except there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides back uh except there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides back uh except there's going to
+be three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three parts
+there's the the part t that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the part t that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the part t that you're going
+to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide
+and the t is going to be the turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t is going to be the turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t is going to be the turing
+machine code that says get your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code that says get your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine code that says get your own
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+um and you don't have to worry about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't have to worry about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't have to worry about how
+that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the compiler is going to add on the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler is going to add on the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler is going to add on the a
+and b parts which is going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b parts which is going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b parts which is going to get the
+whole description of the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole description of the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole description of the whole thing
+which is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is r
+and feed it into t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feed it into t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feed it into t
+as if t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if t
+you know uh t had it as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh t had it as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh t had it as an input
+so it's t is going to be allowed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's t is going to be allowed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's t is going to be allowed to get
+its own description now and operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own description now and operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own description now and operate on
+now opera it does its thing you know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now opera it does its thing you know on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now opera it does its thing you know on
+the input w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input w
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the way it's going to work so t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way it's going to work so t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way it's going to work so t is
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a is going to be as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be as before
+the description of b now with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of b now with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of b now with t
+so when a i when a is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a i when a is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when a i when a is done
+it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+produce bt sitting on the tape next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce bt sitting on the tape next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce bt sitting on the tape next to
+the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+b is going to now figure out what a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is going to now figure out what a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is going to now figure out what a was
+from the bt sitting on the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then it's going to combine that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to combine that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to combine that to
+get abt which is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get abt which is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get abt which is r
+and after that it passes control to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that it passes control to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that it passes control to t
+um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with
+with w and now r sitting on the tape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with w and now r sitting on the tape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with w and now r sitting on the tape and
+now t the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now t the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now t the
+t is going to have its own description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is going to have its own description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is going to have its own description
+but don't forget now t has been modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't forget now t has been modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't forget now t has been modified
+to be r so it's not that t is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be r so it's not that t is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be r so it's not that t is going to
+get t on the tape it's going to for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get t on the tape it's going to for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get t on the tape it's going to for this
+to make sense this is this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense this is this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sense this is this is going to
+be now the new machine r and r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now the new machine r and r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be now the new machine r and r is
+getting is appears on the tape and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is appears on the tape and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is appears on the tape and now
+the code that you provided t is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that you provided t is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that you provided t is going to
+get is going to be now going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is going to be now going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is going to be now going to get to
+operate on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if you didn't get that i'm not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't get that i'm not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't get that i'm not so
+i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not
+uh worried um the main thing is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh worried um the main thing is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh worried um the main thing is that you
+can use compute your own description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use compute your own description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use compute your own description
+when you're describing turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're describing turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're describing turing machines
+that's what this uh thing is uh telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this uh thing is uh telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this uh thing is uh telling
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it'll be
+oh there's a check in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a check in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a check in here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i don't know
+let's let's do this one kind of quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do this one kind of quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's do this one kind of quickly
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+can we use the recursion theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use the recursion theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use the recursion theorem to
+design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a
+machine t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine t
+which instead of producing its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which instead of producing its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which instead of producing its own
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+recognizer recognizes accepts only only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer recognizes accepts only only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer recognizes accepts only only
+its own description as an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own description as an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own description as an input
+so the the language of this machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the language of this machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the language of this machine is
+going to be simply the one string the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be simply the one string the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be simply the one string the
+description of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can we make it a machine t which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we make it a machine t which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we make it a machine t which
+does this no i and now i'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this no i and now i'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this no i and now i'm looking at
+this checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this checking
+this t here is confusing with that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this t here is confusing with that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this t here is confusing with that t
+it's not the same t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same t
+that's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad
+um i should call it m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i should call it m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i should call it m
+design a machine m where l of m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a machine m where l of m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a machine m where l of m is the
+description of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of m
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and can we use the recursion theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can we use the recursion theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can we use the recursion theorem to
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+you know what i would ask you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i would ask you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what i would ask you to do is
+think about it in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in this context
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+compute your own description when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute your own description when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute your own description when you're
+writing the code for this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the code for this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the code for this machine
+if you could do that could you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could do that could you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could do that could you make a
+machine which just accepts strings which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which just accepts strings which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which just accepts strings which
+happen to be their own description this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be their own description this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be their own description this
+is supposed to be easy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be easy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be easy but
+i think it ended up being a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it ended up being a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it ended up being a little bit
+more complicated than i wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than i wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than i wanted
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay launch polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay launch polling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay launch polling
+make your best guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your best guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your best guess
+i think you will kind of see i was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you will kind of see i was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you will kind of see i was kind
+of leading you leading you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leading you leading you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leading you leading you
+leading you uh along the path here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading you uh along the path here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading you uh along the path here
+yes so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so uh
+i think you're pretty much all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're pretty much all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're pretty much all are
+getting it maybe a few of you are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it maybe a few of you are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it maybe a few of you are uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+unsure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsure
+um but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway
+let's just wrap this one up quickly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just wrap this one up quickly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just wrap this one up quickly uh
+so that we can move on i think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can move on i think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can move on i think you're
+pretty much so five seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much so five seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much so five seconds
+i'm going to end it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the correct answer is yes as i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the correct answer is yes as i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the correct answer is yes as i was
+hinting at so let's uh i think maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinting at so let's uh i think maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinting at so let's uh i think maybe
+this example would have been better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example would have been better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example would have been better
+after the next example and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the next example and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the next example and then we're
+going to have a break um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is a new proof that atm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a new proof that atm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a new proof that atm is
+undecidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable
+but now using the recursion theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now using the recursion theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now using the recursion theorem
+and this is going to give you a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to give you a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to give you a nice
+example of how we use the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how we use the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how we use the recursion
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action
+okay so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember
+we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent
+you know half a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half a lecture
+or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more
+with a proof by diagonalization as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proof by diagonalization as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a proof by diagonalization as our
+first example of an undecidable problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example of an undecidable problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example of an undecidable problem
+atm we you know subsequently showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atm we you know subsequently showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atm we you know subsequently showed
+other things undecidable by re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things undecidable by re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things undecidable by re
+uh by reduction but for the first very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by reduction but for the first very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by reduction but for the first very
+first example we use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example we use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example we use that
+diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization
+um now i'm going to give you a new proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so proof by contradiction assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so proof by contradiction assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so proof by contradiction assume we
+have a turing machine that decides h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a turing machine that decides h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a turing machine that decides h
+that decides atm it starts the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decides atm it starts the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decides atm it starts the same way
+that the diagonalization proof went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diagonalization proof went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diagonalization proof went
+but now i'm going to make a new a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm going to make a new a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm going to make a new a
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+called r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called r
+so this is going to be diff this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be diff this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be diff this is
+different from the earlier perf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the earlier perf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the earlier perf
+r says on input w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r says on input w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r says on input w
+i get my own description use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get my own description use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get my own description use the
+recursion theorem that's the way these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem that's the way these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem that's the way these
+things always start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always start
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i'm going to use h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use h
+now that i know my just my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i know my just my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i know my just my own
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+i'm going to feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can ask h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can ask h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can ask h
+i can feed rw w was the input here i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can feed rw w was the input here i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can feed rw w was the input here i can
+feed rw into h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed rw into h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed rw into h
+to determine whether r accepts w that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether r accepts w that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine whether r accepts w that's
+what h does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what h does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what h does
+h will tell solving atm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h will tell solving atm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h will tell solving atm
+h will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h will tell
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this tell this machine whether r accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell this machine whether r accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tell this machine whether r accepts
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+r is the machine we're writing however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is the machine we're writing however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is the machine we're writing however
+that is the machine that that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the machine that that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the machine that that is the
+machine where we're currently uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where we're currently uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where we're currently uh that's
+currently running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently running
+so h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h
+uh r now uses h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r now uses h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh r now uses h
+and it knows what it's supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it knows what it's supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it knows what it's supposed to do
+h is going to say well you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is going to say well you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is going to say well you're going to
+accept w or you're not going to accept w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept w or you're not going to accept w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept w or you're not going to accept w
+that's what h is assumed to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what h is assumed to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what h is assumed to be able to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+but then what a what is r going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what a what is r going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what a what is r going to do
+after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+r is going to do the opposite of what h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is going to do the opposite of what h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is going to do the opposite of what h
+says it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's going to do
+so if r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if r
+h says r accepts w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h says r accepts w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h says r accepts w
+then r is going to reject w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then r is going to reject w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then r is going to reject w
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+h says r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h says r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h says r
+doesn't accept w it you know rejects it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accept w it you know rejects it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accept w it you know rejects it
+by looping or whole thing doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looping or whole thing doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looping or whole thing doesn't matter
+h just says it rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h just says it rejects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h just says it rejects
+then uh r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh r
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+you know um it's just going to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um it's just going to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um it's just going to accept
+so whatever h says r is going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever h says r is going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever h says r is going to show
+that h is wrong so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h is wrong so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that h is wrong so that's a
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+it says that h cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that h cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that h cannot be
+um deciding atm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deciding atm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um deciding atm
+so you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you
+step back and think about what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and think about what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and think about what this is
+here that's that whole diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's that whole diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's that whole diagonalization
+proof you know in in in one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof you know in in in one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof you know in in in one line
+basically we've done that proof uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've done that proof uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we've done that proof uh in a
+different way though there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way though there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way though there is some
+similarity here i don't want to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity here i don't want to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity here i don't want to say this
+we've totally reinvented things and done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've totally reinvented things and done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've totally reinvented things and done
+it totally differently but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it totally differently but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it totally differently but it's kind of
+in some ways sort of gets at the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways sort of gets at the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways sort of gets at the essence
+of the diagonalization in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagonalization in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagonalization in a certain
+sense um but anyway it gives you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but anyway it gives you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but anyway it gives you kind of
+a new very short proof that atm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new very short proof that atm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new very short proof that atm is
+undecidable so i think that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable so i think that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable so i think that's kind of a
+cool thing um so why don't we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing um so why don't we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing um so why don't we um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+take our little coffee break here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our little coffee break here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our little coffee break here and
+you can feel free to ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel free to ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel free to ask questions
+during the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the break
+um i will start my timer going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this will be back continuing lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be back continuing lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be back continuing lecture
+in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so questions so we're getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so questions so we're getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so questions so we're getting some
+questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on
+when i said we don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i said we don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i said we don't have to worry about
+the quotes um when we're making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotes um when we're making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotes um when we're making the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+solving uh problem six on the pset uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh problem six on the pset uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh problem six on the pset uh
+somebody says can we just say print abc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says can we just say print abc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says can we just say print abc
+instead of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of uh
+print quote abc and it'll print abc yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print quote abc and it'll print abc yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print quote abc and it'll print abc yes
+you can don't worry about the quotes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can don't worry about the quotes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can don't worry about the quotes if
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+uh i think it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think it's kind of
+you'll see a challenge if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a challenge if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a challenge if you want to
+try to make get the quotes to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make get the quotes to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make get the quotes to work but
+it's also kind of a pain so um yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also kind of a pain so um yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also kind of a pain so um yeah you
+can just kind of ignore the quotes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just kind of ignore the quotes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just kind of ignore the quotes and
+i'll ask the graders to to mark that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll ask the graders to to mark that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll ask the graders to to mark that to
+mark that for marks there so don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark that for marks there so don't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark that for marks there so don't uh
+that that's any reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's any reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's any reasonable
+interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation
+will as long as you get the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as long as you get the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will as long as you get the rest of the
+concept right we'll be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right we'll be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right we'll be fine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see uh
+somebody is asking in the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is asking in the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is asking in the recursion
+theorem why doesn't t get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem why doesn't t get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem why doesn't t get the
+description of t instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of t instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of t instead of the
+description of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of r
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we're producing the machine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're producing the machine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're producing the machine that's
+running is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running is r
+back uh back in the previous uh slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh back in the previous uh slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh back in the previous uh slide
+two slides ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides ago
+so if i if r got t it would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i if r got t it would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i if r got t it would not be
+getting its own description be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting its own description be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting its own description be getting
+the description of some other machine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of some other machine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of some other machine so
+you need to think about what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to think about what what we
+actually need to have happen here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to have happen here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to have happen here in the
+proof of the recursion theorem but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the recursion theorem but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the recursion theorem but it
+needs to have r not t um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have r not t um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have r not t um
+uh let's just see if i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just see if i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just see if i can
+why does r do the opposite of what h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does r do the opposite of what h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does r do the opposite of what h
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does r do the opposite of what says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does r do the opposite of what says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does r do the opposite of what says
+well first of all i'm i'm the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all i'm i'm the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all i'm i'm the one who
+gets to design r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to design r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to design r
+so here's the co arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the co arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the co arc
+you know we're assuming we have h i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're assuming we have h i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're assuming we have h i'm
+going to design r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to design r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to design r
+to do uh anything i want to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh anything i want to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh anything i want to satisfy the
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+and r here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r here is
+designed to do the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to do the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to do the the um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the opposite of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of h
+so i'm asking r i'm programming r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm asking r i'm programming r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm asking r i'm programming r
+to find out what it's what h predicts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what it's what h predicts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what it's what h predicts it
+will do and then do the opposite you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do and then do the opposite you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do and then do the opposite you
+know you know i maybe the situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know i maybe the situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know i maybe the situation is
+sort of uh like this suppose um somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh like this suppose um somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh like this suppose um somebody
+says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh
+um you know i have a crystal ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i have a crystal ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know i have a crystal ball
+which is going to be like the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be like the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be like the role of
+age he said oh really that's that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age he said oh really that's that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age he said oh really that's that's kind
+of cool um i don't believe you but uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool um i don't believe you but uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool um i don't believe you but uh it
+still sounds interesting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sounds interesting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sounds interesting um
+and the person says yeah i can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person says yeah i can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person says yeah i can see the
+future um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um
+uh i you know i know what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i you know i know what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i you know i know what you're going
+to do in five minutes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in five minutes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in five minutes um
+uh and in fact i i i can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact i i i can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact i i i can see
+that in five minutes you're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in five minutes you're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in five minutes you're gonna say
+uh hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hello
+and you can say well you know well i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say well you know well i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say well you know well i'm
+you can think to yourself well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think to yourself well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think to yourself well this
+person is nuts i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is nuts i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is nuts i'm not going to
+do that i'm just not going to say hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that i'm just not going to say hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that i'm just not going to say hello
+and then you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the
+the genie there with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genie there with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genie there with the with the
+crystal ball you know waits five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal ball you know waits five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal ball you know waits five minutes
+and you don't say hello and then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't say hello and then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't say hello and then you've
+proven that the crystal ball doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that the crystal ball doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven that the crystal ball doesn't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+it's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i'm not going to explain how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not going to explain how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not going to explain how we can
+do the combining itself that's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the combining itself that's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the combining itself that's just it's
+you know it i'm i just want to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it i'm i just want to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it i'm i just want to explain
+at a high level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high level uh
+that's just going to be messy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be messy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be messy so
+because i said we're somehow going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i said we're somehow going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i said we're somehow going to
+combine and self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine and self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine and self
+let me leave that as a conceptual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave that as a conceptual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave that as a conceptual level
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay how does this idea work for turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does this idea work for turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does this idea work for turing
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+i don't really understand that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really understand that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really understand that question
+how does this work idea work for turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this work idea work for turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this work idea work for turing
+machines are decidable you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are decidable you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are decidable you'll have to
+resend that because i don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resend that because i don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resend that because i don't understand
+the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can i explain use your own description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i explain use your own description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i explain use your own description
+so when i when you write code that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i when you write code that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i when you write code that says
+get your own description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your own description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your own description
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+after that code executes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that code executes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that code executes
+the turing machine has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine has
+a appears on the tape like magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a appears on the tape like magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a appears on the tape like magic
+um the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the description of
+its own code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own code
+you say sitting next to the input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say sitting next to the input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say sitting next to the input to the
+machine if because the machine may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine if because the machine may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine if because the machine may have
+an is separate input from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an is separate input from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an is separate input from that
+so the machine just magically gets its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the machine just magically gets its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the machine just magically gets its
+own code and the the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own code and the the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own code and the the proof of the
+recursion theorem implements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem implements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem implements that
+so it's not magic after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not magic after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not magic after all
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i still don't understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still don't understand the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still don't understand the question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for problem six is it enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for problem six is it enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for problem six is it enough to
+attach code if you're yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach code if you're yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach code if you're yeah you can
+attach code for problem set six problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach code for problem set six problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach code for problem set six problem
+six um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+that's that's good enough and or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's good enough and or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's good enough and or if you
+can explain it's also good well you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain it's also good well you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain it's also good well you like
+usual do we worry about tabs and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual do we worry about tabs and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual do we worry about tabs and new
+lines no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines no
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay we're gonna have to defer the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna have to defer the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna have to defer the rest
+of the questions don't forget we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions don't forget we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the questions don't forget we have a
+zillion questions here which i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion questions here which i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion questions here which i didn't
+get to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay last last one here why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last last one here why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last last one here why does
+programming artist do the opposite of h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming artist do the opposite of h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming artist do the opposite of h
+is that a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a contradiction
+well h is predicting that r accepts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well h is predicting that r accepts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well h is predicting that r accepts but
+r doesn't accept so h is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r doesn't accept so h is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r doesn't accept so h is wrong
+we're a little short on time let me skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little short on time let me skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little short on time let me skip
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+uh you can look at this on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can look at this on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can look at this on your own
+i mean this is proving sort of the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is proving sort of the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is proving sort of the cool
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+that if you have a i'll just say a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a i'll just say a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a i'll just say a high
+level if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you have a
+a program transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program transformation
+so if i have some method of transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have some method of transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have some method of transforming
+one program to another program but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one program to another program but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one program to another program but it's
+done by algorithm so an algorithmic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by algorithm so an algorithmic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by algorithm so an algorithmic way
+that transforms one program to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transforms one program to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transforms one program to another
+program there's always going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program there's always going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program there's always going to be some
+program whose behavior is unchanged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program whose behavior is unchanged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program whose behavior is unchanged by
+the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation
+that's called the fixed point theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the fixed point theorem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the fixed point theorem um
+so there's some program whose behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some program whose behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some program whose behavior
+doesn't change no matter how you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change no matter how you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change no matter how you try to
+transform programs easy proof using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform programs easy proof using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform programs easy proof using the
+recursion theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem um
+you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can
+look at the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the slide
+offline separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline separately
+you know if you'd like to see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you'd like to see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you'd like to see how that
+goes it's pretty simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+here's another exercise uh from of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another exercise uh from of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another exercise uh from of the
+recursion theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if i have a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's say a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a turing machine is minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine is minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turing machine is minimal
+if um its description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um its description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um its description
+is the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shortest
+among all turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among all turing machines
+which behave the way it does which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which behave the way it does which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which behave the way it does which were
+equivalent to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+when i was an undergraduate we had to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was an undergraduate we had to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was an undergraduate we had to uh
+you know we had i took a programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had i took a programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had i took a programming
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and some of us sort of enjoyed writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of us sort of enjoyed writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of us sort of enjoyed writing
+short programs to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short programs to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short programs to uh
+uh to carry out the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to carry out the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to carry out the exercises
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know probably these days that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably these days that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know probably these days that's
+forbidden because it just encourages bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden because it just encourages bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden because it just encourages bad
+programming style but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming style but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming style but anyway
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh you know you kind of won if you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you kind of won if you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you kind of won if you found
+the shortest solution for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest solution for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest solution for a given
+programming exercise you know it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming exercise you know it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming exercise you know it was
+heap sword i remember it was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap sword i remember it was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heap sword i remember it was one of the
+ones that we had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we had to do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know this is sort of similar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of similar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of similar you
+know you might you might imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might you might imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might you might imagine if
+people try to find the shortest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to find the shortest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to find the shortest possible
+universal turing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal turing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal turing machine
+so shortest in our in our sense is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shortest in our in our sense is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so shortest in our in our sense is in
+terms of whatever encoding method we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whatever encoding method we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whatever encoding method we
+have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind
+a machine is minimal if there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine is minimal if there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine is minimal if there is no
+shorter program which does exactly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter program which does exactly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter program which does exactly has
+which is equivalent using our descript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent using our descript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equivalent using our descript
+using our encoding uh system whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our encoding uh system whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our encoding uh system whatever it
+is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+so anything m is minimal if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything m is minimal if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything m is minimal if anything
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that has a shorter description has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a shorter description has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a shorter description has a
+different language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different language
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so let's look at the uh collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the uh collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the uh collection
+um of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of all
+descriptions of minimal turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of minimal turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of minimal turing machines
+and i'm going to prove that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to prove that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to prove that that
+language is unrecognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is unrecognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is unrecognizable
+i'm going to do it using the recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do it using the recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do it using the recursion
+theorem it's kind of a cool exercise um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's kind of a cool exercise um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's kind of a cool exercise um
+and you can actually use it to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually use it to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually use it to prove
+something more powerful but but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more powerful but but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more powerful but but let's
+focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this
+this theorem for for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem for for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem for for now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+assume we have and it's also a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have and it's also a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have and it's also a little
+nice exercise about enumerators um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice exercise about enumerators um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice exercise about enumerators um i
+don't know how comfortable you ever got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how comfortable you ever got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how comfortable you ever got
+with the numerators but uh let's i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the numerators but uh let's i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the numerators but uh let's i'm
+trying to prove this language here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove this language here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove this language here is
+not recognizable and so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognizable and so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognizable and so remember
+enumerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerators
+you can enumerate exactly all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can enumerate exactly all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can enumerate exactly all the
+recognizable languages so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable languages so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable languages so i'm going to
+assume i have an enumerator for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume i have an enumerator for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume i have an enumerator for this
+language which just prints out all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which just prints out all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which just prints out all of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+minimal touring machines so i have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal touring machines so i have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal touring machines so i have in
+some enumerator it's a program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some enumerator it's a program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some enumerator it's a program that
+prints out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prints out
+the descriptions of all of the minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descriptions of all of the minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descriptions of all of the minimal
+the shortest possible turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest possible turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest possible turing machines
+and now i'm going to get a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to get a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to get a contradiction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to take build this turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take build this turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take build this turing
+machine r which gets its own description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine r which gets its own description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine r which gets its own description
+and then it's going to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's going to start the
+enumerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+so the it's not looking at the strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the it's not looking at the strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the it's not looking at the strings
+that the numerator produces so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numerator produces so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the numerator produces so this
+enumerator is producing these minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator is producing these minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator is producing these minimal
+touring machines one after the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines one after the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines one after the next
+chunk chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk chunk
+chunk all these minimal touring machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk all these minimal touring machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk all these minimal touring machines
+are coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out
+and you keep looking at those until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep looking at those until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep looking at those until you
+find one of them which is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one of them which is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one of them which is bigger than
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+and how do you know how big you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you know how big you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you know how big you are
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+from the description you're given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the description you're given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the description you're given by the
+recursion there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion there
+so you can't keep up printing out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't keep up printing out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't keep up printing out these
+uh turing machines until you find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turing machines until you find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turing machines until you find one
+that's bigger than yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than yourself
+and then what do you do with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do you do with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do you do with that you
+simulate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so
+so what well the point is is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what well the point is is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what well the point is is that you're
+going to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be smaller
+than that machine that you're simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that machine that you're simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that machine that you're simulating
+because you waited to find a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you waited to find a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you waited to find a machine
+that the enumerator produced which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the enumerator produced which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the enumerator produced which is
+bigger than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than you
+so you're going to assume you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to assume you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to assume you're going
+to be simulating that machine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be simulating that machine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be simulating that machine that's
+bigger than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than you
+and so you're going to be doing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're going to be doing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're going to be doing exactly
+what that machine does on every input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that machine does on every input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that machine does on every input
+because you're always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're always going to be
+simulating that same machine on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating that same machine on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating that same machine on every
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+and so you're going to be equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're going to be equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're going to be equivalent to
+that bigger machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bigger machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bigger machine
+but that bigger machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that bigger machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that bigger machine
+is supposed to be minimum because e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be minimum because e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be minimum because e is
+producing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing it
+but here you are exhibiting a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you are exhibiting a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you are exhibiting a machine
+that's smaller than that um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smaller than that um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's smaller than that um that's
+allegedly minimal machine it couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly minimal machine it couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegedly minimal machine it couldn't be
+minimal that's the contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the language of r this machine i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of r this machine i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of r this machine i just
+produced equals the language of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced equals the language of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced equals the language of b
+because rs ends up simulating b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rs ends up simulating b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because rs ends up simulating b
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but r is smaller than b because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but r is smaller than b because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but r is smaller than b because
+r waited until it found a bigger machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r waited until it found a bigger machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r waited until it found a bigger machine
+that's bigger than it so b couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than it so b couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than it so b couldn't be
+minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal
+but b was one of the machines that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but b was one of the machines that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but b was one of the machines that the
+enumerator produced that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator produced that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerator produced that's a
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh
+do a checking on this i i expect this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a checking on this i i expect this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a checking on this i i expect this is
+going to cause some of you heartburn but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause some of you heartburn but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause some of you heartburn but
+but let's let's do the best you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's let's do the best you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's let's do the best you can
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose i have this collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i have this collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i have this collection of
+minimal touring machines and i take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal touring machines and i take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal touring machines and i take some
+infinite subset of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subset of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subset of that
+so and now i'm not demanding that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and now i'm not demanding that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and now i'm not demanding that i have
+all of the minimal touring machines i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the minimal touring machines i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the minimal touring machines i
+just have infinitely many minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have infinitely many minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have infinitely many minimal
+touring machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machines
+is it possible that subset whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that subset whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that subset whatever it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+could be touring recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about that
+now you can you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can you can have
+languages which are not touring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which are not touring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which are not touring
+recognizable that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable that have
+infinite touring recognizable subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite touring recognizable subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite touring recognizable subsets
+could that be for this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and maybe i'll give you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will be helpful to you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be helpful to you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be helpful to you to understand
+and perhaps apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps apply
+the methodology that i gave you in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology that i gave you in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methodology that i gave you in this
+proof here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here
+and that might be helpful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can see
+you know this is not uh this one is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not uh this one is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not uh this one is is a
+bit of a struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's end it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's end it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's end it
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+two seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seconds
+just pick something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick something
+all right so the majority has the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the majority has the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the majority has the uh
+correct answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact
+this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+would still work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still work
+if uh the enumerator was enumerating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the enumerator was enumerating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the enumerator was enumerating an
+infinite subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subset
+of minimal turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minimal turing machines
+because all you need is to wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you need is to wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you need is to wait until
+one that's bigger than your appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's bigger than your appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's bigger than your appears
+and that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know
+all that r needs to do is wait until one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that r needs to do is wait until one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that r needs to do is wait until one
+that's bigger than r appears which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than r appears which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than r appears which will
+certainly happen eventually if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly happen eventually if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly happen eventually if the
+subset is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset is infinite
+and then r simulates that that simulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then r simulates that that simulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then r simulates that that simulates
+that bigger machine and acts the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bigger machine and acts the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bigger machine and acts the same
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+thereby proving it could not be minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby proving it could not be minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby proving it could not be minimal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's exactly the same proof shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly the same proof shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly the same proof shows
+that the answer here is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer here is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer here is no
+um and it's a kind of a curiosity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a kind of a curiosity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a kind of a curiosity it's
+not necessarily that easy to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily that easy to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily that easy to construct
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+which not only are they not recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not only are they not recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not only are they not recognizable
+but they have no recognizable subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have no recognizable subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have no recognizable subsets
+infinite subsets obviously a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsets obviously a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsets obviously a finite
+subset is going to be recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset is going to be recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset is going to be recognizable
+because it would be decidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be decidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be decidable
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+okay so let's anyway let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other applications
+so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a real world application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+somebody's asking for an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking for an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's asking for an example
+of a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a language
+uh of a recognizable uh subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a recognizable uh subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of a recognizable uh subset
+of a non-recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-recognizable
+language so starting out with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so starting out with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so starting out with something
+which is not recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not recognizable
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what can we come up with a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we come up with a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we come up with a quick
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+um i don't know if this will help you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't know if this will help you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't know if this will help you so
+i the question is can i give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i the question is can i give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i the question is can i give an example
+of a non-recognizable language that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-recognizable language that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-recognizable language that has
+a recognizable subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recognizable subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recognizable subset
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+i didn't prepare this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't prepare this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't prepare this but
+let me see if this is uh helps helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if this is uh helps helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if this is uh helps helps you
+know so let's take atm complement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let's take atm complement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let's take atm complement we
+already showed that atm complement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already showed that atm complement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already showed that atm complement is
+not recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not recognizable
+right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are
+the the sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sets of
+pairs m and w where m does not accept w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if i focus only on those m's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i focus only on those m's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i focus only on those m's
+which are finite automata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are finite automata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are finite automata
+which are a subclass of turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a subclass of turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a subclass of turing machines
+then i can get the answer for those m's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the infinitely many cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the infinitely many cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the infinitely many cases where
+the turing machine never writes on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine never writes on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turing machine never writes on its
+tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape
+i can it's even becomes decidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i don't know if that's helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't know if that's helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't know if that's helpful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but uh you can definitely find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you can definitely find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you can definitely find
+cases where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where there are
+undecidable languages that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable languages that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidable languages that have
+decidable subsets unrecognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decidable subsets unrecognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decidable subsets unrecognizable
+languages that have recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have recognizable
+infinite subsets um but there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsets um but there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite subsets um but there's one
+example where it's not true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where it's not true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where it's not true in the
+previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a lot of questions coming up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm seeing some other proposals here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm seeing some other proposals here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm seeing some other proposals here
+if you take atm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take atm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take atm
+complement and you union it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and you union it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and you union it with
+just any all strings of ones just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any all strings of ones just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any all strings of ones just one
+star assuming that one star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star assuming that one star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star assuming that one star
+just strings the ones they're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just strings the ones they're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just strings the ones they're never
+going to code for a turing machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to code for a turing machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to code for a turing machine um
+that's still going to be unrecognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going to be unrecognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still going to be unrecognizable
+but then you can just throw away all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you can just throw away all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you can just throw away all of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+those just strings of ones and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those just strings of ones and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those just strings of ones and you're
+going to get an infinite subset oh wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an infinite subset oh wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an infinite subset oh wait
+a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute
+still unrecognizable that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still unrecognizable that's not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still unrecognizable that's not good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh no yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no yeah
+i threw away the wrong stuff you throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i threw away the wrong stuff you throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i threw away the wrong stuff you throw
+away the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the um
+the descriptions of the turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descriptions of the turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descriptions of the turing machines
+and you just have the one star strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have the one star strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just have the one star strings
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+and so that becomes decidable even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that becomes decidable even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that becomes decidable even
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+anyway i think i'm not sure i'm helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i think i'm not sure i'm helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway i think i'm not sure i'm helping
+you uh let's move on to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh let's move on to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh let's move on to other
+applications so this is kind of a cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so this is kind of a cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so this is kind of a cure
+curious application um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious application um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious application um
+that actually is a real world where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is a real world where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is a real world where a
+machine might want to get a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine might want to get a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine might want to get a copy of
+itself and then do something perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then do something perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then do something perhaps
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+uh nefarious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nefarious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nefarious
+with that uh with a copy of its own code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh with a copy of its own code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that uh with a copy of its own code
+and that would be a computer virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computer viruses up to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer viruses up to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer viruses up to you know
+make copies of themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of themselves
+and then propagate them through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then propagate them through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then propagate them through the
+internet or whatever uh media you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet or whatever uh media you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet or whatever uh media you have
+to infect other computers and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infect other computers and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infect other computers and you know
+i'm sure we all know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure we all know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure we all know how
+you know about computer viruses um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about computer viruses um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about computer viruses um well
+i mean they need to get copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they need to get copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they need to get copies of
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+in order to do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that uh
+to do the infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the infection
+um how do they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do they do that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know many of them operate in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many of them operate in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many of them operate in a way
+where you know in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know in in a
+either in a language or or in a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in a language or or in a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in a language or or in a system
+where they can make reference to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can make reference to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can make reference to their
+own code either by looking at the um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own code either by looking at the um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own code either by looking at the um you
+know the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the uh the the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the machine code or whatever uh direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine code or whatever uh direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine code or whatever uh direct
+direct access to their own code there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access to their own code there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct access to their own code there
+are languages which allow and systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages which allow and systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are languages which allow and systems
+which allow for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow for that
+but i'm not an expert on computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not an expert on computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm not an expert on computer
+viruses i would be shocked if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses i would be shocked if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses i would be shocked if they're
+not some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not some other
+uh viruses that get access to their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh viruses that get access to their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh viruses that get access to their own
+code by using something um you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code by using something um you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code by using something um you know in
+the in the same s i using basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the same s i using basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the same s i using basically the
+method of the recursion theorem this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of the recursion theorem this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of the recursion theorem this you
+know i haven't done a systematic study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i haven't done a systematic study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i haven't done a systematic study
+but i'm sure if you can't access to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm sure if you can't access to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm sure if you can't access to your
+own code directly using some operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own code directly using some operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own code directly using some operating
+system uh mechanism some primitive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh mechanism some primitive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh mechanism some primitive the
+only other way is basically doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other way is basically doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other way is basically doing the
+method that we just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so another application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another application
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a branch of mathematics called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch of mathematics called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch of mathematics called
+mathematical logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where i imagine that many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i imagine that many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i imagine that many of you have
+heard of the work of girdle from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the work of girdle from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the work of girdle from the
+earlier part of the 20th century where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier part of the 20th century where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier part of the 20th century where
+they show that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show that um
+you can come up it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come up it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come up it's possible to
+demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate
+that there are true mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are true mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are true mathematical
+statements but which cannot be proven to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements but which cannot be proven to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements but which cannot be proven to
+be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proof
+uh there might some be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there might some be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there might some be something like
+maybe even you know questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even you know questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even you know questions of
+interest to us you know like the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to us you know like the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to us you know like the p
+versus np question which we will some at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus np question which we will some at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus np question which we will some at
+some point uh look at in in a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point uh look at in in a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point uh look at in in a few weeks
+um actually yeah maybe two or two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually yeah maybe two or two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually yeah maybe two or two two
+weeks from now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from now um
+many unsolved mathematical problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many unsolved mathematical problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many unsolved mathematical problems and
+you know people's wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people's wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people's wonder
+you know maybe there's just no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe there's just no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe there's just no way to
+prove them one way or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+in the 1930s when girl did his work he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s when girl did his work he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s when girl did his work he
+shocked the mathematical community by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked the mathematical community by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked the mathematical community by
+showing that there are truth that proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that there are truth that proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that there are truth that proof
+it does not work for everything there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not work for everything there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not work for everything there
+may be things that are true that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be things that are true that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be things that are true that you
+cannot prove um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot prove um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot prove um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know hilbert in particular you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hilbert in particular you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hilbert in particular you know
+from hilbert's 10th problem he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hilbert's 10th problem he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hilbert's 10th problem he was
+dismayed by this result uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismayed by this result uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismayed by this result uh
+because he believed that you know he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he believed that you know he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he believed that you know he had
+earlier believed that anything that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier believed that anything that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier believed that anything that was
+true you could prove um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you could prove um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you could prove um
+uh so anyway let's let's just see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so anyway let's let's just see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so anyway let's let's just see how
+let me i'm gonna sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me i'm gonna sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me i'm gonna sketch
+how we actually go about doing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually go about doing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually go about doing that um
+because we now have a kind of enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we now have a kind of enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we now have a kind of enough
+technique to at least give you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to at least give you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to at least give you an idea
+of how do you demonstrate that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how do you demonstrate that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how do you demonstrate that there are
+true but unprovable statements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but unprovable statements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but unprovable statements and
+actually even exhibit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay mathematical logic is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mathematical logic is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mathematical logic is the
+mathematical study of mathematics itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical study of mathematics itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical study of mathematics itself
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+girdle's first incompleteness theorem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girdle's first incompleteness theorem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girdle's first incompleteness theorem as
+we described is that in any reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described is that in any reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we described is that in any reasonable
+formal system of uh mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal system of uh mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal system of uh mathematical
+probability there are going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there are going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there are going to be some
+true statements that are not provable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true statements that are not provable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true statements that are not provable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and in order to sort of get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to sort of get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to sort of get this
+sketch of the proof i shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of the proof i shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of the proof i shouldn't say
+proof here we're gonna proof sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here we're gonna proof sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof here we're gonna proof sketch
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're gonna basically use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna basically use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna basically use two
+um properties of formal proof systems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties of formal proof systems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties of formal proof systems um
+one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that
+kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of obvious property that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious property that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious property that you would
+expect all provability systems to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect all provability systems to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect all provability systems to have
+is that you can only prove true things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can only prove true things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can only prove true things
+so if something is being proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something is being proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something is being proven
+it's going to be true you can't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be true you can't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be true you can't prove
+you can't prove anything false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't prove anything false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't prove anything false
+if you if you can prove false things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you can prove false things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you can prove false things
+your system of proof ability is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system of proof ability is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system of proof ability is bad
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the other thing is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is that um
+proofs are checkable by machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are checkable by machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are checkable by machine
+so if you write down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you write down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you write down your
+your do your system in a formal way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your do your system in a formal way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your do your system in a formal way and
+you have this formal notion of proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this formal notion of proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this formal notion of proofs
+which underlies all mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which underlies all mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which underlies all mathematical
+reasoning by the way this is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning by the way this is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning by the way this is completely
+well accepted both of these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well accepted both of these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well accepted both of these properties
+are accepted by mathematicians then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accepted by mathematicians then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accepted by mathematicians then in
+principle you can convert any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can convert any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can convert any
+mathematical proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical proof
+into a form that you can check it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a form that you can check it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a form that you can check it by
+computer it might become much longer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer it might become much longer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer it might become much longer but
+in principle you can put the proof into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you can put the proof into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you can put the proof into
+a form where uh um a computer could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form where uh um a computer could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form where uh um a computer could
+check the proof and the way we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the proof and the way we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the proof and the way we're going
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+uh frame that you know in the way we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frame that you know in the way we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frame that you know in the way we've
+been just talking about things is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been just talking about things is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been just talking about things is that
+the language of all pairs of proof comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of all pairs of proof comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of all pairs of proof comma
+statement being proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement being proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement being proved
+so where the pi is a proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where the pi is a proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where the pi is a proof of the
+statement fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement fee
+um that's a decidable thing so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a decidable thing so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a decidable thing so you can
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+by machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by machine
+whether pi is a valid proof of fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your your proof checker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your proof checker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your proof checker
+can say yes it's valid no not valid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say yes it's valid no not valid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say yes it's valid no not valid and
+that's something you can do by algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you can do by algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you can do by algorithm
+okay so those are the two assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the two assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the two assumptions
+that we're going to make about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to make about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to make about our
+system of proofs and that's all we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of proofs and that's all we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of proofs and that's all we're
+going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need
+um now the first conclusion which is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the first conclusion which is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the first conclusion which is i
+think you know a good sort of little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know a good sort of little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know a good sort of little bit
+exercise on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise on the on
+the kind of thinking we've been doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thinking we've been doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of thinking we've been doing in
+this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number two checkability implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two checkability implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two checkability implies that the
+set of provable statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of provable statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of provable statements
+is recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+suppose i give you a um a statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i give you a um a statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i give you a um a statement that
+has a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a proof
+a provable statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provable statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a provable statement
+i'm not saying a true statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying a true statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying a true statement
+necessarily that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that's going to be
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+perhaps a larger class of statements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a larger class of statements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps a larger class of statements but
+the statements that do have proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statements that do have proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statements that do have proofs
+that's a recognizable language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a recognizable language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a recognizable language
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because you know if i give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if i give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if i give you a
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+your recognizer is going to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recognizer is going to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recognizer is going to take that
+statement and start looking through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and start looking through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and start looking through all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to look at string after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look at string after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look at string after
+string as a candidate proof one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as a candidate proof one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as a candidate proof one after
+the next some strings of course most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next some strings of course most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next some strings of course most
+strings are just going to be junk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are just going to be junk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings are just going to be junk but
+every once in a while a proof is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while a proof is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while a proof is going
+to come out that's going to be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out that's going to be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out that's going to be a valid
+uh a string which is a valid proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a string which is a valid proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a string which is a valid proof of
+something and then you're going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then you're going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then you're going to check
+oh let me just see if that's a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me just see if that's a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me just see if that's a valid
+proof and if it does prove the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and if it does prove the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and if it does prove the statement
+i have in mind and if it is then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have in mind and if it is then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have in mind and if it is then i
+accept that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that statement
+and i go through statement by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i go through statement by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i go through statement by you know
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the input is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is a
+mathematical statement and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statement and that's going
+to be accepted if the machine by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accepted if the machine by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be accepted if the machine by looking
+through all possible proofs finds one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all possible proofs finds one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all possible proofs finds one
+and then it accepts that statement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it accepts that statement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it accepts that statement so
+the collection of all statements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of all statements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection of all statements that
+have a proof that's recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similarly
+if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+if you take statements of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take statements of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take statements of the form
+m and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and w
+is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in
+is in the complement of atm so m doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the complement of atm so m doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the complement of atm so m doesn't
+accept w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you take all statements of that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take all statements of that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take all statements of that form
+where m doesn't accept so m and m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m doesn't accept so m and m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m doesn't accept so m and m
+doesn't accept w or m w is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accept w or m w is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accept w or m w is in the
+complement of atm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of atm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of atm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some of those statements may have proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those statements may have proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those statements may have proofs
+so in your system some of them may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your system some of them may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in your system some of them may not
+have purse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have purse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have purse
+if all of them had proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of them had proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all of them had proofs
+if you can prove every statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can prove every statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can prove every statement of this
+form when it's true when it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when it's true when it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when it's true when it happens to
+be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+obviously you can't prove the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can't prove the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can't prove the ones that
+are not true but if you can prove all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not true but if you can prove all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not true but if you can prove all
+the true verb statements of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true verb statements of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true verb statements of this kind
+then atm complement would be turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then atm complement would be turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then atm complement would be turing
+recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can go through
+you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just
+uh you know for the same reason as above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for the same reason as above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know for the same reason as above
+but we know that that's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that that's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that that's false
+so there must be some statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must be some statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there must be some statement of this
+kind which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind which is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+but does not have a proof because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does not have a proof because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does not have a proof because
+otherwise atm complement would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise atm complement would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise atm complement would be
+recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we've actually done the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've actually done the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've actually done the first
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+of girdle's uh incompleteness theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of girdle's uh incompleteness theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of girdle's uh incompleteness theorem
+the second half which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half which we're going to
+unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately
+not have time to finish but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have time to finish but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have time to finish but let me just
+give you the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the outline
+is that we can use the recursion theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can use the recursion theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can use the recursion theorem
+to give it specific see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it specific see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it specific see
+what we showed here is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we showed here is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we showed here is that there is
+some statement of this form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statement of this form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statement of this form which is
+unprovable which is true but unprovable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprovable which is true but unprovable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprovable which is true but unprovable
+doesn't exhibit a particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exhibit a particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exhibit a particular one
+now the recursion theorem allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the recursion theorem allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the recursion theorem allows you to
+give a particular one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a particular one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a particular one um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh the the one it basically implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the one it basically implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the one it basically implements
+girdles the cold so-called girdle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girdles the cold so-called girdle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girdles the cold so-called girdle
+statement or girdle sentence that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or girdle sentence that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement or girdle sentence that says
+this statement is unprovable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is unprovable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is unprovable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you can frame formalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can frame formalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can frame formalize that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh precisely
+and then that statement becomes true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that statement becomes true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that statement becomes true but
+unprovable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprovable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprovable
+let's let's just say why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just say why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's just say why that is
+because if the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the statement
+were false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were false
+suppose this statement were false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this statement were false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this statement were false
+then well then it would be provable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well then it would be provable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well then it would be provable
+because the truth the truth says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the truth the truth says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the truth the truth says it's
+not provable but if the statement were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not provable but if the statement were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not provable but if the statement were
+provable then it had to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provable then it had to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provable then it had to be true
+which would mean it would be unprovable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would mean it would be unprovable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would mean it would be unprovable
+so the only viable outcome here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only viable outcome here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only viable outcome here is that
+the statement is unprovable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement is unprovable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement is unprovable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is
+it's therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's therefore
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that it's true that it's unprovable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true that it's unprovable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true that it's unprovable so
+that this is a true statement but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a true statement but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a true statement but then
+it has no proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no proof
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh let me not go through it um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me not go through it um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me not go through it um because
+again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're
+unfortunately ran short on time but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately ran short on time but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately ran short on time but uh
+you can implement this um using uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement this um using uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement this um using uh the
+recursion theorem to make a to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem to make a to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem to make a to make a
+particular machine r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular machine r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular machine r
+where you cannot prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you cannot prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you cannot prove
+um that r does not accept uh say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that r does not accept uh say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that r does not accept uh say some
+string zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string zero
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you can find a particular r using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find a particular r using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find a particular r using the
+recursion theorem where it's impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem where it's impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem where it's impossible
+to prove that r doesn't accept zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that r doesn't accept zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that r doesn't accept zero
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+even though by construction r does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though by construction r does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though by construction r does not
+accept zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept zero
+uh so it's a little bit slippery there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a little bit slippery there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a little bit slippery there
+because you have to understand what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to understand what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to understand what we
+mean by proof within the formal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by proof within the formal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by proof within the formal system
+versus versus our external form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus versus our external form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus versus our external form of
+reasoning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning but
+taking us a little bit far afield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking us a little bit far afield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking us a little bit far afield
+uh so for those of you who care um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for those of you who care um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for those of you who care um
+i hope this little digression was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope this little digression was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope this little digression was
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+as i mentioned at the beginning uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned at the beginning uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned at the beginning uh for
+those of you don't care you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't care you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't care you don't have
+to worry about it it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about it it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about it it's not going to be
+on the midterm or on the final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midterm or on the final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the midterm or on the final exam
+you're not going to be responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be responsible for
+this last you know five minutes or so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last you know five minutes or so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last you know five minutes or so of
+the lecture but i thought it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture but i thought it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture but i thought it's kind of
+an interesting application of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting application of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting application of the
+recursion theorem to a problem outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem to a problem outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem to a problem outside
+of computer science in mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer science in mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer science in mathematical
+logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh
+here's the entire the reasoning here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the entire the reasoning here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the entire the reasoning here
+again i invite you to look at that um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i invite you to look at that um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i invite you to look at that um on
+the slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide uh
+you know that i posted if you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that i posted if you're curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that i posted if you're curious
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so anyway quick review of today is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway quick review of today is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway quick review of today is we
+went through the self-reference and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the self-reference and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the self-reference and the
+recursion theorem we gave a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem we gave a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion theorem we gave a few
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+and we did a sketch of girdle's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did a sketch of girdle's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did a sketch of girdle's first
+incompleteness theorem in mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theorem in mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness theorem in mathematical
+logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+okay so that's all i'm going to have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all i'm going to have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all i'm going to have for
+you today we're out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today we're out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today we're out of time
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+i will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will um
+take any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any questions
+so getting back to the min turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back to the min turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back to the min turing
+machine example somebody's asking how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine example somebody's asking how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine example somebody's asking how do
+i know there's a turing machine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know there's a turing machine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know there's a turing machine that's
+longer than the machine r that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the machine r that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the machine r that i'm
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+well there are infinitely many machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are infinitely many machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are infinitely many machines
+in mintm or in the infinite subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mintm or in the infinite subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mintm or in the infinite subset of
+minty m so eventually one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minty m so eventually one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minty m so eventually one of them is
+going to have to be longer than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be longer than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be longer than the
+machine that i'm machine that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that i'm machine that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that i'm machine that i'm
+constructing because that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing because that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing because that's going to
+that's a machine of some very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a machine of some very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a machine of some very specific
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so eventually there's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so eventually there's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so eventually there's going to have
+to be one that's bigger that shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this may be a similar question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this may be a similar question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this may be a similar question
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now another similar question is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another similar question is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another similar question is about
+how big is r uh and does r the size of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is r uh and does r the size of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is r uh and does r the size of r
+in that previous thing here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that previous thing here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that previous thing here uh
+i don't know if we want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if we want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if we want to go through
+this but okay let's let's quickly look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but okay let's let's quickly look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but okay let's let's quickly look
+at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+this machine r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine r
+has a fixed predetermined size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a fixed predetermined size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a fixed predetermined size
+um its size does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um its size does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um its size does not depend on
+b it depends on e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b it depends on e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b it depends on e
+because it's going to be simulating e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be simulating e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be simulating e
+but you know e might be a norm producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know e might be a norm producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know e might be a norm producing
+very very long strings eventually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long strings eventually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long strings eventually it
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+so e is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so e is fixed
+and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+and then r's size is fixed so eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then r's size is fixed so eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then r's size is fixed so eventually
+r will find a machine that's bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r will find a machine that's bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r will find a machine that's bigger than
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is a this is a good question i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a this is a good question i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a this is a good question i
+was wondering if i would get questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wondering if i would get questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wondering if i would get questions
+of this kind this is getting back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind this is getting back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind this is getting back to the
+question in logic here at the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes because you know i said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because you know i said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because you know i said this
+statement here is unprovable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here is unprovable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here is unprovable
+but in a sense i proved it because how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sense i proved it because how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a sense i proved it because how
+do i know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i know it's
+it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true
+and i'm gonna i gave you um you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna i gave you um you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna i gave you um you know an
+argument for it and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for it and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for it and so you have to
+differentiate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between
+uh the reasoning that we're providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reasoning that we're providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reasoning that we're providing
+and the formal system that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal system that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal system that we're
+reasoning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about
+and the formal system that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal system that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal system that we're
+reasoning about is not capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about is not capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about is not capable of
+proving this but we're outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this but we're outside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this but we're outside that
+formal system so that we can reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal system so that we can reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal system so that we can reason
+about the formal system i know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the formal system i know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the formal system i know it's a
+little bit perverse seeming um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit perverse seeming um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit perverse seeming um and
+mathematical logic is a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic is a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logic is a little tricky
+because it has to deal with those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to deal with those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to deal with those kinds
+of issues but um you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues but um you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues but um you know this is
+arguing within any particular formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing within any particular formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing within any particular formal
+system of provability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of provability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of provability
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know this is going to be true um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to be true um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to be true um and
+but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that's kind of an approximation to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an approximation to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an approximation to our
+own thought process uh so it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own thought process uh so it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own thought process uh so it's it's it's
+it's still it's slippery i i agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's slippery i i agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's slippery i i agree
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so good question here would girdles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good question here would girdles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good question here would girdles
+theorem still hold in formal systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem still hold in formal systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem still hold in formal systems
+where we don't require that proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't require that proofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't require that proofs of
+statements are decidable so i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are decidable so i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are decidable so i'm not
+saying that the proofs are decidable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the proofs are decidable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the proofs are decidable is
+that you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can prove
+checkable so you can test whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkable so you can test whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkable so you can test whether a
+proof is a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is a proof
+if you can't test whether a proof is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't test whether a proof is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't test whether a proof is a
+proof i don't know of any people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof i don't know of any people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof i don't know of any people have
+studied that that situation so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that that situation so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that that situation so that's a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+of a trickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trickier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trickier
+trickier case i'm not sure what to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier case i'm not sure what to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier case i'm not sure what to say
+about that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that um
+can i give an example of two equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i give an example of two equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i give an example of two equivalent
+turing machines where one has a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines where one has a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machines where one has a shorter
+description than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description than the other
+how do we define the length of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we define the length of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we define the length of this of
+the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we never really precisely defined our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never really precisely defined our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never really precisely defined our
+encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+but whatever encoding system you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever encoding system you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever encoding system you want to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+is going to have it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have it's going to
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+represent turing machines as strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent turing machines as strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent turing machines as strings
+and those strings are going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those strings are going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those strings are going to have a
+length and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and so
+it doesn't really matter which encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter which encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter which encoding
+system you're going to use because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're going to use because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you're going to use because this
+statement is going to be true in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is going to be true in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is going to be true in any of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+you know we could go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could go through the
+exercise of defining a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise of defining a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise of defining a particular
+encoding system it's going to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding system it's going to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding system it's going to be pretty
+tedious to do that but you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious to do that but you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious to do that but you can just
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+writing down the states the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the states the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the states the
+transition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition function
+you know etc etc etc as this big long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know etc etc etc as this big long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know etc etc etc as this big long
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+and that's going to be our encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be our encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be our encoding
+system and then are going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then are going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then are going to be some
+long machines some machines will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long machines some machines will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long machines some machines will have
+long representations on other machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long representations on other machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long representations on other machines
+that have short representations and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have short representations and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have short representations and you
+know if there's going to be some machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's going to be some machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's going to be some machine
+where you're going to introduce you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to introduce you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to introduce you can
+introduce a bunch of useless states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a bunch of useless states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a bunch of useless states that
+are never accessed so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never accessed so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never accessed so you can
+you know expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know expand
+you you can kind of add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can kind of add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can kind of add
+junk to the description of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk to the description of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk to the description of the machine
+which is not going to do anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not going to do anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not going to do anything but
+it's just going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to make the
+description of the machine unnecessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the machine unnecessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the machine unnecessarily
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+compared to what with with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what with with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what with with some other
+description which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description which is going to
+compute the same thing but will be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the same thing but will be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the same thing but will be much
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+so you can certainly find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can certainly find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can certainly find
+examples of pairs of the machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of pairs of the machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of pairs of the machines
+pairs of machines that do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of machines that do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of machines that do the same thing
+where one is much longer than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one is much longer than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one is much longer than the other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i will then uh close the session here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will then uh close the session here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will then uh close the session here
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+i will be uh very shortly on um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will be uh very shortly on um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will be uh very shortly on um on the
+office hours link um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours link um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours link um
+and uh see some of you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NBGQy52ubL4.txt b/NBGQy52ubL4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a7aa75120cda6ed57ef495bccc9752f57eddcf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NBGQy52ubL4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14586 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+open courseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit open courseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit open courseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit open courseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you or your parents know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you or your parents know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you or your parents know
+any of the norwegian language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the norwegian language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the norwegian language
+okay do you or any friends or relatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you or any friends or relatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you or any friends or relatives
+you know uh have any interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh have any interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh have any interest in
+norwegian mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+i have an interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in all mythologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i've um
+had to write about uh not only western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to write about uh not only western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to write about uh not only western
+mythology but recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology but recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology but recently
+in the past two months i've had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past two months i've had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past two months i've had to do
+some writing about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some writing about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some writing about um
+teutonic mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teutonic mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teutonic mythology
+and gothic mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gothic mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gothic mythology
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there are
+it's really an anthropological term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an anthropological term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an anthropological term
+and i could be more specific if i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could be more specific if i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could be more specific if i was
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+you have groups of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have groups of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have groups of people who
+came into western europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into western europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into western europe
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in two great waves at least two great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two great waves at least two great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two great waves at least two great
+waves and i'm not i'm not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and i'm not i'm not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and i'm not i'm not talking about
+after the migration out of africa i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the migration out of africa i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the migration out of africa i'm
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+in 330 a.d around that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 330 a.d around that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 330 a.d around that time
+and in the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the time that
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+that england was populated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that england was populated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that england was populated
+with the celts and all and they came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the celts and all and they came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the celts and all and they came in
+because uh in the last one because of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in the last one because of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in the last one because of a
+great drought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great drought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great drought
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and when they came in they settled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they came in they settled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they came in they settled in
+what's now germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's now germany
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and then i began to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i began to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i began to learn
+uh that they were the franks i always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they were the franks i always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they were the franks i always
+thought the french were unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the french were unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the french were unique
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+people who had been in france all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had been in france all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who had been in france all along
+but they you know they came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they you know they came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they you know they came in
+and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+thing i'm trying that thing i found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i'm trying that thing i found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i'm trying that thing i found out
+and was able to do was to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was able to do was to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was able to do was to say that
+when christianity came to the goths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when christianity came to the goths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when christianity came to the goths
+who they say is part of the teutonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they say is part of the teutonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they say is part of the teutonic
+peoples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples
+i don't think i've got that right uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i've got that right uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think i've got that right uh if
+i don't i'll have it corrected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i'll have it corrected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i'll have it corrected by
+tuesday uh but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday uh but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday uh but um
+that uh it did that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it did that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it did that that
+that it really didn't take it first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really didn't take it first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really didn't take it first and
+it really never took in some in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really never took in some in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really never took in some in some
+ways because paganism was so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways because paganism was so strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways because paganism was so strong
+and paganism was kept alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paganism was kept alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paganism was kept alive
+because as i mentioned to you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as i mentioned to you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as i mentioned to you before
+that um there is this big emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there is this big emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there is this big emphasis on
+the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the will
+and the german scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the german scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the german scholars
+uh 18th 19th and 20th century have kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 18th 19th and 20th century have kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 18th 19th and 20th century have kept
+that alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alive
+you'll see more of an emphasis on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see more of an emphasis on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see more of an emphasis on the
+will there than you then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there than you then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there than you then you will
+almost other places because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost other places because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost other places because
+christianity wants to talk about god's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christianity wants to talk about god's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christianity wants to talk about god's
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+and support and say that you are a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support and say that you are a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and support and say that you are a good
+person if you submit to god's will so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if you submit to god's will so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if you submit to god's will so
+christianity really doesn't want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christianity really doesn't want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christianity really doesn't want to talk
+a whole lot about individual will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you also have
+sorry good you also have as i covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry good you also have as i covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry good you also have as i covered in
+class area i think i covered a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class area i think i covered a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class area i think i covered a little
+bit about arianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about arianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about arianism
+okay well i will later but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well i will later but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well i will later but anyway
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+that has been i'm just finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been i'm just finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been i'm just finishing
+uh i'm thinking of finishing uh sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm thinking of finishing uh sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm thinking of finishing uh sorting
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so that's why i was interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk a little bit more about ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit more about ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit more about ten
+three mile island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mile island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mile island
+let's do chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do chernobyl
+uh oh sorry i have another housekeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry i have another housekeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry i have another housekeeping
+issue for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then uh
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+we're getting just about at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting just about at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting just about at the time
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+we need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to start
+reflecting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting over
+the first part of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+and start looking towards the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start looking towards the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start looking towards the second
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh with time that's left uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with time that's left uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with time that's left uh remember
+roland schenzinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roland schenzinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roland schenzinger
+this is his book and this is his chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his book and this is his chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his book and this is his chapter
+on engineering as a social experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on engineering as a social experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on engineering as a social experiment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i don't i think it would be okay for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i think it would be okay for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i think it would be okay for me
+to say without revealing too much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say without revealing too much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say without revealing too much that
+i've just received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just received
+a paper to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper to review
+uh which uh begins with this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which uh begins with this theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which uh begins with this theory
+so still alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still alive
+um i would connect this theory to henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i would connect this theory to henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i would connect this theory to henry
+petrovsky's theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrovsky's theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrovsky's theory
+about engineering being um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about engineering being um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about engineering being um
+learn engineers learning from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn engineers learning from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn engineers learning from their
+mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes
+as being the substance of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being the substance of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being the substance of what
+engineering is it's not just that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is it's not just that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is it's not just that they
+do it but that's the substance of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but that's the substance of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but that's the substance of what
+engineering is he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is he says
+um and he's become very yeah we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he's become very yeah we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he's become very yeah we talked
+about him in length last time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him in length last time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him in length last time talking
+about the spin how he put the spin on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the spin how he put the spin on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the spin how he put the spin on
+that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing
+uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+let me leave that to you to decide about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave that to you to decide about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me leave that to you to decide about
+uh now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now uh
+there is one other housekeeping issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one other housekeeping issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one other housekeeping issue
+that i want to touch upon a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to touch upon a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to touch upon a little bit
+at least once a week and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once a week and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once a week and that's what
+possibilities there are for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there are for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities there are for you to do
+this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final
+this final um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this final um
+research paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research paper
+now uh this ratliff has gotten ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh this ratliff has gotten ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh this ratliff has gotten ahead of
+us already you just mentioned that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us already you just mentioned that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us already you just mentioned that you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+sort of do something with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do something with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do something with uh
+environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental
+okay and uh i gave you a name already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh i gave you a name already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh i gave you a name already
+you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to
+i suggest you send him some email or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suggest you send him some email or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i suggest you send him some email or
+call him up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call him up
+make him work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make him work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make him work
+tell him and and and i would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him and and and i would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him and and and i would suggest
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+not that that would make a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that that would make a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that that would make a whole lot of
+difference with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with him
+no he he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he he's
+he's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a real
+i was invited when i met him he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was invited when i met him he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was invited when i met him he was
+chair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair of the
+civil engineering department at duke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering department at duke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering department at duke
+and he'd invited me to come down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'd invited me to come down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'd invited me to come down and
+give a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk
+and after the talk he was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the talk he was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the talk he was sort of
+uh motivated is not the word lifted to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh motivated is not the word lifted to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh motivated is not the word lifted to a
+level where he wanted to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where he wanted to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where he wanted to think about
+some of the stuff i said and we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stuff i said and we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the stuff i said and we went to
+his office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we sat in there for about two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sat in there for about two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sat in there for about two hours
+and had not realized that the sun had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had not realized that the sun had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had not realized that the sun had
+gone down and got dark in there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down and got dark in there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down and got dark in there and we
+were just talking you know so he is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just talking you know so he is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just talking you know so he is a
+when i say a true scholar i don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say a true scholar i don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say a true scholar i don't mean
+that a true scholar is better than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a true scholar is better than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a true scholar is better than any
+other scholar what i mean a true scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scholar what i mean a true scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scholar what i mean a true scholar
+is a scholar 24 hours a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scholar 24 hours a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scholar 24 hours a day
+so he's a scholar 24 hours a day so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's a scholar 24 hours a day so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's a scholar 24 hours a day so this
+man will enjoy talking to you say hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man will enjoy talking to you say hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man will enjoy talking to you say hello
+to me for collegial reasons he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me for collegial reasons he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me for collegial reasons he's going
+to be your colleague anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your colleague anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your colleague anyway
+and he does environmental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he does environmental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he does environmental and
+environmental ethics he might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental ethics he might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental ethics he might be able to
+suggest some possible topics that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest some possible topics that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest some possible topics that would
+be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some things that i wouldn't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that i wouldn't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that i wouldn't think of
+or that you might not just find by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you might not just find by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you might not just find by
+scanning through the leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning through the leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning through the leadership
+i had a little chat with david yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a little chat with david yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a little chat with david yesterday
+we meet each other once a week at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet each other once a week at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet each other once a week at the
+esd brown bag seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esd brown bag seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esd brown bag seminar
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+she was emphasizing your interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was emphasizing your interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was emphasizing your interest in
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one third of my book is on education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've been thinking for the project so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been thinking for the project so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been thinking for the project so
+i'm also really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm also really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm also really interested in
+engineering and international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and international
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projects that i've been working on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that i've been working on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that i've been working on in
+honduras it's been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honduras it's been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honduras it's been really
+thought-provoking and i don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought-provoking and i don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought-provoking and i don't know where
+what i think about sort of american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think about sort of american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think about sort of american
+engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers
+or western engineers working in latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or western engineers working in latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or western engineers working in latin
+america and africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america and africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america and africa
+trying to solve human problems was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve human problems was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve human problems was sort
+of western-based engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of western-based engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of western-based engineering
+it seems like there's a lot of ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like there's a lot of ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like there's a lot of ethical
+issues there and i would also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues there and i would also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues there and i would also be
+interested in exploring that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exploring that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in exploring that you want to
+take a minute or two and tell us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute or two and tell us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute or two and tell us about
+your honduras experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your honduras experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your honduras experience
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i got involved with a student group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i got involved with a student group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i got involved with a student group
+here at mit that started in the d lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit that started in the d lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at mit that started in the d lab
+class which i don't know that class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which i don't know that class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which i don't know that class so
+it's it's run out of the edgerton center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's run out of the edgerton center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's run out of the edgerton center
+which is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of a
+hubbub of activity at mit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hubbub of activity at mit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hubbub of activity at mit for
+education and hands-on related work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and hands-on related work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and hands-on related work and
+they have a professor who's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a professor who's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a professor who's really
+interested in appropriate technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in appropriate technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in appropriate technology for
+international for developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international for developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international for developing communities
+and so she started this class to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she started this class to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she started this class to help
+mit students sort of apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students sort of apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students sort of apply the
+engineering and science they're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and science they're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and science they're learning
+at mit it's developing communities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit it's developing communities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit it's developing communities and
+every year they pick five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year they pick five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year they pick five
+communities in five different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in five different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in five different countries
+and split up into five groups and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and split up into five groups and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and split up into five groups and sort
+of research the needs of that community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research the needs of that community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research the needs of that community
+and come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with an
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+problem statement and design and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem statement and design and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem statement and design and they
+travel to that country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel to that country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel to that country so
+one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group
+in 2003 traveled to honduras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2003 traveled to honduras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2003 traveled to honduras
+and worked with a non-governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked with a non-governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worked with a non-governmental
+organization in honduras a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in honduras a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in honduras a local
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+run by a scientist there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by a scientist there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by a scientist there and
+with local employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with local employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with local employees
+and discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discover that
+the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+overwhelming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the region
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+devastation from flooding that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastation from flooding that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastation from flooding that happens
+yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly
+on a small scale of destruction of homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a small scale of destruction of homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a small scale of destruction of homes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and crops and things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crops and things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crops and things and then
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+devastating floods on like a 15 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating floods on like a 15 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating floods on like a 15 to 20
+year scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year scale
+with huge hurricanes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with huge hurricanes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with huge hurricanes so
+people have settled in this river basin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have settled in this river basin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have settled in this river basin
+just in the past 20 years and settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the past 20 years and settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the past 20 years and settled
+there without realizing the dangers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without realizing the dangers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without realizing the dangers of
+the flooding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flooding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flooding
+um so this student group started working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this student group started working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this student group started working
+on an automatic flood warning systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an automatic flood warning systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an automatic flood warning systems
+the problem is that people aren't warned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that people aren't warned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that people aren't warned
+about the floods in time to save their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the floods in time to save their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the floods in time to save their
+lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives
+and uh they started working on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they started working on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they started working on that and
+at the same time they started working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time they started working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time they started working on
+a water coordination project to help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water coordination project to help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water coordination project to help a
+village improve its water coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village improve its water coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village improve its water coordination
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so i've been helping out with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've been helping out with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've been helping out with those
+projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and
+they're very different the flood warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very different the flood warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very different the flood warning
+system is a huge engineering systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a huge engineering systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a huge engineering systems
+project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that
+if you were saying you would hire a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were saying you would hire a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were saying you would hire a firm
+to do that had electrical engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that had electrical engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that had electrical engineers
+mechanical engineers and hydrologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers and hydrologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers and hydrologists
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+you know education people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know education people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know education people
+but students are working on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but students are working on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but students are working on it and
+they're smart students and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're smart students and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're smart students and they have a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+interest but it's hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but it's hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but it's hard and
+and then the water coordination project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the water coordination project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the water coordination project
+is a very small project there's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very small project there's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very small project there's a simple
+cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+solution involving a toilet valve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution involving a toilet valve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution involving a toilet valve to
+regulate chlorine flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate chlorine flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate chlorine flow
+but we can't get the villages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't get the villages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't get the villages to
+implement it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement it and
+they agree that the problems are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree that the problems are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree that the problems are mostly
+educational and social and political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational and social and political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational and social and political
+far as getting people to pay their water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as getting people to pay their water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as getting people to pay their water
+tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's been hard too but in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been hard too but in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been hard too but in a very
+different way and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's basically what the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's basically what the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's basically what the project
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and it's just been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just been very
+it's been rewarding the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been rewarding the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been rewarding the people are
+amazing i've learned so much are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing i've learned so much are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing i've learned so much are you
+continuing with it um i'm transitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with it um i'm transitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with it um i'm transitioning
+out of it because of my interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it because of my interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it because of my interest in
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'll be stopping in the summer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be stopping in the summer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be stopping in the summer but
+there's a student group that exists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a student group that exists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a student group that exists that
+will be continuing to work with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be continuing to work with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be continuing to work with this
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions or comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+that's a good question and a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question and a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question and a couple
+people are fluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are fluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are fluent
+and some of us are proficient meaning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of us are proficient meaning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of us are proficient meaning we
+can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a
+conversation you can successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you can successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you can successfully
+communicate with one person by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with one person by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with one person by the time
+you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and some people don't know any spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people don't know any spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people don't know any spanish
+except what they pick up from phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except what they pick up from phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except what they pick up from phrase
+books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and
+tapes are you bilingual you speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes are you bilingual you speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes are you bilingual you speak
+spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so would you say they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sort of
+the chlorination project we've just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorination project we've just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorination project we've just been
+working with one town of like 20 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with one town of like 20 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with one town of like 20 000
+people but we've only interacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but we've only interacted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but we've only interacted with
+about 30 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 people
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that that's sort of their focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's sort of their focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's sort of their focus
+because their water committee people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their water committee people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their water committee people and
+plumbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbers
+and then the flood warning system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the flood warning system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the flood warning system
+i mean that's supposed to influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's supposed to influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's supposed to influence
+the hundred thousand people that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred thousand people that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred thousand people that live in
+this river basin and everyone we talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this river basin and everyone we talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this river basin and everyone we talk to
+says oh yes like it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh yes like it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh yes like it's really important
+that we have better warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an ethical issue that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ethical issue that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an ethical issue that's been
+raised about early warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised about early warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised about early warning
+with respect to katrina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it comes up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes up uh
+apparently you've looked into this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently you've looked into this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently you've looked into this well
+yeah we did some studying of katrina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we did some studying of katrina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we did some studying of katrina
+because of its similarity so that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its similarity so that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its similarity so that she's
+in honduras but i haven't done thorough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honduras but i haven't done thorough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honduras but i haven't done thorough
+study of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of it
+well i knew all right but what raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i knew all right but what raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i knew all right but what raised
+the ethical issue was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethical issue was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethical issue was that
+some years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some years ago
+this gigantic computer program was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gigantic computer program was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gigantic computer program was used
+to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model
+the consequences of a category three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of a category three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of a category three
+storm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm
+uh down there in louisiana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down there in louisiana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down there in louisiana
+and what it pre and they published it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it pre and they published it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it pre and they published it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what they predicted would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they predicted would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they predicted would
+would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen
+is almost exactly what did happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost exactly what did happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost exactly what did happen
+and it was given to the it was given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was given to the it was given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was given to the it was given to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+either to the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to the government
+um through the corps of engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the corps of engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um through the corps of engineers
+or to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to somebody
+i was in the court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was in the court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was in the court
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+and so the ethical issue was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the ethical issue was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the ethical issue was well
+we knew that this was going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that this was going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that this was going to happen
+why didn't we do something about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't we do something about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't we do something about it
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um the answer gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the answer gets
+ground up in in uh political decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up in in uh political decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up in in uh political decision
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+but i think it would be uh a good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it would be uh a good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it would be uh a good um
+project to uncouple all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so i want to leave that wide open for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to leave that wide open for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to leave that wide open for a
+little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while
+and if it looks like it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it looks like it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it looks like it's not going to
+settle in with anybody's particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle in with anybody's particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle in with anybody's particular
+interests then i'll do a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests then i'll do a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests then i'll do a little bit on
+my own actually uh there is a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own actually uh there is a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own actually uh there is a um
+organization but there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but there are several
+organizations here on campus about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations here on campus about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations here on campus about
+katrina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of them uh it has to do with what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them uh it has to do with what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them uh it has to do with what i
+just brought up that i know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brought up that i know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just brought up that i know one of the
+faculty members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members
+so i can get some stuff in case we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can get some stuff in case we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can get some stuff in case we need
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+i didn't mean to cut you off about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't mean to cut you off about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't mean to cut you off about
+education related ideas for term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education related ideas for term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education related ideas for term
+projects so is there something specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so is there something specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects so is there something specific
+well we got a few moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we got a few moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we got a few moments
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no i mean i don't i didn't i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean i don't i didn't i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean i don't i didn't i haven't
+been thinking about education related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about education related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking about education related
+ideas for a term project for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for a term project for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for a term project for this class
+but i'm just asking if there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just asking if there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just asking if there's something
+you were going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to say
+well i have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i have yeah
+i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do
+have something to say about all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to say about all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to say about all that
+my pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interest with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest with respect to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ethics and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics and education
+in engineering ethics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering ethics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in engineering ethics is
+public education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public education
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's right like public understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so um i think that public understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i think that public understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i think that public understanding
+uh is not just a good thing i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not just a good thing i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not just a good thing i think that
+public understanding is not just a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public understanding is not just a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public understanding is not just a um
+an issue for democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue for democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue for democracy
+i think that it's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that it's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that it's a question of
+obligation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+um that falls under const theory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that falls under const theory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that falls under const theory that we
+have duties and obligations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have duties and obligations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have duties and obligations
+and i think that experts i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that experts i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that experts i think that
+experts have an obligation to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts have an obligation to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts have an obligation to explain
+things in plain language if they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in plain language if they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in plain language if they can
+to general public so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to general public so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to general public so um
+on that account uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that account uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that account uh
+an interest uh i think uh that fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest uh i think uh that fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest uh i think uh that fits into
+this class very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not the only one but that's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one but that's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one but that's definitely
+my specific interest in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my specific interest in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my specific interest in engineering
+education is with k through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is with k through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is with k through
+12 students and their teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 students and their teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 students and their teachers
+because i think that i don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think that i don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i think that i don't necessarily
+i'm not necessarily interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not necessarily interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not necessarily interested in
+creating more engineers but just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating more engineers but just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating more engineers but just more
+understanding of engineering right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of engineering right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of engineering right
+just like you said yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you said yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you said yeah so
+incidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a student came to see me one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is before your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was right before graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and she came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she came in
+and there's this phenomenon that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this phenomenon that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this phenomenon that occurs
+about once every four years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once every four years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about once every four years or so
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+usually as a group of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as a group of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually as a group of students
+come in usually they make an appointment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in usually they make an appointment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in usually they make an appointment
+they're very serious they come in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very serious they come in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very serious they come in they
+close the door sit down it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the door sit down it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the door sit down it's very
+private i sit and wait somebody says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private i sit and wait somebody says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private i sit and wait somebody says
+something okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay
+on this particular occasion she came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular occasion she came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular occasion she came in
+but she had made an appointment she came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she had made an appointment she came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she had made an appointment she came
+in closed the door sat down was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closed the door sat down was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in closed the door sat down was very
+disturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed
+she said i'm going to graduate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said i'm going to graduate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said i'm going to graduate from
+engineering in a month so right she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in a month so right she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in a month so right she said
+i don't want to be an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i said what do you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said what do you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said what do you want to be
+she said something i used plato's bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said something i used plato's bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said something i used plato's bed
+she finished i said what do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finished i said what do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she finished i said what do you want to
+be she said something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be she said something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be she said something different
+what do you want to be and it kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to be and it kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to be and it kept
+coming down at the end she said what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down at the end she said what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down at the end she said what she
+really wants to do in her life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wants to do in her life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wants to do in her life
+is to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to teach
+first graders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what she really wants to do she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what she really wants to do she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what she really wants to do she
+came into engineering for all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into engineering for all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into engineering for all of these
+other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reasons
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had
+to do with being able to prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with being able to prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with being able to prove to
+herself that she could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself that she could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself that she could do it
+all sorts of other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of other reasons
+but now that she's done it she didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that she's done it she didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that she's done it she didn't
+really want to throw it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to throw it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to throw it away
+but she asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she asked
+so that's the beginning of the story uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the beginning of the story uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the beginning of the story uh
+the end of the story is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the story is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the story is that um
+five or six years later she sent me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six years later she sent me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or six years later she sent me an
+invitation to her phd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation to her phd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invitation to her phd
+graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation
+at the university of texas at austin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the university of texas at austin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the university of texas at austin
+where she got a degree in educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she got a degree in educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she got a degree in educational
+media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+and she designed software for first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she designed software for first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she designed software for first
+graders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders
+so she was able to put the two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she was able to put the two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she was able to put the two together
+now i don't know if there's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know if there's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i don't know if there's a strong
+moral issue with all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they had it it has some it has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had it it has some it has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had it it has some it has more
+to do with destiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with destiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with destiny
+and i did give a synopsis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did give a synopsis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did give a synopsis of
+her career in a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her career in a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her career in a paper
+once and had a picture up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and had a picture up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and had a picture up there
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+but uh i say all that to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i say all that to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i say all that to say that
+sometimes you'll have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you'll have to find
+these ethical issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ethical issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ethical issues
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+i also said it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also said it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also said it because
+engineering and education and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and education and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and education and not just
+engineering education for engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is becoming a pretty big thing uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming a pretty big thing uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming a pretty big thing uh that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+someone was telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was telling me
+just not a few days ago that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a few days ago that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a few days ago that there
+i think massachusetts is one there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think massachusetts is one there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think massachusetts is one there are
+about five states that require oh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five states that require oh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five states that require oh it was
+david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david
+that require uh engineering to be taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require uh engineering to be taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require uh engineering to be taught
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+high schools or starting in kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools or starting in kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high schools or starting in kindergarten
+starting in kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in kindergarten
+there are standard the frameworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are standard the frameworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are standard the frameworks
+frameworks that they get tested on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frameworks that they get tested on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frameworks that they get tested on in
+public schools include engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public schools include engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public schools include engineering and
+technology standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology standards
+so and this is an ethical or i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is an ethical or i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this is an ethical or i don't
+know it's ethical but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's ethical but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's ethical but it's an
+interesting issue because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue because these
+standards were put into place in 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards were put into place in 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards were put into place in 2001
+and they got pushed through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got pushed through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they got pushed through by
+like engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like engineers and
+experts on the outside of the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on the outside of the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on the outside of the school
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now the school system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the school system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the school system has
+the responsibility to teach engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility to teach engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsibility to teach engineering
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+the choice of making the decision just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of making the decision just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of making the decision just
+to not teach it and therefore not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not teach it and therefore not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not teach it and therefore not
+prepare their students for the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare their students for the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare their students for the test
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+without any resources to teach it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any resources to teach it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any resources to teach it like
+these outside people put these standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outside people put these standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outside people put these standards
+in place and the teachers who teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place and the teachers who teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place and the teachers who teach
+kindergarten through 8th grade have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten through 8th grade have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten through 8th grade have
+never been exposed to engineering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been exposed to engineering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been exposed to engineering so
+that's sort of another problem i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of another problem i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of another problem i'm
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+some of the professional societies got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the professional societies got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the professional societies got
+together not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together not all of them
+but american society civil engineers was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but american society civil engineers was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but american society civil engineers was
+one and they published these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and they published these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and they published these
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call
+board resolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board resolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board resolutions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they're not passed through the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not passed through the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not passed through the general
+body as policy for the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body as policy for the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body as policy for the organization
+but the board resolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the board resolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the board resolves
+and one of them was that they resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them was that they resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them was that they resolved
+and this is interesting because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is interesting because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is interesting because they
+resolved something they could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved something they could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved something they could not
+enforce they resolved there should be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce they resolved there should be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce they resolved there should be an
+engineer on the faculty of every high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer on the faculty of every high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer on the faculty of every high
+school in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and they weren't doing it just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they weren't doing it just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they weren't doing it just to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+yeah politicking for engineering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah politicking for engineering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah politicking for engineering but
+because they thought everybody that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they thought everybody that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they thought everybody that that
+they should be teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they understand where the math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand where the math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they understand where the math and
+science goes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh tmi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh tmi
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think go ahead
+you know you will miss bradley if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will miss bradley if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will miss bradley if you
+were leading the discussion why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were leading the discussion why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were leading the discussion why don't
+you continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two kinds of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+one of the issues that was brought up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues that was brought up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues that was brought up in
+rfi right about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the identification of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the identification of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the identification of human
+performance as a critical part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance as a critical part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance as a critical part of the
+design and engineering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and engineering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and engineering in
+doing that when we design a system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that when we design a system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that when we design a system you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+take that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that into account
+i was trying to kind of frame it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was trying to kind of frame it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was trying to kind of frame it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+what we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about
+and i was not successful but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there was obviously a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was obviously a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was obviously a problem with
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+on duty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on duty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on duty and
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a human being who's capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a human being who's capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a human being who's capable of
+making arrows misreading something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arrows misreading something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arrows misreading something
+not understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understanding
+maybe he's a little tired from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's a little tired from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's a little tired from that
+important they're just human errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+i'm struggling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm struggling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm struggling to
+figure out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+committing a human error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing a human error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing a human error
+in an engineering system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an engineering system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an engineering system
+means that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you've
+acted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unethically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unethically
+like were the are the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like were the are the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like were the are the ethical
+decisions or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions or questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions or questions
+in that part of the three-mile island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that part of the three-mile island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that part of the three-mile island
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+is the cause of the accident or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know exactly what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know exactly what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know exactly what their
+background was they just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background was they just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background was they just say
+they weren't properly trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't properly trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't properly trained
+well at that time who in the world was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that time who in the world was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that time who in the world was
+properly trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's play
+can i interrupt you okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one as i told you before that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as i told you before that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as i told you before that uh
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+no matter what aristotle said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what aristotle said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what aristotle said
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i'm going to argue and i will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to argue and i will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to argue and i will not be
+alone in arguing that an ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in arguing that an ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone in arguing that an ethical
+decision is not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is not entirely
+a rational or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rational or a
+decision based on reason that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision based on reason that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision based on reason that your
+emotions inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions inevitably
+uh will get involved and that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will get involved and that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will get involved and that's good
+because feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because feelings
+uh come from the affect not from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come from the affect not from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come from the affect not from the
+cognition as i understand it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition as i understand it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition as i understand it and you
+just have to do it so you have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do it so you have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do it so you have to find
+some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way
+to make a rational decision that agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a rational decision that agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a rational decision that agrees
+with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your
+with what abraham lincoln called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what abraham lincoln called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what abraham lincoln called the
+better angels of your nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better angels of your nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better angels of your nature
+okay and this is a good case where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a good case where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a good case where i
+think that on two or two accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that on two or two accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that on two or two accounts
+things happen that we really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen that we really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen that we really can't
+assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign
+to individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to individuals
+and therefore we have problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we have problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we have problems with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+greek ethics or classical classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek ethics or classical classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greek ethics or classical classical
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+but that they do not agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they do not agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they do not agree
+with the better angels of our nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the better angels of our nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the better angels of our nature
+and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+engineers have problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers have problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers have problems with
+and i can prove that engineers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can prove that engineers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can prove that engineers have
+problems with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with it
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+engineers just find it difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers just find it difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers just find it difficult to
+rationalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ethical responsibility with competency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical responsibility with competency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical responsibility with competency
+they mix the two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i cannot find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot find
+anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere
+in any substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any substantial
+uh ethical theory that we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ethical theory that we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ethical theory that we get from
+greece or that we built up from greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greece or that we built up from greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greece or that we built up from greece
+that says that you're unethical if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that you're unethical if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that you're unethical if
+you're incompetent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+engineering sensibilities don't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering sensibilities don't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering sensibilities don't allow
+for that engineers the older they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that engineers the older they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that engineers the older they get
+and i'm not just talking about age i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not just talking about age i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not just talking about age i'm
+talking about experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about experience
+the older they get the more they find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older they get the more they find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older they get the more they find it
+difficult and i'll prove it just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and i'll prove it just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and i'll prove it just look at
+the codes of ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codes of ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codes of ethics
+for their engineering professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their engineering professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their engineering professional
+societies competency will be in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies competency will be in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies competency will be in there
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+okay so that that's first ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's first ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's first ad
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my own
+and i'll tell you one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you one of the things that
+that complicates the matter and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicates the matter and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicates the matter and that was
+back when i was chairing this ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when i was chairing this ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when i was chairing this ethics
+committee that i told you about at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that i told you about at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that i told you about at the
+aaes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaes
+some engineers that had and and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineers that had and and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineers that had and and remember
+when i'm what i meant when i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm what i meant when i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm what i meant when i say
+responsible engineers engineers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible engineers engineers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible engineers engineers who
+had not only had the experience and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not only had the experience and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not only had the experience and the
+success in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in their lives
+but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who
+were pretty much authorized to speak for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty much authorized to speak for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty much authorized to speak for
+a large body of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large body of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large body of people
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+these people really had problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people really had problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people really had problems
+with this question of competency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this question of competency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this question of competency
+because they said a small engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they said a small engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they said a small engineering
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+cannot survive if everybody has got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot survive if everybody has got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot survive if everybody has got to
+be an expert on everything they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an expert on everything they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an expert on everything they do
+okay so you may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you may have been
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+graduated as an environmental engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated as an environmental engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated as an environmental engineer
+and today you got a problem with whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today you got a problem with whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today you got a problem with whether
+or not this beam is deep enough to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this beam is deep enough to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this beam is deep enough to carry
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+load of that ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of that ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of that ceiling
+and and if you don't have the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you don't have the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you don't have the answer
+within a couple of days you can lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a couple of days you can lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a couple of days you can lose
+the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project
+and they look at somebody said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look at somebody said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look at somebody said well you
+just got out of college you go do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got out of college you go do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got out of college you go do it
+well that's uh not an overdramatization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's uh not an overdramatization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's uh not an overdramatization
+uh i can tell you some things that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can tell you some things that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can tell you some things that i've
+had to do that well when i was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do that well when i was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do that well when i was in the
+army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army
+let's get this straight when i was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get this straight when i was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get this straight when i was in
+the army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the army
+um my first professional job in the army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my first professional job in the army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my first professional job in the army
+was to design the electrician's manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to design the electrician's manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to design the electrician's manual
+for the department of the army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when i got my orders i got it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i got my orders i got it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i got my orders i got it from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+see if see if y'all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if see if y'all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if see if y'all uh
+uh know anything about the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh know anything about the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh know anything about the um
+army i got it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army i got it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army i got it from
+my i walked into my commander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my i walked into my commander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my i walked into my commander
+i'm a use of military terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a use of military terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a use of military terms
+he was a bird colonel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infantry officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he told me to design that manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he told me to design that manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he told me to design that manual
+and i said sir i'm an engineer but i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said sir i'm an engineer but i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said sir i'm an engineer but i'm a
+civil engineer not in an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineer not in an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineer not in an electrical
+engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+most electrical engineers can't design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most electrical engineers can't design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most electrical engineers can't design
+the electricity the electrician's manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity the electrician's manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity the electrician's manual
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+looked at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at me
+and his face and body language told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his face and body language told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his face and body language told me
+to do exactly what i did i saluted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly what i did i saluted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly what i did i saluted and
+said yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yes
+and went out and designed that manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went out and designed that manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went out and designed that manual
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right the good news is i got a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the good news is i got a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the good news is i got a nice
+little citation for it at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little citation for it at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little citation for it at the end
+all right but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but um
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if i had to stand before any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ethical body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical body
+that wanted to ask me about you knew you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wanted to ask me about you knew you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wanted to ask me about you knew you
+were not income you knew you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not income you knew you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not income you knew you're not
+confident do that and the nuremberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident do that and the nuremberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident do that and the nuremberg
+principle kicks in that man with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle kicks in that man with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle kicks in that man with his
+rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+and if you don't know what an infantry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't know what an infantry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't know what an infantry
+officer is that's the one that's trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer is that's the one that's trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer is that's the one that's trained
+with hand-to-hand combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hand-to-hand combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hand-to-hand combat
+okay that's infantry the foot soldier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's infantry the foot soldier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's infantry the foot soldier
+hand-to-hand combat the creed is follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-to-hand combat the creed is follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-to-hand combat the creed is follow
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh when you when that engineer uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you when that engineer uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you when that engineer uh when
+that officer said do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that officer said do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that officer said do it
+he was coming from his basic instincts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was coming from his basic instincts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was coming from his basic instincts
+as an infantry officer the enemies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infantry officer the enemies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infantry officer the enemies
+coming over the hill there's no time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming over the hill there's no time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming over the hill there's no time to
+be talking about i don't do windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about i don't do windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about i don't do windows
+okay you do the job all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you do the job all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you do the job all right
+and engineering uh comes out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering uh comes out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering uh comes out of that
+tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition
+all right so you learn a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you learn a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you learn a lot of
+engineering from that so no a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering from that so no a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering from that so no a small
+company cannot compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company cannot compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company cannot compete
+uh if everybody has to be now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if everybody has to be now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if everybody has to be now
+it has to be competent in everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be competent in everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be competent in everything
+that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the question ethical question then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question ethical question then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question ethical question then is
+all right if that's true should we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if that's true should we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if that's true should we have
+small companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small companies
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+now you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get into
+a lot a lot of big issues now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot of big issues now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot of big issues now
+so he so he was very distraught about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he so he was very distraught about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he so he was very distraught about
+this whole business about competency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you enforce that thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you enforce that thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you enforce that thing then
+you'll only have the big companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only have the big companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only have the big companies
+and a small company that can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a small company that can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a small company that can't even
+afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford
+time notwithstanding to afford an expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time notwithstanding to afford an expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time notwithstanding to afford an expert
+in everything they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything they do
+as a consultant let alone as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consultant let alone as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consultant let alone as a
+regular person so uh you ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular person so uh you ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular person so uh you ask that
+question then you ask the question back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then you ask the question back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then you ask the question back
+with tmi which is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tmi which is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tmi which is really important
+competency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency
+and now you're talking about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're talking about the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you're talking about the kind of
+question that you ask at nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you ask at nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you ask at nasa
+because they're cutting edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right they're cutting edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're cutting edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're cutting edge
+now uh there was a dramatization of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh there was a dramatization of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh there was a dramatization of all
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+and i made an assignment called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i made an assignment called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i made an assignment called uh
+the china syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the china syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the china syndrome
+and i did not say watch the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did not say watch the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did not say watch the movie
+but did you find anything out about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did you find anything out about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but did you find anything out about it
+what does it say what did it what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it say what did it what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it say what did it what what
+about it when did it come out it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it when did it come out it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it when did it come out it came
+out this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is very
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+significant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+the plotline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plotline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plotline
+was almost exactly tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes there was an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there was an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there was an accident
+in a near meltdown i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a near meltdown i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a near meltdown i guess
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+an engineer at the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked into
+the cover-up of the accident and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover-up of the accident and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover-up of the accident and found
+that sort of greed and corruption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of greed and corruption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of greed and corruption and
+motivating factors wanted to reveal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating factors wanted to reveal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating factors wanted to reveal it
+to the public and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay did they explain what the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did they explain what the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did they explain what the channel
+syndrome really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome really is
+i can tell you what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you what it is
+i'm not a physicist but i can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not a physicist but i can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not a physicist but i can deal with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+when you think of a power when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of a power when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of a power when you think
+of a picture of a power plant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a picture of a power plant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a picture of a power plant you
+probably think of these uh big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably think of these uh big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably think of these uh big
+uh chimneys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chimneys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chimneys
+that uh take out the excess heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh take out the excess heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh take out the excess heat
+and they look pretty much like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look pretty much like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they look pretty much like that
+you've seen them from the air have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen them from the air have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen them from the air have you
+ever seen them from the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen them from the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen them from the airplane
+airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+if you're flying acro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying acro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're flying acro
+pardon me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they have those big stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have those big stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have those big stacks
+everywhere that i know of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that i know of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that i know of uh
+at least it in this country um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it in this country um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it in this country um
+but if you're in a plane you can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're in a plane you can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're in a plane you can fly
+over and you can see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and you can see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and you can see them
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they all they're always right next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all they're always right next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all they're always right next to a
+river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she's an environmental engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's an environmental engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's an environmental engineer
+well that's a big issue too dumping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a big issue too dumping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's a big issue too dumping the
+waste in the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste in the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste in the river
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and but the actual um the actual um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the actual um the actual um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but the actual um the actual um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+radioactive uh process is being taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive uh process is being taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive uh process is being taken
+care of in another building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of in another building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of in another building
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the main distinction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main distinction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the main distinction between the
+tmi case and the chernobyl chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tmi case and the chernobyl chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tmi case and the chernobyl chernobyl
+case you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know
+case took russian so i had to get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case took russian so i had to get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case took russian so i had to get my
+finishes and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes and that is
+in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s
+this particular building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular building
+is required to be housed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to be housed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required to be housed
+by a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a big
+uh concrete structure called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete structure called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete structure called the
+containment structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment structure
+so over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this big containment structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this big containment structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this big containment structure
+in russia they don't build them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in russia they don't build them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in russia they don't build them
+and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when
+chernobyl went off they did not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl went off they did not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl went off they did not have the
+containment structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now there's an ethical issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's an ethical issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's an ethical issue
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+simple but not exact not simplistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but not exact not simplistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but not exact not simplistic
+idea of what a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what a uh
+nuclear power plant is or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant is or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant is or at least the
+nuclear part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear part of it is
+is liking liking it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an atomic bomb that's not exploding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atomic bomb that's not exploding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atomic bomb that's not exploding all
+at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's getting hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting hot
+but it's not getting hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not getting hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not getting hot
+in a short period of time a catastrophe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a short period of time a catastrophe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a short period of time a catastrophe
+and you're keeping it down by putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're keeping it down by putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're keeping it down by putting in
+these control rods these carbon control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these control rods these carbon control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these control rods these carbon control
+rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods
+and that's what happened at tmi they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what happened at tmi they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what happened at tmi they
+couldn't get them in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get them in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get them in there
+it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right
+now what hap what they said about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what hap what they said about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what hap what they said about the
+china syndrome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china syndrome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china syndrome to
+hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollywood
+got some physicists to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some physicists to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some physicists to do some
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+uh and that was that if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that was that if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that was that if you have an
+explosion in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion in here
+and this containment structure is strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this containment structure is strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this containment structure is strong
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+to keep a lot of the con to force a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep a lot of the con to force a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep a lot of the con to force a lot
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+uh energy to come out the bottom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy to come out the bottom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy to come out the bottom in
+order as a bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a lot of it comes out of the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a lot of it comes out of the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a lot of it comes out of the bottom
+then they say that there will be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they say that there will be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they say that there will be this
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+bullet-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be
+hot enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough
+and move fast enough to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move fast enough to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move fast enough to actually
+penetrate all the way through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate all the way through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate all the way through the
+earth's core and come out on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's core and come out on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth's core and come out on the other
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+and what's on the other side if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's on the other side if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's on the other side if this is
+the usa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usa
+china so that's the china syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china so that's the china syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china so that's the china syndrome
+that you're getting ready to to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting ready to to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting ready to to make an
+atomic bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is hollywood
+talking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking um
+and but they were not talking science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they were not talking science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they were not talking science
+fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so two or three this movie comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two or three this movie comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so two or three this movie comes out
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+people are watching this movie jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are watching this movie jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are watching this movie jack
+lemmon is starring in it and all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmon is starring in it and all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmon is starring in it and all of this
+and people are watching this movie then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are watching this movie then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are watching this movie then
+two weeks later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks later
+you get almost the same thing playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get almost the same thing playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get almost the same thing playing
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and people are beginning uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are beginning uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are beginning uh and it
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+i can't overemphasize the effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't overemphasize the effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't overemphasize the effect that
+the two of them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of them together
+had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on
+the american public let alone the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american public let alone the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american public let alone the world
+rest of the world and i am not so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world and i am not so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the world and i am not so sure
+that i fully appreciate it even though i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i fully appreciate it even though i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i fully appreciate it even though i
+was there at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there at the time
+and i went to work for the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i went to work for the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i went to work for the nuclear
+regulatory commission that june june 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as i mentioned to you before and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned to you before and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned to you before and so
+there was a there was a i came into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there was a i came into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there was a i came into a
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+that was very obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very obviously
+uh not the the everyday norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not the the everyday norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not the the everyday norm
+uh very obviously nobody could operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very obviously nobody could operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very obviously nobody could operate
+with that much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that much energy
+human energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human energy
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there was a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the united states wanted to gear up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states wanted to gear up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states wanted to gear up
+uh is its energy production from nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is its energy production from nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is its energy production from nuclear
+power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants
+and gear down fossil fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gear down fossil fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gear down fossil fuels
+and all of this other thing that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this other thing that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this other thing that had
+been the subject of a lot of controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the subject of a lot of controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the subject of a lot of controversy
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+in the early 70s and the 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 70s and the 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 70s and the 60s
+late 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the other thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing was
+competition with europe because france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with europe because france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition with europe because france
+had decided to do the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had decided to do the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had decided to do the same thing and
+even after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after this
+people in france didn't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in france didn't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in france didn't um
+were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not
+as panicky about the whole thing as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as panicky about the whole thing as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as panicky about the whole thing as we
+were and they went ahead with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and they went ahead with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and they went ahead with their
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+this program was cut so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program was cut so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program was cut so there was a
+there was there was a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was there was a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was there was a um
+there were a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of people
+who stood to make trillions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stood to make trillions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who stood to make trillions and
+trillions and trillions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions and trillions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions and trillions of dollars
+if this whole energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this whole energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this whole energy
+thing had turned over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing had turned over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing had turned over
+there was a lot of people who would lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of people who would lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of people who would lose
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+there were a lot of people who would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of people who would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of people who would not
+lose anything because they would simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose anything because they would simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose anything because they would simply
+uh just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just change
+their market i mean their product they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their market i mean their product they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their market i mean their product they
+had the money the infrastructure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the money the infrastructure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the money the infrastructure they
+got a name for it in business now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a name for it in business now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a name for it in business now
+they call it what is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it what is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it what is it not
+multi-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional
+not flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a is a common term that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a is a common term that's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a is a common term that's used
+technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically
+but anyway uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh where
+you could be in the business of selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be in the business of selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be in the business of selling
+diamond rings if your business is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond rings if your business is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond rings if your business is big
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+and if nobody wants to buy diamond rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if nobody wants to buy diamond rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if nobody wants to buy diamond rings
+anymore you can go into the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can go into the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore you can go into the business of
+automobile repairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just change over there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just change over there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just change over there's a lot
+of discussion about that but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion about that but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion about that but anyway so
+you had all of these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had all of these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had all of these issues
+impacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting
+uh this tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this tmi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this tmi
+uh event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh event
+at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+very few people in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people in the united states
+could keep a cool head over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so uh what we're saying here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what we're saying here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what we're saying here is that
+at least in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the united states
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+better angels of most people's nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better angels of most people's nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better angels of most people's nature
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natures
+was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+uh red i mean sorry resonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh red i mean sorry resonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh red i mean sorry resonated
+with this problem here even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem here even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem here even though they
+could not find an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not find an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not find an individual
+that would they could hold responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would they could hold responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would they could hold responsible
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you think
+i mean obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but do you think there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do you think there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do you think there's some
+responsibility on the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility on the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility on the part of the
+engineering that we've designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering that we've designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering that we've designed
+the design together to factor that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design together to factor that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design together to factor that in
+that you're going to have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have someone
+sitting there who may or may not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there who may or may not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there who may or may not know
+exactly what he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i hadn't thought about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't thought about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't thought about that
+they typically don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i shouldn't say they typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i shouldn't say they typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i shouldn't say they typically
+don't what what they typically do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't what what they typically do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't what what they typically do is uh
+well let's put it this way if a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put it this way if a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put it this way if a design
+engineer was in here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer was in here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer was in here today
+uh not a professor but one who does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a professor but one who does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a professor but one who does it
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+we say oh we include all of that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say oh we include all of that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say oh we include all of that stuff
+in the safety factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well once you include it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well once you include it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well once you include it in the
+safety factor do you continue to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety factor do you continue to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety factor do you continue to include
+it when you want to reduce the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when you want to reduce the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when you want to reduce the safety
+factor to improve profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you want you wound up down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you want you wound up down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you want you wound up down at the
+legal limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so i i even had an experience with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i even had an experience with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i even had an experience with that
+my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first
+on that first job i had a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that first job i had a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that first job i had a couple of
+weeks later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks later
+uh we were put putting steel down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were put putting steel down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were put putting steel down for
+the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concrete
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+steel bars had rested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i came in to work the next day this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i came in to work the next day this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i came in to work the next day this
+is a construction job i came into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a construction job i came into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a construction job i came into the
+construction job the next day with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction job the next day with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction job the next day with my
+one of my textbooks from school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my textbooks from school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my textbooks from school
+and said see we're not supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said see we're not supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said see we're not supposed to be
+putting anything in here that was rusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting anything in here that was rusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting anything in here that was rusted
+because the notion how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the notion how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the notion how many people have
+ever taken any concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me give you a little background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me give you a little background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me give you a little background
+on concrete because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on concrete because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on concrete because
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this structure here is concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this structure here is concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this structure here is concrete
+and steel steel reinforced concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steel steel reinforced concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steel steel reinforced concrete
+uh basically let me just say this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically let me just say this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically let me just say this too
+before i forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i forget it
+uh my job was to review what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my job was to review what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my job was to review what's called a
+finite element program and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element program and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element program and to
+correct an error in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct an error in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct an error in it
+and to recommend it to nrc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to recommend it to nrc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to recommend it to nrc
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+among other things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things um
+analyze the ability of a uh containment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the ability of a uh containment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the ability of a uh containment
+structure to withstand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to withstand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to withstand
+uh a direct implant impact with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a direct implant impact with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a direct implant impact with an
+airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's interesting after 9-1-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's interesting after 9-1-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's interesting after 9-1-1
+and this was back in 1979
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what do they say there's nothing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they say there's nothing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they say there's nothing new
+under the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the sun
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh so uh they this is that was my that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh they this is that was my that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh they this is that was my that
+was my job and that's a whole story in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my job and that's a whole story in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my job and that's a whole story in
+itself and i'll tell you that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and i'll tell you that story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and i'll tell you that story
+sometimes when we have nothing else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when we have nothing else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when we have nothing else to
+do that's a that's a good story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's a that's a good story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's a that's a good story
+uh so what was that saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what was that saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what was that saying
+oh the steel had rusted uh let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the steel had rusted uh let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the steel had rusted uh let me give
+you a little background on concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little background on concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little background on concrete
+first of all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all um
+uh concrete um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete um
+the romans were the ones who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romans were the ones who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the romans were the ones who um
+perfected more more or less perfected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfected more more or less perfected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfected more more or less perfected
+use of concrete but they did not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of concrete but they did not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of concrete but they did not have
+steel reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel reinforcement
+uh concrete is very plentiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete is very plentiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete is very plentiful
+or the materials for concrete are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the materials for concrete are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the materials for concrete are very
+plentiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful
+uh they and so therefore they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they and so therefore they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they and so therefore they're very
+cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+uh and they can be molded into a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they can be molded into a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they can be molded into a lot of
+shapes so architects love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes so architects love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes so architects love it
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the good news about concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news about concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news about concrete
+is that it is very strong in compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very strong in compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong in compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong in compression
+uh and that's the reason that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the reason that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the reason that um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch
+is so significant it's the second most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so significant it's the second most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so significant it's the second most
+important reason that the arch is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason that the arch is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason that the arch is so
+significant the main reason that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the main reason that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant the main reason that the
+arch is so significant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch is so significant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arch is so significant is
+that it's beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's beautiful
+there is no human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no human being
+okay excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+we're going to have to close this door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to close this door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to close this door
+we've got a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a class
+but we'll be out at five minutes of 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be out at five minutes of 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be out at five minutes of 12.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that uh i'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that uh i'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that uh i'm going to make a
+statement here that i'll stand by even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here that i'll stand by even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here that i'll stand by even
+though i've never seen a proof of it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i've never seen a proof of it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i've never seen a proof of it i
+don't think that there's a human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that there's a human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that there's a human being
+living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+or who has ever lived that doesn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who has ever lived that doesn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who has ever lived that doesn't find
+the arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch
+naturally beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reason that engineers love the arch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that engineers love the arch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that engineers love the arch so
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+is that if you make it out of concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you make it out of concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you make it out of concrete
+almost all all of the loads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all all of the loads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all all of the loads are
+compressive loads it's carrying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive loads it's carrying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive loads it's carrying a
+vertical load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical load
+but they're com they come out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're com they come out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're com they come out at the
+edge and the whole thing is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the whole thing is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the whole thing is in
+compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore
+you can build an arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out of brick without cement in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of brick without cement in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of brick without cement in between
+if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it
+right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+uh concrete is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concrete is also
+reasonably strong and sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably strong and sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably strong and sheer
+the bad news is that concrete is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad news is that concrete is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad news is that concrete is very
+very weak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak in
+tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+so if you have a structure a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a structure a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a structure a beam
+that's going to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to bend
+and have compression at the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have compression at the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have compression at the top and
+tension in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension in the bottom
+you got problems in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how do you solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you solve that problem
+well if you still want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you still want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you still want a
+a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beam
+that's made out of concrete to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made out of concrete to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made out of concrete to carry
+tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+the answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that is
+that concrete is also an adhesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concrete is also an adhesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concrete is also an adhesive
+with metal steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with metal steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with metal steel
+so it's not just steel when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just steel when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just steel when you put
+steel in there it's not just in there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel in there it's not just in there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel in there it's not just in there it
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+and becomes part of the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes part of the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes part of the structure
+so if you are building um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are building um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are building um
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like stonehenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stonehenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stonehenge
+and you want the whole thing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want the whole thing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want the whole thing to be
+concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+and this particular bit of beam is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular bit of beam is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular bit of beam is going
+to sag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sag
+under its own weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under its own weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under its own weight
+and you've got tension over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got tension over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got tension over here and
+compressive compression down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive compression down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressive compression down here
+then what you do is you come along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is you come along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is you come along and
+you put steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put steel
+in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that adhesion is enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that adhesion is enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that adhesion is enhanced
+all by putting ribs on the bar so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by putting ribs on the bar so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by putting ribs on the bar so when
+you look at if you pass by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at if you pass by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at if you pass by a
+construction site you see the bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction site you see the bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction site you see the bars
+they're not just smooth bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+the adhesion is weakened by rust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i asked this old engineer i said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i asked this old engineer i said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i asked this old engineer i said we
+can't be you know what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be you know what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be you know what are we going to
+do about all that rust down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about all that rust down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about all that rust down there
+and his answer was straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his answer was straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his answer was straightforward
+uh the safety factor takes care of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the safety factor takes care of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the safety factor takes care of that
+meaning it's over designed enough yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well when now the more we cut costs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when now the more we cut costs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when now the more we cut costs the
+more that becomes a real factor but back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that becomes a real factor but back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that becomes a real factor but back
+in this was in 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over design was something people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over design was something people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over design was something people did
+just as a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a matter of
+norm the cover for all of these field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm the cover for all of these field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm the cover for all of these field
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the issue comes out now with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the issue comes out now with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the issue comes out now with all
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+and design right up to the edge as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design right up to the edge as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design right up to the edge as to
+whether or not they're taking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're taking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they're taking into
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+uh these field conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these field conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these field conditions
+but in the old days they they had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the old days they they had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the old days they they had uh
+liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+safety factors they they would look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety factors they they would look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety factors they they would look at
+the law and if the law said 1.6 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law and if the law said 1.6 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law and if the law said 1.6 they
+would do 1.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know what it is now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what it is now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what it is now they
+probably do 1.6 right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what they'll say nowadays is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what they'll say nowadays is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what they'll say nowadays is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the technology is so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is so high
+that you can you can design right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you can design right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can you can design right down
+to the uh safety factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh safety factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh safety factor
+and that there's not a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's not a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's not a whole lot of
+field conditions so to speak because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field conditions so to speak because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field conditions so to speak because
+everything is controlled so much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is controlled so much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is controlled so much better
+now than then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now than then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now than then
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i say that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say that um
+you know sort of a snide way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of a snide way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of a snide way of saying
+it but i don't mean it entirely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but i don't mean it entirely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but i don't mean it entirely because
+a lot of that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that's true
+i say it in a snide way because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say it in a snide way because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say it in a snide way because you're
+supposed to listen to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to listen to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to listen to that
+you'll find that a lot of it is true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that a lot of it is true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that a lot of it is true but
+you should not take anybody on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not take anybody on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not take anybody on their
+word for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for that
+uh if you ever have to look into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you ever have to look into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you ever have to look into this
+kind of matter don't say that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matter don't say that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matter don't say that that's not
+a place that i will not look that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place that i will not look that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place that i will not look that's a
+place to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to look
+but yes they are right a whole lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes they are right a whole lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes they are right a whole lot of a
+whole lot of these field conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of these field conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of these field conditions
+are much better controlled now than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better controlled now than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much better controlled now than they
+used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be
+but there's always this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's always this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's always this thing in
+engineering where you're going beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering where you're going beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering where you're going beyond
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope
+and when you get beyond the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get beyond the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you get beyond the envelope
+what do you do you get back to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you get back to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do you get back to the same
+old problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let's
+let's uh put uh tmi are we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh put uh tmi are we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh put uh tmi are we uh
+down for a moment or for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for a moment or for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for a moment or for a while
+and say that what really happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that what really happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that what really happens with
+tmi is that so far as engineering ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tmi is that so far as engineering ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tmi is that so far as engineering ethics
+is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerned
+that we have a problem rationalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a problem rationalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a problem rationalizing
+uh western ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh western ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh western ethics
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+what our sensibilities tell us is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our sensibilities tell us is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our sensibilities tell us is a
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+or a cultural problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and when we get to the uh narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we get to the uh narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we get to the uh narrative
+approach i'll have something to offer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach i'll have something to offer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach i'll have something to offer on
+that what i have to do is get outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i have to do is get outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what i have to do is get outside of
+the greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greek
+paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh how about it miss beth you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how about it miss beth you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how about it miss beth you want to
+bring us up to uh chernobyl sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+at a nuclear plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a nuclear plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a nuclear plant
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+nuclear reactor overheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor overheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor overheated
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in a in a more severe way than at tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a more severe way than at tmi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a more severe way than at tmi
+because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their
+their plant isn't water cooled they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their plant isn't water cooled they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their plant isn't water cooled they use
+graphite i think to cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite i think to cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite i think to cool the
+nuclear reactor rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor rods
+graphite rods that they're putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we use graphite to trap the neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use graphite to trap the neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use graphite to trap the neutrons
+rather than water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than water
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+american system that the nuclear pore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american system that the nuclear pore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american system that the nuclear pore is
+covered with water to take away the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with water to take away the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered with water to take away the heat
+and to my understanding in this russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to my understanding in this russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to my understanding in this russian
+design it's covered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it's covered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it's covered with
+graphite to cool their core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite to cool their core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite to cool their core
+so this just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+react when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react when the
+nuclear core starts to overheat but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear core starts to overheat but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear core starts to overheat but i
+the more important thing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more important thing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more important thing so this
+um reactor started the core started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reactor started the core started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reactor started the core started to
+have a meltdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a meltdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a meltdown
+because the operators um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the operators um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the operators um
+shut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they wanted to see how long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to see how long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to see how long the
+turbine could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine could run
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+getting steam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting steam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting steam from the
+nuclear reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor and
+what they should have done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should have done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should have done is
+not just shut down like the steam supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just shut down like the steam supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just shut down like the steam supply
+system but shut down the reactor too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but shut down the reactor too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but shut down the reactor too
+but they were unwilling to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were unwilling to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were unwilling to do that
+because in the russian design if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the russian design if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the russian design if they
+shut down the reactor then it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down the reactor then it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down the reactor then it would take
+days to power it back up because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to power it back up because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days to power it back up because they
+had to let some non like dissipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to let some non like dissipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to let some non like dissipate
+so anyway so they'd like shut off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so they'd like shut off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so they'd like shut off the
+seam supply system see how long the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam supply system see how long the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam supply system see how long the
+turbine could run but they didn't shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine could run but they didn't shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine could run but they didn't shut
+down the reactor totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the reactor totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the reactor totally
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they also shut down the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also shut down the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also shut down the emergency
+systems because they knew the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because they knew the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because they knew the emergency
+system would go off because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would go off because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would go off because of the
+action they were taking they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action they were taking they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action they were taking they thought
+they could keep it under control and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could keep it under control and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could keep it under control and do
+this test of how long the turbine would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test of how long the turbine would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test of how long the turbine would
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+they couldn't keep it under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't keep it under control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't keep it under control
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of
+my understanding of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my understanding of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my understanding of it
+all right uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh let me
+mention a few things and then let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few things and then let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few things and then let's go
+back to the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the discussion
+uh number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number one
+uh this was in 1986
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is only seven years after tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+people said oh no not another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said oh no not another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said oh no not another
+secondly it did not have a containment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly it did not have a containment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly it did not have a containment
+structure on it so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on it so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure on it so therefore
+now you have to worry about fallout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to worry about fallout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to worry about fallout
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+oh and like 30 people were killed i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and like 30 people were killed i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and like 30 people were killed i
+think yes so people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes so people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes so people were
+people were killed on site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were killed on site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were killed on site
+yeah and the rest of us were worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the rest of us were worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the rest of us were worried
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+fallout would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallout would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallout would come
+in the atmosphere all around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so therefore the affected parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the affected parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the affected parties
+now would not just be us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now would not just be us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now would not just be us
+in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you would get something going all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get something going all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get something going all around
+the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's another report that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another report that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another report that there were
+some heroes involved in all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some heroes involved in all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some heroes involved in all this
+and that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plant operators after it occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant operators after it occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant operators after it occurred
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+went back in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back in there
+to try to bring the system under better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to bring the system under better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to bring the system under better
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+and they lied about the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they lied about the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they lied about the amount of
+radiation that their suits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that their suits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that their suits
+were programmed to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were programmed to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were programmed to take
+in other words they were taking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they were taking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they were taking a lot
+more radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more radiation
+and they did it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did it anyway
+so a lot of people some people say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people some people say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of people some people say that
+was sort of foolish but a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of foolish but a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of foolish but a lot of people
+said it was something broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was something broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was something broke
+and there are a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a lot of people who
+some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a lot of cancer cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cancer cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cancer cases
+uh broke out right after that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh broke out right after that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh broke out right after that from
+people within about about a 20-mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people within about about a 20-mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people within about about a 20-mile
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+is there an ethical issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there an ethical issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there an ethical issue
+uh in all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in all of this
+was there any person or was it something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any person or was it something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any person or was it something
+more like the system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the system or
+groups of persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of persons
+seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+easier to assign individual blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to assign individual blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to assign individual blame
+in the cause of this accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cause of this accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cause of this accident
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators
+consciously made decisions to turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously made decisions to turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously made decisions to turn off
+emergency systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency systems and
+run this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this test
+that was not really regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the right um i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right um i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right um i mean
+yeah i don't know i i read one article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i don't know i i read one article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i don't know i i read one article
+that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said
+you know they just wanted to they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they just wanted to they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they just wanted to they wanted
+to test the limits of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the limits of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the limits of the system
+in that article but they knew they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that article but they knew they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that article but they knew they
+weren't doing the right thing so yeah i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't doing the right thing so yeah i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't doing the right thing so yeah i
+don't know but it's possible that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but it's possible that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but it's possible that they
+thought they were doing an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were doing an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they were doing an important
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+yeah i think they thought everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think they thought everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think they thought everything was
+going to be okay even if they said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be okay even if they said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be okay even if they said they
+were going to stay once they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to stay once they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to stay once they were
+getting good i think they thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting good i think they thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting good i think they thought they
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+so there wasn't any malicious content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there wasn't any malicious content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there wasn't any malicious content
+right yeah well now let's use a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah well now let's use a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah well now let's use a word
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is not out of mind i think for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not out of mind i think for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not out of mind i think for this
+case but might be a little bit strong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but might be a little bit strong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but might be a little bit strong uh
+there's a tendency for engineers to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tendency for engineers to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tendency for engineers to be a
+little bit arrogant about what we do ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit arrogant about what we do ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit arrogant about what we do ah
+i got this thing under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got this thing under control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got this thing under control
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+i'm worried about something you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm worried about something you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm worried about something you said
+and that was uh it goes back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was uh it goes back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was uh it goes back to this
+problem of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of um
+well if they shut the whole system down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if they shut the whole system down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if they shut the whole system down
+it would take days to bring back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that a good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good reason
+not to shut it not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+not if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you significantly increase the risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you significantly increase the risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you significantly increase the risk of
+an explosion at the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosion at the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosion at the core
+by not shutting it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not shutting it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not shutting it down
+i mean i so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i so
+i guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the
+the debate is if you shut it down for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate is if you shut it down for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate is if you shut it down for a
+few days then you're not producing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days then you're not producing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days then you're not producing any
+electricity you're not generating profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they could have done the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but
+i i couldn't find any reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i couldn't find any reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i couldn't find any reason why the
+experiment was necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was necessary
+like the fast they wanted to get was how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fast they wanted to get was how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fast they wanted to get was how
+long will the turbine run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long will the turbine run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long will the turbine run
+without being found by the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being found by the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being found by the reactor
+like why is that worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is that worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why is that worth
+risking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i tell you what i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i tell you what i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i tell you what i think
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think it is possible to get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it is possible to get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it is possible to get so
+uh overwhelmed with the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overwhelmed with the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh overwhelmed with the engineering
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you can forget the human questions as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can forget the human questions as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can forget the human questions as if
+a human is different from the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human is different from the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human is different from the children
+uh you can forget the human questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can forget the human questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can forget the human questions
+even if they involved your own life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they involved your own life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they involved your own life
+because that's what they were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what they were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what they were these
+people were where they affected parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they might have had their families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might have had their families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might have had their families
+living within 20 miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living within 20 miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living within 20 miles
+they did it i mean they did it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it i mean they did it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did it i mean they did it without
+going you see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you see that's
+that's that's what this whole thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what this whole thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what this whole thing was
+about when i came into this class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when i came into this class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when i came into this class the
+first couple of days and put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of days and put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of days and put those
+pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+those raphael pictures in there getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those raphael pictures in there getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those raphael pictures in there getting
+into the right mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right mindset
+if you get into a mindset where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get into a mindset where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get into a mindset where you
+are bringing the people out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bringing the people out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bringing the people out of the
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um
+the the moral questions don't come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let me give you let me give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me give you let me give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me give you let me give you two
+uh real quick experiences that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real quick experiences that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh real quick experiences that i think
+bear on this and we'll finish and then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear on this and we'll finish and then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear on this and we'll finish and then i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+we can make an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone from the yeah of play by chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from the yeah of play by chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from the yeah of play by chicago
+and they've attributed this to the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've attributed this to the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've attributed this to the cold
+war they said this was a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war they said this was a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war they said this was a direct
+consequence for the isolation that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence for the isolation that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence for the isolation that had
+occurred and them not being aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and them not being aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and them not being aware of the
+superior designs that were available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so i thought that was an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i thought that was an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i thought that was an interesting
+take on it too that there is some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on it too that there is some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on it too that there is some kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+responsibility you have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility you have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility you have to have some
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+agreement within the science community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement within the science community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement within the science community
+be open and aware of what's going on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open and aware of what's going on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open and aware of what's going on you
+can't isolate yourself from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's an interesting twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting twist
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a lot of secrecy going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of secrecy going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of secrecy going on in
+those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days
+but there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a lot of
+there was a lot of information being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of information being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of information being
+passed too because to know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed too because to know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed too because to know that a
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+facility exists is easy to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to know that one exists without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that one exists without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that one exists without a
+containment structure is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment structure is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment structure is easy to
+determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+for them to know that all of our nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to know that all of our nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to know that all of our nuclear
+facilities have containment structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities have containment structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities have containment structures
+it's easy to determine so they knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to determine so they knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to determine so they knew that
+they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to
+they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had
+they might not have wanted to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not have wanted to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not have wanted to spend the
+money because you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know i would say the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i would say the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i would say the word
+billion is about right billions of tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion is about right billions of tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion is about right billions of tons
+but uh of concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh of concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh of concrete
+but you're talking about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're talking about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're talking about a lot of
+concrete and a lot of steel and you save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and a lot of steel and you save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and a lot of steel and you save
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+you save because that's arm armament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you save because that's arm armament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you save because that's arm armament
+you're really building a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really building a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really building a um
+a bunker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so so if one could argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so if one could argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so if one could argue that the
+soviets really didn't want to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soviets really didn't want to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soviets really didn't want to spend the
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+yes and maybe part of the isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and maybe part of the isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and maybe part of the isolation
+results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and
+not adopting the safety culture the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adopting the safety culture the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adopting the safety culture the rest
+of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world
+had maybe jumped on it was actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had maybe jumped on it was actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had maybe jumped on it was actually one
+of the other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other applications
+and i mean i think he attributed to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean i think he attributed to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean i think he attributed to some
+of the flaws of the design also but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flaws of the design also but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flaws of the design also but
+maybe even just that way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even just that way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even just that way of thinking
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there's another thing too um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's another thing too um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's another thing too um
+when you get out of the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get out of the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get out of the united states
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you it's easy to go someplace where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's easy to go someplace where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's easy to go someplace where a
+lot of people don't think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people don't think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people don't think about the
+individual as being so important as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual as being so important as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual as being so important as we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some people say that the state is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say that the state is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say that the state is more
+important others say that well the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important others say that well the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important others say that well the state
+is not more important but you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not more important but you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not more important but you are a
+better person if you can get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better person if you can get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better person if you can get out of this
+individualized individualistic mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized individualistic mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualized individualistic mindset
+and start thinking about the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start thinking about the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start thinking about the whole
+and we'll talk about that when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about that when it comes
+to mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mythology
+because mythology deals with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mythology deals with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because mythology deals with both
+mindsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give you uh two experiences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you uh two experiences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you uh two experiences and
+then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about y'all ready for this can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about y'all ready for this can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about y'all ready for this can can
+you do uh an analysis of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh an analysis of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh an analysis of uh
+we went through tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+more thoroughly than we did chernobylist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thoroughly than we did chernobylist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thoroughly than we did chernobylist
+or can y'all do a paper you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can y'all do a paper you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can y'all do a paper you know
+analysis don't you know so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis don't you know so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis don't you know so and
+like we did for the a7d like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did for the a7d like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did for the a7d like
+if you go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go outside
+did people take right actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did people take right actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did people take right actions
+yeah uh you're gonna have to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh you're gonna have to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh you're gonna have to um
+on on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this one
+talk about somebody who made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about somebody who made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about somebody who made the
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+uh not to bring in that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not to bring in that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not to bring in that uh
+safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the emergency system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the emergency system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the emergency system okay
+unless you think of something else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you think of something else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you think of something else you
+want to deal with but at least that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+do um both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a deontological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deontological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deontological
+analysis and a utilitarian analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and a utilitarian analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and a utilitarian analysis
+at this point if you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point if you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point if you don't want to do
+mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mill
+as a consequentialist view and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequentialist view and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequentialist view and you've
+got another one you want to use that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another one you want to use that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another one you want to use that'll
+be cool that'd be okay too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cool that'd be okay too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cool that'd be okay too
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+see what you can do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you can do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you can do with this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+here are some things to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some things to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some things to take into
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back when i was an assistant professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as henry said where the dinosaur saw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as henry said where the dinosaur saw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as henry said where the dinosaur saw is
+still walking around at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's put it this way there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put it this way there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put it this way there were
+people who reported having seen them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i had a master student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a master student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a master student
+it's a long story i'ma bring it down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long story i'ma bring it down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long story i'ma bring it down to
+a short story but i'd like to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short story but i'd like to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short story but i'd like to tell the
+long version of this story sometimes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long version of this story sometimes i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long version of this story sometimes i
+had a massive student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a massive student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a massive student
+who was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was interested in
+the problem of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of having
+a concrete wall with a load on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete wall with a load on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concrete wall with a load on the top
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+supported at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported at the bottom
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was
+if you continue to put the load on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you continue to put the load on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you continue to put the load on this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much load can you put on it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much load can you put on it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much load can you put on it before
+it buckles out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+everybody got a picture of what where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got a picture of what where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody got a picture of what where
+what the problem is you got this load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is you got this load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is you got this load
+you put the load and it gets more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the load and it gets more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the load and it gets more and
+more and after a while the thing buckles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and after a while the thing buckles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and after a while the thing buckles
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+but like concrete this load this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like concrete this load this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like concrete this load this
+material does not have tensile strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material does not have tensile strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material does not have tensile strength
+and it's and we're talking about putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and we're talking about putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and we're talking about putting
+it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a
+underdeveloped country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdeveloped country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdeveloped country
+that can't afford the steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't afford the steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't afford the steel
+or the steel workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co workers being expert workers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co workers being expert workers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co workers being expert workers that
+charge a whole lot of money per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a whole lot of money per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a whole lot of money per hour
+all right so we want to see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we want to see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we want to see what this
+critical load is the buckling load this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical load is the buckling load this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical load is the buckling load this
+critical load uh for a concrete or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical load uh for a concrete or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical load uh for a concrete or any
+other kind of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of structure
+that does not have tensile strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not have tensile strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not have tensile strength
+okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just
+building up actually uh you'll find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up actually uh you'll find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up actually uh you'll find this
+problem turns out to be an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem turns out to be an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem turns out to be an interesting
+problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um
+even today even to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today even to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even today even to this
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+uh in italy with the restoration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in italy with the restoration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in italy with the restoration
+projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects
+when you have all of these concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have all of these concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have all of these concrete
+blocks that were put on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that were put on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that were put on top of each
+other with no cement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with no cement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other with no cement
+and they don't have any tensile strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have any tensile strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have any tensile strength
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the leader of all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the leader of all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the leader of all of that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is a woman by the name of anna sinopoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a woman by the name of anna sinopoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a woman by the name of anna sinopoli
+s-i-n-o-p-l-e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh she has been for many years i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she has been for many years i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she has been for many years i guess
+she still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she still is
+uh and what we found out was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what we found out was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what we found out was
+that if this is the height and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this is the height and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this is the height and this is
+the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put the width over the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the width over the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the width over the height
+and put p critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you get this is it turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this is it turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this is it turns out to be a
+nice non-linear problem this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice non-linear problem this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice non-linear problem this was a
+massive student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive student
+uh we did uh we got a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did uh we got a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did uh we got a differential
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+highly nominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly nominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly nominated
+and we use the technique uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use the technique uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use the technique uh
+called uh finite differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh finite differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh finite differences
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we got a curve like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i said this is a good paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said this is a good paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said this is a good paper
+so i submitted it to the journal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i submitted it to the journal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i submitted it to the journal of the
+structural division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural division
+the american society civil engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american society civil engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american society civil engineer
+and i was bold because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was bold because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was bold because
+that journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that journal
+and the journal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the journal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the journal of
+the mechanics division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics division
+we're turning down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're turning down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're turning down
+67 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 percent
+of the articles coming in for phds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the articles coming in for phds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the articles coming in for phds this
+is the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they wrote back said they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wrote back said they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they wrote back said they want to
+publish this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish this paper
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+this curve is so complicated how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve is so complicated how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve is so complicated how can we
+give it to a designer in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to a designer in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to a designer in the field
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+can we simplify it how can we simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we simplify it how can we simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we simplify it how can we simplify
+it in such a way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in such a way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in such a way that we can
+code it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it
+uh as a legal formula this thing has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a legal formula this thing has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a legal formula this thing has no
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went back
+and what we said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we said was
+that is that for any width over height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that for any width over height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that for any width over height
+ratio as long as the critical note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio as long as the critical note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio as long as the critical note is
+below the curve you're safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the curve you're safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the curve you're safe
+so what we did was we plotted a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did was we plotted a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did was we plotted a straight
+line under here and got a nice straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line under here and got a nice straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line under here and got a nice straight
+line for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line for you
+they said beautiful they published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you're an engineer on a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're an engineer on a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're an engineer on a job
+your ratio is right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the straight line curve which is now law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line curve which is now law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line curve which is now law
+says that you have to be under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you have to be under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that you have to be under this
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+but you get in a situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get in a situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get in a situation like
+chernobyl's eyes still safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i know what the law is i we'll be out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what the law is i we'll be out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what the law is i we'll be out in
+five we'll be out at five off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we'll be out at five off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we'll be out at five off
+yeah i think according to my watch we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think according to my watch we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think according to my watch we
+got about three about four for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about three about four for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about three about four for five
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months
+no you do have a meeting but we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you do have a meeting but we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you do have a meeting but we'll be
+out at five or twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh i know what the law says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i know what the law says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i know what the law says
+but i read this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i read this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i read this paper
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we can go up to around here and still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go up to around here and still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go up to around here and still be
+just as safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we agree is illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it immoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i think that those engineers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that those engineers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that those engineers in
+chernobyl were thinking like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl were thinking like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl were thinking like this
+they know what the law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what the law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what the law is
+they know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is
+they can break the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can break the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can break the law
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+should they have broken wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they have broken wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they have broken wrong
+uh if you do not include this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you do not include this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you do not include this in your
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine
+i'd like to see if it'll work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to see if it'll work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to see if it'll work
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case no the case of chernobyl this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case no the case of chernobyl this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case no the case of chernobyl this kind
+of thinking of the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right then i'll see you on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then i'll see you on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then i'll see you on tuesday
+with your permission then i'll let these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your permission then i'll let these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your permission then i'll let these
+other people in yeah thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NKi3EuS5foY.txt b/NKi3EuS5foY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb2f5843730db268f04bd99b32390d3ff790e98b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NKi3EuS5foY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14696 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good
+morning we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+243 so let me just very briefly review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+243 so let me just very briefly review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+243 so let me just very briefly review
+what we've done uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done uh the last
+sign we are in part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we are in part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we are in part one
+and we riew some of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we riew some of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we riew some of the basic
+definitions up to the statement on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions up to the statement on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions up to the statement on the
+second law and we have to pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law and we have to pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law and we have to pick it up
+from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+uh just quick reminder we said what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just quick reminder we said what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just quick reminder we said what we
+mean by the word system and we explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the word system and we explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the word system and we explain
+that the word system is loaded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the word system is loaded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the word system is loaded with
+meaning it's not just uh that anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's not just uh that anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's not just uh that anything
+can be assisted it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be assisted it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be assisted it has to
+qualify uh in particular there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify uh in particular there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify uh in particular there is a
+constraint on how the external uh forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on how the external uh forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on how the external uh forces
+should be uh mounted in your model they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh mounted in your model they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh mounted in your model they
+must not depend on coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not depend on coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not depend on coordinates of
+external constituents of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system later on we'll see that we there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system later on we'll see that we there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system later on we'll see that we there
+is also another uh constraint reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also another uh constraint reg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also another uh constraint reg
+relating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to
+correlations also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations also
+uh this means that your this your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this means that your this your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this means that your this your system
+should not um depend uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not um depend uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not um depend uh on
+uh be cooperative with some other system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be cooperative with some other system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be cooperative with some other system
+if if it is you have to consider also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it is you have to consider also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it is you have to consider also
+the other uh system in order for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh system in order for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh system in order for it to
+call to be called a system uh in our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to be called a system uh in our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to be called a system uh in our uh
+in our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our little
+business in our little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in our little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in our little uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the then we design the property uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then we design the property uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then we design the property uh as
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+physical observable so something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observable so something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observable so something that
+you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um obtain by PR your system in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obtain by PR your system in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um obtain by PR your system in some way
+according to some recipes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to some recipes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to some recipes some
+measurement procedure and measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement procedure and measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement procedure and measurement
+procedures are what define those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures are what define those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures are what define those
+properties and we gave uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and we gave uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and we gave uh the
+measurement procedure for a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement procedure for a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement procedure for a for
+example we talked about what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we talked about what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we talked about what we mean by
+the word State it's the list of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word State it's the list of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word State it's the list of numbers
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh give the values of the properties at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give the values of the properties at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give the values of the properties at
+one instant of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the time
+evolution is described by equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is described by equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is described by equation of
+motion in a detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in a detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in a detailed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+model but it can also be uh described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but it can also be uh described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but it can also be uh described by
+just an initial State the final State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an initial State the final State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an initial State the final State
+and uh um a description of the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um a description of the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um a description of the effects
+that occurred outside of your system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred outside of your system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred outside of your system um
+during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in either
+way we have a few things to check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have a few things to check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we have a few things to check in
+particular important business obser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular important business obser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular important business obser
+Dynamics is that uh it has to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is that uh it has to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is that uh it has to you have
+to check two things one the consisten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check two things one the consisten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check two things one the consisten
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+law which would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which would be a
+theorem in the framework in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the framework in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the framework in which you
+start from the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the equation of motion
+theorem of the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of the equation of
+motion and you also have to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and you also have to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and you also have to check the
+second law which would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law which would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law which would be another
+theorem of the uh dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation the idea of process I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the idea of process I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the idea of process I already
+said um it's three things initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um it's three things initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um it's three things initial State
+final State and effects on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State and effects on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State and effects on the
+environment of the system and uh how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the system and uh how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the system and uh how do
+we account for effects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we account for effects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we account for effects in the
+environment well uh the most we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment well uh the most we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment well uh the most we can say
+is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it
+State uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes then by defining uh the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes then by defining uh the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes then by defining uh the weight
+process namely one in which the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process namely one in which the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process namely one in which the only
+external effect is the uh highly lifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external effect is the uh highly lifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external effect is the uh highly lifting
+or lowering of the weight in a gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lowering of the weight in a gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lowering of the weight in a gravity
+field which is a prototype of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is a prototype of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is a prototype of the
+mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+effects we could introduce the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects we could introduce the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects we could introduce the statement
+of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law it is an ingredient of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it is an ingredient of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it is an ingredient of that
+statement it says that you take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it says that you take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it says that you take any
+system and any pick any two states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and any pick any two states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and any pick any two states of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+system they can always be interconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they can always be interconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they can always be interconnected
+by means of a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by means of a weight
+process you not always you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you not always you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you not always you can do it in
+uh either the direction you want but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either the direction you want but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either the direction you want but if
+you cannot do it in One Direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot do it in One Direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot do it in One Direction you
+can do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and then gives grounds for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then gives grounds for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then gives grounds for the
+definition of uh of support for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uh of support for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of uh of support for the
+measurement procedure uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement procedure uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement procedure uh that we
+introduce to define the property en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to define the property en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to define the property en
+without the first law you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the first law you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the first law you
+couldn't assert that by making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't assert that by making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't assert that by making this
+procedure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you
+get property valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get property valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get property valuable
+property so essentially this is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so essentially this is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so essentially this is the main
+uh uh the most important consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the most important consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the most important consequence of
+the first law is the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first law is the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first law is the existence of
+property energy which yes then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property energy which yes then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property energy which yes then it is
+addied it can be exchanged between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addied it can be exchanged between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addied it can be exchanged between
+systems and uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concern and that gives rise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern and that gives rise to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern and that gives rise to the
+energy imbalance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy imbalance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy imbalance uh
+equation with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with this
+symbol which you have applied in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which you have applied in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which you have applied in your
+undergrad courses or previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad courses or previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad courses or previous
+uh we every every time we we perform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we every every time we we perform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we every every time we we perform a
+model we we perform an energy balance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we we perform an energy balance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we we perform an energy balance to
+account for to check that the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for to check that the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for to check that the difference
+between the final and initial value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the final and initial value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the final and initial value of
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+energy is equal to the energy that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to the energy that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to the energy that uh
+the net energy that is being received by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net energy that is being received by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net energy that is being received by
+the system during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system during that time
+interval so that's a statement of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that's a statement of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so that's a statement of uh
+conservation of that so some people call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of that so some people call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of that so some people call
+this I write the first law but I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I write the first law but I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I write the first law but I prefer
+to say I write the energy balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we headed towards the second law by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we headed towards the second law by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we headed towards the second law by
+introducing this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this idea of
+um classification of States based on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um classification of States based on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um classification of States based on how
+they change in time and why they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change in time and why they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change in time and why they change
+in time particular we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time particular we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time particular we focused on
+equilibrium for the moment but later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium for the moment but later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium for the moment but later on
+we will focus on non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium and there is equilibrium an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and there is equilibrium an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and there is equilibrium an
+equilibrium and we Define what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we Define what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we Define what we need
+by stable equilibrium and meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stable equilibrium and meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stable equilibrium and meta
+equilibrium the Sable equilibrium States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the Sable equilibrium States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the Sable equilibrium States
+is most important because it enters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most important because it enters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most important because it enters the
+statement of the second law and uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the second law and uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the second law and uh it is
+defined as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a
+state uh an equilibrium state so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state uh an equilibrium state so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state uh an equilibrium state so that
+means it doesn't move doesn't change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it doesn't move doesn't change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it doesn't move doesn't change in
+time it doesn't move in in state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it doesn't move in in state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it doesn't move in in state space
+so it doesn't uh change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't uh change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't uh change with
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and and you cannot change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you cannot change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you cannot change it
+without uh uh paying a cost uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh uh paying a cost uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uh uh paying a cost uh without
+having some net external effects you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some net external effects you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some net external effects you
+need to uh spend something in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh spend something in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to uh spend something in order to
+change a stable equ you cannot do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a stable equ you cannot do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a stable equ you cannot do it
+uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+free so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so to
+speak and here is the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and here is the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and here is the statement of the
+second law it is also made up of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law it is also made up of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law it is also made up of two
+assertions uh let's start first with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertions uh let's start first with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertions uh let's start first with the
+uh we focus first on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we focus first on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we focus first on
+uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain
+wine it responds to the question uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine it responds to the question uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine it responds to the question uh how
+many stable equilibrium states do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stable equilibrium states do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stable equilibrium states do a
+system hand in a way that is apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system hand in a way that is apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system hand in a way that is apparently
+contradicting the what we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics uh because it says that uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh because it says that uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics uh because it says that uh if
+you fix for your system the amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix for your system the amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix for your system the amounts of
+constituents so that means the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents so that means the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents so that means the number of
+particles of each kind and the Val of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of each kind and the Val of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of each kind and the Val of
+the parameters that is all the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters that is all the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters that is all the like the
+volume of the system or the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the system or the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the system or the other things
+that describe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe uh
+the external force or the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external force or the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external force or the things that
+you can control from the external so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can control from the external so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can control from the external so you
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+this then for each value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then for each value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then for each value of the
+energy there is one and only one stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there is one and only one stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there is one and only one stable
+equum state that is the statement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equum state that is the statement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equum state that is the statement uh
+introduced by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by uh
+I think by George atopos when he was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think by George atopos when he was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think by George atopos when he was uh
+collaborating with Jo Kenan uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with Jo Kenan uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with Jo Kenan uh in the
+60s uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+department and we'll talk about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and we'll talk about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and we'll talk about this the
+second session in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment and we will see also um as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and we will see also um as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and we will see also um as we go
+on that in fact there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that in fact there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that in fact there is no
+contradiction as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction as long as we
+understand and and we convince ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and and we convince ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and and we convince ourselves
+that thermodynamics considers a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thermodynamics considers a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thermodynamics considers a set of
+states that is broader than the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that is broader than the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that is broader than the set of
+States considered in mechanics So within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States considered in mechanics So within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States considered in mechanics So within
+the set of mechanics there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of mechanics there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of mechanics there's only one
+stable eum state which is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable eum state which is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable eum state which is the lowest
+energy State for the given values of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy State for the given values of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy State for the given values of N
+and beta uh but uh in the more broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta uh but uh in the more broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta uh but uh in the more broader
+uh set considered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set considered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set considered by
+thermodynamics there is one equum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics there is one equum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics there is one equum state
+state mistake for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state mistake for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state mistake for
+um every value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every value of the
+AG and these has consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG and these has consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AG and these has consequences
+important consquences that we will uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consquences that we will uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consquences that we will uh uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+beuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today yeah so one would uh ask well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah so one would uh ask well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah so one would uh ask well
+why I mean we we already have statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I mean we we already have statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I mean we we already have statements
+of the second law why do you accept this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second law why do you accept this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second law why do you accept this
+other one well that's because it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one well that's because it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one well that's because it is more
+General uh and it implies as cuses as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh and it implies as cuses as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General uh and it implies as cuses as
+theorems the most famous statements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems the most famous statements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems the most famous statements of
+the second law which are the Cy plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law which are the Cy plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law which are the Cy plank
+statement called also a possibility of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement called also a possibility of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement called also a possibility of a
+perpetual motion machine of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetual motion machine of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetual motion machine of the second
+kind we this is the only thing we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind we this is the only thing we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind we this is the only thing we will
+prove today uh in some I mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove today uh in some I mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove today uh in some I mean some
+fashion because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion because it's
+easy is a direct consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy is a direct consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy is a direct consequence of the
+first assertion of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assertion of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assertion of the second
+law and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and later
+on uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh not
+today uh probably next time uh we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh probably next time uh we prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh probably next time uh we prove
+the other statement of the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other statement of the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other statement of the second law
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+Claus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claus
+statement the one that says that uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the one that says that uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement the one that says that uh uh
+heat does not go from uh from cold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat does not go from uh from cold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat does not go from uh from cold to
+Haw from D Vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haw from D Vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haw from D Vice
+vers that requires that we introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vers that requires that we introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vers that requires that we introduce
+Define what we mean by heat what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what we mean by heat what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define what we mean by heat what we mean
+by temperature uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by temperature uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by temperature uh it
+takes a while not long but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture but the beauty of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but the beauty of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but the beauty of this
+construction is that you you get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction is that you you get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction is that you you get to that
+result as as a theorem of of uh combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as as a theorem of of uh combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as as a theorem of of uh combined
+first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law there is also another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law there is also another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law there is also another important
+statement by karate aing which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement by karate aing which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement by karate aing which is more
+mathematical though which can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical though which can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical though which can also be
+proved but we will not do it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course okay so what is the Perpetual so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so what is the Perpetual so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay so what is the Perpetual so
+now I want to talk about kin plank U say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to talk about kin plank U say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to talk about kin plank U say
+what um is a perpetual motion machine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um is a perpetual motion machine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um is a perpetual motion machine of
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind all right is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind all right is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind all right is any
+device essentially a system in our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device essentially a system in our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device essentially a system in our uh
+language that would start from a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that would start from a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that would start from a stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+State remember a state that cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State remember a state that cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State remember a state that cannot be
+changed without uh leing some net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed without uh leing some net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed without uh leing some net
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects and and in another state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and and in another state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and and in another state a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state why in a weight process in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state why in a weight process in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state why in a weight process in which
+uh the um the weight goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um the weight goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um the weight goes
+so in which you have transferred some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in which you have transferred some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in which you have transferred some
+energy out of your system and into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of your system and into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of your system and into
+lifting the weight okay if you manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting the weight okay if you manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting the weight okay if you manage to
+do that it's a perpetual motion machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's a perpetual motion machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's a perpetual motion machine
+of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind it's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's funny
+because uh it has been very long since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it has been very long since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it has been very long since I
+have not received any um emils from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not received any um emils from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not received any um emils from
+these uh crazy inventors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh crazy inventors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh crazy inventors
+but perhaps because I I mentioned it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps because I I mentioned it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps because I I mentioned it or
+maybe Google listens or maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Google listens or maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Google listens or maybe that's
+because I'm at MIT but uh on Wednesday I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm at MIT but uh on Wednesday I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm at MIT but uh on Wednesday I
+receive one I would be happy to show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive one I would be happy to show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive one I would be happy to show it
+to you very fun somebody who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you very fun somebody who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you very fun somebody who wants to
+put a container in the sea and it's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a container in the sea and it's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a container in the sea and it's yeah
+it's a it's not even Perpetual machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's not even Perpetual machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's not even Perpetual machine
+of second kind it's of the first kind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second kind it's of the first kind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second kind it's of the first kind I
+would say and I think the guy needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say and I think the guy needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say and I think the guy needs to
+learn some mechanics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some mechanics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some mechanics but
+um in the old days it was a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the old days it was a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the old days it was a continuous
+flow of applications for patents uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of applications for patents uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of applications for patents uh in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+violating this uh the impossibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating this uh the impossibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating this uh the impossibility of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same until in the 60s or the 70s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same until in the 60s or the 70s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same until in the 60s or the 70s I
+forget the patent office uh uh US patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the patent office uh uh US patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the patent office uh uh US patent
+office decided that anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office decided that anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office decided that anything that
+violates uh uh the law of the or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates uh uh the law of the or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates uh uh the law of the or the
+principle of this principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of this principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of this principle of
+impossibility ofm to uh is rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility ofm to uh is rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility ofm to uh is rejected
+immediately without going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately without going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately without going to uh
+referee that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referee that's
+because as I may have told you I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I may have told you I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I may have told you I forget
+the last time but uh I remember when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time but uh I remember when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time but uh I remember when I
+was a student with Professor gpos he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student with Professor gpos he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student with Professor gpos he
+would uh be so well um um educated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh be so well um um educated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh be so well um um educated that
+to uh reply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh reply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh reply
+in written and in full length to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in written and in full length to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in written and in full length to any
+letter that he would receive which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that he would receive which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that he would receive which is a
+principle that I still have uh uh but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that I still have uh uh but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that I still have uh uh but he
+would spend like 20 pages to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would spend like 20 pages to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would spend like 20 pages to explain
+line by line why you wrong and what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line by line why you wrong and what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line by line why you wrong and what and
+U often these crazy inventors make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U often these crazy inventors make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U often these crazy inventors make very
+complicated uh and uh convoluted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh and uh convoluted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh and uh convoluted
+reasoning that uh makes it very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning that uh makes it very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning that uh makes it very hard to
+dismantle and uh and uh and reject but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantle and uh and uh and reject but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantle and uh and uh and reject but
+he was doing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was doing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was doing that uh
+consistently uh whether you whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently uh whether you whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently uh whether you whether it
+was it was asked by the patent office or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was asked by the patent office or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was asked by the patent office or
+by the inventor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the inventor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the inventor
+direct fortunately we don't have that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct fortunately we don't have that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct fortunately we don't have that uh
+sort of spam any longer so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spam any longer so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spam any longer so how do we
+prove this well one way uh one simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this well one way uh one simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this well one way uh one simple
+way is uh to prove it that if I if F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is uh to prove it that if I if F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is uh to prove it that if I if F
+system can be divided into two parts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be divided into two parts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be divided into two parts so
+let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh
+reason this so that we see also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this so that we see also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this so that we see also what
+kind of proofs uh logical proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proofs uh logical proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proofs uh logical proofs
+are we're talking about and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we're talking about and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we're talking about and it is
+a a proof of ABS also that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a proof of ABS also that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a proof of ABS also that means we
+assume that the emm2 is possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the emm2 is possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the emm2 is possible and
+show that leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contradiction so let's assume that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so let's assume that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so let's assume that our
+system which can be divided in two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which can be divided in two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which can be divided in two parts
+that an addition of assumtion can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an addition of assumtion can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an addition of assumtion can be
+removed but it makes things more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed but it makes things more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed but it makes things more
+complicated assume that it does ser from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated assume that it does ser from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated assume that it does ser from
+a stable equilibrium State and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable equilibrium State and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable equilibrium State and it does
+end in a different state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in a different state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in a different state
+A1 with as external effect the lifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 with as external effect the lifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 with as external effect the lifting
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+way all right if that's true if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right if that's true if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right if that's true if that's
+happened then you can take the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then you can take the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then you can take the energy of
+the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight
+back and use it to take one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and use it to take one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and use it to take one from the
+system and accelerate into some veloc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and accelerate into some veloc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and accelerate into some veloc
+give it in form of kinetic energy take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it in form of kinetic energy take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it in form of kinetic energy take
+the potential energy of the wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of the wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of the wave and
+give as kinetic energy of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give as kinetic energy of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give as kinetic energy of the second
+part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what did we
+achieve so look at this St and the initi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve so look at this St and the initi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve so look at this St and the initi
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State why why is this not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State why why is this not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State why why is this not possible
+because the final state is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the final state is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the final state is different
+from the initial one and the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial one and the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial one and the initial
+one was a stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was a stable equilibrium
+State and there are no external effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and there are no external effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and there are no external effects
+because the wave went up but then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave went up but then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave went up but then it
+also we down so the net external effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we down so the net external effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we down so the net external effect
+is zero yet we manage to start from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero yet we manage to start from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero yet we manage to start from a
+stable State and change it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable State and change it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable State and change it to an
+entirely to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely to a different
+set that contradicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that contradicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that contradicts
+the definition of stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+okay all right so this is the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this is the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this is the proof of
+plus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second now in order to go uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second now in order to go uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second now in order to go uh on the
+second aspect of this second or second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second aspect of this second or second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second aspect of this second or second
+assertion we we left behind one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion we we left behind one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion we we left behind one of the
+definitions that are peculiar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that are peculiar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that are peculiar of
+thermodynamics and it's the uh that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and it's the uh that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and it's the uh that of
+reversible process what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process what we mean by
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process okay the definition is a solor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay the definition is a solor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay the definition is a solor
+you you have a process first of all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a process first of all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a process first of all so
+it means you have the initial and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means you have the initial and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means you have the initial and final
+say and you have an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and you have an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and you have an external
+effect B1 goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect B1 goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect B1 goes to
+V2 the state of the environment changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 the state of the environment changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 the state of the environment changes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+much okay the process is we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay the process is we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay the process is we call it
+reversible if it is possible not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible if it is possible not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible if it is possible not
+necessarily retracing back uh backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily retracing back uh backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily retracing back uh backwards
+exactly the same forward path of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same forward path of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same forward path of your
+initial uh process but in any other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh process but in any other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh process but in any other way
+if you find a way to bring the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a way to bring the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a way to bring the state of
+your system back to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initial and also the stake of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and also the stake of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and also the stake of the
+environment back to its initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment back to its initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment back to its initial
+State then and only then we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then and only then we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State then and only then we call the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+reversible okay so that means you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible okay so that means you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible okay so that means you have
+to try have all possibilities this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try have all possibilities this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try have all possibilities this a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+abstract definition but it's also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract definition but it's also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract definition but it's also very
+precise so I usually I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise so I usually I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise so I usually I'm not going to do
+it because the I want to make dust but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the I want to make dust but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because the I want to make dust but I
+usually take a piece of chalk and throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually take a piece of chalk and throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually take a piece of chalk and throw
+it to the wall it breaks and asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the wall it breaks and asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the wall it breaks and asked
+you is that process was that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that process was that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that process was that process
+reversible or not what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but how did you decide I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in I mean I'm making something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I mean I'm making something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I mean I'm making something that
+might sound wa SAR about all that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sound wa SAR about all that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sound wa SAR about all that other
+dis better you can G back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that good okay so you use your physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good okay so you use your physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good okay so you use your physical
+intuition that's because that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that's because that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that's because that's because
+you have a background youve already see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a background youve already see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a background youve already see
+the idea of reversibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of reversibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of reversibility and
+irreversibility but in our game if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility but in our game if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility but in our game if you
+accept the rules of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the rules of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the rules of our
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+uh what should you have done to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what should you have done to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what should you have done to to
+decide you should have tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you should have tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide you should have tried to
+reconstruct the state of the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the state of the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the state of the piece of
+Choke to see if it is possible to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choke to see if it is possible to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choke to see if it is possible to place
+that and then also whatever it did to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then also whatever it did to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then also whatever it did to
+the environment must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment must be
+undone and you have to try all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone and you have to try all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undone and you have to try all possible
+ways so how could you be so quick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so how could you be so quick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so how could you be so quick in
+answering okay it's a correct answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering okay it's a correct answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering okay it's a correct answer but
+uh you didn't apply our rules this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you didn't apply our rules this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you didn't apply our rules this is to
+just uh underline this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh underline this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh underline this is a very
+abstract concept and impossible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract concept and impossible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract concept and impossible in
+practice it doesn't correspond to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it doesn't correspond to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it doesn't correspond to a a
+procedure so that you can verify if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so that you can verify if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure so that you can verify if a
+process irreversible or not but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process irreversible or not but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process irreversible or not but it's a
+con and soon we will find a a method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and soon we will find a a method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and soon we will find a a method and
+of course as soon as we have defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as soon as we have defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as soon as we have defined
+atopy that will be the method to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atopy that will be the method to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atopy that will be the method to compute
+to calculate entropy measure entropy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate entropy measure entropy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate entropy measure entropy and
+see how it changes and from that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it changes and from that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it changes and from that from
+the entropy the balance equation we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy the balance equation we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy the balance equation we can
+decide whether a process is symol or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether a process is symol or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether a process is symol or not
+so we develop a practical method to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we develop a practical method to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we develop a practical method to uh
+measure this very abstract uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this very abstract uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this very abstract uh
+concept so why is uh uh reversible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so why is uh uh reversible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so why is uh uh reversible the
+concept of reversible process important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of reversible process important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of reversible process important
+in the second law because uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second law because uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second law because uh the second
+statement uh second assertion it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh second assertion it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh second assertion it
+says you start from any state of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you start from any state of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you start from any state of your
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can always
+go to a stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a stable equilibrium
+state to bring your system from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to bring your system from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to bring your system from that
+state to a stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to a stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to a stable equilibrium
+State and in a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and in a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and in a wave
+process which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversed so it's lot L all our concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed so it's lot L all our concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed so it's lot L all our concept
+together that's why we find them before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's why we find them before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's why we find them before
+uh now we put them all the all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we put them all the all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we put them all the all together
+there but if you go slowly and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you go slowly and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but if you go slowly and you
+Mumble about it uh um that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumble about it uh um that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumble about it uh um that's what it
+says uh redefine all the terms start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh redefine all the terms start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh redefine all the terms start
+from initial State you can always uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from initial State you can always uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from initial State you can always uh get
+your system to a saying say uh maybe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system to a saying say uh maybe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system to a saying say uh maybe so
+way processed a reversible way processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out that if you try other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you try other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you try other
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+to change your state to a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your state to a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your state to a stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+State other ways that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible you would uh lift the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible you would uh lift the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible you would uh lift the weight
+less than when it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversal so that means this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal so that means this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal so that means this is a
+theor and uh uh yeah it's proved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theor and uh uh yeah it's proved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theor and uh uh yeah it's proved in the
+the usual book and uh the theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual book and uh the theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual book and uh the theorem says
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+maximum uh lift that you can give to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh lift that you can give to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh lift that you can give to a
+weight in a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in a weight
+process with your system starting in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with your system starting in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with your system starting in any
+state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+obtain when your system ends in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain when your system ends in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain when your system ends in a stable
+equilibrium State and when the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and when the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State and when the process
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversing and that final stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing and that final stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing and that final stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+state is uniquely fixed by your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is uniquely fixed by your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is uniquely fixed by your initial
+state only one stable equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state only one stable equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state only one stable equilibrium state
+that can be reached in a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be reached in a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be reached in a reversible
+weight process uh uh from State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 so this is enough to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 so this is enough to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 so this is enough to say that the
+amount of energy that you transferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that you transferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that you transferred to
+the weight in these conditions is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight in these conditions is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight in these conditions is a
+property depends only on state A1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property depends only on state A1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property depends only on state A1 so
+that is only on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 because the final state is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 because the final state is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 because the final state is a function
+of A1 so it po defend on T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A1 so it po defend on T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A1 so it po defend on T1
+on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the state
+at1 and we call this property atic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at1 and we call this property atic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at1 and we call this property atic
+availability of the system in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 it's the
+maximal I don't want to call it but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal I don't want to call it but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal I don't want to call it but we
+could also call it work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also call it work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also call it work because
+eventually that's a work interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that's a work interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually that's a work interaction so
+it's a maximum work you can extract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a maximum work you can extract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a maximum work you can extract from
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system in the given state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the given state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the given state
+and if you are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you are an
+engineer and you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer and you're trying
+to make devices to uh exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make devices to uh exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make devices to uh exploit
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um natural resources like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um natural resources like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um natural resources like uh
+energy resources like coal natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy resources like coal natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy resources like coal natural gas
+uh nuclear whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nuclear whatever
+solar you you the main question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar you you the main question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar you you the main question that
+then Dynamics was set for 200 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Dynamics was set for 200 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Dynamics was set for 200 years ago
+by carau is well what's the most I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by carau is well what's the most I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by carau is well what's the most I can
+do out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do out of this
+situation and diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and diabetic
+availability is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer of course it gives an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of course it gives an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer of course it gives an answer
+under certain conditions you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain conditions you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under certain conditions you change the
+conditions you get different answers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you get different answers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you get different answers as
+we will see we will have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see we will have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see we will have more
+availabilities it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availabilities it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availabilities it depends on the
+condition here the condition is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here the condition is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here the condition is in a
+wave process so if I have my system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave process so if I have my system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave process so if I have my system and
+I confine myself to just a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I confine myself to just a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I confine myself to just a wave
+process that's the amount of the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's the amount of the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's the amount of the maximum
+amount of energy I can extract from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy I can extract from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy I can extract from my
+system the most I can do out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the most I can do out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the most I can do out of
+it if it weren't for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it weren't for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it weren't for
+um an important uh uh detail uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an important uh uh detail uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an important uh uh detail uh we we
+would be satisfied that thetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be satisfied that thetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be satisfied that thetic
+availability is all that we need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is all that we need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is all that we need in
+order to describe our engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to describe our engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to describe our engineering
+applications the detail is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the detail is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications the detail is that this
+property is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is not
+additive and therefore it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive and therefore it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive and therefore it's not very
+practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical
+because um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um when you
+have a a system made out of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a system made out of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a system made out of two
+subsystems and you measure the availab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and you measure the availab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and you measure the availab
+the adamatic availability of system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adamatic availability of system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adamatic availability of system a
+and then the adamatic availability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the adamatic availability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the adamatic availability of
+system B uh well if you want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B uh well if you want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B uh well if you want to consider
+the combin system you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combin system you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combin system you have to make
+another measurement to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another measurement to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another measurement to measure the
+adamatic availability of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adamatic availability of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adamatic availability of the system
+C the the the simplest example that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the the the simplest example that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the the the simplest example that I
+can think of as suppose you have a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of as suppose you have a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of as suppose you have a glass
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+water which is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water which is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water which is H
+hot and a glass of water which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cold so you measure thetic availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold so you measure thetic availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold so you measure thetic availability
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+one and if it is hot but in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if it is hot but in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if it is hot but in a stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+State how much is thetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State how much is thetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State how much is thetic
+availability it's zero because otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability it's zero because otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability it's zero because otherwise
+it would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a
+pmn2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmn2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmn2
+no I mean if you could uh if you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean if you could uh if you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I mean if you could uh if you started
+from a sa equum State you cannot leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sa equum State you cannot leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sa equum State you cannot leave
+the we so a system in a sa equum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we so a system in a sa equum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we so a system in a sa equum state
+is zero diabatic availability so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero diabatic availability so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero diabatic availability so the
+thetic availability of uh we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetic availability of uh we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetic availability of uh we use a
+letter s so of uh this glass of water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter s so of uh this glass of water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter s so of uh this glass of water is
+zero P of that glass of water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero P of that glass of water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero P of that glass of water is
+zero but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but if I
+consider the composite system of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the composite system of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the composite system of course
+we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all know
+that for example with a Carno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example with a Carno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example with a Carno
+engine you can extract work out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you can extract work out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you can extract work out of this
+situation so you see that 0 plus 0 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so you see that 0 plus 0 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so you see that 0 plus 0 uh
+does not make number different from Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not make number different from Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not make number different from Z so
+we lack additivity of this proper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lack additivity of this proper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lack additivity of this proper and
+this is why it takes uh the next half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it takes uh the next half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why it takes uh the next half
+hour to build up um another property it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour to build up um another property it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour to build up um another property it
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+entropy which will contain features so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which will contain features so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy which will contain features so
+that we can compute the TIC availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can compute the TIC availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can compute the TIC availability
+and it will be addied we have to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be addied we have to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be addied we have to build
+additivity on around atic availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+also this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this other
+theorem that I'm not proving but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that I'm not proving but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that I'm not proving but I'm
+pointing you at this U proof uh it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you at this U proof uh it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you at this U proof uh it's on
+page 76 of of the book um again so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 76 of of the book um again so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 76 of of the book um again so since
+I'm not doing it I'm not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing it I'm not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing it I'm not uh
+uh asking that you study it but uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asking that you study it but uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asking that you study it but uh if
+you're curious just go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious just go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're curious just go and
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+says that if you consider a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you consider a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you consider a weight
+process so now we confine ourselves to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so now we confine ourselves to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so now we confine ourselves to a
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+process between any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SES
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um clearly if you since our thetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly if you since our thetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clearly if you since our thetic
+availability is a property now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is a property now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability is a property now you can
+measure it for sayate any1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it for sayate any1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it for sayate any1
+you could also measure it for State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also measure it for State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also measure it for State
+A2 like uh energy the property so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 like uh energy the property so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 like uh energy the property so you
+can measure it for A1 you can me it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure it for A1 you can me it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure it for A1 you can me it for
+A2 so you give me two states of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so you give me two states of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so you give me two states of system
+a and I can measure for each s its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I can measure for each s its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and I can measure for each s its
+energy and its arotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+availability so it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so it turns out that this
+theorem says that if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if uh
+you have a a necessary and sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a necessary and sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a necessary and sufficient
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+for the process to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the process to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the process to be
+reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed
+if the difference between energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the difference between energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the difference between energy and
+arotic availability so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arotic availability so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arotic availability so you could
+interpret that as the energy that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that as the energy that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that as the energy that is not
+adiabatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at the
+end is equal to the energy not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is equal to the energy not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end is equal to the energy not
+adiabatically available at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh in a reversible process the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in a reversible process the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in a reversible process the energy
+not diabatically available is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+whereas in an irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in an irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in an irreversible
+process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increases very similar in fact also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases very similar in fact also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases very similar in fact also
+entropy will play the same will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy will play the same will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy will play the same will will
+will play in a similar way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will play in a similar way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will play in a similar way
+so this uh energy not adiabatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh energy not adiabatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh energy not adiabatically
+available is a weakness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is a weakness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is a weakness of
+uh reversibility it's the basis for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reversibility it's the basis for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reversibility it's the basis for uh
+measuring uh in practice whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh in practice whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring uh in practice whether a
+process isible or not all you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process isible or not all you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process isible or not all you need to do
+is according to if you trust this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is according to if you trust this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is according to if you trust this
+theorem is measure energy measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is measure energy measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is measure energy measure
+adiabatic availability with the tools we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability with the tools we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability with the tools we
+developed and then check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and then check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and then check this
+inequality if you is an equality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if you is an equality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality if you is an equality the
+process is reversible the reverse sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is reversible the reverse sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is reversible the reverse sorry
+the weight processing is reversible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight processing is reversible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight processing is reversible if
+it is uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inequality uh like like this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh like like this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh like like this one the
+process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversible if it's the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible if it's the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible if it's the other way
+around it's impossible it may something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's impossible it may something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's impossible it may something
+wrong so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so it is
+impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to
+decrease uh the amount of energy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease uh the amount of energy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease uh the amount of energy that is
+not at vacally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at vacally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at vacally
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay so this is a precursor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so this is a precursor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so this is a precursor of the
+principle that we will call of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we will call of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we will call of entropy
+non decree we could call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non decree we could call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non decree we could call it the
+principle of non decrees of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of non decrees of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of non decrees of the energy
+nonat thetically non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available of okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available of okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available of okay so now
+we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to
+make or build up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make or build up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make or build up this
+property that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that has
+um that builds a additivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that builds a additivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that builds a additivity
+into diotic availability so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into diotic availability so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into diotic availability so we are
+heading towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight in order to do that we introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight in order to do that we introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight in order to do that we introduce
+some other Concepts the first one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Concepts the first one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Concepts the first one is the
+concept of mutual stable equum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mutual stable equum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of mutual stable equum for
+Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual
+equilibrium between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems so two systems are in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so two systems are in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so two systems are in mutual
+equilibrium like the hot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium like the hot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium like the hot and
+cold they these are not a mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold they these are not a mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold they these are not a mutual
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+because because the composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the composite
+system is not in a stable equili State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not in a stable equili State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not in a stable equili State
+the fact that it has diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it has diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it has diabetic
+availability because that's an if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability because that's an if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability because that's an if and
+only if theorem so the fact that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if theorem so the fact that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if theorem so the fact that it has
+nonzero diabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero diabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero diabatic
+availability uh is equivalent to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability uh is equivalent to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability uh is equivalent to not
+mean a stable equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so these
+two they are individually in stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two they are individually in stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two they are individually in stable
+equilibrium but the composite is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but the composite is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but the composite is not in
+a stable equilibrium state so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable equilibrium state so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable equilibrium state so they are
+not in mutual stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in mutual stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in mutual stable
+equilibrium in another situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in another situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in another situation in
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+instead they are individually and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they are individually and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they are individually and also
+the composite system has zero diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite system has zero diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite system has zero diabetic
+availability so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so that means the
+um the uh the composite is in stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the composite is in stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the composite is in stable
+equilibrium then you say that the uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then you say that the uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then you say that the uh two
+systems are in mutual equilibrium that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are in mutual equilibrium that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are in mutual equilibrium that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+concept the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the other
+concept is that of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is that of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is that of thermal
+Reservoir a thermal Reservoir is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir a thermal Reservoir is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir a thermal Reservoir is a
+particular system I would uh say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system I would uh say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system I would uh say a
+limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system there has this feature that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there has this feature that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there has this feature that I
+will describe with a practical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe with a practical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe with a practical system
+making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any
+L you take the substance like water in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L you take the substance like water in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L you take the substance like water in a
+fixed volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed volume
+container and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container and you
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+uh a Poss a combination that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Poss a combination that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Poss a combination that we call
+triple point so a situation in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple point so a situation in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple point so a situation in which you
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+coexistence in stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence in stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence in stable
+equilibrium of ice liquid water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of ice liquid water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of ice liquid water and
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+vapor right here ice liquid water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor right here ice liquid water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor right here ice liquid water and
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+VAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then you find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's call it
+C that is in neutal equilibrium with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that is in neutal equilibrium with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that is in neutal equilibrium with it
+for for example it could be another copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example it could be another copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example it could be another copy
+of another uh piece of water at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another uh piece of water at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another uh piece of water at the
+triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple
+point but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but not
+necessarily the important thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the important thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the important thing that
+defines a reservoir a thermal Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a reservoir a thermal Reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a reservoir a thermal Reservoir
+is that if you uh change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy of this particular system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this particular system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this particular system for
+example I I consider a state with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I I consider a state with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I I consider a state with more
+energy so it will have lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so it will have lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so it will have lesser
+eyes uh maybe a little more water or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes uh maybe a little more water or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes uh maybe a little more water or or
+less liing water in any case so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less liing water in any case so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less liing water in any case so the
+proportions of the three phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions of the three phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions of the three phases
+change so the these are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the these are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the these are two different
+stes with different energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they are both in neutral equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are both in neutral equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are both in neutral equilibrium
+with this systen C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all why did I choose triple point water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all why did I choose triple point water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all why did I choose triple point water
+that's because H it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because H it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because H it
+is easy to prepare in any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blood and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and as you
+know we haven't defined yet what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we haven't defined yet what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we haven't defined yet what the
+temperature is in a moment we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is in a moment we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is in a moment we'll do
+it but just because you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but just because you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but just because you know what
+temperature is uh uh triple point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is uh uh triple point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is uh uh triple point uh
+is at a low pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a low pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a low pressure
+like6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like6
+kilopascal and at a temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilopascal and at a temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilopascal and at a temperature of
+273.16 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+273.16 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+273.16 so it's
+.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.01
+celsus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoir we apply again the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir we apply again the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir we apply again the second
+assertion of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion of the second
+law which says we can always start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which says we can always start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which says we can always start from
+a system in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system in any
+state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and
+reach a stable equilibrium state in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a stable equilibrium state in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a stable equilibrium state in a
+reversible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible way
+process this is an important load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this is an important load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this is an important load
+statement that it it it allows it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that it it it allows it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that it it it allows it I mean
+how do I know that it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that it always
+exists okay it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay it's very
+abstract but is very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but is very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract but is very similar to the
+statement that says in the first law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says in the first law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that says in the first law the
+second assertion that says yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second assertion that says yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second assertion that says yeah you can
+always interconnect the two weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interconnect the two weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interconnect the two weight
+process that in the two states by mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that in the two states by mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that in the two states by mean a
+weight process but uh uh no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process but uh uh no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process but uh uh no matter what
+weight process you choose it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process you choose it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight process you choose it's always
+the same energy that you transfer out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy that you transfer out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same energy that you transfer out to
+the weight how do you know that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight how do you know that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight how do you know that by
+because I can invent uh many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can invent uh many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can invent uh many different
+ways to to to do their job and how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to to do their job and how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to to do their job and how how
+do I know that they will all get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know that they will all get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know that they will all get the
+same outcome okay that also is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same outcome okay that also is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same outcome okay that also is a very
+abstract idea but it works because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract idea but it works because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract idea but it works because
+energy as after all has been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as after all has been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as after all has been very
+successful in describing stuff in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in describing stuff in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in describing stuff in in
+physics and we believe that it so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and we believe that it so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and we believe that it so much
+to be one of those great conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of those great conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of those great conservation
+principle that we talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we talked about last time
+and here is the same thing we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the same thing we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the same thing we have a
+very abstract idea about the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract idea about the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract idea about the existence
+of something it guarantees that now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something it guarantees that now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something it guarantees that now we
+Define a measurement procedure based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a measurement procedure based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a measurement procedure based on
+this if we didn't have this statement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we didn't have this statement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we didn't have this statement we
+couldn't uh um trust our measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't uh um trust our measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't uh um trust our measurement
+procedure and the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure is based on this ingredient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is based on this ingredient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is based on this ingredient
+which I repeat uh here um with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I repeat uh here um with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I repeat uh here um with a little
+more detail so I take a system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail so I take a system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail so I take a system and the
+resare and they are some initial States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resare and they are some initial States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resare and they are some initial States
+a one and in the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one and in the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one and in the r
+one the res starts in a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the res starts in a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the res starts in a stable
+equilibrium State like water at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State like water at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium State like water at the
+triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point then I do a reverse Symon weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then I do a reverse Symon weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point then I do a reverse Symon weight
+process for this combination for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for this combination for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for this combination for this
+combined system composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined system composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined system composite
+system uh which has is only a teral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh which has is only a teral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh which has is only a teral
+effect the lifting of the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the lifting of the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the lifting of the weight
+and it's maximal lifting because uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's maximal lifting because uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's maximal lifting because uh the
+process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+revers because it's the weight process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revers because it's the weight process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revers because it's the weight process
+is revers so that's the maximum we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is revers so that's the maximum we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is revers so that's the maximum we are
+applying essentially the theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying essentially the theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying essentially the theorem of
+adiabatic availability here but to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability here but to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability here but to the
+composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+uh a uh n r all right if this L thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a uh n r all right if this L thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a uh n r all right if this L thing is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Massimo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massimo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massimo and
+I think I jumped a little bit but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I jumped a little bit but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I jumped a little bit but maybe
+I I I could I could say that if the F if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I could I could say that if the F if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I could I could say that if the F if
+the finance say order to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance say order to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance say order to apply the
+theorem of adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of adiabatic
+availability the final state would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability the final state would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability the final state would have
+to be a stable equilibrium say for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a stable equilibrium say for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a stable equilibrium say for the
+for the composite system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the composite system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the composite system
+now and by our definition of mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and by our definition of mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and by our definition of mutual
+equilibrium it would mean that uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it would mean that uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it would mean that uh since
+the composite is in stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite is in stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite is in stable equilibrium
+the two parts are in mutual equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it means that the final in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it means that the final in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it means that the final in the final
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+A2 the system a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in here I want to do it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here I want to do it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here I want to do it a little more
+General and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you see I'm applying that theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see I'm applying that theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see I'm applying that theorem
+twice because I'm going you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because I'm going you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because I'm going you know in
+order to go from A1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2 I could uh in which uh my reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 I could uh in which uh my reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 I could uh in which uh my reservoir
+is an R1 and here is an R uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now I
+do consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do consider the
+composite of the two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the theorem of adiabatic availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theorem of adiabatic availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theorem of adiabatic availability
+says that uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh if I
+go let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go let's say
+R let's call it R um r r okay so if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R let's call it R um r r okay so if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R let's call it R um r r okay so if I go
+from here to here and this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here and this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here and this one is a
+stable equilibrium State for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium State for the
+composite then I have extracted as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite then I have extracted as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite then I have extracted as much
+as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I
+could uh also I can do it starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh also I can do it starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh also I can do it starting from
+state two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here I would extract the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I would extract the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I would extract the adiabatic
+availability let's call it c one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability let's call it c one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability let's call it c one one of
+system of the composite system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the composite system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the composite system
+a and here I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and here I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and here I would have
+extracted the adiabatic availability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted the adiabatic availability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted the adiabatic availability of
+this uh of the system uh in this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh of the system uh in this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh of the system uh in this other
+state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okayy but since in doing this extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okayy but since in doing this extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okayy but since in doing this extraction
+I'm using reversible weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using reversible weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using reversible weight
+processes I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes I can
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+um reverse the arrow so I can go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and of course I
+undo the effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo the effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo the effect on the
+weight so as I go from here I so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so as I go from here I so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so as I go from here I so that
+means I can go from here to there by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I can go from here to there by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I can go from here to there by
+means of that reversing we process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of that reversing we process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of that reversing we process and
+the amount of energy I transfer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy I transfer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy I transfer to the
+weight is uh s 1 minus S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however in this the ingredient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however in this the ingredient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however in this the ingredient uh
+yes so we we know how much energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we we know how much energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we we know how much energy we
+transfer to the weight in that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to the weight in that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to the weight in that process
+on on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the on the
+slide but for the measurement procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but for the measurement procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but for the measurement procedures
+that we are going to introduce in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to introduce in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to introduce in a
+moment uh was was um important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the changing energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the changing energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the changing energy of the
+res how much did the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res how much did the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res how much did the energy of the
+reservoir change during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process because that's something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because that's something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because that's something that we
+can measure so measure you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure so measure you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure so measure you do that
+process you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you give me
+a uh choosing two states A1 and A2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh choosing two states A1 and A2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh choosing two states A1 and A2 the
+second low guarantee is that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second low guarantee is that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second low guarantee is that you can do
+this process with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reservoir and then once you've done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and then once you've done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and then once you've done it
+you can measure energy because you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure energy because you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure energy because you we
+Define property energy and so measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define property energy and so measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define property energy and so measure it
+for the reservoir and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reservoir and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reservoir and make the
+difference of the final energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the final energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the final energy of the
+reservoir and its initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir and its initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir and its initial
+energy now this Syle here is complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now this Syle here is complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now this Syle here is complicated
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh uh no because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh no because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh no because I want to
+emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+that yes we are measuring an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes we are measuring an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes we are measuring an energy
+difference for a for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for a for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for a for the
+reservoir but it's more than that it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir but it's more than that it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir but it's more than that it you
+we have to do it in those particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do it in those particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do it in those particular
+conditions so it it says that system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so it it says that system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so it it says that system a
+starts like this and so on that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts like this and so on that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts like this and so on that the
+process is a weight process and that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is a weight process and that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is a weight process and that uh
+it is reg you do it under under other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is reg you do it under under other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is reg you do it under under other
+conditions it's another St okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's another St okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's another St okay all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ingredient okay with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient okay with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient okay with that
+ingredient here is the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient here is the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient here is the measurement
+procedure that defines a property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that defines a property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that defines a property that
+we will call um temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+res and that will turn out to be a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res and that will turn out to be a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res and that will turn out to be a uh
+the constant for the given resware so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant for the given resware so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant for the given resware so
+equal for all of it uh stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal for all of it uh stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal for all of it uh stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States we already know for we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we already know for we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we already know for we already
+know that for U for the triple point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for U for the triple point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that for U for the triple point
+water it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2736 K or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2736 K or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2736 K or
+0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius
+and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it
+is for as long as you in the Box you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for as long as you in the Box you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for as long as you in the Box you
+have all three phases you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all three phases you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all three phases you can you can
+put in energy take the energy out and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in energy take the energy out and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in energy take the energy out and so
+on as long as um you have at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as long as um you have at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as long as um you have at least some
+ice some water and some water vapor um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice some water and some water vapor um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice some water and some water vapor um
+that temperature doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature doesn't
+change so it's equal for all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so it's equal for all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so it's equal for all the states
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+system okay but how do we measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay but how do we measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay but how do we measure it
+okay so now for this meas measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for this meas measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for this meas measurement
+procedure the object of measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the object of measurement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure the object of measurement is
+the res you come to my lab with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the res you come to my lab with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the res you come to my lab with you
+Reservoir and I am supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and I am supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and I am supposed to
+measure this property for your reservo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this property for your reservo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this property for your reservo
+so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object in order to do the measurement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in order to do the measurement I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in order to do the measurement I
+take an auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an auxiliary
+system so I choose whatever system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I choose whatever system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so I choose whatever system I
+want and any arbitrary two states for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and any arbitrary two states for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and any arbitrary two states for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+system and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I
+do my my reversible weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my my reversible weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my my reversible weight
+process for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for the
+combination that will list the weight by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that will list the weight by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that will list the weight by
+somehow some some El and I measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow some some El and I measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow some some El and I measure how
+much your changes in energy and I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much your changes in energy and I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much your changes in energy and I put
+that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numerator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator in the
+denominator I put the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I put the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I put the result of the
+similar measurement that I have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar measurement that I have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar measurement that I have done
+once and for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and for all
+for a reference Reservoir we I happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reference Reservoir we I happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reference Reservoir we I happen to
+like to choose the triple point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water of
+course when I did this measurement I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I did this measurement I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when I did this measurement I use
+the same system a and the same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same system a and the same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same system a and the same two
+states A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states A1 and
+A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2
+okay and I measured how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I measured how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I measured how much energy
+changes the this res were reference res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the this res were reference res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the this res were reference res
+and I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take this
+so this ratio is a measurement by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this ratio is a measurement by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this ratio is a measurement by
+comparison it's exactly like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison it's exactly like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison it's exactly like when you
+say well uh uh how long is this uh thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well uh uh how long is this uh thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well uh uh how long is this uh thing
+okay you compare it with the meter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you compare it with the meter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you compare it with the meter or
+the inch uh okay and the meter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inch uh okay and the meter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inch uh okay and the meter is
+another object U that is maybe in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object U that is maybe in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object U that is maybe in some
+Museum in Paris but and you see how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum in Paris but and you see how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum in Paris but and you see how how
+many times this thing stays so take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times this thing stays so take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times this thing stays so take the
+ratio of the this length to the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the this length to the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the this length to the length
+of the meter you get a dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the meter you get a dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the meter you get a dimensionless
+number it's exactly like here it'sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's exactly like here it'sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's exactly like here it'sing
+this L there and as you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L there and as you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L there and as you know when you
+have measurements like that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measurements like that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measurements like that you can
+introduce a unit of measure you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a unit of measure you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a unit of measure you call the
+meter one meter but you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter one meter but you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter one meter but you could have
+called it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it uh
+uh I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know how many
+each is s a meter but you could call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each is s a meter but you could call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each is s a meter but you could call it
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+40 something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we take the
+ratio we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio we
+multiply we take this unit not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply we take this unit not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply we take this unit not
+one Gibbs or one at what we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Gibbs or one at what we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Gibbs or one at what we call it
+since Kelvin was the first we call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Kelvin was the first we call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Kelvin was the first we call it uh
+and he didn't put one but he put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he didn't put one but he put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he didn't put one but he put
+273.16 all right so that's our uh basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+273.16 all right so that's our uh basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+273.16 all right so that's our uh basis
+but we put here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put here this
+number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the
+result so you multiply by that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so you multiply by that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so you multiply by that number
+this dimensionless ratio and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dimensionless ratio and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dimensionless ratio and you
+get this property temperature in Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course there is a an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there is a an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there is a an important
+theorem again proved there that uh says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem again proved there that uh says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem again proved there that uh says
+first of all that this ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that this ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all that this ratio is
+positive that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that it is
+independent of the initial states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoirs that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs that it is
+independent of your choice of auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of your choice of auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of your choice of auxiliary
+system and once you've chosen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and once you've chosen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and once you've chosen that
+system independent of the initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system independent of the initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system independent of the initial and
+final a States A1 and A2 of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and also that it is equal for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and also that it is equal for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and also that it is equal for all
+states stable equum states of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states stable equum states of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states stable equum states of the of the
+res so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res so that is a
+property add a constant volume we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property add a constant volume we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property add a constant volume we call
+it the temperature of the res notice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the temperature of the res notice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the temperature of the res notice we
+Define just the temperature of a res we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define just the temperature of a res we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define just the temperature of a res we
+haven't defined yet the temperature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined yet the temperature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined yet the temperature of a
+stable equili state of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equili state of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equili state of the general
+system not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet but this is enough for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purposes also notice that the by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes also notice that the by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes also notice that the by the way
+we Define the property to this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the property to this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define the property to this formula
+you can rewrite that formula by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite that formula by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite that formula by taking
+the things with the subst r on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things with the subst r on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things with the subst r on the left
+uh hand side and subst R zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hand side and subst R zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hand side and subst R zero on the
+right hand side you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you get
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality from this equality you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality from this equality you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality from this equality you can
+infer what that uh if I measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio for Reservoir R it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for Reservoir R it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio for Reservoir R it's the same as
+for the reference Reservoir it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reference Reservoir it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reference Reservoir it's the
+same for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reservoirs so it's independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs so it's independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoirs so it's independent of the
+res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res
+so this ratio although we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this ratio although we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this ratio although we use the
+reservoir to measure it is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir to measure it is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir to measure it is independent
+of the res so what does it depend on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the res so what does it depend on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the res so what does it depend on it
+depends only on the system a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on the system a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on the system a the
+auxiliary system that you have used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary system that you have used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary system that you have used and
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+states this is why this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states this is why this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states this is why this is very
+important because essentially this leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because essentially this leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because essentially this leads
+us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to the
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+entropy that ration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that ration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy that ration
+we call it the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the entropy
+difference between two states A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two states A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two states A1 and
+A2 of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system if you want to put it in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you want to put it in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you want to put it in another
+way what's the measurement procedure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the measurement procedure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's the measurement procedure for
+entropy okay so now you come to my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay so now you come to my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay so now you come to my lab
+and uh bring your system and bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh bring your system and bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh bring your system and bring the
+system in a given State on which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a given State on which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a given State on which you're
+interested in measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in measuring the
+entropy again I tell you look I just can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy again I tell you look I just can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy again I tell you look I just can
+measure entropy differences so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure entropy differences so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure entropy differences so it
+pick reference uh State a zero Give It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick reference uh State a zero Give It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick reference uh State a zero Give It
+Whatever value you want for the enthropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever value you want for the enthropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever value you want for the enthropy
+of that one I measure only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one I measure only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one I measure only the
+difference and how do I measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and how do I measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and how do I measure the
+difference well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well I
+run I find a reversible wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I find a reversible wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I find a reversible wave
+process for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for your
+system and my Reser for example I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and my Reser for example I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and my Reser for example I could
+choose water at the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but not
+necessarily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily and
+measure the energy change of the res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the energy change of the res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the energy change of the res
+using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+process and put it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and put it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and put it at the
+numerator in the denominator I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator in the denominator I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator in the denominator I put the
+temperature of the reservoir that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the reservoir that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the reservoir that I have
+previously measured with that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously measured with that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously measured with that other
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+procedure and this ratio we just proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and this ratio we just proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and this ratio we just proved
+is independent of the res I I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of the res I I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of the res I I chose
+here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I
+add this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this ratio
+to so this ratio essentially is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this ratio essentially is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this ratio essentially is the
+answer that's difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that's difference in
+entropy between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states all right so we have an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states all right so we have an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states all right so we have an explicit
+uh measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measurement
+procedure that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that gives us
+anything and the advantage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and the advantage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and the advantage of this
+property with respect to diabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property with respect to diabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property with respect to diabatic
+availability is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UND you do it for a system a you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UND you do it for a system a you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UND you do it for a system a you do it
+for a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system
+B and then you do it for a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then you do it for a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then you do it for a system
+composite AB where the the entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite AB where the the entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite AB where the the entropy is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same entropy differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+added in a moment we will see also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in a moment we will see also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in a moment we will see also
+um a practical engineering meaning of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a practical engineering meaning of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a practical engineering meaning of of
+ENT but let me also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT but let me also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT but let me also
+Define this other property which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this other property which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this other property which we
+essentially already did here when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially already did here when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially already did here when you
+have a system in combination with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system in combination with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system in combination with a
+reservoir like here system and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir like here system and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir like here system and a
+reservoir they start in some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir they start in some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir they start in some initial
+States the Reser in a stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the Reser in a stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the Reser in a stable equilibrium
+State system a in any state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State system a in any state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State system a in any state of the
+equilibrium on equilibrium doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter I can apply the theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I can apply the theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I can apply the theorem of
+adiabatic availability to the composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability to the composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability to the composite
+system and find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and find that the
+maximum uh weight list that I can obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh weight list that I can obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh weight list that I can obtain
+from this composite system in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this composite system in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this composite system in those
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+States uh is thetic availability is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh is thetic availability is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh is thetic availability is uh
+is obtained when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obtained when
+we make the reversible Pro the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the reversible Pro the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the reversible Pro the weight
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reverse and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and it
+also ends in a stable equilibrium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ends in a stable equilibrium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ends in a stable equilibrium for
+the composite system so when the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite system so when the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite system so when the two
+when a are are in mutual te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a are are in mutual te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a are are in mutual te
+so here system a ends in a state that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here system a ends in a state that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here system a ends in a state that I
+call a subr just uh to remind us that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a subr just uh to remind us that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a subr just uh to remind us that it
+is the state in which system a is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state in which system a is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state in which system a is in
+mutual equili with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+res and the final state of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res and the final state of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res and the final state of the uh
+Reservoir is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir is also
+uniquely fixed by the initial states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely fixed by the initial states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely fixed by the initial states of
+a and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is a new property you can view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a new property you can view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a new property you can view
+it if you fix the reservoir or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you fix the reservoir or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you fix the reservoir or with
+respect to a given Reservoir this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a given Reservoir this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a given Reservoir this is
+another property for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system it is another availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it is another availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it is another availability
+another U maximum worth in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another U maximum worth in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another U maximum worth in other
+conditions when the system can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions when the system can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions when the system can also
+interact or as an a reservoir available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact or as an a reservoir available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact or as an a reservoir available
+with which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which to
+interact we call it available energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact we call it available energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact we call it available energy
+with respect to the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R we can make uh so so we call Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we can make uh so so we call Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we can make uh so so we call Omega
+Omega is the energy that goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the energy that goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is the energy that goes through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+weight we can make you can write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight we can make you can write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight we can make you can write an
+energy balance for that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance for that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy balance for that uh
+process because now we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because now we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because now we know how to
+compute the energy so we can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the energy so we can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the energy so we can compute the
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+difference for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for system
+a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it
+goes uh from A1 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh from A1 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh from A1 to a
+r so the the energy that goes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so the the energy that goes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so the the energy that goes out of
+system a is E1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a is E1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a is E1 minus
+E the energy that goes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E the energy that goes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E the energy that goes out of the
+reservoir is e the energy of R State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir is e the energy of R State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir is e the energy of R State
+S1 minus the energy of R in this fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 minus the energy of R in this fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 minus the energy of R in this fin
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since any is conserved these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since any is conserved these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since any is conserved these are the
+things that go out they they sum up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go out they they sum up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go out they they sum up to
+what uh uh is received by the weight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh uh is received by the weight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh uh is received by the weight so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+theb but now if you remember how we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theb but now if you remember how we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theb but now if you remember how we we
+defined the the entropy of syst a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the the entropy of syst a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the the entropy of syst a just
+previous SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the
+ratio of the energy change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the energy change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the energy change of the
+reservoir so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir so it's this
+Bunch the change is actually final minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunch the change is actually final minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunch the change is actually final minus
+initial so it's minus this much divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so it's minus this much divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so it's minus this much divided
+by the temperature so that's the eny so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the temperature so that's the eny so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the temperature so that's the eny so
+this ratio Which con could substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio Which con could substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio Which con could substitute
+this part using this equation and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part using this equation and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part using this equation and make
+an expression for the available energy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression for the available energy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression for the available energy a
+terms of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the in
+I to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to see
+the the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the algebra
+here so this is the working uh equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the working uh equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the working uh equation
+for U Computing available energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U Computing available energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U Computing available energy of a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+system all you need to to know available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all you need to to know available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all you need to to know available
+energy with respect to to the reservo r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to to the reservo r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with respect to to the reservo r
+you need to know the initial energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the initial energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the initial energy the
+final the initial entropy E1 and S1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final the initial entropy E1 and S1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final the initial entropy E1 and S1 you
+need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know
+the energy and that the entropy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and that the entropy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and that the entropy that the
+system has once it gets into mutual the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has once it gets into mutual the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has once it gets into mutual the
+reservoir and you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir and you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir and you need to know the
+temperature of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of that
+res and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combination if you uh we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination if you uh we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination if you uh we call it
+available energy respect the ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy respect the ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy respect the ter
+reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir
+uh later on when we give it say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later on when we give it say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh later on when we give it say a few
+words about ARG I this one form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about ARG I this one form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about ARG I this one form of
+ex ex is a war that was invented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex ex is a war that was invented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex ex is a war that was invented in the
+70s so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s so maybe
+uh uh earlier Kenan called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh earlier Kenan called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh earlier Kenan called it
+availability in 1941 so this concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability in 1941 so this concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability in 1941 so this concept is
+around for been a while around for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for been a while around for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for been a while around for a
+while U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while U but
+exergy the X means like it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy the X means like it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy the X means like it's like the
+essential part of of energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exergy is the answer to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy is the answer to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergy is the answer to the question
+what's the maximum I can do for from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum I can do for from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the maximum I can do for from a
+given situation so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given situation so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given situation so there are many
+exergies and we already have seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergies and we already have seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exergies and we already have seen a
+couple a diabatic availability is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a diabatic availability is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a diabatic availability is an
+energy that applies when the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that applies when the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that applies when the system
+under goes just a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under goes just a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under goes just a weight
+process uh here we have available energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh here we have available energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh here we have available energy
+it's another energy that applies when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another energy that applies when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another energy that applies when a
+system uh also is available a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh also is available a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh also is available a uh a
+reservoir it is the combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir it is the combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir it is the combination of the
+system and the the reservoir with I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the the reservoir with I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the the reservoir with I'm
+going to go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go away
+first so this is the formula so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so this is the formula so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so this is the formula so let's
+play again here let's play a bit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play again here let's play a bit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play again here let's play a bit with
+the formula and rewrite it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula and rewrite it in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula and rewrite it in this way
+putting in evidence the entropy of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in evidence the entropy of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in evidence the entropy of State
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system yeah before I before I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah before I before I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah before I before I do that
+notice that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that um
+except for the temperature on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the temperature on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the temperature on the
+res this formula doesn't have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res this formula doesn't have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res this formula doesn't have any other
+um properties s so doesn't have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties s so doesn't have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties s so doesn't have the the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+in has disappear because we wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in has disappear because we wrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in has disappear because we wrote that
+in terms of the entropy change for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the entropy change for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the entropy change for the
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+system okay so we put in evidence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so we put in evidence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so we put in evidence the
+entrop of system a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 any we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that except for some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for some things that are
+constant fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant fixed
+by The Chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reservoir the entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir the entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir the entropy is
+proportional to the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the difference between
+energy and available energy so again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and available energy so again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and available energy so again it
+is the energy that is not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the
+res divided by the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res divided by the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res divided by the temperature of the
+res so the entropy is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res so the entropy is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res so the entropy is proportional to
+the proportional to the non available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportional to the non available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportional to the non available
+ener with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so the higher the entropy the lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the higher the entropy the lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the higher the entropy the lesser
+the energy that can be transformed to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that can be transformed to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that can be transformed to uh
+lifting a away which is the Prototype of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting a away which is the Prototype of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting a away which is the Prototype of
+a useful effect mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect so that's why I C engineering me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that's why I C engineering me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that's why I C engineering me
+of lot of mechanical engineering Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lot of mechanical engineering Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lot of mechanical engineering Energy
+Engineering is related to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering is related to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering is related to trying to
+exploit as much as possible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit as much as possible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit as much as possible the
+availability of systems in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of systems in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of systems in other words
+to uh um an entropy Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh um an entropy Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh um an entropy Place
+against let entropy increased you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against let entropy increased you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against let entropy increased you lose
+ability to do useful effects so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do useful effects so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do useful effects so that's
+why in engineering we have to working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in engineering we have to working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in engineering we have to working at
+trying to improve the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve the efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve the efficiency of
+stuff of machinery and so on uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of machinery and so on uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of machinery and so on uh with the
+purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reducing the spontaneous generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the spontaneous generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the spontaneous generation of
+an because that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an because that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an because that will
+kill the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay uh we said already said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay uh we said already said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay uh we said already said that
+thop is additive and it can be proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thop is additive and it can be proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thop is additive and it can be proved
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+additive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the the theum on the criteria for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversibility we already see the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility we already see the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility we already see the first
+line here expressed in terms of thetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here expressed in terms of thetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here expressed in terms of thetic
+availability of the system you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of the system you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of the system you can
+express the saying that theorem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the saying that theorem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the saying that theorem uh
+translates also for uh available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates also for uh available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates also for uh available
+energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+the the difference between energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference between energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference between energy and
+available energy in respect to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy in respect to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available energy in respect to any
+Reservoir any given reservoir uh remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir any given reservoir uh remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir any given reservoir uh remains
+constant in a reversible process so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in a reversible process so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in a reversible process so the
+unavailable energy remains constant in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable energy remains constant in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable energy remains constant in a
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+process while it increases in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process while it increases in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process while it increases in an
+irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible
+process and it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decrease and since we just saw that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and since we just saw that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease and since we just saw that this
+these are available energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are available energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are available energies
+proportional to to uh the entropy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to to uh the entropy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to to uh the entropy we can
+write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s
+remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains
+constant in a reversible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in a reversible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in a reversible way
+process energy I'm sorry entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process energy I'm sorry entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process energy I'm sorry entropy
+increases if the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everal entropy cannot decrease in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everal entropy cannot decrease in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everal entropy cannot decrease in a
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process but careful here about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but careful here about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but careful here about the
+conditions that we make this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we make this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we make this statement
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+because it would be wrong to say ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be wrong to say ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be wrong to say ah
+energy I mean the entropy cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase the entropy decreases all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the entropy decreases all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the entropy decreases all the
+times whenever you take a can of Coke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times whenever you take a can of Coke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times whenever you take a can of Coke
+and put it in your refrigerator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in your refrigerator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in your refrigerator the
+entropy of that kind of coke decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of that kind of coke decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of that kind of coke decreases
+because you're cooling it down that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're cooling it down that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're cooling it down that is
+not a weight process what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a weight process what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a weight process what we're saying
+here that the entropy cannot decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the entropy cannot decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the entropy cannot decrease in
+a wave process if the only external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave process if the only external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave process if the only external
+effect is only uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is only uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is only uh the
+changing I mean the lifting or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing I mean the lifting or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing I mean the lifting or or
+lowering of the of the weight then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering of the of the weight then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering of the of the weight then you
+cannot decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot decrease the
+anop but you can decrease the anop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anop but you can decrease the anop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anop but you can decrease the anop of
+your system by simply taking making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system by simply taking making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system by simply taking making it
+flow out on your system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow out on your system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow out on your system because
+entropy is actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transferable we prove that in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferable we prove that in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferable we prove that in the same
+way as we for the transferability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as we for the transferability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as we for the transferability or
+exchangeability of energy consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangeability of energy consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangeability of energy consider a
+composite system you apply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system you apply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite system you apply uh
+um if I do it for a reversible processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I do it for a reversible processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I do it for a reversible processor
+then enthropy remains constant so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then enthropy remains constant so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then enthropy remains constant so it's a
+con principle entropy conservation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con principle entropy conservation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con principle entropy conservation in a
+weight a reversible wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight a reversible wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight a reversible wave
+process you combine it with additivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you combine it with additivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you combine it with additivity
+you find that uh the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that uh the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that uh the entropy
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+disappear if it goes out of system a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear if it goes out of system a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear if it goes out of system a it
+means that you find it somewhere else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you find it somewhere else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you find it somewhere else in
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+b in a reversible wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in a reversible wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b in a reversible wave
+process so in the same way as we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so in the same way as we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so in the same way as we uh
+decided to give a symbol to this amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to give a symbol to this amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to give a symbol to this amount
+of entropy that is transferred from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entropy that is transferred from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entropy that is transferred from one
+system to the other we use a symbol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the other we use a symbol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to the other we use a symbol that
+a simil so s for entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simil so s for entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simil so s for entropy
+transferred from B to a in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from B to a in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from B to a in the direction
+of the our Arrow so it's it's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the our Arrow so it's it's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the our Arrow so it's it's a positive
+number if the slow is in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if the slow is in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number if the slow is in the direction
+of the arrow otherwise it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arrow otherwise it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arrow otherwise it's a
+negative and so we can write this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so we can write this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so we can write this as a
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a balance
+equation uh for a reversible process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for a reversible process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh for a reversible process you
+wouldn't have this part would simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have this part would simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have this part would simply
+say that if there is a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if there is a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that if there is a change in
+enthropy of your system it is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthropy of your system it is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthropy of your system it is due to the
+amount that it has of entropy that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that it has of entropy that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that it has of entropy that has
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+transferred with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment but then entropy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but then entropy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but then entropy is not
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+always conserved it's conserved only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conserved it's conserved only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conserved it's conserved only in
+a reversible process in an irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversible process in an irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversible process in an irreversible
+process it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not
+conserved and if the process is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and if the process is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and if the process is a way
+process it can only increase so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it can only increase so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it can only increase so that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that the entropy change of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entropy change of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entropy change of my
+system can be greater than the amount it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be greater than the amount it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be greater than the amount it
+received but cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower so essentially we are writing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so essentially we are writing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so essentially we are writing an
+an inbalance equation and a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inbalance equation and a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inbalance equation and a balance
+equation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you
+want uh it becomes a balance equation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh it becomes a balance equation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh it becomes a balance equation if
+you put in the balance also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in the balance also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in the balance also um
+the imbalance by calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imbalance by calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imbalance by calling it
+enop generated or produced by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aab and this brings us to the uh en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aab and this brings us to the uh en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aab and this brings us to the uh en
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation I assume that you have um play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I assume that you have um play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I assume that you have um play
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this in solving problems uh in undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in solving problems uh in undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in solving problems uh in undergrad
+thermodynamics and your applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and your applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and your applications in
+energy or exergy analysis uh any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or exergy analysis uh any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or exergy analysis uh any uh
+technological uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological uh uh
+problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to
+do with uh energy transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with uh energy transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with uh energy transformation of
+energy various Force requires you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy various Force requires you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy various Force requires you to
+make not only an energy balance but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make not only an energy balance but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make not only an energy balance but also
+an entropy balance and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entropy balance and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entropy balance and the and the
+combination of the two is what allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two is what allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two is what allows
+you to determine uh things like uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to determine uh things like uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to determine uh things like uh how
+good am I doing uh what's the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good am I doing uh what's the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good am I doing uh what's the efficiency
+of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I'm
+doing so these balance equations as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so these balance equations as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so these balance equations as we
+see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more
+explicitly are the fundamentals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly are the fundamentals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly are the fundamentals to
+Define efficiencies of U um Power blands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define efficiencies of U um Power blands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define efficiencies of U um Power blands
+and uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh any
+lies that does transformation of edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is also um the version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is also um the version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is also um the version of the
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+balance a r version of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance a r version of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance a r version of the entropy
+balance if you have the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance if you have the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance if you have the kind of
+description in which you can follow as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in which you can follow as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description in which you can follow as a
+function of time the state of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time the state of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time the state of the system
+therefore you can measure as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can measure as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can measure as a function
+of time the entropy and also how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time the entropy and also how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time the entropy and also how much
+entropy is we exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is we exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is we exchange
+them as in the right of the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as in the right of the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as in the right of the entropy
+exchange and remember that in an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and remember that in an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and remember that in an entropy
+balance there are three very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance there are three very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance there are three very distinct
+elements there are three parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there are three parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements there are three parts of the
+equation the left hand side says how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the left hand side says how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the left hand side says how
+much the property changes from the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the property changes from the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the property changes from the final
+to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State the transfer term says how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the transfer term says how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the transfer term says how much
+the system the net uh entropy that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the net uh entropy that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system the net uh entropy that has
+been received by your system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been received by your system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been received by your system or
+exchanged if it is negative it's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged if it is negative it's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged if it is negative it's given
+out by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by a
+system due to interactions it's a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system due to interactions it's a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system due to interactions it's a flow
+of ENT going in and out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system the last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the last term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the last term
+inste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inste
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+generation it occurs internally to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation it occurs internally to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation it occurs internally to your
+system it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's the
+dissipation it's the waste and the curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation it's the waste and the curse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation it's the waste and the curse
+if you let thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let thing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh move around for example you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move around for example you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move around for example you take
+um Irish coffee no uh it's very nice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Irish coffee no uh it's very nice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Irish coffee no uh it's very nice if
+you until it is separate first time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until it is separate first time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until it is separate first time you
+see it you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it you were
+excited if you stir it you lose you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited if you stir it you lose you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited if you stir it you lose you lose
+the the beauty no and by Sting it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beauty no and by Sting it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beauty no and by Sting it you
+have uh mixed up things you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh mixed up things you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh mixed up things you have
+produced uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced uh
+generated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated you
+lost I mean the beauty because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost I mean the beauty because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost I mean the beauty because you are
+sort of big trunk and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of big trunk and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of big trunk and so that's
+but this gives the idea of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this gives the idea of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this gives the idea of the fact that
+stirring um is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring um is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stirring um is something
+that happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens uh
+spontaneously uh if you help it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously uh if you help it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously uh if you help it by
+stiring it it help it it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiring it it help it it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiring it it help it it goes
+faster and it's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and it's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and it's something that you
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+undo I mean the Irish thing will not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo I mean the Irish thing will not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo I mean the Irish thing will not uh
+separ maybe to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separ maybe to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separ maybe to but
+uh not in not not in sure talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in not not in sure talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in not not in sure talking about
+um energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um energy
+applications so the if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so the if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications so the if you're not
+uh careful enough and things get stirred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh careful enough and things get stirred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh careful enough and things get stirred
+up you lose opportunities to convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you lose opportunities to convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you lose opportunities to convert the
+energy and to extract energy out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and to extract energy out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and to extract energy out of your
+source and you've lost it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay luckily
+um I don't think this time this I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think this time this I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think this time this I don't
+think today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think today but
+the next time we will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time we will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time we will be able to
+introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce
+a a graphical representation of all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a graphical representation of all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a graphical representation of all that
+we have said that is very useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have said that is very useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have said that is very useful to
+remember and to reason uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and to reason uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and to reason uh
+um uh the various consequences and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the various consequences and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the various consequences and also
+to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set
+up problem solving and answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up problem solving and answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up problem solving and answering
+additional questions it will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional questions it will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional questions it will be the
+energy versus entropy uh di down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but we're still building up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we're still building up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we're still building up uh
+material so that we can use the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that we can use the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that we can use the diagram
+to summarize what we have seen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize what we have seen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize what we have seen so
+far and one of these ingredients that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and one of these ingredients that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and one of these ingredients that we
+still need is um another theorem that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need is um another theorem that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need is um another theorem that is
+called the maximum entropy principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the maximum entropy principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the maximum entropy principle
+which says that um among all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that um among all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that um among all the states
+of a of a given system once you fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a given system once you fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a given system once you fix the
+value the values of the amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the values of the amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the values of the amounts of
+constituents and the parameters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents and the parameters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents and the parameters the
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forces and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and uh you
+consider of course you remember that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider of course you remember that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider of course you remember that uh
+if I fix the amounts of constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I fix the amounts of constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I fix the amounts of constituents
+let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call
+them n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them n of
+T let's forget the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T let's forget the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T let's forget the t
+n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta this doesn't uh fix the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this doesn't uh fix the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this doesn't uh fix the state
+because the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the state
+is these numbers plus the values of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these numbers plus the values of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these numbers plus the values of all
+the conceivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceivable
+properties most of the times this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties most of the times this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties most of the times this list
+is an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite number of
+numbers okay so fixing just this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so fixing just this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so fixing just this two
+leaves you again with an Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States now suppose I I fix also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now suppose I I fix also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now suppose I I fix also the
+value of the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the N
+energy okay so I fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so I fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so I fix this
+much still I have a lot of stat they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much still I have a lot of stat they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much still I have a lot of stat they
+will differ in the values of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ in the values of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differ in the values of all these
+other properties but they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties but they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other properties but they have the same
+energy okay so if I consider all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so if I consider all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so if I consider all these
+states that have the same energy amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have the same energy amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have the same energy amounts
+of constituents and uh parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constituents and uh parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constituents and uh parameters of the
+exteral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forces it's a set in this set the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces it's a set in this set the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces it's a set in this set the second
+law first assertion says there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law first assertion says there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law first assertion says there is a
+unique Saum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State this theorem
+says that state is also the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that state is also the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that state is also the highest
+value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an and it's a strict uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and it's a strict uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an and it's a strict uh uh
+inequality it's it's the only state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality it's it's the only state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality it's it's the only state that
+has that value all other states with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that value all other states with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that value all other states with the
+same energy and so on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and so on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and so on uh
+have lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy the stable State among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the stable State among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the stable State among these
+ones is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones is the one that
+achieves the maximum value is and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the maximum value is and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieves the maximum value is and it is
+the only one that achieves their far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that achieves their far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that achieves their far
+this is called the maximum entopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bri there is also a dual uh principle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's called the minimum and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fre similar to this one except that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre similar to this one except that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre similar to this one except that here
+you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put
+s so if I consider all the states of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if I consider all the states of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if I consider all the states of a
+system that have same given same values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that have same given same values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that have same given same values
+of n beta and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy then among all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy then among all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy then among all these
+states there is one St stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is one St stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is one St stable
+equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state
+only and and it is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy when you fix the value of s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero that corresponds to the the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that corresponds to the the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that corresponds to the the domain
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics and that minimum energy stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and that minimum energy stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and that minimum energy stable
+equilibrium state is the only one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state is the only one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state is the only one and so
+then we recover the minimum energy fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we recover the minimum energy fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we recover the minimum energy fre
+for of mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but thermodynamics is about states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thermodynamics is about states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thermodynamics is about states that
+have also entropies difference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and so we have a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so we have a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so we have a more General
+minimum yes in that we basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum yes in that we basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum yes in that we basically saying
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes if you start from um the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes if you start from um the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes if you start from um the low
+estable eum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+um like this one is a stable equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like this one is a stable equum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like this one is a stable equum
+state if you spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work so if I go this direction and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so if I go this direction and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so if I go this direction and I
+spend some work I can obtain any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some work I can obtain any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some work I can obtain any other
+state any other state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state any other state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state any other state but
+only those that have the same entropy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those that have the same entropy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only those that have the same entropy as
+I started with if the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started with if the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started with if the process is
+reversible I the entropy will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible I the entropy will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible I the entropy will remain
+constant so I can I can go from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so I can I can go from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so I can I can go from my
+minimum energy stable equilibrium state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy stable equilibrium state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy stable equilibrium state
+to any other state Which is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any other state Which is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any other state Which is higher
+energy because I put in some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because I put in some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because I put in some work
+but it um if it is um reversible it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it um if it is um reversible it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it um if it is um reversible it has
+the same U entropy if it is irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same U entropy if it is irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same U entropy if it is irreversible
+it would have higher entropy so I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have higher entropy so I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have higher entropy so I can go
+only let's say if I'm here with energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only let's say if I'm here with energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only let's say if I'm here with energy I
+can go up and then this is entropy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up and then this is entropy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up and then this is entropy so
+this will okay so I start with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will okay so I start with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will okay so I start with certain
+value of the entropy say s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the entropy say s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the entropy say s uh
+R I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I can go
+up in a reversible process to values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a reversible process to values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in a reversible process to values of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+energy higher than I started with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy higher than I started with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy higher than I started with so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+e or I can also go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e or I can also go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e or I can also go to the right
+because I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I put in
+energy but if the process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but if the process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but if the process is
+irreversible I generate some entropy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible I generate some entropy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible I generate some entropy so
+the entropy adds and I go to the left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy adds and I go to the left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy adds and I go to the left to
+the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so yes thanks because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so yes thanks because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so yes thanks because this
+anticipates essentially this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipates essentially this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipates essentially this energy
+versus entropy diagram and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy diagram and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus entropy diagram and which is
+useful because as you know a picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because as you know a picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because as you know a picture is
+worth a thousand words and uh uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a thousand words and uh uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a thousand words and uh uh this is
+the picture that allows you to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that allows you to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that allows you to answer
+this uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions uh the last ingredient we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh the last ingredient we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh the last ingredient we need
+in order to go to that graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go to that graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to go to that graphical
+representation is called the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle again it is a consequence very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle again it is a consequence very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle again it is a consequence very
+directly from the first assertion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the first assertion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the first assertion of the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+law which says You Fix N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta fix and in beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy and once these are fixed there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and once these are fixed there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and once these are fixed there is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+unique there exists a unique stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique there exists a unique stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique there exists a unique stable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T all right the last s means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right the last s means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T all right the last s means
+stay so yes it's a state which is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay so yes it's a state which is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay so yes it's a state which is stable
+equilibrium so what does mean state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so what does mean state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so what does mean state
+state means the values of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state means the values of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state means the values of all the
+properties so that means that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so that means that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so that means that this thing
+fixes the values of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties of course we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of course we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of course we're talking about
+overstable equili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstable equili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overstable equili
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake
+so we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we so
+mathematically that's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that's exactly what we
+mean by a function the properties it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a function the properties it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a function the properties it
+means that this properties any property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this properties any property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this properties any property
+is a function of these numbers if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of these numbers if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of these numbers if these
+numbers fix the value that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers fix the value that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers fix the value that's what we
+mean by value of a such so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by value of a such so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by value of a such so we can write
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+property of stable ium at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of stable ium at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of stable ium at
+Saum as a function of the amounts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saum as a function of the amounts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saum as a function of the amounts the
+parameters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the
+energy and since among the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and since among the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and since among the various
+properties we Define and entropy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we Define and entropy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we Define and entropy we can
+also write that for the entropy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write that for the entropy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write that for the entropy so we
+can say that for the St equum States the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that for the St equum States the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that for the St equum States the
+entropy the value of the a of be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the value of the a of be six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy the value of the a of be six
+like call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like call
+Properties by the amount of constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties by the amount of constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties by the amount of constituents
+the parameters of the forces and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters of the forces and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters of the forces and the end
+this expression this formula this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this formula this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this formula this
+function is called the foundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is called the foundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is called the foundamental
+relation for the Saum States in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the Saum States in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the Saum States in some
+oldfashioned books of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics this function is page one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics this function is page one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics this function is page one
+you take the book by colen Ken was a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the book by colen Ken was a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the book by colen Ken was a PhD
+from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT
+also uh very nice contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh very nice contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh very nice contributions
+but in his times uh thermodynamics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in his times uh thermodynamics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in his times uh thermodynamics was
+only about sa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about sa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about sa
+St and so that's the starting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St and so that's the starting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St and so that's the starting point and
+U since I'm I'm I'm e it why not say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U since I'm I'm I'm e it why not say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U since I'm I'm I'm e it why not say and
+reminding you that instead we've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you that instead we've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you that instead we've seen a
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh
+today in which you may or may have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in which you may or may have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in which you may or may have not
+noticed but I will stress it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but I will stress it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but I will stress it anyway
+that we never said anything about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never said anything about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never said anything about how
+many particles the part the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particles the part the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many particles the part the system
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+have in our game so far we could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our game so far we could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our game so far we could have a
+system with one particle or 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with one particle or 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with one particle or 10 to the
+23 it could be just water in a box or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 it could be just water in a box or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 it could be just water in a box or a
+nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power
+plant complex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant complex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant complex or
+SLE small or large plus we didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLE small or large plus we didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLE small or large plus we didn't make
+any assumption about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+fact uh most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh most interesting
+states are those that are not savable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are those that are not savable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are those that are not savable
+equilibrium at least from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at least from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at least from the point of
+view of making a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of making a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of making a weight
+process because in a stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because in a stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because in a stable equilibrium
+State we just we just have seen that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we just we just have seen that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we just we just have seen that the
+perpetual motion machine of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetual motion machine of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetual motion machine of the second
+kind is impossible you cannot extract uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind is impossible you cannot extract uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind is impossible you cannot extract uh
+work so not very useful from from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so not very useful from from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so not very useful from from an
+engineering point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view and that's why uh consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and that's why uh consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and that's why uh consider the
+ocean the ocean is a as a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean the ocean is a as a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean the ocean is a as a thermal
+Reservoir not the waves that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir not the waves that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir not the waves that's a
+different story but there a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story but there a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story but there a thermal
+Reservoir and if you forget also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and if you forget also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir and if you forget also the
+fact that the inside there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the inside there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the inside there are
+temperature gradients and also salinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradients and also salinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradients and also salinity
+radi so on but if you fake Co it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radi so on but if you fake Co it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radi so on but if you fake Co it as a
+huge uh system so it has a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh system so it has a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge uh system so it has a huge amount
+of energy but that energy is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but that energy is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but that energy is essentially
+useless the thermal energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless the thermal energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless the thermal energy is
+useless because it's in a equum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+whereas if I have a a system in a non-e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if I have a a system in a non-e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if I have a a system in a non-e
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State uh and I'm quick enough to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh and I'm quick enough to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh and I'm quick enough to extract
+its adiabatic availability I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its adiabatic availability I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its adiabatic availability I can do
+something useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful
+for example we will do uh later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we will do uh later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we will do uh later on
+uh in the second part we will do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the second part we will do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the second part we will do like
+chical Rea you think of uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chical Rea you think of uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chical Rea you think of uh what happens
+inside your internal combustion engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your internal combustion engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your internal combustion engine
+got the Piston you got a mixture of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Piston you got a mixture of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the Piston you got a mixture of air
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+gasoline and uh you like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and uh you like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline and uh you like the
+SP at that moment you produce an on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP at that moment you produce an on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP at that moment you produce an on
+state which very quickly in matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which very quickly in matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state which very quickly in matter of
+micros and milliseconds will uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros and milliseconds will uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micros and milliseconds will uh uh
+interest the entire combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest the entire combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest the entire combustion
+chamber pressure will go up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber pressure will go up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber pressure will go up and so
+on the internal combustion engine is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internal combustion engine is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internal combustion engine is an
+incredible incredible uh device that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible incredible uh device that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible incredible uh device that uh
+has been there for a century now maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been there for a century now maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been there for a century now maybe
+longer uh and it's still uh powering our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh and it's still uh powering our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh and it's still uh powering our
+cars and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and uh
+because it's a smart way to extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+availability it doesn't do the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability it doesn't do the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability it doesn't do the entire
+job though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job though
+because it loses the opportunity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it loses the opportunity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it loses the opportunity that
+you have from when you uh light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have from when you uh light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have from when you uh light the
+spark to when uh uh the flame is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark to when uh uh the flame is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark to when uh uh the flame is uh
+engal the entire combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engal the entire combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engal the entire combustion
+chamber that is a very irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber that is a very irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber that is a very irreversible
+uh process and that's where you lose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process and that's where you lose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process and that's where you lose uh
+the about um what is it 60% of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about um what is it 60% of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the about um what is it 60% of uh of
+your uh availability no because internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh availability no because internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh availability no because internal
+combustion engine is 40% efficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine is 40% efficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion engine is 40% efficient so
+that means that I lost 60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that I lost 60%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that I lost 60%
+somewhere and that's where I lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so no equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no equilibrium
+States and so we Define entropy uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so we Define entropy uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so we Define entropy uh also
+for non equilibrium states which is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non equilibrium states which is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non equilibrium states which is most
+important for the more modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the more modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the more modern
+applications of thermodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of thermodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of thermodynamics and
+that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here actually uh I was um very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually uh I was um very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually uh I was um very happy
+just yesterday to receive um any an may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yesterday to receive um any an may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yesterday to receive um any an may
+I think it was sent to the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was sent to the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was sent to the entire
+Community not very special but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community not very special but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community not very special but uh I
+didn't email from the MIT president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't email from the MIT president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't email from the MIT president
+announcing this initiative about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing this initiative about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing this initiative about
+climat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh a
+lot of the applications that will U come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the applications that will U come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the applications that will U come
+out of that uh project in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that uh project in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that uh project in in the
+future uh will have to do with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh will have to do with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future uh will have to do with energy
+and the best use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best use of
+energy okay not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay not only
+CO2 segregation or greenhouse gases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 segregation or greenhouse gases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 segregation or greenhouse gases but
+all the crazy ideas that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the crazy ideas that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the crazy ideas that people are
+talking about in uh trying to control uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in uh trying to control uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in uh trying to control uh
+uh for example the the amount of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the the amount of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the the amount of uh uh
+heating that that comes uh uh to the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating that that comes uh uh to the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating that that comes uh uh to the sun
+there was an article the other day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article the other day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an article the other day in
+the New York Times talking about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times talking about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times talking about people
+that uh want to build a shieldy Spades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh want to build a shieldy Spades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh want to build a shieldy Spades
+no to to um reflect away some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no to to um reflect away some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no to to um reflect away some of the
+power some of the photons that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power some of the photons that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power some of the photons that come from
+from from the Sun so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the Sun so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the Sun so that you could
+control temperature of course you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control temperature of course you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control temperature of course you need
+you need a surface to I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a surface to I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a surface to I think it was
+like uh the surface of the entire um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the surface of the entire um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the surface of the entire um
+Argentina which is essentially half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina which is essentially half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Argentina which is essentially half of
+South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South
+America there somewhere put in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America there somewhere put in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America there somewhere put in a in a
+place which they call it the lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which they call it the lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place which they call it the lrange
+place or lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or lrange
+SP where it would say because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP where it would say because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP where it would say because the
+gravitational force on the sun is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force on the sun is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force on the sun is on the
+earth is the same all right so uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is the same all right so uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is the same all right so uh yes
+crazy ideas but one one tool with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy ideas but one one tool with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy ideas but one one tool with which
+you have to evaluate these ideas and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to evaluate these ideas and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to evaluate these ideas and see
+if they are feasible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are feasible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are feasible or
+not is precisely what we are doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is precisely what we are doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is precisely what we are doing here
+for any energy technology or for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any energy technology or for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any energy technology or for any
+technology you have to see uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you have to see uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you have to see uh that
+you're transforming forms of energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transforming forms of energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transforming forms of energy of
+you're you're spending energy to rec to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're spending energy to rec to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're spending energy to rec to
+recover another effect you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover another effect you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover another effect you have to
+Define efficiency feasibility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define efficiency feasibility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define efficiency feasibility and
+efficiency are very important now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency are very important now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency are very important now
+because if you if the amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you if the amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you if the amount of energy
+you consuming for a certain task is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consuming for a certain task is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consuming for a certain task is more
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+the the the work minimum work to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the work minimum work to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the work minimum work to do that
+task uh it's worthless you better not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task uh it's worthless you better not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task uh it's worthless you better not do
+it we can do it in another way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can do it in another way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we can do it in another way okay
+so uh what I'm saying is that uh somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what I'm saying is that uh somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what I'm saying is that uh somehow
+by learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning
+these tools and ways to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools and ways to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools and ways to understand the
+equilibrium and non equilibrium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and non equilibrium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and non equilibrium for
+small and for large and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and for large and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and for large and small
+systems uh you are in good position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh you are in good position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh you are in good position to
+go and contribute to this uh very bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and contribute to this uh very bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and contribute to this uh very bold
+uh MIT project for might uh Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh MIT project for might uh Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh MIT project for might uh Enterprise
+for the next 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 10
+years so that brings me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so that brings me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so that brings me
+to yeah one one more thing and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah one one more thing and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah one one more thing and then uh
+just we have three minutes once I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function like this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this function
+here then I can apply all the tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I can apply all the tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I can apply all the tools of
+mathematics for example if I in looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for example if I in looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics for example if I in looking
+how the function behaves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the function behaves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the function behaves in the
+neighborhood of uh the given point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of uh the given point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of uh the given point so
+here's the function and I'm here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the function and I'm here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the function and I'm here and I
+want to see uh how it behaves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see uh how it behaves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see uh how it behaves in the
+neighborhood by changing one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood by changing one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood by changing one of the
+variables for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for example the
+energy right I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right I can
+uh write a series expansion on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write a series expansion on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write a series expansion on the
+function I take derivatives first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I take derivatives first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I take derivatives first second
+order if the function is uh um Regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if the function is uh um Regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order if the function is uh um Regular
+enough so that it's going to take at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that it's going to take at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that it's going to take at
+least two the first two Thea to Che all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two the first two Thea to Che all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two the first two Thea to Che all
+the variables you in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables you in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables you in good
+shape and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and in
+practice in most of the models the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in most of the models the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in most of the models the the
+the function is analytic so it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is analytic so it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is analytic so it there's
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+der some of these partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to
+be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+useful and to be um important uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and to be um important uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and to be um important uh in
+determining um necessary conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining um necessary conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining um necessary conditions for
+Mutual equilibrium between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems and it turns out that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and it turns out that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and it turns out that all the
+first derivatives the first partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives the first partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives the first partial
+derivatives of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this function
+here play a role uh in deter meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here play a role uh in deter meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here play a role uh in deter meaning
+those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+mutually uh conditions and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually uh conditions and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually uh conditions and that's why we
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+names for example the derivative of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for example the derivative of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for example the derivative of s
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+e is the inverse of what we will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the inverse of what we will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is the inverse of what we will call
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+temperature of the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the stable equilibrium
+state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system yeah that's because I I I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah that's because I I I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah that's because I I I write
+it also this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also this way
+is a derivative of s of e with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a derivative of s of e with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a derivative of s of e with respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+S uh because once you have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh because once you have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh because once you have a function
+and if it is U uh well behaved enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it is U uh well behaved enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it is U uh well behaved enough so
+that all the derivatives are not neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the derivatives are not neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the derivatives are not neither
+zero or infinite you can invert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or infinite you can invert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or infinite you can invert the
+faction okay there are mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction okay there are mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction okay there are mathematical
+theorems for inting faction so if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems for inting faction so if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems for inting faction so if I add
+this function of s and the function of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function of s and the function of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function of s and the function of E
+I can also most of the times write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also most of the times write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also most of the times write it as
+a e is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a e is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a e is a function of
+s if I can do that not for all systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if I can do that not for all systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if I can do that not for all systems
+we'll see you can do that but if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see you can do that but if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see you can do that but if you can
+do that P then you have another version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that P then you have another version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that P then you have another version
+of the fundamental relation which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental relation which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental relation which is the
+energy form because it makes energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy form because it makes energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy form because it makes energy
+explicit and entropy becomes a dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and entropy becomes a dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and entropy becomes a dependent
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+variable and you can also take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and you can also take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and you can also take
+derivatives of this one so the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this one so the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of this one so the partial
+derivative of B with respect to S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of B with respect to S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of B with respect to S is
+going to be what we call the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what we call the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be what we call the temperature
+of the stable equilibrium State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stable equilibrium State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stable equilibrium State the
+partial of e with respect to n is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of e with respect to n is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of e with respect to n is going
+to be the total potential or chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the total potential or chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the total potential or chemical
+potential depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential depending on
+situations and uh if one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and uh if one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and uh if one of the
+parameters is the volume the the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is the volume the the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is the volume the the partial
+of the energy in respect to the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy in respect to the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy in respect to the volume
+is what we will call the pressure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we will call the pressure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we will call the pressure with
+the negative in front signning front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative in front signning front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative in front signning front
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+um partial derivatives are related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partial derivatives are related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um partial derivatives are related to
+conditions for Mutual equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for Mutual equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for Mutual equilibrium and
+are also therefore related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also therefore related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also therefore related to
+instruments with which you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments with which you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments with which you measure
+them by exploiting the mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by exploiting the mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by exploiting the mutual
+equilibrium condition so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium condition so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium condition so you have the
+thermometer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer the
+monometer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monometer and
+the uh again u a manometer that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh again u a manometer that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh again u a manometer that allows
+you to measure partial pressures so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to measure partial pressures so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to measure partial pressures so that
+you can compete mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compete mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compete mechanical
+poten all right so we are out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poten all right so we are out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poten all right so we are out of time
+and uh we stop here so next time we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we stop here so next time we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we stop here so next time we go
+to the energy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy versus
+entropy diagrams to summarize all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy diagrams to summarize all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy diagrams to summarize all that
+we have seen and go further
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NQvXrxrqshk.txt b/NQvXrxrqshk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e0868c138bba81f56c5df4982dcc3f9f7d5e1a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NQvXrxrqshk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrostatic precipitation demonstrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic precipitation demonstrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic precipitation demonstrates
+how air ions generated by a Corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how air ions generated by a Corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how air ions generated by a Corona
+discharge can be used to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge can be used to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge can be used to charge
+macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic
+particles and how those particles can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and how those particles can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and how those particles can
+then be removed from the air by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be removed from the air by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be removed from the air by the
+applied electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field although it's made of glass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field although it's made of glass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field although it's made of glass so
+that we can see through it this cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see through it this cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see through it this cylinder
+is coated on the inside by tin oxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coated on the inside by tin oxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coated on the inside by tin oxide so
+that it is conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is conducting
+for the present purposes it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the present purposes it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the present purposes it can be
+regarded as a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as a perfect
+conductor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor it's
+grounded through this microammeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this fine wire is stretched along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fine wire is stretched along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fine wire is stretched along the
+axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the
+cylinder it's connected to a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder it's connected to a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder it's connected to a positive
+source of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage because we only require modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage because we only require modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage because we only require modest
+currents we can protect ourselves by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents we can protect ourselves by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents we can protect ourselves by
+having a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a series
+resistance to limit the shortcircuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to limit the shortcircuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to limit the shortcircuit
+current the voltage is indicated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter because the wire is so fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter because the wire is so fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter because the wire is so fine
+raising its voltage results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising its voltage results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising its voltage results in
+ionization of the air in a hissing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization of the air in a hissing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization of the air in a hissing
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+breakdown this discharge is confined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown this discharge is confined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown this discharge is confined to
+the immediate vicinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate vicinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate vicinity of the
+wire with the help of this microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire with the help of this microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire with the help of this microphone
+phone we can hear this Corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone we can hear this Corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone we can hear this Corona
+discharge as it starts as the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raised it starts at just a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised it starts at just a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised it starts at just a little more
+than 10 KT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once charged the smoke particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once charged the smoke particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once charged the smoke particles are
+themselves pulled toward the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves pulled toward the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves pulled toward the outer
+electrode by the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode by the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode by the electric
+field let's see this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field let's see this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field let's see this happen
+with the voltage off and the upper end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage off and the upper end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage off and the upper end
+of the cylinder closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off we'll fill it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoke watch the smoke as the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applied the particles are presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the particles are presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the particles are presumably
+charged charged in less than a tenth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged charged in less than a tenth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged charged in less than a tenth of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+second so the charging time cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the charging time cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the charging time cannot
+account for the few seconds it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the few seconds it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the few seconds it takes to
+precipitate the Smoke On The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wall app these smoke particles do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall app these smoke particles do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall app these smoke particles do not
+move through the air with nearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through the air with nearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move through the air with nearly the
+velocity of the ions which we estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the ions which we estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the ions which we estimated
+to be on the order of 20 m/s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more what we see at relatively large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what we see at relatively large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what we see at relatively large
+particle densities is particle motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle densities is particle motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle densities is particle motions
+that are comp ated by the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are comp ated by the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are comp ated by the motion of the
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+itself induced by both the ions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself induced by both the ions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself induced by both the ions and the
+particles this is typical of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this is typical of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this is typical of practical
+precipitators which are used for air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitators which are used for air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitators which are used for air
+pollution control purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the macroscopic particle motions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscopic particle motions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscopic particle motions can be
+made more evident by using styrofoam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made more evident by using styrofoam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made more evident by using styrofoam
+particles rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoke Watch What Happens as we encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke Watch What Happens as we encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke Watch What Happens as we encounter
+the combination of radially migrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of radially migrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of radially migrating
+ions and Radial electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as the field is on the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the field is on the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the field is on the particles
+are electrically pinned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically pinned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically pinned to the
+wall but when the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall but when the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall but when the field is
+removed so is the pinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so is the pinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so is the pinning
+Force as purchased these particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force as purchased these particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force as purchased these particles are
+good insulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're naturally sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're naturally sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're naturally sufficiently
+insulating that they can contact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating that they can contact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating that they can contact a
+conducting surface like the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting surface like the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting surface like the cylinder
+wall and still retain most of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and still retain most of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and still retain most of their
+charge if the charge were retained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge if the charge were retained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge if the charge were retained on
+the particles we would expect that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles we would expect that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles we would expect that they
+would stick to the wall after the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stick to the wall after the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stick to the wall after the field
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+removed to understand what we've seen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed to understand what we've seen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed to understand what we've seen we
+need to explain that these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to explain that these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to explain that these particles
+have been sprayed with antistatic agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sprayed with antistatic agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sprayed with antistatic agent
+much is used to prevent electrification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is used to prevent electrification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is used to prevent electrification
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+laundry so their charge leaks away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry so their charge leaks away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry so their charge leaks away and
+after the field is removed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NXgobnaBN7U.txt b/NXgobnaBN7U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f55d8b6b40167094f2ff96ad7432d30f4cb3f2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NXgobnaBN7U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12069 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu Let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Let's uh
+begin so today's uh lecture will deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin so today's uh lecture will deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin so today's uh lecture will deal
+with a subject of squeeze state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a subject of squeeze state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a subject of squeeze state
+and Photon States and uh it all builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Photon States and uh it all builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Photon States and uh it all builds
+up from the ideas of coherent states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from the ideas of coherent states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from the ideas of coherent states
+that we were talking about last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about last time so
+let me Begin by uh reminding you about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Begin by uh reminding you about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Begin by uh reminding you about a
+few facts that we had about coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few facts that we had about coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few facts that we had about coherent
+States so a coherent state was born by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so a coherent state was born by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so a coherent state was born by
+taking the ground state of the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the ground state of the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the ground state of the harmonic
+oscillator and displacing it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and displacing it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and displacing it with a
+translation operator some distance X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator some distance X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator some distance X
+zero and then we let it go and we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we let it go and we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we let it go and we saw
+that this sort of wave function would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sort of wave function would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sort of wave function would
+just move from the left and to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move from the left and to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move from the left and to the right
+coherently without spreading out without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently without spreading out without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherently without spreading out without
+changing shape it would move in a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing shape it would move in a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing shape it would move in a nice
+way now this was obtained with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now this was obtained with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now this was obtained with a
+translation operator which was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator which was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation operator which was an
+exponential that had on the exponent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that had on the exponent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that had on the exponent the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+operator but we realized eventually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but we realized eventually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but we realized eventually that
+the reason it all works out is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it all works out is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it all works out is because
+of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's
+exponential of something that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of something that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of something that depends on
+creation or inhalation operators and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation or inhalation operators and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation or inhalation operators and we
+could do something more general which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do something more general which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do something more general which
+was to use a complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to use a complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to use a complex number
+Alpha and Define a displacement operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and Define a displacement operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and Define a displacement operator
+a more General one that is a some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General one that is a some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more General one that is a some linear
+combination of a and a dagger with Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a and a dagger with Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of a and a dagger with Alpha
+and the complex conjugate of alpha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complex conjugate of alpha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complex conjugate of alpha so
+this is only proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only proportional to the
+momentum in if Alpha is real but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in if Alpha is real but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum in if Alpha is real but if
+Alpha is not real that operator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is not real that operator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is not real that operator in the
+exponent is not quite the momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is not quite the momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is not quite the momentum is
+something that has a bit of position as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a bit of position as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a bit of position as
+well so this is a more General operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is a more General operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this is a more General operator
+but on the other hand it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand it's clear that
+it's antier mission because if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's antier mission because if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's antier mission because if you take
+the dagger of this thing uh this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dagger of this thing uh this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dagger of this thing uh this term
+becomes that and that term becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that and that term becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes that and that term becomes this
+one each one with a change of sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each one with a change of sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each one with a change of sign so
+you're really with an antier Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really with an antier Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really with an antier Mission
+operator therefore this is unitary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator therefore this is unitary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator therefore this is unitary the
+whole operator is unitary and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole operator is unitary and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole operator is unitary and you're
+acting with a unitary operator on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting with a unitary operator on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting with a unitary operator on the
+vacuum and therefore this state is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and therefore this state is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and therefore this state is also
+well normalized and represents a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well normalized and represents a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well normalized and represents a state
+with some expect expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some expect expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some expect expectation value of
+the position just like the coherent said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position just like the coherent said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position just like the coherent said
+we moved it to the right and it had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved it to the right and it had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved it to the right and it had some
+expectation value of the position but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the position but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the position but
+this one also has some expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also has some expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also has some expectation value
+of the momentum so in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum so in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum so in fact we
+realize that the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the real part of
+alpha in this axis was related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha in this axis was related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha in this axis was related to the
+expectation value of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the position
+divided by 2d0 so if you produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2d0 so if you produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2d0 so if you produce a
+coherent state with this value of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state with this value of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state with this value of alpha
+in the complex Alpha plane well you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex Alpha plane well you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex Alpha plane well you go
+down and that's expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that's expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that's expectation value of the
+position you go horizontally well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you go horizontally well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you go horizontally well that's
+expectation value of the momentum scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the momentum scal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the momentum scal
+because this Alpha is a pure number has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Alpha is a pure number has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Alpha is a pure number has
+no units so this X over Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no units so this X over Square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no units so this X over Square < TK of
+2D KN and P D over H bar have no units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D KN and P D over H bar have no units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D KN and P D over H bar have no units
+and that's how it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how it should be
+so we learned also that the anihilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned also that the anihilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned also that the anihilation
+operator acting on this coherent state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on this coherent state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on this coherent state
+was Alpha times the coherent state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Alpha times the coherent state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Alpha times the coherent state so
+it's a very simple property that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple property that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple property that number
+Alpha is the igon value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the igon value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is the igon value of the
+destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator now that's a one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now that's a one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now that's a one line
+computation based on this or a c two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation based on this or a c two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation based on this or a c two
+line computation Maybe but it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line computation Maybe but it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line computation Maybe but it should be
+a computation that it's easy for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computation that it's easy for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computation that it's easy for you to
+do um so make sure you you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so make sure you you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um so make sure you you know how to
+get this very quickly from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this very quickly from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this very quickly from this
+definition so that's a coherent State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so that's a coherent State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so that's a coherent State
+and then the thing we finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the thing we finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the thing we finished the
+lecture with was with the time evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with was with the time evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with was with the time evolution
+of this coherent State and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coherent State and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coherent State and the time
+Evolution was that as the state Alpha in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution was that as the state Alpha in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution was that as the state Alpha in
+time becomes the state Alpha at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time becomes the state Alpha at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time becomes the state Alpha at time T
+it remains a coherent state but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains a coherent state but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remains a coherent state but the
+value of alpha is changed in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha is changed in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha is changed in fact the
+value of alpha is changed in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha is changed in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha is changed in such a way
+that you can just imagine this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just imagine this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just imagine this thing
+rotating and rotating with angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and rotating with angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and rotating with angular
+velocity Omega so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Omega so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Omega so this thing
+was the coherent State e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the coherent State e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the coherent State e to the minus I
+Omega T Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T Alpha
+so this whole complex number instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole complex number instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this whole complex number instead of
+being Alpha is just this there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Alpha is just this there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Alpha is just this there's no
+comma T this is the time development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma T this is the time development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma T this is the time development of
+the state and there was a phase here e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and there was a phase here e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and there was a phase here e
+to the minus I Omega T /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus I Omega T /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus I Omega T /
+2 that was not very relevant but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that was not very relevant but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that was not very relevant but but
+that's what the state was doing in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the state was doing in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the state was doing in time
+so basically that's where we got last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that's where we got last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that's where we got last
+time um before I push on um do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um before I push on um do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um before I push on um do you have
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions I did post the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I did post the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I did post the notes
+Associated to coherent States about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated to coherent States about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated to coherent States about uh
+half an hour ago so um you have them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour ago so um you have them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour ago so um you have them you
+do have one problem or two problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have one problem or two problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have one problem or two problems on
+coherent States in this homework so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent States in this homework so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent States in this homework so the
+notes should help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes should help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes should help
+you but any question about this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so I want to develop it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so I want to develop it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so I want to develop it a
+little more before stud uh starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more before stud uh starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more before stud uh starting
+with with uh squeeze States so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with uh squeeze States so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with uh squeeze States so here is
+what I want to tell you uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to tell you uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to tell you uh and this is
+an intuition that people have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intuition that people have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intuition that people have about
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+states um Alpha is a complex number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states um Alpha is a complex number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states um Alpha is a complex number and
+you know it's a well defined complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a well defined complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a well defined complex
+number but you know this is a coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but you know this is a coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but you know this is a coherent
+state so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it's
+not a position I state is not a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a position I state is not a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a position I state is not a momentum
+igen state is not an energy I state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen state is not an energy I state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen state is not an energy I state it
+has all kinds of uncertainties it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all kinds of uncertainties it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all kinds of uncertainties it has
+uncertainties in position in moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties in position in moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties in position in moment in
+momentum and in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and in energy
+yes on that complex plane where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes on that complex plane where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes on that complex plane where you have
+the the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the X
+are those expectation values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those expectation values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those expectation values
+ofis yes uh I think I wrote them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofis yes uh I think I wrote them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofis yes uh I think I wrote them with
+expectation values of the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values of the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values of the position of
+momentum last time yes so given Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum last time yes so given Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum last time yes so given Alpha
+that number you get is the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number you get is the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number you get is the expectation
+value of position or expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of position or expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of position or expectation value
+of momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so
+actually this is the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the expectation value
+of the position but the position is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position but the position is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the position but the position is a
+little bit around it so you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit around it so you know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit around it so you know yeah
+this is the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expectation value of the
+position it's a number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's a number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's a number but
+intuitively this is spread out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively this is spread out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively this is spread out a little
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+position is it's not just one point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is it's not just one point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is it's not just one point this
+is a coherent state it looks like a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coherent state it looks like a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coherent state it looks like a wave
+function a gaussian wave function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a gaussian wave function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a gaussian wave function the
+momentum is also spread out a little so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is also spread out a little so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is also spread out a little so
+in some sense many people draw this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense many people draw this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense many people draw this as a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blob and of that blob represents your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob and of that blob represents your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob and of that blob represents your
+intuition that yes the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that yes the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that yes the expectation value
+is this and the expectation value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this and the expectation value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this and the expectation value is
+this but the position is well somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the position is well somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the position is well somewhere
+around this this thing and somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this this thing and somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this this thing and somewhere
+around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that
+stuff you can complain this this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you can complain this this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you can complain this this is very
+handwavy but it's useful it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy but it's useful it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwavy but it's useful it's good to
+have that physical picture that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that physical picture that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that physical picture that the
+state really some sort of blob here not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state really some sort of blob here not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state really some sort of blob here not
+that the expectation values are not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expectation values are not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expectation values are not well
+defined but rather that it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined but rather that it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined but rather that it's something
+like um this and I want to relate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um this and I want to relate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um this and I want to relate it to
+a an idea that comes uh along with waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an idea that comes uh along with waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an idea that comes uh along with waves
+and uh it's important for what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's important for what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's important for what we're
+going to be doing uh later today if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing uh later today if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing uh later today if you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy e and suppose your wave uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e and suppose your wave uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e and suppose your wave uh is a
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+wave light wave with energy e and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave light wave with energy e and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave light wave with energy e and it's
+described by say a cosine Omega T that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by say a cosine Omega T that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by say a cosine Omega T that
+some component of the electric field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some component of the electric field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some component of the electric field or
+the magnetic field for this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field for this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field for this wave
+um it is like that well uh we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is like that well uh we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is like that well uh we've been
+talking about energy time and certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about energy time and certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about energy time and certainty
+and we know that unless we make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that unless we make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that unless we make things
+very precise uh it's easy to get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise uh it's easy to get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise uh it's easy to get things
+uh wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wrong
+so I will first do something fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will first do something fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will first do something fairly
+imprecise to give you a feeling of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecise to give you a feeling of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecise to give you a feeling of what
+uh people talk about and then we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people talk about and then we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people talk about and then we'll use
+this picture to do it more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have this
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+face the face of this wave and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the face of this wave and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face the face of this wave and we'll
+call it fi is Omega T and if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it fi is Omega T and if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it fi is Omega T and if we are
+naive the error in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive the error in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive the error in the
+phase is divided by Omega is the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is divided by Omega is the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is divided by Omega is the error
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time now this wave has energy e it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now this wave has energy e it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now this wave has energy e it has
+some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of
+photons so um the energy e is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so um the energy e is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so um the energy e is the number
+of photons time H bar Omega and is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons time H bar Omega and is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons time H bar Omega and is equal
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons and again uh we could say Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and again uh we could say Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and again uh we could say Delta
+e is Delta n h Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is Delta n h Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is Delta n h Omega
+and then substitute these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relations into this to see what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations into this to see what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations into this to see what we get
+well Delta e is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Delta e is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Delta e is Delta
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+um H Omega H bar Omega delta T is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H Omega H bar Omega delta T is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H Omega H bar Omega delta T is Delta
+F over Omega and this should be like h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F over Omega and this should be like h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F over Omega and this should be like h
+bar/ two the omegas cancel the H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar/ two the omegas cancel the H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar/ two the omegas cancel the H bar
+cancels and you get Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and you get Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels and you get Delta
+n Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Delta
+fi is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one or 1/ two or 1/ Square Ro TK of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or 1/ two or 1/ Square Ro TK of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or 1/ two or 1/ Square Ro TK of two
+um and that's uh in fact the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's uh in fact the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's uh in fact the relation
+that people do take somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people do take somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people do take somewhat
+seriously if you have a a wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously if you have a a wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously if you have a a wave in
+Quantum Optics you say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Optics you say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Optics you say well the
+uncertainty in the number of photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the number of photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the number of photons and
+the uncertainty in the coherence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in the coherence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in the coherence of
+these photons the faces if they're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these photons the faces if they're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these photons the faces if they're out
+of phase they're they're not coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase they're they're not coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase they're they're not coherent
+there's a relation of this kind and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relation of this kind and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relation of this kind and this
+derivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation is
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+uh pretty bad uh just uh you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty bad uh just uh you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty bad uh just uh you know it's
+just not precise because even we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not precise because even we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not precise because even we started
+with this that is not precise unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this that is not precise unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this that is not precise unless you
+really explain what you mean by delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explain what you mean by delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explain what you mean by delta
+T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so
+let's see if we can make some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can make some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can make some sense of
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um so here we go I want to do a a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we go I want to do a a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we go I want to do a a small
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first so let's let's see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so let's let's see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so let's let's see what we
+have in this coherent State what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this coherent State what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this coherent State what is the
+expectation value of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the number
+operator so expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so expectation value of the
+number operator operator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator operator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator operator in
+Alpha well the number operator in Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha well the number operator in Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha well the number operator in Alpha
+you would do this a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do this a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do this a dagger
+a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in
+Alpha these are easy to do because a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha these are easy to do because a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha these are easy to do because a on
+Alpha is Alpha time Alpha and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is Alpha time Alpha and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is Alpha time Alpha and if you
+dagger that equation a dagger on Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger that equation a dagger on Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger that equation a dagger on Alpha
+is Alpha star so you get uh I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha star so you get uh I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha star so you get uh I'll go
+slowly alpha alpha star here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly alpha alpha star here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly alpha alpha star here
+and then you get alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha and Alpha has unit Norm these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and Alpha has unit Norm these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and Alpha has unit Norm these are
+numbers so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is equal
+to length of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square so if this is a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so if this is a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so if this is a harmonic
+oscillator the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator the expectation value of the
+number operator in fact is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator in fact is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator in fact is the length
+squar of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of this
+Vector now um how about n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sared n square is a little more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared n square is a little more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared n square is a little more work
+because you have Alpha a dger a a dger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha this one gives me the factor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this one gives me the factor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this one gives me the factor you
+know this one gives you the factor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one gives you the factor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one gives you the factor you
+know and therefore we already have Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and therefore we already have Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and therefore we already have Alpha
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+times um Alpha a a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um Alpha a a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um Alpha a a dagger
+Alpha and here the A's and the a daggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and here the A's and the a daggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and here the A's and the a daggers
+are kind of in the wrong order because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of in the wrong order because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of in the wrong order because I
+know what a is on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a is on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what a is on a
+cat but a is now on the bra and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but a is now on the bra and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but a is now on the bra and I know
+what a dagger is at the bra but now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a dagger is at the bra but now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a dagger is at the bra but now a
+dagger is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is on the
+cat but the answer is simple you replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but the answer is simple you replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but the answer is simple you replace
+this by um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by um the
+commutator plus the reverse uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator plus the reverse uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator plus the reverse uh
+order so this is equal to the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so this is equal to the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so this is equal to the commutator
+which is one plus the thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one plus the thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one plus the thing in the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order and this is 1 + Alpha squar so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and this is 1 + Alpha squar so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and this is 1 + Alpha squar so you
+have Alpha SAR * 1 + Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha SAR * 1 + Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alpha SAR * 1 + Alpha 2
+and that's the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the expectation value of
+N2 all that because we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 all that because we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 all that because we're actually
+interested in what is Delta n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is Delta n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is Delta n the
+uncertainty in n in the coherent State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in n in the coherent State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in n in the coherent State
+and that would be this square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be this square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be this square root of
+this which is Alpha to 4th + Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is Alpha to 4th + Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is Alpha to 4th + Alpha
+SAR minus the square of the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR minus the square of the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR minus the square of the expectation
+value which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is
+minus Alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha to
+4th and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is length of alpha so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is length of alpha so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is length of alpha so the the
+uncertainty in N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just length of
+alpha happens to be the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha happens to be the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha happens to be the square root of
+the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of
+n so in fact if you think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so in fact if you think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so in fact if you think of this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+you're tempted to say oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tempted to say oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tempted to say oh this is
+represents the number of uh excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the number of uh excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the number of uh excited
+states that you have this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you have this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that you have this length
+represents the the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the the expectation value of
+n no the expectation value of n is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n no the expectation value of n is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n no the expectation value of n is this
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+squared this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this length
+represents Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh what else can we say well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else can we say well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what else can we say well this
+picture is uh useful because now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is uh useful because now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is uh useful because now I can
+be a little more precise here how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more precise here how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little more precise here how
+big this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big this thing is
+rotating that is your time evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating that is your time evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating that is your time evolution of
+your coherent State now this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coherent State now this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coherent State now this thing is
+rotating but I can ask now how why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating but I can ask now how why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating but I can ask now how why
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is so what is the uncertainty in X in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what is the uncertainty in X in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what is the uncertainty in X in a
+coherent State well the uncertainty in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent State well the uncertainty in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent State well the uncertainty in X
+in a coherent state is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a coherent state is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a coherent state is the same as the
+uncertainty of the ground state because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of the ground state because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of the ground state because
+it just moved it the uncertainty doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just moved it the uncertainty doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just moved it the uncertainty doesn't
+change so the uncertainty Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X is in fact this Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in fact this Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in fact this Quant
+that we call D over Square < TK of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call D over Square < TK of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call D over Square < TK of two
+remember d0 I'm sorry over Square < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember d0 I'm sorry over Square < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember d0 I'm sorry over Square < TK
+of two that's uncertainty in Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two that's uncertainty in Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two that's uncertainty in Delta X and
+the uncertainty in Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in Delta
+p is H bar over d0 Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is H bar over d0 Square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is H bar over d0 Square < TK of
+two these are not hard to remember uh d0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these are not hard to remember uh d0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these are not hard to remember uh d0
+is the length scale of the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length scale of the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the length scale of the harmonic
+oscillator so that's typic Ally what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so that's typic Ally what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so that's typic Ally what the
+uncertainty should be the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty should be the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty should be the square root of
+two yes it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yes it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yes it's hard to
+remember but Delta p is this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but Delta p is this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember but Delta p is this one and
+then the other thing that you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other thing that you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other thing that you know is
+that the product should be H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product should be H bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product should be H bar over
+two so um that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so um that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so um that is
+correct now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now look at
+this how big is this thing if the unced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how big is this thing if the unced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how big is this thing if the unced
+in X is D over Square Ro TK of two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X is D over Square Ro TK of two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X is D over Square Ro TK of two this
+this width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this width
+is about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+nobody this is the uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X the not/ < TK of two in this units if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the not/ < TK of two in this units if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the not/ < TK of two in this units if
+you move the expectation value of x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the expectation value of x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the expectation value of x plus
+the uncertainty of x/ 2 and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty of x/ 2 and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty of x/ 2 and the other
+uncertainty of X roughly this thing is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of X roughly this thing is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of X roughly this thing is D
+overare < TK of two so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overare < TK of two so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overare < TK of two so it
+represents basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents basically
+1/2 because you change the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 because you change the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 because you change the expectation
+value of x by this amount and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x by this amount and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x by this amount and then this
+thing moves 1/2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing moves 1/2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing moves 1/2 so
+the the size of this is 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size of this is 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size of this is 1/2
+roughly could be one quarter or could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly could be one quarter or could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly could be one quarter or could be
+two but it's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but it's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but it's roughly
+1/2 and the vertical one corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and the vertical one corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and the vertical one corresponds to
+the uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in
+momentum so in tatively this is H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so in tatively this is H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum so in tatively this is H over
+Ro TK d dot so if you plug it in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ro TK d dot so if you plug it in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ro TK d dot so if you plug it in there
+this amount P plus Delta P you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount P plus Delta P you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount P plus Delta P you'll get
+1/2 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 as
+well so uh in this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so uh in this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so uh in this this
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh well the certain is neither the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh well the certain is neither the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh well the certain is neither the
+width in One Direction or not it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width in One Direction or not it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width in One Direction or not it's it's
+a Gauss so I don't know where it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gauss so I don't know where it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gauss so I don't know where it stops
+uh I I don't think uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I don't think uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I don't think uh you know this
+picture is not very precise uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is not very precise uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is not very precise uh when I
+talk about this so let me leave it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this so let me leave it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this so let me leave it with
+one half or something like that um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half or something like that um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half or something like that um I I
+don't think we can do better now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we can do better now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we can do better now there's
+also one half here so finally we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one half here so finally we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one half here so finally we get to
+something that uh it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that uh it's kind of
+interesting if really the state in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if really the state in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if really the state in some
+sense in terms of X and P is spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in terms of X and P is spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in terms of X and P is spread
+here and this is moving around the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is moving around the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is moving around the face
+is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little
+ambiguous because you would say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous because you would say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous because you would say well the
+face is this one but well you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is this one but well you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is this one but well you could go
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+whole uncertainty that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uncertainty that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uncertainty that you go
+here the uncertainty in where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the uncertainty in where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the uncertainty in where the
+coherent state is we could call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state is we could call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent state is we could call the
+phase here Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in this
+picture you know we don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you know we don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you know we don't know where
+this state is because it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state is because it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state is because it's a little
+blob we know the expectation values is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob we know the expectation values is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob we know the expectation values is
+where they are but the state itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are but the state itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are but the state itself is a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+imprecise so there's an angle here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecise so there's an angle here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprecise so there's an angle here in
+this diagram that represents the phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram that represents the phas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram that represents the phas
+because this is going with frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going with frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is going with frequency
+Omega T so this is the face as this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so this is the face as this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so this is the face as this goes
+around so this angle Delta fi is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much well if this is 1 12 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much well if this is 1 12 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much well if this is 1 12 and this is
+1/2 I'm going to assume that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 I'm going to assume that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 I'm going to assume that this this
+is 1/2 as well or one or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/2 as well or one or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/2 as well or one or something like
+that so it's one over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainty but Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty but Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty but Delta
+n we calculate it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we calculate it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we calculate it this is
+roughly and Delta n we calculate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and Delta n we calculate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and Delta n we calculate and
+it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly
+Alpha so Delta 5 Delta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly and here there is at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and here there is at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and here there is at least a
+picture of what the phase uncertainty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what the phase uncertainty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what the phase uncertainty is
+and why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+originates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes one second let me see I got one yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes one second let me see I got one yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes one second let me see I got one yes
+um can you explain time where the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you explain time where the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you explain time where the one
+half come from Little this not sure why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half come from Little this not sure why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half come from Little this not sure why
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+uh are youing the WID is is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are youing the WID is is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are youing the WID is is that it's
+the width of this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this little
+mle how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mle how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mle how does that
+follow well it's follow okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow well it's follow okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow well it's follow okay so I'm
+sorry this seems it's a little it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this seems it's a little it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this seems it's a little it's a
+little hand wavy but uh I'll I'll say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hand wavy but uh I'll I'll say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hand wavy but uh I'll I'll say it
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if I
+measure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measured to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured to
+be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um
+between expectation value of x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between expectation value of x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between expectation value of x plus
+minus Delta X so if I'm going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta X so if I'm going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta X so if I'm going to measure
+the position of something in a state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of something in a state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of something in a state the
+most likely measurement that I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely measurement that I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely measurement that I will get
+is the expectation value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expectation value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the expectation value of x
+statistically after I repeat this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically after I repeat this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically after I repeat this many
+times but if I just measure I'm probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but if I just measure I'm probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but if I just measure I'm probably
+going to get some number between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some number between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some number between this
+and this so if you think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so if you think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so if you think of this
+diagram not as the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram not as the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram not as the expectation value of
+x in here but whatever you got for X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in here but whatever you got for X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in here but whatever you got for X as
+you measured if you do a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measured if you do a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measured if you do a thousand
+measurements you're going to get points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you're going to get points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you're going to get points
+all over here in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here in some
+region because you measure X in one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because you measure X in one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because you measure X in one case
+then you measure the momentum you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you measure the momentum you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you measure the momentum you get a
+plot of data and you measure them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of data and you measure them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of data and you measure them all
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh and uh then suppose you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh then suppose you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh then suppose you're doing it
+with X first you measure X and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X first you measure X and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X first you measure X and you say
+well I get all kinds of values I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I get all kinds of values I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I get all kinds of values I don't
+know what the momentum is but I get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the momentum is but I get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the momentum is but I get all
+kinds of values and they're going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of values and they're going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of values and they're going to run
+all over here between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here between these two
+positions so when I add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so when I add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions so when I add to the
+expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+x this thing when I want to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x this thing when I want to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x this thing when I want to see this
+graph what it is I must divide by square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what it is I must divide by square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what it is I must divide by square
+otk of two D so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otk of two D so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otk of two D so I
+divide by 1 / < TK of 2 D KN to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 1 / < TK of 2 D KN to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 1 / < TK of 2 D KN to see how
+it goes in how I plot it in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in how I plot it in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in how I plot it in this graph
+because these are the units in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the units in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are the units in this
+graph so if Delta X is D over < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so if Delta X is D over < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so if Delta X is D over < TK of
+two I'm going to get some values that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm going to get some values that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm going to get some values that go
+from the expectation value of x up to 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the expectation value of x up to 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the expectation value of x up to 1/
+half more and one/ half less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half more and one/ half less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half more and one/ half less so
+it's so it's not actually a half it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it's not actually a half it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it's not actually a half it's
+actually a half times whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a half times whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a half times whatever that
+Center well if I say this that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center well if I say this that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center well if I say this that you
+obtain between this and that then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain between this and that then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain between this and that then I
+should say it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I had in mind that you sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I had in mind that you sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I had in mind that you sort of get
+both things between one half of Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both things between one half of Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both things between one half of Delta X
+or it's it's not terribly precise but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's it's not terribly precise but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's it's not terribly precise but uh
+but it's roughly this is the picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's roughly this is the picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's roughly this is the picture you
+measure the position you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the position you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the position you're going to get
+that similarly you decide to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that similarly you decide to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that similarly you decide to measure
+momenta you don't measure position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta you don't measure position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta you don't measure position
+measure momenta and you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure momenta and you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure momenta and you're going to get
+roughly the expectation value but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the expectation value but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the expectation value but you're
+going to get some a little plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some a little plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some a little plus minus
+uncertainty so you're going to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so you're going to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so you're going to get all
+points here in your measurement so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here in your measurement so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points here in your measurement so this
+dashed thing is your histogram after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed thing is your histogram after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed thing is your histogram after
+doing the lots of experiments you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the lots of experiments you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the lots of experiments you have
+lots of dots in here and um roughly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of dots in here and um roughly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of dots in here and um roughly this
+is how it comes about it's not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it comes about it's not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it comes about it's not terribly
+precise because I cannot put a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise because I cannot put a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise because I cannot put a point
+either here because if I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here because if I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here because if I say the
+measurement was this I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement was this I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement was this I've been
+suggesting that I also measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that I also measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that I also measure the
+momentum on that state that I could only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum on that state that I could only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum on that state that I could only
+measure the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the position
+so but it's a rough idea a rough picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's a rough idea a rough picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's a rough idea a rough picture
+of how big the spread is here there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how big the spread is here there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how big the spread is here there is a
+mathematical Theory to do this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Theory to do this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical Theory to do this more
+precisely although physically not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely although physically not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely although physically not much
+clearer which are called vigner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer which are called vigner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer which are called vigner
+distributions um I don't think it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um I don't think it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions um I don't think it helps
+too much to understand it but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much to understand it but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much to understand it but uh the
+rough picture is relatively clear so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough picture is relatively clear so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough picture is relatively clear so if
+you divide by 1 / < TK of two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by 1 / < TK of two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by 1 / < TK of two this
+quantity that was equal to d/ < TK of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that was equal to d/ < TK of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that was equal to d/ < TK of 2
+you get in this scale +2 and minus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in this scale +2 and minus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in this scale +2 and minus 1/2
+so 1 one one and uh this value there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 one one and uh this value there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 one one and uh this value there
+there was a question there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question there
+yes um can you explain me how the ga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um can you explain me how the ga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um can you explain me how the ga
+relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty um
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+this so I don't know how the gussan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I don't know how the gussan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I don't know how the gussan
+relates to uncertainty in X so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to uncertainty in X so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to uncertainty in X so basically
+we computed the uncertainty in X for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed the uncertainty in X for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed the uncertainty in X for the
+ground state and I claim that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and I claim that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state and I claim that for a
+coherent State the uncertainty in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent State the uncertainty in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent State the uncertainty in X
+cannot change because you just took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change because you just took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot change because you just took the
+state and you moved it away and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and you moved it away and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and you moved it away and the
+uncertainty of X doesn't talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of X doesn't talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of X doesn't talk about what
+the expectation value of x is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x is that
+changes when you move a state but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when you move a state but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when you move a state but just
+how much it spread and how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it spread and how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it spread and how much the
+state is spread doesn't is not changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is spread doesn't is not changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is spread doesn't is not changed
+by a translation so this is the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a translation so this is the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a translation so this is the old
+result for the ground state uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the ground state uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the ground state uncertainty
+ground state uncertainty and neither is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state uncertainty and neither is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state uncertainty and neither is
+changed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay
+so uh all right let's go now into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh all right let's go now into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh all right let's go now into our
+squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so
+what are going to be squeeze States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are going to be squeeze States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are going to be squeeze States
+they're going to be pretty useful States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be pretty useful States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be pretty useful States
+uh they have lots of applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have lots of applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have lots of applications
+nowadays they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays they've been
+constructed um over the last 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed um over the last 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed um over the last 10 years
+more and more often when people are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more often when people are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more often when people are now
+able to construct what is called Squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to construct what is called Squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to construct what is called Squeeze
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+experimentally and the way we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and the way we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and the way we're going
+to motivate It Is by imagining that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate It Is by imagining that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate It Is by imagining that you
+have a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a harmonic
+oscillator a particle m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator a particle m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator a particle m
+and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+K or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or an
+Omega and there's a hamiltonian h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and there's a hamiltonian h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and there's a hamiltonian h is
+equal p^ 2 over 2 m +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal p^ 2 over 2 m +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal p^ 2 over 2 m +
+12 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+X2 but this hamiltonian is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 but this hamiltonian is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 but this hamiltonian is going to be
+the hamiltonian of a particle that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian of a particle that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian of a particle that has
+mass M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the oscillator has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oscillator has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oscillator has
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+W1 and that's we're going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and that's we're going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and that's we're going to call the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+hamiltonian after a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian after a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian after a little
+while well You observe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while well You observe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while well You observe this
+hamiltonian and uh I will erase these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and uh I will erase these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and uh I will erase these
+things so we don't need them anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we observe this thing and this has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe this thing and this has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observe this thing and this has an
+uncertainty Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X proportional to we know this D over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X proportional to we know this D over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X proportional to we know this D over
+square root of two so H bar over 2 M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two so H bar over 2 M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two so H bar over 2 M1
+Omega 1 and an uncertainty in p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 and an uncertainty in p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 and an uncertainty in p
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta
+P equal square root of H bar M1 Omega 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equal square root of H bar M1 Omega 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equal square root of H bar M1 Omega 1/
+2 and again they saturate the bound if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and again they saturate the bound if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and again they saturate the bound if
+you have your ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your ground
+state so ground state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here these two uncertainties bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these two uncertainties bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these two uncertainties bound is
+saturated all is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated all is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated all is good
+good nevertheless Suddenly at time equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good nevertheless Suddenly at time equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good nevertheless Suddenly at time equal
+zero this this state this particle is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this this state this particle is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this this state this particle is in
+the ground state the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state the hamiltonian
+changes there's an Abrupt change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes there's an Abrupt change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes there's an Abrupt change in the
+physics maybe um the temperature was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics maybe um the temperature was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics maybe um the temperature was
+changed and the spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and the spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and the spring constant
+changed or the particle a drop was added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed or the particle a drop was added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed or the particle a drop was added
+to it and its mass change but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and its mass change but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and its mass change but the
+hamiltonian has changed all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian has changed all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian has changed all of the
+sudden so this hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden so this hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden so this hamiltonian
+H1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 is
+valid for T less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for T less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for T less than
+zero and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh
+particle in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so the particles in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the particles in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the particles in the ground
+state the hamiltonian is fine there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the hamiltonian is fine there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the hamiltonian is fine there uh
+but suddenly the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suddenly the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suddenly the hamiltonian
+changes the particle identity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the particle identity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the particle identity is not
+changed the particle is there but um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the particle is there but um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the particle is there but um it
+um it is the hamiltonan that changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is the hamiltonan that changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is the hamiltonan that changes so
+there's an H2 B ^2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an H2 B ^2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an H2 B ^2 over 2
+m2+ 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2+ 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2+ 12
+m² w^ 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m² w^ 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m² w^ 2 to
+X2 Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 Okay so
+the picture is physically clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is physically clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is physically clear the
+particle is sitting there in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is sitting there in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is sitting there in the ground
+state and suddenly the parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and suddenly the parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and suddenly the parameters of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+change so you know this particle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you know this particle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you know this particle was
+having a good time was it the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a good time was it the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a good time was it the ground
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+relaxed then suddenly this the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed then suddenly this the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed then suddenly this the wave
+function didn't change at time equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function didn't change at time equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function didn't change at time equals
+zero it was spread over some distance no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it was spread over some distance no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it was spread over some distance no
+measurement was done nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement was done nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement was done nothing and
+suddenly this particle find itself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly this particle find itself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly this particle find itself with
+some wave function but in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave function but in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave function but in another
+hamiltonian from now on its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian from now on its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian from now on its time
+evolution is going to be governed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is going to be governed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is going to be governed by the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian now since the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian now since the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian now since the second
+hamiltonian is different from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is different from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is different from the first
+hamiltonian this particle is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this particle is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this particle is not going
+to be anymore in the ground state even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anymore in the ground state even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anymore in the ground state even
+though it it was in the ground state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it it was in the ground state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it it was in the ground state of
+the first hamiltonian is not anymore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hamiltonian is not anymore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hamiltonian is not anymore in
+the ground state of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state of the second
+hamiltonian as as soon as the thing gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian as as soon as the thing gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian as as soon as the thing gets
+turned on so for T greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on so for T greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on so for T greater than zero
+this hamiltonian is there so I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hamiltonian is there so I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hamiltonian is there so I actually
+uh the wave function does not change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wave function does not change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wave function does not change so
+let me write Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write Delta
+X and I'll write it the following way H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I'll write it the following way H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and I'll write it the following way H
+bar over 2 M2 Omega one but you said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over 2 M2 Omega one but you said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over 2 M2 Omega one but you said no
+Delta X didn't change correct so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X didn't change correct so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X didn't change correct so I'll
+put the factor m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 over M1 W1 and now it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 over M1 W1 and now it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 over M1 W1 and now it's the same
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X similarly for Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X similarly for Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X similarly for Delta
+P I will write that this is square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P I will write that this is square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P I will write that this is square root
+of HR M2 Omega 2/ 2 and put the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HR M2 Omega 2/ 2 and put the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of HR M2 Omega 2/ 2 and put the factor
+M1 Omega 1/ M2 2 Omega 2 in front in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 Omega 1/ M2 2 Omega 2 in front in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 Omega 1/ M2 2 Omega 2 in front in
+such a way that it is the same Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it is the same Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that it is the same Delta X
+and the same Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P Now Delta x * Delta P multip to be H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Now Delta x * Delta P multip to be H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Now Delta x * Delta P multip to be H
+bar over two and they still multiply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over two and they still multiply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over two and they still multiply to
+that number because I didn't change them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number because I didn't change them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number because I didn't change them
+but this is equal I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is equal I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is equal I'll call this
+number e to the minus gamma so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number e to the minus gamma so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number e to the minus gamma so this
+Delta X is e to the minus um I'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is e to the minus um I'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is e to the minus um I'll go to
+another BLB e to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another BLB e to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another BLB e to Delta
+X is e to the minus gamma time square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is e to the minus gamma time square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is e to the minus gamma time square
+root of H bar over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of H bar over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of H bar over 2
+M2 Omega 2 and Delta p is e to the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 Omega 2 and Delta p is e to the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 Omega 2 and Delta p is e to the gamma
+because it's the inverse Factor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the inverse Factor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the inverse Factor on the
+one that we call gamma um square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we call gamma um square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we call gamma um square root of
+H bar M2 Omega 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar M2 Omega 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar M2 Omega 2 over
+2 where e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 where e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 where e to the
+gamma is the square root of m 1 Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the square root of m 1 Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the square root of m 1 Omega 1
+over M2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 look we we've done very simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 look we we've done very simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 look we we've done very simple things
+we haven't done really much but already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done really much but already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done really much but already
+we start to see see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to see see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to see see what's happening
+from the Viewpoint of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Viewpoint of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Viewpoint of the second
+hamiltonian this uncertainties are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this uncertainties are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this uncertainties are not
+right there are not the uncertainties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are not the uncertainties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are not the uncertainties of
+a ground state because from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ground state because from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ground state because from the
+Viewpoint of the second hamiltonian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint of the second hamiltonian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint of the second hamiltonian the
+ground state uncertainty is this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state uncertainty is this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state uncertainty is this and the
+ground state uncertainty is this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state uncertainty is this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state uncertainty is this and
+indeed this particle was in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this particle was in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this particle was in the ground
+state it had some gussan but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it had some gussan but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it had some gussan but that's not
+the right gussan for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right gussan for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right gussan for the second
+hamiltonian is the right Gan for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is the right Gan for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is the right Gan for the
+first hamiltonian so it's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hamiltonian so it's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first hamiltonian so it's not in the
+ground state of the second hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of the second hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of the second hamiltonian
+but it's in a particular state in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in a particular state in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's in a particular state in which
+if gamma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gamma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gamma is
+positive X the uncertainty in X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X the uncertainty in X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X the uncertainty in X is
+squeezed from the lowest uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed from the lowest uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed from the lowest uncertainty
+that you get in an energy ion State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get in an energy ion State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get in an energy ion State and
+the uncertainty in the momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in the momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty in the momentum is
+stretched in that direction so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in that direction so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched in that direction so you see
+in the ground state of the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state of the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state of the harmonic
+oscillator you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator you get an
+uncertainty and that's a canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and that's a canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and that's a canonical
+uncertainty but this uncertainty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty but this uncertainty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty but this uncertainty is
+squeezed because it's different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed because it's different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed because it's different from
+what it should be and this is squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be and this is squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be and this is squeezed
+so from the Viewpoint of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the Viewpoint of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the Viewpoint of the second
+hamiltonian the ground state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian the ground state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian the ground state of the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+hamiltonian is a squeezed State it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is a squeezed State it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is a squeezed State it's a
+state whose uncertainties have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state whose uncertainties have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state whose uncertainties have been
+squeezed and those States exist and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed and those States exist and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed and those States exist and the
+purpose of what we're going to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of what we're going to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of what we're going to do now is
+try to determine them find them see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to determine them find them see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to determine them find them see what
+they are how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behave any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yes Nicholas I'm confused why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes Nicholas I'm confused why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes Nicholas I'm confused why
+we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say
+that these new these new ones are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these new these new ones are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these new these new ones are just
+related to the old ones by this by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the old ones by this by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the old ones by this by this
+Factor okay you see what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay you see what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay you see what I
+assumed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed is
+that you had a time equals Before Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had a time equals Before Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had a time equals Before Time
+equals z you had a gussan okay that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you had a gussan okay that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you had a gussan okay that was
+the original gaussian that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original gaussian that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original gaussian that was the
+original wave function and it had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original wave function and it had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original wave function and it had some
+Delta X and some Delta P that were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and some Delta P that were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and some Delta P that were given
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+quantities now I didn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities now I didn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities now I didn't do anything
+except rewrite the same quantities here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except rewrite the same quantities here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except rewrite the same quantities here
+because what I said next was that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I said next was that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I said next was that even
+though at time equals z the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at time equals z the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though at time equals z the hamiltonian
+changes at time equals z the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes at time equals z the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes at time equals z the wave
+function doesn't change the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't change the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't change the wave
+function Remains the Same after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Remains the Same after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Remains the Same after that
+time it's going to start changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to start changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to start changing
+because the new hamiltonian kicks in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new hamiltonian kicks in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new hamiltonian kicks in but
+this Delta X's are the same that I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta X's are the same that I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta X's are the same that I wrote
+and here are the same but here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the same but here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are the same but here you see
+clearly that this Delta x with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that this Delta x with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that this Delta x with respect
+to the second Hamilton is not the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second Hamilton is not the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the second Hamilton is not the one
+that it would be if it would be a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be if it would be a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be if it would be a ground
+state nor the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state nor the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state nor the Delta
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+yes just at the instant the instant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just at the instant the instant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes just at the instant the instant you
+change amonium because it might evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change amonium because it might evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change amonium because it might evolve
+and the unur will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the unur will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the unur will
+change sorry well is this just at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change sorry well is this just at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change sorry well is this just at the
+instance where we changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance where we changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance where we changed the
+hamiltonian because after some time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian because after some time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian because after some time the
+way function might change that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function might change that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way function might change that's right
+this is just after I changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just after I changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just after I changed the
+hamiltonian the time evolution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian the time evolution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian the time evolution of this
+state is something that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is something that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is something that we have to
+figure out later but after I've changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out later but after I've changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out later but after I've changed
+the hamiltonian the state looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian the state looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian the state looks
+squeezed so how can we calculate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed so how can we calculate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed so how can we calculate and
+understand these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way to think of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to think of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to think of this is the
+following you see you have this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you see you have this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you see you have this system
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+hamiltonians there's an X and A P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians there's an X and A P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians there's an X and A P
+operator and the second hamiltonian has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the second hamiltonian has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the second hamiltonian has
+an X and a p operator these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and a p operator these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an X and a p operator these are the
+properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the
+particles therefore what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles therefore what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles therefore what I'm going to
+think of is that the X and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is that the X and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is that the X and P
+operators are the operators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are the operators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators are the operators that
+describe the particle they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the particle they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the particle they
+are unchanged because we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unchanged because we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unchanged because we're talking
+about this same object a same particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this same object a same particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this same object a same particle
+so if I have X the X operator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have X the X operator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have X the X operator which is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to this formula H bar over 2 M1 Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this formula H bar over 2 M1 Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this formula H bar over 2 M1 Omega 1
+A1 dagger plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 dagger plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 dagger plus
+A1 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 like
+this from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the first
+hamiltonian X's are related to a1's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian X's are related to a1's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian X's are related to a1's and
+A1 dagers but this is the same X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 dagers but this is the same X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 dagers but this is the same X
+describing the same position as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the same position as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the same position as you
+would do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in the
+hamiltonian so M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so M2
+W2 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 A2
+h plus A2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus A2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h plus A2 H
+dagger it's a very strong physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger it's a very strong physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger it's a very strong physical
+assumption I'm making here it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption I'm making here it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption I'm making here it's an
+assumption it's so strong that in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption it's so strong that in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption it's so strong that in many
+ways you could almost say well I'll buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could almost say well I'll buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could almost say well I'll buy
+it but we'll see if it gives something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we'll see if it gives something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we'll see if it gives something
+reasonable um I'm saying the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable um I'm saying the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable um I'm saying the X
+operator is really the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is really the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is really the same thing and
+you could view it as constructed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could view it as constructed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could view it as constructed from
+ingredients of the first hamiltonian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of the first hamiltonian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients of the first hamiltonian or
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+hamiltonian so is the P operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so is the P operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so is the P operator
+P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P which is
+um H well I have a formula here minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H well I have a formula here minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H well I have a formula here minus I
+M1 Omega 1 h bar/ 2 A1 minus A1 dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 Omega 1 h bar/ 2 A1 minus A1 dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 Omega 1 h bar/ 2 A1 minus A1 dagger
+should be the same as minus I M2 Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same as minus I M2 Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same as minus I M2 Omega 2
+h bar/ 2 A2 minus A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so X and P are not changing we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X and P are not changing we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X and P are not changing we're not
+talking about two particles that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about two particles that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about two particles that have an
+X1 and a P1 and the second particle an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and a P1 and the second particle an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and a P1 and the second particle an
+X2 and a P2 is just one particle has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and a P2 is just one particle has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and a P2 is just one particle has an
+X and A P Is What You observe when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and A P Is What You observe when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and A P Is What You observe when you
+measure position and You observe when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure position and You observe when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure position and You observe when
+you measure momentum nevertheless X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure momentum nevertheless X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure momentum nevertheless X and
+P are related in this way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P are related in this way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P are related in this way to the
+creation Annihilation operators so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation Annihilation operators so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation Annihilation operators so we're
+going to find from this some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find from this some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find from this some very
+strange relation between the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange relation between the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange relation between the creation
+operator and ulation operators of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and ulation operators of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and ulation operators of the
+first system and the second system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first system and the second system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first system and the second system so
+what do we get in fact well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get in fact well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get in fact well the
+constants disappear from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants disappear from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants disappear from the first
+equation roughly and you get A1 dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation roughly and you get A1 dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation roughly and you get A1 dagger
+is equal to you get the ratio of M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to you get the ratio of M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to you get the ratio of M1
+Omega 1 over M2 Omega 2 so you get e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 over M2 Omega 2 so you get e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 over M2 Omega 2 so you get e to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gamma A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma A1
+A2 plus A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dagger from the bottom one A1 minus A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dagger from the bottom one A1 minus A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dagger from the bottom one A1 minus A1
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to e to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e to Theus
+GMA A2 - A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA A2 - A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA A2 - A2
+diager these two equations give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diager these two equations give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diager these two equations give you that
+it should be clear U you just cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be clear U you just cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be clear U you just cancel the
+constants and remember the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and remember the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and remember the definition of
+e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+gamma and now we can solve for A1 and A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and now we can solve for A1 and A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and now we can solve for A1 and A2
+in terms for A1 and A1 dagger in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms for A1 and A1 dagger in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms for A1 and A1 dagger in terms
+of A2 and A2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A2 and A2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A2 and A2 to
+dagger and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and what do we
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+A1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is equal to
+A2 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma plus A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma plus A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma plus A2
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+C gamma and the dagger is what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gamma and the dagger is what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gamma and the dagger is what you would
+imagine so A1 dagger is equal to A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine so A1 dagger is equal to A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine so A1 dagger is equal to A2
+C gamma +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gamma +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gamma +
+A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2
+cin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma the second equation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the second equation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma the second equation that you
+can calculate uh it's the dagger of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate uh it's the dagger of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate uh it's the dagger of the
+first it should be that and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it should be that and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it should be that and now you
+found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the
+scrambling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambling of the
+oscillators of the creation anihilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators of the creation anihilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators of the creation anihilation
+operators the new anihilation oper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators the new anihilation oper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators the new anihilation oper or
+the old Annihilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old Annihilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old Annihilation
+operator is a mixture of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is a mixture of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is a mixture of the new
+anihilation operator and a creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anihilation operator and a creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anihilation operator and a creation
+operator they're mixed it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator they're mixed it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator they're mixed it's a
+very strange thing what has happened a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange thing what has happened a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange thing what has happened a
+mixture between creation an nihilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture between creation an nihilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture between creation an nihilation
+operators um this is so famous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators um this is so famous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators um this is so famous in
+physics that has a name it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that has a name it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that has a name it's called the
+bolu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolu of
+transformation um it appears in analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation um it appears in analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation um it appears in analysis
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+blackhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackhole
+radiation there's a bolu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation there's a bolu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation there's a bolu of
+transformation between the fields far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between the fields far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between the fields far
+away of the black hole and the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away of the black hole and the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away of the black hole and the fields
+near the black hole it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the black hole it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the black hole it appears
+everywhere um and here it has appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere um and here it has appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere um and here it has appeared
+so we're going to try to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try to understand what
+it does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does for
+us similarly um you can find what A2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us similarly um you can find what A2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us similarly um you can find what A2 is
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+a1's um by the symmetry of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1's um by the symmetry of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1's um by the symmetry of this
+equations this corresponds to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this corresponds to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this corresponds to actually
+letting gamma goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting gamma goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting gamma goes to minus
+gamma because if you pass these gamas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma because if you pass these gamas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma because if you pass these gamas to
+the other side the equations are of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side the equations are of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side the equations are of the
+same form by letting one become two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form by letting one become two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form by letting one become two two
+becomes one and Gamma goes to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one and Gamma goes to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one and Gamma goes to minus
+gamma um so with you don't need it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma um so with you don't need it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma um so with you don't need it right
+now but in case you want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in case you want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in case you want to find the
+other ones um the twos in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones um the twos in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones um the twos in terms of the
+ones you would just change a sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you would just change a sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you would just change a sign of
+gamma and it would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and it would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and it would work
+out okay so U this relation is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so U this relation is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so U this relation is the key
+to allow you to calculate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to calculate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow you to calculate things
+um so what do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do we want to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+um well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well we have
+have here is what I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is what I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is what I would like to
+calculate the ground state of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ground state of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ground state of the first
+oscillator is the thing we had it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is the thing we had it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is the thing we had it's the
+thing that has the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has the wave
+function but I want to express it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but I want to express it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but I want to express it as a
+superposition of states of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of states of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of states of the second
+oscillator because the second oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator because the second oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator because the second oscillator
+is what gives you the new hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what gives you the new hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what gives you the new hamiltonian
+and what's going to tell you how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going to tell you how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's going to tell you how the
+state is going to evolve later so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is going to evolve later so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is going to evolve later so
+presumably this state is some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably this state is some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably this state is some number
+times the ground state of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillator plus maybe some creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator plus maybe some creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator plus maybe some creation
+operator on the second vacuum as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the second vacuum as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on the second vacuum as well
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+now this wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be this wave function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be this wave function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be this wave function of the
+ground state is even and I would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is even and I would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is even and I would expect
+that it's a superposition of even I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a superposition of even I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a superposition of even I
+states of the second oscillator as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the second oscillator as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the second oscillator as well
+and even ion states are things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even ion states are things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even ion states are things that have
+even occupation numbers those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even occupation numbers those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even occupation numbers those are the
+even hermit polom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hermit polom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hermit polom so
+presumably it goes like this and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it goes like this and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably it goes like this and think
+with four oscillators and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four oscillators and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four oscillators and things like
+that so what I'm after is this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I'm after is this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what I'm after is this sort of
+expression of the original state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the original state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the original state in
+terms of energy I states inste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of energy I states inste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of energy I states inste of
+anything of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillator so how can we do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so how can we do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so how can we do that well
+one thing we know about this state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we know about this state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we know about this state is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+A1 on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero it's killed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's killed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's killed by
+A1 but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1 is an interesting thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is an interesting thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 is an interesting thing it's
+A2 cos gamma plus A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 cos gamma plus A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 cos gamma plus A2
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+cinch gamma and that thing must kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch gamma and that thing must kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch gamma and that thing must kill
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so I could at least if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so I could at least if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so I could at least if I had
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+time put this put a few terms and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time put this put a few terms and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time put this put a few terms and try to
+calculate more or less what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate more or less what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate more or less what kind of
+state is killed by this strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is killed by this strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is killed by this strange
+combination of creation and Annihilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of creation and Annihilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of creation and Annihilation
+operators you see a state we know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you see a state we know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you see a state we know is
+killed by a ground state is killed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by a ground state is killed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by a ground state is killed by
+the normal inhilation operator that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal inhilation operator that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal inhilation operator that's
+what this is but this operator now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is but this operator now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is but this operator now we
+know it's given by this formula over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's given by this formula over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's given by this formula over
+there and then it must kill all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it must kill all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it must kill all
+that so we're faced with a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're faced with a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're faced with a problem that
+is in principle fairly difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in principle fairly difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in principle fairly difficult and
+um you could not hope for an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could not hope for an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could not hope for an exact
+solution unless there's something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution unless there's something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution unless there's something very
+nice going on Happily squeeze states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice going on Happily squeeze states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice going on Happily squeeze states are
+still very nice and tractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very nice and tractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very nice and tractable
+States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so
+um let's see what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see what we can
+do well what I'm going to do is to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well what I'm going to do is to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well what I'm going to do is to put
+an anets for this state based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anets for this state based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anets for this state based on this
+expansion that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion that I had
+there I would say look uh there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I would say look uh there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I would say look uh there's going
+to be a normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a normalization
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+but but you know at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know at the end of the day
+we have things acting on the vacuum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have things acting on the vacuum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have things acting on the vacuum so
+there's there's going to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's going to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's going to be something
+very messy acting on the vacuum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and what is that going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what is that going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and what is that going to
+be well we've learned about coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well we've learned about coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well we've learned about coherent
+states that are exponentials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are exponentials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are exponentials of
+oscillators exponentials of A's and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators exponentials of A's and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators exponentials of A's and a
+daggers added so here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers added so here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers added so here we're going to
+attempt something a little more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt something a little more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt something a little more General
+I'll put an exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 12 and what should I put um well U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 and what should I put um well U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12 and what should I put um well U
+let's try to be simpleminded still it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to be simpleminded still it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to be simpleminded still it
+seems to go in even power so if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to go in even power so if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to go in even power so if we are
+very lucky maybe we can put just an A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lucky maybe we can put just an A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lucky maybe we can put just an A2
+dagger A2 dagger here an exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger A2 dagger here an exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger A2 dagger here an exponential of
+something quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillators and I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators and I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators and I don't know what
+coefficient is in front and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is in front and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is in front and it may
+depend on gamma because I have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on gamma because I have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on gamma because I have to solve
+an equation with gamma so I'll put -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation with gamma so I'll put -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation with gamma so I'll put -
+12 F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 F of
+gamma times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times
+that and we'll see if we can um solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll see if we can um solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll see if we can um solve
+this so what does it mean to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what does it mean to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what does it mean to solve it
+well it means that it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means that it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means that it must be
+annihilated by this operator so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilated by this operator so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilated by this operator so so so
+our computations with the creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computations with the creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computations with the creation and
+inhalation operators are becoming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalation operators are becoming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalation operators are becoming more
+and more complicated but uh they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complicated but uh they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complicated but uh they're not
+they look more and more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look more and more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look more and more complicated
+they're really not harder let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really not harder let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really not harder let's see what
+it happen so I need now that A2 K gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen so I need now that A2 K gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happen so I need now that A2 K gamma
+plus A2 di cinch gamma kill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus A2 di cinch gamma kill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus A2 di cinch gamma kill this
+state so the n is going to go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the n is going to go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the n is going to go outside
+it's a number so acting on E to the- 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number so acting on E to the- 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number so acting on E to the- 12
+F of gamma A2 dagger A2 dagger on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of gamma A2 dagger A2 dagger on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of gamma A2 dagger A2 dagger on the
+vacuum sub two that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay how does one solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does one solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does one solve
+this well uh let's see what we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well uh let's see what we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well uh let's see what we have uh
+let's see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see this
+term A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term A2
+dagger good A2 dagger commutes with A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger good A2 dagger commutes with A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger good A2 dagger commutes with A2
+dagger so I can bring the A2 dagger all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so I can bring the A2 dagger all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so I can bring the A2 dagger all
+the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the
+right and it doesn't kill the vacuum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it doesn't kill the vacuum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it doesn't kill the vacuum so
+I don't gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't gain
+anything can be to the right or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can be to the right or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can be to the right or to the
+left because it commutes with this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left because it commutes with this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left because it commutes with this whole
+thing so I haven't gained anything if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I haven't gained anything if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I haven't gained anything if I
+move it so false start I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it so false start I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it so false start I don't want to
+move that one this one I want to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that one this one I want to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that one this one I want to leave
+it here and this one somehow must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here and this one somehow must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here and this one somehow must
+produce something that canels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now
+A2 on the other hand is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 on the other hand is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 on the other hand is the kind of
+thing that always should be dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that always should be dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that always should be dealt with
+because this is an annihilator and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an annihilator and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an annihilator and that
+does kill that so as it moves along it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does kill that so as it moves along it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does kill that so as it moves along it
+encounters obstacles but obstacles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters obstacles but obstacles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters obstacles but obstacles are
+opportunities because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities because
+an obstacle means we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obstacle means we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obstacle means we're going to get
+something that maybe cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe cancels
+that so if it also went through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if it also went through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if it also went through and
+killed the vacuum were finished this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed the vacuum were finished this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed the vacuum were finished this
+doesn't kill the vacuum so happily it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't kill the vacuum so happily it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't kill the vacuum so happily it
+gets stuck here now the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck here now the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck here now the thing that we
+have to hope is that we can disentangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hope is that we can disentangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hope is that we can disentangle
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+commutator now here is a universal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how do I want to write this um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do I want to write this um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do I want to write this um I'm
+going to write it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it like
+this I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have an
+A2 a number I don't care about number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 a number I don't care about number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 a number I don't care about number
+and a complicated thing and a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a complicated thing and a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a complicated thing and a vacuum
+whenever you have an A any operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an A any operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an A any operator on
+the vacuum this is equal to a commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum this is equal to a commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum this is equal to a commutator
+with the operator on the vacuum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the operator on the vacuum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the operator on the vacuum that
+that should be second nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be second nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be second nature
+because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is
+even given to that minus O A but O A the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even given to that minus O A but O A the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even given to that minus O A but O A the
+a is near to the vacuum and it kills it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is near to the vacuum and it kills it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is near to the vacuum and it kills it
+so whenever you have a a o vacuum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have a a o vacuum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you have a a o vacuum you
+can put the commutator so I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put the commutator so I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put the commutator so I'll do that
+here so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I put
+a 2 the COS gamma I take it out I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 the COS gamma I take it out I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 the COS gamma I take it out I put
+this whole thing minus 12 f a dger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing minus 12 f a dger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing minus 12 f a dger a
+dger 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dger 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dger 2
+this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the
+vacuum that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum that's the first
+term and the second term I have to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the second term I have to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and the second term I have to just
+copy it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it um
+cinch gamma A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch gamma A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch gamma A2
+dagger e to the- 12 F a² dagger on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger e to the- 12 F a² dagger on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger e to the- 12 F a² dagger on the
+vacuum all that should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we
+get is that commutator doable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that commutator doable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that commutator doable or
+undoable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoable
+um it's happily a simple commutator even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's happily a simple commutator even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's happily a simple commutator even
+if it doesn't look like it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't look like it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't look like it because
+whenever you see a commutator like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see a commutator like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see a commutator like that
+you think a e to the B and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think a e to the B and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think a e to the B and then you know
+if you're in luck this is just a a b e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in luck this is just a a b e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in luck this is just a a b e
+to the B and this is true if a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the B and this is true if a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the B and this is true if a b
+commutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with
+B so that's what you must think whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's what you must think whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so that's what you must think whenever
+you see this things do am I in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this things do am I in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this things do am I in this
+lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky
+situation yes you are because a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation yes you are because a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation yes you are because a with
+this with this commutator one a will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this commutator one a will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with this commutator one a will
+kill an a dagger so you will be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill an a dagger so you will be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill an a dagger so you will be left
+with with an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with an a
+dagger but a dagger commutes with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger but a dagger commutes with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger but a dagger commutes with B
+which is a dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a dagger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a dagger a
+dagger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so
+a b a with B is just an the a dagger up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b a with B is just an the a dagger up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b a with B is just an the a dagger up
+to a function or number and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a function or number and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a function or number and then a
+dagger commutes with B so you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger commutes with B so you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger commutes with B so you are in
+good shape this is true so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shape this is true so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shape this is true so what do we
+get here we get Kos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here we get Kos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here we get Kos
+gamma and then we just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and then we just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and then we just get the
+commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of
+A2 with - 12 F A2 dagger A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 with - 12 F A2 dagger A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 with - 12 F A2 dagger A2
+dagger times the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential I won't write it times The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I won't write it times The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I won't write it times The
+Vacuum Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vacuum Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vacuum Plus
+cinch time A2 dagger time the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch time A2 dagger time the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch time A2 dagger time the whole
+exponential times the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we have to do this commutator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to do this commutator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to do this commutator but
+the F doesn't matter is a constant is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F doesn't matter is a constant is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F doesn't matter is a constant is a
+function no operator in there A2 with A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no operator in there A2 with A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no operator in there A2 with A2
+daggers are one they're two of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers are one they're two of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers are one they're two of them so
+you get a two and the 1/2 cancels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a two and the 1/2 cancels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a two and the 1/2 cancels this
+so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+F A2 Di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential plus from the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential plus from the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential plus from the other term
+cinch gamma A2 dagger times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch gamma A2 dagger times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch gamma A2 dagger times the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+exponential on the vacuum equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the vacuum equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the vacuum equals
+zero and as promis we were good we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as promis we were good we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and as promis we were good we get
+an A2 dagger A2 dagger these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A2 dagger A2 dagger these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A2 dagger A2 dagger these two terms
+cancel if f is equal tan hyperbolic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel if f is equal tan hyperbolic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel if f is equal tan hyperbolic of
+gamma which is s over cosine so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma which is s over cosine so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma which is s over cosine so that
+these two things cancel I I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things cancel I I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things cancel I I can write
+this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course
+as Min - cos gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Min - cos gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Min - cos gamma
+f plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus
+C gamma A2 dagger the exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gamma A2 dagger the exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gamma A2 dagger the exponential and
+the vacuum equal zero so so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum equal zero so so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum equal zero so so it's just a
+simple relation but there we go tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relation but there we go tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relation but there we go tan
+gamma is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the
+thing Tang gamma gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Tang gamma gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Tang gamma gives you the
+answer and uh let me write the state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and uh let me write the state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and uh let me write the state so
+that you um enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's
+see the state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the state is
+just a fairly interesting thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a fairly interesting thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a fairly interesting thing this
+01 expressed in the new space hbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 expressed in the new space hbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 expressed in the new space hbert
+space of the second oscillator is some n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the second oscillator is some n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the second oscillator is some n
+of gamma times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma times the
+exponential of - 12 tan hyperbolic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of - 12 tan hyperbolic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of - 12 tan hyperbolic of
+gamma A2 dagger A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma A2 dagger A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma A2 dagger A2
+dagger on the vacuum sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalization N of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma and it will be done of now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and it will be done of now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and it will be done of now the
+normalization you may say okay look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization you may say okay look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization you may say okay look if
+normalizations are good things sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizations are good things sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizations are good things sometimes
+you work without normalizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work without normalizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work without normalizations and
+you're okay but uh it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay but uh it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay but uh it turns out that
+these normalizations are pretty useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these normalizations are pretty useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these normalizations are pretty useful
+and unless you get them some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless you get them some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless you get them some
+calculations are kind of undoable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are kind of undoable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are kind of undoable um
+so it's a little bit of a challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit of a challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit of a challenge to
+get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that
+normalization you can try in several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization you can try in several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization you can try in several
+ways you can the most naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can the most naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can the most naive
+way is to say well this must have unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to say well this must have unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to say well this must have unit
+Norm so N squared and then I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm so N squared and then I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm so N squared and then I take the
+the bra of this and the K of that so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bra of this and the K of that so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bra of this and the K of that so it
+would be vacuum an exponential of - one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be vacuum an exponential of - one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be vacuum an exponential of - one2
+tangent a a and an exponential of - one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent a a and an exponential of - one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent a a and an exponential of - one2
+tangent a dagger a dagger must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent a dagger a dagger must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent a dagger a dagger must be
+one n² * that the problem is that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one n² * that the problem is that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one n² * that the problem is that I've
+never been able to compute this uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been able to compute this uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been able to compute this uh at
+least it takes a long time and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it takes a long time and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it takes a long time and you get
+it by indirect methods but getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by indirect methods but getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by indirect methods but getting the
+number out of this is painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's one way of getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one way of getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one way of getting the
+normalization here that is not so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization here that is not so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization here that is not so bad
+it's a little surprising what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little surprising what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little surprising what you
+do you do the following you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do the following you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do the following you do you
+declare I'm going to compute the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare I'm going to compute the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare I'm going to compute the overlap
+of two the vacuum of two with the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two the vacuum of two with the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two the vacuum of two with the vacuum
+of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now what is this n gamma vacuum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this n gamma vacuum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this n gamma vacuum of
+two here e to the minus 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here e to the minus 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here e to the minus 12
+T GMA A2 dager A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T GMA A2 dager A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T GMA A2 dager A2
+dager vacuum of two how much is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dager vacuum of two how much is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dager vacuum of two how much is how
+difficult is it to compute this inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult is it to compute this inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult is it to compute this inner
+product sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product sorry
+not difficult what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+left yeah you're you're saying it indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left yeah you're you're saying it indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left yeah you're you're saying it indeed
+look this thing is as simple as can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this thing is as simple as can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this thing is as simple as can be
+this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one
+why is that so you expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so you expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so you expand the
+exponential and you have one plus things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and you have one plus things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and you have one plus things
+but all the things have a daggers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the things have a daggers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the things have a daggers now
+eight daggers don't kill this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight daggers don't kill this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight daggers don't kill this one but
+they kill the other one on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kill the other one on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kill the other one on the left and
+they there's nothing obstructing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's nothing obstructing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they there's nothing obstructing them
+from reaching the left so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reaching the left so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reaching the left so this is
+one you know it's completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know it's completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know it's completely different
+from this one because if you expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one because if you expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one because if you expand this
+on the eight daggers kill the thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the eight daggers kill the thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the eight daggers kill the thing but
+there's lots of a in the to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of a in the to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of a in the to the left and
+the a is one to get here but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is one to get here but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a is one to get here but there's
+lots of a ders to the right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of a ders to the right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of a ders to the right so this is
+hard but this is easy so n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but this is easy so n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but this is easy so n of
+GMA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 but what is that this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 but what is that this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 but what is that this is if you
+introduce a complete set of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a complete set of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a complete set of position
+states DX this is 0 to x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+01 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the this one is the ground state wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this one is the ground state wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this one is the ground state wave
+function of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the first
+hamiltonian and this is the star of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and this is the star of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and this is the star of the
+ground state wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state wave
+function of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian and those you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and those you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and those you know because
+you know M on Omega you know the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know M on Omega you know the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know M on Omega you know the ground
+state wave function so this integral can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state wave function so this integral can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state wave function so this integral can
+be done so this whole normalization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done so this whole normalization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done so this whole normalization is
+given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this
+integral and uh this integral gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and uh this integral gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and uh this integral gives you
+1 / Square < TK of cos gamma that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / Square < TK of cos gamma that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / Square < TK of cos gamma that it
+takes a few lines to make but um the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few lines to make but um the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a few lines to make but um the end
+result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is
+there um so you got your coherent States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got now the squeeze State completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got now the squeeze State completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got now the squeeze State completely
+normalized so let's write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized so let's write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized so let's write it out
+0 1 is equal 1 / Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 is equal 1 / Square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 is equal 1 / Square < TK of
+cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+gamma exponential of - 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma exponential of - 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma exponential of - 12
+T gamma A2 dagger A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T gamma A2 dagger A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T gamma A2 dagger A2
+dagger on the vuum sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two wow that's it that's a squeeze state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wow that's it that's a squeeze state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wow that's it that's a squeeze state
+that has been squeezed in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been squeezed in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been squeezed in such a way
+that the squeezing parameter appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the squeezing parameter appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the squeezing parameter appears
+here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the
+exponential now this is the way we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now this is the way we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now this is the way we got
+to it but now I want you to just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but now I want you to just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but now I want you to just think
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+independently just from the beginning if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently just from the beginning if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently just from the beginning if
+you had the hamiltonian of a you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the hamiltonian of a you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the hamiltonian of a you had a
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+this is an interesting State all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting State all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting State all in
+itself because it is a squeeze state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because it is a squeeze state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because it is a squeeze state it
+has is a gaussion but of the wrong shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is a gaussion but of the wrong shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has is a gaussion but of the wrong shape
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+system this is a gaussion of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is a gaussion of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is a gaussion of the right
+shape for system two but once you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape for system two but once you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape for system two but once you put
+all these oscillators it's not anymore a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these oscillators it's not anymore a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these oscillators it's not anymore a
+gaussion of the right type it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussion of the right type it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussion of the right type it's a
+squeezed guset so if we forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed guset so if we forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed guset so if we forget about
+this system one let me write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system one let me write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system one let me write these
+things from the beginning and say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the beginning and say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the beginning and say like
+this we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have a
+hamiltonian we have a ground state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have a ground state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we have a ground state we
+have M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have M and
+Omega and we have a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and we have a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and we have a and a
+dagger let's just Define what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger let's just Define what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger let's just Define what we call
+the squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squeezed
+vacuum vacuum sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum vacuum sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum vacuum sub
+gamma to be precisely this thing 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma to be precisely this thing 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma to be precisely this thing 1 /
+square root of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma exponential of - 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma exponential of - 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma exponential of - 12
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+gamma um a dagger a dagger not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma um a dagger a dagger not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma um a dagger a dagger not two
+anymore because we have just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because we have just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because we have just a single
+system a single system the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a single system the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a single system the ground state
+and now we've defined this state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've defined this state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've defined this state which
+is what we had there before but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we had there before but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we had there before but we don't
+think of it anymore as oh it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it anymore as oh it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it anymore as oh it came from
+some other Hamilton on it but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Hamilton on it but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other Hamilton on it but rather
+this is a state on its own it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a state on its own it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a state on its own it's a
+squeezed vacuum State and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed vacuum State and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed vacuum State and from the
+computations that we did here the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations that we did here the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations that we did here the Delta
+X for this state would be e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for this state would be e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for this state would be e to the minus
+gamma H Bar M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma H Bar M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma H Bar M
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+and M Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M Omega over
+here so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so these
+are these and you don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these and you don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these and you don't need to know
+what gamma is that's a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gamma is that's a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gamma is that's a number that
+somebody chose for you any number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody chose for you any number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody chose for you any number that
+you want is gamma and therefore you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is gamma and therefore you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is gamma and therefore you use
+it to squeeze the state and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to squeeze the state and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to squeeze the state and that's what
+you've achieved so you have a hilon of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've achieved so you have a hilon of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've achieved so you have a hilon of a
+harmonic oscillator you can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator you can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator you can construct
+the vacuum you know how to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum you know how to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum you know how to construct
+coherent states by acting on the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent states by acting on the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent states by acting on the vacuum
+now you know how to construct squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how to construct squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know how to construct squeeze
+States states in which the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States states in which the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States states in which the expectation
+values do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values do those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we had a very nice formula where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had a very nice formula where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had a very nice formula where we
+began the lecture today in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began the lecture today in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began the lecture today in which the
+squeeze state was not not the squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze state was not not the squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze state was not not the squeeze
+State the coherent state was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the coherent state was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the coherent state was just a
+unitary operator acting on the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator acting on the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator acting on the vacuum
+now we made sure to normalize this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we made sure to normalize this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we made sure to normalize this so we
+did check in this calculation that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did check in this calculation that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did check in this calculation that all
+gamma 0 gamma is equal to 1 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 0 gamma is equal to 1 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 0 gamma is equal to 1 so this
+thing must come from the action of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing must come from the action of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing must come from the action of some
+unitary operator acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary operator acting on the
+vacuum which is that unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum which is that unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum which is that unitary
+operator that acts on the vacuum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that acts on the vacuum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that acts on the vacuum and
+gives you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that
+um not so easy to find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so easy to find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so easy to find all the
+computations here are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations here are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations here are a little
+challenging as you've seen But Here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging as you've seen But Here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging as you've seen But Here here
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+answer cos gamma e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer cos gamma e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer cos gamma e to the
+exponential of Min - 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of Min - 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of Min - 12
+tan gamma a dagger a dagger should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan gamma a dagger a dagger should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan gamma a dagger a dagger should be
+something like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like an
+e to the what should be something like e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the what should be something like e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the what should be something like e
+to the a dagger a dagger minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a dagger a dagger minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a dagger a dagger minus
+AA acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA acting on the
+vacuum why because certainly the AA are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum why because certainly the AA are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum why because certainly the AA are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+disappear and you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and you're going to get
+products of this ones um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of this ones um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of this ones um
+squared and this is anti hermiss so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is anti hermiss so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is anti hermiss so that
+operator is unitary so but I'm now must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is unitary so but I'm now must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is unitary so but I'm now must
+put the gamma somewhere there so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the gamma somewhere there so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the gamma somewhere there so what
+should I put us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I put us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I put us here
+in order to get that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well
+um it's uh maybe something you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh maybe something you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh maybe something you can try
+by assuming gamma is very small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming gamma is very small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming gamma is very small and
+expanding both sides or finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding both sides or finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding both sides or finding a
+differential equation or doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation or doing things
+but the answer is uh incredibly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the answer is uh incredibly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the answer is uh incredibly simple
+is e to the minus just gamma over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus just gamma over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the minus just gamma over
+2 that's it gamma appears here and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's it gamma appears here and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that's it gamma appears here and by
+the time you reorder this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you reorder this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you reorder this quadratic
+form you see what you have to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you see what you have to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you see what you have to do here is
+expand and then you have powers of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and then you have powers of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and then you have powers of this
+and then you have to bring all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to bring all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to bring all the
+inhalators to the right and kill them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalators to the right and kill them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalators to the right and kill them
+and then you have a power Series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a power Series in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a power Series in
+squares of this thing that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of this thing that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of this thing that will
+reassemble into this exponential it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassemble into this exponential it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassemble into this exponential it's
+almost a miracle that something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a miracle that something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a miracle that something like
+that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could
+happen but it does happen and uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it does happen and uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it does happen and uh it's a
+very interesting calculation actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting calculation actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting calculation actually to
+do that we don't do it in the course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we don't do it in the course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we don't do it in the course um
+I may post some pages that I did once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may post some pages that I did once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may post some pages that I did once
+this computation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation and
+uh and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that is
+um a nice operat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a nice operat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a nice operat
+we'll we call it the squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we call it the squeezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we call it the squeezing
+operator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so
+um so s of gamma is a unitary operator s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so s of gamma is a unitary operator s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so s of gamma is a unitary operator s
+of gamma the The Squeeze State the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma the The Squeeze State the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma the The Squeeze State the zero
+gamma is equal to S of gamma on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is equal to S of gamma on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is equal to S of gamma on the
+vacuum where s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum where s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum where s of
+gamma is equal to e to the minus gamma /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is equal to e to the minus gamma /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is equal to e to the minus gamma /
+2 a dagger a dagger minus a a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a dagger a dagger minus a a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a dagger a dagger minus a a that
+operator it's a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's a unitary
+operator and it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it does the
+squeezing um actually once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing um actually once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing um actually once you have
+squeeze States uh you can do more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze States uh you can do more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze States uh you can do more things
+uh and you can squeeze and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can squeeze and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can squeeze and then
+translate that those are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate that those are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate that those are the most
+General states that people use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General states that people use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General states that people use in
+Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum
+Optics so you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics so you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics so you take a
+vacuum you squeeze it with s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum you squeeze it with s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum you squeeze it with s of
+gamma and then you translated with v of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and then you translated with v of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and then you translated with v of
+Alpha and this is the state Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and this is the state Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and this is the state Alpha
+Gamma squeeze Factor translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma squeeze Factor translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma squeeze Factor translation
+Factor one picture of that is in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor one picture of that is in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor one picture of that is in our
+Alpha plane you take the vacuum that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plane you take the vacuum that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plane you take the vacuum that is
+some spherical ball here in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spherical ball here in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spherical ball here in the X
+expectation value P expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value P expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value P expectation value
+you squeeze it you might decide you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squeeze it you might decide you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squeeze it you might decide you know
+I don't want to have too much Delta X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to have too much Delta X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to have too much Delta X so
+you squeeze it and you produce something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squeeze it and you produce something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squeeze it and you produce something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's a squeeze vacuum this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a squeeze vacuum this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's a squeeze vacuum this is by
+the time you apply this and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you apply this and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you apply this and then you do
+the alpha and you translate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha and you translate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha and you translate it
+out and this state is now going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this state is now going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this state is now going to start
+rotating and doing all kinds of motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and doing all kinds of motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and doing all kinds of motions
+so um it's pretty practical stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it's pretty practical stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it's pretty practical stuff
+actually uh you some of you are taking U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh you some of you are taking U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh you some of you are taking U
+Junior lab and the person that works a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior lab and the person that works a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior lab and the person that works a
+lot there in junior lab is nuris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot there in junior lab is nuris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot there in junior lab is nuris
+mavalvala and she does gravity wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mavalvala and she does gravity wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mavalvala and she does gravity wave
+detection and squeeze States has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and squeeze States has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and squeeze States has been
+exactly what she's been working in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what she's been working in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what she's been working in order
+to minimize displacements in the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize displacements in the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize displacements in the gravity
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+detectors they have a squeezed vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors they have a squeezed vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors they have a squeezed vacuum
+State injected into the detector to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State injected into the detector to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State injected into the detector to make
+the mirror the harmonic oscillator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror the harmonic oscillator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror the harmonic oscillator that
+represents the mirror stabilize its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the mirror stabilize its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the mirror stabilize its
+uncertainty in position to the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in position to the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in position to the maximum
+possible it's a whole fabulous technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's a whole fabulous technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's a whole fabulous technique
+that people use with the squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use with the squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use with the squeeze
+States now the squeeze states allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now the squeeze states allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now the squeeze states allow you
+to construct some states that uh seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct some states that uh seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct some states that uh seemed
+to us that they were pretty strange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that they were pretty strange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that they were pretty strange and
+that we never had had good formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never had had good formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never had had good formulas for
+them so that's how I want to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's how I want to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's how I want to conclude
+the lecture I will leave Photon States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I will leave Photon States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture I will leave Photon States
+for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next
+time but uh we want to discuss one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but uh we want to discuss one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but uh we want to discuss one more
+application of the squee States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the squee States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of the squee States
+um and this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits so here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so here is your
+state squeeze State e to the minus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state squeeze State e to the minus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state squeeze State e to the minus gamma
+so so let's squeeze the state to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's squeeze the state to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's squeeze the state to the
+end take gamma to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity what happens to the squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what happens to the squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what happens to the squeeze
+state so you're narrowing out the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so you're narrowing out the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so you're narrowing out the ground
+state in position space to the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in position space to the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in position space to the maximum
+possible what happens to the state well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible what happens to the state well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible what happens to the state well
+it's goes a little singular but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's goes a little singular but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's goes a little singular but not
+terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly
+singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular
+GMA yeah gamma is going to Infinity so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA yeah gamma is going to Infinity so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA yeah gamma is going to Infinity so C
+is going to Infinity as well so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to Infinity as well so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to Infinity as well so the
+state is going kind of to zero but 0 sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is going kind of to zero but 0 sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is going kind of to zero but 0 sub
+Infinity is proportional but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is proportional but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is proportional but the
+exponential is good exponential of Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is good exponential of Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is good exponential of Min -
+one2 tangent of gamma as gamma goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 tangent of gamma as gamma goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 tangent of gamma as gamma goes to
+Infinity is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity is just
+one and this is a dagger a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the vacuum this state is in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vacuum this state is in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vacuum this state is in the in
+almost terrible danger to be infinite if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost terrible danger to be infinite if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost terrible danger to be infinite if
+you try to find its wave function you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to find its wave function you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to find its wave function you're
+not going to be able to normalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to normalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to normalize it
+you've reached the end of the road kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've reached the end of the road kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've reached the end of the road kind
+of thing because of this gamma goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing because of this gamma goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing because of this gamma goes to
+Infinity this is going to be infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is going to be infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity this is going to be infinite
+here because this state if you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this state if you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this state if you compute
+its overlap with itself is blowing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its overlap with itself is blowing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its overlap with itself is blowing up
+and and here you see the niceness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here you see the niceness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here you see the niceness of
+this it also suggests that gamma can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it also suggests that gamma can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it also suggests that gamma can go
+from plus infinity to minus infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus infinity to minus infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus infinity to minus infinity and
+that's the natural thing nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the natural thing nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the natural thing nevertheless
+here it goes from + one to minus one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it goes from + one to minus one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it goes from + one to minus one if
+you had a number three here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a number three here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a number three here this is a
+state that blows much worse than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that blows much worse than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that blows much worse than the
+worst Delta function or derivative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst Delta function or derivative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst Delta function or derivative or
+Square that you've ever had it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that you've ever had it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square that you've ever had it's just
+unbelievably Divergent because it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably Divergent because it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably Divergent because it just
+can't exist this state you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exist this state you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exist this state you're going
+Beyond infin in here to go beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond infin in here to go beyond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond infin in here to go beyond this
+thing so it's just pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's just pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's just pretty much
+impossible so the limit is states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so the limit is states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so the limit is states are
+reasonable as long as this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable as long as this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable as long as this quadratic
+form goes from minus one to one and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form goes from minus one to one and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form goes from minus one to one and when
+you go to one you get this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to one you get this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to one you get this and what
+should this be this should be the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this be this should be the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should this be this should be the wave
+function Associated to a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Associated to a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Associated to a Delta function
+this would be the state the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the state the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the state the position
+State x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State x equal
+Z right L it's a Delta function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right L it's a Delta function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right L it's a Delta function and
+indeed if you act with x on it X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you act with x on it X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if you act with x on it X
+remember is a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger act on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential now do you remember how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now do you remember how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now do you remember how to
+do that this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that this a
+dagger doesn't do anything but the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger doesn't do anything but the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger doesn't do anything but the a
+goes here and it's a trivial commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here and it's a trivial commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes here and it's a trivial commutator
+you get minus a a dagger so it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus a a dagger so it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus a a dagger so it actually
+kills this and gives you zero so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills this and gives you zero so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills this and gives you zero so in fact
+the exposition operator acting on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposition operator acting on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposition operator acting on here
+gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you
+zero it looks like it is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it looks like it is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it looks like it is really the
+state x equals zero if you go the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state x equals zero if you go the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state x equals zero if you go the other
+way around and you take gamma to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and you take gamma to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and you take gamma to be
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+infinity the only thing that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the only thing that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the only thing that changes
+here is the sign so this is is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the sign so this is is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the sign so this is is like the
+Delta of X or the xal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of X or the xal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta of X or the xal Z
+State and if you take 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and if you take 0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and if you take 0 minus
+infinity goes like x - 12 + 12 a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity goes like x - 12 + 12 a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity goes like x - 12 + 12 a dagger
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+dagger on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger on the
+vacuum and this state is a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and this state is a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and this state is a Delta
+function in momentum is the per momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in momentum is the per momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in momentum is the per momentum
+State p equals z why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State p equals z why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State p equals z why
+because gamma is going to minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gamma is going to minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because gamma is going to minus infinity
+the uncertainty of momentum is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty of momentum is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty of momentum is going to
+zero and therefore indeed if you act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore indeed if you act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore indeed if you act
+with a momentum operator on this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a momentum operator on this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a momentum operator on this state
+is like acting with a minus a dagger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like acting with a minus a dagger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like acting with a minus a dagger and
+you've changed the sign of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've changed the sign of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've changed the sign of this but
+you've changed the sign here so it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've changed the sign here so it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've changed the sign here so it also
+kills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills the
+state so it looks like we can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it looks like we can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so it looks like we can really
+construct position and momentum ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct position and momentum ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct position and momentum ion
+States now with squeeze States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now with squeeze States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States now with squeeze States and
+that's what they are supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they are supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they are supposed to be a
+squeeze state is something that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze state is something that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze state is something that has been
+squeezed enough that you can get a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed enough that you can get a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed enough that you can get a Delta
+function so how do you finish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so how do you finish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so how do you finish that
+construction here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim Square < TK of 2 m Omega over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim Square < TK of 2 m Omega over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim Square < TK of 2 m Omega over H
+bar x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar x a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar x a
+dagger minus 12 a dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus 12 a dagger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger minus 12 a dagger a
+dagger acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger acting on the
+vacuum this is the claim that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum this is the claim that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum this is the claim that this is
+the exposition state so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposition state so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposition state so basically you
+have to squeeze first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to squeeze first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to squeeze first and then
+translate this thing to the X position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this thing to the X position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this thing to the X position
+so how do you check this well you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you check this well you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you check this well you should
+check that the X operator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the X operator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that the X operator which is
+something times a + a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times a + a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times a + a dagger
+acting on this thing gives you little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this thing gives you little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this thing gives you little X
+so you should have that X operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have that X operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should have that X operator on
+this thing gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing gives you
+x x and that is going to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x and that is going to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x and that is going to work out
+because the a dagger is going to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the a dagger is going to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the a dagger is going to sit
+here it's going to get cancel with the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to get cancel with the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to get cancel with the a
+with this but the a with this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but the a with this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but the a with this part is
+just going to Brak down an X with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to Brak down an X with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to Brak down an X with the
+right Factor so this state which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Factor so this state which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Factor so this state which is a
+squeeze State and a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze State and a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze State and a little bit of a
+coherent State as well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent State as well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent State as well is
+producing the position igen state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the position igen state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the position igen state in the
+harmonic oscillator you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator you can really
+construct the position State and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the position State and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the position State and you can
+calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+normalization the normalization comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization the normalization comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization the normalization comes
+out to be a rather simple thing so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a rather simple thing so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a rather simple thing so at
+the end of the day the position ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day the position ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day the position ion
+state is M Omega over p h bar to the/ 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is M Omega over p h bar to the/ 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is M Omega over p h bar to the/ 14
+e to the - M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the - M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the - M
+Omega x^2 / 2 H bar and this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega x^2 / 2 H bar and this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega x^2 / 2 H bar and this whole
+exponential squ < TK of 2 m Omega over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential squ < TK of 2 m Omega over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential squ < TK of 2 m Omega over H
+bar x a dagger minus half a dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar x a dagger minus half a dagger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar x a dagger minus half a dagger a
+dagger acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum so uh your basis of creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so uh your basis of creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so uh your basis of creation and
+ation operators and the harmonic idor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation operators and the harmonic idor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation operators and the harmonic idor is
+flexible enough to allow for a concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible enough to allow for a concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible enough to allow for a concrete
+description of your position ion States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of your position ion States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of your position ion States
+an attractable one as well and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractable one as well and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractable one as well and that's
+the extreme limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squeezing and uh and to together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing and uh and to together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing and uh and to together with
+some little bit of coherent displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little bit of coherent displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little bit of coherent displacement
+so next time we'll do our Photon states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time we'll do our Photon states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time we'll do our Photon states
+that will illustrate the of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will illustrate the of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will illustrate the of both
+coherent and squee States at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent and squee States at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent and squee States at the same
+time all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OCMbmPx6fYM.txt b/OCMbmPx6fYM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a0fc3fff3395ee41e7cecbac7d1b5574397a7d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OCMbmPx6fYM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things that's um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's um different
+about a recitation like this is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a recitation like this is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a recitation like this is that um
+you're really coaching students as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really coaching students as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really coaching students as
+opposed to talking at them so um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to talking at them so um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to talking at them so um it
+takes a little bit of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little bit of a different
+mindset in a normal recitation you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset in a normal recitation you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset in a normal recitation you would
+prepare 50 minutes of material uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare 50 minutes of material uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare 50 minutes of material uh and
+and you would go in you'd be prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would go in you'd be prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would go in you'd be prepared to
+lecture for 50 minutes uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for 50 minutes uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture for 50 minutes uh in a
+recitation like this you have to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like this you have to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like this you have to be much
+more flexible you have to think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible you have to think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible you have to think about um
+how far do I let the students go um do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far do I let the students go um do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far do I let the students go um do I
+need to go intervene or let them work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go intervene or let them work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go intervene or let them work it
+out a little bit um sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little bit um sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a little bit um sometimes it's
+important for students to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for students to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for students to really
+struggle a little bit to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle a little bit to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle a little bit to see what the
+central issue is uh but letting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central issue is uh but letting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central issue is uh but letting them
+struggle too long is not productive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle too long is not productive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle too long is not productive so
+it's very useful at that point to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful at that point to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very useful at that point to step
+in uh and and try to help um I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and and try to help um I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and and try to help um I like to
+think it of it as um coaching rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it of it as um coaching rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it of it as um coaching rather
+than telling uh it's um if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than telling uh it's um if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than telling uh it's um if you were
+teaching uh students or athletes how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching uh students or athletes how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching uh students or athletes how to
+play soccer or baseball you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play soccer or baseball you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play soccer or baseball you wouldn't
+just tell them about it you would go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell them about it you would go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell them about it you would go out
+and show them you would uh watch how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show them you would uh watch how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show them you would uh watch how
+they do it you would correct um big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it you would correct um big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it you would correct um big
+mistakes as they got better you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes as they got better you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes as they got better you'd
+correct smaller mistakes uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct smaller mistakes uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct smaller mistakes uh and that's
+really the way to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the way to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the way to think about a
+recitation like this that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like this that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like this that you're
+coaching them you're helping shape uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaching them you're helping shape uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaching them you're helping shape uh
+the students understanding uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students understanding uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students understanding uh so that
+they can become uh hopefully as expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can become uh hopefully as expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can become uh hopefully as expert
+as you are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material so most of us are used to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so most of us are used to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so most of us are used to um
+knowing what's going to happen in the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what's going to happen in the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what's going to happen in the 50
+minutes in a classroom so you prepare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in a classroom so you prepare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in a classroom so you prepare a
+certain amount of material you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of material you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of material you expect to
+go in and present that material you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and present that material you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and present that material you
+might run a little short or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run a little short or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might run a little short or a little
+long but there aren't any big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but there aren't any big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long but there aren't any big
+surprises uh when you run an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises uh when you run an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises uh when you run an active
+recitation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation like this
+um well what I typically do is I prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what I typically do is I prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what I typically do is I prepare
+more problems uh than I think I'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more problems uh than I think I'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more problems uh than I think I'll need
+because I don't know how many I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know how many I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know how many I will
+actually use uh and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use uh and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use uh and sometimes
+I use three or four and sometimes we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use three or four and sometimes we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use three or four and sometimes we may
+only uh use one uh and and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh use one uh and and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh use one uh and and so one of the
+things you have to to be prepared for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to to be prepared for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to to be prepared for is
+uh to adapt on the Fly you you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to adapt on the Fly you you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to adapt on the Fly you you've got to
+be willing to be flexible uh and work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to be flexible uh and work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to be flexible uh and work a
+little bit without a net because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit without a net because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit without a net because you're
+just not quite sure what's um going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not quite sure what's um going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not quite sure what's um going to
+happen uh and I've seen this in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh and I've seen this in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh and I've seen this in in
+classroom instruction using active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom instruction using active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom instruction using active
+techniques as well where I've asked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques as well where I've asked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques as well where I've asked a
+concept question and discovered uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept question and discovered uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept question and discovered uh
+through this immediate feedback that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this immediate feedback that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this immediate feedback that um
+students have no idea what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have no idea what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have no idea what I'm talking
+about well it would just be foolish at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well it would just be foolish at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well it would just be foolish at
+that point to plow ahead and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to plow ahead and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to plow ahead and keep
+talking about this thing they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this thing they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this thing they don't know
+about um you really have to adapt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you really have to adapt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you really have to adapt and
+figure out what have I done wrong um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what have I done wrong um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what have I done wrong um how
+can I make this uh concept clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I make this uh concept clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I make this uh concept clearer
+because I haven't really done a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't really done a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't really done a good job
+this certainly is a lead compensator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certainly is a lead compensator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certainly is a lead compensator but
+I almost always write it a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I almost always write it a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I almost always write it a really good
+problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in
+recitation uh is one that's not tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh is one that's not tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh is one that's not tricky
+but that is likely to expose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is likely to expose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is likely to expose a
+misconception that students commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that students commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception that students commonly
+have so if you've taught a class for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you've taught a class for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you've taught a class for a
+while you may discover that students um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you may discover that students um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you may discover that students um
+uh often make the same kind of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often make the same kind of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often make the same kind of error
+when looking at a problem um and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at a problem um and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at a problem um and if
+that's the case then a then a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case then a then a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case then a then a very good
+thing to do is to present a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to present a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to present a problem
+where they have the opportunity to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have the opportunity to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they have the opportunity to make
+that mistake you don't want them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake you don't want them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake you don't want them to make
+the mistake but if they do make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake but if they do make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake but if they do make that
+mistake it's then an opportunity uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it's then an opportunity uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it's then an opportunity uh for
+teaching right it's a teaching moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching right it's a teaching moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching right it's a teaching moment
+where you can explain uh why that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can explain uh why that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can explain uh why that might
+seem like the right answer and why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like the right answer and why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like the right answer and why it's
+in fact not uh and correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+misconception one of the uh things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception one of the uh things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misconception one of the uh things I
+really like about this approach uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like about this approach uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like about this approach uh is
+that it's just fun it's much more fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just fun it's much more fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just fun it's much more fun to
+spend 50 minutes coaching students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend 50 minutes coaching students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend 50 minutes coaching students
+talking with them chatting with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with them chatting with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with them chatting with them
+getting to know them a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to know them a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to know them a little bit um
+understanding what they don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what they don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what they don't understand
+than it is to just talk at them for 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to just talk at them for 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is to just talk at them for 50
+minutes um so all other things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um so all other things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um so all other things being
+equal I'd much prefer to do uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I'd much prefer to do uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal I'd much prefer to do uh the
+standup recitations than a conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standup recitations than a conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standup recitations than a conventional
+recitation um of course what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation um of course what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation um of course what really
+matters is the outcome but I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is the outcome but I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is the outcome but I do think
+the outcomes are better uh so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes are better uh so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes are better uh so in this
+case it's a win-win uh situation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a win-win uh situation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a win-win uh situation I
+really enjoy it uh and I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy it uh and I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy it uh and I actually
+wouldn't do it any other way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do it any other way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't do it any other way in the
+future
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OWgogzEUC5E.txt b/OWgogzEUC5E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5b96608365abc10f7854c79a260f3de71cccfc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OWgogzEUC5E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19343 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu right okay so um I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu right okay so um I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu right okay so um I guess we
+all to start we seem to be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depleted all right and uh anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted all right and uh anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted all right and uh anyway um
+right so um today uh last time we spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um today uh last time we spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um today uh last time we spoke
+about uh 4f Imaging system and a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 4f Imaging system and a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh 4f Imaging system and a bit
+about spatial filtering and I guess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spatial filtering and I guess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spatial filtering and I guess uh
+we're going to do quite a lot more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do quite a lot more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do quite a lot more on
+that today really uh so I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today really uh so I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today really uh so I mean this is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+the uh the most basic part of fer Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the most basic part of fer Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the most basic part of fer Optics
+really I think and uh so you need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think and uh so you need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think and uh so you need to get
+lots of practice at at see seeing how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of practice at at see seeing how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of practice at at see seeing how it
+all works so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works so that you can
+uh you know until it comes sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know until it comes sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know until it comes sort of
+second nature really uh so yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature really uh so yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature really uh so yeah so this
+is what we said last time uh we we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we said last time uh we we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we said last time uh we we went
+through this slide last time uh showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this slide last time uh showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this slide last time uh showing
+the significance of uh of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of uh of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance of uh of the uh the
+point spread function of a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function of a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function of a low pass
+filter uh the idea is that uh if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh the idea is that uh if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh the idea is that uh if you if
+you put in a a point object I.E you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in a a point object I.E you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in a a point object I.E you put
+in a an opaque screen with with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a an opaque screen with with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a an opaque screen with with a small
+hole in illuminate that with light this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in illuminate that with light this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole in illuminate that with light this
+is going to then uh give a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to then uh give a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to then uh give a spherical
+wave uh and then this lens is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh and then this lens is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh and then this lens is going to
+cumate that spherical wave to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumate that spherical wave to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumate that spherical wave to make a
+plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain
+wave uh and in in this back focal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh and in in this back focal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh and in in this back focal plane
+of that lens you will get a nice smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that lens you will get a nice smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that lens you will get a nice smooth
+uh variation here or no variation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variation here or no variation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variation here or no variation uh
+uniform intensity uniform amplitude uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform intensity uniform amplitude uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform intensity uniform amplitude uh
+which is basically the fer transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the fer transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically the fer transform of
+this Delta function fer transform of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function fer transform of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function fer transform of a
+Delta function is a constant isn't it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function is a constant isn't it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function is a constant isn't it uh
+and then uh this light then goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh this light then goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh this light then goes through
+a pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pupil
+mask uh the plane wave after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh the plane wave after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh the plane wave after the
+mask uh then uh gets to this second lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh then uh gets to this second lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh then uh gets to this second lens
+uh and the plane wave is then uh focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the plane wave is then uh focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the plane wave is then uh focused
+down and produces a focus spot in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and produces a focus spot in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and produces a focus spot in at
+some image plane right so that's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some image plane right so that's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some image plane right so that's how it
+all works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all works
+and so now what do you actually see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now what do you actually see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now what do you actually see here
+what's the image of a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the image of a single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the image of a single point
+object what you see uh is the fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object what you see uh is the fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object what you see uh is the fer
+transform of this pupil mask because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this pupil mask because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this pupil mask because
+again this is also producing a fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is also producing a fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is also producing a fer
+transform right so the the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform right so the the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform right so the the point spread
+function What's called the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function What's called the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function What's called the amplitude
+point spread function is just the fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function is just the fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function is just the fer
+transform of this pupil mask uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this pupil mask uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this pupil mask uh and we
+sometimes talk about uh an intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes talk about uh an intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes talk about uh an intensity
+point spread function which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function which is actually
+the modulus square of that the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus square of that the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulus square of that the intensity
+in that image of a point object okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that image of a point object okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that image of a point object okay so
+uh and and and this is reminding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and this is reminding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and this is reminding you
+where you might have come across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have come across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have come across this
+sort of concept before uh this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of concept before uh this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of concept before uh this is like
+uh we spoke in the last lecture about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we spoke in the last lecture about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we spoke in the last lecture about if
+in electronics you might think of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronics you might think of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronics you might think of an
+electronic uh system like an amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh system like an amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh system like an amplifier
+or something as a sort of Black Box you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something as a sort of Black Box you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something as a sort of Black Box you
+put in a signal and you get out a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a signal and you get out a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a signal and you get out a signal
+uh and uh you can you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh you can you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh you can you can uh
+characterize that black box uh by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that black box uh by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that black box uh by uh
+what's called the impulse response which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the impulse response which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the impulse response which
+is the uh response that it would give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh response that it would give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh response that it would give to
+a sharp Spike going in right so ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sharp Spike going in right so ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sharp Spike going in right so ideally
+you'd expect to you you'd want a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect to you you'd want a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect to you you'd want a sharp
+Spike to come out as well but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike to come out as well but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike to come out as well but in
+practice you don't get that you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you don't get that you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you don't get that you get some
+sort of uh broader uh function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh broader uh function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh broader uh function because
+of the imperfections of the of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imperfections of the of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the imperfections of the of the uh
+transverse system system okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse system system okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse system system okay so this is
+our point spread function uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our point spread function uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our point spread function uh and it's
+denoted uh little h of X x-y Das this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted uh little h of X x-y Das this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted uh little h of X x-y Das this is
+the x- y- plane uh and uh uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- y- plane uh and uh uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- y- plane uh and uh uh I guess
+this this terminology little age seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this terminology little age seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this terminology little age seems
+to be pretty Universal uh Goodman I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty Universal uh Goodman I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pretty Universal uh Goodman I
+think uses that and other places right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uses that and other places right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uses that and other places right
+so okay and um so and this is just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay and um so and this is just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay and um so and this is just now
+describing again how you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing again how you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing again how you how you
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+uh this 4 Pi this 4f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this 4 Pi this 4f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this 4 Pi this 4f
+system uh we we notice everywhere that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we we notice everywhere that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we we notice everywhere that
+that the the that we notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the that we notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the that we notice that the
+input transparency of a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input transparency of a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input transparency of a Delta function
+gives one here you multiply by the pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives one here you multiply by the pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives one here you multiply by the pupil
+mask and then you do a fer another fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask and then you do a fer another fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask and then you do a fer another fer
+transform to find uh the image right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to find uh the image right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to find uh the image right so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+um oh yeah I ought to say something bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah I ought to say something bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah I ought to say something bit
+more about the scaling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the scaling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the scaling of
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you got of course this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you got of course this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you got of course this the the
+output point spread function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output point spread function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output point spread function is a
+function of X dashed uh and but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X dashed uh and but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X dashed uh and but of
+course when you do a f a transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you do a f a transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you do a f a transform of
+something it's going to be a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's going to be a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's going to be a function of
+of of of um frequency not of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of um frequency not of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of um frequency not of distance
+isn't it uh so so really uh this H here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it uh so so really uh this H here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it uh so so really uh this H here
+h of X dashed we get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X dashed we get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of X dashed we get by
+doing the fer transform of this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the fer transform of this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the fer transform of this and then
+uh uh transforming the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh transforming the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh transforming the coordinates
+scaling the coordinates in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling the coordinates in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling the coordinates in order to get
+it into the the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the the coordinates
+x-h okay so uh and then last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-h okay so uh and then last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-h okay so uh and then last time we
+also I'll go through this very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'll go through this very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'll go through this very quickly
+what we said last time if you got a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said last time if you got a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we said last time if you got a low
+pass filter I uh um in 1D like a slit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter I uh um in 1D like a slit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter I uh um in 1D like a slit a
+sliit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliit
+pupil uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil uh
+then uh the the the pupil mask is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the the the pupil mask is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the the the pupil mask is is is
+a Rex function uh and uh and so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rex function uh and uh and so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rex function uh and uh and so if we're
+trying to calculate the image of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the image of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the image of a point
+objects again the field when it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects again the field when it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects again the field when it gets to
+this pupil plane is just a constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pupil plane is just a constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pupil plane is just a constant and
+so after it's gone through the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after it's gone through the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after it's gone through the the the
+aperture it will have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture it will have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture it will have this sort of
+amplitude variation uh and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude variation uh and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude variation uh and uh and then
+uh right so this is what this is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so this is what this is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so this is what this is showing
+uh the on the positive side it's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the on the positive side it's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the on the positive side it's what's
+on the negative side which is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the negative side which is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the negative side which is just one
+uh times the this uh which is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times the this uh which is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh times the this uh which is this uh
+and and then if you if you then for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then if you if you then for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then if you if you then for a
+transform that you find that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that you find that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform that you find that the uh
+point spread function is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function is going to be the
+fer transform of this which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sync uh and uh and then the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync uh and uh and then the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync uh and uh and then the point spread
+function uh is is the for is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh is is the for is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh is is the for is is the
+forer transform of this uh and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forer transform of this uh and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forer transform of this uh and uh and
+then this is doing the scaling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is doing the scaling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is doing the scaling of the
+coordinates and getting into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and getting into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and getting into the right
+sort of size I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of size I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of size I'm not going to go through
+that we went through it last time uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we went through it last time uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we went through it last time uh but
+uh hopefully we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hopefully we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hopefully we're going
+to yeah here we are and there's the sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah here we are and there's the sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah here we are and there's the sync
+right so this is the the amplitude point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the the amplitude point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the the amplitude point
+spread function or just normally called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function or just normally called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function or just normally called
+point spread function uh note that note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function uh note that note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function uh note that note
+that it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes
+negative it's this is zero here so note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's this is zero here so note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's this is zero here so note
+that it goes negative right so you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes negative right so you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes negative right so you got
+to convolve that uh with your object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convolve that uh with your object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convolve that uh with your object to
+find the image of some arbitrary objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the image of some arbitrary objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the image of some arbitrary objects
+which we'll carry on to talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll carry on to talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll carry on to talk about in a
+minute this was just another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this was just another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this was just another example of
+a of a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a phase
+filter uh and the fer transform of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh and the fer transform of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh and the fer transform of that
+but I don't think there's any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think there's any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think there's any point
+going through that again we'll just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that again we'll just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that again we'll just uh
+carry on now we where we got up to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry on now we where we got up to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry on now we where we got up to uh
+which was to do with the shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to do with the shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to do with the shifting
+variance of the 4f system now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the 4f system now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the 4f system now what we
+find what we've looked at is if we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what we've looked at is if we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what we've looked at is if we got a
+point object that we get from this hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point object that we get from this hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point object that we get from this hole
+in a screen uh we get an image which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a screen uh we get an image which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a screen uh we get an image which
+which is this amplitude point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this amplitude point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this amplitude point spread
+function the amplitude here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the amplitude here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the amplitude here would be
+this uh fer transform of this pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh fer transform of this pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh fer transform of this pupil
+mask uh then uh yeah I just mention uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh then uh yeah I just mention uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh then uh yeah I just mention uh
+there is this constant this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this constant this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this constant this is the uh
+point spread function it's the fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function it's the fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function it's the fer
+transform uh of the of the of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh of the of the of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh of the of the of the of
+this pupil mask but there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pupil mask but there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pupil mask but there's this
+constant out the front uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out the front uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out the front uh and this
+constant out the front is written like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out the front is written like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out the front is written like
+this um you can see that it's made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you can see that it's made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um you can see that it's made up of
+two two parts uh this first of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two parts uh this first of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two parts uh this first of all this
+phase part this is just comes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase part this is just comes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase part this is just comes about
+because of the uh the distance the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh the distance the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the uh the distance the wave
+has traveled through this the obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traveled through this the obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has traveled through this the obstacle
+system right so if it starts off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so if it starts off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so if it starts off with
+zero phase here it's going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero phase here it's going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero phase here it's going to come up
+with some uh particular finite phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some uh particular finite phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some uh particular finite phase
+when it travels all this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it travels all this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it travels all this distance
+through the system uh and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system uh and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system uh and uh and then
+the other bit uh is this F2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other bit uh is this F2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other bit uh is this F2 over
+fub1 uh which is a a scaling Factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 uh which is a a scaling Factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 uh which is a a scaling Factor the
+the ratio of the focal lengths uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the focal lengths uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the focal lengths uh and uh
+basically you need that uh to satisfy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you need that uh to satisfy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you need that uh to satisfy uh
+conservation of energy right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy right so you can
+imagine that um as the uh as the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um as the uh as the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that um as the uh as the point
+spread function uh gets broader then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function uh gets broader then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function uh gets broader then it
+has to also get lower other because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to also get lower other because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to also get lower other because it
+has to contain the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to contain the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to contain the right amount of
+energy uh equal to the energy going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh equal to the energy going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh equal to the energy going into
+the into the system so when you worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the system so when you worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the system so when you worked
+out the if you work out the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the if you work out the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the if you work out the intensity of
+this image of point this would be FS2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image of point this would be FS2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image of point this would be FS2
+over fub1 squar uh which is the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fub1 squar uh which is the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fub1 squar uh which is the ratio of
+the heights the maximum uh intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heights the maximum uh intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heights the maximum uh intensities
+of the uh of the center of that image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the center of that image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the center of that image of
+a point right now so what we're carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point right now so what we're carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point right now so what we're carrying
+on to look at now is what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to look at now is what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to look at now is what happens if we
+displace our Point object we move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace our Point object we move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace our Point object we move this
+Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function
+sideways uh and then let's look first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways uh and then let's look first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways uh and then let's look first of
+all at just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at just the
+physical uh the physical situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh the physical situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical uh the physical situation of
+what's happening this produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening this produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening this produces a
+spherical wave uh and then uh when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave uh and then uh when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave uh and then uh when it
+goes through the lens you can see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the lens you can see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the lens you can see uh
+that it's going to produce again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to produce again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to produce again it's
+going to be cated into a plane wave but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cated into a plane wave but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be cated into a plane wave but
+now this plane wave uh is uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this plane wave uh is uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this plane wave uh is uh is not
+actually moving horizontally but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving horizontally but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving horizontally but it's
+moving at an angle uh and this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at an angle uh and this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at an angle uh and this comes
+about because when you f a transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because when you f a transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about because when you f a transform
+this you will get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you will get uh
+some exponential phase Factor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exponential phase Factor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exponential phase Factor right
+which actually represents a wave which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually represents a wave which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually represents a wave which
+is moving at an angle uh and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving at an angle uh and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving at an angle uh and then when
+this U inclined plane wave goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U inclined plane wave goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U inclined plane wave goes through
+the pupil mask of course its angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pupil mask of course its angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pupil mask of course its angle
+doesn't change anymore so it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change anymore so it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change anymore so it's still
+moving at the same angle here uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at the same angle here uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at the same angle here uh and uh
+and then again it's cated and produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again it's cated and produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again it's cated and produces
+an image uh and um the image what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image uh and um the image what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image uh and um the image what we
+find uh is is the same as it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh is is the same as it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh is is the same as it was before
+the amplitude is exactly the same as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude is exactly the same as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude is exactly the same as it
+was before but it shifted so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before but it shifted so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before but it shifted so this is uh
+what we found before when we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found before when we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found before when we looked at
+the uh image you you got this um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh image you you got this um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh image you you got this um you
+remember this inverted magnified image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this inverted magnified image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this inverted magnified image
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+inversion um means that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion um means that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion um means that it's the
+opposite side of the axis uh the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side of the axis uh the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side of the axis uh the scaling
+is this F2 over fub1 which comes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this F2 over fub1 which comes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this F2 over fub1 which comes about
+from the fact that the focal lengths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that the focal lengths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that the focal lengths are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+equal but the the important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but the the important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal but the the important thing to
+notice is that apart from this shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that apart from this shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that apart from this shift
+this function is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is the same as the
+function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was
+before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh
+so uh so what that means is that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so what that means is that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so what that means is that uh this
+is what's called Shi inv variant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called Shi inv variant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called Shi inv variant it
+means that the image of a point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the image of a point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the image of a point is
+independent of where the point is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of where the point is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of where the point is right
+so that's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very important
+property uh uh which simplifies things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tremendously uh yeah and here's a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh yeah and here's a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh yeah and here's a note
+just to say that that is is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say that that is is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say that that is is the the
+lateral magnification of this uh system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral magnification of this uh system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral magnification of this uh system
+as we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before okay so um so now we this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so um so now we this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so um so now we this is just
+showing this diagram again of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this diagram again of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this diagram again of of these
+these are not meant as a sort of rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not meant as a sort of rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not meant as a sort of rays
+these are just sort of uh showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just sort of uh showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just sort of uh showing
+regions where the light is as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where the light is as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where the light is as it goes
+through uh and but we've got this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh and but we've got this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh and but we've got this um uh
+amplitude here uh which is f transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude here uh which is f transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude here uh which is f transformed
+by a lens and then goes through a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lens and then goes through a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a lens and then goes through a mask
+for a transformed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transformed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transformed to
+gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+field H and um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H and um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field H and um yeah
+so what this slide is trying to show uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this slide is trying to show uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this slide is trying to show uh
+is the significance of the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the significance of the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the significance of the point spread
+function it some arbitrary objects uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it some arbitrary objects uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it some arbitrary objects uh we
+can think of an arbitrary object G of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of an arbitrary object G of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of an arbitrary object G of T
+an arbitrary transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary transparency
+you can you can think of uh um well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can think of uh um well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can think of uh um well no
+sorry you're Illuminating that with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you're Illuminating that with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you're Illuminating that with some
+field uh so what actually you get after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh so what actually you get after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh so what actually you get after
+the transparency is the product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transparency is the product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transparency is the product of those
+two so it's the GN that I really meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's the GN that I really meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's the GN that I really meant
+to talk about the GN you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the GN you can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the GN you can think of as
+being made up of lots of Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made up of lots of Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made up of lots of Delta functions
+any arbitrary function you can divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary function you can divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary function you can divide it
+up into lots of lots of Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into lots of lots of Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into lots of lots of Delta functions
+where the strength of each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the strength of each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the strength of each of them
+corresponds to the strength of to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the strength of to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the strength of to that
+function at that point right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at that point right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at that point right so this is
+what this expression here is writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this expression here is writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this expression here is writing
+down so the the the G in is written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the the the G in is written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so the the the G in is written as
+uh you can write it as an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can write it as an integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can write it as an integral over
+Delta functions with the strength given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions with the strength given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions with the strength given
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function each of those Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function each of those Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function each of those Delta functions
+is going to propagate through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to propagate through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to propagate through this
+system and produce a point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and produce a point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and produce a point spread
+function exactly like we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly like we described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function exactly like we described
+before uh and then the the image of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh and then the the image of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh and then the the image of the
+total object is going to be uh the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total object is going to be uh the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total object is going to be uh the sum
+of the images of all these Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images of all these Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the images of all these Delta
+functions so all of these Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so all of these Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so all of these Delta
+functions produce point point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions produce point point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions produce point point spread
+functions so you integrate over those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so you integrate over those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so you integrate over those
+point spread functions with the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread functions with the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread functions with the relative
+strengths that you need from here uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths that you need from here uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths that you need from here uh and
+uh and you'll get the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you'll get the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you'll get the final
+image uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image uh and
+um yeah you can see that this is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you can see that this is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah you can see that this is a bit
+like hen's principle that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hen's principle that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hen's principle that you're
+breaking up this wave front into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up this wave front into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up this wave front into
+uh lots of um uh um components that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of um uh um components that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of um uh um components that are
+all represented as Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions okay so yeah so therefore what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so yeah so therefore what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay so yeah so therefore what
+we get out uh is going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get out uh is going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get out uh is going to be this
+integral each of these Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral each of these Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral each of these Delta functions
+each of these Delta functions is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these Delta functions is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these Delta functions is going
+to produce an image given by this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce an image given by this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce an image given by this point
+spread function the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function the point spread
+function is shifted uh a distance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is shifted uh a distance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is shifted uh a distance uh
+which depends on on the the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on on the the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on on the the original
+distance uh but is scaled according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh but is scaled according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh but is scaled according to
+this Factor we just mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Factor we just mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Factor we just mentioned earlier
+and the strength of that component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength of that component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength of that component is
+given by the this value G in at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the this value G in at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the this value G in at this
+point as we said there uh so our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as we said there uh so our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as we said there uh so our final
+expression says that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression says that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression says that the output
+amplitude amplitude convolved with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude amplitude convolved with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude amplitude convolved with the
+point spread function right so it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function right so it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function right so it's this
+this expression you can see is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression you can see is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression you can see is exactly
+the same as an ordinary convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as an ordinary convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as an ordinary convolution
+expression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except um but you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay yeah
+so um because of this scaling uh we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um because of this scaling uh we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um because of this scaling uh we uh
+we can and also the the inversion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can and also the the inversion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can and also the the inversion as
+well uh we we sometimes uh we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh we we sometimes uh we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh we we sometimes uh we sometimes
+Express things in terms of a reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express things in terms of a reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express things in terms of a reduced
+Optical coord uh output coordinates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical coord uh output coordinates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical coord uh output coordinates so
+we think of the output coordinate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the output coordinate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the output coordinate as
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+measur to get rid of the sign and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measur to get rid of the sign and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measur to get rid of the sign and also
+scaled to get rid of the scaling Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled to get rid of the scaling Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled to get rid of the scaling Factor
+uh and if we do it in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if we do it in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if we do it in terms of these
+reduced uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced uh
+quantities uh then you can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities uh then you can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities uh then you can write this as
+a just a normal convolution expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just a normal convolution expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just a normal convolution expression
+so all we've done really is scaled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all we've done really is scaled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all we've done really is scaled the
+output coordinates in order to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output coordinates in order to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output coordinates in order to make it
+so that uh you can use the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh you can use the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh you can use the normal
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+expression and uh and then we we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh and then we we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and uh and then we we think
+back to our uh case I was mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our uh case I was mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our uh case I was mentioning
+before of the of the electronic black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of the of the electronic black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before of the of the electronic black
+box so an electronic black box you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so an electronic black box you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so an electronic black box you can
+either character ize in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either character ize in terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either character ize in terms of an
+Impulse function uh or in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse function uh or in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse function uh or in terms of a
+transfer function right the so impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function right the so impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function right the so impulse
+function you look at a a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you look at a a Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you look at a a Delta function
+in time and look at what comes out uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and look at what comes out uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and look at what comes out uh in
+terms of a transfer function you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a transfer function you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a transfer function you put in
+a a pure frequency and you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pure frequency and you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pure frequency and you look at the
+uh output that you get from that pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output that you get from that pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh output that you get from that pure
+frequency right so we do it we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so we do it we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right so we do it we can do
+exactly the same for the optical case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same for the optical case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same for the optical case uh
+instead of thinking in terms of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking in terms of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking in terms of a point
+function which is the same as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the same as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the same as the as
+this um um what do we call it the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um um what do we call it the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um um what do we call it the uh
+um uh impulse response uh we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh impulse response uh we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh impulse response uh we can think
+in terms of a transfer function uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a transfer function uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a transfer function uh and
+now that one thing to be uh very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that one thing to be uh very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that one thing to be uh very clear
+here is of course this whole thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is of course this whole thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is of course this whole thing we're
+talking about coherent systems uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about coherent systems uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about coherent systems uh so
+we're working with amplitudes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with amplitudes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with amplitudes all the
+time uh and so it's the amplitudes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and so it's the amplitudes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and so it's the amplitudes the
+amplitudes that are going to be affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes that are going to be affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes that are going to be affected
+uh by the optical system and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the optical system and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the optical system and that's why
+we have to think of what's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think of what's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to think of what's called an
+amplitude transfer function all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function all right
+and and we've written that as ATF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we've written that as ATF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we've written that as ATF
+amplitude transfer function so this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function so this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function so this if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+multiply uh the if you do just a fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh the if you do just a fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh the if you do just a fer
+transform of this convolution you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this convolution you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this convolution you get a
+product uh and so this is saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh and so this is saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh and so this is saying that
+the uh Spectrum out the spal frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Spectrum out the spal frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh Spectrum out the spal frequency
+content of the image is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the image is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the image is equal to the
+spatial frequency content of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency content of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency content of the input
+uh M multiplied by some transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M multiplied by some transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M multiplied by some transfer
+function which is the forer transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the forer transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is the forer transform of
+the uh of the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the point spread
+function right so this thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so this thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so this thing here is
+called our amplitude transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called our amplitude transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called our amplitude transfer function
+so we have to multiply uh the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to multiply uh the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to multiply uh the spectral
+content of the object uh by the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the object uh by the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the object uh by the transfer
+function and then we could do an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we could do an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we could do an inverse
+for a transform and we'd end up now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform and we'd end up now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform and we'd end up now with
+the uh with with the uh image the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh with with the uh image the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh with with the uh image the
+amplitude in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+image that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something did it it wrote something did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something did it it wrote something did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something did it it wrote something did
+it ah uh yeah okay right so we''ve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ah uh yeah okay right so we''ve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ah uh yeah okay right so we''ve
+already really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set okay so um let's look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay so um let's look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay so um let's look at these
+examples we said again uh so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we said again uh so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we said again uh so these are
+two uh pupil masks that we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh pupil masks that we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh pupil masks that we looked at
+before the first one is just the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first one is just the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first one is just the low
+pass filter lets through the low spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter lets through the low spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter lets through the low spatial
+frequencies doesn't let through the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies doesn't let through the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies doesn't let through the high
+spatial frequencies uh and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies uh and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies uh and this was
+another this was a phase filter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another this was a phase filter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another this was a phase filter we
+looked at before uh where we only let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before uh where we only let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before uh where we only let
+through the uh spatial frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the uh spatial frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the uh spatial frequencies
+within this region uh but also within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this region uh but also within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this region uh but also within
+that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region
+uh we Chang the phase the relative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we Chang the phase the relative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we Chang the phase the relative phase
+uh of uh the components which are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of uh the components which are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of uh the components which are in
+this region here right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here right so this is the
+you can think of this as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this as being the
+modulus of the filter this is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of the filter this is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of the filter this is the phase
+of the filter right so uh you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter right so uh you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter right so uh you and and
+outside here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside here of
+course it's zero anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's zero anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's zero anyway
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then uh this is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then uh this is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then uh this is how we
+calculate uh uh um the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh uh um the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh uh um the transfer function
+from this uh this is a distance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this uh this is a distance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this uh this is a distance right
+the the pupil is actually a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pupil is actually a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pupil is actually a real
+physical thing so it's got a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing so it's got a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing so it's got a physical
+size so this is measured in cenm here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so this is measured in cenm here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so this is measured in cenm here it
+cuts off at 1.5 CM uh and in in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts off at 1.5 CM uh and in in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts off at 1.5 CM uh and in in order to
+convert that into spatial frequency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that into spatial frequency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that into spatial frequency we
+have to divide that by Lambda F uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide that by Lambda F uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide that by Lambda F uh and
+this is putting in some figures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is putting in some figures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is putting in some figures that
+says that the um you see that U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the um you see that U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the um you see that U is equal
+to X double dashed in ctim time 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X double dashed in ctim time 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X double dashed in ctim time 10us
+3 cm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 cm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 cm to
+Theus scaling uh of our um of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus scaling uh of our um of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theus scaling uh of our um of our
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+function uh and then finally this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and then finally this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and then finally this is the
+what the ACF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 is going to be 1.5 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is going to be 1.5 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is going to be 1.5 * 10
+3 is what this shows here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is what this shows here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is what this shows here in this
+di is identical just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaled of course to the other example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled of course to the other example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled of course to the other example or
+any but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+Professor is going to have this modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor is going to have this modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor is going to have this modulus
+and phase components yeah your sound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase components yeah your sound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phase components yeah your sound is
+breaking up a little bit and I I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up a little bit and I I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up a little bit and I I wanted
+to ask is the how is the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is the how is the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask is the how is the point spread
+function related to ATF is it just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function related to ATF is it just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function related to ATF is it just the
+um fo ATF is the foyer transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fo ATF is the foyer transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fo ATF is the foyer transform of the
+they're they're a f a transform pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're a f a transform pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're a f a transform pair
+okay yeah but you but you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah but you but you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah but you but you have to be
+careful with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the
+scalings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalings
+yeah okay so I I don't know why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I I don't know why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so I I don't know why that
+sound I move that a bit closer is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I move that a bit closer is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound I move that a bit closer is it
+maybe clip it on the other side I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe clip it on the other side I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe clip it on the other side I'll
+clip it on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side right okay let's see if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right okay let's see if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right okay let's see if that's
+better maybe it was blocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around okay so that's that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so that's that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay so that's that one
+finished where am I going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished where am I going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished where am I going to find
+something George yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now now we're um up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now now we're um up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now now we're um up to
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so really today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so really today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so really today we're going to
+carry on talking about the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry on talking about the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry on talking about the same sort of
+stuff I think is is the simplest way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I think is is the simplest way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I think is is the simplest way to
+describe it uh and uh so what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it uh and uh so what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it uh and uh so what we've been
+looking at this is just revising again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this is just revising again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this is just revising again
+with the fact that we're thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we're thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we're thinking of the
+4f system uh as being a linear shiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4f system uh as being a linear shiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4f system uh as being a linear shiting
+variance system right so uh the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system right so uh the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system right so uh the if you
+remember the shiting variance means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the shiting variance means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the shiting variance means that
+the the point spread function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point spread function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point spread function is
+independent of position right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of position right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of position right so there
+in that case you can uh you can uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you can uh you can uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you can uh you can uh write
+write the image as a convolution yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Che
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che
+okay so I hope that this is better right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I hope that this is better right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I hope that this is better right
+so yeah so uh so we um can think of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so uh so we um can think of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so uh so we um can think of our
+4f system as being a linear shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4f system as being a linear shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4f system as being a linear shifting
+variant Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant Imaging
+system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh so this is going through then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so this is going through then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so this is going through then how
+you calculate that sort of system uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate that sort of system uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate that sort of system uh so
+we start off with some Illuminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start off with some Illuminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start off with some Illuminating
+field that comes in here uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that comes in here uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that comes in here uh it
+illuminates some transparency and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminates some transparency and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminates some transparency and so
+what you get on the on the far side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get on the on the far side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get on the on the far side of
+that is going to be the products of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be the products of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be the products of uh
+illumination and the transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is basically the
+object of the of the Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of the of the Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of the of the Imaging
+system uh and then it goes through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh and then it goes through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh and then it goes through an
+Imaging system uh with a certain pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging system uh with a certain pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging system uh with a certain pupil
+mask uh which is related to uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh which is related to uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh which is related to uh an
+amplitude transfer function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function which is
+just a scaled version uh of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a scaled version uh of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a scaled version uh of that
+uh of that pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of that pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of that pupil
+mask uh and uh by doing the forer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh and uh by doing the forer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh and uh by doing the forer
+transform of that uh of that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that uh of that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that uh of that you will
+get the point spread function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the point spread function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the point spread function of the
+syst so the fal transform of the pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syst so the fal transform of the pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syst so the fal transform of the pupil
+mask uh gives uh this this point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh gives uh this this point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh gives uh this this point spread
+function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and then and then your output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then and then your output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then and then your output
+field uh is going to be your input field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh is going to be your input field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh is going to be your input field
+uh convolved with the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convolved with the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh convolved with the point spread
+function of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the of the
+system uh so yeah so and and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh so yeah so and and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh so yeah so and and notice that
+um uh so there are two two versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so there are two two versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so there are two two versions of
+this that are described here one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that are described here one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that are described here one in
+terms of X dashed and one in terms of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X dashed and one in terms of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X dashed and one in terms of X
+dashed uh this x-h one uh is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed uh this x-h one uh is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed uh this x-h one uh is the is the
+um the rescaled one to make it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rescaled one to make it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rescaled one to make it look like
+a proper convolution so it's we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper convolution so it's we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proper convolution so it's we've got
+rid of the the uh the scaling Factor F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the the uh the scaling Factor F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the the uh the scaling Factor F2
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+fub1 and you see what that does back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 and you see what that does back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 and you see what that does back
+here in the in the in the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the in the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the in the point spread
+function uh is it just changes uh an F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh is it just changes uh an F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh is it just changes uh an F2
+oh 1 over F2 to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh 1 over F2 to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh 1 over F2 to one over
+fub1 so you can work in either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 so you can work in either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fub1 so you can work in either of those
+makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference okay so let's now think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so let's now think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay so let's now think about
+how these Concepts fit in with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these Concepts fit in with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these Concepts fit in with what we
+learned from geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from geometric
+Optics uh and first of all then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics uh and first of all then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics uh and first of all then we'll
+look at lateral magnification uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at lateral magnification uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at lateral magnification uh what we
+find then uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find then uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find then uh is
+that uh if we have um if we have a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we have um if we have a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if we have um if we have a point
+object here we just mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here we just mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here we just mentioned this
+before what it would give is an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what it would give is an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what it would give is an image
+which is going to be uh a a blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be uh a a blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be uh a a blurred
+image of a point object is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a point object is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a point object is going to be
+this amplitude point spread function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amplitude point spread function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amplitude point spread function uh
+but let's for the moment uh we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's for the moment uh we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's for the moment uh we're trying
+to find out how this fits in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out how this fits in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out how this fits in with the
+geometrical Optics limit of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics limit of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics limit of course in
+geometrical Optics there's no defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics there's no defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics there's no defraction
+uh so you can look at the sort of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can look at the sort of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can look at the sort of um uh
+limiting case as when that point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case as when that point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting case as when that point spread
+function becomes a Delta function so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes a Delta function so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes a Delta function so in
+this case this is not physical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is not physical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is not physical because
+you couldn't do this uh either uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do this uh either uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do this uh either uh very
+easily but either by you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily but either by you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily but either by you could do it
+only by making the wavelength 10 to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by making the wavelength 10 to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by making the wavelength 10 to zero
+uh or you could make the aperture 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you could make the aperture 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you could make the aperture 10 to
+Infinity uh which of course both things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh which of course both things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity uh which of course both things
+you can't really do but just think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really do but just think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really do but just think of it
+like this just to see what's going on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this just to see what's going on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this just to see what's going on if
+you could think of the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of the point spread
+function as being a Delta function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as being a Delta function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as being a Delta function the
+image of our Point here would be a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of our Point here would be a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of our Point here would be a point
+here uh and we've already found where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and we've already found where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and we've already found where
+that point is we found uh that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is we found uh that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is we found uh that it's a
+point which is on the opposite side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is on the opposite side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is on the opposite side of
+the axis uh and uh the distance here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis uh and uh the distance here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis uh and uh the distance here is
+scaled relative to this one by the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled relative to this one by the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled relative to this one by the ratio
+of the focal lengths uh and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focal lengths uh and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focal lengths uh and uh this is
+exactly uh what we found uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh what we found uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh what we found uh from
+geometric G Optics uh so the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric G Optics uh so the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric G Optics uh so the lateral
+magnification is this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification is this m
+here uh Mt is the lateral magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh Mt is the lateral magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh Mt is the lateral magnification
+which is given by uh minus the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by uh minus the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given by uh minus the ratio of
+the focal lengths F2 over F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah so if we assume that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so if we assume that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so if we assume that our
+our amplitude point spread function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amplitude point spread function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amplitude point spread function is
+just a a Delta function then the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a Delta function then the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a Delta function then the uh the
+output amplitude is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output amplitude is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output amplitude is going to be equal to
+the input amplitude but with this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input amplitude but with this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input amplitude but with this this
+scating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the result we get it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the result we get it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the result we get it's
+exactly the same as you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as you get from
+geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical
+Optics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics uh
+um analyzing the same system would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um analyzing the same system would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um analyzing the same system would also
+give you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnification right now so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification right now so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification right now so this is
+another example uh this is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example uh this is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example uh this is looking at
+the angular mag magnification of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular mag magnification of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular mag magnification of this
+system so before we looked at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so before we looked at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so before we looked at what
+happens for a point in the in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for a point in the in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for a point in the in the input
+plane now we're going to look at look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane now we're going to look at look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane now we're going to look at look at
+what happens to a a plane wave at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to a a plane wave at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to a a plane wave at a
+certain angle uh in the input playe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle uh in the input playe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle uh in the input playe and
+you can see what that plane wave does as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what that plane wave does as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what that plane wave does as
+it goes through of course a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through of course a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through of course a plane wave
+when it's F transformed now becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's F transformed now becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's F transformed now becomes a
+converging wave which converges on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging wave which converges on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging wave which converges on this
+point uh it then spreads again uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh it then spreads again uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh it then spreads again uh and
+then is columnated by this lens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is columnated by this lens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is columnated by this lens to
+produce another uh another um parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce another uh another um parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce another uh another um parallel
+wave there but you'll notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave there but you'll notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave there but you'll notice that the
+angle of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of this wave
+is not the same as the angle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as the angle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as the angle of this
+wave uh for a start you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh for a start you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh for a start you'll notice
+they've got opposite sign that one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got opposite sign that one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got opposite sign that one's
+going up that one's coming down uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that one's coming down uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that one's coming down uh but
+that that's what you'd expect of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you'd expect of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you'd expect of course
+because of this same inversion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this same inversion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this same inversion that
+we've been talking about uh so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about uh so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about uh so uh this
+input field then is just a a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input field then is just a a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input field then is just a a phase
+exponential phase Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so still assuming this ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so still assuming this ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so still assuming this ideal
+geometrical point spread function uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical point spread function uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical point spread function uh the
+output field is going to be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output field is going to be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output field is going to be given by
+this uh and uh you can then Express that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and uh you can then Express that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and uh you can then Express that
+in terms of thetas uh and it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of thetas uh and it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of thetas uh and it comes out
+to be this so the this is the angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this so the this is the angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this so the this is the angle that
+uh the angle in was Theta 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the angle in was Theta 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the angle in was Theta 1 and the
+angle out is now minus fub1 over F2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle out is now minus fub1 over F2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle out is now minus fub1 over F2 *
+Theta 1 so again uh it's scaled and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 so again uh it's scaled and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta 1 so again uh it's scaled and got
+an inversion uh relative to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inversion uh relative to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inversion uh relative to the input
+angle uh so the uh you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle uh so the uh you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle uh so the uh you can see the
+angular magnification then is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular magnification then is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular magnification then is given by
+this expression minus fub1 over FS2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression minus fub1 over FS2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression minus fub1 over FS2 and
+again that uh uh is the same as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that uh uh is the same as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that uh uh is the same as you get
+from your geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Optics okay so based on the yeah based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics okay so based on the yeah based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics okay so based on the yeah based
+on the interpretation of propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the interpretation of propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the interpretation of propagation of
+spatial frequency the magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency the magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency the magnification
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+are also in in agreement with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also in in agreement with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also in in agreement with the
+scaling similarity theorem of forer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling similarity theorem of forer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling similarity theorem of forer
+transforms right so you've got a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms right so you've got a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms right so you've got a an
+input amplitude uh an output amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input amplitude uh an output amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input amplitude uh an output amplitude
+related to an input amplitude and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to an input amplitude and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to an input amplitude and an
+output spatial frequency related to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output spatial frequency related to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output spatial frequency related to an
+input uh spatial frequency and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh spatial frequency and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh spatial frequency and you
+notice this one's got an F1 over F2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this one's got an F1 over F2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this one's got an F1 over F2 and
+this one's got an F2 over fub1 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's got an F2 over fub1 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's got an F2 over fub1 so this
+is back to our ideas that if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back to our ideas that if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back to our ideas that if you make
+the function smaller the for transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function smaller the for transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function smaller the for transform
+is broader and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versa okay so now this geometry I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so now this geometry I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so now this geometry I guess
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+see maybe uh I could just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so this is our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and and what I was going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and what I was going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and what I was going to draw
+this is this is fub1 fub1 F1 F2 FS2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is fub1 fub1 F1 F2 FS2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is fub1 fub1 F1 F2 FS2 and
+you can see this this wave is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this this wave is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this this wave is coming in
+like this uh so we could have drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh so we could have drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh so we could have drawn
+array like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array like
+this uh and this would of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and this would of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and this would of course uh
+been uh deflected so that uh refracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh deflected so that uh refracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh deflected so that uh refracted
+so that it it's it's traveling parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it it's it's traveling parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it it's it's traveling parallel
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+axis uh and then this would come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis uh and then this would come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis uh and then this would come down
+like that so you can see here this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so you can see here this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so you can see here this is is
+our Theta 1 so F Theta 1 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Theta 1 so F Theta 1 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Theta 1 so F Theta 1 is this
+distance and that is also if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and that is also if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and that is also if you think
+of this as being Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as being Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as being Theta
+out you can see that this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can see that this distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can see that this distance is
+the same as this distance uh and so FS2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this distance uh and so FS2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this distance uh and so FS2
+* th is equal to F1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in okay so everything agrees nicely with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so everything agrees nicely with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so everything agrees nicely with
+geometrical Optics so that's good uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics so that's good uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical Optics so that's good uh so
+let's look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples
+now uh look at some examples of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh look at some examples of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh look at some examples of some
+apertures uh so first of all the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures uh so first of all the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures uh so first of all the case of
+let's put in as our pupil mask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put in as our pupil mask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put in as our pupil mask a
+rectangular aperture which has got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular aperture which has got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular aperture which has got a
+distance A and B in the two directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance A and B in the two directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance A and B in the two directions
+so we can think of this as being re x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think of this as being re x a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think of this as being re x a
+* re of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* re of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* re of y
+b and we can then work out what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and we can then work out what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and we can then work out what the uh
+the transfer function of that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function of that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function of that is the
+transfer function we said is just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function we said is just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function we said is just equal
+uh to a scaled version of the pupil mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a scaled version of the pupil mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a scaled version of the pupil mask
+so if this is a rectangle this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is a rectangle this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is a rectangle this is also a
+rectangle uh but the scale the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle uh but the scale the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle uh but the scale the scaling
+has got this Lambda F1 coming in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got this Lambda F1 coming in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got this Lambda F1 coming in right
+so this is now course it has to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now course it has to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now course it has to have
+something this is this is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is this is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is this is a function of
+distance a is this is a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance a is this is a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance a is this is a function of this
+sorry X is distance a is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry X is distance a is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry X is distance a is distance
+right so this is a dimension this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a dimension this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a dimension this
+quantity and in here this is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and in here this is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and in here this is distance
+this is distance and this is distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is distance and this is distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is distance and this is distance so
+this has to be of course uh inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be of course uh inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be of course uh inverse
+distance doesn't it to make this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance doesn't it to make this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance doesn't it to make this whole
+thing dimensionless right so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing dimensionless right so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing dimensionless right so this this
+this is why you need to have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why you need to have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why you need to have something
+in there to get it to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there to get it to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there to get it to the right
+dimensions and then the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then the point spread
+function is given by the fer transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given by the fer transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given by the fer transform
+of that and and that's what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and and that's what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and and that's what this looks
+like for a Transformer of Rex is sink so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a Transformer of Rex is sink so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for a Transformer of Rex is sink so
+this is separable so you just do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is separable so you just do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is separable so you just do the the
+two for transform separately uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for transform separately uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for transform separately uh and you
+end up with this pattern then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this pattern then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this pattern then that
+you've seen before uh it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before uh it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen before uh it looks like a
+central spot and then a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central spot and then a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central spot and then a lot of
+um uh extra spots that are that decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh extra spots that are that decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh extra spots that are that decrease
+in in amplitude as you or intensity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in amplitude as you or intensity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in amplitude as you or intensity as
+you get away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get away from
+that yeah maybe mention that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah maybe mention that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah maybe mention that in the
+notes that they posted the ATF and psf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that they posted the ATF and psf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that they posted the ATF and psf
+were mislabeled ah yeah okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mislabeled ah yeah okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were mislabeled ah yeah okay in the
+notes that that were on the wayb uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that that were on the wayb uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that that were on the wayb uh this
+this said psf and this said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this said psf and this said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this said psf and this said
+ATF uh so but it's pretty obvious when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATF uh so but it's pretty obvious when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATF uh so but it's pretty obvious when
+you see them it's obviously the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them it's obviously the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them it's obviously the wrong
+way around and we'll post the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and we'll post the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and we'll post the
+corrections yeah yeah okay and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections yeah yeah okay and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections yeah yeah okay and yeah
+George will post the correction um now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George will post the correction um now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George will post the correction um now I
+was going to ask one question this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to ask one question this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to ask one question this is
+presumably the intensity of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the intensity of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the intensity of the point
+spread function that you're pling here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function that you're pling here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function that you're pling here
+as so is the square the square yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so is the square the square yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as so is the square the square yeah the
+square of the amplitude point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the amplitude point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the amplitude point spread
+function right so that's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so that's our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so that's our first
+example very important example uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example very important example uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example very important example uh the
+second one is probably even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is probably even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is probably even more
+important uh so this is a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh so this is a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh so this is a circular
+aperture uh and uh and of course most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh and uh and of course most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh and uh and of course most
+Optical systems do have circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical systems do have circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical systems do have circular
+apertures so this is why this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures so this is why this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures so this is why this is of
+great importance uh it seems to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great importance uh it seems to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great importance uh it seems to have
+turned out being a bit like a American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out being a bit like a American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out being a bit like a American
+football for some reason but never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football for some reason but never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football for some reason but never mind
+uh and uh perhaps it's because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh perhaps it's because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh perhaps it's because it's
+going to over to the US I suppose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to over to the US I suppose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to over to the US I suppose this
+would have been okay except the psf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been okay except the psf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been okay except the psf
+should look the other way oh yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look the other way oh yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look the other way oh yeah oh
+yeah that's true yes yes it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's true yes yes it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's true yes yes it doesn't know
+how to do forer transforms obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do forer transforms obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do forer transforms obviously
+anyway this is supposed to be a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is supposed to be a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is supposed to be a circle
+uh and if this is the if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if this is the if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if this is the if this is the
+puple mask uh the uh transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puple mask uh the uh transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puple mask uh the uh transfer function
+the amplitude transfer function is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude transfer function is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude transfer function is just
+a scal version of this so it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scal version of this so it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scal version of this so it's again
+just a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a circular
+thing and sorry perhaps I just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and sorry perhaps I just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and sorry perhaps I just thought
+to stress this I it's obvious to you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stress this I it's obvious to you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stress this I it's obvious to you now
+I'm sure by by this stage but uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure by by this stage but uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure by by this stage but uh so this
+is plotted here as black and white of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plotted here as black and white of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plotted here as black and white of
+course white means one black means zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course white means one black means zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course white means one black means zero
+in this case so that means if spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so that means if spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so that means if spatial
+frequencies land on this those inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies land on this those inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies land on this those inside
+this get through and those outside don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this get through and those outside don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this get through and those outside don't
+get through right so this is our what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through right so this is our what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through right so this is our what we
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+multiply uh our frequency response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh our frequency response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh our frequency response of
+our object by in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object by in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our object by in order to get the
+frequency response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the
+image uh and uh yeah so like just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image uh and uh yeah so like just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image uh and uh yeah so like just like
+before we have to scale this with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we have to scale this with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we have to scale this with these
+um with these L Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with these L Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with these L Lambda
+f1s uh and uh and then the fer transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1s uh and uh and then the fer transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1s uh and uh and then the fer transform
+of this will get the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this will get the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this will get the point spread
+function uh and this one uh has now gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and this one uh has now gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and this one uh has now gone
+into glorious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glorious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glorious
+technicala uh and uh so this is is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicala uh and uh so this is is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicala uh and uh so this is is what
+we call the Airy disc uh the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the Airy disc uh the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the Airy disc uh the equation
+for this is given in terms of Bessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is given in terms of Bessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is given in terms of Bessel
+functions you've defined this at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you've defined this at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you've defined this at some
+point I presume but I'm not sure I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I presume but I'm not sure I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I presume but I'm not sure I was
+here for the lecture where we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the lecture where we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the lecture where we defined
+this Jin function uh which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Jin function uh which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Jin function uh which is basically
+2j1 of something over something uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2j1 of something over something uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2j1 of something over something uh and
+um so this is our normal Airy disc the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is our normal Airy disc the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is our normal Airy disc the
+image of a point object uh which is got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a point object uh which is got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a point object uh which is got
+this Central bright spot and then a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Central bright spot and then a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Central bright spot and then a dark
+ring and then some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and then some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and then some some
+um bright rings outside of not so bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bright rings outside of not so bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bright rings outside of not so bright
+ring and then another dark ring and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and then another dark ring and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and then another dark ring and so
+on and so on right so and and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on right so and and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on right so and and then what
+we find then uh is the size of this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find then uh is the size of this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find then uh is the size of this has
+got this magic Factor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this magic Factor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this magic Factor at
+1.22 uh that comes up all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.22 uh that comes up all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.22 uh that comes up all the time in
+terms of when you look at R resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of when you look at R resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of when you look at R resolution
+and things you always get this magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things you always get this magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things you always get this magic
+factor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is
+actually um 3.8 three which is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um 3.8 three which is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um 3.8 three which is the first
+zero of J1 divided Pi turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of J1 divided Pi turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of J1 divided Pi turns
+out so that's why you get this magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that's why you get this magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that's why you get this magic
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+figure okay uh and this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure okay uh and this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure okay uh and this is just to
+remind you of course when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of course when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of course when it comes to
+resolution we've mentioned before how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we've mentioned before how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we've mentioned before how
+resolution is related to numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is related to numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is related to numerical
+aperture uh and um so what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh and um so what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh and um so what we're doing
+here is prod producing an image of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is prod producing an image of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is prod producing an image of an
+object aren't we so if we got an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object aren't we so if we got an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object aren't we so if we got an object
+it's imaged with this lens which has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imaged with this lens which has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imaged with this lens which has got
+a certain numerical aperture right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain numerical aperture right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain numerical aperture right so
+this aperture here uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aperture here uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aperture here uh is
+what decides the resolution of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what decides the resolution of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what decides the resolution of the image
+that you will get in this system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will get in this system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will get in this system this
+aperture here you see is array that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture here you see is array that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture here you see is array that's
+drawn so that it goes to the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn so that it goes to the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn so that it goes to the edge of
+this pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pupil
+mask uh and uh if you trace this through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh and uh if you trace this through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh and uh if you trace this through
+you'll see that it comes back down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it comes back down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it comes back down here
+uh sorry of course the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry of course the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry of course the numerical
+aperture is actually equal to the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is actually equal to the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is actually equal to the sign
+of this angle if you remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angle if you remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angle if you remember this is
+right that's what this means it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what this means it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what this means it's not
+the angle itself na is not the angle na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle itself na is not the angle na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle itself na is not the angle na
+is equal to n sin Alpha you remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to n sin Alpha you remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to n sin Alpha you remember uh
+the um reflective index of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um reflective index of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um reflective index of the material
+times the sign of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sign of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sign of this
+angle but what we find is that if F1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but what we find is that if F1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but what we find is that if F1 and
+F2 are not equal this angle here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 are not equal this angle here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 are not equal this angle here of
+course is not going to be equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not going to be equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not going to be equal to this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh and uh and the but but if the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and the but but if the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and the but but if the um uh
+you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that
+um uh if if na is small oh no even yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if if na is small oh no even yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if if na is small oh no even yeah
+if na is small you can see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if na is small you can see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if na is small you can see that these
+are going to be scaled in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be scaled in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be scaled in the same way
+as your your F1 and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your your F1 and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your your F1 and your
+F2 it's for to exactly be that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 it's for to exactly be that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 it's for to exactly be that of course
+this na would have to be the tan of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this na would have to be the tan of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this na would have to be the tan of that
+but it but the sign if if na is small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but the sign if if na is small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it but the sign if if na is small uh
+then this distance is the same here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this distance is the same here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this distance is the same here and
+here uh so this distance over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so this distance over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so this distance over this
+distance uh divided by uh this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh divided by uh this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance uh divided by uh this distance
+over this distance uh is is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this distance uh is is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this distance uh is is a pretty
+close to being the ratio of the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length Okay so so we've got a certain na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so so we've got a certain na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Okay so so we've got a certain na
+on the input side and we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the input side and we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the input side and we've got a
+certain na of the on the output side uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain na of the on the output side uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain na of the on the output side uh
+and the ratio between those Nas uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio between those Nas uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio between those Nas uh is is
+just equal to the magnification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to the magnification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to the magnification of the
+of the system right so actually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system right so actually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system right so actually of
+course uh we're well used to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh we're well used to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh we're well used to the fact
+that um light goes you know rays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um light goes you know rays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um light goes you know rays of
+light go in equally well in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light go in equally well in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light go in equally well in both
+directions so we could we could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so we could we could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so we could we could we could
+use this same ray diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this same ray diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this same ray diagram
+to look at what happens if this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at what happens if this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at what happens if this was the
+object and this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this was the
+image but in this case of course all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but in this case of course all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image but in this case of course all
+these things are now inverted so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are now inverted so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are now inverted so if it
+was producing a uh as as it stands here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was producing a uh as as it stands here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was producing a uh as as it stands here
+it's producing a demagnified image going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing a demagnified image going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing a demagnified image going
+this way so it would produce a magnified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so it would produce a magnified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so it would produce a magnified
+image going this way uh and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image going this way uh and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image going this way uh and so you see
+that the uh but now the the object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh but now the the object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh but now the the object that
+you'd have to be Imaging is scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be Imaging is scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be Imaging is scaled
+relative to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to this one
+so the resolution would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the resolution would be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the resolution would be the same
+basically in the two directions I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the two directions I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the two directions I mean
+for the sorry that's not quite true uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sorry that's not quite true uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sorry that's not quite true uh
+what am I trying to say um I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I trying to say um I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I trying to say um I'm trying to
+say that the uh the na relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the uh the na relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the uh the na relative to the
+size of our object that we're Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our object that we're Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our object that we're Imaging
+here would be the same whether we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be the same whether we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be the same whether we think
+of it as going this way or that way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as going this way or that way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as going this way or that way of
+course in in real terms that how small a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in in real terms that how small a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in in real terms that how small a
+thing you can actually see with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can actually see with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can actually see with an
+optical system uh depends on the numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system uh depends on the numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system uh depends on the numeric
+aperture of the lens that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the lens that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the lens that you're looking
+at it at it with not the lens have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it at it with not the lens have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it at it with not the lens have the
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay and then so for our our um slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay and then so for our our um slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay and then so for our our um slit
+aperture uh this is what the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh this is what the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh this is what the point
+spread function looks like uh and um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function looks like uh and um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function looks like uh and um you
+can express that then uh very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express that then uh very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can express that then uh very simply
+just replacing our a over F1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replacing our a over F1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replacing our a over F1 by
+numerical aperture we've got now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture we've got now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture we've got now that
+the width of this spot uh is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this spot uh is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this spot uh is given by
+Lambda over na which is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda over na which is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda over na which is exactly what we
+about I guess you said they said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I guess you said they said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I guess you said they said that
+before somewhere I think I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before somewhere I think I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before somewhere I think I don't know
+but the resol resolution of a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the resol resolution of a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the resol resolution of a microscope
+or whatever and of an Imaging system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and of an Imaging system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and of an Imaging system uh
+you can write in this form so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write in this form so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write in this form so of course
+the this distance will be smallest when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this distance will be smallest when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this distance will be smallest when
+this is biggest uh so the biggest this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is biggest uh so the biggest this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is biggest uh so the biggest this
+could be uh is if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh is if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh is if um
+is if na was one and you make n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if na was one and you make n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if na was one and you make n the
+refractive index nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big uh and and and this one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh and and and this one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh and and and this one actually
+these distances are in terms this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distances are in terms this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distances are in terms this is
+distance in the image in terms of the na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in the image in terms of the na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in the image in terms of the na
+in the in the output plan right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the output plan right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the output plan right so you
+could have converted this so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have converted this so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have converted this so this is
+distance in the objects and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in the objects and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in the objects and then this
+would become na in the in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become na in the in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would become na in the in the input
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+play and right and then circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and right and then circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and right and then circular
+aperture uh our point spread function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh our point spread function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh our point spread function
+looks like this uh and um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this uh and um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this uh and um so this is
+what we get and um this Delta R dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get and um this Delta R dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get and um this Delta R dashed
+here given by this expression this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here given by this expression this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here given by this expression this
+0.61 is half of the 1.22 we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.61 is half of the 1.22 we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.61 is half of the 1.22 we had before
+uh and but notice this is this is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and but notice this is this is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and but notice this is this is Delta
+R Das is the radius of the psf may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Das is the radius of the psf may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Das is the radius of the psf may know
+so it's this distance not the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this distance not the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this distance not the whole
+distance it's this distance right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it's this distance right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it's this distance right so
+this is why we got half as while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we got half as while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we got half as while the
+1.22 is divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay now I didn't mislead you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay now I didn't mislead you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay now I didn't mislead you also
+uh by saying from now to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by saying from now to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by saying from now to the end of the
+lectures a breeze uh because it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures a breeze uh because it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures a breeze uh because it isn't
+because the next bit is uh is this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the next bit is uh is this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the next bit is uh is this thing
+about sampling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sampling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sampling so
+one more bit which is a bit um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more bit which is a bit um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more bit which is a bit um uh
+difficult to take in uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to take in uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to take in uh and this is
+saying this is really pointing out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is really pointing out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is really pointing out about
+uh effectively the number of um degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effectively the number of um degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effectively the number of um degrees
+of freedom in a in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom in a in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom in a in an
+image so imagine first of all uh you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so imagine first of all uh you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image so imagine first of all uh you've
+got a an object that you're Imaging so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a an object that you're Imaging so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a an object that you're Imaging so
+this is this input field it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this input field it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this input field it's got a
+certain size which is called here Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain size which is called here Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain size which is called here Delta
+X and of course in any real practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and of course in any real practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and of course in any real practical
+systems you don't actually measure it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you don't actually measure it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you don't actually measure it as
+a continuous function uh it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function uh it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function uh it's actually
+going to be measured with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measured with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measured with a certain
+pixel size so here we're calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel size so here we're calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel size so here we're calling the
+pixel size Delta X right now so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel size Delta X right now so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel size Delta X right now so what
+we've got here then uh is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got here then uh is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got here then uh is this this
+function is like a a a an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is like a a a an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is like a a a an array of
+spikes in this direction an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes in this direction an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes in this direction an array of
+spikes Delta functions in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes Delta functions in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes Delta functions in this direction
+isn't it right so and the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right so and the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right so and the products of
+those uh and um if you do the fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh and um if you do the fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh and um if you do the fer
+transform of that uh you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that uh you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that uh you'll get
+something which is very similar again an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is very similar again an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is very similar again an
+array of spikes the the if you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of spikes the the if you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of spikes the the if you look in
+the standard books on fer on fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard books on fer on fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard books on fer on fer
+transforms like bracewell or whatever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms like bracewell or whatever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms like bracewell or whatever uh
+he calls this a comb function uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls this a comb function uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls this a comb function uh and the
+fer transform of a comb function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fer transform of a comb function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fer transform of a comb function is
+another comb function right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comb function right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another comb function right so this is a
+comb array of Delta functions multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comb array of Delta functions multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comb array of Delta functions multiplied
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+rectangle and the forer transform of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and the forer transform of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and the forer transform of a
+product uh is the is the uh convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh is the is the uh convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh is the is the uh convolution
+of the fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fer
+transforms right so the fer transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms right so the fer transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms right so the fer transform of
+the of the re is actually well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the re is actually well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the re is actually well this is
+so this is really um you perhaps I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really um you perhaps I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really um you perhaps I want
+to get into that we just think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that we just think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into that we just think of this
+then as being an in the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as being an in the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as being an in the spatial
+frequency domain it's got a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain it's got a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain it's got a certain
+range of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of spatial
+frequencies uh and it's made up of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh and it's made up of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh and it's made up of uh
+certain uh resolution of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh resolution of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh resolution of of of of
+frequencies uh so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh so what we're going to
+say is something about nyis now so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is something about nyis now so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is something about nyis now so we
+can say that uh we know that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that uh we know that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that uh we know that in order to
+uh image uh this input field uh knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh image uh this input field uh knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh image uh this input field uh knowing
+what this bandwidth is here uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this bandwidth is here uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this bandwidth is here uh we have
+to sample with a um this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample with a um this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample with a um this distance
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is that the way is that what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that the way is that what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that the way is that what I'm
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say the bandwidth is equal to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the bandwidth is equal to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the bandwidth is equal to one over
+twice the sampling distance that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the sampling distance that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the sampling distance that's right
+yeah yeah and this is in this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and this is in this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and this is in this is in the
+X Direction This is in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction This is in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction This is in the y direction
+uh but we can also you can see but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we can also you can see but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we can also you can see but the
+similarity of by the similarity of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity of by the similarity of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity of by the similarity of these
+diagrams and the fact that fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and the fact that fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and the fact that fer
+transforms go either way uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms go either way uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms go either way uh you can see
+that there'll be similar sort of Nyquist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be similar sort of Nyquist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there'll be similar sort of Nyquist
+type Criterion uh going uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Criterion uh going uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Criterion uh going uh from the
+other way around so that because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around so that because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around so that because this
+has got a finite field uh this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a finite field uh this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got a finite field uh this would
+mean that you've got a certain uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you've got a certain uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you've got a certain uh uh
+frequency resolution there so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency resolution there so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency resolution there so there's a
+relationship between uh Delta U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between uh Delta U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between uh Delta U and
+Delta X the fact that this has got a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X the fact that this has got a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X the fact that this has got a two
+here uh of course you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh of course you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh of course you know from the
+normal definition of Nyquist uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal definition of Nyquist uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal definition of Nyquist uh and the
+fact that this one doesn't have a two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this one doesn't have a two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this one doesn't have a two in
+is just comes about from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just comes about from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just comes about from the fact that
+this is defined here as being uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined here as being uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined here as being uh two
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+this uh and uh right so just be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and uh right so just be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and uh right so just be like
+before um the spatial frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um the spatial frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um the spatial frequency domain
+uh that th those spatial frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that th those spatial frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that th those spatial frequencies are
+then multiplied by the pupil mask to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplied by the pupil mask to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplied by the pupil mask to
+find the spatial frequencies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the spatial frequencies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the spatial frequencies in the
+image aren't they right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image aren't they right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image aren't they right so this is
+looking now in the plane of the pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking now in the plane of the pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking now in the plane of the pupil
+mask so this is actually the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so this is actually the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so this is actually the same as
+equal to this but just with a rescaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this but just with a rescaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this but just with a rescaling
+uh and um so these are the expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so these are the expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um so these are the expressions
+for that uh so this is just uh applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that uh so this is just uh applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that uh so this is just uh applying
+that rescaling putting these Lambda f1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rescaling putting these Lambda f1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rescaling putting these Lambda f1s
+in these Expressions uh so you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these Expressions uh so you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these Expressions uh so you'll get
+then uh the what you need to how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the what you need to how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the what you need to how you
+need to sample um in in this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sample um in in this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sample um in in this plane
+here uh and um now what you can notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and um now what you can notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and um now what you can notice
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+that uh is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is if you
+you'll notice that these things are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that these things are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that these things are all
+equal and equal to some constant there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and equal to some constant there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and equal to some constant there
+for uh and this thing is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh and this thing is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh and this thing is called the
+space bandwidth Pro product so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space bandwidth Pro product so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space bandwidth Pro product so this is
+this you look at what this means Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you look at what this means Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you look at what this means Delta X
+over Delta X is the field size divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X is the field size divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X is the field size divided
+by the pixel size so it's basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the pixel size so it's basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the pixel size so it's basically uh
+the number of pixels uh in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pixels uh in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pixels uh in the field
+isn't it right so you're your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right so you're your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right so you're your original
+object here has got the number of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here has got the number of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object here has got the number of pixels
+is equal to NX time NY right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to NX time NY right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to NX time NY right so that's
+the total amount of uh the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount of uh the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount of uh the number of
+pixels and therefore what if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels and therefore what if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels and therefore what if you think
+of it as being a binary thing uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as being a binary thing uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as being a binary thing uh it's
+the amount of information that you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of information that you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of information that you got
+in that original object uh and uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that original object uh and uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that original object uh and uh of
+course that information is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that information is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that information is going to be
+transform uh uh trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh uh trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh uh trans
+through the system uh so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system uh so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system uh so if you look at
+now the ratio in in the next plane in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the ratio in in the next plane in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the ratio in in the next plane in in
+terms of use this distance over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of use this distance over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of use this distance over this
+distance is equal to again the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is equal to again the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is equal to again the number of
+pixels and as you know when you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels and as you know when you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels and as you know when you do a
+fast foror transform uh if you do a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast foror transform uh if you do a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast foror transform uh if you do a fast
+foror transform of something which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foror transform of something which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foror transform of something which has
+got n elements you get something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n elements you get something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n elements you get something which
+is n elements so it all all works right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n elements so it all all works right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n elements so it all all works right
+uh so effectively you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so effectively you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so effectively you can think of this
+as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um
+being a bit like of course you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a bit like of course you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a bit like of course you can't
+really you know you if this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know you if this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know you if this is actually
+got some finite bandwidth then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some finite bandwidth then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some finite bandwidth then of course
+you can't sample on points uh so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sample on points uh so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sample on points uh so it's a
+bit of an idealization to think in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an idealization to think in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an idealization to think in this
+sort of terms really uh but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of terms really uh but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of terms really uh but uh but
+nevertheless it gives you a good idea uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it gives you a good idea uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it gives you a good idea uh
+so of course for a repetitive type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course for a repetitive type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course for a repetitive type
+function like this also you can think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this also you can think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this also you can think in
+terms of a fer series becomes a fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a fer series becomes a fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a fer series becomes a fer
+transform right so all we're doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform right so all we're doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform right so all we're doing here
+is really uh resolving our function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh resolving our function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really uh resolving our function here
+uh into a fer series and the fer series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into a fer series and the fer series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into a fer series and the fer series
+consists of a lot of sign terms doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a lot of sign terms doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a lot of sign terms doesn't
+it s of uh n uh s of s of N and S of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s of uh n uh s of s of N and S of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s of uh n uh s of s of N and S of uh
+X and S of 2x and so on and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and S of 2x and so on and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and S of 2x and so on and so on and
+and this and these correspond in the fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and these correspond in the fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and these correspond in the fer
+domain to these points on this grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to these points on this grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to these points on this grid
+right so these each of these points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these each of these points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these each of these points uh
+represents the uh particular fuer series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the uh particular fuer series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the uh particular fuer series
+component in the original object if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the original object if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the original object if you
+think of it like that right so this Spa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like that right so this Spa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like that right so this Spa
+the idea of a space bandwidth product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a space bandwidth product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a space bandwidth product is
+quite a powerful way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a powerful way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a powerful way of thinking about
+um the fundamental limits of a of a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fundamental limits of a of a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the fundamental limits of a of a an
+optical system and people have gone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system and people have gone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical system and people have gone on
+to um study the this sort of approach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um study the this sort of approach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um study the this sort of approach in
+much more detail take you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detail take you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detail take you know uh
+actually trying to get around the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to get around the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to get around the the
+the limitations that I just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations that I just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations that I just described
+the fact that of course the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that of course the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that of course the fact that
+we've truncated this means that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've truncated this means that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've truncated this means that this is
+no longer a repetitive function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a repetitive function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer a repetitive function and
+similarly for here right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for here right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for here right so that
+actually you know this idea of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know this idea of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know this idea of thinking
+of um truncated rep repetitive functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um truncated rep repetitive functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um truncated rep repetitive functions
+is a bit of a anomaly really but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a anomaly really but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a anomaly really but uh
+people have come up with mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with mathematical
+ways uh of dealing with these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh of dealing with these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh of dealing with these sorts of
+systems which are are probably Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which are are probably Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which are are probably Way
+Beyond what we're going to get to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond what we're going to get to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond what we're going to get to in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course okay uh did something come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay uh did something come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay uh did something come up
+then oh yeah next slide uh so okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh yeah next slide uh so okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh yeah next slide uh so okay uh
+this is just pointing out then we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just pointing out then we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just pointing out then we said
+uh that you put a mask in here uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you put a mask in here uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you put a mask in here uh and
+that mask uh produces a certain transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mask uh produces a certain transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mask uh produces a certain transfer
+function amplitude transfer function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function amplitude transfer function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function amplitude transfer function uh
+and the forer transform of that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the forer transform of that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the forer transform of that gives
+the pupil function and we've shown a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pupil function and we've shown a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pupil function and we've shown a
+couple of examples of what this uh pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of what this uh pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of what this uh pupil
+function looks like and what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function looks like and what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function looks like and what the uh
+image would look like uh but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image would look like uh but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image would look like uh but this is
+just pointing out that actually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pointing out that actually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pointing out that actually of
+course that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that means
+that uh we can choose whatever we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we can choose whatever we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we can choose whatever we want
+to put in there in order to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in there in order to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in there in order to produce the
+results we want uh so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we want uh so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we want uh so this is what
+George has called here pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George has called here pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George has called here pupil
+engineering uh which an steltzer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh which an steltzer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh which an steltzer doesn't
+believe I think from what we were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I think from what we were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I think from what we were saying
+uh but anyway so the idea uh is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway so the idea uh is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but anyway so the idea uh is that by
+changing this mask you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this mask you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this mask you can
+improve uh the uh the the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve uh the uh the the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve uh the uh the the properties of
+that point spread function in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point spread function in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point spread function in some way
+which would suit the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would suit the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would suit the uh the the the
+particular application you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application you're looking at
+actually it turns out uh that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out uh that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out uh that um that
+you can't actually do a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually do a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually do a lot better
+normally than the very simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally than the very simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally than the very simple example of
+a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular
+aperture uh and uh uh you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh and uh uh you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh and uh uh you know there's
+uh very um the ver the circular aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very um the ver the circular aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very um the ver the circular aperture
+is actually very special because it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very special because it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very special because it does
+give uh in According to some measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give uh in According to some measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give uh in According to some measures
+anyway a very sharp point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway a very sharp point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway a very sharp point spread
+function uh and uh if you uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and uh if you uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and uh if you uh you can
+come up with other pupil functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with other pupil functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with other pupil functions that
+make the central lobe narrower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the central lobe narrower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the central lobe narrower but
+normally what happens is then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what happens is then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally what happens is then uh the
+size of the side loes gets stronger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the side loes gets stronger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the side loes gets stronger so
+it's a sort of compromise you you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of compromise you you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of compromise you you can't
+have a very small Central lobe together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small Central lobe together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small Central lobe together
+with very weak side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very weak side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very weak side
+loes okay so some examples then uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes okay so some examples then uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes okay so some examples then uh so um
+let's imagine first of all our object uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine first of all our object uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine first of all our object uh
+is our intensity at the input plane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our intensity at the input plane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our intensity at the input plane is
+this rectangle with this stripy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rectangle with this stripy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rectangle with this stripy
+pattern uh and uh so we're going to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and uh so we're going to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh and uh so we're going to then
+look at what happens if we image that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens if we image that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens if we image that uh
+with some mask that we put in here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some mask that we put in here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some mask that we put in here uh
+and what should we put in there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what should we put in there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what should we put in there then
+well the first one let's put in uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first one let's put in uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first one let's put in uh let's
+put in something that like this uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in something that like this uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in something that like this uh so
+now this is going to let through this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is going to let through this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is going to let through this is
+a low pass filter isn't it right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low pass filter isn't it right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low pass filter isn't it right so it's
+a very small low pass filter as well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small low pass filter as well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small low pass filter as well uh
+so it only lets through the very slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it only lets through the very slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it only lets through the very slowly
+varying parts of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying parts of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying parts of that
+object uh but it stops all the fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh but it stops all the fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh but it stops all the fast
+variations of the object object right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the object object right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the object object right so
+if you look at the object you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the object you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the object you'll see
+that it's got this stripy pattern which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got this stripy pattern which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's got this stripy pattern which
+is actually a very fine structure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very fine structure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very fine structure right
+so uh these have actually really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh these have actually really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh these have actually really been
+calculated uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated uh using
+matlb Not By Me by George uh and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb Not By Me by George uh and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb Not By Me by George uh and so this
+is what you'd see in the output plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you'd see in the output plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you'd see in the output plane of
+that uh so there you are you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so there you are you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so there you are you can see
+that this stripy pattern has disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this stripy pattern has disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this stripy pattern has disappeared
+virtually uh we've lost um we've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually uh we've lost um we've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually uh we've lost um we've lost
+some Sharp at the edge though uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Sharp at the edge though uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Sharp at the edge though uh because
+we've also lost the spa the the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also lost the spa the the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also lost the spa the the high
+spatial frequencies of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies of course that
+Define the edge and a sharp cut off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the edge and a sharp cut off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the edge and a sharp cut off at
+the edge will include uh quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge will include uh quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge will include uh quite a lot of
+um high spatial frequencies but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high spatial frequencies but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high spatial frequencies but anyway
+so that's a good example of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good example of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good example of spatial
+filtering uh and uh then the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering uh and uh then the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering uh and uh then the the the
+next ones we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ones we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ones we're going to look at
+something which has got a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which has got a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which has got a bit more
+structure uh and uh so this is uh m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh and uh so this is uh m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh and uh so this is uh m
+written as a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as a binary
+mask uh and so this is our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh and so this is our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh and so this is our original
+object and we're going to image that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and we're going to image that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and we're going to image that in
+a in an optical system uh and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in an optical system uh and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in an optical system uh and look at
+what the image looks like in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the image looks like in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the image looks like in different
+cases so the first one is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so the first one is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so the first one is quite
+straightforward uh we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward uh we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward uh we've got
+now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a
+circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular
+aperture uh so uh this is what the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh so uh this is what the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture uh so uh this is what the image
+looks like in this case you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like in this case you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like in this case you see that
+there's already a bit of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already a bit of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already a bit of um
+uh artifacts in that image it's it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh artifacts in that image it's it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh artifacts in that image it's it's no
+longer uh you can still read it as MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh you can still read it as MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh you can still read it as MIT
+uh but you'll see that inside inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you'll see that inside inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you'll see that inside inside the
+letters you'll see there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you'll see there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you'll see there's some
+structure there which is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there which is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there which is not really
+present uh so this is this is some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh so this is this is some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present uh so this is this is some sort
+of edge ringing I guess from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edge ringing I guess from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edge ringing I guess from the fact
+that uh this aperture has got this sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this aperture has got this sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this aperture has got this sharp
+cut off at some particular uh spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off at some particular uh spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off at some particular uh spatial
+frequency so if you if you made it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if you if you made it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if you if you made it so
+that it tailed off gradually you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it tailed off gradually you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it tailed off gradually you could
+probably get get rid of some of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get get rid of some of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get get rid of some of that uh
+um those fringes there uh but okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those fringes there uh but okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those fringes there uh but okay so
+that that's an aperture so we've got rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an aperture so we've got rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's an aperture so we've got rid
+of some high spatial frequencies uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some high spatial frequencies uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some high spatial frequencies uh
+let's look what happens if we uh if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look what happens if we uh if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look what happens if we uh if we
+reduce the uh spatial frequencies even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the uh spatial frequencies even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the uh spatial frequencies even
+more uh so this is making the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh so this is making the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh so this is making the aperture
+smaller and now you can see that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and now you can see that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and now you can see that the uh
+resolution is has degraded it it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is has degraded it it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution is has degraded it it looks
+rather um blurry now you can you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather um blurry now you can you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather um blurry now you can you can't
+really see whe whether it says MIT or H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see whe whether it says MIT or H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see whe whether it says MIT or H
+or maybe hiy it's all getting a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe hiy it's all getting a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe hiy it's all getting a bit
+vague isn't it but and so you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague isn't it but and so you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague isn't it but and so you and you
+also you can see uh that it gets a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can see uh that it gets a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can see uh that it gets a bit
+sort of um blurry around the edges yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um blurry around the edges yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um blurry around the edges yeah
+uh so if we make that one more thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we make that one more thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we make that one more thing to
+point out here which is kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out here which is kind of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out here which is kind of obvious
+but it's worth pointing is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth pointing is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's worth pointing is that if you
+do this also the average brightness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this also the average brightness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this also the average brightness of
+the image would decrease as you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image would decrease as you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image would decrease as you stop
+down the aperture but in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the aperture but in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the aperture but in this case I
+cheated I normalized the intensity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated I normalized the intensity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated I normalized the intensity to
+the full level so it is visible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full level so it is visible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full level so it is visible in the
+projector but in a real system it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector but in a real system it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector but in a real system it would
+also become uh less bright right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also become uh less bright right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also become uh less bright right okay
+yeah so I didn't notice that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I didn't notice that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I didn't notice that because I
+didn't do the calculation but yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the calculation but yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the calculation but yeah okay
+so all right so of course if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so of course if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so of course if this
+aperture gets smaller and smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture gets smaller and smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture gets smaller and smaller the
+amount of light going through gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light going through gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light going through gets
+smaller and smaller uh so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller uh so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller uh so in the end
+you'd end up with black right so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd end up with black right so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd end up with black right so anyway
+we're now going to uh make this even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to uh make this even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to uh make this even
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+uh so uh um what would you expect well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh um what would you expect well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh um what would you expect well
+you'd expect the again the the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect the again the the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect the again the the thing to
+become more blurry looking uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more blurry looking uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more blurry looking uh and in
+fact it really does become uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it really does become uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it really does become uh just
+before we carry on just uh take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we carry on just uh take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we carry on just uh take this
+fully in you notice that there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully in you notice that there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully in you notice that there are four
+legs here four straight lines and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs here four straight lines and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs here four straight lines and these
+two are closer together than these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are closer together than these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are closer together than these other
+spacings right uh so as we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings right uh so as we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacings right uh so as we as we
+decrease the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the size of the
+pupil now you see what's happened this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil now you see what's happened this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil now you see what's happened this
+is quite amazing I was quite surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite amazing I was quite surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite amazing I was quite surprised
+at this the four legs have become three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this the four legs have become three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this the four legs have become three
+legs uh so these I guess these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs uh so these I guess these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs uh so these I guess these two
+Central legs are now not resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central legs are now not resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central legs are now not resolved
+they're below the resolution limit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're below the resolution limit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're below the resolution limit uh
+and you you'd have no idea of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you'd have no idea of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you'd have no idea of course
+what that said now it looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that said now it looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that said now it looks something
+really blurred uh so we're not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really blurred uh so we're not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really blurred uh so we're not getting
+enough information obviously there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information obviously there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information obviously there to be
+able to um see see the uh be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um see see the uh be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to um see see the uh be able to see
+the image properly okay uh then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image properly okay uh then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image properly okay uh then let's
+try doing some other funny things uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try doing some other funny things uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try doing some other funny things uh so
+this one is a a highpass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a a highpass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a a highpass
+filter uh now so what we're doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh now so what we're doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh now so what we're doing here
+is we're blocking out this central part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're blocking out this central part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're blocking out this central part
+and letting through all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and letting through all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and letting through all the other
+filters all the other frequencies now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters all the other frequencies now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters all the other frequencies now
+there's one other thing that we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other thing that we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other thing that we ought to
+mention here uh is that this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention here uh is that this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention here uh is that this of course
+is done these calculations are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done these calculations are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done these calculations are done
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ffts right so we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffts right so we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffts right so we're actually
+working on a a field of a certain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a a field of a certain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a a field of a certain size
+uh when we calculate the uh fft so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we calculate the uh fft so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we calculate the uh fft so um
+the fact that this um as you know ffts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this um as you know ffts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this um as you know ffts
+do like a sort of um repeating don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a sort of um repeating don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a sort of um repeating don't
+they uh right so uh this is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh right so uh this is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh right so uh this is not really
+quite the same as as this being going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same as as this being going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same as as this being going
+out to Infinity in spatial frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Infinity in spatial frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Infinity in spatial frequencies
+so I think that the result in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that the result in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that the result in the image
+you might get could depend a little on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get could depend a little on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get could depend a little on
+the properties of the of the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the of the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the of the zero
+padding and things like that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding and things like that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding and things like that in this
+case uh but anyway this is the image in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh but anyway this is the image in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh but anyway this is the image in
+this case uh so you notice that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh so you notice that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh so you notice that we've
+got the high spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the high spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the high spatial
+frequencies uh so we actually get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh so we actually get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh so we actually get some
+sort of enhancement of the edges you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of enhancement of the edges you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of enhancement of the edges you see
+the edges come out really very crisply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges come out really very crisply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges come out really very crisply
+now uh so you get this enhancement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so you get this enhancement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh so you get this enhancement of
+the of the edges it's like a an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the edges it's like a an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the edges it's like a an edge
+enhancement filter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement filter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement filter uh
+but in ter on top of that that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in ter on top of that that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in ter on top of that that there's
+some uh rather strange sort of glowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh rather strange sort of glowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh rather strange sort of glowing
+patterns which I'm not really quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns which I'm not really quite sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns which I'm not really quite sure
+what they refer to at all uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they refer to at all uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they refer to at all uh but you
+could I guess think of them as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I guess think of them as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I guess think of them as being
+some sort of artifact it looks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of artifact it looks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of artifact it looks a lot
+better on this screen than that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on this screen than that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on this screen than that one
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interestingly uh but if so if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly uh but if so if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly uh but if so if we do
+another of these high pass filtering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of these high pass filtering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another of these high pass filtering but
+uh with the central block even bigger uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the central block even bigger uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the central block even bigger uh
+this effect of uh Edge enhan shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect of uh Edge enhan shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect of uh Edge enhan shows
+really nicely now so all we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely now so all we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely now so all we're now
+seeing is the edges and the bits inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is the edges and the bits inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is the edges and the bits inside
+the letters uh are not showing up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters uh are not showing up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letters uh are not showing up or
+outside the letter so not neither can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the letter so not neither can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the letter so not neither can't
+remember what the object looked like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the object looked like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the object looked like now
+what it's interesting the object whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's interesting the object whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's interesting the object whether
+whether the whether it was black writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the whether it was black writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the whether it was black writing
+on a white background or white writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a white background or white writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a white background or white writing
+on a black background probably this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a black background probably this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a black background probably this
+would look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look very
+similar uh it wouldn't make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh it wouldn't make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh it wouldn't make a lot of
+difference I don't think okay and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I don't think okay and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference I don't think okay and so all
+these examples have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples have been
+um uh circularly symmetric type patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh circularly symmetric type patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh circularly symmetric type patterns
+but you can also of course put in things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also of course put in things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also of course put in things
+which are not circularly symmetric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not circularly symmetric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not circularly symmetric so
+this is uh this is throwing out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is throwing out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is throwing out these
+frequencies here and here so we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies here and here so we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies here and here so we haven't
+done anything here so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done anything here so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done anything here so we're going to
+have a high resolution in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high resolution in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high resolution in that direction
+uh but in this direction here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in this direction here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in this direction here we've
+reduced the resolution so we we'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the resolution so we we'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the resolution so we we'd expect
+it to be blurred in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be blurred in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be blurred in the vertical
+Direction and of course um just to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and of course um just to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and of course um just to prove
+that we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do the
+opposite and and this one now uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and and this one now uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and and this one now uh is
+going to be blurred in the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be blurred in the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be blurred in the horizontal
+Direction so you see here again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so you see here again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so you see here again you're
+almost losing the uh resolution of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost losing the uh resolution of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost losing the uh resolution of those
+um four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+legs okay and and then probably um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs okay and and then probably um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs okay and and then probably um one
+of the most important applications uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important applications uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important applications uh of
+uh pupil filters uh is in phase Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pupil filters uh is in phase Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pupil filters uh is in phase Imaging
+uh and so this leads on to uh xerica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this leads on to uh xerica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so this leads on to uh xerica
+face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face
+contrast uh which xerica uh got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast uh which xerica uh got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast uh which xerica uh got the
+Nobel Prize for um it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for um it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize for um it's quite
+interesting he it was a long time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting he it was a long time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting he it was a long time after
+he invented it though I believe he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invented it though I believe he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invented it though I believe he
+invented it sometime in the 30s and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented it sometime in the 30s and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented it sometime in the 30s and uh
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+commercialized uh uh by actually he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized uh uh by actually he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialized uh uh by actually he
+seemed to have managed to uh get Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have managed to uh get Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to have managed to uh get Z and
+Leica and everyone to make it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leica and everyone to make it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leica and everyone to make it so you
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+have uh sold his patent to uh lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sold his patent to uh lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sold his patent to uh lots of
+people but anyway eventually it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but anyway eventually it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people but anyway eventually it became
+very popular uh but it didn't get didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular uh but it didn't get didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular uh but it didn't get didn't
+get the Nobel Prize until the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Nobel Prize until the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Nobel Prize until the 50s
+sometime uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime uh and
+um very uh useful for a long time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very uh useful for a long time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very uh useful for a long time I
+think eventually it got uh just to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think eventually it got uh just to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think eventually it got uh just to a
+certain degree anyway out uh classed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain degree anyway out uh classed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain degree anyway out uh classed by
+some some later techniques uh but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some later techniques uh but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some later techniques uh but still
+still used a fair bit in the in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used a fair bit in the in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used a fair bit in the in the lab
+it has one advantage of being quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has one advantage of being quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has one advantage of being quite
+cheap as well uh anyway um what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap as well uh anyway um what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap as well uh anyway um what you're
+trying to do with phase phase contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do with phase phase contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do with phase phase contrast
+is image of phase object and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is image of phase object and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is image of phase object and this is an
+example of what a phase object might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what a phase object might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what a phase object might
+look at look like imagine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look like imagine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at look like imagine for
+example uh you've got some glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you've got some glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you've got some glass
+slide uh well one one thing which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide uh well one one thing which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide uh well one one thing which would
+approximate quite well to this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate quite well to this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate quite well to this is if you
+had a biological cell sitting on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a biological cell sitting on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a biological cell sitting on top of
+a glass slide right so this shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass slide right so this shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glass slide right so this shows a
+something like that um but actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um but actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um but actually what
+we're thinking uh well if it was a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking uh well if it was a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking uh well if it was a cell
+of course the refractive index of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the refractive index of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the refractive index of this
+would be slightly different from this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be slightly different from this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be slightly different from this uh
+but uh that's really not an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that's really not an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh that's really not an important
+um difference uh so this is looking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difference uh so this is looking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difference uh so this is looking on
+the top of it so so here we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it so so here we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it so so here we've got this
+object uh which has got a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh which has got a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh which has got a certain
+thickness uh and what we'd like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh and what we'd like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness uh and what we'd like to be
+able to do is to produce an image which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is to produce an image which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is to produce an image which
+actually shows up the shape of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows up the shape of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows up the shape of this
+object right which might be a cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right which might be a cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right which might be a cell or
+something and so this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so this phase
+object uh we can think of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh we can think of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh we can think of the light
+propagating through this uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through this uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through this uh and
+producing a phase shift then uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a phase shift then uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a phase shift then uh so the
+pH shift is given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH shift is given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH shift is given by this
+expression uh so n here uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh so n here uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh so n here uh is the
+refractive index of this cell we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of this cell we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of this cell we have to
+have n minus one of course because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n minus one of course because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n minus one of course because the
+the the cell is is displacing air so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cell is is displacing air so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cell is is displacing air so if
+there was if the cell wasn't there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was if the cell wasn't there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was if the cell wasn't there there
+would be air there so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be air there so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be air there so we have to
+subtract away the air that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract away the air that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract away the air that would have
+been there uh and um so the phase is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there uh and um so the phase is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there uh and um so the phase is 2
+pi * nus1 times the thickness which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi * nus1 times the thickness which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi * nus1 times the thickness which is a
+function of X or of X and Y in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X or of X and Y in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X or of X and Y in this case
+uh divided by the wavelength uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh divided by the wavelength uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh divided by the wavelength uh and so
+if we illuminate this uh with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we illuminate this uh with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we illuminate this uh with some
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+illumination illumination field this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination illumination field this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination illumination field this uh
+then what we'll get on the output side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll get on the output side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll get on the output side
+is just this times this uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this times this uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this times this uh there's no
+this uh e to the I5 our objects just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh e to the I5 our objects just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh e to the I5 our objects just
+behaves here as a pure phase object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves here as a pure phase object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves here as a pure phase object
+there's no there's no modulus change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no modulus change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no modulus change
+only a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change yeah so useful for Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah so useful for Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah so useful for Imaging
+biological objects such as cells but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological objects such as cells but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological objects such as cells but not
+only that it's got applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that it's got applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that it's got applications in
+Material Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science and
+on uh and uh yeah so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and uh yeah so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and uh yeah so if
+we um looked at the uh imagine this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um looked at the uh imagine this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um looked at the uh imagine this uh
+this ill illumination is just Unity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ill illumination is just Unity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ill illumination is just Unity uh
+and we look at the modulus squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at the modulus squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at the modulus squared of
+this object function you see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object function you see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object function you see it's
+because it's just only a phase object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just only a phase object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just only a phase object
+when you look at the modulus Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the modulus Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the modulus Square
+you'll see nothing at all so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see nothing at all so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see nothing at all so if you
+looked at this in an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this in an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this in an ordinary
+microscope uh you wouldn't see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope uh you wouldn't see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope uh you wouldn't see anything
+you just see completely uniformly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see completely uniformly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see completely uniformly uh
+White uh and uh so you wouldn't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White uh and uh so you wouldn't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White uh and uh so you wouldn't see the
+shape of this thing that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this thing that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this thing that we're trying to
+see uh so the question is how can we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh so the question is how can we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh so the question is how can we go
+about that what can we do to to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that what can we do to to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that what can we do to to solve
+that uh so um yeah so um what we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so um yeah so um what we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so um yeah so um what we're now
+going to look at is back to this MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is back to this MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at is back to this MIT
+pattern and we're going to think of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and we're going to think of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and we're going to think of an
+MIT pattern which is now not a a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT pattern which is now not a a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT pattern which is now not a a binary
+object but a phase object so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but a phase object so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but a phase object so imagine
+that this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our
+object um so this is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object um so this is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object um so this is this this
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+phase uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh so
+red uh red represents a a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh red represents a a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh red represents a a phase
+change of 0. one of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of 0. one of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of 0. one of a
+radian uh and uh and the and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian uh and uh and the and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian uh and uh and the and this one
+shows the uh the modulus of this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the uh the modulus of this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the uh the modulus of this object
+which we're assuming is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're assuming is completely
+uniform uh and uh so um it it's a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh and uh so um it it's a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh and uh so um it it's a pure
+phase object and if we've looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase object and if we've looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase object and if we've looked at this
+in our ordinary Optical Imaging system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ordinary Optical Imaging system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ordinary Optical Imaging system
+all we'd see is the modulus square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we'd see is the modulus square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we'd see is the modulus square of
+this thing uh so we'd see basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh so we'd see basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh so we'd see basically
+nothing uh so the question is what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh so the question is what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh so the question is what can
+we do to try and improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do to try and improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do to try and improve
+that uh well zonica came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well zonica came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well zonica came up with the
+answer uh and um actually this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh and um actually this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh and um actually this is not
+quite the way he does it we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the way he does it we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the way he does it we're not going
+to really do the way he does it but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really do the way he does it but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really do the way he does it but uh
+the the principle is here anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the principle is here anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the principle is here anyway
+um what you do is you in introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you do is you in introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you do is you in introduce a
+pupil mask uh which has also got a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask uh which has also got a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask uh which has also got a phase
+object in it uh it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in it uh it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in it uh it's got
+basically um a small region at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um a small region at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um a small region at the
+center I.E where the low spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center I.E where the low spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center I.E where the low spatial
+frequencies are uh which we change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are uh which we change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are uh which we change the
+relative phase of those spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative phase of those spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative phase of those spectral
+components uh relative to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh relative to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh relative to the other
+spatial frequencies uh by Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies uh by Pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequencies uh by Pi /
+2 uh and uh so we put that in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and what we find as it says there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what we find as it says there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and what we find as it says there
+is we we could actually U we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we we could actually U we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we we could actually U we get
+contrast of the phase we actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast of the phase we actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast of the phase we actually see
+the phase now um and this will explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase now um and this will explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase now um and this will explain
+why that works so this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that works so this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that works so this is what we're
+doing we're putting in our phase MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're putting in our phase MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're putting in our phase MIT
+thing here and we're putting in this Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and we're putting in this Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here and we're putting in this Pi
+/2 phase ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so that's what the that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what the that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what the that's what it
+looks like it's some bit of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's some bit of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's some bit of um
+dialectric which has got this central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric which has got this central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric which has got this central
+region which changes the phase um by pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which changes the phase um by pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which changes the phase um by pi/
+2 ideally what we want to do as it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 ideally what we want to do as it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 ideally what we want to do as it says
+here is for this to be very small what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for this to be very small what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is for this to be very small what
+we're trying to do is to use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do is to use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do is to use it to
+change the phase of just the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase of just the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the phase of just the DC
+component the UNS scattered light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the UNS scattered light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the UNS scattered light
+component relative to all the rest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component relative to all the rest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component relative to all the rest but
+of course you can never do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can never do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can never do that because
+it's got to have some uh uh definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have some uh uh definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have some uh uh definite
+real size so it's obviously going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real size so it's obviously going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real size so it's obviously going to
+whatever size it is uh there there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever size it is uh there there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever size it is uh there there might
+be some low spatial frequencies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some low spatial frequencies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some low spatial frequencies of the
+object uh which are going to be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh which are going to be uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh which are going to be uh the
+phase is going to be changed in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is going to be changed in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is going to be changed in the same
+way as the DC term uh so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as the DC term uh so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as the DC term uh so let's look at
+the MTH of how that works um so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MTH of how that works um so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MTH of how that works um so what we
+do is we assume uh our phase object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we assume uh our phase object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we assume uh our phase object is
+what we call a weak phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a weak phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a weak phase
+object uh it's got the form e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh it's got the form e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh it's got the form e to the
+I5 uh but we think of that as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I5 uh but we think of that as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I5 uh but we think of that as being
+approximately 1 plus II and we neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 1 plus II and we neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 1 plus II and we neglect
+all the other higher order terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other higher order terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other higher order terms in the
+uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the
+um Power Ser series expansion for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Power Ser series expansion for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Power Ser series expansion for the
+for the exponential uh and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exponential uh and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exponential uh and you can see
+then that an ordinary system uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that an ordinary system uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that an ordinary system uh what
+we'd see uh is you can think of it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd see uh is you can think of it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd see uh is you can think of it we
+said uh keeping all the terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh keeping all the terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh keeping all the terms the
+modulus square of this is obviously one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus square of this is obviously one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus square of this is obviously one
+uh and uh and this also the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and this also the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh and this also the modulus
+square of this uh to the first order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of this uh to the first order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of this uh to the first order of
+small quantities is also going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantities is also going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantities is also going to be one
+because if you square this you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you square this you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you square this you'll get
+five squared terms but actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five squared terms but actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five squared terms but actually there
+are also really some extra five squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also really some extra five squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also really some extra five squ
+terms in this series which actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this series which actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this series which actually if
+you do it properly all cancel out so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it properly all cancel out so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it properly all cancel out so you
+still must get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still must get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still must get
+one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so what we're now going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what we're now going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what we're now going to say
+this is our object but now this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our object but now this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our object but now this object
+is going to go through uh this mask here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go through uh this mask here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go through uh this mask here
+which is going to change the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to change the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to change the relative
+phase of this relative to this uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of this relative to this uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of this relative to this uh and uh
+so if we change the one to I we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we change the one to I we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we change the one to I we going to
+get I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I plus
+II uh and therefore now the output that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II uh and therefore now the output that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II uh and therefore now the output that
+we get is going to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is going to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get is going to be given
+by where is that uh this should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by where is that uh this should be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by where is that uh this should be in
+intensity out yeah the intensity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity out yeah the intensity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity out yeah the intensity that
+you see is the uh modulus square of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is the uh modulus square of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is the uh modulus square of this
+which is 1 + 5^ 2qu which to small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 + 5^ 2qu which to small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 + 5^ 2qu which to small uh
+because five is small we can expand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because five is small we can expand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because five is small we can expand that
+to uh uh first two terms of the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh first two terms of the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh first two terms of the series
+and we get one + 25 right so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get one + 25 right so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get one + 25 right so so now
+we're getting an image where the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting an image where the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting an image where the phase
+is visible to the order of this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is visible to the order of this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is visible to the order of this order
+order of the uh the weak phase object F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the uh the weak phase object F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the uh the weak phase object F
+uh in this case here we weren't seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case here we weren't seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case here we weren't seeing
+anything to the order of five the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the order of five the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the order of five the low
+the lowest things that were there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest things that were there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest things that were there would
+be of the order of five squar which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of the order of five squar which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of the order of five squar which is
+going to be negligible if f is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negligible if f is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negligible if f is going to
+be small enough right so there we are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small enough right so there we are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small enough right so there we are so
+so by putting this in uh We've managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by putting this in uh We've managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by putting this in uh We've managed
+to make this um phase object visible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this um phase object visible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this um phase object visible so
+this is the demonstration of that uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the demonstration of that uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the demonstration of that uh so
+this is our looking out at our phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our looking out at our phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our looking out at our phase
+MIT uh and this is the size of our phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh and this is the size of our phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh and this is the size of our phase
+mask so it's quite big here actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so it's quite big here actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so it's quite big here actually uh
+and uh so um so I guess it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um so I guess it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so um so I guess it's it's it's
+changing the phase of the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the phase of the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the phase of the uh the the the
+central the DC term but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central the DC term but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central the DC term but it's also
+changing the phase of some low spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the phase of some low spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the phase of some low spatial
+frequency terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency terms of the
+MIT uh which I guess accounts for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh which I guess accounts for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh which I guess accounts for some
+sort of uh imperfections in this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh imperfections in this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh imperfections in this image
+uh and I think a lot of the ripples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think a lot of the ripples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think a lot of the ripples
+again are coming from the fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are coming from the fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are coming from the fact that uh
+this has got a sharp edge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got a sharp edge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got a sharp edge to
+it uh probably if you smooth this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh probably if you smooth this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh probably if you smooth this you
+could make it so that you didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it so that you didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it so that you didn't get
+such uh strong ringing in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such uh strong ringing in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such uh strong ringing in this thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the next
+example uh We've now made this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh We've now made this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh We've now made this a lot
+smaller so it's now changing the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so it's now changing the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so it's now changing the uh the
+phase of the DC term but it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the DC term but it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the DC term but it seems that
+the object itself probably is got very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object itself probably is got very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object itself probably is got very
+very weak components in that region uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak components in that region uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weak components in that region uh
+and you end up then with this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up then with this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up then with this really
+wonderful image uh so I guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful image uh so I guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful image uh so I guess that
+really shows the um the the the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows the um the the the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows the um the the the power of
+the of the um aerica face contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method that's the end how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that's the end how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that's the end how we
+going good we're up to time I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going good we're up to time I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going good we're up to time I've been
+fast right any questions anywhere anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right any questions anywhere anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast right any questions anywhere anyone
+want to look at these nice pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at these nice pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at these nice pictures
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we got a question actually yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a question actually yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a question actually yes yeah
+seemed like in the the last analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like in the the last analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like in the the last analysis
+that you're doing five was much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing five was much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing five was much much
+less than one but then you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one but then you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one but then you were saying
+that five was pi over two no no they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five was pi over two no no they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that five was pi over two no no they're
+two different F okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different F okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different F okay
+uh how do I get back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do I get back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do I get back in
+this you click the play button the play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you click the play button the play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you click the play button the play
+button ah play but got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button ah play but got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button ah play but got
+it uh yeah okay um yeah so two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh yeah okay um yeah so two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh yeah okay um yeah so two different
+FES the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FES the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FES the the
+object is the one that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the one that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the one that has to be
+weak so so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said here we said the object has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here we said the object has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here we said the object has got
+this fi which is e to the I uh which so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fi which is e to the I uh which so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fi which is e to the I uh which so
+we got e to the II as the object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got e to the II as the object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got e to the II as the object and
+five this fire has to be small uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this fire has to be small uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this fire has to be small uh and um
+somewhere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it
+said uh it was after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh it was after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh it was after
+uh the MIT the phase MIT object here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MIT the phase MIT object here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MIT the phase MIT object here we
+are the phase MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the phase MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the phase MIT
+object uh the phase change is 0. one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh the phase change is 0. one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh the phase change is 0. one of
+a radian so 0.1 of a radian we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radian so 0.1 of a radian we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radian so 0.1 of a radian we're taking
+as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being
+small uh but the yeah so red red here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh but the yeah so red red here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh but the yeah so red red here
+represents 0.1 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents 0.1 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents 0.1 of a
+radian uh red there doesn't represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian uh red there doesn't represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian uh red there doesn't represent
+0.1 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 of a
+radian uh so this this is our mask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian uh so this this is our mask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian uh so this this is our mask so
+this has got a phase change of Pi by2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got a phase change of Pi by2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got a phase change of Pi by2 so
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is um much bigger than 0.1 of a radian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um much bigger than 0.1 of a radian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um much bigger than 0.1 of a radian
+okay yeah so so that's it's the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so so that's it's the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so so that's it's the object
+that has to be a weak phase object not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be a weak phase object not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be a weak phase object not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mask I think the principle still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask I think the principle still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask I think the principle still works
+for strong phase objects but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strong phase objects but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strong phase objects but the
+explanation is easier if you assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is easier if you assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is easier if you assume a
+weak phase object yeah yeah yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak phase object yeah yeah yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak phase object yeah yeah yeah I think
+I'm I agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I agree with that
+yeah yeah but actually you know for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but actually you know for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but actually you know for a
+strong phase object you do also get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong phase object you do also get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong phase object you do also get an
+image in an ordinary Imaging system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in an ordinary Imaging system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in an ordinary Imaging system
+right uh but it it's very complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but it it's very complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but it it's very complicated to
+actually uh relate it to the object it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh relate it to the object it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh relate it to the object it's
+a bit like frequency modulation or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit like frequency modulation or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit like frequency modulation or or
+another example of a strong phase object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of a strong phase object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of a strong phase object
+is the waves in a swimming pool they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the waves in a swimming pool they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the waves in a swimming pool they
+create an image at the bottom which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an image at the bottom which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an image at the bottom which
+looks like very bright lines in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like very bright lines in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like very bright lines in a way
+these lines are an image of the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are an image of the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are an image of the you know
+index of refraction of the water these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction of the water these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of refraction of the water these
+lines are known as cosics but it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are known as cosics but it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are known as cosics but it is very
+difficult to interpret them and relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to interpret them and relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to interpret them and relate
+them to the actual shape of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the actual shape of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the actual shape of the of the
+water yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water yeah
+yeah okay yeah any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay yeah any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay yeah any more
+questions not many from this end today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions not many from this end today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions not many from this end today
+either I usually rely on Shin to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either I usually rely on Shin to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either I usually rely on Shin to come up
+with some questions you know at fom he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some questions you know at fom he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some questions you know at fom he
+was in fom and he asked the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fom and he asked the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fom and he asked the very first
+question of the whole conference oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the whole conference oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the whole conference oh
+that's quite quite a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite quite a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite quite a distinction
+to the plary speaker yeah to the plary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speaker oh very clear I think uh yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker oh very clear I think uh yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker oh very clear I think uh yeah I
+I think these demonstrations are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these demonstrations are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think these demonstrations are really
+great because I think that you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because I think that you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because I think that you get a
+very nice feel for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice feel for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice feel for what
+happens we have the quiz coming up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we have the quiz coming up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we have the quiz coming up but
+we have enough time maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough time maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enough time maybe we can
+introduce temporal coherence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce temporal coherence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce temporal coherence the
+beginning of the next lecture or should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next lecture or should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next lecture or should
+we just stop here up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody has no questions at all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has no questions at all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has no questions at all we have
+a quiz coming up this is your chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz coming up this is your chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz coming up this is your chance to
+ask questions I suppose so when's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions I suppose so when's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions I suppose so when's the
+quiz on Monday oh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's why you could not answer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why you could not answer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why you could not answer a
+question he he was expecting a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question he he was expecting a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question he he was expecting a phone
+call when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call when
+uh yeah when you have a a a facee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah when you have a a a facee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah when you have a a a facee
+grading normally you try to solve for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading normally you try to solve for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading normally you try to solve for a
+system that has uh the 4f system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has uh the 4f system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has uh the 4f system you
+normally play different tricks one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally play different tricks one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally play different tricks one of
+them is you try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is you try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is you try to uh
+expand part of the grading in a for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand part of the grading in a for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand part of the grading in a for your
+series and after that you somehow manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and after that you somehow manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and after that you somehow manage
+to decompose that into something easy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decompose that into something easy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decompose that into something easy or
+you actually change the e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually change the e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually change the e to the
+exponent to uh something easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent to uh something easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent to uh something easier to
+handle in terms of uh uh you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in terms of uh uh you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle in terms of uh uh you look at the
+phase and you look at it and if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and you look at it and if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and you look at it and if it is
+like Pi / two or it's pi you uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pi / two or it's pi you uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Pi / two or it's pi you uh change
+it to something different that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to something different that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to something different that it's
+easier to handle uh any advises on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to handle uh any advises on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to handle uh any advises on how
+to solve those I found those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve those I found those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve those I found those
+particularly tricky to actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly tricky to actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly tricky to actually get a
+grasp of how to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things uh not quite sure what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh not quite sure what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh not quite sure what you're
+saying I mean if you got I mean you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I mean if you got I mean you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I mean if you got I mean you you
+start off by saying you got some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by saying you got some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by saying you got some sort of
+grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating
+object and then if you illuminate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then if you illuminate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then if you illuminate this
+you'll get a series of defraction orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a series of defraction orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a series of defraction orders
+and of course uh you know um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh you know um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh you know um the the
+relative strengths of these might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative strengths of these might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative strengths of these might be
+complex to account for the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex to account for the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex to account for the phase
+changes uh and um so what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh and um so what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh and um so what you're saying
+is that by changing the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by changing the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that by changing the uh the the the
+phase or whatever of these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase or whatever of these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase or whatever of these components
+you can improve the image uh but is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can improve the image uh but is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can improve the image uh but is that
+what you're saying something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying something like that
+uh yeah my question was more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah my question was more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah my question was more in the
+order of like how to handle the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of like how to handle the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of like how to handle the math
+normally if you get something in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally if you get something in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally if you get something in terms
+of uh for series you get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh for series you get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh for series you get a bunch of
+terms yeah and it's kind of like it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms yeah and it's kind of like it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms yeah and it's kind of like it it
+end it ends up being pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it ends up being pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it ends up being pretty
+messy yeah but you you know this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy yeah but you you know this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy yeah but you you know this this is
+then going through the mask so if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going through the mask so if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going through the mask so if if we
+got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some
+mask uh which has got some phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh which has got some phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask uh which has got some phase
+variation so the relative strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so the relative strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so the relative strength of
+these grating orders will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these grating orders will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these grating orders will just be
+changed by the uh the phase of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by the uh the phase of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed by the uh the phase of the phase
+mask so um so the forward problem I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so um so the forward problem I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask so um so the forward problem I I I
+got the feeling that maybe you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the feeling that maybe you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the feeling that maybe you were
+trying to solve the inverse problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the inverse problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve the inverse problem you
+know um what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um what what do
+you if you know what the image looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know what the image looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you know what the image looks
+like how do you know how to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do you know how to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do you know how to improve the
+image or something like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image or something like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image or something like that but
+normally of course if you if you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally of course if you if you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally of course if you if you knew
+what the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the object
+was uh then there probably wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh then there probably wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh then there probably wouldn't be a
+lot of Point Imaging it I but anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Point Imaging it I but anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Point Imaging it I but anyway so
+calculate this this is all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this this is all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this this is all you have to
+do just multiply the strength of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do just multiply the strength of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do just multiply the strength of these
+grating components uh by the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating components uh by the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating components uh by the strength of
+your of your mask both in amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your of your mask both in amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your of your mask both in amplitude and
+phase uh so it's very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh so it's very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh so it's very straightforward
+really and and I don't think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and and I don't think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really and and I don't think there's a
+way out of the Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out of the Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out of the Fier
+series uh expansion like if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh expansion like if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh expansion like if you really
+want to solve this kind of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this kind of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this kind of a problem
+with a phase grating you must compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phase grating you must compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phase grating you must compute
+the F series expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F series expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F series expansion of the
+grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating
+uh unless you for example if the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless you for example if the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless you for example if the phase
+is weak then you can simplify it as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak then you can simplify it as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is weak then you can simplify it as we
+just saw in the example but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw in the example but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw in the example but otherwise
+yeah you have to go through the pain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to go through the pain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to go through the pain of
+the 4 Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 Series
+expansion okay thanks yeah but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion okay thanks yeah but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion okay thanks yeah but you know
+there are sometimes of course for lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sometimes of course for lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sometimes of course for lots
+of other objects you can just look them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other objects you can just look them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other objects you can just look them
+up in the tables of fer transforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the tables of fer transforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the tables of fer transforms and
+even the fer series uh you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the fer series uh you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the fer series uh you know you can
+sometimes get from from that of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get from from that of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get from from that of course I
+mean for example you know these Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for example you know these Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for example you know these Square
+wave gratings like this you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave gratings like this you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave gratings like this you can think of
+this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+being this convolved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being this convolved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being this convolved with
+this so the forer transform of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the forer transform of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the forer transform of this is
+going to be the fer transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the fer transform of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the fer transform of this
+which is a a sync times the fer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a sync times the fer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a sync times the fer
+transform of this which is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this which is another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this which is another one
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+these right so you so you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right so you so you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right so you so you end up with
+basically an envelope which is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an envelope which is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an envelope which is this uh
+and then some components within here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some components within here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some components within here uh
+and the the the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the height of
+these gives you the strengths of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gives you the strengths of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gives you the strengths of these
+different grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grating
+components uh so I think there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh so I think there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh so I think there was a
+sketch like that in one of the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch like that in one of the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch like that in one of the earlier
+slides showing showing uh how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides showing showing uh how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides showing showing uh how you can
+think of that so the these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that so the these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that so the these are the
+strengths of the fer series uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths of the fer series uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths of the fer series uh for this
+object uh they're just given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh they're just given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh they're just given by the
+product of a sink uh and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a sink uh and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a sink uh and an
+appropriately scaled uh sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately scaled uh sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately scaled uh sampling
+function I think you need to push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I think you need to push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I think you need to push the
+paper a little bit up oh sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper a little bit up oh sorry yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper a little bit up oh sorry yeah
+can I do that oh yeah okay sorry there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do that oh yeah okay sorry there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I do that oh yeah okay sorry there
+you can see what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what I was
+saying yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yeah
+so uh so so some sometimes you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so so some sometimes you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so so some sometimes you can find
+shortcuts to to be able to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts to to be able to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts to to be able to uh you know
+deal with uh some of these for Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh some of these for Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh some of these for Series
+without having to go through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to go through the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to go through the the
+hard work of doing what you did when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work of doing what you did when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work of doing what you did when you
+were first year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+student there was a homework like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student there was a homework like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student there was a homework like that
+actually where uh it was not quite phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually where uh it was not quite phas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually where uh it was not quite phas
+like this but yeah I had you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but yeah I had you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but yeah I had you guys
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+the for Series in this U clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way okay no more questions yes sh's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay no more questions yes sh's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay no more questions yes sh's got
+one yeah um what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah um what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah um what is
+the how did the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how did the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how did the idea
+of how did the idea of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how did the idea of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how did the idea of numerical
+aperture come about and why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture come about and why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture come about and why is it
+defined as a sign of an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a sign of an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a sign of an angle
+the tangent of an angle yeah good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of an angle yeah good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of an angle yeah good point
+well I guess it's because uh George in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess it's because uh George in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess it's because uh George in
+one of the earlier lectures pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earlier lectures pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the earlier lectures pointed out
+that Accord according to Snell's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Accord according to Snell's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Accord according to Snell's law
+youve got the N sin Alpha is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve got the N sin Alpha is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youve got the N sin Alpha is is an
+invariant so as as Rays go through a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so as as Rays go through a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so as as Rays go through a a
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+of uh interfaces then that that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh interfaces then that that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh interfaces then that that will
+that will be an invariant it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an invariant it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an invariant it won't
+change so I think that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so I think that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so I think that was the
+justification for it yeah but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for it yeah but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for it yeah but but you
+you you you've hit something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you've hit something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you've hit something which is
+quite you know the fact that sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite you know the fact that sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite you know the fact that sin Theta
+isn't tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't tan
+Theta uh is basically why paraxial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh is basically why paraxial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta uh is basically why paraxial
+Optics eventually breaks down you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics eventually breaks down you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics eventually breaks down you know
+and um so a lot of the stuff that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so a lot of the stuff that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so a lot of the stuff that we've
+presented has been based on assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented has been based on assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented has been based on assuming
+that these angles are all small and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these angles are all small and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these angles are all small and a
+lot of these things just fail if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things just fail if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things just fail if you
+can't assume that that um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assume that that um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assume that that um these are
+angles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are
+small for example a b are another type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for example a b are another type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for example a b are another type
+of not shifting variant Behavior right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not shifting variant Behavior right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not shifting variant Behavior right
+if you get into uh with the exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get into uh with the exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get into uh with the exception of
+spherical but all the other variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical but all the other variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical but all the other variations
+are not shifting variant so so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not shifting variant so so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not shifting variant so so our
+approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations
+fail for example a stigmatism if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail for example a stigmatism if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail for example a stigmatism if you
+recall a stigmatism occurs if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a stigmatism occurs if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a stigmatism occurs if you have a
+plain wave entering a lens at I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave entering a lens at I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave entering a lens at I'm sorry
+I should have said comma comma occurs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have said comma comma occurs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have said comma comma occurs if
+you have a plane wave entering a lens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plane wave entering a lens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plane wave entering a lens at
+an angle so of course as you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle so of course as you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle so of course as you increase
+the angle the comma becomes worse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle the comma becomes worse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle the comma becomes worse so
+that is shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variant okay you want to stop or do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant okay you want to stop or do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant okay you want to stop or do you
+want to say something Qui we could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say something Qui we could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say something Qui we could talk
+about the Talbot effect we skipped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Talbot effect we skipped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Talbot effect we skipped in
+the previous lecture I show I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture I show I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture I show I can have
+to to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to find
+it I I I think that I think they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I I think that I think they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I I think that I think they'll be
+interested in that because I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that because I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that because I don't think
+my students have ever come AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say right I'll come and say I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right I'll come and say I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right I'll come and say I was just
+going to say that uh uh this talber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that uh uh this talber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that uh uh this talber
+effect he was actually a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect he was actually a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect he was actually a very long time
+go I I can't quite remember the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I I can't quite remember the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I I can't quite remember the history
+but uh it's it's it's a very old effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's it's it's a very old effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's it's it's a very old effect
+and I think tbot was also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think tbot was also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think tbot was also another
+professor of mechanics who ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of mechanics who ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of mechanics who ended up
+doing contribution in Optics if I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing contribution in Optics if I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing contribution in Optics if I'm not
+mistaken very similar to Max and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken very similar to Max and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken very similar to Max and and a
+bunch of other people no no no I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other people no no no I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other people no no no I went
+the other way around I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around I should be
+expected to make a contribution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to make a contribution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to make a contribution in
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing okay oh I'm not showing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing okay oh I'm not showing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing okay oh I'm not showing anything
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the TBO effect is is um it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the TBO effect is is um it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the TBO effect is is um it is a
+phenomeno that happens when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomeno that happens when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomeno that happens when you have a
+periodic uh pattern for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic uh pattern for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic uh pattern for example a
+grading and you illuminate it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading and you illuminate it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading and you illuminate it with a
+plain wave then what you do is You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave then what you do is You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave then what you do is You
+observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the
+intensity pattern forming after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity pattern forming after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity pattern forming after this
+after the field defract uh after it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the field defract uh after it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the field defract uh after it has
+gone through the transparency so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through the transparency so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through the transparency so I don't
+know how well the movie will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how well the movie will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how well the movie will show
+possibly because of sampling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly because of sampling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly because of sampling of the
+projector it might not show but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector it might not show but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector it might not show but if you
+look carefully you will see that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look carefully you will see that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look carefully you will see that as the
+field defract the original grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field defract the original grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field defract the original grating
+pattern becomes visible at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern becomes visible at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern becomes visible at certain
+distances then it disappears then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances then it disappears then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances then it disappears then it
+becomes visible again I will play it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes visible again I will play it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes visible again I will play it in
+the case of the diagonal gring and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the diagonal gring and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the diagonal gring and then
+play both of them again so as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play both of them again so as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play both of them again so as you can
+see the defract then the sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the defract then the sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the defract then the sinusoid
+reappears and so on in this case it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappears and so on in this case it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappears and so on in this case it is
+actually very clear where it will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very clear where it will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very clear where it will stop
+happening because as we said in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because as we said in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because as we said in the case
+of a grating the field after the grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a grating the field after the grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a grating the field after the grating
+splits up into defraction orders now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits up into defraction orders now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits up into defraction orders now
+this grating is finite so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grating is finite so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this grating is finite so as you can see
+the diffracted orders separate and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffracted orders separate and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffracted orders separate and by
+the time it reached here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it reached here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it reached here you can see
+that you have basically three rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have basically three rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have basically three rectangles
+that have split up out of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have split up out of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have split up out of the gradient
+so the Talbot effect will stop happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Talbot effect will stop happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Talbot effect will stop happening
+when the rectangles completely separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the rectangles completely separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the rectangles completely separate
+it hasn't quite stopped yet but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't quite stopped yet but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't quite stopped yet but it can
+only happen in the of overlap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happen in the of overlap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happen in the of overlap between
+gravings okay so the next let me play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravings okay so the next let me play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravings okay so the next let me play
+this once again so you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so again look out for the repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again look out for the repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again look out for the repetition
+of the periodicity of this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and again for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one I hope it is showing up also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I hope it is showing up also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I hope it is showing up also in
+Boston here we can see it very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston here we can see it very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston here we can see it very clearly
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+projector okay so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector okay so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector okay so so the
+yes okay so the next slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so the next slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so the next slide is
+cross-sections uh Jorge yes uh did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections uh Jorge yes uh did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections uh Jorge yes uh did you
+say that this effect occurs only where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this effect occurs only where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this effect occurs only where
+there is an overlap between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an overlap between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an overlap between the
+defraction orders of the yeah uhuh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction orders of the yeah uhuh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction orders of the yeah uhuh so if
+the grating is infinite then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grating is infinite then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grating is infinite then of course
+it occurs forever but if the grating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs forever but if the grating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs forever but if the grating is
+finite eventually the order will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite eventually the order will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite eventually the order will
+separate and and then it doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and and then it doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and and then it doesn't happen
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so so this is cross-sections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is cross-sections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is cross-sections of the
+intensity pattern at different distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity pattern at different distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity pattern at different distances
+which of course I chose strategically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course I chose strategically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course I chose strategically
+because I know the formula that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the formula that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the formula that this
+effect um follows of course you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um follows of course you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um follows of course you don't
+know the formula yet but anyway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the formula yet but anyway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the formula yet but anyway this is
+how this is what you see now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is what you see now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is what you see now what is
+really interesting and you Pro you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and you Pro you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and you Pro you may
+not have seen in the previous one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have seen in the previous one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have seen in the previous one that
+there's also a plane where you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a plane where you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a plane where you see a
+periodic pattern at twice the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic pattern at twice the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic pattern at twice the frequency
+so this is like the second harmonic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the second harmonic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the second harmonic of
+the original grading so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original grading so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original grading so the question is
+why does that happen well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that happen well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that happen well there's a
+there's a physical explanation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical explanation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical explanation which is
+probably the most um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most um
+interesting and that has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and that has to do with the
+following so this is this really goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so this is this really goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so this is this really goes to
+the heart of defraction why really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of defraction why really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of defraction why really
+defraction happens and why we see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction happens and why we see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction happens and why we see all
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+phenomena so imagine uh that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so imagine uh that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so imagine uh that you have a
+plane wave going into a sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave going into a sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave going into a sinusoidal
+amplitude grating and of course in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude grating and of course in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude grating and of course in this
+case we only get three defraction orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we only get three defraction orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we only get three defraction orders
+as we discussed the plus one the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed the plus one the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed the plus one the minus
+one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the
+DC and these defraction orders each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC and these defraction orders each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC and these defraction orders each one
+of them is really a plane wave so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is really a plane wave so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is really a plane wave so you
+have now you started with one coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now you started with one coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now you started with one coming in
+but after the grating you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after the grating you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after the grating you have three
+plane waves propagating out and imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves propagating out and imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves propagating out and imagine
+that you pick any point of the grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick any point of the grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick any point of the grating
+really it doesn't matter but let's pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it doesn't matter but let's pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it doesn't matter but let's pick
+this one and we draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and we draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and we draw a
+sphere uh of a radius Z we draw a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere uh of a radius Z we draw a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere uh of a radius Z we draw a sphere
+centered at this point now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this point now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this point now if you
+compare the three plane waves and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the three plane waves and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the three plane waves and you
+take the plane waves originate well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the plane waves originate well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the plane waves originate well you
+take Rays really centered at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Rays really centered at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Rays really centered at the center
+of the sphere and if you compare what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere and if you compare what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere and if you compare what
+happens to this plain Waves by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this plain Waves by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to this plain Waves by the time
+they reach the cell of the sphere then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reach the cell of the sphere then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reach the cell of the sphere then
+you realize that they all have the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that they all have the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that they all have the phase
+delay the same phase delay because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay the same phase delay because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay the same phase delay because they
+all propagated the same distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all propagated the same distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all propagated the same distance from
+the center to the edge of the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center to the edge of the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center to the edge of the sphere
+they all propagated by the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all propagated by the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all propagated by the same amount
+so they have the same phase delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have the same phase delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have the same phase delay
+however when we observe the field in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when we observe the field in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when we observe the field in all
+of these crosssections that I saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these crosssections that I saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these crosssections that I saw before
+in my movie and in the calculation I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my movie and in the calculation I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my movie and in the calculation I did
+not really observe the field on a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really observe the field on a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really observe the field on a sphere
+I observed it on a plane so if I Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observed it on a plane so if I Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observed it on a plane so if I Center
+this plane at a distance Z from the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane at a distance Z from the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane at a distance Z from the axis
+then the central order that propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the central order that propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the central order that propagates
+on axis it sustains a certain phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis it sustains a certain phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on axis it sustains a certain phase
+delay but you can see that the plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay but you can see that the plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay but you can see that the plus one
+and minus one order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one order
+they propagate a longer distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propagate a longer distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propagate a longer distance from
+the sphere to that greaten and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere to that greaten and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere to that greaten and you can
+calculate this distance it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this distance it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this distance it is the
+difference between Z itself and and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Z itself and and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Z itself and and an
+expression that that you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that that you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that that you get from
+Pythagoras's Theorem right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras's Theorem right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagoras's Theorem right so this
+expression is basically the hypotenuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is basically the hypotenuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is basically the hypotenuse
+of this triangle all the way out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this triangle all the way out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this triangle all the way out to the
+plane and if you do also the paral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and if you do also the paral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and if you do also the paral
+approximation then you find that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then you find that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then you find that is
+given by Quadra this is our familiar qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by Quadra this is our familiar qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by Quadra this is our familiar qu
+IC term that appears in the franel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC term that appears in the franel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC term that appears in the franel
+kernel and in all of these expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and in all of these expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and in all of these expressions
+of franel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of franel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of franel
+defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction
+so what so however now what what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what so however now what what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what so however now what what am I
+really observing well in this plane I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really observing well in this plane I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really observing well in this plane I
+observe the interference pattern you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the interference pattern you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the interference pattern you can
+think of it as a frenel defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a frenel defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a frenel defraction
+pattern from the gring or you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern from the gring or you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern from the gring or you can also
+think of it as the interference pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as the interference pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as the interference pattern
+between this three plane waves so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this three plane waves so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this three plane waves so it's
+like an interferometer right there's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interferometer right there's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an interferometer right there's I
+mean physic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physic
+as I think Professor Seer mentioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I think Professor Seer mentioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I think Professor Seer mentioned and
+I also mentioned at some point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also mentioned at some point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also mentioned at some point or
+another defraction is really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another defraction is really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another defraction is really no
+difference than interference it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference than interference it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference than interference it just
+that in the case of defraction you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of defraction you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of defraction you have
+many many many waves interfering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many waves interfering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many waves interfering
+produced by the hens wavelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the hens wavelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the hens wavelets
+originating at your original object but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating at your original object but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originating at your original object but
+in this case instead of thinking of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case instead of thinking of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case instead of thinking of all
+these high wavelets I'm better off just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high wavelets I'm better off just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high wavelets I'm better off just
+thinking about it as plain waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as plain waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it as plain waves
+interfering because the physics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering because the physics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering because the physics of the
+grating tell me that the def that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating tell me that the def that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating tell me that the def that the
+defract field is really composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defract field is really composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defract field is really composed of
+three plane waves okay so now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plane waves okay so now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plane waves okay so now there's a
+phase delay between this guy and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay between this guy and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay between this guy and this
+guy actually this guy and this guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy actually this guy and this guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy actually this guy and this guy the
+plus one and minus one are always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and minus one are always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and minus one are always in
+Phase but they can have a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase but they can have a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase but they can have a difference in
+Phase delay between the themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase delay between the themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase delay between the themselves and
+the zero order and of course if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order and of course if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order and of course if that
+phase delay happens to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay happens to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay happens to be 2
+pi then there's no phase delay and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi then there's no phase delay and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi then there's no phase delay and when
+did these things start as NO phase delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these things start as NO phase delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these things start as NO phase delay
+well at the grating right so if I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the grating right so if I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the grating right so if I let
+this thing propagate enough what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing propagate enough what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing propagate enough what is the
+parameter I can vary here is z if I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter I can vary here is z if I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter I can vary here is z if I let
+Z grow so that this phase delay becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z grow so that this phase delay becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z grow so that this phase delay becomes
+equal to 2 pi then I reproduce my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 pi then I reproduce my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 pi then I reproduce my
+original grating because because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original grating because because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original grating because because of
+course uh there was no phase delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh there was no phase delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh there was no phase delay
+here uh so when I the phase delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so when I the phase delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so when I the phase delay
+becomes to Pi then again I will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes to Pi then again I will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes to Pi then again I will see the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+pattern uh it it is not as obvious why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh it it is not as obvious why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern uh it it is not as obvious why
+you get a a a half a well um yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a a a half a well um yeah it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a a a half a well um yeah it is
+not obvious why you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious why you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious why you get a
+subharmonic why you get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subharmonic why you get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subharmonic why you get the second
+harmonic that I discussed before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic that I discussed before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic that I discussed before but
+it's a little bit fortunate that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit fortunate that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit fortunate that the
+lectures got uh shuffled in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures got uh shuffled in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures got uh shuffled in order
+because uh by now you remember from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh by now you remember from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh by now you remember from one
+of the examples that Professor Shephard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples that Professor Shephard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples that Professor Shephard
+so when you actually get rid of the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you actually get rid of the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you actually get rid of the DC
+component you can get a second harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can get a second harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you can get a second harmonic
+to to pop to pop out of all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pop to pop out of all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to pop to pop out of all of a sudden
+a very similar thing happens if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar thing happens if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar thing happens if you get
+a pie phase shift this piease shift can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pie phase shift this piease shift can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pie phase shift this piease shift can
+produce a very distinct sub harmonic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a very distinct sub harmonic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a very distinct sub harmonic so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um now the rest I will actually I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the rest I will actually I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the rest I will actually I will
+not go through but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go through but there's a
+mathematical well I can go through very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical well I can go through very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical well I can go through very
+quickly I guess there's a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I guess there's a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I guess there's a mathematical
+way to derive it and it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to derive it and it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to derive it and it is also
+described in Goodman and I also did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in Goodman and I also did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in Goodman and I also did it
+in the slid so if you start with a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slid so if you start with a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the slid so if you start with a uh
+gr with a field after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr with a field after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr with a field after the
+grating of course you can express it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating of course you can express it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating of course you can express it as
+the defraction orders we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction orders we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction orders we did this
+before uh you can fully transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh you can fully transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh you can fully transform the
+field after the grating we've did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field after the grating we've did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field after the grating we've did this
+before also in the context of the forf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before also in the context of the forf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before also in the context of the forf
+system but mathematically it is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but mathematically it is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but mathematically it is really
+the same each one of these exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same each one of these exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same each one of these exponentials
+in the field will produce a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field will produce a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field will produce a Delta
+function now the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now the question is what
+happens after uh the field propagates by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after uh the field propagates by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after uh the field propagates by
+a certain distance so in order to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance so in order to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance so in order to to do
+that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me
+show the frenel defraction again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the frenel defraction again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the frenel defraction again this
+we're familiar with we said many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with we said many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with we said many times
+that frenel defraction is expressed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frenel defraction is expressed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frenel defraction is expressed as a
+convolution that has to do with the hens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that has to do with the hens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that has to do with the hens
+wavelets propagating and producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets propagating and producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelets propagating and producing
+spherical waves that again interfere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical waves that again interfere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical waves that again interfere so
+the interference is expressed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference is expressed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference is expressed as a
+convolution integral but because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution integral but because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution integral but because of the
+properties of the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the F
+transform if I take F transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if I take F transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform if I take F transform of the
+output field then it will be expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output field then it will be expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output field then it will be expressed
+as a product of the F transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product of the F transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product of the F transform of the
+input field times the F transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input field times the F transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input field times the F transform of
+this uh frenel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh frenel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh frenel
+kernel and uh I I really am not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and uh I I really am not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and uh I I really am not going to
+prove this but uh you can look up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this but uh you can look up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this but uh you can look up in
+Goodman's book in the table of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodman's book in the table of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodman's book in the table of f
+integrals you can look up the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you can look up the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you can look up the F
+transform of an expression like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of an expression like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of an expression like this one
+and you find that it looks very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that it looks very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that it looks very similar
+it this is a quadratic phase delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is a quadratic phase delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is a quadratic phase delay
+it's for transform it also looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for transform it also looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for transform it also looks like a
+quadratic phase delay but it has two key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic phase delay but it has two key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic phase delay but it has two key
+differences one is that it has a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences one is that it has a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences one is that it has a minus
+sign so it is actually quadratic phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so it is actually quadratic phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so it is actually quadratic phase
+Advance if you wish and the second is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance if you wish and the second is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance if you wish and the second is of
+course the scaling theorem that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the scaling theorem that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the scaling theorem that will
+take up this factor of Lambda Z from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up this factor of Lambda Z from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up this factor of Lambda Z from the
+denominator and will'll pop it up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and will'll pop it up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and will'll pop it up in the
+numerator and of course the happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and of course the happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator and of course the happy
+outcome of this scaling operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of this scaling operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of this scaling operation is
+that also the the units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the the units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the the units are
+preserved this quantity has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved this quantity has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved this quantity has to be
+dimensionless so indeed it is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless so indeed it is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless so indeed it is distance
+Square in the numerator as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in the numerator as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in the numerator as well as the
+denominator in this case U is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator in this case U is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator in this case U is a special
+frequency so it is inverse distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it is inverse distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it is inverse distance
+Square by multiplying by this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square by multiplying by this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square by multiplying by this distance
+Square I get again a non-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square I get again a non-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square I get again a non-dimensional
+quantity so the scale theorum Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so the scale theorum Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so the scale theorum Works
+quite nicely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely and
+um and you can also think then of um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can also think then of um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you can also think then of um we
+talked about transfer functions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about transfer functions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about transfer functions in the
+context of the forf system but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the forf system but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the forf system but really
+you can also think of a transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think of a transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also think of a transfer
+function in the case of franel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the case of franel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the case of franel
+propagation because it is shif inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation because it is shif inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation because it is shif inv
+variant clearly if you have free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant clearly if you have free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant clearly if you have free space
+that is a truly shift inv variant system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a truly shift inv variant system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a truly shift inv variant system
+no matter where you start in free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you start in free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you start in free space
+you would expect the field to shift by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect the field to shift by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect the field to shift by
+the same amount that it would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount that it would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount that it would be really
+odd if anything else happened unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd if anything else happened unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd if anything else happened unless you
+believe in space and isotropy I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in space and isotropy I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in space and isotropy I guess
+only close to the Big Bang this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only close to the Big Bang this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only close to the Big Bang this you know
+this property was not observed but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property was not observed but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property was not observed but since
+billions of years have lapsed since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of years have lapsed since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of years have lapsed since the
+Big Bang space is a su Tropic so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang space is a su Tropic so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang space is a su Tropic so don't
+have to worry about it so so so the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about it so so so the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about it so so so the of
+course the for integral approaches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the for integral approaches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the for integral approaches and
+of course then this quantity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course then this quantity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course then this quantity that we
+derived is simply the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is simply the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived is simply the transfer function
+of of free space it is another quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of free space it is another quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of free space it is another quadratic
+uh phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase
+delay okay so we can actually apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay okay so we can actually apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay okay so we can actually apply this
+uh this formulation now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this formulation now to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this formulation now to the
+mathematics of the Talbot effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all I have to do is multiply the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have to do is multiply the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have to do is multiply the F
+transform of the grating itself all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the grating itself all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the grating itself all I
+have to do is multiply it with the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is multiply it with the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is multiply it with the F
+transform of the Fel propagation Kel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the Fel propagation Kel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the Fel propagation Kel
+that is another quadratic phase delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another quadratic phase delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another quadratic phase delay
+and this multiplication is very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this multiplication is very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this multiplication is very easy to
+do to do because I'm multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to do because I'm multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to do because I'm multiplying a
+function that I know with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I know with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that I know with a bunch of
+Delta functions so all that will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions so all that will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions so all that will remain
+really is the um uh the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the um uh the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the um uh the value of this
+quadratic phase delay computed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic phase delay computed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic phase delay computed at the
+spots where the Delta functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots where the Delta functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots where the Delta functions uh
+occurred and this is what I do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and this is what I do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and this is what I do in the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+slide uh this looks a little bit nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide uh this looks a little bit nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide uh this looks a little bit nasty
+but uh but but uh really that's all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but but uh really that's all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but but uh really that's all all
+you need to know it is it looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know it is it looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know it is it looks like an
+expression very similar to the grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression very similar to the grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression very similar to the grating
+uh this is the DC component this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the DC component this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the DC component this is the
+plus one refracted order this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one refracted order this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one refracted order this is the one
+refracted order but it picked up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted order but it picked up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted order but it picked up this
+additional quadratic phase delays which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional quadratic phase delays which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional quadratic phase delays which
+is really it came out of the math now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really it came out of the math now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really it came out of the math now I
+used for transforms and convolutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for transforms and convolutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for transforms and convolutions and
+everything else but if you go back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but if you go back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but if you go back to my
+uh to my uh excuse me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to my uh excuse me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to my uh excuse me to
+my picture here with the sphere and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my picture here with the sphere and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my picture here with the sphere and the
+phase delays you can really see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delays you can really see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delays you can really see that
+this is really the same expression it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the same expression it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really the same expression it
+came out of the math in one case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the math in one case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the math in one case it
+really came out of a physical picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came out of a physical picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came out of a physical picture of
+phase delay of planes where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay of planes where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay of planes where they
+propagate but it's all consistent it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate but it's all consistent it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate but it's all consistent it is
+really all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the
+same the same answer and after a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the same answer and after a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the same answer and after a little
+bit of more pain which involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of more pain which involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of more pain which involves
+um which involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which involves
+really uh taking one more F transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh taking one more F transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh taking one more F transform
+and then uh comp and then combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh comp and then combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh comp and then combining
+these things to form a a sinos oid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to form a a sinos oid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to form a a sinos oid uh
+you get this expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this expression for the
+field and now you can see what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and now you can see what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and now you can see what I was
+saying before if you if you um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before if you if you um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before if you if you um this
+looks like a nasty phase delay that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a nasty phase delay that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a nasty phase delay that got
+appended to the diffracted field this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appended to the diffracted field this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appended to the diffracted field this is
+really the diffracted field now so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the diffracted field now so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the diffracted field now so this
+is the frenel defraction pattern for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the frenel defraction pattern for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the frenel defraction pattern for a
+grain but if this quantity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain but if this quantity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain but if this quantity in the
+exponent happens to be uh uh 2 pi then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent happens to be uh uh 2 pi then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent happens to be uh uh 2 pi then
+it is not there anymore so you recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not there anymore so you recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not there anymore so you recover
+your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original
+gring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gring and
+um okay the intensity and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay the intensity and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay the intensity and you can also
+see from this you can also get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this you can also get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this you can also get the
+condition for the second harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the second harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the second harmonic
+generation basically if you kill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation basically if you kill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation basically if you kill this
+term which means that this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which means that this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which means that this quantity
+becomes Pi / 2 then this disappears so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Pi / 2 then this disappears so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Pi / 2 then this disappears so
+all your left is the cosine Square which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your left is the cosine Square which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your left is the cosine Square which
+is of course a second harmonic so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course a second harmonic so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course a second harmonic so this
+is so these are really delineated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so these are really delineated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so these are really delineated the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+slide if the propagation distance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if the propagation distance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide if the propagation distance if
+this quantity this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity this is also
+non-dimensional it is distance Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensional it is distance Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensional it is distance Square
+over distance Square if you propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over distance Square if you propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over distance Square if you propagate
+far enough so that this equals an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough so that this equals an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough so that this equals an even
+integer then you get a replica of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then you get a replica of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer then you get a replica of the
+original greattin this is basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original greattin this is basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original greattin this is basically this
+quantity becomes a phase delay of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity becomes a phase delay of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity becomes a phase delay of 2 pi
+if you get it to become equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get it to become equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get it to become equal to
+an oh yeah and you call it this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oh yeah and you call it this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oh yeah and you call it this distance
+a talbo plane if you get it to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talbo plane if you get it to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talbo plane if you get it to propagate
+so that it is an odd integer then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it is an odd integer then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it is an odd integer then it is
+pi that shifts this term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that shifts this term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi that shifts this term by
+Pi basically you flip the sign now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi basically you flip the sign now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi basically you flip the sign now the
+grating has shifted if you really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating has shifted if you really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating has shifted if you really work
+it out you still get the same sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out you still get the same sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out you still get the same sinusoid
+but shifted by half a period and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shifted by half a period and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shifted by half a period and finally
+if you completely eliminate the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you completely eliminate the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you completely eliminate the linear
+term by choosing the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by choosing the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by choosing the distance to
+be pi/ 2 or 3 pi/ 2 or 5 pi over 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pi/ 2 or 3 pi/ 2 or 5 pi over 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pi/ 2 or 3 pi/ 2 or 5 pi over 2 and
+so on so forth then you can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth then you can actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth then you can actually get
+some I forgot to put to close my bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I forgot to put to close my bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I forgot to put to close my bracket
+here but anyway uh then you get a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but anyway uh then you get a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but anyway uh then you get a period
+doubl and you get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubl and you get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubl and you get the second
+harmonic okay and this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic okay and this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic okay and this is the this is
+the schematic these are basically now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schematic these are basically now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schematic these are basically now
+repeating periodically every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating periodically every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating periodically every time you
+add uh this propagation distance I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh this propagation distance I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh this propagation distance I'm
+sorry Jesus these are flipped here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Jesus these are flipped here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Jesus these are flipped here this
+would have been lamb 2 Lambda Z over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been lamb 2 Lambda Z over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been lamb 2 Lambda Z over
+Lambda Square 2 Lambda Z over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Square 2 Lambda Z over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Square 2 Lambda Z over Lambda
+Square so basically every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so basically every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so basically every time you
+propagate by this quantity you go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate by this quantity you go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate by this quantity you go from a
+talo subplane where you have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talo subplane where you have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talo subplane where you have a second
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+to a half period shift to another second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half period shift to another second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a half period shift to another second
+harmonic to another to a replica and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic to another to a replica and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic to another to a replica and
+then it repeats so these are the Talbot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it repeats so these are the Talbot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it repeats so these are the Talbot
+the talbo planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talbo planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talbo planes
+now we're out of time so I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're out of time so I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're out of time so I will say
+something that is interesting for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is interesting for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is interesting for those
+of you who have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who have time to
+stay this is Professor sep mention is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay this is Professor sep mention is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay this is Professor sep mention is a
+very very has been noticed since a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very has been noticed since a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very has been noticed since a very
+long time ago but more recently it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago but more recently it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time ago but more recently it
+became actually a kind of a hot topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became actually a kind of a hot topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became actually a kind of a hot topic of
+research because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research because people
+noticed that um it happens not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that um it happens not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that um it happens not only in
+sinusoidal gratings but it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal gratings but it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal gratings but it can also
+happen in every periodic pattern if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in every periodic pattern if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in every periodic pattern if for
+example if you have a square grating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have a square grating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you have a square grating it
+would also have its own talbo planes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also have its own talbo planes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also have its own talbo planes and
+then not only that but people notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not only that but people notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not only that but people notice
+that it can happen in some strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can happen in some strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can happen in some strange
+patterns that are called quas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are called quas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that are called quas
+crystals so I don't know how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals so I don't know how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals so I don't know how many of you
+have taken solid state physics but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken solid state physics but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken solid state physics but in
+solid state physics they teach you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state physics they teach you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state physics they teach you that
+um there's certain patterns in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's certain patterns in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's certain patterns in nature
+that uh that um uh how do I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that um uh how do I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that um uh how do I want to say
+this the certain symmetries in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the certain symmetries in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the certain symmetries in nature
+and for example a very simple symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example a very simple symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example a very simple symmetry
+is rectangular symmetry if you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rectangular symmetry if you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rectangular symmetry if you take this
+as a unit cell and then you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit cell and then you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit cell and then you repeat
+it you can keep filling out a space like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can keep filling out a space like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can keep filling out a space like
+this periodically another example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodically another example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this periodically another example is a
+hexagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon
+let's see if I know how to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I know how to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if I know how to do a
+hexagon okay end up doing an octagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon okay end up doing an octagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagon okay end up doing an octagon
+sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a
+pentagon I need one more and okay I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagon I need one more and okay I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagon I need one more and okay I got
+my hexagon okay that's nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hexagon okay that's nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hexagon okay that's nice because
+that's this indeed does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this indeed does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this indeed does
+repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat
+okay never mind anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay okay that will repeat okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay that will repeat okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay that will repeat okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay okay so fortunately I I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so fortunately I I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so fortunately I I did the
+Pentagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also so the question is what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the question is what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so the question is what will happen
+if you start sticking pentagons next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start sticking pentagons next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start sticking pentagons next to
+each other now this will be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other now this will be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other now this will be really
+impossible for me to do but uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for me to do but uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for me to do but uh you can
+imagine if you try to stick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you try to stick another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you try to stick another
+Pentagon identical Pentagon next to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon identical Pentagon next to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pentagon identical Pentagon next to here
+then you will get something like this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get something like this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get something like this I
+guess and then you can keep doing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and then you can keep doing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and then you can keep doing it but
+you noticed when I did it then I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you noticed when I did it then I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you noticed when I did it then I got to
+stick a pentagon but it is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a pentagon but it is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a pentagon but it is slightly
+rotated it's really difficult for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated it's really difficult for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated it's really difficult for me to
+to draw but if you Google quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystals I don't know if it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals I don't know if it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals I don't know if it's the first
+website that comes up there's a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that comes up there's a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that comes up there's a website
+at Caltech in the physics department at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Caltech in the physics department at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Caltech in the physics department at
+calch you will see some very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calch you will see some very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calch you will see some very nice
+pictures of what happens if you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of what happens if you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of what happens if you stick
+pentagons next to each other that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagons next to each other that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagons next to each other that's
+called a quasi Crystal okay now why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a quasi Crystal okay now why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a quasi Crystal okay now why are
+people interested in this physics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interested in this physics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people interested in this physics are
+interested because uh in solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested because uh in solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested because uh in solid state
+they teach you that if you have atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they teach you that if you have atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they teach you that if you have atoms
+arranged in one of the patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in one of the patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in one of the patterns that
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+symmetries then if you pass x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries then if you pass x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries then if you pass x-rays
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+this symmetric latice you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetric latice you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetric latice you get a
+defraction pattern very similar to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern very similar to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern very similar to a
+grating that we saw here here except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating that we saw here here except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grating that we saw here here except
+that will be in 3D because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in 3D because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in 3D because the
+symmetries are very simple in 2D I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries are very simple in 2D I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries are very simple in 2D I think
+in 2D you only get two right you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D you only get two right you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2D you only get two right you get the
+rectangular and the hexagonal symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and the hexagonal symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular and the hexagonal symmetry
+in 3D you get many more symmetries I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D you get many more symmetries I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D you get many more symmetries I
+forget how many do you get I think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget how many do you get I think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget how many do you get I think it is
+seven groups or 12 or anyway I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven groups or 12 or anyway I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven groups or 12 or anyway I should
+refresh my solid state physics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh my solid state physics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh my solid state physics but
+anyway and each one of these gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and each one of these gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and each one of these gives a
+gives rise to each symmetry gives rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to each symmetry gives rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to each symmetry gives rise
+to a distinct defraction pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a distinct defraction pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a distinct defraction pattern and
+then crystallograph is basically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then crystallograph is basically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then crystallograph is basically by
+passing xrays to a crystal and observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing xrays to a crystal and observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing xrays to a crystal and observing
+the defraction pattern they can guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction pattern they can guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction pattern they can guess
+what was the original symmetry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the original symmetry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the original symmetry that
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+it we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we also know that
+nonsymmetric patterns can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsymmetric patterns can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsymmetric patterns can produce
+defraction and that is what one Creek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and that is what one Creek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction and that is what one Creek
+can watch on the Nobel Prize because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch on the Nobel Prize because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch on the Nobel Prize because
+they figured out that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out that if you have a
+helix which not quite symmetric it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix which not quite symmetric it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix which not quite symmetric it can
+still produce a defraction pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still produce a defraction pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still produce a defraction pattern and
+cek was a very clever mathematician he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cek was a very clever mathematician he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cek was a very clever mathematician he
+solved it and he won the Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it and he won the Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved it and he won the Nobel Prize for
+it anyway recently people observed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway recently people observed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway recently people observed that
+quasi crystals like this one if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi crystals like this one if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi crystals like this one if you take
+pentagon and you stick them next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagon and you stick them next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagon and you stick them next to each
+other they also produce a defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they also produce a defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they also produce a defraction
+pattern which looks actually like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which looks actually like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which looks actually like a
+bunch of um uh bright dots in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of um uh bright dots in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of um uh bright dots in a
+pentagonal kind of symmetry looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagonal kind of symmetry looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagonal kind of symmetry looks very
+funy if you go to this calch website you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funy if you go to this calch website you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funy if you go to this calch website you
+will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see
+it and then people also noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then people also noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then people also noticed that
+this kind of thing also produces Talbot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing also produces Talbot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing also produces Talbot
+patterns if you defract field a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns if you defract field a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns if you defract field a field
+from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a
+pentagonal quasa Crystal it will produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagonal quasa Crystal it will produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentagonal quasa Crystal it will produce
+talbo patterns as you go behind it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talbo patterns as you go behind it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talbo patterns as you go behind it and
+uh that caused quite a bit of St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that caused quite a bit of St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that caused quite a bit of St
+actually there is there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there is there's a lot of
+papers analyzing this and looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers analyzing this and looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers analyzing this and looking into
+interesting so anyway so so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so anyway so so I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so anyway so so I don't know
+if this any has any use it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this any has any use it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this any has any use it's kind of
+interesting physics but uh but uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting physics but uh but uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting physics but uh but uh yeah
+people spend some time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually talot effect Found Used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talot effect Found Used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talot effect Found Used
+recently in a very surprising way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in a very surprising way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in a very surprising way in
+lithography uh it is a very easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithography uh it is a very easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithography uh it is a very easy way to
+reproduce a pattern lessly as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce a pattern lessly as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce a pattern lessly as long as
+the pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is
+periodic and so for a planer lithography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and so for a planer lithography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic and so for a planer lithography
+is not very interesting but nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very interesting but nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very interesting but nowadays
+many people want to make photonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people want to make photonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people want to make photonic
+crystals which are periodic so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals which are periodic so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals which are periodic so in a
+photonic Crystal you want to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic Crystal you want to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic Crystal you want to start with
+the volume so this is a cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume so this is a cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume so this is a cross-section
+and you want to write patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to write patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to write patterns that
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+this so for example what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for example what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for example what you do is you
+take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a
+polymer okay I take it back you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer okay I take it back you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer okay I take it back you take a
+monomer and you expose if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer and you expose if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer and you expose if you could
+expose some of these regions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose some of these regions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose some of these regions and then
+you uh you develop it then you would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you develop it then you would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you develop it then you would end
+up with a structure that has low index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a structure that has low index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a structure that has low index
+in the unexposed regions and high index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unexposed regions and high index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unexposed regions and high index
+in the exposed regions that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exposed regions that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exposed regions that is a
+photonic Crystal so the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic Crystal so the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic Crystal so the question is how
+can you do this well one way is with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do this well one way is with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do this well one way is with the
+Talbot effect because the Talbot effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talbot effect because the Talbot effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talbot effect because the Talbot effect
+will actually Focus the light very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually Focus the light very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually Focus the light very
+sharply in the talbo planes and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharply in the talbo planes and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharply in the talbo planes and then you
+get your exposure but everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your exposure but everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your exposure but everywhere else
+the light is kind of diffused so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is kind of diffused so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is kind of diffused so it does
+not expose very much so if you play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expose very much so if you play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expose very much so if you play with
+the threshold of the photo resist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold of the photo resist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold of the photo resist you
+can actually get a pattern to work like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a pattern to work like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a pattern to work like
+this so there's a colleague of mine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's a colleague of mine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's a colleague of mine at
+MIT Ned Thomas I know if any of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Ned Thomas I know if any of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Ned Thomas I know if any of n
+students are in the class but he came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are in the class but he came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are in the class but he came up
+with a very clever system that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very clever system that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very clever system that he can
+expose uh and create photonic crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose uh and create photonic crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose uh and create photonic crystals
+this way and then interestingly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and then interestingly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and then interestingly a
+student of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student of mine
+discovered that if you vary the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that if you vary the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that if you vary the duty
+cycle of this thing I I may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of this thing I I may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of this thing I I may be
+disclosing everybody here is MIT right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing everybody here is MIT right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing everybody here is MIT right
+and those of you who are n us are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who are n us are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who are n us are sort
+of okay Bound by a vow of secrecy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay Bound by a vow of secrecy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay Bound by a vow of secrecy or
+whatever but anyway I maybe discl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but anyway I maybe discl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but anyway I maybe discl
+something that we have a patent pending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we have a patent pending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we have a patent pending
+for but anyway so it is also well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but anyway so it is also well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but anyway so it is also well known
+people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have
+analyzed patterns with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed patterns with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed patterns with
+a h duty cycle that is different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a h duty cycle that is different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a h duty cycle that is different than
+Point half so for example if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point half so for example if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point half so for example if you have a
+gr that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this also produces a Talbot effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this also produces a Talbot effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this also produces a Talbot effect
+so it will also produce replicas of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will also produce replicas of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will also produce replicas of that
+pattern so but my student discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so but my student discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so but my student discovered
+that if you valy the duty cycle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you valy the duty cycle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you valy the duty cycle that's
+really interesting and we don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and we don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting and we don't fully
+understand why but it is true I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why but it is true I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why but it is true I mean it
+is physically correct we don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physically correct we don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is physically correct we don't know uh
+how to explain it very intuitively but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to explain it very intuitively but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to explain it very intuitively but
+mathematically you find that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you find that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you find that you have a
+pattern with a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern with a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern with a fixed
+period but a variable duty cycle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but a variable duty cycle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but a variable duty cycle for
+example like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it also produces a talbo effect not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it also produces a talbo effect not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it also produces a talbo effect not
+forever but over a finite region maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever but over a finite region maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever but over a finite region maybe
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+about uh I don't know it depends but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh I don't know it depends but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh I don't know it depends but
+maybe about 10 or so talbo planes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about 10 or so talbo planes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about 10 or so talbo planes it
+reproduces itself so it is also possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces itself so it is also possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces itself so it is also possible
+to make non-periodic patterns which as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make non-periodic patterns which as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make non-periodic patterns which as
+col knows we're very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col knows we're very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col knows we're very interested in
+making non-periodic kind of the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making non-periodic kind of the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making non-periodic kind of the not
+photonic crystals anymore but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic crystals anymore but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic crystals anymore but they're
+non periodic strong index modulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non periodic strong index modulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non periodic strong index modulations
+that is possibly one way to to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is possibly one way to to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is possibly one way to to do it so
+George it seems like it seems like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George it seems like it seems like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George it seems like it seems like that
+was still a periodic pattern though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still a periodic pattern though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still a periodic pattern though
+oh no because the duty cycle varies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no because the duty cycle varies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no because the duty cycle varies to
+call it periodic it must have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it periodic it must have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it periodic it must have the same
+duty cycle in every period so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty cycle in every period so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty cycle in every period so even
+though it repeats every period with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it repeats every period with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it repeats every period with a
+different duty cycle that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periodic would you call this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic would you call this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic would you call this F
+perod I understand what you mean about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perod I understand what you mean about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perod I understand what you mean about
+the duty cycle changing but it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty cycle changing but it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty cycle changing but it's got a
+definite period to it where features are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite period to it where features are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite period to it where features are
+yeah yeah but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periodic okay there but okay what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic okay there but okay what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic okay there but okay what you're
+saying is a possible explanation for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a possible explanation for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a possible explanation for why
+it has a talbo effect it has a talbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a talbo effect it has a talbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a talbo effect it has a talbo
+effect because it has this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because it has this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because it has this fundamental
+period underline the variable duty cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period underline the variable duty cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period underline the variable duty cycle
+red I look at the duty cycle as changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I look at the duty cycle as changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red I look at the duty cycle as changing
+the orders that are coming out for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orders that are coming out for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orders that are coming out for that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region well in a slowly varant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region well in a slowly varant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region well in a slowly varant
+approximation perhaps yeah I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation perhaps yeah I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation perhaps yeah I mean this
+thing I have not looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have not looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I have not looked at the
+defraction pattern of this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern of this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction pattern of this thing in
+detail but yes it would produce defract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but yes it would produce defract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but yes it would produce defract
+orders but it is not clear how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders but it is not clear how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders but it is not clear how you would
+compute their strength from a F series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute their strength from a F series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute their strength from a F series
+at least I I don't know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I I don't know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I I don't know how to do it
+they may be away with some diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be away with some diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be away with some diabetic
+approximation uh because it is true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh because it is true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh because it is true that
+in our simulation the duty cycle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our simulation the duty cycle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our simulation the duty cycle was
+very slowly varying and I believe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly varying and I believe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly varying and I believe it is
+also true in fact I think will my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true in fact I think will my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true in fact I think will my
+student who did this he also did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who did this he also did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who did this he also did the
+simulation with a fast variant cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation with a fast variant cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation with a fast variant cycle and
+he found out that the talut effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found out that the talut effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found out that the talut effect
+actually does not happen if the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does not happen if the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does not happen if the duty
+cycle varies fast so so yeah there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle varies fast so so yeah there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle varies fast so so yeah there is
+certainly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an
+diabatic uh approximation happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabatic uh approximation happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabatic uh approximation happening here
+but yeah I guess we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I guess we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I guess we haven't
+really worked out all the details but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked out all the details but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worked out all the details but it
+is sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still anyway
+yeah it's one of the things that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's one of the things that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's one of the things that uh the
+reason I'm breaking it up is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm breaking it up is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm breaking it up is because
+because yeah the T effect doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah the T effect doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah the T effect doesn't look
+like something particularly useful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something particularly useful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something particularly useful it
+looks more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more like a
+curiosity but yeah I guess sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity but yeah I guess sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity but yeah I guess sometimes
+even Curiosities can find applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Curiosities can find applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Curiosities can find applications
+right so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ob1fFHAXlJQ.txt b/Ob1fFHAXlJQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c62c8b9fca452081f58dfc7c86094189d0765f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ob1fFHAXlJQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay actually so before I I continue a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually so before I I continue a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually so before I I continue a
+few admin uh one administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few admin uh one administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few admin uh one administrative
+announcement uh how okay there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement uh how okay there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement uh how okay there's a
+signup sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signup sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signup sheet
+describe you guys saw this very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe you guys saw this very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe you guys saw this very fast
+inscribed uh like uh it's all taken so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inscribed uh like uh it's all taken so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inscribed uh like uh it's all taken so
+that's great if anyone how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great if anyone how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great if anyone how many people
+here are taking this class for credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are taking this class for credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are taking this class for credit
+and did and did not sign up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scribe okay so come talk to me we'll um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribe okay so come talk to me we'll um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribe okay so come talk to me we'll um
+okay I want to mainly gauge the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to mainly gauge the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to mainly gauge the numbers
+uh but uh that's fine H so let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh that's fine H so let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh that's fine H so let me tell
+you two options either you can scribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two options either you can scribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two options either you can scribe
+with someone that's okay with me but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone that's okay with me but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone that's okay with me but but
+it's okay if you don't scribe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if you don't scribe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if you don't scribe there's
+other things small things in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things small things in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things small things in the in in
+in the scribing regime that can that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scribing regime that can that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scribing regime that can that I I
+can happily hand out so just come talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happily hand out so just come talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happily hand out so just come talk
+to me if you didn't scribe okay uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me if you didn't scribe okay uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me if you didn't scribe okay uh and
+thank you so much for scribing for kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for scribing for kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for scribing for kind
+of uh picking up the spot so so quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh picking up the spot so so quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh picking up the spot so so quickly
+okay so uh before I explain the two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh before I explain the two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh before I explain the two to
+one the the problem with the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the the problem with the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the the problem with the you know
+from one claim to two claims I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one claim to two claims I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one claim to two claims I want to
+recap a a little bit because I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap a a little bit because I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap a a little bit because I had some
+questions in the break and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the break and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the break and I want to
+make sure uh to try to clarify okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure uh to try to clarify okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure uh to try to clarify okay so
+what are we doing here the verify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing here the verify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing here the verify the
+prover is arguing that in layer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is arguing that in layer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is arguing that in layer I
+starting with layer zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with layer zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with layer zero
+the value at a certain point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at a certain point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at a certain point in the
+layer the eventually it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the eventually it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the eventually it's in the
+extension the beginning it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension the beginning it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension the beginning it's not the
+extension the value is some Vi Star now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension the value is some Vi Star now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension the value is some Vi Star now
+we know that so he's actually claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that so he's actually claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that so he's actually claiming
+that Vi Star is the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vi Star is the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vi Star is the value of the
+extension but by this calculation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension but by this calculation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension but by this calculation we
+know that in the some in in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the some in in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in the some in in other words
+he's claiming that Vi Star is this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's claiming that Vi Star is this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's claiming that Vi Star is this sum
+of this gigantic thing so he's claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this gigantic thing so he's claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this gigantic thing so he's claiming
+V Star is sum over p in h to them some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Star is sum over p in h to them some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Star is sum over p in h to them some
+over W1 W2 in h to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over W1 W2 in h to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over W1 W2 in h to them
+of okay so the claim is that Vi Star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so the claim is that Vi Star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so the claim is that Vi Star is
+equal to sum of multivariate low deegree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum of multivariate low deegree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum of multivariate low deegree
+polinomial what we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what we're going to do we're
+going to do this exact blackbox some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this exact blackbox some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this exact blackbox some
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+protocol where beta the value we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol where beta the value we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol where beta the value we're
+claiming we're claiming is Vi Star so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming we're claiming is Vi Star so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming we're claiming is Vi Star so
+the Prov is claiming that the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prov is claiming that the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Prov is claiming that the sum of
+this entire thing is going to be F okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire thing is going to be F okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire thing is going to be F okay
+this function is f and he's claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is f and he's claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is f and he's claiming
+that the sum so if you call this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum so if you call this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum so if you call this entire
+function this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F the Prov is claiming that Vi Star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the Prov is claiming that Vi Star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the Prov is claiming that Vi Star is
+equal to sum on P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum on P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum on P
+W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1
+W2 of f p W1 W2 in h to them each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 of f p W1 W2 in h to them each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 of f p W1 W2 in h to them each each
+one in h to them so the Prov is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in h to them so the Prov is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in h to them so the Prov is is
+claiming that VI started this sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that VI started this sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that VI started this sum and
+this F is some kind of low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F is some kind of low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F is some kind of low degree
+polinomial so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so what we're going to do
+we're just going to do blackbox this Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to do blackbox this Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to do blackbox this Su
+check you don't you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you don't you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check you don't you don't need to
+remember what the sum check protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the sum check protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the sum check protocol is
+okay but if you remember you just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you remember you just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you remember you just the
+pro constantly checks sends kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro constantly checks sends kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro constantly checks sends kind of
+Univar lowre polinomial being checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Univar lowre polinomial being checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Univar lowre polinomial being checked
+blah but if you don't want to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah but if you don't want to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah but if you don't want to remember
+what it is don't remember the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is don't remember the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is don't remember the only
+important thing to remember is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to remember is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to remember is that the
+end and during the subject protocol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and during the subject protocol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and during the subject protocol the
+verifier just sends r this he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier just sends r this he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier just sends r this he doesn't
+need to know anything he sends a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know anything he sends a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know anything he sends a random
+uh field element gets back a univ pomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh field element gets back a univ pomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh field element gets back a univ pomal
+does some check sends a random field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does some check sends a random field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does some check sends a random field
+element He never actually needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element He never actually needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element He never actually needs to know
+what this flda is the only point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this flda is the only point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this flda is the only point where
+he actually needs to verify compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually needs to verify compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he actually needs to verify compare
+something with filda is where he needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with filda is where he needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with filda is where he needs
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that
+F Tilda of z0 Z1 Z2 is equal to some T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Tilda of z0 Z1 Z2 is equal to some T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Tilda of z0 Z1 Z2 is equal to some T I
+don't know to some element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know to some element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know to some element
+that came out from the subject protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out from the subject protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out from the subject protocol
+some field element T that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some field element T that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some field element T that came
+out but the thing is so how does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but the thing is so how does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but the thing is so how does he
+check it in the Su check we said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it in the Su check we said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it in the Su check we said let's
+assume he has Oracle access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume he has Oracle access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume he has Oracle access to
+it but now he doesn't have Oracle access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but now he doesn't have Oracle access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but now he doesn't have Oracle access
+this gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gigantic
+mess so what do we do so first thing let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess so what do we do so first thing let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess so what do we do so first thing let
+me help say okay he does have oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me help say okay he does have oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me help say okay he does have oral
+access to add Tilda and M Tilda let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to add Tilda and M Tilda let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to add Tilda and M Tilda let's
+assume that but even then he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that but even then he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that but even then he doesn't
+know what this VI he doesn't know the he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this VI he doesn't know the he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this VI he doesn't know the he
+can't compute the Lo extension of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compute the Lo extension of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compute the Lo extension of one
+layer below so he doesn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below so he doesn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer below so he doesn't know the
+extension on Z1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension on Z1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension on Z1 and
+Z2 so these are really the only things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 so these are really the only things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 so these are really the only things
+he doesn't know if beyond the adld mlda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't know if beyond the adld mlda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't know if beyond the adld mlda
+which way who he knows if he knew them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way who he knows if he knew them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way who he knows if he knew them
+then he can check and he can catch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can check and he can catch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can check and he can catch you
+the prover but he doesn't know them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover but he doesn't know them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover but he doesn't know them so
+now we say Okay so we're not done we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we say Okay so we're not done we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we say Okay so we're not done we
+don't just do some protocol I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just do some protocol I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just do some protocol I mean I
+said you car is only some Che but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you car is only some Che but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you car is only some Che but it's
+many some checks not just one so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many some checks not just one so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many some checks not just one so we're
+not done so now we say you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done so now we say you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done so now we say you know what the
+ver the prover will give the ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver the prover will give the ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver the prover will give the ver
+fire the values these two values he say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire the values these two values he say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire the values these two values he say
+you know what you can't compute them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you can't compute them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you can't compute them
+unknown I'll tell you what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown I'll tell you what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown I'll tell you what they
+are now of course he's going to cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now of course he's going to cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now of course he's going to cheat
+because he if he tells honestly he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he if he tells honestly he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he if he tells honestly he's
+going to get caught because our by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get caught because our by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get caught because our by the
+subject protoc with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protoc with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protoc with very high
+probability this T is actually not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this T is actually not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability this T is actually not the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+value so because of the soundness he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so because of the soundness he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so because of the soundness he's
+going to catch him this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to catch him this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to catch him this is not the
+correct value so now when the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value so now when the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value so now when the verifier
+so now the verifier tells the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the verifier tells the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the verifier tells the approver
+give me these two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me these two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me these two values
+if he gives the correct value then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he gives the correct value then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he gives the correct value then the
+verifier will compute the correct F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier will compute the correct F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier will compute the correct F and
+he'll notice the cheat and he'll reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll notice the cheat and he'll reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll notice the cheat and he'll reject
+him so now what we know is if the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so now what we know is if the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him so now what we know is if the prover
+wants to win he must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to win he must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to win he must
+give false answers one of these answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give false answers one of these answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give false answers one of these answers
+or both must be false otherwise he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both must be false otherwise he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both must be false otherwise he's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+caught okay and therefore we reduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught okay and therefore we reduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught okay and therefore we reduced a
+claim from layer I the two claims and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim from layer I the two claims and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim from layer I the two claims and
+layer I plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there is there any question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there any question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there any question about
+this do is does anybody want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do is does anybody want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do is does anybody want me to
+repeat what I just said maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat what I just said maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat what I just said maybe in
+different words or is this clear okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words or is this clear okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words or is this clear okay so
+now what what uh a what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay
+so so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let me
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+a okay so what do we do so the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so what do we do so the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so what do we do so the a
+is so in the actually the GK paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so in the actually the GK paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so in the actually the GK paper
+itself well what we did is uh we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well what we did is uh we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself well what we did is uh we did
+kind of another protocol for go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another protocol for go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another protocol for go to two
+claims to one claim but actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims to one claim but actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims to one claim but actually there's
+a much much simpler idea which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much much simpler idea which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much much simpler idea which is
+actually Rachel's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Rachel's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Rachel's idea
+a where you don't need to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where you don't need to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where you don't need to do anything
+actually so here's the idea don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so here's the idea don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so here's the idea don't do
+anything actually it's not a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know it's funny but it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's funny but it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's funny but it's actually not
+a problem why is it not a problem so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem why is it not a problem so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem why is it not a problem so we
+reduced from one claim to two claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from one claim to two claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from one claim to two claims
+fine continue with two claims now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine continue with two claims now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine continue with two claims now I'm
+saying what do you mean continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what do you mean continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what do you mean continue with
+two claims you're gonna get four claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two claims you're gonna get four claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two claims you're gonna get four claims
+and eight claims that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight claims that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eight claims that's
+terrible so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible so the
+yeah what oh it's Lisa's idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what oh it's Lisa's idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what oh it's Lisa's idea okay
+Lisa's idea okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa's idea okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa's idea okay
+um a so you go right it was Lisa's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a so you go right it was Lisa's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a so you go right it was Lisa's idea
+I forgot a so you go from from so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot a so you go from from so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot a so you go from from so you
+you just continue with two and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just continue with two and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just continue with two and now
+you're saying if you can do with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying if you can do with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying if you can do with two
+you're GNA get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're GNA get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're GNA get to
+four so the point is you're not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so the point is you're not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so the point is you're not you're
+going to stay with two and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay with two and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stay with two and you're going
+to stay with two and stay with two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay with two and stay with two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay with two and stay with two and
+stay with two why so here's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with two why so here's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with two why so here's the idea
+okay we reduced it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we reduced it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we reduced it to
+two claims about layer i+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two claims about layer i+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two claims about layer i+ one
+so now when we go down we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when we go down we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when we go down we're going to do
+two sum checks we're going to do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sum checks we're going to do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sum checks we're going to do again
+the exact same sum check but twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same sum check but twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same sum check but twice
+because now we have two claims so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have two claims so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we have two claims so now
+we're in okay so let's see Let Me Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in okay so let's see Let Me Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in okay so let's see Let Me Maybe
+write it so it'll be a little clearer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it so it'll be a little clearer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it so it'll be a little clearer so
+let me actually write a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually write a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me actually write a little bit the
+the notation so now let's for let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation so now let's for let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation so now let's for let's call
+this I have this function uh let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have this function uh let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I have this function uh let's call
+Fi the sum fi is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi the sum fi is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi the sum fi is a function of
+p uh yeah P W1 W2 and all it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh yeah P W1 W2 and all it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh yeah P W1 W2 and all it does is it
+does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a
+add it reduces the value of checking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it reduces the value of checking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it reduces the value of checking on
+P to checking two elements in layer I +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to checking two elements in layer I +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to checking two elements in layer I +
+one I'm just I want to have a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm just I want to have a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm just I want to have a neat
+notation so we'll be able to see it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so we'll be able to see it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so we'll be able to see it so
+it does some it it does sorry it checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does some it it does sorry it checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does some it it does sorry it checks
+if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add p w 1 W2 if so it checks add and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add p w 1 W2 if so it checks add and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add p w 1 W2 if so it checks add and it
+adds a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds a v
+i well we'll do the extension but VI on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i well we'll do the extension but VI on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i well we'll do the extension but VI on
+a W1 plus uh VI + 1 VI + 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a W1 plus uh VI + 1 VI + 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a W1 plus uh VI + 1 VI + 1 and
+W2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 plus
+malt so I'm just I want to give this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt so I'm just I want to give this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt so I'm just I want to give this a
+name so we'll have it this is I this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so we'll have it this is I this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so we'll have it this is I this is
+i p W 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i p W 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i p W 1
+W2 time VI + 1 W1 time VI + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W2 so for each and every uh W1 and W2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 so for each and every uh W1 and W2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 so for each and every uh W1 and W2 we
+check whether you know uh we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether you know uh we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether you know uh we want to go
+to one layer below so we check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one layer below so we check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one layer below so we check that the
+the whether it's a if it's an add we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whether it's a if it's an add we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whether it's a if it's an add we do
+an add if it's a malt we do a malt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an add if it's a malt we do a malt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an add if it's a malt we do a malt and
+at the end we also multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with Kai of p and w zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kai of p and w zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kai of p and w zero
+right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no hey one second that was the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let me call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me call it
+Z this is fi of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh good and now we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh good and now we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh good and now we can think of
+this as a polinomial because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extended okay and what we check we check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended okay and what we check we check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended okay and what we check we check
+we got a value VI and we check or Vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a value VI and we check or Vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a value VI and we check or Vi
+Star we checked that Vi Star is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star we checked that Vi Star is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star we checked that Vi Star is the sum
+of F this is z star that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F this is z star that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F this is z star that was the
+star we check that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star we check that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star we check that it's
+f i z i star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i z i star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i z i star
+of P W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P W1
+W2 of of P W1 W2 in h to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 of of P W1 W2 in h to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 of of P W1 W2 in h to
+them okay so this is where we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so this is where we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so this is where we start
+right we have a a value on layer we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a a value on layer we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a a value on layer we have
+a a fixed zi star in layer I there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a fixed zi star in layer I there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a fixed zi star in layer I there's a
+claim that it that the extension that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that it that the extension that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that it that the extension that
+point is equal Vi Star and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is equal Vi Star and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is equal Vi Star and we know that
+the sum just by kind of this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum just by kind of this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum just by kind of this calculation
+that Vi Star should be if you are honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vi Star should be if you are honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vi Star should be if you are honest
+it should be sum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be sum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be sum of this
+polinomial F and we do a sum check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial F and we do a sum check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial F and we do a sum check and
+when we do a sum check we reduce and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a sum check we reduce and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a sum check we reduce and now
+we reduced it to a claim after this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduced it to a claim after this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduced it to a claim after this so
+we do so now in the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol first we do a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol first we do a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol first we do a sum
+check for so for each layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we do su check corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do su check corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do su check corresponding to
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+i uh for proving that Vi Star which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh for proving that Vi Star which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i uh for proving that Vi Star which we
+got from the previous layer okay we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from the previous layer okay we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from the previous layer okay we got
+it so in original it's from the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in original it's from the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in original it's from the it's the
+claim V v0 Star is the claim of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim V v0 Star is the claim of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim V v0 Star is the claim of the
+approver the original kind he claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver the original kind he claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver the original kind he claimed
+that c x that c of x equals v0 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c x that c of x equals v0 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c x that c of x equals v0 star
+that's the original v0 Star and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the original v0 Star and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the original v0 Star and then we
+check we do some check that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we do some check that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we do some check that this is
+equal to X f i zi star these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X f i zi star these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X f i zi star these are both
+the claims that we started with on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claims that we started with on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claims that we started with on
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sorry uh so we the sum P W1 W2 on f i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorry uh so we the sum P W1 W2 on f i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sorry uh so we the sum P W1 W2 on f i
+zi star of P W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zi star of P W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zi star of P W1
+W2 so we do we do this Su check at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 so we do we do this Su check at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 so we do we do this Su check at the
+end of this sum check we reduced it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this sum check we reduced it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this sum check we reduced it to
+checking two things we reduced it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking two things we reduced it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking two things we reduced it to
+checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+Tilda a two things v i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda a two things v i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda a two things v i +
+one one star and v i + 2 two star so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one star and v i + 2 two star so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one star and v i + 2 two star so we
+have two v's now and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what oh one sorry sorry I one yeah I +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh one sorry sorry I one yeah I +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh one sorry sorry I one yeah I +
+one and then two points we call it Z1 Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then two points we call it Z1 Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then two points we call it Z1 Z2
+but these are random points from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are random points from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are random points from the
+prover okay that these are so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover okay that these are so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover okay that these are so this
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be Z1 and Z2 respectively these are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Z1 and Z2 respectively these are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Z1 and Z2 respectively these are now
+star because they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed okay so now we have a new Su check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed okay so now we have a new Su check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed okay so now we have a new Su check
+so this boils down to so now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this boils down to so now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this boils down to so now what we
+want to do we want to do two sum checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we want to do two sum checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do we want to do two sum checks
+first some check that VI I +1 star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first some check that VI I +1 star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first some check that VI I +1 star is
+equal to sum f i + one and we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum f i + one and we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to sum f i + one and we call them
+star so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so we have
+Z let me call this now uh we call the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z let me call this now uh we call the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z let me call this now uh we call the Z
+Star okay Z one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star okay Z one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star okay Z one
+star and P W1 W2 but we have another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and P W1 W2 but we have another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and P W1 W2 but we have another one
+VI I +1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI I +1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI I +1
+2 which is f i +1 V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is f i +1 V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is f i +1 V2
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum P W1 W2 P W1 W2 so now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum P W1 W2 P W1 W2 so now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum P W1 W2 P W1 W2 so now we need to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subjects okay and note it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects okay and note it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects okay and note it's not even
+it's even two subjects of of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even two subjects of of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even two subjects of of different
+functions too this is with Z1 star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions too this is with Z1 star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions too this is with Z1 star and
+and this is a Z2 star it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a Z2 star it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a Z2 star it's kind of a
+little different the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fabulous exactly you got it that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous exactly you got it that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous exactly you got it that's it
+it's as simple as that so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that so what do we
+do we so I'm saying do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we so I'm saying do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we so I'm saying do two
+subjects how do I do two so won't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects how do I do two so won't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects how do I do two so won't it
+grow to four no the simple trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to four no the simple trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to four no the simple trivial
+observation do two subjects with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation do two subjects with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation do two subjects with the
+same random from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same random from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same random from the
+prover okay so the G says when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover okay so the G says when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover okay so the G says when you have
+this do two Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do two Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do two Su
+checks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks with
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+prover Randomness uh verifier sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover Randomness uh verifier sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover Randomness uh verifier sorry
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Randomness so at the end what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so at the end what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so at the end what do we have
+if we is the same Randomness we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we is the same Randomness we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we is the same Randomness we need to
+it reduces to verifying f i +1 Z1 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces to verifying f i +1 Z1 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces to verifying f i +1 Z1 star
+and some Randomness from the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some Randomness from the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some Randomness from the verifier
+which uh we let me call it uh I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we let me call it uh I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we let me call it uh I'll call
+it again z0 Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again z0 Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again z0 Z1
+Z2 it's fresh and also he needs to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 it's fresh and also he needs to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 it's fresh and also he needs to check
+f i +1 Z two star on z0 Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z2 how does he check them what is this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 how does he check them what is this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2 how does he check them what is this F
+let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back
+we have all this is the F right like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all this is the F right like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all this is the F right like the
+the the all this so we said look and til
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the all this so we said look and til
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the all this so we said look and til
+the door wor he can do on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door wor he can do on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door wor he can do on his
+own Mt till they can do on his own what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Mt till they can do on his own what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Mt till they can do on his own what
+does he need from the verifier and sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he need from the verifier and sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he need from the verifier and sorry
+and this Kai he can do on his own what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Kai he can do on his own what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Kai he can do on his own what
+does he actually need from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he actually need from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he actually need from the from the
+prover what he needs from the Prov is v+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what he needs from the Prov is v+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what he needs from the Prov is v+
+One V plus two Tilda because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One V plus two Tilda because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One V plus two Tilda because we're going
+one left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one left
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+Z1 and on Z2 but it's the same Z1 and Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 and on Z2 but it's the same Z1 and Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 and on Z2 but it's the same Z1 and Z2
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+both so all he needs from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so all he needs from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so all he needs from the from the
+prover is the value of V Tilda and Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is the value of V Tilda and Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is the value of V Tilda and Z1
+and Z2 and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done so yeah two two values we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so yeah two two values we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so yeah two two values we started
+with two we ended with two that's it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two we ended with two that's it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two we ended with two that's it you
+continue like this all the way down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to summarize how does the what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize how does the what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize how does the what is the
+gkr protocol it's just a bunch of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol it's just a bunch of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr protocol it's just a bunch of two
+subjects in parallel D of them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in parallel D of them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in parallel D of them that's
+all that's what we do okay and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's what we do okay and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's what we do okay and in the
+middle the prover gives information the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the prover gives information the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the prover gives information the
+prover needs to give the Vil does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover needs to give the Vil does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover needs to give the Vil does to
+help him out but that's it yes you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him out but that's it yes you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him out but that's it yes you need
+to like inter the you do it in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like inter the you do it in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like inter the you do it in parallel
+yes it's very important good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's very important good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's very important good good
+observation game it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation game it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation game it's very important
+that when you do when you go from layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do when you go from layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do when you go from layer
+I to layer I + one the two subjects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to layer I + one the two subjects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to layer I + one the two subjects are
+done in parallel if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in parallel if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in parallel if you do it
+sequentially then now the second subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially then now the second subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially then now the second subject
+you know the coin so you can cheat okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the coin so you can cheat okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the coin so you can cheat okay
+but you do two subject so you do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do two subject so you do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do two subject so you do so
+here's the GK protocol you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the GK protocol you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the GK protocol you start with
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+layer you do two so okay Al lay two some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you do two so okay Al lay two some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer you do two so okay Al lay two some
+check but it's just one it's for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but it's just one it's for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but it's just one it's for the
+same thing so you can think of as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so you can think of as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so you can think of as just
+one sum check so you do the sum check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sum check so you do the sum check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sum check so you do the sum check
+twice for the the sake of it but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice for the the sake of it but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice for the the sake of it but really
+one you do some check you reduce two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you do some check you reduce two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you do some check you reduce two so
+you do the two Su checks it reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the two Su checks it reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the two Su checks it reduces to
+two values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values in
+layer i+ one but not just it reduces it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer i+ one but not just it reduces it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer i+ one but not just it reduces it
+reduces to a point here which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to a point here which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to a point here which you can
+compute from two from two values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute from two from two values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute from two from two values in
+layer one one below so so I asked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one one below so so I asked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one one below so so I asked the
+provs give me the two values he must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provs give me the two values he must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provs give me the two values he must
+cheat if he I mean if he cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat if he I mean if he cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat if he I mean if he cheated
+originally he must continue to cheat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally he must continue to cheat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally he must continue to cheat so
+I have two values and then I do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two values and then I do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two values and then I do another
+sum check with the same Randomness same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check with the same Randomness same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check with the same Randomness same
+exact Randomness so I do a sum check I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact Randomness so I do a sum check I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact Randomness so I do a sum check I
+go one layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one layer
+below I again I I need to check I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below I again I I need to check I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below I again I I need to check I get a
+value of f but two values of f to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of f but two values of f to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of f but two values of f to check
+them I need to ask the ver the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I need to ask the ver the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I need to ask the ver the prover
+give me two values on this layer I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me two values on this layer I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me two values on this layer I plus
+two below I get these two values by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two below I get these two values by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two below I get these two values by
+soundless of the sum check they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless of the sum check they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless of the sum check they must
+what they should not be correct and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should not be correct and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they should not be correct and then
+I do another Su check another check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do another Su check another check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do another Su check another check
+another until I reach the leaves the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another until I reach the leaves the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another until I reach the leaves the the
+input once I I reach the input what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input once I I reach the input what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input once I I reach the input what what
+what did they give me gave me a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they give me gave me a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they give me gave me a point in
+the low degree extension of my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of my input
+that I can compute in linear time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can compute in linear time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can compute in linear time it's
+just a sum of weighted sum over my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sum of weighted sum over my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sum of weighted sum over my input
+values so I just computed on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so I just computed on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so I just computed on my
+own that's it that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own that's it that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own that's it that's the
+protocol okay so it's really just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay so it's really just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay so it's really just two
+subjects in parallel with same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in parallel with same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects in parallel with same
+Randomness prover sends two values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness prover sends two values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness prover sends two values in
+the low degree extension of next layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of next layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of next layer
+two SS represent two values two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two SS represent two values two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two SS represent two values two
+s that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that's the
+protocol yeah so those are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol yeah so those are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol yeah so those are not the
+same you're saying the same with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you're saying the same with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you're saying the same with each
+other not the same as yeah exactly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other not the same as yeah exactly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other not the same as yeah exactly yeah
+yeah yeah these These are actually per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah these These are actually per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah these These are actually per
+layer right this is like i+ one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer right this is like i+ one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer right this is like i+ one this is
+like I you know yeah it's exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I you know yeah it's exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I you know yeah it's exactly so
+they're they're the same for I but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the same for I but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're the same for I but in
+different eyes they have different uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eyes they have different uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eyes they have different uh in
+different layers you choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers you choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers you choose the
+randomness fresh yes thank you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness fresh yes thank you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness fresh yes thank you yeah
+any like has security proof of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any like has security proof of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any like has security proof of like the
+parallel version that's does it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel version that's does it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel version that's does it just
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeahs good let so let's do the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof I'm trying to think what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof I'm trying to think what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof I'm trying to think what's the
+best to eras here I'll eras this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to eras here I'll eras this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to eras here I'll eras this okay so
+let's do the security proof the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the security proof the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the security proof the
+soundless so first I guess the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless so first I guess the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundless so first I guess the the um
+the completeness really follows from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completeness really follows from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the completeness really follows from the
+completeness from the sum check like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness from the sum check like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness from the sum check like if
+you do things correctly the sum check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do things correctly the sum check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do things correctly the sum check
+should work you just get the complet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work you just get the complet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work you just get the complet is
+pretty trivial the uh complexity why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty trivial the uh complexity why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty trivial the uh complexity why
+like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the
+complexity uh we'll do the sound in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh we'll do the sound in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh we'll do the sound in a
+minute let's first do the complexity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's first do the complexity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's first do the complexity so
+what are we doing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we doing we're
+doing two subjects per layer we have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two subjects per layer we have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing two subjects per layer we have D
+layers so we run in time uh so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so we run in time uh so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so we run in time uh so okay
+let's first do the the complexity so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first do the the complexity so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first do the the complexity so so
+what is the uh communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the uh communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the uh communication
+complexity so we do D pairs of subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so we do D pairs of subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity so we do D pairs of subject
+protocol so I already run in d what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so I already run in d what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol so I already run in d what is
+the communication complexity of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication complexity of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication complexity of each
+subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject
+protocol number of variables degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol number of variables degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol number of variables degree and
+log F number of variable is 3 m order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log F number of variable is 3 m order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log F number of variable is 3 m order
+M the degree is H minus one or but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the degree is H minus one or but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the degree is H minus one or but the
+oh I just erased okay uh so the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I just erased okay uh so the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I just erased okay uh so the depth
+the number of variables like log s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables like log s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables like log s over
+log log s the degree is log s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log s the degree is log s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log s the degree is log s so
+everything is like Po log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so we don't need o uh and times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so we don't need o uh and times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so we don't need o uh and times the
+log F we will take F to be polog s2o so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log F we will take F to be polog s2o so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log F we will take F to be polog s2o so
+everything is D times polog s okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is D times polog s okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is D times polog s okay so
+I'll put it aside we'll take F Well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it aside we'll take F Well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it aside we'll take F Well it
+can be very big but it will be poly logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the the field okay ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the the field okay ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the the field okay ah
+sorry it's log it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's log it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's log it's um
+poas yeah so log is log yeah log is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poas yeah so log is log yeah log is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poas yeah so log is log yeah log is p
+logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs
+okay a great so uh this is communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a great so uh this is communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a great so uh this is communication
+complexity what about the verifier onun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so of course he does the com he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so of course he does the com he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so of course he does the com he
+does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the
+so in the care all he does a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the care all he does a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the care all he does a bunch of
+some Che protocols so he just sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Che protocols so he just sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Che protocols so he just sends
+Randomness and does whatever uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and does whatever uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and does whatever uh you know
+uh does these I guess the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does these I guess the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does these I guess the the the
+runtime of the of the Su protocol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of the of the Su protocol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of the of the Su protocol and
+then he gets at each time two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he gets at each time two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he gets at each time two elements
+from the approver and he just needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the approver and he just needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the approver and he just needs to
+check like consistency of this F right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check like consistency of this F right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check like consistency of this F right
+he all assuming he has till and M as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he all assuming he has till and M as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he all assuming he has till and M as an
+oracle the only thing he checks is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle the only thing he checks is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oracle the only thing he checks is like
+that this times this plus this is equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this times this plus this is equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this times this plus this is equals
+some value so that's just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value so that's just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value so that's just a bunch of
+field elements it's nothing uh so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field elements it's nothing uh so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field elements it's nothing uh so really
+it's it's the same as this not much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the same as this not much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the same as this not much more
+and what does the prover do the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the prover do the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does the prover do the prover
+just does a bunch of su checks but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just does a bunch of su checks but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just does a bunch of su checks but the
+Su so the prover run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su so the prover run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su so the prover run
+time well he does d sum checks or 2D but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well he does d sum checks or 2D but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well he does d sum checks or 2D but
+will do a lot of order times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a lot of order times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a lot of order times the number
+of VAR variables M which is uh less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VAR variables M which is uh less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of VAR variables M which is uh less than
+log s time H to the m which is s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s time H to the m which is s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s time H to the m which is s so
+already he's like poly s so the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already he's like poly s so the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already he's like poly s so the D
+doesn't matter actually essentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter actually essentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter actually essentially be
+polys because the D is polys H to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polys because the D is polys H to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polys because the D is polys H to them
+is polys and the time to compute he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polys and the time to compute he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polys and the time to compute he also
+runs in the time to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in the time to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in the time to compute this
+polinomial this kind of function but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial this kind of function but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial this kind of function but the
+time to compute this is also like poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to compute this is also like poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to compute this is also like poly
+and H to the m because each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H to the m because each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and H to the m because each one of them
+is like sum of H to them terms times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like sum of H to them terms times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like sum of H to them terms times
+like a very simple polinomial that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple polinomial that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple polinomial that kind
+of the low degree extension so overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low degree extension so overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low degree extension so overall
+he runs in time poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs in time poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs in time poly
+so really so this is what you get and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really so this is what you get and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really so this is what you get and
+this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted
+okay so the verifier runs in time D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the verifier runs in time D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the verifier runs in time D the
+number of some check time poly log s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of some check time poly log s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of some check time poly log s
+because each time he does something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each time he does something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each time he does something very
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+small okay so let's talk about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so let's talk about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so let's talk about the the
+soundness that's kind of the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness that's kind of the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness that's kind of the interesting
+part okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness the soundness analysis goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness the soundness analysis goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness the soundness analysis goes as
+follows it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows it says
+if the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prover
+cheated there they successfully cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated there they successfully cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated there they successfully cheated
+so he lied but we accepted him we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he lied but we accepted him we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he lied but we accepted him we want
+to argue that this happens with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that this happens with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that this happens with a small
+probability so for this to happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so for this to happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so for this to happen and
+there must exist a layer when he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must exist a layer when he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must exist a layer when he went
+from a false claim to a true claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a false claim to a true claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a false claim to a true claim
+because at the end he gave us a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end he gave us a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at the end he gave us a true
+claim because I'm checking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim because I'm checking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim because I'm checking in the
+beginning he gave me a false claim so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning he gave me a false claim so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning he gave me a false claim so
+somewhere I had to go from false to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I had to go from false to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere I had to go from false to to
+true so let me I want to look at the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so let me I want to look at the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so let me I want to look at the not
+notation so I won't mess it up this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so I won't mess it up this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so I won't mess it up this time
+um okay so so here's the the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so let's denote so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's denote so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's denote so so
+suppose we have a cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a cheating
+prover that cheats with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon and then we'll see also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then we'll see also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then we'll see also what
+thaton is kind of what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaton is kind of what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thaton is kind of what's the best
+probability you can Cho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can Cho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can Cho
+so suppose there's a p star that cheats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose there's a p star that cheats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose there's a p star that cheats
+with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability
+Epsilon so cheats meaning he gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so cheats meaning he gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so cheats meaning he gives me a
+false statement but I accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false statement but I accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false statement but I accept
+him then I'm looking um okay so then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him then I'm looking um okay so then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him then I'm looking um okay so then for
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+actually a okay uh for every I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D I want to denote the randomness that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I want to denote the randomness that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I want to denote the randomness that
+was used by the sum Che by the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used by the sum Che by the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used by the sum Che by the two
+parallel sum Che protocols let's denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by z i0 z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by z i0 z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by z i0 z
+i1 and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I2 the randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of
+v in the I some check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol in the two kind of parallel use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the two kind of parallel use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the two kind of parallel use
+the same Randomness so let's just Den
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Randomness so let's just Den
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Randomness so let's just Den
+know by Z i0 that's kind of the z0 Z1 Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by Z i0 that's kind of the z0 Z1 Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by Z i0 that's kind of the z0 Z1 Z2
+but in each layer it's different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in each layer it's different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in each layer it's different okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um and okay and let's denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and okay and let's denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and okay and let's denote the
+resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting
+claim so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim so
+denote resulting claim of the after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote resulting claim of the after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote resulting claim of the after the
+the I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a VI Tilda and Z i1 equals V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a VI Tilda and Z i1 equals V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a VI Tilda and Z i1 equals V
+i1 and VI Tilda on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and VI Tilda on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and VI Tilda on
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+I2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 equals
+vi2 okay so this is kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi2 okay so this is kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi2 okay so this is kind of the the
+claim the what the verifier sends me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the what the verifier sends me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the what the verifier sends me
+after the Su protocol okay so I the Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Su protocol okay so I the Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Su protocol okay so I the Su
+protocol I gave him a bunch of z z i z z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol I gave him a bunch of z z i z z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol I gave him a bunch of z z i z z
+i1 I2 this is in the I kind of pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 I2 this is in the I kind of pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 I2 this is in the I kind of pairs of
+some protocol and then I can't comp then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protocol and then I can't comp then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protocol and then I can't comp then
+he for the next layer he gives me kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he for the next layer he gives me kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he for the next layer he gives me kind
+of the values okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values okay so uh
+uh so this is just notation so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is just notation so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is just notation so with this
+notation what does it mean for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation what does it mean for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation what does it mean for for the
+prover to cheat so let's denote by kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover to cheat so let's denote by kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover to cheat so let's denote by kind
+of a bad event bi the EV so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bad event bi the EV so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a bad event bi the EV so I'm going to
+not by bi for bad the event that that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by bi for bad the event that that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by bi for bad the event that that in
+round I minus one he cheat he was he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round I minus one he cheat he was he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round I minus one he cheat he was he was
+faulty Nam gave me cheat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty Nam gave me cheat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty Nam gave me cheat but
+miraculously in round I everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculously in round I everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miraculously in round I everything is
+fine okay so Den note by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so Den note by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so Den note by
+bi is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that what
+that in round IUS one vi v IUS one uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in round IUS one vi v IUS one uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in round IUS one vi v IUS one uh on
+z i IUS one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i IUS one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i IUS one one
+either this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+or VI I minus or the other one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or VI I minus or the other one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or VI I minus or the other one is not
+true so one of them is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true so bad is the event that in round I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so bad is the event that in round I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so bad is the event that in round I
+minus one at least one of the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one at least one of the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one at least one of the claim is
+false but in round I and in round I both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false but in round I and in round I both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false but in round I and in round I both
+of them are true miraculously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are true miraculously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are true miraculously
+this is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also an
+equal and VI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and VI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and VI and
+Z2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vi2 note that if the Prov cheated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi2 note that if the Prov cheated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vi2 note that if the Prov cheated it
+must be the case that the probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the case that the probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the case that the probability so
+because the pro cheated with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pro cheated with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pro cheated with probability
+Epsilon by our assumption it must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon by our assumption it must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon by our assumption it must be the
+case that B1 or or BD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is at least Epsilon because he CHS with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least Epsilon because he CHS with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least Epsilon because he CHS with
+probity Epsilon so the pro Epsilon he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probity Epsilon so the pro Epsilon he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probity Epsilon so the pro Epsilon he
+starts with false and gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with false and gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with false and gets to
+true so either the you know he already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so either the you know he already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so either the you know he already
+got to True after round two like after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to True after round two like after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to True after round two like after
+the first one or someone went to true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one or someone went to true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one or someone went to true so
+one of the bees must hold one of the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the bees must hold one of the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the bees must hold one of the bad
+event must happen for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event must happen for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event must happen for him to
+cheat but so okay let me denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but so okay let me denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but so okay let me denote the
+Epsilon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but by Union bound this is just sum on D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by Union bound this is just sum on D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by Union bound this is just sum on D
+of probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bi okay so we know that he can cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi okay so we know that he can cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi okay so we know that he can cheat
+with probability and with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability and with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability and with probability
+and most some of the probability of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most some of the probability of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most some of the probability of bad
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+I now what does it bad so you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now what does it bad so you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now what does it bad so you know let's
+look at probability of bad and I so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at probability of bad and I so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at probability of bad and I so let
+me actually even this there's two types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me actually even this there's two types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me actually even this there's two types
+of bad eye there's bad eye where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bad eye there's bad eye where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bad eye there's bad eye where this is
+bad bad eye zero and or bad eye one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad bad eye zero and or bad eye one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad bad eye zero and or bad eye one and
+bad ey two where this is bad okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ey two where this is bad okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ey two where this is bad okay so I'm
+just let me denote this by some and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me denote this by some and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me denote this by some and uh I
+and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the
+probability so this is just notation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this is just notation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so this is just notation I
+want to call this b i0 or bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call this b i0 or bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call this b i0 or bi
+i1 or B B I2 so let me Define bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 or B B I2 so let me Define bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 or B B I2 so let me Define bi
+i1 is that bad where this is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 is that bad where this is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 is that bad where this is bad
+where this is kind the the one is bad so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is kind the the one is bad so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is kind the the one is bad so
+this means that VI IUS one Z IUS one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that VI IUS one Z IUS one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that VI IUS one Z IUS one one
+is bad it's not like it was false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad it's not like it was false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad it's not like it was false and
+this means that two was false okay so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that two was false okay so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that two was false okay so B
+says one of them was false let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says one of them was false let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says one of them was false let's
+partition it either the first was false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition it either the first was false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition it either the first was false
+or the second now maybe both it's a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the second now maybe both it's a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the second now maybe both it's a I
+said or okay but I know one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said or okay but I know one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said or okay but I know one of them is
+false now I'm going to Union bound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false now I'm going to Union bound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false now I'm going to Union bound so
+I'm going to say again this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say again this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say again this is equal to
+sum on I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum on I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum on I and
+D sum on B in one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D sum on B in one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D sum on B in one or
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+probability of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i now let's look what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now let's look what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now let's look what is the probability
+of bi what is this bad event bi it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bi what is this bad event bi it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bi what is this bad event bi it's
+let's think of bi for one for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of bi for one for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of bi for one for Simplicity
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+false but the layer below is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true if this is false and the layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if this is false and the layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if this is false and the layer
+below is true it means that he cheated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is true it means that he cheated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is true it means that he cheated
+in the subject protocol this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subject protocol this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subject protocol this is exactly
+means he cheting subject protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means he cheting subject protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means he cheting subject protocol
+because he managed to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he managed to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he managed to start with the
+false claim of the subject protocol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false claim of the subject protocol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false claim of the subject protocol and
+get you to a true claim and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to a true claim and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to a true claim and the kind of
+at the you know at at at the F at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the you know at at at the F at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the you know at at at the F at the
+like at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the
+bottom because if if he didn't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because if if he didn't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because if if he didn't give you
+a true claim if he gave here true you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true claim if he gave here true you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true claim if he gave here true you
+would you would uh you wouldn't accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would uh you wouldn't accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would uh you wouldn't accept
+him you would actually call him out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him you would actually call him out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him you would actually call him out so
+if you accepted him when he gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you accepted him when he gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you accepted him when he gave you a
+true claim in I it must mean that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true claim in I it must mean that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true claim in I it must mean that he
+cheated in the I and that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated in the I and that subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated in the I and that subject
+protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh sorry yes yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a union bound everything is small equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union bound everything is small equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union bound everything is small equal
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh oh sorry this is equal this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry this is equal this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry this is equal this is
+definition yeah yeah this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition yeah yeah this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition yeah yeah this is just
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay yeah so B i1 okay so let me bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay yeah so B i1 okay so let me bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay yeah so B i1 okay so let me bi
+is the event that this or this and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the event that this or this and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the event that this or this and both
+of this bi1 is just the EV that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this bi1 is just the EV that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this bi1 is just the EV that this is
+false and this bi is the event that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and this bi is the event that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and this bi is the event that this
+is false oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false oh and
+this okay exactly so that is the bi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay exactly so that is the bi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay exactly so that is the bi is
+the event that in in layer I minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that in in layer I minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that in in layer I minus one
+one of the answers is false but in layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the answers is false but in layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the answers is false but in layer
+I both are true that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I both are true that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I both are true that's
+bi bi1 I'm partitioning into two bi1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi bi1 I'm partitioning into two bi1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi bi1 I'm partitioning into two bi1 is
+that actually it's the first claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually it's the first claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually it's the first claim
+that's false and the next layer is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false and the next layer is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false and the next layer is true
+bi2 is that the second claim was false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi2 is that the second claim was false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi2 is that the second claim was false
+and the layer below is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the layer below is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the layer below is
+true so I'm kind of partitioning the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I'm kind of partitioning the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I'm kind of partitioning the two
+there's two subject protocols I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two subject protocols I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two subject protocols I'm saying
+we said look you cheated in one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said look you cheated in one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said look you cheated in one of them
+either you cheated in this one or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you cheated in this one or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you cheated in this one or you
+cheated in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so bi1 said you cheated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so bi1 said you cheated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so bi1 said you cheated in the
+first subject protocol because this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first subject protocol because this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first subject protocol because this was
+false and you managed to get it true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and you managed to get it true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and you managed to get it true for
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+reason bi2 says you cheated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason bi2 says you cheated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason bi2 says you cheated in the
+second subject protocol you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second subject protocol you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second subject protocol you started with
+false and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true so going back to the question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so going back to the question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so going back to the question about
+okay let let me just finish this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let me just finish this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let let me just finish this so
+what's the probability of cheating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of cheating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability of cheating in
+the sum check protocol well we have it m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum check protocol well we have it m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum check protocol well we have it m
+* D divided by f m is less than log s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* D divided by f m is less than log s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* D divided by f m is less than log s uh
+D is less than log s so let's say log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is less than log s so let's say log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D is less than log s so let's say log
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s divided by f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s divided by f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s divided by f
+so really the probability you cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the probability you cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really the probability you cheat
+Epsilon is smaller than log squ F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is smaller than log squ F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is smaller than log squ F
+divided s log squ f is just kind of M *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided s log squ f is just kind of M *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided s log squ f is just kind of M *
+D for us because m is like log s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D for us because m is like log s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D for us because m is like log s over
+log log s uh D is H minus one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log s uh D is H minus one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log s uh D is H minus one which is
+log s so essentially log squ s over s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s so essentially log squ s over s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log s so essentially log squ s over s so
+as long as you take F to be to be oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you take F to be to be oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you take F to be to be oh
+sorry a yeah yeah so as long as you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a yeah yeah so as long as you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a yeah yeah so as long as you you
+take F to be significant so now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take F to be significant so now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take F to be significant so now just
+take F to be you pay with poly log F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take F to be you pay with poly log F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take F to be you pay with poly log F in
+the communication and everything so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication and everything so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication and everything so take
+a big F and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big F and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big F and you're
+good now about the comment of like isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now about the comment of like isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now about the comment of like isn't
+it dangerous that we use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dangerous that we use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dangerous that we use the same
+Randomness for two some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness for two some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness for two some
+protocols it's not dangerous and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols it's not dangerous and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols it's not dangerous and the
+reason it's not dangerous because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's not dangerous because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's not dangerous because we're
+doing a union bound the point is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a union bound the point is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a union bound the point is we're
+doing a some two subject protocols but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a some two subject protocols but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a some two subject protocols but
+actually we don't look let's forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't look let's forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't look let's forget that
+you we're doing with you another I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're doing with you another I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're doing with you another I don't
+care let's just look at one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care let's just look at one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care let's just look at one of them
+we know that on this you can't cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that on this you can't cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that on this you can't cheat
+even if you're doing a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're doing a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're doing a lot of other
+things on the side on this we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the side on this we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the side on this we can't
+cheat and we know that on this you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and we know that on this you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat and we know that on this you can't
+now you may it may be correlated I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may it may be correlated I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may it may be correlated I don't
+care it may be that you cheat on one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care it may be that you cheat on one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care it may be that you cheat on one if
+and only if you cheat on the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if you cheat on the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if you cheat on the other the
+fact that you cheat on one is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you cheat on one is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you cheat on one is good
+enough for me I don't so the union bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for me I don't so the union bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for me I don't so the union bound
+kind of takes care of of of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of takes care of of of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of takes care of of of the fact
+that we use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Randomness questions yeah the is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness questions yeah the is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness questions yeah the is it is
+the gkr applying in like a black box way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gkr applying in like a black box way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gkr applying in like a black box way
+exactly so G KR uses the Su protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so G KR uses the Su protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so G KR uses the Su protocol
+completely in a blackbox way you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in a blackbox way you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in a blackbox way you don't
+need to ever open the bo to know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ever open the bo to know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ever open the bo to know how it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay yeah exactly so I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay yeah exactly so I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay yeah exactly so I'll tell you
+what you need about the sum protocol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need about the sum protocol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need about the sum protocol the
+the one property you need so you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one property you need so you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one property you need so you can use
+any quote unquote subject protocol as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any quote unquote subject protocol as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any quote unquote subject protocol as
+long as it has the following property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it has the following property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it has the following property
+the property is that the protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property is that the protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property is that the protocol is
+public coin namely the verifi the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public coin namely the verifi the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public coin namely the verifi the the uh
+the actually that even doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually that even doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually that even doesn't matter
+let me even the verifier sends some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me even the verifier sends some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me even the verifier sends some
+Randomness let's call it T1 to TM I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness let's call it T1 to TM I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness let's call it T1 to TM I
+don't care what else he sends actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what else he sends actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care what else he sends actually
+whatever but at the end of the day it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but at the end of the day it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but at the end of the day it
+reducing it reduces to the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it reduces to the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it reduces to the verifier
+needs to check F and T1 of to TM so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to check F and T1 of to TM so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to check F and T1 of to TM so the
+only thing I'm really using about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I'm really using about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I'm really using about the
+subject protocol beyond the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protocol beyond the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protocol beyond the the
+guarantees is the fact that at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees is the fact that at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees is the fact that at the end
+of the day the verifier checks F on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day the verifier checks F on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day the verifier checks F on
+random points generated by him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random points generated by him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random points generated by him
+because that is what allows me to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is what allows me to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is what allows me to do the
+two uh the two sucks in in in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh the two sucks in in in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh the two sucks in in in parallel
+and as I said by the way in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said by the way in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said by the way in the original
+gkr we didn't need that we could use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr we didn't need that we could use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr we didn't need that we could use any
+some check because we we actually didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check because we we actually didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check because we we actually didn't
+do two gkrs there was kind of a two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two gkrs there was kind of a two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two gkrs there was kind of a two to
+one trick that went in there but the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick that went in there but the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick that went in there but the way
+I presented it here which is simpler we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I presented it here which is simpler we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I presented it here which is simpler we
+need the property we need about the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the property we need about the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the property we need about the sum
+check is that the protocol T is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is that the protocol T is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is that the protocol T is that at
+the end it reduces to verifying a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it reduces to verifying a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it reduces to verifying a single
+point of that of the verifiers choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that of the verifiers choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that of the verifiers choosing
+yeah um what happens at the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um what happens at the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um what happens at the very end
+when you like get theay good how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you like get theay good how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you like get theay good how do you
+define oh okay so the okay so the okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define oh okay so the okay so the okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define oh okay so the okay so the okay
+so what happens in the input layer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens in the input layer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens in the input layer in
+the input layer at the end the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input layer at the end the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input layer at the end the verifier
+needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to
+compute oh okay uh and the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute oh okay uh and the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute oh okay uh and the verifier
+needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to
+compute like VD which is the input layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute like VD which is the input layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute like VD which is the input layer
+on uh I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I don't know
+zd1 is it's kind that equals vd1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zd1 is it's kind that equals vd1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zd1 is it's kind that equals vd1
+and VD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VD and
+zd2 is equal to vd2 he needs to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zd2 is equal to vd2 he needs to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zd2 is equal to vd2 he needs to check
+this so the verifier will check this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the verifier will check this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the verifier will check this how
+will he check it oh he can check that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will he check it oh he can check that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will he check it oh he can check that on
+his own why let's see how long does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own why let's see how long does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own why let's see how long does it
+take to check this let me see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to check this let me see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to check this let me see where the
+low degree extension is buried okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension is buried okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree extension is buried okay
+let's see what is the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what is the low degree
+Computing the the low degree extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the the low degree extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the the low degree extension
+he knows the uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows the uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows the uh so
+V this is low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extension of X1 up to xn it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of X1 up to xn it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of X1 up to xn it's just
+extension of the input that's all so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the input that's all so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the input that's all so n
+is small n is small n is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small n is small n is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small n is small n is much smaller
+than than than S yeah so n is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than than S yeah so n is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than than S yeah so n is very very
+small much smaller than of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small much smaller than of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small much smaller than of course the
+pro look the verifier needs to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro look the verifier needs to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro look the verifier needs to read the
+input he needs to run time end he needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input he needs to run time end he needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input he needs to run time end he needs
+to know what he's verifying so he reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what he's verifying so he reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what he's verifying so he reads
+the input n you should think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input n you should think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input n you should think of it is
+much smaller than S otherwise there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than S otherwise there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than S otherwise there's no
+point in all this and to to check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in all this and to to check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in all this and to to check this
+to check a point in the Lo of extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check a point in the Lo of extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check a point in the Lo of extension
+of X takes time linear in N times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X takes time linear in N times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X takes time linear in N times
+polylog in the field so quasy linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog in the field so quasy linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polylog in the field so quasy linear in
+N because to check the sum the to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N because to check the sum the to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N because to check the sum the to check
+load of the extension you just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of the extension you just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load of the extension you just take the
+only n of them because you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n of them because you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only n of them because you're doing
+something over n you can Pat it by zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over n you can Pat it by zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over n you can Pat it by zeros
+to get as as you want but there's only n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get as as you want but there's only n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get as as you want but there's only n
+nonzero FS here so you're doing sum of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero FS here so you're doing sum of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero FS here so you're doing sum of N
+elements X1 of to xn and each one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements X1 of to xn and each one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements X1 of to xn and each one times
+this small polinomial that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small polinomial that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small polinomial that you can
+compute that's a polylog computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that's a polylog computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that's a polylog computation
+needy variables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy variables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needy variables for
+cut exactly you just set them up to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut exactly you just set them up to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut exactly you just set them up to zero
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+exactly yeah actually in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah actually in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah actually in the original
+paper the way the notations work is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the way the notations work is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the way the notations work is more
+complicated because we didn't set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because we didn't set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because we didn't set them
+all to zero so we had another s and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to zero so we had another s and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to zero so we had another s and but
+setting all to zero is just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting all to zero is just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting all to zero is just simple
+because you have less notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah1 do they come from like the fan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah1 do they come from like the fan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah1 do they come from like the fan in
+two like are like left inputs and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two like are like left inputs and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two like are like left inputs and right
+inputs or no uh no okay the fan in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs or no uh no okay the fan in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs or no uh no okay the fan in two
+came from the fact that add here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the fact that add here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the fact that add here has
+only three things it's like the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three things it's like the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three things it's like the input
+and two output like P is the gate above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two output like P is the gate above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two output like P is the gate above
+and it only has two children that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it only has two children that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it only has two children that's the
+fan in two otherwise you'll have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan in two otherwise you'll have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan in two otherwise you'll have many
+the the way the reason okay yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the reason okay yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way the reason okay yes the
+answer is yes actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes actually because
+the yeah okay yeah sorry yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah okay yeah sorry yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah okay yeah sorry yes because
+because they have only fan in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have only fan in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have only fan in two
+there's only otherwise you'll have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only otherwise you'll have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only otherwise you'll have like
+vw1 plus vw2 plus VW3 plus vw4 yes sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vw1 plus vw2 plus VW3 plus vw4 yes sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vw1 plus vw2 plus VW3 plus vw4 yes sorry
+I did no no so if you had a higher fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did no no so if you had a higher fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did no no so if you had a higher fan
+yeah with lower dep could you do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with lower dep could you do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with lower dep could you do just
+more some checks lower yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more some checks lower yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more some checks lower yeah yeah yeah
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah you can okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah you can okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah you can okay
+good point okay Leo has a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point okay Leo has a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point okay Leo has a very good
+point what Le was saying he's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what Le was saying he's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what Le was saying he's saying
+look you assumed fan in two but you paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you assumed fan in two but you paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you assumed fan in two but you paid
+for it in Another Log number of rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in Another Log number of rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in Another Log number of rounds
+uh don't assume it just don't have F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't assume it just don't have F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't assume it just don't have F to
+have p and many children W1 up to W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have p and many children W1 up to W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have p and many children W1 up to W
+whatever uh but then uh reduce it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh but then uh reduce it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh but then uh reduce it to
+more true but you can't have too big fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more true but you can't have too big fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more true but you can't have too big fan
+because you're going to pay for it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to pay for it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to pay for it in
+the communication complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communication complexity and
+everything so as long as it's most kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so as long as it's most kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so as long as it's most kind
+of poly log you're okay so it's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poly log you're okay so it's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poly log you're okay so it's yeah
+yeah but you're right you don't there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you're right you don't there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you're right you don't there's
+no magic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no magic about
+two okay we're out of time thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay we're out of time thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay we're out of time thank you so
+much and uh enjoy your break next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and uh enjoy your break next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and uh enjoy your break next week
+for some reason your holiday what
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P5SjikeOHr0.txt b/P5SjikeOHr0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2254b450d4bb980b0597586f47c88678097fe6ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P5SjikeOHr0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so now I'm going
+to walk you through some examples and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk you through some examples and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk you through some examples and uh
+uh just so you know where this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just so you know where this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just so you know where this stuff is
+so you all have your accounts and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all have your accounts and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all have your accounts and in
+your elit accounts and I'm looking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elit accounts and I'm looking over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elit accounts and I'm looking over
+here because these people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because these people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because these people are going to
+check to make sure I don't say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure I don't say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to make sure I don't say anything
+wrong so this is by the way this is cha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so this is by the way this is cha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so this is by the way this is cha
+ban over here and Julie Mullen they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban over here and Julie Mullen they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban over here and Julie Mullen they are
+our expert consultants phds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expert consultants phds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expert consultants phds in
+computational science that help you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational science that help you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational science that help you all
+and we are all eternally grateful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are all eternally grateful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are all eternally grateful to
+them for helping us get all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for helping us get all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for helping us get all this
+technology to work um so um if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to work um so um if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology to work um so um if you go to
+your elit account there should be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elit account there should be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elit account there should be a a
+link in there called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link in there called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link in there called
+tools this is where all the software is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools this is where all the software is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools this is where all the software is
+that we provide as part of el exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we provide as part of el exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we provide as part of el exists and
+there'll be one called d4m API in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be one called d4m API in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be one called d4m API in there
+so it'll be a folder just like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a folder just like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a folder just like this okay
+and just so you know so all the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just so you know so all the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just so you know so all the video
+all the lectures are there for you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lectures are there for you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lectures are there for you and I
+am putting them all in for public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am putting them all in for public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am putting them all in for public
+release and all the software we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and all the software we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and all the software we're going
+to post on the internet too and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to post on the internet too and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to post on the internet too and so you
+know just make it easy for you to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just make it easy for you to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just make it easy for you to use
+use with your government use with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use with your government use with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use with your government use with your
+sponsors using your projects all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors using your projects all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsors using your projects all that
+kind of stuff we try and do that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff we try and do that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stuff we try and do that so that
+people aren't constantly asking us well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't constantly asking us well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't constantly asking us well
+what can I share it's like we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I share it's like we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I share it's like we're going
+to put on the internet so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put on the internet so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put on the internet so there you
+go uh we want to focus on the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh we want to focus on the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh we want to focus on the examples
+directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory
+here the order of the examples is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the order of the examples is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the order of the examples is
+numerical order so we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical order so we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical order so we're going to go
+through examples in the folder called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through examples in the folder called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through examples in the folder called
+one and then two and then three this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then two and then three this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then two and then three this
+really corresponds to kind of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really corresponds to kind of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really corresponds to kind of the first
+three lectures then the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures then the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures then the next three
+lectures then the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures then the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures then the next three
+lectures okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay and so
+today we're going to go in here to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to go in here to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to go in here to this
+first one and then here it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and then here it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and then here it's kind of
+like the first three of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first three of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first three of those three
+we're going to go and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go and we're going to
+review this set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review this set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review this set here
+okay so these are the the examples all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the the examples all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the the examples all
+have this sort of they basically take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of they basically take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of they basically take
+the first two letters of the folder in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two letters of the folder in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two letters of the folder in
+this case assos intro AI 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case assos intro AI 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case assos intro AI 1 2 3
+4 those are the actual examples if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 those are the actual examples if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 those are the actual examples if you
+see other files in there those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other files in there those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other files in there those are
+supporting files you don't run those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting files you don't run those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting files you don't run those
+directly um so I'm now going to start my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly um so I'm now going to start my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly um so I'm now going to start my
+Matt I'm going to I always run mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt I'm going to I always run mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt I'm going to I always run mat lab
+from the shell other people run from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the shell other people run from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the shell other people run from the
+IDE I'm going to uh create a shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE I'm going to uh create a shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE I'm going to uh create a shell
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay folder I'm going to start my mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay folder I'm going to start my mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay folder I'm going to start my mat
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+up this will take a minute because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this will take a minute because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this will take a minute because we're
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+2012b which is a little bit slower on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012b which is a little bit slower on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012b which is a little bit slower on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+computer all right there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go and you'll be pleased to know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you'll be pleased to know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you'll be pleased to know I
+develop all the dform software on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop all the dform software on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop all the dform software on this
+little computer and people well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little computer and people well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little computer and people well why
+don't you get a big giant workstation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you get a big giant workstation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you get a big giant workstation to
+develop your your programs Z it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your your programs Z it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop your your programs Z it's like
+well because if it's if it feels okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because if it's if it feels okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because if it's if it feels okay
+for me on this computer I know that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me on this computer I know that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me on this computer I know that most
+of you will have much better computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have much better computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have much better computers
+and it will feel should feel very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will feel should feel very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will feel should feel very very
+uh very good for you all right so I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good for you all right so I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good for you all right so I'm in
+the folder and I'm just going to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folder and I'm just going to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folder and I'm just going to run the
+first program ii1 setup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first program ii1 setup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first program ii1 setup.
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the actually before we even get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actually before we even get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the actually before we even get into
+that the first thing you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first thing you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first thing you want to do is
+check before you run this that your d4m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check before you run this that your d4m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check before you run this that your d4m
+code has been properly set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code has been properly set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code has been properly set up the
+simplest way to do that is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to do that is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way to do that is when you
+start mad lab if you type help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start mad lab if you type help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start mad lab if you type help
+d4m and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d4m and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d4m and you get
+a list of all the functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all the functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all the functions in
+d4m and that means that your path is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d4m and that means that your path is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d4m and that means that your path is is
+set up properly and this is just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up properly and this is just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up properly and this is just a a
+list of all the different functions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the different functions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of all the different functions we
+break them down in different types A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them down in different types A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them down in different types A
+little sort of like how to set up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of like how to set up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sort of like how to set up here
+although a lot of this stuff isn't is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a lot of this stuff isn't is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a lot of this stuff isn't is
+written for more people on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for more people on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written for more people on the outside
+world and we go through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we go through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and we go through all the
+functions and we we categorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we we categorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we we categorize the
+functions you know some are functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you know some are functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you know some are functions
+that we really expect to you you to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really expect to you you to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really expect to you you to use
+all the time some are functions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time some are functions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time some are functions that you
+might use you know once in kind of rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use you know once in kind of rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use you know once in kind of rare
+instances then we also have functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances then we also have functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances then we also have functions
+like look you really they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look you really they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look you really they're there
+they're in the library these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the library these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the library these are really
+not meant for you to use though they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meant for you to use though they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not meant for you to use though they're
+really internal supporting functions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really internal supporting functions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really internal supporting functions but
+they're there in the in the library all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there in the in the library all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there in the in the library all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so that's the first thing you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first thing you want to
+check is to make sure that's set up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is to make sure that's set up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is to make sure that's set up if
+you have any issues send email to grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any issues send email to grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any issues send email to grid
+dhel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dhel
+ll.m. and and the people will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll.m. and and the people will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ll.m. and and the people will help you
+and and check it out and don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and check it out and don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and check it out and don't be
+surprised if some of you do have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if some of you do have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if some of you do have an
+issue this is the first time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue this is the first time we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue this is the first time we've
+really rolled it out to such a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rolled it out to such a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rolled it out to such a large
+audience and so we absolutely expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and so we absolutely expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and so we absolutely expect
+people to have little little things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have little little things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have little little things that
+will pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop
+up all right so I'm going to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so I'm going to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right so I'm going to run the
+first example here um I should say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example here um I should say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example here um I should say we
+also have tested all of the stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have tested all of the stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have tested all of the stuff for
+those of you who are utterly averse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are utterly averse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are utterly averse to
+commercial software depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial software depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial software depending on your
+religious preferences we also run with G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious preferences we also run with G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious preferences we also run with G
+octave which is the GPL version for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave which is the GPL version for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave which is the GPL version for
+those of you who refuse to run nonfree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who refuse to run nonfree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who refuse to run nonfree
+software and so uh so this all the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and so uh so this all the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and so uh so this all the stuff
+should also work with that as well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also work with that as well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also work with that as well just
+for those people who prefer to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people who prefer to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people who prefer to use that
+type of environment but generally mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of environment but generally mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of environment but generally mat
+lab you know it's pretty available here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you know it's pretty available here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you know it's pretty available here
+and so we certainly encourage you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we certainly encourage you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we certainly encourage you to to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+that so we're going to run the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to run the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're going to run the first
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+here ai1 setup. test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ai1 setup. test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ai1 setup. test
+there we go yay it worked it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go yay it worked it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go yay it worked it's always
+embarrassing when you're recording and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing when you're recording and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing when you're recording and
+these don't work um so I'm going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't work um so I'm going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't work um so I'm going to walk
+you through some really rudimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through some really rudimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through some really rudimentary
+stuff here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here in this
+example so one of the things in d4m that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so one of the things in d4m that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so one of the things in d4m that
+you're dealing with a lot is lists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings long lists of strings millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings long lists of strings millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings long lists of strings millions
+of distinct strings now mat lab has data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distinct strings now mat lab has data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distinct strings now mat lab has data
+structures that do support list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that do support list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that do support list of
+strings cell arrays being one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings cell arrays being one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings cell arrays being one of them
+and there's other data structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other data structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other data structures that
+you can use to do that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to do that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use to do that they they
+naturally support these but they tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally support these but they tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally support these but they tend to
+be uh very memory intensive and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh very memory intensive and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh very memory intensive and very
+slow and so given our whole thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and so given our whole thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and so given our whole thing here
+is we have a real focus on performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a real focus on performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a real focus on performance
+me giving you a great tool that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me giving you a great tool that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me giving you a great tool that's a
+thousand times slower than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times slower than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand times slower than other
+techniques is not very helpful so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is not very helpful so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is not very helpful so we are
+going to be dealing with lists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dealing with lists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dealing with lists of
+strings all the time and so in d4m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings all the time and so in d4m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings all the time and so in d4m a
+list of strings is a row Vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of strings is a row Vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of strings is a row Vector of
+characters okay I've highlighted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters okay I've highlighted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters okay I've highlighted here
+and the last character in the row Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last character in the row Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last character in the row Vector
+is the delimiter in this case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the delimiter in this case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the delimiter in this case it's the
+comma you're at the end that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma you're at the end that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma you're at the end that is the
+delimiter it can be whatever you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter it can be whatever you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter it can be whatever you want it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be can be a semicolon it can be a dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can be a semicolon it can be a dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be can be a semicolon it can be a dash
+it can be a space I tend to recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a space I tend to recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a space I tend to recommend
+new line which is asky character 10 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new line which is asky character 10 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new line which is asky character 10 uh
+very safe delimiter but whatever ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very safe delimiter but whatever ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very safe delimiter but whatever ever
+that last character is that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last character is that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last character is that's that's the
+delimiter and you can have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter and you can have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter and you can have different
+lists different strings with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists different strings with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists different strings with different
+delimiters it should handle those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiters it should handle those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiters it should handle those
+situations just fine um but um but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations just fine um but um but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations just fine um but um but but
+within a list of strings it you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a list of strings it you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a list of strings it you know it
+needs to be that that last character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be that that last character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be that that last character
+will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the
+delimer so I'm actually creating here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimer so I'm actually creating here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimer so I'm actually creating here a
+uh a list I'm going to be creating a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a list I'm going to be creating a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a list I'm going to be creating a set
+of triples here R which is the rows C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples here R which is the rows C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples here R which is the rows C
+which is the columns V which the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the columns V which the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the columns V which the values
+and so I have an R which is this I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have an R which is this I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have an R which is this I have
+a set of C here which is this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of C here which is this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of C here which is this Vector
+here and then a list of values and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then a list of values and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then a list of values and the
+values in this case are just appending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in this case are just appending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in this case are just appending
+the row and the column together with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row and the column together with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row and the column together with a
+dash and all three of these use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash and all three of these use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash and all three of these use the the
+comma as it's the last character as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma as it's the last character as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma as it's the last character as the
+delimiter all right and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter all right and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiter all right and now I'm going to
+create an associative array which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an associative array which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an associative array which is the
+fundamental data structure in d4m it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental data structure in d4m it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental data structure in d4m it's
+what allows us to bridge linear alge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what allows us to bridge linear alge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what allows us to bridge linear alge and
+strings together so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings together so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings together so this is the
+Constructor command for an associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor command for an associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor command for an associative
+array so so and then we give it a a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so so and then we give it a a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array so so and then we give it a a list
+of row Keys these are called we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row Keys these are called we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row Keys these are called we often
+call them Keys list of column Keys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Keys list of column Keys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Keys list of column Keys a
+list of string values and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of string values and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of string values and this
+constructs the associative array a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs the associative array a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs the associative array a and
+in mat lab since I haven't terminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab since I haven't terminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mat lab since I haven't terminated
+this with a semicolon it now will print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a semicolon it now will print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a semicolon it now will print
+out the list of triples so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the list of triples so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the list of triples so now you can
+see the list of triples we can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the list of triples we can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the list of triples we can construct
+here was a a you know row a column a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a a you know row a column a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was a a you know row a column a
+value A- a row a a column a value a A- a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value A- a row a a column a value a A- a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value A- a row a a column a value a A- a
+and I won't read the whole list yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+darl that is an artifact of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darl that is an artifact of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darl that is an artifact of this
+printing out dis display it will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out dis display it will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing out dis display it will show
+you the delimiter that you actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the delimiter that you actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the delimiter that you actually used
+here just is to and it's it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just is to and it's it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just is to and it's it's good to
+know that you have not really there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have not really there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have not really there it's
+not really there yeah I mean it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really there yeah I mean it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really there yeah I mean it's there
+and it's not there but it's showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not there but it's showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not there but it's showing you
+the delimiter and after a while you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delimiter and after a while you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delimiter and after a while you just
+kind of learn to ignore that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learn to ignore that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learn to ignore that the only
+time this does become a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this does become a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this does become a little bit of an
+issue is if that that is the new line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is if that that is the new line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is if that that is the new line
+character then the formatting gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character then the formatting gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character then the formatting gets a
+little bit and we've actually built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we've actually built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we've actually built in
+routines allow you to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines allow you to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines allow you to take an
+associative array replace the deloar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array replace the deloar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array replace the deloar
+with something nicer you know in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something nicer you know in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something nicer you know in one
+command so that you can print it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command so that you can print it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command so that you can print it out and
+it doesn't look so so uh uh crazy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look so so uh uh crazy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look so so uh uh crazy if
+you're using a new line um typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a new line um typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a new line um typically
+though you tend to be doing this print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you tend to be doing this print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you tend to be doing this print
+out command on small things so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out command on small things so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out command on small things so if it's
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+fine so that's the whole list you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so that's the whole list you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so that's the whole list you see
+there of all the uh the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of all the uh the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there of all the uh the different
+entries um if you use the disp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries um if you use the disp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries um if you use the disp
+command it will actually display the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command it will actually display the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command it will actually display the
+internal structure of the associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal structure of the associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal structure of the associative
+array and an associative array object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and an associative array object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and an associative array object in
+dform has four Fields total that's it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dform has four Fields total that's it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dform has four Fields total that's it we
+do everything with just four fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything with just four fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything with just four fields and
+the four fields are a set of row keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four fields are a set of row keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four fields are a set of row keys
+this is a lexographic sorted list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lexographic sorted list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lexographic sorted list of the
+unique row keys and it's stored as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique row keys and it's stored as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique row keys and it's stored as a
+string list so in this case we had six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string list so in this case we had six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string list so in this case we had six
+unique row keys and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique row keys and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique row keys and we have
+six entries in this row string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six entries in this row string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six entries in this row string
+list likewise the column is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list likewise the column is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list likewise the column is the same
+thing we have these six unique entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have these six unique entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have these six unique entries
+and you see they inherit the delimiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see they inherit the delimiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see they inherit the delimiter
+that was passed into them if I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was passed into them if I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was passed into them if I used
+different ones you would see different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones you would see different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ones you would see different
+delimiters and then the the then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiters and then the the then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delimiters and then the the then the
+value which is a another list that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is a another list that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is a another list that shows
+all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different
+strings okay and then a matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings okay and then a matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings okay and then a matrix which
+shows uh which is a 6x6 Matrix so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows uh which is a 6x6 Matrix so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows uh which is a 6x6 Matrix so this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+6x6 associate of array and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x6 associate of array and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x6 associate of array and this is the
+pointer basically the value stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer basically the value stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer basically the value stored in
+this 6x6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 6x6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 6x6
+sparse Matrix points to the index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix points to the index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse Matrix points to the index of the
+value so you can view that as a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you can view that as a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so you can view that as a pointer
+to the values and this is how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the values and this is how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the values and this is how we can
+have values that are actually strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values that are actually strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values that are actually strings
+that may not be quite clear there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not be quite clear there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not be quite clear there's an
+easier way to do do this so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way to do do this so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way to do do this so we have a
+little rout function here called display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rout function here called display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rout function here called display
+full which produces a nice tabular view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full which produces a nice tabular view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full which produces a nice tabular view
+of the data so here's the row Keys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data so here's the row Keys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data so here's the row Keys the
+column keys and the values and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column keys and the values and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column keys and the values and you see
+this was a The Matrix I constructed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a The Matrix I constructed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a The Matrix I constructed you
+know had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know had a
+full First Column and a full first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full First Column and a full first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full First Column and a full first row
+and then values along the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal and then what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then what we're going to do
+is uh we want to save this we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh we want to save this we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh we want to save this we want to
+write it out so we're going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out so we're going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out so we're going to write it
+out to we have a function equal assos to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to we have a function equal assos to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to we have a function equal assos to
+CSV so I pass an associative array I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV so I pass an associative array I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV so I pass an associative array I
+give it the the row Terminator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the the row Terminator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the the row Terminator and the
+column separator and a file name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column separator and a file name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column separator and a file name and
+will'll write that data out to a CSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll write that data out to a CSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will'll write that data out to a CSV
+file which is very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file which is very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file which is very convenient
+I actually hide that you can see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually hide that you can see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually hide that you can see here is
+the CSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CSV
+file and so you can look at it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and so you can look at it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and so you can look at it there's
+the CSV file so we can zoom in on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CSV file so we can zoom in on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CSV file so we can zoom in on that
+for you and you see there we go those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and you see there we go those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and you see there we go those
+are our six rows six columns our dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our six rows six columns our dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our six rows six columns our dense
+first row our dense First Column and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row our dense First Column and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row our dense First Column and our
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+okay there all right so let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there all right so let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there all right so let's go back
+here now let's go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now let's go on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now let's go on to the next
+example which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is going to be
+ai2 and now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai2 and now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai2 and now we're going to talk about
+how we've sort of described how we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've sort of described how we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've sort of described how we put
+data into an associate array we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into an associate array we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into an associate array we're now
+going to talk about how we query it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how we query it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how we query it or
+get data out of the associate array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data out of the associate array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data out of the associate array and
+one of the things that's very nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's very nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's very nice about
+the queries that I will show you as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queries that I will show you as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queries that I will show you as we
+get to later parts of the course we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to later parts of the course we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to later parts of the course we do
+databases whether you're querying an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases whether you're querying an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases whether you're querying an
+associative array that's in M memory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array that's in M memory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array that's in M memory or
+a binding to a table it's the same we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binding to a table it's the same we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binding to a table it's the same we
+try and make it so that almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and make it so that almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and make it so that almost
+everything you would do on an associ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you would do on an associ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you would do on an associ
+array you could also do on a table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you could also do on a table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array you could also do on a table so
+you can write your programs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write your programs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write your programs on
+associative arrays and then switch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays and then switch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays and then switch a
+couple things and now it should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things and now it should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things and now it should also
+work on tables in the database the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on tables in the database the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on tables in the database the same
+way and so we try and preserve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so we try and preserve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so we try and preserve that
+concept the only difference is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the only difference is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the only difference is that a
+table in a database is just can be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in a database is just can be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table in a database is just can be much
+much bigger than than a table that than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than than a table that than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than than a table that than
+an associate array you would have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associate array you would have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associate array you would have in
+your in your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your memory
+space all right so we're going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all right so we're going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all right so we're going to run
+that that's the next example so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the next example so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the next example so the
+first thing we did is well we wrote out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we did is well we wrote out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we did is well we wrote out
+the associate array we're going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate array we're going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associate array we're going to read
+it back in so we have a nice function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in so we have a nice function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back in so we have a nice function
+here called read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here called read
+CSV that reads CSV files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV that reads CSV files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV that reads CSV files
+um just so you know Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just so you know Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just so you know Microsoft
+Excel does write out a non-standard CSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel does write out a non-standard CSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel does write out a non-standard CSV
+file Microsoft Excel most of the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file Microsoft Excel most of the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file Microsoft Excel most of the common
+that is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+row that is empty at after a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that is empty at after a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that is empty at after a certain
+point it won't write out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it won't write out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it won't write out those
+commas which is technically probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commas which is technically probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commas which is technically probably not
+conformant with the official CSV format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformant with the official CSV format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformant with the official CSV format
+although I don't know there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't know there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't know there is a
+officially written down CSV format right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially written down CSV format right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially written down CSV format right
+you can describe it in one line so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe it in one line so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe it in one line so you
+just have to be careful about that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be careful about that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to be careful about that if
+you we see this issue people write out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we see this issue people write out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we see this issue people write out a
+CSV from Excel and if there's an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV from Excel and if there's an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSV from Excel and if there's an empty
+last last row is not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last row is not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last last row is not fully
+dense you know or last column is not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense you know or last column is not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense you know or last column is not is
+not a dense column you can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a dense column you can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a dense column you can get this
+issue and it will screw all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and it will screw all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and it will screw all this stuff
+up um we also don't support quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um we also don't support quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um we also don't support quoted
+strings uh the way to do that though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings uh the way to do that though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings uh the way to do that though is
+to create a tsv file so put tabs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a tsv file so put tabs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a tsv file so put tabs in
+there and we support tab you just if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we support tab you just if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we support tab you just if you
+just call this a tsv file um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this a tsv file um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call this a tsv file um when you
+write it out you could have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out you could have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out you could have your
+separator be a tab instead of column a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator be a tab instead of column a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator be a tab instead of column a
+comma and then you're all good and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and then you're all good and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma and then you're all good and so
+that's how we support that so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we support that so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we support that so we're
+going to now so that's how we read it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now so that's how we read it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now so that's how we read it in
+and now we're going to do a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to do a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to do a whole bunch
+of different queries these are all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different queries these are all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different queries these are all uh
+what are relatively complicated queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are relatively complicated queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are relatively complicated queries
+so the first one here is get me rows A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one here is get me rows A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one here is get me rows A
+and B so if I pass in a string list just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so if I pass in a string list just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so if I pass in a string list just
+like the oops didn't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the oops didn't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the oops didn't want to do
+that let's see here we pass in a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's see here we pass in a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's see here we pass in a string
+list of the same type that I had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the same type that I had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the same type that I had before
+and I just say this exact same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just say this exact same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just say this exact same type of
+indexing that we normally have in mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing that we normally have in mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing that we normally have in mat
+lab where you're like I want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab where you're like I want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab where you're like I want to get a
+set of rows I give it a set of rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rows I give it a set of rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rows I give it a set of rows and
+so this says get me rows A and B and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says get me rows A and B and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says get me rows A and B and get
+me the whole row colon use the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the whole row colon use the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the whole row colon use the standard
+mat lab syntax that colon means whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab syntax that colon means whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab syntax that colon means whole
+row likewise if a was a binding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row likewise if a was a binding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row likewise if a was a binding to a
+table it would deliver the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it would deliver the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table it would deliver the exact same
+query to the database and return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query to the database and return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query to the database and return the
+exact same thing in associative R uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same thing in associative R uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same thing in associative R uh
+here's another more complicated query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another more complicated query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another more complicated query
+that says get me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says get me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says get me all
+rows containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows containing
+a so our Wild Card character is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so our Wild Card character is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so our Wild Card character is a little
+liberal here it will just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal here it will just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal here it will just give you
+anything containing an a it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything containing an a it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything containing an a it doesn't
+really respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really respect
+Beginnings or endings or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beginnings or endings or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beginnings or endings or anything like
+that it's kind of a regular expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of a regular expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of a regular expression
+and then uh and this says get any row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and this says get any row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and this says get any row
+containing a and columns one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a and columns one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a and columns one through
+three so we can use numerical indexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we can use numerical indexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so we can use numerical indexes
+sometimes you just like I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you just like I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you just like I don't care
+what the row keys are just give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the row keys are just give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the row keys are just give me the
+first 10 columns or the first 10 rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 columns or the first 10 rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 columns or the first 10 rows
+and that will that will return this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will that will return this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will that will return this
+okay this is one feature that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is one feature that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is one feature that does not
+work on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on all
+databases some databases have a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases some databases have a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases some databases have a concept
+of a numerical index of a column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a numerical index of a column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a numerical index of a column and
+some databases do not so it's dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some databases do not so it's dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some databases do not so it's dependent
+on the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the actual
+database here's another one this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database here's another one this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database here's another one this is a
+range query so if you remember in mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query so if you remember in mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range query so if you remember in mat
+lab if you do colon and two values it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab if you do colon and two values it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab if you do colon and two values it
+gives you a range so we can do a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a range so we can do a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a range so we can do a range
+query here so a give me all columns a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query here so a give me all columns a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query here so a give me all columns a
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+b uh if you really wanted to just get do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh if you really wanted to just get do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b uh if you really wanted to just get do
+we have something called a start Swift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something called a start Swift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something called a start Swift
+which is something like I A lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something like I A lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something like I A lot of times
+people like I want to just get the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like I want to just get the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like I want to just get the rows
+or the columns that begin with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the columns that begin with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the columns that begin with a certain
+string so we have a little shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so we have a little shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string so we have a little shorthand
+routine here that constructs that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine here that constructs that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine here that constructs that for
+you so this says get me all rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this says get me all rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this says get me all rows
+starting with A and C likewise I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with A and C likewise I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with A and C likewise I can do
+the same thing with columns I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with columns I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with columns I can say
+get me columns A and B I can say get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me columns A and B I can say get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me columns A and B I can say get me
+the give me all all columns that contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the give me all all columns that contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the give me all all columns that contain
+a with uh columns with rows one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with uh columns with rows one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with uh columns with rows one through
+three like I I can do column ranges here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three like I I can do column ranges here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three like I I can do column ranges here
+can say give me all columns A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say give me all columns A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say give me all columns A to B
+likewise I can do the starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise I can do the starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise I can do the starts with
+command as well says give me all columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command as well says give me all columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command as well says give me all columns
+starting with a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a or
+C and then finally I think this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then finally I think this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and then finally I think this is kind
+of fun we can actually query the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun we can actually query the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun we can actually query the values
+again this is a feature that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a feature that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a feature that's not in
+supported with the database but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported with the database but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported with the database but is
+supported with the associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported with the associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported with the associative array
+which is if I say get me all return an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if I say get me all return an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if I say get me all return an
+associate of array where all the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate of array where all the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate of array where all the values
+are greater than than B I'm sorry less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than than B I'm sorry less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than than B I'm sorry less
+than b okay so let me just show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b okay so let me just show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b okay so let me just show you what
+that one looks like so this was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one looks like so this was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one looks like so this was that
+query and this is what it looks like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and this is what it looks like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query and this is what it looks like so
+I display a V and you see now we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I display a V and you see now we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I display a V and you see now we don't
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any
+values that are begin with a B all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are begin with a B all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are begin with a B all the
+values okay another thing that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay another thing that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay another thing that we should
+notice here is that this is now a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that this is now a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here is that this is now a 3X3
+Matrix not a 6x6 Matrix associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix not a 6x6 Matrix associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix not a 6x6 Matrix associative
+arrays never store an empty row or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays never store an empty row or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays never store an empty row or an
+empty column that is a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty column that is a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty column that is a big difference
+between traditional sparse linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between traditional sparse linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between traditional sparse linear
+algebra and associative arrays in sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and associative arrays in sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and associative arrays in sparse
+linear algebra you can have a row of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra you can have a row of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra you can have a row of all
+zero of an empty an empty row or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of an empty an empty row or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of an empty an empty row or an
+empty column not in associative arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty column not in associative arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty column not in associative arrays
+associative arrays you either have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays you either have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays you either have you
+know there's going to be if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's going to be if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's going to be if you have a
+row or a column it's going to have an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a column it's going to have an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a column it's going to have an in
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so basically all it does so it's Lex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so basically all it does so it's Lex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so basically all it does so it's Lex
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+basically so if we had a value to began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so if we had a value to began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so if we had a value to began
+with C that would also not be included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C that would also not be included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with C that would also not be included
+so it's basically lexor graphically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically lexor graphically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically lexor graphically we
+compare the value a a with b and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the value a a with b and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the value a a with b and we say
+is it lexor graphically before B if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it lexor graphically before B if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it lexor graphically before B if so
+it satisfies the condition Jeremy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the condition Jeremy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the condition Jeremy is
+that equivalent to saying I put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equivalent to saying I put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equivalent to saying I put all
+these values into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values into
+aary yes yes so that's the policy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aary yes yes so that's the policy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aary yes yes so that's the policy that
+we may so strictly the algebra of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may so strictly the algebra of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may so strictly the algebra of
+associative arrays doesn't require Lex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays doesn't require Lex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays doesn't require Lex
+rical ordering that's an implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rical ordering that's an implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rical ordering that's an implementation
+fact it's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's a very important
+implementation fact we are constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation fact we are constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation fact we are constantly
+maintaining lexor graphical order inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining lexor graphical order inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining lexor graphical order inside
+the data structure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structure yeah
+darl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darl
+returns oh this right yeah 3X six sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns oh this right yeah 3X six sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns oh this right yeah 3X six sorry
+3x6 yes yes because these are full here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x6 yes yes because these are full here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x6 yes yes because these are full here
+right but you see that the ones you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you see that the ones you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you see that the ones you know
+there not it's none of the ones with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not it's none of the ones with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not it's none of the ones with B
+in it happening because they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it happening because they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it happening because they didn't
+satisfy the right area so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the right area so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the right area so therefore
+they're empty and so therefore so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're empty and so therefore so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're empty and so therefore so it's a
+very important thing to know all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing to know all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing to know all right
+moving on here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next you define other orderings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you define other orderings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you define other orderings the
+mathematics would no doubt admit that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics would no doubt admit that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics would no doubt admit that um
+it's really baked in though into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really baked in though into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really baked in though into the
+implementation I mean uh because we rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation I mean uh because we rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation I mean uh because we rely
+on the mat lab sort command and as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mat lab sort command and as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mat lab sort command and as far
+as I know that does not allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know that does not allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know that does not allow you to
+have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have other
+orderings now you could obviously do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings now you could obviously do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderings now you could obviously do
+rehash you could hash your rows and keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehash you could hash your rows and keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehash you could hash your rows and keys
+to some other thing and then have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other thing and then have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other thing and then have an
+associative array that Maps those back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array that Maps those back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array that Maps those back
+and forth in fact people do that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth in fact people do that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth in fact people do that all the
+time uh and just have you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and just have you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh and just have you know and you
+could do that but that's how you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that but that's how you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that but that's how you if you
+really really want the ordering the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really want the ordering the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really want the ordering the main
+thing though is to kind of think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though is to kind of think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though is to kind of think of it
+though is that the ordering doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that the ordering doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that the ordering doesn't
+really matter it's really a device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter it's really a device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter it's really a device that
+allows me to do fast lookups and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do fast lookups and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to do fast lookups and you
+know you shouldn't really care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you shouldn't really care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you shouldn't really care about the
+ordering all right so let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering all right so let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering all right so let's move on to
+the next example so actually so we're do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example so actually so we're do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example so actually so we're do
+ai3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ai3
+so now we're going to do some math on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to do some math on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to do some math on
+this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+okay so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we
+go all right so once again I read in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so once again I read in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so once again I read in my
+uh my data that I constructed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my data that I constructed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my data that I constructed in the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+example the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the uh the
+values of that data were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that data were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that data were
+strings but if I want to do math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings but if I want to do math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings but if I want to do math
+sometimes I don't want to do math on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I don't want to do math on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I don't want to do math on
+strings sometimes I want to do math on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings sometimes I want to do math on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings sometimes I want to do math on
+numbers so in in in d4m the associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so in in in d4m the associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so in in in d4m the associative
+arrays can also be numbers which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays can also be numbers which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays can also be numbers which can be
+very convenient for doing mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient for doing mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient for doing mathematical
+operations and so uh what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and so uh what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and so uh what we have here
+is we have this command called double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this command called double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this command called double
+Loi which is just shorthand for and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loi which is just shorthand for and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loi which is just shorthand for and it's
+kind of cut off here uh applying logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cut off here uh applying logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cut off here uh applying logical
+to the associative array which takes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the associative array which takes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the associative array which takes all
+the values and converts them just to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values and converts them just to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values and converts them just to a
+Z1 basically throws away the strings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 basically throws away the strings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 basically throws away the strings or
+if it was a numeric value just me are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a numeric value just me are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a numeric value just me are
+you there you're a one if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there you're a one if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there you're a one if you're not
+there you're zero or you're empty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're zero or you're empty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're zero or you're empty and
+then since we can't do arithmetic on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since we can't do arithmetic on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since we can't do arithmetic on
+logicals in mat lab we have to bump them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logicals in mat lab we have to bump them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logicals in mat lab we have to bump them
+back into double so we do this so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into double so we do this so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into double so we do this so often
+we've actually made a little little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually made a little little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually made a little little uh
+shorthand here what we call Double Loi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand here what we call Double Loi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand here what we call Double Loi
+and you'll see that all the time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that all the time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that all the time in the
+class because I just don't like to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because I just don't like to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because I just don't like to type
+all the characters of writing double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the characters of writing double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the characters of writing double
+logical it gets very redundant now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical it gets very redundant now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical it gets very redundant now if we
+go and look at that data again we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and look at that data again we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and look at that data again we see
+when you do display full that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do display full that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do display full that instead of
+where before we had values of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where before we had values of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where before we had values of these
+various strings we just now have numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various strings we just now have numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various strings we just now have numbers
+just ones so that's convenient now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ones so that's convenient now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ones so that's convenient now I can
+do arithmetic on them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do arithmetic on them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do arithmetic on them so
+let me do the first thing here one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the first thing here one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do the first thing here one of
+the things I might want to do is sum all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I might want to do is sum all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I might want to do is sum all
+the rows so the mat lab sum command it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows so the mat lab sum command it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows so the mat lab sum command it's
+basically you're giving it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're giving it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you're giving it the
+essentially the the dimension to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the dimension to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the dimension to
+eliminate the First Dimension we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the First Dimension we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the First Dimension we want to
+eliminate or sum over is is the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate or sum over is is the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate or sum over is is the row
+Dimension so that means it's summing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so that means it's summing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so that means it's summing up
+all these rows it's basically squishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these rows it's basically squishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these rows it's basically squishing
+The Matrix and summing them up and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix and summing them up and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix and summing them up and now
+we have a new associative array which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a new associative array which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a new associative array which is
+essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a
+1x6 associ array you see now that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x6 associ array you see now that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x6 associ array you see now that the
+row key is empty because when we sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row key is empty because when we sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row key is empty because when we sum the
+definitions of the rows sort of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the rows sort of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of the rows sort of kind of
+go away so we don't you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away so we don't you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away so we don't you don't have to
+have strings to be your row Keys you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strings to be your row Keys you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have strings to be your row Keys you can
+have numeric row Keys just not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numeric row Keys just not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numeric row Keys just not just
+leave the row entry empty um but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the row entry empty um but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the row entry empty um but there
+are some cautions with that as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cautions with that as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some cautions with that as well so
+when we sum that and you see down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we sum that and you see down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we sum that and you see down we
+have all the columns the values because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the columns the values because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the columns the values because
+they're not strings are just stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not strings are just stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not strings are just stored in
+the in the this a matrix itself and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the this a matrix itself and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the this a matrix itself and you
+see that we had six and two and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we had six and two and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we had six and two and two and
+two and two and two so when we sum these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and two and two so when we sum these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and two and two so when we sum these
+up that's exactly what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's exactly what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's exactly what you would
+expect moving along we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect moving along we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect moving along we can do the
+columns so here I'm going to sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so here I'm going to sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so here I'm going to sum and
+then I'm going to do display full which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to do display full which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to do display full which
+is the same as just kind of listing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as just kind of listing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as just kind of listing it
+and we see here we now summ the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see here we now summ the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see here we now summ the column
+summed Su compressed all the columns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed Su compressed all the columns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed Su compressed all the columns so
+we have a column vector and this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a column vector and this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a column vector and this shows
+the the row labels of that column Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the row labels of that column Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the row labels of that column Vector
+we now have a new column label which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a new column label which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a new column label which is
+just one and then you see the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one and then you see the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one and then you see the actual
+values there again a very useful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there again a very useful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there again a very useful thing
+people do this all the time summing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this all the time summing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do this all the time summing of
+their rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rows and
+columns let's do a simple join so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns let's do a simple join so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns let's do a simple join so I'm
+going to say give me a column Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say give me a column Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say give me a column Vector
+a get me another column Vector B all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a get me another column Vector B all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a get me another column Vector B all
+right now now I'm going to join these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now now I'm going to join these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now now I'm going to join these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+together now I could just do a a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now I could just do a a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together now I could just do a a and a
+but I'd get an empty Matrix the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd get an empty Matrix the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd get an empty Matrix the reason
+is because it would attempt to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it would attempt to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it would attempt to do the
+joins and they would have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins and they would have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joins and they would have different
+column labels and so when we do joins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column labels and so when we do joins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column labels and so when we do joins
+we're intersecting the two sets of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're intersecting the two sets of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're intersecting the two sets of row
+and column Keys together and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column Keys together and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column Keys together and if they
+have SE those are just separate columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SE those are just separate columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have SE those are just separate columns
+they and them together they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and them together they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and them together they have no
+intersection however if we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection however if we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection however if we have this
+function called No call which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called No call which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called No call which
+essentially blows away the columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially blows away the columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially blows away the columns and
+basically gives them all in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives them all in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically gives them all in this case a
+column value one we can now and them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column value one we can now and them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column value one we can now and them
+together and we can actually find where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we can actually find where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we can actually find where
+these two things have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things have a common
+value so that's a fairly simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so that's a fairly simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so that's a fairly simple way to
+do a join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a join
+um this is something called a facet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something called a facet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something called a facet
+search which basically says all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search which basically says all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search which basically says all right
+I'm going to join these things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to join these things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to join these things together
+so I'm going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to create
+a column uh a column Vector but then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column uh a column Vector but then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column uh a column Vector but then I'm
+going to transpose that over here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transpose that over here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to transpose that over here so I
+transpose it and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it and then I'm going to
+multiply it back with the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it back with the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it back with the original
+Matrix this gives me a count essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this gives me a count essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix this gives me a count essentially
+of all you know given all columns or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you know given all columns or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all you know given all columns or all
+rows that contained had an entry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that contained had an entry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that contained had an entry in
+column A and B can you now sum up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column A and B can you now sum up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column A and B can you now sum up their
+rows and this is a uh fairly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and this is a uh fairly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and this is a uh fairly this is
+actually the mathematical basis of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the mathematical basis of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the mathematical basis of if
+you ever do and Google search and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever do and Google search and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever do and Google search and does
+Auto find it's essentially trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto find it's essentially trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Auto find it's essentially trying to do
+this type of operation it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of operation it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of operation it's trying to
+guess what the next most popular topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the next most popular topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the next most popular topic
+would be and this this essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and this this essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and this this essentially this
+mathematical operation does that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operation does that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operation does that kind of
+thing we actually have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we actually have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we actually have a bunch of
+applications in the lab that use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in the lab that use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in the lab that use this
+quite heavily and I can display the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite heavily and I can display the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite heavily and I can display the
+transpose of that so to make it a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of that so to make it a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of that so to make it a column
+vector and you see here we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you see here we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you see here we have a bunch
+of columns here and then values and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of columns here and then values and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of columns here and then values and then
+we can actually now do things like sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually now do things like sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually now do things like sum
+and normalize so we can divide so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normalize so we can divide so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normalize so we can divide so I'm
+going to normalize them can display that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to normalize them can display that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to normalize them can display that
+you see now you get the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see now you get the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see now you get the probabilities
+associated with these things uh just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these things uh just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with these things uh just you
+know basically you can just kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically you can just kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know basically you can just kind of go
+on your way doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your way doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your way doing
+math um this shows essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um this shows essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um this shows essentially the
+correlation of the columns A and B but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of the columns A and B but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of the columns A and B but
+why not just do all the correlations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just do all the correlations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just do all the correlations at
+once so if I'll focus on here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so if I'll focus on here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so if I'll focus on here so we have
+this fun function Square in which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fun function Square in which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fun function Square in which is the
+same as a transpose a but a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a transpose a but a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as a transpose a but a little bit
+faster if you're just squaring something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if you're just squaring something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster if you're just squaring something
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+itself I'm going to get the diagonal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I'm going to get the diagonal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I'm going to get the diagonal of
+that so if I use this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if I use this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if I use this function
+adj stands for adjacency it will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adj stands for adjacency it will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adj stands for adjacency it will just
+pop out that a matrix by itself when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out that a matrix by itself when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop out that a matrix by itself when
+youever you use adj you're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youever you use adj you're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youever you use adj you're getting a
+straight sparse matlb Matrix and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight sparse matlb Matrix and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight sparse matlb Matrix and you can
+do any operation on that that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any operation on that that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any operation on that that you want
+that mat lab support so it's a really we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mat lab support so it's a really we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mat lab support so it's a really we
+highly recommend that if if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend that if if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend that if if you can't
+figure out how to do with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do with your
+Associated razor just pop out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated razor just pop out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated razor just pop out that
+adjacency Matrix do whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix do whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix do whatever you want
+and then you can just as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can just as long as you
+didn't change the size you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the size you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change the size you can just
+stuff it right back in uh at essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it right back in uh at essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it right back in uh at essentially
+no cost so this just basically copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cost so this just basically copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cost so this just basically copies
+that field out and we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field out and we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field out and we're going to get
+the diagonal reason we want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal reason we want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal reason we want to get the
+diagonal is when we do correlations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is when we do correlations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal is when we do correlations we
+always get this dense diagonal I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get this dense diagonal I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get this dense diagonal I want to
+eliminate that so I'm going to then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate that so I'm going to then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate that so I'm going to then now
+take the adjacency Matrix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the adjacency Matrix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the adjacency Matrix of the
+original correlation Matrix subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original correlation Matrix subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original correlation Matrix subtract the
+diagonal and then we have this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then we have this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and then we have this function
+put adj which is kind of the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put adj which is kind of the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put adj which is kind of the inverse of
+adj which just says I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adj which just says I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adj which just says I have an
+associative array replace that a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array replace that a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array replace that a with
+this no checking instantaneous copy very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no checking instantaneous copy very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no checking instantaneous copy very
+fast but make sure it's the right size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but make sure it's the right size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but make sure it's the right size
+if it's the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the wrong
+size or you reoriented the columns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or you reoriented the columns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or you reoriented the columns in
+some way or the rows in some way then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or the rows in some way then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or the rows in some way then it
+won't make any sense so it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make any sense so it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make any sense so it's a it's a
+little bit of an advanced feature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an advanced feature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an advanced feature but
+it's very powerful one you can pop stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very powerful one you can pop stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very powerful one you can pop stuff
+in and out of these structures uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of these structures uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out of these structures uh very
+quickly and that way if you ever need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and that way if you ever need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and that way if you ever need to
+do math that we don't support you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do math that we don't support you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do math that we don't support you can
+just do that directly and so if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that directly and so if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that directly and so if we look
+at that we see what you would expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that we see what you would expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that we see what you would expect a
+nice correlation Matrix here symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice correlation Matrix here symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice correlation Matrix here symmetric
+with no diagonal in the counts of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no diagonal in the counts of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no diagonal in the counts of each
+one all right here so let me move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right here so let me move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right here so let me move on to
+the next example here which is AI 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example here which is AI 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next example here which is AI 4 and
+this just shows you different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows you different ways to
+construct associative arrays some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct associative arrays some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct associative arrays some of the
+various kind of more degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kind of more degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kind of more degenerate
+cases so I have a a bench creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so I have a a bench creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so I have a a bench creating a
+string here and a bunch of num numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here and a bunch of num numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string here and a bunch of num numeric
+values the point here is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the point here is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the point here is when you
+construct an associative array one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an associative array one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct an associative array one we
+have full support for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full support for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have full support for all these
+degenerate empty conditions if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate empty conditions if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate empty conditions if you give
+me anything with any kind of empty we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything with any kind of empty we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything with any kind of empty we're
+going to return an empty associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return an empty associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return an empty associative
+array madhab has outstanding support for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array madhab has outstanding support for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array madhab has outstanding support for
+empty objects you can just keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty objects you can just keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty objects you can just keep on
+passing you don't have to we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing you don't have to we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing you don't have to we basically
+what I'm saying is we do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is we do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is we do a lot of
+checking if the thing is empty short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if the thing is empty short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking if the thing is empty short
+circuit return an empty type of thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit return an empty type of thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit return an empty type of thing so
+you're not having to constantly check if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having to constantly check if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not having to constantly check if
+if something is empty or not in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is empty or not in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is empty or not in order to
+proceed so so that's what we do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed so so that's what we do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed so so that's what we do there
+that's just showing that all all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just showing that all all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just showing that all all these
+supported in addition you can do mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported in addition you can do mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported in addition you can do mixed
+types so when you construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so when you construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types so when you construct an
+associative array if one of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array if one of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array if one of the values
+is a scaler like for instance you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scaler like for instance you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scaler like for instance you can
+have that you don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you don't you know
+normally as in the mat lab sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally as in the mat lab sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally as in the mat lab sparse
+Constructor when you give it a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor when you give it a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor when you give it a set of
+triples they all have to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples they all have to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples they all have to be the same
+length or any one of them can or any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or any one of them can or any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or any one of them can or any of
+them can be scalers so this just says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be scalers so this just says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be scalers so this just says I
+have a bunch of column strings a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of column strings a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of column strings a bunch
+of numeric values oh and by the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numeric values oh and by the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numeric values oh and by the way they
+all have the same row so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same row so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have the same row so this is a very
+quick way to construct a row Vector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way to construct a row Vector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way to construct a row Vector I
+don't have to go and replicate this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go and replicate this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go and replicate this a
+that many times to make this work uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many times to make this work uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many times to make this work uh
+likewise here I could have a numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise here I could have a numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise here I could have a numeric
+value for the actual um rows uh string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the actual um rows uh string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the actual um rows uh string
+value for the columns and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the columns and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the columns and I want
+everyone to have the same value they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to have the same value they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to have the same value they all
+going to have a value of a and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a value of a and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a value of a and you can
+do variations on that theme so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do variations on that theme so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do variations on that theme so you do
+these are fast ways to to create row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are fast ways to to create row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are fast ways to to create row
+columns row vectors or column vectors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns row vectors or column vectors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns row vectors or column vectors or
+values with all a constant numeric value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values with all a constant numeric value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values with all a constant numeric value
+and other types of things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other types of things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other types of things like that and
+then we can just display one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just display one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just display one of these
+and you see here I think it was which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see here I think it was which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see here I think it was which
+one we displayed this first one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we displayed this first one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we displayed this first one which is
+a row and you can see when you display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row and you can see when you display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row and you can see when you display
+that it just has one value for the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just has one value for the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it just has one value for the row
+these are the different columns these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different columns these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the different columns these
+are the different values and again if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different values and again if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different values and again if we
+display full you see in the tabular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display full you see in the tabular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display full you see in the tabular form
+that's what you have so that brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have so that brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have so that brings us
+to the end of the first lecture um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the first lecture um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the first lecture um I'm
+happy to stay for uh questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to stay for uh questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to stay for uh questions that
+people might have um please go and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have um please go and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have um please go and check
+out your yellow grid account copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your yellow grid account copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your yellow grid account copy the
+examples don't try and work out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples don't try and work out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples don't try and work out of the
+you get like permission denied errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get like permission denied errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get like permission denied errors
+and stuff like that copy the examples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that copy the examples to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that copy the examples to
+your home directory try and get your d4m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home directory try and get your d4m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home directory try and get your d4m
+working try and run just this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working try and run just this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working try and run just this first
+example make sure it behaved the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example make sure it behaved the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example make sure it behaved the same
+way that we had here and then um send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we had here and then um send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we had here and then um send
+email to grid dashel uh and then as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to grid dashel uh and then as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to grid dashel uh and then as we
+get into the next week we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the next week we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the next week we'll do
+homeworks that are a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks that are a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks that are a little bit more
+substantive but this is just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantive but this is just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantive but this is just to make
+sure the technology is working for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the technology is working for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the technology is working for you
+and uh that's uh that's uh we'll wrap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's uh that's uh we'll wrap it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's uh that's uh we'll wrap it
+up there thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/POetF9rX7Zw.txt b/POetF9rX7Zw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccd1d3bbc9b429148a79a8ec92092d763fd18201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/POetF9rX7Zw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to continue
+talking about convolutional code so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about convolutional code so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about convolutional code so I
+want to give you a quick reminder of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a quick reminder of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a quick reminder of how
+coding works and then talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding works and then talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding works and then talk to you about
+decoding can you hear me okay now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding can you hear me okay now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding can you hear me okay now all
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we talked in terms of a state diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked in terms of a state diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked in terms of a state diagram
+but let me remind you what the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me remind you what the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me remind you what the shift
+register picture was so we had a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register picture was so we had a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register picture was so we had a two
+stage shift register for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage shift register for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage shift register for this particular
+example we had xn a stream of data being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had xn a stream of data being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had xn a stream of data being
+fed in here so since this is a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed in here so since this is a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed in here so since this is a shift
+register would sits in here at time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register would sits in here at time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register would sits in here at time n
+minus a time n is the previous input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a time n is the previous input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a time n is the previous input
+what sits here is the input from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sits here is the input from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sits here is the input from two
+times ago and you can then feed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ago and you can then feed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ago and you can then feed these
+off and get your parity check so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take these in particular combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these in particular combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these in particular combinations
+and make your parity checks so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make your parity checks so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make your parity checks so you can
+have one box spitting out a p0 of n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one box spitting out a p0 of n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one box spitting out a p0 of n and
+then you can have another box that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have another box that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can have another box that takes
+these same outputs from the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same outputs from the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same outputs from the shift
+register and puts out let me just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and puts out let me just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and puts out let me just show
+them actually why don't I just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually why don't I just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually why don't I just put it
+here can you generate a bunch of parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you generate a bunch of parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you generate a bunch of parity
+check bits and I've shown an example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check bits and I've shown an example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check bits and I've shown an example on
+top where this is the same one I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top where this is the same one I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top where this is the same one I used
+last time p0 at time n I should have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time p0 at time n I should have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time p0 at time n I should have had
+an end there is xn plus xn minus 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end there is xn plus xn minus 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end there is xn plus xn minus 1 plus
+xn minus 2 and P 1 xn and xn minus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn minus 2 and P 1 xn and xn minus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn minus 2 and P 1 xn and xn minus 2 and
+we skip the xn minus 1 ok but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we skip the xn minus 1 ok but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we skip the xn minus 1 ok but you can
+choose different coefficients there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose different coefficients there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose different coefficients there
+different coefficients will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficients will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficients will give you
+codes that have different properties so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes that have different properties so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes that have different properties so
+the the choices in the code are how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the choices in the code are how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the choices in the code are how many
+shift registers do you have so how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift registers do you have so how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift registers do you have so how much
+memory the constraint length here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to what constraint length in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to what constraint length in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to what constraint length in
+this particular example on the slide k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example on the slide k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example on the slide k
+equals 3 or you can see it it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 or you can see it it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 or you can see it it's the
+number of message bits that are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of message bits that are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of message bits that are involved
+in generating a parity bit at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in generating a parity bit at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in generating a parity bit at the
+maximum okay it's actually not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum okay it's actually not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum okay it's actually not the
+number it's the the window over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's the the window over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's the the window over which
+you're taking message bits to combine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking message bits to combine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking message bits to combine to
+make the parity bits alright so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the parity bits alright so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the parity bits alright so for
+instance if you just had p1 you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you just had p1 you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you just had p1 you would
+still say that your constraint length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say that your constraint length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say that your constraint length is
+3 because you're involving a window of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 because you're involving a window of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 because you're involving a window of 3
+message bits okay it's the span over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message bits okay it's the span over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message bits okay it's the span over
+which you're extending all right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're extending all right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're extending all right now in
+terms of interpreting this we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of interpreting this we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of interpreting this we've got the
+possible states of the shift register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states of the shift register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible states of the shift register
+combination so 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 these are
+the four possible states so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four possible states so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four possible states so in general
+what you have is for a constraint length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is for a constraint length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is for a constraint length
+K you've got 2 to the K minus 1 States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you've got 2 to the K minus 1 States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you've got 2 to the K minus 1 States
+right because one of these is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because one of these is the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because one of these is the input
+and then the others are stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the others are stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the others are stored in
+memories you've got K minus one stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories you've got K minus one stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories you've got K minus one stored
+in memory that's number of states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory that's number of states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory that's number of states that
+you have and that's how these circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and that's how these circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have and that's how these circles
+are labeled here and then on each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled here and then on each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled here and then on each of the
+arcs what you have is the message bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs what you have is the message bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs what you have is the message bit
+that's coming in at that time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming in at that time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming in at that time and the
+parity bits that are emitted okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity bits that are emitted okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity bits that are emitted okay
+so for instance from zero zero if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance from zero zero if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance from zero zero if you've
+got zero here and zero here the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got zero here and zero here the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got zero here and zero here the only
+places you can go to at the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you can go to at the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you can go to at the next step
+are 0 0 and 0 1 right because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0 0 and 0 1 right because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0 0 and 0 1 right because you can
+either sorry 0 0 on 1 0 because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sorry 0 0 on 1 0 because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sorry 0 0 on 1 0 because you can
+either feed in a 0 or a 1 from here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either feed in a 0 or a 1 from here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either feed in a 0 or a 1 from here if
+you feed in a 0 then of the next state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feed in a 0 then of the next state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feed in a 0 then of the next state
+you're still in 0 if you feed in a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still in 0 if you feed in a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still in 0 if you feed in a 1
+then at the next state you're 1 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the next state you're 1 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the next state you're 1 0 right
+so those are the only possibilities from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the only possibilities from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the only possibilities from
+0 0 and if you had a 1 in you would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and if you had a 1 in you would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and if you had a 1 in you would go
+from 0 0 to 1 0 and what would be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 0 to 1 0 and what would be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 0 to 1 0 and what would be your
+parity check bits so if you had a 1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity check bits so if you had a 1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity check bits so if you had a 1 at
+the input and you have the parity check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and you have the parity check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and you have the parity check
+expressions that I have up here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that I have up here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that I have up here you see
+that what you would be emitting would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you would be emitting would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you would be emitting would be
+a 1 and a 1 that right if you have a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 and a 1 that right if you have a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 and a 1 that right if you have a 1
+in the input 0 0 and you use these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the input 0 0 and you use these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the input 0 0 and you use these two
+parity that bits you generate a 1 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity that bits you generate a 1 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity that bits you generate a 1 and a
+1 so that's how these arcs are labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so that's how these arcs are labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so that's how these arcs are labeled
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we said to actually understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said to actually understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said to actually understand the
+convolution convolutional code well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution convolutional code well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution convolutional code well what
+you really want to do is translate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to do is translate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to do is translate the
+state transition diagram to a trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram to a trellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram to a trellis
+diagram this is just showing two stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is just showing two stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is just showing two stages
+of the trellis in general the trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trellis in general the trellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trellis in general the trellis
+would be the state diagram unfolded over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the state diagram unfolded over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the state diagram unfolded over
+the whole time interval of interest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole time interval of interest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole time interval of interest so
+it's the same thing it's just that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing it's just that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing it's just that we've
+let's see we've chosen to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we've chosen to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see we've chosen to write the
+states in binary counting order so 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in binary counting order so 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in binary counting order so 0 0 0
+1 1 0 1 1 it was arranged slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 0 1 1 it was arranged slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 0 1 1 it was arranged slightly
+differently here apart from that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently here apart from that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently here apart from that it's
+the same thing so we're drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so we're drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so we're drawing the
+state diagram here we're doing drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state diagram here we're doing drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state diagram here we're doing drawing
+the same state diagram here except this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state diagram here except this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state diagram here except this
+is representing the state possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representing the state possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is representing the state possibilities
+a time at one particular time and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time at one particular time and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time at one particular time and this
+is the state possibilities at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state possibilities at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state possibilities at the next
+particular time so the state transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time so the state transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time so the state transition
+arrows are always going from one stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are always going from one stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are always going from one stage
+to the next all right so the arrow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next all right so the arrow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next all right so the arrow that
+we saw here which takes us from 0 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here which takes us from 0 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here which takes us from 0 0 to 1
+0 it's going to take us from this box to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's going to take us from this box to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's going to take us from this box to
+this box and what it emits on the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box and what it emits on the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box and what it emits on the way is
+the 1 and the sorry the 1 1 right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 and the sorry the 1 1 right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 and the sorry the 1 1 right what
+it emits is the 1 1 so each arc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emits is the 1 1 so each arc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it emits is the 1 1 so each arc is
+labeled in the same way this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled in the same way this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled in the same way this is just a
+rearrangement now the nice thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement now the nice thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement now the nice thing I
+mentioned last time the the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time the the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time the the nice thing
+about this is when you have this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is when you have this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is when you have this in
+binary counting order than the upper arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary counting order than the upper arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary counting order than the upper arc
+of the two that emanate from each box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two that emanate from each box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two that emanate from each box
+corresponds to an input of 0 the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an input of 0 the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an input of 0 the lower
+arc corresponds to an input of 1 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc corresponds to an input of 1 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc corresponds to an input of 1 so you
+can actually dispense with the index or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually dispense with the index or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually dispense with the index or
+would be a bit that's in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a bit that's in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a bit that's in front of the
+stroke there so you can just make do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke there so you can just make do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke there so you can just make do
+with labeling by the parity bits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with labeling by the parity bits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with labeling by the parity bits right
+so you'll get used to that 0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get used to that 0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get used to that 0 is the
+upward movement and 1 is a downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward movement and 1 is a downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward movement and 1 is a downward
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement
+so if you're thinking at the transmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're thinking at the transmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're thinking at the transmitter
+by the way I hope I've made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I hope I've made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I hope I've made these
+changes well I had an earlier version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes well I had an earlier version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes well I had an earlier version of
+this slide but I changed it to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide but I changed it to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide but I changed it to work for
+a new set of parity bits which meant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new set of parity bits which meant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new set of parity bits which meant I
+had to go on and change every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go on and change every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go on and change every one of
+these transitions so you might see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transitions so you might see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transitions so you might see the
+odd bug here and there but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd bug here and there but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd bug here and there but hopefully
+this is correct and consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct and consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct and consistent with the
+state transition diagram I showed you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram I showed you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram I showed you so
+what we're saying is now suppose you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is now suppose you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is now suppose you're
+starting off in the zero zero state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off in the zero zero state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off in the zero zero state and
+you get the sequence of message bits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the sequence of message bits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the sequence of message bits so
+0 1 1 1 is your message and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 1 1 is your message and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 1 1 is your message and then you
+bring it back to the zero state again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back to the zero state again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back to the zero state again by
+appending two zeros what's the path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending two zeros what's the path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending two zeros what's the path that
+you traverse through the trellis while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you traverse through the trellis while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you traverse through the trellis while
+you're starting off in the zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting off in the zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting off in the zero zero
+state every time you have a zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state every time you have a zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state every time you have a zero in the
+a message you take the upper branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message you take the upper branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message you take the upper branch
+whenever you have a one you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a one you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a one you take the
+lower branch of the two that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower branch of the two that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower branch of the two that are
+available to you so you can see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you so you can see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you so you can see very
+quickly how to steer through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how to steer through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how to steer through this
+trellis for any particular message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trellis for any particular message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trellis for any particular message
+sequence ok so this is the upper one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence ok so this is the upper one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence ok so this is the upper one of
+the two here and then the lower one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two here and then the lower one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two here and then the lower one of
+the two here because it's a one then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two here because it's a one then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two here because it's a one then the
+lower one of the two here because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower one of the two here because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower one of the two here because it's a
+one and the lower one of the two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the lower one of the two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the lower one of the two here
+because it's a one and then the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a one and then the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a one and then the upper
+one because it's a zero and the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's a zero and the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's a zero and the upper
+one because it's a zero all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's a zero all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because it's a zero all right so
+that's your path through the trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your path through the trellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your path through the trellis
+it's told to you by the message bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should also remember by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should also remember by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should also remember by the way this
+diagram hides a little bit because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram hides a little bit because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram hides a little bit because I
+have just a box here for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a box here for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just a box here for something
+that's actually a pair of registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a pair of registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a pair of registers
+right so when I just show the box let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when I just show the box let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when I just show the box let's
+say at this point okay this actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at this point okay this actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at this point okay this actually has
+the one on the zero sitting in it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the zero sitting in it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the zero sitting in it okay
+so if you were just looking at this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were just looking at this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were just looking at this box
+and what was in it if I just gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was in it if I just gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was in it if I just gave you
+the contents of that box could you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of that box could you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contents of that box could you tell
+me what the input was of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what the input was of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what the input was of the previous
+time if I just told you that the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if I just told you that the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if I just told you that the content
+contents of that box are 1 and 0 can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of that box are 1 and 0 can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of that box are 1 and 0 can you
+tell me what the input was of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the input was of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the input was of the
+previous time yes it's just what God fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time yes it's just what God fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time yes it's just what God fed
+in right it's just the one that God fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right it's just the one that God fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right it's just the one that God fed
+in so this diagram is fine but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this diagram is fine but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this diagram is fine but we've
+suppressed a little bit there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed a little bit there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed a little bit there there are
+occasions especially on homework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions especially on homework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions especially on homework and
+quiz problems where you're given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz problems where you're given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz problems where you're given the
+contents of the shift registers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of the shift registers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of the shift registers and
+you're asked to figure out what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asked to figure out what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asked to figure out what happened
+at the last time step what message bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last time step what message bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last time step what message bit
+came in so really don't forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in so really don't forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in so really don't forget that
+there is a link between the two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a link between the two okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a link between the two okay so
+the steering is straightforward now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steering is straightforward now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steering is straightforward now
+what's the code word that's emitted well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the code word that's emitted well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the code word that's emitted well
+it's the parity bits that you encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the parity bits that you encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the parity bits that you encounter
+on the arcs okay so on this upper arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the arcs okay so on this upper arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the arcs okay so on this upper arc
+here you've got a zero zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got a zero zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you've got a zero zero that's
+emitted so that's what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted so that's what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted so that's what you're going to
+admit that's the part of the code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that's the part of the code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit that's the part of the code word
+generated by that message bit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by that message bit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by that message bit and then
+on the lower arc you emit one one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower arc you emit one one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower arc you emit one one on the
+lower rqm at 0 1 lower rqm 8 1 0 and 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rqm at 0 1 lower rqm 8 1 0 and 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rqm at 0 1 lower rqm 8 1 0 and 0 1
+and then 1 1 so that's the code word ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 1 so that's the code word ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 1 1 so that's the code word ok
+so the set of all possible code words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the set of all possible code words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the set of all possible code words
+that you can get with this convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get with this convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get with this convolutional
+code corresponds to the set of all paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code corresponds to the set of all paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code corresponds to the set of all paths
+you can take through the trellis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take through the trellis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take through the trellis if
+you're starting at 0 0 0 then it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting at 0 0 0 then it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting at 0 0 0 then it's the
+set of all paths starting at 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all paths starting at 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all paths starting at 0 0 0
+so let's see roughly speaking can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see roughly speaking can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see roughly speaking can you
+tell me if I've got L stages okay when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me if I've got L stages okay when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me if I've got L stages okay when I
+say stages I mean time if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stages I mean time if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say stages I mean time if you want to
+think of these as happening on a clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as happening on a clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as happening on a clock
+if I've got L stages here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got L stages here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got L stages here and I'm
+starting off at the zero state they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off at the zero state they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off at the zero state they're
+for large L roughly how many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large L roughly how many possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large L roughly how many possible
+pots do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to BL yeah because you see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to BL yeah because you see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to BL yeah because you see you're
+coming out of a box here and on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a box here and on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a box here and on each
+stage you've got two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage you've got two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage you've got two choices
+and you've got those two choices for L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got those two choices for L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got those two choices for L
+stages so you got approximately 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so you got approximately 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so you got approximately 2 to the
+L possible paths now I say approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L possible paths now I say approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L possible paths now I say approximately
+because well in this case it's fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well in this case it's fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well in this case it's fine but
+now if you're a lot to start from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're a lot to start from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're a lot to start from other
+starting states then you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting states then you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting states then you will have to
+take account of that but it's of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take account of that but it's of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take account of that but it's of that
+order it's exponential the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it's exponential the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it's exponential the number of
+possible paths that you can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths that you can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible paths that you can have the
+number of code words is exponential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of code words is exponential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of code words is exponential in
+the length of the trellis right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the trellis right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the trellis right okay so
+that's a large number of code words our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a large number of code words our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a large number of code words our
+focus though is going to be on decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus though is going to be on decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus though is going to be on decoding
+today all right what I did so far was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right what I did so far was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right what I did so far was
+just review what we saw for coding we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just review what we saw for coding we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just review what we saw for coding we're
+interested in decoding now so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in decoding now so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in decoding now so at the
+receiver what you have is a knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver what you have is a knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver what you have is a knowledge of
+what the code is so you have the trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the code is so you have the trellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the code is so you have the trellis
+you know what the labels are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the labels are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the labels are you know
+that things are going to start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are going to start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are going to start in the
+zero state and then you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero state and then you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero state and then you get your
+received signal now what I've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received signal now what I've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received signal now what I've shown here
+is that actually your received signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that actually your received signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that actually your received signal is
+not necessarily going to be zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily going to be zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily going to be zeros and
+ones it's probably going to be samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones it's probably going to be samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones it's probably going to be samples
+of some voltage we've got some waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some voltage we've got some waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some voltage we've got some waveform
+you process it and then you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you process it and then you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you process it and then you take a
+sample and what you've got is a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and what you've got is a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and what you've got is a sample
+of some voltage so you're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some voltage so you're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some voltage so you're typically
+looking at real numbers that you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at real numbers that you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at real numbers that you then
+have to decide whether to call as a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide whether to call as a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide whether to call as a zero
+or one okay so yeah maybe this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one okay so yeah maybe this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one okay so yeah maybe this is zero
+zero maybe zero one zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero maybe zero one zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero maybe zero one zero one
+probably one zero zero one one zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one zero zero one one zero yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one zero zero one one zero yeah
+so if you were forced to choose if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were forced to choose if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you were forced to choose if you
+had a threshold of 0.5 for instance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a threshold of 0.5 for instance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a threshold of 0.5 for instance and
+this was the range if nominally these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the range if nominally these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the range if nominally these
+were supposed to be at zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to be at zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to be at zero and one
+then you might actually be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might actually be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might actually be willing to
+call this one way or another so if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this one way or another so if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this one way or another so if I was
+to draw this on the real axis thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw this on the real axis thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw this on the real axis thinking
+of a voltage so we've got zero volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a voltage so we've got zero volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a voltage so we've got zero volts
+that we're expecting one volt or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're expecting one volt or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're expecting one volt or
+something proportional to one volt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something proportional to one volt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something proportional to one volt that
+we're expecting these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're expecting these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're expecting these are the two
+possible values depending on whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values depending on whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values depending on whether a
+zero is sent or a one is sent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is sent or a one is sent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is sent or a one is sent this is
+because we've coded the bits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've coded the bits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've coded the bits of the
+transmitter for physical transmission on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter for physical transmission on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter for physical transmission on
+a continuous time channel and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous time channel and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous time channel and then at
+the receiving end we're doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiving end we're doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiving end we're doing some
+processing and extracting samples right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and extracting samples right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and extracting samples right
+but because of noise what might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of noise what might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of noise what might happen
+is that you get samples anywhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get samples anywhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get samples anywhere around
+the zero or anywhere around the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero or anywhere around the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero or anywhere around the 1
+depending on the particular transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the particular transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the particular transmission
+instances it'll vary from one instant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances it'll vary from one instant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances it'll vary from one instant to
+the next and if the noise is really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next and if the noise is really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next and if the noise is really bad
+then of course what started off as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course what started off as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course what started off as a
+zero here with the noise added to it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here with the noise added to it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here with the noise added to it by
+the time you sample it might fall in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you sample it might fall in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you sample it might fall in a
+region where you call it a one alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where you call it a one alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where you call it a one alright
+so there is an intermediate step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an intermediate step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an intermediate step and
+very often you have access to that ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you have access to that ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you have access to that ok
+and then you've got to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got to figure out how to
+do your decoding alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this the same slide or does it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the same slide or does it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the same slide or does it say
+anything different okay so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different okay so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different okay so what are we
+going to do now we're going to of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do now we're going to of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do now we're going to of all
+the parts available to us we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts available to us we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts available to us we're going to
+try and find the path along which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and find the path along which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and find the path along which the
+emitted parity bits come closest in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted parity bits come closest in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted parity bits come closest in some
+sense to the sequence of samples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to the sequence of samples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to the sequence of samples here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's how if you were doing minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how if you were doing minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how if you were doing minimum
+distance in some sense that's what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in some sense that's what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in some sense that's what you'd
+want to do if you believed that errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do if you believed that errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do if you believed that errors
+further away from zero are less likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from zero are less likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from zero are less likely
+than air is close to zero then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than air is close to zero then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than air is close to zero then you would
+want to have a reconstructed set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a reconstructed set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a reconstructed set of
+parity bits along whatever path you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity bits along whatever path you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity bits along whatever path you
+choose to come close to the values there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to come close to the values there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to come close to the values there
+okay now it turns out that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it turns out that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it turns out that it's actually
+simpler initially to think of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler initially to think of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler initially to think of first
+making a decision to call these zeros or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision to call these zeros or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision to call these zeros or
+ones and then finding a path through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and then finding a path through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and then finding a path through
+this that comes closest to the zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that comes closest to the zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that comes closest to the zero one
+sequence that approximates the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that approximates the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that approximates the voltage
+samples that you've actually got okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that you've actually got okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that you've actually got okay so
+we make a distinction between what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a distinction between what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a distinction between what's
+called hard decision decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and soft decision decoding son soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soft decision decoding son soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and soft decision decoding son soft
+decision decoding which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decoding which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decoding which we'll talk about
+later you preserve those voltage samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you preserve those voltage samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you preserve those voltage samples
+and you don't mess with them but in hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't mess with them but in hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't mess with them but in hard
+decision decoding at each stage you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decoding at each stage you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decoding at each stage you just
+make a decision on each sample decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision on each sample decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a decision on each sample decide to
+call it a 0 or a 1 and proceed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a 0 or a 1 and proceed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a 0 or a 1 and proceed from
+there ok so which do you think is likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ok so which do you think is likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ok so which do you think is likely
+to get you better performance if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you better performance if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you better performance if you're
+doing the optimal thing after that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the optimal thing after that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the optimal thing after that the
+softcup because when you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softcup because when you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softcup because when you make the
+decision at one stage you're throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision at one stage you're throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision at one stage you're throwing
+away some information you're not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away some information you're not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away some information you're not taking
+account of how these samples might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of how these samples might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of how these samples might
+relate to each other you're feeding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other you're feeding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to each other you're feeding that
+sample in isolation if you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in isolation if you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in isolation if you know that
+what you're going to end up with is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to end up with is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to end up with is a
+code word that corresponds to a pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word that corresponds to a pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word that corresponds to a pass
+through here then there's additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here then there's additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here then there's additional
+information that actually couples the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that actually couples the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that actually couples the
+different numbers you're getting across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers you're getting across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers you're getting across
+there and so you have a hope of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so you have a hope of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so you have a hope of doing
+better with soft decision decoding so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with soft decision decoding so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better with soft decision decoding so so
+postpone the decision till later but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postpone the decision till later but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postpone the decision till later but you
+pay a cost or you could pay a cost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a cost or you could pay a cost for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a cost or you could pay a cost for
+that because you've got a deal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you've got a deal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you've got a deal for
+instance with the real numbers and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance with the real numbers and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance with the real numbers and all
+of that so hard decision decoding can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so hard decision decoding can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so hard decision decoding can
+simplify your processing so what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify your processing so what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify your processing so what you'll
+say is I'll just make a choice here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is I'll just make a choice here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is I'll just make a choice here so
+I'll call the 0 0 0 1 0 1 and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call the 0 0 0 1 0 1 and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call the 0 0 0 1 0 1 and so on and
+then look for apart through the trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for apart through the trellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for apart through the trellis
+along which the emitted parity bits come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along which the emitted parity bits come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along which the emitted parity bits come
+closest to what I've approximated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to what I've approximated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest to what I've approximated that
+sequence of samples by alright so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of samples by alright so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of samples by alright so we're
+talking about Hamming distance again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Hamming distance again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Hamming distance again
+all right and and minimum Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and minimum Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and minimum Hamming
+distance is going to give us the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is going to give us the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is going to give us the most
+likely path given that you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely path given that you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely path given that you've already
+committed to interpreting the received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to interpreting the received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to interpreting the received
+samples as zeros or ones so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples as zeros or ones so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples as zeros or ones so what you
+might imagine is okie you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine is okie you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine is okie you've got this
+received sequence you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received sequence you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received sequence you've got a
+tabulation of all the possible parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulation of all the possible parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulation of all the possible parts
+through the trellis and the parity bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the trellis and the parity bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the trellis and the parity bits
+that are emitted along those paths each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are emitted along those paths each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are emitted along those paths each
+path corresponds to a different message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path corresponds to a different message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path corresponds to a different message
+would you actually have here let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you actually have here let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you actually have here let's see
+we've got 12 bits here because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 12 bits here because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 12 bits here because in
+addition to the message I'm appending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the message I'm appending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the message I'm appending a
+0 0 to each one which forces the trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 to each one which forces the trellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 to each one which forces the trellis
+back down to the zero state so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to the zero state so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to the zero state so what I'm
+actually doing here is I actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing here is I actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing here is I actually have a
+message that's this followed by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that's this followed by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that's this followed by two
+zeros and so if you're trying to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and so if you're trying to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and so if you're trying to connect
+these two columns with the trellis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two columns with the trellis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two columns with the trellis that
+I have on a previous page that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have on a previous page that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have on a previous page that's how you
+should think about it okay but with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about it okay but with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about it okay but with any
+particular message you navigate up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular message you navigate up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular message you navigate up and
+down on the trellis okay this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the trellis okay this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the trellis okay this particular
+one you navigate up up down up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you navigate up up down up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you navigate up up down up and
+that's the sequence that's generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sequence that's generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sequence that's generated
+that's the code word that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the code word that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the code word that you would
+expect if this was the message what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if this was the message what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect if this was the message what
+you'll do is you'll search over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do is you'll search over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do is you'll search over all
+possibilities at least that's one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities at least that's one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities at least that's one way to
+do this in principle search over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in principle search over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in principle search over all
+possibilities for the code word here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for the code word here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for the code word here
+that's closest to what you received okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to what you received okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's closest to what you received okay
+the trouble is that's a lot of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble is that's a lot of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble is that's a lot of code
+words it's a lot of code words so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's a lot of code words so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's a lot of code words so this
+can quickly get out of hand if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quickly get out of hand if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quickly get out of hand if you've
+got long sequences which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got long sequences which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got long sequences which is exactly
+where you want to do convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to do convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to do convolutional
+coding you've got a very long table okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding you've got a very long table okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding you've got a very long table okay
+so you really want to find an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to find an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to find an efficient
+way to do this matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just wrote down the Hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote down the Hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote down the Hamming distance
+that happens to hold for the for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to hold for the for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to hold for the for what
+what is the message that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the message that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the message that was actually
+sent which also will be the message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent which also will be the message that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent which also will be the message that
+you will recover at the receiver if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will recover at the receiver if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will recover at the receiver if you
+do the optimal thing and you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the optimal thing and you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the optimal thing and you don't get
+fooled by the errors so what I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled by the errors so what I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled by the errors so what I've got
+here is a 2 is the Hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 2 is the Hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a 2 is the Hamming distance
+between the codeword here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the codeword here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the codeword here and the
+received the received message okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if that to was the smallest one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that to was the smallest one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that to was the smallest one and
+that whole stack I haven't filled them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole stack I haven't filled them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole stack I haven't filled them
+all out then that's the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out then that's the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out then that's the one that you
+would call okay so a much clever way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call okay so a much clever way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call okay so a much clever way of
+doing this was invented by Viterbi who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this was invented by Viterbi who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this was invented by Viterbi who
+did his bachelor's degree here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his bachelor's degree here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did his bachelor's degree here then
+moved to the west coast he was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the west coast he was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to the west coast he was very
+involved in the JPL program but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the JPL program but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the JPL program but he was
+also a founder of well a succession of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a founder of well a succession of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a founder of well a succession of
+companies but most recently Qualcomm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies but most recently Qualcomm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies but most recently Qualcomm and
+he's a big friend of the department he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a big friend of the department he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a big friend of the department he's
+on our visiting committee or he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our visiting committee or he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our visiting committee or he has
+served time with the visiting committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served time with the visiting committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served time with the visiting committee
+so this is an algorithm that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an algorithm that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an algorithm that he
+developed in the early days and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the early days and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the early days and we'll
+gonna we're going to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I'll put it all up on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll put it all up on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'll put it all up on the slide
+and then let's talk alright there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's talk alright there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's talk alright there's a
+lot there I don't want you to struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot there I don't want you to struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot there I don't want you to struggle
+through that let's talk about it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that let's talk about it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that let's talk about it here
+and when we're done I think what's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we're done I think what's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we're done I think what's up
+there will make sense that's for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will make sense that's for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will make sense that's for you to
+refer to from the slides later and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to from the slides later and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to from the slides later and it's
+my little checklist to know that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little checklist to know that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my little checklist to know that I've
+spoken about everything but don't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about everything but don't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about everything but don't try
+navigate that just yet so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate that just yet so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate that just yet so here's what
+the derby says he says we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derby says he says we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derby says he says we're starting
+off from some initial state this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from some initial state this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from some initial state this is the
+zero state at an intermediate state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero state at an intermediate state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero state at an intermediate state
+intermediate I'm sorry I shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate I'm sorry I shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate I'm sorry I shouldn't say
+state I'm at stage or time at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm at stage or time at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm at stage or time at an
+intermediate stage we have these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate stage we have these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate stage we have these four
+possibilities what I'm going to do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities what I'm going to do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities what I'm going to do for a
+given received sequence and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given received sequence and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given received sequence and let me
+actually put the receive sequence I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the receive sequence I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the receive sequence I'm
+going to use on this example we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use on this example we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use on this example we've got a
+received sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say it's zero zero on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's zero zero on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's zero zero on the first
+stage and then zero one on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and then zero one on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and then zero one on the second
+stage and zero 1 1 zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and zero 1 1 zero yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and zero 1 1 zero yeah
+did someone say something no I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did someone say something no I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did someone say something no I thought I
+heard okay we'll Park the question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard okay we'll Park the question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard okay we'll Park the question for
+now and check in again later okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and check in again later okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and check in again later okay here's
+the received sequence what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the received sequence what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the received sequence what we're trying
+to do is find a path through the trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is find a path through the trellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is find a path through the trellis
+where the emitted bits come closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the emitted bits come closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the emitted bits come closest to
+this and Hamming distance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's what Viterbi proposes to do he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what Viterbi proposes to do he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what Viterbi proposes to do he
+says from the starting state let's find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says from the starting state let's find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says from the starting state let's find
+the optimum path to each of these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum path to each of these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum path to each of these states
+at any particular time let's say a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any particular time let's say a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any particular time let's say a time
+I here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here
+okay here's time I let's find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's time I let's find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's time I let's find the
+optimum path to these with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum path to these with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum path to these with the
+associated minimum cost so let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated minimum cost so let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated minimum cost so let's assume
+that I have that so what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have that so what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have that so what I'm going to do
+is for each of these I'm going to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of these I'm going to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of these I'm going to put in
+some number this won't be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number this won't be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number this won't be exactly the
+notation that we have on the slide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we have on the slide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we have on the slide but
+it's streamlined these P's correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's streamlined these P's correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's streamlined these P's correspond to
+what we call path metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I should actually have an index I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should actually have an index I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should actually have an index I
+here to tell you that I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to tell you that I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to tell you that I'm doing this
+apply my but I'll just leave that off P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply my but I'll just leave that off P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply my but I'll just leave that off P
+sub one is a cost along optimal path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub one is a cost along optimal path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub one is a cost along optimal path to
+state one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so assume that magically you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so assume that magically you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so assume that magically you've
+computed the optimal path to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the optimal path to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the optimal path to this
+starting from the initial time so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the initial time so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from the initial time so what
+that means is maybe you've gone down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is maybe you've gone down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is maybe you've gone down to
+a particular stage here you've gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular stage here you've gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular stage here you've gone down
+further and then maybe you've come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and then maybe you've come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and then maybe you've come up
+here maybe that's the optimum path so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe that's the optimum path so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe that's the optimum path so
+what you're going to keep track of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to keep track of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to keep track of is
+for each of these times for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these times for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these times for each of
+these states what's the cost the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states what's the cost the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states what's the cost the optimal
+cost or what's the cost along an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or what's the cost along an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost or what's the cost along an optimal
+path there okay now what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path there okay now what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path there okay now what do I mean by
+cost I just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I just mean
+Hamming distance between what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming distance between what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming distance between what I've
+received and the parity bits emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received and the parity bits emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received and the parity bits emitted
+along the way up to that point right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way up to that point right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way up to that point right so
+Viterbi is going to keep track of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viterbi is going to keep track of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viterbi is going to keep track of this
+for every stage as you step along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every stage as you step along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every stage as you step along and
+for every one of these states now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of these states now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one of these states now let's
+take this particular one if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this particular one if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this particular one if I'm
+transitioning to state one here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning to state one here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning to state one here let's
+see this emits a zero zero if I go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this emits a zero zero if I go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this emits a zero zero if I go from
+let's go back to our trellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should draw this up actually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I go along the top I am at 0-0 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go along the top I am at 0-0 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go along the top I am at 0-0 what
+other state comes into the top one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state comes into the top one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state comes into the top one this
+comes in and this emits one one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and this emits one one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and this emits one one right so
+what's the cost I incur if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost I incur if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost I incur if I take the
+upper path the cost is just the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper path the cost is just the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper path the cost is just the Hamming
+distance between the one zero that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the one zero that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the one zero that I
+received on the zero zero that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received on the zero zero that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received on the zero zero that I have
+here so there's a cost of one let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a cost of one let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a cost of one let me
+again use colors for costs here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again use colors for costs here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again use colors for costs here okay
+what's the cost I incur if I instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost I incur if I instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost I incur if I instead
+come to this point from P to again cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this point from P to again cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this point from P to again cost
+of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the generic picture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the generic picture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the generic picture what
+you're going to do is you're having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're having this
+you have this at any stage you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this at any stage you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this at any stage you compute
+the branch costs and continue so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch costs and continue so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branch costs and continue so now
+suppose P 1 was equal to 3 and P 2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose P 1 was equal to 3 and P 2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose P 1 was equal to 3 and P 2 was
+equal to 4 and you wanted to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4 and you wanted to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4 and you wanted to figure out
+what's the shortest way what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shortest way what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shortest way what's the
+minimum cost way to get from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum cost way to get from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum cost way to get from the origin
+to this point to P 1 at the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point to P 1 at the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point to P 1 at the next time
+instant what's the minimum cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant what's the minimum cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant what's the minimum cost and
+what's the route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you came from here you've incurred a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you came from here you've incurred a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you came from here you've incurred a
+cost of three up to this point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of three up to this point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of three up to this point and
+you're adding an additional cost of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding an additional cost of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding an additional cost of one
+you'll end up with a cost of four to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a cost of four to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a cost of four to get
+to here if you get to here from p2 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here if you get to here from p2 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here if you get to here from p2 well
+leaving you've incurred a cost of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving you've incurred a cost of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving you've incurred a cost of let's
+say four up to this point and are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four up to this point and are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four up to this point and are you
+going to incur an additional cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incur an additional cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incur an additional cost to
+bring it to five so your best route to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to five so your best route to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it to five so your best route to
+p1 at this time is to come from p1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 at this time is to come from p1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 at this time is to come from p1 at
+this time using this arc okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time using this arc okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time using this arc okay so if
+you've built it up at a particular stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've built it up at a particular stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've built it up at a particular stage
+then it's actually very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's actually very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's actually very straightforward
+to figure out what you should do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what you should do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what you should do it the
+next day so let me now start putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day so let me now start putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next day so let me now start putting
+some time indices on this this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P 1 at time I is equal to 3 P 1 at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 1 at time I is equal to 3 P 1 at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 1 at time I is equal to 3 P 1 at time
+I plus 1 is equal to 4 this is P 2 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 is equal to 4 this is P 2 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 is equal to 4 this is P 2 at
+time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can actually forget about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually forget about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually forget about this
+arrow because there's no way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow because there's no way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow because there's no way you're
+going to use that arrow when have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that arrow when have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that arrow when have you
+come to this stage at this time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this stage at this time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this stage at this time you're
+going to come via the upper branch so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come via the upper branch so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come via the upper branch so at
+every stage you're going to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every stage you're going to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every stage you're going to do this and
+it's a very simple calculation so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple calculation so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple calculation so now
+we've got slightly more elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got slightly more elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got slightly more elaborate
+notation up on the board but I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation up on the board but I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation up on the board but I hope you
+have the general idea this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the general idea this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the general idea this is an
+instance by the way of some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance by the way of some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance by the way of some way of
+thinking about such problems that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about such problems that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about such problems that's
+referred to as dynamic programming it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as dynamic programming it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as dynamic programming it
+works for these sorts of routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for these sorts of routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for these sorts of routing
+problems we're rooting ourselves along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we're rooting ourselves along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we're rooting ourselves along a
+trellis where the total cost of taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trellis where the total cost of taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trellis where the total cost of taking a
+path is the sum of the costs at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is the sum of the costs at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is the sum of the costs at every
+stage right so the total Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage right so the total Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage right so the total Hamming
+distance between the bits you've met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the bits you've met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the bits you've met
+along the way and the bits that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way and the bits that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way and the bits that you've
+received is made up of the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received is made up of the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received is made up of the Hamming
+distance between the branch here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the branch here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the branch here and the
+piece you've received here plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you've received here plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece you've received here plus the
+Hamming distance on the branch here plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming distance on the branch here plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamming distance on the branch here plus
+the piece you bro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece you bro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece you bro
+between the branch here and the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the branch here and the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the branch here and the branch
+sorry the received segment over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the received segment over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the received segment over there
+and so on so the total Hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so the total Hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so the total Hamming distance
+is made up of the sum of the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of the sum of the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of the sum of the Hamming
+distances along the way in all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances along the way in all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances along the way in all such
+situations where you've got a total cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you've got a total cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you've got a total cost
+that's additive over the path and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's additive over the path and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's additive over the path and you've
+got to do an optimization dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do an optimization dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do an optimization dynamic
+programming something you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming something you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming something you can think of
+and the idea we've used here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea we've used here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea we've used here is actually
+one that you might come out naturally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you might come out naturally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you might come out naturally if
+you found the best way from here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found the best way from here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found the best way from here to the
+Student Center and it happens to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Student Center and it happens to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Student Center and it happens to go
+through Lobby seven what's your best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Lobby seven what's your best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Lobby seven what's your best way
+from here to lobby seven presumably it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to lobby seven presumably it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to lobby seven presumably it's
+going to be the section of the path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the section of the path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the section of the path that
+you would take to the Student Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take to the Student Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would take to the Student Center
+that passes through lobby seven because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passes through lobby seven because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that passes through lobby seven because
+if you had a better way to get to lobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a better way to get to lobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a better way to get to lobby
+seven you would have used it to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven you would have used it to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven you would have used it to get
+to the Student Center viola visa right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Student Center viola visa right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Student Center viola visa right
+it's just that idea so on an optimum on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that idea so on an optimum on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that idea so on an optimum on
+an optimum path where the costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimum path where the costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimum path where the costs are
+additive it must be the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive it must be the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive it must be the case that the
+optimum path to an intermediate point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum path to an intermediate point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum path to an intermediate point is
+exactly the section of the optimum path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the section of the optimum path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the section of the optimum path
+to the point that you're looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point that you're looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point that you're looking at all
+right a very simple idea okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a very simple idea okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a very simple idea okay so let's
+go back to the more formal way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the more formal way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the more formal way it's
+written up here on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we talked about the branch metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about the branch metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about the branch metric
+that's just the Hamming distance that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the Hamming distance that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the Hamming distance that we
+computed here for the branch it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed here for the branch it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed here for the branch it's the
+difference between what we've received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what we've received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what we've received
+and what would be transmitted if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would be transmitted if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would be transmitted if you
+moved along that arc okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved along that arc okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved along that arc okay so that's the
+branch metric it's the piece contributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch metric it's the piece contributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch metric it's the piece contributed
+by the branch this is the notation we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the branch this is the notation we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the branch this is the notation we've
+used we've already talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used we've already talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used we've already talked about this
+that you could either do a hard decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could either do a hard decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could either do a hard decision
+kind of rule where you've already set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rule where you've already set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rule where you've already set
+these two ones and zeros or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two ones and zeros or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two ones and zeros or you could
+stick with the original samples if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the original samples if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the original samples if
+you've already converted them to ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already converted them to ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already converted them to ones
+and zeros as a natural notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros as a natural notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros as a natural notion of
+distance which is the hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which is the hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which is the hamming distance
+and there's a probabilistic reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a probabilistic reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a probabilistic reason why
+you would want to do that so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want to do that so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want to do that so we're
+sticking to the hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking to the hamming distance
+setting right now so hard decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting right now so hard decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting right now so hard decision
+decoding and the path metric this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding and the path metric this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding and the path metric this is a
+more elaborate notation than what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate notation than what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate notation than what I have
+here so instead of a subscript to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so instead of a subscript to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so instead of a subscript to denote
+the state this has got the state index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state this has got the state index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state this has got the state index
+here and the time index here and p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the time index here and p.m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the time index here and p.m.
+for path metric instead of just P but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for path metric instead of just P but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for path metric instead of just P but
+it's the same thing so for each state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing so for each state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing so for each state
+and at each stage so for each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each stage so for each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each stage so for each of the
+four states and for each of the stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four states and for each of the stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four states and for each of the stages
+okay you're going to compute this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're going to compute this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're going to compute this and
+you come the path metric up to time I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come the path metric up to time I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come the path metric up to time I is
+the smallest sum of the branch metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest sum of the branch metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest sum of the branch metrics
+over all the sequences that will get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the sequences that will get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the sequences that will get you
+to that place and if you assume you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that place and if you assume you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that place and if you assume you have
+that at any stage than the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at any stage than the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at any stage than the computation
+that takes you to the next stages and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes you to the next stages and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes you to the next stages and is
+an easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I've set all this some we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've set all this some we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've set all this some we can
+come back to it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's actually just step through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're at some intermediate stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're at some intermediate stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're at some intermediate stage
+we're just doing the same thing I had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing the same thing I had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing the same thing I had on
+the board I'm doing it again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board I'm doing it again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board I'm doing it again and
+pictures here so you get to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here so you get to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here so you get to think about
+it one more time suppose we've received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one more time suppose we've received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one more time suppose we've received
+zero zero we first label each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero we first label each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero we first label each of the
+arcs here by the Hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs here by the Hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs here by the Hamming distance
+between the bits we'd omit along the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bits we'd omit along the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the bits we'd omit along the arc
+and the bits we've actually received so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bits we've actually received so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bits we've actually received so
+having distance zero here between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance zero here between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance zero here between what
+we would omit and what we received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would omit and what we received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would omit and what we received
+having distance to here on this arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance to here on this arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance to here on this arc
+IMing distance to on this arc and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMing distance to on this arc and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMing distance to on this arc and so on
+so the red numbers here below the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red numbers here below the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red numbers here below the top
+two just are the costs on the arcs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I don't like the last line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't like the last line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't like the last line of
+that slide so you may want to strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide so you may want to strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slide so you may want to strike
+that we're not going to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not going to really be
+talking about the most likely branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the most likely branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the most likely branch
+metric we're only going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric we're only going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric we're only going to make
+decisions once we're done with the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions once we're done with the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions once we're done with the whole
+path so so we assume at some stage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so so we assume at some stage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so so we assume at some stage that
+we have the path metrics up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the path metrics up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the path metrics up to that
+point and then we do the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then we do the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then we do the computation
+that I just talked about okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just talked about okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just talked about okay so this
+shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see in this particular case
+what would be the path metric value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the path metric value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the path metric value in
+this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same thing we did already but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we did already but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we did already but just
+another chance to look at it what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chance to look at it what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chance to look at it what would
+be the value of the path metric there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the value of the path metric there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the value of the path metric there
+three because you can either do three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because you can either do three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because you can either do three
+plus one on that arc or you can do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on that arc or you can do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on that arc or you can do two
+plus one on this sorry yet two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on this sorry yet two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on this sorry yet two three
+plus one on this arc for a cost of 4 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on this arc for a cost of 4 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one on this arc for a cost of 4 or
+two plus one on this arc for a cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus one on this arc for a cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus one on this arc for a cost of
+three okay so it should be a three there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so it should be a three there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so it should be a three there
+and this is the arc that you would pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly you can do it for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can do it for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly you can do it for all of
+them okay so once you have one stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so once you have one stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so once you have one stage you
+can fill out the next stage completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill out the next stage completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill out the next stage completely
+and then keep track of the arcs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keep track of the arcs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keep track of the arcs that
+lead you there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at some point you'll at each stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point you'll at each stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point you'll at each stage
+actually you can prune away things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can prune away things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can prune away things that
+you're not going to be using so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be using so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be using so you're
+never going to use that edge so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to use that edge so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to use that edge so you
+don't have to worry about it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it anymore
+you're never going to use this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to use this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to use this edge
+there are also stages where you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also stages where you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also stages where you might
+have two different ways of getting to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different ways of getting to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different ways of getting to a
+box and incurring the same cost and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and incurring the same cost and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and incurring the same cost and then
+it doesn't matter which of them you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which of them you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which of them you pick
+you can pick one or the other in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick one or the other in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick one or the other in terms
+of the overall cost it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall cost it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overall cost it's not going to
+matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what you're saying is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what you're saying is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what you're saying is that if
+there isn't a unique way back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a unique way back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a unique way back then
+you're not certain well you're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not certain well you're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not certain well you're never
+certain here in this business you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain here in this business you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain here in this business you're
+just doing your best guess so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing your best guess so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing your best guess so what you
+would do when you commit to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do when you commit to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do when you commit to one
+particular choice when there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice when there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice when there are two
+equally likely costs as you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely costs as you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely costs as you're saying
+the probability of error is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of error is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of error is going to be
+the same with this choice as it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with this choice as it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with this choice as it will be
+with the other choice and in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other choice and in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the other choice and in the end
+that's what that's what we have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what we have for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what we have for the
+metric it is unsatisfying perhaps now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric it is unsatisfying perhaps now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric it is unsatisfying perhaps now
+there are schemes where you'd keep a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are schemes where you'd keep a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are schemes where you'd keep a
+list of the possibilities and try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the possibilities and try and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the possibilities and try and do
+something with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with that
+because maybe there's some higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe there's some higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe there's some higher level
+thing that would help you disambiguate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that would help you disambiguate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that would help you disambiguate
+between possibilities but that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between possibilities but that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between possibilities but that would
+complicate the processing but as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate the processing but as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate the processing but as far as
+this is this goes you make a choice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this goes you make a choice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this goes you make a choice and
+you move on all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can imagine actually working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine actually working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine actually working
+through this whole thing and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole thing and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole thing and you would
+if you knew you were starting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew you were starting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew you were starting from the
+zero state you start off with zero cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero state you start off with zero cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero state you start off with zero cost
+there so you're infinity here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you're infinity here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you're infinity here which is
+going to force all the optimal pots to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force all the optimal pots to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force all the optimal pots to
+come from zero and then you'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from zero and then you'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from zero and then you'll continue
+from there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just wanted to show you a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to show you a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to show you a few things
+that come with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I might have shown you everything I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have shown you everything I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have shown you everything I want
+on that so let's just go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so let's just go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so let's just go back to the
+soft decision decoding so how might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft decision decoding so how might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft decision decoding so how might
+things differ if you go back to self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differ if you go back to self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differ if you go back to self
+decision decoding so let me find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decoding so let me find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decoding so let me find that
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Viterbi algorithm doesn't care how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Viterbi algorithm doesn't care how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Viterbi algorithm doesn't care how
+you come at these costs the Viterbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come at these costs the Viterbi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come at these costs the Viterbi
+algorithm is just dynamic programming on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is just dynamic programming on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is just dynamic programming on
+this trellis it finds you the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trellis it finds you the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trellis it finds you the minimum
+cost path it's up to you how you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost path it's up to you how you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost path it's up to you how you decide
+what cost to attribute to an edge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cost to attribute to an edge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cost to attribute to an edge okay
+so the question is are there other costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are there other costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is are there other costs
+that you might have come up with well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have come up with well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have come up with well if
+the received sequence has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the received sequence has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the received sequence has been
+translated already to zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated already to zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated already to zeros and ones
+that Hamming distance is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hamming distance is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hamming distance is the natural
+thing but if you're keeping particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if you're keeping particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if you're keeping particular
+numbers there then it turns out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there then it turns out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there then it turns out that you
+might want to do things differently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose on a particular at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose on a particular at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose on a particular at a particular
+stage what you got was not seeded I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage what you got was not seeded I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage what you got was not seeded I put
+numbers up there suppose it wasn't zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers up there suppose it wasn't zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers up there suppose it wasn't zero
+on one but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some particular numbers let's say point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular numbers let's say point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular numbers let's say point
+three and point seven and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and point seven and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and point seven and you had
+actually translated them to a zero on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually translated them to a zero on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually translated them to a zero on a
+one in your hard decision decoding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in your hard decision decoding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in your hard decision decoding all
+right if you decide not to do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you decide not to do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you decide not to do that but
+to stick with these numbers then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with these numbers then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with these numbers then what
+you have is the task for any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the task for any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the task for any particular
+edge did you traveling on of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge did you traveling on of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge did you traveling on of finding the
+distance between the parity bits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the parity bits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the parity bits you
+would emit on that edge and the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would emit on that edge and the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would emit on that edge and the samples
+that you have here it turns out that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have here it turns out that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have here it turns out that a
+very widely used cost for soft decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very widely used cost for soft decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very widely used cost for soft decision
+decoding is the sum of squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding is the sum of squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding is the sum of squared
+differences so what you would have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so what you would have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so what you would have is
+one minus zero point three squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus zero point three squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus zero point three squared plus
+one minus zero point seven squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus zero point seven squared okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus zero point seven squared okay
+so would be the first bit that you omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so would be the first bit that you omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so would be the first bit that you omit
+on this arc - the first sample that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this arc - the first sample that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this arc - the first sample that you
+got squared error plus the second sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got squared error plus the second sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got squared error plus the second sample
+the second bit that you would omit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bit that you would omit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bit that you would omit on
+this arc minus the second sample whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arc minus the second sample whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arc minus the second sample whole
+thing squared if there was another arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing squared if there was another arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing squared if there was another arc
+that was as one and zero arc then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was as one and zero arc then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was as one and zero arc then what
+you would compute is one minus zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would compute is one minus zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would compute is one minus zero
+point three squared plus zero minus zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three squared plus zero minus zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three squared plus zero minus zero
+point seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven
+squirt okay so it's just a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirt okay so it's just a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirt okay so it's just a different way
+of coming up with the cost the viterbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coming up with the cost the viterbi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coming up with the cost the viterbi
+the rest of the Viterbi algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Viterbi algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Viterbi algorithm is
+exactly the same but navigating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same but navigating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same but navigating through
+the trellis is exactly the same it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trellis is exactly the same it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trellis is exactly the same it turns
+out that there is a logic and a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there is a logic and a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there is a logic and a reason
+behind this particular metric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this particular metric for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this particular metric for
+situations where your voltage samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where your voltage samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where your voltage samples
+are distributed in the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributed in the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributed in the familiar
+bell-shaped fashion here what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped fashion here what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped fashion here what's called a
+Gaussian distribution we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian distribution we'll talk about
+it more next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're saying is that the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're saying is that the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're saying is that the if you
+send a one you get a spread of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a one you get a spread of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a one you get a spread of possible
+values the probability of your values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the probability of your values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the probability of your values
+falling in some particular range here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in some particular range here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in some particular range here
+can be computed by the area under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be computed by the area under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be computed by the area under this
+particular curve it's got an analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular curve it's got an analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular curve it's got an analytical
+expression so this is the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so this is the most likely
+spot but there's certainly probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot but there's certainly probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot but there's certainly probability
+is a falling on any particular interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a falling on any particular interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a falling on any particular interval
+here well what does the Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well what does the Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well what does the Gaussian
+distribution look like we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution look like we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution look like we'll talk more
+about it but it's got sent the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but it's got sent the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but it's got sent the essential
+part of it is e to the minus let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is e to the minus let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it is e to the minus let's see
+let me put some labels here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put some labels here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put some labels here this is
+where it's centered let me call it new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's centered let me call it new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's centered let me call it new
+and let's say X is the value along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say X is the value along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say X is the value along the
+axis so we'll have e to the X minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so we'll have e to the X minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so we'll have e to the X minus mu
+whole squared divided by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole squared divided by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole squared divided by some
+normalizing parameter well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing parameter well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing parameter well actually
+let's just call it capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just call it capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just call it capital n
+okay think about capital and as a noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about capital and as a noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about capital and as a noise
+variance actually let me just call it n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance actually let me just call it n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance actually let me just call it n
+sub 0 so you don't think it's a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 0 so you don't think it's a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 0 so you don't think it's a counting
+number think of it as a noise variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number think of it as a noise variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number think of it as a noise variance
+okay so the larger that n is oh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the larger that n is oh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the larger that n is oh do you
+spread out more or less here well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out more or less here well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out more or less here well just
+from the fact that I called it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that I called it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that I called it a
+variance maybe you'd guess that if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance maybe you'd guess that if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance maybe you'd guess that if n is
+larger you're going to spread out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger you're going to spread out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger you're going to spread out more
+okay well in this kind of setting when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in this kind of setting when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well in this kind of setting when
+you take log likelihood you've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take log likelihood you've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take log likelihood you've seen that
+computation in the chapters what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the chapters what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in the chapters what ends up
+appearing in your cost criterion is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in your cost criterion is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in your cost criterion is X
+minus B u squared so it's the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B u squared so it's the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B u squared so it's the squared
+difference from the mean that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the mean that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from the mean that you want
+to be looking at and that's exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at and that's exactly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at and that's exactly why
+in that kind of setting this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of setting this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of setting this is what you
+end up choosing is your cost metric okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but once you're done computing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you're done computing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you're done computing those
+metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rest of the Viterbi algorithm is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Viterbi algorithm is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Viterbi algorithm is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so once you have the convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once you have the convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once you have the convolutional
+coding in hand you know how to decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding in hand you know how to decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding in hand you know how to decode
+you can start to do some comparisons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to do some comparisons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to do some comparisons of
+how these different codes perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these different codes perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these different codes perform
+there's an extensive discussion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an extensive discussion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an extensive discussion in the
+chapter let me just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter let me just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter let me just give you some
+highlights here okay so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights here okay so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights here okay so what are we
+plotting here what we're saying is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting here what we're saying is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting here what we're saying is we've
+we send a whole bunch of message bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send a whole bunch of message bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send a whole bunch of message bits
+through the channel and then we decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the channel and then we decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the channel and then we decode
+at the other end and what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end and what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other end and what we're talking
+about is let's see here's the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is let's see here's the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is let's see here's the binary
+symmetric channel here's the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric channel here's the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric channel here's the error
+probability on the channel you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on the channel you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on the channel you can't see
+too well what this is but it's the why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well what this is but it's the why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too well what this is but it's the why
+is that chopped off it's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that chopped off it's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that chopped off it's the probability
+of error overall and to end not of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error overall and to end not of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of error overall and to end not of the
+channel but after you've done your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel but after you've done your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel but after you've done your
+coding and decoding all right let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding and decoding all right let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding and decoding all right let's see
+do we recognize any of these codes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we recognize any of these codes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we recognize any of these codes here
+is the uncoated case where basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uncoated case where basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uncoated case where basically
+you're exposing the stream directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exposing the stream directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exposing the stream directly to
+the error on the binary symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error on the binary symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error on the binary symmetric
+channel we expect higher errors when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel we expect higher errors when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel we expect higher errors when we
+have higher probabilities of flipping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher probabilities of flipping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher probabilities of flipping a
+bit on the channel okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the channel okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the channel okay so this is the
+unfolded case what does the hamming code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded case what does the hamming code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded case what does the hamming code
+do that's a Hamming code right probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's a Hamming code right probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's a Hamming code right probably
+seven four okay so the Hamming code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven four okay so the Hamming code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven four okay so the Hamming code
+performance you can see here and to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you can see here and to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you can see here and to end
+what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like
+what's the rate that goes with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the rate of that humming code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for over seven right because n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for over seven right because n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for over seven right because n is the
+number of sorry n is the number of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sorry n is the number of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sorry n is the number of bits
+in the message for inserting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the message for inserting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the message for inserting the
+codeword and four is the number of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codeword and four is the number of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codeword and four is the number of bits
+in the message a piece of 4 over 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the message a piece of 4 over 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the message a piece of 4 over 7
+something over 1/2 let's see do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over 1/2 let's see do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over 1/2 let's see do we know
+what that code might be any codes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that code might be any codes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that code might be any codes you
+know about the take for message bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the take for message bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the take for message bits and
+add them to 8 codeword bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them to 8 codeword bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them to 8 codeword bits
+you've seen at least one such code sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen at least one such code sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen at least one such code sorry
+rectangular parody right if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular parody right if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular parody right if you didn't
+have that corner parity bit but you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that corner parity bit but you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that corner parity bit but you just
+did the rows and columns then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the rows and columns then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the rows and columns then you'd
+arrange for bits in a 2x2 pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange for bits in a 2x2 pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange for bits in a 2x2 pattern and
+then have four parity bits so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have four parity bits so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have four parity bits so that's
+rectangular parity that's a rate half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular parity that's a rate half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular parity that's a rate half
+what this denotes is a convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this denotes is a convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this denotes is a convolutional
+code it's actually the code we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's actually the code we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's actually the code we've been
+sorry no this one is the code we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no this one is the code we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no this one is the code we've been
+looking at so let me explain to you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so let me explain to you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so let me explain to you what
+that notation means when you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notation means when you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notation means when you're reading
+that the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this code is denote is represented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code is denote is represented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code is denote is represented as
+the one we've been talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we've been talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we've been talking about is
+represented as this okay so what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as this okay so what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as this okay so what this is
+the constraint length and what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint length and what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint length and what this is
+is just to tell me that the generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to tell me that the generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to tell me that the generator
+pollinator bits I used for my parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollinator bits I used for my parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollinator bits I used for my parity
+generation correspond to the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation correspond to the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation correspond to the binary
+representation of seven and the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of seven and the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of seven and the binary
+representation of five okay so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of five okay so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of five okay so remember
+that I fly first parity bit I chose xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I fly first parity bit I chose xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I fly first parity bit I chose xn
+plus xn minus one plus xn minus two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus xn minus one plus xn minus two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus xn minus one plus xn minus two I
+picked all three of them for my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked all three of them for my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked all three of them for my second
+parity bit I took xn plus xn minus two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity bit I took xn plus xn minus two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity bit I took xn plus xn minus two I
+skipped the middle one so the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped the middle one so the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped the middle one so the notation
+that's used to denote a convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to denote a convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used to denote a convolutional
+code with these two generators is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with these two generators is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with these two generators is just
+for compactness seventy five there let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compactness seventy five there let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for compactness seventy five there let's
+see is this redundant the K the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is this redundant the K the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is this redundant the K the value of
+K could you have figured out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K could you have figured out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K could you have figured out what the
+constraint length is yeah it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint length is yeah it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint length is yeah it's already
+staring at you here right the consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at you here right the consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at you here right the consider
+the constraint length is so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint length is so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint length is so this is a
+little redundant it's just that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little redundant it's just that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little redundant it's just that it's a
+convenient way to distinguish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to distinguish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient way to distinguish a
+convolutional code from a hamming code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we have to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to be a little careful
+comparing these codes because the rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing these codes because the rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing these codes because the rates
+are all a little different here the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all a little different here the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all a little different here the rate
+is one half what's the rate for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one half what's the rate for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one half what's the rate for this
+convolution for the two convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution for the two convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution for the two convolutional
+codes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the 376 under 375 sorry what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 376 under 375 sorry what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 376 under 375 sorry what's the
+what's 1/2 right so the the rate is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's 1/2 right so the the rate is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's 1/2 right so the the rate is 1
+over the number of parity bits you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of parity bits you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the number of parity bits you're
+generating for message but right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating for message but right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating for message but right one
+message bit our parity bits there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message bit our parity bits there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message bit our parity bits there for a
+rate of 1 over R ok so these are rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 1 over R ok so these are rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 1 over R ok so these are rate
+one off codes just like the rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off codes just like the rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one off codes just like the rectangular
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the this is constraint length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the this is constraint length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the this is constraint length
+four and you can actually write out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you can actually write out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you can actually write out what
+that would be there how big is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be there how big is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be there how big is the
+trellis for the constraint length for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trellis for the constraint length for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trellis for the constraint length for
+case how many stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this last one down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a trite constraint length for that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trite constraint length for that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trite constraint length for that means
+K equals 4 2 to the K minus 1 so 2 cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K equals 4 2 to the K minus 1 so 2 cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K equals 4 2 to the K minus 1 so 2 cubed
+States those 8 states that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States those 8 states that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States those 8 states that we're talking
+about the cassini convolutional code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cassini convolutional code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cassini convolutional code
+that I showed you last time had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you last time had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you last time had a
+constraint length of 15 so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint length of 15 so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint length of 15 so how many
+states there on the trellis 2 to the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there on the trellis 2 to the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there on the trellis 2 to the 14
+that's a lot of states right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of states right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of states right so that's a
+lot of computation there happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of computation there happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of computation there happening and
+actually there's no hope of not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's no hope of not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's no hope of not having
+mean done if it wasn't for the Viterbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean done if it wasn't for the Viterbi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean done if it wasn't for the Viterbi
+algorithm all right we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm all right we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm all right we'll talk more
+about comparison between these codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about comparison between these codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about comparison between these codes
+next time there is one more thing here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time there is one more thing here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time there is one more thing here I
+did talked last time about this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did talked last time about this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did talked last time about this notion
+of free distance let's just stare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free distance let's just stare at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free distance let's just stare at
+this a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a second
+we said the free distance was the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the free distance was the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the free distance was the weight
+of the smallest nonzero code word and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smallest nonzero code word and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smallest nonzero code word and it
+gave you a handle on the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a handle on the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a handle on the performance of
+the code it was the hamming distance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code it was the hamming distance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code it was the hamming distance for
+the set of code words you could generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of code words you could generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of code words you could generate
+between 0 0 here and a 0 0 there can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 0 here and a 0 0 there can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 0 here and a 0 0 there can you
+see by inspection here what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by inspection here what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see by inspection here what the what
+might be a candidate free distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a candidate free distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a candidate free distance here
+I think what we had last time was 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what we had last time was 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what we had last time was 5
+right this is the 1 1 0 1 1 1 will pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the 1 1 0 1 1 1 will pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the 1 1 0 1 1 1 will pick
+up 1 2 3 4 5 a weight of 5 and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 1 2 3 4 5 a weight of 5 and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 1 2 3 4 5 a weight of 5 and it turns
+out there's no other part that's smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's no other part that's smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there's no other part that's smaller
+so the performance of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the performance of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the performance of this particular
+code is indicated by that number 5 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is indicated by that number 5 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is indicated by that number 5 it
+tells you that you can correct 2 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that you can correct 2 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that you can correct 2 bits
+but actually it tells you much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it tells you much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it tells you much more than
+you would typically try and extract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would typically try and extract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would typically try and extract from
+a typical block code where you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical block code where you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical block code where you would say
+if his timing distance 5 you only can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if his timing distance 5 you only can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if his timing distance 5 you only can
+correct 2 codes here you've got message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 2 codes here you've got message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 2 codes here you've got message
+bits that go on for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that go on for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that go on for a long time
+thousands of bits so what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of bits so what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of bits so what this is
+telling you is that in a duration that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you is that in a duration that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you is that in a duration that's
+of the order of 5 or 6 message bits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 5 or 6 message bits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the order of 5 or 6 message bits you
+can with this scheme correct up to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with this scheme correct up to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can with this scheme correct up to 2
+bits you can have bursts of errors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits you can have bursts of errors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits you can have bursts of errors that
+are very frequent and correct them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very frequent and correct them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very frequent and correct them with
+this Viterbi decoding okay so the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Viterbi decoding okay so the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Viterbi decoding okay so the free
+distance is an important notion so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is an important notion so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is an important notion so when
+you do the examples in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the examples in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the examples in recitation
+tomorrow please look out for what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow please look out for what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow please look out for what the
+free distances for your codes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free distances for your codes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free distances for your codes and
+compare with what we have here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PV6lhcTfSGU.txt b/PV6lhcTfSGU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ff728b00297afa5708fb09e3f031bc6e74963ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PV6lhcTfSGU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1531 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+relativity in this section we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this section we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this section we're going
+to talk a bit more about collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a bit more about collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a bit more about collisions
+i've already seen collisions and study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already seen collisions and study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've already seen collisions and study
+momentum conservation in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation in previous
+sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections
+so here we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we can have
+collisions and we can describe them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and we can describe them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and we can describe them in
+the center of mass frame for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame for example
+where the total momentum is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the total momentum is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the total momentum is equal to
+zero so in case of the collision of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so in case of the collision of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so in case of the collision of two
+particles the momentum of particle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the momentum of particle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the momentum of particle one
+plus the momentum of particle two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the momentum of particle two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the momentum of particle two is
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+we have then we can then describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have then we can then describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have then we can then describe the
+energy and the momentum of the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the momentum of the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the momentum of the particles
+before and after the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and after the collision
+in the lab frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab frame
+the situation is different here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is different here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is different here
+typically we have one particle with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we have one particle with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we have one particle with some
+momentum hitting another particle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum hitting another particle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum hitting another particle which
+is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at rest
+but we can also have different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also have different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also have different types of
+collisions we describe or characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions we describe or characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions we describe or characterize
+elastic collisions where the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions where the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions where the kinetic
+energy is conserved and so is the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is conserved and so is the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is conserved and so is the mass
+so you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about
+two billiard balls colliding without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two billiard balls colliding without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two billiard balls colliding without any
+friction in which case you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction in which case you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction in which case you know they
+don't change their appearance their mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change their appearance their mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change their appearance their mass
+everything is unchanged they just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is unchanged they just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is unchanged they just change
+the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction
+the total kinetic energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total kinetic energy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total kinetic energy in this
+collisions are perfectly conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions are perfectly conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions are perfectly conserved
+but we can also have inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also have inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can also have inelastic
+collisions and there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and there's two different
+kinds so sticky kinds where the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds so sticky kinds where the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds so sticky kinds where the mass
+after the collision is greater so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collision is greater so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collision is greater so you
+have two particles for example maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two particles for example maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two particles for example maybe
+they stick together with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stick together with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stick together with some
+you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like
+play-doh balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play-doh balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play-doh balls
+um and the kinetic energy after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the kinetic energy after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the kinetic energy after the
+collision is smaller or you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is smaller or you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is smaller or you can have
+explosive collisions where the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive collisions where the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosive collisions where the mass
+afterwards is smaller maybe you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards is smaller maybe you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards is smaller maybe you start
+from one heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one heavy
+big object and then it's exposed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big object and then it's exposed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big object and then it's exposed into
+many smaller ones but the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many smaller ones but the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many smaller ones but the kinetic energy
+after the collisions is much is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collisions is much is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collisions is much is smaller
+those are also conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also conditions
+so here we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we want to do
+an activity and study an inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activity and study an inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activity and study an inelastic
+collision so before we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so before we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so before we have two
+particles there of billiard balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there of billiard balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles there of billiard balls
+they're exactly the same and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly the same and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly the same and have a
+velocity u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity u
+um and after the collision the mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and after the collision the mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and after the collision the mass is
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+big mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mass
+um and we want to describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we want to describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we want to describe this
+collision once in the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision once in the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision once in the center of mass
+frame and one in the laboratory frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and one in the laboratory frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and one in the laboratory frame
+and so the question now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question now is
+uh are the masses and energy cons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are the masses and energy cons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are the masses and energy cons is
+energy conserved in those collisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conserved in those collisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conserved in those collisions and
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+describe this in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this in both
+both reference frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both reference frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both reference frames
+so again stop the video here and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again stop the video here and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again stop the video here and try to
+work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out
+i already did this so i discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already did this so i discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i already did this so i discussed before
+i you know in in those collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i you know in in those collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i you know in in those collision
+problems it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's always
+important to really be clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to really be clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to really be clear the
+situation before the collision was a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation before the collision was a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation before the collision was a the
+situation after the condition was b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation after the condition was b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation after the condition was b
+so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm
+describing this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this here
+first in the center of mass frame where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the center of mass frame where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the center of mass frame where
+the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x
+i'm just talking about the x component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just talking about the x component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just talking about the x component
+here the x momentum is zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the x momentum is zero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the x momentum is zero which is
+equal to the mass times u times gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mass times u times gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the mass times u times gamma
+minus the mass times u times gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the mass times u times gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the mass times u times gamma
+that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero
+the energy before is two times the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy before is two times the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy before is two times the mass
+times gamma times c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times gamma times c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times gamma times c square
+after the collision the particle is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collision the particle is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collision the particle is at
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+the new one particle is the rest and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one particle is the rest and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new one particle is the rest and has
+an energy large m over at time c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy large m over at time c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy large m over at time c square
+in the laboratory frame the situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory frame the situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory frame the situation is
+different there is x momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there is x momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different there is x momentum
+zero minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero minus m
+times u prime this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u prime this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u prime this is a different
+velocity times gamma of u prime so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times gamma of u prime so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times gamma of u prime so here
+i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to
+indicate that this gamma is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that this gamma is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that this gamma is not the same
+gamma as over here this is a gamma where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma as over here this is a gamma where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma as over here this is a gamma where
+the velocity is u prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is u prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is u prime
+and the energy is the rest mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy is the rest mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy is the rest mass
+of the particle at rest plus the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle at rest plus the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle at rest plus the mass
+times gamma times c square of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times gamma times c square of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times gamma times c square of the second
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+after the collision the particle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collision the particle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the collision the particle has
+some velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some velocity
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+and so the momentum in x direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the momentum in x direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the momentum in x direction is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+large m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large m
+times u times gamma of u again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u times gamma of u again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times u times gamma of u again and the
+energy is large m times gamma u times z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is large m times gamma u times z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is large m times gamma u times z
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+okay good so now we can use momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now we can use momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now we can use momentum
+conservation and find this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and find this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and find this equation here
+and from which we can then calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from which we can then calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from which we can then calculate
+that the large mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the large mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the large mass
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+to two times the smaller mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two times the smaller mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two times the smaller mass
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you find
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and this is the relativistic mass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the relativistic mass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the relativistic mass you
+find that as a conclusion that the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that as a conclusion that the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that as a conclusion that the rest
+mass is not conserved the mass of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is not conserved the mass of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is not conserved the mass of this
+big ball is not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ball is not simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ball is not simply
+the mass of the two rest masses or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the two rest masses or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the two rest masses or two
+times the mass of the rest mass you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mass of the rest mass you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the mass of the rest mass you have
+to consider this gamma factor here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider this gamma factor here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider this gamma factor here it's
+two times the relativistic mass if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the relativistic mass if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the relativistic mass if you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+but you also find that the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also find that the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also find that the total energy
+is conserved in circulation so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved in circulation so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conserved in circulation so that the
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+m naught gamma times c square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught gamma times c square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught gamma times c square is
+conserved in deposition irrespective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in deposition irrespective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in deposition irrespective of
+how you actually in which reference when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you actually in which reference when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you actually in which reference when
+you discuss the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to close this part of collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to close this part of collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to close this part of collisions
+um with a small discussion of units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a small discussion of units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a small discussion of units and
+that will become interesting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will become interesting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will become interesting or
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+later on when we look at particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on when we look at particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on when we look at particle
+physics examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics examples
+so in particle physics we often talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particle physics we often talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particle physics we often talk
+about units of electron volt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about units of electron volt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about units of electron volt in
+collision experiments or mega electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision experiments or mega electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision experiments or mega electron
+volts a key electron involves terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts a key electron involves terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts a key electron involves terror
+electrons so one electron volt is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so one electron volt is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so one electron volt is the
+kinetic energy of a particle with charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of a particle with charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of a particle with charge
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+accelerated in a potential of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated in a potential of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated in a potential of one
+volts so that it corresponds that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts so that it corresponds that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts so that it corresponds that's the
+unit of energy and it corresponds to 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of energy and it corresponds to 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of energy and it corresponds to 1.6
+times 10 to the minus 19 joule or 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 19 joule or 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 19 joule or 1.6
+times the minus 90 kilogram meter square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the minus 90 kilogram meter square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the minus 90 kilogram meter square
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+second square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second square
+the mass of an electron is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of an electron is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of an electron is really really
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+and those units here are introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those units here are introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those units here are introduced
+because the mod is mass small and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mod is mass small and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mod is mass small and you
+want to have reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have reasonable
+numbers to work with so the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to work with so the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to work with so the amount of
+the electron is 9.11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is 9.11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is 9.11
+times 10 to the minus 31 kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you just rewrite the m naught as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just rewrite the m naught as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just rewrite the m naught as
+equal to m naught c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m naught c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m naught c square
+times one over c square you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one over c square you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one over c square you find that
+huh now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh now we
+rewrite this and find that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this and find that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this and find that you know the
+mass is 8 times 10 to the minus 14 joule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is 8 times 10 to the minus 14 joule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is 8 times 10 to the minus 14 joule
+over c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over c square
+or in units of electron volts 5 times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in units of electron volts 5 times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in units of electron volts 5 times 10
+to the 5 electron volts over c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 5 electron volts over c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 5 electron volts over c square
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+0.511 mega electron volts over c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.511 mega electron volts over c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.511 mega electron volts over c square
+or 511 kilo electrons overseas square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 511 kilo electrons overseas square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 511 kilo electrons overseas square
+so when we talk about the mass of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about the mass of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we talk about the mass of an
+electron we sometimes approach this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we sometimes approach this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we sometimes approach this with
+natural units in which c square is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural units in which c square is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural units in which c square is equal
+to one and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and as
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+just simply say that the mass of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply say that the mass of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply say that the mass of an
+electron is 511 k kilo electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is 511 k kilo electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is 511 k kilo electron volts
+the mass of a muon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of a muon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of a muon
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+mega electron volts and and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega electron volts and and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega electron volts and and so on and so
+on
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PxkEoEbCJT8.txt b/PxkEoEbCJT8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fcb7769fd2f268f928fa0953fb7c14c848fc59e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PxkEoEbCJT8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome back to recitation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation as
+a warmup let's get started by Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warmup let's get started by Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warmup let's get started by Computing
+some determinants for 2x two and 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some determinants for 2x two and 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some determinants for 2x two and 3x3
+matrices uh why don't you uh take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh why don't you uh take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices uh why don't you uh take some
+time to work on uh Computing these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work on uh Computing these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work on uh Computing these two
+determinants and uh when you're finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and uh when you're finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants and uh when you're finished
+check back with me and I'll show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back with me and I'll show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back with me and I'll show you how
+I solved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back so why don't we get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back so why don't we get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back so why don't we get started
+with the 2x two Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the 2x two Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the 2x two Matrix
+first so remember when we compute a 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so remember when we compute a 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so remember when we compute a 2X
+two determinant we uh multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant we uh multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant we uh multiply the
+entries in the main diagonal and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the main diagonal and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the main diagonal and we
+subtract from that the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from that the product of the
+entries in the off diagonal so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the off diagonal so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in the off diagonal so in this
+case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 *
+-2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 minus
+- 4 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-1 so we have - 6 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is -
+10 okay now uh the 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay now uh the 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay now uh the 3X3
+Matrix now we're going to use llao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now we're going to use llao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now we're going to use llao
+expansion which means that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion which means that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion which means that we're going
+to um we're going to need to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we're going to need to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we're going to need to choose a
+row or a column in The Matrix we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a column in The Matrix we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a column in The Matrix we can
+choose any row or column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any row or column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose any row or column
+uh but as I look at this Matrix I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but as I look at this Matrix I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but as I look at this Matrix I like
+to choose the first row because I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the first row because I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the first row because I see
+this zero here which is going to mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero here which is going to mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero here which is going to mean we
+have less work to do so let's do llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less work to do so let's do llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less work to do so let's do llas
+expansion across the first row so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion across the first row so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion across the first row so what
+that means is we take the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is we take the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is we take the very first
+entry minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and now we need to multiply by a 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now we need to multiply by a 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now we need to multiply by a 2X
+two determinant which we get by covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant which we get by covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinant which we get by covering
+up the first the row and the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the first the row and the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the first the row and the column
+corresponding to our first entry so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to our first entry so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to our first entry so our
+first entry was minus1 and what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry was minus1 and what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry was minus1 and what we need
+to do is cover up the row and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is cover up the row and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is cover up the row and column
+containing that and we have this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing that and we have this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing that and we have this little
+2x2 matrix here and so we get 2 2 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x2 matrix here and so we get 2 2 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x2 matrix here and so we get 2 2 - 2
+1 okay the next uh entry we have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay the next uh entry we have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay the next uh entry we have to take
+negative of this entry but this entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this entry but this entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this entry but this entry is
+zero so minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so minus 0
+time just for practice why don't I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just for practice why don't I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just for practice why don't I uh
+put in this co-actor here anyways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this co-actor here anyways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in this co-actor here anyways so
+again we cut cover up the row and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we cut cover up the row and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we cut cover up the row and the
+column containing the zero and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column containing the zero and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column containing the zero and we have
+this Matrix 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 now finally we have to walk over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now finally we have to walk over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now finally we have to walk over here
+and we have to um take uh four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to um take uh four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to um take uh four times the
+minor which we get by covering up uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor which we get by covering up uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor which we get by covering up uh the
+row and column containing four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 2 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 -
+2 and now notice that these are just 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now notice that these are just 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now notice that these are just 2x
+two determinants and we can just compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinants and we can just compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two determinants and we can just compute
+those the same way we did earlier Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together we get -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we get -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we get -1
+* 2 minus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 minus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 minus another
+2 uh excuse me two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh excuse me two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh excuse me two
+minus two minus a -4 so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 okay this one goes away and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay this one goes away and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay this one goes away and then we
+have +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have +
+4times we have -2 minus another 6 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4times we have -2 minus another 6 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4times we have -2 minus another 6 so it
+looks to me like -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 Al together we have -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+38 now let's just take a moment to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 now let's just take a moment to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 now let's just take a moment to see
+what we did on the 3X3 Matrix we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did on the 3X3 Matrix we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did on the 3X3 Matrix we needed
+to do a lass expansion which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lass expansion which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lass expansion which means that
+we needed to choose a row or a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to choose a row or a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to choose a row or a column
+and we needed to take the entries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we needed to take the entries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we needed to take the entries of the
+row and add these up uh multiplied by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and add these up uh multiplied by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and add these up uh multiplied by uh
+The co-factor Matrix we got by covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The co-factor Matrix we got by covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The co-factor Matrix we got by covering
+up uh the row and column containing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh the row and column containing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh the row and column containing our
+highlighted entry and we needed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted entry and we needed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted entry and we needed to do
+that alternating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alternating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alternating the
+signs um so we got -1 * this Co Factor -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs um so we got -1 * this Co Factor -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs um so we got -1 * this Co Factor -
+0 * this co-actor and then finally + 4 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 * this co-actor and then finally + 4 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 * this co-actor and then finally + 4 *
+this co-actor Al together we gotus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this co-actor Al together we gotus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this co-actor Al together we gotus
+38 okay I'll leave it at that thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QJ_MPc0TobI.txt b/QJ_MPc0TobI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f128f836bbfa66d223723dbd624dd1ebb70cb4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QJ_MPc0TobI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1915 @@
+OPERATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support helps MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: You'll recall, at
+least some of you will recall,
+
+that last time we ended up
+looking at a simulation of a
+
+drunken university student
+wandering randomly in a field.
+
+I'm going to return to that.
+
+Before I get to the interesting
+part, I do want to
+
+call your attention to something
+that some people
+
+seemed a little bit confused
+by last time.
+
+So you remember that
+we had this thing
+
+called perform trial.
+
+And the way we basically tested
+the drunk, what would
+
+happen, is we would call this,
+passing in a time, the number
+
+of steps, the amount of time
+that the drunk was wondering,
+
+and the field.
+
+And there was just 1 line, that
+I blazed past, probably
+
+too quickly.
+
+So what that line is saying, is
+we, from the field, we're
+
+going to call the method get
+drunk, which is going to
+
+return us a drunk.
+
+And then we're going to call
+the move method for that
+
+drunk, passing the field
+as an argument.
+
+Now the question is, what would
+have happened if I had
+
+left off these parentheses?
+
+There.
+
+A volunteer?
+
+What would, we will do the
+experiment in a minute.
+
+And by the way, I want to
+emphasize the importance of
+
+experimentation.
+
+I was kind of surprised, for
+example, to get email from
+
+people saying, well, what was
+the correct answer to question
+
+3 on the quiz?
+
+And my sort of response
+was, why don't you
+
+type it and find out?
+
+When in doubt, run
+the experiment.
+
+So, what's going to happen, what
+would have happened, had
+
+I failed to type that
+pair of parentheses?
+
+Anybody?
+
+Well, what is, get drunk?
+
+It is a method.
+
+And remember, in Python,
+methods, like classes, are
+
+themselves objects.
+
+So get drunk would have a
+returned an object which was a
+
+method, and then, well,
+let's try it.
+
+And the error message
+will tell us
+
+everything we need to know.
+
+Function has no attribute
+move.
+
+Sure enough, the method does
+not have an attribute move.
+
+The instance of the class
+has the attribute.
+
+And so what those parentheses
+did, was tell me to invoke the
+
+method get drunk, so now instead
+of that being the
+
+method itself, it's the result
+returned by the method.
+
+Which is an instance of class
+drunk, and that instance has
+
+an attribute move, which
+is itself a method.
+
+This is a very common
+programming paradigm, and it's
+
+important to sort of lock into
+your heads, the distinction
+
+between the method and an
+invocation of the method.
+
+Because you can write either,
+and sometimes you won't get an
+
+error message, you'll just
+get the wrong answer.
+
+And that's kind of bad.
+
+That make sense to everybody?
+
+Does it not make sense to
+anybody, maybe is the question
+
+I should ask?
+
+All right, we'll go on, and
+we'll see more examples of
+
+this kind of thing.
+
+Now last week, I ran this
+several times to see what
+
+would happen, and we saw that
+in fact contrary to
+
+everyone's, most everyone's,
+expectation, the longer we ran
+
+the simulation, the further
+the drunk was from the
+
+starting point.
+
+And we saw that by plotting how
+far the drunk was after
+
+each time unit.
+
+We ran it several times, we
+got different answers.
+
+And at that point we should ask
+ourselves, is that really
+
+the way to go about answering
+the original question?
+
+Which was, how far should we
+expect the drunk to be?
+
+The answer is no.
+
+I don't want to sit there at
+the keyboard typing in 400
+
+examples and then, in my head,
+trying to figure out what's
+
+quote, typical, unquote.
+
+Instead, I need to organize my
+simulation so that it runs a
+
+number of trials for me and
+summarizes the results.
+
+All the simulations we're going
+to look at it, in fact
+
+almost all the simulations
+anyone will ever write, sort
+
+of, have the same kind
+of structure.
+
+We start with an inner loop
+that simulates one trial.
+
+That's what we have here, right,
+we have happen to have
+
+a function.
+
+So when I say inner loop, what I
+mean is, not that I'll write
+
+a program a bunch of nested
+loops, but that I'll write a
+
+program with some function
+calls, and down at sort of the
+
+bottom of the stack will
+be perform trial.
+
+Which stimulates one trial
+of some number of
+
+seconds, in this case.
+
+And then I'll quote, enclose,
+unquote the inner loop in
+
+another loop that conducts an
+appropriate number of trials.
+
+Now a little bit later in the
+term, we'll get to the
+
+question of, how do we know what
+an appropriate number is?
+
+For today, we'll just
+say, a lot.
+
+And we'll talk about that
+a little bit more.
+
+And then finally, what we want
+to do, is calculate and
+
+present some relevant statistics
+about the trials.
+
+And we'll talk about
+what's relevant.
+
+I want to emphasize today the
+presentation of them.
+
+Last time we looked at a graph,
+which I think you'll
+
+all agree, was a lot prettier
+to look at an array of, say,
+
+1000 numbers.
+
+All right.
+
+So now, on your handout and on
+the screen, you'll see the way
+
+we've done this.
+
+So perform trial, we've already
+seen, so we know what
+
+the inner loop looks like.
+
+We can ignore first test, that
+was just my taking the code
+
+that I had in line last time and
+putting it in a function.
+
+And now what you'll see in the
+handout is perform sim and
+
+answer question.
+
+So, let's look it those.
+
+So perform sim, sim for
+simulation, takes the amount
+
+of time, the number of steps
+for each trial, plus the
+
+number of trials.
+
+It starts with an empty list,
+dist short for distances here,
+
+saying so far we haven't run any
+trials, we don't know what
+
+any of the distances are.
+
+And then for trial in range
+number of trials, it creates a
+
+drunk, and I'm putting the trial
+as part of the drunk's
+
+name, just so we can
+make sure that the
+
+drunks are all different.
+
+Then I'm going to create a field
+with that drunk in it at
+
+location 0,0.
+
+And then I'm going to call
+perform trial with the time in
+
+that field to get
+the distances.
+
+What does perform
+trial return?
+
+We looked at it earlier.
+
+What is perform trial
+returning?
+
+Somebody?
+
+Surely someone can figure
+this one out.
+
+I have a whole new bag of candy
+here, post-Halloween.
+
+What kind of thing
+is it returning?
+
+Is it returning a number?
+
+If you think it's returning a
+number, oh, ok, you gonna tell
+
+me what kind of thing it's
+returning, please?
+
+A list, thank you.
+
+And it's a list of what?
+
+I'm giving you the candy on
+spec, assuming you'll give me
+
+the right answer.
+
+List of distances, exactly.
+
+So how far way it is after
+each time step?
+
+This is exactly the list that
+we graphed last time.
+
+So perform sim will get that
+list and append it to the
+
+list. So dist list will be a
+list of lists, each element
+
+will be a list of distances,
+right?
+
+OK, so that's good.
+
+And that's now step 2.
+
+In some sense, all of this is
+irrelevant to the actual
+
+question we started with,
+in some sense.
+
+This is just the structure.
+
+Then I'm going to write a
+function called answer
+
+question, or ans quest, designed
+to actually address
+
+the original question.
+
+So it, too, is going to
+create a list. This is
+
+a list called means.
+
+Then it's going to call perform
+sim, to get this list
+
+of lists, then it will go
+through that and calculate the
+
+means and create a
+list of means.
+
+And then it will plot it, and
+we'll get to, before this
+
+lecture's over, how the
+plotting works.
+
+So I'm following exactly
+that structure here.
+
+It calls this function, which
+runs an appropriate number of
+
+trials by calling that function,
+and then we'll
+
+calculate and present
+some statistics.
+
+So now let's run it.
+
+All right, so what
+have I done?
+
+I typed an inadvertent chara --
+ah, yes, I typed an s which
+
+I didn't intend to type.
+
+It's going to take a little
+while, it's loading Pylab.
+
+Now it's running
+the simulation.
+
+All right, and here's
+a picture.
+
+So, when we ran it, let's look
+at the code for a minute here,
+
+what we can see is at the
+bottom, I called ans quest,
+
+saying each trial should be 500
+steps, and run 100 trials.
+
+And then we'll plot
+this graph.
+
+Graph is lurking somewhere
+in there, it is.
+
+And one of the nice things we'll
+see is, it's kind of
+
+smooth, And we'll come back to
+this, but the fact that it's
+
+sort of smooth makes me feel
+that running 100 trials might
+
+actually be enough to give
+me a consistent answer.
+
+You know, if it had been
+bouncing up and down as we
+
+went, then we'd say, jeez,
+no trend here.
+
+Seeing a relatively smooth trend
+makes me feel somewhat
+
+comfortable that we're
+actually getting an
+
+appropriate answer.
+
+And that if I were to run 500
+trials, the line would be
+
+smoother, but it would look
+kind of the same.
+
+Because it doesn't look like
+it's moving here, in arbitrary
+
+directions large amounts.
+
+It's not like the
+stock market.
+
+Should I be happy?
+
+I've sort of done what I wanted,
+I kind of I think I
+
+have an answer now, which is 500
+steps, it should be four
+
+and a half units away
+from the origin.
+
+What do you think?
+
+Who think this is the
+right answer?
+
+So who thinks it's a wrong
+answer, raise your hand?
+
+All right, TAs, what
+do you guys think?
+
+Putting you on the spot.
+
+Right answer or wrong answer?
+
+They think it's right.
+
+Well, shame on them.
+
+Let's remember, rack our brains
+to a week ago, when we
+
+ran a bunch of individual
+tests.
+
+And let's see what we
+get if we do that.
+
+And the point here is, it's
+always good to check.
+
+My recollection, when I looked
+at this, was that
+
+something was amiss.
+
+Because I kind of remember, when
+I ran the test last time,
+
+we were more like 40 away
+than four away.
+
+Well all right, let's try it.
+
+We'll, sometimes happens, all
+right, I'm going to have to
+
+restart Idol here, just, as you
+all, at least all who use
+
+Macintoshes know, this happens
+sometimes, it's not
+
+catastrophic.
+
+Sigh.
+
+So this reminds me
+of the old joke.
+
+That a computer scientist, a
+mechanical engineer, were
+
+riding in a car and the car
+stalled, stopped running.
+
+And the mechanical engineer said
+I know what to do, let's
+
+go out and check
+the carburetor,
+
+and look at the engine.
+
+The computer scientist
+said, no that's the
+
+wrong thing to do.
+
+What you ought to do is, let's
+turn off the key, get out of
+
+the car, shut the doors, open
+the doors, get back in and
+
+restart it.
+
+And sure enough, it worked.
+
+So when in doubt, reboot.
+
+So, we'll come down, we'll do
+that, and we're going to call
+
+first test here, and see
+what that gives us.
+
+And we'll, for the moment,
+ignore that.
+
+Well, look at this.
+
+We ran a bunch of Homer's random
+walks, and maybe it
+
+isn't 40, but not even
+one of them was four.
+
+So now we see is, we've run two
+tests, and we've gotten
+
+inconsistent answers.
+
+Well, we don't know which
+one is wrong.
+
+We know that one of
+them is wrong.
+
+We don't even know that, maybe
+we just got unlucky with these
+
+five tests.
+
+But odds are, something
+is wrong, that
+
+there's a bug here.
+
+And, we have to figure
+out which one.
+
+So how would we go
+about doing that?
+
+Well, I'm going to do what I
+always recommend people do.
+
+Which was, find a really simple
+example, One for which
+
+I actually know the answer.
+
+So what would be a good example
+for which I might know
+
+the answer?
+
+Give me the simplest example of
+a simulation of the random
+
+walk I could run, where you're
+confident you know
+
+what the answer is.
+
+Yeah? one step, exactly,
+and what's the
+
+answer after one step?
+
+One.
+
+She can't catch and talk
+at the same time.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So we know if we simulate it,
+one, the drunk has moved in
+
+some direction, and is going
+to be exactly one step from
+
+the origin.
+
+So now we can go and
+see what we get.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+And we'll change this
+to be one, and we'll
+
+change this to be one.
+
+We'll see what the answer is.
+
+Well.
+
+50?
+
+Well, kind of makes me worry.
+
+1.
+
+All right, so we see that the
+simple test of Homer gives me
+
+the right answer.
+
+We don't know it's always the
+right answer, we know it's, at
+
+least for this 1.
+
+But we know the other
+1 was just way off.
+
+Interestingly, unlike the
+previous time, instead of
+
+being way too low, it's
+way too high.
+
+So that gives us some
+pause for thought.
+
+And now we need to go
+in and debug it.
+
+So let's go and debug it.
+
+And seems to me the right thing
+to do is to go here.
+
+Oh, boy, I'm going to have to
+restart it again, not good.
+
+And we'll put an intermediate
+value.
+
+Actually, maybe we'll do it.
+
+What would be a nice
+thing to do here?
+
+We're going to come here.
+
+Well, let's, you know, we want
+to go somewhere halfway
+
+through the program, print some
+intermediate value that
+
+will give us some information.
+
+So, this might be
+a good place.
+
+And, what should we print?
+
+Well, what values do you think
+you should get here?
+
+Pardon?
+
+STUDENT: The total
+distance so far.
+
+PROFESSOR: The total
+distance so far.
+
+So that would be a good
+thing to print.
+
+And what do we think
+it should be?
+
+We'll comment this 1 out since
+we think that works, and just
+
+to be safe, let's not even run
+100 trials let's, run one
+
+trial, or two trials maybe.
+
+See we get.
+
+0 and then 2.
+
+W, 0 was sort of what we
+expected the first time
+
+around, but 2?
+
+How did you get to be 2?
+
+Anyone want to see what's
+going on here?
+
+So we see, right here we
+have the wrong answer.
+
+Well, maybe we should
+see what things
+
+looked like before this?
+
+Is it the lists are wrong?
+
+What am I doing wrong here?
+
+I'll bet someone can
+figure this out.
+
+Pardon?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I'm adding
+them up, fair enough.
+
+But so tot looks OK.
+
+So, all right, maybe we should
+take a look at means.
+
+Right?
+
+Let's take a look at what
+that looks like.
+
+Not bad.
+
+All right, so maybe my
+example's too simple.
+
+Let's try a little bit bigger.
+
+Hmmm --
+
+2.5?
+
+All right, so now I know what's
+going wrong is, somehow
+
+not that I'm messing up tot,
+but that I'm computing the
+
+mean incorrectly.
+
+Where am I computing the mean?
+
+They're only two expressions
+here.
+
+There's tot, we've
+checked that.
+
+So there must be a problem with
+the divisor, that's the
+
+only thing that's left.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly right.
+
+I should be dividing by the
+length of the list. The number
+
+of things I'm adding to tot.
+
+So I just, inadvertently,
+divided by, I
+
+have a list of lists.
+
+And what I really wanted
+to do is, divide by
+
+the number of lists.
+
+Because I'm computing the mean
+for each list, adding it to
+
+total, and then at the end I
+need to divide by the number
+
+of lists who's means I computed,
+not by the length of
+
+1 of the lists, right?
+
+So now, let's see what
+happens if we run it.
+
+Now, we get some output printed,
+which I really didn't
+
+want, but it happens.
+
+Well this looks a lot better.
+
+Right?
+
+Sure enough, it's 1.
+
+All right, so now I'm
+feeling better.
+
+I'm going to get rid of this
+print statement, if we're
+
+gonna run a more extensive test.
+And now we can go back
+
+to our original question.
+
+And run it.
+
+Well, this looks a lot
+more consistent
+
+with what we saw before.
+
+It says that on average, you
+should be around 20.
+
+So we feel pretty
+good about that.
+
+Now, just to feel even better,
+I'm going to double the number
+
+of trials and see what
+that tells us.
+
+And it's still around 20.
+
+Line a little smoother.
+
+And if I where do 1000 trials
+will get a little smoother,
+
+and it would still
+be around 20.
+
+Maybe slightly different each
+time, but consistent with what
+
+we saw before, when we ran
+the other program.
+
+We can feel that we're actually
+
+doing something useful.
+
+And so now we can conclude,
+and would actually be the
+
+correct conclusion, that we know
+about how far this random
+
+drunk is going to move
+in 500 steps.
+
+And if you want to know how
+far he would move in 1000
+
+steps, we could try that, too.
+
+All right.
+
+What are the lessons here?
+
+One lesson is to look at
+the labels on the axes.
+
+Because if we just looked at
+it without noticing these
+
+numbers, it looks the same.
+
+Right?
+
+This doesn't look any different,
+in some sense, than
+
+when the numbers were four.
+
+So you can't just look at the
+shape of the curve, you have
+
+to look at the values.
+
+So what does that tell me?
+
+It tells me that a responsible
+person will
+
+always label the axes.
+
+As I have done here, not only
+giving you the numbers, but
+
+telling you it's the distance.
+
+I hate it when I look at graphs
+and I have to guess
+
+what the x- and y- axes are.
+
+Here it says time versus
+distance, and you also notice
+
+I put a title on it.
+
+So there's a point there.
+
+And look, when you're
+doing it.
+
+Ask if the answer make sense.
+
+One of the things we'll see as
+we go on, is you can get all
+
+your statistics right, and still
+get the wrong answer
+
+because of a consistent bug.
+
+And so always just say, do I
+believe it, or is this so
+
+counterintuitive that
+I'm suspicious?
+
+And as part of that ask, is it
+
+consistent with other evidence?
+
+In this case we had the evidence
+of watching an
+
+individual walk.
+
+Now those two things were not
+consistent, don't know which
+
+is wrong, but it must
+be one of them.
+
+And then the final point I
+wanted to make, is that you
+
+can be pretty systematic about
+debugging, And in particular,
+
+debug with a simple example.
+
+Right, instead of trying to
+debug 500 steps and 100
+
+trials, I said, all right, let's
+look at one step and
+
+four trials, five trials.
+
+OK, where in my head I knew what
+it should look like, and
+
+then I could check it.
+
+All right.
+
+Jumping up a level or three
+of abstraction now.
+
+What we've done, is we've
+introduced the notion of a
+
+random walk in the context of
+a pretty contrived example.
+
+But in fact, it's worth knowing
+that random walks are
+
+used all over the place to solve
+real problems, deal with
+
+real phenomena.
+
+So for example, if you look
+at something like Brownian
+
+motion, which can be used to
+model the path traced by a
+
+molecule as it travels
+in a liquid or a gas.
+
+Typically, people who do that
+model it using a random walk.
+
+And, depending upon, say the
+density of the gas or the
+
+liquid, the size of the
+molecules, they change
+
+parameters in the simulation,
+how far it, say, goes in each
+
+unit time and things
+like that.
+
+But they use a random walk
+to try and model
+
+what will really happened.
+
+People have attempted, for
+several hundred years now, to
+
+use, well, maybe a 150 years,
+to use random walks to model
+
+the stock market.
+
+There was a very famous book
+called A Random Walk Down Wall
+
+Street, that argued that things
+happened as a, random
+
+walk was a good way
+to model things.
+
+There's a lot of evidence that
+says that's wrong, but people
+
+continue to attempt to do it.
+
+They use it a lot
+in biology to do
+
+things like model kinetics.
+
+So, the kinetics of a protein,
+DNA strand exchange, things of
+
+that nature.
+
+A separation of macro-molecules,
+the movement
+
+of microorganisms all of those
+things are done in biology.
+
+And do that.
+
+People use it to model
+evolution.
+
+They look at mutations as
+kind of a random event.
+
+So, we'll come back to this, but
+random walks are used over
+
+and over and over again in the
+sciences, the social sciences
+
+and therefore a very useful
+thing to notice about.
+
+All right, we're going
+to come back to that.
+
+We're going to even come back
+to our drunken student and
+
+look at other kinds of random
+walks other than the kind we
+
+just looked at.
+
+Before I do that, though, I
+wanted back up and take the
+
+magic out of plotting.
+
+So we've gone from the sublime,
+of what random walks
+
+are good for, to in some sense
+the ridiculous, the actual
+
+syntax for plotting things.
+
+And maybe it's not ridiculous,
+but it's boring.
+
+But you need it, so
+let's look at it.
+
+So we're doing this using a
+package called Pylab, which is
+
+in itself built on a package
+called Pylab, either
+
+pronounced num p or num pi,
+you can choose your
+
+pronunciation as you prefer.
+
+This basically gives you a lot
+of operations on numbers,
+
+numbered things, and on top of
+that, someone bill Pylab which
+
+is designed to provide a Python
+interface to a lot of
+
+the functionality you
+get in Matlab.
+
+And in particular, we're going
+to be using today the plotting
+
+functionality that comes with
+Matlab, or the version of it.
+
+So we're going to say, from
+Pylab import star, that's just
+
+so I don't have to type Pylab
+dot plot every time.
+
+And I'm going import
+random which we're
+
+going to use later.
+
+So let's look at it now.
+
+First thing we're going to do
+is plot 1, 2, 3, 4, and then
+
+1, 2, 3, and then 5, 6, 7, 8.
+
+And then at the very bottom,
+you'll see this line show.
+
+That's going to annoy the heck
+out of you throughout the
+
+semester, the rest
+of the semester.
+
+Because what happens is, Pylab
+produces all these beautiful
+
+plots, and then does
+not display them
+
+until you type show.
+
+So remember, at the end of every
+program, kind of, the
+
+last thing you should execute
+should be show.
+
+You don't want to execute it
+in the middle, because what
+
+happens in the middle is it,
+in an interactive mode at
+
+least, it just stops.
+
+And displays the graphs, and
+until you make the plots go
+
+away, it won't execute
+the next line.
+
+Which is why I've tucked the
+show at the very bottom of my
+
+script here.
+
+Inevitably, you will forget
+to type show.
+
+You will ask a TA, how come my
+graphs aren't appearing in the
+
+screen, and the TA will
+say, did you do show?
+
+And you'll go -- but it
+happens to all of us.
+
+All right, so let's try it.
+
+See what we get.
+
+So sure enough, it's plotted the
+values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,
+
+6, 7, 8, on the x-
+and y- axis.
+
+Two things I want you
+to notice here.
+
+One Is, that both plots showed
+up on the same figure.
+
+Which is sometimes what you
+want, and sometimes
+
+not what you want.
+
+You'll notice that also happened
+with the random walk
+
+we looked at, where when I
+plotted five different walks
+
+for Homer they all showed
+up superimposed
+
+on top of one another.
+
+The other thing I want you to
+notice, is the x-axis runs
+
+from 0 to 3.
+
+So you might have kind of
+thought, that what we would
+
+see is a 45 degree angle
+on these things.
+
+But of course, Python, when
+not instructed otherwise,
+
+always starts at zero.
+
+Since when we called plot, I
+gave it only the y-values, it
+
+used default values for x.
+
+It was smart enough to say,
+since we have four y-values,
+
+we should need four x-values,
+and I'll choose the integers
+
+0, 1, 2, 3 as those values.
+
+Now you don't have to do that.
+
+We could do this instead.
+
+Let's try this one.
+
+What did I just do?
+
+Let's comment these two out,
+if we could only get there.
+
+This is highly annoying.
+
+Let's hope it doesn't tell
+me that I have to --
+
+All right, so let's go here.
+
+We'll get rid of those guys,
+and we'll try this one.
+
+We'll plot 1, 2, 3, 4
+against 1, 4, 9, 16.
+
+OK?
+
+So now, it's using 1, 2, 3,
+4 as the x-axis, and the
+
+y-axis I gave it.
+
+First x then y.
+
+Now it looks a little funny,
+right, you might have not
+
+expected it to look like this.
+
+You'll notice they're these
+little inflection points here.
+
+Well, because what it's really
+doing is, I gave it a small
+
+number of points, only four.
+
+It's found those four points,
+and it's connected them, each
+
+point by a straight line.
+
+And since the points are kind
+of spread out, the line has
+
+little bumps in it.
+
+That makes sense to everyone?
+
+Now, it's often deceptive to
+plot things this way, where
+
+you think you have a continuous
+function when in
+
+fact you just have a few
+miscellaneous points.
+
+So let's look at another
+example.
+
+Here, what I'm going to do,
+is I've called figure, and
+
+remember, this is Pylab dot
+figure, which says, create a
+
+new figure.
+
+So instead of putting this new
+curve on the same figure as
+
+the old curve, start
+a new one.
+
+And furthermore, I've got this
+obscure little thing
+
+at the end of it.
+
+After you give it the x- and
+y- values, you can give it
+
+some instructions about how you
+want to plot points, or
+
+anything else.
+
+In this case, what this little
+string says is, each point
+
+should be represented as a red
+o. r for red, o for o.
+
+I'm not asking you to remember
+this, what you will discover,
+
+the good news is there's very
+good documentation on this.
+
+And so you'll find in the
+reading of pointer to plots,
+
+and it will tell you everything
+you need to know,
+
+all of the wizardry and the
+magic you can put in these
+
+strings that tell you
+how to do things.
+
+These are basically the same
+strings borrowed from Matlab.
+
+And now if we run it.
+
+Figure one is the same
+figure we saw before.
+
+But figure two has not connected
+the dots, not drawn
+
+a line, it's actually planted
+each, or plotted, excuse me,
+
+each point as a red circle.
+
+Now when I look at this, there's
+something that's not
+
+very pleasing about this.
+
+That in particular, I know I
+plotted four points, but it a
+
+quick glance it looks like
+they're only three.
+
+And that's because it's taking
+this fourth point and stuck it
+
+way up there in the corner
+where I missed it.
+
+It's there.
+
+But it's so close to the edge of
+the graph that it's kind of
+
+hard to see.
+
+So I can fix that by executing
+the command axis, which tells
+
+it how far I want it to be.
+
+And this says, I want 1 axis
+to go from 0 to 6, and the
+
+other 0 to 20.
+
+We'll do that, and also to avoid
+boring you, we'll do
+
+more at the same time.
+
+We'll put some labels
+on these things.
+
+I'm going to put that the title
+of the graph is going to
+
+be earnings, and that the x-axis
+will be labelled days,
+
+and the y-axis will be
+labelled dollars.
+
+So earnings dollars
+against days.
+
+OK, now let's see what happens
+when we do this.
+
+Well, we get the same ugly
+figure one as before, and now
+
+you can see figure two I've
+moved the axes so that my
+
+graph will show up in the middle
+rather than at the
+
+edges, and therefore
+easier to read.
+
+I put a title in the top, and
+I put labels on the axes.
+
+Every graph that I ask you to do
+this course, I want you to
+
+put a title on it and to label
+your axes so we know what
+
+we're reading.
+
+Again, nothing very deep here,
+this is really just syntax,
+
+just to give you an idea
+of the sorts of
+
+things you can do.
+
+All right. now we get to
+something a little bit more
+
+interesting.
+
+Let's look at this code here.
+
+So far, what I've been passing
+to the plot function for the
+
+x- and y- values are lists.
+
+In fact, what Pylab uses is
+something it gets from NumPy
+
+which are not lists really,
+but what it calls arrays.
+
+Now, truth be told, most
+programming languages use
+
+array to mean something
+quite different.
+
+But, in NumPy an array is
+basically a matrix.
+
+On which we can do some
+interesting things.
+
+So for example, when
+I say x-axes equals
+
+array 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+Array is a type, so array
+applied to the list is just
+
+like applying float to an int.
+
+If I apply float to an int,
+it turns it into a
+
+floating point number.
+
+If I apply array to a list,
+it turns it into an array.
+
+Once it's an array, as we'll
+see, we can do some very
+
+interesting things with it.
+
+Now, in addition to getting an
+array by coercing a the list,
+
+which is probably the
+most common way to
+
+get it, by the way.
+
+Because you build up a list in
+simulations of the sort we
+
+looked at, and then you might
+want to change it to an array
+
+to perform some operations
+on it.
+
+You can get an array directly
+with aRange.
+
+This is just like the range
+function we've been using all
+
+term, but whereas the range
+function gives you a list of
+
+ints, this gives you
+an array of ints.
+
+But the nice thing about an
+array is, I can perform
+
+operations on it like this.
+
+So if I say y-axis equals x-axis
+raised to the third
+
+power, that's something I can't
+do with a list. I get an
+
+error message if I try that with
+a list. What that will do
+
+is, will point-wise, take
+each element in the
+
+array and cube it.
+
+So the nice thing about arrays
+is, you can use them to do the
+
+kinds of things you, if you
+ever took a linear algebra
+
+course, you learned
+about doing.
+
+You can multiply an array
+times an array, You can
+
+multiply an array times
+an integer.
+
+And sometimes that's a very
+convenient thing to do.
+
+It's not what this course is
+about, I don't want to
+
+emphasize it.
+
+I just want you to know it's
+there so if in some subsequent
+
+life you want to do more
+complicated manipulations,
+
+you'll know that that's
+possible.
+
+So let's run this and
+see what we get.
+
+So the first thing to look at,
+is we'll ignore the figure for
+
+the moment.
+
+And we've seen that when I
+printed test and I printed
+
+x-axis, they look the same,
+they are the same.
+
+And in fact, I can do this
+interesting thing now.
+
+Print test double
+equals x-axis.
+
+You might have thought
+that would return a
+
+single value, true.
+
+Instead it returns a list, where
+it's done a point-wise
+
+comparison of each element.
+
+So when we deal with arrays,
+they don't behave like lists.
+
+And you can imagine that it
+might be very convenient to be
+
+able to do this.
+
+Answers the question, are all
+the elements the same?
+
+Or which ones are the same?
+
+So you can imagine doing some
+very clever things with these.
+
+And certainly, if you can
+convert problems to vectors of
+
+this sort, you can really
+perform what's almost magical.
+
+And then when we look at the
+figure, which should be tucked
+
+away somewhere here, what did
+I do with the figure?
+
+Did I make it go away?
+
+Well, I think I did one of those
+ugly things and made it
+
+go away again.
+
+Oh, no, there it is.
+
+All right.
+
+And sure enough here, we're
+plotting a cubic.
+
+All right.
+
+Nothing very important to
+observe about any of that,
+
+other than that arrays are
+really quite interesting and
+
+can be very valuable.
+
+Finally, the thing I want to
+show you is that there are a
+
+lot of things we can do that are
+more interesting than what
+
+we've done.
+
+So now I'm going to use that
+random, which I brought in
+
+before, and show you that we
+can plot things other than
+
+simply curves.
+
+In this case, I'm going
+to plot a histogram.
+
+And what this histogram is going
+to do is, I'm going to
+
+throw a pair of dice a large
+number of times, and add up
+
+the sum, and see what I get.
+
+So, for die values equals 1
+through 6, for i in range
+
+10,000, a lot of dice.
+
+I'm just going to append random
+choice, we've seen this
+
+before, of the two dice,
+and their sum.
+
+And then I'm going to plot a
+histogram, Pylab dot hist
+
+instead of plot, and we'll get
+something quite different.
+
+A nice little histogram showing
+me the values I get,
+
+and we will come back to this
+later and talk about why this
+
+is called a normal
+distribution.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QKUOHFHkttg.txt b/QKUOHFHkttg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74eeb8dab497686afbc4bdb5d67bd2c54f973c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QKUOHFHkttg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so we'll uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so we'll uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so we'll uh get
+started again and uh as I said we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started again and uh as I said we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started again and uh as I said we're
+going to provide you with a quick tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide you with a quick tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to provide you with a quick tour
+of um both some basic concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um both some basic concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um both some basic concepts in
+recording audio as well as the specifics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording audio as well as the specifics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording audio as well as the specifics
+of our uh audio package and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our uh audio package and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our uh audio package and then we're
+hoping that we have about an hour at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that we have about an hour at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that we have about an hour at the
+end to play with both the camera and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to play with both the camera and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to play with both the camera and the
+audio equipment together um so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio equipment together um so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio equipment together um so this is a
+very very uh cursory look at some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very uh cursory look at some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very uh cursory look at some basic
+Audio Concepts and there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audio Concepts and there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audio Concepts and there are a couple of
+really really simple sounding rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple sounding rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple sounding rules that
+I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this is the first
+one sometimes sound is more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sometimes sound is more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sometimes sound is more important
+than picture and someone like vertov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than picture and someone like vertov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than picture and someone like vertov
+would probably have a heart attack if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably have a heart attack if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably have a heart attack if he
+heard uh someone uh involved in film say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard uh someone uh involved in film say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard uh someone uh involved in film say
+that because of course the kinoi is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of course the kinoi is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of course the kinoi is is
+God but this is actually true and um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God but this is actually true and um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God but this is actually true and um if
+you think about it if you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it if you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it if you got the
+interview of a lifetime or got to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview of a lifetime or got to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview of a lifetime or got to spend
+half an hour filming some someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour filming some someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour filming some someone who
+you just were never going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just were never going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just were never going to be able to
+film again and you had a choice between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film again and you had a choice between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film again and you had a choice between
+getting the audio and the video which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the audio and the video which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the audio and the video which
+would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pick sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick sorry
+yeah because if you don't have if I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because if you don't have if I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because if you don't have if I mean
+of course it depends I mean if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it depends I mean if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it depends I mean if you're
+filming the labor in the field and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming the labor in the field and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming the labor in the field and you
+want to uh and you're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh and you're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh and you're not talking about
+specific individuals if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific individuals if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific individuals if you're talking
+about sort of vast social groups then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of vast social groups then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of vast social groups then
+then the the image of course is is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the image of course is is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the image of course is is all
+and and image is extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and image is extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and image is extraordinarily
+important I'm not I'm not of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'm not I'm not of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'm not I'm not of course
+diminishing that but if you spend if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing that but if you spend if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing that but if you spend if you
+get to spend uh 15 minutes or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to spend uh 15 minutes or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to spend uh 15 minutes or five
+minutes uh asking Barack Obama what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh asking Barack Obama what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes uh asking Barack Obama what he
+thinks about you know topic X of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about you know topic X of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about you know topic X of your
+documentary and you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary and you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary and you don't have any
+audio that was that if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio that was that if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio that was that if you don't have
+any picture you can still use the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any picture you can still use the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any picture you can still use the audio
+and you can find a way to make it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find a way to make it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find a way to make it work
+uh so audio is Extreme extrem important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so audio is Extreme extrem important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so audio is Extreme extrem important
+and the only reason I'm emphasizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only reason I'm emphasizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only reason I'm emphasizing that
+is that uh it's it sometimes gets short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh it's it sometimes gets short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh it's it sometimes gets short
+shrift when people are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrift when people are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrift when people are thinking about
+film or they're they're learning uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film or they're they're learning uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film or they're they're learning uh to
+make films uh there's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make films uh there's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make films uh there's sort of an
+assumption that it can take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that it can take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that it can take care of
+itself that I'm going to get familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that I'm going to get familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that I'm going to get familiar
+with the camera and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera and you know it's
+digital audio it's really great quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital audio it's really great quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital audio it's really great quality
+it'll be fine uh it's it's its own art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be fine uh it's it's its own art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be fine uh it's it's its own art
+form and it is uh complex and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and it is uh complex and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and it is uh complex and it's
+definitely worth knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely worth knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely worth knowing the
+basics so this is just a quick look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics so this is just a quick look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics so this is just a quick look at
+our equipment uh we are filming with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equipment uh we are filming with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equipment uh we are filming with the
+Sony a1u uh hdv camcorder which records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony a1u uh hdv camcorder which records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony a1u uh hdv camcorder which records
+digital audio at a sampler rate of 48k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital audio at a sampler rate of 48k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital audio at a sampler rate of 48k
+and a bit depth of 16 uh or 16-bit audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bit depth of 16 uh or 16-bit audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bit depth of 16 uh or 16-bit audio
+and we're going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk a little bit
+about what that means in a in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that means in a in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that means in a in a in a
+minute but for now it's worth just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but for now it's worth just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but for now it's worth just
+noting and and remembering that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting and and remembering that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting and and remembering that that is
+the format that you're recording in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format that you're recording in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format that you're recording in uh
+it becomes very important when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes very important when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes very important when you're
+editing and post production to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing and post production to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing and post production to know what
+the format of your audio is and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format of your audio is and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format of your audio is and that's
+it uh we can film to two channels uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we can film to two channels uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh we can film to two channels uh
+left and right uh which means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right uh which means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right uh which means that you
+can record stereo or you can also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record stereo or you can also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can record stereo or you can also you
+can use them as separate tracks with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use them as separate tracks with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use them as separate tracks with two
+microphones recording uh completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones recording uh completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones recording uh completely
+different things uh so two channels does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh so two channels does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh so two channels does
+not necessarily mean that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily mean that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily mean that it's
+automatically stereo it depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically stereo it depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically stereo it depends on how
+you set it up uh we have two microphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set it up uh we have two microphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set it up uh we have two microphones
+in our kits one is a lavalier microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our kits one is a lavalier microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our kits one is a lavalier microphone
+which is like the one I'm wearing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the one I'm wearing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the one I'm wearing here
+something you can clip to a person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can clip to a person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can clip to a person uh
+ours are not wireless unfortunately uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours are not wireless unfortunately uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours are not wireless unfortunately uh
+like the one I'm wearing right now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one I'm wearing right now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one I'm wearing right now um
+they are omnidirectional microphones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are omnidirectional microphones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are omnidirectional microphones and
+we'll talk in a minute about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk in a minute about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk in a minute about what that
+means we have one shotgun microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have one shotgun microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have one shotgun microphone
+which is a uh longer larger thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a uh longer larger thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a uh longer larger thinner
+microphone you'll see it in a minute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you'll see it in a minute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you'll see it in a minute and
+that is what we call a super cardioid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we call a super cardioid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we call a super cardioid
+microphone and again we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and again we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and again we'll talk about
+that in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in a
+minute so what does omnidirectional mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so what does omnidirectional mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so what does omnidirectional mean
+our as I said our lavaliers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our as I said our lavaliers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our as I said our lavaliers are
+omnidirectional mics what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional mics what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional mics what that means is
+that their pattern the the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their pattern the the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their pattern the the pattern of
+pickup the pattern that they record goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup the pattern that they record goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup the pattern that they record goes
+out equally in all directions so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equally in all directions so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out equally in all directions so if you
+see in this picture the microphone head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this picture the microphone head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this picture the microphone head
+there is in the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the center of the
+frame everything equally in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame everything equally in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame everything equally in all
+directions is recorded the uh at a at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is recorded the uh at a at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is recorded the uh at a at at
+a at a similar level so if you're 2 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at a similar level so if you're 2 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a at a similar level so if you're 2 ft
+away to the left and 2et Away to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away to the left and 2et Away to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away to the left and 2et Away to to the
+right and 2T above and a 2 ft below it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 2T above and a 2 ft below it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 2T above and a 2 ft below it's
+all the same so you can move further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same so you can move further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same so you can move further
+away from the microphone and closer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the microphone and closer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the microphone and closer but
+changing the the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the the orientation of the
+microphone is not going to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is not going to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is not going to change your
+recording so again it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording so again it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording so again it's a great
+microphone to put put on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone to put put on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone to put put on a
+person um not all lava microphones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um not all lava microphones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um not all lava microphones are
+omnidirectional by the way but ours are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional by the way but ours are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional by the way but ours are
+um and it's it's sort of a kind of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's sort of a kind of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's sort of a kind of a set
+in and forget it kind of mic you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and forget it kind of mic you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and forget it kind of mic you put it
+there you set it down and it records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you set it down and it records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you set it down and it records
+what's around it based on how far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around it based on how far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's around it based on how far away
+and how light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how light the
+noises now the disadvantage of of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises now the disadvantage of of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises now the disadvantage of of an
+omnidirectional microphone is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional microphone is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional microphone is that it
+picks up everything so if I'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up everything so if I'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up everything so if I'm here
+talking to you with an omnidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you with an omnidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you with an omnidirectional
+microphone on and there's a car or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on and there's a car or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone on and there's a car or a
+truck idling over here the microphone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck idling over here the microphone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck idling over here the microphone is
+going to pick up that sound equally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up that sound equally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick up that sound equally to
+the sound that I'm I'm making here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound that I'm I'm making here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound that I'm I'm making here uh
+it's it doesn't distinguish it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it doesn't distinguish it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it doesn't distinguish it's just
+whatever is in my field I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is in my field I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is in my field I'm I'm
+recording and that's why we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and that's why we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording and that's why we have other
+patterns that we use use in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that we use use in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that we use use in other
+situations the Boom the the boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the Boom the the boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the Boom the the boom
+microphone is a supercardioid pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is a supercardioid pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone is a supercardioid pattern
+and you can see that's a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that's a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that's a very different
+a very different pattern uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different pattern uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different pattern uh it's
+primarily focused to the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily focused to the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily focused to the front of the
+microphone so if you what you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone so if you what you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone so if you what you're you're
+going to record what you're point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to record what you're point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to record what you're point at
+much more uh strongly than anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more uh strongly than anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more uh strongly than anything to
+the side you see how it drops off on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side you see how it drops off on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side you see how it drops off on the
+left and the right and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the right and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and the right and then there's a
+little bit of pickup in the back as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of pickup in the back as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of pickup in the back as well
+but it's much much it's much narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much much it's much narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much much it's much narrower
+and and not as intense so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not as intense so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not as intense so this this is
+really great for a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great for a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great for a situation where you
+have a lot of external noise so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of external noise so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of external noise so if
+you're interviewing somebody and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interviewing somebody and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interviewing somebody and there's
+a truck idling just to the left or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck idling just to the left or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck idling just to the left or to
+the right if you point the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if you point the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if you point the microphone
+right at them and get a a very good read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at them and get a a very good read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at them and get a a very good read
+on on their their mouth and you're close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on their their mouth and you're close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on their their mouth and you're close
+enough you can actually really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you can actually really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you can actually really really
+significantly reduce the recording of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduce the recording of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly reduce the recording of
+the truck that's idling on the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck that's idling on the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck that's idling on the uh you
+know so as you can see especially in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so as you can see especially in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so as you can see especially in in
+documentary film this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film this is a really
+important microphone to have uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important microphone to have uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important microphone to have uh because
+you can't always control the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't always control the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't always control the situation
+that you're recording your audio in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're recording your audio in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're recording your audio in um
+so in a really great audio recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a really great audio recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a really great audio recording
+situation where the room is pretty quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the room is pretty quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the room is pretty quiet
+uh this is not a bad room uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is not a bad room uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is not a bad room uh an
+omnidirectional can can solve a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional can can solve a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnidirectional can can solve a lot of
+problems because you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because you don't have to worry
+about it and you don't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and you don't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and you don't have to have
+somebody actually operating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually operating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually operating the
+microphone or the boom but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone or the boom but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone or the boom but in a
+difficult situation or a situation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation or a situation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation or a situation with
+this very fluid where people are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very fluid where people are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very fluid where people are moving
+around uh this can really save you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh this can really save you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh this can really save you the
+the downside of of course is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of of course is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of of course is that you
+have to keep the microphone pointed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep the microphone pointed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep the microphone pointed at
+what you're trying to record and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to record and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to record and that
+means that you need somebody doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need somebody doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need somebody doing that
+it's very hard for you and well really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard for you and well really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard for you and well really
+impossible for you the c as a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you the c as a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for you the c as a camera
+person to also be a boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to also be a boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to also be a boom
+operator uh because that takes two hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh because that takes two hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator uh because that takes two hands
+and you're going to It Takes Two Brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to It Takes Two Brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to It Takes Two Brains
+and it's completely different thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's completely different thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's completely different thought
+process um so this really requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so this really requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um so this really requires
+especially in a situation where maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in a situation where maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in a situation where maybe
+somebody's moving around a lot or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's moving around a lot or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's moving around a lot or you're
+going from one thing to another other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one thing to another other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one thing to another other to
+have a separate person worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate person worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a separate person worrying about
+the audio worrying about the recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio worrying about the recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio worrying about the recording
+what the microphone's picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the microphone's picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the microphone's picking up
+listening very carefully um so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening very carefully um so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening very carefully um so it's a
+really uh great thing to have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh great thing to have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh great thing to have in your
+kit but it adds to the complexity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit but it adds to the complexity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit but it adds to the complexity of of
+of shooting and we're you'll you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shooting and we're you'll you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shooting and we're you'll you'll see
+that in a minute when we when we pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute when we when we pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a minute when we when we pull
+out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the
+equipment so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment so what's the
+objective simply put get the cleanest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective simply put get the cleanest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective simply put get the cleanest
+recording you can at the best level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you can at the best level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording you can at the best level you
+can the cleanest recording means the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the cleanest recording means the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the cleanest recording means the one
+that is the most focused on the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the most focused on the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the most focused on the audio
+you want to record Dennis in the back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to record Dennis in the back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to record Dennis in the back is
+recording me he wants to get a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording me he wants to get a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording me he wants to get a clean
+level of my voice sounds simple but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of my voice sounds simple but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of my voice sounds simple but uh
+it can get extremely difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can get extremely difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can get extremely difficult and
+extremely complicated in a what's that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complicated in a what's that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely complicated in a what's that I
+just point lots of sound oh yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point lots of sound oh yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just point lots of sound oh yeah so I
+don't know Dennis I'm sure is getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Dennis I'm sure is getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Dennis I'm sure is getting a
+good level because the microphone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good level because the microphone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good level because the microphone's
+right by me and that is dropping away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by me and that is dropping away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by me and that is dropping away
+but but absolutely if uh if I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but absolutely if uh if I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but absolutely if uh if I decided to
+climb up next to the air ducts Dennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb up next to the air ducts Dennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb up next to the air ducts Dennis
+would not be happy or if I turn up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be happy or if I turn up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be happy or if I turn up the
+camera mic to hear the question exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera mic to hear the question exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera mic to hear the question exactly
+right so he's got a microphone mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he's got a microphone mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he's got a microphone mounted
+on the camera which he can use he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the camera which he can use he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the camera which he can use he can
+turn up to record you guys but he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up to record you guys but he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up to record you guys but he is
+also then starting to record the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then starting to record the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then starting to record the room
+sound so get the cleanest recording you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so get the cleanest recording you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so get the cleanest recording you
+can at the best level you can and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at the best level you can and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at the best level you can and we're
+going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a little bit about
+recording levels and what are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording levels and what are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording levels and what are good
+recording levels here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording levels here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording levels here in a
+minute so how do you do that well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so how do you do that well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so how do you do that well well
+there are a lot of things you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of things you can change
+again if you go back to the first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you go back to the first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you go back to the first class
+and we talk about what we were calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about what we were calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talk about what we were calling
+the plastic elements of film sound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic elements of film sound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic elements of film sound is
+one of those elements and within sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those elements and within sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those elements and within sound
+there are an infinite number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of things
+you can affect you can impact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can affect you can impact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can affect you can impact you can
+change in order to improve the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in order to improve the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in order to improve the audio
+that you record first of course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you record first of course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you record first of course is the
+microphone you choose in our case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you choose in our case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you choose in our case we
+have two we have the omnidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two we have the omnidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two we have the omnidirectional
+lava ler which is going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava ler which is going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava ler which is going to be exactly
+the right mic in a lot of situations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right mic in a lot of situations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right mic in a lot of situations we
+have the Super supercardioid Boom which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Super supercardioid Boom which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Super supercardioid Boom which
+will be the right mic for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the right mic for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the right mic for other
+situations the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the position of the
+microphone how close is it to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone how close is it to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone how close is it to your
+subject the lavalier I'm wearing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject the lavalier I'm wearing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject the lavalier I'm wearing right
+now is really close to me it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is really close to me it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is really close to me it's really
+close to to my mouth so it's picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to to my mouth so it's picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to to my mouth so it's picking up
+a really good level um maybe it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good level um maybe it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good level um maybe it could be
+too too good what if it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too good what if it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too good what if it's over
+modulating what if it's the you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating what if it's the you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating what if it's the you know I'm
+distorting because I'm too loud well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting because I'm too loud well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorting because I'm too loud well
+Dennis will hopefully Rec change that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis will hopefully Rec change that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis will hopefully Rec change that at
+the camera um but another way to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera um but another way to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera um but another way to change
+it would be to move the microphone back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be to move the microphone back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be to move the microphone back
+so if you're booming for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're booming for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're booming for instance
+and uh someone was booming me with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh someone was booming me with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh someone was booming me with the
+microphone and I started yelling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and I started yelling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and I started yelling you
+could pull the microphone away and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pull the microphone away and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pull the microphone away and that
+would change the the level uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change the the level uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change the the level uh you can
+obviously change the position and affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously change the position and affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously change the position and affect
+what you know who you record if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know who you record if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know who you record if if we
+were having a conversation in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having a conversation in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were having a conversation in this class
+and someone was booming the whole class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone was booming the whole class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone was booming the whole class
+they could focus on me when I talk then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could focus on me when I talk then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could focus on me when I talk then
+they could shift to Dave when he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could shift to Dave when he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could shift to Dave when he talks
+shift to one of you when you talk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to one of you when you talk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to one of you when you talk and
+you're changing of course the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing of course the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing of course the level of
+each of those things um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those things um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those things um
+so what else can you change the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else can you change the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else can you change the location
+sometimes you can change that so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can change that so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can change that so what I
+mean by that is let's say you uh arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that is let's say you uh arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that is let's say you uh arrange
+that uh interview with Barack Obama and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh interview with Barack Obama and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh interview with Barack Obama and
+it happens to be the day that they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be the day that they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be the day that they're uh
+redoing the Rose Garden and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing the Rose Garden and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing the Rose Garden and there are
+jackhammers and uh dumpsters in the Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackhammers and uh dumpsters in the Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jackhammers and uh dumpsters in the Rose
+Garden well what can you do about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden well what can you do about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden well what can you do about that
+maybe you can change the location to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can change the location to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can change the location to the
+other side of the White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the White
+House maybe you can't but you but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House maybe you can't but you but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House maybe you can't but you but you
+can try and you should try if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try and you should try if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try and you should try if you find
+yourself in a situation where the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in a situation where the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in a situation where the audio
+recording is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording is just
+undoable you need to be proactive about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoable you need to be proactive about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoable you need to be proactive about
+it and try to make a change um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and try to make a change um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and try to make a change um and
+sometimes there's an you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's an you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's an you
+know there's a a feeling of oh my gosh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a a feeling of oh my gosh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a a feeling of oh my gosh I
+can't do anything about this I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about this I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about this I can't
+bother this person to change to move you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother this person to change to move you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother this person to change to move you
+know change to a different office or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change to a different office or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change to a different office or
+change the location but sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the location but sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the location but sometimes you
+have to force yourself to speak up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to force yourself to speak up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to force yourself to speak up and
+and do it um so what what else can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it um so what what else can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it um so what what else can you
+change the recording level on the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the recording level on the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the recording level on the camera
+the cameras have adjustable input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cameras have adjustable input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cameras have adjustable input
+recording levels so that depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording levels so that depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording levels so that depending on
+where the microphone is placed how loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the microphone is placed how loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the microphone is placed how loud
+the sound is how loud the person is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is how loud the person is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is how loud the person is or
+whatever it is you're recording you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you're recording you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you're recording you can
+adjust the signal that comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the signal that comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the signal that comes into the
+camera um you can add a filter but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um you can add a filter but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um you can add a filter but you
+should be careful about that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be careful about that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be careful about that the
+microphones and I believe the camera as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones and I believe the camera as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones and I believe the camera as
+well both have uh filters that allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both have uh filters that allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both have uh filters that allow you
+to filter out certain frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter out certain frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter out certain frequencies and
+they I think they're pretty much in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I think they're pretty much in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I think they're pretty much in all
+cases low cut frequencies so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases low cut frequencies so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases low cut frequencies so they're
+designed to um filter out truck sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to um filter out truck sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to um filter out truck sounds
+like if there's a a truck idling that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there's a a truck idling that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if there's a a truck idling that's
+a very low frequency sound it will cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very low frequency sound it will cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very low frequency sound it will cut
+it uh the reason you should be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the reason you should be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the reason you should be careful
+is that again once you've recorded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that again once you've recorded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that again once you've recorded it
+that way it's recorded that way you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's recorded that way you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's recorded that way you've
+lost those frequencies and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost those frequencies and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost those frequencies and it's
+generally better to do that in post-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally better to do that in post-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally better to do that in post-
+production to do that in editing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production to do that in editing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production to do that in editing where
+you have control you have the full range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have control you have the full range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have control you have the full range
+of your recording and then you can fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your recording and then you can fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your recording and then you can fix
+later um but in some cases some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um but in some cases some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um but in some cases some really
+significantly bad cases you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bad cases you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly bad cases you may want to
+use those filters and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those filters and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those filters and then of course
+finally your own technique uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally your own technique uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally your own technique uh you
+can do a better job of placing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a better job of placing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a better job of placing the
+microphone do a better job of choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone do a better job of choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone do a better job of choosing
+the microphone and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone and and so
+on so digital audio what is it um as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so digital audio what is it um as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so digital audio what is it um as I
+said we have a sample rate of 48k and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we have a sample rate of 48k and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we have a sample rate of 48k and a
+bit depth of 16 and that is sometimes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit depth of 16 and that is sometimes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit depth of 16 and that is sometimes uh
+less so now as CDs disappear from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so now as CDs disappear from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so now as CDs disappear from the
+scene but uh referred to as CD quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but uh referred to as CD quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene but uh referred to as CD quality
+audio actually slightly better um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio actually slightly better um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio actually slightly better um what
+that means however is not that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means however is not that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means however is not that your
+audio will be pristine because uh it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio will be pristine because uh it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio will be pristine because uh it all
+depends on the recording it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the recording it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the recording it doesn't
+necessarily depend on the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily depend on the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily depend on the technical
+quality of of of uh your signal so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of of of uh your signal so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of of of uh your signal so in
+other words you can get pristine CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you can get pristine CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you can get pristine CD
+quality audio of that truck idling next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality audio of that truck idling next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality audio of that truck idling next
+to your person and it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your person and it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your person and it still
+sucks uh and that's something that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks uh and that's something that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks uh and that's something that that
+uh you run into a lot of times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you run into a lot of times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you run into a lot of times when
+people are starting out they say but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting out they say but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting out they say but the
+audio is digital and it's very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio is digital and it's very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio is digital and it's very high
+quality it's it's going to be great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it's it's going to be great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality it's it's going to be great I
+don't really need to worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to worry about it
+again it all depends on what you um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it all depends on what you um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it all depends on what you um uh
+what you put in front of the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put in front of the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put in front of the microphone
+just like it depends on what you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like it depends on what you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like it depends on what you put in
+front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the
+camera so I want to just mention quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so I want to just mention quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so I want to just mention quickly
+what the sample rate is and what the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sample rate is and what the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sample rate is and what the bit
+depth is um sound uh most of us I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth is um sound uh most of us I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth is um sound uh most of us I'm sure
+know uh sounds are way waves there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh sounds are way waves there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh sounds are way waves there are
+waves of compressed air that go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of compressed air that go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves of compressed air that go that
+travel through the air um and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the air um and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel through the air um and you know
+how much compression there is and uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much compression there is and uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much compression there is and uh how
+fast they how how fast they are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they how how fast they are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they how how fast they are how
+short the wave is is what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the wave is is what determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the wave is is what determines the
+loudness and the frequency of the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness and the frequency of the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness and the frequency of the sound
+um so if you think about well how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you think about well how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you think about well how would
+you translate that into digital terms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you translate that into digital terms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you translate that into digital terms um
+what you do is you take a sample and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take a sample and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take a sample and the
+number of samples per second is uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of samples per second is uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of samples per second is uh what
+the the sample rate is so this wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sample rate is so this wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sample rate is so this wave is
+broken down down into lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down down into lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down down into lots of little
+slices and the more slices you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and the more slices you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices and the more slices you have the
+more smooth this this plot is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more smooth this this plot is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more smooth this this plot is going to
+be so slice slice slice slice slice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so slice slice slice slice slice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so slice slice slice slice slice or
+like a a lot fewer slices there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a lot fewer slices there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a lot fewer slices there would be
+like a lot of jagged edges up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of jagged edges up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of jagged edges up here so
+higher numbers are better that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher numbers are better that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher numbers are better that's kind of
+a very simple way to look at it 48k is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple way to look at it 48k is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple way to look at it 48k is
+uh is is uh very good sample rate CDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is uh very good sample rate CDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is uh very good sample rate CDs
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+441 um 48 is is pretty much at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+441 um 48 is is pretty much at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+441 um 48 is is pretty much at the level
+where human ears are not going to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where human ears are not going to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where human ears are not going to hear
+any kind of uh you know digital in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of uh you know digital in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of uh you know digital in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+audio okay so that's the sample rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio okay so that's the sample rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio okay so that's the sample rate
+what's the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depth so the bit depth is the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so the bit depth is the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so the bit depth is the opposite
+side of the grid that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the grid that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the grid that's the number of
+bits recorded in each sample so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits recorded in each sample so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits recorded in each sample so if you
+think about it this is our sample you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this is our sample you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it this is our sample you
+know if we had vertical lines going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we had vertical lines going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we had vertical lines going here
+the bit depth is the other side it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit depth is the other side it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit depth is the other side it's a
+hor horal lines going up so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hor horal lines going up so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hor horal lines going up so if you have
+16 uh 16 bits what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh 16 bits what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 uh 16 bits what that means is that
+there are 16 levels in each sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 16 levels in each sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 16 levels in each sample and
+uh if we had the horizontal or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we had the horizontal or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we had the horizontal or the
+vertical lines here you would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lines here you would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lines here you would then
+suddenly see that each one of these is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly see that each one of these is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly see that each one of these is a
+bit each little box is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit each little box is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit each little box is a
+bit so again higher numbers are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so again higher numbers are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so again higher numbers are better
+because you're slicing it much more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're slicing it much more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're slicing it much more this
+way and you know slicing it this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you know slicing it this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and you know slicing it this way so
+you the more you slice it the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more you slice it the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the more you slice it the more you
+end up with a very smooth path you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a very smooth path you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a very smooth path you see
+here we we have this digital blocky path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we have this digital blocky path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we we have this digital blocky path
+but it's emulating this very smooth wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's emulating this very smooth wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's emulating this very smooth wave
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+sound um so 16bit audio is again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound um so 16bit audio is again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound um so 16bit audio is again very
+very high quality uh 24-bit audio is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality uh 24-bit audio is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality uh 24-bit audio is um
+at this point what they uh generally use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point what they uh generally use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point what they uh generally use
+to record um professionally you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record um professionally you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record um professionally you know if
+if you're mastering music or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're mastering music or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're mastering music or something
+like that but 16bit is extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quality so digital levels and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so digital levels and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so digital levels and this is uh
+you know you can actually forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can actually forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can actually forget
+everything that I just said to you um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I just said to you um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I just said to you um I
+think it's worth knowing but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's worth knowing but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's worth knowing but it's not
+necessarily anything you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily anything you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily anything you really need to
+think about on a day-to-day basis when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about on a day-to-day basis when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about on a day-to-day basis when
+you're recording audio uh for video uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recording audio uh for video uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recording audio uh for video uh
+but it's just nice to know when somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just nice to know when somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just nice to know when somebody
+says oh that's 48k audio you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh that's 48k audio you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh that's 48k audio you know what
+they're talking about um this however is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about um this however is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about um this however is
+really really crucial in recording audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really crucial in recording audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really crucial in recording audio
+and this is a a digital meter and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a a digital meter and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a a digital meter and it's
+what you really have to live by when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really have to live by when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really have to live by when
+you're recording and Dave will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recording and Dave will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're recording and Dave will show you
+in a minute how to see the meter on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute how to see the meter on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute how to see the meter on the
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+um you have uh basically in in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have uh basically in in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have uh basically in in digital
+uh in digital meters there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in digital meters there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in digital meters there's
+generally uh a readout of of DB decb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh a readout of of DB decb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh a readout of of DB decb
+from minus 30 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus 30 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus 30 to
+zero and zero uh if some of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and zero uh if some of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and zero uh if some of you know
+anything about analog recording zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about analog recording zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about analog recording zero is
+kind of like a really good place to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a really good place to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a really good place to be
+in analog recording it's a really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analog recording it's a really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analog recording it's a really bad
+place to be in digital recording uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to be in digital recording uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to be in digital recording uh what
+you want to be your when you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be your when you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be your when you want your
+average level to to be between -2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average level to to be between -2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average level to to be between -2 and
+-12 and you your Peaks around -1 at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-12 and you your Peaks around -1 at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-12 and you your Peaks around -1 at most
+around minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around minus
+6 because basically when you get F when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 because basically when you get F when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 because basically when you get F when
+you get to zero that's when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to zero that's when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to zero that's when you start
+getting Distortion that's the top end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Distortion that's the top end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Distortion that's the top end of
+what can be recorded and after that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be recorded and after that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can be recorded and after that it's
+all gone and you're going to and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone and you're going to and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone and you're going to and it's
+just it's just you're just distorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just you're just distorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just you're just distorting
+your your signal so you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your signal so you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your signal so you don't want to
+get too close to zero um and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too close to zero um and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too close to zero um and similarly
+if you can start getting below minus 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can start getting below minus 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can start getting below minus 20
+your signal is so low that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal is so low that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signal is so low that the the
+background is going to start coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is going to start coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is going to start coming up
+and there's very little difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's very little difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's very little difference
+between what you're actually trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you're actually trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what you're actually trying to
+record and what uh what is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and what uh what is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record and what uh what is what the
+background is so the the key is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is so the the key is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background is so the the key is really
+to stay between you know -2 and -12 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay between you know -2 and -12 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay between you know -2 and -12 but
+peing a little higher than that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peing a little higher than that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peing a little higher than that is is
+totally fine by peing I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine by peing I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine by peing I mean you know
+I'm talking very softly and then I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking very softly and then I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking very softly and then I say
+Dave where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave where's the
+camera so if I when I when I peek when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so if I when I when I peek when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so if I when I when I peek when I
+speak louder that would be fine to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak louder that would be fine to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak louder that would be fine to be
+going up towards minus 6 um I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up towards minus 6 um I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up towards minus 6 um I don't know
+where I went there day Dennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I went there day Dennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I went there day Dennis
+sorry um so anyway that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um so anyway that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um so anyway that's that's the
+that's this is kind of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is kind of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is kind of the one of the
+crucial things to remember uh far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial things to remember uh far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial things to remember uh far more
+than the bit rate or the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bit rate or the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bit rate or the sample
+rate and this is the second rule if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and this is the second rule if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and this is the second rule if it
+sounds bad it probably is bad and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds bad it probably is bad and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds bad it probably is bad and what I
+mean by that is that uh far beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that is that uh far beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that is that uh far beyond the
+the the microphones or the cables or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the microphones or the cables or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the microphones or the cables or the
+camera or the filters or or anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera or the filters or or anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera or the filters or or anything you
+can do in post- production the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in post- production the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do in post- production the most
+important tool you have when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important tool you have when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important tool you have when you're
+recording audio are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording audio are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording audio are your
+ears your ears are really incredible you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears your ears are really incredible you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears your ears are really incredible you
+just have to learn how to listen and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to learn how to listen and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to learn how to listen and to
+trust them so if you're hearing bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them so if you're hearing bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust them so if you're hearing bad
+sound in the in the in the headphones if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in the in the in the headphones if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in the in the in the headphones if
+you're hearing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hearing a lot of
+interference um or a lot of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference um or a lot of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference um or a lot of background
+noise pay attention to that don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise pay attention to that don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise pay attention to that don't just
+kind of accept it like oh yeah I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of accept it like oh yeah I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of accept it like oh yeah I hear
+what's going on listen to what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on listen to what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on listen to what else is
+going on and then work on trying to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and then work on trying to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and then work on trying to fix
+it either by as I said you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either by as I said you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either by as I said you can change
+the microphone change the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone change the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone change the location
+change the position of the microphone um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the position of the microphone um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the position of the microphone um
+try to solve your problems but your ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve your problems but your ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve your problems but your ears
+are what are going to tell you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are going to tell you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are going to tell you that you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+problem so if it sounds bad it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if it sounds bad it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so if it sounds bad it probably
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+bad that's it just one example that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad that's it just one example that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad that's it just one example that that
+sounds bad probably is one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds bad probably is one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds bad probably is one of the the
+document made that they help out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document made that they help out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document made that they help out which
+is about nuclear plant and we we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about nuclear plant and we we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about nuclear plant and we we had a
+lot of interviews with people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interviews with people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interviews with people in
+kitchens um and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchens um and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchens um and one of the things that
+came up was the refrigerator home you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up was the refrigerator home you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up was the refrigerator home you
+know and you feel you feel horrible I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you feel you feel horrible I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you feel you feel horrible I
+mean it's like in this documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's like in this documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's like in this documentary
+situation and you're talking to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and you're talking to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and you're talking to people
+but you can keep hearing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can keep hearing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can keep hearing this
+refrigerator hum in the background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator hum in the background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator hum in the background and
+you don't want to ask people to turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to ask people to turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to ask people to turn off
+the fridge but on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fridge but on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fridge but on the other hand if you
+don't do it then you you you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it then you you you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do it then you you you have this
+Buzz throughout throughout the recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buzz throughout throughout the recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buzz throughout throughout the recording
+that you end up can't using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up can't using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you end up can't using it
+afterwards so we had to become you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so we had to become you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so we had to become you know
+bold about asking people look you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold about asking people look you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold about asking people look you know
+very apologetically look if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very apologetically look if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very apologetically look if you don't
+mind can we just turn off your fridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind can we just turn off your fridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind can we just turn off your fridge
+for for a little bit because because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a little bit because because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a little bit because because we
+couldn't we couldn't get the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't we couldn't get the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't we couldn't get the sound
+otherwise so those are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so those are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so those are the kind of
+examples of things where even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of things where even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of things where even if you
+might feel very awkward about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel very awkward about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel very awkward about it
+sometimes you have to do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have to do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have to do it because
+people will be more they might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be more they might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will be more they might be a
+little taken back but they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little taken back but they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little taken back but they're going to
+be far more irritated if they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be far more irritated if they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be far more irritated if they give you
+two hours of their lives for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours of their lives for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours of their lives for an
+interview and then all of it's unusable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and then all of it's unusable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview and then all of it's unusable
+because you didn't get the sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't get the sound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't get the sound right
+so those are the kind of the instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the kind of the instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the kind of the instances
+where you kind of have to be bold even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you kind of have to be bold even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you kind of have to be bold even
+if you might be feeling somewhat shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you might be feeling somewhat shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you might be feeling somewhat shy
+about it but again like listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but again like listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but again like listening to
+your ears and trusting it and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears and trusting it and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears and trusting it and sometimes
+you just have to like you know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to like you know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to like you know I'm not
+getting it we got to do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it we got to do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it we got to do something else
+or you know or there's airplan noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know or there's airplan noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know or there's airplan noise
+overhead sometimes you're just losing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead sometimes you're just losing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead sometimes you're just losing it
+you have to you have to acknowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to acknowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to acknowledge that
+and not think like oh it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not think like oh it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not think like oh it's going to be a
+later and one thing as Dave goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and one thing as Dave goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and one thing as Dave goes through
+the audio package to remember is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio package to remember is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio package to remember is that
+there there are headphone volume there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are headphone volume there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are headphone volume there's
+a headphone volume control on the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a headphone volume control on the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a headphone volume control on the camera
+but that's not the same as the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the same as the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the same as the audio
+recording volume so sometimes what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording volume so sometimes what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording volume so sometimes what that
+people what people do is the sound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what people do is the sound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what people do is the sound is
+very faint or there's a problem they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very faint or there's a problem they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very faint or there's a problem they
+turn up the headphone volume and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up the headphone volume and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up the headphone volume and they go
+okay that's much better but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's much better but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's much better but it's it's
+not necessarily better at all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily better at all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily better at all you have
+to look at the level that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the level that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the level that is being
+recorded and you have to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded and you have to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded and you have to get the
+headphone volume to the point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphone volume to the point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphone volume to the point where you
+can actually hear what you're recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually hear what you're recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually hear what you're recording
+and assess it and see if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so um with that I guess we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so um with that I guess we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so um with that I guess we'll
+break out an audio kit um if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break out an audio kit um if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break out an audio kit um if you guys
+could just open up the uh camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just open up the uh camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just open up the uh camera
+kit um and take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cameras um and put the battery in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras um and put the battery in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras um and put the battery in the
+camera and uh turn that sucker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and again um there are three options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and again um there are three options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and again um there are three options
+make sure that the green light is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the green light is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the green light is at the
+very top where it says uh tape when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top where it says uh tape when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very top where it says uh tape when
+you're turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knob again green light at the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob again green light at the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob again green light at the very top
+where it says tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might already know this cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might already know this cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might already know this cool
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+there excellent um if you could inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there excellent um if you could inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there excellent um if you could inside
+of your camera kits we have the uh audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your camera kits we have the uh audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your camera kits we have the uh audio
+adapter the XLR adapter for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter the XLR adapter for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter the XLR adapter for higher
+quality sound if you could take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality sound if you could take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality sound if you could take this
+piece out of the camera kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece out of the camera kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece out of the camera kit
+please this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece very
+good oh are we taping this um or using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh are we taping this um or using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh are we taping this um or using
+tap we don't well I mean it's you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap we don't well I mean it's you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap we don't well I mean it's you don't
+we don't really need a tape at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really need a tape at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really need a tape at this
+point no just to hear um we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point no just to hear um we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point no just to hear um we'll talk
+about the there's an exercise little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the there's an exercise little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the there's an exercise little
+exercise that uh between now and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that uh between now and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that uh between now and next
+week and we'll pass some tape out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we'll pass some tape out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we'll pass some tape out for
+that at the very end but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the very end but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the very end but yeah
+cool um now uh if you guys will notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um now uh if you guys will notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um now uh if you guys will notice
+on the bottom of this little adapter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom of this little adapter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom of this little adapter um
+you have a little uh like a branch with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little uh like a branch with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a little uh like a branch with
+a a knob on it if you guys could fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a knob on it if you guys could fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a knob on it if you guys could fit
+that to the top of the camera where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the top of the camera where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the top of the camera where you
+see that little metal plate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that little metal plate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that little metal plate with the
+arrow just make sure you slide it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow just make sure you slide it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow just make sure you slide it in the
+same direction that the arrow is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction that the arrow is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction that the arrow is telling
+you to slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into and I'm sorry um this little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and I'm sorry um this little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and I'm sorry um this little uh
+extension here uh the little tail that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension here uh the little tail that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension here uh the little tail that's
+going to be going um toward you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going um toward you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going um toward you on the
+camera so make sure it's facing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so make sure it's facing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so make sure it's facing this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry once you have that oh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry once you have that oh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry once you have that oh actually
+this one is already tightened if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is already tightened if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is already tightened if it's
+not sliding in turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sliding in turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sliding in turn the
+knob um once it is on there make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob um once it is on there make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob um once it is on there make sure
+you turn the knob again to tighten it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn the knob again to tighten it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn the knob again to tighten it um
+you don't want this sliding off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want this sliding off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want this sliding off the
+camera so again once it's slid on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so again once it's slid on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera so again once it's slid on this
+little knob right here make sure it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little knob right here make sure it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little knob right here make sure it's as
+tight as it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay cool um now once that's slid on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um now once that's slid on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cool um now once that's slid on and
+you have it tightened um open up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it tightened um open up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it tightened um open up this
+little hatch right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hatch right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hatch right
+here on the top of the camera right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the top of the camera right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the top of the camera right
+behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the
+adapter and take this uh little shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter and take this uh little shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter and take this uh little shoe
+right here and just slide it in again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and just slide it in again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and just slide it in again
+use the arrow that's on the bottom of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the arrow that's on the bottom of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the arrow that's on the bottom of it
+and match it up with the arrow that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and match it up with the arrow that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and match it up with the arrow that's in
+the little hatch door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little hatch door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little hatch door
+so again the arrow that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the arrow that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the arrow that's on the
+bottom match it up with the arrow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom match it up with the arrow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom match it up with the arrow that's
+within the actual door there um and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the actual door there um and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the actual door there um and when
+it's in slide it forward until you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in slide it forward until you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in slide it forward until you feel
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click um this is the actual connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um this is the actual connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um this is the actual connection
+to the camera so if this is not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the camera so if this is not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the camera so if this is not um
+inserted correctly and you don't hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted correctly and you don't hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted correctly and you don't hear it
+click um then you're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um then you're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um then you're not going to be
+recording any sound at least from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording any sound at least from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording any sound at least from these
+microph phones that you're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microph phones that you're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microph phones that you're using the
+adapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for everybody good again make sure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody good again make sure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody good again make sure this
+is tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please
+cool uh now um before we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh now um before we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh now um before we actually
+connect the mics on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the mics on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the mics on the left hand side
+of this adapter you'll see a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this adapter you'll see a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this adapter you'll see a number of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+switches uh it's very important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches uh it's very important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches uh it's very important that you
+uh turn the switches on correctly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turn the switches on correctly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turn the switches on correctly we're
+going to use the lab mic as well yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the lab mic as well yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the lab mic as well yeah I
+think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we
+we should go through everything yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go through everything yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go through everything yeah
+okay uh the very the one at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the very the one at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the very the one at the very
+front where it says recording Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front where it says recording Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front where it says recording Channel
+select if you're going to go with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select if you're going to go with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select if you're going to go with just
+one microphone make sure it's on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one microphone make sure it's on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one microphone make sure it's on it's
+kind of counterintuitive uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of counterintuitive uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of counterintuitive uh if you're
+using just one microphone make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using just one microphone make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using just one microphone make sure that
+the switch is on channel one and channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch is on channel one and channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch is on channel one and channel
+two because what it's going to do is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because what it's going to do is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because what it's going to do is if
+you're using one microphone it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using one microphone it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using one microphone it's going
+to Route it to both those channels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Route it to both those channels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Route it to both those channels so
+you have the option of stereo when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the option of stereo when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the option of stereo when you
+import it um if you're using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import it um if you're using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import it um if you're using two
+microphones two separate channels make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones two separate channels make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones two separate channels make
+sure this switch right here is switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this switch right here is switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this switch right here is switched
+to channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to channel
+one all right it's counterintuitive I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right it's counterintuitive I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right it's counterintuitive I
+know uh if you're using two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're using two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're using two separate
+microphones make sure this front switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones make sure this front switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones make sure this front switch
+is on channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on channel
+one because what it's going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because what it's going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because what it's going to do is
+it's going to make sure that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make sure that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make sure that uh that
+first microphone is routed to channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first microphone is routed to channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first microphone is routed to channel
+one instead of both channels so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead of both channels so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead of both channels so that you
+will actually have a free channel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually have a free channel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually have a free channel for
+your second microphone does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second microphone does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your second microphone does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean there are two Jacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean there are two Jacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean there are two Jacks and
+you're going to have two separate lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have two separate lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have two separate lines
+for two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two separate
+mics um what you're holding right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mics um what you're holding right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mics um what you're holding right there
+actually if you want to get a shot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you want to get a shot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you want to get a shot of
+this Denis can I use your name on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+camera um this one right here um does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um this one right here um does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera um this one right here um does
+not have a battery in it the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a battery in it the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a battery in it the one that's
+included in the kit so if uh for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the kit so if uh for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the kit so if uh for any
+reason you decide to use this microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you decide to use this microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you decide to use this microphone
+that's included in the camera kit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's included in the camera kit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's included in the camera kit um
+make sure that uh the plus 48 volts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that uh the plus 48 volts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that uh the plus 48 volts is
+switched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to
+on um you only put that on on if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you only put that on on if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um you only put that on on if your
+microphone does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone does not have a
+battery um that way the electricity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um that way the electricity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um that way the electricity will
+run through the camera battery um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through the camera battery um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through the camera battery um but
+the good mics that we're going to use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good mics that we're going to use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good mics that we're going to use in
+the audio packet uh they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio packet uh they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio packet uh they should have
+batteries in there um that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in there um that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in there um that you actually
+put into the microphone if you put plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the microphone if you put plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the microphone if you put plus
+40 volts and you have a battery in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 volts and you have a battery in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 volts and you have a battery in your
+microphone you're you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you're you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you're you're going to have
+some pretty loud sound and some a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty loud sound and some a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty loud sound and some a lot of
+distortion a lot of distortion yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion a lot of distortion yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion a lot of distortion yeah so
+this was a big issue last time we taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a big issue last time we taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a big issue last time we taught
+this class so again if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so again if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so again if you're going to
+use the microphones in the audio kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the microphones in the audio kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the microphones in the audio kit
+switch that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch that to
+off and just make sure that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and just make sure that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and just make sure that you have
+batteries in your microphones as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in your microphones as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in your microphones as well
+right we'll get to that in a minute um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll get to that in a minute um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll get to that in a minute um
+which again uh when you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again uh when you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again uh when you actually have
+your headphones connected and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your headphones connected and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your headphones connected and you see
+the levels I mean you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels I mean you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels I mean you're going to be
+able to check that anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to check that anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to check that anyway
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+hey uh for your input level you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey uh for your input level you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey uh for your input level you see
+where uh on the actual left side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh on the actual left side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh on the actual left side of the
+audio adapter it's divided into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio adapter it's divided into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio adapter it's divided into two
+sections input one and input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections input one and input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections input one and input
+two um for both input one and input two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um for both input one and input two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um for both input one and input two
+where it says input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says input
+level make sure you have the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level make sure you have the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level make sure you have the middle
+selection which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection which says
+mic so for input one make sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic so for input one make sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic so for input one make sure that's
+set to mic for input two where it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to mic for input two where it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to mic for input two where it says
+input level make sure that's set to mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input level make sure that's set to mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input level make sure that's set to mic
+is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as
+well that's just telling your adapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just telling your adapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's just telling your adapter
+that you're using a microphone um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using a microphone um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using a microphone um the
+only reason you really set it to line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason you really set it to line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason you really set it to line
+which is the top option option is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the top option option is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the top option option is if
+you're using a mixer or if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a mixer or if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a mixer or if you're going
+through some outside Source a mixer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some outside Source a mixer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some outside Source a mixer
+allows you to have more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to have more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to have more than two
+channels and you can actually control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and you can actually control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and you can actually control
+the the volume and stuff like that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volume and stuff like that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volume and stuff like that we
+don't have a mixer if you have one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a mixer if you have one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a mixer if you have one at
+home like propping up your coffee table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home like propping up your coffee table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home like propping up your coffee table
+or something um you can bring that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something um you can bring that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something um you can bring that in
+and use that but uh so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that but uh so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that but uh so it's very
+important that you have input level set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you have input level set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you have input level set
+to mic if you have uh the very bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mic if you have uh the very bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mic if you have uh the very bottom
+One mic attenuated that's going to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One mic attenuated that's going to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One mic attenuated that's going to cut
+out some of some of your sound so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of some of your sound so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some of some of your sound so uh
+don't don't set it to that set it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't set it to that set it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't set it to that set it to the
+middle one mik uh again we kind of went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one mik uh again we kind of went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle one mik uh again we kind of went
+over this already uh for both input one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this already uh for both input one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this already uh for both input one
+and input two where it says plus 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input two where it says plus 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input two where it says plus 48
+volts make sure that's set to off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts make sure that's set to off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts make sure that's set to off for
+both input one and input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two do you want me to point to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do you want me to point to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do you want me to point to it
+I've got it in the shot right now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool all right on the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right on the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right on the back of the
+adapter you'll see uh there are two low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter you'll see uh there are two low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter you'll see uh there are two low
+cut filters these are for both mics make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut filters these are for both mics make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut filters these are for both mics make
+sure these are set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure these are set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure these are set to
+off cuz again what um low cut filters do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off cuz again what um low cut filters do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off cuz again what um low cut filters do
+is they cut out that that deeper like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they cut out that that deeper like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they cut out that that deeper like
+the the the deeper frequencies um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the deeper frequencies um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the deeper frequencies um and
+you probably don't want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't want to do that
+especially in an interview because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in an interview because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in an interview because the
+human voice you kind of need that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human voice you kind of need that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human voice you kind of need that to
+it's going to sound very thin if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to sound very thin if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to sound very thin if you
+have that on so um make sure that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that on so um make sure that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that on so um make sure that again
+the low cut filters are both set to off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cut filters are both set to off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cut filters are both set to off
+on the very back of the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adapter and again like Chris was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter and again like Chris was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter and again like Chris was saying
+if if you do need to say say you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you do need to say say you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you do need to say say you want to
+simulate like a telephone call or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate like a telephone call or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate like a telephone call or a
+telephone conversation that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone conversation that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone conversation that's something
+you can do in post you just take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in post you just take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in post you just take out the
+low frequency and the high and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency and the high and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency and the high and you just
+boost the middle um you can you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the middle um you can you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost the middle um you can you can do
+something like that in post you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that in post you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that in post you don't
+you you want to get as much of a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to get as much of a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to get as much of a dynamic
+range as possible when you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as possible when you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as possible when you're in the
+field recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff okay everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay everybody
+there all right uh now uh if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right uh now uh if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right uh now uh if you guys
+could uh break out those uh sound bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh break out those uh sound bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh break out those uh sound bags
+the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits
+um put this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first thing uh we will do is go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing uh we will do is go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing uh we will do is go over the
+uh shotgun microphone this is a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shotgun microphone this is a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shotgun microphone this is a super
+cardioid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardioid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardioid
+microphone so if everybody could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone so if everybody could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone so if everybody could it
+should be buried uh in almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be buried uh in almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be buried uh in almost all the
+packets I think all of them in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets I think all of them in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets I think all of them in the front
+of the two big pockets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay everybody got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody got
+it uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh if you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+um at the very back if you twist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the very back if you twist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the very back if you twist the
+back it should twist open make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it should twist open make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back it should twist open make sure
+there is a a ablea battery inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a ablea battery inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a a ablea battery inside the
+microphone if there isn't let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can twist it shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can twist it shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can twist it shut
+again um now uh with the shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um now uh with the shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um now uh with the shotgun
+microphones there are two covers um two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones there are two covers um two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones there are two covers um two
+uh there's the black one which is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the black one which is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's the black one which is mostly
+used for indoor shooting if you're outso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for indoor shooting if you're outso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for indoor shooting if you're outso
+uh outside and there's uh like Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh outside and there's uh like Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh outside and there's uh like Street
+noise and stuff like that you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and stuff like that you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and stuff like that you would use
+the actually I have one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually I have one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually I have one of my
+k Mr Snuffaluffagus here um this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k Mr Snuffaluffagus here um this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k Mr Snuffaluffagus here um this is for
+uh again oh my tag fell off uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again oh my tag fell off uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again oh my tag fell off uh if you're
+in an outdoor situation where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an outdoor situation where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an outdoor situation where there's a
+lot of Street noise or uh ambient noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Street noise or uh ambient noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Street noise or uh ambient noise
+uh you're probably better especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're probably better especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're probably better especially for
+wind um you're better uh using this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind um you're better uh using this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind um you're better uh using this uh
+cover rather than the black one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover rather than the black one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover rather than the black one again
+use this one for indoor shooting the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one for indoor shooting the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one for indoor shooting the one
+that's already on the shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already on the shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already on the shotgun
+microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone
+um very few situations where I would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very few situations where I would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very few situations where I would go
+with no cover um even in a room like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no cover um even in a room like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no cover um even in a room like
+this or in indoor setting you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or in indoor setting you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or in indoor setting you probably
+want to have uh this black cover on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have uh this black cover on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have uh this black cover on
+okay uh this one right here this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this one right here this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this one right here this is for
+outdoor shooting circumstances or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor shooting circumstances or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor shooting circumstances or
+situations um it's just heavier and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um it's just heavier and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations um it's just heavier and uh
+it muffles uh or it blocks out the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it muffles uh or it blocks out the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it muffles uh or it blocks out the sound
+a lot easier than this one right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier than this one right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier than this one right here so
+again if you're outside and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you're outside and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you're outside and there's a
+lot of ambient Street noise or uh wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ambient Street noise or uh wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ambient Street noise or uh wind
+even a slight wind go with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a slight wind go with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a slight wind go with this one
+slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+breeze all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+next pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next pull
+out this little doiki the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mount this is what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount this is what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount this is what you're going to
+use um to hold your shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um to hold your shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um to hold your shotgun
+microphone and if you notice on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and if you notice on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and if you notice on the
+bottom um right here there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um right here there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um right here there's also a
+place to screw it in and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to screw it in and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to screw it in and you're going to
+screw it in eventually to uh your or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw it in eventually to uh your or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw it in eventually to uh your or
+boom pole um but for now um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom pole um but for now um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom pole um but for now um if you
+could in the front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in the front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in the front of your
+kit some of the bags are a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit some of the bags are a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit some of the bags are a little
+different than others so one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than others so one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than others so one of those
+front pockets in the kit you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front pockets in the kit you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front pockets in the kit you should have
+two uh rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suspenders good good should these be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspenders good good should these be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspenders good good should these be
+oh yeah sorry I had to give you a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah sorry I had to give you a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah sorry I had to give you a new
+kit um if you just open that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit um if you just open that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit um if you just open that
+up yeah these are what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah these are what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah these are what you're going to
+use to uh hold the shotgun mic in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to uh hold the shotgun mic in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to uh hold the shotgun mic in place
+in this shock mount um so what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this shock mount um so what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this shock mount um so what I would
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually um you're going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um you're going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um you're going to put the
+suspenders on either end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspenders on either end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspenders on either end so
+um you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're going to
+have this is going to be pretty loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is going to be pretty loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is going to be pretty loose
+even with these uh elastic bands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with these uh elastic bands so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with these uh elastic bands so
+you're going to want to put one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to put one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to put one of these
+right here and one of them here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and one of them here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and one of them here they're
+a little hard to slide on so uh it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hard to slide on so uh it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hard to slide on so uh it may
+take you a little time but um if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you a little time but um if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you a little time but um if you put
+your shotgun mic through the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shotgun mic through the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shotgun mic through the actual
+shock mount like this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle and then use the suspenders to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then use the suspenders to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then use the suspenders to
+sort of hold it in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think we're going to need to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think we're going to need to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think we're going to need to I'm
+not even going to bother these are such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even going to bother these are such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even going to bother these are such
+a pain to get off with the yeah I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain to get off with the yeah I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pain to get off with the yeah I often
+don't use them yeah if you have tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use them yeah if you have tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use them yeah if you have tape
+that's cool too but uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool too but uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool too but uh these are
+included with the kit so put one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included with the kit so put one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included with the kit so put one here
+okay um in these uh little bags here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um in these uh little bags here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um in these uh little bags here you
+will find your boom poles if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find your boom poles if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find your boom poles if you guys
+could open those up and take out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could open those up and take out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could open those up and take out your
+boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poles at the tip of your boom pole you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles at the tip of your boom pole you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles at the tip of your boom pole you
+will notice there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will notice there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will notice there is a
+screw that's going to screw into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that's going to screw into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw that's going to screw into the
+bottom of your shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mounts these are by the way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounts these are by the way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounts these are by the way uh
+extendable and retractable obviously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extendable and retractable obviously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extendable and retractable obviously so
+you can if you turn the little knob here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you turn the little knob here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you turn the little knob here
+you can loosen it and extend the pole if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can loosen it and extend the pole if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can loosen it and extend the pole if
+you need a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a little more
+distance or you can just keep it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or you can just keep it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or you can just keep it where
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the new one it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah yeah you can uh take that off if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah you can uh take that off if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah you can uh take that off if
+you like you don't it uh no you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you don't it uh no you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you don't it uh no you can take
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off uh once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh once you have
+the so um the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so um the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so um the idea
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh once you have oh good um some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have oh good um some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you have oh good um some of you
+already there just uh screw your shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there just uh screw your shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there just uh screw your shock
+mount onto the tip of your uh boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount onto the tip of your uh boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mount onto the tip of your uh boom
+pole and if you want um just practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and if you want um just practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and if you want um just practice
+extending it retracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it retracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it retracting
+it um hold it hold it like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um hold it hold it like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um hold it hold it like this like
+it's good to have like sort of a branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to have like sort of a branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to have like sort of a branch
+with this if you're working the boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if you're working the boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this if you're working the boom
+pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+um you can go like this and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go like this and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can go like this and actually
+hold it over your head but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it over your head but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it over your head but it's very
+uncomfortable after a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable after a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable after a certain amount of
+time so uh what you could do is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh what you could do is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh what you could do is try to
+keep your elbow in toward your body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your elbow in toward your body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your elbow in toward your body and
+use this as the hand which sort of turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as the hand which sort of turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this as the hand which sort of turns
+your microphone while this is just there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your microphone while this is just there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your microphone while this is just there
+to sort of hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up uh you just uh turn the knob here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh you just uh turn the knob here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh you just uh turn the knob here to
+loosen it and then this should pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen it and then this should pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen it and then this should pull
+right up there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right um now that you have your boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now that you have your boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now that you have your boom
+pole set up with your shock mount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole set up with your shock mount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole set up with your shock mount and
+your shotgun microphone inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shotgun microphone inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shotgun microphone inside of your
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+kits you should find uh two XLR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits you should find uh two XLR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kits you should find uh two XLR
+cables if you could grab one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables if you could grab one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables if you could grab one of them
+from for now one of the two XLR cables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for now one of the two XLR cables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for now one of the two XLR cables
+in your audio package bag not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your audio package bag not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your audio package bag not in your
+camera kit but in your audio bag there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera kit but in your audio bag there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera kit but in your audio bag there
+should be two cables like these grab one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two cables like these grab one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two cables like these grab one
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and just unroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and what you're going to do is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what you're going to do is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and what you're going to do is you're
+going to going to connect one end to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to connect one end to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to connect one end to the
+back of your shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of your shotgun
+microphone and the other end into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and the other end into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and the other end into the
+audio adapter um input one I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio adapter um input one I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio adapter um input one I think a
+general rule uh Dennis I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule uh Dennis I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rule uh Dennis I don't know if
+you agree with this general rule is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree with this general rule is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree with this general rule is try
+to keep your shotgun on input one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your shotgun on input one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your shotgun on input one and
+any other mic in input two if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other mic in input two if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other mic in input two if you're
+going to use a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a second
+mic so again one end into the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic so again one end into the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic so again one end into the back of
+the shotgun microphone that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shotgun microphone that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shotgun microphone that's already
+hooked up to the shock mount the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to the shock mount the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up to the shock mount the other
+end into uh input one on your audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end into uh input one on your audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end into uh input one on your audio
+adapter on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+no for now we're assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input one make sure it clicks both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one make sure it clicks both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one make sure it clicks both on
+the shotgun mic and uh when you plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shotgun mic and uh when you plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shotgun mic and uh when you plug it
+into your audio adapter make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your audio adapter make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your audio adapter make sure you
+hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click all right once everybody has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click all right once everybody has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click all right once everybody has their
+uh shock uh connected to their camera if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shock uh connected to their camera if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shock uh connected to their camera if
+you could go to the P menu on your LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go to the P menu on your LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go to the P menu on your LCD
+screen your P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen your P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen your P
+menu and all the cameras should have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and all the cameras should have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and all the cameras should have as
+the second and third options audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and third options audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and third options audio
+channel one level and audio channel two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one level and audio channel two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one level and audio channel two
+level like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level like that
+okay if you click on audio Channel level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you click on audio Channel level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you click on audio Channel level
+or audio channel one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you will see that you can set your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will see that you can set your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will see that you can set your
+Audio Level here um I would set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audio Level here um I would set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audio Level here um I would set this
+with the plus button to about 3/4 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the plus button to about 3/4 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the plus button to about 3/4 of the
+way up on the little bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter again you can change this uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter again you can change this uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter again you can change this uh if
+necessary um depending on your shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation uh that's if you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh that's if you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh that's if you're not going
+to be able to man the camera um and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to man the camera um and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to man the camera um and what
+it does is it just picks the loudest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it just picks the loudest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it just picks the loudest
+noise and sort of modulates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and sort of modulates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and sort of modulates it
+automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now in the top leftand corner of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the top leftand corner of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now in the top leftand corner of your
+LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD
+screen um that's where you can monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um that's where you can monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen um that's where you can monitor
+your levels all right so since you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your levels all right so since you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your levels all right so since you have
+your shotgun mic already plugged in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shotgun mic already plugged in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shotgun mic already plugged in um
+you should maybe work as a team have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should maybe work as a team have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should maybe work as a team have one
+person and maybe switch off the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and maybe switch off the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and maybe switch off the camera
+so both people in the team can see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both people in the team can see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both people in the team can see but
+have one person sort of speak into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one person sort of speak into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one person sort of speak into the
+microphone and play around and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and play around and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and play around and have the
+other person watch the screen so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person watch the screen so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person watch the screen so again
+in the top left hand corner of the LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top left hand corner of the LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top left hand corner of the LCD
+screen you'll see channel one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you'll see channel one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you'll see channel one and
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+two um again practice uh talking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um again practice uh talking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um again practice uh talking in the
+microphone moving it away from your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone moving it away from your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone moving it away from your face
+toward your face Maybe other places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward your face Maybe other places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward your face Maybe other places in
+the room and just sort of watch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and just sort of watch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and just sort of watch that
+level meter in your top left hand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level meter in your top left hand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level meter in your top left hand of
+your LCD screen you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your LCD screen you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your LCD screen you should be
+getting uh levels you should see that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh levels you should see that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh levels you should see that go
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+down uh typically what you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh typically what you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh typically what you want to do is
+you want to keep that about 3/4 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep that about 3/4 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to keep that about 3/4 of the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on
+average uh because once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh because once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh because once you start
+getting to the top of that that bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the top of that that bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the top of that that bar
+that's where you're going to start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're going to start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're going to start uh
+hearing some crackling and um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing some crackling and um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing some crackling and um that's
+where you're G to get noise that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're G to get noise that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're G to get noise that is just
+lost so try to keep that bar at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost so try to keep that bar at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost so try to keep that bar at about
+3/4 of the way up if you need to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 of the way up if you need to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4 of the way up if you need to adjust
+your volume level um again go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your volume level um again go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your volume level um again go back to
+the P menu and go to the channel one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P menu and go to the channel one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P menu and go to the channel one
+level and you can adjust it there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and you can adjust it there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and you can adjust it there with
+the plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus or minus
+buttons or if you're a boom uh mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons or if you're a boom uh mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons or if you're a boom uh mic
+operator like Chris was saying earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like Chris was saying earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like Chris was saying earlier
+in class you can just move the mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class you can just move the mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class you can just move the mic
+further away or closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so what are we are we looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so what are we are we looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so what are we are we looking for
+kind of in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in the middle of
+uh I would on average about 3/4 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would on average about 3/4 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would on average about 3/4 of the
+way up the bar try to keep it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is everybody comfortable with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+booms give you a few few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly exactly yeah exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again obviously with the boom mics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again obviously with the boom mics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again obviously with the boom mics
+try to aim toward uh the mouth U maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to aim toward uh the mouth U maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to aim toward uh the mouth U maybe
+at like an angle um I always aim for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like an angle um I always aim for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like an angle um I always aim for the
+nose sort of the tip of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose sort of the tip of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose sort of the tip of the
+nose um some people uh they had the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose um some people uh they had the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose um some people uh they had the uh
+Channel level set to uh channel one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel level set to uh channel one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel level set to uh channel one and
+two um and on the top left inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and on the top left inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um and on the top left inside of
+your LCD panel um you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your LCD panel um you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your LCD panel um you're getting
+different levels um you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels um you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels um you still have to
+change the audio levels within your P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the audio levels within your P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the audio levels within your P
+menu for both channel one and channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu for both channel one and channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu for both channel one and channel
+two if you want them to even out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you want them to even out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you want them to even out you
+have to make sure that the levels on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that the levels on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that the levels on
+channel one and channel two are set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and channel two are set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and channel two are set to
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels I know it's kind of confusing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I know it's kind of confusing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I know it's kind of confusing so
+we're going to be using two mics um two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using two mics um two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using two mics um two
+separate channels uh make sure again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate channels uh make sure again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate channels uh make sure again
+that that audio input is set to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that audio input is set to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that audio input is set to uh
+Channel One the rec recording Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel One the rec recording Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel One the rec recording Channel
+select make sure that's set to channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select make sure that's set to channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select make sure that's set to channel
+one instead of channel one and channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead of channel one and channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead of channel one and channel
+two so why do we use channel one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so why do we use channel one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so why do we use channel one if you
+only have if you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have if you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have if you only have one
+microphone and you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and you want to make sure
+that it records in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it records in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it records in two
+Channels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channels with
+my and one channel and one microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and one channel and one microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and one channel and one microphone
+and two channel but you can you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two channel but you can you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two channel but you can you can set
+the level separately One microphone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level separately One microphone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level separately One microphone in
+the channel one and channel two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel one and channel two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel one and channel two um
+people usually do that if they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually do that if they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually do that if they want to
+set say the volume to to have it record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set say the volume to to have it record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set say the volume to to have it record
+from One microphone with with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from One microphone with with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from One microphone with with two
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+volumes so they don't want to say over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes so they don't want to say over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes so they don't want to say over
+modulate or over record so they'll set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate or over record so they'll set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate or over record so they'll set
+channel one um in the P menu to say 3/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one um in the P menu to say 3/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one um in the P menu to say 3/4
+of the way up and they might set channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way up and they might set channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way up and they might set channel
+to the Audio Level to like maybe halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Audio Level to like maybe halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Audio Level to like maybe halfway
+up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the
+bar L do it just in case get thanck or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar L do it just in case get thanck or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar L do it just in case get thanck or
+do yeah I mean it's basically to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah I mean it's basically to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah I mean it's basically to protect
+yourself um when you're importing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um when you're importing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself um when you're importing the
+the audio files so you could um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio files so you could um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audio files so you could um but
+again if uh if you want both if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if uh if you want both if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if uh if you want both if you're
+only recording with One external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only recording with One external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only recording with One external
+microphone and you want your audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and you want your audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone and you want your audio
+levels to be the same um you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels to be the same um you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels to be the same um you would have
+to make sure that those green bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that those green bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that those green bars
+inside the P menu both channel one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the P menu both channel one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the P menu both channel one and
+channel two are at the same place does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel two are at the same place does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel two are at the same place does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not necessarily it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily it
+depends uh we're going to go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends uh we're going to go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends uh we're going to go with the
+second mic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now yeah it's a little it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah it's a little it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah it's a little it's a little
+confusing um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um if you
+want again if you want both if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want again if you want both if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want again if you want both if you're
+only using one microphone and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only using one microphone and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only using one microphone and you want
+both these top meters to hit the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these top meters to hit the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both these top meters to hit the exact
+exact same place you have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same place you have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same place you have to make sure
+that when you go into P menu the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go into P menu the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go into P menu the levels
+for Channel One and channel two are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Channel One and channel two are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Channel One and channel two are both
+the same place all right so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place all right so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place all right so for instance
+if you click on channel one you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you click on channel one you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you click on channel one you see
+those green bars go up to this point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those green bars go up to this point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those green bars go up to this point you
+want to make sure that the green bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that the green bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that the green bars
+and channel two go up to the same level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and channel two go up to the same level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and channel two go up to the same level
+if you want to keep both channel one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to keep both channel one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to keep both channel one and
+channel 2 on the top left hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel 2 on the top left hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel 2 on the top left hand side of
+your screen if you want to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your screen if you want to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your screen if you want to keep them
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+uniform you have to adjust both channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform you have to adjust both channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform you have to adjust both channel
+one and channel two in your P menu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and channel two in your P menu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and channel two in your P menu is
+this is kind of confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but exactly yeah I mean that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly yeah I mean that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exactly yeah I mean that's that's
+that's sort of a a professional audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a a professional audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a a professional audio
+trick a lot of audio recorders if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick a lot of audio recorders if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick a lot of audio recorders if
+they're in a situation that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a situation that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a situation that's kind of
+fluid and they don't know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and they don't know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and they don't know what's going
+to happen and they're recording One mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and they're recording One mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and they're recording One mic
+to two channels they put the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two channels they put the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two channels they put the second
+Channel slightly lower so that way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel slightly lower so that way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel slightly lower so that way you
+can bail you know bail out to that quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bail you know bail out to that quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bail you know bail out to that quote
+unquote if the first channel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote if the first channel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote if the first channel is
+distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted
+but but a simpler way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but a simpler way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but a simpler way to think about it
+is just does anybody have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just does anybody have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just does anybody have any questions
+about uh choosing channel one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh choosing channel one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh choosing channel one and
+channel two versus Channel One bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel two versus Channel One bless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel two versus Channel One bless you
+and um the levels that you're recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the levels that you're recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the levels that you're recording
+at in the top left hand side of the LCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in the top left hand side of the LCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in the top left hand side of the LCD
+anybody have any questions about that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any questions about that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any questions about that do
+any channel like the preferential like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any channel like the preferential like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any channel like the preferential like
+it only lets you said channel one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only lets you said channel one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only lets you said channel one is the
+preferential if you're go with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential if you're go with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferential if you're go with one
+microphone I mean go with channel one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone I mean go with channel one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone I mean go with channel one
+and if you're going with two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're going with two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're going with two different
+kind of mics like say a boom mic and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mics like say a boom mic and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mics like say a boom mic and a
+lava um I would always route the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava um I would always route the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lava um I would always route the the
+boom mic to channel one because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom mic to channel one because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom mic to channel one because people
+in post they usually know that channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in post they usually know that channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in post they usually know that channel
+one is the boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the boom
+and yeah just so like in post you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah just so like in post you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah just so like in post you know
+which mic was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mic was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which mic was
+which so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ed two microphones connected in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed two microphones connected in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed two microphones connected in your
+channel one channel two you'll only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one channel two you'll only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one channel two you'll only take
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+mic um so that's a good point um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic um so that's a good point um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic um so that's a good point um an
+raised a good point if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a good point if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a good point if you have two
+microphones plugged in and your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones plugged in and your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones plugged in and your uh
+recording channel is set to channel one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording channel is set to channel one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording channel is set to channel one
+and channel two it will just record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and channel two it will just record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and channel two it will just record the
+first microphone so you may as well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first microphone so you may as well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first microphone so you may as well not
+have plugged in the second mic at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what's
+that yeah I mean when you put it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean when you put it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean when you put it to
+channel one and channel two rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and channel two rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and channel two rather than
+Channel One it automatically assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel One it automatically assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel One it automatically assumes
+that you're going with One mic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going with One mic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going with One mic and
+whatever is plugged into channel one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is plugged into channel one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is plugged into channel one is
+all you're going to get yeah so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're going to get yeah so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're going to get yeah so you're
+not going to get your lavalier if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get your lavalier if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get your lavalier if you
+plug in two microphones two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in two microphones two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in two microphones two separate
+mics right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mics right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mics right so that's the
+counterintuitive part if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive part if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive part if you have two
+microphones set up you actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones set up you actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphones set up you actually need to
+set the camera to channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the camera to channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the camera to channel
+one not channel one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not channel one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not channel one and two
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dire yeah I've actually like I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dire yeah I've actually like I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dire yeah I've actually like I've used
+that before like well that's if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before like well that's if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before like well that's if you have
+a stereo mic oh you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stereo mic oh you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stereo mic oh you have to have a
+stereo mic yeah you can plug into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo mic yeah you can plug into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo mic yeah you can plug into the
+just like Channel put it in channel one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like Channel put it in channel one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like Channel put it in channel one
+and channel two One mic comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and channel two One mic comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and channel two One mic comes in and
+then it will like separate the tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will like separate the tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will like separate the tracks
+and like um it's if you're recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like um it's if you're recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like um it's if you're recording
+with a stereo mic you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stereo mic you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stereo mic you're going to have
+to use both channels oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use both channels oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use both channels oh
+okay sorry I miss oh yeah that's okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry I miss oh yeah that's okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry I miss oh yeah that's okay um
+all right we don't have we do not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we don't have we do not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we don't have we do not have a
+stereo Mite so uh let's get to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo Mite so uh let's get to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo Mite so uh let's get to our
+second microphone which is the lavalier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second microphone which is the lavalier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second microphone which is the lavalier
+if you guys look in the camera kit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys look in the camera kit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys look in the camera kit you
+should see a box like this if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see a box like this if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see a box like this if you could
+just uh take that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and open that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open that
+up and this is kind of tough to open but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this is kind of tough to open but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and this is kind of tough to open but
+if you could take this main little box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could take this main little box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could take this main little box
+out um this is your uh lavalier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um this is your uh lavalier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um this is your uh lavalier uh
+battery um and where it says push to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um and where it says push to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery um and where it says push to
+open it's kind of tough but uh push that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it's kind of tough but uh push that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it's kind of tough but uh push that
+in the top should uh pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top should uh pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top should uh pop
+off with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help yes sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yes sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yes sorry
+uh this push button right here push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this push button right here push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this push button right here push it
+in and then pop actually it's hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then pop actually it's hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then pop actually it's hard to do
+and then pop the top off and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pop the top off and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pop the top off and that's
+where the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the battery
+goes uh some of them may have a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh some of them may have a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh some of them may have a battery
+already in it some of them may not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in it some of them may not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in it some of them may not um
+inside of the kit there is a ablea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the kit there is a ablea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the kit there is a ablea
+battery make sure that that is placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery make sure that that is placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery make sure that that is placed
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your
+transmitter and then close the top again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter and then close the top again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter and then close the top again
+or put the top back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+jump I discouraged I discouraged jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump I discouraged I discouraged jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump I discouraged I discouraged jumping
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it all right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask oh you it you got got it open or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask oh you it you got got it open or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask oh you it you got got it open or you
+having trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um on the bottoms uh on the side of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the bottoms uh on the side of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the bottoms uh on the side of uh
+the transmitter you'll see not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitter you'll see not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitter you'll see not the
+transmitter um just the battery pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter um just the battery pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter um just the battery pack
+battery pack um you'll see three uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery pack um you'll see three uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery pack um you'll see three uh a
+switch with three options off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch with three options off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch with three options off and the
+middle option option is a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle option option is a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle option option is a straight line
+and the third option is a uh bent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third option is a uh bent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third option is a uh bent line
+the third option which is a bent line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third option which is a bent line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third option which is a bent line is
+a filter and you don't want to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter and you don't want to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter and you don't want to choose
+that um you want to choose the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you want to choose the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you want to choose the middle of
+the three options which is the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three options which is the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three options which is the straight
+line make sure the switch is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line make sure the switch is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line make sure the switch is on the
+middle of the three options the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line everybody there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes come on
+guys uh I'll take that as yes um now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh I'll take that as yes um now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh I'll take that as yes um now uh
+also within your case you will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also within your case you will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also within your case you will see the
+actual lavalier microphone with the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual lavalier microphone with the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual lavalier microphone with the cord
+attached what you want to do is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached what you want to do is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached what you want to do is you want
+to attach the end of the cord into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attach the end of the cord into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attach the end of the cord into this
+silver Jack right here on your battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver Jack right here on your battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver Jack right here on your battery
+pack so right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now is the fun part um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now is the fun part um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now is the fun part um this is the
+clip that you use to clip to somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip that you use to clip to somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip that you use to clip to somebody's
+uh shirt or if they're wearing a tie or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shirt or if they're wearing a tie or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shirt or if they're wearing a tie or
+I've even seen somebody put these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've even seen somebody put these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've even seen somebody put these on
+hats um but you want to um use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats um but you want to um use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats um but you want to um use this
+little uh pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh pin
+release right here to sort of open it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release right here to sort of open it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release right here to sort of open it up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Slide the lavalier into it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slide the lavalier into it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slide the lavalier into it and then you
+can close it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what's
+that oh okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh okay that's
+cool everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool everybody
+there and again you should have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and again you should have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and again you should have uh a
+little stty to put on the end so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stty to put on the end so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stty to put on the end so you
+place that on top just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that on top just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that on top just
+to protect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that second XLR cable that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that second XLR cable that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that second XLR cable that you had
+in your audio kit um if you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your audio kit um if you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your audio kit um if you could take
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and once you have that out you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and once you have that out you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and once you have that out you're
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to um connects one end into this Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um connects one end into this Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um connects one end into this Jack
+right here on the battery pack and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here on the battery pack and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here on the battery pack and the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+into your second input on your audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your second input on your audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your second input on your audio
+adapter in your camera and again make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter in your camera and again make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapter in your camera and again make
+sure you hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you hear it
+click um otherwise you may not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um otherwise you may not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click um otherwise you may not have a
+clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean
+connection you put the cable in ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure again you put one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure again you put one end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure again you put one end
+into battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pack and and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack and and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack and and the other
+end into your input two on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end into your input two on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end into your input two on your
+camera and again make sure you hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click now uh if your battery pack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click now uh if your battery pack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click now uh if your battery pack is
+switched to the middle of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to the middle of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched to the middle of the three
+options which is a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options which is a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options which is a straight
+line um if you guys want you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um if you guys want you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um if you guys want you already
+have yours attached have one person be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yours attached have one person be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yours attached have one person be
+the uh subject so if you could just clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh subject so if you could just clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh subject so if you could just clip
+it um somewhere on your shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um somewhere on your shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um somewhere on your shirt
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+or um and the other person um monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um and the other person um monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um and the other person um monitor
+levels now the same thing you did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels now the same thing you did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels now the same thing you did with
+the shotgun microphone so now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shotgun microphone so now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shotgun microphone so now remember
+if you have both the shotgun and the lav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have both the shotgun and the lav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have both the shotgun and the lav
+hooked up at the same time you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up at the same time you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked up at the same time you have to
+go to channel one that channel one input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to channel one that channel one input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to channel one that channel one input
+not channel one and two otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not channel one and two otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not channel one and two otherwise you're
+going to be recording the same like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be recording the same like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be recording the same like uh
+in both channels which is your first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both channels which is your first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both channels which is your first one
+which is that shot so I see most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that shot so I see most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that shot so I see most of you
+all of you have two mics hooked up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have two mics hooked up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you have two mics hooked up so
+everybody should be on channel one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should be on channel one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should be on channel one that
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch and again if you go to the P menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and again if you go to the P menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and again if you go to the P menu
+on the bottom right hand side of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom right hand side of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom right hand side of your
+LCD screen hit P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD screen hit P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LCD screen hit P
+menu um go to your audio Channel 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu um go to your audio Channel 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu um go to your audio Channel 2
+levels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that
+button and with the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and with the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and with the other person
+speaking um adjust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking um adjust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking um adjust your
+levels yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again your level should be hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again your level should be hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again your level should be hitting
+about 3/4 of the way up that bar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3/4 of the way up that bar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3/4 of the way up that bar for
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two all right one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right one last
+thing um just so both the camera person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um just so both the camera person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um just so both the camera person
+and the audio person can actually hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audio person can actually hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audio person can actually hear
+what's being recorded um we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being recorded um we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being recorded um we have a
+headphone splitter in the case it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphone splitter in the case it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphone splitter in the case it should
+be again in one of those front pockets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be again in one of those front pockets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be again in one of those front pockets
+and it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+now uh the bottom of the camera on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the bottom of the camera on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the bottom of the camera on the
+front right you'll notice there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right you'll notice there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front right you'll notice there's a
+little pan you can open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up bottom front right and there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up bottom front right and there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up bottom front right and there should
+be Two Jacks the bottom of the two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Two Jacks the bottom of the two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Two Jacks the bottom of the two the
+green one is the headphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one is the headphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one is the headphone
+jack you're going to want to plug the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack you're going to want to plug the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack you're going to want to plug the
+splitter into that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jack and in case uh you get lost someday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack and in case uh you get lost someday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack and in case uh you get lost someday
+and you don't remember which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't remember which one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't remember which one is the
+headphones um on the actual uh cover to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones um on the actual uh cover to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones um on the actual uh cover to
+the Two Jacks on the bottom you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Two Jacks on the bottom you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Two Jacks on the bottom you'll see a
+little head headphone uh symbol just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little head headphone uh symbol just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little head headphone uh symbol just to
+let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you
+know in case just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in case just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in case just in
+case it ever happens to you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it ever happens to you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it ever happens to you one
+day now uh in your camera case you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day now uh in your camera case you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day now uh in your camera case you have
+uh the lesser of the two headphones as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lesser of the two headphones as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lesser of the two headphones as
+far as quality um the person operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as quality um the person operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as quality um the person operating
+camera should be um listening through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera should be um listening through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera should be um listening through
+those headphones so whoever's operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those headphones so whoever's operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those headphones so whoever's operating
+camera take the less of the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera take the less of the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera take the less of the two uh
+headphones as far as quality um in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones as far as quality um in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones as far as quality um in your
+audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio
+bags you have nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags you have nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags you have nice
+headphones uh the person who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones uh the person who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones uh the person who is
+operating boom should use these because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating boom should use these because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating boom should use these because
+that person is the one who should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is the one who should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is the one who should really
+know what's going on terms of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on terms of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's going on terms of sound
+because he or she needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he or she needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he or she needs to
+readjust um and should have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readjust um and should have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readjust um and should have the the
+better of the two sets of headphones one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better of the two sets of headphones one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better of the two sets of headphones one
+word about those headphones those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word about those headphones those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word about those headphones those are
+wrapped in a way that's not great cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped in a way that's not great cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped in a way that's not great cuz
+the cables get stretched so um just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cables get stretched so um just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cables get stretched so um just uh
+just a just a minor equipment note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a just a minor equipment note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a just a minor equipment note
+um this is this is not the greatest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is not the greatest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is this is not the greatest way
+to store them because the the cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store them because the the cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store them because the the cable
+stretches out so the best thing to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out so the best thing to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out so the best thing to do it
+when you put them back in the bag is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them back in the bag is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them back in the bag is
+just to let the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to let the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to let the the
+cable um fall kind of naturally one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable um fall kind of naturally one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable um fall kind of naturally one of
+the most frequent issues that uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequent issues that uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequent issues that uh people
+run into when they're just starting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into when they're just starting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into when they're just starting out
+is they solve an audio Problem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they solve an audio Problem by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they solve an audio Problem by
+adjusting the headphone volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the headphone volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the headphone volume
+which doesn't solve the audio problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't solve the audio problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't solve the audio problem it
+makes you able to hear it better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you able to hear it better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you able to hear it better but
+you're does you're not affecting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're does you're not affecting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're does you're not affecting your
+recording at all so Dave why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording at all so Dave why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording at all so Dave why don't you
+just quickly go over the headphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly go over the headphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly go over the headphone
+volume uh so you know where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh so you know where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume uh so you know where it is
+because obviously it is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously it is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously it is important to
+have a good volume in the headphone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good volume in the headphone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good volume in the headphone so
+that you can actually hear what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually hear what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually hear what's going
+on but it's not the it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but it's not the it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but it's not the it's not the
+approved way of solving whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved way of solving whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved way of solving whatever the
+issue is if uh within uh the P menu at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is if uh within uh the P menu at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is if uh within uh the P menu at
+the top left you'll see the menu button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left you'll see the menu button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top left you'll see the menu button
+if you hit the menu button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit the menu button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit the menu button
+you have to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go into the
+greater menu um rather than just rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater menu um rather than just rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater menu um rather than just rely on
+the personal menu uh if you scroll down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personal menu uh if you scroll down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the personal menu uh if you scroll down
+those little icons on the left scroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little icons on the left scroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little icons on the left scroll
+down to the red tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box scroll down to the red toolbox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box scroll down to the red toolbox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box scroll down to the red toolbox and
+hit okay to enter the the toolbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+menu and once you're in the tool blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and once you're in the tool blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu and once you're in the tool blocks
+menu if you scroll down I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu if you scroll down I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu if you scroll down I think it's the
+third choice from the top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volume um normally what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um normally what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um normally what you want to do
+is uh well first once you get the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh well first once you get the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh well first once you get the volume
+hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+okay um and I'd set that about 3/4 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and I'd set that about 3/4 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and I'd set that about 3/4 the
+way up generally you're going to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up generally you're going to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up generally you're going to set it
+and forget it um you might want to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget it um you might want to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forget it um you might want to raise
+it if you're in a bad situation in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you're in a bad situation in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you're in a bad situation in terms
+of audio and you and you need to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of audio and you and you need to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of audio and you and you need to or
+lowered if it if you're just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered if it if you're just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered if it if you're just getting
+blasted but um but most importantly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasted but um but most importantly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasted but um but most importantly like
+uh don't ever just just blindly I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't ever just just blindly I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh don't ever just just blindly I not
+blindly because it's audio but um don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly because it's audio but um don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly because it's audio but um don't
+just go by what your ears hear all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go by what your ears hear all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go by what your ears hear all the
+time um look at your levels first always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um look at your levels first always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um look at your levels first always
+look at your levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your levels
+first um if you're if you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um if you're if you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um if you're if you have like
+three4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three4
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+like you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're like so you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like so you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like so you're like
+so you're like so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like so you're
+like you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're
+like like you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+like you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+like you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+like you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're like you're like
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're
+like Rec your like your like Rec your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Rec your like your like Rec your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Rec your like your like Rec your
+like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your
+like like don't like don't don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like don't like don't don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like don't like don't don't like
+don't don't like don't don't like don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't like don't don't like don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't like don't don't like don't
+don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+like you're menu like menu P menu like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're menu like menu P menu like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're menu like menu P menu like
+menu your menu like menu p menu like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu your menu like menu p menu like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu your menu like menu p menu like
+menu menu like menu menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu menu like menu menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menu menu like menu menu
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like like you're like you're like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like you're like you're like you're
+like you're like you're it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're like you're it's not like
+it's not you're it's not like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you're it's not like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you're it's not like it's not
+it's not like it's not it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like it's not it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like it's not it's not like
+it's not you're it's not like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you're it's not like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you're it's not like it's not
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like a a a a a AUD an audio like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a a a a AUD an audio like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a a a a AUD an audio like an
+audio an audio like an audio you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio an audio like an audio you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio an audio like an audio you're like
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+like you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like
+you're like you're like you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're like you're like
+you're like you're an audio like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're an audio like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like you're an audio like an
+audio you're an audio like an audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio you're an audio like an audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio you're an audio like an audio
+you're an audio like an audio you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an audio like an audio you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an audio like an audio you're an
+audio like audio AUD AUD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AUD like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AUD like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AUD like you're
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like yeah exactly it's that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah exactly it's that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah exactly it's that's the thing
+it's um these mics are great but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um these mics are great but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um these mics are great but you
+just the danger is if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the danger is if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the danger is if you're not
+pointing at what you want then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at what you want then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at what you want then you don't
+get what you want but they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what you want but they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what you want but they're really
+really terrific for situations like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really terrific for situations like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really terrific for situations like this
+uh where there's a lot of stuff going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where there's a lot of stuff going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where there's a lot of stuff going on
+in the room or there's interference now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room or there's interference now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room or there's interference now
+why does it sound it sounds so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it sound it sounds so different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it sound it sounds so different
+like then like it sounds without head on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then like it sounds without head on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like then like it sounds without head on
+it doesn't sound real than I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't sound real than I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't sound real than I mean it
+sounds like very like tin um so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like very like tin um so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like very like tin um so which
+sounds tiny when when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds tiny when when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds tiny when when when the
+headphones are on um yeah I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones are on um yeah I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones are on um yeah I'm not sure
+if it's just like this mic or if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just like this mic or if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's just like this mic or if it's
+the combination of this mic it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of this mic it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of this mic it might be
+that well you you might try unplug you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you you might try unplug you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you you might try unplug you
+know yeah unplug one just listen to One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah unplug one just listen to One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah unplug one just listen to One
+listen to the other because it just yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the other because it just yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the other because it just yeah
+I mean it sounds good but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it sounds good but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it sounds good but it doesn't
+sound real you know yeah some's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound real you know yeah some's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound real you know yeah some's talking
+to well what it could be is that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well what it could be is that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well what it could be is that um if
+I'm over here talking and that mic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm over here talking and that mic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm over here talking and that mic is
+picking me up too that's a long way away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking me up too that's a long way away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking me up too that's a long way away
+from me so that's going to sound much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me so that's going to sound much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me so that's going to sound much
+more roomy you're there's a uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more roomy you're there's a uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more roomy you're there's a uh a lot
+less it's not directional um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine check one two 1 two 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine check one two 1 two 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine check one two 1 two 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+10 11 so that sounds good it sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but hear what you mean doesn't sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hear what you mean doesn't sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hear what you mean doesn't sound
+like I hear now I'm not sure this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I hear now I'm not sure this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I hear now I'm not sure this just
+my hearing check one two one two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hearing check one two one two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hearing check one two one two well
+that's that's because it's mono audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's because it's mono audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's because it's mono audio
+and I mean our ears are really good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean our ears are really good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean our ears are really good um
+but no that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no that's that's that's
+that's check one two 3 4 5 six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's check one two 3 4 5 six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's check one two 3 4 5 six seven
+eight no I mean it's it sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight no I mean it's it sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight no I mean it's it sounds like a
+good like documentary yeah it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good like documentary yeah it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good like documentary yeah it's actually
+over modulating when I talk loudly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over modulating when I talk loudly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over modulating when I talk loudly you
+can hear that little uh here you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear that little uh here you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear that little uh here you yeah
+so this when I go check one two 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this when I go check one two 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this when I go check one two 3 four
+you hear that little in my voice that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear that little in my voice that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear that little in my voice that is
+over modulation which is that it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over modulation which is that it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over modulation which is that it's too
+loud so what you want to do there is fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud so what you want to do there is fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud so what you want to do there is fix
+it either by going into the the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either by going into the the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either by going into the the camera
+uh menu and reducing the level or going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh menu and reducing the level or going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh menu and reducing the level or going
+back further further yeah check one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back further further yeah check one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back further further yeah check one two
+3 four five guess you do something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four five guess you do something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four five guess you do something I
+mean I sound funny yeah right exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I sound funny yeah right exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I sound funny yeah right exactly so
+the the that's a really big big issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the that's a really big big issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the that's a really big big issue in
+in audio recording if you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in audio recording if you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in audio recording if you get that
+clipping that you can't fix it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping that you can't fix it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping that you can't fix it it's just
+that's the way it is so there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it is so there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way it is so there's nothing
+you can do in post production um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in post production um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do in post production um so
+that's a really crucial thing to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really crucial thing to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really crucial thing to know
+about and that's also what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's also what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's also what will happen
+if you set it to the plus 48 volts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set it to the plus 48 volts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set it to the plus 48 volts that
+Dave was talking about because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave was talking about because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave was talking about because then
+you're basically getting too much signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically getting too much signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically getting too much signal
+into the camera and you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the camera and you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the camera and you're going to get
+that Distortion as well so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Distortion as well so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Distortion as well so you want to
+make sure that con uh the two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that con uh the two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that con uh the two things the
+two worst things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two worst things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two worst things
+that can happen are that kind of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen are that kind of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen are that kind of over
+modulation that Distortion and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation that Distortion and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation that Distortion and that the
+level is so low that you don't hear me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is so low that you don't hear me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is so low that you don't hear me
+at all and the background just comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and the background just comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and the background just comes up
+really loudly um so if you're down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really loudly um so if you're down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really loudly um so if you're down at
+like you know minus 30 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know minus 30 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know minus 30 minus
+24 you can bring it up in in editing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 you can bring it up in in editing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 you can bring it up in in editing you
+can make the level good but everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the level good but everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the level good but everything
+else comes up along with it so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else comes up along with it so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else comes up along with it so then the
+room sounds very static it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room sounds very static it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room sounds very static it sounds
+exactly and then the other bad thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and then the other bad thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and then the other bad thing is
+if I'm too loud so it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm too loud so it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm too loud so it's like you know
+it's like uh you know you know not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like uh you know you know not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like uh you know you know not too
+loud not too SL soft just get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud not too SL soft just get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud not too SL soft just get it right
+in the middle and that in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle and that in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle and that in terms of the
+level and listen again listen with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and listen again listen with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and listen again listen with your
+ears for problems like over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears for problems like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears for problems like over
+modulation distort you know interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation distort you know interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation distort you know interference
+like background interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like background interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like background interference
+trucks other people talking I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks other people talking I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks other people talking I mean you
+know if you wanted to do an interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you wanted to do an interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you wanted to do an interview
+with me this is a really typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me this is a really typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me this is a really typical
+situation in a documentary uh you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in a documentary uh you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in a documentary uh you come
+in and you're doing a documentary on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you're doing a documentary on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you're doing a documentary on
+this class and you say hey can you say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and you say hey can you say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and you say hey can you say a
+few words about the class and I go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about the class and I go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words about the class and I go okay
+let's do it right now they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it right now they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it right now they're all
+talking over there there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking over there there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking over there there's a lot of
+stuff going going on but if I talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going going on but if I talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff going going on but if I talk to
+you like this and you use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like this and you use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like this and you use that
+microphone you're still going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you're still going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone you're still going to get a
+good level from me even despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good level from me even despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good level from me even despite the fact
+that they're talking if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're talking if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're talking if you put a
+lavalier on me and I'm standing maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavalier on me and I'm standing maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lavalier on me and I'm standing maybe
+especially even closer there Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially even closer there Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially even closer there Dave
+talking them talking all of that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking them talking all of that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking them talking all of that gets
+picked up at the same level as me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up at the same level as me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up at the same level as me and
+all of a sudden you can't pick it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you can't pick it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you can't pick it out
+you can't distinguish it and it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't distinguish it and it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't distinguish it and it becomes
+really frustrating and difficult in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating and difficult in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating and difficult in
+post- production make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post- production make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post- production make
+sense so that's why this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so that's why this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so that's why this is a great
+mhone to have for documentary um as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhone to have for documentary um as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhone to have for documentary um as long
+as somebody is operating it and paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somebody is operating it and paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somebody is operating it and paying
+attention and listening not great if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and listening not great if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and listening not great if you
+just run into a room throw it down on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run into a room throw it down on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run into a room throw it down on a
+table or just you know prop it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table or just you know prop it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table or just you know prop it up
+somewhere and then go because everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and then go because everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and then go because everything
+outside the field doesn't get picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the field doesn't get picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the field doesn't get picked
+up so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so there you
+go so anyway so here's the the plan uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so anyway so here's the the plan uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so anyway so here's the the plan uh
+for next week the the assignment the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next week the the assignment the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next week the the assignment the the
+first production assignment is uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first production assignment is uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first production assignment is uh to
+shoot a scene in in in groups and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a scene in in in groups and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a scene in in in groups and I
+think what we're going to do is just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we're going to do is just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we're going to do is just uh
+for the for the beginning since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the beginning since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the beginning since we're
+all kind of new in this class uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of new in this class uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of new in this class uh we're
+assigning groups but in the future you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning groups but in the future you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning groups but in the future you
+can of course work with whomever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course work with whomever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of course work with whomever you
+choose uh or alone in in many cases um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh or alone in in many cases um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh or alone in in many cases um
+but I think we'll just go with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we'll just go with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we'll just go with the the
+three groups we have here one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three groups we have here one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three groups we have here one two three
+so each of you can can work in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of you can can work in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of you can can work in these
+three teams that we have set up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three teams that we have set up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three teams that we have set up right
+now um and the assignment is to shoot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and the assignment is to shoot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um and the assignment is to shoot a
+scene and that there's very very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and that there's very very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and that there's very very wide
+latit and what that means it could be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latit and what that means it could be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latit and what that means it could be uh
+a documentary scene uh of someone making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a documentary scene uh of someone making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a documentary scene uh of someone making
+dinner and explaining what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and explaining what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and explaining what they're doing
+how they're making their pasta with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're making their pasta with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're making their pasta with
+insert shots of the the cooking that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert shots of the the cooking that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert shots of the the cooking that's
+happening and close-ups of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and close-ups of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and close-ups of the person
+talking and wide shots that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and wide shots that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and wide shots that sort of
+establish the space which would be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the space which would be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the space which would be kind
+of a classic thing it could be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classic thing it could be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classic thing it could be something
+in a lab if you want to do something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab if you want to do something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab if you want to do something uh
+science related it could be a Fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science related it could be a Fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science related it could be a Fiction
+scene if you want to uh you know have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene if you want to uh you know have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene if you want to uh you know have a
+couple of friends be your actors you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of friends be your actors you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of friends be your actors you can
+uh write you know write or improvise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write you know write or improvise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write you know write or improvise
+something and and film that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and film that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and film that um the
+requirements are fairly simple we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are fairly simple we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements are fairly simple we want
+you to use sound so we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use sound so we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use sound so we want you to
+record sound and video at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record sound and video at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record sound and video at the same time
+which is why you're going to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why you're going to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why you're going to be working
+in teams of two and um we also want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teams of two and um we also want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teams of two and um we also want you
+to shoot more than one shot so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot more than one shot so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot more than one shot so don't
+just do one handheld shot following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do one handheld shot following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do one handheld shot following
+somebody around and talking and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody around and talking and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody around and talking and the
+reason for that is that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that we're going to
+use this material in our lab next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this material in our lab next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this material in our lab next week
+when we do our introduction to editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do our introduction to editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do our introduction to editing
+so the right now all you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right now all you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right now all you have to do is
+shoot a scene as I said it could be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a scene as I said it could be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a scene as I said it could be very
+simple something you can shoot in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple something you can shoot in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple something you can shoot in an
+hour or two um so as simple or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or two um so as simple or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour or two um so as simple or as
+ambitious as you want uh you'll turn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious as you want uh you'll turn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious as you want uh you'll turn in
+the tape next week next Wednesday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape next week next Wednesday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape next week next Wednesday night
+at the lecture and we'll have it ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lecture and we'll have it ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the lecture and we'll have it ready
+for you to edit on Friday morning in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to edit on Friday morning in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to edit on Friday morning in the
+lab
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QLo5dRFEyl8.txt b/QLo5dRFEyl8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a2417d3e549175ab301ce35ff80035bcb1da056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QLo5dRFEyl8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+what we'd like to do is find the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is find the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to do is find the volume
+of a paraboloid this one that I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paraboloid this one that I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paraboloid this one that I've drawn
+on the board using what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board using what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board using what we know about
+remon sums and integrals and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sums and integrals and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon sums and integrals and so this
+paraboloid just so you understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraboloid just so you understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraboloid just so you understand what
+we do is we take the curve yal x^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we take the curve yal x^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we take the curve yal x^2 and
+we rotate it around the Y AIS and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rotate it around the Y AIS and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rotate it around the Y AIS and we're
+looking in particular from height the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in particular from height the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in particular from height the
+height of Capital H so from Zer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of Capital H so from Zer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of Capital H so from Zer to
+Capital H that's what our y value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital H that's what our y value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital H that's what our y value is
+ranging over and what we'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging over and what we'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging over and what we'd like to do is
+find the volume enclosed by the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the volume enclosed by the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the volume enclosed by the rotation
+of yal x^2 around around the Y AIS so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yal x^2 around around the Y AIS so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yal x^2 around around the Y AIS so
+what I'd like you to do is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is to think
+about how you could write the volume as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you could write the volume as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you could write the volume as
+an integral and I would suggest that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral and I would suggest that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral and I would suggest that you
+think about integrating in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about integrating in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about integrating in the Y
+variable uh as opposed to the X variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh as opposed to the X variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh as opposed to the X variable
+so we're going to do it in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do it in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do it in the Y
+variable so I'll give you a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so I'll give you a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so I'll give you a little while
+to think about that start as a remon sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that start as a remon sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that start as a remon sum
+take it to an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to an integral
+and then I'll come back and show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll come back and show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll come back and show you how
+I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay welcome back so again what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back so again what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back so again what we're
+trying to do is find the volume of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is find the volume of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is find the volume of of
+this paraboloid and we're we're hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paraboloid and we're we're hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paraboloid and we're we're hoping
+to write it as an integral in the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it as an integral in the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it as an integral in the end so
+I'm going to give us a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give us a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give us a little
+understanding of how we start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how we start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how we start the
+process and what I want to do is break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and what I want to do is break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and what I want to do is break
+up this paraboloid first into our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this paraboloid first into our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this paraboloid first into our first
+best guess and I'm going to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess and I'm going to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess and I'm going to estimate the
+volume using four different I'm breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume using four different I'm breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume using four different I'm breaking
+it up into four pieces so I use four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into four pieces so I use four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up into four pieces so I use four
+cylinders so let me actually just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders so let me actually just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders so let me actually just draw
+these cylinders so I'm going to start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cylinders so I'm going to start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cylinders so I'm going to start at
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+radius that would maybe be my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius that would maybe be my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius that would maybe be my first
+cylinder and then the next radius would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and then the next radius would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and then the next radius would
+be the one down here actually maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one down here actually maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one down here actually maybe I
+can alternate color be able to see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can alternate color be able to see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can alternate color be able to see them
+a little better the next radius would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better the next radius would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better the next radius would
+actually be this one kind of right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be this one kind of right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be this one kind of right here
+coming around that way going down so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming around that way going down so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming around that way going down so it
+sticks out a little bit from there let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks out a little bit from there let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks out a little bit from there let
+me just kind of shade that lightly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just kind of shade that lightly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just kind of shade that lightly and
+the next one is using this cylinder so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is using this cylinder so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is using this cylinder so
+that's our diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and then the last one well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the last one well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the last one well that
+doesn't look very even but we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very even but we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look very even but we'll just
+say that there are four to keep it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there are four to keep it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there are four to keep it with
+four I'll say the last one is starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I'll say the last one is starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I'll say the last one is starting
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here so I don't have to draw any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I don't have to draw any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I don't have to draw any more
+pictures and the last one is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and the last one is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and the last one is is that
+cylinder so there are four cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder so there are four cylinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder so there are four cylinders
+here this one comes around behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this one comes around behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this one comes around behind
+there are four cylinders here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four cylinders here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four cylinders here there's
+the blue one here a white one red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue one here a white one red one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue one here a white one red one
+and another blue one and I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another blue one and I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another blue one and I can actually
+estimate the volume of this paraboloid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the volume of this paraboloid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the volume of this paraboloid
+by finding the volume of these cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding the volume of these cylinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding the volume of these cylinders
+so we have to understand how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to understand how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to understand how to find the
+volume of the cylinders and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the cylinders and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the cylinders and then what
+we'd like to do is to get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is to get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is to get better
+approximations we're going to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations we're going to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations we're going to make these
+cylinders flatter so we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders flatter so we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders flatter so we're going to make
+them not as tall and then as they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not as tall and then as they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not as tall and then as they get
+flatter and flatter and flatter we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter and flatter and flatter we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter and flatter and flatter we're
+going to get better and better estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get better and better estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get better and better estimates
+of the paraboloids volume and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paraboloids volume and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paraboloids volume and then in
+the limit we will get the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit we will get the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit we will get the volume of the
+paraboloid so this again should remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraboloid so this again should remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraboloid so this again should remind
+you this sounds a lot like uh remon sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this sounds a lot like uh remon sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this sounds a lot like uh remon sums
+what we've been doing with remon sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing with remon sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing with remon sums
+you're you're adding up your estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're adding up your estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're adding up your estimating
+area under the curve in the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the curve in the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under the curve in the case that
+you've seen mostly in class but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen mostly in class but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen mostly in class but maybe
+this reminds you of the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reminds you of the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reminds you of the volume of the
+pyramid problem that you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid problem that you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid problem that you saw in the
+lecture videos so it's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture videos so it's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture videos so it's very similar to
+that idea um now let's figure out how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea um now let's figure out how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea um now let's figure out how we
+can write this sum of these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this sum of these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this sum of these four
+cylinders in terms of Y so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders in terms of Y so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders in terms of Y so what do we
+need to do well first we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do well first we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do well first we're going to
+designate the height of the cylinder as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate the height of the cylinder as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate the height of the cylinder as
+Delta y that's the change in y that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y that's the change in y that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y that's the change in y that does
+not look like a y let me try that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look like a y let me try that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not look like a y let me try that again
+Delta y okay so each height and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y okay so each height and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y okay so each height and even
+though it doesn't look like it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it doesn't look like it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it doesn't look like it we're
+going to say that they're evenly divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that they're evenly divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say that they're evenly divided
+so let's make in your mind this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make in your mind this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make in your mind this one
+should be a bit bigger and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a bit bigger and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a bit bigger and this one
+should be a bit smaller so Delta Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a bit smaller so Delta Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a bit smaller so Delta Y is
+going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a
+constant and then I have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then I have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and then I have to figure out
+the radius right well we know that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius right well we know that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius right well we know that at
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+y the the radius square is height y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the the radius square is height y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the the radius square is height y
+right r² equal H so what I actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right r² equal H so what I actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right r² equal H so what I actually need
+is that at at height H or at height y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at at height H or at height y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at at height H or at height y
+the radius is square root y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is square root y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is square root y
+right so at height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at height
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+radius is the square root of Y so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is the square root of Y so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is the square root of Y so when I
+want to look at the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the volume of the
+cylinder at height y I'm using the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder at height y I'm using the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder at height y I'm using the the
+upper value here so at height y what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper value here so at height y what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper value here so at height y what's
+the volume of the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the cylinder
+we know in general the volume is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know in general the volume is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know in general the volume is equal
+to Pi r^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi r^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pi r^ 2
+H and so the height here of the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and so the height here of the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and so the height here of the cylinder
+this is not the height on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the height on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the height on the whole
+thing this is the height of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is the height of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is the height of that
+individual cylinder the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cylinder the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cylinder the height of the
+cylinder is Delta Y and R is square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is Delta Y and R is square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder is Delta Y and R is square root
+y so R squ is just y so the volume of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so R squ is just y so the volume of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so R squ is just y so the volume of a
+single cylinder is pi y Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cylinder is pi y Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cylinder is pi y Delta
+y so again we find the volume of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so again we find the volume of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so again we find the volume of this
+cylinder by taking the Y value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder by taking the Y value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder by taking the Y value here
+multiplying it by pi and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by pi and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by pi and then
+multiplying it by Delta Y and I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by Delta Y and I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by Delta Y and I do that
+for this one this one this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one this one this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one this one this one and this
+one and then I add them up and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I add them up and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I add them up and that's my
+estimate of the volume of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the volume of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the volume of the whole
+paraboloid so now what can I do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraboloid so now what can I do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraboloid so now what can I do well
+again I mentioned we can divide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mentioned we can divide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mentioned we can divide into
+more sub intervals and let's say we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sub intervals and let's say we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sub intervals and let's say we only
+divide let's say we divided into N Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide let's say we divided into N Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide let's say we divided into N Sub
+intervals right what would this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals right what would this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals right what would this look
+like I'm going to be taking a sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to be taking a sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to be taking a sum to
+find the volume of the whole thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the volume of the whole thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the volume of the whole thing we
+going to take a sum from IAL 1 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a sum from IAL 1 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a sum from IAL 1 to n of
+these kinds of things Pi y sub I Delta y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things Pi y sub I Delta y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things Pi y sub I Delta y
+so each y sub I represents the Y value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each y sub I represents the Y value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each y sub I represents the Y value
+at the different height where I'm where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the different height where I'm where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the different height where I'm where
+I'm taking my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking my
+cylinder Now Delta Y in this case if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder Now Delta Y in this case if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder Now Delta Y in this case if I
+divide into n equal sub intervals Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into n equal sub intervals Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into n equal sub intervals Delta
+Y is h / n and then you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is h / n and then you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is h / n and then you can actually
+figure out the Y subis from that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the Y subis from that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the Y subis from that the
+first one would would be H Over N the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one would would be H Over N the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one would would be H Over N the
+second one would be 2 H over n and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one would be 2 H over n and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one would be 2 H over n and and
+so on until the top one would be hn over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on until the top one would be hn over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on until the top one would be hn over
+n and you'd have H as the top height so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and you'd have H as the top height so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and you'd have H as the top height so
+those are the values that we're ranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the values that we're ranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the values that we're ranging
+over and now as we let N Go to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is our remon sum this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our remon sum this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our remon sum this is actually
+going to be an integral Delta y goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an integral Delta y goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an integral Delta y goes to
+Dy and let's look at what happens so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and let's look at what happens so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and let's look at what happens so we
+get Dy here we're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Dy here we're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Dy here we're going to have an
+integral and what are we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what are we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and what are we actually
+evaluating we're evaluating the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating we're evaluating the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating we're evaluating the function
+piy at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piy at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piy at what
+places well as as Delta y goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places well as as Delta y goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places well as as Delta y goes to zero
+the first value of y sub I that I get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first value of y sub I that I get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first value of y sub I that I get is
+pushing down to zero and the last value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing down to zero and the last value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing down to zero and the last value
+we know is H so we're actually taking an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is H so we're actually taking an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is H so we're actually taking an
+integral from 0 to H of Pi y Dy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to H of Pi y Dy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to H of Pi y Dy and that
+is the the integral representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the integral representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the integral representation of
+the volume of the paraboloid now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the paraboloid now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the paraboloid now this is
+a very easy thing to take an integral on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easy thing to take an integral on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easy thing to take an integral on
+so you could actually evaluate this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could actually evaluate this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could actually evaluate this and
+find it I believe you get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it I believe you get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it I believe you get something like
+pi y^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi y^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi y^2 over
+2 from 0 to H so you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 from 0 to H so you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 from 0 to H so you should get
+something like pi/ 2 capital h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like pi/ 2 capital h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like pi/ 2 capital h
+s you can check my math but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you can check my math but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s you can check my math but I think
+that's correct so that is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct so that is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct so that is actually the
+volume of the paraboloid carved out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the paraboloid carved out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the paraboloid carved out by
+this particular curve yal x^2 from or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular curve yal x^2 from or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular curve yal x^2 from or at
+height Capital H so that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height Capital H so that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height Capital H so that's where we're
+stopped
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Qm6ykShr0Pg.txt b/Qm6ykShr0Pg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d07004d3a7458765ce749deda9465d0ec4241b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Qm6ykShr0Pg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and today's my last class and so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today's my last class and so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today's my last class and so in this
+presentation we hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we hope to
+discuss and pull together a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and pull together a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and pull together a lot of
+different themes that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different themes that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different themes that we've talked about
+over the course of the semester namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the semester namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the semester namely
+centered around discourses of power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around discourses of power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around discourses of power so
+we've kind of teased apart the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of teased apart the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of teased apart the idea that
+there are political economic social and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are political economic social and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are political economic social and
+linguistic discourses of power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic discourses of power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic discourses of power that
+impacts the way people live their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the way people live their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the way people live their lives
+and how they identify and hopefully by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they identify and hopefully by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they identify and hopefully by
+learning about these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about these different
+discourses of power we can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses of power we can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses of power we can find the
+treasure trove all right understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure trove all right understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasure trove all right understanding
+identity so in terms of discourses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so in terms of discourses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so in terms of discourses of
+power in the political sense in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in the political sense in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in the political sense in our
+readings about different nations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings about different nations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings about different nations in the
+Caribbean we discussed the general topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean we discussed the general topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caribbean we discussed the general topic
+was colonialization as a discourse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was colonialization as a discourse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was colonialization as a discourse of
+power and how colonialization in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and how colonialization in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and how colonialization in all of
+these countries established dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries established dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries established dominant
+discourses for racial social linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses for racial social linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses for racial social linguistic
+econ and economic hierarchies of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econ and economic hierarchies of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econ and economic hierarchies of power
+we and how these hierarchies kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and how these hierarchies kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and how these hierarchies kind of
+dictated the structure of the society so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated the structure of the society so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated the structure of the society so
+the government the governmental power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government the governmental power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government the governmental power
+went to a small group of elites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a small group of elites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a small group of elites that
+were kind of reminiscent of the Cologne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of reminiscent of the Cologne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of reminiscent of the Cologne
+of the way the colonies were set up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way the colonies were set up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way the colonies were set up and
+then even after colonial power was left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even after colonial power was left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even after colonial power was left
+these colonies these new nations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colonies these new nations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colonies these new nations were
+still set up in this structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still set up in this structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still set up in this structure of
+colonial power with the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial power with the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial power with the dominant
+hierarchies remaining unchanging race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies remaining unchanging race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies remaining unchanging race
+social linguistic and economic so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social linguistic and economic so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social linguistic and economic so we've
+talked a lot this semester about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot this semester about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot this semester about the
+idea of phibian exceptionalism nation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of phibian exceptionalism nation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of phibian exceptionalism nation of
+capsular genome but last last week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsular genome but last last week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsular genome but last last week we
+kind of also touched on the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of also touched on the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of also touched on the idea that
+this like neo-colonial power political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like neo-colonial power political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like neo-colonial power political
+aspect is something that's pervasive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is something that's pervasive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect is something that's pervasive the
+worldwide in post-colonial states like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide in post-colonial states like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide in post-colonial states like
+Rachel said in maintaining colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel said in maintaining colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel said in maintaining colonial
+power hierarchies even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power hierarchies even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power hierarchies even after
+independence personally speaking India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence personally speaking India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence personally speaking India
+is an example of this people from upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of this people from upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of this people from upper
+castes and like Hindi speaking pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castes and like Hindi speaking pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castes and like Hindi speaking pop
+relations within India under British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations within India under British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations within India under British
+colonial rule tended to be given a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial rule tended to be given a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial rule tended to be given a lot
+of power and that is very much how India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and that is very much how India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power and that is very much how India
+is structured today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is structured today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is structured today
+also within the diaspora even like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also within the diaspora even like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also within the diaspora even like
+non-political in terms of legislation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-political in terms of legislation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-political in terms of legislation a
+lot of the South Asian Diaspora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the South Asian Diaspora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the South Asian Diaspora
+is centered around Hindi speaking upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered around Hindi speaking upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered around Hindi speaking upper
+caste experiences so then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caste experiences so then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caste experiences so then there's also
+the idea of economic discourses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of economic discourses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of economic discourses the
+power that political power kind of also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that political power kind of also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that political power kind of also
+confers economic power on a small group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confers economic power on a small group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confers economic power on a small group
+of elite people this limits access to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elite people this limits access to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elite people this limits access to a
+lot of resources and global capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of resources and global capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of resources and global capital and
+further helps in keeping people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further helps in keeping people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further helps in keeping people in
+post-colonial stratified societies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-colonial stratified societies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-colonial stratified societies in
+the Caribbean you can look at trade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Caribbean you can look at trade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Caribbean you can look at trade and
+how in equal balance of trade kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in equal balance of trade kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in equal balance of trade kind of
+support more importing than exporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support more importing than exporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support more importing than exporting
+which is very damaging and so globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very damaging and so globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very damaging and so globally
+these dominant discourses of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dominant discourses of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dominant discourses of economic
+power are have a parallel throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power are have a parallel throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power are have a parallel throughout the
+world in terms of the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in terms of the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in terms of the distribution of
+economic capital and the allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic capital and the allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic capital and the allocation of
+funding of global funding and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding of global funding and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding of global funding and so
+specifically certain countries tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically certain countries tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically certain countries tend to
+have control over valuable resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over valuable resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over valuable resources
+even if they're not necessarily located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're not necessarily located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're not necessarily located
+within their own countries an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their own countries an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their own countries an example of
+that is us hand in oil and the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is us hand in oil and the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is us hand in oil and the Middle
+East at some point in history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East at some point in history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East at some point in history and
+currently and then the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and then the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and then the idea of
+international aid being focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international aid being focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international aid being focused on
+certain countries based on natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain countries based on natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain countries based on natural
+disasters and such I mean also if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters and such I mean also if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disasters and such I mean also if we
+look like like two months ago there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like like two months ago there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like like two months ago there was
+a conference held in California the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conference held in California the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conference held in California the
+African global economic and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African global economic and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African global economic and development
+summit that's meant to help like bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summit that's meant to help like bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summit that's meant to help like bridge
+ties between businesses in the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties between businesses in the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties between businesses in the US and
+Africa and lead to economic development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and lead to economic development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and lead to economic development
+but none of the delegates from African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of the delegates from African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of the delegates from African
+countries were able to even enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries were able to even enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries were able to even enter the
+u.s. to attend the summit because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. to attend the summit because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. to attend the summit because of
+visa difficulties so we had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa difficulties so we had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visa difficulties so we had like
+discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions
+Africa's economic and developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa's economic and developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa's economic and developmental
+future being held like Professor de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future being held like Professor de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future being held like Professor de
+Graaff was saying but no one who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graaff was saying but no one who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graaff was saying but no one who really
+had personal stake in Africa so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had personal stake in Africa so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had personal stake in Africa so these
+economic and political discourse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and political discourse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and political discourse of
+power also contribute to socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power also contribute to socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power also contribute to socially
+stratified societies where social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified societies where social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified societies where social
+mobility is challenged so education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility is challenged so education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility is challenged so education is
+usually seen as a means for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually seen as a means for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually seen as a means for social
+mobility and subverting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility and subverting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility and subverting the
+stratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification
+but in a lot of cases like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a lot of cases like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a lot of cases like we've
+discussed previously education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed previously education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed previously education and
+access to education is also stratified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to education is also stratified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to education is also stratified
+and it's very an equal we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very an equal we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very an equal we've talked
+about linguistics and like language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linguistics and like language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linguistics and like language
+being a barrier to accessing education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a barrier to accessing education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a barrier to accessing education
+within the Caribbean with French based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the Caribbean with French based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the Caribbean with French based
+education in Haiti and the work of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in Haiti and the work of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in Haiti and the work of MIT
+Haiti to try and change this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti to try and change this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti to try and change this but
+education is also barred by political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is also barred by political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is also barred by political
+and natural disaster issues and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and natural disaster issues and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and natural disaster issues and the idea
+that this in equal access to education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in equal access to education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in equal access to education
+further cements stratification globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further cements stratification globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further cements stratification globally
+there are parallels of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are parallels of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are parallels of this
+stratification throughout contracts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification throughout contracts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification throughout contracts and
+so the idea of cultural capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of cultural capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of cultural capital and
+different countries cultures being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries cultures being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries cultures being more
+valuable than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+has kind of created this idea of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of created this idea of like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of created this idea of like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+create it's attributed to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+contributed to the idea of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the idea of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the idea of cultural
+assimilation which is happening in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilation which is happening in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilation which is happening in such
+a global like as our society becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a global like as our society becomes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a global like as our society becomes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more global and there's a lot
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and more indirect cultures and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the same with language and so if we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with language and so if we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with language and so if we've
+seen like situations of this cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like situations of this cultural
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilation in the US with in it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout history and throughout the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout history and throughout the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but specifically in the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+thinking about school the boarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about school the boarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about school the boarding
+schools for the Native American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools for the Native American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools for the Native American
+where they were forced to well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were forced to well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were forced to well they
+where they were punished for speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were punished for speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were punished for speaking
+their native languages or participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their native languages or participating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+their native languages or participating
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their native culture even amongst
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their native culture even amongst
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and not in an educational
+ 
+
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+themselves and not in an educational
+setting and parallels in countries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and parallels in countries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and parallels in countries like
+Haiti and Jamaica where they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti and Jamaica where they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haiti and Jamaica where they were not
+when they went to school that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went to school that at some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went to school that at some
+point they were not allowed to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they were not allowed to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they were not allowed to speak
+their Creoles so their native languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Creoles so their native languages
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally the thing that comes to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally the thing that comes to mind
+in terms of cultural assimilation is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cultural assimilation is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of cultural assimilation is in
+the small town where I went to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small town where I went to high
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+there were three acceptable cultures or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were three acceptable cultures or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did well-defined cultures it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like did well-defined cultures it's like
+being a white American being a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a white American being a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a white American being a black
+American or being Hispanic and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American or being Hispanic and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American or being Hispanic and within
+Hispanic they meant specifically Mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hispanic they meant specifically Mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hispanic they meant specifically Mexican
+not really being either Hispanic Mexican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really being either Hispanic Mexican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really being either Hispanic Mexican
+or white being a white Hispanic and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or white being a white Hispanic and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or white being a white Hispanic and not
+Mexican it was kind of interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican it was kind of interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexican it was kind of interesting to
+resist cultural assimilation of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist cultural assimilation of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist cultural assimilation of like
+choosing one or the other especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing one or the other especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing one or the other especially
+when people would tell me things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people would tell me things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people would tell me things like
+speak English because we're in the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak English because we're in the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak English because we're in the u.s.
+to which I think are especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I think are especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I think are especially
+responded in Spanish much to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded in Spanish much to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded in Spanish much to their
+irritation but it just like having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritation but it just like having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritation but it just like having to
+choose between having friends and losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between having friends and losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between having friends and losing
+my culture often I chose just to be with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my culture often I chose just to be with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my culture often I chose just to be with
+my family because I was more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family because I was more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family because I was more important
+to me but that pressure was definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me but that pressure was definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+present definitely also someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present definitely also someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present definitely also someone who's
+first gen the idea of assimilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first gen the idea of assimilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first gen the idea of assimilation
+something that's had an impact on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's had an impact on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's had an impact on my
+life and for me it's really been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and for me it's really been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and for me it's really been really
+interesting to kind of tease apart the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to kind of tease apart the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to kind of tease apart the
+differences an attitude sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences an attitude sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences an attitude sort of
+simulation between like my generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation between like my generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation between like my generation
+and my parents generation because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my parents generation because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my parents generation because my
+parents are the ones that moved to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are the ones that moved to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are the ones that moved to the
+US and for them assimilation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and for them assimilation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and for them assimilation was
+something that they they didn't teach me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they they didn't teach me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they they didn't teach me
+their languages and for people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their languages and for people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their languages and for people with
+their generation we have family friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their generation we have family friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their generation we have family friends
+that seek to assimilate kind of by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seek to assimilate kind of by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seek to assimilate kind of by not
+only adopting Western American styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only adopting Western American styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only adopting Western American styles
+address and language but also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and language but also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and language but also by
+forcibly distancing themselves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcibly distancing themselves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcibly distancing themselves from
+their South Asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their South Asian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their South Asian
+even if they are born and raised in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they are born and raised in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they are born and raised in
+India like there's a family friend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India like there's a family friend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India like there's a family friend that
+refuses to fly certain airlines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to fly certain airlines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuses to fly certain airlines to
+certain places in the world to not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places in the world to not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places in the world to not be
+seen as part of that South Asian crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as part of that South Asian crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as part of that South Asian crowd
+and and things like that versus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things like that versus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and things like that versus like
+people my generation where it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people my generation where it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people my generation where it's been
+come kind of a reclamation if identity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come kind of a reclamation if identity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come kind of a reclamation if identity a
+kind of like like Rachel was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like like Rachel was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like like Rachel was talking
+about kind of a trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of a trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of a trying to avoid
+assimilation by by adopting different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilation by by adopting different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilation by by adopting different
+styles of dress and sort of reclaiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles of dress and sort of reclaiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+styles of dress and sort of reclaiming
+your heritage but it's also interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heritage but it's also interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heritage but it's also interesting
+to compare assimilation and attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare assimilation and attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare assimilation and attitudes
+towards like a solution towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like a solution towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards like a solution towards a
+melting pot versus in the US versus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting pot versus in the US versus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting pot versus in the US versus in
+the Caribbean people tend to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Caribbean people tend to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Caribbean people tend to call the
+u.s. a melting pot but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. a melting pot but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. a melting pot but there's
+definitely still like stratified social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still like stratified social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely still like stratified social
+groups and cultural groups within the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and cultural groups within the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and cultural groups within the US
+versus in an almost as if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in an almost as if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus in an almost as if you're trying
+to aspire to one assimilated one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aspire to one assimilated one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aspire to one assimilated one
+American norm whatever that means even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American norm whatever that means even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American norm whatever that means even
+though we're supposed to celebrate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're supposed to celebrate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're supposed to celebrate our
+cultural diversity but the Caribbean as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural diversity but the Caribbean as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural diversity but the Caribbean as
+the Walcott reading pointed out like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walcott reading pointed out like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walcott reading pointed out like so
+beautifully I thought that there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully I thought that there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully I thought that there are so
+many different points and lingering like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different points and lingering like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different points and lingering like
+memories of vestiges of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories of vestiges of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories of vestiges of different
+cultures within the Caribbean they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures within the Caribbean they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures within the Caribbean they all
+exist harmonious lis and create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist harmonious lis and create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist harmonious lis and create a new
+culture so the idea of like is the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so the idea of like is the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture so the idea of like is the u.s.
+truly a melting pot or are there better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly a melting pot or are there better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly a melting pot or are there better
+examples of that in the world ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in the world ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that in the world ok and
+then so we've been hinting around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we've been hinting around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we've been hinting around it
+basically a political economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a political economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a political economic and
+social discourses of power also confer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social discourses of power also confer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social discourses of power also confer
+into linguistic discourses of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into linguistic discourses of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into linguistic discourses of power
+there's the quote from oh and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the quote from oh and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the quote from oh and it was
+very wonderfully captured in the several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wonderfully captured in the several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wonderfully captured in the several
+of the readings the quote from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings the quote from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings the quote from the
+Bishop of City to the Queen of Spain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bishop of City to the Queen of Spain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bishop of City to the Queen of Spain
+when Columbus requested to like go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Columbus requested to like go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Columbus requested to like go into
+the colonies he like handed her a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonies he like handed her a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colonies he like handed her a
+dictionary of Spanish and was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of Spanish and was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary of Spanish and was like
+language is the perfect instrument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is the perfect instrument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is the perfect instrument of
+empire and I thought that was very like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire and I thought that was very like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire and I thought that was very like
+representative of how like social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of how like social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of how like social
+political and economic kind of fed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and economic kind of fed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and economic kind of fed into
+linguistic discourses of power as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic discourses of power as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic discourses of power as the
+like predominant vehicle for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like predominant vehicle for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like predominant vehicle for it and
+today with in the Caribbean s we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today with in the Caribbean s we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today with in the Caribbean s we've just
+this this plays out in education in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this plays out in education in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this plays out in education in the
+language of education in the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of education in the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of education in the language of
+politics in the language of the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics in the language of the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics in the language of the upper
+class where the lake the native language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where the lake the native language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where the lake the native language
+a very very small population is given so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very small population is given so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very small population is given so
+much precedence over the language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much precedence over the language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much precedence over the language the
+lingua franca of these countries and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingua franca of these countries and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingua franca of these countries and a
+language that is very unlimited of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is very unlimited of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that is very unlimited of these
+countries itself it's a language that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries itself it's a language that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries itself it's a language that is
+a melting pot creole is a language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a melting pot creole is a language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a melting pot creole is a language that
+is born of so many different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is born of so many different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is born of so many different languages
+coming together just as Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together just as Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together just as Caribbean
+culture is born of so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is born of so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture is born of so many different
+peoples coming together and it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples coming together and it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples coming together and it's a bit
+ironic there's a Libyan quote that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic there's a Libyan quote that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic there's a Libyan quote that says
+to take away someone's access to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away someone's access to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take away someone's access to their
+mother tongue is to also take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother tongue is to also take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother tongue is to also take away
+access to their best tool for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to their best tool for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to their best tool for social
+change essentially and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change essentially and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change essentially and a lot of the
+readings hinted at this that reclaiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings hinted at this that reclaiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings hinted at this that reclaiming
+language through music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language through music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language through music
+like what Coke was doing in Jamaica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what Coke was doing in Jamaica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what Coke was doing in Jamaica
+through poetry like what Chamberlain was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through poetry like what Chamberlain was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through poetry like what Chamberlain was
+suggesting is a way of subverting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is a way of subverting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is a way of subverting these
+economic and political discourses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and political discourses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and political discourses of
+power and these discourses of linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and these discourses of linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and these discourses of linguistic
+power are paralleled globally as I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power are paralleled globally as I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power are paralleled globally as I'll
+have all a bit different English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all a bit different English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all a bit different English
+discourses so far we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses so far we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourses so far we've been talking
+about in to prevailing ideas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in to prevailing ideas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in to prevailing ideas that are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked together the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked together the idea of
+prescriptivism which feeds into cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptivism which feeds into cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptivism which feeds into cultural
+capital that there is a correct way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that there is a correct way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that there is a correct way of
+speaking every language and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking every language and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking every language and then there
+are predominant correct languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are predominant correct languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are predominant correct languages and
+incorrect languages are better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect languages are better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect languages are better than
+worse and this has been a larger larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and this has been a larger larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and this has been a larger larger
+form of goal global control of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of goal global control of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of goal global control of language
+and it contributes to the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contributes to the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it contributes to the ideas
+linguistic genocide which has now been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic genocide which has now been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic genocide which has now been
+documented very well that it's rampant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented very well that it's rampant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented very well that it's rampant
+throughout the world that languages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world that languages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the world that languages are
+dying at alarming rates but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying at alarming rates but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying at alarming rates but it's it's
+linked to this idea that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to this idea that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked to this idea that there is a
+correct language and that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct language and that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct language and that and the
+speakers of these quote-unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of these quote-unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers of these quote-unquote
+incorrect languages have abandoned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect languages have abandoned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect languages have abandoned for
+violent and nonviolent reasons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent and nonviolent reasons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent and nonviolent reasons and so
+like this idea is has been a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this idea is has been a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this idea is has been a very big
+lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're now talking about how all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're now talking about how all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're now talking about how all of
+these predominant discourses of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predominant discourses of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predominant discourses of power
+impact the shaping and formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the shaping and formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the shaping and formation of
+identity so there are a lot of conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so there are a lot of conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so there are a lot of conflicts
+in defining identity in post-colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining identity in post-colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining identity in post-colonial
+world the idea so Barack Obama has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the idea so Barack Obama has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the idea so Barack Obama has a
+quote that the worst thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that the worst thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that the worst thing that
+colonialism did was to cloud our view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism did was to cloud our view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism did was to cloud our view of
+the past but also this view of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but also this view of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past but also this view of the past
+is kind of something that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of something that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of something that a lot of
+countries are struggling with when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are struggling with when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are struggling with when
+defining today's identity is what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining today's identity is what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining today's identity is what is our
+relationship to the past was a
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+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the past was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the past was a
+relationship to colonial powers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to colonial powers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to colonial powers to
+countries that the people of today come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that the people of today come
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that the people of today come
+from and how do we or do we at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and how do we or do we at all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and how do we or do we at all
+use these influences to shape a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these influences to shape a unique
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these influences to shape a unique
+national identity today if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national identity today if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national identity today if we look at
+Jamaica their way of shaping and unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaica their way of shaping and unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaica their way of shaping and unique
+Jamaican identity was through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaican identity was through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jamaican identity was through their
+music through what Coke was doing and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music through what Coke was doing and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music through what Coke was doing and in
+in sponsoring these dancehall music the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sponsoring these dancehall music the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sponsoring these dancehall music the
+popularity of it and through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity of it and through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity of it and through the
+propagation of Caribbean poetry and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of Caribbean poetry and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of Caribbean poetry and just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that language can be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that language can be used as a
+tool to create a sense of and maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to create a sense of and maintain a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to create a sense of and maintain a
+sense of identity and then identity also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of identity and then identity also
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of identity and then identity also
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of a dual nature and that goes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this like choosing whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this like choosing whether or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we are colonial or not or both or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we are colonial or not or both or a
+new thing is that identity is both self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing is that identity is both self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thing is that identity is both self
+chosen and imposed and you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and imposed and you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and imposed and you can choose
+how all of these discourses of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how all of these discourses of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how all of these discourses of power
+influence how you define yourself and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence how you define yourself and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence how you define yourself and so
+then like the idea as well-cut said yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like the idea as well-cut said yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like the idea as well-cut said yeah
+he he kind of hinted at the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he kind of hinted at the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he kind of hinted at the idea that
+historically Caribbean cultures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically Caribbean cultures have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically Caribbean cultures have
+struggled or people have struggled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled or people have struggled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggled or people have struggled with
+the idea of identifying Caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of identifying Caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of identifying Caribbean
+cultures as being a culture people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures as being a culture people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures as being a culture people
+because they're so hodgepodge and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so hodgepodge and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're so hodgepodge and made
+up of so many different influences kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of so many different influences kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of so many different influences kind
+of harkening back to idea like purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harkening back to idea like purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harkening back to idea like purity
+and authenticity and so like using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authenticity and so like using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authenticity and so like using this
+idea of purity as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of purity as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of purity as a way of
+citing weather like what you choose are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing weather like what you choose are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citing weather like what you choose are
+what's imposed on you makes you pure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's imposed on you makes you pure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's imposed on you makes you pure or
+not and how you decide to identify with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and how you decide to identify with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and how you decide to identify with
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea and whether or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea and whether or not it's
+authentic to have chosen or to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic to have chosen or to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic to have chosen or to be
+imposed and like what remains in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed and like what remains in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed and like what remains in your
+identity in terms of the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in terms of the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in terms of the idea of
+authenticity that funeral and at je vais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity that funeral and at je vais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticity that funeral and at je vais
+discuss and their paper that we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RrVq7Yduz2g.txt b/RrVq7Yduz2g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8513c7f9579329c0a9af9048630fe8e1f1c811c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RrVq7Yduz2g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1790 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of courses, visit MIT
+OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: As you can probably
+tell from the volume of my
+
+voice, I'm not Moungi.
+
+I'm Bob Field, and I will be
+lecturing today as a special
+
+booby prize, because Bawendi
+is so wonderful.
+
+Last time you heard about
+work and heat.
+
+So there's p v work and it's
+given by the integral minus p
+
+external dv or just
+the integral from
+
+one to two of dw.
+
+And this little slash here
+means an in inexact
+
+differential.
+
+The reason for inexact doesn't
+mean it's a crummy
+
+measurement, it means that it's
+path dependent, and so
+
+the value of this integral
+depends on how you get from
+
+one to two. w greater than zero
+means that work is done
+
+on the system, and it's really
+important to keep track of the
+
+signs of these things.
+
+For heat, heat is defined, or
+the energy unit for heat,
+
+calorie, is defined as the
+amount of heat needed to raise
+
+one gram of water from 14.5
+degrees c to 15.5 degrees c.
+
+That great deal of specificity
+implies that heat is also
+
+path-dependent and again we have
+the convention that if
+
+heat is added to the system,
+the quantity is
+
+greater than zero.
+
+OK, so that's a quick
+statement of what
+
+happened last time.
+
+Today we're going to talk
+about heat capacity.
+
+The first law, a process that
+takes a gas from p1, V1, T to
+
+p2, V2, T examined for
+various paths.
+
+And what you'll find is that the
+maximum work out is obtain
+
+for a reversible path.
+
+We'll then look at the quantity,
+internal energy,
+
+which we define through the
+first law, and we think of it
+
+as a function of two variables
+T and V. And whenever we say
+
+something like that, we'll be
+able to write a differential,
+
+the partial of u, with respect
+to T at constant V, dT, plus
+
+the partial of u with respect
+to V at constant T dV.
+
+So, if we write something
+like this, it implies
+
+this kind of equation.
+
+And the main points of the
+latter part of the lecture is
+
+what are these quantities?
+
+How do we measure them?
+
+How do we understand them?
+
+This one turns out to be the
+heat capacity, and this one
+
+turns out to be something
+that we measure in
+
+the Joule-free expansion.
+
+So, that's the menu for today,
+at least that's what Moungi
+
+assigned me to cover, and
+I'll do the best I can.
+
+So, let's talk about
+heat capacity.
+
+Heat capacity relates the amount
+of heat that you add to
+
+the system to the change in
+temperature, and this is the
+
+relationship.
+
+The heat-added, temperature,
+and this is a
+
+proportionality constant.
+
+Heat capacity depends on path.
+
+So, here are two kinds
+of experiments.
+
+Here we have a fixed volume, and
+we have a little candle,
+
+and we're adding heat, and
+when we add heat, the
+
+pressure does what?
+
+STUDENT:
+
+PROFESSOR: It increases
+and the temperature.
+
+OK, we're you know,
+this is MIT.
+
+You guys know something.
+
+You should yell it out,
+not just whisper it.
+
+You have the confidence --
+
+I mean maybe up the street we
+whisper, but here we know it.
+
+And, so here is a different kind
+of system where we have a
+
+constant external pressure.
+
+We add heat to the system.
+
+And so here the volume
+can change.
+
+The temperature can change.
+
+And so as we add heat here, the
+temperature goes up and
+
+the volume -- that was even
+quieter than last time.
+
+OK, but you know it.
+
+You understand it.
+
+Now, the coefficient that
+relates the amount of heat in
+
+to the temperature change
+is obviously going to be
+
+different for these two cases.
+
+in this case, where we have a
+fixed volume, we say dq is
+
+equal that Cv, heat capacity
+dT, where the v specifies
+
+what's constant for the path.
+
+And so this is one path,
+constant volume.
+
+This has a particular value.
+
+Over here, we have dq=Cp dT, the
+heat, the proportionality
+
+between heat and temperature
+rise is given by this, the
+
+constant pressure
+heat capacity.
+
+They're different quantities.
+
+If we want to know the total
+heat added to the system, we
+
+can measure it, which is the
+straightforward thing, but
+
+sometimes you want to calculate
+in advance, or
+
+sometimes you want to calculate
+it on an exam.
+
+So, we do an integral over a
+path, for the heat capacity
+
+along that path, dT.
+
+So, for Cp and Cv, these are
+often quantities that are
+
+measured as a function of
+temperature, and one could, in
+
+fact, calculate this integral.
+
+For most problems on exams,
+those quantities are constant,
+
+independent of temperature.
+
+But there's no guarantee
+that they will be.
+
+Now I get to tell a fun story.
+
+The relationship between heat
+and work was initially
+
+proposed in the 1940's
+by Joule.
+
+Now, there are two stories about
+Joule and how he came to
+
+this insight.
+
+One is that he observed when
+people were machining cannon
+
+barrels, a lot of heat was
+generated, and there was a lot
+
+of work done.
+
+And so maybe the work
+generated the heat.
+
+Or there was a relationship
+between work and heat.
+
+Well, this is ridiculous because
+people were making
+
+cannons long before 1840.
+
+The other story, which is
+probably just as untrue, is
+
+that Joule, on his honeymoon,
+took his wife to a mountain
+
+resort, and they were sitting at
+the bottom of a waterfall,
+
+and he had this wonderful
+idea.
+
+And that was the water at the
+bottom of the waterfall is
+
+probably going to be hotter than
+the water at the top of
+
+the waterfall.
+
+So he grabbed his thermometer,
+and went and made a couple of
+
+measurements and discovered
+the first law of
+
+thermodynamics.
+
+In fact, the water at the bottom
+of the waterfall is
+
+hotter than the water at the
+top of the waterfall.
+
+And the idea was that gravity
+did work on the water and
+
+falling, and that work led to
+the generation of heat.
+
+If you think about this, you
+probably can come up with
+
+several other ideas for how the
+water at the bottom might
+
+be warmer than at the top.
+
+I mean it's flowing fast at
+the top, and it's sort of
+
+pooled at the bottom, and there
+is sunlight and all
+
+sorts of things that could
+make this coincidental as
+
+opposed to an insightful
+observation.
+
+But it's a good story,
+
+Joule decided that there must
+be a direct relationship
+
+between work and heat.
+
+They are the same quantity.
+
+They are both forms of energy.
+
+And so, we have this cartoon.
+
+Again, we have an open beaker
+and a candle, and we're
+
+putting only heat into this
+beaker, and the temperature
+
+goes from T1 to T2.
+
+And delta T is given by the
+heat, which has to do with how
+
+much of the candle burnt,
+divided by the constant
+
+pressure heat capacity.
+
+Now you could do a similar sort
+of thing, but instead of
+
+having a candle, you have a
+paddle wheel, and the paddle
+
+wheel is spun by a weight
+that's dropping
+
+from here to here.
+
+So, this weight is being
+spun-- now I'm really
+
+fantastic at drawing this
+mechanical device, but you can
+
+imagine that dropping
+a weight can cause a
+
+paddle wheel to turn.
+
+And we know about gravity,
+and we know about work.
+
+So, if you're doing physics,
+work is the integral of force,
+
+dx, x1 to x2.
+
+Right, that's work.
+
+Now, gravity, well force,
+is equal to mass times
+
+acceleration, and the
+acceleration due
+
+to gravity is g.
+
+The force, as this weight drops
+is constant, and so the
+
+work is just going to be
+m g h, where this is h.
+
+So, it's a trivial matter, by
+looking at what is the weight,
+
+and how far does it drop, to say
+OK, how much work is done
+
+by the paddle wheel.
+
+And this is in an isolated,
+in an adiabatic container.
+
+All the energy that is inserted
+into this, which
+
+might be turbulence initially,
+becomes heat, or becomes -- it
+
+raises the temperature.
+
+And so, again, we see a
+temperature increase, and we
+
+know the work, and the
+temperature increase, it's a
+
+constant pressure thing.
+
+And so we now have
+two observations.
+
+The same temperature increase,
+work and heat, and we have a
+
+relationship between
+heat and work.
+
+The first law of thermodynamics
+is --
+
+I'm fine.
+
+I don't --
+
+I'm all set, I only
+use this chalk.
+
+I brought it with me.
+
+The first law of thermodynamics,
+written
+
+concisely is dw plus dq, two
+inexact differentials,
+
+integrated over any closed
+path, is zero.
+
+This is an abstract and
+powerful mathematical
+
+statement of the first law
+of thermodynamics.
+
+There are much better or more
+appealing expressions.
+
+One is, du, u is called the
+internal energy or just the
+
+energy, is equal
+to dq plus dw.
+
+OK, notice we have two inexact
+differentials and exact
+
+differentials.
+
+This is a condition.
+
+If you have a quantity which
+is constant over any closed
+
+path, that quantity is a
+thermodynamics state function.
+
+So, this observation is
+equivalent to saying that
+
+there must be something that
+is path independent.
+
+Therefore, we don't have
+a cross through the d.
+
+And the first law says, well
+heat and work are different
+
+forms of energy, and we can
+add them, and the path
+
+dependence of these two things
+is somehow cancelled in the
+
+fact that we have this
+internal energy.
+
+So, we can also write delta u as
+integral from 1 to 2 of du.
+
+That's u2 minus u1,
+and it's q plus w.
+
+So, these two quantities, again,
+are path dependent.
+
+This is not.
+
+That's the first law
+of thermodynamics.
+
+It seems trivial, but it's
+really important.
+
+It's almost as important
+as the second law of
+
+thermodynamics, which you'll
+see in a week or so.
+
+There is a corollary to this.
+
+If we say we have a system, and
+it's in its surroundings.
+
+We can talk about du for the
+system well, that's q plus w.
+
+And we can say du for
+the surroundings.
+
+Well the system got its work
+from the surroundings.
+
+It either had work, got its heat
+from the surroundings, or
+
+it got worked on by
+the surroundings.
+
+And so, we can immediately write
+this and then we can
+
+write du for the universe,
+which is system plus
+
+surroundings is equal to zero.
+
+This is the corollary.
+
+It's due to Clausius and it
+says the energy in the
+
+universe is conserved.
+
+Fairly powerful statement, and
+that's another form of the
+
+first law of thermodynamics.
+
+OK, enough for really
+great discoveries.
+
+Now let's talk about some
+simple observations on
+
+isothermal gas expansions.
+
+The purpose here is to look at a
+series of processes in which
+
+temperature is held constant,
+and we're going to calculate
+
+how much work we get from
+allowing a gas to expand under
+
+various conditions.
+
+And what we'll discover is that
+when we allow the gas to
+
+expand reversibly, we
+get the most work.
+
+This is neat.
+
+This is important.
+
+OK, so we have constant
+temperature, because it's
+
+isothermal.
+
+And let's do a series
+of experiments.
+
+First let's set the external
+pressure equal to zero.
+
+So we have an experiment
+that looks like this.
+
+We have a piston.
+
+We have a pair of stops.
+
+We have another pair of stops.
+
+We start at p1, V1. and p
+external is equal to zero.
+
+In other words, this
+is vacuum.
+
+And so what happens when we
+remove these stops is that the
+
+piston slams up against the
+next pair of stops.
+
+It goes very fast.
+
+You could calculate the time.
+
+You could do all sorts of stuff,
+but what is important
+
+is that this piston in moving
+from here to here did no work
+
+on the surroundings because
+work is the integral of
+
+pressure dv, and the pressure
+external is zero.
+
+It doesn't matter what the
+pressure internal is.
+
+This is a point that is often
+confusing, because you can
+
+think, well maybe I could
+calculate what the internal
+
+pressure is even for this
+very rapid process.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+Thermodynamics is asking you,
+what work does this thing do
+
+on the surroundings or the
+surroundings do on the system?
+
+And there is no work done on
+the surroundings because
+
+pressure is zero.
+
+So, the work for this process is
+the integral, or minus the
+
+integral, V1, V2, p dV.
+
+And it's p external and
+p external is zero,
+
+so there's no work.
+
+OK, the next example is, well,
+when this piston slams up
+
+against these stops, the gas
+has expanded -- we're doing
+
+this isothermally, so this is in
+contact with the heat bath.
+
+The gas has expanded.
+
+It has a particular pressure
+and a particular volume.
+
+Every time you do the experiment
+in equilibrium with
+
+the heat bath at T, you'll
+get the same p2 and V2.
+
+One can know them.
+
+And so we can then say, OK,
+let's do this second
+
+expansion. and let's set
+p external equal to p2.
+
+And we do the same
+sort of thing.
+
+We have stops here.
+
+We have p1, V1.
+
+And we don't really need
+stops up here.
+
+We have a weight on the piston,
+and that weight is
+
+chosen so that it
+acts as though p
+
+external is equal to p2.
+
+We know the pressure is equal
+to force per area.
+
+And so we know the force for a
+particular mass, and we know
+
+the area of the piston. so we
+know how to do this, and we
+
+know this thing when it hit
+these stops, the pressure with
+
+p2, and the volume was V2.
+
+Now we could put stops here at
+V2, but this piston would just
+
+kiss the stops.
+
+It would stop there because
+we've chosen p2.
+
+The work for that process is
+going to be minus V1, V2, p2,
+
+because that's what we chose p
+external to be, dV, and that's
+
+going to be minus
+p2, V2 minus V1.
+
+That's the work.
+
+V2 is larger than V1, and
+so this quantity here is
+
+positive, and we have a negative
+sign because the
+
+system did work.
+
+OK, so now we can take the
+result from this and put it
+
+onto a p v diagram. p1, p2,
+V1, V2 -- so here is the
+
+initial situation, and here
+is the final situation.
+
+And the equation of state,
+pressure versus volume at
+
+constant temperature, is going
+to have some form, let's just
+
+draw it in there like that.
+
+So that's an equation
+of state.
+
+It's like the ideal gas
+law, and one could
+
+know that in principle.
+
+OK, so we did work -- oh, I
+should mention p times V has
+
+units of energy or
+units of work.
+
+Remember that, because you're
+going to find lots of
+
+thermodynamics quantities, and
+you're often going to be
+
+writing on exams, deriving
+things on exams, and you're
+
+going to almost always want the
+combinations of quantities
+
+to have units of energy.
+
+So, dimensional analysis is
+extremely valuable in
+
+thermodynamics, and here
+is an example of it.
+
+Anyway, the work associated
+with process number two is
+
+described by this box.
+
+Because we did work at constant
+pressure, and so it's
+
+just volume difference
+times pressure.
+
+OK, now we can do the process
+in two steps.
+
+So we start out with
+our piston.
+
+We have two weights on it.
+
+So we have p1, V1.
+
+We have stops.
+
+We've chosen two weights,
+so that this is p3.
+
+External pressure is p3.
+
+It's higher than p2.
+
+So we remove the stops, and the
+piston moves up, and now
+
+we remove one of these weights.
+and when we remove
+
+one of the weights, this gives
+an external pressure p2.
+
+So, the piston moves up
+again, one weight.
+
+So here is p2, p external.
+
+Here is p3.
+
+And so we have the work
+coming from two steps.
+
+And it's trivial to calculate
+what that will be, and when
+
+you do that, if we put p3 in on
+this diagram, what you end
+
+up finding is that you get an
+initial little bit of work
+
+corresponding to V3.
+
+So we break up our work into
+three pieces, and we
+
+get more work out.
+
+So the final process involves
+do it reversibly, or almost
+
+reversibly.
+
+We want p equal to p external
+for the entire expansion, and
+
+p external is decreased steadily
+from p1 to p2.
+
+How do we do this?
+
+Well, we start out with our
+usual system, and we have a
+
+bunch of little pebbles on it.
+
+Each weighing, say, one 100th
+of the weight needed to
+
+establish p external
+is equal to p1.
+
+We remove a pebble,
+system expands.
+
+We remove another one,
+system expands.
+
+That's equivalent to doing the
+integral, and so, what we end
+
+up getting is that the
+reversible work is equal to
+
+minus integral V1, V2, p dV.
+
+Because what we've done is we
+forced p, pressure here, to be
+
+equal to the external
+pressure.
+
+We've changed the external
+pressure slowly, and again
+
+this is isothermal.
+
+There is a heat bath
+here that keeps
+
+the temperature constant.
+
+So, the system does work on the
+surroundings, hence the
+
+minus sign.
+
+Now, if this is an ideal gas, we
+know that pressure is equal
+
+to nRT over volume.
+
+So we can put that in here
+and do this integral.
+
+We have minus V1, V2,
+nRT over V dV.
+
+These are all constant.
+
+It's isothermal.
+
+We can take them out.
+
+It's a closed system, so the
+number moles doesn't change.
+
+The ideal gas constant doesn't
+change, temperature doesn't
+
+change, and so we just have
+minus nRT integral V1, V2, dV
+
+over V. Now, we are very gentle
+in this course with
+
+respect to knowing integrals,
+but this is
+
+one you have to know.
+
+The integral of one over a
+quantity is the natural log.
+
+And so we can write this, minus
+nRT log V2 over V1.
+
+That should not take a breath.
+
+You know that much
+about integrals.
+
+OK, now we actually would like
+to simplify this or to write
+
+this in terms of not the
+volume change, but the
+
+pressure change.
+
+So, we have V2 over V1.
+
+Well, what we can write that
+using the ideal gas law twice,
+
+V2 is equal -- pV = nRT.
+
+So V2 = (nRT)/p2, and
+V1 = (nRT)/p1.
+
+So, the nRT's cancel, and
+we have p1 over p2.
+
+And so, we can rewrite this as
+the work is equal to minus nRT
+
+log p1 over p2, or nRT
+log p2 over p1.
+
+Now, p2 is less than p1, so this
+is a negative quantity.
+
+The system has done work.
+
+So the reversible process, we
+had this curve, and for the
+
+irreversible processes, we got
+this, and then this, whoops,
+
+and now we get the
+whole thing.
+
+So for the reversible process,
+the work done is the integral
+
+under the pressure volume
+state function,
+
+the function of state.
+
+OK, what time is it?
+
+I'm going to actually get caught
+up, make up for but
+
+Bawendi's slow lecturing.
+
+That doesn't mean it's better,
+it just means that I'm making
+
+up for a problem that
+he created.
+
+OK, so what do we know so far?
+
+Maximum work out is by
+reversible path.
+
+Delta u is q plus w.
+
+So the maximum work out required
+the maximum heat in.
+
+So a reversible process leads
+to requiring certain
+
+quantities to be maximized.
+
+Now, we have u, q and w.
+
+We have a relationship
+between them.
+
+Often, for a particular state
+change, it is easy to
+
+calculate two of these,
+but not the third.
+
+And because there is an explicit
+relationship between
+
+u, delta u, q and w, you can
+always find the easy way to
+
+derive the change in
+internal energy or
+
+the heat or the work.
+
+Even if the thing that you
+really want is an integral
+
+that would be difficult
+to evaluate.
+
+OK, now, we're going to look
+at the internal energy, and
+
+we're going to pretend that it
+is explicitly a function of
+
+temperature and volume.
+
+We could choose any two
+quantities, and, in fact, it
+
+turns out that these are going
+to prove, after we have the
+
+second law, not to be
+the best choice.
+
+But it's allowed to say the
+internal energy is a function
+
+of temperature and volume.
+
+When you say that, it implies
+that the differential is given
+
+by this pair of partial
+derivatives.
+
+V dT, partial of u with respect
+to the volume holding
+
+temperature constant, dV.
+
+So if you say this, it requires
+you to say this.
+
+Now, the purpose of this
+exercise is to give you a
+
+little bit of practice in
+figuring out what these
+
+quantities are.
+
+And do a little practice
+in manipulating these
+
+differentials.
+
+So, we have, we're interested
+in the change in internal
+
+energy for various experimental
+constraints.
+
+And so, one constraint is the
+process be done reversibly.
+
+Well then, du is equal to dq
+reversible plus dw reversible,
+
+which is minus p dV, because p
+is equal to p external for a
+
+reversible process, and
+we can write that.
+
+We could have isolated.
+
+Suppose we're looking at the
+system isolated from the
+
+outside world.
+
+Well, dq is equal to zero and
+dw is equal to zero because
+
+it's isolated.
+
+So that implies du
+is equal to zero.
+
+We could do an adiabatic
+process.
+
+Adiabatic means there's no heat
+transferred in or out of
+
+the system.
+
+We don't say anything about
+whether the system does work
+
+or has worked on -- implicitly
+here, we're talking about a
+
+closed system, so there's no
+mass leaving the system.
+
+But if it's adiabatic, then dq
+is equal zero, and for an
+
+adiabatic process, then
+du is equal to dw.
+
+OK, now this is a point
+we want to be careful.
+
+Be careful.
+
+Suppose we are doing an
+adiabatic process.
+
+We can do it reversibly, or
+we can do it irreversibly.
+
+So suppose we do it
+irreversibly.
+
+Suppose we just remove stops,
+and the system slams up
+
+against the other stops.
+
+Did no work.
+
+Does that mean du is zero?
+
+You bet it does not.
+
+So, it's important to write this
+little thing on here, du
+
+is equal to the reversible
+work, not just the work.
+
+You can have a process where
+you can measure an
+
+irreversible process,
+where you could
+
+calculate the work done.
+
+It could be zero.
+
+It could be something else.
+
+But if it's not reversible,
+it's not du.
+
+And you will be invited to
+make that mistake on
+
+an exam, I'm sure.
+
+OK, so, the thing about a state
+function is that the
+
+function has a value for initial
+conditions and at
+
+final conditions.
+
+And the difference
+between those is
+
+what you could measure.
+
+If you measure something
+else, you won't get du.
+
+Be careful, and this is going
+to be especially complicated
+
+and confusing when we get to
+quantities that have a more
+
+obscure meaning like entropy.
+
+I mean we can, we can sort of
+understand why OK, the total
+
+energy, if we measure it, we
+measure a process which is not
+
+reversible.
+
+Well it might not give the
+energy change for that
+
+process, but when we have
+a quantity which is more
+
+obscure, which the definition
+of that quantity requires a
+
+very specific prescription for
+calculating, you're going to
+
+get into trouble.
+
+So exam this and be sure
+you understand that.
+
+OK, constant volume.
+
+Well for constant volume,
+dw is equal to zero.
+
+Why?
+
+How does it do, what is work?
+
+Well it's p v work if the
+volume doesn't change.
+
+There is no work.
+
+So in this case du is equal to
+dq, and we put a little v on
+
+it to imply the work, the change
+in internal energy is
+
+equal to the heat added
+at constant volume.
+
+Nothing reversible about it.
+
+It's now, all we have to do is
+say we're going to have heat
+
+at constant volume.
+
+OK, and now we return to
+this differential.
+
+We want to ask the question,
+what are these two quantities?
+
+How do we know what they are?
+
+This should be particularly
+bothersome to you because, as
+
+you've already experienced in
+5.60, there are a lot of
+
+partial derivatives. there
+are a lot of variables.
+
+There are a lot of things
+held constant.
+
+It's easy to get lost in this
+sea of quantities, none of
+
+which have obvious meaning.
+
+So now what we're going to do is
+start to extract what these
+
+things mean.
+
+OK, so for a constant volume
+process, we can write du,
+
+partial derivative of u with
+respect to T at constant V,
+
+dT, plus partial derivative
+of u at constant V, dV.
+
+OK, for constant volume,
+this is zero.
+
+So this term is gone, and we
+rewrite this du, V is equal to
+
+du/dT, at constant V, dT v.
+So we, have a change in
+
+temperature done at constant
+volume, and we have a change
+
+in internal energy done at
+constant volume, and we
+
+rearrange this.
+
+And we discover that du/dT at
+constant V is equal to du/dT
+
+at constant V. What, have
+I done something silly?
+
+Oh well, yes I have. dq v, so
+du v is equal to dq v and so
+
+what I should have written here,
+this is true, we can get
+
+a partial derivative by taking
+two total derivatives at the
+
+same pressure, at the same
+quantity, but what I really
+
+wanted to do is to write dq
+v is equal to the partial
+
+derivative of T, constant v dT
+v. OK, and now, we know the
+
+relationship between heat and a
+temperature change is given
+
+by a quantity, a heat capacity
+for a particular path, and
+
+here it is.
+
+So what we've discovered from
+this relationship that du at
+
+constant volume is equal to dq
+v. We have discovered that
+
+this partial derivative that
+appears in the definition, the
+
+abstract definition of the
+differential for internal
+
+energy, is just equal to the
+constant volume heat capacity.
+
+So, in this definition now, we
+have one term which we know.
+
+It's something that
+we can measure.
+
+We can measure the heat capacity
+at constant volume,
+
+and now we have another term,
+and if we can figure out how
+
+to measure it, we'll have
+a complete form for this
+
+differential which
+will enable us to
+
+calculate du for any process.
+
+So let me write where I am
+now, or we are now. du is
+
+equal to Cv dT, plus partial of
+u with respect to volume at
+
+constant temperature dV.
+
+So, we've simplified the
+expression by replacing one of
+
+the partial derivatives by a
+quantity that we can measure.
+
+And we like to know
+what about this.
+
+So we need an experiment
+that will enable us to
+
+measure this quantity.
+
+And that's where we get Joule,
+and I like to say it Joule's
+
+free expansion -- it's usually
+referred to as the Joule free
+
+expansion, which sort of implies
+that no energy flows,
+
+which actually is true, but it's
+an experiment proposed by
+
+Joule, and the experiment
+involves an adiabatic box.
+
+So we have system insulated from
+the outside world, and we
+
+have two bulbs.
+
+There's a valve between them.
+
+And so we have gas and
+we have vacuum.
+
+So the Joule free expansion
+involves opening this valve
+
+and asking what happens when
+this gas moves into the other
+
+bulb or distributes between the
+two. well since the gas is
+
+expanding into vacuum
+no work is done.
+
+Since it's isolated,
+no heat is added.
+
+So du is equal to zero because
+dq and dw are both zero.
+
+So we can now take this
+expression and rewrite it
+
+under the condition of
+du is equal to zero.
+
+So we have du equal to zero,
+just a zero here.
+
+Cv dT constant u plus the
+derivative du/dV at constant
+
+T, dV at constant u.
+
+This is just a number.
+
+We don't have to specify that
+it's measured at constant u.
+
+It's just a number.
+
+So now we rearrange this
+expression, and so we get
+
+du/dV at constant T is equal to
+minus Cv times dT u over dV
+
+u or minus Cv partial derivative
+of temperature with
+
+respect for volume a constant,
+free energy, a constant
+
+internal energy.
+
+So, this is the quantity
+we want.
+
+It's related to the heat
+capacity, the constant volume
+
+of heat capacity and something
+you could measure.
+
+What happens as you expand
+into volume?
+
+Does the temperature go up?
+
+Does it not change?
+
+Joule actually did this
+experiment, and he observed
+
+that for the gas expansions
+that he could do, that the
+
+temperature did not increase
+measurably.
+
+So he made an incorrect
+conclusion.
+
+Because something was small
+and unmeasurable, he said,
+
+well the best of my knowledge
+dT/dV at constant
+
+u is equal to zero.
+
+And that implies that since the
+quantity we want is given
+
+by this quantity, which is zero
+times a constant, the
+
+quantity we want is also zero.
+
+So it would imply that du
+was equal to only the
+
+first term Cv dT.
+
+Now, this is an important
+lesson in
+
+what you do in science.
+
+You make an observation.
+
+You make an observation doing
+an experiment that is as
+
+accurate as you can do.
+
+And so an experiment said the
+gas didn't increase its
+
+temperature when it expanded
+the vacuum.
+
+And so the next thing you do is
+you call up a journal and
+
+say I've discovered a
+fundamental law of nature.
+
+And, so you propose that there
+is no, that this derivative is
+
+zero, and that the internal
+energy is given
+
+simply by this quantity.
+
+It turns out that this quantity
+here, which is called
+
+eta of J the Joule free
+expansion parameter, is not
+
+quite zero.
+
+When you expand a real
+gas into vacuum, the
+
+temperature goes down.
+
+So this is a very small number
+and for ideal gases, eta J is
+
+equal to zero.
+
+This quantity is exactly zero
+for an ideal gas and we'll
+
+discover why eventually it has
+to do with what we mean by an
+
+ideal gas it turns out.
+
+And so for many, many problems,
+especially on exams,
+
+especially on this first exam,
+you will be able to say that
+
+this is the relationship between
+internal energy and
+
+temperature.
+
+That u is a function of
+temperature only.
+
+It doesn't matter what
+other things change.
+
+The value of the internal energy
+is only determined by
+
+temperature.
+
+But this is only true for
+an ideal gas and it's
+
+approximately true
+for other things.
+
+So, delta u is equal
+to zero for all
+
+isothermal ideal gas processes.
+
+And it's approximately
+equal to zero for
+
+all real gas processes.
+
+And so that means that delta
+u is always calculable from
+
+Cv(T) dT for any ideal
+gas change.
+
+So even if work is done,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+All you care about is what was
+the temperature change?
+
+And this is always the easy way
+to calculate du, and it's
+
+often the easy way to calculate
+either q or w, using
+
+the first law.
+
+So, since du is equal to q plus
+w, and for an isothermal
+
+process this is equal
+to zero, q = -w.
+
+For an ideal gas, for an
+isothermal process.
+
+It simplifies your
+life enormously.
+
+You don't have to
+calculate much.
+
+OK, so it's time to stop, I did,
+in fact, get caught up.
+
+I hope you didn't mind the
+enhanced velocity.
+
+Now Bawendi can do the beautiful
+stuff on lecture
+
+number four.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S9v_naROYQ8.txt b/S9v_naROYQ8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f81c0f41c772452e4ea5920e1a07df0d762d903f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S9v_naROYQ8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here's my public disclaimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's my public disclaimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's my public disclaimer
+that will go on the video so that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go on the video so that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will go on the video so that no one
+will judge you for having only had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will judge you for having only had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will judge you for having only had one
+day to do this project they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to do this project they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day to do this project they will be
+amazed at how much you got done so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed at how much you got done so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed at how much you got done so we're
+gonna present and no one's project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna present and no one's project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna present and no one's project is
+completely finished so don't stress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely finished so don't stress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely finished so don't stress this
+is a thing that you had one day to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing that you had one day to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thing that you had one day to do
+and you will have three days and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have three days and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have three days and a
+weekend to do the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend to do the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend to do the next one
+so this is just a practice run because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a practice run because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a practice run because
+next Friday you'll have a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Friday you'll have a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Friday you'll have a much bigger
+project and we'll invite other people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we'll invite other people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we'll invite other people so
+here is about supporting and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about supporting and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about supporting and learning
+from each other's process and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other's process and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other's process and learning
+about what things you had success with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what things you had success with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what things you had success with
+and what things you didn't so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what things you didn't so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what things you didn't so if
+somebody was able to implement the lien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was able to implement the lien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was able to implement the lien
+then afterward you go hey how did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then afterward you go hey how did you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then afterward you go hey how did you do
+that lien can I have your script or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lien can I have your script or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lien can I have your script or if
+somebody had a cool gesture or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a cool gesture or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a cool gesture or if
+somebody had a nice video game animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a nice video game animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had a nice video game animation
+where like something grew and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like something grew and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like something grew and something
+did something in response to the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something in response to the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something in response to the growth
+you can ask them how they implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask them how they implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask them how they implemented
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SDKIsplqGmY.txt b/SDKIsplqGmY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfd19f87ffab0b5024f2bbc87cc490967430ac47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SDKIsplqGmY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so hello I'm Henry Jenkins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hello I'm Henry Jenkins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so hello I'm Henry Jenkins the
+director of comparative media studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of comparative media studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of comparative media studies
+here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+MIT um about two weeks after the Coline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um about two weeks after the Coline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um about two weeks after the Coline
+massacre in Littleton Colorado I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massacre in Littleton Colorado I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massacre in Littleton Colorado I got
+called before the US Senate Commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called before the US Senate Commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called before the US Senate Commerce
+Committee to testify on the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee to testify on the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee to testify on the relationship
+of youth culture and violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of youth culture and violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of youth culture and violent
+entertainment and the thing that struck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and the thing that struck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment and the thing that struck
+me when I was in that room was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I was in that room was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when I was in that room was that
+there were all kinds of adults sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were all kinds of adults sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were all kinds of adults sitting
+around the table talking about young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the table talking about young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the table talking about young
+people their relationship to technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people their relationship to technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people their relationship to technology
+their relationship to culture their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relationship to culture their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relationship to culture their
+relationship to schooling and to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to schooling and to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to schooling and to each
+other and not a single young person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and not a single young person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and not a single young person in
+the room except my son who was then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room except my son who was then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room except my son who was then a
+teenager who would tagged along to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager who would tagged along to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenager who would tagged along to see
+his father testify and it struck me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father testify and it struck me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father testify and it struck me that
+that that there was a lot missing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there was a lot missing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there was a lot missing from
+the picture that was being given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that was being given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that was being given in
+Washington as they were trying to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington as they were trying to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington as they were trying to set
+policies that would affect education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that would affect education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that would affect education
+that would affect the regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would affect the regulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would affect the regulation of
+entertainment in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment in terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment in terms of an
+understanding of young people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of young people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of young people's
+relationship to technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to technology
+so I set about on two two missions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I set about on two two missions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I set about on two two missions the
+first was to visit high schools around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was to visit high schools around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was to visit high schools around
+the country and talk to young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country and talk to young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country and talk to young people
+about their use of digital technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their use of digital technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their use of digital technology
+and the second was to go online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second was to go online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second was to go online and
+begin to look closely at the websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to look closely at the websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to look closely at the websites
+chat rooms internet list that young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat rooms internet list that young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat rooms internet list that young
+people were creating so that we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were creating so that we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were creating so that we had a
+more Vivid picture of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Vivid picture of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Vivid picture of what that
+Community was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community was
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um you know why why focus on digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know why why focus on digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know why why focus on digital
+media well because in the wake of Colum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media well because in the wake of Colum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media well because in the wake of Colum
+comine there was we entered into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comine there was we entered into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comine there was we entered into a
+period of moral panic and moral Panic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of moral panic and moral Panic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of moral panic and moral Panic is
+when you stop asking questions and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stop asking questions and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stop asking questions and start
+assuming you know the answers Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you know the answers Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you know the answers Time
+Magazine initiates that in part when if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine initiates that in part when if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magazine initiates that in part when if
+you look on the week of the shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look on the week of the shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look on the week of the shooting
+their cover story was the monsters next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cover story was the monsters next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cover story was the monsters next
+door what made them do it and the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door what made them do it and the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door what made them do it and the very
+next week they provide their own answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week they provide their own answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week they provide their own answer
+growing up online The Washington Post uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up online The Washington Post uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up online The Washington Post uh
+surveyed its uh readership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveyed its uh readership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveyed its uh readership and
+discovered that uh asked people what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that uh asked people what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that uh asked people what
+they thought were the most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought were the most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought were the most significant
+causes of the shooting and the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of the shooting and the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes of the shooting and the top
+answer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with
+82% was the internet something like 60%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82% was the internet something like 60%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82% was the internet something like 60%
+said that they thought the availability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that they thought the availability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that they thought the availability
+of guns was a significant factor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guns was a significant factor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guns was a significant factor in the
+Columbine shooting so more adults were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbine shooting so more adults were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbine shooting so more adults were
+frightened of young people's access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened of young people's access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightened of young people's access to
+the internet than young people's access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet than young people's access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet than young people's access
+to weaponry and I think that's that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weaponry and I think that's that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weaponry and I think that's that was
+a chilling comment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chilling comment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chilling comment to
+me it's as if no other website existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's as if no other website existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's as if no other website existed
+for teenagers except the website created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teenagers except the website created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for teenagers except the website created
+by Harris and cold U the two Shooters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Harris and cold U the two Shooters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Harris and cold U the two Shooters in
+in that case which is significant that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case which is significant that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case which is significant that a
+lot got written about those websites but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot got written about those websites but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot got written about those websites but
+almost no one saw them because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no one saw them because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no one saw them because they were
+removed from public view within a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from public view within a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from public view within a few
+minutes after the shootings that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes after the shootings that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes after the shootings that took
+place at the high school so journalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at the high school so journalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place at the high school so journalists
+wrote about them as if they'd seen them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about them as if they'd seen them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about them as if they'd seen them
+and in fact very few of them actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact very few of them actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact very few of them actually
+did um many generalizations got made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um many generalizations got made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um many generalizations got made
+about those websites but they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those websites but they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those websites but they weren't
+tested against any kind of Baseline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested against any kind of Baseline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested against any kind of Baseline of
+what youth culture actually looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what youth culture actually looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what youth culture actually looked like
+that's fairly typical of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly typical of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly typical of the way
+journalists have covered the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists have covered the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalists have covered the internet
+for example one of the statistics when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one of the statistics when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one of the statistics when I
+I talked to people about youth online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked to people about youth online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked to people about youth online
+was a study that was done a year or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study that was done a year or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a study that was done a year or so
+ago where they said that one out of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago where they said that one out of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago where they said that one out of four
+teenage girls had received an unwelcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenage girls had received an unwelcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenage girls had received an unwelcome
+sexual Advance on the internet well two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Advance on the internet well two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Advance on the internet well two
+problems with that study the first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with that study the first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with that study the first was
+that it didn't bother to establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't bother to establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't bother to establish a
+baseline of what percentage of teenage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline of what percentage of teenage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline of what percentage of teenage
+girls had received an unwelcome sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls had received an unwelcome sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls had received an unwelcome sexual
+advance in their day-to-day interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance in their day-to-day interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance in their day-to-day interactions
+with people and secondly it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and secondly it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people and secondly it turns out
+that their definition of unwelcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their definition of unwelcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their definition of unwelcome
+sexual Advance was broad enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Advance was broad enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual Advance was broad enough to
+include someone being asked out on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include someone being asked out on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include someone being asked out on a
+date by someone they didn't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date by someone they didn't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date by someone they didn't want to go
+out with so you have to be in fact s it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with so you have to be in fact s it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with so you have to be in fact s it
+would be surprising if only one out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be surprising if only one out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be surprising if only one out of
+four teenage girls had ever been asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four teenage girls had ever been asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four teenage girls had ever been asked
+on a date by someone they didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a date by someone they didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a date by someone they didn't want to
+go out we have let alone been subjected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out we have let alone been subjected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out we have let alone been subjected
+to sexual harassment or sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sexual harassment or sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sexual harassment or sexual
+molestation or sexual stalking which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molestation or sexual stalking which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molestation or sexual stalking which was
+the level of of language that was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of of language that was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of of language that was used
+mostly in the media and Reporting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the media and Reporting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the media and Reporting them
+so what did I find when I began talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did I find when I began talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did I find when I began talking
+to teenagers and going online well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teenagers and going online well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teenagers and going online well the
+first thing I saw when you look at teen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I saw when you look at teen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I saw when you look at teen
+websites they often present themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites they often present themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites they often present themselves
+as a utopian space that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a utopian space that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a utopian space that's totally
+removed from the world of school and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the world of school and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the world of school and the
+world of home they're described as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of home they're described as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of home they're described as a
+place where people can have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where people can have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where people can have their own
+identities that they can preserve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities that they can preserve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities that they can preserve their
+dignity and self-respect that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity and self-respect that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity and self-respect that they can
+express themselves that they can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express themselves that they can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express themselves that they can form
+communities with other people and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities with other people and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities with other people and what's
+interesting is if you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is if you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is if you look at that
+utopian rhetoric it almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian rhetoric it almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utopian rhetoric it almost always
+includes hints of a dystopian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes hints of a dystopian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes hints of a dystopian
+relationship to schooling because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to schooling because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to schooling because if you
+read some one of the websites I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some one of the websites I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read some one of the websites I like to
+look at is a site called Palisades and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is a site called Palisades and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is a site called Palisades and
+Palisades is described as a strong fence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palisades is described as a strong fence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palisades is described as a strong fence
+that protects you from being torn down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protects you from being torn down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protects you from being torn down
+and in fact the woman as the girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the woman as the girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the woman as the girl
+describes her sight she several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes her sight she several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes her sight she several times
+emphasizes this need for protection need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes this need for protection need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes this need for protection need
+to be free from being torn down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be free from being torn down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be free from being torn down from
+people around around them and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around around them and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around around them and that
+emphasis on the dark side of schooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the dark side of schooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on the dark side of schooling
+should give pause to adults uh who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give pause to adults uh who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give pause to adults uh who are
+looking for an understanding of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an understanding of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an understanding of why
+something like Coline comes about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Coline comes about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Coline comes about that
+when I talk to young people about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk to young people about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk to young people about
+Columbine they almost always understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbine they almost always understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbine they almost always understand
+it in a context of school bullying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a context of school bullying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a context of school bullying in
+the context of Parental neglect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of Parental neglect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of Parental neglect in the
+context of kids' lack of self-esteem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of kids' lack of self-esteem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of kids' lack of self-esteem and
+dignity then many of them say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity then many of them say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignity then many of them say it's
+remarkable that they were never pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that they were never pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable that they were never pushed
+to the point where they wanted to gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where they wanted to gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where they wanted to gun
+down their classmates because they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down their classmates because they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down their classmates because they feel
+like they know what kinds of experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they know what kinds of experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they know what kinds of experiences
+these young boys went through and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these young boys went through and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these young boys went through and we see
+that when we look on the web we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we look on the web we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we look on the web we see that
+expression of both a hope for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of both a hope for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of both a hope for something
+better that the web seems to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that the web seems to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better that the web seems to represent
+for them and we see that sense of fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and we see that sense of fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and we see that sense of fear
+or anxiety about what the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anxiety about what the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anxiety about what the school
+classroom actually means means to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom actually means means to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom actually means means to these
+kids I think it's very significant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids I think it's very significant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids I think it's very significant to
+think about what it means to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it means to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it means to have a
+homepage when you don't have a home what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage when you don't have a home what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage when you don't have a home what
+is it to have a homepage when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it to have a homepage when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it to have a homepage when you don't
+control the physical environment around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the physical environment around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the physical environment around
+you where the virtual environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the virtual environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the virtual environment
+becomes the only space where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the only space where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the only space where you can
+decide what you want to tell who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what you want to tell who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what you want to tell who you
+want to be as opposed to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be as opposed to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be as opposed to having
+identities and assumptions foed on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and assumptions foed on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and assumptions foed on you
+in the school environment it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the school environment it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the school environment it becomes
+especially important for kids who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important for kids who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important for kids who are
+Outsiders kids who were alienated within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsiders kids who were alienated within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsiders kids who were alienated within
+the school community cuz those kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school community cuz those kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school community cuz those kids
+often feel like there is no safe haven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often feel like there is no safe haven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often feel like there is no safe haven
+for them in the school I was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them in the school I was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them in the school I was one of
+those kids and I oft I remember rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kids and I oft I remember rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kids and I oft I remember rather
+vividly walking through the hallway of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly walking through the hallway of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vividly walking through the hallway of
+my high school having people spit at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my high school having people spit at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my high school having people spit at me
+call me names threaten to beat me up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call me names threaten to beat me up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call me names threaten to beat me up and
+I remember one day the school was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember one day the school was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember one day the school was a
+square and I remember walking around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and I remember walking around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and I remember walking around the
+Square during my lunch hour walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square during my lunch hour walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square during my lunch hour walking
+faster and faster trying to get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster trying to get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster trying to get around
+four or five different clusters of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five different clusters of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five different clusters of kids
+all of whom were verbally abusive to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of whom were verbally abusive to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of whom were verbally abusive to me
+and feeling there was no place that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeling there was no place that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeling there was no place that I
+belonged there was no place that I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged there was no place that I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged there was no place that I felt
+connected to other kids my son who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to other kids my son who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to other kids my son who's
+something of an outcast in his high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of an outcast in his high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of an outcast in his high
+school but he was able to go online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but he was able to go online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but he was able to go online and
+connect with other kids and form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with other kids and form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with other kids and form a
+social network that supported him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social network that supported him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social network that supported him he
+found someone somewhere who was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found someone somewhere who was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found someone somewhere who was not
+didn't stigmatize him on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stigmatize him on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't stigmatize him on the basis of
+the public perception of him in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public perception of him in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public perception of him in his
+immediate face-to-face environment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate face-to-face environment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate face-to-face environment but
+instead respected him for what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead respected him for what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead respected him for what he
+contributed to the well-being of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the well-being of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the well-being of that
+group what kinds of ideas he expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group what kinds of ideas he expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group what kinds of ideas he expressed
+what kinds of values he embodied in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of values he embodied in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of values he embodied in his
+own relationship and so his early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own relationship and so his early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+relationships took place online they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships took place online they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships took place online they
+were social and relationships initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were social and relationships initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were social and relationships initially
+friendships but gradually romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships but gradually romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships but gradually romantic
+relationships with teenage girls who he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with teenage girls who he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with teenage girls who he
+knew but knew knew intimately but were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but knew knew intimately but were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew but knew knew intimately but were
+in fact living halfway across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact living halfway across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact living halfway across the
+country in in one case and halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in in one case and halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in in one case and halfway
+across the world in another and that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world in another and that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world in another and that set
+of social connection seems very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social connection seems very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social connection seems very very
+important the act of forming say a weing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the act of forming say a weing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the act of forming say a weing
+among websites for teenagers becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among websites for teenagers becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among websites for teenagers becomes a
+moment of acceptance of linkage to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of acceptance of linkage to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of acceptance of linkage to other
+kids that I think that become Central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that I think that become Central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids that I think that become Central to
+the social rituals of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social rituals of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social rituals of that
+Generation Um subcultures become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Um subcultures become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation Um subcultures become
+particularly important in that context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important in that context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important in that context
+uh there's an amazing site that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's an amazing site that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's an amazing site that I
+stumbled across in my research that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbled across in my research that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbled across in my research that had
+a picture of Audrey heurn on it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of Audrey heurn on it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of Audrey heurn on it and I
+was curious to click down and see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious to click down and see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curious to click down and see who
+would put what teenage girl would put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put what teenage girl would put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put what teenage girl would put a
+picture of Audrey heurn on her website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Audrey heurn on her website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Audrey heurn on her website
+and what it said was I'm a person of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it said was I'm a person of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it said was I'm a person of
+mixed racial ancestry and she rattled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed racial ancestry and she rattled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed racial ancestry and she rattled
+off like eight or nine different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like eight or nine different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like eight or nine different
+National cultures that were in her blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National cultures that were in her blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National cultures that were in her blood
+her family ties and she says I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her family ties and she says I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her family ties and she says I don't
+know what race or nationality I am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what race or nationality I am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what race or nationality I am I
+don't know where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where I
+belong that sense of not of old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong that sense of not of old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong that sense of not of old
+categories of racial and national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of racial and national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories of racial and national
+identity breaking down in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity breaking down in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity breaking down in a
+Multicultural Society over Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multicultural Society over Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multicultural Society over Generations
+leaves one hungry for that sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves one hungry for that sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves one hungry for that sense of
+affiliation or cultural connection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliation or cultural connection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliation or cultural connection of
+rootedness but the search becomes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootedness but the search becomes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootedness but the search becomes for a
+self-selecting cultural Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-selecting cultural Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-selecting cultural Community
+something like the goth Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the goth Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the goth Community
+something like the riot girls something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the riot girls something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the riot girls something
+like the skaters or ravers become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the skaters or ravers become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the skaters or ravers become
+communities of affiliation that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of affiliation that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of affiliation that these
+young people feel tied to they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people feel tied to they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people feel tied to they become
+very very powerful parts of who they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful parts of who they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful parts of who they are
+and how they see themselves and schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they see themselves and schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they see themselves and schools
+attempts to suppress those views as took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to suppress those views as took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to suppress those views as took
+place with the goth Community following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with the goth Community following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place with the goth Community following
+Coline become direct threats to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coline become direct threats to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coline become direct threats to their
+sense of developing cultural identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of developing cultural identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of developing cultural identity
+their sense of who they are and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sense of who they are and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sense of who they are and what
+their place is in the world I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their place is in the world I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their place is in the world I remember
+talking in a high school in my lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in a high school in my lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in a high school in my lecture
+tour and this teenage girl came up to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour and this teenage girl came up to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour and this teenage girl came up to me
+wearing pastel colors and little pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pastel colors and little pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing pastel colors and little pink
+flip-flops a little bit of glitter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flops a little bit of glitter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flops a little bit of glitter on
+her cheeks and she said I'm a goth and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cheeks and she said I'm a goth and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her cheeks and she said I'm a goth and I
+said that's remarkable and she pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's remarkable and she pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's remarkable and she pulled
+down uh pulled open up her top a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh pulled open up her top a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh pulled open up her top a little
+bit and showed me this necklace which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and showed me this necklace which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and showed me this necklace which
+she wore which was clearly a marker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wore which was clearly a marker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wore which was clearly a marker of
+goth subcultural identity that she wore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goth subcultural identity that she wore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goth subcultural identity that she wore
+underneath all the pink and pastel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath all the pink and pastel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath all the pink and pastel and
+she said I went into the closet I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said I went into the closet I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said I went into the closet I went
+under cover because of the reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under cover because of the reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under cover because of the reaction to
+my subculture following Columbine and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subculture following Columbine and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subculture following Columbine and it
+was like my friends who were gay or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like my friends who were gay or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like my friends who were gay or
+lesbian but are not out of the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesbian but are not out of the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesbian but are not out of the office
+who wear a little pink triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wear a little pink triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wear a little pink triangle
+underneath their top that she was hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath their top that she was hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath their top that she was hiding
+who she was but she clung to that symol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who she was but she clung to that symol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who she was but she clung to that symol
+because it was a central part of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a central part of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a central part of her
+cultural identity the other thing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural identity the other thing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural identity the other thing one
+wants to say about the web in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to say about the web in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to say about the web in these
+teenagers lives is that it's a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers lives is that it's a space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers lives is that it's a space of
+creativity one of the letters that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity one of the letters that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity one of the letters that I got
+after Coline was describing the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Coline was describing the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Coline was describing the fact
+that Harrison kold got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Harrison kold got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Harrison kold got all this
+attention for the message they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention for the message they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention for the message they wanted to
+deliver about what it was to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver about what it was to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver about what it was to be an
+outsider what it was to be alien in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider what it was to be alien in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider what it was to be alien in high
+school and ask if they'd written an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and ask if they'd written an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and ask if they'd written an
+essay or a for or taken a photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay or a for or taken a photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay or a for or taken a photograph
+would anyone in the adult population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would anyone in the adult population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would anyone in the adult population
+paid attention to those ideas and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to those ideas and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid attention to those ideas and it's a
+legitimate question because all through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate question because all through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate question because all through
+the web one sees site after site where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web one sees site after site where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web one sees site after site where
+kids teenagers are writing stories doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids teenagers are writing stories doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids teenagers are writing stories doing
+Photoshop collages writing poems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop collages writing poems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop collages writing poems
+publishing their own literary magazines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing their own literary magazines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing their own literary magazines
+composing music and putting it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing music and putting it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing music and putting it on the
+web and MP3 files making digital films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and MP3 files making digital films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and MP3 files making digital films
+there's an enormous array of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an enormous array of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an enormous array of creativity
+on the web by these teenagers that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web by these teenagers that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web by these teenagers that is
+totally Unknown by the adults and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally Unknown by the adults and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally Unknown by the adults and their
+surroundings by their parents by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings by their parents by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings by their parents by their
+teachers that is fostered by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers that is fostered by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers that is fostered by their
+participation in online subcultures now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in online subcultures now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in online subcultures now
+what are the implications for that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the implications for that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the implications for that of
+that for us as Educators I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for us as Educators I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for us as Educators I think it
+invites us to go back to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invites us to go back to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invites us to go back to this question
+of media literacy which is a word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of media literacy which is a word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of media literacy which is a word that
+gets thrown around an awful lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets thrown around an awful lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets thrown around an awful lot in
+educational circles media literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational circles media literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational circles media literacy
+normally in the United States seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in the United States seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in the United States seems to
+mean just say no to Nintendo turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just say no to Nintendo turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just say no to Nintendo turn off
+your TV sets don't consume media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TV sets don't consume media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TV sets don't consume media and
+that purely negative notion of policing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purely negative notion of policing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purely negative notion of policing
+Taste of telling kids what's bad for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taste of telling kids what's bad for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taste of telling kids what's bad for
+them to consume seems totally out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to consume seems totally out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to consume seems totally out of
+touch with the reality these kids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with the reality these kids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with the reality these kids have
+found of community of mutual support of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found of community of mutual support of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found of community of mutual support of
+self-esteem and of creativity in the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-esteem and of creativity in the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-esteem and of creativity in the web
+environment it is simply not an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it is simply not an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it is simply not an approach
+to Media education that is going to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Media education that is going to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Media education that is going to fly
+beyond that if we're being honest about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that if we're being honest about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that if we're being honest about
+what we mean by literacy it is literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by literacy it is literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by literacy it is literacy
+isn't a taste it's a set of skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a taste it's a set of skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a taste it's a set of skills and
+literacy if we talk about traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy if we talk about traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy if we talk about traditional
+literacy and we imagine someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy and we imagine someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy and we imagine someone who
+could read but couldn't write we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read but couldn't write we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could read but couldn't write we would
+not describe them as literate we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not describe them as literate we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not describe them as literate we would
+not describe them was someone who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not describe them was someone who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not describe them was someone who had
+the full skills necessary to participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full skills necessary to participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full skills necessary to participate
+in a society of literacy so for me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a society of literacy so for me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a society of literacy so for me the
+way you approach media literacy is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you approach media literacy is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you approach media literacy is to
+begin by empowering teenagers to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by empowering teenagers to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by empowering teenagers to create
+to express themselves to build on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express themselves to build on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express themselves to build on the
+existing base of subcultural expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing base of subcultural expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing base of subcultural expression
+or personal expression which is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or personal expression which is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or personal expression which is taking
+place in the web environment to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the web environment to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the web environment to give
+them projects which gets them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them projects which gets them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them projects which gets them in the
+frame of mind of thinking about building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of mind of thinking about building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of mind of thinking about building
+media and then through that have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and then through that have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and then through that have them
+began to think more critically about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to think more critically about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to think more critically about the
+media and their own environment the med
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and their own environment the med
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and their own environment the med
+media they consume to if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media they consume to if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media they consume to if you want to
+make messages about racial stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make messages about racial stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make messages about racial stereotypes
+or role of violence or commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or role of violence or commercialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or role of violence or commercialization
+the way you do it is not to say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do it is not to say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do it is not to say this is
+bad don't touch it but rather to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad don't touch it but rather to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad don't touch it but rather to say
+you're making this product what choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making this product what choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making this product what choices
+are you going to make about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to make about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to make about the
+relationship you have to your consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you have to your consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you have to your consumers
+what values are going embody in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values are going embody in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values are going embody in that
+product what kinds of role model you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what kinds of role model you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what kinds of role model you're
+providing for other teenagers through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing for other teenagers through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing for other teenagers through
+the site that you've constructed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site that you've constructed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site that you've constructed to
+think through it as an ethical set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through it as an ethical set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through it as an ethical set of
+choices as media producers as literate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices as media producers as literate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices as media producers as literate
+citizens of a digital environment rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens of a digital environment rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens of a digital environment rather
+than as simply consumers of a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as simply consumers of a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as simply consumers of a passive
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+media the other thing I I get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the other thing I I get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media the other thing I I get out of
+this research is to really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research is to really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research is to really think about
+how we create environments for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we create environments for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we create environments for learning
+that are that reflect that utopian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that reflect that utopian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that reflect that utopian
+dimension of cyberspace that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of cyberspace that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of cyberspace that I've
+described we ought to take what we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described we ought to take what we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described we ought to take what we learn
+about teenagers on the web and turn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teenagers on the web and turn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teenagers on the web and turn them
+back on the schools and say why do kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the schools and say why do kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the schools and say why do kids
+find schools such a threatening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find schools such a threatening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find schools such a threatening
+inhospitable environment why are skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhospitable environment why are skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhospitable environment why are skills
+schools destroying people's self-esteem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools destroying people's self-esteem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools destroying people's self-esteem
+and breaking down their eagerness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breaking down their eagerness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breaking down their eagerness to
+learn and what could we learn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and what could we learn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and what could we learn in the
+school Community by better understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Community by better understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Community by better understanding
+the the kinds of Worlds teenagers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kinds of Worlds teenagers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kinds of Worlds teenagers are
+building for themselves in the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building for themselves in the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building for themselves in the web
+environment what could we learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment what could we learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment what could we learn about
+teaching for example by examining games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for example by examining games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching for example by examining games
+where people confront challenges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people confront challenges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people confront challenges and
+problems and work through them over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and work through them over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and work through them over and
+over again that they're willing to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again that they're willing to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again that they're willing to put
+in the drudgery of learning a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the drudgery of learning a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the drudgery of learning a game
+system that they're not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they're not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they're not particularly
+willing to put into learning their math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put into learning their math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to put into learning their math
+homework or their science homework and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework or their science homework and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework or their science homework and I
+think we have to understand what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to understand what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to understand what that is
+and why the drive there is so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why the drive there is so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why the drive there is so powerful
+when traditional forms of learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when traditional forms of learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when traditional forms of learning for
+this generation has broken down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generation has broken down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generation has broken down it's
+commic cliche to make the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commic cliche to make the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commic cliche to make the point that
+this is a first generation of kids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a first generation of kids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a first generation of kids that
+grow up with interactive Technologies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up with interactive Technologies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up with interactive Technologies in
+the home that sociologists have started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home that sociologists have started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home that sociologists have started
+to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call this
+generation.com now I find that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation.com now I find that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation.com now I find that something
+of a slander because the phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a slander because the phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a slander because the phrase
+generation.com again implies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation.com again implies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation.com again implies a
+generation of consumers who were tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of consumers who were tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation of consumers who were tied to
+thecon and what's remarkable is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thecon and what's remarkable is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thecon and what's remarkable is that in
+fact this is a generation of doers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is a generation of doers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is a generation of doers
+creators Community Builders it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creators Community Builders it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creators Community Builders it's much
+better to think of it as generation.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to think of it as generation.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to think of it as generation.org
+especially when you consider that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you consider that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you consider that the
+cult the provisional culture the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cult the provisional culture the culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cult the provisional culture the culture
+that teenagers have built for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teenagers have built for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teenagers have built for themselves
+keeps working and working and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps working and working and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps working and working and working
+when many of the Dooms that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when many of the Dooms that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when many of the Dooms that were
+attempting to exploit the youth Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to exploit the youth Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to exploit the youth Market
+have folded in the result of the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have folded in the result of the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have folded in the result of the recent
+Market crashes that whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market crashes that whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market crashes that whatever the
+teenagers have built seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers have built seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenagers have built seems to be a
+sustainable form of culture that lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable form of culture that lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable form of culture that lasts
+in the case to The Goth subculture 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case to The Goth subculture 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case to The Goth subculture 20
+plus years at this point whereas what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus years at this point whereas what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus years at this point whereas what
+we've attempted to build for kids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've attempted to build for kids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've attempted to build for kids and
+Market to kids seems highly transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market to kids seems highly transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market to kids seems highly transient
+and disposable so if we're really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disposable so if we're really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disposable so if we're really going
+to understand education and the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand education and the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand education and the mission
+of education for the 21st century then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education for the 21st century then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of education for the 21st century then
+what we really have to do is develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really have to do is develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really have to do is develop a
+much more ethnographic perspective on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more ethnographic perspective on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more ethnographic perspective on
+the kinds of cultures and the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of cultures and the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of cultures and the kinds of
+learning and the kinds of community that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the kinds of community that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the kinds of community that
+have emerged in the online world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have emerged in the online world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have emerged in the online world of
+teens thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Sp6rcXifyAo.txt b/Sp6rcXifyAo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07c0cb03a58b437e4706ae70ff974539464b8bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sp6rcXifyAo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's begin to examine our assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin to examine our assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin to examine our assumptions
+having to do with the transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the transport
+of respiratory droplets in a wellmix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respiratory droplets in a wellmix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respiratory droplets in a wellmix
+trim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim
+by thinking about effects of fluid flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about effects of fluid flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about effects of fluid flow
+and transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transport
+going beyond a well breaks from so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond a well breaks from so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond a well breaks from so to
+begin thinking about this problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about this problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about this problem it's
+instructive to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to think
+of examples of simpler flows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of simpler flows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples of simpler flows in
+particular the canonical problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the canonical problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the canonical problem of
+flow past an object for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow past an object for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow past an object for example a
+cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder
+here i've shown a cylinder placed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've shown a cylinder placed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've shown a cylinder placed in a
+uniform flow field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform flow field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform flow field
+with increasing speed and fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with increasing speed and fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with increasing speed and fixed
+object size so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object size so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object size so as you can see
+at low speeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low speeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low speeds the
+streamlines are fairly reversible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlines are fairly reversible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamlines are fairly reversible and
+simple looking and at high speeds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking and at high speeds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple looking and at high speeds you
+end up with very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with very complicated
+turbulent flows a very simple parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows a very simple parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows a very simple parameter
+controls the transition between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the transition between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the transition between these
+flow regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow regimes
+which is the reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a dimensionless quantity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dimensionless quantity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dimensionless quantity which
+is a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a property of
+the fluid which includes the kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid which includes the kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid which includes the kinematic
+viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity
+for example of air and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll just write this kinematic viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it has a measure of the flow speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a measure of the flow speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a measure of the flow speed
+so we'll call that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call that u
+so the magnitude of the background flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the magnitude of the background flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the magnitude of the background flow
+here is u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is u
+and it has some information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some information about the
+geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry
+in particular size of the object so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular size of the object so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular size of the object so for
+example we could define this uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could define this uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we could define this uh you know
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+well let's just say some length scale l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just say some length scale l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just say some length scale l
+which could be for example the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be for example the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be for example the radius of
+the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylinder
+and in the case of the cylinder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of the cylinder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of the cylinder that
+i've shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown here
+um if the reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the reynolds number
+is less than around 10 you're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than around 10 you're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than around 10 you're in this
+regime here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime here
+of so-called creeping flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so-called creeping flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so-called creeping flow
+where you can see the streamlines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see the streamlines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see the streamlines are
+very simple looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple looking
+and they are reversible so they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are reversible so they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are reversible so they kind of
+smoothly conform to the object and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly conform to the object and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly conform to the object and you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+run the flow in the backwards direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the flow in the backwards direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the flow in the backwards direction
+you'll get exactly the same streamlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get exactly the same streamlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get exactly the same streamlines
+but once you get to a reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get to a reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get to a reynolds number
+around 10 then you start to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 then you start to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10 then you start to see
+different effects and that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different effects and that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different effects and that's because the
+physical interpretation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation of this
+quantity is the ratio of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the tendency for fluid to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the tendency for fluid to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the tendency for fluid to want
+to keep moving in the same direction due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep moving in the same direction due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep moving in the same direction due
+to its mass that has been set into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its mass that has been set into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its mass that has been set into
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+relative to viscosity or to viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to viscosity or to viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to viscosity or to viscous
+stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the tendency for the fluid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the tendency for the fluid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the tendency for the fluid to
+have some friction with itself if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some friction with itself if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some friction with itself if you
+start to move a piece of the fluid other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to move a piece of the fluid other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to move a piece of the fluid other
+other elements of fluid nearby are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements of fluid nearby are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements of fluid nearby are
+pulling back there's some friction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling back there's some friction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling back there's some friction and
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+impedes the motion so whenever inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedes the motion so whenever inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedes the motion so whenever inertia
+is getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting bigger
+than viscous stress we start to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than viscous stress we start to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than viscous stress we start to have a
+tendency for the fluid to want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency for the fluid to want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency for the fluid to want to keep
+going in the same direction and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the same direction and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the same direction and it can
+lead to very complicated flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to very complicated flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to very complicated flows
+in particular here the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular here the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular here the first thing that
+starts to happen is the fluid kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to happen is the fluid kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to happen is the fluid kind of
+whizzes past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whizzes past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whizzes past
+the the cylinder and then starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cylinder and then starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cylinder and then starts to
+have a recirculation on the back side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recirculation on the back side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a recirculation on the back side so
+this happens around reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens around reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens around reynolds number
+equals 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10.
+so if you have reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have reynolds number
+greater than around 10 you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than around 10 you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than around 10 you have some
+vortices are created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices are created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices are created
+so it's no longer an irrotational flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no longer an irrotational flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no longer an irrotational flow
+or it has some obvious closed stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it has some obvious closed stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it has some obvious closed stream
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+if we increase the reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase the reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase the reynolds number
+further like in this situation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further like in this situation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further like in this situation here
+we get to reynolds number bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to reynolds number bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to reynolds number bigger than
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+90 then those vortices themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 then those vortices themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 then those vortices themselves are
+starting to spin fast and they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to spin fast and they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to spin fast and they also have
+some inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inertia
+and they start to separate also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start to separate also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start to separate also the
+fluid is pulling those vortices away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid is pulling those vortices away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid is pulling those vortices away
+so we have vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shedding
+and that happens in a unsteady fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that happens in a unsteady fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that happens in a unsteady fashion
+so what happens is you know there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is you know there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is you know there's sort
+of one of these two vortices goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of these two vortices goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of these two vortices goes
+unstable first and kind of peels away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable first and kind of peels away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable first and kind of peels away
+and starts to move downstream the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts to move downstream the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starts to move downstream the other
+one kind of takes its place and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of takes its place and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of takes its place and it's
+kind of almost like a flapping flag kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of almost like a flapping flag kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of almost like a flapping flag kind
+of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion
+where a train of vortices is released so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a train of vortices is released so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a train of vortices is released so
+this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an
+unsteady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation and this is called a vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and this is called a vortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and this is called a vortex
+sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+but it's basically an array of vortices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically an array of vortices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's basically an array of vortices
+that are being released in a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being released in a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being released in a time
+dependent fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent fashion
+and at first that's a fairly regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at first that's a fairly regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at first that's a fairly regular
+process when the reynolds number is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process when the reynolds number is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process when the reynolds number is on
+the order of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 100
+but if you keep increasing the reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you keep increasing the reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you keep increasing the reynolds
+number that process becomes more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that process becomes more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that process becomes more and
+more chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chaotic
+until there's a transition to turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there's a transition to turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until there's a transition to turbulence
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+fully chaotic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heavily mixed flow and that happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily mixed flow and that happens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily mixed flow and that happens uh
+as through an instability around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as through an instability around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as through an instability around
+reynolds number 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reynolds number 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reynolds number 2000
+where you have a turbulent wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a turbulent wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a turbulent wake
+so behind the object or the obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so behind the object or the obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so behind the object or the obstacle
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+steady stream of turbulence where as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady stream of turbulence where as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady stream of turbulence where as
+i've tried to sketch here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've tried to sketch here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've tried to sketch here you have
+vortices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices
+and eddies of all sizes so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eddies of all sizes so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eddies of all sizes so there are
+eddies like i've shown here that are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddies like i've shown here that are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eddies like i've shown here that are at
+the scale of the of the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of the of the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of the of the cylinder
+but then much much smaller ones too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then much much smaller ones too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then much much smaller ones too so
+it's a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very complicated
+time-dependent uh flow field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent uh flow field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent uh flow field
+so we can see here the reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see here the reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see here the reynolds number
+has a big effect on the types of flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big effect on the types of flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a big effect on the types of flows
+that are generated and obviously also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are generated and obviously also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are generated and obviously also
+on mixing in as you go from low to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mixing in as you go from low to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mixing in as you go from low to high
+reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reynolds number
+so let's think about how that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about how that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about how that would
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+in the setting of indoor error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting of indoor error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting of indoor error so
+let's look at flow um let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at flow um let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at flow um let's look at
+airflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow
+in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's kind of think about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's kind of think about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's kind of think about this the
+different scenarios we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios we could have
+so maybe our first scenario would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe our first scenario would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe our first scenario would be
+we have all the windows closed there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the windows closed there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the windows closed there's
+no movement in the room it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no movement in the room it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no movement in the room it's essentially
+still room but as we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still room but as we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still room but as we've discussed
+earlier there's still some error change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there's still some error change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier there's still some error change
+with the outside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside so
+air is still leaking to the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is still leaking to the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is still leaking to the outside
+there's still a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a little bit of
+instability and movement also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability and movement also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability and movement also from
+thermal effects which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal effects which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal effects which we'll talk about
+shortly so there is a little bit of flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly so there is a little bit of flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly so there is a little bit of flow
+in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room
+and in particular let's just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular let's just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular let's just ask
+ourselves what happens if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what happens if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what happens if we have
+uh you know a little bit of air exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a little bit of air exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know a little bit of air exchange
+with the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outside
+which is this flow rate cue that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this flow rate cue that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this flow rate cue that we've
+discussed but in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed but in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed but in the case
+of natural ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with closed windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in that situation we've used as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that situation we've used as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that situation we've used as an
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+that the error change time our air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the error change time our air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the error change time our air
+change rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change rate
+might be on the order of 0.3 uh air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the order of 0.3 uh air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the order of 0.3 uh air
+changes per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes per hour
+which corresponds to three hours time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to three hours time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to three hours time to
+sort of have the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the room
+air change so that's a pretty slow pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change so that's a pretty slow pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air change so that's a pretty slow pace
+if you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider
+a room whose height is 2.7 meters just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room whose height is 2.7 meters just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room whose height is 2.7 meters just
+to put a number on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a number on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a number on it
+and you have that air change rate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that air change rate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have that air change rate then
+the average velocity in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity in the room
+is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of
+uh one meter per hour so that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one meter per hour so that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one meter per hour so that's a pretty
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+pace so to go one meter it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace so to go one meter it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace so to go one meter it's going to
+take a whole hour so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a whole hour so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a whole hour so
+very slow so you think not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow so you think not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slow so you think not much
+interesting is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is happening
+but if you calculate the reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you calculate the reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you calculate the reynolds number
+for this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this situation
+the reynolds number is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reynolds number is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reynolds number is actually
+110 with those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 with those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 with those numbers
+and that's already putting us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's already putting us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's already putting us in the
+regime of not only forming vortices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime of not only forming vortices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime of not only forming vortices but
+also having some vortex shedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having some vortex shedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having some vortex shedding
+so even when a room is rather still and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even when a room is rather still and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even when a room is rather still and
+there's just some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just some very
+gentle movement of air sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle movement of air sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle movement of air sort of you know
+out the windows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the windows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the windows and
+or cracks around the windows and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cracks around the windows and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cracks around the windows and other
+places where the room may not be tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the room may not be tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the room may not be tight
+or from some other minor movement going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from some other minor movement going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from some other minor movement going
+on in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the room
+we already expect to see some unsteady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already expect to see some unsteady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already expect to see some unsteady
+vortices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortices
+and and movement of air in that room but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and movement of air in that room but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and movement of air in that room but
+the situation gets um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation gets um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation gets um more
+get gets gets much stronger if we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gets gets much stronger if we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get gets gets much stronger if we now
+move to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to um
+having ventilation so let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having ventilation so let's imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having ventilation so let's imagine that
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+an hvac unit on top maybe let's say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hvac unit on top maybe let's say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hvac unit on top maybe let's say an
+air conditioner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioner
+which is blowing air into the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is blowing air into the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is blowing air into the room
+perhaps from somewhere above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps from somewhere above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps from somewhere above
+okay so now we have a flow which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have a flow which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have a flow which is
+going into the room it still you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the room it still you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the room it still you know
+has to leave somewhere through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to leave somewhere through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to leave somewhere through
+let's say through an outlet vent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this case the flow rate might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the flow rate might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the flow rate might be
+a lot higher so let's imagine now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot higher so let's imagine now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot higher so let's imagine now we
+have lambda a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda a
+would be let's say eight air changes per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be let's say eight air changes per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be let's say eight air changes per
+hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+so and this would be looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this would be looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and this would be looking at a
+typical case of mechanical ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we really care about here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we really care about here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we really care about here by
+the way is the total flow rate so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is the total flow rate so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is the total flow rate so we're
+not interested in just the outdoor error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in just the outdoor error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in just the outdoor error
+so what i really want i should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i really want i should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i really want i should mention
+is lambda bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambda bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lambda bar
+a where that is the total air change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where that is the total air change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a where that is the total air change so
+lambda a bar will define as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a bar will define as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda a bar will define as
+the air change due to just the fresh air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air change due to just the fresh air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air change due to just the fresh air
+so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the
+q over v plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q over v plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q over v plus the
+air change due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+due to the filtration flows so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the filtration flows so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the filtration flows so there's
+sort of this recirculating flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this recirculating flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this recirculating flow
+and we've written that as q the outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've written that as q the outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've written that as q the outdoor
+airflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airflow
+plus the filtration airflow divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the filtration airflow divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the filtration airflow divided by
+volume so just want to make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so just want to make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so just want to make sure we
+throw that in there because you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that in there because you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that in there because you can get
+some flow going also by having a hepa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flow going also by having a hepa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flow going also by having a hepa
+filtration unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration unit
+in your room and there's circulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your room and there's circulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your room and there's circulation
+going on from that and that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on from that and that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on from that and that does
+contribute to mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to mixing
+and so if we now calculate what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we now calculate what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we now calculate what is the
+reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reynolds number
+we're now getting up to around 2 000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting up to around 2 000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting up to around 2 000.
+and that's interesting because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's interesting because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's interesting because that is
+already getting to the regime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already getting to the regime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already getting to the regime of
+turbulent flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow
+so just the velocities and flows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just the velocities and flows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just the velocities and flows that
+are generating the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generating the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generating the air
+from typical air conditioning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from typical air conditioning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from typical air conditioning or
+even gentle fans will lead to turbulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even gentle fans will lead to turbulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even gentle fans will lead to turbulent
+flows in the room and turbulent flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows in the room and turbulent flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows in the room and turbulent flows
+are very effective at mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very effective at mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very effective at mixing
+so that's one reason we might expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one reason we might expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one reason we might expect to
+see strong mixing so what this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see strong mixing so what this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see strong mixing so what this actually
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+is you know imagine there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know imagine there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know imagine there's uh
+you know a person in the room uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a person in the room uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a person in the room uh there
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+you know a table and a chair some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a table and a chair some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a table and a chair some kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+obstacles in the room and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles in the room and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles in the room and even if
+nobody's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's moving
+just the flow through the room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the flow through the room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the flow through the room is
+causing you know some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing you know some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing you know some you know
+turbulent wakes and vortex shedding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent wakes and vortex shedding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent wakes and vortex shedding and
+there can be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be some
+circulations such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulations such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulations such that
+you have some fairly significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some fairly significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some fairly significant
+inertial effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial effects
+leading to to mixing in that system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to to mixing in that system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to to mixing in that system now
+we can also ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also ask ourselves
+what about other ways that momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about other ways that momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about other ways that momentum is
+imparted to the fluid in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted to the fluid in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted to the fluid in a room
+with people in it well it could be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people in it well it could be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people in it well it could be for
+example human movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example human movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example human movement
+so what if we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what if we have um
+let's think about what the reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what the reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what the reynolds
+numbers might be for that so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers might be for that so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers might be for that so if we have
+human movement let's say for example i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human movement let's say for example i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human movement let's say for example i'm
+moving my arm or moving my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving my arm or moving my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving my arm or moving my head
+i'm not even talking about running or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not even talking about running or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not even talking about running or
+really moving fast but let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving fast but let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving fast but let's just think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+you know this kind of emotion i might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this kind of emotion i might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this kind of emotion i might be
+moving with a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with a velocity
+anywhere from 10 centimeters or 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from 10 centimeters or 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from 10 centimeters or 0.1
+meters to 1 meters per second right so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters to 1 meters per second right so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters to 1 meters per second right so i
+could easily go 10 centimeters in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily go 10 centimeters in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily go 10 centimeters in one
+second but i could maybe go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but i could maybe go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but i could maybe go a little
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+and i'm moving a part of my body which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm moving a part of my body which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm moving a part of my body which
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+might have a length that scales from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a length that scales from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a length that scales from
+let's say you know 10 centimeters to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you know 10 centimeters to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you know 10 centimeters to 1
+meter so i'm moving maybe my arm or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so i'm moving maybe my arm or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter so i'm moving maybe my arm or my
+hand or my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand or my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand or my head
+so if we take this range of values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take this range of values here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take this range of values here
+and ask now what's the reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask now what's the reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask now what's the reynolds number
+then the reynolds number is around 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the reynolds number is around 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the reynolds number is around 10 to
+the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3
+to 10 to the 5. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 to the 5. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 to the 5. so
+and you know this if you have a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this if you have a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this if you have a room
+where there's some smoke or some dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's some smoke or some dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's some smoke or some dust
+particles that you can see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that you can see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that you can see in the
+sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight
+just take your hand and move it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take your hand and move it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take your hand and move it like
+this even fairly gently you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even fairly gently you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even fairly gently you're going to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+very complicated turbulent flows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated turbulent flows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated turbulent flows in the
+wake of that movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake of that movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake of that movement
+so basically anything going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically anything going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically anything going on in the
+room in terms of movement is leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room in terms of movement is leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room in terms of movement is leading to
+substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial
+uh complexity in the flow fields which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complexity in the flow fields which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complexity in the flow fields which
+contributes to mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to mixing
+another one to think about is which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one to think about is which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one to think about is which we
+will come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to
+is human respiration so the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is human respiration so the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is human respiration so the fact that
+you're breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're breathing
+so we will come back to this term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will come back to this term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will come back to this term uh
+this more carefully but we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more carefully but we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more carefully but we can still
+think about it in terms of the reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of the reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of the reynolds
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+uh right now so if you imagine just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right now so if you imagine just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right now so if you imagine just the
+flow that is leaving your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that is leaving your mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that is leaving your mouth
+so in this case your length scale is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case your length scale is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case your length scale is on
+the order of one centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of one centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of one centimeter
+so maybe the area of your mouth that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the area of your mouth that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the area of your mouth that's
+open is maybe several centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open is maybe several centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open is maybe several centimeters
+and the velocity of your breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the velocity of your breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the velocity of your breathing
+depends on how heavily your breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how heavily your breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how heavily your breathing
+and what your activities are but it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your activities are but it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what your activities are but it's on
+the order so if i write this as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order so if i write this as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order so if i write this as the
+velocity u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity u
+um i should have written this as a u as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i should have written this as a u as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i should have written this as a u as
+well to match you over there so if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to match you over there so if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to match you over there so if my
+velocity scale is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity scale is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity scale is around
+0.5 to 2 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 to 2 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 to 2 meters
+per second that's a typical respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second that's a typical respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second that's a typical respiratory
+velocity then now we find the reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity then now we find the reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity then now we find the reynolds
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+is on the order of 10 to the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of 10 to the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the order of 10 to the 3
+to 10 to the 4. so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 to the 4. so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 to the 4. so again
+all these activities of breathing motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these activities of breathing motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these activities of breathing motion
+anything humans are doing in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything humans are doing in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything humans are doing in the room
+even just sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just sitting there
+and breathing is leading to reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breathing is leading to reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breathing is leading to reynolds
+numbers locally that are on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers locally that are on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers locally that are on the order of
+thousands or tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands or tens
+thousands which means that we are seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands which means that we are seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands which means that we are seeing
+turbulent flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows
+uh in the vicinity of those motions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the vicinity of those motions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the vicinity of those motions so
+that doesn't mean that those flows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that those flows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that those flows are
+enough to mix the entire room but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to mix the entire room but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to mix the entire room but
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+in the vicinity of a person there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vicinity of a person there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vicinity of a person there's a
+lot of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of mixing
+just from the natural movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the natural movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the natural movement and
+respiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiration
+of that person and when you add into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person and when you add into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person and when you add into
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+mechanical ventilation there can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ventilation there can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ventilation there can be very
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+inertial mixing going on in the air of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial mixing going on in the air of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial mixing going on in the air of a
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+so in this simulation courtesy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this simulation courtesy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this simulation courtesy of
+sangabas ceramics and plastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sangabas ceramics and plastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sangabas ceramics and plastics
+we see an office space containing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an office space containing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an office space containing a
+number of workers sitting in cubicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of workers sitting in cubicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of workers sitting in cubicles
+and one of them is an effective person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is an effective person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them is an effective person
+emitting infectious aerosols and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting infectious aerosols and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting infectious aerosols and the
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+shows you how those aerosol particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you how those aerosol particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you how those aerosol particles
+are transmitted through the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transmitted through the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transmitted through the room
+by force convection where the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by force convection where the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by force convection where the orange
+and white squares represent ducts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white squares represent ducts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white squares represent ducts of
+inflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflow
+and outflow in the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outflow in the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and outflow in the mechanical
+ventilation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation system
+this video shows the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video shows the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video shows the effect
+of motion and also respiration leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and also respiration leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and also respiration leading
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+turbulent flows by forcing the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows by forcing the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows by forcing the air
+to move at high reynolds numbers so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move at high reynolds numbers so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move at high reynolds numbers so in
+the case of motion we see a turbulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of motion we see a turbulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of motion we see a turbulent
+wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake
+behind the moving person and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the moving person and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the moving person and for each
+breath we see a turbulent plume emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath we see a turbulent plume emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath we see a turbulent plume emitted
+by the momentum transferred from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the momentum transferred from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the momentum transferred from the
+breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath
+these images are taken by a schlieren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images are taken by a schlieren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images are taken by a schlieren
+imaging method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging method
+that looks at differences in the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at differences in the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks at differences in the density
+of the air and visualizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air and visualizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the air and visualizes that
+the texture of the patterns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the texture of the patterns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the texture of the patterns that are
+formed in the density
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SqfNSRi7_bc.txt b/SqfNSRi7_bc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abea643bea2003210176fa8d172248c92192b1e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SqfNSRi7_bc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3184 @@
+--solutions for problem set 8.
+
+I found some problems
+as I went through them.
+
+These are all new because we've
+never been in this territory
+
+before this early where we
+could actually offer problems.
+
+So it's a little
+bit of a shakedown.
+
+8.2, simply, I don't think
+you have enough background
+
+to actually do it.
+
+If you want to try
+it, be my guest.
+
+I'll give you a sketch
+of a solution, anyway.
+
+But really, for the
+same reason that I
+
+didn't do exercise
+3 in Chapter 11,
+
+we really shouldn't have
+done exercise 2, either.
+
+For 8.3, which is
+a decoding exercise
+
+using the BCJR algorithm.
+
+I don't know if we'll get
+to the BCJR algorithm today.
+
+If we do, then please do it.
+
+If we don't, then
+we can defer it.
+
+And you also need to know
+that the noise variance is 1.
+
+Or, pick something,
+but I suggest
+
+you just pick sigma
+squared equals 1,
+
+even though that's
+a large value.
+
+OK, any questions?
+
+Has anyone tried to
+do the homework yet?
+
+Not yet.
+
+Good strategy.
+
+OK, Chapter 11.
+
+We have one topic to go in
+Chapter 11, which is just
+
+the last little bit on Hadamard
+transform realizations, which
+
+I do want to cover.
+
+We've really been talking
+about styles of realizations
+
+on codes on graphs,
+graphical realizations.
+
+We had the generator.
+
+And we had the parity check
+and we had the trellis-style.
+
+And we even had a
+tail-biting trellis.
+
+And we also developed
+the cut-set bound
+
+which doesn't exactly
+prove, but strongly suggests
+
+that we're going
+to need cycles in
+
+our graphical representations.
+
+And one reason I want to
+talk about the Hadamard
+
+transform realizations,
+the Reed-Muller codes,
+
+is that they really demonstrate
+this point I think very nicely.
+
+If we allow cycles, we get
+very simple representations.
+
+If we demand
+cycle-free, then we get
+
+still pretty nice realizations,
+but much more complicated.
+
+They meet the cut-set
+bound everywhere.
+
+Reed-Muller codes in general
+are pretty good anyway
+
+for trellis realizations,
+but they're certainly
+
+much more complicated than
+the realizations with cycles.
+
+So that's what we're
+going to do today
+
+is-- at least the first part is
+Hadamard transform realizations
+
+of Reed-Muller codes.
+
+OK, what's the Hadamard
+transform over the binary field
+
+F2?
+
+It's related to but
+a little different
+
+than the Hadamard transform
+over the real field.
+
+So people seeing the latter,
+you'll see similarities,
+
+but you may see
+differences as well.
+
+So the Hadamard transform.
+
+I think you remember when we
+defined Reed-Muller codes, one
+
+of the ways we defined them was
+in terms of a universal matrix
+
+Um, which I defined as
+the m-fold tensor product,
+
+very briefly written like
+that, of a 2 by 2 matrix, u1.
+
+What does u1 look like?
+
+u1 looks like-- over the binary
+field, it just looks like this.
+
+It's the set of generators for
+the Reed-Muller codes of length
+
+2.
+
+What you would expect, it's
+a lower triangular matrix.
+
+And if we want to
+take-- I don't know
+
+if you've run into
+tensor products before.
+
+If we want to take the 2 by
+2 tensor product like that,
+
+we simply replace each one by
+the matrix itself and each 0
+
+by a matrix of 0's.
+
+So we get a 4 by 4 matrix which
+looks like this 1, 0, 1, 1, 1,
+
+0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.
+
+And what do you know?
+
+That's what we called our
+universal Reed-Muller generator
+
+matrix for m equals 2.
+
+In other words, for
+Reed-Muller codes of length 4.
+
+And you see how all
+the Reed-Muller codes
+
+are generated.
+
+We can find generators for
+all the Reed-Muller codes
+
+from this set.
+
+And similarly, u3
+was this matrix
+
+that we've now seen many times.
+
+So all these matrices
+have common properties.
+
+They're all lower triangular.
+
+They have many properties.
+
+One of them is that all
+of them are self-inverse.
+
+And that's very easy
+to prove from the fact
+
+that u1 is clearly self-inverse.
+
+u1 times u1 is the
+identity matrix.
+
+And because these are
+all tensor products,
+
+that makes all of these
+their own inverses.
+
+So what's the 2 to the m by 2
+to the m Hadamard transform is
+
+if we have a vector
+u, then u times u m,
+
+a vector y is called the
+Hadamard transform of u.
+
+What's the inverse Hadamard
+transform if you like?
+
+Well, since u m is
+its own inverse,
+
+if we just multiply both sides
+by u, we get u equals y u m.
+
+So to get u back, we just
+transform y again by u m.
+
+So the inverse
+Hadamard transform
+
+is the Hadamard transform
+again in this case.
+
+So we get the typical kind
+of transform relationship.
+
+You can think of this time
+domain, frequency domain.
+
+Anyway, this is the
+set of variables
+
+from which we can get
+this set of variables.
+
+They're somehow in dual domains.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, now recall one definition
+of the Reed-Muller codes.
+
+The Reed-Muller codes
+are-- Rm of mr is-- sorry,
+
+it's always rm, which I've
+always found curious notation.
+
+Since m is more
+important than r,
+
+it would seem that
+you would say m first,
+
+but maybe it was for
+this, I don't know.
+
+This is generated by--
+so let's say that.
+
+The rows of u m of
+weight 2 to the m minus r
+
+[? for ?] greater.
+
+So for instance, the 0 order
+Reed-Muller code of length 8
+
+is simply the 8, 1, 8
+repetition code and it's
+
+generated by this last row.
+
+It's the only one of weight 8.
+
+If we want the
+Reed-Muller code of length
+
+8 and minimum distance 4,
+we take this, this, this,
+
+and this as our
+four generator rows
+
+and we get the 8,
+4, 4 code that we've
+
+been mostly using for examples.
+
+If we want the
+single parity check
+
+code of length 8,
+the 8, 7, 2 code,
+
+we take all these 7
+generators, everyone
+
+except for the unique
+weight 1 generator up here.
+
+And as a hint for
+doing the homework,
+
+it's helpful to notice
+that if we write
+
+the indices of these rows
+as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+
+then notice there's
+a relationship
+
+between the Hamming
+weight of the m bit binary
+
+expansion of these indices
+and the weights of these rows.
+
+Is that clear instantly?
+
+I won't prove it, but if
+the Hamming weight is 3,
+
+then the row has weight 8.
+
+If the Hamming weight is 2,
+then the row has weight 4.
+
+If the hamming weight is 1,
+then the row has weight 2.
+
+And if the hamming weight is
+0, then the row has weight 1.
+
+And that's the easiest way
+I've found to do problem 8.1.
+
+So these-- there are infinity
+of relations, nice relations,
+
+you could prove
+for these things.
+
+They're very important
+combinatorially and so forth.
+
+OK, so from this
+observation, we can therefore
+
+define a Reed-Muller code as
+the set of all u times u m
+
+where we simply let some of
+the ui free for some rows.
+
+In other words, it's
+just a binary variable.
+
+And 0 for other rows as I just
+described in words over here.
+
+So basically, where
+we're going is
+
+we're going to define some kind
+of graph which realizes u m.
+
+We're going to put the
+8-- do it either way.
+
+I'm going to put
+y0 y7 over here.
+
+If we're doing a code of
+length 8, I'll put u3 in here.
+
+We're going to have 8 other
+things sticking out over here.
+
+I shouldn't draw these
+because they're really
+
+going to be internal,
+implicit variables.
+
+So this will be u0
+through u7 in some order.
+
+It turns out to be necessary
+to play with the order
+
+to get a nice-looking graph.
+
+And we're going to fix
+some of these to 0.
+
+For instance, for
+the 8, 4, 4 code,
+
+we're going to fix those to 0.
+
+And we're going to allow these
+coefficients corresponding
+
+to rows of weight 4 or
+more be free arbitrary
+
+binary variables.
+
+So the set of all
+code words will
+
+be generated as the
+set of all Hadamard
+
+transforms of 8 tuples, which
+are fixed to 0 in these 4
+
+positions, and which are
+free in these 4 positions.
+
+Is that clearly stated?
+
+I think I'm reasonably
+proud of that.
+
+So that's what I mean
+by this notation here.
+
+And it's clear that the
+dimension of the code
+
+is the number of free
+coefficients here.
+
+Basically, because the u
+m matrix is invertible,
+
+so we're going to
+get an isomorphism
+
+between 4 tuples and code words.
+
+So that's a way of
+constructing Reed-Muller codes.
+
+Now, how do I get a nice
+graphical representation
+
+of u m?
+
+Let's work on that for
+the next little bit.
+
+Well, as always with
+Reed-Muller codes,
+
+we should do things recursively.
+
+We should start with u1.
+
+That's a pretty
+simple relationship.
+
+How do we draw a graph for the
+relationship y equals u1 u?
+
+OK, that means y0 equals u0.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Is that right?
+
+I've been putting
+u on the left here
+
+to imitate what we do
+with generator matrices.
+
+So that equation is
+y0, y1 equals u0, u1.
+
+Sometimes I have problems
+with basic things like this.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I
+want row vectors.
+
+Sorry.
+
+OK, so that's the
+equation, which
+
+we can see that says y0 equals
+u0 and y1 equals u0 plus u1.
+
+Do I agree with that?
+
+y1 equals-- no, still not right.
+
+AUDIENCE: y0 is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Plus u1.
+
+And y2 is-- y1 is u1.
+
+All right.
+
+Sorry, now we're in business.
+
+OK, so let's draw a
+little graph of that.
+
+We have y1 equals u1.
+
+And if I make an
+equals down here,
+
+I'll get a little u1 in here.
+
+So I can put u0 in here and
+get out y0 equals u0 plus u1.
+
+OK, so that's a
+graphical realization
+
+of this Hadamard transform.
+
+If I put 2 bits in
+here for u, then
+
+I'll get the Hadamard
+transform out here for y.
+
+But by the way, notice there
+aren't any arrows here.
+
+This is a behavioral
+realization.
+
+And I could equally
+well put a 2 tuple here
+
+on the y's and I'd get out the
+Hadamard transform at the u's.
+
+It goes either way.
+
+And this I find
+somewhat interesting
+
+is called a controlled NOT gate.
+
+The idea here is that this
+bottom variable is the control
+
+and it determines whether
+this variable is inverted
+
+or not as it goes across here.
+
+And this is a basic gate
+in quantum mechanics.
+
+Maybe the basic gate in quantum
+mechanical realizations.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] at least
+[INAUDIBLE] cubits.
+
+But anyway, that's actually
+neither here nor there.
+
+All right, so that's
+how we realize u1.
+
+All right, now
+recursively there must
+
+be some way of putting together
+little blocks like this
+
+to make bigger
+blocks, say, for u2.
+
+To realize u2 or u3.
+
+OK, so for u2, let me just
+try to steam ahead and hope
+
+this will work.
+
+We build another gate to
+do a set of transforms
+
+to an intermediate
+variable here.
+
+Intermediate variables, and
+then we sort of do a butterfly.
+
+We're going to build this out
+of 4 little blocks like this.
+
+We're going to write like this.
+
+And how are we going
+to tie them together?
+
+The outputs here are going
+to go to the equals signs.
+
+The outputs here are going
+to go to the plus signs.
+
+And we get something that
+looks like that for the 2
+
+by 2 Hadamard transform.
+
+And y0, y1, y2, y3.
+
+Now, probably this
+should be u2 and this
+
+should be u1 just from
+the way these works.
+
+And if we do that, we get what?
+
+This is u3.
+
+This is u1 plus u3.
+
+This is u2.
+
+This u0 plus u2.
+
+So we get that--
+doing it backwards,
+
+y3 equals u3, y2 equals u2
+plus u3, y1 equals u1 plus u3,
+
+and y0 equals u0 plus
+u2 plus u1 plus u3.
+
+And that's probably correct,
+but it's something like that.
+
+Done in the notes.
+
+And those of you who have ever
+looked at the fast Fourier
+
+transform will see
+some resemblance here
+
+to the butterflies that occur
+in a fast Fourier transform.
+
+And it's not surprising
+because these are all
+
+based on groups of-- in
+this case, z2 squared.
+
+And so they have the
+same algebraic structure
+
+underlying them.
+
+But that's, again,
+a side comment
+
+that I won't take
+time to justify.
+
+And similarly for
+8, if we want to do
+
+the 8-- there's a
+picture in the notes--
+
+we build 8 of these gates.
+
+Maybe I actually have
+to do it because I
+
+want to reduce it also.
+
+So 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+Sorry, this takes a little time.
+
+This is where making up slides
+ahead of time is a good idea.
+
+All right, so we have
+three levels of 2 by 2
+
+Hadamard transforms
+as you might expect.
+
+At each level, we do four
+2 by 2 Hadamard transforms.
+
+And we connect them together.
+
+At the first level, we
+stay within the half.
+
+We connect them together
+in the same way.
+
+And at the next level,
+we have to spread out
+
+over the whole
+thing, so we get--
+
+this goes up to this equals.
+
+This goes up to this equals.
+
+This goes up to that equals.
+
+This comes down here.
+
+This comes down here.
+
+This comes down here
+and this goes across.
+
+That gives y0, y1,
+y2, and so forth.
+
+y3, y4, y5, y6, y7.
+
+And again, we have to
+jigger with the order here.
+
+Probably something like this.
+
+OK, in any case, it's done
+correctly in the notes.
+
+All right, so this executes
+an 8 by 8 Hadamard transform.
+
+You put y's on here and you
+get the Hadamard transform
+
+out on the u's, or vice versa.
+
+You with me?
+
+OK.
+
+Notice that the components
+here are all very simple.
+
+I've got a graphical realization
+of the Hadamard transform
+
+relationship that involves only
+binary variables, first of all.
+
+All the internal variables
+here are just bits.
+
+They're all binary.
+
+And all of the constraint nodes
+are these simple little degree
+
+3 constraint nodes.
+
+The only two nontrivial ones
+you will probably ever see.
+
+Namely, the zero
+sum type of node
+
+and the equality type of node.
+
+3, 2, 2 and 3, 1, 1 if we
+consider them as codes.
+
+So it's made up of
+extremely simple elements.
+
+And in that sense, we can say
+it's a simple randomization.
+
+But of course, this
+graph is full of cycles,
+
+isn't that right?
+
+Yes.
+
+These little things
+cause cycles.
+
+So we get cycles as we go
+around like that, for instance.
+
+Nonetheless, it's a perfectly--
+you put something over here
+
+and you get something
+deterministic out over here.
+
+All right.
+
+So to realize the 8, 4, 4 code--
+are you all with me on this?
+
+I should check again.
+
+Is there anybody who
+doesn't understand this?
+
+That's always the way
+to put the question.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: You count the output
+when you're counting degree?
+
+PROFESSOR: Do I count the
+output when I'm counting degree?
+
+In this case, yes.
+
+I reserve my options on that.
+
+Sometimes I do,
+sometimes I don't.
+
+It's whatever is convenient.
+
+My choice.
+
+Sorry, I think I just
+whacked the microphone.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, let me go to
+my Reed-Muller code
+
+realization, the 8, 4, 4 code.
+
+How are we going
+to realize that?
+
+We've got these internal
+variables here, some of which
+
+we're going to hold to 0.
+
+These four we're
+going to hold to 0.
+
+And the rest we're
+going to let go free.
+
+And so I claim
+that already now I
+
+have a realization of the 8,
+4, 4 code, if I regard these
+
+as internal variables, these
+as my external variables
+
+over here.
+
+OK, does everyone find
+that plausible at least?
+
+OK.
+
+But having done that--
+now, watch this part
+
+closely because this
+part you're going
+
+to have to imitate
+on the homework.
+
+We can do some reductions.
+
+All right.
+
+If I have a 2 by 2
+Hadamard transform of 0, 0,
+
+what's the result?
+
+0, 0.
+
+OK.
+
+I can do that in several steps,
+but that's a good way to do it.
+
+So I don't really
+need these gates here.
+
+I can just put 0's over here.
+
+Similarly, down here if I have
+a 2 by 2 Hadamard transform of 2
+
+free variables, internal
+variables, what do I get?
+
+I get two free variables.
+
+One of them happens to be
+u3 plus u7 and the other one
+
+is just u7.
+
+I could call this
+u3 prime, let's say.
+
+And since it's an
+internal variable
+
+that I'm just using
+to generate the code,
+
+I can delete that, too.
+
+So what can I do
+about these here?
+
+When I have one free
+variable and one zero,
+
+what's going to happen?
+
+This free variable is going
+to come through here and here.
+
+The 0 doesn't count
+here, so a plus just
+
+becomes a repetition in effect.
+
+It's got to have the same
+parity as this input,
+
+so it is that input.
+
+So by another major
+sweep, I'll just--
+
+this is an internal variable.
+
+I'll just call this u6.
+
+OK, I don't need to actually
+draw a gate to generate it.
+
+It has to be the
+same here and here,
+
+so I have to tie it together.
+
+Similarly, down here I
+can just call this u5.
+
+And now, continuing
+in here-- I hope this
+
+is going to come out all right.
+
+It doesn't seem
+quite right so far,
+
+but let's see how it comes out.
+
+What do we have coming in here?
+
+We have two different
+free variables.
+
+So again, let me just
+call this u3 prime again.
+
+And this is maybe u5 prime.
+
+But in any case, I
+can just draw this.
+
+In this case, I'm
+coming around this way.
+
+And u3 prime was
+dangling anyway,
+
+so I can leave that over here.
+
+And similarly down here,
+I get two free ones,
+
+so let me just call
+them like this.
+
+And this is equal to y7.
+
+Well, it's a little strange.
+
+I did something wrong there.
+
+I did something wrong.
+
+Well, maybe not.
+
+Maybe not.
+
+This is not going the way
+it's gone in the past,
+
+so maybe I drew the graph
+differently in the first place.
+
+This is u6 again.
+
+This is still u6 up here.
+
+But this is a 0.
+
+So this is u6 also
+coming out here.
+
+But I need this
+little-- I do need
+
+to replicate u6 three times.
+
+And maybe that's what
+I needed down here too,
+
+was to replicate u5 three times.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Excuse me?
+
+AUDIENCE: The bottom line.
+
+PROFESSOR: Say again,
+I just didn't hear it.
+
+AUDIENCE: The bottom line.
+
+You remove that
+[INAUDIBLE] shortcut.
+
+PROFESSOR: I removed--
+this equaled a shortcut.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+But the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: There was an
+[INAUDIBLE] on top of it,
+
+right.
+
+And--
+
+AUDIENCE: That
+cannot be replaced.
+
+PROFESSOR: That cannot be
+replaced by a shortcut.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So it should look like that?
+
+I don't know.
+
+I think I've botched
+it, so you're
+
+going to do it right
+on the homework.
+
+Let me just-- yeah, good.
+
+This is what it
+should look like.
+
+You do need the equals there.
+
+It's because I drew the graph
+backwards in the first place.
+
+Anyway, presto change-o.
+
+Going through that
+kind of manipulation,
+
+what we eventually
+come up with is
+
+something that looks like this.
+
+And I apologize for botching it.
+
+And coming around,
+this is tied to this
+
+and this is tied to that.
+
+All right.
+
+And I asked you to imagine
+that if I-- what I did
+
+was since I can draw
+the Hadamard transform--
+
+either way, I drew
+it the wrong way.
+
+And therefore, I wasn't going
+to get what I intended to get,
+
+which is this.
+
+But it's done
+correctly in Figure 10.
+
+And the types of reductions
+that I explained to you
+
+are the types of reduction
+that's necessarily
+
+to get from Figure 10A to 10B.
+
+Please do try this at home.
+
+Now, so I claim that this
+is a realization of the 8,
+
+4, 4 code.
+
+And you can verify that
+either by putting--
+
+you'll find there are four
+free internal variables here
+
+and you can either set them
+to 1 or you can try this trick
+
+that I discussed
+before, I think.
+
+That we can regard these
+as an information set.
+
+And by fixing y0,
+y1, y2, and y4,
+
+you can trace your
+way through the graph
+
+and find out that y3, y5,
+y6, and y7 are determined.
+
+Again, do try this at home.
+
+So you can convince
+yourself that this
+
+is a graph for 6-- that has
+16 possible solutions for all
+
+the internal and
+external variables.
+
+16 possible trajectories
+that are valid that
+
+satisfy all the
+internal constraints.
+
+And that the external
+8 tuples that
+
+are parts of these trajectories
+are the 8 tuples of the 8,
+
+4, 4 code.
+
+I just assert that now.
+
+Please verify it.
+
+All right, so now
+let's step back
+
+and take a look at
+this realization.
+
+I believe it's the simplest
+representation of the 8, 4,
+
+4 codes if you account the
+complexity of the constraints
+
+and of the variables.
+
+Notice that all the internal
+variables, the states
+
+if you like, they're all binary.
+
+So it's a two-state
+representation
+
+if we want to use that language,
+that all the constraints are
+
+simple, either 3, 2, 2
+or 3, 1, 3 constraints.
+
+We count that as the branch
+complexity in effect.
+
+This isn't a
+trellis, but this is
+
+what's analogous to
+the branch complexity
+
+as we'll see when we get to
+the sum product algorithm.
+
+The complexity is
+proportional to the number
+
+of code words in each
+of these constraints.
+
+So there are either
+2 or 4 code words.
+
+It's a very simple realization.
+
+And there are only 12
+of these constraints.
+
+On the other hand, it does have
+cycles, like this cycle here.
+
+When we get to the
+sum product algorithm,
+
+we'll see that there's
+a fundamental difference
+
+between decoding on a graph
+with cycles and a graph
+
+without cycles.
+
+Without cycles, we get an
+exact decoding algorithm.
+
+It does maximum
+likelihood decoding,
+
+like the Viterbi algorithm.
+
+Or actually, a posteriori
+probability decoding.
+
+And in any case, it gives us
+the optimum, in some sense.
+
+When we decode on a
+graph with cycles,
+
+we get some degradation
+from the optimum.
+
+Sae-Young Chung tried
+decoding with this.
+
+And as I remember, it was a few
+tenths of [? db ?] sub-optimum.
+
+It wasn't bad.
+
+But it wasn't optimum either.
+
+So that's the trade-off we make.
+
+Suppose we want to make this
+into a cycle-free graph.
+
+We can probably do
+that by agglomeration.
+
+Let me suggest the
+following agglomeration.
+
+Let's make all of
+this-- let's suppress
+
+that cycle into one big block.
+
+Let's suppress this
+cycle into one big block.
+
+So we're going to consider
+this one overall constraint.
+
+What is that constraint?
+
+We have two outputs.
+
+Or I'm sorry, two
+variables over here.
+
+We have four
+variables over here.
+
+So it's going to be
+some code of length 6.
+
+And from the fact that you have
+three inputs coming in here,
+
+you might guess it's going to
+be a 6, 3 code, which it is.
+
+So if we do that,
+we simply get 6, 3.
+
+And similarly, a 6, 3
+constraint down here.
+
+There are 8 possible
+valid behaviors
+
+just for this constraint.
+
+And again, since everything
+is self-dual here,
+
+it's going to be 6, 3.
+
+So let me, again, assert that.
+
+Does anybody recognize
+what this realization is?
+
+Would it help if I
+drew it like this?
+
+This is four variables,
+four variables.
+
+Anybody?
+
+Come on, you've
+seen this before.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+This is a realization
+of a different style.
+
+This is now a
+cycle-free realization,
+
+as you can easily see either
+from this or from-- well,
+
+it's cycle-free now.
+
+Sorry, I should
+do one more thing.
+
+I should make this into
+a quaternary variable.
+
+So this will be 2.
+
+It's basically u5,
+u6 in this notation.
+
+Without doing that,
+there's still a cycle.
+
+This little cycle going back and
+forth there as we said before.
+
+So somebody I heard say it.
+
+Say it again.
+
+AUDIENCE: Trellis.
+
+PROFESSOR: Trellis.
+
+It's our two-section
+trellis realization
+
+of the 8, 4, 4 code
+where we divide a code
+
+word into two
+sections of length 4.
+
+And simply, this is the
+trellis at the first half.
+
+Eight possible lines,
+each one containing
+
+two parallel transitions.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Four lines each containing
+two parallel transitions
+
+going to one of eight states.
+
+And that's what the
+actual trellis looks like.
+
+So this is, indeed, cycle-free.
+
+What's the difference
+between this realization
+
+and the other one?
+
+Well, first of all,
+we've got four states
+
+in this cycle-free realization
+and we've got-- certainly,
+
+a much larger
+constraint code here,
+
+which will turn into complexity,
+computational complexity,
+
+when we go to decoding.
+
+Now, we've got a
+branch complexity of 8.
+
+Whereas, we never had
+anything larger than 4
+
+in the zero sum constraints
+of the previous diagram.
+
+So in that sense, this
+is more complicated.
+
+Its state complexity,
+its branch complexity
+
+is higher than the
+cycle-free one that we did.
+
+Than the one with cycles,
+but it's cycle-free.
+
+You remember also
+we did this one.
+
+We have both of
+these going down here
+
+and we consider them each
+to be a binary variable,
+
+then we get our
+tail-biting realization,
+
+which is only two states.
+
+But it now has a cycle.
+
+And if we're going
+to go to cycles,
+
+I would go all the
+way to that other one.
+
+But maybe not.
+
+If you decode this
+tail-biting realization,
+
+maybe its performance
+is a little bit better
+
+because it more
+faithfully represents
+
+what's going on inside the
+circuit than the other one.
+
+How many different
+ways have we had
+
+of realizing the
+8, 4, 4 code now?
+
+We've had at least half a
+dozen, maybe more than that.
+
+And this is all to
+illustrate the various styles
+
+that we have.
+
+We've now had at least
+one of each style.
+
+And now we have one
+of Hadamard transform.
+
+Or, as I'm going to call it,
+we have a reduced Hadamard
+
+transform, the one with only
+the 12 simple constraints in it.
+
+Or, we also have the
+agglomerated Hadamard
+
+transform, which gets
+us to cycle-free.
+
+This has cycles.
+
+But this is simple and this
+is, at least, more complex.
+
+So there's a trade.
+
+What do you want?
+
+OK.
+
+Just one more side
+comment on the subject.
+
+For exercise 2, which
+I didn't assign,
+
+shows that in general
+an agglomerated Hadamard
+
+transform realization
+of a Reed-Muller code,
+
+you can always get one
+that looks like this.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Which is sort of a four-section
+realization where each of these
+
+has length 2 to the m minus 2.
+
+This is like the
+four-section realization
+
+of the Reed-Muller code.
+
+Each of these
+state variables has
+
+dimension which meets
+the cut-set bound.
+
+And the cut-set
+bound for a cut that
+
+divides the trellis into one
+quarter and three quarters
+
+or one half and one half.
+
+You remember all
+of these dimensions
+
+were the same as
+simply the state
+
+dimension of a
+four-section trellis.
+
+And I hope you remember that
+the state dimensions were
+
+the same at all four boundaries.
+
+So we always get
+the same dimension
+
+for each of these, the same
+as in a four-section trellis.
+
+And we get the minimal
+trellis complexity here.
+
+So this is going to
+turn out to be length
+
+equals 3s and k equals
+t, where t is the branch
+
+complexity, the minimal
+branch complexity
+
+parameter for a
+trellis that we had
+
+in a table back in Chapter 6.
+
+So this actually turns out
+to be a nice-- the nicest
+
+I know-- cycle-free realization
+of a Reed-Muller code.
+
+For instance, for a 32,
+16, 8 code these dimensions
+
+are 18, 9, 18, 9.
+
+These are all 6.
+
+It's a 64-state
+realization with 8 symbols
+
+at each of these points.
+
+And each of these
+is a 14, 7 code.
+
+Is this fundamentally simpler
+than a four-section trellis
+
+realization of the
+32, 16, 8 code?
+
+Not really.
+
+The branch complexity
+is the same
+
+as it is in the central
+sections of this code.
+
+This is very close
+to being a-- it
+
+is a four-section
+realization if we
+
+draw the four
+sections like this.
+
+Except we have to draw a little
+additional thing up here,
+
+which is slightly helpful.
+
+So it's sort of a expanded
+trellis that looks like this.
+
+OK, so maybe think of that as a
+quote, "explanation" for this.
+
+And I give explicit expressions
+for s and particularly
+
+for t, which perhaps
+you can derive
+
+or perhaps you don't care.
+
+You won't be held
+responsible for it, anyway.
+
+You might even remember that
+the Golay code, the 24, 12,
+
+8 realization, which
+looked very much like this
+
+but contained only three
+sections, each of length 8
+
+and a single 18, 9
+constraint in the middle.
+
+These were all 6.
+
+Maybe you remember
+that, maybe you don't.
+
+But that's a realization
+of the Golay code.
+
+And it shows that these two
+codes are very close cousins.
+
+There are many ways of
+showing that they're
+
+very close cousins.
+
+They are.
+
+OK, so now I'm just going
+off into side comments.
+
+You obviously won't
+be held responsible
+
+for any of the side comments.
+
+But I hope they give you
+something of a flavor
+
+for how the subject
+can be developed.
+
+OK, that's the
+end of Chapter 11.
+
+There is an appendix
+in Chapter 11
+
+that talks about other
+flavors of graphs.
+
+Factor graphs is a more
+embracing philosophically,
+
+conceptually notion where each
+of the constraints, instead
+
+of representing codes represents
+the factors, local factors,
+
+some global function
+factors into a product
+
+of local functions.
+
+The local functions are
+represented by constraints.
+
+It's a nice way of
+looking at things.
+
+It's not strictly
+necessary for this course,
+
+so I haven't gone into it.
+
+But most of the literature now
+is in terms of factor graphs.
+
+In other fields, we
+have related topics,
+
+like Markov graphs or
+Markov random fields.
+
+And slight
+differences in choices
+
+have been made in these areas.
+
+Here, you see we're
+putting all the variables
+
+on the edges and the
+constraints as nodes in a graph.
+
+And that's the
+normal graph style.
+
+In Markov graphs,
+they make exactly
+
+the opposite convention.
+
+They make the variables into
+nodes, which is probably
+
+what most people would
+do if they sat down
+
+to start doing a graphical
+model of something.
+
+And they make the
+constraints into edges.
+
+But there are several
+problems with that.
+
+One is that if you have a
+constraint of larger degree
+
+than 2, then you really
+need a hyper-edge,
+
+which is represented
+by a clique.
+
+And cliques sometimes
+introduce artifacts
+
+that you don't really want.
+
+So I think it's actually
+an inferior style,
+
+but it's a very popular
+style in some fields.
+
+Physics, particularly, for
+indicating dependencies.
+
+All of these
+graphical models are
+
+methods of indicating
+dependencies
+
+and what's related to what.
+
+There's another style.
+
+It's very popular in
+statistical inference,
+
+which is called
+Bayesian networks.
+
+And this style is
+similar to ours
+
+except the graphs are directed.
+
+Everything is a cause
+and effect relationship.
+
+So you have one variable
+that causes another variable.
+
+We've generally stayed away
+from cause and effect here.
+
+We've used the behavioral
+style, undirected graph.
+
+But Bayesian networks
+have been hugely popular
+
+in statistical inference.
+
+And so the appendix is just
+to explain the relationship
+
+between these various styles.
+
+And obviously, you can
+work with any of them.
+
+It's a matter of preference.
+
+OK, any other questions
+about Chapter 11?
+
+This was the basic introduction
+to codes on graphs.
+
+Chapter 11 is, what
+are codes on graphs?
+
+Chapter 12 is, how do we
+decode codes on graphs?
+
+Which is the sum
+product algorithm.
+
+So we'll move into that now.
+
+And then Chapter
+13, we'll actually
+
+talk about classes of
+capacity-approaching codes.
+
+So these three
+chapters certainly
+
+form a closely related set that
+should all be read together.
+
+OK, what are the basic facts
+about sum product algorithm?
+
+I'm going to describe it as a
+method of doing A Posteriori
+
+Probability decoding,
+APP decoding, initially
+
+on cycle-free graphs.
+
+I'll define-- what do I mean
+by a posteriori probability
+
+decoding?
+
+Then, we'll develop the
+algorithm for cycle-free graphs
+
+where the theory is
+kind of complete.
+
+There are various theorems
+that you can easily
+
+prove about the performance
+of the algorithm here.
+
+The algorithm completes in
+a finite amount of time.
+
+Basically, equal
+the amount of time
+
+it takes to get from
+one side of the graph
+
+to the other, which in
+graph theory language
+
+is called the
+diameter of the graph.
+
+And it does exact a posteriori
+probability decoding.
+
+So if that's actually
+what you want to do,
+
+this is a good way of doing it.
+
+If you do this on a trellis
+for instance, it's the, by now,
+
+well-known BCJR algorithm,
+for Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek,
+
+and Raviv, who published
+this algorithm back in 1973.
+
+Probably known in other
+fields before that.
+
+Actually, you can sort of
+find it in Gallagher's thesis.
+
+You can certainly find the
+sum product algorithm there.
+
+Anyway, the BCJR
+algorithm is now
+
+widely used as a component
+of these decoding algorithms
+
+for turbo codes, in particular,
+and capacity-approaching codes
+
+in general because it's an
+exact way of decoding a trellis.
+
+And probably fast.
+
+Although, we'll find it's
+more complex than the Viterbi
+
+algorithm.
+
+So if you are just interested
+in decoding a trellis,
+
+you would probably use
+the Viterbi algorithm.
+
+But you use the BCJR
+algorithm when you actually
+
+want to compute the a
+posteriori probabilities.
+
+And that's what
+you want when it's
+
+part of a larger algorithm.
+
+So we'll do all the development
+on cycle-free graph.
+
+Where we really,
+eventually, want to use
+
+it is on graphs with cycles.
+
+And there are
+hardly any theorems.
+
+In this case, you find yourself
+going around the cycles.
+
+So there are all kinds
+of new questions.
+
+How do you start?
+
+When do you stop?
+
+What are its
+convergence properties?
+
+It becomes an iterative
+and approximate algorithm.
+
+For instance, when I said that
+decoding of that simple, little
+
+reduced Hadamard transform
+realization for the 8, 4,
+
+4 code, which had
+cycles in it, I
+
+said it was a couple of tenths
+of [? db ?] sub-optimum.
+
+That was obtained by
+running this algorithm
+
+on that little graph with
+cycles until it seemed
+
+to have converged to something
+and plotting its performance.
+
+And it's not quite as
+good as the performance
+
+would be on a cycle-free
+graph like this one.
+
+All right, so you give up
+something in performance.
+
+And you give up-- it
+becomes an algorithm
+
+that runs indefinitely.
+
+And you'd have to figure
+out some stopping criterion
+
+and so forth.
+
+All together, it's much
+more, what are we doing here?
+
+We can't really say
+with any precision what
+
+we're doing here in most cases.
+
+Although, in Chapter 13, I'll
+give some cases where we can
+
+say quite precisely
+what it's doing.
+
+But it becomes much
+harder to analyze.
+
+But in coding, this is
+actually what you want to do.
+
+This is what works.
+
+Just try it on a graph with
+cycles and hope for the best.
+
+And because we design
+our own graphs in coding,
+
+we can design them so that
+the algorithm works very well.
+
+Basically, we want
+to design them
+
+to have cycles, but extremely
+large cycles, large girth.
+
+And then the algorithm
+tends not to get confused
+
+and to be near optimal.
+
+Because it takes a long
+time for information
+
+to propagate around
+the cycle and it's
+
+pretty attenuated
+when it comes back in.
+
+Whereas, with the short
+cycles that you saw here,
+
+that's not good.
+
+And in many of
+these other fields,
+
+like physics for instance,
+image processing,
+
+you're dealing with graphs
+that look like grids.
+
+Something like that.
+
+You have lots and
+lots of short cycles.
+
+And then just applying
+the sum product algorithm
+
+to a graph that
+looks like that won't
+
+work well at all
+because you have
+
+these little, short cycles.
+
+So if you can design
+your own graph,
+
+this is a good thing to do.
+
+OK, so let's get into it.
+
+First of all, let
+me describe what
+
+I mean by a posteriori
+probability decoding.
+
+This means simply that
+for every variable,
+
+both internal variables
+and external variables,
+
+we want to compute the
+probability of that variable.
+
+Let's call it probability that
+some external variable y, k
+
+takes on some
+particular value y, k
+
+given the entire
+received sequence.
+
+OK, so you can think in
+terms of the 8, 4, 4 code.
+
+We're going to take this code.
+
+We're going to transmit it over
+some kind of a noisy channel.
+
+We're going to get
+a received sequence.
+
+And from that, we want to
+figure out the probability
+
+that any particular input
+bit is equal to a 0 or a 1.
+
+That might be more precisely
+what we're going to do.
+
+So we really want
+to develop a vector
+
+consisting of the values of
+this a posteriori probability
+
+for all possible
+values of the variable.
+
+This is sometimes
+called a message.
+
+But this is what we're
+going to try to compute.
+
+If we're actually
+decoding a code
+
+and we get the a
+posteriori probabilities
+
+for all these variables,
+then at the end of the day,
+
+what do we want to do?
+
+We want to make hard
+decisions on each of these
+
+and decide what was sent.
+
+It's quite easy to show.
+
+Actually, I'm not sure
+I do this in the notes.
+
+That a posteriori
+probability decoding
+
+is what you want
+to do to minimize
+
+the probability of bit error.
+
+What's the probability
+of bit error?
+
+It's the probability that y is
+not what you guessed it was.
+
+In other words, it's 1 minus
+the max of all of these.
+
+You would choose the max.
+
+The probability of it
+actually being the max
+
+is given by that a
+posteriori probability.
+
+And 1 minus that
+is the probability
+
+that it's anything else.
+
+And that's the bit
+error probability.
+
+So doing maximum a posteriori
+probability decoding
+
+on a bit-wise basis is the way
+of minimizing the bit error
+
+probability.
+
+Now, that isn't
+actually what we've
+
+been doing in the
+Viterbi algorithm,
+
+for instance, or in
+general in our decoding.
+
+We've said, we want to minimize
+the probability of decoding
+
+any code word on
+a sequence basis.
+
+We want to minimize the
+probability of error
+
+in decoding the whole sequence.
+
+So these are not
+exactly the same thing.
+
+In fact, if you do
+max APP decoding,
+
+you may not even
+get a code word.
+
+You'll make individual
+decisions on each of these bits,
+
+and that may not
+actually be a code word.
+
+There's nothing that
+requires it to be.
+
+Usually, it is.
+
+Usually, there's no difference.
+
+These algorithms tend to--
+at least in relatively good
+
+signal noise, reach
+ratio situations.
+
+They tend to both
+give the same answer.
+
+And the probability of
+bit error or word error
+
+is not markedly
+different whichever one
+
+you use as a practical matter.
+
+But it's certainly
+possible in principle
+
+that since maximum likelihood
+sequence decoding gives you
+
+the lowest word
+error probability,
+
+maximum APP bit-wise
+decoding has
+
+got to give you a higher
+word error probability.
+
+So in any particular
+situation, you've
+
+got to decide which is
+more important to you,
+
+minimizing the bit
+error probability
+
+or minimizing the probability
+of any error in the whole block.
+
+Actually, generally, the
+latter is what you prefer.
+
+That governs your minimum
+time between decoding
+
+errors and things like that.
+
+So that's a general discussion
+of what APP decoding is.
+
+Why do we want it here?
+
+Because when we get to
+capacity-approaching codes,
+
+we're going to talk
+about big codes that
+
+are made up of smaller codes.
+
+The great thing about this
+graphical realization-- this
+
+is realization of
+linear systems.
+
+You realize a big system
+by putting together blocks
+
+representing little systems.
+
+That's a good way
+of designing things
+
+for all kinds of reasons.
+
+It's going to be
+the way we design
+
+capacity-approaching codes.
+
+And we're going
+to want a decoding
+
+algorithm for a
+part of a system.
+
+Say, this 6, 3 part,
+or say something else.
+
+Say this whole thing is
+a part of the system.
+
+This whole thing is just 8, 4.
+
+That yields soft probabilistic
+information in the output
+
+that we can then feed
+into decoding algorithms
+
+for other parts of the system.
+
+So we won't want to
+make hard decisions.
+
+We'll want to feed the whole
+message, the whole vector
+
+of a posteriori
+probabilities from one--
+
+a partially decoded
+part of the system.
+
+We'll feed that into some other
+part and then go decode that.
+
+For instance, in
+turbo codes we'll
+
+decode-- we'll make it up out
+of several convolutional codes.
+
+There will be several trellises.
+
+We'll do BCJR decoding
+of one trellis.
+
+That will give us a bunch of
+a posteriori probabilities
+
+about the bits that are
+involved in that trellis,
+
+then we'll pass them back
+to some other trellis
+
+decoder that's
+decoding-- apparently,
+
+a different trellis,
+but involving
+
+some of the same bits.
+
+So maybe I shouldn't go on too
+long with these generalities,
+
+but that's why APP
+decoding is going
+
+to be a good thing for us to do.
+
+And it's not because
+ultimately we
+
+want to do APP decoding
+of a single code.
+
+It's because we want
+the soft decisions
+
+to feed into other decoding.
+
+All right.
+
+How do we compute this?
+
+Probability that
+yk equals yk given
+
+r is going to be a basic
+probability theory.
+
+It's just the sum over
+all, let's say, code words
+
+in which yk equals yk of the
+probability of those code
+
+words.
+
+So sum over all y.
+
+I'm just making
+up notation here.
+
+In our code, we're
+going to have some code
+
+words in the code
+that have yk equals 0
+
+and some code words
+that have yk equals 1.
+
+So we'll divide the code
+words into two sets,
+
+the ones that are
+compatible with yk equals 0
+
+and the ones that are
+compatible with yk equals 1.
+
+The a posteriori
+probability of yk
+
+equals yk is simply the sum of
+the a posteriori probabilities
+
+that we get of any
+of those code words.
+
+I don't have to make
+proportional sign there.
+
+But by Bayes' law, each of
+these-- Bayes' p of y given r
+
+is proportional to.
+
+Here's a sign that
+a lot of people use.
+
+I'm not completely
+comfortable with it yet,
+
+but that means proportional to.
+
+Prop 2 in [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Probability of r given y.
+
+In other words, the a posteriori
+probability of a code word
+
+is proportional to the
+probability of r given y.
+
+Why?
+
+Because by Bayes', it's actually
+equal to that times probability
+
+of y over probability of r.
+
+But this is the same
+for all of them.
+
+If the code words
+are all equiprobable,
+
+these are the same
+for all of them.
+
+So it's just proportional
+to the likelihood
+
+of getting r given
+that you transmitted y.
+
+I'm sure you've seen
+this many times before,
+
+so I won't do in detail.
+
+So this is proportional
+to the same sum.
+
+y in this code word,
+where y-- a portion
+
+of the code where yk equals y.
+
+p of r given y.
+
+But that's easy.
+
+I'm assuming that I have
+a memoryless channel here.
+
+That's been implicit
+throughout this course,
+
+like the Additive White Gaussian
+Noise channel or the Binary
+
+Symmetric channel.
+
+So this just breaks up into
+a component-wise product.
+
+This is just the product
+of p of-- over the k.
+
+p of rk given yk.
+
+And because yk has the same--
+I should say k prime here.
+
+Sorry, that's very confusing.
+
+So this is over all k prime.
+
+But I can break this up.
+
+One of these terms
+is going to be k.
+
+For that, yk is fixed at little
+yk, at this particular value.
+
+So I can write this in turn
+as this for k prime not equal
+
+to k.
+
+And then I get a common term
+which is p of rk given yk.
+
+OK, so this is the expression
+that I want to compute.
+
+Two comments.
+
+When I say "sum
+product," it's really
+
+because this is just a
+sum of products here.
+
+We see we want to
+compute this actually
+
+rather nasty sum of products.
+
+We're looking for
+an efficient way
+
+of computing the
+sum of products.
+
+And we're going to
+show how this could
+
+be computed by tracing
+through the graph.
+
+That's one comment.
+
+The second comment is that in
+the literature, particularly
+
+in the turbo code
+literature, this has a name.
+
+This part, the direct
+likelihood of the symbol given
+
+what you received
+corresponding to that symbol,
+
+is called the intrinsic
+information about y, k.
+
+And this part, which has
+to do with, basically,
+
+the likelihood of yk given
+all the other yk prime,
+
+for k prime not
+equal to k, is called
+
+the extrinsic information.
+
+We basically take
+these two parts,
+
+which we can compute separately,
+and we multiply them together.
+
+And we get the
+overall probability.
+
+So the probability consists
+of a part due to rk
+
+and a part due to all
+those other rk prime,
+
+which we're going to compute
+by going through the graph.
+
+And I just introduced
+this language
+
+because if you
+read papers, you're
+
+going to see this
+throughout the literature.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me start moving back.
+
+I never used this.
+
+Well, let me introduce
+one more thing.
+
+So we want to compute
+all these messages.
+
+In particular, we want to
+compute the probability of yk
+
+equals yk given r.
+
+This part here is really the
+r on k prime not equal to k.
+
+Terrible notation.
+
+The other r's.
+
+So that'll be a message.
+
+We also want to
+compute similar things
+
+for all the internal variables,
+which we have sometimes
+
+called state variables.
+
+And it breaks up
+in the same way.
+
+And I won't take the trouble
+to write out the expression.
+
+But again, now we
+really want to go over
+
+all configurations which
+have a particular state
+
+variable in them.
+
+So we're really going
+over all behaviors.
+
+And we can compute
+probabilities this way.
+
+I won't belabor that right now.
+
+So we want messages, really,
+indicating the likelihood
+
+of each of the
+external variables
+
+and each of the
+internal variables.
+
+The whole set of
+possible likelihoods,
+
+the APP vector, the message,
+for both the symbol variables
+
+and the state variables.
+
+And that's what the
+sum product algorithm
+
+is going to do for us.
+
+OK.
+
+So the sum product
+algorithm is based
+
+on-- I discuss it three parts.
+
+One is the past future
+decomposition of the code.
+
+Another is the actual
+sum product update rule,
+
+which is based on
+another decomposition.
+
+And finally, we need
+an overall schedule.
+
+OK, so let me
+discuss this first.
+
+Let's take a particular
+state variable.
+
+I only mean internal variable.
+
+And here it is.
+
+Somewhere in our big
+graph, it's an edge.
+
+Our big graph is cycle-free.
+
+So what's the special property
+of edges in cycle-free graphs?
+
+Every edge is a cut-set.
+
+So if I take this edge, it
+divides the whole graph--
+
+we've done this before--
+into two parts, which
+
+we can call past and future.
+
+And if we were to
+take out this edge,
+
+it would disconnect the
+graph from these two parts.
+
+So there's no other connections
+between the past and the future
+
+because the graph is cycle-free.
+
+And there's some set of
+past observed variables, rp,
+
+and there's some set of
+future observe variables, rf.
+
+So before, I called
+this yp and yf.
+
+These are the received
+observations corresponding
+
+to all the past variables,
+the received observations
+
+corresponding to all
+the future variables.
+
+And the past future
+decomposition
+
+is basically like this here.
+
+Let me write it out.
+
+It basically says that the
+probability of-- that state
+
+variable has a
+particular value given
+
+r is proportional
+to the probability
+
+that the state variable has
+a particular value given r--
+
+that part-- times the
+probability that it has
+
+a particular value based
+on the future part.
+
+And that we can simply--
+when we take the vector,
+
+we can simply multiply
+the two components
+
+that both have a
+common value sk and we
+
+get the overall a posteriori
+probability that this state
+
+variable has a particular value.
+
+Now, I'm sure there is a-- OK.
+
+In the notes, I go through
+a little development
+
+to show this.
+
+The development is, first
+of all, based on the fact
+
+that if I ask-- now in the
+corresponding expression here,
+
+I want to have
+the sum over all y
+
+and s such that the behaviot--
+I'm going to just lose myself
+
+in notation here.
+
+We only have a few minutes left.
+
+This is basically going
+to be over a code that's
+
+consistent with the state
+having this particular variable.
+
+But when I cut this
+code up like this,
+
+the overall code of
+all configurations
+
+that are consistent with a
+certain state variable sk
+
+is going to divide up
+into a Cartesian product
+
+of the past part
+of the code that's
+
+consistent with sk across the
+future part of the code that's
+
+consistent with sk.
+
+And this was
+precisely the argument
+
+we went through when we
+developed the cut-set bound.
+
+That given sk, we
+can take any past
+
+that's consistent with
+sk and any future that's
+
+consistent with sk
+and map them together.
+
+And in effect, fixing the state
+does disconnect the graph.
+
+And this is the
+basic Markov property
+
+that we used to develop
+the cut-set bound.
+
+Really, just depending
+on that again.
+
+Plus the basic Cartesian
+product, lemma,
+
+which is that if I have a
+sum over a Cartesian product,
+
+x cross of f of x g of y, what's
+a fast way of computing that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So this is trivial.
+
+But in fact, that's what we
+do in many fast algorithms.
+
+It's just the sum over
+the x of the f part,
+
+the sum over y of the g part.
+
+And you multiply
+those two together.
+
+Just think of x and y being
+on some rectangular array.
+
+Here, we compute
+all the products
+
+corresponding to every
+combination of x and y
+
+individually.
+
+Here, we first take
+the sum of all those,
+
+the sum of all those,
+the sum all those.
+
+We multiply them times
+the sum of-- in this way.
+
+And we will get exactly the same
+terms if we multiply them out.
+
+And so this is just a fast
+way of computing this.
+
+And that's really what we're
+doing when we divide this up
+
+in this way.
+
+I think I'm incapable
+of explaining that
+
+any more clearly right now And
+we're at the end of our time,
+
+anyway.
+
+So we do want to
+not do problem 8.3.
+
+You have only one problem due
+on Wednesday, which is 8.1.
+
+It will probably take
+you a while, anyway.
+
+We didn't get to
+the BCJR algorithm.
+
+We'll take this up again
+and complete the sum product
+
+algorithm next time.
+
+See you Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/StnOg-q2tS8.txt b/StnOg-q2tS8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee30fc34a532afd72c5280690f8ca9b966e560ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/StnOg-q2tS8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I hoped I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I hoped I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay uh I hoped I might have
+those uh exam 2 for you today but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh exam 2 for you today but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh exam 2 for you today but it's
+not quite back from the grader it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite back from the grader it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite back from the grader it's
+already gone to the second grader so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone to the second grader so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone to the second grader so it
+will not be long um and uh I hope you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be long um and uh I hope you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be long um and uh I hope you've
+had a look at the mat lab uh uh homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a look at the mat lab uh uh homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a look at the mat lab uh uh homework
+for Friday if possible um the I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Friday if possible um the I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Friday if possible um the I think
+we've got the there were some errors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the there were some errors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got the there were some errors in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+original statement location of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original statement location of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original statement location of the
+coordinates but I think they're fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but I think they're fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but I think they're fixed
+now so ready to go on that mat lab don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so ready to go on that mat lab don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so ready to go on that mat lab don't
+forget that it's four on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that it's four on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that it's four on the right hand
+side and not one so if you get an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and not one so if you get an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and not one so if you get an answer
+near one quarter at the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near one quarter at the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near one quarter at the center of the
+circle um that's the reason just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle um that's the reason just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle um that's the reason just that
+factor four is to remember uh I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four is to remember uh I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four is to remember uh I I would
+I'll talk more about the mat lab this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about the mat lab this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about the mat lab this
+afternoon in the review session right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon in the review session right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon in the review session right
+here uh just to say uh I I'm highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh just to say uh I I'm highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh just to say uh I I'm highly
+interested in that problem not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that problem not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that problem not just
+increasing in the number of uh mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the number of uh mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the number of uh mesh
+points in the octagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the octagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the octagon
+but also increasing the number of sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also increasing the number of sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also increasing the number of sides
+so uh so there are two numbers there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so there are two numbers there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so there are two numbers there and
+uh we had n points on end points on a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had n points on end points on a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had n points on end points on a on
+a ray out from the center but we have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ray out from the center but we have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ray out from the center but we have M
+sides of the of the polygon and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the of the polygon and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the of the polygon and I'm
+interested in both of those getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in both of those getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in both of those getting
+getting big grow uh growing uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting big grow uh growing uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting big grow uh growing uh I don't
+know how and maybe a a a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how and maybe a a a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how and maybe a a a reasonable
+balance is uh to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is uh to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance is uh to take
+um I think n and proportional to m is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think n and proportional to m is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think n and proportional to m is is
+a pretty good balance so I'd be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good balance so I'd be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty good balance so I'd be very
+happy I mean I'm very happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I mean I'm very happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I mean I'm very happy with
+whatever you do but I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do but I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do but I'm really
+interested to know what happens as both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to know what happens as both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to know what happens as both
+of these increase uh how close how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these increase uh how close how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these increase uh how close how
+quickly do you approach the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do you approach the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do you approach the igen values
+of a circle and you might keep the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circle and you might keep the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a circle and you might keep the two
+proportional as you increase them uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional as you increase them uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional as you increase them uh so
+let me say more about that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say more about that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say more about that this
+afternoon because it's a big day today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon because it's a big day today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon because it's a big day today
+to start F 4A series the new chapter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start F 4A series the new chapter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start F 4A series the new chapter the
+new topic uh in fact the final major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new topic uh in fact the final major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new topic uh in fact the final major
+topic of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of the course
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh I tried to list here so here I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I tried to list here so here I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I tried to list here so here I'm in
+section 4.1 so I'm talking about 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 4.1 so I'm talking about 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 4.1 so I'm talking about 4A
+Series so 4A series is for functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so 4A series is for functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so 4A series is for functions
+that have Period 2 pi it involves things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have Period 2 pi it involves things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have Period 2 pi it involves things
+like sinx like cosine X like e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sinx like cosine X like e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sinx like cosine X like e to the I
+KX all of those if I increase X by 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX all of those if I increase X by 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX all of those if I increase X by 2 pi
+I'm back where I started so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm back where I started so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm back where I started so that's the
+sort of functions that have 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of functions that have 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of functions that have 4A series
+then we'll uh go on to the other two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll uh go on to the other two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll uh go on to the other two big
+forms import crucial forms of the Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms import crucial forms of the Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms import crucial forms of the Fier
+world but 4.1 starts with the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but 4.1 starts with the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but 4.1 starts with the classical
+forier Series so I I realize you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier Series so I I realize you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier Series so I I realize you will
+have seen and many of you will have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen and many of you will have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen and many of you will have seen
+4A series before I hope you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series before I hope you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A series before I hope you'll see some
+new aspects here so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new aspects here so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new aspects here so let me just
+uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get
+organized I I I kind of it's nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized I I I kind of it's nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized I I I kind of it's nice to
+have some examples that just involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some examples that just involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some examples that just involve
+signs and since the sign is an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and since the sign is an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and since the sign is an odd
+function that means it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that means it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that means it's sort of
+anti-symmetric across zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric across zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric across zero
+uh those are the functions that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are the functions that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are the functions that will
+have only s will have a s expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only s will have a s expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only s will have a s expansion
+cosiness are the opposite cosiness are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness are the opposite cosiness are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness are the opposite cosiness are
+symmetric across zero like a constant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric across zero like a constant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric across zero like a constant or
+like cosine X zero comes right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cosine X zero comes right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cosine X zero comes right at the
+symmetric point so those will have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric point so those will have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric point so those will have only
+cosiness and a lot of examples fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and a lot of examples fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and a lot of examples fit in
+one or the other of those and it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other of those and it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or the other of those and it's easy
+to see them the general function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see them the general function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see them the general function of
+course is a combination odd and even it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a combination odd and even it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a combination odd and even it
+has cosiness and it has signs it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cosiness and it has signs it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cosiness and it has signs it's just
+the sum of the two pieces so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the two pieces so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the two pieces so uh that's
+this is the standard fora series which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard fora series which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard fora series which
+which I couldn't get onto one line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I couldn't get onto one line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I couldn't get onto one line but
+it has all the cosiness including this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the cosiness including this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has all the cosiness including this
+slightly different cosine of zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different cosine of zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different cosine of zero and
+all the signs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the signs but
+because this one has these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one has these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one has these three
+different pieces the constant term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces the constant term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces the constant term the
+other Co signs all the signs three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Co signs all the signs three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Co signs all the signs three
+slightly different formulas it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different formulas it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different formulas it it's
+actually nicest of all to to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nicest of all to to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nicest of all to to use this
+final form because there's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final form because there's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final form because there's just one
+formula there's just one kind and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula there's just one kind and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula there's just one kind and I'll
+call its coefficient CK and now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call its coefficient CK and now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call its coefficient CK and now they
+multiply e to the ikx so we have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply e to the ikx so we have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply e to the ikx so we have to get
+used to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to e to the
+ikx we may be more familiar with cos sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx we may be more familiar with cos sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx we may be more familiar with cos sin
+KX and cos KX but everybody knows e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and cos KX but everybody knows e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and cos KX but everybody knows e to
+the I KX is a combination of them and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I KX is a combination of them and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I KX is a combination of them and if
+we let K go from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let K go from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let K go from minus infinity to
+Infinity so we've got all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so we've got all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so we've got all the terms
+including e to the minus i3x and e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including e to the minus i3x and e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including e to the minus i3x and e to
+the plus I 3x that would those combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus I 3x that would those combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus I 3x that would those combine
+would combine to give cosiness and SS of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would combine to give cosiness and SS of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would combine to give cosiness and SS of
+3x we get one nice formula there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x we get one nice formula there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x we get one nice formula there's just
+one formula for the C's so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formula for the C's so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formula for the C's so that's one
+good reason to look at the complex form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to look at the complex form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason to look at the complex form
+even if our function is actually real uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if our function is actually real uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if our function is actually real uh
+that that form is kind of neat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that form is kind of neat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that form is kind of neat and the
+second good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second good
+reason really important reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason really important reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason really important reason is that
+when we go to the discret fora transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the discret fora transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the discret fora transform
+the DFT everybody writes that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DFT everybody writes that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DFT everybody writes that with
+complex numbers so it's good to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so it's good to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers so it's good to see
+complex numbers first and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers first and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers first and then we can
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+like uh translate the formulas from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh translate the formulas from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh translate the formulas from and
+these are also most almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also most almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also most almost always
+written with complex numbers so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written with complex numbers so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written with complex numbers so this is
+the way uh to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way uh to see it
+okay so what do we do about 4 a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we do about 4 a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we do about 4 a series
+what do what do we have to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do we have to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do what do we have to know how to
+do and what should we understand well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and what should we understand well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and what should we understand well
+the what if you've had if you've met for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what if you've had if you've met for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what if you've had if you've met for
+series you may have met the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you may have met the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series you may have met the formula for
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+coefficients right that's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right that's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right that's sort of like
+step one if I'm given the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one if I'm given the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one if I'm given the function
+whatever the function might be might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the function might be might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the function might be might be
+a Delta function interesting case always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function interesting case always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function interesting case always
+always interesting uh always crazy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interesting uh always crazy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interesting uh always crazy right
+but it's always interesting the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's always interesting the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's always interesting the Delta
+function uh the the coefficients can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh the the coefficients can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh the the coefficients can be
+computed the coefficients you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the coefficients you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the coefficients you'll see
+I'll repeat those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat those
+formulas they they involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals well I what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals well I what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals well I what I want to say
+right now is that this isn't of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is that this isn't of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is that this isn't of course
+in integration so I I'm not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integration so I I'm not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in integration so I I'm not interested
+in doing more and more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing more and more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing more and more complicated
+integrals and finding uh Co 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and finding uh Co 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and finding uh Co 48
+coefficients of weird functions no way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of weird functions no way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of weird functions no way I
+want to understand the the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the the simple
+straight the the important examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight the the important examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight the the important examples and
+here's a point that that I'm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a point that that I'm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a point that that I'm that's
+highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly
+interesting in practice in Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in practice in Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in practice in Computing
+practice we're close to Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we're close to Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice we're close to Computing
+practice here in everything we do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice here in everything we do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice here in everything we do I mean
+this is really constantly used and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really constantly used and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really constantly used and one
+important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+is is the 4E series quickly converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the 4E series quickly converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the 4E series quickly converging
+because if we're going to compute we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're going to compute we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're going to compute we
+don't want to compute a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to compute a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to compute a thousand
+terms you know hopefully 10 terms 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you know hopefully 10 terms 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms you know hopefully 10 terms 20
+terms would be give us a good accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms would be give us a good accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms would be give us a good accuracy
+so that question comes down to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that question comes down to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that question comes down to how
+quickly do those A's and B's and C's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do those A's and B's and C's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly do those A's and B's and C's go
+to zero that that's highly important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that that's highly important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that that's highly important and
+and you'll connect conect this Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll connect conect this Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll connect conect this Decay
+rate will connect this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will connect this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate will connect this with the
+smoothness of the function oh I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness of the function oh I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness of the function oh I can tell
+you even at a start here okay so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even at a start here okay so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even at a start here okay so this I
+I just want to emphasize this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to emphasize this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to emphasize this point
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+see and we'll just see it over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and we'll just see it over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and we'll just see it over and over
+that like for a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like for a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like for a Delta
+function which is not smooth at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is not smooth at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is not smooth at all
+we'll see no Decay at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see no Decay at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see no Decay at
+all in the in the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the in the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the in the coefficients
+they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're
+constant they don't decrease as we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant they don't decrease as we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant they don't decrease as we go to
+higher and higher frequencies I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher frequencies I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher frequencies I think of
+of K here I'll use the word frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K here I'll use the word frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K here I'll use the word frequency
+for k for as as so high frequency means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k for as as so high frequency means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k for as as so high frequency means
+High K far out the 4A series and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High K far out the 4A series and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High K far out the 4A series and the
+question is are the co coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are the co coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are the co coefficients
+staying up there big and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying up there big and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying up there big and we have to
+worry about them or do they get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about them or do they get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about them or do they get very
+small so a Delta function is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so a Delta function is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so a Delta function is a key
+example and then a step function so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then a step function so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then a step function so what
+will be the deal with those if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the deal with those if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the deal with those if I have a
+function that's a step function I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a step function I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's a step function I'll
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+Decay rate is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay rate is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay rate is one over
+K so they do go to zero the thousandth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so they do go to zero the thousandth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so they do go to zero the thousandth
+coefficient will be roughly of size 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient will be roughly of size 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient will be roughly of size 1
+over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a
+th000 that's not fast that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 that's not fast that's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 that's not fast that's not really
+fast enough to compute with uh that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough to compute with uh that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough to compute with uh that so
+so we're not uh well we meet SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not uh well we meet SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not uh well we meet SE
+functions but uh I mean functions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but uh I mean functions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but uh I mean functions with
+jumps and we'll see that therefore for E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and we'll see that therefore for E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps and we'll see that therefore for E
+Series do go to the coefficients do go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series do go to the coefficients do go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series do go to the coefficients do go
+to zero but not very fast and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but not very fast and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but not very fast and we get
+something highly interesting so so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something highly interesting so so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something highly interesting so so when
+we do these examples so I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do these examples so I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do these examples so I've sort of
+moved on to examples so these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to examples so these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved on to examples so these are two
+basic examples what would be the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic examples what would be the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic examples what would be the next
+example uh step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh step
+function yeah maybe a hat next a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah maybe a hat next a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah maybe a hat next a hat
+function would be you you see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would be you you see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would be you you see what I'm
+doing at each step I'm integrating a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at each step I'm integrating a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at each step I'm integrating a hat
+function might be the next yeah ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function might be the next yeah ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function might be the next yeah ramp
+exactly hat function which is a ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly hat function which is a ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly hat function which is a ramp
+with a with a corner now so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a corner now so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a corner now so that's one
+integral better you want to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral better you want to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral better you want to guess the
+Decay rate on that one K squ now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay rate on that one K squ now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay rate on that one K squ now we're
+getting better we can that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better we can that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better we can that that's that's
+a fast fall off 1 over k^2 and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast fall off 1 over k^2 and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast fall off 1 over k^2 and then if
+we integrate again we'd get 1 over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate again we'd get 1 over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate again we'd get 1 over K
+cubed if we went then one more integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed if we went then one more integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed if we went then one more integral
+1 over K4 would be a cubic spline with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K4 would be a cubic spline with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over K4 would be a cubic spline with
+you remember the cubic spline is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the cubic spline is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the cubic spline is
+continuous its derivative is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous its derivative is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous its derivative is continuous
+that gives us a 1 over K cubed its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a 1 over K cubed its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a 1 over K cubed its
+second derivative is continuous that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is continuous that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is continuous that
+gives us a 1 over K to 4th and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a 1 over K to 4th and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a 1 over K to 4th and then you
+really uh can compute with that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh can compute with that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh can compute with that if if
+you have such a function so point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such a function so point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such a function so point
+pay attention to Decay rate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to Decay rate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to Decay rate that that
+that and the and the connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the and the connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the and the connection to
+smoothness that that will be uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness that that will be uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothness that that will be uh so
+examples is we'll start right off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is we'll start right off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples is we'll start right off with
+with these guys and then we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these guys and then we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these guys and then we'll see the
+rules for the derivative oh yeah rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for the derivative oh yeah rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for the derivative oh yeah rules
+for the derivative don't wa the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative don't wa the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative don't wa the the
+beauty of 4A series is of well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of 4A series is of well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of 4A series is of well actually
+you can see this you can see the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this you can see the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this you can see the rule
+let me just show you the rule for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you the rule for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you the rule for this
+so the rule for derivative just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rule for derivative just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rule for derivative just
+be the whole point about 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the whole point about 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the whole point about 4A
+is it's connects perfectly with Calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's connects perfectly with Calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's connects perfectly with Calculus
+with taking derivatives so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking derivatives so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking derivatives so suppose I
+have f ofx equals I'll use this form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have f ofx equals I'll use this form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have f ofx equals I'll use this form the
+sum of c k e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KX and now I take its derivative DF DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and now I take its derivative DF DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and now I take its derivative DF DX
+what do you think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is the
+derivative the for what's the 4 a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the for what's the 4 a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the for what's the 4 a series
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+derivative if I suppose I have the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if I suppose I have the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative if I suppose I have the 4
+Series for some function and then I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series for some function and then I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series for some function and then I take
+the 4 Series for the derivative so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 Series for the derivative so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4 Series for the derivative so I'm
+kind of going the backwards way less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going the backwards way less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of going the backwards way less
+smooth I'm getting I'm going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth I'm getting I'm going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth I'm getting I'm going from the
+derivative of the step function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the step function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the step function is
+involves Delta function so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Delta function so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Delta function so I'm
+going uh less smooth as I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh less smooth as I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh less smooth as I take
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+well it's so easy to it's so it jumps at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's so easy to it's so it jumps at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's so easy to it's so it jumps at
+you what's the rule just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the rule just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the rule just take the
+derivative of every term so I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of every term so I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of every term so I'll have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum of now what happens when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of now what happens when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of now what happens when I take the
+derivative everybody see what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative everybody see what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative everybody see what happened
+when I take the derivative of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivative of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the derivative of that of
+that typical term in the in the 4 E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typical term in the in the 4 E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typical term in the in the 4 E
+Series what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series what
+happens the derivative brings down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the derivative brings down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the derivative brings down a
+factor i k i k k being the thing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor i k i k k being the thing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor i k i k k being the thing that so
+it's ik K times what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+are the 48 coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the 48 coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the 48 coefficients of the
+derivative and that again makes exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that again makes exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and that again makes exactly
+the same point about the Decay rate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point about the Decay rate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point about the Decay rate or
+the opposite the non Decay rate as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite the non Decay rate as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite the non Decay rate as I
+take the derivative you get a rougher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative you get a rougher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative you get a rougher
+function right derivative of a of a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right derivative of a of a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right derivative of a of a step
+function is a Delta derivative of a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a Delta derivative of a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a Delta derivative of a hat
+would be have some steps we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be have some steps we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be have some steps we're we're
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+less smooth as we take more derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less smooth as we take more derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less smooth as we take more derivatives
+and every time we do it we see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time we do it we see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time we do it we see you
+understand the Decay rate now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Decay rate now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Decay rate now because
+the derivative just brings brings down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative just brings brings down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative just brings brings down a
+factor ik K so it's high frequencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor ik K so it's high frequencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor ik K so it's high frequencies are
+are uh more more present have larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh more more present have larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh more more present have larger
+coefficients yeah so and of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yeah so and of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yeah so and of course a
+second derivative would bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative would bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative would bring
+down uh ik squared so that our uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh ik squared so that our uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh ik squared so that our uh you
+know our our equations for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our our equations for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our our equations for uh for
+example let me just do an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me just do an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me just do an application
+here in in a without pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in in a without pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in in a without pushing
+it our our application you we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it our our application you we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it our our application you we started
+this course with equations likeus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course with equations likeus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course with equations likeus u
+Prime of xal Delta of x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of xal Delta of x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of xal Delta of x -
+a right that if we wanted to apply to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right that if we wanted to apply to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right that if we wanted to apply to a
+differential equation how would I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation how would I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation how would I do it
+I would take the 4A series above both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would take the 4A series above both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would take the 4A series above both
+sides I would look i' jump into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides I would look i' jump into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides I would look i' jump into what
+people would call the frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would call the frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would call the frequency domain
+so this is a this is a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a this is a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a this is a differential
+equation written as usual in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation written as usual in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation written as usual in the in the
+physical domain in with physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical domain in with physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical domain in with physical
+variable X position or it could be time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X position or it could be time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X position or it could be time
+and now let me take for a transforms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let me take for a transforms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let me take for a transforms so
+what would happen here if I take the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen here if I take the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen here if I take the 4A
+transform of this this well we'll soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this this well we'll soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this this well we'll soon
+see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right
+we get 48 coefficients of the Deltas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 48 coefficients of the Deltas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 48 coefficients of the Deltas of
+the Delta function that that's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function that that's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function that that's a key
+example and you see why over here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you see why over here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you see why over here what
+will we get now I'm taking two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we get now I'm taking two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we get now I'm taking two
+derivatives so I bring down ik K twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I bring down ik K twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I bring down ik K twice
+so I'm I'm looking here would be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm looking here would be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm I'm looking here would be the sum
+of the Delta whatever the Delta's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Delta whatever the Delta's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Delta whatever the Delta's
+coefficients are should we call those D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are should we call those D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are should we call those D
+how look alphabet's coming out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how look alphabet's coming out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how look alphabet's coming out right
+here D for Delta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here D for Delta uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here D for Delta uh
+so those the right side has coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those the right side has coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those the right side has coefficients
+DEC and what about the left side what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DEC and what about the left side what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DEC and what about the left side what
+are the coefficients if if the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coefficients if if the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the coefficients if if the solution
+U has coefficient CK so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U has coefficient CK so let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U has coefficient CK so let's call this
+U now uh uh has coefficient CK then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now uh uh has coefficient CK then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now uh uh has coefficient CK then what
+happens to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the second
+derivative ik k ik k again that's i^ 2 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative ik k ik k again that's i^ 2 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative ik k ik k again that's i^ 2 K
+2 the minus sign so we would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the minus sign so we would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the minus sign so we would have the
+sum of k 2 CK e to the ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of k 2 CK e to the ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of k 2 CK e to the ik
+KX this is If U itself has coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX this is If U itself has coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX this is If U itself has coefficient
+CK then minus U Prime has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK then minus U Prime has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK then minus U Prime has these
+coefficients so what's up how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so what's up how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so what's up how would we
+use that it's it's going to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that it's it's going to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that it's it's going to be easy
+we'll just match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just match
+terms right I can see what's my formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right I can see what's my formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right I can see what's my formula
+what should CK B if I know the DK right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should CK B if I know the DK right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should CK B if I know the DK right
+I'm given the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given the right hand
+side we're just doing what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we're just doing what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we're just doing what what's
+constantly happen this three-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly happen this three-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly happen this three-step
+process you're given the right side step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're given the right side step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're given the right side step
+one expanded in Fier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expanded in Fier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expanded in Fier series
+now step two match the two sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now step two match the two sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now step two match the two sides so
+what's the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the formula for
+CK in this application which I had by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK in this application which I had by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CK in this application which I had by
+the way I had no intention to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I had no intention to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I had no intention to do this
+but it jumped into my head and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it jumped into my head and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it jumped into my head and I thought
+why why not just do it what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why not just do it what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why not just do it what would be the
+the what would be the formula for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what would be the formula for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what would be the formula for C
+K it'll be DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it'll be DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K it'll be DK
+/ k s you're just matching terms just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ k s you're just matching terms just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ k s you're just matching terms just
+the way when we expanded things in igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way when we expanded things in igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way when we expanded things in igen
+vectors we match the coefficients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we match the coefficients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we match the coefficients of the
+IG vectors and that involveed just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG vectors and that involveed just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG vectors and that involveed just this
+simple step like here it's DK over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple step like here it's DK over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple step like here it's DK over
+K2 good and then what's the final step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 good and then what's the final step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 good and then what's the final step
+the final step is now you know the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final step is now you know the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final step is now you know the right
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+add them back up add the thing back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them back up add the thing back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them back up add the thing back up
+like here only I'm calling it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here only I'm calling it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here only I'm calling it this is
+I'm I'm temporarily calling it you uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm temporarily calling it you uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm temporarily calling it you uh to
+find the solution right three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the solution right three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the solution right three
+steps go into the frequency domain write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps go into the frequency domain write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps go into the frequency domain write
+the right hand side as as a 4A series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side as as a 4A series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side as as a 4A series
+second Quick Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Quick Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Quick Step
+is look at the equation for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at the equation for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at the equation for each
+separate for8 coefficient match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate for8 coefficient match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate for8 coefficient match the
+coefficients of these igen vectors igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of these igen vectors igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of these igen vectors igen
+functions and that's this simple this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that's this simple this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and that's this simple this
+quick middle step and then you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick middle step and then you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick middle step and then you've got
+the answer but you're still in fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer but you're still in fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer but you're still in fora
+space you're still in frequency space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you're still in frequency space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you're still in frequency space so
+you have to use these put them back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use these put them back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use these put them back to
+get the answer in physical space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer in physical space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer in physical space right
+that that's the pattern o over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the pattern o over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the pattern o over and over
+so that's the that's that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's that's sort of the
+general plan of applying fate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general plan of applying fate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general plan of applying fate
+and when does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when does it
+work when does it work because I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when does it work because I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when does it work because I mean
+it's fantastic when it works so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fantastic when it works so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fantastic when it works so so what
+what is it about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it about this
+problem that made it work when when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that made it work when when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that made it work when when is
+Fier happy you know he's when does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier happy you know he's when does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier happy you know he's when does he
+raise his hand says yes I can solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise his hand says yes I can solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise his hand says yes I can solve that
+problem okay what what do I need here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay what what do I need here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay what what do I need here
+for this plan to work I certainly don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this plan to work I certainly don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this plan to work I certainly don't
+need always just minus you double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need always just minus you double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need always just minus you double Prime
+I could do Fier could do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do Fier could do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could do Fier could do better than
+that but what what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but what what what's the
+requirement for Fier to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for Fier to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for Fier to work
+perfectly well linear equation right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well linear equation right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well linear equation right if
+we didn't have linear equations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have linear equations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have linear equations we
+couldn't do all these adding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do all these adding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do all these adding and
+matching and stuff so linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and stuff so linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and stuff so linear equations
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay what now what other linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what now what other linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what now what other linear
+equations could I have a c of X in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations could I have a c of X in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations could I have a c of X in here
+my familiar C of X very variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my familiar C of X very variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my familiar C of X very variable
+material property in inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material property in inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material property in inside this
+equation no if well not easily anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no if well not easily anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no if well not easily anyway
+that would really mess things up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would really mess things up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would really mess things up if
+there was a if there's a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a if there's a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a if there's a variable
+coefficient in here then this then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in here then this then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in here then this then it's
+going to have its own 4A series we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have its own 4A series we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have its own 4A series we're
+going to be multiplying fora series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multiplying fora series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multiplying fora series that
+comes later and it and it's not so clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes later and it and it's not so clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes later and it and it's not so clean
+so we want it works perfectly when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want it works perfectly when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want it works perfectly when when
+it's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's constant
+coefficients constant coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients constant coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients constant coefficients in
+the in the in the in the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the in the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the in the differential
+equation and then one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then one more
+thing very important other thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing very important other thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing very important other thing the
+boundary conditions everybody remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions everybody remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions everybody remembers
+now that's a part of the message of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a part of the message of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a part of the message of this
+course is that boundary conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that boundary conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that boundary conditions are
+uh often a source of trouble they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often a source of trouble they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often a source of trouble they're
+part of the problem you have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem you have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem you have to deal
+with them now what boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them now what boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them now what boundary conditions
+do we think about here well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about here well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about here well uh
+fixed fixed was where we started so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed was where we started so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed was where we started so if
+we had fixed fixed boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had fixed fixed boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had fixed fixed boundary conditions
+what would I expect then then things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I expect then then things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I expect then then things
+would give me a sign series possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me a sign series possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me a sign series possibly
+yeah right because those are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right because those are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right because those are the igen
+functions we're used to fixed fixed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're used to fixed fixed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're used to fixed fixed it's
+signs that go from zero back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs that go from zero back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs that go from zero back to
+zero fixed free we'll have some signs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fixed free we'll have some signs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero fixed free we'll have some signs or
+cosiness periodic would be the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness periodic would be the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness periodic would be the best of
+all yeah so so we need nice boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yeah so so we need nice boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yeah so so we need nice boundary
+conditions I I don't know uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I I don't know uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions I I don't know uh so the
+boundary conditions let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions let me just say
+uh uh periodic would be great or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh periodic would be great or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh periodic would be great or we can
+sometimes U fix free are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes U fix free are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes U fix free are familiar
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+uh in at least in simple cases can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in at least in simple cases can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in at least in simple cases can be
+dealt with right right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with right right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with right right okay so
+now boy that board is already full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now boy that board is already full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now boy that board is already full of
+formulas but let's go back to the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but let's go back to the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas but let's go back to the start
+and say how do we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say how do we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say how do we find the
+coefficients okay so so because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay so so because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients okay so so because that's
+that was the first step take the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first step take the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first step take the right
+hand side find its coefficients if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side find its coefficients if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side find its coefficients if we
+want to you know just as the applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you know just as the applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you know just as the applying
+igen values the first step is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values the first step is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values the first step is always
+find the igen values here in applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the igen values here in applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the igen values here in applying
+fora the first step is is always find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora the first step is is always find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fora the first step is is always find
+the coefficients so how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients so how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients so how do we do that
+and at the beginning it doesn't look too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the beginning it doesn't look too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the beginning it doesn't look too
+easy right because let me let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy right because let me let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy right because let me let me take
+the first guy sinx let me take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy sinx let me take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy sinx let me take an
+example let me take an example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me take an example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me take an example a
+particular s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular s of
+X the most important interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the most important interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the most important interesting
+function S ofx I want it to be an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function S ofx I want it to be an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function S ofx I want it to be an odd
+function so that it will have only signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that it will have only signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that it will have only signs
+so let me just grab and I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just grab and I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just grab and I should have
+two Period 2 pi so let me just graph it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Period 2 pi so let me just graph it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Period 2 pi so let me just graph it
+here here it'll be so it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here it'll be so it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here it'll be so it's going to have
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+uh and I use B for signs so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I use B for signs so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I use B for signs so it's going
+to have B1 sin x and B2 sin 2X and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have B1 sin x and B2 sin 2X and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have B1 sin x and B2 sin 2X and so on
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I'm so it's got a whole Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so it's got a whole Infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so it's got a whole Infinity of
+coefficients right we're in function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right we're in function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients right we're in function
+space we're not dealing with vectors now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we're not dealing with vectors now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we're not dealing with vectors now
+so we got how is it possible to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got how is it possible to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got how is it possible to find
+those coefficients and let me chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients and let me chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients and let me chose
+chose a particular s ofx so I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a particular s ofx so I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a particular s ofx so I'll I'll
+put it since it's two Pi periodic if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it since it's two Pi periodic if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it since it's two Pi periodic if I
+tell you what it is over a over a two Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is over a over a two Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is over a over a two Pi
+interval just repeat repeat repeat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval just repeat repeat repeat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval just repeat repeat repeat so
+I'll pick the 2 pi interval to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pick the 2 pi interval to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pick the 2 pi interval to be minus
+pi to Pi here just because it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi here just because it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi to Pi here just because it it's a
+nice way and so that's a 2 pi length I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way and so that's a 2 pi length I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way and so that's a 2 pi length I
+want there's zero I want the function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there's zero I want the function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there's zero I want the function to
+be odd across zero and I want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be odd across zero and I want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be odd across zero and I want it to be
+simple because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because it's going to be
+important example that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example that I can actually
+compute so I'm going to make it a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so I'm going to make it a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so I'm going to make it a one
+there and a minus one there so uh a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and a minus one there so uh a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and a minus one there so uh a step
+function step function a square and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function step function a square and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function step function a square and if I
+repeat it of course it would go down up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it of course it would go down up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it of course it would go down up
+down up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up so
+on but we only have to look over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but we only have to look over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but we only have to look over this
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now well you might say wait a minute how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well you might say wait a minute how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well you might say wait a minute how
+are we going to expand this function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to expand this function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to expand this function in
+signs well I mean signs are odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs well I mean signs are odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs well I mean signs are odd
+functions everybody knows what odd means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions everybody knows what odd means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions everybody knows what odd means
+odd means that s of Min - x is minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd means that s of Min - x is minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd means that s of Min - x is minus s
+ofx so that's the anti-symmetric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx so that's the anti-symmetric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx so that's the anti-symmetric that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we see in that graph um we also see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in that graph um we also see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see in that graph um we also see a
+few problems in this graph the sign at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few problems in this graph the sign at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few problems in this graph the sign at x
+equals z what is our sign Series going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z what is our sign Series going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z what is our sign Series going
+to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+us at if I plug in x equals z on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us at if I plug in x equals z on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us at if I plug in x equals z on the
+right hand side I get zero certainly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I get zero certainly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I get zero certainly so
+this sign series is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign series is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign series is going to do
+that and actually 4 a series tend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and actually 4 a series tend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and actually 4 a series tend to do
+this in the middle of a jump it'll pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the middle of a jump it'll pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the middle of a jump it'll pick
+the middle point of a jump 4 a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle point of a jump 4 a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle point of a jump 4 a series
+generally really that's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally really that's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally really that's the best
+possible uh we'll pick the middle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh we'll pick the middle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh we'll pick the middle point
+of the jump and what about at xal Pi at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jump and what about at xal Pi at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the jump and what about at xal Pi at
+the end of the at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the at the end of the
+interval what what does my series add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval what what does my series add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval what what does my series add up
+to at x equal Pi zero again because s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at x equal Pi zero again because s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at x equal Pi zero again because s of
+Pi s of 2 pi all zero so it'll be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi s of 2 pi all zero so it'll be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi s of 2 pi all zero so it'll be and
+that'll be in the middle of that jump so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be in the middle of that jump so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be in the middle of that jump so
+it's pretty good yep but now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good yep but now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good yep but now what I'm
+hoping is that my sign series is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping is that my sign series is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping is that my sign series is going
+to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+get real fast up to one and level out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real fast up to one and level out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real fast up to one and level out at
+one you're we're asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're we're asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you're we're asking a
+lot and in fact when Fier proposed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and in fact when Fier proposed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and in fact when Fier proposed this
+idea of Fier series uh there was a lot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Fier series uh there was a lot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of Fier series uh there was a lot I
+mean a lot of uh doubters was it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot of uh doubters was it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot of uh doubters was it really
+possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+represent other functions maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent other functions maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent other functions maybe even
+including a step function in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a step function in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a step function in terms of
+science or maybe cosiness I mean and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or maybe cosiness I mean and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or maybe cosiness I mean and and
+fory said yes go with it so let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fory said yes go with it so let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fory said yes go with it so let's do it
+okay so uh and he turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh and he turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh and he turned out to be
+incredibly right uh yeah he just okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly right uh yeah he just okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly right uh yeah he just okay
+how do I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find
+B2 do you remember how to just I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 do you remember how to just I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 do you remember how to just I don't
+want to know the formula I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the formula I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the formula I want to know
+why what's the what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what's the what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what's the what's the what's the
+step to to find the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to to find the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to to find the coefficient
+B2 well the step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 well the step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 well the step is
+Mo the the key point and and and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo the the key point and and and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo the the key point and and and which
+makes everything possible why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes everything possible why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes everything possible why don't I
+identify the key Point that'll that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the key Point that'll that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the key Point that'll that'll
+without which we would be in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without which we would be in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without which we would be in real
+trouble the key point is that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble the key point is that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble the key point is that all these
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+functions s all those sin 2x sin 3x sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions s all those sin 2x sin 3x sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions s all those sin 2x sin 3x sin
+4X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X are
+orthogonal now what do I mean by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal now what do I mean by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal now what do I mean by two
+functions being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions being
+orthogonal somehow my picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal somehow my picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal somehow my picture in
+function space so my picture in function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space so my picture in function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function space so my picture in function
+space is that here's you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is that here's you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is that here's you know this is
+the sinx coordinate and and somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinx coordinate and and somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinx coordinate and and somewhere
+there's a sin 2x coordinate and it's 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sin 2x coordinate and it's 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sin 2x coordinate and it's 90°
+and then there's a sin 3x coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a sin 3x coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a sin 3x coordinate and
+then there's a sign I don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a sign I don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a sign I don't know where
+to point now but there is a sin 4X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point now but there is a sin 4X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point now but there is a sin 4X and
+we're in infinite dimensions and the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in infinite dimensions and the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in infinite dimensions and the S
+vectors are an orthogonal basis they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are an orthogonal basis they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are an orthogonal basis they're
+orthogonal to each other what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other what does that
+mean vectors we take the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean vectors we take the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean vectors we take the dot
+product functions we take we don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product functions we take we don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product functions we take we don't use
+the word dot product as much as inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word dot product as much as inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word dot product as much as inner
+product so let me take the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so let me take the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so let me take the inner product
+of the the whole point is orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the whole point is orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the whole point is orthogonality
+let me write that word down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write that word down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write that word down
+orthogonal or the signs are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal or the signs are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal or the signs are orthogonal
+and what does that mean that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean that means that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+our 2 pi interval or any 2 pi interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 2 pi interval or any 2 pi interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 2 pi interval or any 2 pi interval
+of one sign s KX let's say multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one sign s KX let's say multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one sign s KX let's say multiplied by
+another sign s LX DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sign s LX DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sign s LX DX
+is you can guess the answer and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can guess the answer and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can guess the answer and it's
+everything you know the whole everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know the whole everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know the whole everything
+is depending on this answer and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is depending on this answer and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is depending on this answer and it is
+zero it's just terrific right if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's just terrific right if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's just terrific right if K is
+different from L of course if K is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from L of course if K is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from L of course if K is equal
+to l then I have to figure that one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l then I have to figure that one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l then I have to figure that one out
+if I'll need that one what is it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'll need that one what is it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'll need that one what is it if
+s uh if if k equals l so I'm integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh if if k equals l so I'm integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s uh if if k equals l so I'm integrating
+sin squar of KX then it's certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin squar of KX then it's certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin squar of KX then it's certainly not
+zero it's it's I'm look getting like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's it's I'm look getting like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's it's I'm look getting like the
+the length of length squared of the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of length squared of the sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of length squared of the sin
+KX function if k equals L what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it has some nice formula very nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has some nice formula very nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has some nice formula very nice so
+let's see sin squar I need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see sin squar I need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see sin squar I need to think
+about Sin squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Sin squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Sin squ
+KX sin s KX what does it do I well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX sin s KX what does it do I well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX sin s KX what does it do I well just
+graph sin^2 x what would the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph sin^2 x what would the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph sin^2 x what would the graph of
+sin^2 x look like uh from from from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 x look like uh from from from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 x look like uh from from from uh
+minus pi to Pi so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi so it goes
+up right doesn't it go up and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right doesn't it go up and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right doesn't it go up and then it
+goes back down okay sorry I make I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back down okay sorry I make I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back down okay sorry I make I made
+that a little hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little hard
+uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that
+right and then it keeps keeps it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it keeps keeps it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then it keeps keeps it up
+right so what's the integral of that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the integral of that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the integral of that I'm
+not seeing quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seeing quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seeing quite
+why the answer is its average value is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the answer is its average value is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the answer is its average value is a
+half the integral of sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the integral of sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the integral of sin
+squar is half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is half of the
+length the whole interval is is is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the whole interval is is is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the whole interval is is is of
+length this is length 2 pi and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this is length 2 pi and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length this is length 2 pi and we're
+taking the area under sin squar I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the area under sin squar I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the area under sin squar I may
+have to come back to it but the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to it but the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to it but the answer
+will be half of 2 pi which is pi yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be half of 2 pi which is pi yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be half of 2 pi which is pi yeah
+yeah so the length you could say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the length you could say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the length you could say the
+length of the S function is square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the S function is square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the S function is square root
+of Pi sorry right yeah so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi sorry right yeah so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi sorry right yeah so these are
+integrals so I didn't you told me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so I didn't you told me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so I didn't you told me the
+answer was zero and I agreed with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was zero and I agreed with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was zero and I agreed with you
+but we haven't computed it and nor have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't computed it and nor have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't computed it and nor have
+we really got that one so little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really got that one so little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really got that one so little bit to
+fix still but but I've the The crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix still but but I've the The crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix still but but I've the The crucial
+fact I mean these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I mean these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I mean these are
+just I I won't say just those are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I won't say just those are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I I won't say just those are highly
+important integrals that just come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important integrals that just come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important integrals that just come out
+beautifully and beautifully really means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully and beautifully really means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully and beautifully really means
+zero I mean that's the beautiful number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I mean that's the beautiful number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I mean that's the beautiful number
+right for an integral okay so now how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for an integral okay so now how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for an integral okay so now how do
+I use that again I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use that again I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use that again I'm looking for
+B2 how do I pick off B2 2 using the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 how do I pick off B2 2 using the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 how do I pick off B2 2 using the fact
+that sin 2x * any other sign integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sin 2x * any other sign integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sin 2x * any other sign integrated
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero ready for the moment to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ready for the moment to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ready for the moment to find the
+coefficient B2 I should let me start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient B2 I should let me start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient B2 I should let me start the
+sentence and if you finish it I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and if you finish it I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and if you finish it I'll
+multiply both sides of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides of this equation
+by sin 2X and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sin 2X and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sin 2X and then I
+will what if integrate right I'll multip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what if integrate right I'll multip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what if integrate right I'll multip
+both sides by sin 2x so I take s ofx sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by sin 2x so I take s ofx sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by sin 2x so I take s ofx sin
+2X and on the right hand I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and on the right hand I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and on the right hand I have
+B1 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 sin
+x sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sin
+2X and then I have B2 now here's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and then I have B2 now here's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and then I have B2 now here's the one
+that's going to live through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to live through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to live through the
+integration it's going to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration it's going to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration it's going to survive
+because it's the sin 2x * sin 2x sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x^2 and then comes the B3 guy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2 and then comes the B3 guy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2 and then comes the B3 guy would be
+B3 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 sin
+3x sin 2x you see what you everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x sin 2x you see what you everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x sin 2x you see what you everybody
+sees what I'm doing it's as we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees what I'm doing it's as we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees what I'm doing it's as we did with
+the weak form in differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form in differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak form in differential equations
+I'm multiplying through by these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying through by these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm multiplying through by these guys
+and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm
+integrating over the over the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the over the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the over the interval
+and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I
+get integrate everyone DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get integrate everyone DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get integrate everyone DX
+and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the
+result what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral zero it's gone what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral zero it's gone what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral zero it's gone what is this
+integral the integral of sin 3x * sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the integral of sin 3x * sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral the integral of sin 3x * sin
+2x zero all those signs are integrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x zero all those signs are integrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x zero all those signs are integrate to
+zero and and I I I have to come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and I I I have to come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and I I I have to come back and
+see it's a simple trig identity to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a simple trig identity to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a simple trig identity to do it
+uh to to see why that's zero do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to see why that's zero do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to see why that's zero do you see
+that everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is
+disappearing except B2 so we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing except B2 so we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing except B2 so we finally
+have the formula that we want let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the formula that we want let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the formula that we want let me let
+me just put these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so BK B2 or BK yeah tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so BK B2 or BK yeah tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so BK B2 or BK yeah tell me the
+formula for BK let's let me go back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for BK let's let me go back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for BK let's let me go back here
+uh how what did what did B2 come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how what did what did B2 come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how what did what did B2 come out to
+be so I have B2 that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I have B2 that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I have B2 that's a
+number uh it's got this right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh it's got this right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh it's got this right hand
+side that's the integral that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's the integral that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that's the integral that I
+mentioned that we you'd have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we you'd have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we you'd have to compute
+that integral and then what about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral and then what about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integral and then what about this
+what about this stuff this sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this stuff this sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this stuff this sine of
+2x^2 I've I've integrated that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2 I've I've integrated that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2 I've I've integrated that and what
+did I get for that that was yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get for that that was yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get for that that was yeah this is
+B2 and then this is some number and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and then this is some number and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and then this is some number and it's
+Pi so this is B2 and multiplying right B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so this is B2 and multiplying right B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so this is B2 and multiplying right B
+that B2 comes out and then I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B2 comes out and then I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B2 comes out and then I have the
+integral of sin^2 2x and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of sin^2 2x and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of sin^2 2x and that's what's
+pi so so that's B2 * pi here and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so so that's B2 * pi here and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so so that's B2 * pi here and I just
+divide by the pi so I divide by pi and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the pi so I divide by pi and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the pi so I divide by pi and I
+get the integral from minus pi to Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the integral from minus pi to Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the integral from minus pi to Pi of
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+function times my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that's the
+model for all the coeffic efficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for all the coeffic efficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for all the coeffic efficients of
+orthogonal series that's the model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal series that's the model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal series that's the model the
+cosiness the complete ones the Coe The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness the complete ones the Coe The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness the complete ones the Coe The
+Complex coefficients the for the genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complex coefficients the for the genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Complex coefficients the for the genre
+series The Bessel series everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The Bessel series everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The Bessel series everybody
+series will follow this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series will follow this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series will follow this same
+model because those those all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because those those all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because those those all those
+series are series of orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are series of orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series are series of orthogonal
+functions everything is hinging on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions everything is hinging on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions everything is hinging on this
+orthogonality the fact that one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality the fact that one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality the fact that one term
+times another gives zero that what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times another gives zero that what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times another gives zero that what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+really I always want to say it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I always want to say it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I always want to say it with a
+picture too uh what what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture too uh what what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture too uh what what does it mean
+that if I if why is so let me draw two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I if why is so let me draw two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I if why is so let me draw two
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+directions I won't make them I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I won't make them I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I won't make them I didn't I
+intentionally didn't make them just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally didn't make them just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally didn't make them just X
+and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+AIS I I this might be the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS I I this might be the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS I I this might be the direction of
+sinx and this might be the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and this might be the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and this might be the direction of
+sin 2X and then I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and I'm trying to find out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I'm trying to find out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I'm trying to find out how
+much of sin 2x has it got in it how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of sin 2x has it got in it how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of sin 2x has it got in it how much
+of sin x has it got in it and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin x has it got in it and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin x has it got in it and then of
+course there's also a sin 3x and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's also a sin 3x and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's also a sin 3x and all the
+other sin kx's the point is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sin kx's the point is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sin kx's the point is the the the
+point of this of this 90 degree angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this of this 90 degree angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this of this 90 degree angle
+there is that if I I can split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this s ofx whatever it might be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this s ofx whatever it might be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this s ofx whatever it might be I
+can find its s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find its s x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find its s x
+piece directly by just projecting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece directly by just projecting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece directly by just projecting it
+just it's it's the projection of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's it's the projection of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's it's the projection of my
+function in this on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this on that
+coordinate if you don't like sinx sin 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate if you don't like sinx sin 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate if you don't like sinx sin 2x
+s ofx write V1 V2 whatever to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s ofx write V1 V2 whatever to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s ofx write V1 V2 whatever to think of
+it as vectors what's the sign two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as vectors what's the sign two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as vectors what's the sign two so
+this is that is B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that is B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that is B1
+sinx that's a certain am that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx that's a certain am that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx that's a certain am that's the
+right amount of sinx and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount of sinx and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount of sinx and and and the
+whole point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole point
+is that that calculation I did not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that calculation I did not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that calculation I did not have
+to do it didn't involve B2 and B3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it didn't involve B2 and B3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it didn't involve B2 and B3 and
+all the other bees when I'm projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other bees when I'm projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other bees when I'm projecting
+onto orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto orthogonal
+directions I can do them one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I can do them one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I can do them one at a
+time I can do one onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can do one onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I can do one onedimensional
+projection at a time this BK K to say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection at a time this BK K to say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection at a time this BK K to say it
+BK sin KX is the so I'm just saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK sin KX is the so I'm just saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK sin KX is the so I'm just saying this
+in words is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words is the
+projection of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of my
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+onto sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto sin
+KX and the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and the point
+is I could do this and get this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could do this and get this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could do this and get this answer
+because of that 90° angle if if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that 90° angle if if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that 90° angle if if I didn't
+have 90° do you see that this wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 90° do you see that this wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 90° do you see that this wouldn't
+work suppose my my two basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work suppose my my two basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work suppose my my two basis functions
+are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at
+some 40° angle then I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 40° angle then I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 40° angle then I take my
+function can I project that onto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can I project that onto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can I project that onto this
+guy and project that onto this guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and project that onto this guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and project that onto this guy so
+the the projections are there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the projections are there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the projections are there and there
+do they add back to the function that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they add back to the function that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they add back to the function that I
+started with the the the the the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the the the the the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with the the the the the given
+function no way I mean it's these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no way I mean it's these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function no way I mean it's these are
+much too big right if I add that one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much too big right if I add that one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much too big right if I add that one to
+this one I'm way out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm way out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I'm way out here
+somewhere but over here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but over here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but over here with
+90° these are the two projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° these are the two projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° these are the two projections
+project there project there add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there project there add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project there project there add those
+two pieces and I got back exactly I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces and I got back exactly I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces and I got back exactly I I
+just want to emphasize the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to emphasize the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to emphasize the importance of
+orthogonality that's that's it it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality that's that's it it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality that's that's it it breaks
+the problem down into one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem down into one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem down into one-dimensional
+projections okay so here we go with BK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections okay so here we go with BK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections okay so here we go with BK
+sin KX okay let me do the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin KX okay let me do the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin KX okay let me do the the key
+example now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now this
+example let me find the coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me find the coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me find the coefficients of
+the that particular function s ofx this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that particular function s ofx this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that particular function s ofx this
+is the this is the step function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the step function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the step function the
+square wave s ofx let's find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave s ofx let's find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave s ofx let's find its
+coefficients I'll just use this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I'll just use this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I'll just use this formula
+okay maybe I'll maybe I'll erase so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'll maybe I'll erase so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I'll maybe I'll erase so that
+I can write the uh integration right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write the uh integration right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write the uh integration right
+underneath okay oh one one little Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath okay oh one one little Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath okay oh one one little Point
+here well not so little but it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well not so little but it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well not so little but it it's a
+saving it's worth noticing it it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it's worth noticing it it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it's worth noticing it it's it's
+the it's the uh the reward for picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the uh the reward for picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's the uh the reward for picking
+off uh the odd function is I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh the odd function is I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh the odd function is I I think
+that this integral is the same from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral is the same from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this integral is the same from
+minus pi to 0 as 0 to Pi in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to 0 as 0 to Pi in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to 0 as 0 to Pi in other words
+I think that for an odd function I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that for an odd function I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that for an odd function I get
+the same answer if I just do do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer if I just do do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer if I just do do the
+integral from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from zero
+Pi of my odd of my that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of my odd of my that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi of my odd of my that I have to
+do and double it so I think if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and double it so I think if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and double it so I think if I just
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+it that's that's I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's I don't know if you
+regard that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard that as a
+saving I've in some way the work is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving I've in some way the work is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving I've in some way the work is only
+half as much it'll make this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as much it'll make this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half as much it'll make this particular
+example easy so let me do this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example easy so let me do this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example easy so let me do this example
+what are the 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the 48
+coefficients of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the square
+wave okay so I'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so from0 to Pi what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so from0 to Pi what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so from0 to Pi what is my
+function my in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function my in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function my in from the
+graph it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's just
+one this is going to be a picnic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is going to be a picnic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is going to be a picnic right
+the function is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is one
+here so s of X is one so I want 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so s of X is one so I want 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so s of X is one so I want 2 over
+Pi the integral from 0 to Pi of just sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi the integral from 0 to Pi of just sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi the integral from 0 to Pi of just sin
+KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+DX right which is so I've got 2 over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right which is so I've got 2 over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX right which is so I've got 2 over Pi
+now I integrate sin KX I get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I integrate sin KX I get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I integrate sin KX I get minus
+cosine KX right between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KX right between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KX right between zero and
+pi and what else what have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and what else what have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and what else what have I
+forgotten most important point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten most important point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten most important point the
+integral of sin KX is not minus Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of sin KX is not minus Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of sin KX is not minus Co
+cosine KX I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KX I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KX I have
+to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide
+by K it's that division by K that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K it's that division by K that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K it's that division by K that's
+going to give me the uh the little the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me the uh the little the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me the uh the little the
+the the correct Decay rate 2 over Pi K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct Decay rate 2 over Pi K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct Decay rate 2 over Pi K
+all right now I've got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I've got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I've got a little
+calculation to do I have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to do I have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to do I have to figure out
+what is cine KX at zero no problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is cine KX at zero no problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is cine KX at zero no problem it's
+one and at the other point at xal Pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and at the other point at xal Pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and at the other point at xal Pi so
+so what am I getting then I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am I getting then I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am I getting then I'm I'm
+getting 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting 2 over
+pi and this one is no 2 over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and this one is no 2 over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and this one is no 2 over Pi
+K all important Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all important Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K all important Pi
+K uh with that minus sign I'll evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh with that minus sign I'll evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh with that minus sign I'll evaluate
+it at x equal 0 I have one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at x equal 0 I have one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at x equal 0 I have one minus
+whatever I get at the top cosine of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I get at the top cosine of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I get at the top cosine of K
+Pi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi that's
+BK so there's a a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK so there's a a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BK so there's a a typical
+well not typical but very nice uh answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not typical but very nice uh answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not typical but very nice uh answer
+now let's see what these numbers are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what these numbers are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see what these numbers are so
+let me take a 2 over Pi out here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a 2 over Pi out here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take a 2 over Pi out here and and
+and then just list these numbers at k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just list these numbers at k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just list these numbers at k
+equal to so K is 1 2 3 4 5 right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to so K is 1 2 3 4 5 right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to so K is 1 2 3 4 5 right just
+get tell me what these numbers are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tell me what these numbers are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get tell me what these numbers are for
+I'll put let me put the K in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put let me put the K in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put let me put the K in here
+because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this
+is that's part of the so it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's part of the so it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's part of the so it's a constant
+2 over Pi what is at k equal 1 what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over Pi what is at k equal 1 what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over Pi what is at k equal 1 what do I
+get at k equal 1 this is now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at k equal 1 this is now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at k equal 1 this is now this is the
+little bit that needs the patience at k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that needs the patience at k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that needs the patience at k
+equal 1 the cosine of pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isga 1 so I have minus minus one I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isga 1 so I have minus minus one I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isga 1 so I have minus minus one I get a
+two I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I get a
+two over a one k is one all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over a one k is one all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over a one k is one all right that's
+the that's this is the coefficient for k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's this is the coefficient for k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's this is the coefficient for k
+equal 1 now what's B2 the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 now what's B2 the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 now what's B2 the coefficient
+for k equal 2 I have 1us cosine of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k equal 2 I have 1us cosine of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for k equal 2 I have 1us cosine of 2 pi
+what's cosine of 2 pi one so they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cosine of 2 pi one so they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cosine of 2 pi one so they cancel
+so I get a zero there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a zero there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get a zero there is no
+B2 what about B3 so now B3 I have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 what about B3 so now B3 I have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 what about B3 so now B3 I have 1
+minus the cosine of 3 PI what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the cosine of 3 PI what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the cosine of 3 PI what's the
+cosine of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 3
+Pi it's negative 1 again right same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it's negative 1 again right same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi it's negative 1 again right same as
+the cosine of pi so that gives me a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of pi so that gives me a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of pi so that gives me a two
+and now I'm dividing by three 2 over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm dividing by three 2 over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm dividing by three 2 over 3
+all right let's do two more k equal 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do two more k equal 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's do two more k equal 4
+what do I get zero because the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get zero because the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get zero because the cosine of
+4 Pi has come back to one so I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 Pi has come back to one so I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 Pi has come back to one so I get a
+zero and what do I get from k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what do I get from k equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what do I get from k equal
+5 1 minus the cosine of 5 Pi which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 1 minus the cosine of 5 Pi which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 1 minus the cosine of 5 Pi which
+is back to cosine of 5 Pi is back to -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back to cosine of 5 Pi is back to -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is back to cosine of 5 Pi is back to -1
+so one -1 is a two you see the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one -1 is a two you see the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one -1 is a two you see the pattern
+and and and so let me just copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so let me just copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so let me just copy the
+famous uh series for this for this uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh series for this for this uh s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh series for this for this uh s
+ofx this s ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx this s ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx this s ofx
+is uh let's see the twos I'll put I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's see the twos I'll put I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh let's see the twos I'll put I'll
+make the four over PI right I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the four over PI right I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the four over PI right I'll take
+out all those twos so I have four over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all those twos so I have four over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all those twos so I have four over
+Pi sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi sin
+x I have no sin 2X forget that now I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I have no sin 2X forget that now I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I have no sin 2X forget that now I do
+have some sin 3x's how much do I have 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sin 3x's how much do I have 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sin 3x's how much do I have 4
+over Pi sin 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi sin 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi sin 3
+X's what's the but divide by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's what's the but divide by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's what's the but divide by three
+right and then there's no 4 X's no sin 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there's no 4 X's no sin 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then there's no 4 X's no sin 4
+X's but then there will be a 4 over Pi s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's but then there will be a 4 over Pi s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's but then there will be a 4 over Pi s
+what's the next term now are you with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next term now are you with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next term now are you with me
+so this is a typical nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a typical nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a typical nice example
+important example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important example
+s of what 5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of what 5x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of what 5x
+/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/
+5 okay that's a great example it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 okay that's a great example it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 okay that's a great example it's worth
+remembering Factor the 4 over Pi out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering Factor the 4 over Pi out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering Factor the 4 over Pi out if
+you want to 4 over Pi * sinx sin 3x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to 4 over Pi * sinx sin 3x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to 4 over Pi * sinx sin 3x over
+3 sin 5x over 5 it's a beautiful example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 sin 5x over 5 it's a beautiful example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 sin 5x over 5 it's a beautiful example
+of an odd function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an odd function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an odd function
+okay and uh let's see so what uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh let's see so what uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh let's see so what uh what
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+M mat lab can draw this graph far better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M mat lab can draw this graph far better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M mat lab can draw this graph far better
+than we can but let's let me draw enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we can but let's let me draw enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we can but let's let me draw enough
+so you see what's really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what's really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see what's really interesting
+here it's fam interesting and famous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's fam interesting and famous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's fam interesting and famous uh
+so the the leading term is 4 over Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the leading term is 4 over Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the leading term is 4 over Pi
+sinx that would be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx that would be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx that would be something like
+that that's as close as sinx can get 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's as close as sinx can get 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's as close as sinx can get 4
+over Pi is the optimal number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi is the optimal number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Pi is the optimal number the
+optimal coefficient the projection this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal coefficient the projection this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal coefficient the projection this
+four 4 Pi sinx is the best the closest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 4 Pi sinx is the best the closest I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four 4 Pi sinx is the best the closest I
+can get to one on that interval and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to one on that interval and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get to one on that interval and now
+but with just sin x but now when I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with just sin x but now when I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with just sin x but now when I put
+in sin 3x I think it'll it'll it'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sin 3x I think it'll it'll it'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sin 3x I think it'll it'll it'll do
+something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+this do you see what's happening there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do you see what's happening there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this do you see what's happening there
+that's what I've get with sin 3x and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've get with sin 3x and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've get with sin 3x and of
+course odd on the other side what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course odd on the other side what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course odd on the other side what do you
+think it looks like with sin 5x you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it looks like with sin 5x you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it looks like with sin 5x you
+really have to it's just so great you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to it's just so great you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to it's just so great you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+let let uh the computer draw it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let uh the computer draw it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let uh the computer draw it a couple
+of times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times you
+see it goes up here and then it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it goes up here and then it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it goes up here and then it it's
+it's sort of you know it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you know it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of you know it's getting
+closer it's going to stay closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer it's going to stay closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer it's going to stay closer
+to that but I don't know if you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but I don't know if you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that but I don't know if you can see
+from my picture I'm I'm actually proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my picture I'm I'm actually proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my picture I'm I'm actually proud
+of that picture it's not as bad as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that picture it's not as bad as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that picture it's not as bad as usual
+and it makes the crucial point that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes the crucial point that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes the crucial point that two
+crucial points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial points
+one is I am going to get closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is I am going to get closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is I am going to get closer and
+closer to one these oscillations these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to one these oscillations these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to one these oscillations these
+these uh ripples will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ripples will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ripples will be
+smaller but but here's the great fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but but here's the great fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but but here's the great fact
+and it's a big headache in calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big headache in calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big headache in calculation
+the near at the jump the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near at the jump the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near at the jump the first
+Ripple doesn't get smaller the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple doesn't get smaller the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple doesn't get smaller the first
+Ripple gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple gets
+thinner the first Ripple gets thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner the first Ripple gets thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner the first Ripple gets thinner
+you see the ripples moving over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the ripples moving over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the ripples moving over there
+but their height doesn't change that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their height doesn't change that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their height doesn't change that's
+do you know whose name is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know whose name is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know whose name is associated
+with that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that that
+phenomenon Gibbs Gibbs would noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon Gibbs Gibbs would noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon Gibbs Gibbs would noticed
+that the Ripple height as you in as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Ripple height as you in as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Ripple height as you in as you
+add more and more terms you're closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more and more terms you're closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more and more terms you're closer
+and closer to the function over more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to the function over more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to the function over more and
+more of the interval but the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the interval but the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the interval but the so the
+ripples get squeezed to the left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples get squeezed to the left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples get squeezed to the left the
+area to the ripples goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to the ripples goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area to the ripples goes to zero
+certainly but the height of the ripples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly but the height of the ripples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly but the height of the ripples
+doesn't and it doesn't stay constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and it doesn't stay constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and it doesn't stay constant but
+it but nearly constant it approaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but nearly constant it approaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but nearly constant it approaches a
+famous number uh and and of course we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous number uh and and of course we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous number uh and and of course we'll
+have the same odd picture down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same odd picture down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same odd picture down here so
+and and it'll it'll bump up again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it'll it'll bump up again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it'll it'll bump up again it
+it's same thing is happening at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's same thing is happening at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's same thing is happening at every
+jump in other words if you're Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in other words if you're Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in other words if you're Computing
+shocks if you're Computing air flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks if you're Computing air flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks if you're Computing air flow
+around shocks with 48 type methods Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around shocks with 48 type methods Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around shocks with 48 type methods Gibbs
+is going to get you you you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get you you you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get you you you will have to
+deal with Gibbs because uh the the shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with Gibbs because uh the the shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with Gibbs because uh the the shock
+is not uh the shock has that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not uh the shock has that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not uh the shock has that extra
+Ripple okay that's that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple okay that's that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple okay that's that's a lot of
+section 4.1 energy we didn't get to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 4.1 energy we didn't get to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 4.1 energy we didn't get to so
+that'll be the first point on Friday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the first point on Friday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be the first point on Friday and
+I'll see you this afternoon and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you this afternoon and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you this afternoon and talk
+about the mat lab or anything else okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/THTQT2aykaA.txt b/THTQT2aykaA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ac174992f992dcc5d92c8af27c6d71bcf644913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/THTQT2aykaA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2600 @@
+PROFESSOR: I wanted to make a
+few comments on the third
+
+problem set, which was
+a funny puzzle.
+
+And it was intended to be
+entertaining and get you
+
+thinking about things
+related to symmetry
+
+in an amusing context.
+
+And there were two problems.
+
+The first problem had a platter
+on which there were
+
+arranged cherries with either
+two or three berries to a
+
+spray, and apples and pears.
+
+And they were either black or
+white, which didn't make then
+
+particularly appetizing.
+
+But in any case, there were
+three platters and the fruits
+
+marched around on the platter.
+
+And the puzzle was, what
+would be the fourth
+
+platter in the sequence?
+
+This didn't involve symmetry
+in any sense of the word.
+
+But yet, what was going on from
+picture to picture was a
+
+mapping of the motifs from
+one location to another.
+
+Not just rotation or translation
+or anything nice
+
+in the crystallographic, but
+still they were being moved
+
+from one location to another.
+
+And just about everybody
+got the right
+
+answer just by deduction.
+
+But the reason I liked that
+problem, and the reason I gave
+
+it to you, is that it introduced
+another sort of
+
+transformation.
+
+One of the pairs of fruits not
+only change locations, but
+
+they switched from black to
+white as you went from one
+
+position to the other.
+
+And that is another sort of
+
+transformation we can introduce.
+
+And this is something we could
+call color symmetry.
+
+And I would observe that this
+is something that you are
+
+already very familiar with in
+patterns, in particular, in
+
+the pattern that is represented
+by a checkerboard
+
+where you have black squares
+and white squares.
+
+This location here is a bona
+fide four-fold axis, as is
+
+this location here.
+
+But there other locations, such
+as the corners of the
+
+black and white squares, where,
+indeed, there is a 90
+
+degree rotation that takes this
+square and transforms it
+
+into this square.
+
+But in doing that
+transformation, you change it
+
+from a black one to a white one,
+and then from a white one
+
+to a black one again,
+back to a white one.
+
+And that is a color symmetry.
+
+You could make it red and green
+if you like to be a
+
+little more attractive.
+
+Similarly, there are mirror
+lines like this that are true
+
+mirror lines.
+
+The pattern is left invariant.
+
+There's another locus such as
+this one here where when you
+
+reflect you go from a black one
+to white one and then back
+
+to a black one when you do
+the operation twice.
+
+So there are black-white mirror
+planes as well as
+
+regular mirror planes.
+
+There are two-fold axes but all
+of the two-fold axes are
+
+black-white axes, white to
+black, black back to white.
+
+So that's a new sort of
+transformation that we can
+
+develop if we wanted to,
+switching the color.
+
+Does this is have any utility
+in the physical sciences?
+
+Be nice for wallpaper designers,
+but does it have
+
+utility in physical sciences?
+
+And the answer is yes.
+
+Because what is going on here
+is that there is a binary
+
+character assigned to
+each of the motifs.
+
+So any time the atom or
+whatever you have, the
+
+molecule, has some sort of
+binary characteristic that it
+
+can exist in two distinct
+states, the arrangement of
+
+that sort of motif requires
+a black-white symmetry.
+
+And one example in crystals
+that requires this sort of
+
+symmetry is the case of
+a magnetic structure--
+
+and I think I mentioned this
+last time-- where the magnetic
+
+moment can either point
+up or down.
+
+Well, saying that you have an
+atom with spin up and an atom
+
+with spin down is the same thing
+as saying, in terms of
+
+transformations, having a black
+atom or a white atom.
+
+It's a binary character that
+switches from atom to atom.
+
+Could you have three
+color symmetries?
+
+Yeah.
+
+You can.
+
+There is a Dutch artist named
+Maurits Escher who spent much
+
+of his, career deducing
+patterns, and did this in a
+
+purely intuitive way.
+
+I mean you look at these
+patterns and say, wow, that
+
+guy is some crystallographer.
+
+But I heard him, while he was
+still alive, speak twice.
+
+And he describes it in
+metaphysical terms.
+
+This is the twoness merging with
+the fourness, and just
+
+completely intuitive.
+
+But his patterns are gorgeous.
+
+And he has a number of very nice
+ones that are three-color
+
+symmetries.
+
+And maybe later on in the
+term, I'll bring in a
+
+projector and show you examples
+of some of these.
+
+They're very entertaining.
+
+All right.
+
+So the purpose of that first
+puzzle was to introduce you to
+
+black-white symmetries.
+
+Then the second puzzle on the
+sheet was a pretty dumb thing.
+
+There was a stack of blocks
+and you said how many--
+
+I asked how many blocks are
+there in the stack?
+
+And you could count them
+up, 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+And If you did it right,
+you came out with 32.
+
+So that was pretty dumb.
+
+Well, this was intended as an
+example of how one can use
+
+symmetry in the solution
+of a physical problem.
+
+Let's suppose that you were a
+cowboy and you had to go out
+
+and buy horseshoes for
+a herd of horses.
+
+Would you count the
+number of feet?
+
+No.
+
+You'd count the number of horses
+and multiply by four.
+
+OK.
+
+So there you'd be
+using symmetry.
+
+Now The point of this
+problem really was--
+
+You could have had this one.
+
+We have just the exact
+number seats.
+
+The point of this problem was
+that you have to, in assigning
+
+a symmetry to a system,
+usually make physical
+
+assumptions.
+
+When you do a derivation, as
+we've been doing for the last
+
+several days, we say this is a
+four-fold access, and there's
+
+no ambiguity whatsoever.
+
+Because it's my ball game, and
+I want it to be a four-fold
+
+axis,
+
+But when you're given a pattern
+or given a crystal and
+
+you have to assign a symmetry
+to that crystal, you
+
+invariably have to
+make assumptions.
+
+The person buying the
+horseshoes, for example, has
+
+to assume that five- and
+six-legged horses are pretty
+
+rare articles and that a horse
+with only three or two legs is
+
+going to be of little utility
+to the rancher.
+
+It Would probably have a limited
+existence at the
+
+ranchers expense.
+
+So you're assuming that all
+horse have four legs.
+
+In looking at a crystal, though,
+things are not that
+
+easy to decide.
+
+And let me give you a few really
+practical examples.
+
+A lot of mineral crystals grow
+in fissures in the rock.
+
+And let's suppose we've got a
+crack, and bubbling through
+
+this crack is a solution
+that contains silica.
+
+And as the solution cools
+off, it will deposit
+
+a crystal of quartz.
+
+And this crystal of quartz would
+probably grow looking
+
+something like this.
+
+And you would knock the crystal
+out of the rock.
+
+And you would say, what is the
+symmetry of this crystal?
+
+It doesn't appear to be anything
+hexagonal about it.
+
+But what's happened is this
+crystal if it had developed in
+
+a uniform environment would have
+had a hexagonal shape.
+
+But because the nutrients are
+flowing in from one direction,
+
+it tends to elongate
+in that direction.
+
+So how could you assign the
+symmetry to that crystal that
+
+you dug out of the rock?
+
+Unfortunately, crystals do not
+come with a legend on the
+
+bottom that says quartz SIO2
+space group P3 subscript 121,
+
+made in USA.
+
+You have to yourself assign
+the symmetry.
+
+And what you would do is you
+would look at this face and
+
+this face and you say, gee,
+these angles, when I measure
+
+them, all turn out to
+be 120 degrees.
+
+This face has a luster on
+it that looks like the
+
+luster on this face.
+
+This face has little edge pits
+on it, and they point in the
+
+same way as the edge
+pits on this face.
+
+I can measure the electrical
+conductivity and find that it
+
+varies in a fashion consistent
+with a hexagonal crystal.
+
+And you would do any physical
+test that you decided you
+
+would need to make.
+
+And then when you were all done,
+you would say everything
+
+that I can measure about this
+crystal other than it's shape
+
+is invariant to a 120
+degree rotation.
+
+Quartz has a hexagonal shape
+very often, but actually only
+
+this face, this face, and this
+face are symmetrically
+
+equivalent.
+
+And there's only a three-fold
+axis in there.
+
+And if you look very carefully
+at this crystal, you could see
+
+some difference there, too.
+
+The neighboring faces very often
+have striations, very
+
+faint striations on one face,
+no striations on the
+
+neighboring face.
+
+So you find out all that can.
+
+You have to make some
+assumptions, and then on that
+
+basis decide the symmetry.
+
+Let me give you another
+example.
+
+This is a real one.
+
+And one of the things that
+it's fun to do is to grow
+
+crystals from solution.
+
+The Science Museum has little
+kits that you can buy that
+
+have some powder that you could
+heat up in water and
+
+then put it in a beaker and put
+a string in there, maybe
+
+with a little crumb of the
+stuff that you dissolved.
+
+And one of the crystals
+that is nice for
+
+this purpose is alum.
+
+It's a cubic crystal.
+
+And if you let the stuff set
+there, it will form a nice,
+
+lovely equiaxed cubed.
+
+Science Museum usually puts a
+pinch of another salt in there
+
+so the crystal is not only
+pretty and shiny, it's purple
+
+or it's the orange.
+
+Now, unless you attach this
+little seed crystal carefully,
+
+there would be a good chance
+that it would fall off and
+
+land on the bottom
+of the beaker.
+
+When that happened, your crystal
+would not have the
+
+shape of a cube.
+
+It would have a shape in which
+these two top edges had length
+
+L and these faces on the side
+were exactly half that length.
+
+And what's happening is that
+this crystal is growing in an
+
+unconstrained environment.
+
+The nutrient is coming on and
+crystallizing from all
+
+directions.
+
+In this case, nutrient can't
+get in from the directions
+
+that are below the crystal.
+
+So the growth in that direction
+is eliminated, and
+
+this height is exactly
+half that at
+
+the edge of the crystal.
+
+So that's sort of a very
+specialized case of a crystal
+
+growing in a constrained
+environment.
+
+I'm digressing now, but let me
+make a few more remarks.
+
+The shape that a crystal has--
+
+and the shape is in
+crystallography designated by
+
+a special term.
+
+It's called habit.
+
+Crystals that undergo plastic
+deformation never die, they
+
+just develop bad habits.
+
+Oh, come on.
+
+This is a tough crowd.
+
+I thought that was
+pretty funny.
+
+Anyway.
+
+The habit that a crystal has
+can depend very much on
+
+impurities in the solution or
+melt from which it grows.
+
+And let me suppose I start with
+a little crystal that
+
+looks like this.
+
+And there are two different
+kinds of faces on there.
+
+And let's suppose one of them
+grows rapidly and one of them
+
+grows slowly.
+
+Which face do you think would
+be the one that eventually
+
+forms the boundaries to
+the crystal volume?
+
+The fast-growing face or
+the slow-growing face?
+
+AUDIENCE: Fast-growing face.
+
+PROFESSOR: Fast, slow are
+both possibilities.
+
+Let's do a time lapse
+experiment.
+
+Let's suppose that this is
+the fast-growing face.
+
+And, after a certain amount of
+time these faces would have
+
+all advanced to this location.
+
+And this is the slow-growing
+face.
+
+And after the same amount of
+time, it will have advanced to
+
+this location.
+
+After the next time increment,
+this one would
+
+have grown up to here.
+
+This would only have
+grown that far.
+
+And you could see the only thing
+that's gonna be left is
+
+the slow-growing face.
+
+So it's sort of counter
+intuitive.
+
+The faces that survive to bound
+the crystal as rational
+
+planes are the slow-growing
+faces, not the
+
+rapidly growing faces.
+
+This is of great use to the
+people who want to control
+
+crystal shape.
+
+And this is very often in very
+every day, ordinary contexts.
+
+The people who grow table salt,
+for example, want to
+
+grow a crystal that has nice
+pointy edges so when it comes
+
+down on your tomato, it
+doesn't bounce off.
+
+It sticks to it.
+
+So the shape of table
+salt makes a
+
+difference in how it behaves.
+
+And the way you change the shape
+is to find something
+
+that will be absorbed
+preferentially on one set of
+
+faces that you would like to
+have be the faces that appear
+
+on the crystal.
+
+And that will do the
+job for you.
+
+I'll close with just one final
+example of this in real, every
+
+day industry or technology.
+
+I once had a phone call from a
+company that made salt for
+
+sprinkling on roads in the
+winter time, particularly
+
+around New England when the
+roads tend to ice up.
+
+And in an earlier era it, was
+politically correct to use
+
+sodium chloride.
+
+But you wanted the sodium
+chloride, if you could, to
+
+have an acicular, a needle-like,
+shape to improve
+
+its flow properties so you
+didn't waste a lot when you
+
+shook it out of the
+back of the truck.
+
+And the material that they use
+for that-- you think rock salt
+
+in the environment is bad--
+
+they used a cyanide compound to
+modify the growth habit and
+
+make it needle-like.
+
+And they wanted to get away
+from that before they were
+
+really dragged into some sort
+of trial by the EPA.
+
+And did I know of something that
+could change the shape of
+
+the salt crystals for them?
+
+And the answer to that
+question was quite
+
+straightforward.
+
+No.
+
+That was the end of
+the conversation.
+
+But it was an interesting
+example of how surface
+
+chemistry can change
+crystal shape.
+
+OK.
+
+So all that long-winded
+explanation was a
+
+justification of the
+meaning of those
+
+two final two puzzles.
+
+And the final thing I have to
+say about them is that these
+
+puzzles were lifted
+from a puzzle book
+
+published by MENSA.
+
+Have any of you heard
+of MENSA?
+
+MENSA is an association of
+self-declared geniuses.
+
+So this was a puzzle
+book for geniuses.
+
+And you all did horribly well
+on that third problem set.
+
+Everybody at MIT is bright.
+
+But you folks are not only
+bright, you are geniuses
+
+because you cracked
+the MENSA puzzles.
+
+OK.
+
+Enough enjoyment and
+fun and games.
+
+Let's get serious, back down to
+what we were doing earlier.
+
+We had established in earlier
+discussion that there are a
+
+very limited number of ways in
+which we can arrange a mirror
+
+plane and a rotation
+axis about one
+
+fixed point in space.
+
+And these, accordingly, are
+called the point groups.
+
+And in particular, they are
+the two-dimensional
+
+crystallographic point groups.
+
+We had rotation axes by
+themselves, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.
+
+And these are the only ones we
+need worry about because these
+
+are the only rotational
+symmetries that are compatible
+
+with translation.
+
+Then we had a mirror plane.
+
+And then there was no reason
+why we could not combine a
+
+mirror plane with these
+rotational symmetries.
+
+And in doing so, we used a
+theorem that said if you take
+
+two reflection operations,
+sigma 1 and sigma 2-- and
+
+again, I use sigma to represent
+an individual
+
+operation of reflection--
+
+and a mirror plane is the
+locus of operations of
+
+reflection, and then reflecting
+back again, there
+
+are two operations involved.
+
+And if these are combined at
+some angle mu, sigma 1
+
+followed by sigma 2, when they
+are separated by an angle mu
+
+is the same as the net
+transformation of a rotation
+
+about their point of
+intersection through twice the
+
+angle which the mirror
+planes are combined.
+
+And that led us--
+
+in addition to a one-fold axis,
+a two-fold access, a
+
+three-fold axis, a four-fold
+axis, and a six-fold axis--
+
+let us combine reflection with
+these axes to get symmetry
+
+combinations that we named
+according to the symmetry
+
+elements which were present
+in the final combination.
+
+We used two mirror planes if the
+mirror planes that arose
+
+where independent.
+
+Independent in the sense that
+the two-fold axis never turned
+
+one into another.
+
+And independent in the sense
+that if we draw a
+
+representative motif, the way
+those motifs were disposed
+
+about one mirror plane was
+different from the way they
+
+were arranged about
+the other one.
+
+For a four-fold axis, we could
+add mirror planes.
+
+And they would have to be
+at half the angle of the
+
+four-fold axis.
+
+And as we saw, it was
+kind of a mouthful
+
+to call this 4MMMMMMMM.
+
+There were just two kinds of
+mirror planes, so this one was
+
+called 4MM.
+
+6MM, analogously, was a six-fold
+axis with mirror
+
+planes separated by 30 degrees,
+half the throw of the
+
+six-fold axis.
+
+And the one that I left out is
+3, not m m but 3M because a
+
+three-fold axis has
+mirror planes
+
+separated by 60 degrees.
+
+And the same thing goes on at
+each of these mirror planes,
+
+pair of objects hanging at one
+end of the mirror plane, the
+
+other end is unadorned.
+
+So they all behave the same.
+
+There's only one kind
+of mirror plane.
+
+The three-fold axis maps one
+mirror plane into another, and
+
+so they have to be the same.
+
+So therefore, only one M
+appears in the symbol.
+
+Independent of this, we had,
+when we combined reflection or
+
+rotation with a lattice, found
+that there were a very limited
+
+number of lattices in two
+dimensions, the oblique
+
+lattice which had T1 not equal
+to T2 and T1 inclined to T2 by
+
+some general angle.
+
+The next degree of
+specialization was for a
+
+two-fold axis-- so either a
+one-fold or a two-fold axis
+
+could fit in here.
+
+For a three-fold axis or a
+six-fold axis, we had to have
+
+a lattice in which the two
+translations were identical to
+
+one another, identical in
+magnitude and identical in the
+
+way the atoms were ranged
+relative to these
+
+translations.
+
+And the angle between
+T1 over T2 had to be
+
+identically 120 degrees.
+
+And by convention, we take the
+larger of two angles, 120
+
+rather than 60, to define
+the inter axial angle.
+
+A four-fold axis required a net
+that was exactly square,
+
+not approximately square
+but exactly square.
+
+So T1 and T2 had to be identical
+in magnitude.
+
+The angle between them had
+to be exactly 90 degrees.
+
+And close is no cigar.
+
+It has to be exactly 90 degrees
+because that angle is
+
+generated by symmetry.
+
+And then at the place in which
+I'm gonna pick up today in
+
+just a moment is the case of a
+mirror plane and reflection,
+
+we saw depending on how we
+arranged the translations
+
+relative to the reflection
+plane, could give us either a
+
+lattice in the shape
+of a rectangle--
+
+and here T1 and T2 made an angle
+of exactly 90 degrees.
+
+But the magnitude of T1 could be
+anything it liked relative
+
+to the magnitude of T2, and then
+a double cell, which had
+
+the shape of a diamond.
+
+But it was operationally much
+to our advantage to pick a
+
+double cell which had
+a right angle in it.
+
+And the reason for that was that
+it is a nightmare to do
+
+calculations of inter-atomic
+distances and angles or angles
+
+between faces in an
+oblique system.
+
+The right angle makes these
+calculations very simple.
+
+And the fact that this cell
+tells you twice as much of the
+
+area as you really need
+to know about is a
+
+small price to pay.
+
+So this is the rectangular
+net, as
+
+we'll call it in words.
+
+And this is one that
+we'll call the
+
+centered rectangular net.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me pause here and suck
+in air and see if there are
+
+any questions.
+
+This is where we left off.
+
+And now having everything spread
+out on the board, we're
+
+going to start to make
+combinations and
+
+continue that process.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the centered
+rectangular has the same exact
+
+[? intercept ?] as the
+rectangular but the only thing
+
+you're doing is you're deriving
+it based on symmetry
+
+that you're using like a diamond
+kind of thing to get
+
+the center one?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So all these arose when we did
+it slowly and systematically.
+
+We said let's let this be the
+location of the mirror plane.
+
+What happens if we combine
+it with a translation?
+
+We can take one lattice point
+on the mirror plane since
+
+there's no unique
+lattice point.
+
+And then the mirror plane
+is gonna reflect
+
+this over to here.
+
+So here's a first translation.
+
+I've got a second non-colinear
+translation.
+
+Wham-o.
+
+Instant lattice.
+
+So what I'm doing is taking this
+diamond shape and I am
+
+taking one translation here--
+let's put some labels on this.
+
+Let's call this T1
+and this T2.
+
+So this translation here, call
+it T1 prime, is my original
+
+translation T1 plus T2.
+
+In this translation, T2 is
+the negative of the--
+
+Yeah.
+
+It's gonna be minus
+T1 plus T2.
+
+So I've taken linear
+combinations of the two
+
+vectors of the diamond-shaped
+cell.
+
+And again, this is contrary to
+the rules we have that say
+
+pick the shortest two
+translations.
+
+Why?
+
+The final larger area of
+volume then you need.
+
+And the answer to that is
+occasionally the provision of
+
+a coordinate system, which is
+far easier to work in, is a
+
+small price to pay for
+that redundancy.
+
+OK.
+
+And then the primitive
+rectangular net, just to
+
+remind you again, we said is
+there any case in which this
+
+is not true?
+
+And that case was if you take
+T1 exactly perpendicular to
+
+the mirror plane and then you
+define only a lattice row.
+
+So that gives you a second
+choice for T2.
+
+You can't pick it anywhere you
+like, otherwise it gets
+
+reflected across just as in the
+first case, and you have
+
+two translations that
+are not compatible.
+
+And the only way that they are
+compatible is that if you make
+
+the translation T1 straddle
+the mirror plane.
+
+And that's what we've
+already got up here.
+
+So that's how we got the
+rectangular net.
+
+We could get a second distinct
+sort of lattice only if this
+
+translation was exactly in the
+plane of the mirror line.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+AUDIENCE: But the number and
+kind of symmetry elements are
+
+the same for both, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: Uh, so--
+
+PROFESSOR: So there's a curious
+sort of duality here.
+
+Here in the case of a hexagonal
+net, this is just a
+
+lattice of a very specialized
+shape.
+
+And does that have a six-fold
+axis in it?
+
+No, not unless I decide
+to put one in.
+
+I could put in a three-fold
+axis, alternatively.
+
+So here, I have one lattice that
+can accept two different
+
+kinds of symmetry.
+
+Here I've got the reverse
+situation.
+
+I have two distinct kind of
+lattices, both of which are
+
+happy and content with the
+same symmetry on them.
+
+So there's going to be a far
+greater number of combinations
+
+of lattice with symmetry than
+simply a one-to-one
+
+correspondence between lattice
+types and point group types.
+
+OK.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+All right so let me now shift
+down to low gear and remind
+
+you of one thing that
+we did last time.
+
+We asked what happens if I can
+combine a rotation operation,
+
+a alpha, with a translation?
+
+Call this T1.
+
+Sounds like something I already
+did in showing that
+
+the values of alpha are
+restricted to values.
+
+But what I'm going to do now is
+use something that looks as
+
+though it's a similar starting
+point to arrive at a different
+
+result that we saw last time.
+
+I'm going to deliberately look
+at a line that is alpha over 2
+
+on one side of the perpendicular
+to T1.
+
+And then the operation of the a
+alpha is going to take this
+
+translation with a lattice point
+of necessity at the end
+
+of it, and it's going to move it
+over to here, alpha over 2,
+
+on the other side of the
+translation of the
+
+perpendicular.
+
+Then I'm going to pick this up
+with the translation T1 and
+
+move it and everything along
+it to a location like this.
+
+And my question now is, what
+is a alpha followed by the
+
+translation T1?
+
+The handedness of the objects
+have not changed.
+
+So this has to be either
+
+translation or another rotation.
+
+And what we can very quickly
+show is if upon dropping a
+
+perpendicular down to the
+original translation, these
+
+lines are parallel.
+
+This line cuts across it.
+
+So this angle is alpha over 2.
+
+And this line is inclined
+to the perpendicular
+
+by alpha over 2.
+
+So this angle in here is
+also alpha over 2.
+
+So the answer is that if I
+rotate from one location to
+
+another by rotation alpha and
+then pick up that motif or the
+
+entire space and translate it by
+the original translation T1
+
+to get a third one-- this is
+number 1, right-handed, say,
+
+number 2, right-handed.
+
+This is number 3.
+
+Stays right-handed.
+
+Has to be related
+by a rotation.
+
+And we next ask, what point is
+the point about which the
+
+rotation occurs?
+
+Then we used--
+
+what at the time seemed like
+a trivial observation--
+
+that a rotation axis in space
+or a rotation point in two
+
+dimensions is the locus
+that is left
+
+unmoved by the rotation.
+
+So if rotating from here and
+translating over to here is
+
+equivalent to a rotation and if
+the locus of the rotation
+
+has to be the point that's
+left on moved, bingo.
+
+That's where the rotation
+occurs.
+
+And it's through the same angle,
+so we can label this an
+
+operation b alpha.
+
+And we know exactly where
+that point is gonna be.
+
+It's gonna be along the
+perpendicular bisector of the
+
+original translation.
+
+And it's gonna be up a distance
+x which is T over 2
+
+times the cotangent
+of alpha over 2.
+
+So now we've got another, what
+I call, combination theorems.
+
+And again, this is nothing
+more than knowing how to
+
+complete the product of two
+operations in establishing the
+
+group multiplication table.
+
+so let me write it down in the
+form of a combination theorem.
+
+This says that a alpha followed
+by a translation is
+
+another rotation--
+
+in the same sense, both counter
+
+clockwise in this example--
+
+another rotation b alpha in the
+same sense about a point
+
+that is always T over 2 times
+the cotangent of alpha over 2
+
+along the perpendicular
+bisector.
+
+So that's how you would go about
+making an entry in the
+
+group multiplication table.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I put you off.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Can you just, like, I just
+want to see what you did
+
+actually to the motif
+in that drawing.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Rather than taking an
+abstraction, an arbitrary line
+
+that is at alpha over 2, I put
+a motif in the space that
+
+doesn't necessarily hang on this
+particular locus that I
+
+drew for reference.
+
+And the rotation through alpha
+would move it to here.
+
+It's lagging behind
+this first line.
+
+It lagged behind the second
+one by the same amount.
+
+Then I pick it up and I move it
+by the same translation and
+
+that slides it over here, still
+canted over to the left.
+
+And now what I claim is that I
+get from the first one to the
+
+third one--
+
+and actually should have
+raised your hand on a
+
+different matter.
+
+This is out in front
+of the translation.
+
+So number 3 should sit here,
+also to the right to the
+
+translation.
+
+And the way I get from 1
+to 3 in one shot is by
+
+rotating alpha b.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, a cautionary note just so
+you do not use your new power
+
+recklessly.
+
+Let me emphasize that this is
+an escalation in operations,
+
+not in symmetry elements.
+
+And the reason for that is
+that a rotation axis, in
+
+general, contains a number
+of different rotations.
+
+An n-fold axis has n different
+rotation operations implied in
+
+it, including the identity
+operation of
+
+rotating 360 degrees.
+
+So if I say I'm gonna drop a
+four-fold access in a lattice,
+
+what I'm doing is dropping into
+the lattice a 90 degree
+
+rotation, a 180 degree
+rotation, and
+
+a 270 degree rotation.
+
+And the location of the new
+operations depends on alpha.
+
+So these new operations
+are not gonna pop
+
+up at the same location.
+
+They're gonna be sprinkled
+over different locations.
+
+So as an abstraction, that may
+be hard to appreciate.
+
+But we're going to straight
+away derive a
+
+couple of more additions.
+
+And then when we see what
+happens upon adding a rotation
+
+axis to a lattice in a couple of
+nontrivial cases, I'll just
+
+summarize the results and assume
+that you'll be able to
+
+derive them on your own.
+
+The last time we had got around
+to doing just one of
+
+these combinations.
+
+And we ask what happens when you
+combine with a translation
+
+a rotation operation a pi.
+
+So we'll take some motif that
+sets up here, right-handed,
+
+rotate it by 180 degrees to
+get a second one, and then
+
+pick that up and translate it by
+T. So I'll get a third one
+
+sitting down like this of
+the same handedness.
+
+And the question now is
+how do I get from
+
+1 to number 3 directly?
+
+Well, let's use our theorem.
+
+Our theorem says we should
+go a distance x along the
+
+perpendicular bisector, which
+is half the magnitude of T
+
+times the cotangent
+of pi over 2.
+
+The cotangent of pi
+over 2 is zero.
+
+So we go up a distance x.
+
+That's equal to 0, all in the
+perpendicular bisector, which
+
+means we stay put.
+
+And--
+
+in this class, there is always
+truth in advertising.
+
+Around this locus here is a
+rotation operation b pi, which
+
+takes the first one into
+the third one.
+
+OK.
+
+And now, lickety split, I will
+derive again-- and I apologize
+
+for going fast because I
+did do it last time.
+
+Let's ask what happens when we
+combine a two-fold axis with a
+
+parallelogram net?
+
+So we're taking a two-fold axis
+plus a parallelogram net.
+
+In this two dimensional
+lattice there are two
+
+translations, T1 and T2, of
+arbitrary magnitude with some
+
+angle between them
+that's arbitrary.
+
+And to this lattice point,
+I'll add a two-fold axis.
+
+A two-fold axis involves the
+presence of two operations,
+
+the identity operation, and that
+we can forget about, and
+
+then there's the
+operation a pi.
+
+By combine a pi with T1, I'll
+get an operation b pi that
+
+sits at the midpoint of T1.
+
+If I combine a pi with T2, we
+get an operation c pi at the
+
+midpoint of T2.
+
+If I combine a pi with T1 plus
+T2, I'll get another operation
+
+d pi at the center
+of the cell.
+
+And we don't have to ask what
+happens when we go three
+
+translations over.
+
+There's gonna be another
+operation of 180 degree
+
+rotation on that translation.
+
+But we really only need bother
+about what goes on on the
+
+edges and in the interior of
+one unit cell, because
+
+whatever's there has to be
+repeated by translation.
+
+So, in making these additions,
+we need consider only
+
+independent translations--
+
+that is, not related
+to one another by
+
+the rotational symmetry--
+
+independent translations
+that terminate
+
+within the unit cell.
+
+And that means for the addition
+of a two-fold axis, I
+
+need do only what I have,
+in fact, just done.
+
+I want to consider a pi with
+T1, T2, and T1 plus T2.
+
+If I have the operation a pi
+or b pi or c pi or d pi at
+
+these four locations, that is
+all I need have present to say
+
+that I have, in addition to the
+two-fold axis that I added
+
+to the lattice point, a two-fold
+axis halfway along
+
+T1, a two-fold access halfway
+along T2, and another one
+
+smack in the middle
+of the cell.
+
+These are lattice points.
+
+So those axes have to be
+repeated by translations, this
+
+one from here to here, this one
+from here, this one from
+
+here to here.
+
+So I'll have two-fold axes in
+the middle of all of the edges
+
+of the cell plus this fourth
+one right in the middle.
+
+So this is an example of a two
+dimensional space group.
+
+It's a symmetry that acts
+on all of space.
+
+And the names that we will give
+to these combinations is
+
+a symbol for the symmetry
+element that we added, in this
+
+case a two-fold axis.
+
+And then we'll specify the
+nature of the lattice to which
+
+we've added it.
+
+And all that I have to say is
+that the lattice is primitive
+
+because you're all aware at
+this point that a two-fold
+
+axis requires only
+a primitive, a
+
+parallelogram net.
+
+The only place we'll need a
+special symbol is when we add
+
+a mirror plane to either the
+rectangular net or the
+
+centered rectangular net.
+
+And then we'll have to specify
+which type of lattice of that
+
+shape, primitive or centered,
+we're dealing with.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+AUDIENCE: So all you did with
+that derivation there is prove
+
+that you don't have
+to worry about any
+
+rotations outside of that?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's correct?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+Which is very fortunate 'cause
+there's an infinite number
+
+lurking outside the boundaries
+of the cell.
+
+I'll show you another
+general truth.
+
+What does a pattern look like?
+
+The pattern looks exactly like
+the pattern of a two-fold axis
+
+with that pattern of motifs hung
+at every lattice point.
+
+These new two-fold axes don't
+do any further repetition of
+
+the motifs.
+
+They don't do any repetition
+of the motif.
+
+They just express relation
+between things that you get
+
+when you take this pair and
+then repeat it by the
+
+translations.
+
+So this two-fold access, for
+example, relates this to this.
+
+This two-fold axis relates this
+one to this one, and this
+
+one to this one, and so on.
+
+They're just relations that
+exist between the things that
+
+you get when you add the pattern
+of a two-fold axis to
+
+a lattice point.
+
+So another generalization of
+what we're doing here that
+
+turns out to be valid, the
+pattern of motifs for a
+
+particular plane group is
+nothing more than the pattern
+
+of the symmetry element--
+
+symmetry element or symmetry
+elements, sometimes we'll be
+
+adding more than one--
+
+that we've added to
+a lattice point.
+
+So in other words, if we take
+2MM and drop that into a
+
+rectangular lattice, the pattern
+is simply gonna be
+
+these four atoms related by 2MM
+hung at every corner of
+
+the lattice.
+
+If you add it to a centered
+lattice, these would be hung
+
+at every corner of the lattice,
+and also at the
+
+centered lattice point.
+
+So it's that simple.
+
+If you look at some of these
+high symmetry space groups or
+
+plane groups, wow, there's
+symmetry all over the place.
+
+You say, how can I draw
+a pattern for that?
+
+Easy.
+
+Just do what the point group
+does and drop it in at the
+
+lattice points.
+
+So that turns out to be a
+universal feature of all space
+
+groups and plane groups.
+
+OK.
+
+Somebody had a question over
+here and I cut you off.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+On that two [INAUDIBLE] diagram,
+wouldn't you want to
+
+use four of those because you
+said it was-- you don't
+
+concern ones that are-- you're
+only concerned independent
+
+ones, the ones you
+can't get by--
+
+PROFESSOR: You're absolutely
+right.
+
+And let's look at this
+pattern again.
+
+Here are a pair that are
+hanging close to
+
+this two-fold axis.
+
+Here's a pair hanging close
+to the two-fold axis, very
+
+different arrangement, different
+arrangement relative
+
+to this two-fold axis, different
+arrangements
+
+relative to this
+two-fold axis.
+
+So what we're saying is-- and
+this is the way, in fact, we
+
+derive them--
+
+that these four two-fold
+axes are all distinct.
+
+But the ones that are along the
+edges are just related by
+
+translation.
+
+So why do I have
+to put them in?
+
+AUDIENCE: You just put them in
+to just show the symmetry?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+Exactly. 'Cause if I say this
+is a lattice and I have
+
+two-fold axes here, that's an
+incomplete representation
+
+because if these are
+translations, I jolly well
+
+better have the same thing at
+all the lattice points.
+
+I'm just emphasizing the
+property of a lattice which is
+
+understood to be present in
+all of these combinations.
+
+OK.
+
+Other questions?
+
+And I would remind you that a
+reasonable question or request
+
+would be, could you
+do that all again,
+
+please, at half speed?
+
+And I'd be happy to comply.
+
+But really this is ground that
+we covered last time.
+
+And I'm just reinforcing it.
+
+So now that we've run out
+of time, we can go on to
+
+something new.
+
+Let me do, in the couple minutes
+remaining, let me make
+
+one more addition just to show
+you how things change when you
+
+add a rotation axis
+that has more than
+
+one rotation operation.
+
+Let me ask what happens
+when you add a
+
+four-fold axis to a lattice.
+
+We've seen that a four-fold
+axis can coexist with no
+
+lattice other than 1, which is
+dimensionally square and which
+
+has the same thing hanging
+about, two translations that
+
+are exactly 90 degrees apart.
+
+So what we're doing is taking
+a four-fold axis and drop it
+
+in at the corner lattice point
+and then step back before all
+
+hell breaks looks.
+
+Now, first thing we're gonna
+do is to get the four-fold
+
+axis at every corner
+lattice point.
+
+And then we're gonna use our
+theorem, taking into account
+
+that when I say I'm adding a
+four-fold axis, I am adding
+
+the operations a pi over
+2, a pi, a3 pi over 2.
+
+But let me call that, instead,
+a minus pi over 2, the same
+
+thing and a little easier
+to deal with.
+
+And then the operation a2 pi,
+which is the same as the
+
+identity operation.
+
+And that's dull and
+uninteresting, so we won't
+
+consider that addition.
+
+We've already done this,
+a pi, in deriving P2.
+
+And that's the nice thing
+about this derivation.
+
+It's gonna snowball because as
+the symmetry gets higher,
+
+we've already done the work for
+the subgroup that contains
+
+the elements that are present
+in the higher symmetry.
+
+So we'll get an operation
+a pi over a pi here.
+
+We'll get an operation
+a pi here.
+
+And if we take the diagonal
+translation, T1 plus T2, I'll
+
+get the operation a pi here.
+
+Or I should probably call them
+a pi, b pi, and c pi to
+
+indicate that these are
+different two-fold axes.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me emphasize again that this
+theorem that we have is a
+
+theorem in individual
+operations and
+
+not symmetry elements.
+
+If I say a four-fold axis is
+present, it means that all of
+
+these operations exist
+about that locus.
+
+I cannot say that a four-fold
+axis sits here.
+
+I cannot say a four-fold
+axis sits here.
+
+I'm gonna have to take each of
+these combinations in turn and
+
+then step back and see what
+operations exist about the
+
+various loci within the cell.
+
+So the one that's really
+different is the combination
+
+of a translation T with the
+operation a pi over 2.
+
+And my theorem says if I put in
+a motif and rotate it by 90
+
+degrees to here--
+
+so this is number 1 and
+this is number 2--
+
+and then translate it to a
+location that's related to the
+
+first by symmetry--
+
+by translation to
+get number 3--
+
+they will be related by an
+operation b pi over 2 that
+
+sits up along the perpendicular
+bisector by an
+
+amount x, which is T over 2
+times the cotangent of alpha
+
+over 2, T over 2 times the
+cotangent of 1/2 of pi over 2,
+
+45 degrees.
+
+The cotangent of 45 degrees is
+unity because the two edges of
+
+the triangle are equal
+in length.
+
+So this says I should go up
+along the perpendicular
+
+bisector by an amount that is
+half the length of the cell.
+
+And that puts me right in
+the middle of the cell.
+
+So the operation b pi over 2
+sits not at the edge of the
+
+cell, but at the center
+of the cell.
+
+And that, I think you will
+agree, even in this hastily
+
+sketched diagram, is the way
+number 1 is related directly
+
+to number 3 in one shot.
+
+Now I could do it on the
+cheap from here.
+
+But let's show that
+we have first an
+
+operation a pi over 2.
+
+We've already got the
+operation c pi.
+
+Let's now combine the operation
+a minus pi over 2.
+
+And that says that for c minus
+pi over 2, I would go up the
+
+perpendicular bisector a
+distance T over 2 times the
+
+cotangent of minus
+1/2 of pi over 2.
+
+And the cotangent of a negative
+angle is minus that.
+
+So I go a distance minus
+T over 2 along the
+
+perpendicular bisector.
+
+And what that is gonna do is to
+bring me to the center of
+
+the cell that's directly
+below.
+
+And this will be the rotation
+c minus pi over 2.
+
+But everything has to be
+translation equivalent at the
+
+interval T. So I can just move
+this operation c minus pi over
+
+2 up to the center of
+my original cell.
+
+So now I have at the center of
+the cell all the operations of
+
+a four-fold axis.
+
+So a four-fold axis exists in
+the middle of the cell.
+
+And let me write the
+results in here.
+
+I've now got all of the
+operations of a four-fold axis
+
+sitting here.
+
+I've got all the operations
+of a two-fold axis
+
+sitting here and here.
+
+So this is the final result,
+if I translate the two-fold
+
+axes over to the other
+edges of the cell.
+
+AUDIENCE: What is that angle
+[? by the d project? ?]
+
+That should be 90 degrees?
+
+PROFESSOR: That should
+be 90 degrees,
+
+if I drew it carefully.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So let me give the final result
+with a pattern in it.
+
+These are the two translations,
+equal in length,
+
+four-fold here, four-fold
+here, four-fold here.
+
+They are all the same
+four-fold axis.
+
+Four-fold axis in the
+middle of the cell.
+
+Two-fold axis in the middle
+of the cell edges.
+
+And the pattern of objects is
+the set of things that are
+
+rotated by 90 degrees that form
+a square about the corner
+
+of the cell.
+
+Another one here.
+
+Another one that sits up here.
+
+And another one that
+sits like this.
+
+Four of them on the corners
+of the square.
+
+And that's all we're going
+to get in this pattern.
+
+Again, it's just a pattern of a
+four-fold axis that is hung
+
+at every lattice point
+of the square net.
+
+And these other symmetry
+elements that arise simply are
+
+things that relate to the
+squares that are hanging at
+
+every corner of the
+square cell.
+
+OK.
+
+So the square in the center of
+the cell, for example, relates
+
+these four.
+
+And you can pick any other
+four and they'd
+
+be related as well.
+
+The two-fold axis relates
+this to this.
+
+This two-fold axis relates this
+to this and this to this.
+
+So the pattern is just the
+square produced by four
+
+stamped out at every corner
+of the square net.
+
+And it's that simple.
+
+The name of this thing--
+
+what have we done?
+
+We've taken a four-fold
+axis, we've put it
+
+in a primitive net.
+
+I don't have to tell you it's
+squared because in your heart
+
+of hearts know that
+that is what a
+
+four-fold axis requires.
+
+So this describes
+completely the
+
+combinations that's been made.
+
+And this is a representative
+pattern.
+
+A pattern of this sort is one
+that we've seen several times
+
+already in describing
+sample symmetries.
+
+That is the plane group
+of square floor tiles.
+
+It's the plane group of the
+square mesh that's in the
+
+overhead lighting fixtures.
+
+It's the pattern that is present
+in the tiles up above
+
+the lighting fixtures.
+
+It's a pattern that is very
+commonly present in square
+
+shirts, but not too often.
+
+It's kind of dull and
+uninteresting.
+
+Yes.
+
+Fellow back there against the
+wall wearing P4, probably
+
+didn't know until now.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Actually, he's a shield.
+
+I made him come in.
+
+I called him up last night
+and said be sure
+
+you wear the P4 shirt.
+
+And he said, OK, I will.
+
+All right.
+
+I'm getting silly.
+
+So that's tells me it's
+time to quit.
+
+So let's take our usual
+10 minute break,
+
+And then we'll resume.
+
+And I think I'll go lickety
+split through the remaining
+
+plane groups that consists of
+combinations of a rotation
+
+with a lattice.
+
+OK.
+
+So do come back.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TIpnudrzvgg.txt b/TIpnudrzvgg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..782120c4becaea774e4aa34c80e1d913809a0076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TIpnudrzvgg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we start on another topic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we start on another topic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we start on another topic in
+graph theory namely the topic of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory namely the topic of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory namely the topic of simple
+graphs so last week we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so last week we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so last week we were talking
+about directed graphs where the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about directed graphs where the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about directed graphs where the arrows
+have a beginning and end as shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a beginning and end as shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a beginning and end as shown here
+but simple graphs are simpler the arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but simple graphs are simpler the arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but simple graphs are simpler the arrows
+the edges don't have direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges don't have direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges don't have direction
+uh they just correspond to a a mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they just correspond to a a mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they just correspond to a a mutual
+connection which is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection which is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection which is symmetric
+um so there's a picture of a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a picture of a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a picture of a simple
+graph and the edges are shown without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the edges are shown without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the edges are shown without an
+arrowhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrowhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrowhead
+a special thing about directed graphs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special thing about directed graphs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special thing about directed graphs is
+that it's possible to have an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible to have an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible to have an arrow
+going in each direction between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in each direction between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in each direction between two
+vertices but when we have undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but when we have undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but when we have undirected
+edges like this that doesn't happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges like this that doesn't happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges like this that doesn't happen so
+there's only one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one edge
+between a pair of vertices in a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of vertices in a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of vertices in a simple
+graph in addition a directed graph might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in addition a directed graph might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in addition a directed graph might
+have a self-loop and an edge that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a self-loop and an edge that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a self-loop and an edge that starts
+and begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and begins
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+starts and ends at the same vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends at the same vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts and ends at the same vertex and
+those are also disallowed in simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also disallowed in simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also disallowed in simple
+graphs now you could allow those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs now you could allow those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs now you could allow those things
+there's a thing called multi-graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called multi-graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called multi-graphs
+where there are multiple edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are multiple edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are multiple edges between
+uh vertices and there could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices and there could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices and there could also be
+self-loops but we don't need those let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-loops but we don't need those let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-loops but we don't need those let's
+not complicate matters we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not complicate matters we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not complicate matters we're talking
+about simple graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about simple graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about simple graphs
+okay so the formal definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the formal definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the formal definition of a
+simple graph is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple graph is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple graph is that
+it's an object g that has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an object g that has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an object g that has a bunch of
+parts namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts namely
+um it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has
+a non-empty set v of vertices just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-empty set v of vertices just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-empty set v of vertices just like
+directed graphs and it has a set of e a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graphs and it has a set of e a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graphs and it has a set of e a
+set e of edges but the edges now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e of edges but the edges now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e of edges but the edges now are
+somewhat different since they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different since they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different since they don't have
+beginnings and ends and edge just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings and ends and edge just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginnings and ends and edge just has
+two endpoints that are in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two endpoints that are in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two endpoints that are in v
+and we don't distinguish the end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't distinguish the end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't distinguish the end points
+so let's just draw a picture uh here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just draw a picture uh here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just draw a picture uh here's a
+case where there are six vertices v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where there are six vertices v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where there are six vertices v
+shown in blue and there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in blue and there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in blue and there are these
+undirected edges shown in green in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected edges shown in green in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected edges shown in green in this
+case i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case i see
+seven edges in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an example of an edge that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of an edge that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of an edge that goes
+between two vertices that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two vertices that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two vertices that i've
+highlighted in yellow and red and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in yellow and red and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in yellow and red and we've
+made that particular edge dark green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that particular edge dark green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made that particular edge dark green
+an edge like that can formally be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge like that can formally be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge like that can formally be
+represented as just the set of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as just the set of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented as just the set of its
+endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+a set of two things red and yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of two things red and yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of two things red and yellow
+in text we'll often indicate it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in text we'll often indicate it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in text we'll often indicate it as
+the two vertices connected by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vertices connected by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two vertices connected by a
+horizontal bar but you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal bar but you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal bar but you have to remember
+that the order in which the red and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the order in which the red and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the order in which the red and the
+yellow occur don't matter because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow occur don't matter because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow occur don't matter because it's
+really a set consisting of red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a set consisting of red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a set consisting of red and
+yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+when two vertices are connected by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two vertices are connected by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two vertices are connected by an
+edge they're said to be adjacent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge they're said to be adjacent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge they're said to be adjacent and the
+edge is said to be incident to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is said to be incident to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is said to be incident to its
+endpoints just a little vocabulary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints just a little vocabulary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints just a little vocabulary that
+we use here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use here
+now a basic concept in uh graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a basic concept in uh graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a basic concept in uh graph theory
+which is what we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to make a
+little bit of in this video segment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of in this video segment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of in this video segment is
+the idea of the degree of a vertex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the degree of a vertex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the degree of a vertex the
+degree of a vertex is simply the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of a vertex is simply the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of a vertex is simply the number
+of incident edges the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incident edges the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incident edges the number of edges
+that touch it the number of edges for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that touch it the number of edges for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that touch it the number of edges for
+which it's an endpoint so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's an endpoint so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's an endpoint so let's look at
+the red vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red vertex
+there are two edges incident to the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two edges incident to the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two edges incident to the red
+vertex so its degree is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so its degree is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so its degree is two
+okay let's look at the yellow vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the yellow vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at the yellow vertex
+here there are four edges incident to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are four edges incident to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are four edges incident to
+the yellow vertex so its degree is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow vertex so its degree is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow vertex so its degree is four
+no surprises yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprises yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no surprises yet
+so let's examine um some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's examine um some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's examine um some properties of
+vertices vertex degrees that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices vertex degrees that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices vertex degrees that are
+motivated by a simple example suppose i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by a simple example suppose i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by a simple example suppose i
+ask the question is it possible to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question is it possible to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question is it possible to have
+a graph with vertex degrees of 2 two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph with vertex degrees of 2 two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph with vertex degrees of 2 two and
+one so implicitly it's a three vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so implicitly it's a three vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so implicitly it's a three vertex
+graph um and one vertex has degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and one vertex has degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph um and one vertex has degree two
+another has degree two and one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another has degree two and one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another has degree two and one has
+degree one well let's see what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one well let's see what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree one well let's see what it looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um if i'm gonna have a vertex of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i'm gonna have a vertex of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i'm gonna have a vertex of degree
+one then i know what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then i know what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then i know what it looks like
+there's the vertex it's got one edge out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the vertex it's got one edge out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the vertex it's got one edge out
+of it it's going to some other vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's going to some other vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's going to some other vertex
+now this other vertex must have degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this other vertex must have degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this other vertex must have degree
+two so it's connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's connected to
+something else and the something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and the something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and the something else
+must be another vertex with degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be another vertex with degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be another vertex with degree two
+because those are the only possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the only possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the only possible
+spectrum of degrees one two and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of degrees one two and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of degrees one two and two and
+that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that this
+last guy has has to have an edge out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last guy has has to have an edge out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last guy has has to have an edge out of
+it because it's degree two and it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's degree two and it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's degree two and it can't
+go back to two because there aren't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to two because there aren't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to two because there aren't any
+there's already an edge between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already an edge between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already an edge between these
+two and it can't go back to one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it can't go back to one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it can't go back to one because
+that has degree 1 so we're stuck and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has degree 1 so we're stuck and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has degree 1 so we're stuck and by
+this ad hoc reasoning we figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ad hoc reasoning we figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ad hoc reasoning we figured out
+that there can't be a degree 3 graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there can't be a degree 3 graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there can't be a degree 3 graph
+with this spectrum of degrees 2 2 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this spectrum of degrees 2 2 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this spectrum of degrees 2 2 1.
+it's impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we could have reasoned more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have reasoned more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have reasoned more generally
+and there's a very elementary property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a very elementary property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a very elementary property
+of degrees that we're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrees that we're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degrees that we're going to actually
+make something of in a minute and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something of in a minute and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something of in a minute and it's
+called the handshaking lemma it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the handshaking lemma it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the handshaking lemma it says
+that the sum of the degrees summed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of the degrees summed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of the degrees summed over
+all the vertices is equal to twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices is equal to twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vertices is equal to twice the
+number of edges there it is written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges there it is written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges there it is written as a
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+twice the number of edges so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the number of edges so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the number of edges so that's the
+cardinality symbol absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality symbol absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality symbol absolute value of a
+set means the size of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set means the size of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set means the size of the set
+here is finite twice the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is finite twice the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is finite twice the number of edges
+is equal to the sum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the sum over all the
+vertices of the degree of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of the degree of the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices of the degree of the vertices
+why is that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that true
+well if you think about it and the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you think about it and the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you think about it and the sum
+on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right
+every edge is counted twice once for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge is counted twice once for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge is counted twice once for
+each vertex that it's the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex that it's the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each vertex that it's the end of
+so we're really just counting this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really just counting this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really just counting this is a
+way of summing up uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of summing up uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of summing up uh uh
+over all of the vertices in which each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the vertices in which each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the vertices in which each
+vertex gets numerated twice so the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex gets numerated twice so the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex gets numerated twice so the sum
+is twice the number of vertices and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice the number of vertices and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twice the number of vertices and the
+proof is kind of trivial but let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is kind of trivial but let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is kind of trivial but let's make
+something of this you might wonder why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this you might wonder why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of this you might wonder why
+it's called the handshaking lemma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the handshaking lemma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the handshaking lemma that
+will emerge in uh in some problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will emerge in uh in some problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will emerge in uh in some problems that
+we're going to have you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have you to do
+but let's go on and apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go on and apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's go on and apply the
+handshaking lemma in an interesting way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshaking lemma in an interesting way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handshaking lemma in an interesting way
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+by the way of course since 2 plus 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way of course since 2 plus 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way of course since 2 plus 2 plus
+1 is odd we could have without that ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is odd we could have without that ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is odd we could have without that ad
+hoc analysis figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoc analysis figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoc analysis figured out that
+the sum of the degrees can't be odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees can't be odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees can't be odd
+because it's twice something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's twice something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's twice something
+all right so here's the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the application
+that's designed to get your attention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's designed to get your attention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's designed to get your attention it
+is an application of graph theory to sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an application of graph theory to sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an application of graph theory to sex
+and we ask the question are men more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ask the question are men more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ask the question are men more
+promiscuous than women and there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous than women and there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promiscuous than women and there have
+been repeated studies that are cited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been repeated studies that are cited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been repeated studies that are cited in
+the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes
+that show again and again that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show again and again that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show again and again that when they
+survey collections of men and women ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey collections of men and women ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey collections of men and women ask
+them how many uh sexual partners they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how many uh sexual partners they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how many uh sexual partners they
+have it's consistently the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's consistently the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's consistently the case that the
+men are assessed to have 30 percent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men are assessed to have 30 percent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men are assessed to have 30 percent more
+75 more sometimes two and a half times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 more sometimes two and a half times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 more sometimes two and a half times
+three times as many partners as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as many partners as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times as many partners as the
+women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women
+and there's got to be something wacky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's got to be something wacky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's got to be something wacky
+about this we're going to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we're going to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we're going to come up with a
+very elementary graph theoretic argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elementary graph theoretic argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elementary graph theoretic argument
+that says that this is complete nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that this is complete nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that this is complete nonsense
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by the way the uh most recent study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the uh most recent study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the uh most recent study that
+we could find was one that's mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could find was one that's mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could find was one that's mentioned
+in the notes in 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes in 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes in 2007
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the us department of health and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us department of health and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us department of health and the
+statistician who collected the data knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician who collected the data knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician who collected the data knew
+that the results were impossible but her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the results were impossible but her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the results were impossible but her
+job was to report the data not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job was to report the data not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job was to report the data not to
+explain it or interpret it and the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it or interpret it and the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it or interpret it and the men
+reported 30 more partners than the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported 30 more partners than the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported 30 more partners than the women
+and we're going to show that somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to show that somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to show that somebody's
+lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying
+here's how we're going to do it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we're going to do it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how we're going to do it we're
+going to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to model
+uh the uh relationships between men and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh relationships between men and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh relationships between men and
+women by having a graph that comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women by having a graph that comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women by having a graph that comes in
+two parts it's going to be called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts it's going to be called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts it's going to be called a
+so-called bipartite graph so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called bipartite graph so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called bipartite graph so there's
+going to be one set of vertices called m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one set of vertices called m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one set of vertices called m
+and another set of vertices called f m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another set of vertices called f m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another set of vertices called f m
+for men and f for women or females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for men and f for women or females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for men and f for women or females
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're going to have edges going between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have edges going between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have edges going between
+men and women between m's and f's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women between m's and f's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women between m's and f's
+precisely when they have been involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely when they have been involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely when they have been involved
+in a sexual liaison so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking back at uh this graph this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at uh this graph this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking back at uh this graph this edge
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+uh blue m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blue m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blue m
+to that orange f indicates that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that orange f indicates that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that orange f indicates that they
+had had a sexual liaison they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a sexual liaison they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had a sexual liaison they were
+partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners
+okay so this is a simple graph structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a simple graph structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a simple graph structure
+that we can use to represent who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to represent who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to represent who got
+together with whom in any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with whom in any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with whom in any given
+population of men and women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of men and women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of men and women
+now if you think about the same argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think about the same argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think about the same argument
+that we use for handshaking um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for handshaking um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use for handshaking um
+if you sum the degrees of the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum the degrees of the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum the degrees of the men
+you're counting each edge exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting each edge exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting each edge exactly once
+and so the sum of the degrees of the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sum of the degrees of the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sum of the degrees of the men
+is equal to the number of edges in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the number of edges in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the number of edges in this
+graph and likewise if you sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and likewise if you sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and likewise if you sum over the
+females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females
+you're counting each edge once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting each edge once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting each edge once
+and so the sum of the female degrees is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sum of the female degrees is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the sum of the female degrees is
+also equal to the number of edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal to the number of edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal to the number of edges in
+particular the sum over the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the sum over the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the sum over the degrees of
+the males is equal to the sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the males is equal to the sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the males is equal to the sum over the
+degrees of the females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of the females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of the females
+because every time there's a liaison it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time there's a liaison it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every time there's a liaison it
+involves one male one female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves one male one female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves one male one female
+all right now let's just do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's just do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's just do a little bit
+of elementary arithmetic i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elementary arithmetic i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elementary arithmetic i'm going to
+divide both sides of this equality by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides of this equality by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides of this equality by
+the size of the male population by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the male population by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the male population by the
+number of men and if i do that i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of men and if i do that i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of men and if i do that i get
+this formula the left-hand side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula the left-hand side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula the left-hand side is the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+is the sum of the degrees of men divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the degrees of men divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the degrees of men divided
+by the size of the m population and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the size of the m population and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the size of the m population and here
+i'm doing a little trick notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing a little trick notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing a little trick notice that the
+f's cancel out but i've expressed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f's cancel out but i've expressed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f's cancel out but i've expressed this
+sum of the female degrees divided by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the female degrees divided by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the female degrees divided by m
+as the sum of the female degrees divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of the female degrees divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of the female degrees divided
+by f times this factor f over m which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f times this factor f over m which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by f times this factor f over m which is
+the ratio of the populations of women to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the populations of women to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the populations of women to
+men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men
+now the reason i'm doing this is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason i'm doing this is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason i'm doing this is that if
+you look at this thing on the left this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this thing on the left this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this thing on the left this
+is the average degree of the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average degree of the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average degree of the men
+this is the sum of all the degrees of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum of all the degrees of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sum of all the degrees of of
+men divided by the number of men so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men divided by the number of men so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men divided by the number of men so it's
+the average number of partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of partners
+that men have and likewise now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that men have and likewise now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that men have and likewise now you can
+recognize over here that i've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize over here that i've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize over here that i've got the
+average number of partners that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of partners that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of partners that each
+woman has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has
+and what we've just figured out then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've just figured out then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we've just figured out then is
+that there's a fixed relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fixed relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fixed relationship
+between the average number of partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the average number of partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the average number of partners
+of men the average degree of the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of men the average degree of the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of men the average degree of the m
+vertices and the average degree of the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and the average degree of the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and the average degree of the f
+vertices and these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and these two
+average degrees these average numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average degrees these average numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average degrees these average numbers of
+partners is simply related by the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners is simply related by the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners is simply related by the ratio
+of the populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the populations
+the average mean degree is the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average mean degree is the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average mean degree is the female
+population divided by the m population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population divided by the m population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population divided by the m population
+times the average degree of the females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the average degree of the females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the average degree of the females
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what this tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us is that
+these wild figures of twice as many and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wild figures of twice as many and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wild figures of twice as many and
+30 percent more and so on are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent more and so on are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 percent more and so on are completely
+absurd because we know a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd because we know a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd because we know a lot about the
+ratio of females to males in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of females to males in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of females to males in the
+population as a matter of fact in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a matter of fact in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a matter of fact in the
+u.s overall uh there are slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s overall uh there are slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s overall uh there are slightly more
+women than men uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women than men uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women than men uh there's
+1.035 women for each man in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.035 women for each man in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.035 women for each man in the u.s
+population and that tells us then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and that tells us then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and that tells us then that
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+if you surveyed the population of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you surveyed the population of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you surveyed the population of all
+the men and women in the country you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men and women in the country you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men and women in the country you
+would discover that the men looked three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would discover that the men looked three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would discover that the men looked three
+and a half percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+had three and a half percent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three and a half percent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three and a half percent more
+partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners
+uh than women per man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than women per man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than women per man
+but this has nothing to do with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this has nothing to do with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this has nothing to do with their
+behavior or promiscuity or lack of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or promiscuity or lack of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or promiscuity or lack of it
+it's simply a reflection of the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply a reflection of the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply a reflection of the ratio of
+the populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which gets us to the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets us to the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets us to the question of
+where do these crazy numbers come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these crazy numbers come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do these crazy numbers come from
+and the answer seems to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer seems to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer seems to be that
+people are lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are lying
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one explanation would be that men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation would be that men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation would be that men
+exaggerate their number of partners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate their number of partners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate their number of partners and
+women understate their number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women understate their number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women understate their number of
+partners but the truth is that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners but the truth is that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners but the truth is that nobody
+knows exactly why we get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows exactly why we get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows exactly why we get these
+consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently
+false numbers but we do get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false numbers but we do get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false numbers but we do get them
+consistently in one survey after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently in one survey after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently in one survey after another
+you will no longer be fooled by such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will no longer be fooled by such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will no longer be fooled by such
+nonsense
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TRktLuAktBQ.txt b/TRktLuAktBQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bb02be0e1441320bd72ff7b6605e228e1656a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TRktLuAktBQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1402 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in lecture you've learned about Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture you've learned about Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture you've learned about Graham
+schmith orthogonalization and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schmith orthogonalization and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schmith orthogonalization and that's
+what today's problem is about we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what today's problem is about we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what today's problem is about we have a
+matrix a and its columns are a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and its columns are a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and its columns are a b and c
+and I want you to find orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to find orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to find orthonormal
+vectors q1 Q2 and Q3 from those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors q1 Q2 and Q3 from those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors q1 Q2 and Q3 from those three
+columns then I want you to write a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns then I want you to write a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns then I want you to write a as a
+its QR decomposition where Q is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its QR decomposition where Q is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its QR decomposition where Q is an
+orthogonal Matrix and R is an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix and R is an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix and R is an upper
+triangular Matrix remember an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix remember an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular Matrix remember an orthogonal
+Matrix is a matrix whose columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a matrix whose columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is a matrix whose columns are
+orthonormal vectors all right work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal vectors all right work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal vectors all right work on it
+for a little while hit pause and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while hit pause and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a little while hit pause and when
+you're ready I'll come back and we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready I'll come back and we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready I'll come back and we'll do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together did you manage to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together did you manage to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together did you manage to solve that
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right well let's start solving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's start solving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's start solving it
+together so grmi orthog ization as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so grmi orthog ization as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so grmi orthog ization as you
+should remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember from
+lecture um consists in the following at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um consists in the following at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um consists in the following at
+each step you find your orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step you find your orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step you find your orthonormal
+vector by taking the vector that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by taking the vector that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by taking the vector that you
+start with a B or C in this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a B or C in this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a B or C in this case and
+making it orthonormal to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it orthonormal to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it orthonormal to the previous
+ones Let's uh let's actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones Let's uh let's actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones Let's uh let's actually do
+it we want to find q1 well to find q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we want to find q1 well to find q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we want to find q1 well to find q1
+start with a and make it orthonormal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a and make it orthonormal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a and make it orthonormal to
+the previous ones there's no previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous ones there's no previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous ones there's no previous
+one so that's very easy direction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's very easy direction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's very easy direction of a
+is fine and you just need to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine and you just need to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine and you just need to ensure that
+your vector has length one well a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector has length one well a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vector has length one well a is the
+vector 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 0
+0 so you should divide it by its length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so you should divide it by its length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so you should divide it by its length
+but its length is one so this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but its length is one so this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but its length is one so this is simply
+1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0
+0 q1 is done now let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q2 so with Q2 I will start with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 so with Q2 I will start with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 so with Q2 I will start with my
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+B and then I want to make it well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then I want to make it well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and then I want to make it well first
+of all orthogonal to what I already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all orthogonal to what I already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all orthogonal to what I already have
+which is q1 for that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is q1 for that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is q1 for that I'm going to
+subtract off from B the projection of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off from B the projection of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off from B the projection of B
+onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto
+q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1
+minus B do q1 * q1 usually when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B do q1 * q1 usually when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B do q1 * q1 usually when you're
+doing the projection of a vector onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the projection of a vector onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the projection of a vector onto
+another Vector you have to divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector you have to divide it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector you have to divide it by
+the length of in this case q1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of in this case q1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of in this case q1 but
+because q1 has length one you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because q1 has length one you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because q1 has length one you don't need
+to do that so what will it be here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so what will it be here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so what will it be here well
+b. q1 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. q1 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. q1 is going to
+be um let me write B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um let me write B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um let me write B is
+203 minus b. q1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+203 minus b. q1 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+203 minus b. q1 will be
+2 * 1 0 0 so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 0 0 so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1 0 0 so this will
+be 0 03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this Vector is orthogonal to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is orthogonal to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is orthogonal to this one
+and you can check by doing their dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check by doing their dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can check by doing their dot
+product it should be zero and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it should be zero and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it should be zero and it
+is we need it also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need it also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we need it also to
+be uh length one because we want these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh length one because we want these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh length one because we want these
+two vectors to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors to be
+orthonormal so this is not actually Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal so this is not actually Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal so this is not actually Q2
+let's call this one Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this one Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this one Q2
+Prime and set Q2 equals to Q2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and set Q2 equals to Q2 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and set Q2 equals to Q2 Prime
+divided its length which in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided its length which in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided its length which in this case is
+three 0 0 0 1 that's my Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 0 0 0 1 that's my Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 0 0 0 1 that's my Vector
+Q2 let's go on to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 let's go on to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 let's go on to the third
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+Q3 well again I start with my third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 well again I start with my third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 well again I start with my third
+Vector C then I want to subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector C then I want to subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector C then I want to subtract the
+projection of C onto q1 and onto Q2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of C onto q1 and onto Q2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of C onto q1 and onto Q2 and
+that will give me a Q3 that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me a Q3 that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me a Q3 that is
+orthogonal to both q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to both q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to both q1 and
+Q2 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 C
+minus C do q1 * q1 minus C do Q2 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C do q1 * q1 minus C do Q2 do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C do q1 * q1 minus C do Q2 do
+Q2 this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 this will be
+C 4 5 6 minus q1 was 1 0 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 4 5 6 minus q1 was 1 0 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 4 5 6 minus q1 was 1 0 0 so
+4 * 1 0 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 * 1 0 0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 * 1 0 0 minus
+Q2 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 60
+01 so this vector will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so this vector will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so this vector will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+050 and once again this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+050 and once again this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+050 and once again this one is
+orthogonal to q1 and Q2 but it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to q1 and Q2 but it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to q1 and Q2 but it is not
+Norm one yet so Q3 I'll call that one Q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm one yet so Q3 I'll call that one Q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm one yet so Q3 I'll call that one Q3
+Q3 Prime and I'll set Q3 equals to Q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 Prime and I'll set Q3 equals to Q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 Prime and I'll set Q3 equals to Q3
+Prime divided by its length which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime divided by its length which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime divided by its length which is
+5 Q3 is the vector 0 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one one thing that I want you to note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thing that I want you to note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one thing that I want you to note is
+that my vectors q1 Q2 Q3 are very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my vectors q1 Q2 Q3 are very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my vectors q1 Q2 Q3 are very nice
+in this case usually when you perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case usually when you perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case usually when you perform
+Graham schmith orthogonalization you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham schmith orthogonalization you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham schmith orthogonalization you end
+up with lots of square roots because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with lots of square roots because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with lots of square roots because
+you're dividing by the length in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dividing by the length in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dividing by the length in this
+case we have everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have everything is
+integers which is well very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers which is well very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers which is well very
+lucky next part of the problem is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky next part of the problem is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky next part of the problem is we
+want to write the QR decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the QR decomposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the QR decomposition of
+The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix
+a a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a equal
+QR right well the Matrix a you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR right well the Matrix a you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR right well the Matrix a you already
+know what it is it is the Matrix 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it is the Matrix 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is it is the Matrix 1 2
+4 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+036 and Q you want to be an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+036 and Q you want to be an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+036 and Q you want to be an orthogonal
+Matrix like I said before an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix like I said before an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix like I said before an orthogonal
+Matrix has orthonormal vectors for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has orthonormal vectors for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has orthonormal vectors for its
+columns and we already have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and we already have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and we already have such a
+matrix it's the Matrix that has q1 Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's the Matrix that has q1 Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's the Matrix that has q1 Q2
+and Q3 as its column vectors 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q3 as its column vectors 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Q3 as its column vectors 1 0
+0 0 0 1 and 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 1 and 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 1 and 0 1
+0 and now we need an upper triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and now we need an upper triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and now we need an upper triangular
+Matrix that makes this equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that makes this equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that makes this equality
+true take a moment to look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true take a moment to look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true take a moment to look at your
+Matrix Q it is simply a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Q it is simply a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Q it is simply a permutation
+Matrix so it's very easy to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so it's very easy to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so it's very easy to come up with
+a matrix that should fit here what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that should fit here what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that should fit here what this
+m what this permutation Matrix does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m what this permutation Matrix does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m what this permutation Matrix does is
+it exchanges Rows 2 and three from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exchanges Rows 2 and three from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exchanges Rows 2 and three from my
+Matrix R to give you a so you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R to give you a so you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R to give you a so you know what
+R must be it must be 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R must be it must be 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R must be it must be 1 2
+4 03 6 that's the third row of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 03 6 that's the third row of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 03 6 that's the third row of a and
+then 0 05 which is the second row of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0 05 which is the second row of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0 05 which is the second row of a
+and indeed r is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed r is upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed r is upper
+triangular this is your QR decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular this is your QR decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular this is your QR decomposition
+of the Matrix a Q is orthogonal R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix a Q is orthogonal R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix a Q is orthogonal R is
+upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper
+triangular but let's see where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular but let's see where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular but let's see where these
+numbers in The Matrix R are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in The Matrix R are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in The Matrix R are coming from
+let me label these columns for you A B C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me label these columns for you A B C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me label these columns for you A B C
+and q1 Q2 Q3 and then I have my Matrix R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q1 Q2 Q3 and then I have my Matrix R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q1 Q2 Q3 and then I have my Matrix R
+you know from the way that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the way that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from the way that matrix
+multiplication works that a is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication works that a is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication works that a is going to
+be this Matrix Q times the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this Matrix Q times the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this Matrix Q times the first column
+of R so you can regard that as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R so you can regard that as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R so you can regard that as these
+numbers in the First Column of R are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the First Column of R are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the First Column of R are
+giving you the linear Co coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the linear Co coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the linear Co coefficients in
+which you need to take these vectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to take these vectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you need to take these vectors to
+add up to a let me write that down a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to a let me write that down a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to a let me write that down a is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+one * q1 + 0 * Q2 + 0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one * q1 + 0 * Q2 + 0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one * q1 + 0 * Q2 + 0 *
+Q3 let's do it for B the second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 let's do it for B the second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 let's do it for B the second column
+of this Matrix will be Q * this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix will be Q * this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Matrix will be Q * this column
+so it will be 2 * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 + 3 * Q2 + 0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 3 * Q2 + 0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 3 * Q2 + 0 *
+Q3 and finally for C I will have C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 and finally for C I will have C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 and finally for C I will have C is
+equal to this Matrix times this Vector 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this Matrix times this Vector 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this Matrix times this Vector 4
+q1 + 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 + 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 + 6
+Q2 + 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 + 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 + 5
+Q3 now let's go back and see where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 now let's go back and see where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 now let's go back and see where these
+numbers are showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to have a = to 1 * q1 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to have a = to 1 * q1 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to have a = to 1 * q1 well
+that's very easy it comes from here AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very easy it comes from here AAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very easy it comes from here AAL
+1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q1 let's try the second one b = 2 q1 + 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 let's try the second one b = 2 q1 + 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 let's try the second one b = 2 q1 + 3
+Q2 well Q2 H let's see Q2 Prime is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 well Q2 H let's see Q2 Prime is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 well Q2 H let's see Q2 Prime is equal
+to 3 * Q2 so let me write this here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 * Q2 so let me write this here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 * Q2 so let me write this here to
+help 3 Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help 3 Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help 3 Q2
+now let me remind you that b. q1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me remind you that b. q1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me remind you that b. q1 was
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+2 and now look at this equation you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now look at this equation you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now look at this equation you have
+B is equal to 2 q1 + 3 Q2 which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to 2 q1 + 3 Q2 which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is equal to 2 q1 + 3 Q2 which is what
+we wanted let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q3 Q3 Prime is equal to 5 Q3 so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 Q3 Prime is equal to 5 Q3 so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 Q3 Prime is equal to 5 Q3 so let me
+write that here 5 Q3 and now I have C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that here 5 Q3 and now I have C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that here 5 Q3 and now I have C is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+this was number this number was four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was number this number was four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was number this number was four and
+this number was six C is equal to 4 q1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number was six C is equal to 4 q1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number was six C is equal to 4 q1 +
+6 Q2 + 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 Q2 + 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 Q2 + 5
+Q3 which indeed is what we wanted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 which indeed is what we wanted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3 which indeed is what we wanted so
+this is where these numbers from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where these numbers from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where these numbers from The
+Matrix R are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R are coming
+from and that finishes this problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and that finishes this problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and that finishes this problem I
+hope you have a better grasp at the Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you have a better grasp at the Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you have a better grasp at the Q of
+the QR DEC composition now bye see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QR DEC composition now bye see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QR DEC composition now bye see you
+next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TWBB-JlmYUc.txt b/TWBB-JlmYUc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbed1d690596fde16f6c44ece6c651c4d7f8e984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TWBB-JlmYUc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10778 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so last time we
+talked about methods for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about methods for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about methods for solving
+recurrences and we spent most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences and we spent most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences and we spent most of our
+time talking about divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about divide and conquer
+recurrences these are recurrences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences these are recurrences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences these are recurrences where
+you break the problem up into much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break the problem up into much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break the problem up into much
+smaller sub problems like half the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sub problems like half the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sub problems like half the size
+or 23s the size and they come up quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 23s the size and they come up quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 23s the size and they come up quite a
+bit in computer science when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in computer science when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in computer science when you're
+doing algorithm design and algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing algorithm design and algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing algorithm design and algorithm
+analysis today we're going to spend our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis today we're going to spend our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis today we're going to spend our
+time talking about a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about a different kind of
+recurrence that's called a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence that's called a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence that's called a linear
+recurrence they also come up in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence they also come up in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence they also come up in computer
+science and a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and a lot of other
+fields now I'm going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields now I'm going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields now I'm going to give you the
+formal definition of a linear recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition of a linear recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition of a linear recurrence
+later first I want to start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later first I want to start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later first I want to start with an
+example uh and this is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh and this is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh and this is an example of a
+linear recurrence that comes up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear recurrence that comes up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear recurrence that comes up in
+population modeling in fact it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population modeling in fact it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population modeling in fact it comes up
+in a lot of lot of places uh and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of lot of places uh and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of lot of places uh and to
+start it off we're going to analyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it off we're going to analyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it off we're going to analyze a
+particular problem that we call the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that we call the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem that we call the uh
+graduate student job problem or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student job problem or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student job problem or the
+graduate student job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student job
+Nightmare and the question here is will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nightmare and the question here is will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nightmare and the question here is will
+your Tas be able to get a job as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Tas be able to get a job as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Tas be able to get a job as a
+professor somewhere when they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor somewhere when they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor somewhere when they get their
+PHD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a problem they worry about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a problem they worry about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a problem they worry about a
+lot and the idea in this problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and the idea in this problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and the idea in this problem is that
+there's some discipline say computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some discipline say computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some discipline say computer
+science and if you look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and if you look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and if you look at all the
+universities of the world there's M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities of the world there's M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities of the world there's M
+faculty lines so the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty lines so the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty lines so the total number of
+jobs is m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's a fixed value because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a fixed value because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a fixed value because of
+budgetary constraints universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgetary constraints universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgetary constraints universities
+aren't growing and so they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't growing and so they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't growing and so they're not going
+to create more computer science faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create more computer science faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create more computer science faculty
+positions it's going to stay fixed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's a
+constant and um every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and um every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and um every
+year professors generate more graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year professors generate more graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year professors generate more graduates
+who come professors and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who come professors and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who come professors and in particular
+we're going to assume that in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that in this field
+every Professor graduates one student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Professor graduates one student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Professor graduates one student
+who goes on to become a professor or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who goes on to become a professor or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who goes on to become a professor or or
+tries to if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to if there's
+jobs so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generates one graduate who becomes a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates one graduate who becomes a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates one graduate who becomes a new
+professor as long as there's jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor as long as there's jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor as long as there's jobs
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year with one exception and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year with one exception and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year with one exception and that's
+firste professors because they're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firste professors because they're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firste professors because they're too
+busy learning how to teach getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy learning how to teach getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy learning how to teach getting
+grants doing administrative stuff just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants doing administrative stuff just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants doing administrative stuff just
+figuring out how it all works so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how it all works so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how it all works so they
+don't have time to produce any grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+students so first year or new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so first year or new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so first year or new
+professors don't produce anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except first year profs oops let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except first year profs oops let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except first year profs oops let me
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so first year profs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero now matters are made worse by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now matters are made worse by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now matters are made worse by the
+fact that Congress passed a law and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Congress passed a law and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Congress passed a law and this
+is true uh that more or bars mandatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true uh that more or bars mandatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true uh that more or bars mandatory
+retirements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirements in
+colleges um and so that means there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges um and so that means there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges um and so that means there are
+no retirements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no retirements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no retirements in this
+problem and we're going to assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're going to assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we're going to assume the
+faculty live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty live
+forever and so once you fill a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so once you fill a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so once you fill a position
+it's filled forever it doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filled forever it doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's filled forever it doesn't exist
+anymore in fact if you walk around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in fact if you walk around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in fact if you walk around the
+math department you know you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math department you know you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math department you know you can see the
+impact of this I uh I think the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of this I uh I think the median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of this I uh I think the median
+age is now well into the 70s um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is now well into the 70s um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age is now well into the 70s um and
+there will will be actually phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will will be actually phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will will be actually phenomenon
+over the next 10 years is as the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 10 years is as the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next 10 years is as the math
+faculty progress into their 80s uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty progress into their 80s uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty progress into their 80s uh where
+they actually in reality probably do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually in reality probably do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually in reality probably do
+start to retire and there' be a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to retire and there' be a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to retire and there' be a whole
+new wave of people hired in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new wave of people hired in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new wave of people hired in mathematics
+just as happened back in the 50s and 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as happened back in the 50s and 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as happened back in the 50s and 60s
+you know after the Sputnik crisis where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after the Sputnik crisis where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know after the Sputnik crisis where
+a lot of mathematicians were hired uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of mathematicians were hired uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of mathematicians were hired uh
+and then they stayed in those positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they stayed in those positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they stayed in those positions
+for our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our purposes
+forever now the question is when do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever now the question is when do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever now the question is when do all
+the jobs get filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when are all M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when are all M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when are all M
+jobs failed by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process now to be able to answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now to be able to answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now to be able to answer this
+question we need one more piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we need one more piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we need one more piece of
+information can anybody think about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can anybody think about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can anybody think about one
+more fact here that we need before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fact here that we need before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fact here that we need before we
+start going off and answering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going off and answering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going off and answering this
+question analyzing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question analyzing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question analyzing it
+yeah how many professors we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many professors we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many professors we start with
+what's the boundary condition what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the boundary condition what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the boundary condition what's the
+base case if we were doing an induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case if we were doing an induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case if we were doing an induction
+all right so let's say the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition and this always is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and this always is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and this always is important
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+recurrences is that the first Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences is that the first Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences is that the first Professor
+is hired in year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hired in year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hired in year
+one and there were none before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person all right so so in year one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person all right so so in year one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person all right so so in year one
+there's one professor and that Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one professor and that Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one professor and that Professor
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+new okay so now we have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay so now we have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay so now we have all the
+information necessary to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information necessary to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information necessary to solve the
+problem so let's do that and set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence we're going to
+Define f of n to be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define f of n to be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define f of n to be the number of
+professors during year n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know from our boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know from our boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know from our boundary condition
+that in year zero there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in year zero there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in year zero there were
+none and in year one there was one a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and in year one there was one a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and in year one there was one a new
+one what is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what is f of
+two how many professors are there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how many professors are there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how many professors are there in
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+two one because the one that was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one because the one that was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two one because the one that was there
+was too young to do anything so he's or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too young to do anything so he's or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too young to do anything so he's or
+she is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is the only one
+left all right in year two what is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right in year two what is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left all right in year two what is f of
+three how many profs are there in year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three how many profs are there in year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three how many profs are there in year
+three two the one you had and by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two the one you had and by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two the one you had and by that
+point that one is old enough to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that one is old enough to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that one is old enough to produce
+a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+one all right what's F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four three the two you had and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three the two you had and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three the two you had and there was
+one who's been there two years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who's been there two years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who's been there two years to
+produce a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right and let's do one more F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five five these guys produced one each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five these guys produced one each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five these guys produced one each
+and you had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had three
+existing all right so we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing all right so we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing all right so we can actually
+write down the recurrence Now by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the recurrence Now by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the recurrence Now by sort of
+the process we just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process we just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process we just went
+through for years two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for years two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for years two and
+Beyond the number of professors in yearn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond the number of professors in yearn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond the number of professors in yearn
+is the number that we had last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number that we had last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number that we had last year
+that's the pre previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pre previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pre previous
+ones plus the number that were generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones plus the number that were generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones plus the number that were generated
+new professors The Graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new professors The Graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new professors The Graduate students
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+graduated in terms of f how many new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated in terms of f how many new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated in terms of f how many new
+ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are
+there F of n minus two because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there F of n minus two because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there F of n minus two because that's
+the number of professors that were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of professors that were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of professors that were there
+a couple years ago and they are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago and they are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago and they are now
+generating them so that's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating them so that's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating them so that's the new
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+there do people recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do people recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do people recognize that
+recurrence yeah it's pretty famous how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence yeah it's pretty famous how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence yeah it's pretty famous how
+many people have not seen this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have not seen this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have not seen this is called
+the Fibonacci recurrence produces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci recurrence produces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fibonacci recurrence produces the
+Fibonacci numbers how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers how many people have
+not seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen
+it yeah very famous yeah pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah very famous yeah pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah very famous yeah pretty much
+everybody has seen that uh actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has seen that uh actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has seen that uh actually this
+is the first recurrence that was known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first recurrence that was known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first recurrence that was known
+to be studied of all recurrences it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be studied of all recurrences it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be studied of all recurrences it was
+published by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1202 all right so over 800 years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1202 all right so over 800 years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1202 all right so over 800 years ago and
+he studied it for modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied it for modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied it for modeling the
+population growth of of rabbits and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth of of rabbits and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth of of rabbits and the
+idea is that you have a pair of rabbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you have a pair of rabbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you have a pair of rabbits
+and in every month after their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in every month after their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in every month after their first
+year of life so first month of Life they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of life so first month of Life they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of life so first month of Life they
+produce two new rabbits all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two new rabbits all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two new rabbits all right so
+it's the same notion as here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same notion as here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same notion as here the first
+period you do nothing but after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period you do nothing but after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period you do nothing but after that
+you're reproducing one for one uh to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reproducing one for one uh to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reproducing one for one uh to and
+that's a you know an abstraction but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you know an abstraction but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you know an abstraction but it
+produces the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the same
+recurrence uh now Fibonacci is credited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence uh now Fibonacci is credited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence uh now Fibonacci is credited
+with discovering it really that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with discovering it really that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with discovering it really that means
+he's the one that told the Europeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the one that told the Europeans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the one that told the Europeans
+about it back then and in fact it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it back then and in fact it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it back then and in fact it's now
+been traced back into about 200 BC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been traced back into about 200 BC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been traced back into about 200 BC the
+Indian mathematicians knew all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian mathematicians knew all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian mathematicians knew all about
+fibonacci's recurrence uh and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibonacci's recurrence uh and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibonacci's recurrence uh and they were
+using it to study certain properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to study certain properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to study certain properties of
+grammar and music way back at 200 BC uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar and music way back at 200 BC uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar and music way back at 200 BC uh
+this recurrence comes up in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recurrence comes up in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recurrence comes up in all sorts of
+applications Kepler used it in the 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications Kepler used it in the 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications Kepler used it in the 16th
+century while studying how the leaves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century while studying how the leaves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century while studying how the leaves of
+a flower are arranged around the stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flower are arranged around the stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flower are arranged around the stem
+how many leaves you have in sort of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many leaves you have in sort of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many leaves you have in sort of each
+coming out around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out around a
+stem uh the first solution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem uh the first solution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem uh the first solution was
+discovered by deav in the 18th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by deav in the 18th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by deav in the 18th century
+we're going to talk about how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how to solve
+this in a minute but he was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute but he was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute but he was the first
+one to figure out a closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to figure out a closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to figure out a closed form
+expression for f ofn lame used it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for f ofn lame used it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for f ofn lame used it in the
+19th century when he was studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century when he was studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century when he was studying the
+ukian gcd algorithm you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian gcd algorithm you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukian gcd algorithm you know that
+pulverizer thing and doing gcds it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverizer thing and doing gcds it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulverizer thing and doing gcds it turns
+out that if you want to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you want to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you want to analyze the
+running time well you get a Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time well you get a Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time well you get a Fibonacci
+recurrence comes into play there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence comes into play there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence comes into play there and
+that was discovered in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was discovered in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was discovered in the 19th century
+in the 20th century it was used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 20th century it was used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 20th century it was used in the
+study of Optics economics and algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of Optics economics and algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of Optics economics and algorithms
+and it was named for Fibonacci got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was named for Fibonacci got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was named for Fibonacci got a
+name in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in the 19th
+century in fact this is so popular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in fact this is so popular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in fact this is so popular and
+used in so many places there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in so many places there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in so many places there is a
+journal in mathematics called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal in mathematics called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal in mathematics called the
+Fibonacci quarterly Journal where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci quarterly Journal where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci quarterly Journal where they
+study these kinds of these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study these kinds of these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study these kinds of these kinds of
+things so today what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so today what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so today what we're going to do
+is solve this recurrence and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve this recurrence and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solve this recurrence and actually
+solve a much broader family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a much broader family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a much broader family of
+recurrences called linear recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences called linear recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences called linear recurrence
+es um and we're going to get a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es um and we're going to get a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es um and we're going to get a closed
+form I mean you can produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I mean you can produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I mean you can produce the
+Fibonacci numbers one after another but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers one after another but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers one after another but
+we're going to derive a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to derive a formula for the
+nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth
+Fibonacci uh number and when we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci uh number and when we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci uh number and when we're going
+to do it we're going to do it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it we're going to do it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it we're going to do it more
+broadly for a class of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly for a class of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly for a class of linear
+recurrences so let me Define what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so a
+recurrence is said to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form F of n equals a constant A1 * F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form F of n equals a constant A1 * F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form F of n equals a constant A1 * F of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+minus1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus
+A2 * F of n minus 2 plus dot dot dot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 * F of n minus 2 plus dot dot dot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 * F of n minus 2 plus dot dot dot a
+de constant a d time F of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de constant a d time F of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de constant a d time F of n minus
+D and we could simplify that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and we could simplify that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and we could simplify that as the
+sum I = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I = 1 to
+D of a sub I * F of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of a sub I * F of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of a sub I * F of n minus
+I and the constants are fixed here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the constants are fixed here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the constants are fixed here so
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+fixed a sub I and D so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed a sub I and D so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed a sub I and D so the number of
+terms has to be a constant and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms has to be a constant and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms has to be a constant and each
+coefficient has to be a constant can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has to be a constant can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has to be a constant can't
+vary and we Define d to be the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary and we Define d to be the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary and we Define d to be the order of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+recurrence so D is the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence
+okay and you can see of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see of course that
+fibonacci's recurrence is linear what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibonacci's recurrence is linear what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibonacci's recurrence is linear what's
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+order two and the coefficients the A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order two and the coefficients the A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order two and the coefficients the A's
+are just one so it's a simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just one so it's a simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just one so it's a simple linear
+recurrence um all right so let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence um all right so let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence um all right so let's see how
+to solve actually before we do that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve actually before we do that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve actually before we do that can
+you see the difference between this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the difference between this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the difference between this this
+recurrence linear and divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences
+right what do I have here inside for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do I have here inside for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do I have here inside for
+dividing conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurrence I get a fraction of n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence I get a fraction of n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence I get a fraction of n right
+and here I'm subtracting a constant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm subtracting a constant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm subtracting a constant from
+n usually like 1 2 3 an integer from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n usually like 1 2 3 an integer from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n usually like 1 2 3 an integer from n
+so linear is when inside you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear is when inside you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear is when inside you have n
+minus 1 n minus 2 divide and conquer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 n minus 2 divide and conquer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 n minus 2 divide and conquer you
+got n/ two or 3/4 n and it makes a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n/ two or 3/4 n and it makes a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n/ two or 3/4 n and it makes a huge
+difference uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh in the
+solution all right so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so what I'm going to
+do is give you a closed form solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is give you a closed form solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is give you a closed form solution
+for these kinds of occurrences and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these kinds of occurrences and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these kinds of occurrences and it
+won't be completely easy because it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be completely easy because it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be completely easy because it took
+Europeans six centuries to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans six centuries to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans six centuries to find the
+solution to this right Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this right Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this right Fibonacci
+discovers a thing in 1200 and tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers a thing in 1200 and tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovers a thing in 1200 and tells
+everybody about it and it wasn't until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody about it and it wasn't until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody about it and it wasn't until
+you know 600 years later that they fig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 600 years later that they fig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 600 years later that they fig
+figured out a close form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now what we're going to do to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what we're going to do to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what we're going to do to do it
+this first time ourselves if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first time ourselves if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first time ourselves if we don't
+have the formula is to use guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the formula is to use guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the formula is to use guess and
+verify so we're going to guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so we're going to guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify so we're going to guess a
+solution and check that it works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and check that it works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and check that it works and
+we're going to guess really a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to guess really a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to guess really a class of
+solutions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we're going to
+try F of n is an exponential n Alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try F of n is an exponential n Alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try F of n is an exponential n Alpha to
+the N for some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha now we're going to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha now we're going to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha now we're going to figure out what
+Alpha is as we go along during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is as we go along during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is as we go along during the
+verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+process all right so let's try to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all right so let's try to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all right so let's try to verify
+this guess and plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guess and plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guess and plug it
+in we know that f ofn is f of n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we know that f ofn is f of n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we know that f ofn is f of n minus 1
++ f ofn minus 2 let's plug that in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ f ofn minus 2 let's plug that in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ f ofn minus 2 let's plug that in and
+see what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we get
+that gives us Alpha the N = Alpha the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us Alpha the N = Alpha the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us Alpha the N = Alpha the
+nus1 + Alpha the nus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right
+now that means I can divide by Alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that means I can divide by Alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that means I can divide by Alpha to
+the N minus 2 and I get Alpha 2 = Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus 2 and I get Alpha 2 = Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus 2 and I get Alpha 2 = Alpha
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+1 and now I can use the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and now I can use the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and now I can use the quadratic
+formula to solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to solve for
+Alpha all right that means that Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha all right that means that Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha all right that means that Alpha
+Square minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square minus Alpha
+- 1 = 0 which means that Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 = 0 which means that Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 = 0 which means that Alpha
+equals uh- - one is 1 plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh- - one is 1 plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh- - one is 1 plus or minus
+Square < TK of - 1^ 2 is 1 - 4 A C +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of - 1^ 2 is 1 - 4 A C +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of - 1^ 2 is 1 - 4 A C +
+4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 over
+two okay so there's two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so there's two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so there's two possible
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+here this is 1 plus or minus the < TK 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is 1 plus or minus the < TK 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is 1 plus or minus the < TK 5
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it works if F of n equals either well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it works if F of n equals either well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it works if F of n equals either well
+we'll call The Roots here alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call The Roots here alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call The Roots here alpha 1 and
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 alpha 1 will be the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 alpha 1 will be the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 alpha 1 will be the positive
+case 1 + < TK 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 1 + < TK 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 1 + < TK 5
+over2 and Alpha 2 will be the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and Alpha 2 will be the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 and Alpha 2 will be the negative
+case 1us 5 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 1us 5 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 1us 5 over
+two all right so guess and verify works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so guess and verify works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so guess and verify works
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+far if we have an exponential with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far if we have an exponential with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far if we have an exponential with
+either one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of those
+bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases
+right by the way does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by the way does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by the way does anybody
+recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number it's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's a famous
+number the golden ratio which supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the golden ratio which supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the golden ratio which supposed
+to have all these magical mystical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all these magical mystical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have all these magical mystical
+properties that when you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that when you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that when you look at a
+building of its aspect r ITI is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of its aspect r ITI is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of its aspect r ITI is that
+it's perfect to the human eye I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfect to the human eye I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfect to the human eye I don't
+know but there's a lot of stuff about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but there's a lot of stuff about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but there's a lot of stuff about
+the golden ratio that happens to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden ratio that happens to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the golden ratio that happens to come up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay uh now in fact there's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now in fact there's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now in fact there's more than
+just these two solutions it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these two solutions it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just these two solutions it turns out
+that whenever you have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you have a linear
+recurrence and you've got two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and you've got two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and you've got two or more
+solutions like that any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions like that any linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions like that any linear
+combination is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is also a
+solution all right so we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so we're just going
+to state that as a fact it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state that as a fact it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state that as a fact it's not too
+hard to prove but we won't prove it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class so if F ofn equal alpha 1 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so if F ofn equal alpha 1 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so if F ofn equal alpha 1 to the N
+this is true for any alpha 1 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for any alpha 1 and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for any alpha 1 and Alpha
+2 and F of n equals Alpha 2 to the N are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions to a linear recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here I mean without yet applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I mean without yet applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I mean without yet applying the
+boundary conditions so far we've ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so far we've ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so far we've ignored
+the boundary conditions and we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions and we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions and we'll just
+do that for a little longer so if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for a little longer so if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for a little longer so if there
+are solutions without worrying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solutions without worrying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solutions without worrying about the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+then F of n = C1 * alpha 1 the N plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F of n = C1 * alpha 1 the N plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then F of n = C1 * alpha 1 the N plus c
+2 Alpha 2 the N is also a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Alpha 2 the N is also a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Alpha 2 the N is also a solution for
+any constant C1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C2 all right so any linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 all right so any linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 all right so any linear combination
+of our Solutions also works if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Solutions also works if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Solutions also works if you
+plugged it into to verify it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it into to verify it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it into to verify it would be
+fine so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that F of n =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of n =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of n =
+C1 * 1 + < TK 5/ 2 to the N plus C2 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 * 1 + < TK 5/ 2 to the N plus C2 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 * 1 + < TK 5/ 2 to the N plus C2 1 -
+< TK 5/ 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 5/ 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 5/ 2 to the
+N is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution oops
+to fibonacci's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fibonacci's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fibonacci's
+recurrence without boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again all right so I could plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right so I could plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all right so I could plug this
+expression into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression into the
+recurrence and it would satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and it would satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and it would satisfy
+it I won't I won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I won't I won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I won't I won't do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh but we haven't dealt with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we haven't dealt with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we haven't dealt with the
+boundary conditions yet and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yet and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions yet and in fact
+dealing with the boundary conditions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the boundary conditions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the boundary conditions is
+what determines the values of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the values of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the values of these
+constants I could have fibonacci's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants I could have fibonacci's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants I could have fibonacci's
+recurrence where F of0 was 10 and F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence where F of0 was 10 and F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence where F of0 was 10 and F of
+one was 20 if I wanted to and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was 20 if I wanted to and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was 20 if I wanted to and then the
+currence would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currence would be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currence would be the same
+afterwards and it'll turn out I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and it'll turn out I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and it'll turn out I get
+different constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different constants
+here all right but otherwise the form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right but otherwise the form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right but otherwise the form is
+going to look like this so let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this so let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this so let's see how
+to make that work let's see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that work let's see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that work let's see how to
+determine the constant factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to determine the constant factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we plug in the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug in the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug in the boundary
+conditions so we have F of 0 equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we have F of 0 equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we have F of 0 equal 0
+from the boundary condition and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundary condition and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundary condition and now we
+plug that into our formula over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there that's C1 * alpha 1 0 plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's C1 * alpha 1 0 plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's C1 * alpha 1 0 plus C2
+Alpha 2 to the 0 of course anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 to the 0 of course anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 to the 0 of course anything to
+the Z is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and that means that C2 = minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that means that C2 = minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that means that C2 = minus
+C1 right and now I use the next boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 right and now I use the next boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 right and now I use the next boundary
+condition to nail them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down all right so I know also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right so I know also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all right so I know also that
+F1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 is
+1 and that equals C1 1 plus < TK 5/ 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that equals C1 1 plus < TK 5/ 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that equals C1 1 plus < TK 5/ 2 to
+the first Power Plus C2 1 - theun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Power Plus C2 1 - theun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Power Plus C2 1 - theun
+5 over two to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 over two to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 over two to the first
+Power I plug in C2 is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power I plug in C2 is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power I plug in C2 is minus
+C1 so I get C1 1 + < TK 5 2 minus C1 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 so I get C1 1 + < TK 5 2 minus C1 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 so I get C1 1 + < TK 5 2 minus C1 1 -
+< TK 5 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 5 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK 5 over
+two now then I can factor out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now then I can factor out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now then I can factor out the
+C1 I get 1 minus one 1 < TK 5 --un 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 I get 1 minus one 1 < TK 5 --un 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 I get 1 minus one 1 < TK 5 --un 5
+this gives me C1 2un of 5 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me C1 2un of 5 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me C1 2un of 5 over
+two these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these
+cancel this was all equal to one so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this was all equal to one so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this was all equal to one so that
+means that C1 = 1 over the < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that C1 = 1 over the < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that C1 = 1 over the < TK
+5 and of course C2 is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and of course C2 is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and of course C2 is minus
+that C2 is minus one over the < TK 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now I can write out the uh formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I can write out the uh formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I can write out the uh formula
+for the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers all right so the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+n equals C1 which is 1 over < TK 5 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals C1 which is 1 over < TK 5 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals C1 which is 1 over < TK 5 times
+the nth power of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root plus C2 which is minus 1/ < TK 5 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root plus C2 which is minus 1/ < TK 5 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root plus C2 which is minus 1/ < TK 5 *
+the N power of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root and that is the formula for the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and that is the formula for the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and that is the formula for the nth
+Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci
+number you wouldn't have guessed that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you wouldn't have guessed that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you wouldn't have guessed that to
+start with obviously you know that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with obviously you know that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with obviously you know that would
+require pretty divine inspiration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require pretty divine inspiration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require pretty divine inspiration and
+you can sort of see why it took him 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see why it took him 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see why it took him 600
+years in Europe to figure out the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in Europe to figure out the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in Europe to figure out the answer
+right it's not the first thing you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the first thing you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the first thing you think
+about in fact if somebody told you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in fact if somebody told you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in fact if somebody told you the
+answer and said this is it you'd go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and said this is it you'd go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and said this is it you'd go oh
+give me a break right does not look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a break right does not look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a break right does not look like
+I mean what are the chances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what are the chances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what are the chances that
+evaluates to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to an
+integer right it's got square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer right it's got square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer right it's got square root of
+fives all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives all over the
+place right and here I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right and here I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right and here I'm telling you
+that F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F of
+6 the sixth Fibonacci number which is 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 the sixth Fibonacci number which is 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 the sixth Fibonacci number which is 8
+3 + 5 I'm telling you that is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 + 5 I'm telling you that is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 + 5 I'm telling you that is equal to
+1/ < TK of 5 1 + < TK 5 over 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ < TK of 5 1 + < TK 5 over 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ < TK of 5 1 + < TK 5 over 2 to the
+6th power - 1 over < TK 5 1us 5 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th power - 1 over < TK 5 1us 5 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6th power - 1 over < TK 5 1us 5 over 2
+to the 6 power I mean would you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 6 power I mean would you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 6 power I mean would you believe
+me if I told you that probably not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I told you that probably not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I told you that probably not you
+know just that what are the chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just that what are the chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just that what are the chances
+that's true somehow magically all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true somehow magically all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true somehow magically all those
+square root of fives all go away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of fives all go away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of fives all go away and
+you're just left with eight a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just left with eight a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just left with eight a simple
+integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer
+okay all right um yeah there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um yeah there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um yeah there's sort of
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+more interesting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting things about
+this what happens to this value here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens to this value here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what happens to this value here as
+n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets
+large what does it do as n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large gets
+small because because 1 - < TK 5 / 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because because 1 - < TK 5 / 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because because 1 - < TK 5 / 2 is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+6 this is about here this is about 618
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 this is about here this is about 618
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 this is about here this is about 618
+something or rather and if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or rather and if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or rather and if I take a
+fraction less than one to the nth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction less than one to the nth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction less than one to the nth power
+it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to
+zero it goes away so in fact as n gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it goes away so in fact as n gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it goes away so in fact as n gets
+large this is what the an Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this is what the an Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this is what the an Fibonacci
+number starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number starts to look
+like in particular F of n equals just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in particular F of n equals just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in particular F of n equals just
+that first one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first one one
+5 time the golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio plus some to the N power plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio plus some to the N power plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio plus some to the N power plus some
+error term Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term Delta
+n and Delta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and Delta n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and Delta n
+is less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than a
+10th for n greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four and it is little low of one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and it is little low of one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and it is little low of one in
+general going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general going to
+zero so in fact the N fib ACI number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so in fact the N fib ACI number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so in fact the N fib ACI number is
+about the nth power of the golden ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nth power of the golden ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nth power of the golden ratio
+divid < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah say
+that you can pick of any constants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pick of any constants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pick of any constants that
+satisfy it yeah does that shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it yeah does that shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy it yeah does that shift the
+sequence over or what what does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over or what what does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over or what what does that do
+I guess I don't understand okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I don't understand okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I don't understand okay um
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+asking what are these things doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are they soltions but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are they soltions but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are they soltions but this is the
+right one the right one okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one the right one okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one the right one okay so there's
+two parts to a recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts to a recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts to a recurrence
+there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+part okay and there's the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay and there's the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay and there's the boundary
+conditions F0 equal 0 and F1 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions F0 equal 0 and F1 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions F0 equal 0 and F1 equal
+1 there really two parts to it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 there really two parts to it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 there really two parts to it if you
+changed the boundary conditions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the boundary conditions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the boundary conditions you
+would change the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change the rest of the
+terms right if I started with 10 and 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right if I started with 10 and 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right if I started with 10 and 20
+F of 2 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of 2 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of 2 would be
+30 okay if I'm using you know this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay if I'm using you know this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay if I'm using you know this this
+recurrence form for n bigger than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence form for n bigger than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence form for n bigger than equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+two now so when I'm Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now so when I'm Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now so when I'm Computing the
+solution first I'm saying Let's ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution first I'm saying Let's ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution first I'm saying Let's ignore
+the boundary conditions and look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions and look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions and look at all
+the recurrences that share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recurrences that share this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recurrences that share this
+part and that family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and that family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and that family of
+recurrences I'm claiming have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences I'm claiming have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences I'm claiming have these
+Solutions this is the solution space if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions this is the solution space if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions this is the solution space if
+I just worry about this part and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just worry about this part and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just worry about this part and not the
+boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions
+now once I plug the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once I plug the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once I plug the boundary conditions
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+determines which values of C1 and C2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines which values of C1 and C2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines which values of C1 and C2 I
+get and so if I take the version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and so if I take the version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and so if I take the version of the
+recurrence where F0 is Zer and F1 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence where F0 is Zer and F1 is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence where F0 is Zer and F1 is one
+then C1 is going to be 1 overun 5 and C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C1 is going to be 1 overun 5 and C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then C1 is going to be 1 overun 5 and C2
+is going to be negative 1 overun 5 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative 1 overun 5 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be negative 1 overun 5 if I
+use this recurrence with F0 equal 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this recurrence with F0 equal 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this recurrence with F0 equal 10 and
+F1 equals 20 I get different constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 equals 20 I get different constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 equals 20 I get different constants
+but these Powers stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these Powers stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these Powers stay the
+same fact maybe we'll make an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same fact maybe we'll make an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same fact maybe we'll make an exercise
+like that on the problem set to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that on the problem set to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that on the problem set to figure
+out what it is if I started with 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it is if I started with 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it is if I started with 10 and
+20 okay so that's what the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 okay so that's what the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 okay so that's what the constants
+have to do they come from the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do they come from the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do they come from the boundary
+condition which is sort of a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which is sort of a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which is sort of a cool
+fact does that make sense any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact does that make sense any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact does that make sense any other
+questions about what I was doing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what I was doing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what I was doing so I
+used guess and verify but uh I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used guess and verify but uh I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used guess and verify but uh I sort of
+guessed a form first and as I verified I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed a form first and as I verified I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed a form first and as I verified I
+sort of revised my guess along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of revised my guess along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of revised my guess along the way
+all right so I started guessing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I started guessing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I started guessing this and
+then I said well let's refine that guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said well let's refine that guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I said well let's refine that guess
+so that really it's one of these one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really it's one of these one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really it's one of these one of
+these two guys and then I said I used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys and then I said I used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys and then I said I used a
+fact that I didn't prove that said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I didn't prove that said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I didn't prove that said I
+could use really any linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use really any linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use really any linear combination
+plugged it into the base cases and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it into the base cases and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it into the base cases and got
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+constants all right now this will lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants all right now this will lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants all right now this will lead
+up to a formula or an approach so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a formula or an approach so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a formula or an approach so you
+don't have to go through this on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go through this on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go through this on your
+own you just plug in the formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own you just plug in the formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own you just plug in the formula in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um let's get back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's get back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's get back to the original
+question of when all the jobs are filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of when all the jobs are filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of when all the jobs are filled
+for what value of n is f of n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what value of n is f of n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what value of n is f of n bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+M all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to see when all the jobs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filled all M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs
+when for the N when F of n is bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for the N when F of n is bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for the N when F of n is bigger and
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+M when we got a Fibonacci number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M when we got a Fibonacci number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M when we got a Fibonacci number that's
+bigger than m and we just showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m and we just showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m and we just showed that
+basically F ofn Well it equals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically F ofn Well it equals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically F ofn Well it equals this
+where that's a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's a tiny
+thing all right so we need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so we need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing all right so we need to figure out
+when is 1 over < TK 5 the golden ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is 1 over < TK 5 the golden ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is 1 over < TK 5 the golden ratio
+to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth
+power plus I have this tiny little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plus I have this tiny little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plus I have this tiny little thing
+that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't
+matter is bigger than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is bigger than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is bigger than equal to
+M so I can solve for n Now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so I can solve for n Now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so I can solve for n Now by
+subtracting the Delta term multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the Delta term multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the Delta term multiplying
+byun of 5 that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byun of 5 that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byun of 5 that gives me
+golden ratio to the N power bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden ratio to the N power bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden ratio to the N power bigger than
+or equal to < TK 5 * m minus the tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing now I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now I take
+logs and I'm in trouble when n is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs and I'm in trouble when n is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs and I'm in trouble when n is bigger
+than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to log of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base in other words this is Theta what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in other words this is Theta what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in other words this is Theta what's
+this Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's goes
+away I can skip all the constant factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I can skip all the constant factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away I can skip all the constant factors
+what's this Theta of here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this Theta of here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this Theta of here this
+expression terms Theta of something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression terms Theta of something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression terms Theta of something to
+do with some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with some function of
+M log of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the jobs get filled in log of M years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the jobs get filled in log of M years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the jobs get filled in log of M years
+and in fact if I plugged in for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if I plugged in for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if I plugged in for example
+m equal 10,000 into this expression I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equal 10,000 into this expression I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equal 10,000 into this expression I
+would find that all the jobs are filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find that all the jobs are filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find that all the jobs are filled
+in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20
+years which is more or less what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years which is more or less what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years which is more or less what
+happened in computer science you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in computer science you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in computer science you know
+ballpark those numbers are roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark those numbers are roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark those numbers are roughly
+correct right but you can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct right but you can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct right but you can solve it
+exactly now by just plugging in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly now by just plugging in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly now by just plugging in whatever
+M you want that's a fraction less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M you want that's a fraction less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M you want that's a fraction less than a
+tenth and you can solve to find out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth and you can solve to find out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenth and you can solve to find out when
+your population gets that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so now what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now what I want to do
+is show you how to use the same idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show you how to use the same idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is show you how to use the same idea to
+solve any linear recurrence and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any linear recurrence and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve any linear recurrence and this is
+a process you'll go through to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to
+solve a general linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence so uh in this case we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence so uh in this case we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence so uh in this case we've got
+F of n is the sum from IAL 1 to D for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of n is the sum from IAL 1 to D for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of n is the sum from IAL 1 to D for an
+order d recurrence a sub I F of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order d recurrence a sub I F of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order d recurrence a sub I F of n minus
+I and we've got to have boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we've got to have boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we've got to have boundary
+conditions so we'll have f of0 is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we'll have f of0 is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we'll have f of0 is B
+0 f of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 f of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 f of one is
+B1 and how many boundary conditions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and how many boundary conditions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 and how many boundary conditions do
+you think I'm going to need to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think I'm going to need to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think I'm going to need to have any
+guesses I had two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses I had two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses I had two for
+Fibonacci in this case I've got D terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci in this case I've got D terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci in this case I've got D terms
+D I'm going to any D boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm going to any D boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm going to any D boundary conditions
+so we'll go all the way to F of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go all the way to F of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go all the way to F of D
+minus1 equal to B of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus1 all right and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 all right and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 all right and now I'm going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+try F of n is Alpha to the N we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try F of n is Alpha to the N we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try F of n is Alpha to the N we're going
+to plug it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plug it into this
+expression and then when we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and then when we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and then when we do we
+get Alpha to the N equals A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Alpha to the N equals A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Alpha to the N equals A1
+Alpha to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to the N
+minus1 plus A2 Alpha the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus A2 Alpha the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus A2 Alpha the N minus
+2 all the way down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subd uh Alpha to the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd uh Alpha to the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd uh Alpha to the N minus
+d right just plugging into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right just plugging into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d right just plugging into
+there I can divide everything by Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I can divide everything by Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I can divide everything by Alpha
+to the N minus D and that gives me Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N minus D and that gives me Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N minus D and that gives me Alpha
+to the D equal A1 Alpha the D minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D equal A1 Alpha the D minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D equal A1 Alpha the D minus1
+A2 Alpha to the D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Alpha to the D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Alpha to the D minus
+2 a d * Alpha to the 0o which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a d * Alpha to the 0o which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a d * Alpha to the 0o which is just
+one and I can rewrite this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I can rewrite this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I can rewrite this as a
+polinomial equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so that means that Alpha to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that means that Alpha to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that means that Alpha to the D
+minus A1 Alpha to the D minus1 minus A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A1 Alpha to the D minus1 minus A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A1 Alpha to the D minus1 minus A2
+Alpha to the D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to the D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to the D minus
+2 minus a d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus a d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus a d is
+zero this is called the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is called the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is called the characteristic
+equation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence okay
+now what you need to do is compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you need to do is compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you need to do is compute the
+roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots of
+this and we'll use the roots to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll use the roots to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll use the roots to get the
+solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the
+recurrence now the simple case is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence now the simple case is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence now the simple case is when
+all the roots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the roots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the roots are
+different so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so let's do that
+first like it was in the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example all D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all D
+roots are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's call them alpha 1 to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D in that case the solution is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D in that case the solution is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D in that case the solution is all
+linear combinations of their nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Powers just like it was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fibonacci without the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci without the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci without the boundary
+conditions C1 alpha 1 the N plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions C1 alpha 1 the N plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions C1 alpha 1 the N plus C2
+Alpha 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 to the
+N plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plus
+CD Alpha D to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD Alpha D to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD Alpha D to the
+N all right same thing happens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right same thing happens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right same thing happens that
+happened in Fibonacci that this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Fibonacci that this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Fibonacci that this becomes
+the solution before the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution before the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution before the boundary
+conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are
+applied all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by the way if your characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way if your characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way if your characteristic
+equation has imaginary Roots that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has imaginary Roots that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has imaginary Roots that's fine
+it doesn't matter because the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter because the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter because the imaginary
+I term will disappear just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I term will disappear just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I term will disappear just like the
+square root of five disappeared has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of five disappeared has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of five disappeared has to
+because we know F of n in this case is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know F of n in this case is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know F of n in this case is a
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+number all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all
+right okay now to find out the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now to find out the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now to find out the values of
+the coefficients what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients what are we going to
+do where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do where do
+what is it boundary conditions yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it boundary conditions yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it boundary conditions yep so
+now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we
+solve for C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for C1
+C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2
+CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD
+from the boundary conditions that is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundary conditions that is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundary conditions that is f
+of I is B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I is B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I is B of
+I for I from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so for
+example we know that f of0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we know that f of0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we know that f of0
+is C1 * alpha 1 0 which is 1 C2 Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C1 * alpha 1 0 which is 1 C2 Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C1 * alpha 1 0 which is 1 C2 Alpha 2
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+0 plus C D and that's going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus C D and that's going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus C D and that's going to be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+b0 and so forth so you get a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 and so forth so you get a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 and so forth so you get a system of
+equations D equations and D variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations D equations and D variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations D equations and D variables
+that you solve to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you solve to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you solve to find the
+coefficients and that will give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and that will give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and that will give the
+unique and correct solution to the recur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and correct solution to the recur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and correct solution to the recur
+currents all right now turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents all right now turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents all right now turns out this
+system of equations is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations is never
+degenerate it always has a solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate it always has a solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate it always has a solution you
+can prove that but we we won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove that but we we won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove that but we we won't do
+that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any
+questions about how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how to do
+that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what exactly was the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what exactly was the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what exactly was the difference
+there between N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there between N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there between N
+and is like theg which dets you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is like theg which dets you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is like theg which dets you go back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+yes yeah D is how far back you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah D is how far back you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah D is how far back you're going
+it's the you go as far back as F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the you go as far back as F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the you go as far back as F of n
+minus D okay and that becomes a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D okay and that becomes a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D okay and that becomes a degree
+and that is a constant 2 3 four you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a constant 2 3 four you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a constant 2 3 four you know
+I don't think we'll ever ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we'll ever ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we'll ever ask you
+anything beyond four because it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything beyond four because it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything beyond four because it gets to
+be a pain uh to do typically it's two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pain uh to do typically it's two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a pain uh to do typically it's two or
+three sometimes even just one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sometimes even just one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sometimes even just one and then
+that becomes the power of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes the power of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes the power of your
+characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation
+it's the order of the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the order of the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the order of the characteristic
+equation any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all right that was the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right that was the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right that was the nice
+case where all the roots of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where all the roots of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where all the roots of your
+characteristic equation were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation were different
+if they're not all different it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not all different it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not all different it's a
+little more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case is repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Roots now the theorem which we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots now the theorem which we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots now the theorem which we won't
+prove but tells you what to do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but tells you what to do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but tells you what to do is that
+if Alpha is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha is a
+root of the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and it is repeated R times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it is repeated R times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it is repeated R times so
+uh xus Alpha to the AR Power is a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xus Alpha to the AR Power is a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh xus Alpha to the AR Power is a fact
+is a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then Alpha to the n n * Alpha to the n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alpha to the n n * Alpha to the n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Alpha to the n n * Alpha to the n n
+2 * Alpha to the N all the way up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * Alpha to the N all the way up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * Alpha to the N all the way up to n
+the rus1 * Alpha the N are all solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rus1 * Alpha the N are all solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rus1 * Alpha the N are all solutions
+to the recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and then you would treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then you would treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then you would treat them
+just as you would the other Roots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you would the other Roots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you would the other Roots you
+take linear combinations just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combinations just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take linear combinations just like you
+did with the other roots to put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together by the way is anybody starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by the way is anybody starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by the way is anybody starting
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+recognize you know a similarity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize you know a similarity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize you know a similarity with
+something else that you've studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you've studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you've studied in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+past differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past differential equations
+this is the discrete analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the discrete analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the discrete analog of
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equations all right recurrences is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all right recurrences is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all right recurrences is the
+same thing all the math we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing all the math we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing all the math we're going to
+do henceforth is going to look just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do henceforth is going to look just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do henceforth is going to look just like
+what you did with differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did with differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did with differential equations
+so that sort of good news and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of good news and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of good news and I guess
+bad news depending on whether you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news depending on whether you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news depending on whether you like
+that stuff bad news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff bad news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff bad news
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh all right let's do an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right let's do an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right let's do an example that
+uses maybe the repeated Roots case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses maybe the repeated Roots case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses maybe the repeated Roots case
+suppose there's a plant out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a plant out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a plant out there and
+this plant lives forever but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant lives forever but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant lives forever but only
+reproduces in the first year of life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces in the first year of life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduces in the first year of life and
+then never again and it reproduces one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then never again and it reproduces one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then never again and it reproduces one
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+one all right let's see what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right let's see what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right let's see what happens in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case actually there's a plant sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case actually there's a plant sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case actually there's a plant sort of
+like this in Hawaii I think it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in Hawaii I think it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in Hawaii I think it's called
+the century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the century
+plant and it's rare we'll see why when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and it's rare we'll see why when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and it's rare we'll see why when
+we solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve this
+problem so it reproduces one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it reproduces one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it reproduces one for
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+during the first year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life then never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again and the plant lives forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our question is how fast does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our question is how fast does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our question is how fast does the
+plant population grow all right in year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant population grow all right in year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant population grow all right in year
+end how many plants there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end how many plants there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end how many plants there
+are uh so to figure that out we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so to figure that out we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so to figure that out we going to
+set up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurrence we're going to let F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence we're going to let F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence we're going to let F of
+n be the number of plants in your n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to say that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to say that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to say that the first
+plant miraculously comes into existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant miraculously comes into existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant miraculously comes into existence
+in year one so that in year zero there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in year one so that in year zero there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in year one so that in year zero there's
+none of them and in year one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them and in year one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them and in year one there's
+one and now we want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now we want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now we want to know how many
+there are in year end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence F of n equals well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence F of n equals well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence F of n equals well the
+previous year how many plants were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous year how many plants were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous year how many plants were
+there in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in terms of
+f f of n minus one all right that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f of n minus one all right that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f of n minus one all right that's how
+many there were last year and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there were last year and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there were last year and they're
+all still alive Plus we got to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still alive Plus we got to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still alive Plus we got to add the
+number of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of new
+plants well that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants well that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants well that would
+be yeah well how many new plants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah well how many new plants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yeah well how many new plants are
+there it's all the plants that were Oney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's all the plants that were Oney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's all the plants that were Oney
+old last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old last
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+so that's all the ones that were alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all the ones that were alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all the ones that were alive
+last year minus the ones that were alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year minus the ones that were alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year minus the ones that were alive
+the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before that's how many new plants there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's how many new plants there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's how many new plants there
+were last year and they each produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were last year and they each produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were last year and they each produced
+One new one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One new one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One new one this
+year is that okay everybody buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay so that equals 2 F of n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that equals 2 F of n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that equals 2 F of n minus one
+minus F of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 okay what's my characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay what's my characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay what's my characteristic equation
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay Alpha
+squ minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ minus 2
+Alpha +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha +
+1 all right we jumped to that answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right we jumped to that answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right we jumped to that answer I
+could have written down alpha n - 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written down alpha n - 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written down alpha n - 2 *
+Alp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alp
+nus1 plus Alpha the nus 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus Alpha the nus 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus Alpha the nus 2 and then
+divided by Alpha the nus 2 but pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Alpha the nus 2 but pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Alpha the nus 2 but pretty
+quickly you want to start just reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you want to start just reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you want to start just reading
+it off that's the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off that's the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off that's the characteristic
+equation I get Alp s then bringing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I get Alp s then bringing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I get Alp s then bringing this
+over minus 2 Alpha bring this over + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over minus 2 Alpha bring this over + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over minus 2 Alpha bring this over + 1
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z any questions on
+that this is the process now you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the process now you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the process now you will
+always use that we're going through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always use that we're going through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always use that we're going through all
+right what are the roots to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing what are the roots to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what are the roots to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what are the roots to the
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation yeah Alpha -1 * Alpha - 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah Alpha -1 * Alpha - 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah Alpha -1 * Alpha - 1 is
+zero which means Alpha equals 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means Alpha equals 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which means Alpha equals 1 so the
+roots are alpha equal 1 and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots are alpha equal 1 and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots are alpha equal 1 and it's a
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+root okay it's a double root it occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root okay it's a double root it occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root okay it's a double root it occurs
+twice because this is Alpha minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because this is Alpha minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice because this is Alpha minus1
+squared okay so what Solutions am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so what Solutions am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay so what Solutions am I
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+use to my recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's F of n going to be now before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's F of n going to be now before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's F of n going to be now before I
+put in the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the boundary
+conditions well it's going to be C1 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions well it's going to be C1 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions well it's going to be C1 time
+what to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n one that's the first root what's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one that's the first root what's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n one that's the first root what's here
+what's the next thing I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here n * 1 to the N right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n * 1 to the N right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n * 1 to the N right
+because I've got a root that's repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a root that's repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got a root that's repeated
+twice R equals 2 so I have Alpha to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice R equals 2 so I have Alpha to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice R equals 2 so I have Alpha to the
+n and n Alpha to the N just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and n Alpha to the N just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and n Alpha to the N just happens
+Alpha is one which makes it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is one which makes it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is one which makes it really
+easy all right so this is now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy all right so this is now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy all right so this is now my
+solution before the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions in fact that gets even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in fact that gets even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in fact that gets even
+simpler that's one that's C1 plus C2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and now all that's left is to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and now all that's left is to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and now all that's left is to plug in
+the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so let's do
+that well f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well f
+of0 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 if I plug it into here what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if I plug it into here what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if I plug it into here what happens
+for f of zero what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f of zero what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for f of zero what does that
+become C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become C1
+so C1 equals z that's good F of 1 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C1 equals z that's good F of 1 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C1 equals z that's good F of 1 equal
+1 and now that's going to be C1 plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and now that's going to be C1 plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and now that's going to be C1 plus C2
+C1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 is
+zero so it means C2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 so this is really easy what's F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this is really easy what's F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so this is really easy what's F of n
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+n so we went through a lot of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we went through a lot of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we went through a lot of work to
+get an answer that probably we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer that probably we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer that probably we could
+have guessed pretty easily by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have guessed pretty easily by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have guessed pretty easily by just
+plugging in a few examples but the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in a few examples but the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in a few examples but the nice
+thing is this works for all the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this works for all the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this works for all the cases
+when it's not so easy to guess by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not so easy to guess by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's not so easy to guess by
+plugging in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the
+examples and uh yeah now you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh yeah now you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and uh yeah now you can see why
+this is a relatively rare plant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively rare plant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively rare plant right
+it's growing population is growing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowly okay any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly okay any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly okay any questions about that
+that had repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Roots all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that that
+works but how do you know that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but how do you know that it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works but how do you know that it works
+you plug it in if we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in if we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in if we tried
+it yeah um we didn't go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah um we didn't go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah um we didn't go through and
+prove it we we Ed some facts along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it we we Ed some facts along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it we we Ed some facts along the
+way that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we didn't
+prove uh which you can do like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh which you can do like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh which you can do like in
+particular the fact we didn't prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the fact we didn't prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the fact we didn't prove that
+theorem there that those would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there that those would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem there that those would be the
+roots and we didn't prove that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and we didn't prove that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots and we didn't prove that any
+linear combination would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination would be a
+solution uh but those are facts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh but those are facts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh but those are facts you can
+take for you can actually prove them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for you can actually prove them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for you can actually prove them
+they're not too hard to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not too hard to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not too hard to prove
+uh but otherwise I think we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but otherwise I think we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but otherwise I think we went through
+every step and narrowed it in if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step and narrowed it in if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step and narrowed it in if we
+wanted to be really sure we'd go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be really sure we'd go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be really sure we'd go back
+and prove it by induction against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove it by induction against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove it by induction against the
+original recurrence and we'd say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original recurrence and we'd say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original recurrence and we'd say you
+know this would be the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this would be the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this would be the induction
+hypothesis we'd cover the base cases F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we'd cover the base cases F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we'd cover the base cases F
+of0 and F of one and then we plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 and F of one and then we plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 and F of one and then we plug this
+into the recurrence up there um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the recurrence up there um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the recurrence up there um which is
+does n equal twice N minus oneus n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does n equal twice N minus oneus n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does n equal twice N minus oneus n minus
+two is what we would do and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is what we would do and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is what we would do and you would
+see that it's true so you could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's true so you could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's true so you could really
+prove it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it by
+induction for any of the solutions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction for any of the solutions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction for any of the solutions we
+ever get and if you work on this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever get and if you work on this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever get and if you work on this if you
+work this way to get the solution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this way to get the solution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this way to get the solution it
+will always work this method never fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always work this method never fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always work this method never fails
+gives you the wrong answer in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the wrong answer in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the wrong answer in fact
+that's an important point when we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important point when we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important point when we tell
+you to solve a recurrence using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to solve a recurrence using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to solve a recurrence using this
+method on a an exam or for homework you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on a an exam or for homework you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on a an exam or for homework you
+don't have to verify it by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to verify it by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to verify it by induction
+unless we say verify by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we say verify by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we say verify by induction
+because we're giving you a method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're giving you a method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're giving you a method that
+is guaranteed to work and if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to work and if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to work and if you do the
+method right you're fine there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right you're fine there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method right you're fine there's no
+guessing here so far in a minute we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing here so far in a minute we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing here so far in a minute we're
+going to do a little guessing uh but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little guessing uh but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a little guessing uh but not
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+far any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay uh this works for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay uh this works for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay uh this works for all
+homogeneous linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous linear
+recurrences all right remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences all right remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences all right remember
+homogeneous and inhomogeneous from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and inhomogeneous from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and inhomogeneous from
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equations so the same thing happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to talk about the
+inhomogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case all right so we've been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right so we've been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right so we've been looking
+at linear recurrences which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at linear recurrences which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at linear recurrences which means you
+have something like f of n- A1 F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like f of n- A1 F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like f of n- A1 F of n
+minus1 minus a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 minus a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 minus a d
+F of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of n minus
+D equals z and that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homogeneous now instead of zero I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous now instead of zero I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous now instead of zero I might
+have had something else here might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had something else here might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had something else here might have
+been equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been equal to
+one maybe n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maybe n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one maybe n
+s or some general function G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or some general function G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s or some general function G of
+n these cases are all inhomogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now solving in homogeneous linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now solving in homogeneous linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now solving in homogeneous linear
+equations is just one step harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is just one step harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is just one step harder than
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah take equations yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah take equations yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah take equations yeah
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+means you got the zero here you got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you got the zero here you got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you got the zero here you got all
+these F terms here right and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these F terms here right and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these F terms here right and there's
+nothing else the F of n minus A1 FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else the F of n minus A1 FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else the F of n minus A1 FN
+minus 1 dot dot dotus a d FN minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 dot dot dotus a d FN minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 dot dot dotus a d FN minus D
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z like with Fibonacci numbers F ofn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z like with Fibonacci numbers F ofn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z like with Fibonacci numbers F ofn
+minus FN minus1 minus FN minus 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus FN minus1 minus FN minus 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus FN minus1 minus FN minus 2 is
+zero okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay I
+could consider other recurrences where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could consider other recurrences where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could consider other recurrences where
+there's something else out here that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else out here that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else out here that it
+equals like I could have a Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals like I could have a Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals like I could have a Fibonacci
+recurrence where I have fnal F of nus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence where I have fnal F of nus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence where I have fnal F of nus1
+plus FN minus 2 plus G of n like n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus FN minus 2 plus G of n like n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus FN minus 2 plus G of n like n cubed
+that would give me a Fibonacci like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me a Fibonacci like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give me a Fibonacci like
+recurrence and as soon as you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and as soon as you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence and as soon as you put a
+nonzero out here then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero out here then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero out here then it's
+inhomogeneous and now I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous and now I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous and now I'm going to show
+tell you how to solve that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to solve that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to solve that kind of
+recurrence which is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence which is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence which is more
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me outline the method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me outline the method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me outline the method and
+then we'll do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+general inhomogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurrence is exactly this it's F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence is exactly this it's F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence is exactly this it's F of n
+minus A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A1
+F of nus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of nus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of nus1
+minus a subd f of n minus D equals g of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a subd f of n minus D equals g of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a subd f of n minus D equals g of
+n where that's some fixed function of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where that's some fixed function of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where that's some fixed function of n
+nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f and we solve it according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and we solve it according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and we solve it according to the
+following three-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method in step one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in step one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method in step one we
+replace G of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace G of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace G of n
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+zero thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thereby
+creating the situation we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the situation we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the situation we already know
+how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and we
+solve the homogeneous recurrence because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the homogeneous recurrence because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the homogeneous recurrence because
+you got a zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now but we don't go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but we don't go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but we don't go all the
+way we ignore the B conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so you don't get all the way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you don't get all the way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you don't get all the way to the
+final answer where you plugged in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer where you plugged in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer where you plugged in the
+boundary conditions to get the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions to get the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions to get the constant
+coefficients leave the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients leave the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients leave the constant
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+undecided then in step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecided then in step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecided then in step
+two we put back in G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and we find
+any what's called particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution again ignoring boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution again ignoring boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution again ignoring boundary
+conditions so you'll have constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so you'll have constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so you'll have constant
+factors there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too all right and then step three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right and then step three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right and then step three is
+going to be to put the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to put the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to put the whole thing
+together and plug in the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and plug in the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and plug in the boundary
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+and Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so we add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so we add the
+homogeneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous and
+particular I'll show you how to do step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'll show you how to do step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'll show you how to do step
+two in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute so we add the homogeneous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so we add the homogeneous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so we add the homogeneous in
+particular Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together and then use the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then use the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then use the boundary
+conditions to get the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example let's go down here and do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go down here and do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's go down here and do an
+example of the three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say that a recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that a recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that a recurrence
+is this nasty looking thing F of n = 4 F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this nasty looking thing F of n = 4 F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this nasty looking thing F of n = 4 F
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+nus1 plus 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus 3 the
+n and the boundary condition is that F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the boundary condition is that F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the boundary condition is that F
+of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is
+one so step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so step one
+says ignore this 3 to the N thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says ignore this 3 to the N thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says ignore this 3 to the N thing and
+get back to just the h genous form which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to just the h genous form which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to just the h genous form which
+is f of nus 4 F of nus 1 is z so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of nus 4 F of nus 1 is z so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of nus 4 F of nus 1 is z so let's
+solve that what's the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that what's the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that what's the characteristic
+equation for the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the homogeneous
+part what's the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it close it's you could either say Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it close it's you could either say Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it close it's you could either say Alpha
+the nus 4 Alpha the N minus1 but better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nus 4 Alpha the N minus1 but better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nus 4 Alpha the N minus1 but better
+to simplify it into an order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it into an order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it into an order one
+polinomial so it would be Alpha minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so it would be Alpha minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so it would be Alpha minus 4
+really simple in this case so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple in this case so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple in this case so the
+characteristic equation is Alpha minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation is Alpha minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation is Alpha minus 4
+Alpha minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus
+4 all right equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 all right equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 all right equals
+zero and it's really easy to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's really easy to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's really easy to find the
+root of this thing it's just Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of this thing it's just Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of this thing it's just Alpha
+equals 4 is your only root and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4 is your only root and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 4 is your only root and that
+means the hom homogeneous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is f of n equals a constant Time 4 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of n equals a constant Time 4 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of n equals a constant Time 4 the
+N all right so that's step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay let's do uh step two which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay let's do uh step two which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay let's do uh step two which
+we've not tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we need to find a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we need to find a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we need to find a particular
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just means any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to F of n - 4 F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to F of n - 4 F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to F of n - 4 F of
+nus1 = 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 = 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 = 3 the
+N without worrying about boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N without worrying about boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N without worrying about boundary
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+now there's basic rules to use to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's basic rules to use to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's basic rules to use to figure
+out what the what the guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the what the guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the what the guess
+here and basically the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and basically the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and basically the idea
+is that you guess something for f of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you guess something for f of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you guess something for f of n
+that looks a whole lot like this G term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks a whole lot like this G term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks a whole lot like this G term
+out here and in particular this G term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and in particular this G term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and in particular this G term
+is 3 to the N you guess a constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 to the N you guess a constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 to the N you guess a constant time
+3 to the N if it's 5 to the N you guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to the N if it's 5 to the N you guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to the N if it's 5 to the N you guess
+a constant Time 5 the N if it's n SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Time 5 the N if it's n SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant Time 5 the N if it's n SAR
+you guess a polinomial that's of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guess a polinomial that's of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guess a polinomial that's of degree
+two and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so
+forth okay so let's guess a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so let's guess a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth okay so let's guess a constant
+time 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and see if we can make it work not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and see if we can make it work not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and see if we can make it work not
+worrying about the uh boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions all right so
+we'll and this is just like differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll and this is just like differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll and this is just like differential
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+right same guessing strategy exactly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same guessing strategy exactly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right same guessing strategy exactly you
+use in differential equations those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in differential equations those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in differential equations those of
+you who've had that so we guess F of Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've had that so we guess F of Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've had that so we guess F of Nal
+a constant * 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant * 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant * 3
+n and let's plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and let's plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and let's plug it
+in so we plug that in up there we get C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we plug that in up there we get C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we plug that in up there we get C3
+the N minus C3 the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus C3 the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N minus C3 the N
+minus1 equals 3 3 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 equals 3 3 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 equals 3 3 to the
+N all right so let's divide by 3 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right so let's divide by 3 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right so let's divide by 3 to the
+N here we get 3 C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N here we get 3 C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N here we get 3 C minus
+c = 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c = 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c = 3
+did I do that right no I left off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I do that right no I left off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I do that right no I left off my
+four here right left off that so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here right left off that so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here right left off that so there's
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that means that c is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that means that c is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that means that c is minus
+three okay so I get minus Cal 3 so C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so I get minus Cal 3 so C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so I get minus Cal 3 so C is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+3 all right that means the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution is just F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is just F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is just F of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+equals c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c is
+-3 - 3 n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 - 3 n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 - 3 n +
+one all right so now I found a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so now I found a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so now I found a solution
+where there's no constants involved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no constants involved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's no constants involved this
+time the constant went away just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the constant went away just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the constant went away just
+plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging
+into the recurrence formula I didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the recurrence formula I didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the recurrence formula I didn't use
+base cases yet I just found a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base cases yet I just found a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base cases yet I just found a particular
+case that works for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that works for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that works for the
+recurrence minus 3 n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh all right now we go to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three all right step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three we find the general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by adding the homogeneous and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding the homogeneous and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding the homogeneous and the
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so we take F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we take F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so we take F of n
+equals C1 * 4 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N
+plus 3 n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and all I've got to do is determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and all I've got to do is determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and all I've got to do is determine
+C1 and I do that from the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and I do that from the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and I do that from the boundary
+conditions and let's see where was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and let's see where was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and let's see where was my
+boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition
+here ah up there F of one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah up there F of one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ah up there F of one is
+one so F of one equals 1 plugging in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so F of one equals 1 plugging in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so F of one equals 1 plugging in one
+here I get C1 * 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I get C1 * 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I get C1 * 4
+1us 3^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us 3^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us 3^
+2 all right so I have 4 C1 minus 9 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right so I have 4 C1 minus 9 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 all right so I have 4 C1 minus 9 that
+put the 9 over here I get 10 = 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the 9 over here I get 10 = 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the 9 over here I get 10 = 4
+C1 and that means that C1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 and now I know the final solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FN it's 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN it's 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN it's 5
+Hales 4 nus 3 n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when you're all done with this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you're all done with this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you're all done with this you
+don't have we won't make it do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have we won't make it do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have we won't make it do an
+inductive proof which you could do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive proof which you could do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive proof which you could do to
+verify it's right if you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it's right if you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it's right if you want to be
+really really careful you should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really careful you should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really careful you should do that
+but it is a good idea just to check a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a good idea just to check a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a good idea just to check a
+couple values of n to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple values of n to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple values of n to make sure you
+didn't make a mistake because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make a mistake because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make a mistake because you might
+have with all these calculations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with all these calculations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with all these calculations you
+might have made a mistake so let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have made a mistake so let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have made a mistake so let's check
+for example F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example F of
+two um so by the recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um so by the recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um so by the recurrence
+F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of
+2 is 4 * F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 4 * F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 4 * F of
+1 4 * 1 plus 3^ 2ar which is 9 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 * 1 plus 3^ 2ar which is 9 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 * 1 plus 3^ 2ar which is 9 is
+13 and let's just check when we plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and let's just check when we plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and let's just check when we plug in
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+here F of 2 is 5es * 16 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here F of 2 is 5es * 16 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here F of 2 is 5es * 16 -
+27 5 * 8 is 40 - 27 is 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 5 * 8 is 40 - 27 is 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 5 * 8 is 40 - 27 is 13
+just as a sanity check because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a sanity check because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a sanity check because there's a
+decent chance if you made a mistake it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent chance if you made a mistake it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent chance if you made a mistake it
+it'll catch it pretty quick with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll catch it pretty quick with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll catch it pretty quick with n
+equals 2 or three all right just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 or three all right just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 or three all right just to make
+sure you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you got it
+right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that so the tricky part here is guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the tricky part here is guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the tricky part here is guessing
+the particular solution so let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular solution so let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular solution so let me give
+you the rules for that just write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the rules for that just write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the rules for that just write those
+down and maybe we'll do one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and maybe we'll do one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and maybe we'll do one last
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example all right
+so guessing a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if G that thing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if G that thing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if G that thing that's the
+non-homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-homogeneous
+part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential you should try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you should try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you should try
+guessing an exponential of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so for
+example say that g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say that g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say that g
+is 2 n + 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 n + 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 n + 3 the
+N what you should do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N what you should do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N what you should do is
+guess some constant a * 2 the N plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some constant a * 2 the N plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some constant a * 2 the N plus
+some constant B * 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant B * 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constant B * 3 the
+N plug it in not to the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plug it in not to the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plug it in not to the boundary
+conditions plug it into the recurrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions plug it into the recurrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions plug it into the recurrence
+equation and solve for A and B and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for A and B and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and solve for A and B and it
+generally will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally will
+work if G is polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should guess a polinomial of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should guess a polinomial of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should guess a polinomial of the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example say G of n uh is n^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say G of n uh is n^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say G of n uh is n^2 minus
+one you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+see guess a n 2 plus BN plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see guess a n 2 plus BN plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see guess a n 2 plus BN plus
+C plug that in for f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plug that in for f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C plug that in for f of
+n right so when we're doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so when we're doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so when we're doing these
+guesses we're guessing F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses we're guessing F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses we're guessing F of
+n same thing up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now say you mixed two together suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now say you mixed two together suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now say you mixed two together suppose
+you have an example where G of n equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an example where G of n equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an example where G of n equal 2
+the n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n +
+n what do you suppose you do in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case yeah guess each one separately add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yeah guess each one separately add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yeah guess each one separately add
+them together so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together so you're going to
+guess F of n = a * 2 to the N plus BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess F of n = a * 2 to the N plus BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess F of n = a * 2 to the N plus BN
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+C all right because you take the guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right because you take the guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all right because you take the guess
+for that plus the guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right now there's one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right now there's one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right now there's one last
+thing that can go wrong here and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can go wrong here and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can go wrong here and that is
+you can try your guess and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try your guess and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try your guess and it doesn't
+work all right so there's rules for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+if say GN is 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say GN is 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say GN is 2 to the
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your
+guess of a * 2 the N where a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of a * 2 the N where a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of a * 2 the N where a is a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+fails we'll do an example in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails we'll do an example in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails we'll do an example in a minute
+where it fails what you do then is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fails what you do then is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it fails what you do then is you
+guess a polinomial times 2 the N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a polinomial times 2 the N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a polinomial times 2 the N so
+you'd guess a n plus b e * 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd guess a n plus b e * 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd guess a n plus b e * 2 the
+n and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if that
+fails your next guess would be a n 2ar +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails your next guess would be a n 2ar +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails your next guess would be a n 2ar +
+BN + C * 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN + C * 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN + C * 2 the
+n and it won't happen but if that failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it won't happen but if that failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it won't happen but if that failed
+you'd guess a cubic time 2 to the N you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd guess a cubic time 2 to the N you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd guess a cubic time 2 to the N you
+keep pounding it with another factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep pounding it with another factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep pounding it with another factor of
+n in front if the guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in front if the guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in front if the guess
+fails and that's true for any anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and that's true for any anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and that's true for any anything
+at all you would be doing like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all you would be doing like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all you would be doing like this and
+that'll work and I don't think if ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll work and I don't think if ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll work and I don't think if ever
+countered example we have to go very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countered example we have to go very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countered example we have to go very far
+uh to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fly same thing we had for repeated roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly same thing we had for repeated roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly same thing we had for repeated roots
+in the characteristic equation add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the characteristic equation add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the characteristic equation add those
+factors multiply those factors of n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors multiply those factors of n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors multiply those factors of n in
+front of it to get to the the answer all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it to get to the the answer all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it to get to the the answer all
+right let's do one more example where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do one more example where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do one more example where it
+fails so we get some see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try this
+recurrence F of n is 2 F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence F of n is 2 F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence F of n is 2 F of n
+minus1 plus 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus 2 to the
+n and the boundary condition is f of0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the boundary condition is f of0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the boundary condition is f of0 is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+what's the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing I
+do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this set it equal to zero and solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set it equal to zero and solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set it equal to zero and solve it
+get the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so what's the
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial Alpha minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Alpha minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Alpha minus
+2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is
+zero what's my root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+therefore my homogeneous solution is C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore my homogeneous solution is C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore my homogeneous solution is C1
+* 2 the N that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 the N that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 2 the N that's pretty
+simple what's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step what do I have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step what do I have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step what do I have to find
+next particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution all right so what am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so what am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right so what am I going to
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a * 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N all right so let's plug that in a * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right so let's plug that in a * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right so let's plug that in a * 2
+the N I'm going to plug it into here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N I'm going to plug it into here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N I'm going to plug it into here so
+I get a 2 the n = 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a 2 the n = 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a 2 the n = 2 *
+a * 2 nus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * 2 nus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * 2 nus
+1 plus 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 2 to the
+N did I do that right think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N did I do that right think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N did I do that right think
+so so I get 2 to the n 2 the n 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I get 2 to the n 2 the n 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I get 2 to the n 2 the n 2 to the
+N I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N I get
+a equals a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals a +
+one not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not so
+good right there's no solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right there's no solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right there's no solution for
+a that's bad all right so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do any thoughts about what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any thoughts about what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any thoughts about what I'm going to
+do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+it change the guess what's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change the guess what's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change the guess what's the next
+guess going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be yeah all right so now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess F of N is a n + b 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess F of N is a n + b 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess F of N is a n + b 2 to the
+N we'll hope for better luck so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N we'll hope for better luck so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N we'll hope for better luck so let's
+plug that in a n plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in a n plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in a n plus b
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+N into where am I up there equals 2 A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N into where am I up there equals 2 A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N into where am I up there equals 2 A
+n-1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-1 +
+B * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B * 2
+nus1 plus 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 plus 2 the
+N all right now I can divide out the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right now I can divide out the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N all right now I can divide out the two
+to the n's here like I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n's here like I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n's here like I did
+before and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I
+get a n + b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a n + b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a n + b
+equal a n - A + B +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a n - A + B +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a n - A + B +
+1 that cancels here B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that cancels here B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that cancels here B
+cancels so I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels so I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels so I got a
+solution a equals 1 and I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a equals 1 and I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a equals 1 and I don't care
+what B is I didn't need to set it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what B is I didn't need to set it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what B is I didn't need to set it to
+anything so I'll make it zero just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I'll make it zero just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I'll make it zero just to
+get it out of the way because it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of the way because it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it out of the way because it didn't
+matter so my particular solution then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f of
+n a is one B I can just make zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a is one B I can just make zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a is one B I can just make zero
+because it didn't matter what I use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't matter what I use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't matter what I use so
+I'll make it simpler so I get n 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make it simpler so I get n 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make it simpler so I get n 2 to the
+N that's my particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution and I've got my general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I've got my general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I've got my general
+solution up there is C1 * 2 the N for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution up there is C1 * 2 the N for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution up there is C1 * 2 the N for
+the sorry the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution what's the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three what do I do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what do I do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what do I do with these
+guys this solution and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this solution and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys this solution and that
+solution Adam together good so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution Adam together good so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution Adam together good so the
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution is I have F of n is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is I have F of n is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is I have F of n is the sum of
+C1 2 to the N Plus the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 2 to the N Plus the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 2 to the N Plus the particular
+solution is N2 The N how do I figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is N2 The N how do I figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is N2 The N how do I figure out
+what C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is plugging in the boundary condition F0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plugging in the boundary condition F0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plugging in the boundary condition F0
+equal 1 F0 = 1 plug in zero I get C1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 F0 = 1 plug in zero I get C1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 F0 = 1 plug in zero I get C1 2
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus
+0 well that's pretty easy C1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well that's pretty easy C1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 well that's pretty easy C1 equals
+one so I now have the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I now have the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I now have the final
+answer F of n = 2 n + n 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer F of n = 2 n + n 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer F of n = 2 n + n 2 the
+N all right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so you know it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so you know it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so you know it's uh
+little tedious to do this but the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tedious to do this but the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tedious to do this but the really
+nice thing is any linear recurrence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is any linear recurrence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is any linear recurrence you
+ever see this method always works which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see this method always works which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see this method always works which
+is Handy okay that's it for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U03Md5enU-0.txt b/U03Md5enU-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83154ba620a7cdd88ab507bb0da637e79da31e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U03Md5enU-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14333 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the other item that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the other item that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the other item that I
+auctioned off that was that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioned off that was that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioned off that was that's a good
+question well first of all before I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well first of all before I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well first of all before I tell
+you that you'll note that I put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you'll note that I put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you'll note that I put those
+two packages up here in the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two packages up here in the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two packages up here in the front of the
+room for this first section one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for this first section one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for this first section one was
+bigger than the other and you guys got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the other and you guys got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the other and you guys got
+the smaller one right and you obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller one right and you obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller one right and you obviously
+know what that was the bigger one turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that was the bigger one turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that was the bigger one turns
+out to have been uh a book um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have been uh a book um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have been uh a book um in fact
+it's a a book that I recently published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a book that I recently published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a book that I recently published
+on hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on hedge
+funds now it turns out that the bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds now it turns out that the bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds now it turns out that the bidding
+of that second item went for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second item went for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that second item went for
+$60 the bidding of the item that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60 the bidding of the item that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$60 the bidding of the item that that I
+sold to this section went for $45 five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold to this section went for $45 five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold to this section went for $45 five
+and the fact that it's a smaller package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's a smaller package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's a smaller package
+I think makes some sense of why it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think makes some sense of why it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think makes some sense of why it went
+for a smaller amount um that shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a smaller amount um that shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a smaller amount um that shows you
+the power of information or lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of information or lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of information or lack of
+information in terms of determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in terms of determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in terms of determining
+values Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question well I don't think so and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well I don't think so and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well I don't think so and one
+of the reasons that I had two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that I had two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons that I had two different
+packages and I showed both of you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and I showed both of you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and I showed both of you uh
+both I mean but this entire section the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both I mean but this entire section the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both I mean but this entire section the
+two different packages is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different packages is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different packages is to try to
+eliminate a bit of that kind of private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate a bit of that kind of private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate a bit of that kind of private
+information I don't believe there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I don't believe there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I don't believe there was
+any if I used the same two items then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any if I used the same two items then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any if I used the same two items then I
+think there would have been a a concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there would have been a a concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there would have been a a concern
+that there might have been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might have been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might have been some
+information spill over so I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information spill over so I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information spill over so I don't think
+that was it in fact I think what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it in fact I think what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it in fact I think what it was
+was the size of the packages believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the size of the packages believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the size of the packages believe it
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+not so anybody that tells you that Size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so anybody that tells you that Size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so anybody that tells you that Size
+Doesn't Matter I think is uh is not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't Matter I think is uh is not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't Matter I think is uh is not uh
+being realistic uh was another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being realistic uh was another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being realistic uh was another question
+back here question okay yeah how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here question okay yeah how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here question okay yeah how much
+the book retail the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book retail the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book retail the book
+retails the book retails for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$45 now of course I uh I autographed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45 now of course I uh I autographed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45 now of course I uh I autographed the
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+so so that probably reduce the resale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that probably reduce the resale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that probably reduce the resale
+value but uh and you know we played you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but uh and you know we played you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but uh and you know we played you
+know I took the $60 you know no tears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I took the $60 you know no tears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I took the $60 you know no tears
+fair is fair um so this class you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair is fair um so this class you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair is fair um so this class you know
+the individual who bid 45 for that iPod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual who bid 45 for that iPod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual who bid 45 for that iPod
+did very very well indeed and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did very very well indeed and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did very very well indeed and uh the
+student who bid $60 for the book didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who bid $60 for the book didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who bid $60 for the book didn't
+do quite as well but that's the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quite as well but that's the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quite as well but that's the point of
+this example it's that when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example it's that when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example it's that when you don't
+know what you're bidding for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're bidding for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're bidding for when
+there's literally no information you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's literally no information you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's literally no information you're
+obviously not going to get it exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not going to get it exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not going to get it exactly
+right but you have to admit that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have to admit that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have to admit that in the
+grand scheme of things it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand scheme of things it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand scheme of things it's actually not
+that far off and not that far off in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far off and not that far off in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far off and not that far off in a
+very particular way I I want to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular way I I want to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular way I I want to in
+particular talk about the iPod because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular talk about the iPod because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular talk about the iPod because
+we were looking at something like a 70 %
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at something like a 70 %
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at something like a 70 %
+discount off of the retail value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount off of the retail value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount off of the retail value of that
+for this class now I want to comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class now I want to comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class now I want to comment on
+that in the context of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of what's going on
+today because I I want to spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because I I want to spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because I I want to spend a few
+minutes before we start the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before we start the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before we start the lecture
+talking about current events because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about current events because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about current events because
+Finance of course involves current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance of course involves current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance of course involves current
+events and right now we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and right now we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and right now we are going
+through an extraordinarily interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an extraordinarily interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an extraordinarily interesting
+set of times I think that's a a Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of times I think that's a a Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of times I think that's a a Chinese
+curse right may you live in interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse right may you live in interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse right may you live in interesting
+times well we're going through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times well we're going through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times well we're going through some
+really extraordinary times because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extraordinary times because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extraordinary times because what
+happened over the weekend is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the weekend is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the weekend is something
+that has probably not happened since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has probably not happened since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has probably not happened since the
+Great Depression what happened over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Depression what happened over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Depression what happened over the
+weekend is that the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend is that the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend is that the federal government
+took over two of the largest government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over two of the largest government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over two of the largest government
+sponsored Financial entities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored Financial entities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored Financial entities in the
+world Fanny May and Freddy Mack these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world Fanny May and Freddy Mack these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world Fanny May and Freddy Mack these
+are two government sponsored entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two government sponsored entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two government sponsored entities
+they're private organizations but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're private organizations but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're private organizations but they
+have the the backing of the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the backing of the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the backing of the government
+in some ambiguous sense and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ambiguous sense and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ambiguous sense and it was
+ambiguous up until this weekend what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous up until this weekend what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous up until this weekend what
+that meant what happened was that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant what happened was that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant what happened was that these
+large large financial institutions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large financial institutions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large large financial institutions were
+responsible for purchasing the mortgages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for purchasing the mortgages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for purchasing the mortgages
+from various different Regional Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various different Regional Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various different Regional Banks
+and lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending
+institutions why would they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions why would they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions why would they do
+that what was their function anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what was their function anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what was their function anybody
+know yeah to provide secondary market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah to provide secondary market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah to provide secondary market
+for mortgages so that uh the banks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mortgages so that uh the banks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mortgages so that uh the banks are
+the initial lenders can generate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial lenders can generate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial lenders can generate more
+mortgages and you know make credit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages and you know make credit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages and you know make credit more
+available exactly they're goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available exactly they're goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available exactly they're goal was to
+really make credit more available in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make credit more available in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make credit more available in the
+housing market and the student loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing market and the student loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing market and the student loan
+market and the auto loan Market these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the auto loan Market these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the auto loan Market these
+Consumer Finance markets the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer Finance markets the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumer Finance markets the purpose of
+these two organizations was to buy up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two organizations was to buy up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two organizations was to buy up
+the various different obligations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various different obligations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various different obligations from
+Banks and other financial institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and other financial institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banks and other financial institutions
+so that the banks and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the banks and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the banks and financial
+institutions could then go out and lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions could then go out and lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions could then go out and lend
+more money to more individuals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money to more individuals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money to more individuals that
+wanted these kinds of loans so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted these kinds of loans so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted these kinds of loans so the
+purpose of these two organizations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of these two organizations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of these two organizations was
+really to support and grow these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to support and grow these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to support and grow these various
+markets and it turns out that over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and it turns out that over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and it turns out that over the
+last 20 years these markets have grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 years these markets have grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 years these markets have grown
+to Epic Proportions tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Epic Proportions tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Epic Proportions tremendous
+proportions and now as the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions and now as the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions and now as the housing
+market has turned down the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has turned down the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market has turned down the original
+lenders uh that made these obligations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenders uh that made these obligations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenders uh that made these obligations
+are facing some severe pressures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are facing some severe pressures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are facing some severe pressures and
+that's carried the uh Ripple effects all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carried the uh Ripple effects all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carried the uh Ripple effects all
+the way through the financial system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through the financial system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through the financial system to
+the point where these two organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where these two organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where these two organizations
+literally could not stand on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally could not stand on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally could not stand on their own
+and if there had been a default of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there had been a default of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there had been a default of these
+two organizations there would be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two organizations there would be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two organizations there would be some
+major repercussions we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major repercussions we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major repercussions we're going to talk
+about that in about four lectures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in about four lectures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in about four lectures the
+material that we're going to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we're going to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we're going to develop
+over the next three lectures are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next three lectures are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next three lectures are going
+to allow us to analyze the situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow us to analyze the situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow us to analyze the situation and
+really try to understand what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to understand what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to understand what's going on
+in these markets but I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these markets but I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these markets but I just wanted to
+alert you to the fact that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert you to the fact that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert you to the fact that something
+really big has happened you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big has happened you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big has happened you won't
+understand fully what it is you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fully what it is you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand fully what it is you might
+read the newspapers and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the newspapers and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the newspapers and I would
+encourage you to do so but you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do so but you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do so but you won't
+fully appreciate the importance of of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully appreciate the importance of of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully appreciate the importance of of it
+for another three or four lectures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another three or four lectures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for another three or four lectures but
+you're going to see this event unfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see this event unfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see this event unfold
+before your very eyes this semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your very eyes this semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before your very eyes this semester and
+that will provide the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will provide the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will provide the motivation for
+developing the tools to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the tools to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the tools to understand
+what's going on yeah can I you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on yeah can I you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on yeah can I you can ask
+sure think do you think that was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure think do you think that was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure think do you think that was their
+only option option or do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only option option or do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only option option or do you think that
+was the right well that's a a very tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the right well that's a a very tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the right well that's a a very tough
+question in terms of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in terms of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in terms of the uh the
+possibilities for the Secretary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for the Secretary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for the Secretary of the
+Treasury Paulson and the government um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury Paulson and the government um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury Paulson and the government um
+there aren't too many left uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't too many left uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't too many left uh in the
+sense that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that these two
+organizations uh are in a real bind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations uh are in a real bind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations uh are in a real bind in
+that they have issued lots of Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have issued lots of Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have issued lots of Securities
+based upon their activities and in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon their activities and in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon their activities and in order
+to maintain the quality of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the quality of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the quality of those
+Securities in order to make good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in order to make good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in order to make good on
+those promises that it has made to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those promises that it has made to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those promises that it has made to other
+counterparties very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties very important
+counterparties I might add including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties I might add including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties I might add including the
+governments of India China and a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments of India China and a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments of India China and a number
+of sovereign wealth funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sovereign wealth funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sovereign wealth funds
+that we depend on to loan us the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we depend on to loan us the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we depend on to loan us the money
+that has kept us in the style to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has kept us in the style to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has kept us in the style to which
+we have become accustomed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have become accustomed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have become accustomed in this
+country uh in order for us to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh in order for us to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh in order for us to maintain
+those kinds of relationships we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of relationships we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of relationships we have to
+make good on our promises and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good on our promises and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good on our promises and it's
+getting harder and harder for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting harder and harder for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting harder and harder for these two
+organizations to do so because while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to do so because while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to do so because while
+they've got all of these promises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got all of these promises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got all of these promises
+they've made the money that's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've made the money that's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've made the money that's supposed
+to be coming in in order to allow them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be coming in in order to allow them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be coming in in order to allow them
+to make good on these promises is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good on these promises is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make good on these promises is
+dwindling and as they've tried to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwindling and as they've tried to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwindling and as they've tried to raise
+more money in the open market it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in the open market it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money in the open market it's
+become harder and harder because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become harder and harder because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become harder and harder because people
+realize that they're in trouble and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that they're in trouble and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that they're in trouble and it's
+very difficult for them to raise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for them to raise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for them to raise that
+money in fact this is related exactly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in fact this is related exactly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in fact this is related exactly to
+the point about the iPod auction that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about the iPod auction that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about the iPod auction that we
+engaged in last time think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in last time think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in last time think about how
+little I received for that $150 item I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I received for that $150 item I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I received for that $150 item I
+received basically 30 cents on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received basically 30 cents on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received basically 30 cents on the
+dollar and why it's because none of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and why it's because none of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and why it's because none of you
+knew what was in that package so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what was in that package so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what was in that package so now
+instead of a an iPod that's in a wrapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a an iPod that's in a wrapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a an iPod that's in a wrapped
+package imagine if that wrapped package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package imagine if that wrapped package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package imagine if that wrapped package
+contain paper issued by Fanny May or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain paper issued by Fanny May or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain paper issued by Fanny May or
+Freddy Mac and now I'm gonna ask you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freddy Mac and now I'm gonna ask you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freddy Mac and now I'm gonna ask you can
+you bid on this paper now I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bid on this paper now I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bid on this paper now I don't know
+whether Fred Freddy Mack or Fanny May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Fred Freddy Mack or Fanny May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Fred Freddy Mack or Fanny May
+will still be around in two years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be around in two years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be around in two years but
+I'd like you to bid on this paper anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to bid on this paper anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to bid on this paper anyway
+and by the way what you get for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way what you get for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way what you get for this
+piece of paper I don't really know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper I don't really know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper I don't really know so
+it's wrapped up and you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrapped up and you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrapped up and you don't know
+either you don't know I don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you don't know I don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you don't know I don't know you
+know I don't know and I know you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know and I know you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know and I know you know I
+know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't
+know so what's that piece of paper going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so what's that piece of paper going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so what's that piece of paper going
+to go for well probably less than 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for well probably less than 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for well probably less than 30
+cents on the dollar right so what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents on the dollar right so what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents on the dollar right so what we saw
+happen in this classroom last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this classroom last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this classroom last time is
+exactly what's happened in Spades to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's happened in Spades to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's happened in Spades to
+these two large organizations at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two large organizations at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two large organizations at some
+point there has to be a Day of Reckoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there has to be a Day of Reckoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there has to be a Day of Reckoning
+and the treasury decided rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treasury decided rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treasury decided rather than
+waiting for that day of reckoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for that day of reckoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for that day of reckoning
+because if that Day of Reckoning came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if that Day of Reckoning came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if that Day of Reckoning came
+before they were able to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were able to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were able to do something
+it's very hard to put the pieces back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to put the pieces back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to put the pieces back
+together so in my opinion I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so in my opinion I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so in my opinion I think they
+had very little choice but to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very little choice but to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very little choice but to do
+something right now before it got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right now before it got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right now before it got out of
+hand and we're going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and we're going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and we're going to talk about this
+again in fact we're going to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in fact we're going to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in fact we're going to run a
+trading game where all of you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading game where all of you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading game where all of you are going
+to get a chance to engage in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a chance to engage in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a chance to engage in this kind
+of trading it's not exactly the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trading it's not exactly the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trading it's not exactly the kind
+that uh involves credit but it'll it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh involves credit but it'll it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh involves credit but it'll it'll
+be a trading game where you'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a trading game where you'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a trading game where you'll get to
+see what it's like to be under pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it's like to be under pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it's like to be under pressure
+and to have to make decisions and value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have to make decisions and value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have to make decisions and value
+Securities in real time and you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in real time and you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities in real time and you'll have
+a much deeper appreciation for the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much deeper appreciation for the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much deeper appreciation for the kind
+of issues that uh we're up against yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues that uh we're up against yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues that uh we're up against yeah
+sorry what did the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what did the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what did the government
+do agreed to pay for all their right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do agreed to pay for all their right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do agreed to pay for all their right all
+their yes so the government said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their yes so the government said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their yes so the government said okay
+you guys Fanny May and Freddy Mack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys Fanny May and Freddy Mack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys Fanny May and Freddy Mack you
+can't make good on your obligations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make good on your obligations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make good on your obligations
+because you've got some problems so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got some problems so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got some problems so we
+the treasury will stand by all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury will stand by all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury will stand by all of your
+claims the government pay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims the government pay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims the government pay that
+absolutely you know how how can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you know how how can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you know how how can the
+government pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government pay
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what exactly exactly the government they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly exactly the government they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly exactly the government they
+own the printing presses so they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the printing presses so they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the printing presses so they just
+you want to get paid dollars I'll pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get paid dollars I'll pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get paid dollars I'll pay
+you dollars here how many dollars would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dollars here how many dollars would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dollars here how many dollars would
+you like I'm going to run it here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like I'm going to run it here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like I'm going to run it here you go
+so we'll probably in inflation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll probably in inflation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll probably in inflation that's
+that's the concern so the concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the concern so the concern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the concern so the concern is
+that if you do this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do this too
+much and you do it without anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and you do it without anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and you do it without anything
+backing up the pieces of paper you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up the pieces of paper you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backing up the pieces of paper you now
+print and give to your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print and give to your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print and give to your your
+debtors then there'll be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debtors then there'll be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debtors then there'll be a problem
+because pretty soon they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pretty soon they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pretty soon they're going to
+realize that the piece of paper isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the piece of paper isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the piece of paper isn't
+really worth as much as they thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth as much as they thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth as much as they thought it
+was so inflation could be a problem it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so inflation could be a problem it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so inflation could be a problem it
+could be a problem we'll have to see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a problem we'll have to see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a problem we'll have to see but
+right now the paper the dollars that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the paper the dollars that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the paper the dollars that are
+being printed are backed by the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being printed are backed by the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being printed are backed by the full
+faith and credit of the US government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and credit of the US government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and credit of the US government
+and for the time being that still means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the time being that still means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the time being that still means
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah are all the of debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is uh is is all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is uh is is all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is uh is is all of the
+debt being guaranteed or is it just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt being guaranteed or is it just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt being guaranteed or is it just how
+much Freddy and Fanny issued well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Freddy and Fanny issued well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Freddy and Fanny issued well
+certainly it's what they've issued so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's what they've issued so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's what they've issued so
+all of the paper that they've issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the paper that they've issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the paper that they've issued
+will be backed by the government in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be backed by the government in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be backed by the government in
+addition there's some new paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there's some new paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there's some new paper that
+they have to issue in order to finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to issue in order to finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to issue in order to finance
+additional mortgages and the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mortgages and the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional mortgages and the government
+will back that too now this is not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will back that too now this is not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will back that too now this is not for
+free it's not just printing presses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it's not just printing presses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it's not just printing presses that
+sounds a little too easy somebody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little too easy somebody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little too easy somebody has to
+pay for it the money's got to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it the money's got to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for it the money's got to come from
+somewhere or put it another way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere or put it another way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere or put it another way that
+money that is spent now backing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that is spent now backing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that is spent now backing these
+instruments cannot be used for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments cannot be used for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments cannot be used for other
+things so if you believe in balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if you believe in balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if you believe in balancing
+your budget as opposed to spending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget as opposed to spending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget as opposed to spending on
+credit which frankly is what got us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit which frankly is what got us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit which frankly is what got us into
+the problems to begin with then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems to begin with then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems to begin with then there
+will be additional Reckoning people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be additional Reckoning people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be additional Reckoning people have
+said that the American taxpayer will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the American taxpayer will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the American taxpayer will pay
+for this well that's true but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this well that's true but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this well that's true but the
+question is which set of taxpayers is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which set of taxpayers is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which set of taxpayers is it
+us is it your children is it your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is it your children is it your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is it your children is it your
+children's children there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's children there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's children there are a lot of
+intergenerational questions about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational questions about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational questions about where
+the burden lies but the fact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burden lies but the fact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burden lies but the fact of the
+matter is yes we are on the hook that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is yes we are on the hook that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is yes we are on the hook that
+the American taxpayers on the hook for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American taxpayers on the hook for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American taxpayers on the hook for
+tens of billions of dollars now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of billions of dollars now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of billions of dollars now in the
+grand scheme of things tens of billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand scheme of things tens of billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand scheme of things tens of billions
+of dollars is nothing I mean the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars is nothing I mean the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars is nothing I mean the federal
+budget is much much larger than that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget is much much larger than that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget is much much larger than that so
+this is not a big deal the concern is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a big deal the concern is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a big deal the concern is if
+if this spreads and ends up costing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this spreads and ends up costing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this spreads and ends up costing us
+more because of Ripple effects and knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because of Ripple effects and knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because of Ripple effects and knock
+on effects that we don't yet know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on effects that we don't yet know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on effects that we don't yet know about
+that could be a problem and that frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a problem and that frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a problem and that frankly
+is one of the the reasons why the fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the the reasons why the fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the the reasons why the fed
+and the treasury decided to step in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treasury decided to step in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treasury decided to step in now
+to try to contain this problem how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to contain this problem how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to contain this problem how good
+they will be at doing that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be at doing that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be at doing that we don't know
+read the newspapers over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the newspapers over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the newspapers over the next few
+weeks and let's see yeah do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and let's see yeah do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and let's see yeah do you think
+the common stock basically has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common stock basically has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common stock basically has to be
+zero at this point well it's not worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at this point well it's not worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at this point well it's not worth
+exactly zero but it's pretty darn close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero but it's pretty darn close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero but it's pretty darn close
+and in fact it's come down quite a lot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it's come down quite a lot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it's come down quite a lot I
+think over the last couple of years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think over the last couple of years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think over the last couple of years I
+don't know what the peak of the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the peak of the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the peak of the price
+was I haven't looked at it but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I haven't looked at it but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I haven't looked at it but I think
+that the the decline has been on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the decline has been on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the decline has been on the
+order of 90 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 90 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 90 to
+95% decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% decline
+of what the peak was over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the peak was over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the peak was over the last
+couple of years which 83% yeah 83% since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years which 83% yeah 83% since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years which 83% yeah 83% since
+when yest yeah that that was just a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yest yeah that that was just a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yest yeah that that was just a day
+ago but I'm talking about since the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but I'm talking about since the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but I'm talking about since the peak
+I think it's come down dramatically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's come down dramatically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's come down dramatically so
+effectively the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the value of the
+shareholders Equity is pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders Equity is pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders Equity is pretty close to
+zero but that's what happens in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but that's what happens in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but that's what happens in a
+bankruptcy and by the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy and by the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankruptcy and by the way we're going to
+talk about bankruptcy too that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bankruptcy too that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bankruptcy too that's going
+to be a very important part of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very important part of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a very important part of of what
+we do when we analyze fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we analyze fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we analyze fixed income
+instruments so we're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so we're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so we're going to get to
+that shortly yeah has there been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shortly yeah has there been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shortly yeah has there been
+anything about uh potentially going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about uh potentially going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about uh potentially going
+private again the road there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private again the road there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private again the road there have been
+discussions about them going private but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about them going private but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about them going private but
+private in a much smaller way so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private in a much smaller way so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private in a much smaller way so the
+discussions that have occurred to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that have occurred to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions that have occurred to the
+treasury and we don't know which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury and we don't know which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury and we don't know which way
+things are going to end up because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to end up because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to end up because it's
+a political process as well as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political process as well as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political process as well as an
+economic one but there's a feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic one but there's a feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic one but there's a feeling that
+these two institutions got too big too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two institutions got too big too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two institutions got too big too
+quickly and that there wasn't enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and that there wasn't enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and that there wasn't enough
+oversight to allow them to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight to allow them to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight to allow them to be able to
+fail in other words they grew so big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail in other words they grew so big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail in other words they grew so big so
+quickly that after a point they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that after a point they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that after a point they were in
+fact too big to fail and when you're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact too big to fail and when you're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact too big to fail and when you're too
+big to fail all sorts of abuses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to fail all sorts of abuses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to fail all sorts of abuses and
+improper risk management practices can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper risk management practices can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper risk management practices can
+go on which we will talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on which we will talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on which we will talk about in
+probably eight or nine lectures okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably eight or nine lectures okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably eight or nine lectures okay uh
+so there's a variety of proposals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a variety of proposals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a variety of proposals that
+have been put forward and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been put forward and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been put forward and we'll talk
+about those also over the next six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those also over the next six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those also over the next six or
+seven weeks who did the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven weeks who did the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven weeks who did the government
+actually bought the shares from are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bought the shares from are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bought the shares from are
+there federal agencies or is it private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there federal agencies or is it private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there federal agencies or is it private
+compan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compan
+so Fanny May and Freddy Mack are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Fanny May and Freddy Mack are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Fanny May and Freddy Mack are are
+called gses government sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gses government sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gses government sponsored
+entities which means that they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities which means that they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities which means that they're not a
+federal agency but they are backed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal agency but they are backed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal agency but they are backed by
+the federal government in some manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government in some manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government in some manner
+that has been up until now relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been up until now relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been up until now relatively
+vague so they're meant to be private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague so they're meant to be private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague so they're meant to be private
+companies they had a CEO both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they had a CEO both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they had a CEO both of them
+had CEOs who who were fired over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had CEOs who who were fired over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had CEOs who who were fired over the
+weekend they have separate Boards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend they have separate Boards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend they have separate Boards of
+directors and they pay pretty attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and they pay pretty attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and they pay pretty attractive
+salaries private uh you know private uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salaries private uh you know private uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salaries private uh you know private uh
+sector salaries but they were related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector salaries but they were related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector salaries but they were related to
+the government in the sense that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government in the sense that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government in the sense that their
+objectives were to try to support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives were to try to support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives were to try to support and
+expand the housing market uh financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the housing market uh financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the housing market uh financing
+which was a government dictated mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a government dictated mandate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a government dictated mandate
+to this their main their main goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this their main their main goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this their main their main goal is
+not to earn money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to earn money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to earn money
+to bring a secondary market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a secondary market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a secondary market for
+mortgages their their main goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages their their main goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages their their main goal was to
+create uh additional financing to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh additional financing to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create uh additional financing to allow
+the mortgage Market to grow and to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage Market to grow and to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage Market to grow and to allow
+people to buy homes at reasonable rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to buy homes at reasonable rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to buy homes at reasonable rates
+their a secondary goal was to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their a secondary goal was to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their a secondary goal was to make a
+profit on top of that so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit on top of that so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit on top of that so that's why
+they're not just a government entity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just a government entity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just a government entity but
+they have a kind of a quasi private uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a kind of a quasi private uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a kind of a quasi private uh
+sector type of mandate and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector type of mandate and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector type of mandate and by the way
+they did a great job they did a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a great job they did a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did a great job they did a great
+job in the sense that the housing market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in the sense that the housing market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job in the sense that the housing market
+has grown tremendously now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has grown tremendously now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has grown tremendously now you could
+argue that that was irresponsible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that that was irresponsible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that that was irresponsible and
+that created all these problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that created all these problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that created all these problems that
+we're facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're facing
+today but you you talk to somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but you you talk to somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but you you talk to somebody who
+has a subprime mortgage that otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a subprime mortgage that otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a subprime mortgage that otherwise
+couldn't have afforded a house that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have afforded a house that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have afforded a house that now
+has made every single payment and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made every single payment and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made every single payment and really
+enjoys living in their home and has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoys living in their home and has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoys living in their home and has a
+lifestyle that they couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle that they couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle that they couldn't have
+otherwise had you talk to them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise had you talk to them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise had you talk to them and you
+tell them that it was a mistake so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that it was a mistake so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them that it was a mistake so it's
+not at all clear that this is a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all clear that this is a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all clear that this is a total
+disaster it's unfortunate and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster it's unfortunate and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster it's unfortunate and it's a
+catastrophe from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe from the point of view of
+the current holders of various pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current holders of various pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current holders of various pieces of
+paper that are related to these subprime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that are related to these subprime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that are related to these subprime
+mortgages but there's a whole group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages but there's a whole group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages but there's a whole group of
+people out there that have benefited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out there that have benefited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out there that have benefited
+from these subprime mortgages and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these subprime mortgages and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these subprime mortgages and so
+you've got to back balance the costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to back balance the costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to back balance the costs and
+the benefits and and we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits and and we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits and and we're not doing
+that right now right now we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now right now we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now right now we're just
+panicking because we're all scared like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panicking because we're all scared like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panicking because we're all scared like
+hell that something really is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell that something really is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell that something really is going to
+break but there's a positive side as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break but there's a positive side as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break but there's a positive side as
+well as a negative side to every story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a negative side to every story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as a negative side to every story
+and so we're going to have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have to talk about
+that in a little bit more detail but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little bit more detail but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little bit more detail but we
+can't do that unless we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that unless we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that unless we have the
+framework to think about it so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to think about it so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to think about it so that is
+going to lead me to today's lecture yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inv so there are there are two groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inv so there are there are two groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inv so there are there are two groups of
+individuals that are involved one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that are involved one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that are involved one are
+the shareholders of the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shareholders of the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shareholders of the companies
+themselves and these are investors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and these are investors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and these are investors a
+number of them are Pension funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them are Pension funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them are Pension funds
+institutional investors so therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors so therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors so therefore you
+and I in our 401K plans we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I in our 401K plans we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I in our 401K plans we might
+actually have an investment in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have an investment in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have an investment in one of
+these organizations through the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organizations through the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organizations through the plan
+sponsor that invests in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor that invests in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor that invests in various
+different entities so like there there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entities so like there there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different entities so like there there a
+stock that was traded on the exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that was traded on the exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that was traded on the exchanges
+just like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like any other
+stock that's one group and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that's one group and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that's one group and those are
+going to lose most of their Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose most of their Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose most of their Capital
+they're going to lose their investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to lose their investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to lose their investment
+just like when a stock goes belly up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like when a stock goes belly up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like when a stock goes belly up the
+investors of Enron too bad they lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors of Enron too bad they lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors of Enron too bad they lose
+everything they're gone they knew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they're gone they knew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they're gone they knew it
+they took the risks and the risks don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the risks and the risks don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the risks and the risks don't
+always work out so that's that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work out so that's that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work out so that's that the other
+parties that are involved are the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties that are involved are the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties that are involved are the folks
+that do business with these agencies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do business with these agencies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do business with these agencies the
+counterparties that bought the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties that bought the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties that bought the paper
+that they issued these IUS and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they issued these IUS and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they issued these IUS and other
+complex instruments that Freddy May and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex instruments that Freddy May and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex instruments that Freddy May and
+Fredy Mack issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredy Mack issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fredy Mack issued
+those individuals we're hoping will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individuals we're hoping will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individuals we're hoping will be
+uh relatively happy about the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relatively happy about the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relatively happy about the outcome of
+the government backing the paper because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government backing the paper because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government backing the paper because
+now the paper that they once held and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the paper that they once held and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the paper that they once held and
+thought was in trouble will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was in trouble will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was in trouble will have the
+full faith and credit of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full faith and credit of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full faith and credit of the US
+government behind them and that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government behind them and that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government behind them and that that is
+a major concern because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major concern because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major concern because these
+counterparties are are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties are are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties are are very very
+substantial investors if they decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial investors if they decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial investors if they decide
+that this paper is no good and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper is no good and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper is no good and they
+start getting rid of it wholesale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting rid of it wholesale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting rid of it wholesale that
+will create some really significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create some really significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create some really significant
+Market dislocation and mass panic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market dislocation and mass panic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market dislocation and mass panic and
+that's what the treasury stepped in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the treasury stepped in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the treasury stepped in to
+Stave off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stave off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stave off this
+weekend hopefully they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend hopefully they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend hopefully they will have
+succeeded in fact if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in fact if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in fact if you look at the
+data it looks like they did succeed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it looks like they did succeed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it looks like they did succeed but
+I'm not going to talk about that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about that for
+another three or four lectures because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three or four lectures because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three or four lectures because I
+want to show you exactly how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you exactly how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you exactly how to think
+about these instruments and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these instruments and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these instruments and then we're
+going to look at the data and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the data and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the data and see
+whether or not they've actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they've actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not they've actually done
+something significant and you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something significant and you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something significant and you'll be able
+to tell by looking at market prices by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell by looking at market prices by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell by looking at market prices by
+looking at the outcome of auctions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the outcome of auctions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the outcome of auctions like
+we did last time we're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did last time we're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did last time we're going to be able
+to tell exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell exactly what
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+okay all right well that uh took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well that uh took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well that uh took a
+little longer than I thought but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little longer than I thought but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little longer than I thought but I think
+it's useful for motivation for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for motivation for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful for motivation for what
+we're going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in the
+class what I want to do today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what I want to do today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what I want to do today is to
+start on lectures two and three present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on lectures two and three present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on lectures two and three present
+value relations and I have to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value relations and I have to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value relations and I have to tell you
+this is one of the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most interesting
+lectures of the entire course not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures of the entire course not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures of the entire course not
+because of the the underlying material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the underlying material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the underlying material
+but rather because of the novelty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because of the novelty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather because of the novelty of the
+perspective that I want to give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that I want to give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that I want to give you uh
+about these kinds of of issues this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kinds of of issues this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kinds of of issues this is
+the very first step in changing the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first step in changing the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first step in changing the way
+you look at Financial transactions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at Financial transactions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at Financial transactions we're
+going to start by discussing cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by discussing cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by discussing cash flows
+and assets I want to Define some terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assets I want to Define some terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assets I want to Define some terms
+and I want to change the way you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to change the way you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to change the way you think
+of an asset and then we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an asset and then we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an asset and then we're going to talk
+about the present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the present value
+operator and then we're going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then we're going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then we're going to apply
+that to the time value of money I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the time value of money I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the time value of money I want
+to make that concrete so that all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that concrete so that all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that concrete so that all of you
+will start thinking differently now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start thinking differently now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start thinking differently now
+about money today versus money next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about money today versus money next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about money today versus money next year
+and then probably not today but next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then probably not today but next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then probably not today but next
+time we're going to cover two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to cover two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to cover two very
+special kinds of cash flows the annuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kinds of cash flows the annuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kinds of cash flows the annuity
+and the perpetuity these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perpetuity these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perpetuity these are two
+mathematical abstractions that provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical abstractions that provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical abstractions that provide
+some really interesting insights into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting insights into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting insights into
+this whole notion of present value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole notion of present value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole notion of present value and
+then I'm going to talk about a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to talk about a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to talk about a couple of
+technical issues compounding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issues compounding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issues compounding and
+inflation and that will lead us right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and that will lead us right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and that will lead us right to
+thinking about fixed income securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about fixed income securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about fixed income securities
+and how to Value them and how the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to Value them and how the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to Value them and how the market
+values them and whether or not the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values them and whether or not the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values them and whether or not the two
+are the same or or different for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same or or different for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same or or different for the
+readings I'd like you to start on Brey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I'd like you to start on Brey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I'd like you to start on Brey
+and Myers Allen chapters two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Myers Allen chapters two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Myers Allen chapters two and three
+you should have already read chapter two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have already read chapter two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have already read chapter two
+from last time I'd like you to reread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time I'd like you to reread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time I'd like you to reread
+that and also focus on chapter three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also focus on chapter three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and also focus on chapter three for
+the next couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of lectures
+okay so first order of business let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first order of business let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first order of business let's
+define some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some
+terms I think you all know what a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I think you all know what a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I think you all know what a cash
+flow is right it's just money that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is right it's just money that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is right it's just money that's
+coming to you or going away from you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to you or going away from you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to you or going away from you a
+flow of cash and you all know what cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of cash and you all know what cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of cash and you all know what cash
+is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I
+presume the next question I want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume the next question I want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presume the next question I want to take
+on is what is an asset you know we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is what is an asset you know we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is what is an asset you know we talk
+about valuing assets but we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about valuing assets but we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about valuing assets but we have to
+start first by agreeing on a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start first by agreeing on a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start first by agreeing on a definition
+for what an asset is and I just put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what an asset is and I just put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what an asset is and I just put some
+examples up here of what assets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples up here of what assets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples up here of what assets are
+business entity is an asset if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business entity is an asset if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business entity is an asset if you guys
+decide to do a startup that startup has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do a startup that startup has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to do a startup that startup has
+value it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's an
+asset property plant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset property plant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset property plant and
+Equipment patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment patents
+R&D stocks bonds options and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D stocks bonds options and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D stocks bonds options and even
+something as difficult to Value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as difficult to Value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as difficult to Value as
+knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and
+reputation are assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation are assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation are assets
+does anybody know of an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know of an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know of an example of a
+really valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable
+asset that is not physical at all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that is not physical at all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset that is not physical at all you
+can't touch it or feel it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't touch it or feel it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't touch it or feel it yeah
+Al the algorithms that Google is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al the algorithms that Google is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al the algorithms that Google is using
+that's right now how do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right now how do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right now how do you know that
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+assets they generate Rue they generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets they generate Rue they generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets they generate Rue they generate
+Revenue right and has anybody turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue right and has anybody turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue right and has anybody turned
+them into anything concrete like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into anything concrete like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into anything concrete like any
+type of legal structure to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of legal structure to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of legal structure to make them
+assets a patent exactly a patent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets a patent exactly a patent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets a patent exactly a patent and
+Google has many patents those have value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has many patents those have value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has many patents those have value
+not only are they considered assets but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are they considered assets but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are they considered assets but
+you can actually trade them you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually trade them you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually trade them you can buy
+a patent sell a patent license a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patent sell a patent license a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patent sell a patent license a
+patent yeah are they patents or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent yeah are they patents or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent yeah are they patents or are they
+trade secrets well they're both so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade secrets well they're both so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade secrets well they're both so
+Google has patents but they're also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has patents but they're also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google has patents but they're also a
+number of Trade Secrets that it uses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Trade Secrets that it uses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Trade Secrets that it uses to
+protect its intellectual property what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect its intellectual property what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect its intellectual property what's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+distinction yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no what is a trade secret it's secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what is a trade secret it's secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what is a trade secret it's secret
+it's a secret thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a secret thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a secret thank
+you well I'm not sure it's a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well I'm not sure it's a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well I'm not sure it's a patent
+without any kind of legal standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of legal standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of legal standing in
+fact it's sort of an anti- patent isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's sort of an anti- patent isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's sort of an anti- patent isn't
+it it's not a patent it's a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not a patent it's a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not a patent it's a secret
+specifically like Coke for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically like Coke for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically like Coke for example the
+formula for Coke is a trade secret it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for Coke is a trade secret it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for Coke is a trade secret it is
+not patented when you when you app for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not patented when you when you app for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not patented when you when you app for
+you have to disclose fully what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to disclose fully what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to disclose fully what your
+patent covers and that means that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent covers and that means that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent covers and that means that at the
+end of the patent's life coverage which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the patent's life coverage which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the patent's life coverage which
+well at the end of the life coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the end of the life coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the end of the life coverage
+you're out and so I could go and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out and so I could go and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out and so I could go and I mean
+if C would have applied for a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C would have applied for a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C would have applied for a patent
+however many years ago it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many years ago it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many years ago it would have
+expired I could be making Coke right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired I could be making Coke right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired I could be making Coke right now
+but a trade secret is secret forever as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a trade secret is secret forever as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a trade secret is secret forever as
+long as you take steps to eat secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you take steps to eat secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you take steps to eat secret
+right so they are taking the risk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they are taking the risk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they are taking the risk of the
+secret exactly Coke is taking a big risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret exactly Coke is taking a big risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret exactly Coke is taking a big risk
+if in that it has not filed for a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in that it has not filed for a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in that it has not filed for a patent
+and frankly if it did it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly if it did it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly if it did it would have
+expired long ago now what exactly is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired long ago now what exactly is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired long ago now what exactly is a
+patent what's the motivation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent what's the motivation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent what's the motivation for a
+patent a patent is a legal uh agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent a patent is a legal uh agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent a patent is a legal uh agreement
+that says that if you tell me everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that if you tell me everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that if you tell me everything
+there is to know about how to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know about how to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know about how to construct
+the item or algorithm that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item or algorithm that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item or algorithm that you want to
+patent if you're willing to disclose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent if you're willing to disclose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent if you're willing to disclose
+that to me and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to me and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to me and the whole
+world and I acknowledge that it is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and I acknowledge that it is new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and I acknowledge that it is new
+and useful then I will grant you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful then I will grant you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful then I will grant you the
+ability to be the sole user of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to be the sole user of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to be the sole user of that
+algorithm product or business process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm product or business process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm product or business process
+for a finite period of time say 17 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite period of time say 17 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite period of time say 17 years
+so for 17 years if anybody wants to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for 17 years if anybody wants to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for 17 years if anybody wants to use
+that algorithm they have to pay you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm they have to pay you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algorithm they have to pay you for
+that privilege so it's a monopoly it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that privilege so it's a monopoly it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that privilege so it's a monopoly it's a
+monopoly that the government grants you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly that the government grants you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopoly that the government grants you
+for a fixed period of time in exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed period of time in exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed period of time in exchange
+for what in exchange for you to will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what in exchange for you to will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what in exchange for you to will be
+willing to disclose everything there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to disclose everything there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to disclose everything there is
+to know about it and why is it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about it and why is it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about it and why is it so that
+everybody else can learn from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else can learn from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else can learn from it and
+after 17 years and after you've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 17 years and after you've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after 17 years and after you've made a
+God awful amount of money somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God awful amount of money somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God awful amount of money somebody else
+can take that idea and incorporate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that idea and incorporate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that idea and incorporate it
+into what they're doing and make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what they're doing and make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what they're doing and make money
+off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of
+that the patent process creates assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the patent process creates assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the patent process creates assets
+out of ideas and it allows you to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ideas and it allows you to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of ideas and it allows you to derive
+economic value from that in exchange for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic value from that in exchange for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic value from that in exchange for
+freely sharing those ideas that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely sharing those ideas that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely sharing those ideas that's one
+path to go the other path is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to go the other path is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to go the other path is I don't
+want to share because I think that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share because I think that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share because I think that I can
+do better by keeping it a secret and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better by keeping it a secret and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better by keeping it a secret and
+that's what Coca-Cola has done that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Coca-Cola has done that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Coca-Cola has done that's
+the example that I was thinking of of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that I was thinking of of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that I was thinking of of an
+idea that has no legal standing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that has no legal standing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that has no legal standing but
+that's one of the most incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the most incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the most incredibly
+valuable ideas in the world today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable ideas in the world today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable ideas in the world today the
+amount of money that Coca-Cola produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money that Coca-Cola produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money that Coca-Cola produces
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+unbelievable given this simple recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable given this simple recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable given this simple recipe
+that apparently people haven't been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apparently people haven't been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apparently people haven't been able
+to figure out how to reproduce I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to reproduce I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to reproduce I mean
+how hard could it be you know you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard could it be you know you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard could it be you know you just
+mix a few things and add some coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix a few things and add some coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix a few things and add some coloring
+and you know then you get Pepsi I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know then you get Pepsi I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know then you get Pepsi I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right of people who
+associate a r do with feeling happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a r do with feeling happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate a r do with feeling happy
+that's true now that's the case they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true now that's the case they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true now that's the case they've
+spent years building the Coca-Cola brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent years building the Coca-Cola brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent years building the Coca-Cola brand
+that's one of the most recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the most recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the most recognizable
+brands in the world and that has value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brands in the world and that has value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brands in the world and that has value
+too and by the way that value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and by the way that value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and by the way that value is
+different from the trade secret so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the trade secret so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the trade secret so now
+we see that there's lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that there's lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that there's lots of different
+assets and that's an asset right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that depends at depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that depends at depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that depends at depends on
+whether or not you think you can keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you think you can keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you think you can keep it
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+secret right and Coca-Cola apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret right and Coca-Cola apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret right and Coca-Cola apparently
+has been kept secret pretty well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been kept secret pretty well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been kept secret pretty well but
+there are a lot of other people working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of other people working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of other people working
+on the various different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the various different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the various different kinds of
+cholesterol reducing drugs not just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol reducing drugs not just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol reducing drugs not just uh
+you know the folks that develop lipor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the folks that develop lipor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the folks that develop lipor so
+if you can keep it a secret great keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can keep it a secret great keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can keep it a secret great keep
+it for yourself but very often you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for yourself but very often you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for yourself but very often you won't
+be because other people are working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because other people are working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be because other people are working on
+the same research also there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same research also there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same research also there's a certain
+cache to having a patent and it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache to having a patent and it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache to having a patent and it provides
+you with a certain kind of business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a certain kind of business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with a certain kind of business uh
+business viability you can go to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business viability you can go to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business viability you can go to an
+investor and say here I've got this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and say here I've got this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor and say here I've got this idea
+the idea has been certified by the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea has been certified by the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea has been certified by the US
+patent office it is patent number XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office it is patent number XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office it is patent number XYZ
+and that's why you should give me money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you should give me money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you should give me money
+versus you go to an investor and say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus you go to an investor and say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus you go to an investor and say hey
+I got a secret I can't tell you what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a secret I can't tell you what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a secret I can't tell you what it
+is you know what you're back to the iPod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know what you're back to the iPod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know what you're back to the iPod
+okay Andy question oh no I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Andy question oh no I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Andy question oh no I was just
+gonna I was gonna say the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I was gonna say the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I was gonna say the same thing
+yeah okay so now we we know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so now we we know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so now we we know that there
+all sorts of assets even intangibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of assets even intangibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of assets even intangibles
+even things that you can't hold in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even things that you can't hold in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even things that you can't hold in your
+hand can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand can be an
+asset I want you to forget about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset I want you to forget about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset I want you to forget about all of
+that I want you to think about an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about an asset
+in a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a completely different
+way I want to reduce an asset to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I want to reduce an asset to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I want to reduce an asset to its
+fundamental core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental core
+properties and to do that here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and to do that here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and to do that here's my
+definition of an asset an asset at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an asset an asset at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an asset an asset at a
+given point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time
+T is simply equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is simply equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is simply equal to a
+sequence of future cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of future cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of future cash
+flows CFT CFT plus1 CFT plus2 dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows CFT CFT plus1 CFT plus2 dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows CFT CFT plus1 CFT plus2 dot dot
+dot that is the definition of an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot that is the definition of an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot that is the definition of an asset
+that I would like to adopt for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like to adopt for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like to adopt for the next
+12 weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 weeks
+okay now this might seem trivial to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this might seem trivial to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this might seem trivial to you
+but trust me it's not it's a very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust me it's not it's a very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but trust me it's not it's a very subtle
+idea and it's going to have all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and it's going to have all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and it's going to have all sorts of
+interesting implications that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting implications that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting implications that we're
+going to discuss over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss over the next few
+lectures but I want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but I want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but I want to make sure that
+everybody fully appreciates what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody fully appreciates what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody fully appreciates what I mean
+when I say an asset is a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say an asset is a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say an asset is a sequence of
+current and future cash flows let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and future cash flows let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and future cash flows let me
+just describe a couple of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe a couple of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just describe a couple of interesting
+things about this definition first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this definition first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this definition first of
+all it doesn't involve past cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it doesn't involve past cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it doesn't involve past cash flows
+so when I Define an asset I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I Define an asset I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I Define an asset I have to
+Define it relative to a point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it relative to a point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it relative to a point in time
+that in in of itself I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in of itself I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in of itself I think is
+something new right so it's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new right so it's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new right so it's not enough
+to say an asset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say an asset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say an asset is
+Coca-Cola you have to say that the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola you have to say that the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola you have to say that the asset
+is Coca-Cola to today versus Coca-Cola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Coca-Cola to today versus Coca-Cola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Coca-Cola to today versus Coca-Cola
+10 years ago versus Coca-Cola 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago versus Coca-Cola 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago versus Coca-Cola 100 years
+from now those are different assets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now those are different assets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now those are different assets the
+point in time actually matters in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time actually matters in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time actually matters in other
+words right this is like the Zen Paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words right this is like the Zen Paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words right this is like the Zen Paradox
+you can never step into the same river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never step into the same river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never step into the same river
+twice right because water's moving it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice right because water's moving it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice right because water's moving it's
+always a different River in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a different River in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a different River in that sense
+an asset as at every point in time is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset as at every point in time is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset as at every point in time is a
+different asset and that's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different asset and that's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different asset and that's not that
+surprising because if you believe from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because if you believe from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because if you believe from
+my definition that an asset is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition that an asset is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition that an asset is
+equivalent to its current and future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to its current and future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to its current and future
+cash flows then those cash flows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows then those cash flows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows then those cash flows are
+very different depending on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different depending on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different depending on where you
+stand so for example the stock of Fanny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand so for example the stock of Fanny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand so for example the stock of Fanny
+May and Freddy Mack as an asset was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May and Freddy Mack as an asset was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May and Freddy Mack as an asset was very
+different five years ago than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different five years ago than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different five years ago than it is
+today they're both assets they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they're both assets they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today they're both assets they're both
+cash flows but the cash flows are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows but the cash flows are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows but the cash flows are very
+different depending on what point time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on what point time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending on what point time
+you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking
+about so when I think about a cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so when I think about a cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so when I think about a cash flow
+I'm thinking about a particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking about a particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking about a particular sequence
+that occurs given market conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs given market conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs given market conditions and
+an asset is comprised of those cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset is comprised of those cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset is comprised of those cash
+flows they are one and the same when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows they are one and the same when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows they are one and the same when you
+tell me that you have an asset I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that you have an asset I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that you have an asset I
+immediately think of okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately think of okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately think of okay what's the
+sequence of cash flows that's all I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows that's all I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows that's all I care
+about from the purposes of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the purposes of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the purposes of financial
+analysis that's all that matters Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that's all that matters Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that's all that matters Okay so
+over the next few weeks we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next few weeks we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next few weeks we're going to
+be building up a theory of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building up a theory of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be building up a theory of financial
+analysis the basic building blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the basic building blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the basic building blocks of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+theory are assets so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory are assets so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory are assets so you can think of
+assets as the molecules or atoms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets as the molecules or atoms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets as the molecules or atoms of a
+unified field theory of finance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified field theory of finance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified field theory of finance and the
+protons and electrons those are the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and electrons those are the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and electrons those are the cash
+flows okay yeah the cash flows have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows okay yeah the cash flows have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows okay yeah the cash flows have to
+be positive no nope they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive no nope they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive no nope they don't have to
+be positive or negative but they do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive or negative but they do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive or negative but they do have
+to be real numbers so no complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real numbers so no complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be real numbers so no complex numbers
+here okay positive or negative that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay positive or negative that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay positive or negative that's
+what an asset is now you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an asset is now you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an asset is now you might think
+well gee if all the cash flows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well gee if all the cash flows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well gee if all the cash flows are
+negative then I don't really want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then I don't really want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then I don't really want that
+asset well that's the nature of an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset well that's the nature of an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset well that's the nature of an asset
+maybe then you call it instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then you call it instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then you call it instead of an
+asset you call it a liability exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset you call it a liability exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset you call it a liability exactly
+but from my perspective developing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from my perspective developing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from my perspective developing this
+atomic theory of Finance I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory of Finance I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic theory of Finance I'm going to
+focus on this as the basic building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this as the basic building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this as the basic building
+blocks and I don't care whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and I don't care whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and I don't care whether they're
+positive or negative for the moment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative for the moment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative for the moment okay
+we're going to talk about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about their
+characteristics later but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics later but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics later but I just want to
+agree on the definition of what an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the definition of what an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on the definition of what an asset
+is question yeah so it's a sequence cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is question yeah so it's a sequence cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is question yeah so it's a sequence cash
+flows it's not a summation it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows it's not a summation it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows it's not a summation it's right
+it's not a summation it's a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a summation it's a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a summation it's a sequence
+meaning it's basically just a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's basically just a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's basically just a list of
+cash flows at different points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows at different points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows at different points in the
+future including the present but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future including the present but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future including the present but not the
+past so according to my definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so according to my definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so according to my definition the
+past doesn't matter when you talk to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past doesn't matter when you talk to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past doesn't matter when you talk to me
+about an asset all I'm looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an asset all I'm looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an asset all I'm looking at is
+current and future cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and future cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and future cash
+flows okay and it's a sequence of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows okay and it's a sequence of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows okay and it's a sequence of cash
+flows so that means they're ordered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so that means they're ordered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so that means they're ordered in
+time and I'm not even telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'm not even telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'm not even telling you
+whether or not you know what the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you know what the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you know what the cash
+flows are so it could be that the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are so it could be that the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are so it could be that the future
+cash flows I'm writing them as letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows I'm writing them as letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows I'm writing them as letters
+but who knows what the letters stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows what the letters stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who knows what the letters stand for
+you might not know what the future cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not know what the future cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not know what the future cash
+flows are but you can still nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are but you can still nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are but you can still nevertheless
+acknowledge that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that they
+exist as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist as an
+abstraction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction okay
+that's what an asset is I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an asset is I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an asset is I don't care
+what you use to value your various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use to value your various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use to value your various
+different cash flows but the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cash flows but the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cash flows but the definition
+of an asset is simply a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an asset is simply a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an asset is simply a sequence of
+current and future cash flows all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and future cash flows all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and future cash flows all right
+that's what we're going to talk about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about as
+an asset so all the things that I listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset so all the things that I listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset so all the things that I listed
+up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+reputation can reputation be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation can reputation be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation can reputation be considered
+a sequence of future cash flows does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of future cash flows does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of future cash flows does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+how what Goodwill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what Goodwill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what Goodwill
+how would you use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you use that
+Goodwill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodwill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goodwill
+yeah your reputation is such that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your reputation is such that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah your reputation is such that you
+know people choose you instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people choose you instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people choose you instead of a
+competitor and so that additional cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor and so that additional cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor and so that additional cash
+flow from from from that choice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from from from that choice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from from from that choice is
+coming from reputation exactly right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from reputation exactly right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from reputation exactly right the
+additional cash flow that you get based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cash flow that you get based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cash flow that you get based
+on that reputation that's the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that reputation that's the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that reputation that's the value of
+the asset or that is the asset right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset or that is the asset right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asset or that is the asset right
+there assets have common elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there assets have common elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there assets have common elements
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+no reason why you can't have common cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason why you can't have common cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason why you can't have common cash
+flows across different assets right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows across different assets right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows across different assets right but
+nevertheless a single asset is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless a single asset is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless a single asset is a
+collection of present and future cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of present and future cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of present and future cash
+flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but as you said like if I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but as you said like if I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but as you said like if I have one
+asset or building and if she has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset or building and if she has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset or building and if she has a
+building and if I'm A lender that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and if I'm A lender that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and if I'm A lender that means
+like I have a different cash want yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have a different cash want yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have a different cash want yes
+but however there's a maret of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however there's a maret of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however there's a maret of the
+building yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building yeah
+so if like sequence of the cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if like sequence of the cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if like sequence of the cash flow
+yeah how can how can you like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how can how can you like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how can how can you like we're
+going to get to that that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that that's actually a
+very deep question that will require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep question that will require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deep question that will require
+three more lectures before we get to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more lectures before we get to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more lectures before we get to but
+I will answer that exact question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will answer that exact question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will answer that exact question in
+three lectures if not before okay before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures if not before okay before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures if not before okay before
+we talk about how to Value these assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about how to Value these assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about how to Value these assets
+I want to make sure we agree on what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure we agree on what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure we agree on what a
+definition of an asset is so I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an asset is so I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an asset is so I think we
+agree right any any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree right any any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree right any any questions about that
+yeah have of but they any incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah have of but they any incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah have of but they any incremental
+flows EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well not to be not to be anal about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not to be not to be anal about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not to be not to be anal about this
+but you know mathematically a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know mathematically a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know mathematically a sequence
+of 0000000000 is a Bonafide cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0000000000 is a Bonafide cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0000000000 is a Bonafide cash flow
+right so the zero asset is possible too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the zero asset is possible too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the zero asset is possible too
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so this is absolutely General now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is absolutely General now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is absolutely General now
+and you might you might argue at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might you might argue at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might you might argue at this
+level of generality it's useless well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of generality it's useless well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of generality it's useless well
+not not quite not quite because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite not quite because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not quite not quite because I think
+it helps us to formulate a perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us to formulate a perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us to formulate a perspective
+and the perspective is when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perspective is when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the perspective is when you start
+thinking about various different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about various different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about various different kinds
+of assets I'm talking really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assets I'm talking really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assets I'm talking really complicated
+assets assets with all sorts of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets assets with all sorts of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets assets with all sorts of you know
+options and triggers and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and triggers and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and triggers and various
+contingencies the more complicated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies the more complicated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies the more complicated it
+gets the more important this framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the more important this framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the more important this framework
+is because no matter how intimidating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because no matter how intimidating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because no matter how intimidating
+the problem you are faced with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you are faced with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you are faced with the
+bottom line is an asset is a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is an asset is a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is an asset is a sequence of
+cash flows it's simple conceptually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows it's simple conceptually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows it's simple conceptually the
+hard part part is figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part part is figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part part is figuring out what
+those cash flows are but the conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cash flows are but the conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cash flows are but the conceptual
+framework is what I want you to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is what I want you to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is what I want you to start
+with because that will clear your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because that will clear your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because that will clear your mind
+of a lot of cobwebs that really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of cobwebs that really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of cobwebs that really don't
+belong in any kind of financial analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in any kind of financial analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong in any kind of financial analysis
+so we start cash flows sequence of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start cash flows sequence of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start cash flows sequence of cash
+flows is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows is an
+asset okay now that I've told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset okay now that I've told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset okay now that I've told you that
+there's lots of examples that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of examples that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of examples that you can
+come up with so I've given you some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with so I've given you some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with so I've given you some in
+the notes please take a look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes please take a look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes please take a look at them
+each one of these is an asset and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is an asset and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these is an asset and each
+one of these represents a certain SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these represents a certain SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these represents a certain SE
+sequence of cash flows some may be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows some may be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows some may be more
+subtle than others but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle than others but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle than others but they are
+nevertheless cash flows so I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless cash flows so I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless cash flows so I want you to
+think about that read through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that read through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that read through these
+examples and make sure you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and make sure you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and make sure you understand
+why they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they are
+assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets
+now valuing an asset that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now valuing an asset that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now valuing an asset that's the question
+that yungun was asking about how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yungun was asking about how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yungun was asking about how do you
+value a sequence of cash flows because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a sequence of cash flows because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a sequence of cash flows because
+you and I we might have a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I we might have a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I we might have a very different
+perspective on what that cash flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on what that cash flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on what that cash flow is
+worth so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth so for the
+moment I'm not going to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'm not going to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'm not going to answer that
+question or rather I'm going to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or rather I'm going to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question or rather I'm going to answer
+it with a typical device that economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a typical device that economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a typical device that economists
+use all the time which is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all the time which is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all the time which is I'm going to
+just create some notation to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create some notation to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just create some notation to answer the
+question and the notation I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the notation I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the notation I'm going to
+give you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is
+v in particular V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in particular V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v in particular V
+subt that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subt that's a
+function that takes as its input a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes as its input a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that takes as its input a
+sequence of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows
+and spits out a number which I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out a number which I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spits out a number which I'm going
+to call the value of the asset at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the value of the asset at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call the value of the asset at time T
+So how do you value a cash flow well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you value a cash flow well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you value a cash flow well you
+use the value operator V subt you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the value operator V subt you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the value operator V subt you stick
+in a cash flow and out pops a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cash flow and out pops a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cash flow and out pops a number
+okay we're going to have to spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to have to spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to have to spend the
+next three lectures figuring out what V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three lectures figuring out what V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three lectures figuring out what V
+is but I can tell you one answer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I can tell you one answer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I can tell you one answer right
+away in fact all of you know what V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in fact all of you know what V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in fact all of you know what V is
+or one definition of v what is it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one definition of v what is it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one definition of v what is it can
+anybody tell me what V is where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tell me what V is where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tell me what V is where do you
+get V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+but you're close where did that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're close where did that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're close where did that come
+from what you pay for it what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you pay for it what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you pay for it what do you
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that market price what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Market what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Market yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market yeah
+exactly any Market this is what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly any Market this is what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly any Market this is what you were
+getting at what you pay for it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at what you pay for it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at what you pay for it any
+Market if there's a market you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market if there's a market you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market if there's a market you've got
+your V so V one example of a VT is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your V so V one example of a VT is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your V so V one example of a VT is a
+market at time T right that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market at time T right that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market at time T right that's what we
+did last time we had a value operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time we had a value operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time we had a value operator
+stick in a a gift wrapped box and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in a a gift wrapped box and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in a a gift wrapped box and you
+get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out
+$45 that's an example of a v what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45 that's an example of a v what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45 that's an example of a v what we're
+going to try to do though is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do though is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to do though is to take
+apart that box and see how it works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that box and see how it works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart that box and see how it works and
+whether or not it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it does
+work Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Market
+Market well we don't know what best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market well we don't know what best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market well we don't know what best
+means so for our discussion right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so for our discussion right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so for our discussion right now
+any Market will do but then you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Market will do but then you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Market will do but then you can have
+a separate discussion as to whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate discussion as to whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate discussion as to whether or
+not there are better markets or Worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there are better markets or Worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there are better markets or Worse
+markets and we have to Define what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and we have to Define what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and we have to Define what that
+means so we're going to get to that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so we're going to get to that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so we're going to get to that when
+we start talking about how the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about how the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about how the V
+operators work yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we don't we don't know what a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we don't know what a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we don't know what a perfect
+or imperfect Market is yet and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imperfect Market is yet and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or imperfect Market is yet and I'm going
+to hold off on that for quite a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold off on that for quite a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold off on that for quite a few more
+weeks all we know is it's a market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks all we know is it's a market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks all we know is it's a market so
+let me put it to you this way the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it to you this way the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put it to you this way the last
+lecture when I auctioned off that iPod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when I auctioned off that iPod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when I auctioned off that iPod
+and I only got a third of the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only got a third of the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only got a third of the price
+would you consider that a perfect Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you consider that a perfect Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you consider that a perfect Market
+it didn't feel that way to me but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't feel that way to me but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't feel that way to me but on the
+other hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand it
+worked I had something that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I had something that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I had something that I wanted to
+unload and I unloaded it at a price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unload and I unloaded it at a price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unload and I unloaded it at a price that
+two mutually consenting adults agreed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mutually consenting adults agreed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mutually consenting adults agreed to
+so you know that worked that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that worked that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know that worked that that was
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+good but in order for us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but in order for us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but in order for us to understand
+whether or not it really works we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it really works we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not it really works we've
+actually got to take apart the Box we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to take apart the Box we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got to take apart the Box we
+got to open up VT I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to open up VT I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to open up VT I'm not going to do
+that just yet I want to First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just yet I want to First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just yet I want to First
+acknowledge that there exist VTS out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that there exist VTS out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that there exist VTS out
+there and more often than not when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and more often than not when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and more often than not when you
+let the market dictate what that VT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the market dictate what that VT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the market dictate what that VT is
+you actually get some pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get some pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get some pretty interesting
+results results that will require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results results that will require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results results that will require a
+little bit more structure to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more structure to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more structure to interpret
+one way to interpret the structure is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to interpret the structure is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to interpret the structure is to
+acknowledge that there's a time element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that there's a time element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that there's a time element
+to the cash flows so when I ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cash flows so when I ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cash flows so when I ask you to
+analyze a VT or an asset the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a VT or an asset the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a VT or an asset the first thing
+you're going to want to do is to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to do is to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to do is to draw
+this picture right here and I'm serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture right here and I'm serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture right here and I'm serious
+about this in order for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in order for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in order for you to
+understand the value of an asset you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the value of an asset you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the value of an asset you
+have to know the timing of the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know the timing of the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know the timing of the cash
+flows time means everything in finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows time means everything in finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows time means everything in finance
+okay a cash flow today is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a cash flow today is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a cash flow today is not the same
+as a cash flow next year yeah so are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cash flow next year yeah so are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cash flow next year yeah so are we
+going to divorce the the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divorce the the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divorce the the accounting
+defin of an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defin of an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defin of an asset
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+Finance for instance land right has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance for instance land right has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance for instance land right has to
+be recorded at B value at all yes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recorded at B value at all yes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recorded at B value at all yes right
+so what I'm asking you to do is to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm asking you to do is to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm asking you to do is to think
+abstractly in terms of the cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly in terms of the cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly in terms of the cash flows
+themselves I haven't talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I haven't talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I haven't talked about
+accounting practices at all I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting practices at all I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting practices at all I'm going to
+come back to how we actually implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to how we actually implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to how we actually implement
+this and at that point it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and at that point it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and at that point it'll be
+important to bring in the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to bring in the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to bring in the accounting
+elements but for now let's set them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but for now let's set them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but for now let's set them
+aside okay so these are actual cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside okay so these are actual cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside okay so these are actual cash
+flows that you will receive at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that you will receive at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows that you will receive at different
+points in time and by the way I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time and by the way I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time and by the way I want you
+to use this exact same framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this exact same framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this exact same framework for
+analyzing accounting practices because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing accounting practices because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing accounting practices because
+financial analysis can actually be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial analysis can actually be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial analysis can actually be used
+to ask the question are accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question are accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question are accounting
+conventions good or bad some accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions good or bad some accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions good or bad some accounting
+conventions are favorable some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions are favorable some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions are favorable some are
+unfavorable but the only only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable but the only only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable but the only only way to
+analyze them is by using this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them is by using this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze them is by using this kind of a
+framework first okay so I would argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework first okay so I would argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework first okay so I would argue
+that this will be certainly useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be certainly useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be certainly useful for
+looking at accounting practices but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at accounting practices but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at accounting practices but it
+won't necessarily be the same so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily be the same so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily be the same so you'll
+need to have to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have to make that
+distinction okay so so far nothing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay so so far nothing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction okay so so far nothing I've
+said is all that controversial I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is all that controversial I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is all that controversial I don't
+think I've simply defined that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've simply defined that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've simply defined that there's a
+value Operator Operator means function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Operator Operator means function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Operator Operator means function
+you stick in a sequence of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick in a sequence of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick in a sequence of cash flows
+out pops a number and when you analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pops a number and when you analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pops a number and when you analyze
+the value of an asset I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of an asset I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of an asset I want you to
+always draw a timeline and make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always draw a timeline and make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always draw a timeline and make sure you
+understand the sequence of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the sequence of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the sequence of cash flows
+okay without the timeline I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without the timeline I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without the timeline I don't know
+that you really understand what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really understand what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really understand what's going
+on so F first of all as a tip for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so F first of all as a tip for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so F first of all as a tip for your
+midterm and final exams anytime you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm and final exams anytime you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm and final exams anytime you have
+a calculation which you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation which you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation which you have to do a
+present value or valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value or valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value or valuation
+exercise I want to see this I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I want to see this I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I want to see this I want to
+see that you know when things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know when things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know when things are going
+to happen because nine out of 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen because nine out of 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen because nine out of 10 times
+when you make a mistake in valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a mistake in valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a mistake in valuation
+it's because you line this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you line this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you line this up
+incorrectly okay now what is V well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly okay now what is V well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly okay now what is V well we
+said that one example of a v is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that one example of a v is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that one example of a v is the
+market but is that objective is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but is that objective is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but is that objective is it
+subjective does it work well how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective does it work well how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective does it work well how is
+value determined and what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value determined and what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value determined and what we're going to
+do in this lecture and the next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this lecture and the next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this lecture and the next one is
+to take apart this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take apart this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take apart this function
+V in the case of no uncertainty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in the case of no uncertainty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in the case of no uncertainty so
+remember I told you the two important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you the two important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you the two important
+factors in financial analysis that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in financial analysis that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in financial analysis that makes
+Finance interesting and exciting is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance interesting and exciting is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance interesting and exciting is time
+and uncertainty right and we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncertainty right and we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncertainty right and we've seen
+both of those things happen this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things happen this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those things happen this weekend
+a lot of time has passed in resolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time has passed in resolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time has passed in resolving
+the uncertainty with regard to Fanny May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty with regard to Fanny May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty with regard to Fanny May
+and Freddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Freddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Freddy
+Mack what I'd like to do is to abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack what I'd like to do is to abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack what I'd like to do is to abstract
+from the uncertainty part for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uncertainty part for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uncertainty part for the next
+couple of Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of Le
+there's no uncertainty okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uncertainty okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uncertainty okay I'm going to
+get rid of the randomness and I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the randomness and I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the randomness and I'm only
+going to focus on figuring out the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on figuring out the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on figuring out the value
+operator this V subt function for cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this V subt function for cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator this V subt function for cases
+where we have cash flows at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have cash flows at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have cash flows at different
+points in time but where the cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time but where the cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time but where the cash flows
+are known for sure so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known for sure so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known for sure so there's no
+uncertainty about whether they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about whether they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about whether they're going
+to happen or not happen Okay after we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen or not happen Okay after we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen or not happen Okay after we do
+that after we do the no uncertainty case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we do the no uncertainty case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we do the no uncertainty case
+for which we have a complete solution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we have a complete solution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we have a complete solution I
+will then come back and introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then come back and introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then come back and introduce
+uncertainty in a somewhat more natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in a somewhat more natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in a somewhat more natural
+way and then we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then we're going to focus on
+valuation with uncertainty as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation with uncertainty as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation with uncertainty as
+well okay so let me start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let me start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let me start with the
+perfect certainty case about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect certainty case about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect certainty case about how to
+figure out what the V subt is and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the V subt is and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the V subt is and I'm
+going to start with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with a very simple
+example that has to do with manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that has to do with manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that has to do with manipulating
+cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash
+flows and I'm going to talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and I'm going to talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and I'm going to talk in
+particular about foreign currencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular about foreign currencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular about foreign currencies
+so I want to ask you what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to ask you what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to ask you what happens when
+you add 150 yen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add 150 yen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add 150 yen to
+300b what do you get when you add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300b what do you get when you add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300b what do you get when you add those
+two 150 Yen plus 300b is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 150 Yen plus 300b is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 150 Yen plus 300b is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+$450 if if uh if you believe that please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$450 if if uh if you believe that please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$450 if if uh if you believe that please
+see me after class and uh we'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me after class and uh we'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see me after class and uh we'll need to
+do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transactions well look obviously 450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions well look obviously 450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions well look obviously 450
+makes no sense right it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no sense right it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no sense right it's like you know
+adding your weight to your age that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding your weight to your age that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding your weight to your age that
+number might be interesting but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number might be interesting but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number might be interesting but there's
+no interpretation for it right so 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no interpretation for it right so 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no interpretation for it right so 150
+and 300 you would never add those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 300 you would never add those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 300 you would never add those two
+and talk about 450 watt right there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about 450 watt right there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about 450 watt right there you
+don't even have a unit to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have a unit to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have a unit to be able to
+ascribe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascribe to
+it well well that natural reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well well that natural reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well well that natural reaction that
+you have that natural aversion you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that natural aversion you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that natural aversion you have
+to adding up dollars or or Yen and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adding up dollars or or Yen and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adding up dollars or or Yen and you
+know in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in different
+currencies I want you to develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies I want you to develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies I want you to develop that
+exact same attitude towards cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same attitude towards cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same attitude towards cash flows
+at different points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different points in
+time so let me continue on with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let me continue on with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so let me continue on with this
+obviously if you want to add the to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if you want to add the to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if you want to add the to you
+know that you have to convert them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to convert them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have to convert them to
+the same currency right so 300 lb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same currency right so 300 lb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same currency right so 300 lb
+converts to a certain number of Yen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to a certain number of Yen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to a certain number of Yen and
+so when you add that up you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you add that up you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you add that up you get
+46,50 Yen or if you want to convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46,50 Yen or if you want to convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46,50 Yen or if you want to convert it
+to pounds it converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pounds it converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pounds it converts to
+3.98 Pounds Sterling right those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.98 Pounds Sterling right those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.98 Pounds Sterling right those numbers
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense the reason they make sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the reason they make sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the reason they make sense is
+because they're in the same units so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're in the same units so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're in the same units so
+Apples to Apples is the familiar adage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples to Apples is the familiar adage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples to Apples is the familiar adage
+that we use right you can't add apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use right you can't add apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use right you can't add apples
+to oranges actually in Theory you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oranges actually in Theory you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oranges actually in Theory you could
+right you could make fruit salad and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could make fruit salad and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could make fruit salad and you
+need apples and oranges and pears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need apples and oranges and pears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need apples and oranges and pears and
+all that but for the for argument sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but for the for argument sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but for the for argument sake
+when it comes to money it really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to money it really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to money it really doesn't
+tell you much that you've got you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you much that you've got you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you much that you've got you know
+450 blah you need to have a set of units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 blah you need to have a set of units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 blah you need to have a set of units
+well it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that this
+actual uh analysis requires that we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh analysis requires that we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh analysis requires that we pick
+a base currency we pick what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base currency we pick what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base currency we pick what's called a
+numer rare a numer is a unit of account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer rare a numer is a unit of account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer rare a numer is a unit of account
+or a standard by which we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a standard by which we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a standard by which we measure
+everything okay so either Yen or pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay so either Yen or pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay so either Yen or pounds
+will work just fine it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work just fine it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work just fine it doesn't matter
+which if you're a British investor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you're a British investor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you're a British investor you
+might care about pounds if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might care about pounds if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might care about pounds if you're a
+Japanese investor you might care more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese investor you might care more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese investor you might care more
+about Yen it just depends upon your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Yen it just depends upon your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Yen it just depends upon your
+perspective but either one will do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but either one will do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but either one will do for
+the purposes of analyzing how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of analyzing how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of analyzing how much money
+you have at a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at a point in
+time well that exact same exercise has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well that exact same exercise has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well that exact same exercise has
+has to be applied to money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be applied to money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be applied to money
+today versus money tomorrow because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus money tomorrow because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus money tomorrow because
+those two things are not the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things are not the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things are not the same it's
+like Yen and pounds they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Yen and pounds they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Yen and pounds they're not the same
+they can't buy the same things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't buy the same things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't buy the same things they
+aren't used in the same way they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't used in the same way they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't used in the same way they have
+different markets the markets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different markets the markets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different markets the markets are
+related but they're different so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but they're different so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but they're different so once
+you know the exchange rate and once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the exchange rate and once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the exchange rate and once you
+pick a base currency you can combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a base currency you can combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a base currency you can combine the
+thing the same idea holds true for cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the same idea holds true for cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the same idea holds true for cash
+flows at different points in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows at different points in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows at different points in time
+cash flows at different points in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows at different points in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows at different points in time
+are like different currencies in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like different currencies in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like different currencies in order
+to add them together you've got to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them together you've got to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them together you've got to use
+the appropriate exchange rates okay once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate exchange rates okay once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate exchange rates okay once
+you do then all of the valuation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then all of the valuation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do then all of the valuation that
+we're going to conduct over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to conduct over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to conduct over the next
+couple of lectures becomes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures becomes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures becomes absolutely
+trivial so let me give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so let me give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so let me give you an example of
+that here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's my
+timeline and my timeline has payoffs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline and my timeline has payoffs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline and my timeline has payoffs at
+various different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different
+dates now I'm arguing that the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates now I'm arguing that the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates now I'm arguing that the past and
+the future cannot be combined without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future cannot be combined without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future cannot be combined without
+converting them so we have to have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting them so we have to have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting them so we have to have a set
+of exchange rates that convert all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchange rates that convert all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchange rates that convert all the
+various different currencies into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different currencies into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various different currencies into a
+numer rare or single base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer rare or single base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer rare or single base
+currency and for the sake of argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency and for the sake of argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency and for the sake of argument
+I'm going to just pick time zero dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just pick time zero dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just pick time zero dollars
+today as my base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as my base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as my base
+currency so in other words I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so in other words I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency so in other words I want to
+convert every cash flow into the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert every cash flow into the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert every cash flow into the single
+currency that is today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that is today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that is today's
+dollars okay so in particular over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay so in particular over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay so in particular over the
+course of T days days one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of T days days one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of T days days one through
+T how many different currencies do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T how many different currencies do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T how many different currencies do I
+have apart from my base currency of Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have apart from my base currency of Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have apart from my base currency of Time
+Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero
+money yeah I've got T different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yeah I've got T different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yeah I've got T different
+currencies T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies T
+dates every single date it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates every single date it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates every single date it's a different
+currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency
+and I need to convert them in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need to convert them in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need to convert them in order to
+add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay so I'm going to argue that the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to argue that the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to argue that the cash
+flow uh the sequence of cash flows cf1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh the sequence of cash flows cf1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh the sequence of cash flows cf1
+cf2 dot dot dot if I want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf2 dot dot dot if I want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf2 dot dot dot if I want to figure out
+what it's worth in a single currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's worth in a single currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's worth in a single currency
+date Zero currency I've got to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero currency I've got to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero currency I've got to multiply
+the cash flows by the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows by the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows by the appropriate
+exchange rate what's the exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate what's the exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate what's the exchange rate
+the exchange rate is how many dollars at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange rate is how many dollars at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange rate is how many dollars at
+date one per dollar at date Zero how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date one per dollar at date Zero how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date one per dollar at date Zero how
+many dollars at date two per date zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dollars at date two per date zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dollars at date two per date zero
+dollar how many dollars at date three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar how many dollars at date three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar how many dollars at date three
+per date Zero and so on I'll have t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per date Zero and so on I'll have t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per date Zero and so on I'll have t
+exchange rates for the T different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates for the T different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates for the T different kinds
+of currencies that I have each currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currencies that I have each currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currencies that I have each currency
+is dollars denominated as of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dollars denominated as of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dollars denominated as of a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+date any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date any questions about that
+pretty straightforward you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward you think it's
+straightforward but you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but you're going to have
+to think about it for a little while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it for a little while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it for a little while and
+do some problems to really make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some problems to really make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some problems to really make sure you
+appreciate this perspective all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate this perspective all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate this perspective all
+right now we're ready to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're ready to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're ready to talk about what
+this value operator is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value operator is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value operator is I'm going to
+argue that once you've got the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that once you've got the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that once you've got the exchange
+rates across the various different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates across the various different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates across the various different
+currencies then the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies then the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies then the value of the
+collection of cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of cash flow
+is just the sum of all of the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of all of the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum of all of the values of
+the cash flows denominated in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows denominated in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows denominated in the same
+currency but instead of currency meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency but instead of currency meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency but instead of currency meaning
+pounds or dollars or Yen the currency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds or dollars or Yen the currency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds or dollars or Yen the currency is
+going to be date zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dollar okay questions about this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar okay questions about this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar okay questions about this this is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+so I'm going to define something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to define something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to define something called
+the Net Present Value operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+npv as the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv as the date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv as the date
+Zero value of the cash flows now why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero value of the cash flows now why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero value of the cash flows now why is
+this called Net Present Value because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this called Net Present Value because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this called Net Present Value because
+typically when you are valuing uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you are valuing uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you are valuing uh an
+investment you have to pay some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you have to pay some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you have to pay some money
+UPF front and then you get cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPF front and then you get cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UPF front and then you get cash flows
+later on and so your net investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on and so your net investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on and so your net investment is
+going to be given by some summation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be given by some summation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be given by some summation of
+those pieces but it's not a a simple sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pieces but it's not a a simple sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pieces but it's not a a simple sum
+you can't just add the numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just add the numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just add the numbers that
+would be like adding 300 Yen to 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like adding 300 Yen to 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like adding 300 Yen to 150
+pounds or whatever you have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds or whatever you have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds or whatever you have to figure
+out how to convert all the currencies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to convert all the currencies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to convert all the currencies to
+the same unit of account dollars today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit of account dollars today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same unit of account dollars today
+and so that's why it's called present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why it's called present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why it's called present
+value that's the value at the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's the value at the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's the value at the present
+today and the reason it's net is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and the reason it's net is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and the reason it's net is your
+netting out any initial investment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netting out any initial investment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netting out any initial investment which
+is the cash flow at Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cash flow at Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cash flow at Time
+Zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero okay so
+v0 is equal to cf0 notice there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 is equal to cf0 notice there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 is equal to cf0 notice there's no
+exchange rate because we're doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate because we're doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate because we're doing it in
+today's dollars so that's the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's dollars so that's the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's dollars so that's the base
+currency plus the cash flow tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency plus the cash flow tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency plus the cash flow tomorrow
+multiply by the exchange rate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the exchange rate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the exchange rate between
+dollars tomorrow and dollars today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars tomorrow and dollars today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars tomorrow and dollars today and
+so on if there's an initial investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if there's an initial investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if there's an initial investment
+then the initial cash flow is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the initial cash flow is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the initial cash flow is negative
+that just means you have to put money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means you have to put money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just means you have to put money in
+to the project or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the project or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the project or the
+investment and then over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and then over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and then over the course of
+the next T periods you get cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next T periods you get cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next T periods you get cash flows
+which could also be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could also be positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could also be positive or
+negative and you have to convert them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and you have to convert them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and you have to convert them
+into today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's
+dollars and once you do you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and once you do you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and once you do you look at that
+number and you see whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you see whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you see whether or not you
+like it that's the value the net present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it that's the value the net present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it that's the value the net present
+value of the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the cash
+flows now I have one un unanswered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows now I have one un unanswered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows now I have one un unanswered
+question for you what's the unanswered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you what's the unanswered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you what's the unanswered
+question in all of this analysis sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in all of this analysis sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in all of this analysis sounds
+good right this pretty simple stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right this pretty simple stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right this pretty simple stuff but
+I pulled something out of the air what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pulled something out of the air what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pulled something out of the air what
+did I pull out of the air the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I pull out of the air the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I pull out of the air the exchange
+rate exactly exactly where do I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate exactly exactly where do I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate exactly exactly where do I get the
+exchange rates you should be asking me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates you should be asking me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates you should be asking me
+where do you get the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you get the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you get the exchange
+rates and you know what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and you know what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and you know what I'm going to
+tell you what what what's the answer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what what what's the answer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what what what's the answer I'm
+going to give you where do I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you where do I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you where do I get the
+exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+rates from the market exactly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates from the market exactly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates from the market exactly from the
+market I get it from the Market how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market I get it from the Market how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market I get it from the Market how do I
+get it from the market well we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from the market well we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from the market well we did it
+last time you know how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you know how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you know how we're going to
+auction it off you want to see how I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction it off you want to see how I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction it off you want to see how I've
+got a security that pays a dollar a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a security that pays a dollar a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a security that pays a dollar a year
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+today pays a dollar a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today pays a dollar a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today pays a dollar a year from
+today who will offer me a penny for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today who will offer me a penny for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today who will offer me a penny for that
+piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of
+paper who will offer me 50 cents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper who will offer me 50 cents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper who will offer me 50 cents for
+that piece of paper 75 cents 80 cents 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper 75 cents 80 cents 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of paper 75 cents 80 cents 90
+cents 95 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents 95 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents 95 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents 98
+cents well all right 97 cents to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents well all right 97 cents to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents well all right 97 cents to the
+dollar there you go that's the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar there you go that's the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar there you go that's the exchange
+rate right there we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right there we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right there we're
+done by the way I appreciate that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the way I appreciate that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the way I appreciate that that's
+a lot of confidence in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of confidence in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of confidence in my
+creditworthiness it's only a 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditworthiness it's only a 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditworthiness it's only a 3%
+discount all right well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount all right well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount all right well that's the
+exchange rate between today and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate between today and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate between today and next
+year what about today and five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year what about today and five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year what about today and five years
+from now where do we get that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly the market okay I've got a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the market okay I've got a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the market okay I've got a piece
+of paper pays a dollar five years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper pays a dollar five years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper pays a dollar five years from
+now how many people will pay me a penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how many people will pay me a penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how many people will pay me a penny
+for that we'll go through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we'll go through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that we'll go through the whole
+motion and come up with come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and come up with come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and come up with come up with the
+same kind of process and we'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of process and we'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of process and we'll get a
+number so the market now in a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the market now in a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the market now in a few weeks
+we're going to have to question whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to question whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to question whether
+or not that is a good way of getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that is a good way of getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that is a good way of getting the
+exchange rates I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates I'm not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates I'm not going to talk
+about that just yet but that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that just yet but that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that just yet but that's where we
+get it from okay so I've begged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from okay so I've begged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it from okay so I've begged the
+question a little bit but I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a little bit but I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question a little bit but I think I've
+actually made some progress in providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made some progress in providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made some progress in providing
+a framework to think about valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a framework to think about valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a framework to think about valuation
+once we establish the exchange rates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we establish the exchange rates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we establish the exchange rates you
+will agree with me that I can value any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will agree with me that I can value any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will agree with me that I can value any
+any cash flow whatsoever where the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any cash flow whatsoever where the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any cash flow whatsoever where the cash
+flow payments are known with certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow payments are known with certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow payments are known with certainty
+in advance right so that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance right so that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance right so that's a pretty
+impressive achievement in the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive achievement in the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive achievement in the space of
+45 minutes right we've actually figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes right we've actually figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes right we've actually figured
+out how to Value any cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to Value any cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to Value any cash flow
+whatsoever under perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever under perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever under perfect
+certainty given the exchange rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty given the exchange rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty given the exchange rates and
+I've told you where to get the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you where to get the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you where to get the exchange
+froms you get them from the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froms you get them from the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froms you get them from the marketplace
+that's why financial markets are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why financial markets are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why financial markets are so
+important it's because we require those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's because we require those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's because we require those
+inputs into our valuation process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs into our valuation process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs into our valuation process for
+doing the analysis we rely on financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the analysis we rely on financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the analysis we rely on financial
+markets if financial markets didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets if financial markets didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets if financial markets didn't
+exist we can't do this I'd have to wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist we can't do this I'd have to wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist we can't do this I'd have to wave
+my hands and say well you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hands and say well you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hands and say well you can get it
+from some kind of theoretical Source you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some kind of theoretical Source you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some kind of theoretical Source you
+just make it up just come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it up just come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make it up just come up with some
+numbers that doesn't sound very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that doesn't sound very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that doesn't sound very
+compelling and in fact it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling and in fact it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling and in fact it's not the
+power of financial markets is the wisdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of financial markets is the wisdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of financial markets is the wisdom
+wisdom of the crowds and like it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom of the crowds and like it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wisdom of the crowds and like it or not
+you're the wisdom that we're tapping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the wisdom that we're tapping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the wisdom that we're tapping on
+you know we're tapping your wisdom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're tapping your wisdom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're tapping your wisdom to
+come up with these exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with these exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with these exchange
+rates okay so we know now that the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay so we know now that the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay so we know now that the value
+of a sequence of cash flows is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequence of cash flows is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sequence of cash flows is simply
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+today's dollars when you discount when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's dollars when you discount when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's dollars when you discount when
+you use these exchange rates to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use these exchange rates to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use these exchange rates to convert
+them to present dollars dollars today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to present dollars dollars today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to present dollars dollars today
+and that's often called present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's often called present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's often called present value
+notice that these exchange rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these exchange rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these exchange rates are
+sometimes called discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called discount
+factors the reason they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the reason they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors the reason they're called
+discount factors is because typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors is because typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors is because typically
+they are numbers that are less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are numbers that are less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are numbers that are less than one
+like what we saw today a dollar next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw today a dollar next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we saw today a dollar next
+year I was able to auction off for 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I was able to auction off for 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I was able to auction off for 97
+cents today that number is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents today that number is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents today that number is smaller than
+a dollar because people are impatient a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar because people are impatient a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar because people are impatient a
+dollar today is worth more than a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar today is worth more than a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar today is worth more than a dollar
+next year so if I promise you a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year so if I promise you a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year so if I promise you a dollar
+next year you're only willing to pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year you're only willing to pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year you're only willing to pay me
+a little bit less than that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less than that for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less than that for that
+privilege okay so it's a discount over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege okay so it's a discount over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege okay so it's a discount over
+what it would be on the day that it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be on the day that it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would be on the day that it gets
+paid yes what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discounting like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting like
+my that's a great question let me repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my that's a great question let me repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my that's a great question let me repeat
+it for everybody to hear the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for everybody to hear the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for everybody to hear the question is
+what are you discounting if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you discounting if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you discounting if there's no
+uncertainty why should a dollar next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty why should a dollar next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty why should a dollar next
+year be worth less than a dollar today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year be worth less than a dollar today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year be worth less than a dollar today
+because there's no uncertainty I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no uncertainty I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no uncertainty I've I've
+ruled out uncertainty right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled out uncertainty right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruled out uncertainty right so there's
+no default risk it's impatience people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no default risk it's impatience people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no default risk it's impatience people
+want to consume Now versus later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consume Now versus later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consume Now versus later and
+therefore if you're going to force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you're going to force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you're going to force
+somebody to consume later you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to consume later you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to consume later you've got to
+somehow offer them some incentive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow offer them some incentive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow offer them some incentive to do
+that so in order for me to have you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in order for me to have you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in order for me to have you give
+me a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a dollar
+so that I can take the dollar now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can take the dollar now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can take the dollar now and
+I'll pay you back a year from now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pay you back a year from now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pay you back a year from now so
+that you can't consume that dollar today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't consume that dollar today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't consume that dollar today
+you have to wait a year to consume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait a year to consume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to wait a year to consume that
+dollar in order for me to do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in order for me to do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in order for me to do that I
+actually have to make it interesting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to make it interesting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to make it interesting for
+you which means you give me 97 cents now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which means you give me 97 cents now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which means you give me 97 cents now
+and I give you back a dollar next year I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give you back a dollar next year I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give you back a dollar next year I
+pay you extra for that time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you extra for that time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you extra for that time that you
+have to wait yeah also an arum that I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely absolutely we we haven't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely we we haven't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely absolutely we we haven't we
+haven't talked about the mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about the mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about the mechanism for
+determining what that exchange rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what that exchange rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what that exchange rate is
+and I'm going to come to that but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to come to that but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to come to that but before
+we even talk about that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even talk about that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we even talk about that I want to
+acknowledge that it exists and it's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that it exists and it's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge that it exists and it's real
+and we can figure out what it is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can figure out what it is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can figure out what it is just
+from a simple auction a market and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a simple auction a market and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a simple auction a market and we
+can use it okay but I'm going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it okay but I'm going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it okay but I'm going to get to
+exactly what it means and how we arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it means and how we arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it means and how we arrive
+at those exchange rates that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those exchange rates that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those exchange rates that's going to
+be a very important part of this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very important part of this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very important part of this for
+inflation we know that comp1 today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation we know that comp1 today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation we know that comp1 today is
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+than1 that's right I'm going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than1 that's right I'm going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than1 that's right I'm going to get to
+that the end of this lecture that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the end of this lecture that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the end of this lecture that's
+another reason why there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why there might be some
+kind of discounting it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discounting it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of discounting it's not just the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+preference that's right exactly yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference that's right exactly yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference that's right exactly yep so
+we're going to come back to that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to that as
+well is there deflationary environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is there deflationary environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is there deflationary environment
+deflation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation can
+occur negative real interest rates can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur negative real interest rates can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur negative real interest rates can
+occur during certain unusual periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during certain unusual periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during certain unusual periods of
+Economic Development so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development so that's a
+possibility it's it's not a possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it's it's not a possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it's it's not a possibility
+that we've seen in the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in the United States in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in the United States in
+recent years but other countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years but other countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years but other countries have
+experienced that and when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced that and when that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced that and when that happens
+there's some really serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really serious
+repercussions so we're going to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions so we're going to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repercussions so we're going to come to
+that in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact in
+2004 the US government early on in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 the US government early on in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 the US government early on in that
+year was very concerned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year was very concerned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year was very concerned about the
+possibility of deflation and it was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of deflation and it was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of deflation and it was only
+towards the end of 2005 that inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of 2005 that inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of 2005 that inflation
+became more of a concern so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more of a concern so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more of a concern so we're going
+we're going to come to that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come to that as well
+would you separate the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you separate the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you separate the concept of
+inflation from the time value of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation from the time value of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation from the time value of money
+all those two different fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those two different fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those two different fundamental
+concepts yes I would and let's hold off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts yes I would and let's hold off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts yes I would and let's hold off
+on inflation for now because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inflation for now because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inflation for now because I don't
+want people to get confused by it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people to get confused by it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people to get confused by it it's
+something I'm going to bring in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm going to bring in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm going to bring in at the
+very end all right so I will come that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end all right so I will come that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end all right so I will come that
+to that that is a topic for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that is a topic for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that is a topic for uh for
+lectures two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures two and
+three okay so we now know how to Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so we now know how to Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so we now know how to Value
+uh cash flows at least using this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cash flows at least using this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cash flows at least using this very
+simple framework with exchange rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple framework with exchange rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple framework with exchange rates and
+here's an example just a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example just a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example just a very very
+simple one where I've got the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one where I've got the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one where I've got the two
+discount rates or exchange rates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates or exchange rates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rates or exchange rates for
+next year and the year after it's 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and the year after it's 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and the year after it's 90
+cents to the dollar and 80 cents to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents to the dollar and 80 cents to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents to the dollar and 80 cents to the
+dollar notice that the farther you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar notice that the farther you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar notice that the farther you go
+into the future the more of a discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future the more of a discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the future the more of a discount
+these exchange rates require that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exchange rates require that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exchange rates require that's also
+human nature having to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature having to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature having to do with
+impatience and possibly inflation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatience and possibly inflation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impatience and possibly inflation and
+other kinds of phenomena but we're and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of phenomena but we're and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of phenomena but we're and
+again I'm not going to tell you how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm not going to tell you how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm not going to tell you how we
+got those numbers I got them from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got those numbers I got them from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got those numbers I got them from the
+marketplace Okay now what's the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace Okay now what's the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace Okay now what's the net
+presson value of a project requiring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presson value of a project requiring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presson value of a project requiring a
+current investment of $10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current investment of $10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current investment of $10 million
+with cash flows of 5 million in year one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cash flows of 5 million in year one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cash flows of 5 million in year one
+and seven in year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven in year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven in year
+two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's
+trivial right here you go minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial right here you go minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial right here you go minus 10
+million today 5 million next year but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million today 5 million next year but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million today 5 million next year but
+next year's dollars is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year's dollars is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year's dollars is not the same as
+today's dollars so you got to convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's dollars so you got to convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's dollars so you got to convert it
+to the right currency so that's 90 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right currency so that's 90 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right currency so that's 90 cents
+to the dollar multiplied by five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dollar multiplied by five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dollar multiplied by five and
+then 80 cents of the dollar multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 80 cents of the dollar multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 80 cents of the dollar multiplied
+by seven when you add it up you get 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seven when you add it up you get 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seven when you add it up you get 100
+,000 of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 of today's
+dollars that's what this investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's what this investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's what this investment is
+worth so the first question is should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth so the first question is should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth so the first question is should
+you take this investment is it a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this investment is it a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this investment is it a good
+project well let me ask you do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project well let me ask you do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project well let me ask you do you want
+$100,000 yeah if you don't again see me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 yeah if you don't again see me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 yeah if you don't again see me
+afterwards I will help you with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I will help you with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I will help you with this
+problem remember the first day I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember the first day I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember the first day I told
+you that once you figure out valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that once you figure out valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that once you figure out valuation
+management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+is Trivial well I wasn't just kidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Trivial well I wasn't just kidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Trivial well I wasn't just kidding
+this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an
+example what we've been able to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what we've been able to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what we've been able to do is to
+take a problem what's the net present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a problem what's the net present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a problem what's the net present
+value of a project requiring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a project requiring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a project requiring the
+sequence of cash flows we've been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows we've been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows we've been able
+to take that problem that management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that problem that management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that problem that management
+problem should you do this or not we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem should you do this or not we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem should you do this or not we've
+been able to reduce that to a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to reduce that to a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to reduce that to a simple
+question do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do you want
+$100,000 I think the answer is yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 I think the answer is yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 I think the answer is yes so
+that's the management part okay let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the management part okay let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the management part okay let's do
+this done the valuation part is the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this done the valuation part is the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this done the valuation part is the hard
+part the management part the decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the management part the decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the management part the decision is
+easy once you have the right numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy once you have the right numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy once you have the right numbers in
+front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of
+you second question suppose a buyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you second question suppose a buyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you second question suppose a buyer
+wishes to purchase this project but pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes to purchase this project but pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes to purchase this project but pay
+for it two years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it two years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it two years from
+now how much should you ask for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project now the first thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project now the first thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project now the first thing you need to
+do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well that's the second thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well that's the second thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well that's the second thing the
+first thing you need to do draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you need to do draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you need to do draw a
+timeline okay draw a timeline so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline okay draw a timeline so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline okay draw a timeline so you
+know exactly what's going on two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what's going on two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what's going on two years
+from now is that next year or is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now is that next year or is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now is that next year or is that
+two years from today so draw a timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years from today so draw a timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years from today so draw a timeline
+and you can figure out once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can figure out once you have the
+timeline what the present values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline what the present values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline what the present values and
+future values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future values
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+okay so when you work out the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you work out the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you work out the numbers
+you can actually make a decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make a decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make a decision and
+figure out exactly what you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what you ought to
+charge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay that's it for the time value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it for the time value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's it for the time value of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+but I want to summarize by telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to summarize by telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to summarize by telling you
+what we've learned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned so
+far we've learned that we can value cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've learned that we can value cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've learned that we can value cash
+flows assets which are sequences of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows assets which are sequences of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows assets which are sequences of cash
+flows and the way we value that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the way we value that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows and the way we value that is by
+making some implicit assumptions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some implicit assumptions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some implicit assumptions the
+assumptions are we know the cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are we know the cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are we know the cash flows
+in advance so there's no uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance so there's no uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance so there's no uncertainty
+about what the cash flows are second we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the cash flows are second we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the cash flows are second we
+know the exchange rates and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exchange rates and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exchange rates and if you don't
+know them go get them where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them go get them where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them go get them where do you get
+them you get them from the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get them from the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get them from the marketplace
+okay and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally
+there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no
+frictions in the currency conversions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions in the currency conversions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions in the currency conversions
+one thing you didn't ask me about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you didn't ask me about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you didn't ask me about is
+that typically when you go abroad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically when you go abroad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically when you go abroad and
+you have to convert your currencies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to convert your currencies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to convert your currencies what
+do you have to do you have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do you have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to do you have to find
+somebody that converts it for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that converts it for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that converts it for you and
+typically they will charge you a fee for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they will charge you a fee for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they will charge you a fee for
+that conversion right I've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversion right I've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conversion right I've been talking
+as if the conversions happen without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the conversions happen without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if the conversions happen without any
+kind of frictions that's an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frictions that's an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frictions that's an assumption
+that could be tested so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be tested so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be tested so we're going to
+talk about frictions later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about frictions later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about frictions later in the course
+but for now we're going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now we're going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now we're going to assume that
+there are no frictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no frictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no frictions
+okay now of course these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now of course these are all
+hypotheticals they're all approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheticals they're all approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheticals they're all approximations
+to a much more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a much more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a much more complex
+reality but once we understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but once we understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but once we understand how the
+model works with these simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model works with these simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model works with these simplifying
+assumptions we can then go back and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we can then go back and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we can then go back and say
+okay let's make the assumptions more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's make the assumptions more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's make the assumptions more
+realistic and let's see how that affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and let's see how that affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and let's see how that affects
+the implications so I'm going to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications so I'm going to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications so I'm going to first
+do the plain vanilla version of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the plain vanilla version of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the plain vanilla version of this and
+then after we fully understand it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after we fully understand it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after we fully understand it I'm
+going to come back and make this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back and make this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back and make this more
+complex okay so for until lecture 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex okay so for until lecture 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex okay so for until lecture 12
+that's a long ways away but until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a long ways away but until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a long ways away but until
+lecture 12 I'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12 I'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 12 I'm going to assume that
+these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions
+hold and after lecture 12 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and after lecture 12 I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and after lecture 12 I'm going to
+go back and systematically question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and systematically question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and systematically question and
+expand and revise each one of these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and revise each one of these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and revise each one of these so
+when I told you during the first day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I told you during the first day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I told you during the first day of
+class that you can't handle the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that you can't handle the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that you can't handle the truth
+this is what I mean we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I mean we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I mean we're going to start
+simple and try to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and try to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and try to understand the
+implications of these simplistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of these simplistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of these simplistic
+assumptions and then little by little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and then little by little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and then little by little
+we're going to make these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make these assumptions
+closer to the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the truth
+okay now more examples once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now more examples once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now more examples once we
+understand how this exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how this exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how this exchange rate
+mechanism works we can look at all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism works we can look at all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism works we can look at all sorts
+of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other
+alternatives to calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives to calculating
+value so in particular one question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so in particular one question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so in particular one question that
+you might ask that was asked is a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask that was asked is a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask that was asked is a dollar
+today should be worth more than a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today should be worth more than a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today should be worth more than a dollar
+in the future because of impatience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future because of impatience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future because of impatience
+because of inflation because of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of inflation because of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of inflation because of all the
+reasons we described but the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we described but the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we described but the bottom line
+is supply and demand more people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supply and demand more people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supply and demand more people want
+money today than money tomorrow and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money today than money tomorrow and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money today than money tomorrow and so
+supply and demand bottom line dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and demand bottom line dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply and demand bottom line dictates
+that there is this difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is this difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is this difference between
+the two so we can actually figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so we can actually figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so we can actually figure out
+what that difference is by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that difference is by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that difference is by looking at
+the exchange rates so in particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange rates so in particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange rates so in particular a
+dollar in year zero uh if you hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year zero uh if you hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year zero uh if you hold it
+for a year it'll turn into a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year it'll turn into a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year it'll turn into a dollar
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+something the reverse of the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the reverse of the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the reverse of the exchange
+rate of a dollar in year one brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of a dollar in year one brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of a dollar in year one brought
+back to year zero but I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to year zero but I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to year zero but I'm going to write
+it in this format one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this format one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this format one plus
+something because remember when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because remember when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because remember when we're
+going the other way when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other way when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the other way when we have a
+dollar in year one and we want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year one and we want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year one and we want to figure
+out what is it worth in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is it worth in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is it worth in today's
+dollars that's a discount right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's a discount right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's a discount right it's a
+number less than one so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than one so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than one so if you want to
+go the opposite direction if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the opposite direction if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the opposite direction if I have a
+dollar today and I'm I want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar today and I'm I want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar today and I'm I want to know how
+much is that dollar worth a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is that dollar worth a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is that dollar worth a year from
+now it should be greater than one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it should be greater than one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it should be greater than one in
+fact it should be the reciprocal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it should be the reciprocal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it should be the reciprocal of the
+exchange rate going the other way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate going the other way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate going the other way right
+instead of looking at pounds you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at pounds you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at pounds you look at
+Yen and so it's the opposite of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yen and so it's the opposite of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yen and so it's the opposite of the same
+exchange rate but the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate but the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate but the way I'm going to
+write it is 1 + r because it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it is 1 + r because it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it is 1 + r because it'll be
+greater than one typically so R will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one typically so R will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one typically so R will be
+a number typically greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number typically greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number typically greater than
+zero what about for two years I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what about for two years I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what about for two years I'm going
+to Simply write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Simply write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Simply write it
+as 1 + r quantity squared and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 + r quantity squared and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 1 + r quantity squared and the reason
+I do that is because I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that is because I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that is because I'm thinking about
+taking that same growth rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that same growth rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that same growth rate and
+applying it two years in a row okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it two years in a row okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it two years in a row okay I
+could have written 1+ Z and Z then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written 1+ Z and Z then would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have written 1+ Z and Z then would
+be the rate of growth over a 2-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the rate of growth over a 2-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the rate of growth over a 2-year
+period but I like to think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but I like to think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but I like to think in terms of
+annual frequencies so I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual frequencies so I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual frequencies so I'm going to just
+simply assume that the year is my unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply assume that the year is my unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply assume that the year is my unit
+of account and then looking at a one-ear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account and then looking at a one-ear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account and then looking at a one-ear
+2year threeyear kind of growth period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2year threeyear kind of growth period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2year threeyear kind of growth period
+I'm going to Simply take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Simply take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to Simply take
+powers of this Factor 1 plus r okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of this Factor 1 plus r okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of this Factor 1 plus r okay so a
+dollar in year zero is going to be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year zero is going to be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year zero is going to be worth
+a dollar times one + r to the teth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar times one + r to the teth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar times one + r to the teth power
+in year t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this R is often called the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R is often called the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R is often called the opportunity
+cost of capital in fact there are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital in fact there are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital in fact there are like
+five different names for this R it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different names for this R it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five different names for this R it's
+called the interest rate it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the interest rate it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the interest rate it's called the
+growth rate it's called the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate it's called the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate it's called the cost of
+capital it's called the opportunity cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital it's called the opportunity cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital it's called the opportunity cost
+of capital John Mayor and KES called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital John Mayor and KES called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital John Mayor and KES called it
+the user cost there are tons of names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user cost there are tons of names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user cost there are tons of names
+for this quantity but the basic idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this quantity but the basic idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this quantity but the basic idea is
+it's the it's the reverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the reverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the it's the reverse of the
+exchange rates that we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates that we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates that we were looking at
+before when we were trying to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we were trying to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we were trying to bring
+everything to today's dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the reason I'm showing this to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason I'm showing this to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason I'm showing this to you
+is because it turns out that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it turns out that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it turns out that we're going
+to want to move money back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to move money back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to move money back and forth
+through time and in order to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time and in order to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time and in order to do that we
+need to sometimes multiply and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sometimes multiply and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sometimes multiply and sometimes
+divide and I want to come up with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and I want to come up with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and I want to come up with just
+one set of notation as opposed to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of notation as opposed to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of notation as opposed to all
+these exchange rates floating around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exchange rates floating around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exchange rates floating around so
+remember when we had T periods and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we had T periods and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we had T periods and I
+wanted to figure out what the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to figure out what the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to figure out what the value of
+an asset was today given T periods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset was today given T periods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asset was today given T periods we
+had to have t exchange rates that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have t exchange rates that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have t exchange rates that's a
+pain in the neck to carry around t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the neck to carry around t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the neck to carry around t
+numbers and moreover there are exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and moreover there are exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and moreover there are exchange
+rates that you have to deal with between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that you have to deal with between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that you have to deal with between
+dates t plus k and t plus J so any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates t plus k and t plus J so any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates t plus k and t plus J so any two
+dates you got to have an exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates you got to have an exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates you got to have an exchange rate
+between them so pretty soon the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so pretty soon the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so pretty soon the number
+of exchange rate you got to keep in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchange rate you got to keep in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchange rate you got to keep in your
+head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is
+ridiculous right that's why they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous right that's why they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous right that's why they came up
+with the Euro right to try to unify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Euro right to try to unify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Euro right to try to unify some
+of these exchange rates so here is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these exchange rates so here is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these exchange rates so here is a way
+to unify all the exchange rates into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unify all the exchange rates into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unify all the exchange rates into one
+number little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number little
+r once you know little r you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r once you know little r you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r once you know little r you know
+everything you know all the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know all the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know all the exchange
+rates for every possible two dates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates for every possible two dates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates for every possible two dates that
+you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care
+about now where do we get little r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now where do we get little r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now where do we get little r
+from exactly you're learning so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from exactly you're learning so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from exactly you're learning so we get
+it from the market now it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the market now it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the market now it's going to be
+a little bit more complicated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more complicated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more complicated than that
+it turns out that the Market's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the Market's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the Market's going to
+give us many different RS so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us many different RS so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us many different RS so we're not
+going to get to that yet so for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that yet so for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that yet so for now
+let's just assume that the market gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that the market gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just assume that the market gives
+us one R this R once you have this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one R this R once you have this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us one R this R once you have this one
+number R it will allow you to do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number R it will allow you to do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number R it will allow you to do all of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+calculations back and forth you can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations back and forth you can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations back and forth you can move
+money back and forth through time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back and forth through time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back and forth through time
+because you will know what the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will know what the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will know what the exchange
+rate is between any two points in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is between any two points in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is between any two points in your
+cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow
+sequence okay now that we have the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay now that we have the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay now that we have the r
+let's go back and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and figure out what the
+exchange rates are what we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates are what we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rates are what we were talking
+about in terms of bringing stuff back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of bringing stuff back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in terms of bringing stuff back to
+date Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero
+okay and it turns out that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it turns out that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it turns out that there's a
+really simple form it turns out that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple form it turns out that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple form it turns out that a
+dollar in year one if you paid me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year one if you paid me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year one if you paid me a
+dollar in year one and I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year one and I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year one and I wanted to
+figure out what it was worth today given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it was worth today given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it was worth today given
+this R number that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R number that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R number that I
+used it's actually just equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it's actually just equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it's actually just equal to a
+dollar divided 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar divided 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar divided 1 plus
+r so what's the exchange rate oh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so what's the exchange rate oh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so what's the exchange rate oh what's
+that oh that's not the exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh that's not the exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh that's not the exchange rate
+what's the exchange rate that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the exchange rate that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the exchange rate that allows us
+to take a dollar next year and bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a dollar next year and bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a dollar next year and bring it
+to a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a dollar
+today it's one over 1 plus r one over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's one over 1 plus r one over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's one over 1 plus r one over 1
+plus r remember R is a number greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r remember R is a number greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r remember R is a number greater
+than zero so one over 1 plus r is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so one over 1 plus r is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so one over 1 plus r is a
+number less than one like 97 cents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than one like 97 cents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number less than one like 97 cents to
+the dollar so the exchange rate between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar so the exchange rate between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar so the exchange rate between
+next year's dollar and today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year's dollar and today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year's dollar and today's
+dollar is 1 over 1 plus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is 1 over 1 plus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is 1 over 1 plus r
+what about the exchange rate between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the exchange rate between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the exchange rate between a
+dollar two years from now and today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar two years from now and today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar two years from now and today what
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that one over 1+ R squ that's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one over 1+ R squ that's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one over 1+ R squ that's right and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+on so the exchange rates or discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the exchange rates or discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the exchange rates or discount
+factors are simply related to the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are simply related to the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are simply related to the little
+RS in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS in this
+manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the mechanics and
+Mathematics of present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics of present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics of present value
+now this might seem intuitive and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this might seem intuitive and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this might seem intuitive and when I
+say it you might understand it or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it you might understand it or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it you might understand it or you
+might think you do please go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think you do please go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think you do please go back
+between today and Wednesday go over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between today and Wednesday go over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between today and Wednesday go over this
+and test yourself you know try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test yourself you know try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test yourself you know try to figure
+out for a given R if you have $100 today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a given R if you have $100 today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a given R if you have $100 today
+and R is 7% what is a $100 worth three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R is 7% what is a $100 worth three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R is 7% what is a $100 worth three
+years from now or if you have $180 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now or if you have $180 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now or if you have $180 three
+years from now and you want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now and you want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now and you want to figure
+out what it's going to be worth not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it's going to be worth not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what it's going to be worth not
+three years from now but a year from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years from now but a year from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years from now but a year from now
+and the r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the r is
+8% what is it equal to test yourself by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% what is it equal to test yourself by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8% what is it equal to test yourself by
+coming up with little examples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with little examples to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with little examples to
+challenge your own understanding of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge your own understanding of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge your own understanding of this
+concept because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept because it's going to be
+critical we have to get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical we have to get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical we have to get this right
+because everything that we build from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything that we build from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything that we build from
+here on in is going to rest on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on in is going to rest on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on in is going to rest on the
+foundations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of these
+calculations okay now with these RS I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations okay now with these RS I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations okay now with these RS I'm
+going to leave you with this one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave you with this one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave you with this one last
+concept which is that the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which is that the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept which is that the value of the
+cash flows that we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows that we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows that we've been talking about
+at Time Zero is simply equal to the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Time Zero is simply equal to the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Time Zero is simply equal to the cash
+flows multiplied by the exchange rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows multiplied by the exchange rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows multiplied by the exchange rates
+and now with this definition of little r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with this definition of little r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now with this definition of little r
+this opportunity cost of capital this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity cost of capital this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opportunity cost of capital this
+interest rate this uh discount rate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate this uh discount rate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate this uh discount rate we
+then have an expression for what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have an expression for what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have an expression for what this
+value operator ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value operator ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value operator ought to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+right using this expression any cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right using this expression any cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right using this expression any cash
+flow in the world can be valued under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the world can be valued under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the world can be valued under
+perfect certainty and and under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect certainty and and under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect certainty and and under the
+assumptions that we described any cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we described any cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we described any cash
+flow can be valued therefore any asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow can be valued therefore any asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow can be valued therefore any asset
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+valued so what we've done in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued so what we've done in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued so what we've done in the space
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+lecture is to create a valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to create a valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is to create a valuation
+operator that works for virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that works for virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that works for virtually
+anything under the sun in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything under the sun in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything under the sun in certain
+simplified circumstances that's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified circumstances that's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified circumstances that's a major
+achievement you can congratulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement you can congratulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement you can congratulate
+yourself that we've reached this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that we've reached this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that we've reached this level
+but we're going to have to do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to have to do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to have to do some more
+work to think about how to use this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to think about how to use this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to think about how to use this so
+we're not done yet we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done yet we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done yet we have some
+additional analysis to do but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional analysis to do but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional analysis to do but this is a
+wonderful starting point next time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful starting point next time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful starting point next time we're
+going to focus on how to take this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on how to take this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on how to take this and
+apply it to two very very special cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to two very very special cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to two very very special cash
+flows an annuity and a perpetuity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows an annuity and a perpetuity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows an annuity and a perpetuity and
+you know what this is going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this is going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what this is going to do this
+is going to allow you to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to allow you to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to allow you to figure out what
+your mortgage payments are every month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mortgage payments are every month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mortgage payments are every month
+when you go apply for a mortgage you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go apply for a mortgage you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go apply for a mortgage you'd
+be surprised at how subtle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprised at how subtle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprised at how subtle that
+calculation is and how many Bankers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is and how many Bankers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is and how many Bankers
+don't know how to do it well you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do it well you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do it well you will
+all right I'll see you next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll see you next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'll see you next time
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UCpMao94iFg.txt b/UCpMao94iFg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..613708f4ab145316baedcf2a4db8c70352a42fec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UCpMao94iFg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to this recitation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this recitation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to this recitation on
+linearization so here we consider a pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization so here we consider a pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization so here we consider a pre
+Predator system where we have x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator system where we have x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator system where we have x dot
+equal x factorizing 3 - x - XY and Y dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x factorizing 3 - x - XY and Y dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal x factorizing 3 - x - XY and Y dot
+equals y factorizing 1 - y + XY so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y factorizing 1 - y + XY so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y factorizing 1 - y + XY so here
+you can see that X is the pr is the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that X is the pr is the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that X is the pr is the prey
+because Y is basically feeding on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y is basically feeding on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y is basically feeding on it and
+Y is the Predator because feeding on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is the Predator because feeding on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is the Predator because feeding on x
+uh gives a growth of the the predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives a growth of the the predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives a growth of the the predator
+species why so here because it's a pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species why so here because it's a pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species why so here because it's a pre
+Predator system X and Y are assume to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator system X and Y are assume to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator system X and Y are assume to be
+positive so you're asked to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so you're asked to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so you're asked to interpret
+even further this uh system and to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further this uh system and to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further this uh system and to find
+the critical points L linearize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical points L linearize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical points L linearize and
+sketch the face portrait and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the face portrait and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the face portrait and then
+discuss what your linearization tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what your linearization tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what your linearization tells
+you about the behavior of this system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the behavior of this system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the behavior of this system so
+why don't you pause the video and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you pause the video and take a
+few minutes to do that I'll be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to do that I'll be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to do that I'll be right
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back okay so I helped you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back okay so I helped you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back okay so I helped you
+already for the first question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already for the first question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already for the first question we
+interpreted that X was the prey and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted that X was the prey and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted that X was the prey and Y
+was the Predator the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Predator the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Predator the other thing that
+you could uh see is that this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh see is that this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh see is that this term here
+is basically logistic growth so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically logistic growth so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically logistic growth so if we
+didn't have the predator species around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the predator species around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the predator species around
+this species X of of Praise would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this species X of of Praise would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this species X of of Praise would just
+grow and eventually reach a a value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and eventually reach a a value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and eventually reach a a value that
+corresponds to uh the the saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh the the saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to uh the the saturation
+level and if we start with a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and if we start with a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and if we start with a lot of uh
+of Praise then eventually they would die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Praise then eventually they would die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Praise then eventually they would die
+off and go back to that same uh carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and go back to that same uh carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and go back to that same uh carrying
+capacity uh value of Praise in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity uh value of Praise in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity uh value of Praise in that
+environment same thing here for the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment same thing here for the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment same thing here for the prey
+the Predator we have a logistic growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator we have a logistic growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator we have a logistic growth
+with different growth coefficient and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different growth coefficient and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different growth coefficient and uh
+again if we didn't have the pre round we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we didn't have the pre round we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we didn't have the pre round we
+would just have a logistic Dynamics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just have a logistic Dynamics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just have a logistic Dynamics for
+the species on its own but with the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species on its own but with the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species on its own but with the prey
+we have a growth of these species okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a growth of these species okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a growth of these species okay
+so that basically ends the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that basically ends the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that basically ends the first part
+for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second
+part we need to find the critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we need to find the critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we need to find the critical points
+so how do we find the critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we find the critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we find the critical points
+the critical points correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical points correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical points correspond to
+basically F and J equals to Zer okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically F and J equals to Zer okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically F and J equals to Zer okay so
+f equals to Z equals to J you see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals to Z equals to J you see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals to Z equals to J you see from
+fals to Z that we can have either x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals to Z that we can have either x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fals to Z that we can have either x
+equals to Z if we factorize the X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z if we factorize the X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z if we factorize the X in
+both terms and if X is not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both terms and if X is not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both terms and if X is not equal to zero
+then we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y equals to 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals to 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals to 3 -
+x okay for the second part we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay for the second part we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay for the second part we can also
+here if J equals to Zer factorize the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if J equals to Zer factorize the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if J equals to Zer factorize the Y
+and we get either y equals to Z or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get either y equals to Z or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get either y equals to Z or we
+have that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that X is
+equal 2 Yus 1 where I just bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 Yus 1 where I just bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 Yus 1 where I just bring that
+term the other hand okay so the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the other hand okay so the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the other hand okay so the critical
+point would be either these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would be either these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point would be either these two
+entries for example it would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries for example it would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries for example it would be for
+example x equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example x equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example x equals to
+zero and this entry which would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this entry which would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this entry which would give us
+y = to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = to
+1 or we would have yal to0 and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or we would have yal to0 and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or we would have yal to0 and then this
+entry would give us xal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry would give us xal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry would give us xal to
+3 and then the last combined case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then the last combined case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then the last combined case where
+we have these two entries which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two entries which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two entries which
+corresponds to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to one and
+two if you do okay so let's look now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you do okay so let's look now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you do okay so let's look now at
+the stability of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability of the of the
+linearization of the system around each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of the system around each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of the system around each
+one of these critical points so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these critical points so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these critical points so what do
+we do to linearize the system very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do to linearize the system very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do to linearize the system very
+quickly we need to compute the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we need to compute the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we need to compute the Jacobian
+around each critical point and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each critical point and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each critical point and we're
+just going to build a table after to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to build a table after to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to build a table after to to
+do that where we basically have F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that where we basically have F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that where we basically have F
+derivative of f around X derivative of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f around X derivative of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of f around X derivative of J
+Around X derivative of f around y der of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around X derivative of f around y der of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around X derivative of f around y der of
+J Around y all this evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Around y all this evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Around y all this evaluated at the
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+point okay and this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and this corresponds to
+basically linearizing our nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically linearizing our nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically linearizing our nonlinear
+system because you see here that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because you see here that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because you see here that there
+are a lot of nonlinear systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of nonlinear systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of nonlinear systems and
+studying the stability around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the stability around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the stability around the
+neighborhood of the critical point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the critical point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of the critical point like
+if it was basically linear around there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was basically linear around there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was basically linear around there
+this method has its limitations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method has its limitations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method has its limitations and
+we'll discuss them later so first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss them later so first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss them later so first I'm
+going to just here gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just here gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just here gives
+you the results of computations that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the results of computations that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the results of computations that I
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+earlier where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier where
+basically you can repeat these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can repeat these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can repeat these
+computations but I don't want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations but I don't want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations but I don't want to spend
+too much time with the algebra here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time with the algebra here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time with the algebra here so
+we have four critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 0 uh 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 uh 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 uh 0
+1 3 0 and one and two so you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 3 0 and one and two so you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 3 0 and one and two so you're just
+going to just replace the values for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just replace the values for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just replace the values for the
+Jacobian so here you compute basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian so here you compute basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian so here you compute basically
+the deriva of f ofx with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deriva of f ofx with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deriva of f ofx with respect to X
+and you evaluate this at then the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you evaluate this at then the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you evaluate this at then the value
+0 0 and so that would gives you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and so that would gives you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and so that would gives you would
+give you three 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you three 0 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you three 0 0 1
+for this case same thing we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case same thing we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case same thing we would
+compute the we we have the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the we we have the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the we we have the the the
+expression for the Jacobian we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the Jacobian we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the Jacobian we evaluate
+it at the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the critical
+point1 that gives us 2 0 1 minus one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 that gives us 2 0 1 minus one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 that gives us 2 0 1 minus one for
+this one similarly we evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one similarly we evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one similarly we evaluate the
+Jacobian at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian at
+3 and we get this Jacobian value and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and we get this Jacobian value and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and we get this Jacobian value and for
+this last critical point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have this deian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this deian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this deian
+value so now what's next so the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so now what's next so the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so now what's next so the Jacobian
+basically give us the localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give us the localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically give us the localized
+expression the the expression around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the the expression around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the the expression around the
+critical point to look at the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point to look at the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point to look at the system
+like if it was linear around there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it was linear around there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it was linear around there so
+from this point we're back to the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point we're back to the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this point we're back to the linear
+methods we learned before we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we learned before we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we learned before we need to
+compute the Egen values of the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Egen values of the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Egen values of the Jacobian
+around each critical point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each critical point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each critical point and then
+determine the structure around each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the structure around each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the structure around each
+critical point of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point of the of
+the the the structure of the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the structure of the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the structure of the basically
+the face portrait so what are the aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face portrait so what are the aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face portrait so what are the aen
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the aen values are 3 1 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aen values are 3 1 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aen values are 3 1 and you can
+compute that and verify for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that and verify for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that and verify for
+yourself plus or minus root of 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself plus or minus root of 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself plus or minus root of 7
+I and the whole thing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the whole thing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and the whole thing over
+two so here basically we have two real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here basically we have two real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so here basically we have two real
+igen values both positive so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values both positive so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values both positive so we're going
+to have basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have basically an
+instability uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability uh
+instable node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instable node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instable node
+and it's just basically the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just basically the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just basically the local
+stability around the critical point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability around the critical point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability around the critical point here
+we would have basically one positive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have basically one positive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have basically one positive one
+negative so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saddle which would be instable the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle which would be instable the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle which would be instable the minus
+34 would give us another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saddle uh and these complex aen aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle uh and these complex aen aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle uh and these complex aen aen
+values would basically give us a spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values would basically give us a spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values would basically give us a spiral
+with a uh the real part going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uh the real part going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a uh the real part going to zero
+okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's
+stable the real part being negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the real part being negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable the real part being negative so
+spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+asically okay so let's just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asically okay so let's just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asically okay so let's just do the
+diagram here and I'll continue uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here and I'll continue uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here and I'll continue uh the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussion so let's consider only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so let's consider only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so let's consider only the
+case where X and Y are positive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where X and Y are positive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where X and Y are positive because
+we're talking about populations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about populations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about populations and
+let's place our critical points so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's place our critical points so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's place our critical points so we
+have a first critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a first critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a first critical point
+here at 0 0 we have a second critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 0 0 we have a second critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 0 0 we have a second critical
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+here at 01 we have a third critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 01 we have a third critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 01 we have a third critical
+point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at
+3 and the last critical point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the last critical point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the last critical point at
+basically one two something around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay so now based on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so now based on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so now based on the the
+information that we have on this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we have on this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we have on this table
+we have the aen values we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the aen values we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the aen values we could also
+compute the corresponding aen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the corresponding aen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the corresponding aen vectors
+and you can compute that and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that and I'm not
+going to get into the details here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into the details here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into the details here but
+basically the values of the Egan vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the values of the Egan vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the values of the Egan vectors
+would uh be important to give you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh be important to give you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh be important to give you for
+example the the direction of your spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the the direction of your spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the the direction of your spiral
+Etc but um we will do that um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but um we will do that um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc but um we will do that um on the
+diagram as as we go so here at the z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram as as we go so here at the z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram as as we go so here at the z0
+point is an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is an unstable
+node so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so basically the
+solutions are going away from this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are going away from this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are going away from this point
+in the X and Y okay this point uh 01 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X and Y okay this point uh 01 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X and Y okay this point uh 01 is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+saddle so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle so we
+basically are on the ray here you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are on the ray here you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are on the ray here you would
+compute that the Egan Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that the Egan Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that the Egan Vector that
+corresponds to this negative EG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this negative EG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this negative EG value
+would actually be in the direction 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be in the direction 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be in the direction 01
+and would converge toward this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would converge toward this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would converge toward this solution
+and you can compute that the other Egan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that the other Egan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that the other Egan
+Vector corresponding to The Egan value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector corresponding to The Egan value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector corresponding to The Egan value
+two would have a Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would have a Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would have a Direction
+this form and so the direction so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and so the direction so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and so the direction so here
+we we neglect what's happening here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we neglect what's happening here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we neglect what's happening here but
+would be in this direction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in this direction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in this direction and the
+solutions would be basically going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions would be basically going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions would be basically going away
+from here and we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+locally something like that okay for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally something like that okay for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally something like that okay for uh
+for this point which corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this point which corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this point which corresponds to an
+unstable an unstable uh mode basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable an unstable uh mode basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable an unstable uh mode basically
+the solution would be go going away uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution would be go going away uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution would be go going away uh
+for this point which corresponds to 3 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this point which corresponds to 3 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this point which corresponds to 3 we
+have a a saddle again which is unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a saddle again which is unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a saddle again which is unstable
+and here you can compute that the aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can compute that the aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can compute that the aen
+vector corresponding to the negative aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector corresponding to the negative aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector corresponding to the negative aen
+value would basically be parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value would basically be parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value would basically be parallel to the
+x-axis so we' have coordinates uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis so we' have coordinates uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis so we' have coordinates uh one
+zero and the aun Vector corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the aun Vector corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the aun Vector corresponding to
+the aun value four would be directed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aun value four would be directed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aun value four would be directed in
+this direction and basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and basically the
+solution would be fleeing from there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would be fleeing from there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would be fleeing from there so
+locally we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally we would have
+something like that like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like we
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+um okay so we'll complete the graph now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we'll complete the graph now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we'll complete the graph now
+let let's focus on the last critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's focus on the last critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's focus on the last critical
+point one two so this point correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one two so this point correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one two so this point correspond
+to a spiral and it's a stable spiral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a spiral and it's a stable spiral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a spiral and it's a stable spiral uh
+B ASM totically stable because this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B ASM totically stable because this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B ASM totically stable because this can
+value is negative so the solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is negative so the solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is negative so the solutions are
+going toward this point and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward this point and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toward this point and you can
+compute uh basically you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh basically you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh basically you can look at the
+entry lower entry here of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry lower entry here of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry lower entry here of the Matrix
+which is positive which means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive which means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive which means that we
+would be going counterclockwise so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going counterclockwise so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going counterclockwise so we
+would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something that would be looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this going toward this point okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going toward this point okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going toward this point okay so
+that's roughly what we would have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly what we would have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roughly what we would have for
+the three uh for the three critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three uh for the three critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three uh for the three critical
+points am I missing one three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points am I missing one three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points am I missing one three
+uh for the yeah for the four critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the yeah for the four critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the yeah for the four critical
+points and so now we can comp complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so now we can comp complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so now we can comp complete
+our diagram by basically linking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our diagram by basically linking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our diagram by basically linking the
+different localized face portrait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different localized face portrait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different localized face portrait
+together and so what would we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so what would we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so what would we have here
+so for example we would have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we would have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we would have a solution
+here that would be escaping if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would be escaping if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that would be escaping if we start
+in this neighbor would be escaping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this neighbor would be escaping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this neighbor would be escaping from
+this critical point but then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this critical point but then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this critical point but then eventually
+would get attracted by this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get attracted by this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get attracted by this other
+critical point which when it enters its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point which when it enters its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point which when it enters its
+Basin of Attraction and uh given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction and uh given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction and uh given that
+it's symic stable would be attracted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symic stable would be attracted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symic stable would be attracted by
+it and go go here if we start from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and go go here if we start from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and go go here if we start from a
+very high Y value we would be going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Y value we would be going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high Y value we would be going down
+and then eventually reaching getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually reaching getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually reaching getting
+close to this critical point that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this critical point that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this critical point that would
+then basically um cause this trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically um cause this trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically um cause this trajectory
+to again escape and go go feed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to again escape and go go feed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to again escape and go go feed this
+spiral by reaching the Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral by reaching the Basin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral by reaching the Basin of
+Attraction of this point if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction of this point if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction of this point if we look at
+the critical point uh 3 Z then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point uh 3 Z then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point uh 3 Z then if we
+start with the population X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the population X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the population X
+that is uh very large and we approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh very large and we approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh very large and we approach
+this point then we would have a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point then we would have a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point then we would have a solution
+that basically would would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically would would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically would would get
+eventually continue parallel to this Ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually continue parallel to this Ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually continue parallel to this Ray
+of the unstable uh part of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unstable uh part of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unstable uh part of the critical
+point 30 follow this Ray and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 30 follow this Ray and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 30 follow this Ray and eventually
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+just be more and more parallel to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be more and more parallel to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be more and more parallel to this
+uh trajectory that links this linear 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trajectory that links this linear 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trajectory that links this linear 30
+critical point to the one two critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point to the one two critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point to the one two critical
+point okay and so we can complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and so we can complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and so we can complete the
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+by having something like this now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having something like this now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having something like this now for
+this point uh what do we have so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point uh what do we have so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point uh what do we have so for
+this point we also have the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we also have the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we also have the solutions
+that would be basically fleeing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be basically fleeing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be basically fleeing uh
+fleeing from from the the point 0 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing from from the the point 0 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing from from the the point 0 0 and
+eventually could be attracted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually could be attracted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually could be attracted to the
+spiral as well okay so that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral as well okay so that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral as well okay so that would give
+us then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then
+something like this a trajectory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this a trajectory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this a trajectory that
+will be looking like that um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be looking like that um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be looking like that um and
+basically these trajectories be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these trajectories be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically these trajectories be looking
+like that and I'm I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and I'm I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and I'm I'm not going to
+complete the parts where y are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the parts where y are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the parts where y are uh
+negative and X are Y and X are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and X are Y and X are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and X are Y and X are not
+positive so we can compl complete the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we can compl complete the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we can compl complete the pH
+diagram of this nonlinear system in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of this nonlinear system in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of this nonlinear system in this
+way so now how do we interpret this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so now how do we interpret this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so now how do we interpret this what
+does this mean well if we remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean well if we remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean well if we remind
+ourselves of what this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of what this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of what this is actually
+modeling and if we just look at the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and if we just look at the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and if we just look at the this
+for example the different axes what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the different axes what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the different axes what does
+the y equal z x equal 0 point means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y equal z x equal 0 point means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y equal z x equal 0 point means it
+it means that basically we have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that basically we have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that basically we have zero
+population of pre zero of predator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of pre zero of predator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of pre zero of predator and
+so it makes sense that we have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense that we have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes sense that we have basically
+an unstable Point here an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable Point here an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unstable Point here an unstable
+critical point and that because as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point and that because as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point and that because as soon
+as we add one pre or one Predator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we add one pre or one Predator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we add one pre or one Predator we
+would have an increase of the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an increase of the pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have an increase of the pre
+population eventually the Predator would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population eventually the Predator would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population eventually the Predator would
+would grow and so we would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow and so we would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow and so we would have a
+solution that basically escapes the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that basically escapes the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that basically escapes the area
+around the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the critical
+point0 uh what would happen if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point0 uh what would happen if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point0 uh what would happen if we
+started uh if we just looked at the a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh if we just looked at the a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh if we just looked at the a is
+y equals to z y equals to Z correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals to z y equals to Z correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals to z y equals to Z correspond
+to a Dynamics where we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Dynamics where we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Dynamics where we don't have the
+prey population which means the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey population which means the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey population which means the the
+Predator population so the prey is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator population so the prey is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator population so the prey is just
+living its life growing at logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living its life growing at logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living its life growing at logistic
+growth and so basically it's attracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and so basically it's attracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and so basically it's attracted
+by the carrying capacity that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the carrying capacity that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the carrying capacity that would be
+here set at three and so if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here set at three and so if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here set at three and so if we start
+with a lot of Praise eventually they die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of Praise eventually they die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of Praise eventually they die
+out until they reach population three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out until they reach population three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out until they reach population three
+and if we start with not enough they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we start with not enough they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we start with not enough they
+grow and they reach population three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and they reach population three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and they reach population three
+without the the Predator around same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the the Predator around same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the the Predator around same
+thing for the predator on its own now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the predator on its own now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the predator on its own now if
+we put the two together then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the two together then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the two together then we have a
+spiral which means that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral which means that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral which means that we have
+oscillation so as the prey basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so as the prey basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so as the prey basically the
+the the Predator so if we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Predator so if we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Predator so if we have a lot of
+predators we have very few preise then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators we have very few preise then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators we have very few preise then
+eventually the Predators start dying off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the Predators start dying off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the Predators start dying off
+as well but then because they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but then because they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but then because they start
+dying off the Predator population the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying off the Predator population the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying off the Predator population the
+pre population starts increasing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre population starts increasing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre population starts increasing which
+then gives an increase of the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gives an increase of the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gives an increase of the Predator
+Etc so we get eventually an oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so we get eventually an oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so we get eventually an oscillation
+that goes to this attractor one to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to this attractor one to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to this attractor one to to
+where the system will stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system will stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system will stabilize
+eventually where we would have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually where we would have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually where we would have basically
+one pre for two Predators so that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pre for two Predators so that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pre for two Predators so that ends
+the interpretation of the system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of the system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of the system and the
+idea here um was to basically use what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here um was to basically use what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here um was to basically use what
+we learned in the linear uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned in the linear uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned in the linear uh for the
+linear systems in terms of uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems in terms of uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems in terms of uh the uh
+phas portrait and to see how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas portrait and to see how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas portrait and to see how we can
+apply that to the nonlinear cases after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to the nonlinear cases after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to the nonlinear cases after
+after linearizing the the system around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after linearizing the the system around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after linearizing the the system around
+each one of the critical points what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the critical points what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the critical points what I
+should also mention here is that in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also mention here is that in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also mention here is that in all
+these cases that we looked at we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases that we looked at we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases that we looked at we had
+cases that were structurally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that were structurally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that were structurally stable
+which means that in our determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that in our determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that in our determinant
+Trace pH our determinant Trace diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace pH our determinant Trace diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace pH our determinant Trace diagram
+we weren't at any borderline case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't at any borderline case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't at any borderline case where
+a little perturbation could make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little perturbation could make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little perturbation could make the
+structure of the around the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the around the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the around the critical
+point change radically so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point change radically so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point change radically so all these
+points are structurally stable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are structurally stable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are structurally stable and the
+linearization therefore is valid around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization therefore is valid around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization therefore is valid around
+them and that ends this recitation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UE3_JL4wS2o.txt b/UE3_JL4wS2o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2cf762f21a49dafb3106b7824b1b1a3e69ae679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UE3_JL4wS2o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13144 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right welcome back
+everyone I can't wait to hear about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I can't wait to hear about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I can't wait to hear about your
+projects and trips uh so today you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and trips uh so today you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and trips uh so today you guys
+are going to do presentations then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do presentations then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do presentations then we're
+going to go through a really quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a really quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through a really quick
+review of the design process which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of the design process which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of the design process which is
+appropriate because we have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate because we have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate because we have a really
+quick design process to go through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick design process to go through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick design process to go through um
+and then you guys will do probably no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you guys will do probably no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you guys will do probably no
+brainstorming maybe a little but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming maybe a little but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming maybe a little but then
+doing Pew charts to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Pew charts to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Pew charts to figure out what
+projects make sense for the class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects make sense for the class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects make sense for the class to
+work on the semester and then part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the semester and then part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the semester and then part of
+that will be you're going to do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be you're going to do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be you're going to do like
+micro presentations at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro presentations at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro presentations at the end of the
+class that you'll prep during class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that you'll prep during class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that you'll prep during class so
+that you guys can select what projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys can select what projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys can select what projects
+you're going to work on uh tonight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to work on uh tonight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to work on uh tonight uh
+are there any questions or anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions or anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any questions or anything to
+note while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note while you
+before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get
+started okay and so ideally we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay and so ideally we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay and so ideally we'll do
+group of Phoenix first and then ASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of Phoenix first and then ASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of Phoenix first and then ASA
+proar and then ASO Phoenix um so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proar and then ASO Phoenix um so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proar and then ASO Phoenix um so okay so
+do you guys want to start um so hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys want to start um so hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys want to start um so hi
+everyone for those of you who don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for those of you who don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for those of you who don't know
+is hi am me um we're group of Phoenix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hi am me um we're group of Phoenix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hi am me um we're group of Phoenix we
+traveled to um Savana Grande which is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled to um Savana Grande which is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled to um Savana Grande which is 20
+minutes south of okal which is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes south of okal which is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes south of okal which is one of
+the bigger cities in um nicara for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger cities in um nicara for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger cities in um nicara for
+spring break and we were there for 5 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break and we were there for 5 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring break and we were there for 5 six
+days and we had a lot of fun so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and we had a lot of fun so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and we had a lot of fun so um the
+first thing I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I'll talk
+about well this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about well this is our
+group I'll talk about our group our J um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I'll talk about our group our J um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I'll talk about our group our J um
+I guess we should introduce ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we should introduce ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we should introduce ourselves
+I'm Jessica I'm viian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Liz beautiful and this is J he is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liz beautiful and this is J he is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liz beautiful and this is J he is like
+the shop manager field like on-site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop manager field like on-site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop manager field like on-site
+field kind of manager guy he's a go-to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field kind of manager guy he's a go-to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field kind of manager guy he's a go-to
+guy basically you hear his name over 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy basically you hear his name over 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy basically you hear his name over 300
+times in an hour um being shouted he get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in an hour um being shouted he get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in an hour um being shouted he get
+us this get us that so A really handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this get us that so A really handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this get us that so A really handy
+guy I hope we were we able to give him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I hope we were we able to give him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I hope we were we able to give him a
+daab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab
+hat no so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat no so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat no so next
+time um so we're not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so we're not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so we're not going to talk about
+this first we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first we're going to talk about the
+charcoal burn first um so when we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burn first um so when we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal burn first um so when we got
+there uh the itinerary was to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the itinerary was to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh the itinerary was to do a lot
+of charcoal Burns cuz that was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charcoal Burns cuz that was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charcoal Burns cuz that was one of
+our um projects possible projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um projects possible projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our um projects possible projects to
+work on and there's a lot of opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on and there's a lot of opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on and there's a lot of opportunity
+there because when we got there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because when we got there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because when we got there on
+Monday we had our first burn with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday we had our first burn with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday we had our first burn with them
+and they showed us the briquettes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they showed us the briquettes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they showed us the briquettes that
+they had been able to make from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had been able to make from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had been able to make from their
+Friday burn Friday burn and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday burn Friday burn and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday burn Friday burn and this is what
+came out of it and as if you see it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of it and as if you see it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of it and as if you see it from
+you remember from our betet making it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from our betet making it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from our betet making it's
+really gray especially when you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gray especially when you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gray especially when you compare
+it to the Blackness of this darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the Blackness of this darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the Blackness of this darker
+charcoal which is a successful burn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal which is a successful burn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal which is a successful burn and
+a successful briquette made um while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a successful briquette made um while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a successful briquette made um while we
+were there so this is what we made with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there so this is what we made with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there so this is what we made with
+them this is what they had made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is what they had made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is what they had made the
+Friday before we got there and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday before we got there and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday before we got there and there was
+Improvement yay um in this picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement yay um in this picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement yay um in this picture you
+see all all the white smoke which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all all the white smoke which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all all the white smoke which is
+basically the water vapor from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the water vapor from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the water vapor from the
+barrel burning and it's because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel burning and it's because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel burning and it's because when
+they used the Friday this was using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used the Friday this was using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used the Friday this was using the
+same biomass that they used Friday which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same biomass that they used Friday which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same biomass that they used Friday which
+is this cornstock and this cornstock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this cornstock and this cornstock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this cornstock and this cornstock
+apparently wasn't dry enough it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently wasn't dry enough it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently wasn't dry enough it seemed
+like it was dry enough but only when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was dry enough but only when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was dry enough but only when we
+were burning it did we see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were burning it did we see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were burning it did we see that it
+wasn't actually dry enough for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually dry enough for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't actually dry enough for the
+brettes um at the end of our present of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brettes um at the end of our present of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brettes um at the end of our present of
+our week there we were able to make over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our week there we were able to make over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our week there we were able to make over
+150 brettes um from the two Burns and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 brettes um from the two Burns and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 brettes um from the two Burns and uh
+so we yielded 150 briquettes before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we yielded 150 briquettes before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we yielded 150 briquettes before they
+were only making six to seven of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only making six to seven of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only making six to seven of these
+briquettes for each charcoal burn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes for each charcoal burn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes for each charcoal burn and
+they were you know looking at us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know looking at us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know looking at us
+frantically because when we got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frantically because when we got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frantically because when we got there
+they already Express that they did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already Express that they did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already Express that they did have
+a big interest in charcoal making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big interest in charcoal making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big interest in charcoal making
+because they're starting um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're starting um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're starting um this is a
+solar sensor and on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar sensor and on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar sensor and on the other side of
+the field is the restaurant that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is the restaurant that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is the restaurant that they're
+going to start operating and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start operating and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start operating and one of the
+fuels that they want to use is charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels that they want to use is charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuels that they want to use is charcoal
+um briquettes to cook in the restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um briquettes to cook in the restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um briquettes to cook in the restaurant
+so they wanted to make this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to make this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to make this like
+economically feasible and ready to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically feasible and ready to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically feasible and ready to sell
+for the uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh for the
+for the people of saan Grande possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people of saan Grande possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people of saan Grande possibly
+to resell it to okal and so we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resell it to okal and so we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resell it to okal and so we were able
+to get a better yield for them um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a better yield for them um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a better yield for them um some
+quick Lessons Learned so a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick Lessons Learned so a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick Lessons Learned so a little bit of
+the history Amy came in after Judy Judy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history Amy came in after Judy Judy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history Amy came in after Judy Judy
+is a random service volunteer that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random service volunteer that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random service volunteer that came
+to the women of toog galpa to the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the women of toog galpa to the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the women of toog galpa to the solar
+women of toog galpa and taught them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women of toog galpa and taught them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women of toog galpa and taught them how
+to do the charcoal Burns but apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the charcoal Burns but apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the charcoal Burns but apparently
+she taught them completely wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she taught them completely wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she taught them completely wrong because
+she the timing on covering the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she the timing on covering the UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she the timing on covering the UN
+stealing the barrel like we all know was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing the barrel like we all know was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealing the barrel like we all know was
+off and so because of that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so because of that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and so because of that they were
+only yielding like six to seven and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only yielding like six to seven and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only yielding like six to seven and it
+was like burning too much so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like burning too much so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like burning too much so it was
+getting ashy she didn't teach some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ashy she didn't teach some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ashy she didn't teach some
+little checks so in essence at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little checks so in essence at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little checks so in essence at the end
+of the so what we did I'm sorry what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the so what we did I'm sorry what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the so what we did I'm sorry what we
+did is that Kurt and I sat down with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is that Kurt and I sat down with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is that Kurt and I sat down with two
+charcoal captains we called them two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal captains we called them two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal captains we called them two of
+the women were made charcoal captains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women were made charcoal captains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women were made charcoal captains
+because Kurt and I briefed them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Kurt and I briefed them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Kurt and I briefed them like
+extensively for like a 4-Hour period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively for like a 4-Hour period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively for like a 4-Hour period and
+instructed them on like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed them on like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed them on like what the
+instructions meant the diagrammed ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions meant the diagrammed ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions meant the diagrammed ones
+that we have in spish and so we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in spish and so we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in spish and so we went
+over the translations because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the translations because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the translations because the
+Spanish that it was translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish that it was translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish that it was translated into
+sometimes was a little different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes was a little different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes was a little different in
+Nicaraguan so we did that translation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaraguan so we did that translation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaraguan so we did that translation so
+they could understand that better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could understand that better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could understand that better and
+then we um made them in charge of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we um made them in charge of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we um made them in charge of as
+captains they chose two other women and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captains they chose two other women and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captains they chose two other women and
+that those four women were the charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those four women were the charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those four women were the charcoal
+committee so these two women the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee so these two women the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee so these two women the
+captains instructed the other two women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captains instructed the other two women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captains instructed the other two women
+on the process so now it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the process so now it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the process so now it's a little bit
+more of like an internal thing you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of like an internal thing you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of like an internal thing you also
+learn better when you teach right um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn better when you teach right um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn better when you teach right um and
+so by the time that we got there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time that we got there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time that we got there on
+Thursday we regrouped and on Thursday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we regrouped and on Thursday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we regrouped and on Thursday we
+did the charcoal burn in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the charcoal burn in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the charcoal burn in the morning
+with all four of them just leading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all four of them just leading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all four of them just leading the
+way they would say every step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they would say every step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they would say every step of the
+process before they did it and it showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process before they did it and it showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process before they did it and it showed
+that they really picked up on it and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they really picked up on it and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they really picked up on it and by
+the afternoon they did another burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afternoon they did another burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the afternoon they did another burn
+basically completely by themselves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically completely by themselves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically completely by themselves um
+the successful key points that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successful key points that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the successful key points that they
+really pic that really showed us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pic that really showed us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pic that really showed us that
+they knew what they were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew what they were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew what they were talking about
+was when we would asked them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when we would asked them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when we would asked them in the
+middle of it all you know just to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it all you know just to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it all you know just to check
+how do you know if it's good if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if it's good if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if it's good if it's a
+good burn and they would say oh you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good burn and they would say oh you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good burn and they would say oh you got
+to crack it open and the heart has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crack it open and the heart has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crack it open and the heart has to be
+black and I would say okay how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and I would say okay how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and I would say okay how do you
+know if the ma if the biomass is too wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the ma if the biomass is too wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the ma if the biomass is too wet
+they would say oh because you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say oh because you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say oh because you'd have a
+lot of white smoke and that's bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of white smoke and that's bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of white smoke and that's bad and
+I'm like so what's the yellow smoke then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like so what's the yellow smoke then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like so what's the yellow smoke then
+and then they' say Oh those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they' say Oh those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they' say Oh those are the
+contaminants and I'm like contaminants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants and I'm like contaminants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants and I'm like contaminants
+but that's what the wood has when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what the wood has when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what the wood has when you're
+cooking with it right and they go no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with it right and they go no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with it right and they go no
+it's different because and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different because and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different because and then they
+would be able to explain all the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to explain all the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to explain all the process
+and all the logic and really get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the logic and really get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the logic and really get to the
+why of things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why of things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why of things okay
+cool um so we basically for our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um so we basically for our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um so we basically for our second
+uh for the Thursday Burns that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the Thursday Burns that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the Thursday Burns that just
+described uh we went out to the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described uh we went out to the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described uh we went out to the fields
+and collected biomass that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected biomass that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collected biomass that had been
+sitting there for a month so it was way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there for a month so it was way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there for a month so it was way
+drier and um and so this prompted us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drier and um and so this prompted us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drier and um and so this prompted us to
+think about a possible um project for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a possible um project for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a possible um project for us
+to work on at at least something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on at at least something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on at at least something to
+think about which is um whether to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about which is um whether to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about which is um whether to bring
+the biomass into the center and burn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biomass into the center and burn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biomass into the center and burn it
+there or figure out some way of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or figure out some way of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or figure out some way of like
+being able to do the burns at the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do the burns at the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do the burns at the fields
+like wear all this dry biomasses um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wear all this dry biomasses um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wear all this dry biomasses um and
+because Saban Grande is quite a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Saban Grande is quite a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Saban Grande is quite a large
+area we thought maybe that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we thought maybe that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area we thought maybe that could be
+something that we could think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we could think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we could think about um
+particularly from the cost perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly from the cost perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly from the cost perspective
+which Liz is going to talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Liz is going to talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Liz is going to talk about in a
+little bit um but other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um but other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um but other things that
+we're uh looking at um as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh looking at um as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh looking at um as far as
+possible projects are also this um solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible projects are also this um solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible projects are also this um solar
+dryer for brettes because we discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer for brettes because we discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer for brettes because we discovered
+in interviewing the woman that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interviewing the woman that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in interviewing the woman that the
+biggest uh problem they had with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest uh problem they had with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest uh problem they had with the
+process was having to to air dry these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was having to to air dry these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was having to to air dry these
+uh briquettes for 3 to 4 days outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh briquettes for 3 to 4 days outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh briquettes for 3 to 4 days outside
+and they didn't want to like take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't want to like take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't want to like take them
+outside each day and then have have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside each day and then have have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside each day and then have have to
+bring them back in and then be worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them back in and then be worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them back in and then be worried
+always about the rain so they work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always about the rain so they work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always about the rain so they work on
+these um they their their primary work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um they their their primary work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um they their their primary work
+is on the solar ovens but they also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the solar ovens but they also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the solar ovens but they also do
+solar dryers so we experimented a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar dryers so we experimented a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar dryers so we experimented a little
+bit with using these and we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with using these and we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with using these and we think that
+one project we could work on is a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project we could work on is a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one project we could work on is a solar
+dryer uh specifically for charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer uh specifically for charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dryer uh specifically for charcoal
+briquettes so they can start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes so they can start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes so they can start making
+these uh really quickly kind of as um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh really quickly kind of as um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh really quickly kind of as um uh
+kind of like almost like a factory uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like almost like a factory uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like almost like a factory uh so
+that they can supply them to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can supply them to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can supply them to their
+restaurant and Achieve scale there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and Achieve scale there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and Achieve scale there
+and so this shows some more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this shows some more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this shows some more of the
+process this is the new biomass that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this is the new biomass that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this is the new biomass that we
+brought in that was a way drier this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in that was a way drier this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in that was a way drier this was
+our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second
+burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn
+um and here this was the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here this was the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here this was the uh the uh
+brette making process so one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brette making process so one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brette making process so one other thing
+that we thought could be a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we thought could be a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we thought could be a potential
+project is uh experimenting with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is uh experimenting with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is uh experimenting with the uh
+like corn starch versus Yuka versus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like corn starch versus Yuka versus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like corn starch versus Yuka versus like
+using banana starch because um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using banana starch because um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using banana starch because um they have
+they can just buy corn starch there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can just buy corn starch there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can just buy corn starch there
+pretty cheaply and it's much easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cheaply and it's much easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cheaply and it's much easier for
+them to do that than have to like grind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do that than have to like grind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do that than have to like grind
+up this Yuka um for binder so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this Yuka um for binder so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this Yuka um for binder so those are
+basically the range of projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the range of projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the range of projects that
+we're thinking about uh right now as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about uh right now as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about uh right now as far
+as charcoal and if you want to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as charcoal and if you want to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as charcoal and if you want to talk a
+little bit about the cost study now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the cost study now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the cost study now so
+we also like really quickly did a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also like really quickly did a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also like really quickly did a kind
+of cost study so that we could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost study so that we could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost study so that we could kind of
+ensure that teaching them charcoal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that teaching them charcoal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that teaching them charcoal was
+actually useful because they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually useful because they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually useful because they basically
+wanted to get paid like 10 Cordova an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get paid like 10 Cordova an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get paid like 10 Cordova an
+hour which is like0 50 Cents an hour um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour which is like0 50 Cents an hour um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour which is like0 50 Cents an hour um
+and work like you know 7 hour days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work like you know 7 hour days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work like you know 7 hour days and
+So based on those numbers and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on those numbers and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So based on those numbers and like
+roughly how many Burns we thought they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how many Burns we thought they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly how many Burns we thought they
+could do uh in like one day if they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do uh in like one day if they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do uh in like one day if they just
+kind of did like a bunch of Burns in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of did like a bunch of Burns in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of did like a bunch of Burns in one
+day and just had a few going at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and just had a few going at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and just had a few going at a time
+maybe um um we thought that like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um um we thought that like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um um we thought that like they
+would be able to sell it for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to sell it for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to sell it for like
+slightly cheaper than you could buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly cheaper than you could buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly cheaper than you could buy it
+in okatal which was like a 20 minute bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okatal which was like a 20 minute bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okatal which was like a 20 minute bus
+ride away so that it could actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride away so that it could actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride away so that it could actually be
+like a feasible option and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a feasible option and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a feasible option and they also
+really wanted to use this charcoal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to use this charcoal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to use this charcoal in
+their restaurant so hopefully if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their restaurant so hopefully if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their restaurant so hopefully if they
+really get into this and they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get into this and they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get into this and they kind of
+get a lot better at it then they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot better at it then they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot better at it then they'll be
+able to actually use charcoal uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually use charcoal uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to actually use charcoal uh and
+it'll be like economically viable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be like economically viable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be like economically viable as
+well as you know a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you know a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you know a clean
+alternative um I'm also going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative um I'm also going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative um I'm also going to talk
+about solar ovens which I think here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solar ovens which I think here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solar ovens which I think here we
+go um this is kind of like their solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um this is kind of like their solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um this is kind of like their solar
+oven that they have kind of all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oven that they have kind of all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oven that they have kind of all over the
+solar center um it's sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar center um it's sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar center um it's sort of like the
+symbol of the solar woman that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of the solar woman that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol of the solar woman that we were
+working with because um it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with because um it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with because um it's sort of
+something that they build they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they build they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they build they like
+paint them this bright color um they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint them this bright color um they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint them this bright color um they all
+like work a lot of hours in the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like work a lot of hours in the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like work a lot of hours in the solar
+center and then like when they build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and then like when they build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and then like when they build up
+a certain like number of hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain like number of hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain like number of hundreds of
+hours they can buy one for themselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours they can buy one for themselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours they can buy one for themselves so
+some of the women have them at home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the women have them at home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the women have them at home and
+they can use them to make things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use them to make things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can use them to make things like
+cookies which you see here which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies which you see here which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies which you see here which they
+can't actually make like you know in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually make like you know in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually make like you know in on
+a on a wood fire so um a lot of the Wom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a wood fire so um a lot of the Wom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on a wood fire so um a lot of the Wom
+really enjoy them and while they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy them and while they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy them and while they're not
+really a very economically viable option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very economically viable option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very economically viable option
+they're sort of like a way of bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of like a way of bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of like a way of bringing
+the women together which we thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women together which we thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women together which we thought was
+really interesting um they also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting um they also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting um they also there
+was a Cornell group there working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Cornell group there working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a Cornell group there working on
+these solar ovens to try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solar ovens to try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solar ovens to try to improve
+their insulation and other smaller parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their insulation and other smaller parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their insulation and other smaller parts
+while we were there um so we worked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were there um so we worked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were there um so we worked a
+lot with them and they actually built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot with them and they actually built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot with them and they actually built a
+new oven with um fiberglass insallation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new oven with um fiberglass insallation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new oven with um fiberglass insallation
+while we were there so we got to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were there so we got to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we were there so we got to see how
+they were built um we feel as if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were built um we feel as if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were built um we feel as if there's
+not too much more that we can add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much more that we can add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much more that we can add to
+that project as opposed to the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project as opposed to the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project as opposed to the many
+other projects that are there um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects that are there um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects that are there um so so
+really the only project that we think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only project that we think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only project that we think we
+should possibly pursue with regards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should possibly pursue with regards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should possibly pursue with regards to
+the solar cookers was the solar dryer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cookers was the solar dryer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cookers was the solar dryer
+for the charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then that was the final charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then that was the final charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then that was the final charcoal
+That was supposed to be before right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was supposed to be before right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was supposed to be before right um
+so for all takes so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all takes so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all takes so right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um they make these panels by hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they make these panels by hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they make these panels by hand the
+way it works is that the group group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is that the group group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is that the group group of
+Phoenix gets all of the extra small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix gets all of the extra small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix gets all of the extra small
+panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels
+from the US and they buy boxes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the US and they buy boxes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the US and they buy boxes of the
+panels that don't pass test here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that don't pass test here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels that don't pass test here in the
+US and for about 500 of the small panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and for about 500 of the small panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and for about 500 of the small panels
+it's about uh $500 the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about uh $500 the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about uh $500 the problem is that
+so it's about a dollar uh a cell sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about a dollar uh a cell sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about a dollar uh a cell sorry a
+cell so about a dollar a sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so about a dollar a sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so about a dollar a sell the
+problem is that out of the 500 cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that out of the 500 cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that out of the 500 cells
+that they get there's about 100 to 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get there's about 100 to 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they get there's about 100 to 200
+broken depending on the box so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken depending on the box so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken depending on the box so it's it's
+more than that um and so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that um and so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that um and so there is a
+really intensive project process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intensive project process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intensive project process of
+making the sell the panels are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the sell the panels are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the sell the panels are just
+going to go over really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over really
+quick um oh okay I'll explain this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um oh okay I'll explain this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick um oh okay I'll explain this later
+which is the setup how you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the setup how you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the setup how you set
+everything up you want to just talk on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up you want to just talk on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up you want to just talk on
+this slide or was there another slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide or was there another slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide or was there another slide
+yeah next one okay so yeah so first they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah next one okay so yeah so first they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah next one okay so yeah so first they
+connect them all and they call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them all and they call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them all and they call them
+chains like solar cell chains they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains like solar cell chains they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains like solar cell chains they
+solder everything by hand and they test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder everything by hand and they test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder everything by hand and they test
+every single cell by hand and then Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single cell by hand and then Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single cell by hand and then Every
+Chain by hand then they move These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chain by hand then they move These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chain by hand then they move These
+Chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chains
+independently to uh to this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently to uh to this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently to uh to this paper
+nice and then after they they Place each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and then after they they Place each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and then after they they Place each
+chain independently they then add liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain independently they then add liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain independently they then add liquid
+silicon all over the panels by hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon all over the panels by hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon all over the panels by hand and
+you have to make sure that it's evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure that it's evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make sure that it's evenly
+spread one and there are no air bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread one and there are no air bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread one and there are no air bubbles
+and then they get the glass and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they get the glass and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they get the glass and they
+have to put it evenly on top next evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it evenly on top next evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put it evenly on top next evenly
+on top and then by hand they kind of try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top and then by hand they kind of try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top and then by hand they kind of try
+to squish out all the air bubbles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squish out all the air bubbles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squish out all the air bubbles are
+still in there then they add foam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in there then they add foam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in there then they add foam and
+add batteries and this is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add batteries and this is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add batteries and this is kind of like
+an annoying process cuz they have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annoying process cuz they have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annoying process cuz they have to put
+each battery at the same all all two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each battery at the same all all two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each battery at the same all all two
+batteries at the same time to have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries at the same time to have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries at the same time to have even
+pressure across the cells and they leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure across the cells and they leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure across the cells and they leave
+it there for 24 hours so that the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there for 24 hours so that the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there for 24 hours so that the last
+air bubbles can escape and so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air bubbles can escape and so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air bubbles can escape and so that it
+can be completely flat and even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be completely flat and even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be completely flat and even so
+there's obviously a lot of improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously a lot of improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's obviously a lot of improvement
+it takes about 24 hours to make one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes about 24 hours to make one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes about 24 hours to make one of
+the large solar solar panels and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large solar solar panels and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large solar solar panels and they
+produce about 220 Watts so some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce about 220 Watts so some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce about 220 Watts so some of the
+project we were thinking about were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we were thinking about were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we were thinking about were um
+he mentioned instead of having to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentioned instead of having to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentioned instead of having to place
+the batteries to have you in pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batteries to have you in pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batteries to have you in pressure
+maybe just a type just an any even way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just a type just an any even way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just a type just an any even way
+that you can just pull down and it holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just pull down and it holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just pull down and it holds
+on the pressure um we're also thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pressure um we're also thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pressure um we're also thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+having some type of vacuum pump or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some type of vacuum pump or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some type of vacuum pump or
+vacuum chamber that just removes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum chamber that just removes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum chamber that just removes all the
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+bubbles so you don't have to do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles so you don't have to do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles so you don't have to do it by
+hand there's also the oh there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand there's also the oh there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand there's also the oh there's also
+another thing so using um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing so using um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing so using um they're
+thinking about using ethyl vinyl acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about using ethyl vinyl acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about using ethyl vinyl acetate
+instead of the liquid silicon to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the liquid silicon to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the liquid silicon to cover
+and insulate the the solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insulate the the solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insulate the the solar cells
+the problem with the Eva is that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the Eva is that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with the Eva is that it has
+to be heated heated and then it has and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heated heated and then it has and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heated heated and then it has and
+then there's also air bubbles even if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also air bubbles even if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's also air bubbles even if it
+does heat up so another Pro possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does heat up so another Pro possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does heat up so another Pro possible
+project is a way to heat it maybe using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is a way to heat it maybe using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is a way to heat it maybe using
+the solar ovens um which they say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar ovens um which they say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar ovens um which they say they
+did or maybe just maybe another way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did or maybe just maybe another way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did or maybe just maybe another way that
+could be another possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another possible
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh
+then okay so then so those are the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so then so those are the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so then so those are the large
+solar panels which they use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels which they use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels which they use for the
+homes and they using to power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and they using to power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and they using to power the
+restaurant and they're also using to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and they're also using to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant and they're also using to
+power the solar center then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the solar center then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the solar center then they're
+trying to make the small solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make the small solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make the small solar cell
+phone charges which we saw last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone charges which we saw last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone charges which we saw last time and
+they're try to basically model to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're try to basically model to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're try to basically model to this
+this is worth $10 in okatal and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth $10 in okatal and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is worth $10 in okatal and it's
+made in China the great thing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in China the great thing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in China the great thing about it
+is that it actually comes with a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually comes with a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually comes with a cell
+phone battery it fits most Nokia cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone battery it fits most Nokia cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone battery it fits most Nokia cell
+phones and what you see on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and what you see on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and what you see on the right
+side it's a charger as well as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's a charger as well as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's a charger as well as well as a
+lamp so not only can you charge your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp so not only can you charge your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp so not only can you charge your
+cell phone you can use also use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone you can use also use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone you can use also use a
+battery to power up a light so that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery to power up a light so that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery to power up a light so that'll
+be like the ideal project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like the ideal project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like the ideal project
+um so yeah that'll be an ideal project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah that'll be an ideal project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah that'll be an ideal project
+currently what they're working on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently what they're working on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently what they're working on is
+just the solar the solar cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the solar the solar cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the solar the solar cells and
+because they need a smaller voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need a smaller voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they need a smaller voltage and
+they don't really have much access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have much access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have much access to
+capacitors or resistors they cut go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors or resistors they cut go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors or resistors they cut go back
+to yeah they cut every cell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah they cut every cell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah they cut every cell by
+hand using this using the dremo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand using this using the dremo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand using this using the dremo so
+that's another cost and another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another cost and another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another cost and another way to
+cut the cells instead of having to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the cells instead of having to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the cells instead of having to do it
+by hand would be another project um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand would be another project um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand would be another project um what
+I have here is a little all battery cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here is a little all battery cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have here is a little all battery cell
+phone charger so you basically put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone charger so you basically put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone charger so you basically put your
+battery here and then you move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery here and then you move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery here and then you move around
+depending on where your batter is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where your batter is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where your batter is and
+you can charge your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can charge your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can charge your cell
+phone it around if you want to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone it around if you want to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone it around if you want to see it
+and so we were thinking of installing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we were thinking of installing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we were thinking of installing
+that to the solar panel so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the solar panel so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the solar panel so you could
+charge any type of battery not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge any type of battery not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge any type of battery not just
+Nokia ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nokia ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nokia ideally
+um what else the main issue with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else the main issue with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what else the main issue with that is
+also the cost because like we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the cost because like we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the cost because like we were
+having a lot of trouble figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of trouble figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of trouble figuring out how
+you would actually like using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would actually like using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would actually like using their
+current system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current system
+their prices would be a lot higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices would be a lot higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices would be a lot higher than
+the China made one which is higher yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the China made one which is higher yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the China made one which is higher yeah
+so right now um yeah right now the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now um yeah right now the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now um yeah right now the costs
+are really the biggest issue uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the biggest issue uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the biggest issue uh the fact
+that each solar sells about a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each solar sells about a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each solar sells about a dollar
+then the Silicon they use about 600 gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Silicon they use about 600 gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Silicon they use about 600 gr
+of the liquid silicon right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid silicon right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquid silicon right now and
+that's I I forget the number I my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I I forget the number I my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I I forget the number I my head
+but it's I think it's about $100 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I think it's about $100 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I think it's about $100 for
+five gallons and just everything adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five gallons and just everything adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five gallons and just everything adds up
+the labor I think is the most intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor I think is the most intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor I think is the most intensive
+part they really use about 12 12 actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part they really use about 12 12 actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part they really use about 12 12 actual
+hours 24 hours with the drying included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours 24 hours with the drying included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours 24 hours with the drying included
+um the glass is relatively expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the glass is relatively expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the glass is relatively expensive and
+then there's the aluminum on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the aluminum on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the aluminum on the side
+there's also the the solar the the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the the solar the the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the the solar the the tape
+that they have to do it by hand which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to do it by hand which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to do it by hand which is
+not really tape it's the little aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really tape it's the little aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really tape it's the little aluminum
+strips so that could be even be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips so that could be even be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips so that could be even be another
+project instead of having maybe have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project instead of having maybe have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project instead of having maybe have a
+aluminum tape that they can just tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum tape that they can just tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum tape that they can just tape
+instead of having to so solder on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having to so solder on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having to so solder on that
+could be another great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another great
+project and so we're going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and so we're going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and so we're going to keep
+talking oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking oh and
+there are two people that really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two people that really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two people that really make
+the solar cells right now which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cells right now which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cells right now which is the
+guy on top left which is Mao and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy on top left which is Mao and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy on top left which is Mao and then
+there's another Mao which is like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another Mao which is like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another Mao which is like little
+Mao and big Mao who is who's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mao and big Mao who is who's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mao and big Mao who is who's the only
+male member of the comparative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male member of the comparative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male member of the comparative of the
+solar woman of too galpa um yep that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar woman of too galpa um yep that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar woman of too galpa um yep that's
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+cool so um so once we spent like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so um so once we spent like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so um so once we spent like a
+couple of days there um we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days there um we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of days there um we kind of
+realized that a lot of the center is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that a lot of the center is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that a lot of the center is
+focused specifically towards like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused specifically towards like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused specifically towards like 20
+women uh who are part of the Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women uh who are part of the Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women uh who are part of the Cooperative
+um and so began wondering uh if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so began wondering uh if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so began wondering uh if we did
+design a project uh like based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a project uh like based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a project uh like based on what
+we learned at the center would it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned at the center would it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned at the center would it only
+benefit those 20 people or or would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit those 20 people or or would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit those 20 people or or would it
+help you know this surrounding area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you know this surrounding area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you know this surrounding area in
+general and so this is actually the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and so this is actually the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and so this is actually the only
+slide that we that we we have for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that we that we we have for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that we that we we have for that
+part but basically what we decided to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but basically what we decided to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but basically what we decided to do
+is me and Quan uh walked a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me and Quan uh walked a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is me and Quan uh walked a couple of
+kilometers down into another District uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers down into another District uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers down into another District uh
+called Santa Domingo uh and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Santa Domingo uh and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Santa Domingo uh and it's the
+road we walked on and so uh Santa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we walked on and so uh Santa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we walked on and so uh Santa
+Domingo does not have uh Grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domingo does not have uh Grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domingo does not have uh Grid
+electricity so they're basically cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so they're basically cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity so they're basically cut off
+uh from like any conventional electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from like any conventional electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from like any conventional electrical
+appliances uh and so we wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appliances uh and so we wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appliances uh and so we wanted to go
+there and ask them uh what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and ask them uh what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and ask them uh what their
+involvement with the center was if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement with the center was if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement with the center was if they
+had considered um other options for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had considered um other options for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had considered um other options for you
+know Al like solar or wind or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Al like solar or wind or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Al like solar or wind or whatever
+um and so we asked them a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we asked them a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we asked them a bunch of
+questions um so the first thing we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um so the first thing we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um so the first thing we asked
+them was if they had heard of charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was if they had heard of charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was if they had heard of charcoal
+and we interviewed 10 families and none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we interviewed 10 families and none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we interviewed 10 families and none
+of them had used charcoal uh three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had used charcoal uh three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had used charcoal uh three of
+families hadn't even heard of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families hadn't even heard of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families hadn't even heard of carbon
+which is what yeah so they they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what yeah so they they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what yeah so they they didn't
+know what it was um we then went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was um we then went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was um we then went on to
+ask them what they did use uh to cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what they did use uh to cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what they did use uh to cook
+and they all said firewood uh we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all said firewood uh we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all said firewood uh we asked
+them where they get the firewood from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where they get the firewood from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where they get the firewood from uh
+all of them get the firewood from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them get the firewood from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them get the firewood from like
+their surrounding communities but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surrounding communities but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surrounding communities but there
+was actually one woman who like walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually one woman who like walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually one woman who like walked
+uh 3 kilometers every day just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3 kilometers every day just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3 kilometers every day just to get
+firewood uh which we thought was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewood uh which we thought was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewood uh which we thought was kind of
+like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know
+unfortunate um we also asked them after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate um we also asked them after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate um we also asked them after
+that if um if they do some form of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if um if they do some form of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if um if they do some form of like
+lighting at night and if so what uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting at night and if so what uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting at night and if so what uh all
+the families we interviewed uh did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families we interviewed uh did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families we interviewed uh did have
+some kind of lamps at night um mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of lamps at night um mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of lamps at night um mostly
+there were diesel uh lamps uh we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were diesel uh lamps uh we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were diesel uh lamps uh we weren't
+sure exactly how that worked but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure exactly how that worked but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure exactly how that worked but they
+all either used diesel or oku OT which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all either used diesel or oku OT which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all either used diesel or oku OT which
+is um Pinewood um or uh electric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um Pinewood um or uh electric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um Pinewood um or uh electric uh
+lamps which run on batteries um so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps which run on batteries um so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps which run on batteries um so once
+they said they that they do use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they that they do use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they that they do use
+batteries we asked them uh what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries we asked them uh what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries we asked them uh what they did
+use batteries for and it turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use batteries for and it turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use batteries for and it turned out that
+they basically used batteries for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically used batteries for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically used batteries for like
+three things uh lighting radios and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things uh lighting radios and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things uh lighting radios and uh
+if like if they if they're big 9volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like if they if they're big 9volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like if they if they're big 9volt
+batteries then you could power like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries then you could power like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries then you could power like a
+cell phone charger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone charger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone charger
+um so once we asked them about that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so once we asked them about that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so once we asked them about that we
+also asked them about like how many cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asked them about like how many cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also asked them about like how many cell
+phones they have uh or if they did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones they have uh or if they did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones they have uh or if they did have
+any per family and uh four out of nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any per family and uh four out of nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any per family and uh four out of nine
+of the families we interviewed had cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the families we interviewed had cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the families we interviewed had cell
+phones uh but the rest didn't and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones uh but the rest didn't and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones uh but the rest didn't and for
+the families that did have cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families that did have cell phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families that did have cell phones
+uh we asked them how they charged them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we asked them how they charged them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we asked them how they charged them
+because they weren't you know near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they weren't you know near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they weren't you know near the
+grid so apparently what they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so apparently what they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so apparently what they do is they
+walk to u a house uh which is in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk to u a house uh which is in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk to u a house uh which is in the uh
+which is in sabana Grande uh to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in sabana Grande uh to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in sabana Grande uh to charge
+their um cell phones and our charged 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um cell phones and our charged 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um cell phones and our charged 5
+to 10 Cordoba uh for each you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 Cordoba uh for each you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 Cordoba uh for each you know uh
+like each cycle uh free charging um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each cycle uh free charging um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each cycle uh free charging um
+apart from that I we also asked them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from that I we also asked them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from that I we also asked them if
+they had Cycles just this was just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had Cycles just this was just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had Cycles just this was just um
+like out of curiosity because like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like out of curiosity because like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like out of curiosity because like we
+were wondering if Pedal Power was uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering if Pedal Power was uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering if Pedal Power was uh was
+you know any if I mean if it was viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any if I mean if it was viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any if I mean if it was viable
+and every family did have at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every family did have at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every family did have at least one
+cycle um apart from that oh yeah so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um apart from that oh yeah so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um apart from that oh yeah so a
+cell phone battery charges for 5 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone battery charges for 5 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone battery charges for 5 to 10
+Cordoba and a 12vt battery charges for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cordoba and a 12vt battery charges for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cordoba and a 12vt battery charges for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cordoba um yeah so this was I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cordoba um yeah so this was I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cordoba um yeah so this was I I mean
+that was pretty much it we just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty much it we just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was pretty much it we just wanted
+to like get some perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like get some perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like get some perspective
+on uh like off-grid uh communities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh like off-grid uh communities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh like off-grid uh communities and
+yeah it's pretty much that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what okay um were supposed to do a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay um were supposed to do a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay um were supposed to do a 10
+presentation so okay real quick so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so okay real quick so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so okay real quick so while
+Juan and Sid we're doing offr interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan and Sid we're doing offr interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Juan and Sid we're doing offr interviews
+Liz and I did some interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liz and I did some interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liz and I did some interviews
+um at the different homes of the women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the different homes of the women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the different homes of the women
+and we also had a day where we cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also had a day where we cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also had a day where we cooked
+with the women just to gauge like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the women just to gauge like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the women just to gauge like their
+their usage of charcoal whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their usage of charcoal whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their usage of charcoal whether they're
+using it or not and reasons why and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it or not and reasons why and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it or not and reasons why and just
+to really get like an Insider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get like an Insider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get like an Insider
+perspective um so we found out that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um so we found out that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective um so we found out that most
+people aren't using charcoal um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't using charcoal um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't using charcoal um they
+prefer to cook with wood over charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to cook with wood over charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to cook with wood over charcoal
+basically because they can gather it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because they can gather it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because they can gather it for
+free they don't have to pay to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free they don't have to pay to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free they don't have to pay to buy the
+charcoal they don't have to go to okatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal they don't have to go to okatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal they don't have to go to okatal
+to buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy it
+um um and they say like tortillas are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and they say like tortillas are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um and they say like tortillas are a
+very big part of their Di they make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big part of their Di they make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big part of their Di they make it
+they get up early every morning go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get up early every morning go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get up early every morning go to
+the Molina to grind the corn go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Molina to grind the corn go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Molina to grind the corn go through
+this process and they make tortillas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process and they make tortillas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process and they make tortillas
+every single day so it's a very huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day so it's a very huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day so it's a very huge
+part of their diet and they found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their diet and they found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their diet and they found that
+um the charcoal doesn't burn hot enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the charcoal doesn't burn hot enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the charcoal doesn't burn hot enough
+um to make the tortillas so they prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make the tortillas so they prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make the tortillas so they prefer
+using wood and also on their Adobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using wood and also on their Adobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using wood and also on their Adobe
+stoves you can cook multiple things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves you can cook multiple things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves you can cook multiple things at
+once um which is also why they prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um which is also why they prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um which is also why they prefer
+wood um so this was a good ide or a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood um so this was a good ide or a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood um so this was a good ide or a good
+inside look at at like why they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside look at at like why they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside look at at like why they're not
+using charcoal we also saw when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using charcoal we also saw when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using charcoal we also saw when we were
+cooking with one of the women that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with one of the women that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking with one of the women that she
+kept on using tenders from the wood fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on using tenders from the wood fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on using tenders from the wood fire
+um from that wood fire and she dumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from that wood fire and she dumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from that wood fire and she dumping
+it into the car to the charcoal to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the car to the charcoal to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into the car to the charcoal to try
+to light it she was having a really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light it she was having a really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light it she was having a really hard
+time doing that and um like a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing that and um like a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time doing that and um like a very small
+side project is just better charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side project is just better charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side project is just better charcoal
+education and um and I think it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and um and I think it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and um and I think it's going
+to be really important to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really important to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really important to make this
+charcoal affordable so that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal affordable so that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal affordable so that they will
+see this as an option over wood um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this as an option over wood um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this as an option over wood um
+another thing another thing we surveyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing another thing we surveyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing another thing we surveyed
+the families about was like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families about was like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families about was like their
+electricity usage and we noticed that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity usage and we noticed that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity usage and we noticed that um
+most people if they had solar panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people if they had solar panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people if they had solar panels
+they they were bought using green hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were bought using green hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were bought using green hours
+and um because these families um don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um because these families um don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um because these families um don't
+they they don't want to pay the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't want to pay the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't want to pay the extra
+amount for an inverter so all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for an inverter so all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount for an inverter so all their
+solar panels are used for lighting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels are used for lighting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panels are used for lighting in
+their homes um some families are lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their homes um some families are lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their homes um some families are lucky
+enough to pay for to have enough money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to pay for to have enough money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to pay for to have enough money
+to pay for great electricity which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for great electricity which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for great electricity which they
+use to charge cell phones and oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to charge cell phones and oh man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to charge cell phones and oh man
+charge cell phones and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge cell phones and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge cell phones and um
+for some some families have TVs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some some families have TVs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some some families have TVs and
+radios um other families that are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios um other families that are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radios um other families that are only
+um dependent on solar panel energy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dependent on solar panel energy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dependent on solar panel energy who
+also have cell phones um we saw go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have cell phones um we saw go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have cell phones um we saw go to
+their friends houses to charge phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their friends houses to charge phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their friends houses to charge phones
+and um which gave us the idea of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um which gave us the idea of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um which gave us the idea of having
+maybe a community charger Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a community charger Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a community charger Community
+solar power or yeah some sort sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar power or yeah some sort sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar power or yeah some sort sort of
+Center where we can invest in like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center where we can invest in like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center where we can invest in like um
+various panels that does have that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various panels that does have that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various panels that does have that does
+have an inverter to like maybe charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inverter to like maybe charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an inverter to like maybe charge
+these cell phones instead of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cell phones instead of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cell phones instead of them
+borrowing their friends grid electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing their friends grid electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing their friends grid electricity
+and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+um yeah I don't know if there's anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't know if there's anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't know if there's anything
+else oh and um these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else oh and um these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else oh and um these are some of the
+homes we stayed in and we had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes we stayed in and we had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes we stayed in and we had a good
+time staying him and learned a lot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time staying him and learned a lot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time staying him and learned a lot just
+from like like living their everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like like living their everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like like living their everyday
+routines and stuff like that um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines and stuff like that um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routines and stuff like that um I think
+that's about it if anyone else has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it if anyone else has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about it if anyone else has
+anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to
+add any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions ideas
+comments we have like a lot of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments we have like a lot of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments we have like a lot of projects
+yeah so today you guys are going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so today you guys are going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so today you guys are going to have
+to yeah work hard n them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah work hard n them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah work hard n them
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+okay sorry for going over time thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks um so hi everyone we were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks um so hi everyone we were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks um so hi everyone we were working
+with ax proar in um Santa Ana El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ax proar in um Santa Ana El
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ax proar in um Santa Ana El
+Salvador um and while we were there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador um and while we were there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvador um and while we were there we
+worked on two main projects just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on two main projects just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on two main projects just to show
+them and work with them to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and work with them to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and work with them to demonstrate
+um we did uh three charcoal Burns and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we did uh three charcoal Burns and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we did uh three charcoal Burns and we
+showed three different communities how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed three different communities how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed three different communities how
+to make corn tellers for themselves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make corn tellers for themselves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make corn tellers for themselves um
+so bringing down a project that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bringing down a project that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bringing down a project that had
+already been done um we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been done um we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been done um we're just going to
+run through kind of our some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through kind of our some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through kind of our some of our
+pictures from charcoal and um explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures from charcoal and um explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures from charcoal and um explain
+kind of how that went so at first they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how that went so at first they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how that went so at first they
+didn't have a oil barrel when we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a oil barrel when we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a oil barrel when we went
+down there um so we had to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there um so we had to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there um so we had to go to the
+Cooperative in one of the um communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative in one of the um communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative in one of the um communities
+and find an oil barrel first of all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find an oil barrel first of all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find an oil barrel first of all and
+then find someone to cut the holes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find someone to cut the holes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find someone to cut the holes for
+us um so Miguel was kind enough to drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um so Miguel was kind enough to drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um so Miguel was kind enough to drill
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+holes um and then we brought it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um and then we brought it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes um and then we brought it to the
+community and and um we just we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and um we just we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and um we just we did
+three different communities on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different communities on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different communities on three
+different days um and all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different days um and all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different days um and all three
+communities that we went to were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that we went to were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that we went to were really
+eager to help um they all wanted to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to help um they all wanted to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to help um they all wanted to be a
+part of it um this particular um guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it um this particular um guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it um this particular um guy
+right here was part of a community that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here was part of a community that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here was part of a community that
+was looking at charcoal more of as an um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at charcoal more of as an um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at charcoal more of as an um
+economic um economic goal I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic um economic goal I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic um economic goal I guess they
+wanted to sell the charcoal as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sell the charcoal as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sell the charcoal as opposed
+to using it because they had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using it because they had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using it because they had just
+acquired new stoves where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired new stoves where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired new stoves where they were
+using wood um that were outside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using wood um that were outside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using wood um that were outside so
+better for ventilation um so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for ventilation um so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for ventilation um so these are
+just of some of the pictures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of some of the pictures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of some of the pictures from
+that they're all really excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all really excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all really excited about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+charcoal but the first day our burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal but the first day our burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal but the first day our burn
+didn't go so well um we learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go so well um we learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go so well um we learned that
+using pretty wet sugar cane wasn't great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pretty wet sugar cane wasn't great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pretty wet sugar cane wasn't great
+um they hadn't dried it very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they hadn't dried it very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they hadn't dried it very well and
+sugar cane to start with was a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar cane to start with was a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar cane to start with was a lot more
+dense than some of the material we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense than some of the material we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense than some of the material we had
+used when we burned here um and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when we burned here um and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used when we burned here um and we just
+didn't let it burn long enough but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't let it burn long enough but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't let it burn long enough but it
+was also good for the community to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also good for the community to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also good for the community to see
+that if they didn't Let It Burn um long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they didn't Let It Burn um long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they didn't Let It Burn um long
+enough then they wouldn't get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then they wouldn't get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then they wouldn't get a good
+charcoal from it did you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal from it did you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal from it did you want and
+another thing we realized is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we realized is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we realized is that when
+the first day when we graded the Uka we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day when we graded the Uka we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day when we graded the Uka we
+did it in relatively bigger pieces so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in relatively bigger pieces so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in relatively bigger pieces so it
+was still pretty dry didn't like release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still pretty dry didn't like release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still pretty dry didn't like release
+any of like I guess a juice or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of like I guess a juice or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of like I guess a juice or whatever
+it has in it so when we grounded up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has in it so when we grounded up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has in it so when we grounded up it
+was still really dry and so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still really dry and so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still really dry and so when we
+added it to the water to make the binder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added it to the water to make the binder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added it to the water to make the binder
+we had to use like so much Yuka to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to use like so much Yuka to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to use like so much Yuka to get
+it to have that right consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to have that right consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to have that right consistency
+so what we didn't make a like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we didn't make a like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we didn't make a like the one
+youa didn't make a whole lot of binder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youa didn't make a whole lot of binder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youa didn't make a whole lot of binder
+so we learned to put it in smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned to put it in smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learned to put it in smaller
+pieces to make you can see kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to make you can see kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to make you can see kind of how
+thick it was this was the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it was this was the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it was this was the first time
+really thick I think it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thick I think it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thick I think it's important to
+note that in all communities people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that in all communities people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that in all communities people were
+like some people were somewhat familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some people were somewhat familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some people were somewhat familiar
+with uh charcoal sometimes they had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh charcoal sometimes they had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh charcoal sometimes they had no
+idea but it was really nice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but it was really nice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but it was really nice that
+everybody I mean we I guess we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I mean we I guess we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I mean we I guess we kind of
+expected that but everybody worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that but everybody worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that but everybody worked with
+us and they came up with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and they came up with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and they came up with their own
+little ideas and um the I guess the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ideas and um the I guess the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ideas and um the I guess the two
+tour guides not tour guides that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour guides not tour guides that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour guides not tour guides that's a bad
+one the two people helping us um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the two people helping us um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the two people helping us um from
+the organization from aset proar were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization from aset proar were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization from aset proar were
+very helpful and they got really into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful and they got really into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful and they got really into it
+and so for the last one we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for the last one we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for the last one we actually
+asked them to do the demonstration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to do the demonstration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to do the demonstration and
+we were kind of checking and making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were kind of checking and making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were kind of checking and making sure
+everything is okay so that worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is okay so that worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is okay so that worked out
+really well in terms of um involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in terms of um involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in terms of um involving the
+community actually um to keep doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community actually um to keep doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community actually um to keep doing this
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they're going to keep showing people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to keep showing people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to keep showing people in
+different communities so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different communities so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different communities so it was
+important for us to to involve them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us to to involve them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us to to involve them a
+lot in the process yeah they got it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the process yeah they got it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the process yeah they got it down
+really fast so by the third day when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so by the third day when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast so by the third day when we
+let them run it we we kind of it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them run it we we kind of it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them run it we we kind of it was all
+in Spanish and we couldn't follow most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spanish and we couldn't follow most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Spanish and we couldn't follow most
+of it so we would ask our translator one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so we would ask our translator one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so we would ask our translator one
+Carlos who was working with us and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos who was working with us and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlos who was working with us and one
+of the two people who um was working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two people who um was working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two people who um was working in
+the community he like we asked him oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community he like we asked him oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community he like we asked him oh
+did you remember to tell them this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you remember to tell them this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you remember to tell them this like
+yeah yeah yeah yeah I got it I got it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah I got it I got it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah I got it I got it so
+like he he he was a total Pro so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he he he was a total Pro so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he he he was a total Pro so it was
+really good it's really exciting to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good it's really exciting to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good it's really exciting to know
+that they'll have the like the knowhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll have the like the knowhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll have the like the knowhow
+and the confidence to really accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the confidence to really accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the confidence to really accurately
+tell more communities how to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell more communities how to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell more communities how to make the
+charcoal and this is Elena she was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal and this is Elena she was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal and this is Elena she was one
+of the other Community Partners that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other Community Partners that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other Community Partners that we
+worked with she was really into like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with she was really into like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with she was really into like the
+motivational aspect of it so she'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational aspect of it so she'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational aspect of it so she'd
+always be like CE po like you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be like CE po like you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be like CE po like you can do it
+like she kept like encouraging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she kept like encouraging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like she kept like encouraging the
+people in the community that who are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the community that who are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the community that who are a
+little more nervous about it or who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more nervous about it or who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more nervous about it or who are
+more depressed about their living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depressed about their living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depressed about their living
+conditions that like could keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that like could keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that like could keep moving
+forward so she was really excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so she was really excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so she was really excited about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charcoal so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal so on
+to so it was a lot of fun that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so it was a lot of fun that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so it was a lot of fun that pretty
+much everyone in the community was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everyone in the community was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much everyone in the community was
+really involved with it we uh at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really involved with it we uh at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really involved with it we uh at least
+on the last day we really kind of sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last day we really kind of sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the last day we really kind of sat
+back and didn't really do anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and didn't really do anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and didn't really do anything and
+uh let one caros and Elena take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let one caros and Elena take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let one caros and Elena take the
+Reigns at least with the instruction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reigns at least with the instruction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reigns at least with the instruction but
+still the entire time the members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the entire time the members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the entire time the members of the
+community were really doing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community were really doing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community were really doing everything
+and they jumped right in no one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they jumped right in no one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they jumped right in no one was
+really very hesitant and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very hesitant and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very hesitant and there was
+something a little bit first everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit first everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit first everyone to
+do when we crushed up the charcoal there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we crushed up the charcoal there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we crushed up the charcoal there
+were a lot of kids in the area so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of kids in the area so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of kids in the area so they
+just went to town stomping on the rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went to town stomping on the rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went to town stomping on the rice
+bags it was it was really a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags it was it was really a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags it was it was really a lot of fun
+and um uh the person that was drove us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh the person that was drove us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh the person that was drove us
+to the community what was that hul hulio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the community what was that hul hulio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the community what was that hul hulio
+he uh um one day he sat there and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh um one day he sat there and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh um one day he sat there and just
+made charcoal brick after Charco for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made charcoal brick after Charco for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made charcoal brick after Charco for
+Kenny is like oh look what the ones I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenny is like oh look what the ones I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenny is like oh look what the ones I've
+made have made so it was everyone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made have made so it was everyone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made have made so it was everyone was
+really excited about it so it was nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about it so it was nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about it so it was nice
+um so when the with the corn shellers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when the with the corn shellers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when the with the corn shellers um
+Amy Smith had gone down and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy Smith had gone down and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amy Smith had gone down and some of the
+communities had um seen or had heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities had um seen or had heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities had um seen or had heard
+about using cans that they had um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using cans that they had um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using cans that they had um to
+make the corn shellers so we had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the corn shellers so we had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the corn shellers so we had never
+heard of that but we were kind of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that but we were kind of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of that but we were kind of trying
+to go with it and the first day um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with it and the first day um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with it and the first day um that
+we went out we had to experiment using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went out we had to experiment using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went out we had to experiment using
+pliers and the cans that they had um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pliers and the cans that they had um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pliers and the cans that they had um so
+this was one of the communities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of the communities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of the communities that
+they were just playing around with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just playing around with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just playing around with it
+and it was almost kind of good in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was almost kind of good in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was almost kind of good in a way
+that we didn't really know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't really know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't really know how to do it
+ourselves like perfectly because it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves like perfectly because it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves like perfectly because it kind
+of allowed them to experiment themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowed them to experiment themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowed them to experiment themselves
+with it um they kind of found the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um they kind of found the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it um they kind of found the best
+ways that they wanted to make it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they wanted to make it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that they wanted to make it um
+they're using like little 6 oz jalapeno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using like little 6 oz jalapeno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using like little 6 oz jalapeno
+cans um so these are some of the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cans um so these are some of the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cans um so these are some of the woman
+playing around with it um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing around with it um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing around with it um and then we
+also did show them how to use the jig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did show them how to use the jig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also did show them how to use the jig
+with the um sheet metal and the hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the um sheet metal and the hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the um sheet metal and the hammer
+um one of the things that we ran into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that we ran into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that we ran into
+though was one of the communities um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though was one of the communities um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though was one of the communities um
+didn't have pliers so we had to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have pliers so we had to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have pliers so we had to show
+them how to do the whole thing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how to do the whole thing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how to do the whole thing with a
+hammer um and eventually by the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer um and eventually by the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer um and eventually by the third
+day a me came up with this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day a me came up with this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day a me came up with this idea of
+having like a variable corn sheller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having like a variable corn sheller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having like a variable corn sheller so
+we didn't actually close it and um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually close it and um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually close it and um we
+rounded the edges so it just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded the edges so it just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded the edges so it just like you
+could hold it in your hand and adjust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hold it in your hand and adjust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hold it in your hand and adjust it
+to the size of the Corn cuz the corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the size of the Corn cuz the corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the size of the Corn cuz the corn
+varied a lot from different communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied a lot from different communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied a lot from different communities
+um so that was really helpful and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was really helpful and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that was really helpful and this
+girl was really into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl was really into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl was really into
+it yeah it was nice when we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah it was nice when we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah it was nice when we found the
+way to do it with the without fully um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it with the without fully um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it with the without fully um
+attaching the ends so that since a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching the ends so that since a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching the ends so that since a lot
+of the Corn were different sizes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Corn were different sizes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Corn were different sizes you
+would see a lot of the members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a lot of the members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a lot of the members of the
+community used one corn shell and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community used one corn shell and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community used one corn shell and try to
+Shell it and it didn't work because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell it and it didn't work because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell it and it didn't work because it
+wasn't the right size so they'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the right size so they'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the right size so they'd like
+toss it out and try another one and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss it out and try another one and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss it out and try another one and you
+could see it was kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it was kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it was kind of like
+frustrating like who wants who wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating like who wants who wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating like who wants who wants the
+corn shell it doesn't actually work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn shell it doesn't actually work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn shell it doesn't actually work so
+once we figured out how to do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we figured out how to do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we figured out how to do it with
+just rounding the edges so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rounding the edges so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rounding the edges so you could
+just the how tightly you gripped it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the how tightly you gripped it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the how tightly you gripped it um
+would made it work for every single corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would made it work for every single corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would made it work for every single corn
+cob it was a lot more exciting and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cob it was a lot more exciting and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cob it was a lot more exciting and when
+we first uh showed it to them that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first uh showed it to them that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first uh showed it to them that day
+the lady tried and like promptly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lady tried and like promptly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lady tried and like promptly like
+put it in her pocket and went around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in her pocket and went around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in her pocket and went around
+with it with the rest of the day it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it with the rest of the day it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it with the rest of the day it was
+really it was amusing the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was amusing the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it was amusing the third
+Community we went to actually um we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community we went to actually um we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community we went to actually um we went
+in like toured houses and looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like toured houses and looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like toured houses and looked at
+stoves in between like when we had first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves in between like when we had first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves in between like when we had first
+shown them how to make them and we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown them how to make them and we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown them how to make them and we came
+back like a few hours later and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back like a few hours later and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back like a few hours later and they
+were still like all sitting there making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still like all sitting there making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still like all sitting there making
+them like they had been doing it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like they had been doing it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like they had been doing it for
+hours on it and they loved it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours on it and they loved it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours on it and they loved it it was
+really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool
+um now we're going to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're going to talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're going to talk to you about
+some potential projects we came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential projects we came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some potential projects we came up
+with so there I guess as an introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so there I guess as an introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so there I guess as an introduction
+because our trip was and we just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our trip was and we just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our trip was and we just went
+with it we really didn't know the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it we really didn't know the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it we really didn't know the exact
+projects they were working on so we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects they were working on so we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects they were working on so we took
+a lot of notes and there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of notes and there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of notes and there's so many
+different issues that they're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues that they're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues that they're dealing
+with and a lot of them are not um energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and a lot of them are not um energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and a lot of them are not um energy
+related per se but we took notes on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related per se but we took notes on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related per se but we took notes on all
+of them and we'll um I guess we can pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and we'll um I guess we can pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and we'll um I guess we can pass
+that on to other dlab classes but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on to other dlab classes but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on to other dlab classes but we
+picked four um as like the main projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked four um as like the main projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked four um as like the main projects
+that we can focus on in the class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can focus on in the class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can focus on in the class um
+and the I guess the main ideas were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I guess the main ideas were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I guess the main ideas were um
+lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting
+optimization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization uh
+ventilation a charcoal insert uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation a charcoal insert uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation a charcoal insert uh and uh
+a rice husking modifying a meal to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rice husking modifying a meal to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rice husking modifying a meal to do
+Rice husking and and um I go ahe um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice husking and and um I go ahe um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice husking and and um I go ahe um so
+one of the big problems in El Salvador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big problems in El Salvador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big problems in El Salvador
+is there's only 3% Forest right now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's only 3% Forest right now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's only 3% Forest right now um
+they're running into a lot of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're running into a lot of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're running into a lot of issues
+with people using all the wood for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people using all the wood for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people using all the wood for
+cooking um so although some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking um so although some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking um so although some of the
+families wanted to use the charcoal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families wanted to use the charcoal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families wanted to use the charcoal to
+sell it and make money off of it other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it and make money off of it other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it and make money off of it other
+families were looking at it as a fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families were looking at it as a fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families were looking at it as a fuel
+source for themselves for cooking um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for themselves for cooking um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source for themselves for cooking um but
+one of the problems with that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems with that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems with that is that
+they were ASO proar team was um working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were ASO proar team was um working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were ASO proar team was um working
+with the communities to build new stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the communities to build new stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the communities to build new stoves
+outside and those stoves weren't optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and those stoves weren't optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and those stoves weren't optimal
+for charcoal um this is a picture of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charcoal um this is a picture of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charcoal um this is a picture of one
+of them see if you can see it has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them see if you can see it has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them see if you can see it has like
+the nice chimney so it ventilates really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice chimney so it ventilates really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice chimney so it ventilates really
+well and it's outside um so and it burns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it's outside um so and it burns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and it's outside um so and it burns
+really well with wood um so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well with wood um so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well with wood um so we were
+thinking along the lines of something um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking along the lines of something um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking along the lines of something um
+that we could insert into one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could insert into one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could insert into one of these
+types of stoves that would make it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of stoves that would make it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of stoves that would make it be
+able to use charcoal um we a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use charcoal um we a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use charcoal um we a lot of the
+materials that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that they have
+there um we thought we thought like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um we thought we thought like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um we thought we thought like
+about sheet metal and we thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sheet metal and we thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sheet metal and we thought about
+um different ways to like kind of make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different ways to like kind of make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different ways to like kind of make a
+kind of fryer basket thing but sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fryer basket thing but sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fryer basket thing but sheet
+metal is too expensive for their um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is too expensive for their um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal is too expensive for their um
+living means um so we for our project we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living means um so we for our project we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living means um so we for our project we
+were thinking about something with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking about something with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking about something with um
+the cans that we had talked about they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cans that we had talked about they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cans that we had talked about they
+use for corn shellers um they can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for corn shellers um they can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for corn shellers um they can buy
+them in the market and they're they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the market and they're they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the market and they're they have
+food in them when they come with them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food in them when they come with them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food in them when they come with them so
+that they can use the food and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use the food and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use the food and then we
+can we were thinking about potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we were thinking about potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we were thinking about potentially
+making the cans into like forming it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the cans into like forming it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the cans into like forming it and
+weaving it into some kind of charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaving it into some kind of charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaving it into some kind of charcoal
+basket that we could insert into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket that we could insert into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket that we could insert into these
+stoves so they could cook with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves so they could cook with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves so they could cook with the
+charcoal that they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal that they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal that they make
+um something important I guess to add um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something important I guess to add um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something important I guess to add um
+for all of these was that um I think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these was that um I think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these was that um I think all
+three communities and I think one was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three communities and I think one was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three communities and I think one was a
+little bit better but than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better but than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better but than the other
+ones but um they really didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but um they really didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones but um they really didn't have any
+resources like we spoke to a lot of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources like we spoke to a lot of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources like we spoke to a lot of a
+lot of the people and it seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the people and it seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the people and it seemed like
+most most are women um most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most are women um most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most are women um most of them are
+not working so it's it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working so it's it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working so it's it was really
+difficult to ask ask questions like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to ask ask questions like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to ask ask questions like well
+can you afford buying something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you afford buying something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you afford buying something because
+most of the time they don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time they don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time they don't really have
+any any money um so it's I guess the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any money um so it's I guess the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any money um so it's I guess the the
+biggest challenge is try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge is try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge is try to find
+materials that um already exist or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that um already exist or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that um already exist or maybe
+are part of the trash and um we um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the trash and um we um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of the trash and um we um we
+spoke to people trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke to people trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke to people trying to figure out
+what are the type of things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the type of things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the type of things that they
+can find and um I guess the cans is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find and um I guess the cans is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find and um I guess the cans is one
+of the things also the chips bags empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things also the chips bags empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things also the chips bags empty
+chips bags was mentioned as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips bags was mentioned as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips bags was mentioned as something
+that um it could be found your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it could be found your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it could be found your
+schools um plastic bottles any size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um plastic bottles any size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools um plastic bottles any size of
+plastic bottles can be used so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bottles can be used so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bottles can be used so things
+like that we were trying to see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we were trying to see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we were trying to see if we
+can somehow incorporate any of this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somehow incorporate any of this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somehow incorporate any of this into
+into the design so that it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the design so that it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the design so that it's not really
+something that you can go by because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can go by because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can go by because
+they can't really go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't really go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't really go by
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so the second problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the second problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the second problem that we
+identified as something we could address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as something we could address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified as something we could address
+was rice de husking so they were some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rice de husking so they were some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rice de husking so they were some of
+the communities were starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities were starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities were starting to
+experiment with integrating um rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with integrating um rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with integrating um rights
+into their diet um as well as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their diet um as well as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their diet um as well as their
+standard corn and beans for additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard corn and beans for additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard corn and beans for additional
+nutrients or at least having it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients or at least having it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients or at least having it as
+another source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another source of
+um um to sell potentially but currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um to sell potentially but currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um to sell potentially but currently
+the problem was if they they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was if they they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was if they they could
+either shell all the rice by hand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either shell all the rice by hand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either shell all the rice by hand or
+they could take it to a mill that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could take it to a mill that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could take it to a mill that was
+about 3 hours away and they had to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 hours away and they had to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 hours away and they had to pay
+about 250 to get the bagy husk and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 250 to get the bagy husk and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 250 to get the bagy husk and then
+they had to come back so it was a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to come back so it was a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to come back so it was a like
+very long and tedious process they spelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long and tedious process they spelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long and tedious process they spelt
+well over their um like a couple days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over their um like a couple days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over their um like a couple days
+salary or work just doing this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary or work just doing this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary or work just doing this and it's
+really not very economical and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not very economical and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not very economical and it's very
+hard so they experimented with a mill um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so they experimented with a mill um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so they experimented with a mill um
+to grind that they used you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grind that they used you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grind that they used you used to
+grind corn to dehusk the rice and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind corn to dehusk the rice and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind corn to dehusk the rice and they
+um to make it uh softer they had some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make it uh softer they had some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to make it uh softer they had some of
+the communities had put rubber um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities had put rubber um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities had put rubber um in
+between the pieces of the mill and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the pieces of the mill and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the pieces of the mill and but
+they found that the rubber was turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that the rubber was turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that the rubber was turning
+the rice kernels black and which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rice kernels black and which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rice kernels black and which is not
+good so we bought a couple Ms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we bought a couple Ms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we bought a couple Ms and
+experimented with other materials which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with other materials which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with other materials which
+um included a lighter color um rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um included a lighter color um rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um included a lighter color um rubber
+material and um Leather So it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and um Leather So it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and um Leather So it's more
+organic material to place in between it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic material to place in between it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic material to place in between it
+and we tried that Saturday before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tried that Saturday before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we tried that Saturday before we
+left and we had a decent amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we had a decent amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we had a decent amount of
+Success With It uh there has to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Success With It uh there has to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Success With It uh there has to be some
+more fine-tuning obviously and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fine-tuning obviously and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fine-tuning obviously and probably
+more uh to potentially find some more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh to potentially find some more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh to potentially find some more um
+optimal uh materials to use as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh materials to use as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh materials to use as the
+barrier but from what we found it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier but from what we found it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier but from what we found it's um
+definitely got potential and shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely got potential and shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely got potential and shouldn't
+be too hard of a project to tackle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too hard of a project to tackle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too hard of a project to tackle so
+and that's something I think that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something I think that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's something I think that's also
+supp by ASA Pro are they're supplying U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supp by ASA Pro are they're supplying U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supp by ASA Pro are they're supplying U
+these Mills to to some communities uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Mills to to some communities uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Mills to to some communities uh so
+that they can use it um almost as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use it um almost as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can use it um almost as a
+micro economy to make money out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro economy to make money out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro economy to make money out of it
+the answer kind of goes like right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer kind of goes like right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer kind of goes like right in
+between these two pieces cuz they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two pieces cuz they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two pieces cuz they're
+both like um against Bridge so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both like um against Bridge so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both like um against Bridge so they
+grind against each other but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind against each other but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind against each other but when you
+have something in between it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in between it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in between it kind of
+stops it from pulling the rice totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops it from pulling the rice totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops it from pulling the rice totally
+apart for the lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart for the lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart for the lighting
+um there there are a couple couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there are a couple couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there are a couple couple
+different issues one was um electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues one was um electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues one was um electrical
+lighting and one was daylighting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and one was daylighting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and one was daylighting for
+electrical lighting some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical lighting some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical lighting some some
+communities some people headlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities some people headlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities some people headlights
+inside some headlights that worked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside some headlights that worked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside some headlights that worked and
+some that didn't work so it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that didn't work so it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that didn't work so it was it
+varied the conditions varied uh however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied the conditions varied uh however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varied the conditions varied uh however
+the families we asked about um is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families we asked about um is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the families we asked about um is the
+the light bulb enough a couple of family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bulb enough a couple of family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light bulb enough a couple of family
+said yeah for for at night it's they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah for for at night it's they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah for for at night it's they
+they had one room in a way and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had one room in a way and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had one room in a way and that it
+was sufficient to light that room um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sufficient to light that room um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sufficient to light that room um in
+terms of daylighting so the houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of daylighting so the houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of daylighting so the houses
+were completely um very dark very dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were completely um very dark very dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were completely um very dark very dark
+and one of the um I guess the some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the um I guess the some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the um I guess the some of
+the questions we asked is are why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions we asked is are why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions we asked is are why why
+are they so dark and is that U more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they so dark and is that U more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they so dark and is that U more of a
+it's expensive or do you need more light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive or do you need more light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expensive or do you need more light
+and so most of them were one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so most of them were one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so most of them were one or two
+rooms and they had one window the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and they had one window the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and they had one window the whole
+house so one of the rooms sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house so one of the rooms sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house so one of the rooms sometimes
+didn't even have a window and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even have a window and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even have a window and we found
+out that there were a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there were a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there were a couple different
+issues one was money um because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues one was money um because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues one was money um because the
+houses were made with Adobe bricks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses were made with Adobe bricks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses were made with Adobe bricks in
+order to leave I mean it seems simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to leave I mean it seems simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to leave I mean it seems simple
+that you just leave an opening so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just leave an opening so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just leave an opening so that
+you actually save on material however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually save on material however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually save on material however
+for safety and also for hurricanes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety and also for hurricanes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for safety and also for hurricanes they
+have to close that opening and to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to close that opening and to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to close that opening and to close
+that opening uh if they use wood or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opening uh if they use wood or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opening uh if they use wood or
+metal it cost anywhere around $25 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal it cost anywhere around $25 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal it cost anywhere around $25 per
+window where whereas the bricks are 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window where whereas the bricks are 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window where whereas the bricks are 30
+so that's $3 versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's $3 versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's $3 versus
+$25 is a a big difference um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 is a a big difference um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25 is a a big difference um another
+issue they said was some of them didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue they said was some of them didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue they said was some of them didn't
+actually want more light um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want more light um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want more light um because of
+uh privacy reasons parents and kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh privacy reasons parents and kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh privacy reasons parents and kids
+sometimes are in the same room so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are in the same room so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are in the same room so they
+were they were kind of joking around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were kind of joking around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were kind of joking around but
+they said you know we we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said you know we we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said you know we we can't do
+anything because if you can see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because if you can see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because if you can see things
+uh kids are always aware of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kids are always aware of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kids are always aware of what the
+parents are doing in the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are doing in the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are doing in the other way
+around so um it was more of a privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so um it was more of a privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so um it was more of a privacy
+issue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue um
+however daylighting could be improved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however daylighting could be improved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however daylighting could be improved or
+it would be great if they have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be great if they have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be great if they have more
+light for um all the tasks they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for um all the tasks they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light for um all the tasks they're
+working on and some of the ideas we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on and some of the ideas we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on and some of the ideas we had
+were um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were um again
+using existing materials and there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using existing materials and there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using existing materials and there so we
+saw this at at um we met a Peace Corp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this at at um we met a Peace Corp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this at at um we met a Peace Corp
+person from Texas who used this in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from Texas who used this in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from Texas who used this in his
+house and he said that the roof was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and he said that the roof was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and he said that the roof was
+leaking so he just put a plastic bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking so he just put a plastic bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking so he just put a plastic bottle
+um instead of one of the roof tiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of one of the roof tiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of one of the roof tiles and
+that was actually um we had a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually um we had a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually um we had a really
+great idea because plastic bottles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea because plastic bottles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea because plastic bottles are
+available and if we can find a way to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and if we can find a way to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and if we can find a way to uh
+maybe cut the bottle in half and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe cut the bottle in half and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe cut the bottle in half and try to
+mimic the shape of the roof tiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the shape of the roof tiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the shape of the roof tiles and
+um incorporate some plastic bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incorporate some plastic bottles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um incorporate some plastic bottles
+within the roof so that stops the rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the roof so that stops the rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the roof so that stops the rain
+but allows like to come in uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but allows like to come in uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but allows like to come in uh that was
+one idea another possibility was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea another possibility was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea another possibility was there
+was a gap between the wall and the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a gap between the wall and the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a gap between the wall and the roof
+of about 6 in in most homes um and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 6 in in most homes um and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 6 in in most homes um and even
+though that's a lot more challenging we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's a lot more challenging we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's a lot more challenging we
+were trying to think of is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to think of is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to think of is there
+anything that we can introduce some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that we can introduce some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that we can introduce some sort
+of a surface that can catch some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a surface that can catch some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a surface that can catch some of the
+light from the outside and and bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the outside and and bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light from the outside and and bring it
+inside something like the chips bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside something like the chips bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside something like the chips bags
+which is kind of like aluminum foil um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of like aluminum foil um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of like aluminum foil um
+to redirect it however that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redirect it however that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to redirect it however that's
+challenging because the roofs or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because the roofs or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because the roofs or the
+ceilings were and walls were completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings were and walls were completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceilings were and walls were completely
+black from um the smoke of the cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black from um the smoke of the cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black from um the smoke of the cooking
+inside which I guess leads to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside which I guess leads to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside which I guess leads to the last
+um yeah so I guess so last project we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I guess so last project we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I guess so last project we
+were really working on was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really working on was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really working on was the
+ventilation So like um Yulia said like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation So like um Yulia said like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation So like um Yulia said like a
+lot of the homes still had the stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the homes still had the stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the homes still had the stoves
+inside and a lot of them were simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and a lot of them were simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and a lot of them were simply the
+three brick stoves they just stuck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three brick stoves they just stuck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three brick stoves they just stuck the
+wood under it and proceeded to cook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood under it and proceeded to cook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood under it and proceeded to cook and
+it essentially charred the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it essentially charred the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it essentially charred the walls
+completely black and um it was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely black and um it was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely black and um it was a lot of
+was covered in soot and um with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was covered in soot and um with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was covered in soot and um with the
+financial problem of trying to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial problem of trying to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial problem of trying to even
+incorporate Windows into the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate Windows into the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate Windows into the housing
+which so much more expensive that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so much more expensive that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so much more expensive that we
+really um had a difficult time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um had a difficult time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um had a difficult time trying to
+think of ways to improve the ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of ways to improve the ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of ways to improve the ventilation
+especially considering the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially considering the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially considering the fact that a
+lot of the members of the community on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the members of the community on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the members of the community on
+don't make money they just live off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make money they just live off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make money they just live off the
+land that they have so uh the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land that they have so uh the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land that they have so uh the idea of
+buying materials is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying materials is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying materials is pretty much
+impossible so one of the thoughts we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so one of the thoughts we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so one of the thoughts we had
+um other than improving the stove so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than improving the stove so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than improving the stove so
+that they're more efficient trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're more efficient trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're more efficient trying to
+get them to move outside which um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to move outside which um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to move outside which um they
+have problems with um since the stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems with um since the stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems with um since the stoves
+they have right now are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have right now are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have right now are not very
+efficient they have to make sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient they have to make sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient they have to make sure they
+close off the entire area for wind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close off the entire area for wind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close off the entire area for wind and
+rain because they're already losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain because they're already losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain because they're already losing
+efficiency see just with the stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency see just with the stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency see just with the stoves
+they're using um so a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using um so a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using um so a lot of them
+wouldn't mind like if they don't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't mind like if they don't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't mind like if they don't leave
+the stove inside they build like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stove inside they build like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stove inside they build like an
+entire new room with a roof and a wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire new room with a roof and a wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire new room with a roof and a wall
+outside of the house to put their so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the house to put their so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the house to put their so
+this is the start of one of the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the start of one of the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the start of one of the like
+outside kitchens that they're making um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside kitchens that they're making um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside kitchens that they're making um
+so they like literally close a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they like literally close a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they like literally close a section
+off um with walls and then they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um with walls and then they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um with walls and then they're going
+to probably put something over for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably put something over for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probably put something over for a
+roof so essentially they're making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof so essentially they're making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof so essentially they're making an
+entire new entire new room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire new entire new room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire new entire new room
+and that's and that's supported by ASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's and that's supported by ASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's and that's supported by ASA
+proar what they're doing is um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proar what they're doing is um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proar what they're doing is um trying to
+find families who are in the I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find families who are in the I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find families who are in the I have the
+most need in a way and they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most need in a way and they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most need in a way and they're um
+supplying them with um sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying them with um sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying them with um sometimes
+materials they said that the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they said that the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials they said that the way the
+organization works is they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization works is they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization works is they never
+actually do it for you uh they would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it for you uh they would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it for you uh they would get
+a grand from somewhere and actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grand from somewhere and actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grand from somewhere and actually make
+the community do it uh but these stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community do it uh but these stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community do it uh but these stoves
+that they're building outside or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're building outside or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're building outside or
+kitchens aren't not for everybody in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchens aren't not for everybody in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchens aren't not for everybody in a
+way so there only certain families who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so there only certain families who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so there only certain families who
+get them so it's still a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them so it's still a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them so it's still a really big
+issue of how do we deal with the stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of how do we deal with the stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of how do we deal with the stoves
+inside yeah so we thought as far as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside yeah so we thought as far as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside yeah so we thought as far as a
+makeshift um smoke Hood essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeshift um smoke Hood essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeshift um smoke Hood essentially
+since there was the Gap in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there was the Gap in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there was the Gap in between the
+house um the house and the roof we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um the house and the roof we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house um the house and the roof we
+thought that maybe we could make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that maybe we could make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that maybe we could make some
+sort of hood out of the materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hood out of the materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of hood out of the materials that
+they already have maybe um like overused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have maybe um like overused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have maybe um like overused
+clothes or ENT even like the chip bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes or ENT even like the chip bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes or ENT even like the chip bags
+that there some way to like sew them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there some way to like sew them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there some way to like sew them
+together and um channel the smoke at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and um channel the smoke at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and um channel the smoke at
+least up into the cracks of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least up into the cracks of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least up into the cracks of the house
+and hopefully guide it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully guide it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully guide it a little bit more
+outside of the uh room that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the uh room that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the uh room that they have
+cuz um essentially they are just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz um essentially they are just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz um essentially they are just one
+room uh Huts more or less so there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh Huts more or less so there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room uh Huts more or less so there with
+no windows and one doorway so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no windows and one doorway so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no windows and one doorway so there
+really isn't anywhere for the smoke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really isn't anywhere for the smoke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really isn't anywhere for the smoke to
+go if it's not if it can't be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if it's not if it can't be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if it's not if it can't be better
+channeled out and since it is only room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled out and since it is only room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled out and since it is only room
+you sleep there you eat there you cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sleep there you eat there you cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sleep there you eat there you cook
+there so it's the ventilation is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's the ventilation is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's the ventilation is pretty
+bad and it's a one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and it's a one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and it's a one of the things we
+really want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to work
+about but um on a ending on a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but um on a ending on a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but um on a ending on a more
+positive note though it was an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive note though it was an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive note though it was an amazing
+experience like we said all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like we said all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience like we said all the
+communities were very um encouraging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities were very um encouraging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities were very um encouraging and
+really wanted to make these changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to make these changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to make these changes
+there wasn't anyone who was just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't anyone who was just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't anyone who was just kind of
+uh the wo is me to press to even try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wo is me to press to even try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the wo is me to press to even try to
+make the change so it was nice to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the change so it was nice to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the change so it was nice to know
+that they were really really into make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were really really into make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were really really into make
+um making these improvements and some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making these improvements and some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making these improvements and some I
+something just add something important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something just add something important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something just add something important
+was ASA proar the way they work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ASA proar the way they work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ASA proar the way they work with
+these communities is to help them but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these communities is to help them but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these communities is to help them but to
+also help the land uh so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help the land uh so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help the land uh so there was a
+really big influence on um how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big influence on um how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big influence on um how can we
+make some of these improvements but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some of these improvements but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some of these improvements but not
+hurt uh the remaining nature that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt uh the remaining nature that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt uh the remaining nature that we
+have um so a lot of the other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um so a lot of the other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um so a lot of the other issues
+that we encountered were water um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we encountered were water um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we encountered were water um
+latrines how do they make them without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latrines how do they make them without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latrines how do they make them without
+actually um contaminating the water um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um contaminating the water um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um contaminating the water um
+so I guess part of these challenges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess part of these challenges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess part of these challenges is
+to figure out ways that don't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out ways that don't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out ways that don't hurt
+nature any more so than um what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature any more so than um what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature any more so than um what is
+already existing because that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing because that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing because that's one of
+the the biggest issues they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the biggest issues they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the biggest issues they're they're
+dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with
+there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so introduction wise uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so introduction wise uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so introduction wise uh we were
+the group that went with alsoo Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group that went with alsoo Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group that went with alsoo Phoenix
+uh alsoo Phoenix is a group that's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alsoo Phoenix is a group that's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh alsoo Phoenix is a group that's based
+out of magaga um it works with a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of magaga um it works with a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of magaga um it works with a group
+called Green empowerment that's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Green empowerment that's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Green empowerment that's based
+out of Portland so it's really quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Portland so it's really quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Portland so it's really quite a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+collaboration um but anyway they focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration um but anyway they focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration um but anyway they focus
+on bringing uh kind of portable water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bringing uh kind of portable water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bringing uh kind of portable water
+systems uh green Energy Solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh green Energy Solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh green Energy Solutions to
+different towns um but the really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different towns um but the really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different towns um but the really cool
+thing is when they go to implement these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is when they go to implement these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is when they go to implement these
+things they bring a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they bring a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they bring a lot of
+infrastructure with them because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure with them because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure with them because you
+know oh we're going to install a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh we're going to install a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh we're going to install a water
+system well you're going to need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well you're going to need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well you're going to need an
+energy source for your pump well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source for your pump well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source for your pump well you're
+going to need a road to get all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need a road to get all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need a road to get all your
+equipment there well you know everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment there well you know everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment there well you know everyone
+should have a clean latrine so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a clean latrine so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a clean latrine so it
+doesn't clean the you know dirty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't clean the you know dirty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't clean the you know dirty the
+water system so they really do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system so they really do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system so they really do a lot of
+compound work and that's why it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound work and that's why it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound work and that's why it was
+really exciting to travel around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting to travel around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting to travel around with
+some of their interns see what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their interns see what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their interns see what they do
+firsthand um so I guess we'll just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand um so I guess we'll just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firsthand um so I guess we'll just run
+down we went down there with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we went down there with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we went down there with four
+projects in mind and um we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in mind and um we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in mind and um we are going to
+present those four projects and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present those four projects and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present those four projects and where
+um we see further action like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we see further action like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we see further action like
+possibilities for each of those projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for each of those projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for each of those projects
+are uh so we'll start with the uh juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so we'll start with the uh juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh so we'll start with the uh juice
+sealer the bag sealer uh which was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealer the bag sealer uh which was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealer the bag sealer uh which was a a
+project from last year's glass um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project from last year's glass um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project from last year's glass um which
+seals a plastic bag for the uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seals a plastic bag for the uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seals a plastic bag for the uh so that
+they can preserve juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can preserve juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can preserve juice
+um uh that the women are working on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that the women are working on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that the women are working on in
+the community so uh we went down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community so uh we went down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community so uh we went down and
+this uh machine uh device runs off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh machine uh device runs off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh machine uh device runs off of
+power from a 12volt battery and we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from a 12volt battery and we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from a 12volt battery and we went
+down and um send last year they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and um send last year they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and um send last year they have uh
+installed and like connected a Micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed and like connected a Micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed and like connected a Micro
+Hydro plant uh to about half the houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydro plant uh to about half the houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydro plant uh to about half the houses
+in the community um so this house that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community um so this house that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community um so this house that
+we were staying in actually had like 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were staying in actually had like 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were staying in actually had like 120
+volts of like power coming out of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts of like power coming out of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts of like power coming out of like a
+a normal Outlet in the wall um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal Outlet in the wall um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal Outlet in the wall um but uh
+they did not have any more batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not have any more batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not have any more batteries
+that were not dead um so we um tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not dead um so we um tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not dead um so we um tried
+multiple ways to get that to work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways to get that to work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways to get that to work um
+clarification is coming out of the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification is coming out of the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification is coming out of the wall
+was AC and the device had a solenoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was AC and the device had a solenoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was AC and the device had a solenoid
+that did not like AC at all um it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did not like AC at all um it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did not like AC at all um it really
+didn't want 120 volts yeah there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want 120 volts yeah there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want 120 volts yeah there's that
+too so we tried reflecting with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so we tried reflecting with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so we tried reflecting with like a
+corrugated metal piece of roofing onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrugated metal piece of roofing onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrugated metal piece of roofing onto a
+solar panel but didn't have enough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel but didn't have enough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar panel but didn't have enough uh
+like current coming out of that um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like current coming out of that um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like current coming out of that um to
+run the device and then we also tried um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the device and then we also tried um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the device and then we also tried um
+charging a battery a car battery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging a battery a car battery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging a battery a car battery that
+they had from uh before for the Micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had from uh before for the Micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had from uh before for the Micro
+Hydro plant but that battery was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydro plant but that battery was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hydro plant but that battery was
+completely dead and like it charged from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely dead and like it charged from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely dead and like it charged from
+like 1.5 volts to like 1.9 volts in 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1.5 volts to like 1.9 volts in 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1.5 volts to like 1.9 volts in 3
+hours um so then we strung up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours um so then we strung up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours um so then we strung up those
+batteries that you saw in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that you saw in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries that you saw in the last
+picture here um to uh get it to work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here um to uh get it to work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here um to uh get it to work so
+we could at least give a demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could at least give a demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could at least give a demonstration
+and that was some good compo engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was some good compo engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was some good compo engineering
+um yeah and uh so we were able to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and uh so we were able to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and uh so we were able to give a
+presentation and they were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and they were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and they were pretty
+excited about like being able to seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about like being able to seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about like being able to seal
+the bags but um leaving them a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bags but um leaving them a string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bags but um leaving them a string of
+batteries on a stick taped together is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries on a stick taped together is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries on a stick taped together is
+not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something
+it's um so uh we for this project we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um so uh we for this project we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um so uh we for this project we can
+uh further develop it by making it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further develop it by making it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further develop it by making it so
+that it can run off of the AC power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can run off of the AC power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can run off of the AC power that
+they have um and then we also found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have um and then we also found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have um and then we also found out
+after they left that some houses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they left that some houses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they left that some houses that
+aren't on the hydroelectric grid still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't on the hydroelectric grid still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't on the hydroelectric grid still
+have solar panels and charged 12vt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solar panels and charged 12vt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solar panels and charged 12vt
+batteries um so uh bettering the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries um so uh bettering the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries um so uh bettering the design
+for this project to suit that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this project to suit that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this project to suit that because
+they might depending on uh what we hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might depending on uh what we hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might depending on uh what we hear
+back from Ala Phoenix they might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from Ala Phoenix they might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from Ala Phoenix they might have to
+take out the air in the bag so the seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the air in the bag so the seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the air in the bag so the seal
+would have to be a seal for the juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a seal for the juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a seal for the juice
+airtight and no air in the bag to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight and no air in the bag to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airtight and no air in the bag to
+completely preserve the juice so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely preserve the juice so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely preserve the juice so that
+they can sell it after the uh Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell it after the uh Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sell it after the uh Peak
+Orange harvesting season when there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange harvesting season when there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orange harvesting season when there's a
+market for orange juice um so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for orange juice um so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for orange juice um so yeah
+moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to
+we go sorry these aren't in order biod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go sorry these aren't in order biod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go sorry these aren't in order biod
+sure um so another cool project that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um so another cool project that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um so another cool project that we
+got to go and see was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go and see was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go and see was a
+biodigestor uh is yes this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodigestor uh is yes this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodigestor uh is yes this is the same
+one that we went and saw in a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we went and saw in a town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we went and saw in a town
+called pitos um it's hooked up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pitos um it's hooked up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pitos um it's hooked up to the
+grid right yes yeah Power has come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid right yes yeah Power has come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid right yes yeah Power has come to
+peritos uh but the you know people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritos uh but the you know people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritos uh but the you know people still
+cook on wood stoves and a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook on wood stoves and a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook on wood stoves and a great way to
+supplement that is with methane from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement that is with methane from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement that is with methane from
+biodigesters like this one um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodigesters like this one um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodigesters like this one um so this
+one belonged to a household where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one belonged to a household where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one belonged to a household where the
+woman cooked twice a day on it uh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman cooked twice a day on it uh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman cooked twice a day on it uh but it
+would often run out she'd had really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often run out she'd had really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would often run out she'd had really no
+idea how much gas it was producing uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how much gas it was producing uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how much gas it was producing uh so
+one of the projects we went down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the projects we went down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the projects we went down there
+with was to make some sort of simple yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with was to make some sort of simple yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with was to make some sort of simple yet
+elegant meter for her to tell just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant meter for her to tell just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant meter for her to tell just how
+much gas was in it a pressure meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gas was in it a pressure meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gas was in it a pressure meter
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+um do we have a picture yes okay uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do we have a picture yes okay uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do we have a picture yes okay uh so
+our simple combo engineering solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simple combo engineering solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our simple combo engineering solution
+was to take a uh the a piece of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take a uh the a piece of clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take a uh the a piece of clear
+tubing we had brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing we had brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing we had brought
+uh mark off some in increments so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mark off some in increments so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mark off some in increments so you
+could see uh whether or not the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see uh whether or not the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see uh whether or not the gas
+coming in from the tank which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the tank which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the tank which is the
+great piece of conduit there uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great piece of conduit there uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great piece of conduit there uh would
+press against the water so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press against the water so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press against the water so basically you
+would read where the water in the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read where the water in the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read where the water in the tube
+me the air and it would indicate if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the air and it would indicate if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the air and it would indicate if the
+pressure had risen or fall or yeah um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure had risen or fall or yeah um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure had risen or fall or yeah um so
+uh it's also a pressure release system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's also a pressure release system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's also a pressure release system
+which is really important if the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really important if the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really important if the you
+know bag gets too over you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bag gets too over you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bag gets too over you don't want
+the bag to get too uh overfilled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag to get too uh overfilled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag to get too uh overfilled with
+gas and the pressure to get too high so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and the pressure to get too high so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and the pressure to get too high so
+basically with the pressure somehow got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with the pressure somehow got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with the pressure somehow got
+to the end of that 6 and2 Ines of tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of that 6 and2 Ines of tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of that 6 and2 Ines of tube
+which is highly unlikely since she uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is highly unlikely since she uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is highly unlikely since she uses
+it every day uh the gas would simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it every day uh the gas would simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it every day uh the gas would simply
+just bubble up to the top um however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bubble up to the top um however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bubble up to the top um however
+there were some difficulties that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some difficulties that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some difficulties that we
+noticed like with with the daily feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed like with with the daily feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed like with with the daily feeding
+this machine or the this system um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine or the this system um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine or the this system um just
+in the basic use of it uh we hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basic use of it uh we hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basic use of it uh we hopefully
+solve that one with this uh this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that one with this uh this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that one with this uh this kind of
+simple meter but another one was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple meter but another one was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple meter but another one was just
+it's a very messy task uh basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very messy task uh basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very messy task uh basically it's
+a whole 5 gallon bucket of manure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole 5 gallon bucket of manure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole 5 gallon bucket of manure that
+has to be mixed at a one part manure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be mixed at a one part manure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be mixed at a one part manure
+three-part water mixture and then added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-part water mixture and then added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-part water mixture and then added
+and it poured through um if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it poured through um if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it poured through um if we go back
+to the picture of the entire system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the picture of the entire system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the picture of the entire system I
+think it might uh poured through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might uh poured through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it might uh poured through
+relatively narrow pipe and uh it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively narrow pipe and uh it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively narrow pipe and uh it's just
+very sloppy and messy um it also entails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sloppy and messy um it also entails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sloppy and messy um it also entails
+mixing the you know manure and water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the you know manure and water in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the you know manure and water in
+a bucket she had like a little TR that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bucket she had like a little TR that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bucket she had like a little TR that
+she did it with bus and I got nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did it with bus and I got nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did it with bus and I got nice and
+dirty giving it a try as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty giving it a try as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty giving it a try as well
+um and yeah it's just a messy procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yeah it's just a messy procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yeah it's just a messy procedure
+if we could come up with some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could come up with some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we could come up with some sort of
+device that would mix the uh mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that would mix the uh mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that would mix the uh mix the
+slurry in the bucket as well as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry in the bucket as well as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry in the bucket as well as kind of
+Aid in pouring it Not only would it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid in pouring it Not only would it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid in pouring it Not only would it make
+this a lot easier to use and you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot easier to use and you know be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot easier to use and you know be
+able to make her or help her get her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make her or help her get her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make her or help her get her
+chores done much faster uh but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chores done much faster uh but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chores done much faster uh but it would
+kind of make biodigesters less messy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make biodigesters less messy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make biodigesters less messy in
+general and I think that's or we imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and I think that's or we imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and I think that's or we imagine
+that would be an applicable market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an applicable market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an applicable market for
+Biers in the states Biers and other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biers in the states Biers and other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biers in the states Biers and other uh
+developing count Ines it would be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing count Ines it would be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing count Ines it would be a very
+um transmutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project okay so one of the um things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay so one of the um things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay so one of the um things we
+went down we did a lot of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down we did a lot of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down we did a lot of thinking about
+before we went down was a washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we went down was a washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we went down was a washing
+machine doing a washing machine um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine doing a washing machine um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine doing a washing machine um so we
+had some extra time and put Ros as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some extra time and put Ros as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some extra time and put Ros as we
+were waiting for the biodigestor to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were waiting for the biodigestor to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were waiting for the biodigestor to see
+if our levels of gas was changing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our levels of gas was changing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our levels of gas was changing so we
+talked to several of the women and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to several of the women and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to several of the women and got
+them to show us how they're washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to show us how they're washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to show us how they're washing
+clothes um um in this case they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes um um in this case they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes um um in this case they're doing
+it in uh lavendera big concrete wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in uh lavendera big concrete wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in uh lavendera big concrete wash
+basin Thing Up by her house but most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basin Thing Up by her house but most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basin Thing Up by her house but most of
+the wom W actually washing them down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wom W actually washing them down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wom W actually washing them down by
+the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures
+yeah um on on stones and you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um on on stones and you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um on on stones and you can't see
+it there was a well off inside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there was a well off inside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there was a well off inside of that
+picture um we asked them a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um we asked them a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um we asked them a lot
+about so okay so washing hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so okay so washing hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so okay so washing hand the
+clothes by hand P involved a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes by hand P involved a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes by hand P involved a lot of
+vigorous scrubbing and also used a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous scrubbing and also used a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous scrubbing and also used a lot
+of water um in this case we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water um in this case we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water um in this case we were using
+about that entire two gallon bucket to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that entire two gallon bucket to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that entire two gallon bucket to
+wash one shirt um she said that she used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash one shirt um she said that she used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash one shirt um she said that she used
+uh I believe it was like about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe it was like about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I believe it was like about 30
+gallons of water a day for doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of water a day for doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of water a day for doing the
+washing she did it every day and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing she did it every day and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing she did it every day and this
+was only a three she was only doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only a three she was only doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only a three she was only doing the
+washing for three three people cuz most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing for three three people cuz most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing for three three people cuz most
+of her kids were grown up um and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her kids were grown up um and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her kids were grown up um and not
+around anymore so imagine that a lot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around anymore so imagine that a lot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around anymore so imagine that a lot a
+lot of families that are larger would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of families that are larger would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of families that are larger would
+use even more water so we started asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use even more water so we started asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use even more water so we started asking
+about um what they think about the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what they think about the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what they think about the task
+of washing and whether they would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of washing and whether they would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of washing and whether they would like
+to use a machine or not um and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a machine or not um and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a machine or not um and it turns
+out that there's actually very mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there's actually very mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there's actually very mixed
+feelings about the task of washing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about the task of washing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings about the task of washing their
+clothes some some women really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes some some women really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes some some women really don't
+like it some enjoy it more than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it some enjoy it more than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it some enjoy it more than other
+tasks and they would rather do that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and they would rather do that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and they would rather do that some
+uh some get bored and say that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some get bored and say that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some get bored and say that it's
+something to do and so they enjoy it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do and so they enjoy it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do and so they enjoy it for
+that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we asked them if they would use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we asked them if they would use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we asked them if they would use a
+bicycle powered machine in general they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle powered machine in general they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle powered machine in general they
+were un we think they didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were un we think they didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were un we think they didn't really
+understand the concept of powering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the concept of powering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the concept of powering a
+machine off a bicycle um it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine off a bicycle um it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine off a bicycle um it was a very
+hilly area we didn't see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilly area we didn't see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilly area we didn't see a lot of
+bicycles especially off the main roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycles especially off the main roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycles especially off the main roads
+that were paved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were paved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were paved
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+and might have been better if we had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might have been better if we had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might have been better if we had had
+pictures of that to show them the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of that to show them the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of that to show them the idea
+across but in general the response was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across but in general the response was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across but in general the response was
+that they didn't know and if it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't know and if it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't know and if it worked
+and um if they worked if if it worked if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if they worked if if it worked if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um if they worked if if it worked if
+they liked it they would use it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they liked it they would use it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they liked it they would use it but they
+couldn't say now um some specific things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't say now um some specific things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't say now um some specific things
+about pitos is that they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pitos is that they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pitos is that they have a
+water like portable water system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water like portable water system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water like portable water system and
+they pay money for it so if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay money for it so if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay money for it so if there was a
+machine up by the house they'll do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine up by the house they'll do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine up by the house they'll do their
+washing still by the river so if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing still by the river so if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing still by the river so if there
+was a machine up by the house houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a machine up by the house houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a machine up by the house houses
+that they would have to use it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would have to use it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would have to use it would
+have to use almost no water because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use almost no water because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use almost no water because they
+don't want to pay for the water um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pay for the water um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pay for the water um the
+well that was by the river which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was by the river which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that was by the river which is um
+which we first we thought might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we first we thought might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we first we thought might be a
+good place to put a machine it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to put a machine it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to put a machine it was
+actually built by a few families and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built by a few families and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built by a few families and
+they own it and other people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they own it and other people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they own it and other people aren't
+supposed to use it and they own the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use it and they own the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to use it and they own the land
+on that it's there so that would cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that it's there so that would cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that it's there so that would cause
+issues about who could use the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about who could use the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about who could use the machine
+who it was for um we considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it was for um we considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it was for um we considered a
+portable thing that would be brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable thing that would be brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portable thing that would be brought
+down to the river but there's already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the river but there's already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the river but there's already a
+lot to carry down and it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to carry down and it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to carry down and it would have to
+be very lightweight and not bulky um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very lightweight and not bulky um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very lightweight and not bulky um and
+then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in
+general there isn't things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there isn't things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there isn't things that the
+women aren't doing because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women aren't doing because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women aren't doing because they're
+washing clothes it's not really taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing clothes it's not really taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing clothes it's not really taking
+time that they would be spending like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they would be spending like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that they would be spending like
+making money or anything and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money or anything and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money or anything and especially
+with the finances in most households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the finances in most households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the finances in most households
+controlled by the men um there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the men um there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the men um there isn't
+much motivation for them to spend money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much motivation for them to spend money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much motivation for them to spend money
+on a machine to make the task of washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a machine to make the task of washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a machine to make the task of washing
+clothes easier um so it's in Puerto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes easier um so it's in Puerto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes easier um so it's in Puerto
+ritos we found that there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritos we found that there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritos we found that there were a lot of
+obstacles and we didn't think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles and we didn't think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles and we didn't think that it
+could really be imple implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really be imple implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really be imple implemented
+successfully there we moved on to elot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully there we moved on to elot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully there we moved on to elot
+which was where we originally imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was where we originally imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was where we originally imagined
+the project and there was a a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and there was a a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and there was a a better
+situation they had one place by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they had one place by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they had one place by the
+river that everyone washed for the dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river that everyone washed for the dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river that everyone washed for the dry
+season and there would always there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season and there would always there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season and there would always there were
+already a couple lavendar that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a couple lavendar that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a couple lavendar that people
+would the women would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the women would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the women would use
+um and there's often multiple women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's often multiple women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's often multiple women
+there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but
+again um it's only the dry season that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um it's only the dry season that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um it's only the dry season that's
+everyone there everyone spreads out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone there everyone spreads out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone there everyone spreads out
+along the river during the wet season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the river during the wet season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the river during the wet season
+they're getting water pumped into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting water pumped into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting water pumped into their
+houses soon so people are unsure about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses soon so people are unsure about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses soon so people are unsure about
+whether they're going to be washing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're going to be washing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're going to be washing up
+by their houses especially if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their houses especially if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their houses especially if they have
+to pay money for it or down by the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay money for it or down by the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay money for it or down by the river
+um there's a main path that goes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a main path that goes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a main path that goes right
+by the place where they wash their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the place where they wash their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the place where they wash their
+clothes and animal lots of animals come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes and animal lots of animals come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes and animal lots of animals come
+by there to drink and stuff so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by there to drink and stuff so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by there to drink and stuff so it would
+need to be very secure against the theft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be very secure against the theft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be very secure against the theft
+and the Animals uh we also heard that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Animals uh we also heard that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Animals uh we also heard that um
+sometimes the women will fight over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the women will fight over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the women will fight over the
+best spots to wash their clothes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best spots to wash their clothes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best spots to wash their clothes which
+we would be afraid that a ma like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be afraid that a ma like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would be afraid that a ma like a
+machine that made it easier might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that made it easier might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that made it easier might
+exacerbate that unless it worked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbate that unless it worked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbate that unless it worked so
+quickly that no one minded the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that no one minded the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that no one minded the weight
+any time um and then we had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time um and then we had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time um and then we had the same
+concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns about
+like the the possibility motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the possibility motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the possibility motivation for
+fronting money for a machine um water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronting money for a machine um water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronting money for a machine um water
+conservation was talked about in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation was talked about in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation was talked about in both
+these cases but we were there in the dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases but we were there in the dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases but we were there in the dry
+season and it didn't really seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season and it didn't really seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season and it didn't really seem like
+they were concerned about about actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were concerned about about actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were concerned about about actually
+running out of water um so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of water um so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of water um so we're not
+sure that that would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that would be a good
+motivation either so even though we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation either so even though we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation either so even though we did
+a lot of thinking about this beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of thinking about this beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of thinking about this beforehand
+and the situation would be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the situation would be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the situation would be slightly
+better in elot uh we don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in elot uh we don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in elot uh we don't think that
+it's really an appropriate project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an appropriate project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an appropriate project to
+work on especially compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on especially compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on especially compared to other
+um other projects we saw it seemed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other projects we saw it seemed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other projects we saw it seemed to be
+more of like a solution in search of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of like a solution in search of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of like a solution in search of a
+problem than than something that needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than than something that needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than than something that needed
+to be solved and if somebody really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be solved and if somebody really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be solved and if somebody really
+wanted to work on a a Washi machine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work on a a Washi machine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work on a a Washi machine I
+think the best way to do it would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way to do it would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way to do it would be to
+it could be maybe be done as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be maybe be done as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be maybe be done as like a
+demonstration thing that aop Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration thing that aop Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration thing that aop Phoenix
+would have to give people a better idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to give people a better idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to give people a better idea
+of what we're talking about when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're talking about when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're talking about when we say
+washing machines and bicycle powered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machines and bicycle powered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing machines and bicycle powered and
+stuff um and but it would need to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um and but it would need to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff um and but it would need to work
+really well in order to convince them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in order to convince them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in order to convince them
+that it was something worth switching to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was something worth switching to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was something worth switching to
+so overall we feel that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall we feel that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall we feel that a lot of the
+other projects are far more worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects are far more worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other projects are far more worthwhile
+and this probably isn't something to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this probably isn't something to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this probably isn't something to see
+um so our last project was a uh Millet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our last project was a uh Millet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our last project was a uh Millet
+thresher um which this is a millet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresher um which this is a millet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresher um which this is a millet here
+on the head and this is the raw grain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head and this is the raw grain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the head and this is the raw grain um
+after the processing um so in the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the processing um so in the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the processing um so in the town
+of elot hot um they uh most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elot hot um they uh most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elot hot um they uh most of the
+families grow Billet um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families grow Billet um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families grow Billet um and the
+processing of this plant takes a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of this plant takes a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing of this plant takes a long
+time it takes um like a total so to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes um like a total so to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it takes um like a total so to uh
+Harvest like the fields it takes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest like the fields it takes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest like the fields it takes uh
+between four to six days of like one man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between four to six days of like one man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between four to six days of like one man
+working so normally have two men do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so normally have two men do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so normally have two men do it
+it takes um between like two and 3 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes um between like two and 3 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes um between like two and 3 days
+uh to do that then they wait um 8 to 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that then they wait um 8 to 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that then they wait um 8 to 15
+days for the heads uh to dry or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days for the heads uh to dry or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days for the heads uh to dry or for the
+stocks to dry and then they cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks to dry and then they cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks to dry and then they cut the
+heads off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads off of
+um the the the stocks which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the stocks which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the stocks which takes
+another um two to four uh manday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um two to four uh manday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um two to four uh manday and
+then uh the long time consuming part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the long time consuming part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the long time consuming part is
+uh knocking the little pieces of grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knocking the little pieces of grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knocking the little pieces of grain
+off of the head of the uh of the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the head of the uh of the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the head of the uh of the stock
+um and the way they do this is um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way they do this is um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way they do this is um they
+have this device or platform here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this device or platform here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this device or platform here where
+they stand um on that plank and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stand um on that plank and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stand um on that plank and then
+take the stick and hit the heads um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the stick and hit the heads um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the stick and hit the heads um and
+then the grain falls out because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the grain falls out because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the grain falls out because um
+that's just pieces like individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just pieces like individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just pieces like individual
+sticks going across the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks going across the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks going across the bottom of the
+platform so the grains just fall through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform so the grains just fall through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform so the grains just fall through
+onto the tarp normally they'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the tarp normally they'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the tarp normally they'd have a
+bigger tarp um at the bottom of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger tarp um at the bottom of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger tarp um at the bottom of this but
+they just saved one bag and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just saved one bag and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just saved one bag and their
+Harvest it ended um before we got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest it ended um before we got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvest it ended um before we got there
+so but uh IE the director of oo Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but uh IE the director of oo Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but uh IE the director of oo Phoenix
+requested that they save a bag to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested that they save a bag to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested that they save a bag to show
+us so this is just one bag that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so this is just one bag that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so this is just one bag that we
+normally have a bigger tarp um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally have a bigger tarp um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally have a bigger tarp um and then
+there's a guy below who's sweeping um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy below who's sweeping um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy below who's sweeping um
+and that's because uh parts of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because uh parts of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because uh parts of the uh
+headstock not the grain but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headstock not the grain but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headstock not the grain but the
+headstock also fall down and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headstock also fall down and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headstock also fall down and he's
+sweeping those black bits um out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping those black bits um out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping those black bits um out of the
+pile of pure grain um and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of pure grain um and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of pure grain um and then so
+normally in their process they'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in their process they'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in their process they'd have
+two men on the plank one man sweeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two men on the plank one man sweeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two men on the plank one man sweeping
+and then another man uh loading more raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another man uh loading more raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another man uh loading more raw
+material up on top so it's a four man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material up on top so it's a four man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material up on top so it's a four man
+process and it takes anywhere like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it takes anywhere like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it takes anywhere like um
+between like 4 and 10 days for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like 4 and 10 days for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like 4 and 10 days for each
+family to process their Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family to process their Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family to process their Harvest
+depending on their size of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their size of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their size of the field
+depending on the the yield for that year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the the yield for that year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the the yield for that year
+um so it's a lot of time um cuz that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's a lot of time um cuz that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's a lot of time um cuz that's
+four men working for 4 to 10 days so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four men working for 4 to 10 days so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four men working for 4 to 10 days so
+that's like upwards of 40 Man Out M days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like upwards of 40 Man Out M days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like upwards of 40 Man Out M days
+um to complete this task so to and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to complete this task so to and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to complete this task so to and there
+the men don't like doing this work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men don't like doing this work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the men don't like doing this work so
+there's like a very easy if the Machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a very easy if the Machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a very easy if the Machine
+Works they will use it um so um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works they will use it um so um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works they will use it um so um and and
+it's as simple as that then when you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that then when you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that then when you hit
+the the heads of dust is like emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heads of dust is like emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the heads of dust is like emitted
+and uh that stings your skin makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that stings your skin makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that stings your skin makes it
+really itchy it's also not very good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really itchy it's also not very good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really itchy it's also not very good to
+breathe and the man sweeping below is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe and the man sweeping below is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe and the man sweeping below is
+just engulfed in this dust like during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engulfed in this dust like during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just engulfed in this dust like during
+the entire process um and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire process um and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire process um and they don't
+they said they don't necessarily switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they don't necessarily switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they don't necessarily switch
+jobs that often so it could be one man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that often so it could be one man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that often so it could be one man
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+sweeping um so they what they do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping um so they what they do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping um so they what they do with
+this meal they cook with it they feed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meal they cook with it they feed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meal they cook with it they feed uh
+the head the leftover heads and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head the leftover heads and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head the leftover heads and uh the
+Mixed Grain that the guyy sweeping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mixed Grain that the guyy sweeping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mixed Grain that the guyy sweeping out
+that has bits of uh black um heads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has bits of uh black um heads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has bits of uh black um heads to
+livestock or they can also separate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livestock or they can also separate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livestock or they can also separate it
+because the gra in water the grain sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gra in water the grain sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gra in water the grain sink
+and and the uh parts of the stock stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the uh parts of the stock stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the uh parts of the stock stay
+floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating
+um so let's see uh for like this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see uh for like this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's see uh for like this project
+uh it would be great to have a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be great to have a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be great to have a machine
+that gets like 80% of the seeds because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets like 80% of the seeds because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets like 80% of the seeds because
+this hitting process doesn't get um 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hitting process doesn't get um 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hitting process doesn't get um 100
+doesn't even get close to 100% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even get close to 100% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even get close to 100% of the
+seeds out of this the head so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds out of this the head so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds out of this the head so if you
+were to get 80% of the seeds that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to get 80% of the seeds that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to get 80% of the seeds that would
+be uh like acceptable um for a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh like acceptable um for a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh like acceptable um for a machine
+especially given that uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially given that uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially given that uh they're
+efficiency right now um and then also if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right now um and then also if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency right now um and then also if
+you had a way to control the dust um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a way to control the dust um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a way to control the dust um
+from uh expanding off of the machine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh expanding off of the machine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh expanding off of the machine if
+you could uh keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh keep it
+um sequestered um that would also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sequestered um that would also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sequestered um that would also be
+increase uh the health of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh the health of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh the health of the machine
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so that's I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's I think that's
+it thanks you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thereason are there is it just literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereason are there is it just literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereason are there is it just literally
+just sticks or is there some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sticks or is there some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sticks or is there some sort of
+a so it's literally just sticks um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so it's literally just sticks um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so it's literally just sticks um all
+the way around like you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around like you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way around like you can see the
+walls better from here but the bottom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls better from here but the bottom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls better from here but the bottom is
+the same um and the reason we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um and the reason we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same um and the reason we thought
+the reason that it's so high is so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it's so high is so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it's so high is so that
+that you can have a man down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have a man down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have a man down there
+sweeping and if and he's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping and if and he's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping and if and he's not like
+hunched over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunched over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunched over um
+so and I don't know as it fall as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I don't know as it fall as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I don't know as it fall as it
+falls down to the the T the dust that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down to the the T the dust that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down to the the T the dust that's
+with it they don't really want that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they don't really want that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they don't really want that to
+get in with the rest of the grain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in with the rest of the grain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in with the rest of the grain so
+when it's falling down the wind will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's falling down the wind will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's falling down the wind will
+blow it away so that gives more time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it away so that gives more time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it away so that gives more time for
+that to happen too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably that set up or she a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that set up or she a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that set up or she a special
+case um there were two in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um there were two in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um there were two in the community
+that of poos that we went to um we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of poos that we went to um we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of poos that we went to um we only
+saw the one and there's only they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the one and there's only they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the one and there's only they have
+about 10 oop Phoenix that they've um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 oop Phoenix that they've um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 oop Phoenix that they've um I
+guess installed already and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess installed already and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess installed already and they're
+going to kind of continue installing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of continue installing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of continue installing
+more only two of those 10 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more only two of those 10 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more only two of those 10 are
+operating right now like successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating right now like successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating right now like successfully
+running um and that was including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um and that was including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running um and that was including the
+one that we were working with in the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we were working with in the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we were working with in the 10
+which um we're not really sure how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um we're not really sure how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um we're not really sure how much
+she's feeding it and how much she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's feeding it and how much she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's feeding it and how much she's
+actually using it so I don't know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using it so I don't know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using it so I don't know it's
+hard to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to say
+um like a big thing we might we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a big thing we might we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a big thing we might we're not
+sure whether it's because of the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether it's because of the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether it's because of the mixing
+process that it just is unappealing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that it just is unappealing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that it just is unappealing to
+like what is the Log Jam that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the Log Jam that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the Log Jam that's like
+creating like this gap between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating like this gap between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating like this gap between like
+getting the gas using it or not so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the gas using it or not so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the gas using it or not so if
+it's that mixing and we can like take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that mixing and we can like take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that mixing and we can like take
+the human element like human handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human element like human handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human element like human handling
+out of that process and they would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that process and they would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that process and they would use
+it every day then that would make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it every day then that would make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it every day then that would make a big
+difference but if there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but if there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but if there's another
+problem like we we'd have to address it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like we we'd have to address it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like we we'd have to address it
+more
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UOoKUdjVP78.txt b/UOoKUdjVP78.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9259aaa4acf928fbf72d30e7b7b87db67663379c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UOoKUdjVP78.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we began our introduction to molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began our introduction to molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we began our introduction to molecules
+last time and try to get a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and try to get a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and try to get a picture of
+the scales that are involved in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scales that are involved in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scales that are involved in these
+objects we spoke of a lattice of nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we spoke of a lattice of nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we spoke of a lattice of nuclei
+and clouds of electrons in which of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clouds of electrons in which of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clouds of electrons in which of a
+molecule had some scale a and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule had some scale a and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule had some scale a and then we
+had electronic energies e electronic we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had electronic energies e electronic we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had electronic energies e electronic we
+had vibrational energies this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had vibrational energies this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had vibrational energies this is from
+the nuclei and we had rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei and we had rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei and we had rotational
+energies and they were one bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and they were one bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and they were one bigger than
+the other and bigger than the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and bigger than the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and bigger than the last
+in fact the electronic energies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the electronic energies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the electronic energies were
+bigger than the vibrational energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the vibrational energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the vibrational energies of
+the nuclei and bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei and bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei and bigger than the
+rotational energies of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energies of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational energies of the whole
+molecule when it rotates as a solid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule when it rotates as a solid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule when it rotates as a solid body
+in fact the ratio was like 1/2 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the ratio was like 1/2 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the ratio was like 1/2 square
+root of little M over m where little m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of little M over m where little m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of little M over m where little m
+represents the electron mass and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the electron mass and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the electron mass and capital
+m the nuclear mass and that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the nuclear mass and that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the nuclear mass and that's this
+number could be 10 to the minus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number could be 10 to the minus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number could be 10 to the minus 2 and
+then you have M over m so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have M over m so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have M over m so that's the
+proportions this is larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions this is larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportions this is larger than the
+second one like one is larger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one like one is larger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one like one is larger than that
+and the ratio between these two is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio between these two is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio between these two is this
+so that's what we discussed and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we discussed and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we discussed and we said
+that in in some sense there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in some sense there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in some sense there was an
+adiabatic approximation in the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic approximation in the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic approximation in the vibration
+of the nuclei as the nuclei vibrate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclei as the nuclei vibrate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclei as the nuclei vibrate they
+pulled electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled electronic
+out with it in an adiabatic way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with it in an adiabatic way that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with it in an adiabatic way that is
+if you solve for the electronic cloud as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve for the electronic cloud as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve for the electronic cloud as
+a function of position that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of position that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of position that would be a
+family of eigenstate say the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of eigenstate say the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of eigenstate say the ground
+state of the electronic cloud as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the electronic cloud as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the electronic cloud as a
+function of position this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position this would be a
+family of states if this families is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of states if this families is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of states if this families is
+this positions of the nuclear change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positions of the nuclear change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positions of the nuclear change in
+time you could use those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you could use those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you could use those as
+instantaneous eigenstates and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstates and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous eigenstates and there's a
+sense in which this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which this is a good
+approximation given that the time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation given that the time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation given that the time scale
+associated to the vibrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to the vibrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to the vibrations of the
+nuclei is much bigger than the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei is much bigger than the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei is much bigger than the time
+scale associated to any variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale associated to any variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale associated to any variation in the
+electronic configuration this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic configuration this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic configuration this is just
+because of the scales of the energies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the scales of the energies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the scales of the energies so
+let's have implement this idea in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have implement this idea in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have implement this idea in an
+approximation that is used to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that is used to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that is used to solve
+molecules and we'll discuss it in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and we'll discuss it in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and we'll discuss it in all
+detail I'll skip one step of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I'll skip one step of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I'll skip one step of the
+derivation one calculation will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation one calculation will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation one calculation will be in
+the notes but I don't want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes but I don't want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes but I don't want to go through
+the details in class and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details in class and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details in class and we will
+appreciate the form of the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the form of the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the form of the nuclear
+Hamiltonian how it behaves so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian how it behaves so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian how it behaves so this is
+gonna be the born-oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the born-oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be the born-oppenheimer
+approximation Oppenheimer and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation Oppenheimer and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation Oppenheimer and we will
+consider the situation where we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei capital n nuclei and little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei capital n nuclei and little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei capital n nuclei and little n
+electrons so it's a many-body wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so it's a many-body wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so it's a many-body wave
+function and many buddy situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in such cases your notation is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such cases your notation is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such cases your notation is important
+you have to define labels that help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to define labels that help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to define labels that help you
+distinguish this situation so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish this situation so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish this situation so here are
+the labels were going to use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels were going to use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labels were going to use for the
+nuclei P alpha and R alpha where alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei P alpha and R alpha where alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei P alpha and R alpha where alpha
+denotes which nuclei you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes which nuclei you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes which nuclei you're talking
+about so goes from 1 up to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so goes from 1 up to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so goes from 1 up to capital n
+because there are capital n nuclei for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are capital n nuclei for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are capital n nuclei for
+each nucleus the first the second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each nucleus the first the second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each nucleus the first the second the
+third there is a momentum operator and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third there is a momentum operator and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third there is a momentum operator and a
+position operator each one of which is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator each one of which is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator each one of which is 3
+components because molecules live in 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components because molecules live in 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components because molecules live in 3
+dimensions so this is one vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so this is one vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so this is one vector and
+another vector for each value of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector for each value of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector for each value of alpha
+in fact these are operators we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact these are operators we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact these are operators we're doing
+quantum mechanics so these are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so these are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so these are our
+canonical pairs for the nuclei pairs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical pairs for the nuclei pairs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical pairs for the nuclei pairs for
+the nuclei we need similar variables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei we need similar variables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei we need similar variables for
+the electrons and we'll use little P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and we'll use little P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and we'll use little P and
+little R both vectors both operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little R both vectors both operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little R both vectors both operators and
+this time little this I runs from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time little this I runs from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time little this I runs from 1 to
+lowercase and and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase and and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase and and these are the
+canonical pairs for the electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical pairs for the electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical pairs for the electrons so
+when we write the Hamiltonian it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write the Hamiltonian it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write the Hamiltonian it should
+be a Hamiltonian that depends on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Hamiltonian that depends on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Hamiltonian that depends on all
+those variables and we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables and we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those variables and we can write the
+Hamiltonian because we know the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian because we know the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian because we know the physics
+of this situation we think if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this situation we think if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this situation we think if this is a
+lattice of nuclei and there's the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice of nuclei and there's the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice of nuclei and there's the cloud
+of the electrons and have a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons and have a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons and have a coordinate
+system and here is maybe capital R 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here is maybe capital R 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here is maybe capital R 1
+and capital are - they're all there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital are - they're all there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital are - they're all there and
+while we when we write Hamilton we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we when we write Hamilton we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we when we write Hamilton we think
+of the electrons at some points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons at some points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons at some points and
+write things so let's write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things so let's write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things so let's write a
+Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+so this is going to be the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be the total
+Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+what should I include I should include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I include I should include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I include I should include
+kinetic terms for each of the nuclei so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic terms for each of the nuclei so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic terms for each of the nuclei so
+I should put some over alpha I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put some over alpha I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put some over alpha I don't
+have to repeat here from 1 to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to repeat here from 1 to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to repeat here from 1 to capital
+and you know already what alpha runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know already what alpha runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know already what alpha runs
+over P alpha vector squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P alpha vector squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P alpha vector squared over 2m
+alpha m alpha is the mass of the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha m alpha is the mass of the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha m alpha is the mass of the alpha
+nucleus it could be a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it could be a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it could be a collection of
+protons and neutrons then there's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and neutrons then there's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and neutrons then there's gonna
+be and we get a little more schematic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and we get a little more schematic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and we get a little more schematic a
+potential that depends nucleus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that depends nucleus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that depends nucleus with
+nucleus so the nuclei among each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so the nuclei among each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so the nuclei among each other
+have a Coulomb potential so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Coulomb potential so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Coulomb potential so there's
+gonna be a potential that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a potential that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a potential that represents
+here and it will depend on the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it will depend on the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it will depend on the various
+R's of I could write this looks funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R's of I could write this looks funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R's of I could write this looks funny
+you say which are well it depends on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say which are well it depends on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say which are well it depends on all
+the capital R so I could write depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital R so I could write depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital R so I could write depends
+on this set that but it's a little too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this set that but it's a little too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this set that but it's a little too
+cumbersome I'll just write V of R like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome I'll just write V of R like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome I'll just write V of R like
+this and this is if the nuclei lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is if the nuclei lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is if the nuclei lived
+alone that would be it this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone that would be it this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone that would be it this would be the
+kinetic energies and the potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies and the potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies and the potentials
+between the new plane then there's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the new plane then there's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the new plane then there's gonna
+be what we can call and but Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we can call and but Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what we can call and but Hamiltonian
+that only involves the electrons in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only involves the electrons in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only involves the electrons in some
+sense that gives dynamics to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that gives dynamics to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that gives dynamics to the
+electrons not only in love the likeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons not only in love the likeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons not only in love the likeness
+gives the in homage to the electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the in homage to the electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the in homage to the electrons and
+this Hamiltonian H E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hamiltonian H E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Hamiltonian H E
+it's going to depend on well this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to depend on well this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to depend on well this big
+Hamiltonian for all the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for all the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for all the molecules
+depends on the four canonical the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the four canonical the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the four canonical the two
+canonical pairs four times M times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical pairs four times M times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical pairs four times M times
+little and this Hamiltonian for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and this Hamiltonian for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and this Hamiltonian for the
+electron will depend on the piece will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will depend on the piece will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will depend on the piece will
+depend on the ours and it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the ours and it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the ours and it will also
+depend on the capital ours and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the capital ours and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the capital ours and you can
+think of it and that's reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it and that's reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it and that's reasonable
+suppose you're an electron who affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're an electron who affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're an electron who affects
+you well you get affected by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well you get affected by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well you get affected by your
+electron friends and you get affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron friends and you get affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron friends and you get affected by
+the nuclei and therefore by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei and therefore by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei and therefore by the
+positions of the nuclei as well so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the nuclei as well so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of the nuclei as well so this
+is the electron part of the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron part of the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the electron part of the Hamiltonian
+and it would be given by a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be given by a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be given by a sum of
+kinetic energies as usual so I sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies as usual so I sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energies as usual so I sum over
+I this time little P I squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this time little P I squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this time little P I squared over 2m
+let's assume of course all the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume of course all the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume of course all the electrons
+are the same mass and then we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same mass and then we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same mass and then we would have
+just in this shorthand a potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in this shorthand a potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in this shorthand a potential that
+represents the interaction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the interaction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the interaction of the
+electrons with the nuclei and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with the nuclei and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with the nuclei and that
+potential would depend on the arse on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential would depend on the arse on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential would depend on the arse on
+the arse and finally in my picture maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arse and finally in my picture maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arse and finally in my picture maybe
+should be moved a little to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a term the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term the electron electron
+potential that just depends on the arse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all these potentials are Coulomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these potentials are Coulomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these potentials are Coulomb
+potential Coulomb from nucleus nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Coulomb from nucleus nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential Coulomb from nucleus nucleus
+nucleus electron electron electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus electron electron electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus electron electron electron so
+here it is you've written the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is you've written the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is you've written the
+Hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and
+have three nuclei and five electrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three nuclei and five electrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three nuclei and five electrons you
+could write all the equations and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write all the equations and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write all the equations and it's a
+nice thing that you can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing that you can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing that you can write a
+Hamiltonian and you can dream of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and you can dream of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and you can dream of putting
+it into a computer and it will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a computer and it will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a computer and it will tell you
+what the molecule is and you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the molecule is and you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the molecule is and you know that's
+roughly true but even for a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly true but even for a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly true but even for a good
+computer nowadays this is difficult so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer nowadays this is difficult so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer nowadays this is difficult so
+you have to try to think how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to think how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to think how you can
+simplify this problem so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this problem so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this problem so one way to
+think about it is to think again of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is to think again of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is to think again of the
+physics of the situation would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the situation would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of the situation would have a
+separation of scales it's it's lucky we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of scales it's it's lucky we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of scales it's it's lucky we
+have that separation of scales very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that separation of scales very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that separation of scales very
+light electrons very heavy nuclei so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light electrons very heavy nuclei so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light electrons very heavy nuclei so
+let's think of a fixed nuclear skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of a fixed nuclear skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of a fixed nuclear skeleton
+and consider electron state associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consider electron state associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consider electron state associated
+to that fixed nuclear skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that fixed nuclear skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that fixed nuclear skeleton
+you know the nuclear skeleton is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the nuclear skeleton is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the nuclear skeleton is not
+fixed in in principle the nuclei are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in in principle the nuclei are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed in in principle the nuclei are not
+classical particles with fixed positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical particles with fixed positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical particles with fixed positions
+they're going to vibrate but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to vibrate but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to vibrate but we're
+trying to understand this problem and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand this problem and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand this problem and to
+some approximation we can roughly think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximation we can roughly think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some approximation we can roughly think
+of them localized so let's exploit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them localized so let's exploit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them localized so let's exploit that
+and then use the vibrations so for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the vibrations so for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use the vibrations so for large
+M alpha this view to large m alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M alpha this view to large m alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M alpha this view to large m alpha
+consider a fixed nuclear skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means fixed our alpha all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means fixed our alpha all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means fixed our alpha all they
+are alphas and figs and now calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the electron States as a function of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron States as a function of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron States as a function of our
+alpha so you simplify the problem ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha so you simplify the problem ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha so you simplify the problem ignore
+all this dynamics of the nuclei all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this dynamics of the nuclei all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this dynamics of the nuclei all this
+nuclear nuclear interaction focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear nuclear interaction focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear nuclear interaction focus on the
+electrons as if the nuclei are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as if the nuclei are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as if the nuclei are
+completely fixed and try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed and try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed and try to figure out
+that dynamics so there's gonna be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dynamics so there's gonna be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dynamics so there's gonna be many
+electronic states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states
+this is electrons in some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is electrons in some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is electrons in some fixed
+potential any particle in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential any particle in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential any particle in quantum
+mechanics in a fixed potential there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in a fixed potential there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics in a fixed potential there are
+many energy eigenstates so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many energy eigenstates so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many energy eigenstates so this
+electrons are gonna have many energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are gonna have many energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are gonna have many energy
+eigenstates so let's try to decide on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates so let's try to decide on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates so let's try to decide on a
+name for this wave function so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this wave function so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this wave function so I will
+call them Phi for electrons if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Phi for electrons if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Phi for electrons if there are
+wave functions that are wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions that are wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions that are wave functions
+of the electrons naturally they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons naturally they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons naturally they just
+depend on the electron positions nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the electron positions nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the electron positions nothing
+else like a wave function for a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else like a wave function for a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else like a wave function for a particle
+depends on the position now this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the position now this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the position now this are
+high it's a little of thing this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high it's a little of thing this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high it's a little of thing this really
+means that Phi of our one or two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Phi of our one or two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Phi of our one or two or
+three or four because there are little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four because there are little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four because there are little n
+electrons so it's not just one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so it's not just one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so it's not just one variable
+so I can say this is r1 r2 all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can say this is r1 r2 all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can say this is r1 r2 all of them
+are little n that's a wave function now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little n that's a wave function now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are little n that's a wave function now
+we said there are many of those states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said there are many of those states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said there are many of those states
+so there will be the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be the ground state
+one the next one the next one so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the next one the next one so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the next one the next one so who
+should put an eye index maybe an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put an eye index maybe an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put an eye index maybe an eye
+index is an wrong letter given that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is an wrong letter given that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is an wrong letter given that I
+have either K index but there are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either K index but there are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either K index but there are small
+dependents here there are simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependents here there are simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependents here there are simplicity
+dependents on the positions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependents on the positions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependents on the positions of the
+lattice because this wave functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice because this wave functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice because this wave functions the
+pan of what lattice where did you place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan of what lattice where did you place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan of what lattice where did you place
+the nucleus at this moment you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus at this moment you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus at this moment you're
+placing them arbitrarily so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing them arbitrarily so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing them arbitrarily so this means
+that this wavefunction really depends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this wavefunction really depends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this wavefunction really depends of
+course of how did you build the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of how did you build the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of how did you build the lattice
+did you build the lattice this way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you build the lattice this way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you build the lattice this way or
+did you build it this way it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you build it this way it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you build it this way it makes a
+difference so it depends on the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so it depends on the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so it depends on the capital
+ours as well which is the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours as well which is the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours as well which is the position of
+the lattice so here is our wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice so here is our wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice so here is our wave function
+I will simplify the writing by writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will simplify the writing by writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will simplify the writing by writing
+Phi of capital R little R and K here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of capital R little R and K here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi of capital R little R and K here so
+what equation do we demand from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equation do we demand from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what equation do we demand from this
+well we have the electron Hamiltonian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have the electron Hamiltonian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have the electron Hamiltonian so
+that's what we should solve which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we should solve which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we should solve which it's
+of H electron on Phi our K of R will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H electron on Phi our K of R will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H electron on Phi our K of R will
+have some energies and that energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some energies and that energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some energies and that energies
+will be electronic energies that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be electronic energies that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be electronic energies that's for
+electronic energy it will depend on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energy it will depend on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energy it will depend on K
+those are the various energies as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the various energies as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the various energies as well
+and what else it's certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else it's certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what else it's certainly the
+energies don't depend on R that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies don't depend on R that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies don't depend on R that's your
+eigen State but they can depend will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen State but they can depend will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen State but they can depend will
+depend on capital R capital R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on capital R capital R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on capital R capital R is
+rabitor that define your lattice Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabitor that define your lattice Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabitor that define your lattice Oh
+clearly they should depend on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly they should depend on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly they should depend on that and
+then you have five K R R so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have five K R R so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have five K R R so this is the
+equation you should solve in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you should solve in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you should solve in order to
+find electronic states associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find electronic states associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find electronic states associated with a
+skeleton and now suppose you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton and now suppose you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeleton and now suppose you wanted to
+find a complete solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a complete solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a complete solution of the
+Schrodinger equation we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation we say
+approximation why should i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation why should i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation why should i do
+approximations I can solve things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations I can solve things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations I can solve things
+exactly which almost never possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which almost never possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which almost never possible but
+we can imagine that so what would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine that so what would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine that so what would be a
+possible way to write an an answer would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way to write an an answer would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible way to write an an answer would
+be the following you could write up sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the following you could write up sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the following you could write up sy
+for the whole thing now that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole thing now that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole thing now that depends on
+the arse on the arse a wavefunction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arse on the arse a wavefunction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arse on the arse a wavefunction for
+the whole degrees of freedom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole degrees of freedom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole degrees of freedom of the
+molecule could be written as a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule could be written as a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule could be written as a sum over
+K of Phi K R of R times solutions ada K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of Phi K R of R times solutions ada K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K of Phi K R of R times solutions ada K
+that depend on capital R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is I'm saying we can try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm saying we can try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm saying we can try to write
+the solution in which the full wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution in which the full wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution in which the full wave
+function for the molecule is a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the molecule is a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the molecule is a sum of
+states of this form a solution here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of this form a solution here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of this form a solution here and
+a solution there this is correct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution there this is correct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution there this is correct but
+then how do you determine the 8's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do you determine the 8's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do you determine the 8's
+the only way to determine the 8's is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to determine the 8's is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to determine the 8's is to
+plug em into the full Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug em into the full Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug em into the full Schrodinger
+equation this is the full Hamiltonian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is the full Hamiltonian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is the full Hamiltonian so
+you would have to plug in this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to plug in this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to plug in this into the
+full Schrodinger equation and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Schrodinger equation and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full Schrodinger equation and see what
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+so what are you gonna get presumably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are you gonna get presumably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are you gonna get presumably you
+did solve this first part so the Phi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did solve this first part so the Phi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did solve this first part so the Phi's
+are known so if the Phi's are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known so if the Phi's are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are known so if the Phi's are known
+you're going to find differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find differential
+equations for the ADA's so this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the ADA's so this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the ADA's so this problem
+has become now prime of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become now prime of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become now prime of finding
+solutions for the ADA's and their many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the ADA's and their many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the ADA's and their many
+8s and they are all coupled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8s and they are all coupled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8s and they are all coupled by the
+Schrodinger equation so by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation so by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation so by the time you
+plug plug this into H the total age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug plug this into H the total age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug plug this into H the total age
+capital psi R are equal some e.q some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital psi R are equal some e.q some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital psi R are equal some e.q some
+energy eigen so you have to put the sy r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigen so you have to put the sy r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigen so you have to put the sy r
+r to find the energy eigenstates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to find the energy eigenstates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r to find the energy eigenstates of the
+molecules this equation is going don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this equation is going don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this equation is going don't
+imply a lot of a set of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply a lot of a set of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply a lot of a set of differential
+equations coupled differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations coupled differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations coupled differential equations
+for the 8s and that's not so easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 8s and that's not so easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the 8s and that's not so easy to do
+that's pretty hard in general so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty hard in general so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty hard in general so
+this is very difficult on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very difficult on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very difficult on the other hand
+there is a way to think of this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to think of this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to think of this in the
+simpler context we can try and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler context we can try and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler context we can try and now we
+are approximating so try to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approximating so try to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are approximating so try to believe that
+you can get up get an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get up get an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get up get an approximate
+solution approximate and I will justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution approximate and I will justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution approximate and I will justify
+this solution using just one term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution using just one term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution using just one term in
+this equation and sir Phi R of R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and sir Phi R of R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and sir Phi R of R and
+this may be the ground state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be the ground state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be the ground state of the
+electronic system that's why I don't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system that's why I don't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system that's why I don't put
+an index here I could put a zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index here I could put a zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index here I could put a zero there
+but let's think of this as the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think of this as the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think of this as the ground
+state and then well this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then well this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and then well this would be
+accompanied if there's some solution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied if there's some solution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied if there's some solution by
+some beta of our and I can try to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beta of our and I can try to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beta of our and I can try to say
+that your wave function is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one term owned in this equation the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term owned in this equation the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term owned in this equation the one
+in which I pick the ground state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which I pick the ground state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which I pick the ground state and
+leave it there now this is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it there now this is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it there now this is definitely
+not going to be an exact solution ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be an exact solution ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be an exact solution ever
+of the Schrodinger equation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Schrodinger equation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Schrodinger equation so you
+really are if you just take one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are if you just take one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are if you just take one of this
+terms out of luck in terms of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms out of luck in terms of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms out of luck in terms of solving
+this exactly because this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly because this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly because this differential
+equation this Hamiltonian has terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this Hamiltonian has terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this Hamiltonian has terms
+mixing the two degrees of freedom it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the two degrees of freedom it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the two degrees of freedom it
+doesn't separate you cannot show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't separate you cannot show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't separate you cannot show that
+the Schrodinger equation has a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation has a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation has a solution
+which is one thing that solves an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one thing that solves an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one thing that solves an
+equation and one thing that solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and one thing that solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and one thing that solves
+another equation that there are products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation that there are products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation that there are products
+like that it will not happen that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it will not happen that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it will not happen that's why
+in this equation when you plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation when you plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this equation when you plug in the
+various 8's get coupled but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various 8's get coupled but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various 8's get coupled but this is the
+spirit of the adiabatic approximation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of the adiabatic approximation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of the adiabatic approximation in
+which we sort of have a electronic cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we sort of have a electronic cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we sort of have a electronic cloud
+and a nuclear state and when the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a nuclear state and when the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a nuclear state and when the nuclear
+state changes slowly the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state changes slowly the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state changes slowly the electronic
+cloud adjusts and you don't have to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud adjusts and you don't have to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud adjusts and you don't have to jump
+to a state with another electronic cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a state with another electronic cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a state with another electronic cloud
+the electronic cloud that just so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic cloud that just so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic cloud that just so this
+is in the spirit of the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the spirit of the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the spirit of the adiabatic
+approximation to try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to try to find the
+solution of this kind in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this kind in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this kind in which
+electronic cloud is not forced to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic cloud is not forced to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic cloud is not forced to jump
+because the coupling between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coupling between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coupling between those
+states saying that if you start with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states saying that if you start with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states saying that if you start with one
+ada of one Phi you'd eat all the rest as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ada of one Phi you'd eat all the rest as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ada of one Phi you'd eat all the rest as
+they show in your equation tells you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show in your equation tells you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show in your equation tells you is
+the statement that the electronic cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that the electronic cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement that the electronic cloud
+just cannot stay by itself where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot stay by itself where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot stay by itself where it is
+so here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go
+this is what we're going to try and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to try and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to try and you
+can say well alright so you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well alright so you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well alright so you you're
+giving up the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up the Schrodinger equation
+because exaction in the equation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exaction in the equation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because exaction in the equation is not
+solved by this how are you gonna try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by this how are you gonna try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by this how are you gonna try to
+understand now they ate because we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now they ate because we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now they ate because we found
+this guy's so how about the 8's how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's so how about the 8's how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy's so how about the 8's how are
+we gonna find them that is our question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UYGXwem3vN0.txt b/UYGXwem3vN0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce53cece4a68646f680854133c8f36e431b41d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UYGXwem3vN0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we were at at the end of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were at at the end of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were at at the end of the last
+lecture was trying to figure out what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was trying to figure out what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture was trying to figure out what do
+we do with the fact that cholesterol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with the fact that cholesterol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with the fact that cholesterol is
+its solubility is 5 micro molar yet if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its solubility is 5 micro molar yet if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its solubility is 5 micro molar yet if
+you look inside your your blood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look inside your your blood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look inside your your blood the
+levels would be 5 milli molar and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels would be 5 milli molar and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels would be 5 milli molar and so the
+question is how does it gets transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does it gets transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how does it gets transported
+and it gets transported in a complex a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets transported in a complex a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets transported in a complex a
+complex fashion we need to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex fashion we need to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex fashion we need to deal with
+that with any kind of very insoluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with any kind of very insoluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with any kind of very insoluble
+lipophilic materials and I briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipophilic materials and I briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipophilic materials and I briefly
+introduced you to lipoproteins which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to lipoproteins which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to lipoproteins which are
+mixtures of different kinds of lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures of different kinds of lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures of different kinds of lipids
+try a so glycerols phospholipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try a so glycerols phospholipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try a so glycerols phospholipids
+cholesterol cholesterol esters and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol cholesterol esters and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol cholesterol esters and the
+key question we learned in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key question we learned in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key question we learned in the first
+couple lectures that cholesterol could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures that cholesterol could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures that cholesterol could
+be biosynthesized and what we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be biosynthesized and what we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be biosynthesized and what we started
+focusing on in the last lecture was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on in the last lecture was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on in the last lecture was that
+it can be taken up by the diet that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be taken up by the diet that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be taken up by the diet that's
+what we're focused on now and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're focused on now and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're focused on now and then after
+we do a little more background and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a little more background and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a little more background and how
+is it taken up and then how is this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it taken up and then how is this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it taken up and then how is this all
+regulated how do you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated how do you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated how do you control
+biosynthesis versus cholesterol from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis versus cholesterol from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis versus cholesterol from the
+diet what are the sort of major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet what are the sort of major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet what are the sort of major
+mechanisms so at the end of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so at the end of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so at the end of the last
+lecture I given you a second picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I given you a second picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I given you a second picture and
+the PowerPoint the original PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PowerPoint the original PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PowerPoint the original PowerPoint
+didn't have this figure this is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have this figure this is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have this figure this is taken
+out of a new boat vote then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a new boat vote then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a new boat vote then you would
+vote vote which I think better describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote vote which I think better describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote vote which I think better describes
+what's going on but really sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but really sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on but really sort of what
+you need to know is your form these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know is your form these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know is your form these
+particles chylomicrons if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles chylomicrons if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles chylomicrons if you look at
+the handout I gave you have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout I gave you have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout I gave you have lots of
+proteins all kinds of lipids cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins all kinds of lipids cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins all kinds of lipids cholesterol
+and they get into the Bloods bloodstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get into the Bloods bloodstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get into the Bloods bloodstream
+and they pass off as they go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pass off as they go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pass off as they go through
+adipocytes or as they go through muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adipocytes or as they go through muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adipocytes or as they go through muscle
+the surface of these cells have lipase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of these cells have lipase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of these cells have lipase
+as phospholipase is that can clip off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as phospholipase is that can clip off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as phospholipase is that can clip off
+the fatty acids that you need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acids that you need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fatty acids that you need for
+metabolism in most cells and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism in most cells and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism in most cells and what
+happens is the size of these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the size of these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the size of these particles
+just change and so in the end you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change and so in the end you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change and so in the end you remove
+the Tri acyl glycerols and you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tri acyl glycerols and you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tri acyl glycerols and you remove
+phospholipids and what you're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and what you're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and what you're left with
+is more of a cholesterol and that get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more of a cholesterol and that get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more of a cholesterol and that get in
+so what happens is the chylomicrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is the chylomicrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is the chylomicrons
+change size they called them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change size they called them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change size they called them the
+remnants and there are receptors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants and there are receptors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants and there are receptors on
+liver cells which can take up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver cells which can take up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver cells which can take up these
+remnants these little protein remnants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants these little protein remnants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants these little protein remnants
+and then they repackage them into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they repackage them into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they repackage them into other
+lipoproteins and again the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and again the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and again the differences
+in the lipoproteins we talked about very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lipoproteins we talked about very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lipoproteins we talked about very
+briefly we have an outline somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly we have an outline somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly we have an outline somebody
+measured these whether you know it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured these whether you know it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured these whether you know it again
+they're variable but they're based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're variable but they're based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're variable but they're based on
+density and so the liver repackages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and so the liver repackages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and so the liver repackages
+these things to a particle that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to a particle that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things to a particle that's very
+low density lipoprotein and then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density lipoprotein and then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low density lipoprotein and then again
+they can dump off components into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can dump off components into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can dump off components into the
+tissues where you can use the lipids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues where you can use the lipids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues where you can use the lipids to
+do metabolism changing the size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do metabolism changing the size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do metabolism changing the size and
+commedia density eventually low-density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commedia density eventually low-density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commedia density eventually low-density
+lipoprotein which is what we're focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein which is what we're focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein which is what we're focused
+on now and then today what we're focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on now and then today what we're focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on now and then today what we're focused
+on is how does the low-density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is how does the low-density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is how does the low-density
+lipoprotein get taken up by the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein get taken up by the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein get taken up by the liver
+and it also can't get taken up by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also can't get taken up by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also can't get taken up by other
+kinds of cells and if you have excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cells and if you have excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cells and if you have excess
+cholesterol produced in any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol produced in any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol produced in any of these
+extra hepatic cells it can be taken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hepatic cells it can be taken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hepatic cells it can be taken up
+to foreign particles called I density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foreign particles called I density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foreign particles called I density
+lipoproteins and they can come back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and they can come back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoproteins and they can come back so
+they act as cholesterol scavengers come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they act as cholesterol scavengers come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they act as cholesterol scavengers come
+back and deliver it back into the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and deliver it back into the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and deliver it back into the liver
+by a mechanism that's really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a mechanism that's really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a mechanism that's really different
+from what we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we're going to be talking
+about today so that that's the overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today so that that's the overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today so that that's the overview
+picture and so what I want to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so what I want to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so what I want to do now is
+focus on the question why do we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the question why do we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the question why do we care
+about cholesterol and what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cholesterol and what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cholesterol and what was the
+motivator for browning Goldstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivator for browning Goldstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivator for browning Goldstein's
+discovery of the low-density lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the low-density lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the low-density lipoprotein
+receptor so so this is the motivator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor so so this is the motivator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor so so this is the motivator
+they were seeing when they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were seeing when they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were seeing when they were in
+medical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school
+of children that presented at an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children that presented at an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children that presented at an early
+age these guys were six and eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age these guys were six and eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age these guys were six and eight and
+the way they present if they turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they present if they turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they present if they turn out to
+have both genes both copies of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both genes both copies of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both genes both copies of the chain
+are messed up for a low-density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are messed up for a low-density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are messed up for a low-density
+lipoprotein receptor that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein receptor that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipoprotein receptor that's called
+familial hypercholesterolemia what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial hypercholesterolemia what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familial hypercholesterolemia what the
+way they present is they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they present is they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they present is they have these
+little xanthomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little xanthomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little xanthomas
+that are apparently yellow and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are apparently yellow and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are apparently yellow and what they
+are is they're full of cholesterol okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is they're full of cholesterol okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is they're full of cholesterol okay
+and so if you have someone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have someone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have someone that's
+heterozygous rather than homozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous rather than homozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygous rather than homozygous
+these guys are homozygous you still see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are homozygous you still see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are homozygous you still see
+these but you see it at a much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but you see it at a much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but you see it at a much much
+later time in their life and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time in their life and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time in their life and so again
+what it is it's it's a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's it's a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is it's it's a function of the
+fact that you have too much cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have too much cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have too much cholesterol
+and this is the way one of the ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the way one of the ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the way one of the ways that
+manifests itself the second way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself the second way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself the second way it
+manifests itself if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself if you look at the
+concentration of low-density lipoprotein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of low-density lipoprotein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of low-density lipoprotein
+and the plasma which is given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plasma which is given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plasma which is given and
+milligrams per destinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams per destinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams per destinations of
+cholesterol are actually five to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol are actually five to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol are actually five to ten
+times higher okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times higher okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times higher okay so that's the
+manifestation and children at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation and children at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation and children at the
+manifests at this early age die by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests at this early age die by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests at this early age die by the
+time of heart attacks by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of heart attacks by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of heart attacks by the time
+they're 30 and so this was the motivator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 30 and so this was the motivator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 30 and so this was the motivator
+they were trying to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to figure out what is
+the basis or basis for this disease okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis or basis for this disease okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis or basis for this disease okay
+so that's what I said this is a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I said this is a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I said this is a dominant
+a dominant effect at the time the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominant effect at the time the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dominant effect at the time the gene
+or genes responsible for this we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or genes responsible for this we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or genes responsible for this we're not
+known it turns out from the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known it turns out from the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known it turns out from the data that
+I've gotten from some paper one in 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten from some paper one in 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten from some paper one in 500
+people are heterozygotes for this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are heterozygotes for this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are heterozygotes for this that's
+quite prevalent actually but the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite prevalent actually but the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite prevalent actually but the ones
+that manifests themselves in this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifests themselves in this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifests themselves in this really
+terrible way early on are is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible way early on are is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible way early on are is something
+like one in a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one in a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one in a million
+and so but even the heterozygotes brian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but even the heterozygotes brian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but even the heterozygotes brian
+and goldstein study all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goldstein study all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goldstein study all these people
+also me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also me
+fest in this way they have elevated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fest in this way they have elevated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fest in this way they have elevated
+cholesterol levels and so this was is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and so this was is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels and so this was is a
+huge problem and so they decided they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem and so they decided they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem and so they decided they
+wanted to really devote their life to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to really devote their life to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to really devote their life to it
+and I think they didn't know this at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they didn't know this at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think they didn't know this at the
+beginning but it's really associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but it's really associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but it's really associated
+with one gene most diseases are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one gene most diseases are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one gene most diseases are much
+more complicated than that and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that and so I
+think because of the quote simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because of the quote simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because of the quote simplicity
+unquote you'll see it's not so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote you'll see it's not so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote you'll see it's not so simple
+they were able to make progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to make progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to make progress and
+these experiments were carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments were carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments were carried out
+really sort of in the 19th started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of in the 19th started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of in the 19th started in
+the 1970s so I think it brown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s so I think it brown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s so I think it brown and
+Goldstein we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldstein we talked about the
+cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and we
+talked about what was rate limiting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about what was rate limiting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about what was rate limiting so
+hopefully you all know that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you all know that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you all know that the rate
+limiting step is the reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step is the reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step is the reduction of
+hydroxy methyl gluteal Co way down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy methyl gluteal Co way down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy methyl gluteal Co way down so
+the co a is reduced all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co a is reduced all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co a is reduced all the way down to
+an alcohol and that product is malonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol and that product is malonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol and that product is malonic
+acid and if you can't remember this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and if you can't remember this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and if you can't remember this you
+should pull out the biosynthetic pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pull out the biosynthetic pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pull out the biosynthetic pathway
+okay and that was proposed to be by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that was proposed to be by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that was proposed to be by
+other people working in this field to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people working in this field to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people working in this field to be
+the rate limiting step you know in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate limiting step you know in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate limiting step you know in this
+overall process and when you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall process and when you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall process and when you take an
+introductory course in biochemistry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course in biochemistry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course in biochemistry you
+talk about regulation I guess it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about regulation I guess it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about regulation I guess it depends
+on who is teaching it how much you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who is teaching it how much you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who is teaching it how much you talk
+about regulation but of course one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation but of course one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regulation but of course one of
+the major mechanisms of regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major mechanisms of regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major mechanisms of regulation
+that's sort of easy to understand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of easy to understand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of easy to understand in
+some fashion is that oftentimes the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion is that oftentimes the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion is that oftentimes the end
+product of a pathway can come back way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a pathway can come back way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a pathway can come back way
+at the beginning and inhibit the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and inhibit the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and inhibit the pathway
+so that's called feedback inhibition we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called feedback inhibition we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's called feedback inhibition we
+saw that cholesterol biosynthesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that cholesterol biosynthesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that cholesterol biosynthesis was
+three steps okay and if you go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps okay and if you go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps okay and if you go back and
+you look at the pathway you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the pathway you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the pathway you know I think
+this is step four or five I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is step four or five I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is step four or five I can't
+remember which one it is and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which one it is and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which one it is and so the
+model was and there was some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was and there was some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was and there was some evidence
+that suggested that from what had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested that from what had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggested that from what had been
+done in the literature that cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the literature that cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the literature that cholesterol
+was potentially acting as a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was potentially acting as a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was potentially acting as a feedback
+inhibitor and that's what their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and that's what their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and that's what their original
+working hypothesis was so the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis was so the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis was so the hypothesis
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+this is how they started out and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they started out and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how they started out and what
+we'll do is just look at a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is just look at a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is just look at a few
+experiments of how they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of how they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments of how they were trying to
+test their hypothesis and then how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test their hypothesis and then how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test their hypothesis and then how they
+change their hypothesis to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their hypothesis to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change their hypothesis to come up with
+a new model for caress cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new model for caress cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new model for caress cholesterol
+regulation so you start out with aa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation so you start out with aa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation so you start out with aa
+sitio coway okay and you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitio coway okay and you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitio coway okay and you go through
+novel linac acid okay and then we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel linac acid okay and then we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel linac acid okay and then we get to
+cholesterol and so the model was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and so the model was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol and so the model was that
+this is H M G reductase that this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H M G reductase that this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is H M G reductase that this was a
+feedback inhibitor and that it inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback inhibitor and that it inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback inhibitor and that it inhibited
+by allosteric regulation okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allosteric regulation okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allosteric regulation okay and that's
+true of many pathways and often that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of many pathways and often that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of many pathways and often that's
+one out of many mechanisms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of many mechanisms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of many mechanisms that are
+involved in regulation okay so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in regulation okay so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in regulation okay so so the
+first problem they faced and for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem they faced and for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem they faced and for those
+of you who want to read about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who want to read about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who want to read about this in
+more detail the original experiments I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail the original experiments I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail the original experiments I'm
+just going to present a few simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to present a few simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to present a few simple
+experiments but and I'm going to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but and I'm going to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but and I'm going to present
+them in a simple way okay everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a simple way okay everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a simple way okay everything
+with human cells is more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with human cells is more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with human cells is more complicated
+than the way I'm presenting it but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the way I'm presenting it but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the way I'm presenting it but for
+those of you who would like to read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who would like to read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who would like to read a
+little bit more about the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about the actual
+experiments there are two papers that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments there are two papers that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments there are two papers that I
+think are come particularly compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are come particularly compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are come particularly compelling
+and in previous years I've actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in previous years I've actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in previous years I've actually used
+these papers in recitation okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers in recitation okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers in recitation okay so this
+is one of them I'll put the other one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of them I'll put the other one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of them I'll put the other one up
+later on so that you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on so that you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on so that you can look at the
+detail the expect more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the expect more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the expect more about the
+experimental details and I think in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental details and I think in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental details and I think in this
+these particular experiments what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular experiments what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular experiments what you're
+being introduced to which most kids do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being introduced to which most kids do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being introduced to which most kids do
+most students don't experience is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most students don't experience is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most students don't experience is the
+fact that you have in so what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have in so what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you have in so what do you do
+with these in saw your both membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these in saw your both membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these in saw your both membrane
+like proteins and how do you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like proteins and how do you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like proteins and how do you deal with
+membrane proteins most of us I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins most of us I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins most of us I haven't
+had any experience with this at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any experience with this at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any experience with this at all so
+this week's recitation for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's recitation for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week's recitation for example
+should have shows you what they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have shows you what they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have shows you what they had to
+go through to be able to answer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through to be able to answer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through to be able to answer these
+questions and it's complicated and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and it's complicated and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and it's complicated and I
+think reading the experimental details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think reading the experimental details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think reading the experimental details
+in the end if you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end if you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end if you're going to do
+something like this this provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this this provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this this provides a
+nice blueprint of how you tried how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice blueprint of how you tried how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice blueprint of how you tried how you
+try to design experiments and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to design experiments and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to design experiments and you'll see
+some of the complexity from the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the complexity from the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the complexity from the few
+experiments I'm just going to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I'm just going to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments I'm just going to briefly
+describe okay so so what they needed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe okay so so what they needed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe okay so so what they needed was
+a model system and of course you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model system and of course you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model system and of course you can't
+do experiments on humans so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments on humans so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments on humans so what they
+wanted to do was have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was have some kind of
+tissue culture system so they wanted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue culture system so they wanted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue culture system so they wanted a
+model system and there was some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model system and there was some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model system and there was some evidence
+in the literature that human fibroblasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature that human fibroblasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature that human fibroblasts
+skin cells were actually able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin cells were actually able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin cells were actually able to
+biosynthesize cholesterol so they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesize cholesterol so they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesize cholesterol so they wanted
+to ask the question do these skin cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question do these skin cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the question do these skin cells
+recapitulate what people had seen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate what people had seen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulate what people had seen from
+the biological studies in humans and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological studies in humans and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological studies in humans and so
+the first experiments I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first experiments I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first experiments I'll show you
+does recapitulate that and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does recapitulate that and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does recapitulate that and it didn't
+have to but then this became their model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to but then this became their model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to but then this became their model
+human fibroblasts cells became the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human fibroblasts cells became the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human fibroblasts cells became the model
+for which they're carrying out all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which they're carrying out all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which they're carrying out all of
+these experiments that were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments that were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments that were going to
+very briefly we're going to very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly we're going to very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly we're going to very briefly
+look at okay so the experiments I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at okay so the experiments I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at okay so the experiments I think
+are simple at least on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple at least on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple at least on the surface
+although I think it wasn't so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think it wasn't so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think it wasn't so easy to
+figure out how to do these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do these experiments
+so what they wanted to do they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they wanted to do they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they wanted to do they had
+patients and this woops I didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and this woops I didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and this woops I didn't want to
+do that anyhow sorry I'm wasting time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that anyhow sorry I'm wasting time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that anyhow sorry I'm wasting time
+okay this this patient is JD and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this patient is JD and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this this patient is JD and then
+all of the experiments I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the experiments I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the experiments I'm going to show
+you is JD but they had 25 other patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is JD but they had 25 other patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is JD but they had 25 other patients
+and what you'll see is they all manifest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see is they all manifest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see is they all manifest
+themselves in different ways okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in different ways okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in different ways okay and
+we're going to see that that in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that that in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that that in the end
+becomes important in sorting out really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important in sorting out really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important in sorting out really
+what was going on okay okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on okay okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on okay okay so the first
+set of experiments they did was was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of experiments they did was was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of experiments they did was was the
+following so they had some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so they had some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so they had some kind of
+normal control and then so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal control and then so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal control and then so we have a
+normal so we have skin cells from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so we have skin cells from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so we have skin cells from the
+normal person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal person
+the control and then you have the FH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control and then you have the FH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control and then you have the FH
+patient JD and and the two papers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient JD and and the two papers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient JD and and the two papers I'm
+going to reference they did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reference they did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reference they did a lot of
+experiments on JD's fiberglass okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on JD's fiberglass okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on JD's fiberglass okay and
+so they did some simple experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did some simple experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they did some simple experiments and
+remember the rate limiting step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the rate limiting step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the rate limiting step is
+proposed to be it's proposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed to be it's proposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed to be it's proposed to be
+hydroxymethyl hmg-coa reductase and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl hmg-coa reductase and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxymethyl hmg-coa reductase and so
+they wanted to first ask what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to first ask what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to first ask what happens if
+you treat the cell so you have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat the cell so you have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat the cell so you have them
+growing okay and you let them grow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing okay and you let them grow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing okay and you let them grow and
+for a certain period of days and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain period of days and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a certain period of days and then
+what you do is you take the media change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take the media change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take the media change
+it and remove low-density lipoproteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and remove low-density lipoproteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and remove low-density lipoproteins
+from the media I don't know whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the media I don't know whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the media I don't know whether they
+removed them all they said they removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed them all they said they removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed them all they said they removed
+5% I don't know what the president that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% I don't know what the president that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% I don't know what the president that
+was there and so we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there and so we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there and so we're going to do that
+for both the experiment in the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the experiment in the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the experiment in the control
+okay so this is the experiment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the experiment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the experiment this is
+the normal person this is the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal person this is the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal person this is the experiment
+to FH patient and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to FH patient and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to FH patient and if you look at the
+axis of measuring hmg-coa reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of measuring hmg-coa reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of measuring hmg-coa reductase
+activity so what they're gonna do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so what they're gonna do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so what they're gonna do is
+look at plus/minus LDL so in this panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at plus/minus LDL so in this panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at plus/minus LDL so in this panel
+they've removed the LDL okay and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've removed the LDL okay and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've removed the LDL okay and if we
+remove the LDL you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the LDL you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the LDL you remove the
+cholesterol what might you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what might you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol what might you expect to
+happen to the normal hmg-coa reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the normal hmg-coa reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the normal hmg-coa reductase
+levels or activities if you have if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or activities if you have if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels or activities if you have if you
+remove the cholesterol from the meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the cholesterol from the meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the cholesterol from the meat
+from the plasma what might you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plasma what might you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the plasma what might you expect to
+happen to the activity what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the activity what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the activity what would you
+want to do would you want to turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do would you want to turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do would you want to turn it on
+would you want to turn it off turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to turn it off turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to turn it off turn it on
+right so that's what they're gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what they're gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's what they're gonna be a
+saying okay they remove it and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay they remove it and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay they remove it and if you
+look at the normal patient what's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the normal patient what's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the normal patient what's good
+with the normal control what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal control what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal control what's going to
+happen is the biosynthesis is turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the biosynthesis is turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the biosynthesis is turned on
+so to look at this then you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to look at this then you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to look at this then you need to have
+and this goes back to the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes back to the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this goes back to the thing
+we've talked about a little bit and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about a little bit and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about a little bit and in
+fact about in class and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about in class and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about in class and in fact the
+original recitation that we had on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original recitation that we had on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original recitation that we had on on
+radioactivity was completely focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity was completely focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity was completely focused on
+brown and Goldstein's work so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown and Goldstein's work so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown and Goldstein's work so we're
+gonna see that they used a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that they used a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see that they used a lot of
+radioactivity and all the assays I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity and all the assays I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity and all the assays I'm
+going to be describing today so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be describing today so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be describing today so what
+we're gonna be doing is revisiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be doing is revisiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be doing is revisiting
+radioisotopes they couldn't have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotopes they couldn't have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotopes they couldn't have done
+that without these radioisotopes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without these radioisotopes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without these radioisotopes and
+this is converted to this ok what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is converted to this ok what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is converted to this ok what's the
+cofactor for this reaction so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor for this reaction so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor for this reaction so I'm not
+gonna draw out the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw out the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna draw out the rest of this
+this is nib ilanic acid what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nib ilanic acid what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nib ilanic acid what's the
+cofactor required for this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah NADPH okay so you have NADPH okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah NADPH okay so you have NADPH okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah NADPH okay so you have NADPH okay
+so how would you answer this so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would you answer this so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would you answer this so we're
+doing this now in tissue culture systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now in tissue culture systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this now in tissue culture systems
+that's what we're doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing this in
+fibroblast cells in tissue culture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells in tissue culture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells in tissue culture okay
+so we don't have very much material you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have very much material you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have very much material you
+might have a plate full of cells how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a plate full of cells how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a plate full of cells how
+would you do the assay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do the assay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do the assay so this is the
+first thing you have to figure out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you have to figure out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you have to figure out and I
+would say almost everything in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say almost everything in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say almost everything in this
+class when you're studying the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when you're studying the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when you're studying the biology
+first thing you have to do is figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you have to do is figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you have to do is figure out
+a robust a say this this case I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robust a say this this case I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robust a say this this case I think it
+turned out to be quite easy but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be quite easy but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be quite easy but it's not
+necessarily easy in many cases so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily easy in many cases so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily easy in many cases so this
+is something as a chemist you bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something as a chemist you bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something as a chemist you bring a
+lot to the table yeah yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to the table yeah yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to the table yeah yeah okay
+30 40 so that's the way chemists would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 40 so that's the way chemists would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 40 so that's the way chemists would
+do that why can't you do that here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that why can't you do that here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that why can't you do that here well
+well you might be able to do it in crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might be able to do it in crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might be able to do it in crude
+extracts if you had a lot of it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts if you had a lot of it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts if you had a lot of it but it's
+tough NADPH is used in hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough NADPH is used in hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough NADPH is used in hundreds of
+reactions and you're almost and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and you're almost and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and you're almost and it's a
+great assay because the absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great assay because the absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great assay because the absorption
+change is removed from where most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is removed from where most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is removed from where most of the
+material absorbs which is you know to 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material absorbs which is you know to 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material absorbs which is you know to 80
+to 60 to 80 it's not that sensitive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 to 80 it's not that sensitive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 60 to 80 it's not that sensitive the
+extinction coefficient is 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinction coefficient is 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinction coefficient is 64
+6,300 molar inverse centimeter and roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,300 molar inverse centimeter and roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,300 molar inverse centimeter and roots
+and it bought the bottom line is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bought the bottom line is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bought the bottom line is if you
+look at it it's nowhere near sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it it's nowhere near sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it it's nowhere near sensitive
+enough so if it's not sensitive enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if it's not sensitive enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if it's not sensitive enough
+then what do you need to go to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you need to go to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you need to go to that's
+what the radioactivity so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the radioactivity so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the radioactivity so what you're
+going to be doing here is or so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing here is or so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing here is or so you
+could use either 14c you hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use either 14c you hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use either 14c you hopefully you
+all remember that's a beta emitter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all remember that's a beta emitter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all remember that's a beta emitter which
+then gets converted into mevalonic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets converted into mevalonic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gets converted into mevalonic acid
+and then you need a way of separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need a way of separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need a way of separating
+starting material from products okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material from products okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting material from products okay and
+there are many ways that one could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many ways that one could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many ways that one could do
+that but in the original paper they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but in the original paper they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but in the original paper they use
+TLC and that's how they monitored their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC and that's how they monitored their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC and that's how they monitored their
+reactions okay and you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions okay and you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions okay and you need to have
+material that's hot enough radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's hot enough radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's hot enough radioactivity
+so you can see these see these in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these see these in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these see these in two
+conversions so that's the assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions so that's the assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversions so that's the assay
+that they used okay and so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used okay and so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used okay and so in the
+PowerPoint I'm not gonna I decided not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint I'm not gonna I decided not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint I'm not gonna I decided not
+to draw out so if you PowerPoint you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw out so if you PowerPoint you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw out so if you PowerPoint you
+look at the data what do you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data what do you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data what do you see what
+you see is that if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that if you look at the
+experiment where they've removed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where they've removed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where they've removed the
+low-density lipoprotein from the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein from the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein from the media
+so they've taken it out they've grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've taken it out they've grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've taken it out they've grown
+the cells they have hmg-coa reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells they have hmg-coa reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells they have hmg-coa reductase
+activity what do you see immediately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity what do you see immediately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity what do you see immediately and
+thus the the the control and the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the the the control and the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the the the control and the patient
+cells are growing exactly the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are growing exactly the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are growing exactly the same way
+what do you see immediately that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see immediately that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see immediately that you see
+a huge difference in the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge difference in the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge difference in the amount of
+activity okay so this is too you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity okay so this is too you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity okay so this is too you know
+this is one hundred fifty or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one hundred fifty or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one hundred fifty or something
+and so there could be a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there could be a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there could be a number of
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+for all of that and so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of that and so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of that and so the question is
+what is the basis for this increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the basis for this increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the basis for this increase in
+activity due to increase a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity due to increase a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity due to increase a huge amount
+the amount of hmg-coa reductase is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of hmg-coa reductase is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of hmg-coa reductase is the
+activity changes there mutation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity changes there mutation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity changes there mutation that
+changes the activity there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the activity there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the activity there are lots of
+explanations and so what they then did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations and so what they then did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations and so what they then did
+when they remove this they started doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they remove this they started doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they remove this they started doing
+assays over 24 hours okay and they crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays over 24 hours okay and they crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays over 24 hours okay and they crack
+open the cells and do this radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the cells and do this radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the cells and do this radioactive
+assay and then they looked at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay and then they looked at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay and then they looked at the the
+rate of formation of mevalonic acid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of formation of mevalonic acid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of formation of mevalonic acid okay
+and so what do you see with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you see with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you see with with the
+normal with the normal control you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with the normal control you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal with the normal control you see
+exactly what you may predict so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you may predict so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you may predict so if the
+cholesterol levels become low you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels become low you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels become low you might
+want to biosynthesize it okay so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to biosynthesize it okay so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to biosynthesize it okay so but
+then what do you see with the homos I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you see with the homos I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do you see with the homos I
+got the JD patient what you see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the JD patient what you see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the JD patient what you see is the
+levels start out high it is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels start out high it is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels start out high it is you have
+complete absence of regulation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete absence of regulation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete absence of regulation by
+changing the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the concentration of
+cholesterol okay that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol okay that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol okay that's what you're
+saying so it seems like a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so it seems like a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so it seems like a simple
+experiment it is this simple experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it is this simple experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it is this simple experiment
+the the basis for these observations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basis for these observations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basis for these observations is
+still open to debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still open to debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still open to debate
+but the experiment turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the experiment turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the experiment turned out to be
+straightforward then what they did is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward then what they did is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward then what they did is at
+24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 hours
+they then started adding adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then started adding adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then started adding adding
+low-density lipoprotein back into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein back into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-density lipoprotein back into these
+into the media okay so they start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the media okay so they start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the media okay so they start over
+here they removed it they add it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they removed it they add it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they removed it they add it back
+here's with none here's with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's with none here's with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's with none here's with two
+micrograms from ale here's with 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms from ale here's with 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms from ale here's with 20
+micrograms mil and what do you see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms mil and what do you see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms mil and what do you see with
+a normal patient so with the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal patient so with the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal patient so with the normal
+control what you see with a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what you see with a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control what you see with a normal
+control is a loss of activity so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is a loss of activity so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is a loss of activity so that's
+exactly what you would expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you would expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you would expect that
+cholesterol you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you have a lot of
+cholesterol you don't need to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you don't need to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol you don't need to make it
+anymore so this data then the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so this data then the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so this data then the simple
+data told you with the control told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data told you with the control told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data told you with the control told you
+that - LDL you increased HMG our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that - LDL you increased HMG our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that - LDL you increased HMG our
+activity and plus lvl you decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and plus lvl you decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and plus lvl you decreased
+activity and what about the patient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and what about the patient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and what about the patient the
+FH JD patient so here what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FH JD patient so here what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FH JD patient so here what you see is
+that removing cholesterol from the plasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removing cholesterol from the plasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that removing cholesterol from the plasm
+has no effect what about adding it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no effect what about adding it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no effect what about adding it back
+has no effect okay so somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no effect okay so somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no effect okay so somehow the
+patient is oblivia the patient cells is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is oblivia the patient cells is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is oblivia the patient cells is
+oblivious to the presence or absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious to the presence or absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblivious to the presence or absence of
+cholesterol so in this case the plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so in this case the plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol so in this case the plus or
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+LDL had no effect so we say loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL had no effect so we say loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL had no effect so we say loss of
+cholesterol regulation which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol regulation which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol regulation which could be
+due to feedback inhibition it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to feedback inhibition it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to feedback inhibition it could be
+due to something else we'll see it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to something else we'll see it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to something else we'll see it is
+due to something else and so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to something else and so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to something else and so this was
+consistent with what they predicted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what they predicted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what they predicted and
+they furthermore learned that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they furthermore learned that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they furthermore learned that these
+fibroblast cells might be a good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells might be a good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast cells might be a good model
+for actually studying what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for actually studying what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for actually studying what's going on in
+the liver I mean you always have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver I mean you always have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver I mean you always have this
+issue you have to figure out what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you have to figure out what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue you have to figure out what you
+can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so
+as a model system since we don't work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a model system since we don't work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a model system since we don't work on
+the humans and so you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humans and so you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humans and so you always have to
+worry about how that extrapolates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about how that extrapolates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about how that extrapolates to
+humans okay so so basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans okay so so basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans okay so so basically you're
+looking at cholesterol in the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at cholesterol in the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at cholesterol in the media
+you're looking at cholesterol not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at cholesterol not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at cholesterol not in the
+media and these are the experiments we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and these are the experiments we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media and these are the experiments we
+just described and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described and so one of the
+questions you can ask then this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you can ask then this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you can ask then this is what
+happens now one of one of another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now one of one of another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now one of one of another thing
+that can happen is what if cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen is what if cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen is what if cholesterol
+can't get into the cell so what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get into the cell so what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get into the cell so what they did
+is another experiment where they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another experiment where they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another experiment where they they
+did two things to look at the hmg-coa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two things to look at the hmg-coa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did two things to look at the hmg-coa
+reductase activity in in the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase activity in in the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductase activity in in the normal
+control and in though and the FH patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and in though and the FH patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and in though and the FH patient
+and one of them was they repeated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them was they repeated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them was they repeated this
+experiment in the presence of ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in the presence of ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in the presence of ethanol
+where they dissolve the cholesterol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they dissolve the cholesterol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they dissolve the cholesterol and
+apparently that allows the cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently that allows the cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently that allows the cholesterol
+to get across the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get across the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get across the membrane
+okay so we're bypassing what we know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're bypassing what we know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're bypassing what we know now
+is going to be a receptor okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a receptor okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a receptor okay so they
+did a second experiment and they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a second experiment and they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a second experiment and they used
+ethanol cholesterol and it goes across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol cholesterol and it goes across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol cholesterol and it goes across
+membrane and then they looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and then they looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and then they looked at the
+hmg-coa reductase activity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg-coa reductase activity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmg-coa reductase activity and the
+activity of both arms a patient and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of both arms a patient and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of both arms a patient and the
+nor and the normal controls was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor and the normal controls was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor and the normal controls was the same
+okay so the activity each mg R activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the activity each mg R activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the activity each mg R activity
+the same they don't report the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same they don't report the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same they don't report the details
+of this experiment but another way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment but another way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment but another way you
+could do this is you could pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this is you could pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this is you could pull out the
+protein or partially purify the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or partially purify the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or partially purify the protein
+and crude extracts and try to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crude extracts and try to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crude extracts and try to measure
+the activity using this assay and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity using this assay and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity using this assay and if you
+have a good measure of the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good measure of the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good measure of the amount of
+protein which is key so you can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is key so you can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is key so you can measure
+specific activity like a rolls a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific activity like a rolls a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific activity like a rolls a product
+or an animal's a product produced per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an animal's a product produced per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an animal's a product produced per
+minute per milligram or protein you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute per milligram or protein you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute per milligram or protein you
+could actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually see
+that the HMG co-reductase activity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the HMG co-reductase activity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the HMG co-reductase activity was
+the same in the wild-type in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in the wild-type in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in the wild-type in the
+wild-type and in the normal and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type and in the normal and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type and in the normal and in the
+patient so you could also measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient so you could also measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient so you could also measure this
+using si and again the result was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using si and again the result was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using si and again the result was that
+they were the same in both the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the same in both the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the same in both the normal
+and the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the patient
+so then elevated levels could be due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then elevated levels could be due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then elevated levels could be due
+elevated levels you saw in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated levels you saw in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated levels you saw in the very
+beginning of the hmg-coa reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the hmg-coa reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the hmg-coa reductase
+activity could be due to the fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity could be due to the fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity could be due to the fact they
+had a huge amount of protein more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a huge amount of protein more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a huge amount of protein more so
+than you do when the fibroblast and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you do when the fibroblast and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you do when the fibroblast and so
+there's no reason to think aa priori if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to think aa priori if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to think aa priori if
+you looked at that previous slide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at that previous slide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at that previous slide that
+the control that normal control in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control that normal control in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control that normal control in the
+wild-type I don't know what the scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type I don't know what the scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type I don't know what the scatter
+is in the data for HMG reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the data for HMG reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the data for HMG reductase
+activities but that's something you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but that's something you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities but that's something you need
+to think about but a 60 fold changes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about but a 60 fold changes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about but a 60 fold changes is
+a huge change so this data the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge change so this data the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge change so this data the initial
+set of data said that yeah cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data said that yeah cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data said that yeah cholesterol
+might be acting as a feedback inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be acting as a feedback inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be acting as a feedback inhibitor
+but here we can get cholesterol into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we can get cholesterol into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we can get cholesterol into the
+cell when the activities are the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell when the activities are the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell when the activities are the same so
+they needed to come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to come up with an
+alternative hypothesis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis okay
+so they then using these two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they then using these two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they then using these two sets of
+data came up with an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data came up with an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data came up with an alternative
+hypothesis so they concluded that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so they concluded that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so they concluded that it's
+not cholesterol feed back regulated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cholesterol feed back regulated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cholesterol feed back regulated okay
+and so then they set out to do a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they set out to do a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they set out to do a second
+set of experiments based on a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of experiments based on a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of experiments based on a new
+hypothesis and the null hypothesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the null hypothesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the null hypothesis is
+that there would be some protein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there would be some protein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there would be some protein that
+might be involved in taking up the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be involved in taking up the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be involved in taking up the LDL
+particle which has a cholesterol into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which has a cholesterol into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which has a cholesterol into
+the cell so the new hypothesis was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so the new hypothesis was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so the new hypothesis was there
+as an LDL receptor so RS receptor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an LDL receptor so RS receptor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an LDL receptor so RS receptor that's
+the way I'm going to breviary that's key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to taking up I'll do okay and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to taking up I'll do okay and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to taking up I'll do okay and so so
+that's what's shown here and so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's shown here and so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's shown here and so then the
+question is what sets of experiments do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what sets of experiments do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what sets of experiments do
+they do next so this is a second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do next so this is a second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do next so this is a second set of
+experiments that was done in a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that was done in a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that was done in a paper
+that's also quite interesting and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also quite interesting and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also quite interesting and so for
+those of you who want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who want to look at the
+details of this this was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1976 and so this is where the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and so this is where the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and so this is where the data that
+I'm going to show you on the slide came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you on the slide came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you on the slide came
+from okay because I think they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay because I think they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay because I think they actually
+put it in one of the two review articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in one of the two review articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in one of the two review articles
+I gave you to read but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you to read but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you to read but if you want to
+read the original data the papers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the original data the papers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the original data the papers aren't
+that long and they go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long and they go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long and they go through the
+details of the rationale of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the rationale of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the rationale of how they
+design their experiments okay so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design their experiments okay so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design their experiments okay so what we
+want to do now is test the idea that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is test the idea that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do now is test the idea that to
+get cholesterol into the cell there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cholesterol into the cell there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cholesterol into the cell there's an
+LDL receptor okay and that that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL receptor okay and that that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL receptor okay and that that's going
+to play a key role in controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a key role in controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play a key role in controlling
+cholesterol levels that was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels that was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol levels that was their
+working hypothesis okay so how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis okay so how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis okay so how would you
+go about testing this experimentally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about testing this experimentally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about testing this experimentally so
+these are the results of the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the results of the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the results of the experiments
+okay and the question is how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question is how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question is how would you
+go about testing this experimentally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about testing this experimentally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about testing this experimentally if
+this with your hypothesis and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with your hypothesis and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with your hypothesis and so if you
+think about it you might like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you might like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you might like to know
+does the LDL particle bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the LDL particle bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the LDL particle bind to the
+surface of the self does it bind okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the self does it bind okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the self does it bind okay so
+that would be one thing you could do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one thing you could do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one thing you could do and
+in fact browning Goldstein we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact browning Goldstein we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact browning Goldstein we're
+treating many many patients so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating many many patients so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating many many patients so they had
+fibroblasts for many patients 22:5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblasts for many patients 22:5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblasts for many patients 22:5
+25-page they all had different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25-page they all had different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25-page they all had different
+phenotypes and again these with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes and again these with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes and again these with
+differences and the phenotypes actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and the phenotypes actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and the phenotypes actually
+helped them to try to dissect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped them to try to dissect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped them to try to dissect this
+process okay and so could it bind and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay and so could it bind and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay and so could it bind and so
+when we can ask the question how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can ask the question how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can ask the question how would
+we look at binding I'm gonna ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at binding I'm gonna ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at binding I'm gonna ask you
+that question we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question we're going to
+recitation on binding I think not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on binding I think not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation on binding I think not this
+week but next week then it gets into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but next week then it gets into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but next week then it gets into the
+it gets into the cell okay so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets into the cell okay so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets into the cell okay so how do you
+know it gets into the cell okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it gets into the cell okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it gets into the cell okay and so
+so that's another question inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another question inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another question inside
+outside and then the next question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and then the next question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and then the next question is
+what is LDL hopefully you remember it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is LDL hopefully you remember it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is LDL hopefully you remember it so
+it's a lipoprotein that has a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lipoprotein that has a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lipoprotein that has a single
+protein on it april-b and then it's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein on it april-b and then it's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein on it april-b and then it's full
+with cholesterol cholesterol esters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cholesterol cholesterol esters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cholesterol cholesterol esters and
+phospholipids what happens to that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids what happens to that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids what happens to that stuff
+once it's inside the cell okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's inside the cell okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's inside the cell okay so those
+are the questions in this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the questions in this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the questions in this experiment
+that they set out to ask okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they set out to ask okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they set out to ask okay so what I
+want to do so binding internalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the fate of LDL inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the fate of LDL inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the fate of LDL inside the cell
+so that's what they were focused on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what they were focused on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what they were focused on okay
+so what I want to do is show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is show you the
+tools that they developed to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that they developed to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that they developed to try to
+answer these questions okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer these questions okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer these questions okay I'm going to
+show you a few things because this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few things because this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few things because this isn't
+such an easy extent of experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an easy extent of experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an easy extent of experiments to
+carry out and then what they observed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out and then what they observed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out and then what they observed on
+the normal cells handling and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal cells handling and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal cells handling and the
+patient cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient cells okay
+so the tools that I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tools that I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tools that I want to talk about
+following okay so we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay so we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay so we just talked about
+the fact that to do the assay we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that to do the assay we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that to do the assay we needed
+radioactivity okay we weren't we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity okay we weren't we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity okay we weren't we didn't
+have we needed to be sensitive enough if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we needed to be sensitive enough if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we needed to be sensitive enough if
+you're gonna be looking at binding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be looking at binding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be looking at binding on
+the surface how do you do that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface how do you do that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface how do you do that do you
+think there are a lot of receptors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are a lot of receptors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are a lot of receptors are
+there are few receptors okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few receptors okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few receptors okay so you
+might not know that but in general there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know that but in general there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know that but in general there
+aren't huge numbers of receptors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't huge numbers of receptors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't huge numbers of receptors so
+measuring binding to the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring binding to the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring binding to the surface of the
+cell root usually requires a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell root usually requires a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell root usually requires a very
+sensitive now say so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive now say so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive now say so the first thing
+they needed to do was they decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to do was they decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to do was they decided that
+they need to make the LDL radio labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to make the LDL radio labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to make the LDL radio labeled
+and if you go back and you look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back and you look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go back and you look through
+your notes in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes in recitation
+three where we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three where we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three where we talked about
+radioactivity we saw that we have beta C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity we saw that we have beta C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity we saw that we have beta C
+14 beta which is what they used up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 beta which is what they used up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 beta which is what they used up there
+but they also used I 125 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also used I 125 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also used I 125 which is a
+gamma which is much more sensitive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma which is much more sensitive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma which is much more sensitive and
+so what they decided they needed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they decided they needed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they decided they needed to make
+was I 125 labeled LDL so if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I 125 labeled LDL so if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I 125 labeled LDL so if you haven't
+radio labeled you know can you somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio labeled you know can you somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio labeled you know can you somehow
+see it sitting on the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it sitting on the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it sitting on the surface of the
+cell okay so the question is how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so the question is how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so the question is how can you
+do that well we we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that well we we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that well we we talked about the
+composition of the LDL particle there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the LDL particle there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of the LDL particle there is
+cholesterol there's cholesterol Astra's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol there's cholesterol Astra's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cholesterol there's cholesterol Astra's
+phospholipids and one protein and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and one protein and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipids and one protein and so
+what they're doing to put the iodine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing to put the iodine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing to put the iodine in
+is putting it into only the protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting it into only the protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting it into only the protein okay
+so what they use is a method called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they use is a method called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they use is a method called
+Bolton hunter which uses radio level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolton hunter which uses radio level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bolton hunter which uses radio level
+iodine and a reagent I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine and a reagent I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine and a reagent I'm not going to go
+through you can look it up if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you can look it up if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you can look it up if you're
+interested I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I'm not going to go through
+the details and what it does is it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details and what it does is it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details and what it does is it takes
+a protein this is still actually widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein this is still actually widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein this is still actually widely
+used so this would be a poby and it iota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so this would be a poby and it iota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so this would be a poby and it iota
+nate's at the ortho position okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nate's at the ortho position okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nate's at the ortho position okay so
+what you wind up with then is I own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wind up with then is I own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you wind up with then is I own
+Aidid a poppy okay so that's it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aidid a poppy okay so that's it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aidid a poppy okay so that's it that's
+gonna be your handle okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be your handle okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be your handle okay and you can
+make this a very high specific activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a very high specific activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a very high specific activity
+okay so that's one thing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one thing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one thing that they
+needed to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do okay
+the second thing that they needed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing that they needed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing that they needed to do
+is if they're gonna look for binding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if they're gonna look for binding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if they're gonna look for binding to
+the surface okay how would you design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface okay how would you design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface okay how would you design
+that experiment what you what might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment what you what might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment what you what might you
+need to do to figure out how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to figure out how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to figure out how you're
+gonna look at binding only and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at binding only and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look at binding only and not
+binding and uptake what parameter could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and uptake what parameter could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and uptake what parameter could
+you change that would help you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change that would help you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change that would help you do that
+temperature so everything and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so everything and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so everything and you'll see
+this also in experiments this week the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also in experiments this week the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also in experiments this week the
+temperature is really really critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is really really critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is really really critical
+why because hopefully you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because hopefully you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because hopefully you all know
+it's lipid bilayers are very fluid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lipid bilayers are very fluid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lipid bilayers are very fluid and
+if you cool the temperature you prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you cool the temperature you prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you cool the temperature you prevent
+uptake and other things you have to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptake and other things you have to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uptake and other things you have to test
+all this out they did a huge number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this out they did a huge number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this out they did a huge number of
+controls so a second thing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls so a second thing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls so a second thing that they
+wanted to do is they use temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is they use temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is they use temperature so
+four degrees they're going to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four degrees they're going to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four degrees they're going to use to
+look at binding or if they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at binding or if they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at binding or if they're looking at
+a time course and they want to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time course and they want to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time course and they want to stop the
+reaction and the reaction is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the reaction is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the reaction is normally
+done at 37 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at 37 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at 37 degrees
+okay so uptake experiments would be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uptake experiments would be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uptake experiments would be at
+37 degrees okay so again temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 degrees okay so again temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 degrees okay so again temperature is
+the key parameter you could if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key parameter you could if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key parameter you could if you want
+to do work time course and stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work time course and stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work time course and stop the
+reaction you could cool it down to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you could cool it down to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you could cool it down to 40
+degrees again I mean this was a this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees again I mean this was a this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees again I mean this was a this was
+a hypothesis they had okay and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothesis they had okay and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothesis they had okay and so that's
+the second tool that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second tool that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second tool that they're going to
+use and the third tool which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the third tool which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the third tool which I think
+isn't necessarily so intuitive is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't necessarily so intuitive is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't necessarily so intuitive is if
+you're looking at something binding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at something binding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at something binding on
+the surface you have to always worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface you have to always worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface you have to always worry
+about you know on specific binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know on specific binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know on specific binding
+you'll talk about that in the recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk about that in the recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk about that in the recitation
+on this that's always a problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this that's always a problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this that's always a problem okay
+you're using really hot iodine label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using really hot iodine label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using really hot iodine label
+material see if we get nonspecific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material see if we get nonspecific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material see if we get nonspecific
+binding and so how do you say you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and so how do you say you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and so how do you say you need
+to wash it so unfortunate if this if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wash it so unfortunate if this if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wash it so unfortunate if this if the
+LDL particle bound loosely to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL particle bound loosely to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDL particle bound loosely to the
+yellowed via receptor that makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowed via receptor that makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellowed via receptor that makes the
+problem extremely challenging because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem extremely challenging because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem extremely challenging because
+when you're trying to wash away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to wash away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to wash away the
+excess as you change the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess as you change the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess as you change the concentration
+of the LDL you're going to start to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the LDL you're going to start to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the LDL you're going to start to lose
+you're gonna have an equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have an equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have an equilibrium in
+gonna start to loose binding it binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start to loose binding it binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start to loose binding it binds
+really tightly so they had to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tightly so they had to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tightly so they had to have some
+kind of a wash so they figured out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a wash so they figured out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a wash so they figured out and
+optimized the wash so you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized the wash so you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized the wash so you need to have a
+wash but then so then so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash but then so then so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash but then so then so if you have a
+wash and then you're still looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash and then you're still looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash and then you're still looking at
+the receptor with the particle bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptor with the particle bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receptor with the particle bound
+okay so that's the LDL LDL receptor then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the LDL LDL receptor then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the LDL LDL receptor then
+the question is and it's type binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is and it's type binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is and it's type binding
+how do you get that off and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get that off and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get that off and remember
+you're also going to have LDL that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to have LDL that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to have LDL that's
+been internalized okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been internalized okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been internalized okay so
+as a creative approach they use was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a creative approach they use was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a creative approach they use was to
+use a molecule heparin okay so heparin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a molecule heparin okay so heparin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a molecule heparin okay so heparin
+I'm not going to draw out the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to draw out the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to draw out the structure
+but this is a third tool and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a third tool and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a third tool and this was
+key and so they have heparin sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and so they have heparin sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and so they have heparin sensitive
+and heparin resistant and what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heparin resistant and what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heparin resistant and what does this
+mean heparin turns out to it's a sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean heparin turns out to it's a sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean heparin turns out to it's a sugar
+emit many of you will probably heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit many of you will probably heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit many of you will probably heard
+about it if that's it plays a key role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if that's it plays a key role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if that's it plays a key role
+in blood coagulation but anyhow for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blood coagulation but anyhow for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blood coagulation but anyhow for the
+point of view of today's lecture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of today's lecture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of today's lecture you
+just need to know it's a sugar and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to know it's a sugar and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to know it's a sugar and it's
+got sulfates all over the outside of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sulfates all over the outside of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sulfates all over the outside of it
+so it's negatively charged so heparin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's negatively charged so heparin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's negatively charged so heparin is
+a sulphate in sugar so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sulphate in sugar so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sulphate in sugar so basically you
+have something like this with so3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this with so3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this with so3
+minuses on the outside and so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses on the outside and so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses on the outside and so that they
+what happens is if what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if what you want to do
+is release the LDL particle from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is release the LDL particle from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is release the LDL particle from the
+receptor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor okay
+and apparently treatment with heparin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently treatment with heparin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently treatment with heparin at
+certain levels I think they tried a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain levels I think they tried a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain levels I think they tried a lot
+of things was able to release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things was able to release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things was able to release the
+surface the surface LDL so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the surface LDL so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the surface LDL so this is
+involved in release of surface bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then what you have left after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what you have left after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what you have left after
+you release this is you could still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you release this is you could still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you release this is you could still have
+radio label that's been internalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label that's been internalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label that's been internalized
+okay so that then becomes heparin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that then becomes heparin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that then becomes heparin
+resistant okay and so you can count that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant okay and so you can count that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant okay and so you can count that
+okay so and so then you have bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and so then you have bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and so then you have bound and
+internalized now if you're studying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized now if you're studying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized now if you're studying this
+as a function of time what can happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time what can happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time what can happen to
+once you internalize the LDL particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you internalize the LDL particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you internalize the LDL particle
+what can happen to the IO needed the IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen to the IO needed the IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen to the IO needed the IO
+needed LDL particle what can happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed LDL particle what can happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed LDL particle what can happen so
+this is something else you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something else you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something else you need to think
+about in these assays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in these assays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in these assays
+so now we have internalized LVL 125 late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have internalized LVL 125 late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have internalized LVL 125 late
+but what can happen and when say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what can happen and when say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what can happen and when say if you
+remember from recitation this past week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from recitation this past week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from recitation this past week
+you remember what happened to the LDL so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what happened to the LDL so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what happened to the LDL so
+you got protein you got lipid so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got protein you got lipid so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got protein you got lipid so what's
+gonna happen you might not know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen you might not know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen you might not know the
+details that's what this whole that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that's what this whole that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details that's what this whole that's
+what Brennan Gold team uncovered which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Brennan Gold team uncovered which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Brennan Gold team uncovered which
+we're going to talk about in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in the next
+few minutes but LDL you have a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes but LDL you have a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes but LDL you have a protein
+what can happen to proteins they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen to proteins they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen to proteins they can get
+degraded okay so if you have the a poby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded okay so if you have the a poby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded okay so if you have the a poby
+what can happen is inside the cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen is inside the cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen is inside the cells so
+this is inside you can your protease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is inside you can your protease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is inside you can your protease is
+that degrade this down to peptides this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degrade this down to peptides this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degrade this down to peptides this
+happens in the lysosome where you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the lysosome where you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the lysosome where you still
+have io needed tyrosine or it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have io needed tyrosine or it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have io needed tyrosine or it can be
+broken down all the way to just IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down all the way to just IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken down all the way to just IO
+needed tyrosine okay so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed tyrosine okay so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed tyrosine okay so if you're
+breaking this down all the way here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this down all the way here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this down all the way here the
+IO needed tyrosine could likely exit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO needed tyrosine could likely exit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO needed tyrosine could likely exit the
+cell okay so you need to really think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so you need to really think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so you need to really think so
+what do you do to control for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do to control for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do to control for this
+aspect of the metabolism okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the metabolism okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the metabolism okay what
+happens to the LDL inside the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the LDL inside the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the LDL inside the cell and
+so to do this how would you distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do this how would you distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do this how would you distinguish
+lvl itself from say how what kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lvl itself from say how what kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lvl itself from say how what kind of as
+a chemist what could you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemist what could you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemist what could you do to
+distinguish LDL protein from LDL on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish LDL protein from LDL on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish LDL protein from LDL on
+small peptides or LDL as an amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small peptides or LDL as an amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small peptides or LDL as an amino acid
+so the key question was what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key question was what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key question was what sort of
+bulk method to use to try to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk method to use to try to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk method to use to try to distinguish
+between these two things so then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things so then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things so then you can
+incorporate that into the analysis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into the analysis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into the analysis which
+is what's on the slide here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's on the slide here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's on the slide here so what
+happens if you ask that if you treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you ask that if you treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you ask that if you treat
+proteins in general with acid they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in general with acid they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in general with acid they what
+they hydrolyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hydrolyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hydrolyze
+so if you prepped I bones are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you prepped I bones are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you prepped I bones are really
+strong if you want to break a peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong if you want to break a peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong if you want to break a peptide
+bond you have to heat it for 16 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond you have to heat it for 16 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond you have to heat it for 16 hours
+and 100 degrees so that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 degrees so that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 degrees so that's not going to
+happen okay so that's not a not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so that's not a not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so that's not a not an
+option but what else happens what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option but what else happens what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option but what else happens what do you
+do when you put a protein into into acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you put a protein into into acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you put a protein into into acid
+what happens to the protein it what yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the protein it what yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the protein it what yeah
+crash is out so proteins in general not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash is out so proteins in general not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash is out so proteins in general not
+all proteins most proteins precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proteins most proteins precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proteins most proteins precipitate
+okay but these kinds of things would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but these kinds of things would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but these kinds of things would be
+soluble so they've been able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble so they've been able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble so they've been able to take
+advantage so you have to again treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so you have to again treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so you have to again treat the
+cells in a certain way so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in a certain way so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in a certain way so that you can
+look at what's still retained in the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's still retained in the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what's still retained in the LDL
+verses what's been undergone degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses what's been undergone degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verses what's been undergone degradation
+okay and we're gonna see that's key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're gonna see that's key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're gonna see that's key to
+the model we're gonna come up with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we're gonna come up with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we're gonna come up with okay
+so those are the tools that they needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the tools that they needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the tools that they needed
+to develop and so the question is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop and so the question is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop and so the question is then
+what did they observe okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they observe okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they observe okay so we're
+doing these same experiments we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these same experiments we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these same experiments we're
+looking for binding on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for binding on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for binding on the outside
+internalization and breakdown that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization and breakdown that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization and breakdown that's
+what we're looking for and so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for and so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for and so here is
+the patient and here is the control okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient and here is the control okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient and here is the control okay
+so if we look at here these guys are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at here these guys are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at here these guys are the
+binding okay so Brown and Goldstein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding okay so Brown and Goldstein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding okay so Brown and Goldstein in
+this particular paper which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular paper which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular paper which is
+underneath there but in the cell paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there but in the cell paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath there but in the cell paper
+looked at 22 patients and out of the 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at 22 patients and out of the 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at 22 patients and out of the 22
+patients most of them were binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients most of them were binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients most of them were binding
+deficient they could see no binding at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient they could see no binding at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient they could see no binding at
+all some of them were binding modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all some of them were binding modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all some of them were binding modified
+that is they had lower levels of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they had lower levels of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they had lower levels of binding
+and this one patient JD had normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one patient JD had normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one patient JD had normal
+binding okay so in this experiment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding okay so in this experiment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding okay so in this experiment we're
+looking at here so in the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here so in the PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here so in the PowerPoint
+this is one of 22 patients they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of 22 patients they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of 22 patients they had
+normal binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal binding
+and the others and that's because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others and that's because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the others and that's because we'll
+see that there are multiple ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are multiple ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are multiple ways you can
+have defects in your LDL receptor we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defects in your LDL receptor we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defects in your LDL receptor we'll
+come back to that in a minute but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a minute but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a minute but you
+can have efficient binding or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have efficient binding or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have efficient binding or you could
+have no bindings where you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no bindings where you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no bindings where you could have
+normal binding so those are all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal binding so those are all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal binding so those are all possible
+and the one that we've we've taken the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that we've we've taken the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that we've we've taken the
+data for here and that's described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for here and that's described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for here and that's described in
+the paper is normal binding and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is normal binding and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is normal binding and they did
+a lot of experiments I'm not describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experiments I'm not describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experiments I'm not describing
+to try to show you that this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to show you that this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to show you that this experiment
+which suggests normal binding is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which suggests normal binding is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which suggests normal binding is in fact
+normal binding I mean looked at off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal binding I mean looked at off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal binding I mean looked at off
+rates they looked at competition with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates they looked at competition with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates they looked at competition with
+HDL and LDL and so if you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDL and LDL and so if you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDL and LDL and so if you look at that
+if you look at the levels of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the levels of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the levels of binding
+they really aren't very different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really aren't very different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really aren't very different okay
+between each experiment and control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each experiment and control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each experiment and control and
+so now what happens if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens if you look at the
+normal what happens is with time the LDL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal what happens is with time the LDL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal what happens is with time the LDL
+on the surface goes away and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface goes away and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface goes away and that's
+because it's becoming internalized okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's becoming internalized okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's becoming internalized okay
+where it's down here what happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's down here what happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's down here what happens you
+started out the same but now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out the same but now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out the same but now you can see
+over this is ours down here it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this is ours down here it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this is ours down here it really
+hasn't change very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't change very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't change very much
+it's not becoming internalized and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not becoming internalized and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not becoming internalized and so
+then they wanted to use their method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wanted to use their method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wanted to use their method to
+look at internalized LDL and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at internalized LDL and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at internalized LDL and so
+internalized LDL using the heparin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized LDL using the heparin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized LDL using the heparin
+resistant versus heparin sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant versus heparin sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant versus heparin sensitive
+that's the assay they used what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the assay they used what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the assay they used what you see
+is as the surface amount of binding at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as the surface amount of binding at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as the surface amount of binding at
+least early on decreases the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least early on decreases the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least early on decreases the amount
+internalized increases but what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized increases but what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalized increases but what happens
+over here to the patient with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to the patient with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to the patient with the
+patient you get nothing internalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you get nothing internalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you get nothing internalized
+okay and the other question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other question is what
+happens to the LDL and it's labeled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the LDL and it's labeled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the LDL and it's labeled on
+the protein does that get degraded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein does that get degraded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein does that get degraded and
+so using a method with TCA they've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using a method with TCA they've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using a method with TCA they've used
+a couple of different methods what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of different methods what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of different methods what they
+see is that you slowly degrade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that you slowly degrade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that you slowly degrade the
+protein into small pieces okay and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein into small pieces okay and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein into small pieces okay and again
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+patient it's not internalized so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient it's not internalized so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient it's not internalized so you
+can't get to can't get degradation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get to can't get degradation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get to can't get degradation so
+the this type of experiment and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this type of experiment and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this type of experiment and this
+with this particular patient and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also with the other patients that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with the other patients that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with the other patients that I
+talked about one through 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one through 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one through 21
+they say Jew is a strong conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say Jew is a strong conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say Jew is a strong conclusion that
+there are two things that have to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that have to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that have to happen
+for cholesterol and to get into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cholesterol and to get into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cholesterol and to get into the cell
+number one it has to bind and number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one it has to bind and number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one it has to bind and number two
+this have got to be some mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have got to be some mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this have got to be some mechanism for
+internalization so the conclusions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization so the conclusions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalization so the conclusions from
+this is we need binding which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we need binding which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we need binding which is
+consistent with the L do receptor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the L do receptor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the L do receptor and
+then we need in some way internalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need in some way internalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need in some way internalization
+and of course JD was the only one out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course JD was the only one out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course JD was the only one out of
+all of these patients where they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these patients where they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these patients where they could
+study internalization because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study internalization because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study internalization because in the
+other patients they didn't they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other patients they didn't they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other patients they didn't they had
+really poor binding or not or no binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really poor binding or not or no binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really poor binding or not or no binding
+at all okay so they needed to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all okay so they needed to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all okay so they needed to have the
+spectrum of patients to be able to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of patients to be able to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of patients to be able to start
+to sort out what was going on in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out what was going on in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out what was going on in these
+experiments so I think on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so I think on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so I think on the surface
+the experiments look pretty you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments look pretty you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments look pretty you look at
+them they look like they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they look like they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they look like they're really
+simple but technically they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but technically they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but technically they're not so
+simple okay and if you care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay and if you care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay and if you care about the
+technical details which we'll see again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical details which we'll see again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical details which we'll see again
+in this week's recitation dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this week's recitation dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this week's recitation dealing with
+these membrane proteins and stickiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these membrane proteins and stickiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these membrane proteins and stickiness
+becomes the key how creative you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the key how creative you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the key how creative you can be
+and usually we're not we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually we're not we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually we're not we're not really
+plugged in to that and you usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in to that and you usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in to that and you usually don't
+do experiments like that unless you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments like that unless you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments like that unless you work
+in a lab that is focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab that is focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab that is focused on
+membrane-bound proteins okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound proteins okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane-bound proteins okay so this
+resulted in the model so this this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the model so this this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the model so this this kind
+of experiment and many other experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment and many other experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment and many other experiments
+resulted in the model for receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the model for receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the model for receptor
+mediated endocytosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for and you've seen this before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for and you've seen this before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for and you've seen this before you
+saw this in recitation last week because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this in recitation last week because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this in recitation last week because
+we saw interference with the pcsk9 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw interference with the pcsk9 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw interference with the pcsk9 with
+receptor mediated endocytosis so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor mediated endocytosis so we're
+back where we started last week on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where we started last week on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back where we started last week on the
+first slide I showed you was this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slide I showed you was this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slide I showed you was this slide
+and so what is the model okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the model okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the model okay so there
+are many many more experiments that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many more experiments that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many more experiments that have
+gone into coming up with this model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into coming up with this model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone into coming up with this model and
+the model is really still incomplete you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is really still incomplete you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is really still incomplete you
+know I have a cartoon here like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a cartoon here like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have a cartoon here like the
+whole process every step along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process every step along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process every step along the
+pathway how you go here and there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway how you go here and there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway how you go here and there and
+what the kinetics are it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kinetics are it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the kinetics are it's all
+complicated okay but this is the working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay but this is the working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay but this is the working
+hypothesis and so the first thing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and so the first thing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and so the first thing is you
+make the LDL receptor it's a membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the LDL receptor it's a membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the LDL receptor it's a membrane
+protein as a single trans membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein as a single trans membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein as a single trans membrane
+spanning region as made in the ER and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning region as made in the ER and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanning region as made in the ER and
+because of this trans membrane spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this trans membrane spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this trans membrane spanning
+region is thought to be transported to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is thought to be transported to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is thought to be transported to
+the surface and it's done so in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface and it's done so in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface and it's done so in little
+coated vesicles okay which keeps things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated vesicles okay which keeps things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated vesicles okay which keeps things
+soluble and it does this by passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble and it does this by passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble and it does this by passing
+through the golgi staffs which we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the golgi staffs which we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the golgi staffs which we talked
+about at the very beginning eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the very beginning eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the very beginning eventually
+it gets to the surface these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to the surface these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to the surface these little
+things here are the LDL receptors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here are the LDL receptors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here are the LDL receptors okay
+these whoops all right you can go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these whoops all right you can go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these whoops all right you can go home
+and sleep on this and look at it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sleep on this and look at it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sleep on this and look at it again
+because I'm over it it just seems like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm over it it just seems like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm over it it just seems like I
+just started in it's already over I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started in it's already over I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just started in it's already over I'm
+sorry okay I must have spent too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay I must have spent too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay I must have spent too much
+time talking about something I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about something I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about something I wasn't
+supposed to talk about but anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to talk about but anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to talk about but anyhow
+hopefully you're not now all can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're not now all can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you're not now all can go back
+and look at this and think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this and think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this and think about this
+because we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be talking about
+this again in recitation this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Vko17una2Zw.txt b/Vko17una2Zw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5921bab7892095042fbb8055a7a50d003ae591e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vko17una2Zw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3983 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+So we've come to a topic that
+I think feels to us like
+
+intuitively almost the core of
+psychology might be about is
+
+personality.
+
+Why are some things easy
+for us and hard for us?
+
+Why do we like some things
+or something else?
+
+Why do people around us behave
+kindly or rudely, supportively
+
+or loyally or whatever?
+
+What can we understand about
+personality scientifically?
+
+So how do psychologists try
+to study it in a somewhat
+
+systematic fashion?
+
+Some key concepts that we're
+finding are traits, states,
+
+and context.
+
+Traits--
+
+I'll come to these.
+
+And then finally some brain
+correlates for personality.
+
+So I love this quote, because
+I think it's about
+
+individuality, which says, every
+person is in certain
+
+respects like all
+other people--
+
+and we think that's true.
+
+There's something deeply similar
+among all humans, also
+
+about psychology, also
+about our brains.
+
+Like some other people, that
+is, there's dimensions of
+
+individuality, or like some
+other people, like if we're a
+
+male or female, if we're this
+age or that age, this culture
+
+or that culture, like math or
+don't like math, like vanilla
+
+ice cream or don't
+like ice cream.
+
+And then finally, we come down
+to the unique set of things
+
+that make you you.
+
+And that's very hard to study,
+the unique things
+
+that make you you.
+
+But the second level, dimensions
+of individuality,
+
+we can study in personality.
+
+It's obviously a big one
+that we feel in our own
+
+lives and around us.
+
+So this is the old original
+"Star Trek." Like many
+
+programs, or in TV series, it
+plays out really in part--
+
+they go from galaxy to galaxy
+and struggle with various
+
+opponents, civilizations.
+
+But it almost always
+comes down to a
+
+personality thing, right?
+
+The Captain Kirk who wants to
+be aggressive and charge in
+
+there and do something very
+emotional, Spock who's the
+
+pure rational machine, and McCoy
+who represents a sort of
+
+humane touch, as opposed to
+the rational thought.
+
+And somewhere in between is the
+man who has to pick the
+
+action to command
+the ship, right?
+
+So every show plays out
+with him asking him
+
+to be human, right?
+
+And him asking him to be
+rational, and him killing
+
+somebody who's trouble making.
+
+OK.
+
+So what do we mean
+by personality?
+
+A set of behavioral, emotional,
+and cognitive
+
+tendencies that people
+display over time.
+
+When we talk about personality,
+we really mean
+
+something that we think is
+consistent in ourselves or in
+
+other people.
+
+It's that somebody is
+shy, somebody's
+
+helpful, somebody's rude.
+
+And across situations, not just
+one place, one time, but
+
+pretty regularly.
+
+And that varies across people.
+
+That distinguishes them
+from one to another.
+
+Something that's kind of--
+
+there's some similarities,
+but people vary in this.
+
+And so when people think about
+this, they think in three
+
+categories as they
+conceptualize it.
+
+One is traits.
+
+By trait we mean something
+that's in you that's constant
+
+across situations and times.
+
+But we also think of
+it as a continuum.
+
+So for example, we talk about
+introversion/extroversion or
+
+outgoingness and shyness.
+
+It's not that everybody's
+one or the other.
+
+Along that path from being
+extremely shy to extremely
+
+outgoing, many of us are
+somewhere in between.
+
+And then we can talk about
+states, how we are
+
+temporarily.
+
+How do we feel, excited, afraid,
+that kind of stuff.
+
+And then situations we're in,
+because they're specific at
+
+times and places, and
+that influences us.
+
+We're fearful, we're happy,
+we're looking forward to
+
+something, we're not looking
+forward to something.
+
+So these are different pieces
+that might end up in how we
+
+feel inside and how we
+act on the world.
+
+So here's a very funny thing,
+because it's a very different
+
+line of research than
+practically anything else
+
+that's out there.
+
+Very active, because we're so
+curious about personality.
+
+Here's how people have basically
+approached it.
+
+Not everybody, but the main line
+scientific perspective.
+
+They looked in the dictionary,
+originally in the 1930s, for
+
+this line of work, and they
+said, let's look at all the
+
+adjectives in the dictionary
+that we think might describe
+
+personality in some sense.
+
+They found nearly 18,000 words
+in the dictionaries that
+
+seemed to be adjectives for
+describing people, and
+
+something that might be
+about personality.
+
+Whether you're affable, or
+amiable, congenial, convivial,
+
+cordial, friendly, genial,
+sociable, welcoming.
+
+These are all synonyms, right?
+
+They all mean roughly the
+same thing, we think.
+
+But they found 18,000 terms
+there because we think a lot
+
+about other people, and talk a
+lot about other people, and
+
+other people are interesting
+to us.
+
+And as I said, we're not going
+to study 18,000 dimensions of
+
+personality, especially
+when lots of them
+
+overlap like this.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+see, are there some underlying
+
+traits, a manageable set of
+personality traits or
+
+dimensions, that many of these
+18,000 adjectives sort
+
+of boil down to.
+
+So a manageable set of
+personality dimensions.
+
+So how do people measure
+personality in some way?
+
+And for those of us who like
+to measure things by
+
+behavior-- you do a test, or
+you push a button, or we
+
+measure your brain--
+
+personality research is always
+funny, because the bulk of it
+
+is people's self report
+about themselves.
+
+And about the last thing most
+of us in psychology trust is
+
+people's reports about
+themselves.
+
+And what we think is--
+
+for many reasons that we can
+talk about a little bit--
+
+what we think is that people,
+when they fill out a piece of
+
+paper describing themselves,
+they start to have all kinds
+
+of thoughts like, OK, I'm
+outgoing, but compared to who?
+
+Do I want to fill this out like
+I really like to think
+
+about myself, or how I think I
+really am, or am I sometimes
+
+this way and sometimes
+that way, which
+
+is the right answer.
+
+OK?
+
+So all these things bother us
+as researchers, but we don't
+
+have a more direct path
+towards personality.
+
+So we can interview people
+about their personality.
+
+We can observe--
+
+I'll talk about some studies
+that involve observation.
+
+But by far the dominant mode
+of collecting somewhat
+
+quantitative data about
+personality are questionnaires
+
+of the kind you just got
+handed out to you.
+
+Thank you, Tyler.
+
+And the most famous one of all,
+which you have in your
+
+hands, is the so-called big five
+personality dimensions.
+
+There's many other aspects of
+personality-- we'll talk about
+
+that-- but this is the
+most famous one.
+
+And it was derived in some
+sense objectively and
+
+empirically from factor
+analysis like this.
+
+What they said is we have this
+huge number of terms, but many
+
+of them are either very similar
+to one another, or
+
+what we might call
+anti-correlative, they're sort
+
+of opposites.
+
+So for example, if a person is
+rude, are we also likely to
+
+think of them as kind?
+
+Now you could have--
+
+there's many movies of the rude
+senior citizen who turns
+
+out to have a heart of gold
+underneath, right?
+
+But in general, if you say this
+person's rude, usually
+
+they'll go, and they're
+so kind, right?
+
+We think of them as sort of
+opposites in personality.
+
+If somebody's dependable
+or carefree.
+
+Now, maybe you know somebody
+who's both dependable and
+
+carefree, but we tend to think
+carefree people are not so
+
+dependable.
+
+They can be delightful
+dependable people.
+
+But now, rude-- you can be
+dependable and rude or
+
+dependable and polite, right?
+
+OK, so get a feeling of that.
+
+So they have people fill out
+tons of pieces of paper saying
+
+how do they feel these factors
+describe them.
+
+And they start out with this
+huge universe of terms, and
+
+then they try to boil it down,
+and boil it down, and boil it
+
+down, by looking at--
+
+Oh, this doesn't show up
+very well, does it?
+
+Oh, well.
+
+Correlations--
+
+you have the notes.
+
+So you can guess without being
+able to see, you can guess--
+
+let's pick two things.
+
+If I pick the adjectives
+carefree and dependable, kind
+
+of go together or
+not go together?
+
+Doesn't tend to go together in
+people describing themselves.
+
+How about hard working
+and dependable?
+
+Kind of goes together.
+
+So they said, we can take a lot
+of these adjectives and
+
+say piles of them go in one
+area, well, we'll just pick a
+
+few words to describe
+that dimension.
+
+Piles of them go in
+another area.
+
+And they boil it down basically
+by factor analysis,
+
+and they end up with five
+big factors in this
+
+most widely used one.
+
+So here's two of them.
+
+And here comes a big thing.
+
+They have the factor which is
+basically just mathematically
+
+a set of adjectives that travel
+together, that are
+
+highly correlated when people
+describe themselves.
+
+And they're somewhat
+anti-correlated or
+
+uncorrelated with the
+other dimensions.
+
+That's purely empirical.
+
+Now, though, they have the set
+of adjectives, like carefree
+
+or dependable, not hard-working
+or hard-working.
+
+Now they have to say, what's the
+label I'm going to put on
+
+that dimension of human
+personality?
+
+There's no science for that.
+
+That's judgment.
+
+But five of them get fixed.
+
+And once these got fixed,
+they've become the terminology
+
+of the field.
+
+So they said, we're going to
+call one conscientiousness.
+
+Those are people who say they're
+not carefree, they are
+
+dependable, and they
+are hard-working.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Or somebody's agreeable--
+
+that's one of the other big
+five, separate five.
+
+If somebody says, I'm pretty
+compliant, I'm pretty kind,
+
+and I'm seldom rude.
+
+So I'm going to give you
+a minute to try this.
+
+You can fill it out fully.
+
+So your piece of paper
+that you have is a
+
+version of this test.
+
+It's the real thing.
+
+One side tells you
+how to score it.
+
+Don't look at that, the other
+side at the bottom.
+
+Just try a few items for fun
+if you feel like it.
+
+And you can fill it out later
+and score yourself or print it
+
+out from the notes and
+score your friends.
+
+Use it responsibly,
+the knowledge.
+
+And you can just have an
+intuition of what does it
+
+mean, because almost all
+personality research, almost
+
+all of it does exactly what
+you're doing now, which is
+
+gives you a piece of paper, and
+have you describe yourself
+
+to yourself.
+
+I'll give you a minute just
+to get a feeling for it.
+
+I think it's kind of fun.
+
+And the feeling you
+get, like--
+
+so people worry about stuff,
+like who are you comparing
+
+yourself to?
+
+If you're outgoing,
+compared to who?
+
+Compared to Robin
+Williams, OK?
+
+Maybe not so much.
+
+Compared to your roommate?
+
+Maybe yes.
+
+So all these questions, like
+where do you get these number
+
+from, how do you come to these
+answers, and so on.
+
+People worry about polishing
+your image.
+
+Oh yes, I'm always polite.
+
+I'm nearly perfect when I'm
+asked to describe myself, OK?
+
+So to the extent that
+people did that, it
+
+wouldn't work, right?
+
+Because everybody would look
+perfect all the time.
+
+So these big five are openness,
+conscientiousness,
+
+extroversion, agreeableness,
+and neuroticism.
+
+And for memorizing for tests,
+OCEAN is the acronym.
+
+These were the ones that have
+come out as five separable
+
+dimensions that seem to cover
+a tremendous amount of
+
+individual descriptions of human
+personality, and are
+
+widely used in research.
+
+So here's your big
+five inventory.
+
+Here's--
+
+on the backside, how to score
+it, if you feel like figuring
+
+out what this test would
+say about yourself, OK?
+
+You could be honest with your
+scoring, because we're not
+
+going to collect it, it's just
+you describing you to
+
+yourself, if you're curious.
+
+And now I'm going to go on.
+
+And you're more than welcome
+to finish it
+
+whenever you want.
+
+It's yours to keep.
+
+And here's how we would score
+it, or you would score it.
+
+It tells you on the
+bottom what to do.
+
+For conscientiousness--
+
+and we'll come back
+to this, it's a
+
+really interesting measure.
+
+If you rate yourself as somebody
+who does a thorough
+
+job, is a reliable worker,
+perseveres until the task is
+
+finished, does things
+efficiently, and makes plans
+
+and follows through with them.
+
+The higher you rate yourself on
+those-- this makes sense--
+
+you're more conscientious,
+right?
+
+The less you say, that you're
+somewhat careless, you tend to
+
+be disorganized, you tend to
+be lazy, and you're easily
+
+distracted, well, those
+are negative
+
+things for that dimension.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So you have to watch when you
+score it which are the
+
+positive and which are the
+negative as you score them,
+
+would you get a plus
+or a minus.
+
+And they try to make it either
+way, so that if you constantly
+
+say yes, you ought not to score
+anything that makes
+
+sense, even to yourself.
+
+Anyway, so here's the big
+questions, right?
+
+All this sort of research
+behind or this factor
+
+analysis, you'd want
+to know two things.
+
+Are they stable?
+
+Do they really describe
+a person across
+
+situations and time?
+
+That's what we mean
+by personality.
+
+And secondly, do they predict
+behaviors and life outcomes?
+
+Is there something about them
+that goes with things that we
+
+care about, variably
+across people?
+
+So where people have looked at
+this over some number of
+
+years, it correlates 0.5
+to 0.7 across 30
+
+or 40 years of life.
+
+Height and sex, to think about
+it, correlates 0.4.
+
+Again, height and sex is kind of
+an-- people will pick that
+
+to think about.
+
+On average, men tend to be
+taller than women, but lots of
+
+women are taller than lots
+of individual men, OK?
+
+So it's a stronger relationship
+across time.
+
+It's more stable than
+what you'd predict
+
+by height and sex.
+
+And here's something
+really interesting.
+
+They tested people across
+seven years-- within
+
+childhood, within young
+adulthood, within the 30s, and
+
+in the 50 to 70 age range.
+
+And here's something
+kind of striking.
+
+If you test people twice across
+seven years, starting
+
+from infancy as best you can--
+or questions about them
+
+because they can't
+fill out forms--
+
+to adulthood, the striking thing
+is that the older you
+
+get, the more consistent
+you become across
+
+a seven year period.
+
+The older you get, the more
+consistent you become.
+
+So how might you
+interpret that?
+
+There's a couple different
+ways you
+
+could think about that.
+
+The older you become, the more
+consistent you become in
+
+describing your personality--
+
+let's pretend your descriptions
+are accurate--
+
+the more consistent your
+personality is.
+
+Did you expect that?
+
+Is that what you expect?
+
+Something opposite?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: They get older, they
+kind of develop habits and get
+
+set in their ways.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So there's two ways to describe
+getting older.
+
+Like me, I get set in my ways.
+
+Right?
+
+That's OK.
+
+Or I'll say it the other way,
+we discover the ways that we
+
+really like.
+
+OK?
+
+My friend Robert Sapolsky at
+Stanford, who writes fantastic
+
+books and who's a fantastic
+lecturer, had an essay where
+
+he said he noticed in his late
+40s or 50s, that the people in
+
+his working lab that they were
+playing irritating music.
+
+It was just bothering him when
+they were playing the music.
+
+And it was music that people of
+your generation listen to.
+
+He said, why is it irritating?
+
+Because when he played his--
+
+when he played The Beatles or
+whatever, they were irritating
+
+to his parents, OK.
+
+So what's going on?
+
+And he said, oh.
+
+And so he did a little informal
+study, he talked to
+
+people of different ages and
+people in restaurants, they
+
+said, at what age do people seem
+to stop wanting to do new
+
+things, and get stuck in their
+ways, or find what they like
+
+and stick with it?
+
+And there's no one answer.
+
+But he found a tremendous number
+of people, by about 30
+
+to 35, that's their music, they
+like sushi or they don't
+
+like sushi.
+
+They have their set of stuff
+that they have going for them
+
+or they don't like.
+
+And so you could say they
+get stuck in their ways.
+
+You could say they discover
+what they like
+
+and stick with it.
+
+And here's an age more of
+exploration and variability.
+
+Who knows?
+
+But it's kind of interesting,
+the older you get, the more
+
+consistent you get.
+
+Is this flexibility?
+
+Is this chaos?
+
+You could look at
+it either way.
+
+There's no real answer.
+
+People have looked at these
+scores and asked whether
+
+things like--
+
+do they vary with
+age and gender?
+
+So for example, these broken
+lines are neuroticism, which
+
+is a funny label.
+
+It really means--
+
+neuroticism is the bad side
+of it, stability is the
+
+good side of it.
+
+You could also say too stable
+could be boring and inert.
+
+You could relabel these
+things pretty much.
+
+But on average, women's scores
+are a little bit less stable
+
+than men, a little bit more
+outgoing, a little bit.
+
+By age, you get a few trends.
+
+This will not surprise
+you, actually.
+
+So for neuroticism--
+again, stability--
+
+that neuroticism decreases
+with age.
+
+People get more stable and they
+get more conscientious as
+
+they get older.
+
+You kind of expect that.
+
+People get more used to their
+habits and more stuck in their
+
+ways, that we would
+call stability.
+
+So, let's ask for people who
+score high or low on these
+
+measures, what do
+they go with?
+
+So for these five fundamental
+personality measures.
+
+So people who score highly on
+the neuroticism scale-- again,
+
+these labels are tricky--
+
+but it means ranging from very
+stable and emotional sense to
+
+very labile--
+
+they pay more attention to
+threat in the environment,
+
+more stressed when given a
+surprise math test, have a
+
+higher divorce rate,
+more susceptible to
+
+depression and anxiety.
+
+At the very, very, very highest
+scores of neuroticism,
+
+it's a big risk for depression
+and anxiety.
+
+And one of the deep questions
+always is, to what extent are
+
+what we call psychiatric labels
+extremes of personality
+
+or something beyond
+personality?
+
+This is a much deeper issue
+than you'd think.
+
+We'll come back to
+it in psychiatry.
+
+Because some people say there's
+no such thing, for
+
+example, as social
+anxiety disorder.
+
+It's a recent invention
+for what people
+
+used to call shyness.
+
+I don't think that's
+right, mostly.
+
+But this debate goes on, because
+there's not a sharp
+
+boundary between being a little
+shy and so shy that you
+
+don't leave your house
+to meet people.
+
+That's kind of an extreme.
+
+But most people--
+
+it's not one person is here and
+the next person's here,
+
+there's people all along
+the continuum.
+
+Where you draw the line is
+a challenging issue.
+
+Highly extroverted people versus
+highly introverted,
+
+that sort of shyness
+and outgoingness.
+
+This will be a big surprise.
+
+Highly extroverted people-- by
+these personality measures--
+
+attend more parties, they're
+more popular, they're
+
+identified as leaders in
+college, they live with and
+
+work with more people, they're
+less disturbed by sudden loud
+
+sounds or intense stimuli.
+
+You can do experiments in a
+laboratory and get these
+
+differences.
+
+None of these are sort
+of surprising.
+
+They're just telling you there's
+something correct
+
+about these personality
+measures.
+
+Highly agreeable people are more
+willing to lend money,
+
+have higher high school
+grades, and have
+
+fewer arrests as adults.
+
+But the cool thing is not--
+
+I mean, you're not surprised.
+
+But the fact that they fill out
+a questionnaire sitting at
+
+a desk like you do, predicts to
+some decent extent over the
+
+population whether they'll
+go to jail or not.
+
+That's kind of interesting.
+
+More openness to experience.
+
+You're more likely to major
+in the humanities--
+
+not us--
+
+change careers in midlife,
+perform better in job training
+
+programs, and play a
+musical instrument.
+
+But these are massive
+statistical things.
+
+Because kind of conversely--
+
+well, you know there's very
+interesting relations between
+
+musicality and sort of math
+and science backgrounds.
+
+So that seems to go
+against this.
+
+So these are big averages.
+
+Maybe, I think, in some ways the
+most interesting one, for
+
+practical reasons, has turned
+out to be conscientiousness,
+
+and that's like doing what
+you're supposed to do.
+
+More sexually faithful to
+spouses, higher job ratings,
+
+smoke less, drink less, drive
+more safely, live longer, less
+
+risk for Alzheimer's Disease--
+spectacularly less risk.
+
+OK?
+
+And also play a musical
+instrument?
+
+So the Alzheimer's Disease is
+kind of interesting, because
+
+what we think is happening--
+and we don't really know--
+
+is this.
+
+So you may know there's
+basically one gene, now, more
+
+recently, a couple other
+genes, identified as
+
+significant risk genes
+for Alzheimer's.
+
+But the one powerful
+well-identified one is the
+
+so-called APOE gene.
+
+And that is a significant
+risk gene.
+
+If you're homologous for that,
+you have a higher risk for
+
+Alzheimer's.
+
+But that best-known,
+best-characterized gene is a
+
+far smaller risk factor,
+mathematically, than being low
+
+conscientiousness.
+
+And we don't know what that
+really means, right?
+
+What's your guess?
+
+And nobody knows.
+
+This is just an empirical
+finding, and it's been
+
+replicated a number of times.
+
+What's your guess?
+
+So conscientious people do
+what they're supposed to.
+
+All the things that you're
+supposed to, in the morning,
+
+get up and do, they do
+them pretty well.
+
+Right?
+
+Make your bed, do your laundry
+regularly, brush your teeth
+
+regularly, have your medical
+appointments regularly, eat
+
+well, exercise, all the things
+that everybody tells you is
+
+good for you, conscientious
+people are more
+
+likely to do it.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's sort
+of an analogy.
+
+The thing is that someone who
+continuously uses them more--
+
+more of the pipeline,
+basically.
+
+Keep water going through them,
+makes it less likely that it
+
+will clog the pipes--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's
+something like that.
+
+The pipeline analogy.
+
+If you keep flushing it
+regularly, instead of clogging
+
+it up with bad things that are
+bad for you or whatever.
+
+In the end, there has to be
+a biological mechanism.
+
+In the end, there has to be.
+
+But maybe it's a lifetime
+of doing healthy things.
+
+And they add up and up, day in,
+day out, month in, month
+
+out, year in, year out.
+
+That they somehow, in some
+way, either fend off
+
+Alzheimer's disease or diminish
+its expression for
+
+much longer.
+
+Does that sound OK?
+
+But it's a very compelling
+finding.
+
+All right.
+
+So then there's always a
+fun question up for our
+
+personality, and there
+will be one big
+
+surprise here, I think.
+
+I'll tell you this
+is our surprise.
+
+[INAUDIBLE] was reminding
+me that--
+
+there's a parents visiting
+weekend, which
+
+is not today, right?
+
+But a few years ago, I gave this
+lecture on that, and I
+
+came to a conclusion that
+parents will find impossible,
+
+untrue, and very disturbing.
+
+Get ready.
+
+Here we go.
+
+Again, we're always curious,
+our personalities--
+
+whether we're outgoing
+or not, agreeable or
+
+not, open or not--
+
+how much of that is in our genes
+at birth, how much is
+
+that in our environment in terms
+of parental influence,
+
+and sibling influence, and
+school, and so on.
+
+So the usual way to this, until
+we know the true biology
+
+of this, are estimates from
+twin studies and children
+
+reared apart and reared
+separately.
+
+So let me start with
+the twin studies.
+
+So these are identical twins in
+green versus dizygotic or
+
+fraternal twins, shared
+
+environment, some shared genes.
+
+The difference about this is
+thought to be an estimate of
+
+pure genetic heritability.
+
+And say you get a pretty
+good one--
+
+extroversion and openness
+the most, maybe--
+
+but definitely a genetic
+contribution to personality.
+
+That's the evidence
+from twin studies.
+
+And it's even impressive if
+you do not self report
+
+questionnaires, but behaviors
+that people describe,
+
+activities they do.
+
+Time spent watching television,
+number of
+
+childhood accidents, tendency
+for marriage and divorce,
+
+religious attitudes, your
+balance between work and
+
+leisure, do you want to be at
+work all the time or leisure,
+
+or what the balance
+ought to be.
+
+0.5, that's about half
+heritable, estimated.
+
+Happiness--
+
+we'll come back to happiness
+ratings.
+
+The way people rate happiness,
+it turns out, is if you do a
+
+one to seven scale,
+that's the field.
+
+OK?
+
+Seven means happy all
+the time, one means
+
+miserable all the time.
+
+That's the way happiness
+research is done.
+
+In the last lecture, we'll talk
+about what people think
+
+people need to do to be happy.
+
+But one thing we know is that
+people tend to have happiness
+
+set-points--
+
+you may know this amongst your
+friends or yourselves--
+
+that is, on average, a person
+will be very happy, or
+
+moderately happy, or pretty
+grumbly most of the time.
+
+OK?
+
+Something happens in their lives
+that's really good or
+
+bad, they'll move a little bit,
+but they'll slide right
+
+back to it.
+
+There's nothing better or worse
+about one or the other,
+
+but it's just people tend
+to be pretty set.
+
+And the estimates from twin
+studies are about half of your
+
+chronic sense of happiness, day
+in and day out, it comes
+
+from genes, is the estimate.
+
+So that's a big piece.
+
+But here's the kind
+of stunning thing.
+
+And in the next couple
+slides I tell you.
+
+Let me tell you the bottom
+line, let me
+
+tell you the evidence.
+
+The empirical evidence could
+support a position that
+
+parents and family environments
+have zero
+
+influence on your personality.
+
+Then the question is, what is
+the environmental influence?
+
+Because we know it's
+not all genetic.
+
+But wherever it's been looked at
+carefully, parents and home
+
+environments appear to have, as
+far as they can see, nearly
+
+zero influence on your
+personality.
+
+Now this is the thing that
+drives parents crazy.
+
+Because as a parent, I can
+tell you, from the moment
+
+they're born, or even months
+before children are born, to
+
+the moment you're no longer
+around to take care of your
+
+children, you want them to
+develop the right kind of--
+
+be a happy person,
+a good person.
+
+Hopefully something about
+conscientiousness, do well in
+
+life, right?
+
+And you're doing every little
+thing to encourage that.
+
+The comments you make, the
+schools you send them to, the
+
+activities you encourage them to
+do, you want them to have a
+
+personality that will be happy
+for them and good for them and
+
+thriving, right?
+
+So to be told that whatever you
+do doesn't matter is kind
+
+of a big shock.
+
+And we don't really know
+the depth of this.
+
+And it sounds like
+it's ridiculous.
+
+But I can tell you the empirical
+evidence kind of
+
+supports it.
+
+So for example, for the twin
+studies, it makes no
+
+difference at all for
+personality dimensions whether
+
+twins are raised together
+or raised apart.
+
+So they're in different families
+or the same family--
+
+doesn't make a difference.
+
+All the heritable estimates
+remain exactly the same.
+
+So where are the environmental
+factors coming from?
+
+We believe there's environmental
+factors, but we
+
+can't spot them.
+
+And what's fascinating about
+these things is that we as
+
+human beings-- and this is
+just an example now--
+
+always want to understand who we
+are as some sort of willful
+
+response to our environment.
+
+So here are two identical
+twins reared apart.
+
+And they're both super neat.
+
+OK?
+
+And neither one of them tells
+you, well, it's in my genes,
+
+what else was I going to do?
+
+None of us mostly think that.
+
+Outside of some dire
+circumstances or diseases, we
+
+mostly think, it's my choice
+this morning whether I'm going
+
+to make my bed or not.
+
+It's my choice if I do laundry
+this year or not.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could that other 50%
+come from things part of the
+
+environment like
+diet or health?
+
+PROFESSOR: Could the other 50%
+come from things like diet or
+
+other things in the
+environment?
+
+It could.
+
+But even that tends to
+go by families some.
+
+Some families just say, here's
+a few years worth of potato
+
+chips, good luck.
+
+Another family's going, oh my
+gosh, you didn't eat carrots
+
+all month long.
+
+Even that tends to be,
+on average, someone
+
+environmental, right?
+
+Both by economic opportunity,
+part of the world you're in,
+
+parental attitudes, right?
+
+I agree with you.
+
+It's got to be something.
+
+And maybe we just don't have
+the whole story right.
+
+But here's two twins telling
+you why each of
+
+them is very neat.
+
+OK?
+
+The first one is, my mother.
+
+When I was growing up-- this is
+one household, one twin--
+
+she always kept the house
+perfectly ordered.
+
+I learned from her.
+
+What else could I do?
+
+I had a model in my parent.
+
+She was neat, I'm neat.
+
+Here's the other twin, who
+is also very neat.
+
+The reason is quite simple.
+
+I'm reacting to my mother,
+who was a complete slob.
+
+OK?
+
+So they're complete
+opposite stories.
+
+I'm modeling my parents.
+
+I'm rebelling against
+my parents.
+
+But you know that they're
+identical twins, and they end
+
+up in the same place.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's another
+interpretation.
+
+This is a good question.
+
+The question is, I'm pretending
+the explanations
+
+have nothing to do with
+anything, and you're saying
+
+maybe this a personality
+thing.
+
+Somebody who chooses to model
+their parent or just somebody
+
+who chooses to rebel against
+their parent.
+
+Maybe that's the personally
+dimension, right?
+
+It could be.
+
+It's just neatness.
+
+Twins who aren't neat tend to go
+the same way and twins who
+
+are neat tend to go
+the same way.
+
+About 50 percent of the effect
+is in the genes.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I'm not saying that things
+aren't there.
+
+It's a bit of a mystery,
+it's a bit of a shock.
+
+So here's a couple
+more things.
+
+Biological, non-twin
+siblings--
+
+OK, so these are siblings
+but they're not twins--
+
+are far more similar
+to one another
+
+then adoptive siblings.
+
+OK.
+
+That's OK.
+
+That's the genetics, right?
+
+Because the adopted child
+is into the family.
+
+But here's a shocking one.
+
+For personality, children are no
+more similar to an adoptive
+
+sibling than are two randomly
+selected children.
+
+So in a household, if you have
+an adopted child and a
+
+biological child in that
+household, sharing the same
+
+environment, they are no more
+similar, one to the other,
+
+than two random children
+in the world.
+
+OK, where is the effect
+of the environment?
+
+Where is the parental effect on
+the two children in terms
+
+of personality?
+
+So people have mounted
+this argument.
+
+So let me pick another one.
+
+Put up your hand
+if you want to.
+
+I'll put up my hand.
+
+How many people grew up in a
+household where one or more
+
+parents spoke in a noticeable
+accent?
+
+I mean, I did.
+
+Let's just try this here.
+
+How many of you who have your
+hand up-- keep your hand up--
+
+did you keep your
+parents' accent?
+
+Where's the environment?
+
+In your critical moments of
+language development, you were
+
+hearing that accent.
+
+Where is the environment?
+
+And you could say, well, yeah,
+but there are other people
+
+speaking other things.
+
+Yeah, but then zero parental
+influence on the way in which
+
+you produce your language.
+
+So there's a lot of different
+things to think as we move
+
+from language to personality,
+but it's turning out to be
+
+surprisingly hard on some
+dimensions to show an
+
+influence of parental
+environment on child
+
+development, especially
+in personality.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, first off, for
+the adopted sibling thing.
+
+It seems like that way, not only
+would they get similar
+
+parental environment, but they
+also probably have similar
+
+school environment--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yes.
+
+It's worse than that.
+
+This is a very good question.
+
+It's not only that they have
+adoptive parents, if they have
+
+another kid in the house,
+there's another kid in the
+
+house, they probably go to the
+same-- if they go to church or
+
+synagogue or anything
+like that.
+
+Same school, same state, same
+influence of whoever's the NBA
+
+basketball champion.
+
+The whole list.
+
+And it seems to be--
+
+you can't identify
+anything in that.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Something that is
+biological but not in DNA,
+
+that is also 50-50?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So diet would influence that.
+
+Who knows?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stuff like you're born
+with, so that it's not
+
+just as an environmental thing,
+but it's not, strictly
+
+speaking, in your DNA.
+
+Because that's what
+identical twins--
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, let me stop
+you there for one moment.
+
+I think at some level of
+analysis, all environmental
+
+influences--
+
+education, parenting,
+everything--
+
+will have a biological
+counterpart in your body and
+
+in your brain, right?
+
+Because the environment has to
+affect you by how it changes
+
+your body or brain.
+
+After you're born.
+
+It could be added in.
+
+There's things--
+
+methylation, there's a lot--
+yeah, it could be all those
+
+things, but who's
+driving that?
+
+So it's not--
+
+my bet is that we'll discover
+stuff about this that
+
+we don't grasp yet.
+
+The answer is not going to be
+parenting makes no difference,
+
+or environments make no
+difference, or schools make no
+
+difference, for personality.
+
+But we just don't know how to
+think about that yet is the
+
+best guess, because it's
+just hard to believe.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a correlation
+between IQ and any
+
+kind of personality?
+
+PROFESSOR: IQ and personality?
+
+There is a moderate--
+
+of conscientiousness
+especially,
+
+but that makes sense.
+
+On average--
+
+and we certainly know people
+who are very smart and very
+
+sloppy, but on average, the more
+conscientious you are,
+
+like if you go to school, you
+do your homework, that kinds
+
+of stuff, there is a positive
+correlation.
+
+So there's all kinds of--
+one question is how much
+
+personality is fixing
+your environment.
+
+So how much is the way you are,
+from the moment you're
+
+born, driving actually the way
+the teacher responds to you in
+
+school, the way the parent
+responds to you?
+
+And so that's why your
+personality's already driving
+
+your actual environment.
+
+Because we could say, well,
+you're in a school, but
+
+really, do you like the
+teacher, do you
+
+not like the teacher?
+
+Do you like your parents?
+
+Do you follow them?
+
+Do you oppose them?
+
+Maybe those kinds of things
+are happening.
+
+Sometimes people think that your
+personality is driving
+
+the way your environment
+responds to you.
+
+It might be done by
+sibling contrast.
+
+So you may have this
+experience that--
+
+parents and other people and
+siblings yourself often think
+
+a fair bit how they are similar
+or dissimilar from
+
+their own sibling, and
+they might overdo it.
+
+Because a parent has two kids,
+one kid's like 1% more
+
+outgoing, and they go, that's
+the outgoing one.
+
+One kid plays 5% more time on
+the piano, and they go, oh,
+
+she's the real musician.
+
+And because he plays two more
+baseball games a year, he's
+
+the athlete.
+
+And then it starts to snowball
+that way, OK?
+
+Or parent identification.
+
+Could kids who identify with
+one parent or the other,
+
+again, by their predispositions,
+sort of be
+
+driving the way their parents
+interact with them in a way
+
+that's, again, driven
+by the personality?
+
+The personality--
+
+from the first moment, for
+one reason or another--
+
+is molding the environment
+around it and carrying the
+
+environmental effect as well.
+
+So one of the giant fights in
+all of psychology is this.
+
+And there's not going to
+be an answer, I'll just
+
+tell you the debate.
+
+And it's at the core of this
+question of why do we do the
+
+things we do.
+
+So personality adjusted
+psychologists will say, it's
+
+these things we've
+just discussed.
+
+It's our predispositions to like
+things and not like other
+
+things in a general way
+are personality.
+
+Social psychologists--
+
+and we'll spend two lectures in
+just a few weeks on social
+
+psychology--
+
+say people are all
+kind of the same.
+
+It's all about the social
+situation we're in.
+
+Probably it's like one of these
+nature-nurture things.
+
+Probably something about the
+situation is something about
+
+who you are.
+
+But let me tell you how some of
+this debate is played out.
+
+So a famous study that went
+against the idea of a
+
+personality being constant
+across situations and time
+
+came from Walter Mischel.
+
+And they looked at
+conscientiousness.
+
+And they said, OK, some kids
+score high or low or medium on
+
+conscientiousness.
+
+Now, let's look at 19 specific
+behaviors in their life.
+
+Not their report of how they
+are, or their parents' report
+
+of how they are, but things they
+do that we can measure.
+
+How often do they
+make their bed?
+
+How often do they go to class
+like they should?
+
+How often do they complete their
+homework assignments?
+
+How often do they have
+good class notes
+
+when they leave classes?
+
+So things you can check,
+yes or no.
+
+And they said gee, what we
+notice is somebody tends to be
+
+pretty consistent about whether
+they make their bed or
+
+not every morning-- not
+perfect, but pretty
+
+consistent.
+
+But that same person may or
+may not be so good at
+
+completing homework
+assignments.
+
+And that person that's very
+consistent on completing
+
+homework assignments may or may
+not be so good on having
+
+neat class notes.
+
+So it's not that people aren't
+consistent, but it's far more
+
+specific about what they're
+consistent about than a big
+
+personality dimension that
+covers a range of things that
+
+ought to go together.
+
+So this is situationism.
+
+You behave in a certain way
+in a certain situation.
+
+It's not like you have a
+personality that moves from
+
+situation to situation and
+predicts the same behavior.
+
+And here's another example of
+how they follow kids in a
+
+summer camp, and here's
+different behaviors from one
+
+child to another child.
+
+So this is a child who, when a
+peer approaches, how verbally
+
+aggressive they are.
+
+And so, aggression
+is high this way.
+
+These are different
+situations.
+
+And you can see for one child
+they're aggressive in this
+
+situation when they deal with
+an adult, and in this
+
+situation this other child is
+aggressive when he or she
+
+deals with a peer.
+
+So if you were to say there's
+an aggressive thing about
+
+people-- they're aggressive or
+they're not-- well, this
+
+person's aggressive with a
+peer, and this person is
+
+aggressive specifically
+with an adult.
+
+And so is aggressiveness
+a personality thing?
+
+Or situation by situation
+by situation?
+
+In the movies you see
+all the time--
+
+if you watch The Sopranos or
+many movies, it's not uncommon
+
+to have the crime figure be
+really kind of nice with his
+
+family, and really brutal with
+a competing criminal gang.
+
+Right?
+
+Have you seen that?
+
+They're kind of nice at home,
+and then they go shoot people
+
+on two seconds notice
+if they're
+
+fighting about something.
+
+So you see that kind
+of an idea.
+
+Another thing that people have
+looked at that's related to
+
+personality is temperament.
+
+So it's an innate, biologically
+based propensity
+
+to engage in a certain
+style of behavior.
+
+It's broader than a trait.
+
+I'll describe one that's been
+well studied, but people like
+
+it because they think
+it's observable.
+
+So with traits, it's hard to
+just look at you and say
+
+you're extroverted or you're
+conscientious.
+
+I could follow you around
+all day and
+
+maybe have an estimate.
+
+But here, temperaments are
+broader than traits, and you
+
+can see it in terms of
+people's sociability,
+
+emotionality and
+activity level.
+
+You can just follow
+them and see them
+
+behave in certain ways.
+
+So let's think about the
+temperament of shyness.
+
+So the way these studies were
+done at Harvard was that some
+
+babies, even at six weeks,
+are more reactive
+
+to make sudden noises.
+
+They're more fussy.
+
+About 20% of children
+could be that way.
+
+They make a noise or something
+and they cry, they get
+
+disturbed, they're unhappy.
+
+And so he called those children
+high-reactive or
+
+inhibited babies.
+
+They use those two terms
+for the same
+
+idea, versus low reactive.
+
+Ones who were very disturbed by
+the environment, and ones
+
+who were, like, no big deal.
+
+And the ones who were inhibited
+babies cried more,
+
+they were distressed more, they
+showed more activity,
+
+faster heart rates, higher
+levels of cortisol.
+
+And they even have-- they could
+measure this in some
+
+cases-- faster heart rates
+in the womb, even
+
+before they were born.
+
+Their hearts were racing.
+
+So all they'd need is that
+one last little thing.
+
+And the idea is that maybe
+their sympathetic nervous
+
+system is easily aroused,
+seeks less arousing
+
+situations, and it's inhibited
+because they're already
+
+internally so aroused,
+they want calm.
+
+So there's going to be a
+surprise in this story.
+
+But as you go, in terms of
+thinking about shyness, and
+
+you can measure these at two
+months or four months with
+
+these very simple little things
+you do with babies to
+
+see how they respond
+to some noise.
+
+And to a decent extent, it
+predicts shyness in later
+
+childhood and adulthood.
+
+About a quarter of the children
+who look pretty
+
+inhibited aren't shy, but about
+75% who look pretty
+
+inhibited end up shy.
+
+So that's a pretty good
+prediction from a
+
+two-month-old to
+a young adult.
+
+About 75% of these
+children who look
+
+pretty shy at two months--
+
+and of course, they're not shy
+in a group, they're just
+
+responding to noises--
+
+end up being kind of
+shy as adults.
+
+And they studied these until age
+21, and again, in several
+
+outcomes, specifically things
+like-- let's pick one--
+
+crime, how often they
+get in crime.
+
+Children who are well controlled
+don't get so much
+
+into crime.
+
+Children who at 21 had poor
+control at age three are more
+
+likely to get into trouble.
+
+So as if these temperament
+factors in early, early
+
+childhood are already risk
+factors for doing better or
+
+worse in the world.
+
+Another one that people enjoy
+studying is sensation seeking.
+
+You know, the bungee jumpers,
+the people who like to
+
+parachute, people who enjoy
+the thrill of activities,
+
+novel, high-stimulation
+situations.
+
+Statistically they have more
+fun, probably, in some ways.
+
+They're more likely to dive,
+they're more likely to drive
+
+fast, they're more likely to
+have drug or alcohol use,
+
+they're more likely to send
+flame emails, listen to punk
+
+music, and have driving
+accidents.
+
+So it's an interesting mix
+of enjoyment and trouble.
+
+And there's some evidence they
+have lower levels of something
+
+in the blood that may be a
+measure of something that lets
+
+dopamine last longer in the
+synapse in your brain.
+
+Dopamine is the reward
+neurotransmitter.
+
+So you could imagine that if
+the reward hangs around
+
+longer, maybe you're more
+drawn towards instantly
+
+rewarding things.
+
+Another sort of, I think,
+two-dimensional classification
+
+of personality.
+
+Again, one dimension that
+he focused on was this
+
+introversion to extroversion
+or stable to unstable.
+
+This is neuroticism or
+introversion/extroversion in
+
+the big five.
+
+But there's some interesting
+turns on this.
+
+Here's the interesting turn.
+
+I mentioned it, but let me
+tell you one more time,
+
+because it's counter-intuitive.
+
+It's the opposite of what you
+think in terms of what people
+
+have found.
+
+So we think of extroverts as
+people who go to parties, are
+
+very talkative, very outgoing,
+run around and have a social
+
+time, and introverts as more
+likely to be shy, quiet,
+
+withdrawn, right?
+
+That's the definitions
+of the words.
+
+But what people have found in
+a variety of studies is that
+
+extroverts-- the outgoing
+people--
+
+are less easily aroused.
+
+So it's as if they
+seek stimulation.
+
+It's as if their internal
+arousal is low, and they want
+
+things that are stimulating in
+their environment to push up
+
+their internal arousal, right?
+
+Introverts are the
+opposite around.
+
+Introverts are aroused already,
+and it's as if they
+
+seek environments that are
+quiet, so their arousal is not
+
+pushed above some level
+of discomfort.
+
+So intuitively you might think
+extroverts are more aroused
+
+internally, but the thought is
+that extroverts are actually
+
+seeking arousal because they're
+a little lower inside.
+
+Introverts are already feeling
+pretty aroused, so they don't
+
+need more bungee jumping.
+
+They're already feeling like
+they're bungee jumping, OK?
+
+So then they're all seeking
+this sort of
+
+optimal level of arousal.
+
+So, for example, extroverts do
+better in noisy settings, they
+
+can take the extra stuff,
+they don't mind it.
+
+Introverts are more sensitive
+to pain, and they salivate
+
+more to lemon juice.
+
+They're already kind of revved
+up, is the story, internally.
+
+So here's one--
+
+we couldn't do this early in
+the course, and this almost
+
+has practical concept--
+
+you could think about this
+for your own test taking.
+
+A three-way interaction.
+
+This is three factors that all
+interact with one another in
+
+performance, and it involves
+situation and personality.
+
+So here we go.
+
+So the three factors are whether
+you're introverted or
+
+extroverted, whether you're
+taking a test-- a GRE kind of
+
+a test-- in the morning or the
+afternoon, and whether you
+
+drank a cup of coffee before
+the test or not.
+
+Three different things
+floating around.
+
+And here's what people have
+found several times in
+
+experiments when you're
+taking a test.
+
+Here's the upshot
+of the studies.
+
+If you're introverted and the
+test is in the late afternoon
+
+or evening, drink coffee.
+
+If you're outgoing, drink
+coffee in the morning.
+
+And I'll tell you the
+logic of this.
+
+All right?
+
+So here's the idea.
+
+Many studies have shown-- and
+you may know this, if you
+
+think about people you
+know or yourself.
+
+On average, introverts are most
+aroused in the morning.
+
+They tend to be get up early in
+the morning and get their
+
+day going people.
+
+Maybe because they didn't
+party deep into
+
+the previous night.
+
+There's cause and effect that's
+really hard to pull out
+
+in all of this.
+
+But introverts are more aroused
+in the morning and
+
+less in the evening.
+
+On average, they're the kind of
+people who are get up early
+
+in the morning, go
+do their stuff.
+
+In the evening they want to
+mellow down and maybe not go
+
+to sleep so late.
+
+Extroverts are more aroused
+in the evening,
+
+and less in the morning.
+
+And this is on average,
+and this has been
+
+found a number of times.
+
+So again, you can imagine if
+you're taking a test, if
+
+you're under-aroused,
+you could use the
+
+coffee to perk you up.
+
+If you're over-aroused, the
+coffee is going to make you
+
+jittery and push you over.
+
+So depending on the time of day,
+you're going to be in one
+
+state or the other depending
+on the kind of
+
+personality you have.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+These three things come together
+like that in the
+
+famous Yerkes-Dodson Law of
+performance, which is this.
+
+And this is observed
+in many years.
+
+Here's arousal, how
+aroused you are.
+
+Super aroused, super nervous,
+shaky, so sleepy you're about
+
+to crash out.
+
+Somewhere in the middle
+usually goes with best
+
+performance, because
+this is too much,
+
+and this is too little.
+
+You know that.
+
+If you're too nervous, you don't
+tend to perform well.
+
+If you're too kind of out of
+it, you don't perform well.
+
+Somewhere in the middle
+is just right.
+
+So here's extroverts,
+for example.
+
+In the morning, they're pretty
+low on this, they could use
+
+some coffee to move
+to optimal.
+
+Here's introverts in the
+morning, they're already ready
+
+to go, I'm ready to go,
+I'm ready to go.
+
+The last thing they need
+is more coffee.
+
+I hope it's not a bubble test
+because my hands are shaking.
+
+OK?
+
+So three things.
+
+The kind of personality you
+are, the time of day, and
+
+whether your drinking coffee
+helps you to move to this
+
+middle position or not.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+So that's three different
+factors sort of adding up to
+
+optimize performance or not.
+
+OK, lastly I'd like to talk a
+little bit about some things
+
+we know about brain correlates
+of personality.
+
+And in some areas, these brain
+things are more informative at
+
+a broad level.
+
+Because sometimes people will
+say, well, personality is all
+
+this check box stuff.
+
+Is it even relevant to
+anything biological?
+
+Now, if it's relevant
+to behavior,
+
+it's relevant to biology.
+
+Behavior is biology, or
+biology is behavior.
+
+We're not going to get one
+relative to the other.
+
+But still, until recently,
+people couldn't measure this.
+
+So these are pictures of--
+
+not of brain functions, of a
+task turning on-- we'll see
+
+pictures of those in a moment.
+
+This is measurement of
+brain structure.
+
+Measurement of brain
+structure.
+
+And specifically, thickness
+of cortex.
+
+So what you're seeing is a
+statistic here, which is, the
+
+more extroverted you are, the
+thicker your cortex is here.
+
+The more conscientious, the
+thicker your cortex here.
+
+The more neurotic, the thicker
+your cortex here, and so on.
+
+So we don't understand these
+deeply, but we do see
+
+physically measurable
+correlates of these
+
+personality dimensions.
+
+So that's physical
+brain structure.
+
+Let's talk about some
+function things.
+
+This is a slide you saw before
+that in the amygdala, the more
+
+emotionally intense something
+is, the more the response.
+
+The more neutral it is,
+the less the response.
+
+Here's a positive happy
+picture, right?
+
+I'm going to show you
+a neutral picture.
+
+I'm going to show you
+now the bad picture.
+
+Don't look if you don't
+want to see it again.
+
+It's the one you saw before.
+
+Close your eyes for a moment.
+
+Bad picture.
+
+OK.
+
+Here we go.
+
+Now you can all look.
+
+So people are introverted
+or extroverted.
+
+Extroverts are sociable,
+talkative.
+
+Introverts are, on average,
+more reserved or quiet.
+
+Extroverts report more positive
+experiences, more
+
+susceptible to positive
+mood induction.
+
+Lots of evidence for some
+differences among them.
+
+So imagine a study where you
+show people positive and
+
+negative slides.
+
+Again, people will say, well,
+if I'm on a diet, this is
+
+really negative, or something.
+
+You have people rate them.
+
+But on average these are
+negative, and on average these
+
+are positive.
+
+You measure their personality,
+and here's what you find in
+
+the amygdala.
+
+The more extroverted they are,
+the more their amygdala
+
+responds to positive things.
+
+The more introverted they are,
+the more it responds to
+
+negative things.
+
+So here's exactly what we mean
+by personality sort of
+
+instantiated in one example.
+
+And it's not the only example.
+
+What do we mean by
+personality?
+
+We mean there's a constant
+situation--
+
+let's pretend a party
+you go to.
+
+A party deep in my memory.
+
+I remember parties I went to,
+the music is playing, and
+
+there's sticky beer on the
+floor, and there's people you
+
+know and a lot of people
+you don't know, right?
+
+So who walks in the door and
+thinks this is awesome?
+
+The extrovert, right?
+
+Who walks in the door and thinks
+why did my friend drag
+
+me to this?
+
+I could be doing something
+good like chess at home.
+
+So now, identical situation,
+different-- but that's true of
+
+so many things and preferences
+in life.
+
+That's almost what we mean
+by personality, right?
+
+Who likes what?
+
+Situations, people,
+activities.
+
+So for extroversion, here's the
+amygdala going, positive
+
+things, whoopee!
+
+They notice, so to speak, in
+their amygdala the positivity
+
+of the environment.
+
+They're drawn to things because
+they see positive.
+
+Here is the introverts going,
+danger, danger.
+
+OK?
+
+Everybody sees the same set of
+slides, but people are drawn
+
+to the positive or the negative
+aspects of this.
+
+And you could say, is one
+better, the other worse?
+
+Well, no.
+
+Avoiding dangerous things
+is a good idea.
+
+Enjoying positive things
+is a good idea.
+
+One is not better
+than the other.
+
+They're just different.
+
+You're tuned to different
+rewards in life.
+
+And this is one example
+of that.
+
+How about a smiling face?
+
+Who thinks a smiling face is an
+invitation to go over and
+
+meet somebody new?
+
+The introvert or
+the extrovert?
+
+Help me on this.
+
+Who thinks the smiling
+face is pressure?
+
+Do I go over?
+
+Are they smiling at me?
+
+Or I'm going to go over
+and then they're
+
+not gonna like me.
+
+They like me now, right?
+
+I should tell you,
+I was quite--
+
+only in my teaching mode do
+I appear extroverted, OK?
+
+But I definitely was
+an introvert in
+
+high school and college.
+
+So if I make fun of
+introverts, I'm
+
+making fun of myself.
+
+So here's a response
+to fearful faces.
+
+And we talked about that
+before, response in the
+
+amygdala regardless
+of personality.
+
+But now when we talk about the
+response in the amygdala for
+
+happy faces, big response if
+you're extroverted, little
+
+response if you're
+introverted.
+
+Because a happy face is like
+compelling, cool, wonderful
+
+for the extrovert, and not as
+enticing for the introvert.
+
+So again, the way we might
+imagine, how do individual
+
+differences in personality
+play out?
+
+They play out that some things
+are beguiling, wonderful, and
+
+other things not so much.
+
+And depending on your
+personality, that can vary.
+
+So these are the children who
+were studied from the ages of
+
+two and four months who were
+shy in temperament,
+
+inhibited, in orange.
+
+And they compared them to
+the most uninhibited.
+
+They take the extremes.
+
+But it's a very rare thing when
+you have a behavioral
+
+assessment of a child in their
+infancy, and then you brain
+
+image them about 20 years later
+when they're grown up.
+
+So now you're making this 20
+years of your life story, and
+
+again in the amygdala, what
+they find is this.
+
+If you look at the people who
+are uninhibited, here's a
+
+novel face they see for the
+first time in the scanner, or
+
+a face they've seen many times,
+and there's not much
+
+difference.
+
+For the people who are
+inhibited, you see a much
+
+bigger amygdala response
+to the novel face.
+
+Well, this is exactly what you
+might intuitively think
+
+shyness would be about.
+
+If you're a shy person and you
+know somebody well, I think a
+
+lot of shyness disappears.
+
+But where shyness shows the most
+is a face that you don't
+
+know, a new person you haven't
+met, and maybe you're not so
+
+comfortable with them yet.
+
+So this is exactly the pattern
+you might expect, that it
+
+doesn't matter too much for an
+extrovert, a new face, a
+
+familiar face--
+
+made familiar in the experiment,
+not somebody you
+
+really know--
+
+it doesn't make much
+of a difference.
+
+For the person who is inhibited,
+much more response
+
+to the face they see for the
+first time only, as opposed to
+
+a face they've grown
+familiar with.
+
+A couple more examples
+along this line.
+
+Here's another scale.
+
+There's an infinite
+number of them.
+
+The Spielberger State and Trait
+Anxiety, so, state and
+
+trait, right?
+
+So they ask you-- this is just
+a reminder of that--
+
+how do you feel right now?
+
+That would be your state.
+
+Right now.
+
+Do I feel at ease?
+
+Do I feel upset?
+
+And in general, how do you
+feel, at ease or upset?
+
+So this is day in day out,
+this is right now.
+
+We're going to focus on the
+trait, how you say you feel
+
+day in, day out.
+
+And now they're going to show
+you faces of people who are
+
+shown in full view, or who are
+shown in a subliminal masked
+
+version where a fear or neutral
+face is followed by
+
+another face.
+
+This is the critical face.
+
+So you see a face that you see
+pretty well, or you see a face
+
+that's presented under
+circumstances where you can't
+
+tell what the face was.
+
+OK?
+
+At first they say, what happens
+if we show you the
+
+regular face that you
+see perfectly well?
+
+Nothing makes much
+of a difference.
+
+Here's the amygdala response
+to fearful face.
+
+You've seen this now
+multiple times.
+
+But kind of interestingly, you
+get a smaller response in the
+
+amygdala, and it's driven by
+how anxious you report
+
+yourself to be on
+a regular basis.
+
+So the interpretation is this.
+
+If you see a fearful face, you
+go, well, it's a fearful face,
+
+I know it's a fearful phase,
+we're all the same.
+
+If you subliminally present
+it, you have an
+
+unknown source of danger.
+
+What we intuitively imagine
+anxiety is is feeling danger
+
+or threat in your environment
+more than is helpful, more
+
+than is comfortable.
+
+OK?
+
+And you don't even
+know exactly why.
+
+It's not entirely rational
+when you're
+
+anxious in that way.
+
+And so what happens is, the more
+anxious you are, the more
+
+these subliminal faces drive an
+amygdala response, and you
+
+don't have control over that,
+because you don't know what
+
+happened, because it was
+subliminally presented.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+When it's clear, everybody
+knows what to do.
+
+It's just a face and
+not that scary.
+
+But when it's an unknown source
+of a bit of unease, the
+
+more chronically anxious you
+are, the more the brain's
+
+responding.
+
+Or we might say, the bigger
+the brain response is the
+
+basis, perhaps, of the
+chronic unease.
+
+So we talked also before about
+the amygdala being important
+
+for recognizing fearful
+expressions.
+
+And then I want to share
+two last examples.
+
+How about genetic influences?
+
+So we know genes are a big part
+of the story, but how big
+
+a part of the story?
+
+So again, we talked about
+single nucleotide
+
+polymorphisms, common
+genetic variance.
+
+And here's one that involves
+a serotonin
+
+transporter in the amygdala.
+
+There's a short or long allele,
+so we'll have two of
+
+these, all of us.
+
+The short allele is
+weakly correlated
+
+with anxiety traits.
+
+All this genetic stuff is pretty
+weak at the moment, for
+
+reasons that are not
+well understood.
+
+I'm only presenting you ones
+that have been at least
+
+replicated once.
+
+But practically every genetic
+example I'm going to show you,
+
+there's been non-confirmations
+as well.
+
+We don't know why this is.
+
+The genes are just so far away
+from complex human behaviors
+
+is probably the answer.
+
+But what has been replicated
+a number of times is this.
+
+If they show you fearful faces,
+and you have the short
+
+allele, the one that's slightly
+associated with
+
+anxiety, this is the difference
+between people with
+
+the long allele and the shorter
+allele, a much more
+
+powerful response to fearful
+faces if you
+
+have the shorter allele.
+
+So a single gene can be
+correlated with a more potent
+
+response to a sort of
+threat stimulus.
+
+And again, that goes with our
+sense of anxiety, and what we
+
+might call a less than desirable
+response to threat
+
+in the environment.
+
+So here's the last two slides.
+
+But it's the dream we all have
+in understanding people, and
+
+actually all animals on the
+face of this planet, but
+
+people most of all if you're
+curious about people, which
+
+is, what is the interaction
+between the genes we're born
+
+with and the life we lead,
+and how does that end up
+
+with us being us?
+
+And it's incredibly hard to
+study that, because everybody
+
+says in biology and
+neuroscience, we know it's a
+
+gene by experience
+interaction.
+
+The genes will make you strong
+in some circumstances and
+
+vulnerable in others.
+
+But it's very hard
+to specify that.
+
+The genes have been
+hard to identify.
+
+And we can't put people
+into experiments.
+
+We can't say, we'll take two
+identical twins and we'll put
+
+one into some horrible household
+full of stress and
+
+horribleness, and then one into
+a delightful household,
+
+and then see them at 20
+and see what happened.
+
+OK?
+
+We're just not allowed
+to do that, right?
+
+So we can't experiment on the
+environment, and the genes are
+
+poorly understood, very poorly
+understood, in relation to
+
+basic human behaviors.
+
+But there's a study from Caspi
+that is a glimpse of where we
+
+think the field might
+be going.
+
+But I'm going to warn you that
+this has not always been
+
+replicated.
+
+It's been replicated sometimes,
+
+but not other times.
+
+So it's an asterisk, but it's
+still a finding that's really
+
+quite striking, if it turns
+out to be roughly correct.
+
+So again, this is polymorphism
+of the same gene that's
+
+associated with anxiety.
+
+And what they did in a very
+large sample in New Zealand
+
+was catalog stressful life
+events ages 21 to 26, job,
+
+whether you have a job or not,
+your salary, decent housing,
+
+terrible housing, good health,
+bad health, happy
+
+relationships, no relationships,
+terrible
+
+relationships.
+
+People are filling out forms
+telling you about the stresses
+
+in their life.
+
+And then they also have
+information about childhood
+
+maltreatment.
+
+Some of these children, very
+sadly, when they were younger
+
+were treated very poorly, they
+were abused in some way or
+
+another, were in very terrible
+circumstances, and some not.
+
+So they're going to look at
+stressful events in childhood
+
+and adulthood, and sort them
+out by the allele that the
+
+individuals have, the gene
+version, and what they find
+
+is-- and I'll show you the
+graph in a moment--
+
+more depression and suicidality
+in response to
+
+stressful events if you have a
+short version of the allele.
+
+The short version, we just said,
+is the one that seems to
+
+drive a bigger anxiety response
+to fearful faces in
+
+the amygdala, OK?
+
+So it seems, first pass, to be
+a gene that's associated with
+
+responding in a more anxious way
+to environmental stress,
+
+threat, and bad things.
+
+So here's a couple of graphs.
+
+I'll just do a couple
+with you.
+
+Here's the probability of major
+depression if you've had
+
+no maltreatment as a child, if
+you've probably had some, or
+
+you've had documented horrible
+maltreatment as a child.
+
+And what you can see if you have
+the long version-- this
+
+is this line here--
+
+the long version of this
+allele, no difference.
+
+It's as if if you happen to be
+born in the biological lottery
+
+that we all participate in at
+birth with these version of
+
+these genes-- and maybe many
+other genes that are part of
+
+this story, but they just
+measured this one.
+
+That it doesn't matter whether
+you live in a nice supportive
+
+environment or a brutalizing,
+horrible one, your probability
+
+of depression is
+about the same.
+
+It's a protective gene for
+stresses of life that are
+
+visited upon you.
+
+If you have the opposite,
+the short version, look.
+
+The worse the environment, you
+double your chances of
+
+depression.
+
+It's as if you're born with a
+gene that, if you're given a
+
+terrible environment--
+
+this is exactly the interaction,
+right--
+
+then you're very susceptible
+to that.
+
+And you see the same rough
+pattern in all of them, that
+
+individuals who have this
+version of the gene seem to be
+
+relatively impervious to
+environmental stressors.
+
+The ones born with this version
+of the gene are
+
+terribly-- so if this person's
+born with this version of the
+
+gene, but happens to be
+in a nice supportive
+
+household, no problem.
+
+Right?
+
+But if they happen to be born
+into a household where they
+
+experience, sadly, severe
+maltreatment, big problem.
+
+And so this is exactly what we
+imagine if we understood in
+
+any depth what people are
+about, the genetic
+
+potentiations you're born with,
+what's easy for you or
+
+hard for you by genes.
+
+And the world your handed as
+an infant, not under your
+
+control, but the environment
+you're given, supportive or
+
+threatening, how those two
+things play out in a sort of
+
+duet, making you safe or
+putting you at risk.
+
+That's exactly what would--
+then we would deeply
+
+understand the biology and the
+psychology of human life.
+
+So this is the kind of study
+that gets a lot of attention,
+
+because if we had it exactly
+right, which we don't yet, we
+
+would understand something
+really deep about people and
+
+vulnerability in environments.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VuKOW8d4KHw.txt b/VuKOW8d4KHw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05ca4807e33cac1e5f1a801773de42d299c8dff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VuKOW8d4KHw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay today's topic is differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today's topic is differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay today's topic is differential
+diagnosis and so I'm just quoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis and so I'm just quoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis and so I'm just quoting
+Wikipedia here diagnosis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia here diagnosis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia here diagnosis is the
+identification of the nature and cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the nature and cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the nature and cause
+of a certain phenomenon and differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain phenomenon and differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain phenomenon and differential
+diagnosis is the distinguishing of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis is the distinguishing of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis is the distinguishing of a
+particular disease or condition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease or condition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular disease or condition from
+others that present similar clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that present similar clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that present similar clinical
+features so doctors typically talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so doctors typically talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so doctors typically talk about
+differential diagnosis when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential diagnosis when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential diagnosis when they're
+faced with the patient and they make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with the patient and they make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with the patient and they make a
+list of what are the things that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of what are the things that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of what are the things that might
+be wrong with this patient and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong with this patient and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong with this patient and then they
+go through the process of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the process of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the process of trying to
+figure out which one it actually is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one it actually is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which one it actually is so
+that's what we're gonna focus on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna focus on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna focus on today
+now just to scare you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to scare you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to scare you
+here's a lovely model of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a lovely model of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a lovely model of human
+circulatory physiology so this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory physiology so this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory physiology so this is from
+guidance textbook of Cardiology and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance textbook of Cardiology and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance textbook of Cardiology and I'm
+not going to hold you responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to hold you responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to hold you responsible for
+all of the details of this model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the details of this model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the details of this model but
+it's interesting because this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because this is at
+least as of maybe 20 years ago the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as of maybe 20 years ago the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as of maybe 20 years ago the state
+of the art of how people understood what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the art of how people understood what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the art of how people understood what
+happens in the circulatory system and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the circulatory system and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the circulatory system and it
+has various control inputs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has various control inputs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has various control inputs that
+determine things like how your hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine things like how your hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine things like how your hormone
+levels change various aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels change various aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels change various aspects of the
+cardiovascular system and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular system and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular system and how the
+interactions between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between different
+components of the cardio cardio vascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the cardio cardio vascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the cardio cardio vascular
+system affect each other and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system affect each other and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system affect each other and so in
+principle if I could tune this model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if I could tune this model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if I could tune this model to
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+then I could make all kinds of pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could make all kinds of pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could make all kinds of pretty
+good predictions that say you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good predictions that say you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good predictions that say you know if I
+increase my systemic vascular resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase my systemic vascular resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase my systemic vascular resistance
+then here's what's going to happen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's what's going to happen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's what's going to happen as
+the rest of the system adjusts and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the system adjusts and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the system adjusts and if I
+get a blockage in a coronary artery then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a blockage in a coronary artery then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a blockage in a coronary artery then
+here's what's gonna happen to my cardiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's gonna happen to my cardiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's gonna happen to my cardiac
+output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and
+various other things so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other things so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other things so this would be
+terrific and if we had this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific and if we had this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific and if we had this kind of
+model for not just the cardiovascular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for not just the cardiovascular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for not just the cardiovascular
+system but the entire body then we'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but the entire body then we'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but the entire body then we'd say
+okay we've solved medicine well we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've solved medicine well we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've solved medicine well we don't
+have this kind of model for most systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of model for most systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of model for most systems
+and also there's this minor problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there's this minor problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there's this minor problem that
+if I give you this model and say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you this model and say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I give you this model and say how
+does this relate to a particular patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this relate to a particular patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this relate to a particular patient
+how would you figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you figure that out
+this has hundreds of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has hundreds of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has hundreds of differential
+equations that are being represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are being represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are being represented by
+this diagram and they have many hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram and they have many hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram and they have many hundreds
+of parameters and so you you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters and so you you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters and so you you know we
+were joking when we started working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were joking when we started working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were joking when we started working on
+with this model that you'd really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this model that you'd really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this model that you'd really have
+to kill the patient in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill the patient in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill the patient in order to do
+enough measurements to be able to tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough measurements to be able to tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough measurements to be able to tune
+this model to their particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model to their particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model to their particular
+physiology and of course that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and of course that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and of course that's probably
+not a good practical approach we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good practical approach we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good practical approach we're
+getting a little better by developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little better by developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little better by developing
+more non-invasive ways of measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more non-invasive ways of measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more non-invasive ways of measuring
+these things but but that's moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but but that's moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things but but that's moving along
+very slowly and I don't expect that I or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly and I don't expect that I or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly and I don't expect that I or
+maybe even any of you will live long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even any of you will live long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even any of you will live long
+enough that sort of this approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that sort of this approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that sort of this approach to
+doing medical reasoning and medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing medical reasoning and medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing medical reasoning and medical
+diagnosis is actually going to happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis is actually going to happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis is actually going to happen so
+what we're going to look at today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to look at today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to look at today is
+what are the what what simpler models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what what simpler models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what what simpler models
+are there for diagnostic reasoning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there for diagnostic reasoning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there for diagnostic reasoning and
+I'm going to take the liberty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the liberty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the liberty of
+inflicting a bit of history on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflicting a bit of history on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflicting a bit of history on you
+because I think it's interesting where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's interesting where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's interesting where a
+lot of these ideas came from so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these ideas came from so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these ideas came from so the
+first idea was to build flowcharts oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea was to build flowcharts oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first idea was to build flowcharts oh
+and by the way the signs and symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way the signs and symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way the signs and symptoms
+I've forgotten if we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten if we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've forgotten if we've talked about
+that in the class so a sign is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the class so a sign is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the class so a sign is something
+that that a doctor sees and symptom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a doctor sees and symptom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a doctor sees and symptom is
+something that the patient experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the patient experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the patient experiences
+so a sign is objective it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sign is objective it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sign is objective it's something
+that can be told outside your body a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be told outside your body a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be told outside your body a
+symptom is something that you feel so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom is something that you feel so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom is something that you feel so if
+you're feeling dizzy then that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're feeling dizzy then that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're feeling dizzy then that's a
+symptom because it's not obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom because it's not obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom because it's not obvious to
+somebody outside you that you're dizzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody outside you that you're dizzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody outside you that you're dizzy
+or that you have a pain or such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you have a pain or such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you have a pain or such things
+normally we talk about manifestations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we talk about manifestations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we talk about manifestations or
+findings which is sort of a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings which is sort of a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings which is sort of a super
+category of all the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of all the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of all the things that are
+determinable about a patient so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinable about a patient so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinable about a patient so we'll
+talk about flowcharts models based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about flowcharts models based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about flowcharts models based on
+associations between diseases and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between diseases and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between diseases and these
+manifestations then there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations then there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations then there are some
+issues about whether you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about whether you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about whether you're trying to
+diagnose a single disease or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose a single disease or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose a single disease or a
+multiplicity of diseases which makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of diseases which makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of diseases which makes the
+models much more complicated whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models much more complicated whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models much more complicated whether
+you're trying to do probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do probabilistic
+diagnosis or definitive or categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis or definitive or categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis or definitive or categorical
+and then we'll talk about some utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about some utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about some utility
+theoretic methods and I'll just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic methods and I'll just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic methods and I'll just mention
+some rule-based and pattern matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rule-based and pattern matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rule-based and pattern matching
+kinds of approaches so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of approaches so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of approaches so this is kind of
+cute this is from 1973 and if you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute this is from 1973 and if you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute this is from 1973 and if you were a
+woman and walked in to the MIT Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and walked in to the MIT Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and walked in to the MIT Health
+Center and complained of potentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and complained of potentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and complained of potentially a
+urinary tract infection they would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinary tract infection they would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urinary tract infection they would take
+out this sheet of paper which was nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this sheet of paper which was nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this sheet of paper which was nicely
+color-coded and they would check a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded and they would check a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded and they would check a bunch
+of boxes and you know if you hit a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boxes and you know if you hit a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boxes and you know if you hit a red
+box that represented a conclusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that represented a conclusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that represented a conclusion and
+otherwise it gave you suggestions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it gave you suggestions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it gave you suggestions about
+what further tests to do and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what further tests to do and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what further tests to do and this was
+essentially a triage instrument it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a triage instrument it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a triage instrument it said
+does this woman have a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this woman have a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this woman have a problem that
+requires immediate attention and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires immediate attention and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires immediate attention and so we
+should either you know call an ambulance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should either you know call an ambulance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should either you know call an ambulance
+and take them to a hospital or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take them to a hospital or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take them to a hospital or is it
+something where we can just tell them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where we can just tell them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where we can just tell them to
+come back the next day and see a doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back the next day and see a doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back the next day and see a doctor
+or is it in fact some self-limited thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it in fact some self-limited thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it in fact some self-limited thing
+where we say you know take two aspirin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say you know take two aspirin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say you know take two aspirin
+and it'll go away so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll go away so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll go away so that was the
+attempt here now interestingly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt here now interestingly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt here now interestingly if you
+look at the history of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history of this
+between the Beth Israel Hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Beth Israel Hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Beth Israel Hospital and
+Lincoln laboratories it started off as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln laboratories it started off as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln laboratories it started off as a
+computer aid so they they were building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer aid so they they were building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer aid so they they were building
+a computer system that was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer system that was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer system that was supposed to
+do this and then in but you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and then in but you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and then in but you can imagine
+in the late 1960s early 1970s computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1960s early 1970s computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 1960s early 1970s computers
+were pretty clunky you know pcs hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty clunky you know pcs hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty clunky you know pcs hadn't
+been invented yet so this was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invented yet so this was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been invented yet so this was like
+mainframe kinds of operations it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe kinds of operations it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainframe kinds of operations it was it
+was very hard to use and so they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard to use and so they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard to use and so they said
+well you know this is a small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know this is a small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know this is a small enough
+program that we can reduce it to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that we can reduce it to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that we can reduce it to about
+20 flowsheet 20 sheets like this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 flowsheet 20 sheets like this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 flowsheet 20 sheets like this which
+they proceeded to print up and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they proceeded to print up and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they proceeded to print up and I was
+amused because in the around 1980 I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amused because in the around 1980 I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amused because in the around 1980 I was
+working in my office one night and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in my office one night and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in my office one night and I got
+the splitting headache and I went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting headache and I went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splitting headache and I went over
+to MIT medical and sure enough the nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT medical and sure enough the nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT medical and sure enough the nurse
+pulled out one of these sheets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out one of these sheets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out one of these sheets for
+headaches and went through it with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches and went through it with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches and went through it with me
+and decided that you know a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided that you know a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decided that you know a couple of
+Tylenol should fix me but but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tylenol should fix me but but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tylenol should fix me but but it was
+interesting so this was really in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this was really in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this was really in use
+for a while now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while now
+the difficulty with approaches like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty with approaches like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty with approaches like this
+of which there have been many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which there have been many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which there have been many many many
+in the medical world is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medical world is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medical world is that they're
+very fragile they they're very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fragile they they're very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fragile they they're very specific
+they don't take account of unusual cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't take account of unusual cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't take account of unusual cases
+and there's a lot of effort in coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of effort in coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of effort in coming to
+consensus to build these things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus to build these things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus to build these things and then
+they're not necessarily useful for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily useful for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily useful for a
+long time so MIT actually stopped using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so MIT actually stopped using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time so MIT actually stopped using
+them shortly after my headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shortly after my headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shortly after my headache
+experience but if you go over to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but if you go over to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but if you go over to a
+hospital and you look on the bookshelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and you look on the bookshelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital and you look on the bookshelf
+of a junior doctor you will still find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a junior doctor you will still find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a junior doctor you will still find
+manuals that look kind of like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals that look kind of like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals that look kind of like this that
+say how do we deal with tropical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how do we deal with tropical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how do we deal with tropical
+diseases right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases right
+so you ask a bunch of questions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you ask a bunch of questions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you ask a bunch of questions and then
+depending on the branching logic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the branching logic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the branching logic of the
+flowchart it'll tell you whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart it'll tell you whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart it'll tell you whether this is
+serious or not and the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious or not and the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious or not and the reason is because
+if you do your medical training in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do your medical training in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do your medical training in
+Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston
+not going to see very many tropical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to see very many tropical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to see very many tropical
+diseases and so you don't have a base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and so you don't have a base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and so you don't have a base of
+experience on the basis of which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience on the basis of which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience on the basis of which you can
+learn and become an expert on doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and become an expert on doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and become an expert on doing it
+and so they use this as a kind of cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they use this as a kind of cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they use this as a kind of cheat
+sheet okay I mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay I mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet okay I mentioned that the
+association between diseases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between diseases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between diseases and
+symptoms is another important way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms is another important way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms is another important way of
+doing diagnosis and I swear to you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing diagnosis and I swear to you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing diagnosis and I swear to you there
+was a paper in the 1960s I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a paper in the 1960s I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a paper in the 1960s I think that
+actually proposed this so if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proposed this so if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proposed this so if any of you
+have hung around ancient libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hung around ancient libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hung around ancient libraries
+libraries used to have card catalogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries used to have card catalogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries used to have card catalogs
+that were physical pieces of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were physical pieces of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were physical pieces of paper
+cardboard and one of the things they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard and one of the things they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardboard and one of the things they did
+with these was each car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these was each car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these was each car
+each card would be a book and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each card would be a book and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each card would be a book and then
+around the edges were a bunch of holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the edges were a bunch of holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the edges were a bunch of holes
+and depending on categorizations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on categorizations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on categorizations of the
+book along various dimensions like its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book along various dimensions like its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book along various dimensions like its
+Dewey Decimal number or its the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey Decimal number or its the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey Decimal number or its the top
+digits of its Library of Congress number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits of its Library of Congress number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits of its Library of Congress number
+or something they would punch out holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something they would punch out holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something they would punch out holes
+in the borders and this allowed you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the borders and this allowed you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the borders and this allowed you to
+do a kind of easy sorting of these books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a kind of easy sorting of these books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a kind of easy sorting of these books
+so if you've got a bunch of cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got a bunch of cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got a bunch of cards
+together when people were returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when people were returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when people were returning
+their books and you pulled them to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their books and you pulled them to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their books and you pulled them to a
+bunch of cards and you wanted to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cards and you wanted to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cards and you wanted to find
+all the math books so what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math books so what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math books so what you would do
+is you'd stick a needle through the hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd stick a needle through the hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd stick a needle through the hole
+that represented math books and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represented math books and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represented math books and then
+you'd shake the pile and all the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd shake the pile and all the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd shake the pile and all the math
+books would fall out because they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books would fall out because they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books would fall out because they had
+been touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been touched
+so somebody seriously proposed this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody seriously proposed this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody seriously proposed this as a
+diagnostic algorithm and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic algorithm and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic algorithm and in fact
+implemented it and was was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it and was was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented it and was was trying to
+even make money on it I think this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make money on it I think this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even make money on it I think this was
+an attempt at a commercial venture where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt at a commercial venture where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt at a commercial venture where
+they were going to provide doctors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to provide doctors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were going to provide doctors with
+these library cards that represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these library cards that represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these library cards that represented
+diseases and the holes now represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and the holes now represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and the holes now represented
+not mathematics versus literature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mathematics versus literature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mathematics versus literature but
+they represented shortness of breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represented shortness of breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represented shortness of breath
+this pain in the left ankle versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pain in the left ankle versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pain in the left ankle versus
+whatever and again as people came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and again as people came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and again as people came in and
+complained about some condition he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained about some condition he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complained about some condition he'd
+stick a needle through that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a needle through that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a needle through that condition
+and you'd shake and up would come the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd shake and up would come the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd shake and up would come the
+cards that have that condition in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that have that condition in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that have that condition in common
+so one of the obvious problems with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the obvious problems with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the obvious problems with this
+approach is that if if you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is that if if you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is that if if you had two
+things wrong with you right then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong with you right then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wrong with you right then you
+would wind up with no cards very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wind up with no cards very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would wind up with no cards very quickly
+because you know nothing would fall out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know nothing would fall out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know nothing would fall out
+of the pile so this didn't go anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pile so this didn't go anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pile so this didn't go anywhere
+but but interestingly even in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but interestingly even in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but interestingly even in the late
+1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s
+I remember being asked by the board of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember being asked by the board of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember being asked by the board of
+directors of the New England Journal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors of the New England Journal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors of the New England Journal of
+Medicine to come to a meeting where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine to come to a meeting where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine to come to a meeting where they
+had gotten a pitch from somebody who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten a pitch from somebody who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten a pitch from somebody who was
+proposing essentially exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing essentially exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing essentially exactly this
+diagnostic model except implemented in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic model except implemented in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic model except implemented in a
+computer now and not in in these library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now and not in in these library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now and not in in these library
+cards and they wanted to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and they wanted to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and they wanted to know whether
+this was something that they ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something that they ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was something that they ought to
+get behind and invest in and I and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get behind and invest in and I and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get behind and invest in and I and a
+bunch of my colleagues assured them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of my colleagues assured them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of my colleagues assured them that
+this was probably not a great idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was probably not a great idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was probably not a great idea and
+they should stay away from it which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should stay away from it which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should stay away from it which they
+did okay well a more sophisticated model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay well a more sophisticated model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay well a more sophisticated model
+is something like a naive Bayes model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like a naive Bayes model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like a naive Bayes model
+that says if you have a disease where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says if you have a disease where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says if you have a disease where's
+my cursor you have a disease and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cursor you have a disease and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cursor you have a disease and you
+have a bunch of manifestations that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of manifestations that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of manifestations that can
+be caused by the disease we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be caused by the disease we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be caused by the disease we can make
+some simplifying assumptions that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simplifying assumptions that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simplifying assumptions that say
+that you will only ever have one disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will only ever have one disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will only ever have one disease
+at a time which means that the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time which means that the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time which means that the values of
+that nodi form an exhaustive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nodi form an exhaustive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nodi form an exhaustive and
+mutually exclusive set of values and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive set of values and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive set of values and we
+can assume that the manifestations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that the manifestations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that the manifestations are
+conditionally independent observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally independent observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionally independent observables
+that depend only on the disease that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend only on the disease that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depend only on the disease that you
+have but not on each other or not on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but not on each other or not on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but not on each other or not on any
+other factors okay and if you make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors okay and if you make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors okay and if you make that
+assumption then you can apply good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then you can apply good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then you can apply good old
+Thomas Bayes rule this by the way is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Bayes rule this by the way is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas Bayes rule this by the way is the
+Reverend Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverend Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverend Bayes
+do you guys know his history so he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys know his history so he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys know his history so he was a
+nonconformist minister in England and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonconformist minister in England and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonconformist minister in England and he
+was not a mathematician except you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a mathematician except you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a mathematician except you know
+I mean he was an amateur mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he was an amateur mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he was an amateur mathematician
+but he decided that he wanted to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he decided that he wanted to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he decided that he wanted to prove
+to people that God existed and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people that God existed and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people that God existed and so he
+developed Bayesian reasoning in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed Bayesian reasoning in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed Bayesian reasoning in order to
+make this proof and so his argument was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this proof and so his argument was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this proof and so his argument was
+well suppose you're completely in doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose you're completely in doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose you're completely in doubt
+so you have 5050 odds that God exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 5050 odds that God exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 5050 odds that God exists
+and then you say let's look at miracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say let's look at miracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say let's look at miracles
+and let's ask what's the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's ask what's the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's ask what's the likelihood of
+this miracle having occurred if God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this miracle having occurred if God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this miracle having occurred if God
+exists versus if God doesn't exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists versus if God doesn't exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists versus if God doesn't exist and
+so by racking up a bunch of miracles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by racking up a bunch of miracles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by racking up a bunch of miracles you
+can convince people more and more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince people more and more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince people more and more that
+God must exist because otherwise all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God must exist because otherwise all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God must exist because otherwise all
+these miracles couldn't have happened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these miracles couldn't have happened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these miracles couldn't have happened so
+he never published this in his lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never published this in his lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never published this in his lifetime
+but after his death one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after his death one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after his death one of his
+colleagues actually presented this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues actually presented this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues actually presented this as a
+paper at the Royal Society in in the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper at the Royal Society in in the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper at the Royal Society in in the UK
+and so Bayes became famous as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Bayes became famous as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Bayes became famous as the
+originator of this notion of how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originator of this notion of how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originator of this notion of how to do
+probabilistic reasoning about at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic reasoning about at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic reasoning about at least
+fairly simple situations like in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple situations like in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple situations like in his
+case of the existence or non-existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the existence or non-existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the existence or non-existence
+of God or in our case the cause of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God or in our case the cause of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God or in our case the cause of some
+disease the nature of some disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the nature of some disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the nature of some disease and
+so you can draw these trees and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can draw these trees and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can draw these trees and and
+Bayes rule is very simple you I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule is very simple you I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule is very simple you I'm sure
+you've all seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen it
+one thing that again makes contact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that again makes contact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that again makes contact with
+medicine is that a lot of times you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine is that a lot of times you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine is that a lot of times you're
+not just interested in the impact of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just interested in the impact of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just interested in the impact of one
+observable on your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable on your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable on your probability
+distribution but you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but you're interested in
+the impact of a sequence of observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of a sequence of observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of a sequence of observations
+and so what one thing you can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what one thing you can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what one thing you can do is you
+can say well here is my general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well here is my general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say well here is my general
+population so let's say disease 2 has 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so let's say disease 2 has 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so let's say disease 2 has 37
+percent prevalence and disease one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent prevalence and disease one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent prevalence and disease one has
+12% etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12% etc
+and now I make some observation I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I make some observation I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I make some observation I apply
+Bayes rule and I revise my probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule and I revise my probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayes rule and I revise my probability
+distribution so this is the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so this is the equivalent
+of finding a smaller population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding a smaller population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding a smaller population of
+patients who have all had whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have all had whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have all had whatever
+answer I got for symptom one and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I got for symptom one and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I got for symptom one and then I
+just keep doing that and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep doing that and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep doing that and so this is the
+sequential application of Bayes rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential application of Bayes rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential application of Bayes rule and
+of course it does depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it does depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it does depend on the
+conditional independence of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional independence of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional independence of all these
+symptoms but in medicine people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms but in medicine people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms but in medicine people don't
+like to do math even arithmetic March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do math even arithmetic March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do math even arithmetic March
+and they prefer doing addition rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they prefer doing addition rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they prefer doing addition rather
+than the multiplication because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the multiplication because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the multiplication because it's
+easier and so what they've done is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and so what they've done is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and so what they've done is they
+said well instead of representing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well instead of representing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well instead of representing all
+this data in a probabilistic framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data in a probabilistic framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data in a probabilistic framework
+let's represent it as ODS and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's represent it as ODS and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's represent it as ODS and if you
+represent it as ODS then the the odds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it as ODS then the the odds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it as ODS then the the odds of
+some disease given a bunch of symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some disease given a bunch of symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some disease given a bunch of symptoms
+given the independence assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the independence assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the independence assumption is
+just the prior odds of the disease times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the prior odds of the disease times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the prior odds of the disease times
+the conditional odds the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional odds the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional odds the likelihood
+ratio of each of the symptoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of each of the symptoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of each of the symptoms that
+you've observed so you just get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've observed so you just get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've observed so you just get to
+multiply these together and then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these together and then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these together and then because
+they like adding more than multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like adding more than multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like adding more than multiplying
+they said let's take the log of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said let's take the log of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said let's take the log of both
+sides right and then you can just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right and then you can just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right and then you can just add
+them and so if you remember when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so if you remember when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so if you remember when I was
+talking about medical data there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about medical data there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about medical data there are
+things like the Glasgow Coma score or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the Glasgow Coma score or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the Glasgow Coma score or
+the Apache score or various measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apache score or various measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apache score or various measures of
+how badly or well a patient is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how badly or well a patient is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how badly or well a patient is doing
+that often involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that often involve
+adding up numbers corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up numbers corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up numbers corresponding to
+different conditions that they have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions that they have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions that they have and
+what they're doing is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing is exactly this
+they're applying sequentially Bayes rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applying sequentially Bayes rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applying sequentially Bayes rule
+with these independents assumptions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these independents assumptions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these independents assumptions in
+the form of logs rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of logs rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of logs rather than
+multiplications log odds and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications log odds and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications log odds and that's how
+they're doing it okay very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it okay very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing it okay very quickly
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+in a previous lecture was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a previous lecture was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a previous lecture was wondering
+about about receiver operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about receiver operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about receiver operator
+characteristic curves and I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic curves and I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic curves and I just wanted
+to give you a little bit of insight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of insight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of insight on
+those so if you do a test on on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so if you do a test on on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so if you do a test on on two
+populations of patients the red ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of patients the red ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of patients the red ones are
+sick patients the blue ones are not sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick patients the blue ones are not sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick patients the blue ones are not sick
+patients you do some tests what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you do some tests what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you do some tests what you
+expect is that the result of that test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that the result of that test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that the result of that test
+will be some continuous number and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some continuous number and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some continuous number and it'll
+be distributed something like the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be distributed something like the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be distributed something like the blue
+distribution for the well patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the well patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the well patients and
+something like the red distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the red distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the red distribution for
+the ill patients and typically we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ill patients and typically we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ill patients and typically we choose
+some threshold and we say well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some threshold and we say well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some threshold and we say well if you
+choose this to be the threshold between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this to be the threshold between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this to be the threshold between
+a prediction of sick or well then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction of sick or well then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction of sick or well then what
+you're gonna get is that the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get is that the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get is that the part of the
+blue distribution that lies to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue distribution that lies to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue distribution that lies to the right
+is the false positives and the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the false positives and the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the false positives and the part of
+the red distribution that lies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red distribution that lies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red distribution that lies to the
+left is the false negatives okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the false negatives okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the false negatives okay and
+often people will choose the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often people will choose the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often people will choose the lowest
+point at which these two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which these two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which these two curves
+intersect as the threshold but that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect as the threshold but that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect as the threshold but that of
+course isn't necessarily the case now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course isn't necessarily the case now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course isn't necessarily the case now if
+I give you a better test one like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a better test one like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a better test one like this
+that's terrific because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's terrific because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's terrific because there's
+essentially no overlap very small false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no overlap very small false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially no overlap very small false
+negative and false positive rates and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and false positive rates and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and false positive rates and as
+I said you can choose to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you can choose to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you can choose to put the
+threshold in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold in different places
+depending on how you want to trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you want to trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you want to trade-off
+sensitivity and specificity and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity and we
+measure this by this receiver operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this by this receiver operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this by this receiver operator
+characteristics curve which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics curve which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics curve which has the
+general form that if you get a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form that if you get a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form that if you get a curve
+like this that means that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that means that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that means that there's an
+exact trade off for sensitivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact trade off for sensitivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact trade off for sensitivity and
+specificity which is the case if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity which is the case if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity which is the case if you're
+flipping coins okay so it's random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping coins okay so it's random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping coins okay so it's random and
+of course if you managed to hit the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you managed to hit the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you managed to hit the top
+corner up there that means that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner up there that means that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner up there that means that there
+would be no overlap whatsoever between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no overlap whatsoever between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no overlap whatsoever between
+the two distributions and you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two distributions and you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two distributions and you would get
+a perfect result and so typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect result and so typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect result and so typically you
+get something in between and so normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something in between and so normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something in between and so normally
+if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a
+funny and you're a you see the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny and you're a you see the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny and you're a you see the area
+under this receiver operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this receiver operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this receiver operator
+characteristics curve is barely over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics curve is barely over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics curve is barely over a
+half you're pretty close to worthless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half you're pretty close to worthless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half you're pretty close to worthless
+whereas if it's close to one then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's close to one then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's close to one then you
+have a really good method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really good method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a really good method for
+distinguishing these categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing these categories of
+patients okay next topic what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients okay next topic what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients okay next topic what does it
+mean to be rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should have a philosophy course here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry I I is irrational but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I I is irrational but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I I is irrational but that's not
+what I'm talking about well so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about well so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about well so there's
+this principle of rationality that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle of rationality that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle of rationality that says
+that what you want to do is to act in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you want to do is to act in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you want to do is to act in
+such a way as to maximize your expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way as to maximize your expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way as to maximize your expected
+utility so for example if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so for example if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility so for example if you're a
+gambler and you have a choice of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambler and you have a choice of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambler and you have a choice of various
+ways of betting in some poker game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of betting in some poker game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of betting in some poker game or
+something then if you were a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then if you were a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then if you were a perfect
+calculator of the odds of getting a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator of the odds of getting a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator of the odds of getting a you
+know a queen on your next draw then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a queen on your next draw then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a queen on your next draw then you
+could make some rational decision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make some rational decision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make some rational decision about
+whether to bet more or less but you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to bet more or less but you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to bet more or less but you'd
+also have to take into account things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to take into account things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to take into account things
+like how could I convince my opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how could I convince my opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how could I convince my opponent
+that I am not bluffing if I am bluffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am not bluffing if I am bluffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am not bluffing if I am bluffing
+and how could I convince them that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could I convince them that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how could I convince them that I'm
+bluffing if I'm not laughing and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing if I'm not laughing and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing if I'm not laughing and so on
+so there's a complicated model there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a complicated model there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a complicated model there but
+nevertheless the idea is that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the idea is that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless the idea is that you should
+behave in a way that will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a way that will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a way that will give you the
+best expected outcome and so people joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best expected outcome and so people joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best expected outcome and so people joke
+that this is Homo economicus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Homo economicus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is Homo economicus because
+economists make the assumption that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists make the assumption that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists make the assumption that this
+is how people behave and we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how people behave and we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how people behave and we now know
+that that's not really how people behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not really how people behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not really how people behave
+but it's a pretty common model of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a pretty common model of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a pretty common model of their
+behavior because it's easy to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior because it's easy to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior because it's easy to compute
+and it has some appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some appropriate
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I mentioned every action has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned every action has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned every action has a
+cost and utility measures the value were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and utility measures the value were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and utility measures the value were
+the goodness of some outcome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goodness of some outcome which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goodness of some outcome which is
+the amount of money you've won or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money you've won or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money you've won or
+whether you live or die or quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you live or die or quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you live or die or quality
+adjusted life years or various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted life years or various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted life years or various other
+measures of utility you know how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of utility you know how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of utility you know how much it
+costs for your hospitalization so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs for your hospitalization so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs for your hospitalization so let me
+give you an example this actually comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example this actually comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example this actually comes
+from a decision analysis service at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a decision analysis service at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a decision analysis service at
+Neyland Medical Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neyland Medical Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neyland Medical Center
+Tufts Hospital in the late 1970s so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tufts Hospital in the late 1970s so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tufts Hospital in the late 1970s so this
+was an elderly Chinese gentleman whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an elderly Chinese gentleman whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an elderly Chinese gentleman whose
+foot had gangrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot had gangrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot had gangrene
+so gangrene is an infection that usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gangrene is an infection that usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gangrene is an infection that usually
+people who have bad circulation can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have bad circulation can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have bad circulation can get
+these and what he was facing was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and what he was facing was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and what he was facing was a
+choice of whether to amputate his foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of whether to amputate his foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of whether to amputate his foot
+or to try to treat him medically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to try to treat him medically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to try to treat him medically to
+treat him medically means injecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him medically means injecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him medically means injecting
+antibiotics into a system and hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics into a system and hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics into a system and hoping
+that a circulation is good enough to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a circulation is good enough to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a circulation is good enough to get
+them to the infected areas and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the infected areas and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to the infected areas and so the
+the choice becomes a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice becomes a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice becomes a little more
+complicated because if the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because if the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because if the medical
+treatment fails then of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment fails then of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment fails then of course the
+patient may die bad outcome or you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient may die bad outcome or you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient may die bad outcome or you may
+have to now amputate the whole leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to now amputate the whole leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to now amputate the whole leg
+because the gangrene has spread from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gangrene has spread from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gangrene has spread from his
+foot up the foot and now you're cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot up the foot and now you're cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot up the foot and now you're cutting
+off his leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off his leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off his leg
+so what should you do and how should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should you do and how should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what should you do and how should you
+reason about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about this
+so Packers staff came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Packers staff came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Packers staff came up with this
+decision tree by the way decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree by the way decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree by the way decision tree
+in this book in this literature means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book in this literature means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book in this literature means
+something different from decision tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different from decision tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different from decision tree
+and like--see 4.5 so your choices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like--see 4.5 so your choices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like--see 4.5 so your choices here
+are to amputate the foot or start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to amputate the foot or start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to amputate the foot or start with
+medical care and if you amputate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care and if you amputate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical care and if you amputate the
+foot let's say there's a 99% chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot let's say there's a 99% chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot let's say there's a 99% chance that
+the patient will live there's a 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient will live there's a 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient will live there's a 1%
+chance that you know maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you know maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you know maybe the
+anesthesia will kill them and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia will kill them and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anesthesia will kill them and if we
+treat him medically they estimated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him medically they estimated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him medically they estimated that
+there was a 70% chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 70% chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a 70% chance
+full recovery 25% chance that he'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full recovery 25% chance that he'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full recovery 25% chance that he'd get
+worse five percent chance that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse five percent chance that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse five percent chance that he would
+die if he got worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die if he got worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die if he got worse
+you're now faced with another decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now faced with another decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now faced with another decision
+which is do we amputate the whole leg or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is do we amputate the whole leg or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is do we amputate the whole leg or
+continue pushing medicine and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue pushing medicine and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue pushing medicine and again
+there are various outcomes with various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various outcomes with various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various outcomes with various
+estimated probabilities now the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated probabilities now the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated probabilities now the critical
+thing here that this group was pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here that this group was pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here that this group was pushing
+was the idea that these decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that these decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that these decisions
+shouldn't be based on what the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be based on what the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be based on what the doctor
+thinks is good for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks is good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks is good for you
+they should be based on what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be based on what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be based on what you think
+is good for you and so they worked very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for you and so they worked very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good for you and so they worked very
+hard to try to elicit individualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to try to elicit individualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to try to elicit individualized
+utilities from patients so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities from patients so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities from patients so for example
+this guy said that having your foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy said that having your foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy said that having your foot
+amputated was worth 850 points on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated was worth 850 points on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated was worth 850 points on a
+scale of a thousand where being healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of a thousand where being healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of a thousand where being healthy
+was was one and and being dead was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was one and and being dead was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was one and and being dead was zero
+okay now you could imagine that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you could imagine that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you could imagine that that
+number would be very different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would be very different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would be very different for
+different individuals you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different individuals you know if you
+asked LeBron James how bad would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked LeBron James how bad would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked LeBron James how bad would it be
+to have your foot amputated he might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have your foot amputated he might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have your foot amputated he might
+think that it's much worse than I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's much worse than I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's much worse than I would
+because you know it would be a pain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it would be a pain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it would be a pain to
+have my foot amputated but I could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my foot amputated but I could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my foot amputated but I could still
+do most of the things that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do most of the things that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do most of the things that I do
+professionally whereas he probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally whereas he probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally whereas he probably
+couldn't as a star basketball player so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't as a star basketball player so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't as a star basketball player so
+how do you solve a problem like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you solve a problem like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you solve a problem like this
+well you say okay at every chance node I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you say okay at every chance node I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you say okay at every chance node I
+can calculate the expected value of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the expected value of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the expected value of what
+happens here so here it's 0.6 times nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here so here it's 0.6 times nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here so here it's 0.6 times nine
+ninety-five point four times zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-five point four times zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-five point four times zero that
+gets me a value for this decision do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets me a value for this decision do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets me a value for this decision do the
+same thing here I compare the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here I compare the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing here I compare the values
+here and choose the best one that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and choose the best one that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and choose the best one that gives
+me a value for this decision and it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a value for this decision and it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a value for this decision and it so I
+fold back this decision tree and my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold back this decision tree and my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold back this decision tree and my next
+slide should have yeah so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide should have yeah so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide should have yeah so these are the
+numbers that you get and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you get and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you get and what you
+discover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is
+the utility of trying medical treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of trying medical treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of trying medical treatment
+is somewhat higher than the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat higher than the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat higher than the utility of
+immediately amputating the foot if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately amputating the foot if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately amputating the foot if you
+believe these numbers and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe these numbers and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe these numbers and those
+utilities these probabilities of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities these probabilities of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities these probabilities of those
+utilities now the difficulty is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities now the difficulty is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities now the difficulty is that
+these numbers are fickle and so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are fickle and so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are fickle and so you'd
+like to do some sort of sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do some sort of sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do some sort of sensitivity
+analysis and you say for example what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and you say for example what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and you say for example what if
+this gentleman valued his living with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gentleman valued his living with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gentleman valued his living with an
+amputated foot at 900 rather than 850
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated foot at 900 rather than 850
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated foot at 900 rather than 850
+and now you discover that amputating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you discover that amputating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you discover that amputating the
+foot looks like a slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot looks like a slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot looks like a slightly better
+decision than the other so this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision than the other so this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision than the other so this this is
+actually applied in clinical medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applied in clinical medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applied in clinical medicine
+and there are now thousands of doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are now thousands of doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are now thousands of doctors
+who have been trained in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have been trained in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have been trained in these
+techniques and really try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and really try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and really try to work
+through this with individual patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this with individual patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this with individual patients
+of course it's used much more on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's used much more on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's used much more on an
+epidemiological basis when people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological basis when people look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiological basis when people look
+at large populations yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they so the service that did the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so the service that did the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so the service that did the study
+would read the literature and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read the literature and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read the literature and they would
+look in databases and they would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in databases and they would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in databases and they would try to
+estimate those probabilities we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those probabilities we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate those probabilities we can do a
+lot better today than they could in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better today than they could in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot better today than they could in at
+that time because we have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time because we have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time because we have a lot more
+data that you can look in but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you can look in but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that you can look in but you could
+say okay for people you know man of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay for people you know man of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay for people you know man of this
+age who have a gangrenous feet what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age who have a gangrenous feet what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age who have a gangrenous feet what
+fraction of them have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of them have the following
+experience and that's how these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that's how these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and that's how these are
+estimated you know some of it is feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated you know some of it is feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated you know some of it is feels
+like 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I just said this and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just said this and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just said this and then the
+question of where do you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of where do you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of where do you get these
+utilities is a tricky one so one way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities is a tricky one so one way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities is a tricky one so one way is
+to do the standard gamble which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the standard gamble which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the standard gamble which says
+okay you know mr. Sullivan what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know mr. Sullivan what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know mr. Sullivan what we're
+going to play this game we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play this game we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play this game we're going to
+roll a fair die or something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll a fair die or something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll a fair die or something that will
+come up with some continuous number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some continuous number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some continuous number
+between zero and one and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and then I'm going
+to play the game where either I I chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the game where either I I chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play the game where either I I chop
+off your foot or I roll this die and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off your foot or I roll this die and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off your foot or I roll this die and if
+it exceeds some threshold then I kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exceeds some threshold then I kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exceeds some threshold then I kill
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+nice game so now if you find the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice game so now if you find the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice game so now if you find the point
+at which I'm indifferent if I say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which I'm indifferent if I say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which I'm indifferent if I say well
+0.8 you know that that's a 20% chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 you know that that's a 20% chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 you know that that's a 20% chance of
+dying it seems like a lot but maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying it seems like a lot but maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying it seems like a lot but maybe I'll
+go for point nine right now you've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for point nine right now you've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for point nine right now you've said
+okay well that means that you value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that means that you value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that means that you value
+living without a foot at point nine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living without a foot at point nine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living without a foot at point nine of
+the value of being healthy so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of being healthy so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of being healthy so this is a
+way of doing it and and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it and and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it and and this is
+typically done unfortunately of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done unfortunately of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done unfortunately of course
+it's difficult ascertain 'men problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult ascertain 'men problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult ascertain 'men problem
+and it's also not stable so people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also not stable so people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also not stable so people have
+done experiments where they get somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done experiments where they get somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done experiments where they get somebody
+to give them this kind of number as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them this kind of number as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them this kind of number as a
+hypothetical and then when that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical and then when that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical and then when that person
+winds up actually faced with such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds up actually faced with such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds up actually faced with such a
+decision they no longer will abide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision they no longer will abide with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision they no longer will abide with
+that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+so they they've changed their mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they've changed their mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they've changed their mind and
+when the situation is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the situation is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the situation is real
+weather's nice and this to be right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather's nice and this to be right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather's nice and this to be right good
+running six and they didn't actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running six and they didn't actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running six and they didn't actually do
+it it was it was hypothetical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was it was hypothetical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was it was hypothetical okay
+next program I want to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next program I want to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next program I want to tell you about
+again the technique for this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the technique for this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the technique for this was
+developed as a PhD thesis here at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed as a PhD thesis here at MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed as a PhD thesis here at MIT in
+1967 so this is hot off the presses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967 so this is hot off the presses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1967 so this is hot off the presses but
+it's still used this type of idea and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still used this type of idea and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still used this type of idea and so
+this was a program that was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a program that was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a program that was published in
+the American Journal of Medicine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American Journal of Medicine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American Journal of Medicine which
+was a high-impact medical journal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a high-impact medical journal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a high-impact medical journal I
+think this was actually the first sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this was actually the first sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this was actually the first sort
+of computational program that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational program that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computational program that that
+journal had ever ever published as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal had ever ever published as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal had ever ever published as a
+medical journal and it was addressed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical journal and it was addressed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical journal and it was addressed at
+the problem of the diagnosis of acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of the diagnosis of acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of the diagnosis of acute
+Oleg uric renal failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oleg uric renal failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oleg uric renal failure
+Oleg uric means you're not peeing enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oleg uric means you're not peeing enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oleg uric means you're not peeing enough
+renal is your kidney so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renal is your kidney so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renal is your kidney so this is
+something's gone wrong with your kidney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's gone wrong with your kidney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's gone wrong with your kidney
+and you're not producing enough urine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not producing enough urine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not producing enough urine
+okay now this is a good problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is a good problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is a good problem to
+address with these techniques because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address with these techniques because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address with these techniques because if
+something happens to you suddenly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens to you suddenly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens to you suddenly it's
+very likely that there's one cause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely that there's one cause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely that there's one cause for
+it right if you are eighty-five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right if you are eighty-five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right if you are eighty-five years
+old and you have a little heart disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and you have a little heart disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and you have a little heart disease
+and a little kidney disease on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little kidney disease on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little kidney disease on a little
+liver disease and a little lung disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver disease and a little lung disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver disease and a little lung disease
+there's no guarantee that there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantee that there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantee that there was one
+thing that went wrong with you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that went wrong with you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that went wrong with you that
+caused all these but if you were okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused all these but if you were okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused all these but if you were okay
+yesterday and then you stopped being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and then you stopped being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and then you stopped being
+it's pretty likely that there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty likely that there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty likely that there's one
+thing that's that's gone wrong so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's that's gone wrong so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's that's gone wrong so it's a
+good application of this model so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good application of this model so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good application of this model so what
+they said is there are 14 potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said is there are 14 potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said is there are 14 potential
+causes and these are exhaustive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and these are exhaustive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes and these are exhaustive and
+mutually exclusive there 29:27 tests or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive there 29:27 tests or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive there 29:27 tests or
+questions or observations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or observations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or observations that are
+relevant to the differential these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the differential these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the differential these are
+cheap tests so they didn't involve doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap tests so they didn't involve doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap tests so they didn't involve doing
+anything either expensive or dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything either expensive or dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything either expensive or dangerous
+to the patient it was measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient it was measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient it was measuring
+something in the lab or ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the lab or ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the lab or ask
+questions of the patient but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the patient but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of the patient but they didn't
+want to have to ask all of them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to ask all of them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to ask all of them because
+that's pretty tedious and so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty tedious and so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty tedious and so they were
+trying to minimize the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to minimize the amount of
+information that they needed to gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that they needed to gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that they needed to gather
+in order to come up with an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to come up with an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to come up with an appropriate
+decision now in the real problem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision now in the real problem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision now in the real problem there
+were three invasive tests that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three invasive tests that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three invasive tests that are
+dangerous and expensive and then eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous and expensive and then eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous and expensive and then eight
+different treatments that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatments that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatments that could be
+applied and I'm only going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and I'm only going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and I'm only going to tell you
+about the first part of this problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first part of this problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first part of this problem the
+this 1973 article shows you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1973 article shows you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1973 article shows you what the
+program looked like it was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program looked like it was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program looked like it was you know
+computer terminal where it gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer terminal where it gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer terminal where it gave you
+choices and you would type in an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and you would type in an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and you would type in an answer
+and so that was the state of the art at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was the state of the art at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was the state of the art at
+the time but what I'm going to do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but what I'm going to do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but what I'm going to do is is
+God willing I'm going to demonstrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God willing I'm going to demonstrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God willing I'm going to demonstrate a
+reconstruction that I made of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction that I made of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction that I made of this
+program so the these guys are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so the these guys are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so the these guys are the
+potential causes of stopping to P acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential causes of stopping to P acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential causes of stopping to P acute
+tubular necrosis functional acute renal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubular necrosis functional acute renal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubular necrosis functional acute renal
+failure urinary tract obstruction acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure urinary tract obstruction acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure urinary tract obstruction acute
+glomerulonephritis etc and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomerulonephritis etc and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomerulonephritis etc and these are the
+prior probabilities now I have to warn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior probabilities now I have to warn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior probabilities now I have to warn
+you these numbers were in fact estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these numbers were in fact estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these numbers were in fact estimated
+by people sticking their finger in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people sticking their finger in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people sticking their finger in the
+air and figuring out which way the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and figuring out which way the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and figuring out which way the wind
+was blowing because you know 1973 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was blowing because you know 1973 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was blowing because you know 1973 there
+were not great databases that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not great databases that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not great databases that you could
+turn to and then these are the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to and then these are the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to and then these are the questions
+that were available to be asked and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were available to be asked and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were available to be asked and what
+you see in the first column at least if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the first column at least if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the first column at least if
+you're sitting close to the screen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting close to the screen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting close to the screen is
+the expected entropy of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected entropy of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected entropy of the probability
+distribution if you answered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you answered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you answered this
+question okay so this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so this is basically
+saying if I ask this question how likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if I ask this question how likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if I ask this question how likely
+is each of the possible answers given my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each of the possible answers given my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is each of the possible answers given my
+disease distribution probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease distribution probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease distribution probabilities and
+then for each of those answers I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of those answers I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of those answers I do a
+Bayesian revision that I wait the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayesian revision that I wait the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayesian revision that I wait the
+entropy of that resulting distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of that resulting distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of that resulting distribution
+by the probability of getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the probability of getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the probability of getting that
+answer and that gets me the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and that gets me the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and that gets me the expected
+entropy for asking that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for asking that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy for asking that question
+and the idea is that the lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that the lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that the lower the
+expected entropy the more valuable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected entropy the more valuable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected entropy the more valuable the
+question I make sense so if we look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I make sense so if we look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I make sense so if we look for
+example the most valuable question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the most valuable question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the most valuable question is
+what was the blood pressure at the onset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the blood pressure at the onset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the blood pressure at the onset
+of oliguria and I can click on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oliguria and I can click on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oliguria and I can click on this and
+say it was what say moderate to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was what say moderate to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was what say moderate to be
+elevated and what this little colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated and what this little colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated and what this little colorful
+graph is showing you is that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is showing you is that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is showing you is that if you look
+at the initial probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the initial probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the initial probability distribution
+acute tubular necrosis was about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute tubular necrosis was about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute tubular necrosis was about 25
+percent and has gone down to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and has gone down to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and has gone down to a very
+small amount whereas some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount whereas some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount whereas some of these
+others have grown in importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have grown in importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have grown in importance
+considerably okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably okay
+so we can answer more questions we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can answer more questions we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can answer more questions we can
+say let's see what is the degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's see what is the degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's see what is the degree is
+their protein Oreos their protein in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their protein Oreos their protein in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their protein Oreos their protein in the
+urine and we say no there isn't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine and we say no there isn't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urine and we say no there isn't right
+and that revises the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that revises the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that revises the probability
+distribution and then it says the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then it says the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then it says the next
+most important thing is kidney size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is kidney size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is kidney size and
+we say let's say the kidney size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say let's say the kidney size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say let's say the kidney size is
+normal so now all of a sudden functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so now all of a sudden functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal so now all of a sudden functional
+acute renal failure which by the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute renal failure which by the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute renal failure which by the way is
+one of these funny medical categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these funny medical categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these funny medical categories
+that says it doesn't work well doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it doesn't work well doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says it doesn't work well doesn't
+explain to you why it doesn't work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why it doesn't work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why it doesn't work well
+but it's sort of a generic thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of a generic thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of a generic thing and
+sure enough we can keep answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough we can keep answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough we can keep answering
+questions about you know are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know are you
+producing less than 50 cc's of urine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing less than 50 cc's of urine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing less than 50 cc's of urine
+which is a tiny amount or somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a tiny amount or somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a tiny amount or somewhere
+between 50 and 400 remember this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 50 and 400 remember this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 50 and 400 remember this is for
+people who are not producing enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not producing enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not producing enough so
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+you'd be over 400 so these are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be over 400 so these are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be over 400 so these are the only
+choices so let's say it's moderate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so let's say it's moderate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so let's say it's moderate and
+so you see the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the probability distribution
+keeps changing and what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps changing and what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps changing and what happened in the
+original program is they had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original program is they had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original program is they had an
+arbitrary threshold that said when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary threshold that said when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary threshold that said when the
+probability of one of these causes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one of these causes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one of these causes of
+the disease reaches 95% then we switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease reaches 95% then we switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease reaches 95% then we switch
+to a different mode we're now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different mode we're now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different mode we're now we're
+actually willing to contemplate doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually willing to contemplate doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually willing to contemplate doing
+the expensive tests and doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expensive tests and doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expensive tests and doing the the
+expensive treatments and we build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive treatments and we build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive treatments and we build a
+decision tree as we saw in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree as we saw in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree as we saw in the case of
+the gangrenous foot that figures out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gangrenous foot that figures out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gangrenous foot that figures out
+which of those is the optimal approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those is the optimal approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those is the optimal approach
+so the idea here was because building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here was because building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea here was because building a
+decision tree with 27 potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree with 27 potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision tree with 27 potential
+questions becomes enormously bushy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions becomes enormously bushy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions becomes enormously bushy we're
+using a heuristic that says information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a heuristic that says information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a heuristic that says information
+maximization or entropy reduction is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization or entropy reduction is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization or entropy reduction is a
+reasonable way of focusing in on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of focusing in on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way of focusing in on what's
+wrong with this patient and then once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with this patient and then once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with this patient and then once we
+focused in pretty well then we can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused in pretty well then we can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused in pretty well then we can begin
+to do more detailed analysis on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more detailed analysis on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do more detailed analysis on the
+remaining more consequential and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining more consequential and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining more consequential and more
+costly tests that are available now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly tests that are available now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly tests that are available now this
+program didn't work terribly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program didn't work terribly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program didn't work terribly well
+because the numbers were were badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the numbers were were badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the numbers were were badly
+estimated and also because the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated and also because the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated and also because the utility
+model that they had for the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that they had for the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that they had for the decision
+analytic part was particularly terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic part was particularly terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic part was particularly terrible
+it didn't really reflect anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't really reflect anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't really reflect anything in the
+real world they had an incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world they had an incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world they had an incremental
+utility model that said the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility model that said the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility model that said the patient
+either got better stayed the same or got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either got better stayed the same or got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either got better stayed the same or got
+worse and obviously in that order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and obviously in that order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and obviously in that order of
+utilities but they didn't correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities but they didn't correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities but they didn't correspond to
+how much better he got or how much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much better he got or how much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much better he got or how much worse
+he got and so it wasn't wasn't terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got and so it wasn't wasn't terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got and so it wasn't wasn't terribly
+useful so nevertheless in the 1990s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so nevertheless in the 1990s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so nevertheless in the 1990s I
+was teaching a tutorial at a medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching a tutorial at a medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was teaching a tutorial at a medical
+informatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics
+conference and there were a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and there were a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and there were a bunch of
+doctors in the audience and I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors in the audience and I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors in the audience and I showed
+them this program and one of the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this program and one of the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this program and one of the doctors
+came up afterwards and said wow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up afterwards and said wow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up afterwards and said wow it
+thinks just the way I do really I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks just the way I do really I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks just the way I do really I don't
+think so but clearly it you know it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so but clearly it you know it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so but clearly it you know it was
+doing something that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something that corresponds to the
+way that he thought about these cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he thought about these cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that he thought about these cases so
+I thought that was that was a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was that was a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that was that was a good thing
+all right well what happens if we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well what happens if we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well what happens if we can't
+assume that there's just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there's just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that there's just a single
+disease underlying the person's problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease underlying the person's problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease underlying the person's problems
+if there are multiple diseases we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are multiple diseases we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are multiple diseases we can
+build this kind of bipartite model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this kind of bipartite model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this kind of bipartite model that
+says we have a list of diseases and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we have a list of diseases and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we have a list of diseases and we
+have a list of manifestations and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of manifestations and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a list of manifestations and some
+subset of the diseases can cause some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the diseases can cause some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the diseases can cause some
+subsets of the of the symptoms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the of the symptoms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of the of the symptoms of the
+manifestations and so the manifestations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and so the manifestations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and so the manifestations
+depend only on the diseases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend only on the diseases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend only on the diseases that are
+present not on each other and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present not on each other and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present not on each other and therefore
+we have conditional independence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have conditional independence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have conditional independence and
+this is a type of Bayesian network which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a type of Bayesian network which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a type of Bayesian network which
+can't be solved exactly because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be solved exactly because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be solved exactly because of the
+computational complexity so program I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational complexity so program I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational complexity so program I'll
+show you in a minute had you know four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute had you know four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a minute had you know four
+or five hundred diseases and thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five hundred diseases and thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five hundred diseases and thousands
+of manifestations and the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manifestations and the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manifestations and the computational
+complexity of exact solution techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of exact solution techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of exact solution techniques
+for these networks tends to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these networks tends to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these networks tends to go
+exponentially with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with the number of
+undirected cycles in the network and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected cycles in the network and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected cycles in the network and of
+course there are plenty of undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are plenty of undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are plenty of undirected
+cycles in a network like that so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in a network like that so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in a network like that so there
+was a program developed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a program developed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a program developed in the
+originally in the early 1970s called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally in the early 1970s called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally in the early 1970s called
+dialogue and then they got sued because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and then they got sued because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and then they got sued because
+somebody owned that name and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody owned that name and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody owned that name and then they
+called it internist and something they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it internist and something they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it internist and something they
+got sued because somebody loved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sued because somebody loved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got sued because somebody loved that
+name and then they called it qmr which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and then they called it qmr which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and then they called it qmr which
+stands for quick medical reference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for quick medical reference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for quick medical reference and
+nobody on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody on that
+so around 1982 this program had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around 1982 this program had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around 1982 this program had about
+500 diseases which they estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 diseases which they estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 diseases which they estimated
+represented about 70 to 75% of major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented about 70 to 75% of major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented about 70 to 75% of major
+diagnoses in internal medicine about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses in internal medicine about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses in internal medicine about
+3,500 manifestations and it took about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,500 manifestations and it took about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,500 manifestations and it took about
+15 man years of manual effort to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 man years of manual effort to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 man years of manual effort to sit
+there and read medical textbooks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and read medical textbooks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and read medical textbooks and
+journal articles and look at records of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal articles and look at records of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal articles and look at records of
+patients in their Hospital the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in their Hospital the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in their Hospital the effort
+was led by a computer scientist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was led by a computer scientist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was led by a computer scientist at
+University of Pittsburgh and the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Pittsburgh and the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Pittsburgh and the chief
+of Medicine at UPMC the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Medicine at UPMC the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Medicine at UPMC the University of
+Pittsburgh Medical Center who was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh Medical Center who was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh Medical Center who was just a
+fanatic and and he got all the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanatic and and he got all the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanatic and and he got all the medical
+school trainees to spend hours and hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school trainees to spend hours and hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school trainees to spend hours and hours
+coming up with these news databases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with these news databases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with these news databases by
+1997 they had commercialized it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 they had commercialized it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 they had commercialized it through
+a company that had blocked the rights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that had blocked the rights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that had blocked the rights to
+it and they had that company had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they had that company had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they had that company had
+expanded it to about 750 diagnoses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded it to about 750 diagnoses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded it to about 750 diagnoses and
+about 5,500 manifestations so they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5,500 manifestations so they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5,500 manifestations so they made
+it considerably larger details are I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it considerably larger details are I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it considerably larger details are I've
+tried to put references on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to put references on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to put references on all the
+slides so here's what data in qmr looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so here's what data in qmr looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so here's what data in qmr looks
+like for each diagnosis there's a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for each diagnosis there's a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for each diagnosis there's a list
+of associated manifestations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of associated manifestations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of associated manifestations with
+evoking strengths and frequencies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoking strengths and frequencies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoking strengths and frequencies so
+I'll explain that in a minute on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain that in a minute on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain that in a minute on average
+there are about 75 manifestations per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 75 manifestations per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 75 manifestations per
+disease and for each disease for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and for each disease for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and for each disease for each
+manifestation in addition to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation in addition to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation in addition to the data
+you see here there's also an importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here there's also an importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here there's also an importance
+measure that says how critical is it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that says how critical is it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that says how critical is it to
+explain this particular symptom or sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this particular symptom or sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this particular symptom or sign
+or lab value in the final diagnosis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lab value in the final diagnosis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lab value in the final diagnosis so
+for example if you if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you if you have a
+headache that could be incidental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache that could be incidental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache that could be incidental and
+it's not that important to explain it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that important to explain it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that important to explain it if
+you're bleeding from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bleeding from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're bleeding from your
+gastrointestinal system that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gastrointestinal system that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gastrointestinal system that's really
+important too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important too
+and you wouldn't expect a diagnosis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't expect a diagnosis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't expect a diagnosis of
+that patient that doesn't explain to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient that doesn't explain to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that patient that doesn't explain to you
+why they have that symptom and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they have that symptom and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they have that symptom and then
+here's an example of alcoholic hepatitis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of alcoholic hepatitis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of alcoholic hepatitis
+and the two numbers here are a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two numbers here are a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two numbers here are a so-called
+evoking strength and a frequency these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoking strength and a frequency these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoking strength and a frequency these
+are both on scales well evoking strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both on scales well evoking strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both on scales well evoking strength
+is on a scale of 0 to 5 and frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a scale of 0 to 5 and frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on a scale of 0 to 5 and frequency is
+on a scale of 1 to 5 and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a scale of 1 to 5 and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a scale of 1 to 5 and I'll show you
+what those are supposed to mean and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are supposed to mean and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are supposed to mean and so
+for example what this says is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what this says is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what this says is that if
+you're anorexic that should not make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're anorexic that should not make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're anorexic that should not make you
+think about alcoholic hepatitis has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about alcoholic hepatitis has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about alcoholic hepatitis has the
+disease but you should expect that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but you should expect that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease but you should expect that if
+somebody has alcoholic hepatitis they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has alcoholic hepatitis they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has alcoholic hepatitis they're
+very likely to have anorexia so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely to have anorexia so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely to have anorexia so that's
+the frequency number this is the loking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency number this is the loking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency number this is the loking
+strengths number and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths number and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths number and you see that
+there's a variety of those so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of those so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of those so much of
+that many many years of effort went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many many years of effort went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many many years of effort went into
+coming up with these lists and coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with these lists and coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with these lists and coming up
+with those numbers here are the scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those numbers here are the scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those numbers here are the scales
+so the evoking strength 0 means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the evoking strength 0 means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the evoking strength 0 means
+nonspecific 5 means it's pathognomonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspecific 5 means it's pathognomonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspecific 5 means it's pathognomonic
+in other words just seeing the symptom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words just seeing the symptom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words just seeing the symptom
+is enough to convince you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to convince you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to convince you that the
+patient must have this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient must have this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient must have this disease
+similarly frequency 1 means that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly frequency 1 means that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly frequency 1 means that occurs
+rarely and 5 means that it occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely and 5 means that it occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely and 5 means that it occurs in
+essentially all cases with scaled values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all cases with scaled values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all cases with scaled values
+in between and these are kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and these are kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between and these are kind of like
+odds ratios and and they add them kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratios and and they add them kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds ratios and and they add them kind
+of as if they were log likelihood ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as if they were log likelihood ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as if they were log likelihood ratios
+and so there's been a big literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's been a big literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's been a big literature on
+trying to figure out exactly what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out exactly what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out exactly what these
+numbers mean because there's no formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers mean because there's no formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers mean because there's no formal
+definition in terms of you count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in terms of you count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in terms of you count the
+number of this and divided by the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of this and divided by the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of this and divided by the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+and that gives you the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the right answer
+these were sort of impressionistic kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were sort of impressionistic kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were sort of impressionistic kinds
+of numbers so the logic in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers so the logic in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers so the logic in the system
+was that you would come to it and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you would come to it and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you would come to it and give
+it a list of the manifestations of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a list of the manifestations of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a list of the manifestations of a
+case and to their credit they went after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and to their credit they went after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and to their credit they went after
+very complicated cases so they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated cases so they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated cases so they took
+clinical pathological conference cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical pathological conference cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical pathological conference cases
+from the New England Journal of Medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the New England Journal of Medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the New England Journal of Medicine
+these are cases selected to be difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cases selected to be difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cases selected to be difficult
+enough that doctors are willing to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that doctors are willing to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that doctors are willing to read
+these and they're typically presented at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and they're typically presented at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and they're typically presented at
+Grand Rounds at MGH by somebody who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Rounds at MGH by somebody who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Rounds at MGH by somebody who is
+often stumped by the case so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often stumped by the case so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often stumped by the case so it's an
+opportunity to watch people reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to watch people reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to watch people reason
+interactively about these things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactively about these things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactively about these things and so
+you evoke the diagnoses that have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evoke the diagnoses that have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evoke the diagnoses that have a high
+evoking strength from the giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoking strength from the giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evoking strength from the giving
+manifestations and then you do a scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and then you do a scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and then you do a scoring
+calculation based on those numbers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation based on those numbers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation based on those numbers the
+details of this are probably all wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this are probably all wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this are probably all wrong
+but that's the way they went about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the way they went about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the way they went about it
+and then you form a differential around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you form a differential around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you form a differential around
+the highest scoring diagnosis now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest scoring diagnosis now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest scoring diagnosis now this
+is actually an interesting idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually an interesting idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually an interesting idea
+it's a heuristic idea but it's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a heuristic idea but it's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a heuristic idea but it's one that
+worked pretty well so suppose I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked pretty well so suppose I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked pretty well so suppose I have two
+diseases d1 can cause manifestations 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases d1 can cause manifestations 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases d1 can cause manifestations 1
+through 4 and d2 can cause 3 through 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 4 and d2 can cause 3 through 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 4 and d2 can cause 3 through 6
+okay so are these competing to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are these competing to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are these competing to explain
+the same case or could they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same case or could they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same case or could they be
+complementary well until we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary well until we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary well until we know what
+symptoms the patient actually has we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms the patient actually has we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms the patient actually has we
+don't know but let's trace through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but let's trace through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but let's trace through this
+so suppose I tell you that the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I tell you that the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I tell you that the patient
+has manifestations 3 & 4 okay well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has manifestations 3 & 4 okay well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has manifestations 3 & 4 okay well you
+would say there's no reason to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say there's no reason to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say there's no reason to think
+that the patient may have both diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the patient may have both diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the patient may have both diseases
+because either of them can explain those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either of them can explain those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either of them can explain those
+manifestations right so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations right so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations right so you would
+consider them to be competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about if I add em one so here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if I add em one so here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if I add em one so here it's
+getting a little dicey er now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little dicey er now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a little dicey er now you're
+more likely to think that it's v1 but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to think that it's v1 but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to think that it's v1 but if
+it's a d1 that could explain all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a d1 that could explain all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a d1 that could explain all the
+manifestations and d2 still viewable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and d2 still viewable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and d2 still viewable as
+a competitor on the other hand if I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitor on the other hand if I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a competitor on the other hand if I also
+add m6 now neither disease can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add m6 now neither disease can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add m6 now neither disease can explain
+all the manifestations and so it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the manifestations and so it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the manifestations and so it's more
+likely somewhat more likely that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely somewhat more likely that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely somewhat more likely that they
+there may be two diseases present so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be two diseases present so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be two diseases present so
+what internist had was this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what internist had was this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what internist had was this interesting
+heuristic which said that when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic which said that when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic which said that when you get
+that that complementary situation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that complementary situation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that complementary situation you
+form a differential around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a differential around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a differential around the
+top-ranked hypothesis in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-ranked hypothesis in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-ranked hypothesis in other words you
+retain all those diseases that compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain all those diseases that compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain all those diseases that compete
+with that hypothesis and that defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that hypothesis and that defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that hypothesis and that defines a
+sub-problem that looks like the acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problem that looks like the acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-problem that looks like the acute
+renal failure problem because now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renal failure problem because now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renal failure problem because now you
+have one set of factors that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one set of factors that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one set of factors that you're
+trying to explain by one disease and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain by one disease and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain by one disease and you
+set aside all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set aside all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set aside all of the other
+manifestations and all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and all of the other
+diseases that are potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are potentially
+complementary and you don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary and you don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary and you don't worry about
+them for the moment just focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the moment just focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for the moment just focus on this
+cluster of things that are competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of things that are competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of things that are competitors
+to explain some subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain some subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain some subset of the
+manifestations and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations and then there are
+different questioning strategies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questioning strategies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questioning strategies so
+depending on the scores within these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the scores within these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the scores within these
+things if one of those diseases has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if one of those diseases has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if one of those diseases has a
+very high score and the others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high score and the others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high score and the others have
+relatively low scores you would choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low scores you would choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low scores you would choose a
+pursue strategy that says okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue strategy that says okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue strategy that says okay I'm
+interested in asking questions that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in asking questions that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in asking questions that will
+more likely convince me of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely convince me of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely convince me of the
+correctness of that hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness of that hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness of that hypothesis that
+leading hypothesis so you look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading hypothesis so you look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading hypothesis so you look for the
+things that it predicts strongly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it predicts strongly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it predicts strongly if you
+have a very large list in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very large list in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very large list in the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+you might say I'm gonna try to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say I'm gonna try to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say I'm gonna try to reduce
+the size of the differential by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the differential by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the differential by looking
+for things that are likely in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that are likely in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things that are likely in some of
+the less likely hypotheses so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less likely hypotheses so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less likely hypotheses so that I can
+rule them out if that thing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule them out if that thing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule them out if that thing is not
+present so different strategies and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so different strategies and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so different strategies and I'll
+come back to that in a few minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a few minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a few minutes so
+their tests of course based on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tests of course based on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tests of course based on their own
+evaluation was terrific it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation was terrific it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation was terrific it did
+wonderfully well the paper got published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully well the paper got published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully well the paper got published
+in the New England Journal of Medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the New England Journal of Medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the New England Journal of Medicine
+which was an unbelievable breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an unbelievable breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was an unbelievable breakthrough
+to have an AI program that the editors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an AI program that the editors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an AI program that the editors
+of the New England Journal considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the New England Journal considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the New England Journal considered
+interesting now unfortunately it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now unfortunately it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now unfortunately it didn't
+hold up very well and so there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold up very well and so there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold up very well and so there was this
+paper by Etta burner and her colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Etta burner and her colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Etta burner and her colleagues
+in 1994 where they evaluated qmr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 where they evaluated qmr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 where they evaluated qmr and
+three other programs the explain is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other programs the explain is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other programs the explain is very
+similar in structure to qmr Billie odda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in structure to qmr Billie odda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in structure to qmr Billie odda
+and meta tell are our Bayesian network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meta tell are our Bayesian network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meta tell are our Bayesian network
+are basic almost naive Bayesian types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basic almost naive Bayesian types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basic almost naive Bayesian types of
+models developed by other groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models developed by other groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models developed by other groups and
+they looked for results which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked for results which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked for results which is
+coverage so the what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage so the what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage so the what fraction of the
+real diagnosis in these hundred five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real diagnosis in these hundred five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real diagnosis in these hundred five
+cases that they chose to test on could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that they chose to test on could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that they chose to test on could
+any of these programs actually diagnose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these programs actually diagnose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these programs actually diagnose
+so if the program didn't know about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the program didn't know about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the program didn't know about a
+certain disease then obviously it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain disease then obviously it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain disease then obviously it wasn't
+gonna get it right and then they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get it right and then they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get it right and then they said
+okay of the program's diagnosis what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of the program's diagnosis what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of the program's diagnosis what
+fraction were considered correct by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction were considered correct by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction were considered correct by the
+experts what was the rank order of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts what was the rank order of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts what was the rank order of that
+correct diagnosis among the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct diagnosis among the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct diagnosis among the list of
+diagnoses that the program gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses that the program gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses that the program gave the
+experts were asked to list all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts were asked to list all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts were asked to list all the
+plausible diagnosis from these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible diagnosis from these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible diagnosis from these cases
+what fraction of those showed up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of those showed up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of those showed up in the
+program's top 20 and then did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program's top 20 and then did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program's top 20 and then did the
+program have any value added by coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program have any value added by coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program have any value added by coming
+up with things that the experts had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with things that the experts had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with things that the experts had not
+thought about but that they agreed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about but that they agreed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about but that they agreed when
+they saw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw them
+were reasonable explanations for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were reasonable explanations for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were reasonable explanations for this
+case so here are the results and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here are the results and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here are the results and what
+you see is that the diagnose the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that the diagnose the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that the diagnose the the
+diagnosis in these hundred five test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis in these hundred five test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis in these hundred five test
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+91% of them appeared in the explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91% of them appeared in the explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91% of them appeared in the explained
+program but for example only 73 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but for example only 73 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but for example only 73 percent
+of them in the qmr program so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the qmr program so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the qmr program so that means
+that right off the bat it's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right off the bat it's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right off the bat it's missing
+about a quarter of the possible cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quarter of the possible cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a quarter of the possible cases
+and then if you look at correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you look at correct
+diagnosis you're seeing numbers like Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis you're seeing numbers like Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis you're seeing numbers like Oh
+point sixty nine point sixty one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sixty nine point sixty one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sixty nine point sixty one point
+seventy one etc so these are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy one etc so these are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy one etc so these are you know
+it's like the the dog who sings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the the dog who sings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the the dog who sings but
+badly right it's remarkable that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly right it's remarkable that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly right it's remarkable that it can
+sing at all but it's not something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing at all but it's not something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing at all but it's not something you
+want to listen to so and then rank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to listen to so and then rank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to listen to so and then rank of
+the of the correct diagnosis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the correct diagnosis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the correct diagnosis in the
+program is that like 12 or 10 or 13 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is that like 12 or 10 or 13 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is that like 12 or 10 or 13 or
+so on so it is in the top 20 but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so it is in the top 20 but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so it is in the top 20 but it's
+not at the top of the point of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the top of the point of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the top of the point of the top
+20 so the results were a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so the results were a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so the results were a bit
+disappointing and depending on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing and depending on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing and depending on where you
+put the cutoff you get the proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cutoff you get the proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the cutoff you get the proportion of
+cases where a correct diagnosis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where a correct diagnosis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where a correct diagnosis is
+within the top end and you see that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the top end and you see that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the top end and you see that at
+20 you're up at a little over 0.5 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 you're up at a little over 0.5 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 you're up at a little over 0.5 for
+most of these programs and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these programs and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these programs and it gets
+better if you extend the list to longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you extend the list to longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if you extend the list to longer
+and longer of course if you extended the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer of course if you extended the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer of course if you extended the
+list to hundreds then you'd reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to hundreds then you'd reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to hundreds then you'd reach a
+hundred percent but they wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent but they wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent but they wouldn't be
+practically very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so first of all they assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so first of all they assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so first of all they assumed that
+their experts were perfect so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experts were perfect so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their experts were perfect so you know
+they were the gold standard so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the gold standard so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the gold standard so they were
+comparing it to human in a way okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it to human in a way okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing it to human in a way okay so
+the bottom line is that although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that although the
+sensitivity and specificity were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity were not
+impressive the programs were potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive the programs were potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive the programs were potentially
+useful because they had interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because they had interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because they had interactive
+displays of signs and symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays of signs and symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays of signs and symptoms
+associated with diseases they could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with diseases they could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with diseases they could give
+you the relative likelihood of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the relative likelihood of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the relative likelihood of various
+diagnoses and and they concluded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses and and they concluded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses and and they concluded that
+they needed to study the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to study the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to study the effects of
+whether a program like this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a program like this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a program like this actually
+helped a doctor or perform medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped a doctor or perform medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped a doctor or perform medicine
+better so just you know here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so just you know here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so just you know here's an
+example I did a reconstruction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I did a reconstruction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I did a reconstruction of this
+program this is the kind of exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this is the kind of exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this is the kind of exploration
+you could say so if you click on engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say so if you click on engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say so if you click on engine
+of pectoris here are the findings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pectoris here are the findings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pectoris here are the findings that
+are associated with it so you can browse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with it so you can browse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with it so you can browse
+through its database you can type in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its database you can type in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its database you can type in an
+example case or select an example case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example case or select an example case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example case or select an example case
+so this is one of those clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one of those clinical
+pathological conference cases and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological conference cases and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological conference cases and then
+the manifestations that are present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manifestations that are present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manifestations that are present and
+absent and then you can get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent and then you can get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent and then you can get an
+interpretation that says okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that says okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that says okay this is
+our differential and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our differential and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our differential and these are the
+complementary hypotheses and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary hypotheses and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary hypotheses and therefore
+these are the manifestations that we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the manifestations that we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the manifestations that we set
+aside whereas these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside whereas these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside whereas these are the ones
+explained by that set of diseases and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by that set of diseases and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained by that set of diseases and so
+you can watch how the program does its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch how the program does its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch how the program does its
+its reasoning well then a group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reasoning well then a group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reasoning well then a group at
+Stanford came along when belief networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford came along when belief networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford came along when belief networks
+were bayesian networks were created and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bayesian networks were created and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bayesian networks were created and
+said hey why don't we treat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey why don't we treat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey why don't we treat this
+database as if it were a Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database as if it were a Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database as if it were a Bayesian
+network and see if we can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and see if we can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and see if we can evaluate
+things that way so they had to fill in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that way so they had to fill in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that way so they had to fill in a
+lot of details they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of details they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of details they
+wound up using the qmr database with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up using the qmr database with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up using the qmr database with a
+binary interpretation so disease was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary interpretation so disease was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary interpretation so disease was
+present or absent a manifestation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or absent a manifestation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or absent a manifestation was
+present or absent they used causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or absent they used causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or absent they used causal
+independence or a leaky noisy or which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence or a leaky noisy or which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence or a leaky noisy or which I
+think you've seen in other contexts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've seen in other contexts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've seen in other contexts so
+this just says if there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just says if there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just says if there are multiple
+causal independent causes of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal independent causes of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal independent causes of something
+how likely is it to happen depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how likely is it to happen depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how likely is it to happen depending on
+which of those as is present or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those as is present or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those as is present or not and
+there's a simplified way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simplified way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simplified way of doing that
+calculation which corresponds to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which corresponds to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which corresponds to sort of
+causal independence and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal independence and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal independence and is
+computationally reasonably fast to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally reasonably fast to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally reasonably fast to do
+and then they also estimated priors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they also estimated priors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they also estimated priors on
+the various diagnoses from National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various diagnoses from National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various diagnoses from National
+Health Statistics because the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Statistics because the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Statistics because the original
+data did not have prior data priors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data did not have prior data priors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data did not have prior data priors they
+wound up not using the evoking strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up not using the evoking strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up not using the evoking strengths
+because they were doing a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were doing a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were doing a pretty
+straight Bayesian model where all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight Bayesian model where all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight Bayesian model where all you
+need is the priors and the conditionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is the priors and the conditionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is the priors and the conditionals
+they took the frequency as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the frequency as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the frequency as a kind of
+scaled conditional and then built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled conditional and then built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled conditional and then built a
+system based on that and I'll just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system based on that and I'll just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system based on that and I'll just show
+you the results so they took a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the results so they took a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the results so they took a bunch of
+scientific American medicine cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific American medicine cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific American medicine cases and
+said what are the ranks assigned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what are the ranks assigned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what are the ranks assigned to the
+reference diagnoses of these 23 cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference diagnoses of these 23 cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference diagnoses of these 23 cases
+and you see that like in case number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that like in case number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that like in case number one
+qmr ranked the correct solution as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qmr ranked the correct solution as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qmr ranked the correct solution as
+number six but their two methods TB and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six but their two methods TB and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six but their two methods TB and
+iterative TB ranked it as number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative TB ranked it as number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative TB ranked it as number one and
+then these are attempts to do a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are attempts to do a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are attempts to do a kind of
+ablation analysis to see how well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablation analysis to see how well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablation analysis to see how well the
+program works if you take away various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program works if you take away various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program works if you take away various
+of its clever features but what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its clever features but what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its clever features but what you see
+is that it works reasonably well except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it works reasonably well except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it works reasonably well except
+for a few cases so case number 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all variants of the program did badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all variants of the program did badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all variants of the program did badly
+and then they excuse themselves and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they excuse themselves and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they excuse themselves and say
+well there's actually a generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's actually a generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's actually a generalization
+of the disease that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disease that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disease that was in the
+Scientific American medicine conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scientific American medicine conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scientific American medicine conclusion
+which the programs did find and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the programs did find and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the programs did find and and so
+that would have been number one across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been number one across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been number one across
+the board so they can sort of make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board so they can sort of make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board so they can sort of make a
+kind of hand wavy argument that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hand wavy argument that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hand wavy argument that it
+really got that one right and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got that one right and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really got that one right and so these
+were pretty good and so this validated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty good and so this validated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty good and so this validated
+the idea of using this model in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of using this model in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of using this model in that way
+now today you can go out and go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today you can go out and go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today you can go out and go to your
+favorite you know Google App Store or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite you know Google App Store or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite you know Google App Store or
+Apple's App Store or anybody's App Store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple's App Store or anybody's App Store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple's App Store or anybody's App Store
+and download tons and tons and tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and download tons and tons and tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and download tons and tons and tons of
+symptom checkers ok so I wanted to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom checkers ok so I wanted to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptom checkers ok so I wanted to give
+you a demo of one of these if if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a demo of one of these if if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a demo of one of these if if it
+works ok so I was playing earlier with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works ok so I was playing earlier with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works ok so I was playing earlier with
+having abdominal pain and headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having abdominal pain and headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having abdominal pain and headache
+so what let's start a new one so type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what let's start a new one so type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what let's start a new one so type in
+how you're feeling today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're feeling today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're feeling today
+should we have a cough or runny nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we have a cough or runny nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we have a cough or runny nose
+abdominal pain fever sore throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdominal pain fever sore throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abdominal pain fever sore throat
+headache back pain fatigue diarrhea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache back pain fatigue diarrhea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache back pain fatigue diarrhea or
+phlegm phlegm phlegm phlegm is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phlegm phlegm phlegm phlegm is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phlegm phlegm phlegm phlegm is the
+winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slum is like coughing up crap in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slum is like coughing up crap in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slum is like coughing up crap in your
+throat so tell me about your slum what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat so tell me about your slum what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat so tell me about your slum what
+when did it start last last week okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did it start last last week okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when did it start last last week okay I
+signed in as Paul because I didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed in as Paul because I didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed in as Paul because I didn't want
+to be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what was the phlegm bloody or pus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was the phlegm bloody or pus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was the phlegm bloody or pus
+like or watery or none of the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or watery or none of the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or watery or none of the above
+hmm none of the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm none of the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm none of the above
+so what was it like is it any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was it like is it any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was it like is it any of these
+colors I think I'll make it yellow next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it happen in the morning midday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it happen in the morning midday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it happen in the morning midday
+evening nighttime or a specific time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening nighttime or a specific time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening nighttime or a specific time of
+year and does lying down or physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and does lying down or physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and does lying down or physical
+activity make it worse physical activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how often is this a problem I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often is this a problem I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often is this a problem I don't know
+a couple times a week maybe did eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times a week maybe did eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple times a week maybe did eating
+suspect food trigger your phlegm I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect food trigger your phlegm I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect food trigger your phlegm I don't
+know I don't know what a suspect is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know what a suspect is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know what a suspect is yeah
+this is gonna kill most of my time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna kill most of my time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gonna kill most of my time it's
+is it improving sure it's improving can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it improving sure it's improving can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it improving sure it's improving can
+I think of another related symptom no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of another related symptom no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of another related symptom no
+I'm comparing your case to man aged 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comparing your case to man aged 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comparing your case to man aged 66
+to 72 number of similar cases gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 72 number of similar cases gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 72 number of similar cases gets more
+refined do I have shortness of breath no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined do I have shortness of breath no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined do I have shortness of breath no
+that's good all right do I have a runny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good all right do I have a runny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good all right do I have a runny
+nose yeah sure I have a runny nose it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose yeah sure I have a runny nose it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose yeah sure I have a runny nose it's
+it's I don't know watery runny nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'm gonna stop because it'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm gonna stop because it'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm gonna stop because it'll just
+take it it takes too long to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it it takes too long to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it it takes too long to go through
+this but you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you get the idea
+so what this is doing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is doing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this is doing is actually
+running an algorithm that is a cousin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an algorithm that is a cousin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running an algorithm that is a cousin of
+the acute renal failure algorithm that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acute renal failure algorithm that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acute renal failure algorithm that I
+showed you so it's trying to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you so it's trying to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you so it's trying to optimize
+the questions that it's asking and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that it's asking and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that it's asking and it's
+trying to come up with a diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with a diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with a diagnostic
+conclusion now in order not to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion now in order not to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion now in order not to get in
+trouble with things like the FDA it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with things like the FDA it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with things like the FDA it
+winds up wimping out at the end and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds up wimping out at the end and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds up wimping out at the end and it
+says you know if you're feeling really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know if you're feeling really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know if you're feeling really
+bad go see a doctor but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad go see a doctor but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad go see a doctor but nevertheless
+these kinds of things are now becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things are now becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things are now becoming
+real and they're getting better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and they're getting better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and they're getting better because
+they're based on more and more data yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I I can't get to the end because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I can't get to the end because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I can't get to the end because
+we're only at 36% yeah here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only at 36% yeah here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only at 36% yeah here all right so
+some somebody okay just don't bring my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somebody okay just don't bring my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somebody okay just don't bring my
+back account so the British Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back account so the British Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back account so the British Medical
+Journal did a test of a bunch of symptom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal did a test of a bunch of symptom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal did a test of a bunch of symptom
+checkers of 23 symptom checkers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers of 23 symptom checkers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers of 23 symptom checkers like
+this about four years ago and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about four years ago and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about four years ago and they said
+well can it on forty five standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can it on forty five standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can it on forty five standardized
+patient vignettes can it find at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient vignettes can it find at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient vignettes can it find at least
+the right level of urgency to recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right level of urgency to recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right level of urgency to recommend
+whether you should go to the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you should go to the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you should go to the emergency
+room get other kinds of care or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room get other kinds of care or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room get other kinds of care or just
+take care of yourself and then the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of yourself and then the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of yourself and then the goals
+were that if the diagnosis is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that if the diagnosis is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that if the diagnosis is given by
+the program it should be in the top 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program it should be in the top 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program it should be in the top 20
+of the list that it gives you and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list that it gives you and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list that it gives you and if
+triage is given then it should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage is given then it should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage is given then it should be the
+right level of urgency the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right level of urgency the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right level of urgency the correct
+diagnosis was first in 34 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis was first in 34 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis was first in 34 percent of the
+cases what was within the top 20 and 58
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what was within the top 20 and 58
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what was within the top 20 and 58
+percent of the cases and the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the cases and the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the cases and the correct
+triage was 57 57 percent accurate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage was 57 57 percent accurate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triage was 57 57 percent accurate but
+was more accurate in the emergent cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more accurate in the emergent cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more accurate in the emergent cases
+which is good because those are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good because those are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good because those are the ones
+where you really care so we have okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you really care so we have okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you really care so we have okay so
+based on what what he said about me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what what he said about me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what what he said about me I
+have an upper respiratory infection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an upper respiratory infection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an upper respiratory infection with
+fifty percent likelihood and I can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent likelihood and I can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty percent likelihood and I can ask
+you know what to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+watch for symptoms like sore throat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for symptoms like sore throat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for symptoms like sore throat and
+fever physicians often perform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fever physicians often perform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fever physicians often perform a
+physical exam explore other treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical exam explore other treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical exam explore other treatment
+options and recovery for most cases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and recovery for most cases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and recovery for most cases like
+this is a matter of days to weeks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matter of days to weeks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matter of days to weeks okay
+and I can go back and say alright I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can go back and say alright I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can go back and say alright I
+might have the flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have the flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have the flu
+or I might have allergic rhinitis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I might have allergic rhinitis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I might have allergic rhinitis so
+that's actually reasonable you I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually reasonable you I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually reasonable you I I don't
+know exactly what you put in about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what you put in about me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what you put in about me
+but what is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I don't know what the left less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know what the left less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know what the left less
+than 50 is supposed to mean oh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50 is supposed to mean oh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 50 is supposed to mean oh so that
+this is based on a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is based on a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is based on a small number of
+patients so what happens of course is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so what happens of course is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so what happens of course is as
+as you slice and dice the population it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you slice and dice the population it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you slice and dice the population it
+gets smaller and smaller so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and smaller so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and smaller so that that's
+what we're seeing okay thank you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so two more topics I'm going to rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two more topics I'm going to rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two more topics I'm going to rush
+through one is that as I mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one is that as I mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one is that as I mentioned in
+one of the much earlier slides every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the much earlier slides every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the much earlier slides every
+action has a cost it at least takes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action has a cost it at least takes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action has a cost it at least takes time
+and sometimes it induces potentially bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it induces potentially bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it induces potentially bad
+things to happen to a patient and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen to a patient and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen to a patient and so
+people began studying a long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began studying a long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began studying a long time ago
+what does it mean to be rational under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to be rational under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to be rational under
+resource constraints rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraints rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraints rather than
+rational just in this Homo economicus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational just in this Homo economicus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational just in this Homo economicus
+model and so Eric Horvitz who's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so Eric Horvitz who's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so Eric Horvitz who's now a
+big big cheese guy he said of Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big cheese guy he said of Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big big cheese guy he said of Microsoft
+Research but used to be just a lowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research but used to be just a lowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research but used to be just a lowly
+graduate student at Stanford when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student at Stanford when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student at Stanford when when
+he started doing this work said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started doing this work said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he started doing this work said well
+utility comes not only from what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility comes not only from what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility comes not only from what happens
+to the patient but also from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient but also from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the patient but also from the
+reasoning process from the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning process from the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning process from the computational
+process itself and so consider you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself and so consider you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process itself and so consider you guys
+watch MacGyver this is way out of date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch MacGyver this is way out of date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch MacGyver this is way out of date
+so you know if if MacGyver is defusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if if MacGyver is defusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if if MacGyver is defusing
+some bomb that's ticking down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bomb that's ticking down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bomb that's ticking down to zero
+and he runs out of time then his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he runs out of time then his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he runs out of time then his
+utilities take a very sharp drop at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities take a very sharp drop at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities take a very sharp drop at that
+point so that's what this this work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's what this this work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so that's what this this work is
+really about saying well what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about saying well what can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about saying well what can we do
+when we don't have all the time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't have all the time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't have all the time in the
+world to do the computation as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do the computation as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do the computation as well as
+having to try to maximize utility to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to try to maximize utility to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to try to maximize utility to the
+patient and Daniel Kahneman who won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and Daniel Kahneman who won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and Daniel Kahneman who won the
+Nobel Prize a few years ago in economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize a few years ago in economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize a few years ago in economics
+for this notion of bounded rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this notion of bounded rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this notion of bounded rationality
+that says that the way we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that the way we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that the way we would like to
+be rational is not actually the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rational is not actually the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rational is not actually the way we
+behave and he wrote this popular book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and he wrote this popular book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and he wrote this popular book
+that that I really like called Thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I really like called Thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I really like called Thinking
+Fast and Slow that says that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast and Slow that says that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fast and Slow that says that if you're
+trying to figure out which house to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out which house to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out which house to buy
+you have a lot of time to do it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of time to do it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of time to do it and so
+you can deliberate and list all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deliberate and list all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deliberate and list all the
+advantages and disadvantages and costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages and costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages and costs
+and so on of different houses and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on of different houses and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on of different houses and take
+your time making a decision okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time making a decision okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time making a decision okay if you
+see a car barreling toward you as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a car barreling toward you as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a car barreling toward you as you're
+crossing in a crosswalk you don't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing in a crosswalk you don't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing in a crosswalk you don't stop
+and say well let me figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well let me figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well let me figure out the
+pluses and minuses of moving to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses and minuses of moving to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses and minuses of moving to the left
+or moving to the right right because by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or moving to the right right because by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or moving to the right right because by
+the time you figure it out you're dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you figure it out you're dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you figure it out you're dead
+and so so he claims that human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he claims that human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he claims that human beings
+have evolved in a way where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved in a way where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have evolved in a way where we have a
+kind of instinctual very fast response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of instinctual very fast response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of instinctual very fast response
+and that the deliberative process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the deliberative process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the deliberative process is
+only invoked relatively rarely now he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only invoked relatively rarely now he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only invoked relatively rarely now he
+bemoans this fact because he claims that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bemoans this fact because he claims that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bemoans this fact because he claims that
+people make too many decisions that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make too many decisions that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make too many decisions that they
+ought to be deliberative about based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be deliberative about based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to be deliberative about based on
+these sort of gut instincts for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of gut instincts for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of gut instincts for example
+our current president but never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current president but never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current president but never mind
+so what what Eric and his colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what Eric and his colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what Eric and his colleagues
+were doing was was trying really to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was was trying really to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing was was trying really to look
+at how this kind of meta level reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how this kind of meta level reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how this kind of meta level reasoning
+about how much reasoning and what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much reasoning and what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much reasoning and what kind
+of reasoning is worth doing plays into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning is worth doing plays into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reasoning is worth doing plays into
+the decision-making process so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision-making process so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision-making process so the
+expected value of computation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of computation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of computation as a
+fundamental component of reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component of reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component of reflection
+about alternative inference strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about alternative inference strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about alternative inference strategies
+so for example I mentioned that qmr had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example I mentioned that qmr had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example I mentioned that qmr had
+these alternative questioning methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alternative questioning methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alternative questioning methods
+depending on the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the length of the
+differential that it was working on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential that it was working on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential that it was working on so
+that's an example of a kind of meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a kind of meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a kind of meta
+level reasoning that says that it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level reasoning that says that it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level reasoning that says that it may be
+more if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if
+if to do one kind of question asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if to do one kind of question asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if to do one kind of question asking
+strategy than another the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy than another the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy than another the degree of
+refinement people talk about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement people talk about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement people talk about things like
+just-in-time algorithms were if you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just-in-time algorithms were if you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just-in-time algorithms were if you run
+out of time to think more deliberatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time to think more deliberatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time to think more deliberatively
+you can just take the best answer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just take the best answer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just take the best answer that's
+available to you now and so taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you now and so taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you now and so taking the
+value of information the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of information the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of information the value of
+computation and the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and the value of
+experimentation into account in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation into account in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation into account in doing
+this meta level reasoning is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meta level reasoning is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meta level reasoning is important
+to come up with the most effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with the most effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with the most effective
+strategies so he he gives an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so he he gives an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so he he gives an example of
+a time pressure decision problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time pressure decision problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time pressure decision problem where
+you have a patient 75 year old woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a patient 75 year old woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a patient 75 year old woman in
+the ICU and she developed sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ICU and she developed sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ICU and she developed sudden
+breathing difficulties okay so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing difficulties okay so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing difficulties okay so what do
+you do well it's a challenge right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do well it's a challenge right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do well it's a challenge right you
+could be very deliberative but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very deliberative but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very deliberative but the
+problem is that she may die because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that she may die because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that she may die because
+she's not breathing well or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not breathing well or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not breathing well or you could
+impulsively say well let's put her on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulsively say well let's put her on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulsively say well let's put her on a
+mechanical ventilator because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ventilator because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical ventilator because we know
+that that will prevent her from dying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will prevent her from dying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will prevent her from dying in
+the short-term but that may be the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-term but that may be the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-term but that may be the wrong
+decision because that has bad side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision because that has bad side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision because that has bad side
+effects right you know she may get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right you know she may get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects right you know she may get an
+infection get pneumonia and die that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection get pneumonia and die that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection get pneumonia and die that way
+and you certainly don't want to subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you certainly don't want to subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you certainly don't want to subject
+her to that risk if if she didn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to that risk if if she didn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to that risk if if she didn't need
+to take that risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that risk
+right so they designed a an architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they designed a an architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they designed a an architecture
+that says well this is the decision that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well this is the decision that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well this is the decision that
+you're trying to make which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to make which they're
+modeling by an influence diagram so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling by an influence diagram so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling by an influence diagram so this
+is a Bayesian network with the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Bayesian network with the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Bayesian network with the addition
+of decision nodes and value nodes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decision nodes and value nodes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decision nodes and value nodes but
+you use Bayesian network techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use Bayesian network techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use Bayesian network techniques to
+calculate optimal decisions here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate optimal decisions here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate optimal decisions here and
+then this is kind of the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is kind of the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is kind of the background
+knowledge of what we understand about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of what we understand about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of what we understand about
+the relationships among different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationships among different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationships among different things
+in the intensive care unit and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intensive care unit and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the intensive care unit and this is a
+representation of the meta reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the meta reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the meta reasoning
+that says you know which utility model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you know which utility model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you know which utility model
+should we use which reasoning technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we use which reasoning technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we use which reasoning technique
+should we use and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we use and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we use and so on
+they built an architecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built an architecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built an architecture that
+integrates these various approaches okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates these various approaches okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates these various approaches okay
+and then in my last two minutes I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in my last two minutes I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in my last two minutes I just
+want to tell you about an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to tell you about an interesting
+this is a modern view not historical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a modern view not historical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a modern view not historical so
+this was a paper presented at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a paper presented at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a paper presented at the last
+Naropa meeting which said you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naropa meeting which said you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naropa meeting which said you know the
+kind of problems that we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problems that we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of problems that we've been talking
+about like the acute renal failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the acute renal failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the acute renal failure
+problem or like any of these others we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or like any of these others we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or like any of these others we
+can reformulate this as a reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reformulate this as a reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reformulate this as a reinforcement
+learning problem so the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem so the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem so the idea is that if
+you treat all activities including you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat all activities including you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you treat all activities including you
+know putting somebody on a ventilator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting somebody on a ventilator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting somebody on a ventilator or
+concluding a diagnostic conclusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding a diagnostic conclusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding a diagnostic conclusion or
+asking a question or any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a question or any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a question or any of the other
+things that we've contemplated if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've contemplated if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've contemplated if you
+treat those all in a uniform way and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat those all in a uniform way and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat those all in a uniform way and see
+it say these are actions we then model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say these are actions we then model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say these are actions we then model
+the universe as a Markov decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe as a Markov decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe as a Markov decision
+process where every time that you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where every time that you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where every time that you take
+one of these actions it changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these actions it changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these actions it changes the
+state of the patient or the state of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the patient or the state of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the patient or the state of our
+knowledge about the patient and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about the patient and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about the patient and then you
+do reinforcement learning to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reinforcement learning to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reinforcement learning to figure out
+what is the optimal policy to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the optimal policy to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the optimal policy to apply
+under all possible states in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all possible states in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all possible states in order to
+maximize the expected outcome right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the expected outcome right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the expected outcome right so
+that's exactly the approach that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the approach that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the approach that they're
+taking it's the state space is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it's the state space is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it's the state space is the set
+of positive and negative findings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive and negative findings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive and negative findings the
+action space is to ask about a finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action space is to ask about a finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action space is to ask about a finding
+or concluded diagnosis the reward is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or concluded diagnosis the reward is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or concluded diagnosis the reward is the
+correct or incorrect single diagnosis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or incorrect single diagnosis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or incorrect single diagnosis so
+once you reach a diagnosis the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you reach a diagnosis the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you reach a diagnosis the process
+stops and you get your reward it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and you get your reward it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and you get your reward it's
+finite horizon because they impose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite horizon because they impose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite horizon because they impose a
+limit on the number of questions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on the number of questions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on the number of questions if you
+don't get an answer by then you lose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an answer by then you lose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an answer by then you lose you
+get a minus one reward there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus one reward there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus one reward there's a
+discount factor so that the further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor so that the further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor so that the further away
+a reward is the less value it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reward is the less value it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reward is the less value it has to
+you at any point which encourages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at any point which encourages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at any point which encourages
+shorter question sequences and they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter question sequences and they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter question sequences and they use
+a pretty standard Q learning framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty standard Q learning framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty standard Q learning framework
+or at least a modern Q learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least a modern Q learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least a modern Q learning
+framework using a double deep neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework using a double deep neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework using a double deep neural
+network strategy and then there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network strategy and then there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network strategy and then there are two
+pieces of magic sauce that make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of magic sauce that make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of magic sauce that make this
+work better and one of them is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better and one of them is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work better and one of them is that they
+want to encourage asking questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage asking questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage asking questions that
+are likely to have positive answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to have positive answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to have positive answers
+rather than negative answers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than negative answers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than negative answers and the
+reason is because in their world there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because in their world there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because in their world there
+are hundreds and hundreds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hundreds and hundreds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hundreds and hundreds of questions
+and of course most patients don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course most patients don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course most patients don't have
+most of those findings and so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those findings and so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those findings and so you don't
+want to ask a whole bunch of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask a whole bunch of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask a whole bunch of questions
+to which the answer is no no no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the answer is no no no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the answer is no no no no no
+because that doesn't give you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't give you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't give you very much
+guidance you want to ask questions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance you want to ask questions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance you want to ask questions where
+the answer is yes because that helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes because that helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is yes because that helps you
+clue in on what's really going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue in on what's really going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue in on what's really going on so
+they actually have a nice proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have a nice proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have a nice proof that
+they do this thing they call reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this thing they call reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this thing they call reward
+shaping which basically adds some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping which basically adds some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping which basically adds some
+incremental reward for asking questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental reward for asking questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental reward for asking questions
+that will have a positive answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have a positive answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have a positive answer but
+that they can prove that an optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can prove that an optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can prove that an optimal
+policy learned from that reward function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy learned from that reward function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy learned from that reward function
+is also optimal for the reward function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also optimal for the reward function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also optimal for the reward function
+that would not include it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not include it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not include it right so
+that's kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of cool
+and then the other thing they do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing they do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing they do is to
+try to identify a reduced space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to identify a reduced space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to identify a reduced space of
+findings by what they call feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings by what they call feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings by what they call feature
+rebuilding and this is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding and this is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuilding and this is essentially a
+dimension reduction technique where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension reduction technique where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension reduction technique where
+their code training in this dual network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code training in this dual network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code training in this dual network
+architecture their code training the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture their code training the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture their code training the
+policy model that's you know - of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy model that's you know - of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy model that's you know - of course
+the neural network model this being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural network model this being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural network model this being the
+2010s and so they're generating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010s and so they're generating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010s and so they're generating a
+sequence a deep layered set of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a deep layered set of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a deep layered set of neural
+networks that generate an output which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that generate an output which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that generate an output which
+is the EM questions and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the EM questions and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the EM questions and the end
+conclusions that can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions that can be made
+and I think it does the softmax over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it does the softmax over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it does the softmax over
+these to come up with the right policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to come up with the right policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to come up with the right policy
+for any particular situation but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any particular situation but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any particular situation but at the
+same time they co train it in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time they co train it in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time they co train it in order to
+predict a number of menem's from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a number of menem's from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a number of menem's from what
+they've observed before so it's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've observed before so it's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've observed before so it's using
+its learning a probabilistic model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its learning a probabilistic model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its learning a probabilistic model that
+says if you've answered the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you've answered the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you've answered the following
+questions in the following ways here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the following ways here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the following ways here are
+the likely answers that you would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likely answers that you would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likely answers that you would give
+to the remaining manifestations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the remaining manifestations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the remaining manifestations and the
+reason they can do that of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they can do that of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they can do that of course is
+because they really are not independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really are not independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really are not independent
+they they're very often Kovarian and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're very often Kovarian and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're very often Kovarian and so
+they learn that covariance and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn that covariance and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn that covariance and therefore
+can predict which answers are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict which answers are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict which answers are going to
+get yes answers which questions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yes answers which questions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yes answers which questions we're
+going to get yes answers and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get yes answers and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get yes answers and therefore
+they can bias the learning toward doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bias the learning toward doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can bias the learning toward doing
+that so last slide so this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so last slide so this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so last slide so this system is
+called refuel it's been tested on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called refuel it's been tested on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called refuel it's been tested on a
+simulated data set of 650 diseases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated data set of 650 diseases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated data set of 650 diseases and
+375 symptoms and what they show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 symptoms and what they show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 symptoms and what they show is that
+the the red line is their algorithm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the red line is their algorithm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the red line is their algorithm the
+yellow line uses only this reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow line uses only this reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow line uses only this reward
+reshaping and the blue line is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping and the blue line is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshaping and the blue line is just a
+straight reinforcement learning approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight reinforcement learning approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight reinforcement learning approach
+and you can see that they're doing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that they're doing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that they're doing much
+much better after many fewer epochs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better after many fewer epochs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better after many fewer epochs of
+training in doing this now take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in doing this now take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training in doing this now take this
+with a grain of salt this is all fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt this is all fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a grain of salt this is all fake
+data right so they didn't have real data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right so they didn't have real data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right so they didn't have real data
+sets to test this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets to test this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets to test this on
+they got statistics on what diseases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got statistics on what diseases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got statistics on what diseases are
+common and what symptoms are common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and what symptoms are common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and what symptoms are common in
+those diseases and then they generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diseases and then they generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those diseases and then they generate
+they had a generative model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a generative model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a generative model that
+generated this fake data and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated this fake data and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated this fake data and then they
+learned from that generative model so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from that generative model so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from that generative model so of
+course it would be really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it would be really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it would be really important to
+redo the study with real data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the study with real data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the study with real data but
+they've not done that and this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've not done that and this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've not done that and this was just
+published a few months ago so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a few months ago so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a few months ago so that's
+sort of where we are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where we are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of where we are at the
+in diagnosis and in differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagnosis and in differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagnosis and in differential
+diagnosis and I wanted to start by sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis and I wanted to start by sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis and I wanted to start by sort
+of introducing these ideas and a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing these ideas and a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of introducing these ideas and a kind of
+historical framework but it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical framework but it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical framework but it means that
+there are a tremendous number of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a tremendous number of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a tremendous number of papers
+as you can imagine that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine that have been
+written since the 1990s and 80s that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written since the 1990s and 80s that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written since the 1990s and 80s that I
+was showing you that are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you that are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was showing you that are essentially
+elaborations on the same themes and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations on the same themes and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations on the same themes and it's
+only in the past decade of the advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the past decade of the advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the past decade of the advent of
+these neural network models that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neural network models that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neural network models that people
+have changed strategy so that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed strategy so that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed strategy so that instead of
+learning explicit probabilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning explicit probabilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning explicit probabilities for
+example like you do in a Bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like you do in a Bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like you do in a Bayesian
+network you just say well this is Mir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you just say well this is Mir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you just say well this is Mir
+this is simply a prediction task and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply a prediction task and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply a prediction task and so
+will predict the way we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will predict the way we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will predict the way we predict
+everything else with neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else with neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else with neural network
+models which is we build a CNN or an RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which is we build a CNN or an RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which is we build a CNN or an RN
+or some combination of things or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some combination of things or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some combination of things or some
+attention model or some something and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention model or some something and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention model or some something and we
+throw that at it and it does typically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that at it and it does typically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw that at it and it does typically a
+slightly better job than any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better job than any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better job than any of the
+previous learning methods that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous learning methods that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous learning methods that we've
+used typically but not always okay peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WCb-_SRDzKE.txt b/WCb-_SRDzKE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ac64201f9ed367b9e4cbe0b0c3fe2d95bbc4a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WCb-_SRDzKE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi my name is ian and i will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is ian and i will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is ian and i will be
+presenting in recitation for this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting in recitation for this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting in recitation for this week
+we will be discussing regression trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be discussing regression trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be discussing regression trees
+and applying them to house price data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying them to house price data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying them to house price data
+from boston we'll also consider some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boston we'll also consider some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from boston we'll also consider some
+alternative visualizations of both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative visualizations of both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative visualizations of both a
+model and our data so let's get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X21cKVtGvYk.txt b/X21cKVtGvYk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3a289d6bc7f3b776b8db2d0a4f0537e0a6493ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X21cKVtGvYk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1960 @@
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, Hal just told
+us how you build robust
+
+systems. The key idea was--
+
+I'm sure that many of you don't
+really assimilate that
+
+yet-- but the key idea is that
+in order to make a system
+
+that's robust, it has to be
+insensitive to small changes,
+
+that is, a small change in the
+problem should lead to only a
+
+small change in the solution.
+
+There ought to be
+a continuity.
+
+The space of solutions ought to
+be continuous in this space
+
+of problems.
+
+The way he was explaining how
+to do that was instead of
+
+solving a particular problem
+at every level of
+
+decomposition of the problem at
+the subproblems, where you
+
+solve the class of problems,
+which are a neighborhood of
+
+the particular problem that
+you're trying to solve.
+
+The way you do that is by
+producing a language at that
+
+level of detail in which the
+solutions to that class of
+
+problems is representable
+in that language.
+
+Therefore when you makes more
+changes to the problem you're
+
+trying to solve, you generally
+have to make only small local
+
+changes to the solution you've
+constructed, because at the
+
+level of detail you're working,
+there's a language
+
+where you can express the
+various solutions to alternate
+
+problems of the same type.
+
+Well that's the beginning of a
+very important idea, the most
+
+important perhaps idea that
+makes computer science more
+
+powerful than most of the other
+kinds of engineering
+
+disciplines we know about.
+
+What we've seen so far
+is sort of how to use
+
+embedding of languages.
+
+And, of course, the power of
+embedding languages partly
+
+comes from procedures
+like this one that
+
+I showed you yesterday.
+
+What you see here is the
+derivative program that we
+
+described yesterday.
+
+It's a procedure that takes a
+procedure as an argument and
+
+returns a procedure
+as a value.
+
+And using such things
+is very nice.
+
+You can make things like push
+combinators and all that sort
+
+of wonderful thing that
+you saw last time.
+
+However, now I'm going to
+really muddy the waters.
+
+See this confuses the issue of
+what's the procedure and what
+
+is data, but not very badly.
+
+What we really want to do is
+confuse it very badly.
+
+And the best way to do that is
+to get involved with the
+
+manipulation of the algebraic
+expressions that the
+
+procedures themselves
+are expressed in.
+
+So at this point, I want to talk
+about instead of things
+
+like on this slide, the
+derivative procedure being a
+
+thing that manipulates
+a procedure--
+
+this is a numerical method
+you see here.
+
+And what you're seeing is
+a representation of the
+
+numerical approximation
+to the derivative.
+
+That's what's here.
+
+In fact what I'd like to talk
+about is instead things that
+
+look like this.
+
+And what we have here are rules
+from a calculus book.
+
+These are rules for finding
+the derivatives of the
+
+expressions that one
+might write in
+
+some algebraic language.
+
+It says things like a derivative
+of a constant is 0.
+
+The derivative of the valuable
+with respect to which you are
+
+taking the derivative is 1.
+
+The derivative of a constant
+times the function is the
+
+constant times the derivative
+of the function,
+
+and things like that.
+
+These are exact expressions.
+
+These are not numerical
+approximations.
+
+Can we make programs?
+
+And, in fact, it's very easy
+to make programs that
+
+manipulate these expressions.
+
+Well let's see.
+
+Let's look at these rules
+in some detail.
+
+You all have seen these rules
+in your elementary calculus
+
+class at one time or another.
+
+And you know from calculus
+that it's easy to produce
+
+derivatives of arbitrary
+expressions.
+
+You also know from your
+elementary calculus that it's
+
+hard to produce integrals.
+
+Yet integrals and derivatives
+are opposites of each other.
+
+They're inverse operations.
+
+And they have the same rules.
+
+What is special about these
+rules that makes it possible
+
+for one to produce derivatives
+easily and
+
+integrals why it's so hard?
+
+Let's think about that
+very simply.
+
+Look at these rules.
+
+Every one of these rules, when
+used in the direction for
+
+taking derivatives, which is
+in the direction of this
+
+arrow, the left side is
+matched against your
+
+expression, and the right side
+is the thing which is the
+
+derivative of that expression.
+
+The arrow is going that way.
+
+In each of these rules, the
+expressions on the right-hand
+
+side of the rule that are
+contained within derivatives
+
+are subexpressions, are proper
+subexpressions, of the
+
+expression on the
+left-hand side.
+
+So here we see the derivative
+of the sum, with is the
+
+expression on the left-hand
+side is the sum of the
+
+derivatives of the pieces.
+
+So the rule of moving to the
+right are reduction rules.
+
+The problem becomes easier.
+
+I turn a big complicated problem
+it's lots of smaller
+
+problems and then combine the
+results, a perfect place for
+
+recursion to work.
+
+If I'm going in the other
+direction like this, if I'm
+
+trying to produce integrals,
+well there are several
+
+problems you see here.
+
+First of all, if I try to
+integrate an expression like a
+
+sum, more than one
+rule matches.
+
+Here's one that matches.
+
+Here's one that matches.
+
+I don't know which
+one to take.
+
+And they may be different.
+
+I may get to explore
+different things.
+
+Also, the expressions become
+larger in that direction.
+
+And when the expressions become
+larger, then there's no
+
+guarantee that any particular
+path I choose will terminate,
+
+because we will only terminate
+by accidental cancellation.
+
+So that's why integrals
+are complicated
+
+searches and hard to do.
+
+Right now I don't want to do
+anything as hard as that.
+
+Let's work on derivatives
+for a while.
+
+Well, these roles are
+ones you know for
+
+the most part hopefully.
+
+So let's see if we can write a
+program which is these rules.
+
+And that should be very easy.
+
+Just write the program.
+
+See, because while I showed you
+is that it's a reduction
+
+rule, it's something appropriate
+for a recursion.
+
+And, of course, what we have for
+each of these rules is we
+
+have a case in some
+case analysis.
+
+So I'm just going to write
+this program down.
+
+Now, of course, I'm going to be
+saying something you have
+
+to believe.
+
+Right?
+
+What you have to believe is I
+can represent these algebraic
+
+expressions, that I can grab
+their parts, that I can put
+
+them together.
+
+We've invented list structures
+so that you can do that.
+
+But you don't want to worry
+about that now.
+
+Right now I'm going to write the
+program that encapsulates
+
+these rules independent of
+the representation of the
+
+algebraic expressions.
+
+You have a derivative of
+an expression with
+
+respect to a variable.
+
+This is a different
+thing than the
+
+derivative of the function.
+
+That's what we saw last time,
+that numerical approximation.
+
+It's something you can't
+open up a function.
+
+It's just the answers.
+
+The derivative of
+an expression is
+
+the way it's written.
+
+And therefore it's a syntactic
+phenomenon.
+
+And so a lot of what we're going
+to be doing today is
+
+worrying about syntax,
+syntax of expressions
+
+and things like that.
+
+Well, there's a case analysis.
+
+Anytime we do anything
+complicated thereby a
+
+recursion, we presumably
+need a case analysis.
+
+It's the essential
+way to begin.
+
+And that's usually
+a conditional
+
+of some large kind.
+
+Well, what are their
+possibilities?
+
+the first rule that you saw is
+this something a constant?
+
+And what I'm asking is, is the
+expression a constant with
+
+respect to the variable given?
+
+If so, the result is 0,
+because the derivative
+
+represents the rate of
+change of something.
+
+If, however, the expression that
+I'm taking the derivative
+
+of is the variable I'm varying,
+then this is the same
+
+variable, the expression var,
+then the rate of change of the
+
+expression with respect
+to the variable is 1.
+
+It's the same 1.
+
+Well now there are a couple
+of other possibilities.
+
+It could, for example,
+be a sum.
+
+Well, I don't know how I'm going
+to express sums yet.
+
+Actually I do.
+
+But I haven't told you yet.
+
+But is it a sum?
+
+I'm imagining that there's
+some way of telling.
+
+I'm doing a dispatch on the type
+of the expression here,
+
+absolutely essential in
+building languages.
+
+Languages are made out of
+different expressions.
+
+And soon we're going to see
+that in our more powerful
+
+methods of building languages
+on languages.
+
+Is an expression a sum?
+
+If it's a sum, well, we know the
+rule for derivative of the
+
+sum is the sum of the
+derivatives of the parts.
+
+One of them is called
+the addend and the
+
+other is the augend.
+
+But I don't have enough space
+on the blackboard
+
+to such long names.
+
+So I'll call them A1 and A2.
+
+I want to make a sum.
+
+Do you remember which is the sum
+for end or the menu end?
+
+Or was it the dividend
+and the divisor or
+
+something like that?
+
+Make sum of the derivative
+of the A1, I'll call it.
+
+It's the addend of the
+expression with respect to the
+
+variable, and the derivative of
+the A2 of the expression,
+
+because the two arguments,
+the addition with
+
+respect to the variable.
+
+And another rule that we know is
+product rule, which is, if
+
+the expression is a product.
+
+By the way, it's a good idea
+when you're defining things,
+
+when you're defining predicates,
+to give them a
+
+name that ends in
+a question mark.
+
+This question mark doesn't
+mean anything.
+
+It's for us as an agreement.
+
+It's a conventional interface
+between humans so you can read
+
+my programs more easily.
+
+So I want you to, when you write
+programs, if you define
+
+a predicate procedure, that's
+something that rings true of
+
+false, it should have a name
+which ends in question mark.
+
+The list doesn't care.
+
+I care.
+
+I want to make a sum.
+
+Because the derivative of a
+product is the sum of the
+
+first times the derivative of
+the second plus the second
+
+times the derivative of the
+first. Make a sum of two
+
+things, a product of, well, I'm
+going to say the M1 of the
+
+expression, and the derivative
+of the M2 of the expression
+
+with respect to the variable,
+and the product of the
+
+derivative of M1, the multiplier
+of the expression,
+
+with respect to the variable.
+
+It's the product of that and the
+multiplicand, M2, of the
+
+expression.
+
+Make that product.
+
+Make the sum.
+
+Close that case.
+
+And, of course, I could add as
+many cases as I like here for
+
+a complete set of rules you
+might find in a calculus book.
+
+So this is what it takes to
+encapsulate those rules.
+
+And you see, you have to realize
+there's a lot of
+
+wishful thinking here.
+
+I haven't told you anything
+about how I'm going to make
+
+these representations.
+
+Now, once I've decided that
+this is my set of rules, I
+
+think it's time to play with
+the representation.
+
+Let's attack that/
+
+Well, first of all, I'm
+going to play a pun.
+
+It's an important pun.
+
+It's a key to a sort
+of powerful idea.
+
+If I want to represent sums, and
+products, and differences,
+
+and quotients, and things like
+that, why not use the same
+
+language as I'm writing
+my program in?
+
+I write my program in algebraic
+expressions that
+
+look like the sum of the product
+on a and the product
+
+of x and x, and things
+like that.
+
+And the product of b and x and
+c, whatever, make that a sum
+
+of the product.
+
+Right now I don't want to have
+procedures with unknown
+
+numbers of arguments, a product
+of b and x and c.
+
+This is list structure.
+
+And the reason why this is nice,
+is because any one of
+
+these objects has a property.
+
+I know where the car is.
+
+The car is the operator.
+
+And the operands are the
+successive cdrs the successive
+
+cars of the cdrs of the
+list that this is.
+
+It makes it very convenient.
+
+I have to parse it.
+
+It's been done for me.
+
+I'm using the embedding
+and Lisp to advantage.
+
+So, for example, let's start
+using list structure to write
+
+down the representation that I'm
+implicitly assuming here.
+
+Well I have to define various
+things that are implied in
+
+this representation.
+
+Like I have to find out
+how to do a constant,
+
+how you do same variable.
+
+Let's do those first. That's
+pretty easy enough.
+
+Now I'm going to be introducing
+lots of primitives
+
+here, because these are
+the primitives that
+
+come with list structure.
+
+OK, you define a constant.
+
+And what I mean by a constant,
+an expression that's constant
+
+with respect to a veritable,
+is that the expression is
+
+something simple.
+
+I can't take it into
+pieces, and yet
+
+it isn't that variable.
+
+I can't break it up, and yet
+it isn't that variable.
+
+That does not mean that there
+may be other expressions that
+
+are more complicated
+that are constants.
+
+It's just that I'm going to
+look at the primitive
+
+constants in this way.
+
+So what this is, is it says
+that's it's the and.
+
+I can combine predicate
+expressions which return true
+
+or false with and.
+
+Something atomic, The expression
+is atomic, meaning
+
+it cannot be broken
+into parts.
+
+It doesn't have a car and a cdr.
+It's not a list. It adds
+
+a special test built
+into the system.
+
+And it's not identically
+equal to that variable.
+
+I'm representing my variable
+by things that are symbols
+
+which cannot be broken into
+pieces, things like x, and y,
+
+things like this.
+
+Whereas, of course, something
+like this can be broken up
+
+into pieces.
+
+And the same variable of an
+expression with respect to a
+
+variable is, in fact, an
+atomic expression.
+
+I want to have an atomic
+
+expression, which is identical.
+
+I don't want to look inside
+this stuff anymore.
+
+These are primitive maybe.
+
+But it doesn't matter.
+
+I'm using things that are given
+to me with a language.
+
+I'm not terribly interest
+in them
+
+Now how do we deal with sums?
+
+Ah, something very interesting
+will happen.
+
+A sum is something which is not
+atomic and begins with the
+
+plus symbol.
+
+That's what it means.
+
+So here, I will define.
+
+An question is a sum if and it's
+not atomic and it's head,
+
+it's beginning, its car of the
+expression is the symbol plus.
+
+Now you're about to see
+something you haven't seen
+
+before, this quotation.
+
+Why do I have that
+quotation there?
+
+Say your name,
+
+AUDIENCE: Susanna.
+
+PROFESSOR: Louder.
+
+AUDIENCE: Susanna
+
+PROFESSOR: Say your name.
+
+AUDIENCE: Your name.
+
+PROFESSOR: Louder.
+
+AUDIENCE: Your name.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What I'm showing you here
+is that the words
+
+of English are ambiguous.
+
+I was saying, say your name.
+
+I was also possibly saying
+say, your name.
+
+But that cannot be distinguished
+in speech.
+
+However, we do have a notation
+in writing, which is quotation
+
+for distinguishing these
+two possible meanings.
+
+In particular, over here, in
+Lisp we have a notation for
+
+distinguishing these meetings.
+
+If I were to just write a plus
+here, a plus symbol, I would
+
+be asking, is the first element
+of the expression, is
+
+the operator position
+of the expression,
+
+the addition operator?
+
+I don't know.
+
+I would have to have written the
+addition operator there,
+
+which I can't write.
+
+However, this way I'm asking,
+is this the symbolic object
+
+plus, which normally stands
+for the addition operator?
+
+That's what I want.
+
+That's the question
+I want to ask.
+
+Now before I go any further,
+I want to point out the
+
+quotation is a very complex
+concept, and adding it to a
+
+language causes a great
+deal of troubles.
+
+Consider the next slide.
+
+Here's a deduction which we
+should all agree with.
+
+We have, Alyssa is smart and
+Alyssa is George's mother.
+
+This is an equality, is.
+
+From those two, we can deduce
+that George's mother is smart.
+
+Because we can always substitute
+equals for equals
+
+in expressions.
+
+Or can we?
+
+Here's a case where we have
+"Chicago" has seven letters.
+
+The quotation means that I'm
+discussing the word Chicago,
+
+not what the word represents.
+
+Here I have that Chicago is the
+biggest city in Illinois.
+
+As a consequence of this, I
+would like to deduce that the
+
+biggest city in Illinois
+has seven letters.
+
+But that's manifestly false.
+
+Wow, it works.
+
+OK, so once we have things like
+that, our language gets
+
+much more complicated.
+
+Because it's no longer true that
+things we tend to like to
+
+do with languages, like
+substituting equals for equals
+
+and getting right answers, are
+going to work without being
+
+very careful.
+
+We can't substitute into what's
+called referentially
+
+opaque contexts, of which a
+quotation is the prototypical
+
+type of referentially
+opaque context.
+
+If you know what that means, you
+can consult a philosopher.
+
+Presumably there is
+one in the room.
+
+In any case, let's continue now,
+now that we at least have
+
+an operational understanding of
+a 2000-year-old issue that
+
+has to do with name, and
+mention, and all sorts of
+
+things like that.
+
+I have to define what I mean,
+how to make a sum of two
+
+things, an a1 and a2.
+
+And I'm going to do
+this very simply.
+
+It's a list of the symbol
+plus, and a1, and a2.
+
+And I can determine
+the first element.
+
+Define a1 to be cadr. I've just
+
+introduced another primitive.
+
+This is the car of the
+cdr of something.
+
+You might want to know why car
+and cdr are names of these
+
+primitives, and why they've
+survived, even though they're
+
+much better ideas like
+left and right.
+
+We could have called them
+things like that.
+
+Well, first of all, the names
+come from the fact that in the
+
+great past, when Lisp was
+invented, I suppose in '58 or
+
+something, it was on a
+704 or something like
+
+that, which had a machine.
+
+It was a machine that had an
+address register and a
+
+decrement register.
+
+And these were the contents of
+the address register and the
+
+decrement register.
+
+So it's an historical
+accident.
+
+Now why have these
+names survived?
+
+It's because Lisp programmers
+like to talk to each other
+
+over the phone.
+
+And if you want to have a long
+sequence of cars and cdrs you
+
+might say, cdaddedr, which
+can be understood.
+
+But left of right or right of
+left is not so clear if you
+
+get good at it.
+
+So that's why we have
+these words.
+
+All of them up to four deep
+are defined typically in a
+
+Lisp system.
+
+A2 to be--
+
+and, of course, you can see
+that if I looked at one of
+
+these expressions like the sum
+of 3 and 5, what that is is a
+
+list containing the symbol
+plus, and a number 3,
+
+and a number 5.
+
+Then the car is the
+symbol plus.
+
+The car of the cdr. Well
+I take the cdr and
+
+then I take the car.
+
+And that's how I get to the 3.
+
+That's the first argument.
+
+And the car of the cdr
+of the cdr gets me to
+
+this one, the 5.
+
+And similarly, of course, I
+can define what's going on
+
+with products.
+
+Let's do that very quickly.
+
+Is the expression a product?
+
+Yes if and if it's true, that's
+it's not atomic and
+
+it's EQ quote, the asterisk
+symbol, which is the operator
+
+for multiplication.
+
+Make product of an M1 and an
+M2 to be list, quote, the
+
+asterisk operation
+and M1 and M2.
+
+and I define M1 to be cadr and
+M2 to be caddr. You get to be
+
+a good Lisp programmer because
+you start talking that way.
+
+I cdr down lists and console
+them up and so on.
+
+Now, now that we have
+essentially a complete program
+
+for finding derivatives,
+you can add more
+
+rules if you like.
+
+What kind of behavior
+do we get out of it?
+
+I'll have to clear that x.
+
+Well, supposing I define foo
+here to be the sum of the
+
+product of ax square
+and bx plus c.
+
+That's the same thing we see
+here as the algebraic
+
+expression written in the
+more conventional
+
+notation over there.
+
+Well, the derivative of foo with
+respect to x, which we
+
+can see over here, is this
+horrible, horrendous mess.
+
+I would like it to
+be 2ax plus b.
+
+But it's not.
+
+It's equivalent to it.
+
+What is it?
+
+I have here, what do I have?
+
+I have the derivative of
+the product of x and x.
+
+Over here is, of course,
+the sum of x times
+
+1 and 1 times x.
+
+Now, well, it's the first times
+the derivative of the
+
+second plus the second times the
+derivative of the first.
+
+It's right.
+
+That's 2x of course.
+
+a times 2x is 2ax plus 0X square
+doesn't count plus B
+
+over here plus a bunch of 0's.
+
+Well the answer is right.
+
+But I give people take off
+points on an exam for that,
+
+sadly enough.
+
+Let's worry about that
+in the next segment.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you had left the
+quote when you put the plus,
+
+then would that be referring
+to the procedure plus and
+
+could you do a comparison
+between that procedure and
+
+some other procedure
+if you wanted to?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Good question.
+
+If I had left this quotation
+off at this point, if I had
+
+left that quotation off at that
+point, then I would be
+
+referring here to the procedure
+which is the thing
+
+that plus is defined to be.
+
+And indeed, I could compare
+some procedures with each
+
+other for identity.
+
+Now what that means is
+not clear right now.
+
+I don't like to think
+about it.
+
+Because I don't know exactly
+what it would need to compare
+
+procedures.
+
+There are reasons why that
+may make no sense at all.
+
+However, the symbols,
+we understand.
+
+And so that's why I
+put that quote in.
+
+I want to talk about
+the symbol that's
+
+apparent on the page.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Let's take a break.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, let's see.
+
+We've just developed a fairly
+plausible program for
+
+computing the derivatives of
+algebraic expressions.
+
+It's an incomplete program,
+if you would
+
+like to add more rules.
+
+And perhaps you might extend
+it to deal with uses of
+
+addition with any number of
+arguments and multiplication
+
+with any of the number
+of arguments.
+
+And that's all rather easy.
+
+However, there was a little
+fly in that ointment.
+
+We go back to this slide.
+
+We see that the expressions that
+we get are rather bad.
+
+This is a rather
+bad expression.
+
+How do we get such
+an expression?
+
+Why do we have that
+expression?
+
+Let's look at this expression
+in some detail.
+
+Let's find out where all
+the pieces come from.
+
+As we see here, we
+have a sum--
+
+just what I showed you at the
+end of the last time--
+
+of X times 1 plus 1
+time X. That is a
+
+derivative of this product.
+
+The produce of a times that,
+where a does not depend upon
+
+x, and therefore is constant
+with respect to x, is this
+
+sum, which goes from here all
+the way through here and
+
+through here.
+
+Because it is the first thing
+times the derivative of the
+
+second plus the derivative of
+the first times the second as
+
+the program we wrote
+on the blackboard
+
+indicated we should do.
+
+And, of course, the product of
+bx over here manifests itself
+
+as B times 1 plus 0 times X
+because we see that B does not
+
+depend upon X. And so the
+derivative of B is this 0, and
+
+the derivative of X with respect
+itself is the 1.
+
+And, of course, the derivative
+of the sums over here turn
+
+into these two sums of the
+derivatives of the parts.
+
+So what we're seeing here is
+exactly the thing I was trying
+
+to tell you about with Fibonacci
+numbers a while ago,
+
+that the form of the process
+is expanded from the local
+
+rules that you see in the
+procedure, that the procedure
+
+represents a set of local rules
+for the expansion of
+
+this process.
+
+And here, the process left
+behind some stuff, which is
+
+the answer.
+
+And it was constructed by the
+walk it takes of the tree
+
+structure, which is
+the expression.
+
+So every part in the answer we
+see here derives from some
+
+part of the problem.
+
+Now, we can look at, for
+example, the derivative of
+
+foo, which is ax square plus
+bx plus c, with respect to
+
+other things, like here, for
+example, we can see that the
+
+derivative of foo with
+respect to a.
+
+And it's very similar.
+
+It's, in fact, the identical
+algebraic expression, except
+
+for the fact that theses
+0's and 1's are
+
+in different places.
+
+Because the only degree of
+freedom we have in this tree
+
+walk is what's constant with
+respect to the variable we're
+
+taking the derivative
+with respect to and
+
+was the same variable.
+
+In other words, if we go back
+to this blackboard and we
+
+look, we have no choice what
+to do when we take the
+
+derivative of the sum
+or a product.
+
+The only interesting place here
+is, is the expression the
+
+variable, or is the expression
+a constant with respect to
+
+that variable for very, very
+small expressions?
+
+In which case we get various
+1's and 0's, which if we go
+
+back to this slide, we can see
+that the 0's that appear here,
+
+for example, this 1 over here
+in derivative of foo with
+
+respect to A, which gets us an
+X square, because that 1 gets
+
+the multiply of X and X into
+the answer, that 1 is 0.
+
+Over here, we're not taking
+the derivative of foo with
+
+respect to c.
+
+But the shapes of these
+expressions are the same.
+
+See all those shapes.
+
+They're the same.
+
+Well is there anything
+wrong with our rules?
+
+No.
+
+They're the right rules.
+
+We've been through
+this one before.
+
+One of the things you're going
+to begin to discover is that
+
+there aren't too many
+good ideas.
+
+When we were looking at rational
+numbers yesterday,
+
+the problem was that we got
+6/8 rather then 3/4.
+
+The answer was unsimplified.
+
+The problem, of course,
+is very similar.
+
+There are things I'd like to be
+identical by simplification
+
+that don't become identical.
+
+And yet the rules for doing
+addition a multiplication of
+
+rational numbers were correct.
+
+So the way we might solve this
+problem is do the thing we did
+
+last time, which always works.
+
+If something worked last time
+it ought to work again.
+
+It's changed representation.
+
+Perhaps in the representation
+we could put in a
+
+simplification step that
+produces a simplified
+
+representation.
+
+This may not always
+work, of course.
+
+I'm not trying to say that
+it always works.
+
+But it's one of the pieces of
+artillery we have in our war
+
+against complexity.
+
+You see, because we solved our
+problem very carefully.
+
+What we've done, is
+we've divided the
+
+world in several parts.
+
+There are derivatives rules and
+general rules for algebra
+
+of some sort at this
+level of detail.
+
+and i have an abstraction
+barrier.
+
+And i have the representation of
+the algebraic expressions,
+
+list structure.
+
+And in this barrier, I have
+the interface procedures.
+
+I have constant, and things
+like same-var.
+
+I have things like
+sum, make-sum.
+
+I have A1, A2.
+
+I have products and things
+like that, all the other
+
+things I might need for various
+kinds of algebraic
+
+expressions.
+
+Making this barrier allows me
+to arbitrarily change the
+
+representation without changing
+the rules that are
+
+written in terms of that
+representation.
+
+So if I can make the problem
+go away by changing
+
+representation, the composition
+of the problem
+
+into these two parts has
+helped me a great deal.
+
+So let's take a very simple
+case of this.
+
+What was one of the problems?
+
+Let's go back to this
+transparency again.
+
+And we see here, oh yes, there's
+horrible things like
+
+here is the sum of an
+expression and 0.
+
+Well that's no reason to think
+of it as anything other than
+
+the expression itself.
+
+Why should the summation
+operation have
+
+made up this edition?
+
+It can be smarter than that.
+
+Or here, for example, is
+a multiplication of
+
+something by 1.
+
+It's another thing like that.
+
+Or here is a product of
+something with 0, which is
+
+certainly 0.
+
+So we won't have to make
+this construction.
+
+So why don't we just do that?
+
+We need to change the way
+the representation
+
+works, almost here.
+
+Make-sum to be.
+
+Well, now it's not something
+so simple.
+
+I'm not going to make a list
+containing the symbol plus and
+
+things unless I need to.
+
+Well, what are the
+possibilities?
+
+I have some sort
+of cases here.
+
+If I have numbers, if
+anyone is a number--
+
+and here's another primitive
+I've just introduced, it's
+
+possible to tell whether
+something's number--
+
+and if number A2, meaning
+they're not symbolic
+
+expressions, then why not
+do the addition now?
+
+The result is just a
+plus of A1 and A2.
+
+I'm not asking if these
+represent numbers.
+
+Of course all of these symbols
+represent numbers.
+
+I'm talking about whether
+the one I've got is the
+
+number 3 right now.
+
+And, for example, supposing A1
+is a number, and it's equal to
+
+0, well then the answer
+is just A2.
+
+There is no reason to
+make anything up.
+
+And if A2 is a number,
+and equal A20, then
+
+the result is A1.
+
+And only if I can't figure out
+something better to do with
+
+this situation, well, I can
+start a list. Otherwise I want
+
+the representation to be the
+list containing the quoted
+
+symbol plus, and A1, and A2.
+
+And, of course, a very
+similar thing
+
+can be done for products.
+
+And I think I'll avoid
+boring you with them.
+
+I was going to write it
+on the blackboard.
+
+I don't think it's necessary.
+
+You know what to do.
+
+It's very simple.
+
+But now, let's just see the kind
+of results we get out of
+
+changing our program
+in this way.
+
+Well, here's the derivatives
+after having just changed the
+
+constructors for expressions.
+
+The same foo, aX square plus bX
+plus c, and what I get is
+
+nothing more than the derivative
+of that is 2aX plus
+
+B.
+
+Well, it's not completely
+simplified.
+
+I would like to collect
+common terms and sums.
+
+Well, that's more work.
+
+And, of course, programs to do
+this sort of thing are huge
+
+and complicated.
+
+Algebraic simplification, it's
+a very complicated mess.
+
+There's a very famous program
+you may have heard of called
+
+Maxima developed at MIT in the
+past, which is 5,000 pages of
+
+Lisp code, mostly the algebraic
+simplification
+
+operations.
+
+There we see the derivative
+of foo.
+
+In fact, X is at something I
+wouldn't take off more than 1
+
+point for on an elementary
+calculus class.
+
+And the derivative of foo with
+respect to a, well it's gone
+
+down to X times X, which
+isn't so bad.
+
+And the derivative of foo with
+respect to b is just X itself.
+
+And the derivative of foo with
+respect to c comes out 1.
+
+So I'm pretty pleased
+with this.
+
+What you've seen is, of
+course, a little bit
+
+contrived, carefully organized
+example to show you how we can
+
+manipulate algebraic
+expressions, how we do that
+
+abstractly in terms of abstract
+syntax rather than
+
+concrete syntax and how we can
+use the abstraction to control
+
+what goes on in building
+these expressions.
+
+But the real story isn't just
+such a simple thing as that.
+
+The real story is, in fact, that
+I'm manipulating these
+
+expressions.
+
+And the expressions are
+the same expressions--
+
+going back to the slide--
+
+as the ones that are
+Lisp expressions.
+
+There's a pun here.
+
+I've chosen my representation
+to be the same as the
+
+representation in my language
+of similar things.
+
+By doing so, I've invoked
+a necessity.
+
+I created the necessity to have
+things like quotation
+
+because of the fact that my
+language is capable of writing
+
+expressions that talk about
+expressions of the language.
+
+I need to have something that
+says, this is an expression
+
+I'm talking about rather than
+this expression is talking
+
+about something, and I want
+to talk about that.
+
+So quotation stops and says,
+I'm talking about this
+
+expression itself.
+
+Now, given that power, if I can
+manipulate expressions of
+
+the language, I can begin to
+build even much more powerful
+
+layers upon layers
+of languages.
+
+Because I can write languages
+that not only are embedded in
+
+Lisp or whatever language you
+start with, but languages that
+
+are completely different, that
+are just, if we say,
+
+interpreted in Lisp or
+something like that.
+
+We'll get to understand those
+words more in the future.
+
+But right now I just want to
+leave you with the fact that
+
+we've hit a line which gives
+us tremendous power.
+
+And this point we've bought
+a sledgehammer.
+
+We have to be careful to what
+flies when we apply it.
+
+Thank you.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XPo4dHK48Nw.txt b/XPo4dHK48Nw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b419e37fc247ab8860d547900e908f4170c33b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XPo4dHK48Nw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6896 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh today's this morning cam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh today's this morning cam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh today's this morning cam
+news uh well it's an article on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh well it's an article on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh well it's an article on
+something that's not totally up to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not totally up to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not totally up to date
+uh because it's a method that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's a method that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's a method that was
+developed 50 years ago called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed 50 years ago called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed 50 years ago called
+alternating Direction and it was exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating Direction and it was exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating Direction and it was exactly
+developed first you did a uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed first you did a uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed first you did a uh an
+iteration in the X Direction because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration in the X Direction because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration in the X Direction because of
+course we're Tri diagonal along every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're Tri diagonal along every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're Tri diagonal along every
+row we're onedimensional and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row we're onedimensional and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row we're onedimensional and then the
+second half step is a iteration in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half step is a iteration in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half step is a iteration in the y
+direction again Tri diagonal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction again Tri diagonal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction again Tri diagonal so the
+iteration very fast you flip alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration very fast you flip alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration very fast you flip alternating
+Direction describes it perfectly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction describes it perfectly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction describes it perfectly and
+that method is still used used it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method is still used used it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method is still used used it got
+developed in the oil reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the oil reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the oil reservoir
+simulation world that is Houston and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation world that is Houston and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation world that is Houston and uh
+the article says um the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article says um the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article says um the evolution of
+techniques for oil reservoir simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for oil reservoir simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for oil reservoir simulation
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+continued and then mentions three so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued and then mentions three so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued and then mentions three so it
+went from this alternating direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from this alternating direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from this alternating direction to
+line over relaxation LS o r over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over relaxation LS o r over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line over relaxation LS o r over
+relaxation and I only spoke briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation and I only spoke briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation and I only spoke briefly
+about that uh by what does it what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh by what does it what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh by what does it what does
+that word line mean it means that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word line mean it means that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word line mean it means that we're
+taking uh whole rows at once working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh whole rows at once working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh whole rows at once working
+with blocks and and and I'll add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blocks and and and I'll add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with blocks and and and I'll add some
+notes about that today so so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about that today so so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes about that today so so that was
+the next step line S so then to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step line S so then to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step line S so then to the
+Newton krylo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton krylo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton krylo
+schemes that's what's coming right krylo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes that's what's coming right krylo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes that's what's coming right krylo
+conjugate gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients
+with IU type preconditioners so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with IU type preconditioners so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with IU type preconditioners so again
+we're talking about preconditioners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about preconditioners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about preconditioners and
+one important choice is this incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important choice is this incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important choice is this incomplete
+Lu so that was so notes on gaus sidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu so that was so notes on gaus sidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu so that was so notes on gaus sidel
+and I should should maybe add incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should should maybe add incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should should maybe add incomplete
+Lu by the way experiments badly needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu by the way experiments badly needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu by the way experiments badly needed
+here too because incomplete Lu has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too because incomplete Lu has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too because incomplete Lu has this
+tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as you move the tolerance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move the tolerance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move the tolerance you
+get closer or far away to the exact L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer or far away to the exact L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer or far away to the exact L
+andu but you get faster or slower so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andu but you get faster or slower so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andu but you get faster or slower so uh
+what's the balance what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the balance what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the balance what's the right
+tolerance how do these methods compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance how do these methods compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance how do these methods compare
+and overall H how do these iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overall H how do these iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and overall H how do these iterative
+methods that we're speaking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we're speaking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we're speaking about
+compare with these direct methods I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with these direct methods I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with these direct methods I mean
+that so we really are in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we really are in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we really are in this in this
+new chapter solving large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new chapter solving large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new chapter solving large
+systems facing a whole lot of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems facing a whole lot of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems facing a whole lot of possible
+new experiments so just to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new experiments so just to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new experiments so just to continue the
+history or the future as described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history or the future as described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history or the future as described in
+Sim news so there was alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim news so there was alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim news so there was alternating
+Direction line S so then to the Koff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction line S so then to the Koff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction line S so then to the Koff
+schemes with ilu preconditioners in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes with ilu preconditioners in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes with ilu preconditioners in use
+today so this is a big use area and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this is a big use area and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so this is a big use area and the
+multiscale multi-grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale multi-grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale multi-grid
+solvers that are quotes now starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers that are quotes now starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers that are quotes now starting to
+come of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come of
+age so that's the third topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so that's the third topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so that's the third topic for
+today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+multi-grid that in it of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid that in it of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid that in it of course it's
+been around for for some time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for for some time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around for for some time but
+the it it involved especially at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it it involved especially at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it it involved especially at the
+start more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start more
+um Pro pring more effort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pro pring more effort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pro pring more effort in
+programming and uh so it didn't quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and uh so it didn't quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and uh so it didn't quickly
+I mean it gave great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it gave great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it gave great
+results uh on model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh on model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh on model
+problems on other problems too but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on other problems too but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on other problems too but still
+it kind of hasn't yet but is penetrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of hasn't yet but is penetrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of hasn't yet but is penetrating
+into production code where the oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into production code where the oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into production code where the oil
+reservoir industry or some or other big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir industry or some or other big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservoir industry or some or other big
+Industries would use it so here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries would use it so here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries would use it so here you see
+really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the
+a pretty fair picture of where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty fair picture of where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty fair picture of where we are
+today with with large solvers these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today with with large solvers these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today with with large solvers these are
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+important minimum degree if the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important minimum degree if the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important minimum degree if the if the
+size is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is not
+overwhelming uh direct methods are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming uh direct methods are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming uh direct methods are going
+to be right up there and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right up there and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be right up there and these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh the pure iterations stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pure iterations stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pure iterations stationary
+iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations
+that with this idea this incomplete Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with this idea this incomplete Lu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with this idea this incomplete Lu
+idea get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea get pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea get pretty
+good but they the formula is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but they the formula is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but they the formula is always
+simple there the the new X comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple there the the new X comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple there the the new X comes from
+the old X by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old X by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old X by the
+same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh
+iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration
+whereas if we use the ideas there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we use the ideas there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we use the ideas there as
+preconditioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioners
+and look to see so the point was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look to see so the point was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look to see so the point was and
+I'll repeat it again that Gus sidel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat it again that Gus sidel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll repeat it again that Gus sidel and
+jacobe the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe the standard
+iterations were quite satisfactory on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations were quite satisfactory on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations were quite satisfactory on
+high frequencies they damped those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies they damped those out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies they damped those out
+quite well in the error but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well in the error but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well in the error but they don't
+tackle the low frequency the smooth part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the low frequency the smooth part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the low frequency the smooth part
+of the error very efficiently and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the error very efficiently and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the error very efficiently and that's
+what multi-grid does incredibly well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what multi-grid does incredibly well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what multi-grid does incredibly well so
+that's the it's a a nice uh mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the it's a a nice uh mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the it's a a nice uh mixture of
+the two these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two these are the
+smoothers this is the change of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothers this is the change of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothers this is the change of scale
+change of grid that's coming now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of grid that's coming now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of grid that's coming now and
+will come so all this will be my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come so all this will be my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come so all this will be my uh
+subject for this week and next prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject for this week and next prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject for this week and next prior to
+Spring Break and uh I think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Break and uh I think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Break and uh I think you have
+will have enough to go on to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have enough to go on to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have enough to go on to do
+experiments that could be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that could be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that could be highly
+interesting okay so that's the S news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so that's the S news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so that's the S news
+report okay so what what do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report okay so what what do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report okay so what what do I want to
+say about minimum degree I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about minimum degree I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about minimum degree I
+I and more will go on the web uh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and more will go on the web uh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and more will go on the web uh just a
+a few more notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more notes
+about about what we did on Monday after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about what we did on Monday after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about what we did on Monday after
+class uh if you take a matrix like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh if you take a matrix like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh if you take a matrix like that
+you take a matrix and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a matrix and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a matrix and and
+uh what is how is it described in sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is how is it described in sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is how is it described in sparse
+format sparse format you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format sparse format you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format sparse format you can
+see normally you don't have to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see normally you don't have to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see normally you don't have to see it
+it's usually inside the sparse mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually inside the sparse mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually inside the sparse mat lab
+but if you want to see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to see what's happening
+you could ask for I J and S now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask for I J and S now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask for I J and S now what are
+those What will what will that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those What will what will that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those What will what will that produce
+I will be the list of nonzeros the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be the list of nonzeros the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will be the list of nonzeros the list
+of the row the row numbers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the row the row numbers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the row the row numbers of the
+nonzeros so I will be maybe I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros so I will be maybe I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros so I will be maybe I'll I'll
+write it as a row so I'm transposing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a row so I'm transposing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as a row so I'm transposing so
+the the row numbers would be Row one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the row numbers would be Row one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the row numbers would be Row one row
+two not Row three row one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not Row three row one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not Row three row one two
+3 Row 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 the column
+numbers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers would
+be these are going to be the pairs i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be these are going to be the pairs i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be these are going to be the pairs i j
+so that's column one twice column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's column one twice column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's column one twice column two
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+times column 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice and what's s s is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and what's s s is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and what's s s is the actual
+numbers in those in position i j is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in those in position i j is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in those in position i j is the
+number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two
+in position 21 is the number minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in position 21 is the number minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in position 21 is the number minus one
+so those numbers min-1 2 minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those numbers min-1 2 minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those numbers min-1 2 minus one is
+that column and then minus1 2 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column and then minus1 2 is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column and then minus1 2 is that
+column so of course we've got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so of course we've got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so of course we've got all the
+information in the Matrix we know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the Matrix we know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the Matrix we know every
+nonzero position and we know what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero position and we know what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero position and we know what's what
+that entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entry
+is and of course our matrices are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and of course our matrices are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and of course our matrices are much
+bigger than this one but already we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this one but already we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this one but already we can
+see one useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one useful
+Point uh point being the key words key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh point being the key words key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh point being the key words key
+word uh that that the column numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh that that the column numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh that that the column numbers
+this I mean imagine we have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean imagine we have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean imagine we have a large
+Matrix so this J is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this J is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this J is not very
+efficiently uh recorded here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently uh recorded here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently uh recorded here because
+what's J we're we're we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's J we're we're we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's J we're we're we're looking at
+nonzeros column at a time so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros column at a time so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros column at a time so of course
+we'll have a few ones for the non zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a few ones for the non zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a few ones for the non zeros
+in column one and then some twos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in column one and then some twos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in column one and then some twos and
+then some threes then some fours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some threes then some fours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some threes then some fours
+and uh but all we need all this in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but all we need all this in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but all we need all this in all
+this row is the real information in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row is the real information in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this row is the real information in that
+row is a pointer to the to the in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is a pointer to the to the in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is a pointer to the to the in other
+words I don't have to repeat two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I don't have to repeat two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I don't have to repeat two three
+times so really the if I put inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so really the if I put inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so really the if I put inside here
+uh uh compressed version of j a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh compressed version of j a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh compressed version of j a pointer
+would would be a short Vector that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be a short Vector that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would be a short Vector that just
+has a one it says look in position one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a one it says look in position one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a one it says look in position one
+for the start of column one then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the start of column one then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the start of column one then a
+three see I didn't need that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three see I didn't need that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three see I didn't need that because
+that just continued column one that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just continued column one that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just continued column one that just
+repeated the J I already had but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated the J I already had but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated the J I already had but this
+tells me that in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that in the third
+position I start down column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I start down column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I start down column two
+and this would tell me that in position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would tell me that in position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would tell me that in position
+number four five six I guess I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four five six I guess I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four five six I guess I start
+down column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down column
+three so you see the point of that six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so you see the point of that six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so you see the point of that six
+that six picks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six picks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six picks
+out yes 1 2 3 4 five the sixth the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yes 1 2 3 4 five the sixth the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yes 1 2 3 4 five the sixth the sixth
+row number is the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number is the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row number is the beginning of
+information on column three and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on column three and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on column three and then
+it's conventional to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's conventional to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's conventional to have a
+pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer
+8 to say finished so that's pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 to say finished so that's pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 to say finished so that's pointing to
+empty space the first place that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space the first place that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space the first place that so in
+other words J got compressed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words J got compressed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words J got compressed to
+1368 and uh in a large problem it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1368 and uh in a large problem it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1368 and uh in a large problem it would
+get seriously compressed okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get seriously compressed okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get seriously compressed okay so that's
+the form in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form in which
+uh the the code Keeps The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the code Keeps The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the code Keeps The
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+and uh does the reorderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh does the reorderings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh does the reorderings
+let me just mention that if I that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention that if I that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just mention that if I that the
+opposite of this would create the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this would create the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this would create the Matrix
+out of these IGS what command would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these IGS what command would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these IGS what command would that
+be you could create the Matrix a out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you could create the Matrix a out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you could create the Matrix a out of
+the command sparse would be good sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command sparse would be good sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command sparse would be good sparse
+of the inputs now would be J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs now would be J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs now would be J
+JS if I input IJ and S then matlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS if I input IJ and S then matlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS if I input IJ and S then matlb
+creates a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a matrix
+I may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may want
+to sometimes I may want to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sometimes I may want to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sometimes I may want to include the
+um the m&n this this the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the m&n this this the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the m&n this this the shape of the
+Matrix as further parameters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as further parameters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as further parameters but
+actually here I wouldn't have to so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here I wouldn't have to so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here I wouldn't have to so this
+is the opposite command from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite command from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the opposite command from this one
+that we're interested in okay so just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in okay so just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in okay so just uh
+you you can imagine suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can imagine suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can imagine suppose
+I by using minimum degree or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I by using minimum degree or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I by using minimum degree or some other
+decision I want I I want to put the i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I want I I want to put the i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I want I I want to put the i'
+I've eliminated up to a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've eliminated up to a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've eliminated up to a certain point
+and I want to put the remaining columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to put the remaining columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to put the remaining columns
+in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+order I can do that just by playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I can do that just by playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I can do that just by playing with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pointers so it's a very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so it's a very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so it's a very efficient
+structure for sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for sparse
+matrices okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay and
+uh and then and then comes the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and then comes the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and then comes the question
+okay what is the what's the good order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the what's the good order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the what's the good order
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh I was surprised to realize how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was surprised to realize how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was surprised to realize how uh
+open a problem that still is even from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a problem that still is even from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a problem that still is even from
+the the expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expert
+who's developing the the the key codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's developing the the the key codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's developing the the the key codes
+for that okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that okay so it's
+U so approximate minimum degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so approximate minimum degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so approximate minimum degree of
+course by that word you see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by that word you see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by that word you see that it
+allows uh Freedom there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows uh Freedom there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows uh Freedom there are also
+decisions to be made when the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to be made when the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to be made when the minimum
+degree is a tie between several nodes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is a tie between several nodes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is a tie between several nodes as
+it commonly is and and you can it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it commonly is and and you can it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it commonly is and and you can it's
+rather nice to get a mat lab movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather nice to get a mat lab movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather nice to get a mat lab movie that
+shows the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the order in
+which uh nodes are eliminated edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh nodes are eliminated edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh nodes are eliminated edges are
+removed from the from the graph from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the from the graph from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed from the from the graph from the
+mesh and you'll see that okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and you'll see that okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and you'll see that okay all right
+I'm ready to go ahead now to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ready to go ahead now to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ready to go ahead now to some
+comment on gaus sidel maybe I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on gaus sidel maybe I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on gaus sidel maybe I'll put
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+here in fact maybe I'll just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact maybe I'll just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact maybe I'll just take the
+same Matrix so now I want to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Matrix so now I want to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Matrix so now I want to remember
+what is the G sidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the G sidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the G sidel
+method for ax equal B what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for ax equal B what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for ax equal B what's the
+iteration now and again a will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration now and again a will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration now and again a will be the
+same 2 - 1 0 -1 2 - one my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 2 - 1 0 -1 2 - one my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 2 - 1 0 -1 2 - one my
+favorite Okay so all these iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Okay so all these iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Okay so all these iterations
+you remember are splittings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember are splittings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember are splittings of the
+Matrix some of the Matrix goes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix some of the Matrix goes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix some of the Matrix goes on the
+left hand side that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side that's the
+preconditioner so it's p the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner so it's p the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner so it's p the
+preconditioner that's sort of close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner that's sort of close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner that's sort of close to a
+in some sense but easy to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense but easy to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense but easy to work
+with multiplies the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplies the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplies the new
+thing and on the other side is p minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and on the other side is p minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and on the other side is p minus a
+the rest of the Matrix that multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Matrix that multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the Matrix that multiplies
+the old plus the right hand side side B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old plus the right hand side side B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old plus the right hand side side B
+okay and just let's just remember again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just let's just remember again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just let's just remember again
+that if we converge to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we converge to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we converge to the point where
+this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as
+this then we have the right answer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we have the right answer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then we have the right answer we
+have the right answer because if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right answer because if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right answer because if that's
+the same as that PX is the same as PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that PX is the same as PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that PX is the same as PX
+this comes over on the other side ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes over on the other side ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes over on the other side ax
+equals B so when it converges it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B so when it converges it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B so when it converges it
+converges to the right answer but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the right answer but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the right answer but you
+remember that the key equation was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the key equation was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the key equation was that
+the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+error is the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error multiplied by this Matrix I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error multiplied by this Matrix I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error multiplied by this Matrix I minus
+P inverse a that's the iteration Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P inverse a that's the iteration Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P inverse a that's the iteration Matrix
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+say yep I just get it when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yep I just get it when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yep I just get it when I multiply
+both sides by P inverse and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by P inverse and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by P inverse and so the the
+problem is choose P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is choose P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is choose P so
+that this is easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is easy to do
+and at the same time this has small igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time this has small igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time this has small igen
+values or as small as you can get so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or as small as you can get so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or as small as you can get so the
+Gus sidel is a particular choice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gus sidel is a particular choice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gus sidel is a particular choice which
+takes the lower p is the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the lower p is the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the lower p is the lower
+triangular part here so p is so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular part here so p is so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular part here so p is so I just
+thought I better write down explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I better write down explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I better write down explicitly
+gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sidel takes that with zeros there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel takes that with zeros there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidel takes that with zeros there as
+multiplying that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that's
+p and what's P minus a it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and what's P minus a it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and what's P minus a it's the
+rest and it's been moved to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and it's been moved to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and it's been moved to the other
+side so these so the rest is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so these so the rest is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so these so the rest is going to be
+the strictly upper triangular part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strictly upper triangular part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strictly upper triangular part and
+because it's moved over to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's moved over to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's moved over to the other
+side it'll have a plus sign so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it'll have a plus sign so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it'll have a plus sign so it'll be
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one x k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one x k +
+b i I just write it out so that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i I just write it out so that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i I just write it out so that you see
+totally explicitly how being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally explicitly how being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally explicitly how being
+triangular makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular makes
+the uh solution step uh immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh solution step uh immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh solution step uh immediate
+because the first equation will tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first equation will tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first equation will tell us
+the first component right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component right the first
+equation because it's triangular there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because it's triangular there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because it's triangular there's
+only an entry here and and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an entry here and and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an entry here and and by the
+way all these codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all these codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all these codes
+including uh Tim Davis's minimum degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh Tim Davis's minimum degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh Tim Davis's minimum degree
+code codes their very first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code codes their very first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code codes their very first step
+is reorder the equations if necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reorder the equations if necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reorder the equations if necessary to
+guarantee that the main diagonal is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the main diagonal is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the main diagonal is has
+no zeros we want to know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zeros we want to know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no zeros we want to know that in
+advance so that you just do let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so that you just do let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so that you just do let's assume
+it of course for us it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course for us it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course for us it happens
+automatically okay so that's not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically okay so that's not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically okay so that's not zero
+and that first equation gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that first equation gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that first equation gives us the
+first component then we know the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component then we know the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component then we know the first
+component so we use it here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so we use it here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so we use it here and then the
+second equation tells us what the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation tells us what the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation tells us what the second
+component is we use that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is we use that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is we use that second
+component in the third equation to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the third equation to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in the third equation to find
+the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+component and uh it's so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and uh it's so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and uh it's so there's
+no um loss of speed compared to diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um loss of speed compared to diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um loss of speed compared to diagonal
+and and actually it's faster because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually it's faster because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually it's faster because the
+storage we're changing we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage we're changing we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage we're changing we're using the
+new first component to find the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new first component to find the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new first component to find the second
+and the new second component to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new second component to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new second component to find the
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+so we can overwrite XK by XK +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can overwrite XK by XK +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can overwrite XK by XK +
+y okay and let's see if I guess if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay and let's see if I guess if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay and let's see if I guess if I had
+space and had prepared I would figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and had prepared I would figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and had prepared I would figure
+out what this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this Matrix
+is maybe you could do that figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe you could do that figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe you could do that figure out
+what I here's P it's invertible p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I here's P it's invertible p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I here's P it's invertible p
+inverse is going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is going to be quite
+simple actually it'll be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple actually it'll be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple actually it'll be extremely
+simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right
+you'll be able to see its igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see its igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see its igen values
+immediately I I just we could stop to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately I I just we could stop to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately I I just we could stop to to
+do it but if I think if you do it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but if I think if you do it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it but if I think if you do it it's
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+valuable so we would find that its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so we would find that its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so we would find that its igen
+values were below one and that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values were below one and that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values were below one and that they they
+were the squares of the jacobe ien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the squares of the jacobe ien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the squares of the jacobe ien
+values and uh so the method is twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and uh so the method is twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and uh so the method is twice as
+fast as jacobe okay but it has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as jacobe okay but it has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as jacobe okay but it has the same
+good feature of damping the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feature of damping the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feature of damping the high
+frequencies and the same bad feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and the same bad feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and the same bad feature of
+not very much damping the low smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much damping the low smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much damping the low smooth
+part of the eror okay so that's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the eror okay so that's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the eror okay so that's now
+we're ready for multi- grid which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready for multi- grid which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready for multi- grid which is
+intended to solve it so multi- grid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to solve it so multi- grid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to solve it so multi- grid is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is by by changing grid by by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by by changing grid by by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by by changing grid by by changing
+from the fine grid to a coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fine grid to a coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fine grid to a coarse
+grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+um the smooth oscillation doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the smooth oscillation doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the smooth oscillation doesn't look
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+smooth on the coarse Grid it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth on the coarse Grid it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth on the coarse Grid it's uh it's
+sort of its effective frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of its effective frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of its effective frequency is
+effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively
+doubled and it's moving over in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled and it's moving over in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled and it's moving over in the
+direction where the smoother can attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where the smoother can attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction where the smoother can attack
+it that we'll see that happen Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we'll see that happen Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we'll see that happen Okay so
+now I have to really this Begins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to really this Begins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to really this Begins the
+lecture on multi-grid which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on multi-grid which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on multi-grid which is going to
+take certainly today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take certainly today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take certainly today and
+Friday and there's a very good book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and there's a very good book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and there's a very good book by
+Briggs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Briggs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Briggs and
+others uh I'll just put he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the he wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he wrote the
+um first uh edition of the book and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first uh edition of the book and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first uh edition of the book and had
+co-author the second one and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author the second one and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author the second one and it's
+beautifully short and clear and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully short and clear and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully short and clear and simple
+and this presentation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this presentation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this presentation will
+uh follow the same um uh Exposition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh follow the same um uh Exposition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh follow the same um uh Exposition that
+the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+okay so the key idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key idea is
+to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what
+how to go from a fine grid problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go from a fine grid problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go from a fine grid problem so
+this is on the fine grid with step step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on the fine grid with step step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on the fine grid with step step
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+H so this ah is our problem it's our ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so this ah is our problem it's our ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so this ah is our problem it's our ah
+is a ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ah
+BH we're looking for uh on the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BH we're looking for uh on the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BH we're looking for uh on the fine
+grid fine grid means lots of mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid fine grid means lots of mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid fine grid means lots of mesh points
+lots of unknowns big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of unknowns big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of unknowns big
+problem okay so the idea is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so the idea is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so the idea is is going to
+be somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somehow
+to and uh let me just start with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and uh let me just start with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and uh let me just start with two
+grids so the the point will be well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids so the the point will be well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids so the the point will be well you
+can see what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do on the fine Grid at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the fine Grid at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the fine Grid at the
+start you iterate you use gidel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you iterate you use gidel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you iterate you use gidel or
+jacobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacobe
+whatever maybe three times maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever maybe three times maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever maybe three times maybe three
+iterations but no don't continue to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but no don't continue to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but no don't continue to a
+thousand iterations it's a waste of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand iterations it's a waste of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand iterations it's a waste of time
+okay then here here is the real multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then here here is the real multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then here here is the real multi
+this is the multi- grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so the multi-grid part is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the multi-grid part is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so the multi-grid part is going to
+you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an
+answer after a few iterations after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer after a few iterations after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer after a few iterations after you
+smooth it you compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it you compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth it you compute this
+residual which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual which
+is the amount you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount you're
+wrong in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in the
+equation it's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's the difference between
+the right side and the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side and the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side and the left
+side I can put H's here too to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I can put H's here too to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I can put H's here too to emphasize
+this is residuals being computed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is residuals being computed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is residuals being computed with
+what we have which is on the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have which is on the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have which is on the fine
+grid okay now here's the change of grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid okay now here's the change of grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid okay now here's the change of grid
+number two says restrict to a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two says restrict to a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two says restrict to a course
+grid take that RH that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid take that RH that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid take that RH that
+residual which is probably a bit smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual which is probably a bit smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual which is probably a bit smooth
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+move it to the course grid so the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to the course grid so the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it to the course grid so the course
+grid we identify with uh by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid we identify with uh by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid we identify with uh by the fact
+that it's uh mesh width is twice as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's uh mesh width is twice as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's uh mesh width is twice as big
+2 H and so we're going to need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 H and so we're going to need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 H and so we're going to need some
+restriction so this the input to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction so this the input to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction so this the input to this
+multi-grid is to decide on a restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid is to decide on a restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid is to decide on a restriction
+Matrix how shall we take uh values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how shall we take uh values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix how shall we take uh values that
+are given on a fine grid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given on a fine grid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are given on a fine grid and
+restrict them to a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict them to a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict them to a course
+grid of course one restriction is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of course one restriction is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of course one restriction is and
+it's not that bad is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that bad is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that bad is just to
+take the values of r that are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the values of r that are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the values of r that are on the
+course Grid at at at every other grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Grid at at at every other grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Grid at at at every other grid
+Point use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point use
+those or we could take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those or we could take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those or we could take into account the
+neighbors you see the question do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you see the question do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you see the question do we
+either so this is coming now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so this is coming now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so this is coming now in this
+restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction
+so so the Restriction is uh restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the Restriction is uh restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the Restriction is uh restriction
+are this is fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course and and we have this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and and we have this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and and we have this question of
+use use uh uh neighbors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use uh uh neighbors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use use uh uh neighbors or
+not that will that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that will that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that will that will
+enter well the decision on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter well the decision on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter well the decision on what the
+Matrix R is that's that's the key okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R is that's that's the key okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix R is that's that's the key okay
+so we choose an R we restrict and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we choose an R we restrict and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we choose an R we restrict and we
+have now a half sizee problem well half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now a half sizee problem well half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now a half sizee problem well half
+size in 1D quarter size in 2D e size in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in 1D quarter size in 2D e size in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in 1D quarter size in 2D e size in
+3D because the mesh size the mesh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D because the mesh size the mesh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D because the mesh size the mesh has
+the mesh width has doubled in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesh width has doubled in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mesh width has doubled in every
+coordinate okay now I've put solve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay now I've put solve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay now I've put solve I
+better put quotes around that solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better put quotes around that solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better put quotes around that solve the
+well solve the problem in on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well solve the problem in on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well solve the problem in on the course
+mesh so the idea is that that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh so the idea is that that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh so the idea is that that's much
+faster well you might say what problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster well you might say what problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster well you might say what problem
+well we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+somehow The Matrix on the course mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow The Matrix on the course mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow The Matrix on the course mesh
+that's not necessarily given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily given to
+us we're we start the problem with a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we're we start the problem with a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us we're we start the problem with a the
+ah the Matrix on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the Matrix on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the Matrix on the
+fin can I just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin can I just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fin can I just mention
+that this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is probably
+this is this V cycle that letter V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this V cycle that letter V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this V cycle that letter V is
+supposed to suggest going down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to suggest going down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to suggest going down to the
+coar mesh and back up to the Fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coar mesh and back up to the Fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coar mesh and back up to the Fine
+mesh and the standard notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and the standard notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh and the standard notation
+in all the finite all all the multi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the finite all all the multi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the finite all all the multi-
+grid books is a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid books is a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid books is a capital
+V and why do I use a small V this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and why do I use a small V this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and why do I use a small V this is
+my educational contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my educational contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my educational contribution
+uh capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital
+V is appropriate when you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is appropriate when you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is appropriate when you do when you
+have several measures you go to 2 H you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several measures you go to 2 H you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several measures you go to 2 H you
+go to 4H you go to 8 H back to 4 H back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 4H you go to 8 H back to 4 H back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 4H you go to 8 H back to 4 H back
+to 2 H back to H so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 H back to H so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 H back to H so a
+deeper multi- grid so it it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper multi- grid so it it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper multi- grid so it it would look
+more complicated I I would repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated I I would repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated I I would repeat this
+idea instead of solve here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea instead of solve here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea instead of solve here instead of
+solve at the 2H level which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve at the 2H level which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve at the 2H level which of course
+I'm not going to do exactly anyway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to do exactly anyway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to do exactly anyway but
+if I was in a big V cycle going I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was in a big V cycle going I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was in a big V cycle going I'd go
+on down to I would iterate a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down to I would iterate a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down to I would iterate a few times
+to smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smooth
+here just as I did here I would iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just as I did here I would iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just as I did here I would iterate
+using weighted jacobe or something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using weighted jacobe or something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using weighted jacobe or something and
+then go down to the 4 mesh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go down to the 4 mesh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go down to the 4 mesh so so
+restrict to the 4 mesh so you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict to the 4 mesh so you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict to the 4 mesh so you you can
+see that I would I would stay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I would I would stay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I would I would stay in this
+little Loop to get to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loop to get to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Loop to get to the bottom
+8h and then I would start back up so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8h and then I would start back up so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8h and then I would start back up so I I
+think it's a good idea to use a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good idea to use a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good idea to use a small
+letter V to tell us rather than saying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter V to tell us rather than saying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter V to tell us rather than saying a
+two grid capital V cycle I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two grid capital V cycle I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two grid capital V cycle I'm just going
+to use a small V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a small V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a small V
+to to signal right away that it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to signal right away that it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to signal right away that it's two
+grids fine course fine okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids fine course fine okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids fine course fine okay so we have
+some solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solution
+not necessarily exact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily exact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily exact and
+actually there isn't that much point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there isn't that much point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there isn't that much point in
+getting it exact because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it exact because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it exact because if we
+saw what we want is to get to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw what we want is to get to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw what we want is to get to move
+toward the right answer okay so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the right answer okay so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the right answer okay so and
+notice that I'm looking here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I'm looking here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I'm looking here at the
+error rather than looking at a2h u2h the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rather than looking at a2h u2h the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rather than looking at a2h u2h the
+the actual solution I'm I'm what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual solution I'm I'm what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual solution I'm I'm what I'm
+Computing with is the correction term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing with is the correction term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing with is the correction term so
+this is the correction term that I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correction term that I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correction term that I find
+from the from the so this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the so this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the so this is the this is
+the residual over here this is the a2h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual over here this is the a2h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual over here this is the a2h
+that I still have to choose and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still have to choose and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still have to choose and then
+that solving that will give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solving that will give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solving that will give me a
+correction but that correction is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but that correction is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but that correction is on the
+coar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coar
+mesh I only have that correction e2h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh I only have that correction e2h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh I only have that correction e2h
+defined on the on the uh 2H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the on the uh 2H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the on the uh 2H
+so now comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now comes the
+other part of multi- grid get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of multi- grid get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of multi- grid get back to
+the Fine mesh climb back up so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fine mesh climb back up so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fine mesh climb back up so that I
+take that E2 H and apply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that E2 H and apply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that E2 H and apply an
+interpolation so that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation so that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation so that I need to
+create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an
+interpolation this is going to be course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toine and I have to decide what how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toine and I have to decide what how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toine and I have to decide what how to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that once I've decided it that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I've decided it that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once I've decided it that gives me
+uh a correction at the fine mesh level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a correction at the fine mesh level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a correction at the fine mesh level
+which is where I'm really working so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where I'm really working so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where I'm really working so I
+make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the
+correction and I have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and I have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and I have a better
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and probably I iterate a few times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably I iterate a few times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably I iterate a few times I
+would be called a post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called a post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called a post
+smoother uh on that correction and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother uh on that correction and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother uh on that correction and that
+maybe that's where I sto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's where I sto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's where I sto
+or maybe I repeat Little V Cycles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I repeat Little V Cycles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I repeat Little V Cycles but
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+brilliant if you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant if you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant if you're going to do
+multiple if you're going to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple if you're going to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple if you're going to repeat
+multi-grid it's much more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid it's much more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid it's much more efficient
+to move to more and more coarse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to more and more coarse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to more and more coarse
+meshes because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes because the
+calculations at on these are way faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations at on these are way faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations at on these are way faster
+F than on the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F than on the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F than on the fine
+measure rather you see you rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure rather you see you rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure rather you see you rather than
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+I I I much prefer to go way down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I much prefer to go way down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I much prefer to go way down and
+back up than a lot of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up than a lot of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up than a lot of V
+Cycles I mean that would be a small W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles I mean that would be a small W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles I mean that would be a small W
+cycle and not brilliant much better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and not brilliant much better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and not brilliant much better to
+use a big V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a big V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a big V
+cycle or a Big W cycle there's a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or a Big W cycle there's a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or a Big W cycle there's a place
+for w Cycles but they're capital W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for w Cycles but they're capital W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for w Cycles but they're capital W
+Cycles because you want to get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles because you want to get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles because you want to get down
+where where it's very fast very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's very fast very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where it's very fast very
+inexpensive and in fact so efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive and in fact so efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive and in fact so efficient
+that multigrid achieves this Holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multigrid achieves this Holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multigrid achieves this Holy
+Grail of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grail of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grail of giving
+you uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh an
+answer with whatever accuracy you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with whatever accuracy you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with whatever accuracy you want
+giving you an answer in O of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you an answer in O of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you an answer in O of n
+operations n being the Matrix size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations n being the Matrix size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations n being the Matrix size
+capital n squ in our example so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n squ in our example so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n squ in our example so that
+that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the
+Fantastic result from multi-grid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantastic result from multi-grid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantastic result from multi-grid that
+that uh so I'll just I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so I'll just I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so I'll just I'll come back to
+this but just say it's a for for uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but just say it's a for for uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but just say it's a for for uh if
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+size of a is n which is capital N in 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a is n which is capital N in 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a is n which is capital N in 1D
+capital N S capital N cubed then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N S capital N cubed then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N S capital N cubed then the
+multi- grid works with in O of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi- grid works with in O of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi- grid works with in O of
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flops floating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations not even log in which uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations not even log in which uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations not even log in which uh we
+think of for the N log in we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of for the N log in we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of for the N log in we think of
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+uh fft for the fast 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fft for the fast 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fft for the fast 4
+transform but here it's actually order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but here it's actually order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but here it's actually order
+of n so that's uh that that really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so that's uh that that really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n so that's uh that that really is a
+a goal worth achieving okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal worth achieving okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goal worth achieving okay
+so so we know what the smoothers might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we know what the smoothers might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we know what the smoothers might
+be it's the it's the I and the r that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's the it's the I and the r that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's the it's the I and the r that
+that that are new and then the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are new and then the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are new and then the analysis
+of convergence why does it converge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence why does it converge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence why does it converge okay
+but to use the method and so by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to use the method and so by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to use the method and so by the way
+projects using multi-grid are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects using multi-grid are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects using multi-grid are totally
+welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+also so what so let me take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so what so let me take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so what so let me take the
+interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation
+I so what what's that course toine let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so what what's that course toine let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so what what's that course toine let
+me imagine I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me imagine I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me imagine I'm in
+1D so there's the X Direction here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D so there's the X Direction here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D so there's the X Direction here's one
+end of the interval here's the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the interval here's the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the interval here's the other end
+of the interval and suppose my boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval and suppose my boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interval and suppose my boundary
+conditions are zero okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are zero okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are zero okay and then
+I have so this is the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have so this is the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have so this is the course
+mesh and let me put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make it the fine mesh okay so the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the fine mesh okay so the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the fine mesh okay so the course
+so at this point I have an answer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I have an answer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point I have an answer on the
+course mesh so which satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course mesh so which satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course mesh so which satisfies the
+boundary condition and let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition and let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition and let's say it's
+there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay and I need values on the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and I need values on the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and I need values on the fine
+mesh at the other points of course I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh at the other points of course I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh at the other points of course I'm
+going to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these
+values when I Interpol I mean that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when I Interpol I mean that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when I Interpol I mean that word
+interpolation means implies keep what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation means implies keep what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation means implies keep what
+you have on the given points and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have on the given points and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have on the given points and I'm
+just going to do linear interpolation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do linear interpolation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to do linear interpolation so
+halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway
+there halfway there and halfway there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there halfway there and halfway there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there halfway there and halfway there
+okay so I I'm inputting I ignoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I'm inputting I ignoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I I'm inputting I ignoring the
+boundary conditions the zeros I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions the zeros I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions the zeros I I'm I'm
+in it's going to be one two I have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's going to be one two I have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's going to be one two I have five
+it's going to be five by two I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be five by two I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be five by two I guess
+this Matrix I in this example will be 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix I in this example will be 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix I in this example will be 5
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+two because it has two inputs these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because it has two inputs these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because it has two inputs these and
+it has five outputs and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+well for the second and fourth outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for the second and fourth outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for the second and fourth outputs
+it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses
+exactly the so th this is what right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the so th this is what right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the so th this is what right
+this is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this this
+multiplies X or I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X or I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X or I should say
+U U1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U U1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U U1 and
+U2 let me let me see if I'm if I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 let me let me see if I'm if I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 let me let me see if I'm if I'll
+follow the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the notes
+in now I I'm the notes use V1 and V2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now I I'm the notes use V1 and V2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in now I I'm the notes use V1 and V2 for
+the co mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to avoid
+h2h extra sub subscript so this height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2h extra sub subscript so this height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2h extra sub subscript so this height
+is V1 this height is V2 and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V1 this height is V2 and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V1 this height is V2 and I'm going to
+take I'm this will be the new U1 u3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I'm this will be the new U1 u3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I'm this will be the new U1 u3 and
+u5 and U2 I'm going to save so that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 and U2 I'm going to save so that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 and U2 I'm going to save so that's so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is I better put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I better put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I better put
+I make this into a true equation IV this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make this into a true equation IV this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make this into a true equation IV this
+is going to give me the values U1 U2 u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me the values U1 U2 u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me the values U1 U2 u3
+u4 and u5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 and u5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 and u5
+okay so U2 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so U2 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so U2 is just
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+u4 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 is just
+V2 no no problem those that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 no no problem those that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 no no problem those that's what the
+want and what do I do with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and what do I do with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and what do I do with the other
+ones let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones let's see I
+guess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh
+V yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V yeah
+U1 is halfway between V1 and zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 is halfway between V1 and zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 is halfway between V1 and zero okay
+so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a
+half right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right
+U1 is just2 V1 it doesn't involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 is just2 V1 it doesn't involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 is just2 V1 it doesn't involve
+V2 u3 which is sitting here is half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 u3 which is sitting here is half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 u3 which is sitting here is half of
+these so it's half of this and half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so it's half of this and half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so it's half of this and half of
+that where this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where this was
+nothing then u4 was the same as V2 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing then u4 was the same as V2 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing then u4 was the same as V2 just
+take V2 and what's u5 u5 is half of V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V2 and what's u5 u5 is half of V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take V2 and what's u5 u5 is half of V2
+and half of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a simple
+Matrix the interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the interpolation
+Matrix it it's just reasonable to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it it's just reasonable to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it it's just reasonable to use
+the letter I and we all recognize here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter I and we all recognize here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter I and we all recognize here
+it's a rectangular Matrix not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rectangular Matrix not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rectangular Matrix not the
+identity Matrix I doesn't stand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix I doesn't stand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix I doesn't stand for
+identity here it stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here it stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here it stands for
+interpolation okay so there I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation okay so there I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation okay so there I hope you
+can focus on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix it just has and if it was uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it just has and if it was uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it just has and if it was uh much
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+bigger but still in 1D it wouldn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger but still in 1D it wouldn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger but still in 1D it wouldn't look
+very different each column would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different each column would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different each column would have
+1/2 one 1/2 that's a typical part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 one 1/2 that's a typical part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 one 1/2 that's a typical part of the
+interpolation Matrix it uses the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation Matrix it uses the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation Matrix it uses the value
+V1 saves it in at the center point uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 saves it in at the center point uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 saves it in at the center point uses
+half of it at the previous point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it at the previous point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it at the previous point and
+half of it at the right hand point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it at the right hand point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of it at the right hand point and
+similarly this you you see it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this you you see it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly this you you see it's sort of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah a typical rectangular Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a typical rectangular Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a typical rectangular Matrix in
+Signal processing as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I have to say something about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have to say something about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have to say something about what
+happens in 2D because our problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in 2D because our problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in 2D because our problems are
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+2D maybe I just like draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D maybe I just like draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D maybe I just like draw
+typical 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mesh so those these are the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh so those these are the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh so those these are the course
+values this is the course mesh and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this is the course mesh and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values this is the course mesh and now
+I'll and of course we'll save those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll and of course we'll save those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll and of course we'll save those
+values I will have a one so it'll save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I will have a one so it'll save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I will have a one so it'll save
+those values when it goes to the Fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values when it goes to the Fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values when it goes to the Fine
+mesh the fine mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh the fine mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh the fine mesh
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+half so I just have to decide what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I just have to decide what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so I just have to decide what to do
+there so question mark what value shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so question mark what value shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so question mark what value shall
+I take oh I suppose I have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take oh I suppose I have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take oh I suppose I have to decide
+there too these are all new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too these are all new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there too these are all new
+points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and
+what shall I do I'm just going to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I do I'm just going to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what shall I do I'm just going to stay
+with linear interpolation which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear interpolation which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear interpolation which is quite
+fast and and satisfactory at this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and and satisfactory at this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and and satisfactory at this value
+will be the average of those two this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the average of those two this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the average of those two this
+value will be the average of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value will be the average of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value will be the average of those and
+what will this one be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will this one be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will this one be in the
+center it's the average of these four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course and that's what we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that's what we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and that's what we'll get
+actually that chronical product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that chronical product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that chronical product
+business the chronical product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the chronical product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business the chronical product of
+a 1D Matrix like that with itself would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1D Matrix like that with itself would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1D Matrix like that with itself would
+be a 2d interpolation that would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 2d interpolation that would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 2d interpolation that would do
+exactly this we we can write it out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this we we can write it out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this we we can write it out more
+fully but it's not fun to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully but it's not fun to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully but it's not fun to write out
+really fully because if this is 5 by2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fully because if this is 5 by2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fully because if this is 5 by2
+then i2d would be 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by4 so we're right away even on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by4 so we're right away even on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by4 so we're right away even on this
+tiny tiny problem we're right away up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny problem we're right away up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny tiny problem we're right away up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal mesh points on the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal mesh points on the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal mesh points on the fine
+mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+okay that's the Matrix that I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the Matrix that I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the Matrix that I want you
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the Natural Choice for R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Natural Choice for R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Natural Choice for R is the
+transpose so that that one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that that one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that that one possible
+choice would and it it will the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would and it it will the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would and it it will the answer
+will be yes we do use neighbor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be yes we do use neighbor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be yes we do use neighbor so
+R will be the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R will be the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R will be the transpose of
+I actually I'll need a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually I'll need a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually I'll need a factor
+here I think it's one half let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think it's one half let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think it's one half let let me
+just see what it is let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what it is let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what it is let me see
+what and why we why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and why we why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and why we why we need
+a why we need a little multiple there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a why we need a little multiple there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a why we need a little multiple there to
+make things right but let me let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things right but let me let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things right but let me let me just
+so there's my Matrix I so I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's my Matrix I so I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's my Matrix I so I'm just going
+to transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transpose
+it and and let me factor a half out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and let me factor a half out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and let me factor a half out of
+that can I just so you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I just so you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I just so you see these
+matrices without fractions inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices without fractions inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices without fractions inside that
+would be one 2 1 so that's I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one 2 1 so that's I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one 2 1 so that's I'm going to
+transpose that 1 two 1 0 0 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+21 so I factored a half out of I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 so I factored a half out of I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 so I factored a half out of I when I
+did that and then I believe that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that and then I believe that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that and then I believe that I need
+another half here I think I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another half here I think I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another half here I think I need
+1/4 and what what do I mean by needing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and what what do I mean by needing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 and what what do I mean by needing
+1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course the main point is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the main point is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the main point is that this is
+the transpose of this and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose of this and you'll see
+that that that preserves the Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that preserves the Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that preserves the Symmetry
+that's just sort of the natural thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of the natural thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just sort of the natural thing to
+to pick not the only possibility but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick not the only possibility but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick not the only possibility but
+it's very good to connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good to connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very good to connect the
+Restriction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Restriction with the
+interpolation of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation of course
+you can't take the Restriction to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take the Restriction to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take the Restriction to be the
+inverse of the interpolation why not why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the interpolation why not why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the interpolation why not why
+I mean that would be that sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that would be that sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that would be that sort of our
+mental idea is that the Restriction goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental idea is that the Restriction goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental idea is that the Restriction goes
+in One Direction and The interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in One Direction and The interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in One Direction and The interpolation
+in the other direction so why not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction so why not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other direction so why not just
+let one be the inverse of the other well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let one be the inverse of the other well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let one be the inverse of the other well
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+course that Matrix doesn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that Matrix doesn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that Matrix doesn't have an
+inverse we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lose I mean it's its rank is only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose I mean it's its rank is only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose I mean it's its rank is only two
+when we do a restriction we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a restriction we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do a restriction we're we're
+going to lose information the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose information the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose information the
+interpolation can't put it all back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation can't put it all back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation can't put it all back
+because we we threw it away when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we threw it away when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we threw it away when we
+restricted to the to the uh course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to the to the uh course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to the to the uh course
+measure okay now why one quarter I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay now why one quarter I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay now why one quarter I I
+think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+just if we had all constants like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if we had all constants like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if we had all constants like all
+ones as our mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones as our mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones as our mesh
+values we would we would want to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we would we would want to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we would we would want to get all
+ones for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for the
+restriction so if I multiply this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction so if I multiply this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction so if I multiply this matrix
+by the vector of all ones so so assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the vector of all ones so so assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the vector of all ones so so assuming
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+remember you remember where R comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you remember where R comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you remember where R comes in
+if I just copy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just copy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just copy this
+uh this equation you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this equation you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this equation you remember
+that that I go from the from the h mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I go from the from the h mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I go from the from the h mesh
+the it it's fine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course so I start with a so r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so I start with a so r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so I start with a so r
+times ones on the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mesh all ones on the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh all ones on the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh all ones on the fine
+mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh
+gives ones on the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives ones on the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives ones on the co
+mesh that's why I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh that's why I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh that's why I wanted
+that you you see if I multiply by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you see if I multiply by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you see if I multiply by all
+ones then that multiplication gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones then that multiplication gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones then that multiplication gives me a
+1 + 2 + 1 equal 4 and I need to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + 1 equal 4 and I need to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + 1 equal 4 and I need to divide
+by four to get back to a one yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four to get back to a one yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by four to get back to a one yeah so
+that you quickly discover that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you quickly discover that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you quickly discover that that's
+just this that's just a arises because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this that's just a arises because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this that's just a arises because
+of the change of scale it it it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change of scale it it it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change of scale it it it's just a
+factor of a half in 2D that that one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a half in 2D that that one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a half in 2D that that one2
+there would change to one4 and 3D it' be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would change to one4 and 3D it' be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would change to one4 and 3D it' be
+1/8 it's just it's just the scaling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 it's just it's just the scaling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 it's just it's just the scaling to
+get back to to to preserve constant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to to to preserve constant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to to to preserve constant okay
+and now uh the remaining question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh the remaining question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh the remaining question is
+what's a2h right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a2h right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a2h right that's the
+other Matrix here that we don't we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Matrix here that we don't we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Matrix here that we don't we don't
+we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not
+given we're given the a ah our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given we're given the a ah our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given we're given the a ah our
+problem we choose an r and we choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we choose an r and we choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we choose an r and we choose an
+i and and if we're smart we ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and and if we're smart we ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and and if we're smart we ones that
+transpose of the other and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the other and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the other and then the
+question is what's a2h and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's a2h and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's a2h and there's a
+beautiful answer so let me just say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful answer so let me just say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful answer so let me just say what
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a2h the coar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix is the fine mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need I I need to do first if if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I I need to do first if if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I I need to do first if if this is
+going to apply to uh to to the co mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply to uh to to the co mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply to uh to to the co mesh
+guys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v's I I have to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpolation you you see it here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation you you see it here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation you you see it here this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+5x5 in my problem so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x5 in my problem so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x5 in my problem so I
+need to First do the interpolation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to First do the interpolation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to First do the interpolation to
+get from a vector of length two up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a vector of length two up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from a vector of length two up to a
+vector of length five then this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of length five then this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of length five then this and then
+the Restriction it's terrific that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a2h so this is a 2 H and we better do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2h so this is a 2 H and we better do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2h so this is a 2 H and we better do a
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+example and I guess it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I guess it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I guess it's going to be
+next time so that'll be the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so that'll be the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time so that'll be the first thing
+for next time would be to see okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next time would be to see okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next time would be to see okay for
+the standard second difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard second difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard second difference
+ah for these peie wise linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah for these peie wise linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah for these peie wise linear
+interpolation and restriction what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation and restriction what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation and restriction what comes
+out out as A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out as A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out as A2
+H do we get the standard second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H do we get the standard second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H do we get the standard second
+difference on the course mesh which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on the course mesh which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on the course mesh which you
+really hope we do and we do yeah so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope we do and we do yeah so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hope we do and we do yeah so this
+will be this will be the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this will be the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this will be the second
+difference in our example on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mes so that this middle step of multi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mes so that this middle step of multi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mes so that this middle step of multi-
+grid is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is exactly what we
+would have expected what we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected what we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have expected what we would have
+had if we' set up the problem originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if we' set up the problem originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if we' set up the problem originally
+on the course mesh but now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course mesh but now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course mesh but now we're going
+to get an answer that we take back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an answer that we take back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an answer that we take back to
+the find that okay so I'll do that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find that okay so I'll do that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find that okay so I'll do that next
+time some homeworks here that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some homeworks here that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some homeworks here that that I
+held for an extra two days and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held for an extra two days and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held for an extra two days and now I'm
+returning and uh some thoughts to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning and uh some thoughts to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning and uh some thoughts to go up
+onto the website about possible projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the website about possible projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the website about possible projects
+but actually I express a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I express a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually I express a lot of them
+at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the
+lecture okay thanks good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YDRMLCuNteY.txt b/YDRMLCuNteY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f5220d5d1887d55a5be29fdbc573f93aa915431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YDRMLCuNteY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3270 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today,
+let me remind you,
+
+for the convenience
+of also the people
+
+that weren't here
+last time, we don't
+
+need too much of what
+we did last time, except
+
+to know, more or
+less, what's going on.
+
+We were solving central
+potential problems
+
+in which you have a potential
+that just depends on r.
+
+And at the end of the
+day, the wave functions
+
+were shown to take the
+form of a radial part
+
+and an angular part with
+the spherical harmonic here.
+
+The radial part was
+very conveniently
+
+presented as a U
+function divided by r.
+
+That's another function, but
+the differential equation for U
+
+is nice.
+
+It takes the form of a
+1-dimensional Schrodinger
+
+equation for a particle
+under the influence
+
+of an effective potential.
+
+This potential,
+effective potential,
+
+has the potential that you
+have in your Hamiltonian
+
+plus an extra term, a barrier.
+
+It's a potential that
+grows as r goes to 0,
+
+so it's a barrier that
+explodes at r equals 0.
+
+And this being the
+effective potential that
+
+enters into this 1-dimensional
+Schrodinger equation,
+
+we made some observations
+about this function U.
+
+The normalization of
+this wave function
+
+is guaranteed if the integral of
+U squared over r is equal to 1.
+
+So that's a pretty nice thing.
+
+U squared meaning absolute
+value squared of U.
+
+And we also noticed that U
+must go like r to the l plus 1
+
+near r going to 0.
+
+So those were the
+general properties of U.
+
+I'm trying to catch
+up with notes.
+
+I hope to put some
+notes out today.
+
+But this material, in fact,
+you can find parts of it
+
+in almost any book.
+
+It will just be presented
+a little differently.
+
+But this is not
+very unusual stuff.
+
+Now, the diagram that I wanted
+to emphasize to you last time
+
+was that if you're
+trying to discuss
+
+the spectrum of a
+central state potential,
+
+you do it with a
+diagram in which you
+
+list the energies
+as a function of l.
+
+And it's like a histogram
+in which for l equals 0,
+
+you have to solve some
+1-dimensional Schrodinger
+
+equation.
+
+This 1-dimensional
+Schrodinger equation
+
+will have a bound state
+spectrum that is non-degenerate.
+
+So for l equal 0, there
+will be one solution,
+
+two solutions, three.
+
+I don't know how many before
+the continuous spectrum sets in,
+
+or if there is a
+continuous spectrum.
+
+But there are some solutions.
+
+For l equal 1, there will
+be some other solutions.
+
+For l equal 2, there might
+be some other solutions.
+
+And that depends on which
+problem you are solving.
+
+In general, there's no rhyme
+or reason in this diagram,
+
+except that the lowest energy
+state for each level goes up.
+
+And that's because the
+potential goes up and up
+
+as you increase l.
+
+Notice this is totally positive.
+
+So whatever potential
+you have, it's
+
+just going up as you increase l.
+
+So the ground
+state should go up.
+
+The ground state
+energy should go up.
+
+So this diagram looks like this.
+
+We also emphasized
+that for every l,
+
+there are 2l plus 1 solutions
+obtained by varying M,
+
+because M goes
+from l to minus l.
+
+Therefore, this
+bar here represents
+
+a single multiplate of l equals
+1, therefore three states.
+
+This is a single multiplate of
+l equals 1, three more states.
+
+Here is five
+states, five states,
+
+but only one l equal 1
+multiplate, one l equal
+
+1 multiplate, 1, 1.
+
+There are no cases
+in which you have
+
+two multiplates because that
+would contradict our known
+
+statement that the spectrum of
+the potential of bound states
+
+in one dimensions
+is non-degenerate.
+
+So that was one thing we did.
+
+And the other thing
+that we concluded
+
+that ties up with what
+I want to talk now
+
+was a discussion of the free
+particle, free particle.
+
+And in the case
+of a free particle
+
+you say, well, so
+what are you solving?
+
+Well, we're solving
+for solutions
+
+that have radial symmetry.
+
+So they are functions
+of r [INAUDIBLE]
+
+angular distribution.
+
+So what do you find is UEl
+of r is equal to rJl of kr,
+
+as we explained, where these
+were the spherical Bessel
+
+functions.
+
+And those are not as bad as
+the usual Bessel functions,
+
+not that complicated.
+
+They're finite
+series constructed
+
+with sines and cosines, so
+these are quite tractable.
+
+And that was for
+a free particle.
+
+So we decided that
+we would solve
+
+the case of an infinite
+spherical well, which
+
+is a potential V of r, which is
+equal to 0 if r is less than a,
+
+and infinity if r is
+greater or equal than a.
+
+It's a small-- well, a
+is whatever size it is.
+
+It's a cavity, spherical
+cavity where you can live.
+
+And outside you can't be there.
+
+This is the analog of
+the infinite square
+
+well in one dimension.
+
+But this is in three dimensions.
+
+An infinite
+spherical well should
+
+be imagined as some sort of hole
+in the material and electrons
+
+or particles can move inside
+and nothing can escape this.
+
+So this is a hollow thing.
+
+So this is a classic problem.
+
+You would say this must
+be as simple to solve
+
+as the infinite square well.
+
+And no, it's more complicated.
+
+Not conceptually much more
+complicated, but mathematically
+
+more work.
+
+You will consider some aspects
+of the finite spherical
+
+well in the homework.
+
+The finite square
+well, you remember,
+
+is a bit more complicated.
+
+You can't solve it exactly.
+
+The finite spherical
+well, of course,
+
+you can't solve exactly either.
+
+But you will look at
+some aspects of it,
+
+the most famous result
+of which is the statement
+
+that while any attractive
+potential in one dimension
+
+has a bound state
+in three dimensions.
+
+An attractive potential,
+so a finite spherical well,
+
+may not have a bound state,
+even a single bound state.
+
+So that's a very
+interesting thing
+
+that you will understand in
+the homework in several ways.
+
+You will also understand some
+things about delta functions,
+
+that they're important.
+
+So we'll touch base with that.
+
+So that's as far as I got
+last time and just a review.
+
+If there are any
+questions, don't be shy
+
+if you weren't here and
+you have a question.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any reason to
+expect [INAUDIBLE] intuitively
+
+should be like [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the reason,
+intuitively the reason
+
+is basically the conspiracy
+between this UEl,
+
+as I was saying,
+UEl as r goes to 0
+
+goes like r to the l plus 1.
+
+So first of all, this
+potential is very repulsive.
+
+Is that right?
+
+So that tends to ruin things.
+
+So you could say, oh, well,
+this thing is probably not
+
+going to get anything
+because near r equal 0,
+
+you're being repelled.
+
+But you cay say, no, let's
+look at that l equal 0.
+
+So you don't have
+that, so just V of r.
+
+But we take l equals 0--
+I'm sorry, U here, U of El
+
+has to go like that.
+
+So actually, U will
+vanish for r equals 0.
+
+So the effective potential
+for the 1-dimensional problem
+
+may look like a finite square
+well, that is like that.
+
+But the wave function has
+to vanish on this side.
+
+Even though you would say,
+it's a finite spherical well,
+
+why does it have to
+vanish Here well,
+
+it's the unusual behavior
+of this U function.
+
+So the wave function that
+you can sort of imagine
+
+must vanish here.
+
+So in order to
+get a bound state,
+
+it has to have enough
+time to sort of curve
+
+so that it can fall, and it's
+sometimes difficult to do it.
+
+So basically, it's the fact
+that the wave function has
+
+to vanish at the origin, the
+U wave function has to vanish.
+
+Now, the whole wave
+function doesn't
+
+vanish because
+it's divided by r.
+
+But the U does.
+
+So it's the reason why you don't
+have bound states in general.
+
+And then there's also funny
+things like a delta function.
+
+You would say, well, a
+3-dimensional delta function,
+
+how many bound states do
+you get, or what's going on?
+
+With a 1-dimensional
+delta function,
+
+you have one bound
+state, and that's it.
+
+With a 3-dimensional delta
+function, as you will find,
+
+it's [INAUDIBLE]
+is rather singular,
+
+and you tend to get
+infinitely many bound states.
+
+And you cannot even calculate
+them because they fall off all
+
+the way through r and go
+to minus infinity energy.
+
+It's a rather strange situation.
+
+All right.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+So let's do this
+infinite spherical well.
+
+Now, the reason we did
+the free particle first
+
+was that inside here,
+this is all free,
+
+so the solutions will
+be sort of simple.
+
+Nevertheless, we can begin with
+looking at the differential
+
+equation directly for inside.
+
+So r less than a, you would
+have minus d second UEl
+
+over d rho squared,
+actually, plus l times l
+
+plus 1 over rho
+squared UEl equals
+
+UEl, where rho is equal to kr.
+
+And k-- I'm sorry, I
+didn't write it there--
+
+is 2mE over h squared as usual.
+
+So here I didn't say what k was.
+
+That was 2mE over h squared.
+
+And this doesn't quite look
+like the differential equation
+
+you have here.
+
+Well, V of r is 0
+for r less than a,
+
+so you just have this term.
+
+The h squared's
+over 2m and the E
+
+have been rescaled
+by changing r to rho.
+
+So the differential
+equation becomes
+
+simple and looking like this.
+
+So that was a manipulation that
+was done in detail last time,
+
+but you can redo it.
+
+Now, this, as I mentioned,
+is not a simple differential
+
+equation.
+
+If you didn't have this, it
+would have a power solution.
+
+If you don't have this,
+it's just a sine or cosines.
+
+But if you have
+both, it's Bessel.
+
+So having a
+differential with two
+
+derivatives, 1 over
+rho squared and 1,
+
+brings you into
+Bessel territory.
+
+Anyway, this is
+the equation that,
+
+in fact, is solved
+by these functions
+
+because it's a free
+Schrodinger equation,
+
+and you can take
+it for l equal 0.
+
+This is the only
+case we can do easily
+
+without looking up
+any Bessel functions
+
+or anything like that.
+
+You then have d second UE0
+d rho squared is equal UE0.
+
+And therefore, UE0 goes like A
+sine of rho plus B cosine rho.
+
+Rho is kr.
+
+UEl must behave like
+r to the l plus 1,
+
+so UE0 must behave like r.
+
+So for this thing to
+behave, must behave like r.
+
+So it must behave like
+rho as rho goes to 0.
+
+Therefore, this term
+cannot be there.
+
+The only solution is
+UE0 is equal to sine
+
+of rho, which is kr.
+
+So UE0 of r must
+be of this form.
+
+Then in order to have a
+solution of the 1-dimensional
+
+Schrodinger equation, it's
+true that the potential
+
+becomes infinite for r equal a.
+
+So that is familiar.
+
+It's not the point r
+equal 0 that is unusual.
+
+r equal a, this must vanish.
+
+So we need that UE0
+of a will equal to 0.
+
+So this requires k equal some
+kn so that kna is equal to n pi.
+
+So for k is equal to kn,
+where kn,a is equal to n pi,
+
+a multiple of pi, then the
+wave function will vanish at r
+
+equals a.
+
+So easy enough.
+
+We've found the values of k.
+
+This is quite analogous to
+the infinite square well.
+
+And now the energies
+from this formula En
+
+will be equal to h squared
+kn squared over 2m.
+
+And it's convenient,
+of course, to divide
+
+by ma squared so that
+you have kna squared.
+
+So the energies are h
+squared over 2ma squared.
+
+Here we have n pi squared.
+
+I'll put them like this.
+
+En,0 for l equal
+0, En,l's energies.
+
+Now, if you want to
+remember something
+
+about this, of course,
+all these constants
+
+are kind of irrelevant.
+
+But the good thing
+is that this carries
+
+the full units of energy.
+
+And you know in a system
+with length scale a,
+
+this is the typical energy.
+
+So the energies are essentially
+that typical energy times
+
+n squared pi squared.
+
+So it's convenient to define,
+in general, En,l to be En,l,
+
+for any l that you
+may be solving,
+
+divided by h squared
+over 2ma squared.
+
+So that this thing has no units.
+
+And it tells you for any
+level, the calligraphic E,
+
+roughly how much bigger it
+is than the natural energy
+
+scale of your problem.
+
+So it's a nice definition.
+
+And in this way, we've learned
+that En,0 is equal to n pi
+
+squared.
+
+And a few values of this are
+E1,0 about 9,869 [INAUDIBLE],
+
+E2,0 equal 39,478, and
+E3,0 is equal 88,826.
+
+Not very dramatic
+numbers, but they're
+
+still kind of interesting.
+
+So what else about this problem?
+
+Well, we can do
+the general case.
+
+Let me erase a little here
+so that we can proceed.
+
+The general case
+is based on knowing
+
+the zeroes of this
+spherical Bessel function.
+
+So this is something that the
+first one you can do easily.
+
+The zeroes of J1
+of rho are points
+
+at which tan rho
+is equal to rho.
+
+That is a short calculation
+if you ever want to do it.
+
+That's not that
+difficult, of course,
+
+but you have to
+do it numerically.
+
+So the zeroes of
+the Bessel functions
+
+are known and are tabulated.
+
+You can find them on the web,
+little programs that do it
+
+on the web and give you
+[? directly those ?] zeroes.
+
+So how are they defined?
+
+Basically, people define Zn,l to
+be the n-th zero with n equals
+
+1 like that of Jl.
+
+So more precisely, Jl
+of Zn,l is equal to 0.
+
+And all the Z and l's
+are different from 0.
+
+There's a trivial zero at 0.
+
+And nevertheless,
+that is not counted.
+
+It's just too trivial
+for it to be interesting.
+
+So these numbers, Z and
+l, are basically it.
+
+Why?
+
+Because what you
+need is, if you're
+
+looking for the l-th solution,
+you need UEl of a equal 0.
+
+And UEa of that equal 0 means
+that you need kn,l times a be
+
+equal to Zn,l.
+
+So kn,l is the value of k.
+
+And just like we quantized
+here, we had kn, well,
+
+if you have various
+l's, put the kn,l.
+
+So for every value of l, you
+have kn,l's that are given
+
+by this.
+
+And the energy's like this.
+
+Let me copy what this would be.
+
+En,l would be En,l
+over this ratio.
+
+And En,l h squared, well,
+let me do it this way.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+En,l would be h squared
+kn,l over 2ma squared,
+
+over 2m like that.
+
+Then you multiply
+by a squared again.
+
+So you get kn,l a
+squared over 2ma squared.
+
+So what you learn from
+this is that En,l,
+
+you divide this by that, is
+just kn,l times a, which is Zm,l
+
+squared.
+
+So that's the simple result.
+
+The En,l's are just the squares
+of the zeroes of the Bessel
+
+function.
+
+So you divide it again
+by h squared over 2ma,
+
+and that's all that was left.
+
+So you need to know the
+zeroes of the Bessel function.
+
+And there's one,
+you might say, well,
+
+what for do I care about this?
+
+But it's kind of
+nice to see them.
+
+So Z1,1 is equal to 4.49
+Z2,1 is equal to 7.72,
+
+and Z3,1 is 10.90, numbers that
+may have no rhyme or reason.
+
+Now, you've done
+here l equals 1.
+
+Of course, it continues
+down, down, down.
+
+You can continue with the first
+zero, first nontrivial zero,
+
+second nontrivial zero,
+third nontrivial zero,
+
+and it goes on.
+
+The energies the squares.
+
+So the squared goes like 20.19.
+
+This goes like 59.7.
+
+And this goes like 119 roughly.
+
+Then you have the other zeroes.
+
+First zero for l equals
+2, that is 5.76 roughly.
+
+Second zero for l equals
+to 2 is 9.1 roughly.
+
+And if you square those to
+see those other energies,
+
+you would get, by
+squaring, 33.21 and 82.72.
+
+And finally, let me do one more.
+
+Z1,3, the first zero of the
+l equal 3, and the Z2,3,
+
+the second zero,
+are 6.99 and 10.4,
+
+which when squared give
+you 48.83 and 108.5.
+
+OK.
+
+Why do you want to
+see those numbers?
+
+I think the reason
+you want to see
+
+them is to just look at
+the diagram of energies,
+
+which is kind of interesting.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+So here I'll plot
+energies, and here I put l.
+
+And now I need a big diagram.
+
+Here I'll put the
+curly energies.
+
+And here is 10, 20, 30,
+40, 50, 60-- and now
+
+I need the next blackboard,
+let's see, we're 60,
+
+let's see, more or less,
+here is about right--
+
+70, 80, 90, 100, 110.
+
+How far do I need?
+
+120, ooh, OK, 120.
+
+There we go.
+
+So just for the fun of it.
+
+Look at them to
+see how they look,
+
+if you can see any pattern.
+
+So the first energy was
+986, so that's roughly here.
+
+That's l equals 0
+is the first state.
+
+Second is 39.47, so it's
+a little below here.
+
+Next is 88.82, so we
+are here, roughly.
+
+Then we go l equals 1.
+
+What are the values?
+
+This one's 20.19.
+
+L equals 1, 20.19,
+so we're around here.
+
+Then 59.7 is almost 60.
+
+And then 119, so that's why
+we needed to go that high.
+
+So here we are.
+
+And then l equals 3, you
+have 48.83, so that's 50.
+
+I'm sorry, l equals 2.
+
+48.83.
+
+A little lower than that.
+
+No, I'm sorry.
+
+It's 33.21.
+
+I'm misreading that.
+
+33 over here.
+
+And then 82.72, so we are here.
+
+And then l equals
+3, we have 48.83,
+
+so that was the one
+I wanted, and 108.5.
+
+That's it, and there's
+no pattern whatsoever.
+
+The zeroes never match.
+
+The only thing that is
+true is that 0, 1, 2, 3,
+
+they were ascending
+as we predicted.
+
+But no level matches
+with any other level.
+
+If you were trying to say, OK,
+this potential is interesting,
+
+is special, it has magic to
+it, a spherical square well,
+
+it doesn't seem to have
+anything to it, in fact.
+
+It's totally random.
+
+I cannot prove for you,
+but it's probably true,
+
+and probably not
+impossible to prove,
+
+that these zeroes
+are never the same.
+
+No l and l prime will
+have the same zero.
+
+No degeneracy ever occurs
+that needs an explanation.
+
+For example, this state could
+have ended up equal to this one
+
+or equal to this one,
+and it doesn't happen.
+
+And that's OK,
+because at this level,
+
+we would not be able to
+predict why it happened.
+
+We actually, apart from the fact
+that this a round, nice box,
+
+what symmetries does
+it have, that box,
+
+except rotational symmetry?
+
+Nothing all that dramatic.
+
+So you would say, OK, let's
+look for a problem, which we'll
+
+deal now, that does have a
+more surprising structure,
+
+and let's try to figure it out.
+
+Let's try the three dimensional
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+So 3D SHO.
+
+Isotropic.
+
+What is the potential?
+
+It's 1/2 m omega
+squared x squared
+
+for x plus y squared plus z
+squared, all the same constant.
+
+So it's 1/2 m omega
+squared r squared.
+
+You would say, this
+potential may or may not
+
+be nicer than the
+spherical well,
+
+but actually, it
+is extraordinarily
+
+symmetric in a way that
+the spherical well is not.
+
+So we'll see why is that.
+
+Let's look at the
+states of this.
+
+Now, we're going to
+do it with numerology.
+
+Everything will be
+kind of numerology
+
+here because I don't
+want to calculate
+
+things for this problem.
+
+So first thing, how
+you build the spectrum?
+
+H is equal to h bar omega
+N1 plus N2 plus N3 plus 3/2,
+
+where these are the three
+number operators, and 0.
+
+Now, just for you to realize,
+in the language of things
+
+that we've been doing,
+what is the state space?
+
+If we call H1 the state space
+of a one dimensional SHO,
+
+what is the state space of
+the three dimensional SHO?
+
+Well, conceptually, how do you
+build a three dimensional SHO?
+
+Well, you have the creation
+annihilation operators
+
+that you had for
+the x, y, and z.
+
+So you have the ax dagger, the
+ay dagger, and the az dagger,
+
+and you could act on the vacuum.
+
+So the way you can think of
+the state space of the one
+
+dimensional oscillator is this
+is one dimensional oscillator
+
+and I have all these things.
+
+Here is the other
+one dimensional,
+
+here is the last
+one dimensional.
+
+But if I want to build a
+state of the three dimensional
+
+oscillator, I have to say how
+many ax's, how many ay's, how
+
+many az's.
+
+So you're really
+multiplying the states
+
+in the sense of tensor products.
+
+So the H, for a 3D SHO,
+is the tensor product
+
+of three H1's, the H1
+x, the 1y, and the z.
+
+You're really multiplying
+all the states together.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So this is
+generalized to when
+
+you have a wave function
+that's separable into products
+
+of different coordinates.
+
+Can you express those
+as tensor products
+
+of the different
+states, basically?
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: You
+see, the separable
+
+into different coordinates,
+it's yet another thing
+
+because it would be the
+question of whether the state is
+
+separable or is entangled.
+
+If you choose, for example,
+one term like that,
+
+a1, x, ax dagger, ay dagger, az
+dagger, with two of those here,
+
+the wave function is the product
+of an x wave function, a y wave
+
+function, and a z wave function.
+
+But if you add to this ax
+dagger squared plus ay plus az,
+
+it will also be factorable,
+but the sum is not factorable.
+
+So you get the
+entanglement kind of thing.
+
+So this is the general
+thing, and the basis vectors
+
+of this tensor product are
+basis vectors of one times basis
+
+vectors of the
+other basis vector.
+
+So basically, one
+basis vector here,
+
+you pick some number of ax's,
+some number of ay's, some
+
+number of az's.
+
+So this shows,
+and it's a point I
+
+want to emphasize
+at this moment,
+
+it's very important, that even
+though we started thinking
+
+of tensor products of
+two particles, here,
+
+there are no two particles in
+the three dimensional harmonic
+
+oscillator, no three particles.
+
+There's just one particle where
+there's one kind of attribute
+
+that that's doing in
+the x direction, one
+
+kind of attribute
+that it's doing
+
+in the y, one kind of attribute
+that it's doing in the z.
+
+And therefore, you
+need data for each one,
+
+and the right data is
+the tensor product.
+
+You're just combining
+them together.
+
+We mentioned that the basis
+vectors of a tensor product
+
+are the products of
+those basis vectors,
+
+of each one, so that's exactly
+how you build states here.
+
+So I think, actually, you
+probably have this intuition.
+
+I just wanted to make it a
+little more explicit for you.
+
+So you don't need to
+have two particles
+
+to get a tensor product.
+
+It can happen in simpler cases.
+
+So here's the thing that
+I want to do with you.
+
+I would like to find that
+diagram for the three
+
+dimensional SHO.
+
+That's our goal that we're
+going to spend the next 15
+
+minutes probably doing.
+
+How does that diagram look?
+
+So I'll put it somewhere
+here maybe, or maybe here.
+
+I won't need such a big diagram.
+
+So I'll have it here.
+
+Here is l, and here
+are the energies.
+
+So ground states.
+
+The ground state, you can think
+of it as a state like that.
+
+How should I write it?
+
+A state like that.
+
+No oscillators acting on it
+whatsoever, so the N's are N1
+
+equals N2 equals N3
+equals 0, and you
+
+get E equals h bar
+omega times 3/2.
+
+So 3/2 h bar omega.
+
+So actually, we got one state,
+and it's the lowest energy
+
+state.
+
+Energy lowest possible.
+
+So let me write here, energy
+equals 3/2 h bar omega.
+
+We got one state over here.
+
+Now, can it be an l
+equals 1 state or an l
+
+equals 2 state or
+an l equals 3 state?
+
+How much is l for that state?
+
+You see, if it's a
+spherically symmetric problem,
+
+it has to give you
+a table like that.
+
+It's guaranteed by angular
+momentum, so we must find.
+
+My question is whether it's l
+equals 0, 1, 2, 3, or whatever.
+
+Anybody would like to say
+what do they think it is?
+
+Kevin?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's 0, right?
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: 0.
+
+And why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because we
+wrote the operator for l
+
+in terms of ax, ay, and az, and
+you need one to be non-zero.
+
+You need a difference between
+them to generate a rotation.
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH:
+OK, that's true.
+
+It's a good answer.
+
+It's very explicit.
+
+Let me say it some other
+way, why it couldn't possibly
+
+be l equals 1.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+the ground state
+
+decreases for l decreasing.
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: The ground
+state energy does what?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's
+smaller for smaller l,
+
+and so for l equals 0, you
+have to have a smaller ground
+
+state than for l equals 1.
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: That's true.
+
+Absolutely true.
+
+The energy increases so
+it cannot be l equals 1,
+
+because then there will
+be something below which
+
+doesn't exist.
+
+But there may be a
+more plain answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: The state
+is non-degenerative.
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: Yes.
+
+There's just one state here.
+
+We built one state.
+
+If it would be l equals 1,
+there should be three states
+
+because l equals 1 comes with
+m equals 1, 0, and minus 1.
+
+So unless there are three
+states, you cannot have that.
+
+All right.
+
+So then we go to the next level.
+
+So I can build a state with
+ax dagger on the vacuum,
+
+a state with ay
+dagger on the vacuum,
+
+and a state with az
+dagger on the vacuum
+
+using one oscillator.
+
+Here, the N's are
+1, different ones,
+
+and the energy is h bar
+omega 1 plus 3/2, so 5/2.
+
+And I got three states.
+
+What can that be?
+
+Well, could it be three
+states of l equals 0?
+
+No.
+
+We said there's never
+a degeneracy here.
+
+There's always one thing, so
+there would be one state here,
+
+one state here, one
+state here maybe.
+
+We don't know, but they would
+not have the same energy,
+
+so it cannot be l equals 0.
+
+Now, you probably remember that
+l equals 1 has three states.
+
+So without doing
+any computation,
+
+I think I can argue that
+this must be l equals 1.
+
+That cannot be any other thing.
+
+It cannot be l equals 2
+because you need five states.
+
+Cannot be anything
+with l equals 0.
+
+So it must be l equals 1.
+
+So here is l equals 0,
+and here is l equals 1,
+
+and there's no state here, but
+there's one at 5/2 h bar omega.
+
+So we obtain one state here.
+
+And this corresponds
+to a degeneracy.
+
+This must correspond to l equals
+1 because it's three states.
+
+And that degeneracy
+is totally explained
+
+by angular momentum's
+central potential.
+
+It has to group in that way.
+
+Of course, if my oscillator
+had not been isotopic,
+
+it would not group that way.
+
+So we've got that one and we're,
+I think, reasonably happy.
+
+Now, let's list the various l's.
+
+l equals 0, l equals 1,
+l equals 2, l equals 3,
+
+l equals 4, l equals 5.
+
+How many states?
+
+1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11.
+
+OK, good enough.
+
+So we succeeded, so let's
+proceed to one more level.
+
+Let's see how we do.
+
+Here, I would have
+ax dagger squared
+
+on the vacuum, ay dagger
+squared on the vacuum, az
+
+dagger squared on the vacuum.
+
+Three states, but then
+I have three more,
+
+ax ay, both dagger on the
+vacuum, ax az, and ay az,
+
+for a total of six states.
+
+So at N equals 2,
+the next level,
+
+let's call N equals
+N1 plus N2 plus N3.
+
+So this is N equals 2.
+
+This is N equals 1.
+
+You've got six states.
+
+They must organize themselves
+into representations
+
+of angular momentum, so they
+must be billed by these things.
+
+So I cannot have l equals 3.
+
+I don't have that many states.
+
+I could have two l equals
+1 states, three and three.
+
+That would give six states,
+or a five and a one.
+
+So what are we looking at?
+
+Let's see what we could have.
+
+Well, we're trying to figure
+out the next level, which
+
+is 7/2 h bar omega.
+
+If I say this is built
+by two l equals 1's, I
+
+would have to put two things
+here, and that's wrong.
+
+There cannot be two
+multiplates at the same energy.
+
+So even though it looks like you
+could build it with two l equal
+
+1's, you cannot.
+
+So it must be an l equals
+2 and an l equals 0.
+
+So l equals 2 plus l equals
+0, this one giving you
+
+five states and this
+giving you one state.
+
+So at the next level,
+this cannot be,
+
+but what you get
+instead, l equals 2.
+
+You get one state here
+and one state there.
+
+This is already something a
+little strange and unexpected.
+
+For the first time,
+you've got things
+
+in different columns that
+are matching together.
+
+Why would these ones
+match with these ones?
+
+That requires an explanation.
+
+You will see that explanation
+a little later in the course,
+
+and that's something
+we need to understand.
+
+So far, so good.
+
+We seem to be making
+good progress.
+
+Let's do one more.
+
+In fact, we need to
+do maybe a couple more
+
+to see the whole pattern.
+
+Let's do the next
+one, N total equals 3.
+
+And now you have-- I'll be very
+brief-- ax cubed, ay cubed, az
+
+cubed, ax squared times ay or
+az, ay squared times ax or az,
+
+and az squared times ay or ax,
+and ax ay az, all different.
+
+And that builds for three
+states here, two states here,
+
+two states here, two states
+here, and one state here.
+
+So that's 10 states.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: No.
+
+It's just laziness.
+
+I just should have
+put ax squared
+
+ay dagger or ax
+squared az squared.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH:
+No, this is a sum.
+
+This is what we used to call
+the direct sum of vector spaces.
+
+This is not the product.
+
+That's pretty important.
+
+Here, it's a sum.
+
+We're saying 6 is 5
+plus 1, basically.
+
+Six states are five
+vectors plus one vector.
+
+Now, it can seem
+a little confusing
+
+because-- well,
+it's not confusing.
+
+If it would be a product, it
+would be 1 times 5, which is 5.
+
+So here, it's 6.
+
+It's a direct sum.
+
+It's saying the space
+of states at this level
+
+is six dimensional.
+
+This is a five
+dimensional vector space,
+
+this is a one
+dimensional vector space.
+
+This is a direct sum,
+something we defined
+
+a month ago or two
+months ago, direct sums.
+
+So this is funny how
+this is happening.
+
+This tensor product is giving
+you direct sums of states.
+
+Anyway, 10 states here.
+
+And now it does look like we
+finally have an ambiguity.
+
+We could have l equals 4, which
+is nine states, plus l equals
+
+0.
+
+You cannot use any
+one more than once.
+
+We've learned that
+for any energy level,
+
+we cannot have some l appear
+more than once because it would
+
+imply degeneracy.
+
+So I cannot build
+this with 10 singlets,
+
+or three l equal 1's
+and one l equals 0.
+
+I have to build it
+with different things,
+
+but I can build it as 9
+plus 1, or I can build it
+
+as l equals 3 plus l equals 1.
+
+And the question
+is, which one is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: 3
+and 1, is that right?
+
+How would you see that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the
+lowest energy with l3
+
+has to be lower than the
+lowest energy with l4.
+
+BARTON ZWIEBACH: Yes.
+
+Indeed, it would
+be very strange.
+
+It shouldn't happen.
+
+The energies are
+sort of in units,
+
+so here is l3 and
+here is l equals 4.
+
+If l4 would be here,
+where could be l3?
+
+It cannot be at a lower energy.
+
+We've accounted
+for all of those.
+
+This is terribly unlikely,
+and it must be this.
+
+And therefore, you found here
+next level, 9/2 h bar omega,
+
+you got l equals 3, l equals 1.
+
+It's possible to count.
+
+You start to get bored
+counting these things.
+
+So if you had to count,
+for example, the number
+
+of states with 4, how would
+you count them a little easier?
+
+Well, you say, I need ax dagger
+to the nx, ay dagger to the ny,
+
+and az dagger to the nz.
+
+That's the state.
+
+And you must have nx
+plus ny plus nz equals 4.
+
+And you can plot this,
+make a little diagram
+
+like this, in which
+you put nx, ny, and nz.
+
+And you say, well, this
+can be as far as 4,
+
+this can be as high as 4,
+this can be as high as 4,
+
+so you have triangle,
+but you only
+
+have the integer solutions.
+
+nx plus ny plus nz equals 4 is
+that whole hyperplane, but only
+
+integers and positive one.
+
+So you have here, for
+example, a solution.
+
+This line is when nz
+plus ny is equal to 4.
+
+So here's nz equals 4,
+nz equals 3, 2, 1, 0.
+
+These are solutions.
+
+Here, you have
+just one solution.
+
+Then you would have
+two solutions here,
+
+three solutions here,
+four here, and five there.
+
+So the number of states
+is actually 1 plus 2
+
+plus 3 plus 4 plus 5.
+
+The number of states is
+1 plus 2 plus 3 plus 4
+
+plus 5, which is 15.
+
+And you don't have
+to write them.
+
+So 15 states, what could it be?
+
+Well, you go through
+the numerology
+
+and there seem to be several
+options, but not too many
+
+that make sense.
+
+You could have something
+with l equals 5,
+
+but by the same
+argument, it's unlikely.
+
+But you could have
+something with l equals 4
+
+and begin with it.
+
+So it must be an l equals 4,
+which gives me already nine
+
+states, and there are
+left with six states.
+
+But you know that with
+six states, pretty much
+
+the only thing you can do is
+l equals 2 and l equals 0,
+
+so that must be it.
+
+The next state here,
+l equals 4, is here.
+
+This was 11/2 h bar omega,
+and then it goes 4, 2, 0.
+
+Enough to see the
+pattern, I think.
+
+You could do the next one.
+
+Now it's quick because you
+just need to add 6 here.
+
+It adds one more,
+so it's 21 states,
+
+and you can see
+what can you build.
+
+But it does look like
+you have this, this,
+
+and that you jump by two units.
+
+So you have 0, then
+1, and nothing.
+
+Then 2, and you
+jump the next to 0.
+
+And then 3 is the next one, and
+then you jump 2, and that's it.
+
+And here, jump 2 and jump 2.
+
+So in jumps of 2, you go to the
+angular momentum that you need.
+
+So how can you
+understand a little more
+
+of what's going on here?
+
+Why these things?
+
+Well, as you may recall, we
+used to have this discussion
+
+in which you have an a x and ay.
+
+You could trade for
+a right and a left.
+
+And with those, the angular
+momentum in the z-direction
+
+was h bar N right minus N left.
+
+This is for a
+two-dimensional oscillator,
+
+but the x and y of the
+three-dimensional oscillator
+
+works exactly the same way.
+
+So Lz is nicely written in
+terms of these variables.
+
+And it takes a little more
+work to get the other-- the Lx
+
+and Ly, but they
+can be calculated.
+
+And they correspond
+to the true angular
+
+momentum of this particle.
+
+It's the real angular momentum.
+
+It's not the angular
+momentum that you
+
+found for the two-dimensional
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+It's the real one.
+
+So here we go with
+a little analysis.
+
+How would you build now
+states in this language?
+
+You can understand things
+better in this case
+
+because, for example,
+for N equals 1,
+
+you could have a
+state a right dagger
+
+on the vacuum, a z dagger,
+a left dagger on the vacuum.
+
+And then you can say, what
+is the Lz of this state?
+
+Well, a right dagger on the
+vacuum has Lz equal h bar.
+
+This has 0 because
+Lz doesn't depend
+
+on the z-component
+of the oscillator.
+
+And this has minus h bar.
+
+So here you see actually,
+the whole structure of the L
+
+equal 1 multiplet.
+
+We said that we have at
+this level L equals 1.
+
+And indeed, for L equals
+1, you expect the state
+
+with Lz equal plus
+1, 0, and minus 1.
+
+So you see the whole thing.
+
+For n equals 2, what do you get?
+
+Well, you see a state, for
+example, of a right dagger
+
+a right dagger on the vacuum.
+
+And that has Lz equals 2 h bar.
+
+And therefore, you must have--
+since you cannot have states
+
+with higher Lz, you cannot
+have a state, for example,
+
+here with Lz equal 3.
+
+So you cannot have an L equal 3.
+
+In fact, for any N
+that you build states,
+
+you can only get
+states with whatever
+
+N is is the maximum
+value that Lz can have,
+
+which is something I want to
+illustrate just generically
+
+for a second.
+
+So in order to show that, let
+me go back here and exhibit
+
+for you a little of
+the general structure.
+
+So suppose you're building
+now with N equal n.
+
+The total number
+is N. So you have
+
+a state with a right dagger
+to the n on the vacuum.
+
+And this is the state
+with highest possible Lz
+
+because all the
+oscillators are aR dagger.
+
+So Lz is the highest.
+
+And highest Lz is,
+in fact, n h bar.
+
+Now, let's try to build a state
+with a little bit less Lz.
+
+You see, if this is
+a multiplet, this
+
+has to be a multiplet with some
+amount of angular momentum.
+
+So it's going to go from
+Lz equal n, n minus 1,
+
+up to minus n.
+
+There are going to be 2n plus
+1 states of this much angular
+
+momentum because this
+has to be a multiplet.
+
+So here you have a
+state with one unit
+
+less of angular momentum, a
+right dagger to the n minus 1,
+
+times an az dagger.
+
+I claim that's the
+only state that you
+
+can build with one
+unit less of angular
+
+momentum in the
+z-direction because I've
+
+traded this aR for an az.
+
+So this must be the second
+state in the multiplet.
+
+This multiplet with
+highest value of L,
+
+which is equal to n, corresponds
+to an angular momentum l,
+
+little l, equals n.
+
+And then, it must have
+this 2n plus 1 states.
+
+And here is the second state.
+
+So this is Lz equals nh bar.
+
+And here, n minus 1 h bar.
+
+And I don't think there's any
+other state at that level.
+
+Let's lower the angular
+momentum once more.
+
+So what do we get?
+
+a right dagger n minus
+2 az dagger squared.
+
+That's another state with
+one less angular momentum
+
+than this.
+
+This, in fact, has n
+minus 2 times h bar.
+
+Now, is that the
+unique state that I
+
+can have with two units
+less of angular momentum?
+
+No.
+
+What is the other one?
+
+AUDIENCE: aR to
+the n minus 1 a l?
+
+PROFESSOR: Correct,
+that lowers it.
+
+third so here you have aR to the
+n minus 1 a left on the vacuum.
+
+That's another state with two
+units less of angular momentum.
+
+So in this situation, a
+funny thing has happened.
+
+And here's why you
+understand the jump of 2.
+
+This state, you
+actually-- if you're
+
+trying to build this
+multiplet, now you
+
+have two states that have
+the same value of Lz.
+
+And you actually don't
+know whether the next state
+
+in the multiplet
+is this, or that,
+
+or some linear combination.
+
+It better be some
+linear combination.
+
+But the fact is that at this
+level, you found another state.
+
+So this multiplet
+will go on and it
+
+will be some linear combination.
+
+Maybe this diagram
+doesn't illustrate that.
+
+But then you will have
+another state here.
+
+So some other linear combination
+that builds another multiplet.
+
+And this multiplet has two
+units less of angular momentum.
+
+And that explains why
+this diagram always jumps.
+
+It always jumps 2.
+
+And you could do that here.
+
+If you tried to write
+the next things here,
+
+you will find two states
+that you can write.
+
+But if you go one lower,
+you will find three states.
+
+Which means that
+at the next level,
+
+you built another-- you
+need another state with two
+
+units less of angular
+momentum each time.
+
+So pretty much that's it.
+
+That illustrates how
+this diagram happens.
+
+The only thing we
+haven't answered,
+
+and you will see
+that in an exercise,
+
+how could I have understood
+from the beginning
+
+that this would have happened
+rather than building it
+
+this way that
+there's this thing?
+
+And what you will
+find is that there's
+
+some operators that commute
+with the Hamiltonian that
+
+move you from here to here.
+
+And that explains it all.
+
+Because if you have an
+operator that commutes with
+
+the Hamiltonian, it
+cannot change the energy.
+
+And if it changes the value of
+L, it explains why it happened.
+
+So that's something that
+you need to discover,
+
+what are these operators.
+
+I can give you a hint.
+
+An operator for the
+type ax dagger ay
+
+destroys a y oscillator,
+creates an x one.
+
+It doesn't change the energy
+because it adds one thing
+
+and loses one.
+
+So this kind of thing must
+commute with the Hamiltonian.
+
+And these are the
+kind of objects--
+
+there are lots of them.
+
+So surprising new things that
+commute with the Hamiltonian.
+
+And there's a whole
+hidden symmetry in here
+
+that is generated by
+operators of this form.
+
+So it's something you will see.
+
+Now, the last 15 minutes
+I want to show you
+
+what happens with hydrogen.
+
+There's a similar
+phenomenon there
+
+that we're going to try
+to explain in detail.
+
+So a couple of things
+about hydrogen.
+
+So hydrogen H is
+equal to p squared
+
+over 2m minus e squared over r.
+
+There's a natural length scale
+that people many times struggle
+
+to find it, the Bohr radius.
+
+This does it come from here?
+
+How do you see immediately
+what is the Bohr radius?
+
+Well, the Bohr radius can
+be estimated by saying,
+
+well, this is an energy but it
+must be similar to this energy.
+
+So p is like h over a distance.
+
+So let's call it a0.
+
+So that's p squared.
+
+m is the reduced mass of the
+proton electron system roughly
+
+equal to the electron mass.
+
+And then you set it
+equal to this one
+
+because you're just doing units.
+
+You want to find the quantity
+that has units of length
+
+and there you got it.
+
+That's the famous Bohr radius.
+
+p is h bar over a
+distance, therefore
+
+this thing must be an energy.
+
+It must be equal to this.
+
+And from this one,
+you can solve for a0.
+
+It's h squared over m e squared.
+
+The 1 over e squared is
+very famous and important.
+
+It reflects the
+fact that if you had
+
+the interaction
+between the electron
+
+and the proton go to 0, the
+radius would be infinite.
+
+As it becomes weaker and
+weaker the interaction,
+
+the radius of the
+hydrogen atom blows up.
+
+So this is about
+0.529 angstroms,
+
+where an angstrom is 10
+to the minus 10 meters.
+
+And what is the energy scale?
+
+Well, e squared over a0 is
+the energy scale, roughly.
+
+And in fact, e squared
+over 2a 0, if you wish,
+
+is a famous number.
+
+It's about 13.6 ev.
+
+So how about the spectrum?
+
+And how do you find that?
+
+Well, there's one
+nice way of doing
+
+this, which you will
+see in the problem,
+
+to find at least
+the ground state.
+
+And it's a very elegant
+way based on factorization.
+
+Let we mention it.
+
+It is called Hamiltonian.
+
+It can be written as a
+constant gamma plus 1
+
+over 2m sum over k pk plus i
+beta xk over r times pk minus i
+
+beta xk over r.
+
+It's a factorized version of the
+Hamiltonian of a hydrogen atom.
+
+Apparently, not a
+well-known result.
+
+Professor [? Jackiw ?]
+mentioned it to me.
+
+I don't think I've
+seen it in any book.
+
+So there's a constant
+beta and a constant gamma
+
+for which this becomes
+exactly that one.
+
+So gamma and beta
+to be determined.
+
+And you have to be a
+little careful here
+
+when you expand that this term
+and this term don't commute.
+
+And this and this don't commute.
+
+But after you're
+done, it comes out.
+
+And then, the ground
+state wave function
+
+is-- since this is an
+operator and here it's dagger,
+
+the ground state wave function
+is-- the lowest possible energy
+
+wave function is
+one in which this
+
+would kill the wave function.
+
+So pk minus i beta xk over r
+should kill the ground state
+
+wave function.
+
+And then the energy,
+E ground, would
+
+be equal to precisely
+this constant gamma.
+
+And you will show, in fact,
+that yes, this has a solution.
+
+And that's the
+ground state energy
+
+of the oscillator of the
+hydrogen atom, of course.
+
+So this looks like three
+equations, pk with k
+
+equals 1 to 3.
+
+But it reduces to 1 if the
+state is spherically symmetric.
+
+So it's a nice thing and
+it gives you the answer.
+
+Now, the whole spectrum
+of the hydrogen atom
+
+is as interestingly
+degenerate as one
+
+of the three-dimensional
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+And a reminder of it is
+that-- should I go here?
+
+Yes.
+
+You have here energies
+and here l's. l
+
+equals 0 you have one state.
+
+l equals 1 you have
+another state that's here.
+
+But actually, l equals 0
+will have another state.
+
+And then it goes on like
+that, another state here,
+
+state here, state
+here for l equals 2.
+
+And the first state is here.
+
+The first state of this
+one aligns with this one.
+
+The first state of
+that aligns with that.
+
+So they go like
+that, the states just
+
+continue to go exactly
+with this symmetry.
+
+So let me use label
+that is common,
+
+to call this the state nu
+equals 0 for L equals 0.
+
+Nu equals 1.
+
+Nu equals 2.
+
+Nu equals 3.
+
+This is the first state
+with L equals 1 is here.
+
+So we'll call it nu equals 0.
+
+Nu equals 1.
+
+New equals 2.
+
+The first state here is
+nu equals 0, nu equals 1.
+
+And then the energies.
+
+You define n to be
+nu plus l plus 1.
+
+Therefore, this
+corresponds to n equals 1.
+
+This corresponds to n equals 2.
+
+That corresponds to nu can be
+1 and l equals 0 or nu can be 0
+
+and l equals 1.
+
+This is n equal 3,
+and things like that.
+
+And then the energies
+of those states, nl
+
+is, in fact, minus z squared.
+
+Well, forget the z squared.
+
+e squared over 2 a0
+1 over n squared.
+
+So the only thing
+that happens is
+
+that there's a degeneracy,
+complete degeneracy.
+
+Very powerful degeneracy.
+
+And then, l can only run up
+to-- from 0, 1, up to n minus 1
+
+in these variables.
+
+So this is the
+picture of hydrogen.
+
+So you've seen several pictures
+already-- the square well,
+
+the three-dimensional
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+and the hydrogen one.
+
+Each one has a
+different picture.
+
+Now, in order to
+understand this one--
+
+this one is not that difficult.
+
+But the one of the hydrogen
+is really more interesting.
+
+It all originates
+with the idea of what
+
+is called the
+Runge-Lenz vector, which
+
+I'm going to use the last
+five minutes to introduce.
+
+And think about it a little.
+
+So it comes from
+classical mechanics.
+
+So we have an elliptical
+orbit, orbits,
+
+and people figured out
+there was something
+
+very funny about characterizing
+elliptical orbit.
+
+So consider a
+Hamiltonian, which is p
+
+squared over 2m plus
+v of r, a potential.
+
+The force, classically,
+would be minus the gradient
+
+of the potential, which is minus
+the derivative of the potential
+
+with respect to r times
+the r unit vector.
+
+Now classically-- this
+all begins classically.
+
+Except for spin 1/2
+systems, classical physics
+
+really tells you a lot
+of what's going on.
+
+So classically, dp dt is
+the force and it's minus v
+
+prime over r r vector over r.
+
+And dl dt, the angular momentum,
+it's a central potential.
+
+The angular momentum is 0.
+
+It's rate of change is 0.
+
+There's no torque on the
+particle, so this should be 0.
+
+Now, the interesting
+thing that happens
+
+is that this doesn't
+exhaust the kind of things
+
+that are, in fact, conserved.
+
+So there is something
+more that is conserved.
+
+And it's a very
+surprising quantity.
+
+It's so surprising
+that people have
+
+a hard time
+imagining what it is.
+
+I will write it down and show
+you how it sort of happens.
+
+Well, you have to
+begin with p cross L.
+
+Why you would think of p cross
+l is a little bit of a mystery,
+
+but it's an interesting thing.
+
+Now, here is a computation
+that will be in the notes
+
+that you can try doing.
+
+And it takes a little bit
+of work, but it's algebra.
+
+If you compute this and
+do a fair amount of work,
+
+like five, six lines--
+I would suspect it's
+
+fairly non-trivial
+to do it if you
+
+don't see how it's
+being done, but it
+
+will be in the notes-- you
+get the following thing.
+
+Just by manipulating the
+time derivative of p cross L,
+
+you get this.
+
+Which is equal to m times
+the potential differentiator
+
+times r squared times the
+time derivative of this.
+
+So time derivative,
+time derivative.
+
+You can get the conservation
+if this is a constant.
+
+So when is this a constant?
+
+If this is some
+constant, say, e squared,
+
+you would get a conservation.
+
+But what is v prime equals
+e squared over r squared?
+
+It would give you that v
+of r is essentially minus
+
+e squared over r.
+
+That's the potential
+of hydrogen.
+
+Or the 1 over r potential, 1
+over r squared force field.
+
+So in 1 over r potentials,
+this is a number.
+
+And then you get an incredible
+conservation law, d dt
+
+of p cross L minus m e squared
+r hat over r is equal to 0.
+
+So something fairly unexpected
+that something like this
+
+could be conserved.
+
+So actually, you can try
+to figure out what this is.
+
+And there's two neat--
+first, one thing
+
+that people do,
+which is convenient,
+
+is to make this into
+unit-free vector.
+
+So define R to be p
+cross L over m e squared
+
+minus r vector over r.
+
+This has no units.
+
+And it's supposed
+to be conserved.
+
+Now, one thing you will
+check in the homework
+
+is that this is conserved
+quantum mechanically as well.
+
+That is, this is
+an operator that
+
+commutes with a Hamiltonian.
+
+Very interesting calculation.
+
+This is a Hermitian
+operator, so you
+
+will have to Hermiticize
+the p cross L to do that.
+
+But it will commute
+with the Hamiltonian.
+
+But what I want to finish
+now is with your intuition
+
+as to what this is.
+
+And this was a very interesting
+discovery, this vector.
+
+In fact, people
+didn't appreciate
+
+what was the role of this
+vector for quite some time.
+
+So apparently, it was discovered
+and forgotten, and discovered
+
+and forgotten like
+two or three times.
+
+And for us, it's going to
+be quite crucial because I
+
+said to you that this operator
+commutes with the Hamiltonian.
+
+So actually, you will
+get conservation laws
+
+and will help us explain the
+degeneracy of the hydrogen
+
+atom.
+
+So it will be very
+important for us.
+
+Now, how does this look?
+
+First of all, if you
+had a circular orbit,
+
+how does it work?
+
+Have a circular orbit.
+
+Let's see, p is here,
+L is out of the board.
+
+p cross L is here
+over m e squared.
+
+And the radial vector
+is here, the hat vector.
+
+So the sum of these two vectors
+p cross L and the radial vector
+
+must be conserved.
+
+But how could it be?
+
+If they don't cancel, it
+either points in or points out.
+
+And then it would just rotate
+and it would not be conserved.
+
+So actually, for a circular
+orbit, you can calculate it.
+
+See the notes.
+
+Actually, it's an
+easy calculation.
+
+And you can verify that this
+vector is, in fact, precisely
+
+opposite this.
+
+And it's 0.
+
+So you say, great.
+
+You discover something that
+is conserved, but it's 0.
+
+No.
+
+The thing is that this thing is
+not 0 for an elliptical orbit.
+
+So how can you see that?
+
+Well here at this
+point, p is up here.
+
+L is out.
+
+And p cross L, just like
+before, is out and r hat is in.
+
+And you say, well, OK.
+
+Now the same problem.
+
+If they don't cancel,
+it's going to be a vector
+
+and going to rotate.
+
+But it has to be conserved.
+
+So actually, let's
+look at it here.
+
+Here, the main
+thing of an ellipse,
+
+if you have the focus here,
+is that this line is not--
+
+the tangent is not horizontal.
+
+So the momentum is here.
+
+L is out of the blackboard,
+but p cross L now is like that.
+
+And the radial vector is here.
+
+And they don't cancel.
+
+So the only thing
+that can happen--
+
+since this is vertical,
+this is vertical.
+
+It's a little bit to the left--
+is that the r vector must
+
+be a little vector
+horizontal here.
+
+Because the sum of this
+vector and this vector--
+
+it has to be horizontal.
+
+Here we don't know
+if they can cancel.
+
+But if they don't cancel,
+it's definitely horizontal.
+
+We know it's conserved, so
+it must be horizontal here.
+
+So it points in.
+
+So the Runge-Lenz
+vector r points in.
+
+And it's, in fact, that.
+
+So here you go, this is a
+vector that is conserved.
+
+And its properties
+that is really
+
+about the axis of the ellipse.
+
+It tells you where the axis is.
+
+In Einstein's theory of gravity,
+the potential is not 1/r
+
+and the ellipsis [? precess ?]
+and the Runge vector
+
+is not conserved.
+
+But in 1/r potentials,
+it is conserved.
+
+The final thing-- sorry
+for taking so long--
+
+is that the magnitude
+of r is precisely
+
+the eccentricity of the orbit.
+
+So it's a really nice way
+of characterizing the orbits
+
+and we'll be using it
+in the next lecture.
+
+See you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YGR5_Hf9dDg.txt b/YGR5_Hf9dDg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9adcd05145fd28fa580c7b00fd82da91d163f7a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YGR5_Hf9dDg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'd like to analyze a physics problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to analyze a physics problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to analyze a physics problem
+called the rocket problem in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the rocket problem in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the rocket problem in which we
+have a continuous mass transfer let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous mass transfer let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous mass transfer let's
+see what we mean by that let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we mean by that let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we mean by that let's consider
+a rocket launching so here's a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket launching so here's a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket launching so here's a classic
+example of a rocket that's launching off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a rocket that's launching off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a rocket that's launching off
+in a gravitational field as a rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gravitational field as a rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gravitational field as a rocket
+starts at rest it starts to burn fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at rest it starts to burn fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at rest it starts to burn fuel
+and ejects the fuel backwards and as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ejects the fuel backwards and as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ejects the fuel backwards and as the
+ejected fuel backwards is producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected fuel backwards is producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected fuel backwards is producing a
+thrust on the rocket and you can see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust on the rocket and you can see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrust on the rocket and you can see as
+a rocket starts to rise it's starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket starts to rise it's starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rocket starts to rise it's starting to
+accelerate upwards as fuel is ejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate upwards as fuel is ejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate upwards as fuel is ejected
+backwards now this process goes on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards now this process goes on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards now this process goes on for
+some time interval and a lot of fuel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time interval and a lot of fuel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time interval and a lot of fuel is
+ejected backwards during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected backwards during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected backwards during that time
+interval in this particular case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in this particular case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in this particular case we
+could analyze the situation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could analyze the situation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could analyze the situation from the
+ground frame of the rocket from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame of the rocket from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame of the rocket from the
+ground frame of the earth and the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame of the earth and the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground frame of the earth and the fuel
+is ejected backwards relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ejected backwards relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ejected backwards relative to the
+rocket rocket moves up forward so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket rocket moves up forward so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket rocket moves up forward so how do
+we analyze this situation if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we analyze this situation if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we analyze this situation if we just
+looked at the rocket when the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the rocket when the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the rocket when the rocket
+initially launched the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially launched the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially launched the mass of the
+rocket is the dry mass of the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket is the dry mass of the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket is the dry mass of the rocket
+plus all the fuel in there it's at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all the fuel in there it's at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus all the fuel in there it's at rest
+in a state much later on the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state much later on the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a state much later on the mass of the
+rocket has decreased and the speed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket has decreased and the speed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket has decreased and the speed is
+increased but we can't just compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased but we can't just compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased but we can't just compare this
+initial to this final state because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial to this final state because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial to this final state because
+throughout this process there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this process there was a
+continuous mass transfer fuel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous mass transfer fuel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous mass transfer fuel was
+ejected backwards so how do we analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected backwards so how do we analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejected backwards so how do we analyze
+these types of continuous mass transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of continuous mass transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of continuous mass transfer
+problems and the key is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the key is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the key is again
+identifying States so for a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying States so for a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying States so for a continuous
+mass transfer problem we always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass transfer problem we always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass transfer problem we always have to
+choose a reference frame so here in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a reference frame so here in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a reference frame so here in our
+example we were choosing the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we were choosing the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we were choosing the ground
+frame of the earth and then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the earth and then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of the earth and then we want to
+identify two states we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify two states we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify two states we don't want to
+identify the initial and the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the initial and the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the initial and the final
+States we want to pick two arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we want to pick two arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we want to pick two arbitrary
+states that are separated by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are separated by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that are separated by a small
+time interval so we can take a state at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval so we can take a state at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval so we can take a state at
+time T and then our second state occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and then our second state occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and then our second state occurs
+at a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a small
+afterwards time T plus delta-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards time T plus delta-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards time T plus delta-t
+and what we want to do is now represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to do is now represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to do is now represent
+the state changes by momentum diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state changes by momentum diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state changes by momentum diagrams
+and that will lead us to a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will lead us to a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will lead us to a differential
+equation which is called the rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is called the rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is called the rocket
+equation and that's how we'll analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's how we'll analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's how we'll analyze
+all continuous mass transfer problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all continuous mass transfer problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all continuous mass transfer problems in
+applying the momentum principle our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the momentum principle our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the momentum principle our
+first thing is just to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is just to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is just to choose a
+reference frame so in our example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame so in our example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame so in our example we're
+going to choose the ground frame of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the ground frame of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the ground frame of the
+earth as a reference frame now the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth as a reference frame now the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth as a reference frame now the next
+step is the key to these processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is the key to these processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is the key to these processes
+instead of choosing some initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of choosing some initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of choosing some initial state
+where the rocket is at rest and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rocket is at rest and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the rocket is at rest and some
+final state much later on we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state much later on we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state much later on we want to
+choose two states that are separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two states that are separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two states that are separated by
+a small time interval delta T so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small time interval delta T so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small time interval delta T so our
+first state at time T and our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first state at time T and our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first state at time T and our second
+state we choose at time T plus delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we choose at time T plus delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we choose at time T plus delta T
+now the next step is that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step is that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next step is that we have to
+identify what is our system and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what is our system and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what is our system and so in
+this case our system is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our system is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our system is going to be the
+mass of the rocket at time T that mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the rocket at time T that mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the rocket at time T that mass
+is the dry mass of the rocket plus all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dry mass of the rocket plus all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dry mass of the rocket plus all
+the fuel that's still in the rocket at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel that's still in the rocket at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fuel that's still in the rocket at
+time T and this mass will stay the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and this mass will stay the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T and this mass will stay the same
+between times T and T plus delta T even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between times T and T plus delta T even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between times T and T plus delta T even
+though some of the mass has been ejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though some of the mass has been ejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though some of the mass has been ejected
+downward so our next step is to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so our next step is to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so our next step is to look at
+that mass conservation of the system
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YIZd23zGV3M.txt b/YIZd23zGV3M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c94a648ae7a3c1b97701ccff70922211327d797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YIZd23zGV3M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for those of you who are curious we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are curious we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who are curious we will
+go through an argument that establishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through an argument that establishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through an argument that establishes
+that the set of real numbers is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set of real numbers is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set of real numbers is an
+uncountable set it's a famous argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable set it's a famous argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncountable set it's a famous argument
+known as Cantor's diagonal ization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as Cantor's diagonal ization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as Cantor's diagonal ization
+argument actually instead of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument actually instead of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument actually instead of looking at
+the set of all real numbers we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all real numbers we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all real numbers we will
+first look at the set of all numbers X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the set of all numbers X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the set of all numbers X
+that belong to the open unit interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the open unit interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the open unit interval so
+numbers between 0 & 1 & such that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between 0 & 1 & such that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers between 0 & 1 & such that their
+decimal expansion involves only threes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion involves only threes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal expansion involves only threes
+and fours now the choice of 3 & 4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fours now the choice of 3 & 4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fours now the choice of 3 & 4 is
+somewhat arbitrary doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrary doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrary doesn't matter what
+really matters is that we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters is that we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters is that we do not have
+long strings of nines so suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long strings of nines so suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long strings of nines so suppose that
+this set was countable if the set was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set was countable if the set was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set was countable if the set was
+countable then that set could be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable then that set could be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable then that set could be written
+as equal to a set of this form X 1 X 2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to a set of this form X 1 X 2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to a set of this form X 1 X 2 X
+3 and so on where each one of these is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and so on where each one of these is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and so on where each one of these is a
+real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number
+inside that set now suppose that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that set now suppose that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that set now suppose that this is
+the case let us take those numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case let us take those numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case let us take those numbers and
+write them down in decimal notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down in decimal notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down in decimal notation for
+example one number could be this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one number could be this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one number could be this one and
+it continues forever since we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues forever since we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues forever since we are
+talking about real numbers their decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about real numbers their decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about real numbers their decimal
+expansion will go on forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion will go on forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion will go on forever
+suppose that the second number is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the second number is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the second number is of
+this kind and it has its own decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind and it has its own decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind and it has its own decimal
+expansion suppose that the third number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion suppose that the third number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion suppose that the third number
+is again with some decimal expansion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again with some decimal expansion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again with some decimal expansion and
+so on so we have assumed that our set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so we have assumed that our set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so we have assumed that our set is
+countable and therefore the set is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable and therefore the set is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable and therefore the set is equal
+to that sequence so this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that sequence so this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that sequence so this sequence
+exhausts all the numbers in that set can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausts all the numbers in that set can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausts all the numbers in that set can
+it do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do that
+let's construct a new number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's construct a new number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's construct a new number in the
+following fashion the new number looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following fashion the new number looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following fashion the new number looks
+at this digit and does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this digit and does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this digit and does something
+different looks at this digit the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looks at this digit the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different looks at this digit the second
+digit of the second number and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of the second number and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of the second number and does
+something different looks at the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different looks at the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different looks at the third
+digit of the third number and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of the third number and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit of the third number and does
+something different and we continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and we continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and we continue this
+way this number that we have constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this number that we have constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this number that we have constructed
+here is different from the first number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is different from the first number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is different from the first number
+they differ in the first digit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they differ in the first digit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they differ in the first digit is
+different from the second number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the second number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the second number it's
+different in the second digit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the second digit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in the second digit it's
+different from the third number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the third number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the third number it's
+because it's different in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's different in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's different in the third
+digit and so on so this is a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit and so on so this is a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit and so on so this is a number and
+this number is different from X I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is different from X I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is different from X I for
+all I so we have an element of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I so we have an element of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I so we have an element of this set
+which does not belong to this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not belong to this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does not belong to this sequence
+therefore it cannot be true that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it cannot be true that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it cannot be true that this
+set is equal to the set formed by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is equal to the set formed by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is equal to the set formed by that
+sequence and so this is a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and so this is a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and so this is a contradiction
+to the initial assumption that this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the initial assumption that this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the initial assumption that this set
+could be written in this form and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be written in this form and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be written in this form and this
+contradiction establishes that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction establishes that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction establishes that since
+this is not possible that the set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not possible that the set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not possible that the set that
+we have here is an uncountable set now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is an uncountable set now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here is an uncountable set now
+this set is a subset of the set of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is a subset of the set of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is a subset of the set of real
+numbers since this one is uncountable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers since this one is uncountable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers since this one is uncountable it
+is not hard to show that the set of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not hard to show that the set of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not hard to show that the set of real
+numbers which is a bigger set will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is a bigger set will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is a bigger set will also
+be uncountable and so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uncountable and so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uncountable and so this is this
+particular famous argument we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular famous argument we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular famous argument we will not
+need it or make any arguments of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it or make any arguments of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it or make any arguments of this
+type in this class but it's so beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in this class but it's so beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in this class but it's so beautiful
+that it's worth for everyone to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's worth for everyone to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's worth for everyone to see it
+once in their lifetime
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YTm8D0IXBHg.txt b/YTm8D0IXBHg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c4ee143c8f6835e09c46a349689711fc65d11d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YTm8D0IXBHg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu for a many- turn coil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu for a many- turn coil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu for a many- turn coil the
+surface used to define the flux linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface used to define the flux linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface used to define the flux linkage
+is often geometrically complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+farad's law equates the circulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farad's law equates the circulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farad's law equates the circulation of
+electric field around a closed Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field around a closed Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field around a closed Contour
+sea to the negative of the time rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea to the negative of the time rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea to the negative of the time rate of
+magnetic flux passing through any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux passing through any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux passing through any
+surface s bounded by the Contour any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface s bounded by the Contour any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface s bounded by the Contour any
+shaped surface can be used just as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped surface can be used just as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped surface can be used just as long
+as it is bounded by the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c a many- turn coil having terminals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a many- turn coil having terminals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a many- turn coil having terminals at
+a and B links flux through the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B links flux through the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and B links flux through the surface
+enclosed by a contour composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by a contour composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by a contour composed of
+C1 adjacent to the perfectly conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 adjacent to the perfectly conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 adjacent to the perfectly conducting
+wire and C2 completing the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and C2 completing the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and C2 completing the circuit
+between the terminals the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the terminals the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the terminals the direction of
+positive flux is that of area element da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive flux is that of area element da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive flux is that of area element da
+defined with respect to differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined with respect to differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined with respect to differential
+length element DS by the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule if the the terminal volage is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if the the terminal volage is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if the the terminal volage is to be
+a uniquely defined quantity independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniquely defined quantity independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniquely defined quantity independent
+of the layout of the connecting wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the layout of the connecting wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the layout of the connecting wires
+the terminals at A and B of the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals at A and B of the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminals at A and B of the coil
+must be in a region where the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be in a region where the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be in a region where the magnetic
+induction is negligible compared to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction is negligible compared to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction is negligible compared to that
+within the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interior to visualize this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior to visualize this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior to visualize this complex
+surface en closed by the Contour C1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface en closed by the Contour C1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface en closed by the Contour C1 plus
+C2 we use yarn strung on a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 we use yarn strung on a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 we use yarn strung on a frame
+representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the
+Contour for this three- turn coil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour for this three- turn coil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour for this three- turn coil the
+surface is filled in by stringing yarn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is filled in by stringing yarn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is filled in by stringing yarn
+between a vertical Rod joining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a vertical Rod joining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a vertical Rod joining the
+terminals in the external region to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals in the external region to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals in the external region to
+points on the wire the surface is filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the wire the surface is filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the wire the surface is filled
+in by connecting points on the rod to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by connecting points on the rod to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in by connecting points on the rod to
+points of increasing distance along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire in evaluating Faraday's law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire in evaluating Faraday's law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire in evaluating Faraday's law the
+Contour goes from the terminal at a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour goes from the terminal at a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour goes from the terminal at a to
+that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of
+b along the coil wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b along the coil wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b along the coil wire
+and closes through a path outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closes through a path outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closes through a path outside the
+coil however the electric field e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil however the electric field e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil however the electric field e is
+zero along the perfectly conducting wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero along the perfectly conducting wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero along the perfectly conducting wire
+hence the entire contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the entire contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the entire contribution to the
+line integral comes from the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral comes from the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral comes from the path
+between the terminals from B to a thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the terminals from B to a thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the terminals from B to a thus
+the circulation of electric field e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circulation of electric field e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circulation of electric field e
+around the closed Contour is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the closed Contour is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the closed Contour is just the
+negative of the terminal voltage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the terminal voltage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the terminal voltage of
+Terminal A with respect to be Faraday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminal A with respect to be Faraday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminal A with respect to be Faraday's
+law then requires that this negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law then requires that this negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law then requires that this negative of
+the terminal volage just equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal volage just equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal volage just equal the
+negative of the time rate of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the time rate of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the time rate of magnetic
+flux Lambda through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux Lambda through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux Lambda through the
+surface the surface s spans the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the surface s spans the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the surface s spans the entire
+closed Contour the surface s has as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed Contour the surface s has as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed Contour the surface s has as its
+Edge the perfectly conducting coil along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge the perfectly conducting coil along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge the perfectly conducting coil along
+C1 and the Contour C2 used to close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and the Contour C2 used to close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and the Contour C2 used to close the
+circuit in the region of the terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in the region of the terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in the region of the terminals
+the surface s includes the sum of areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface s includes the sum of areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface s includes the sum of areas
+enclosed by each individual turn if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by each individual turn if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by each individual turn if the
+magnetic induction is negligible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic induction is negligible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic induction is negligible in the
+region of C2 the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of C2 the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of C2 the electric field is
+irrotational in the vicinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrotational in the vicinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrotational in the vicinity of the
+terminals then the specific Contour C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals then the specific Contour C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals then the specific Contour C2
+is arbitrary and the electromotive force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arbitrary and the electromotive force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arbitrary and the electromotive force
+between the terminals becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the terminals becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the terminals becomes the
+voltage used in circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory a circuit application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory a circuit application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory a circuit application of
+Faraday's law is an inductor when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law is an inductor when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law is an inductor when the
+flux link by a perfectly conducting coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux link by a perfectly conducting coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux link by a perfectly conducting coil
+is due entirely to the current I in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due entirely to the current I in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due entirely to the current I in the
+coil itself the magnetic flux Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil itself the magnetic flux Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil itself the magnetic flux Lambda is
+proportional to I the ratio of flux the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I the ratio of flux the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to I the ratio of flux the
+current is the self-inductance L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is the self-inductance L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is the self-inductance L the
+dependence of the inductance L on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the inductance L on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the inductance L on the
+number of turns in surface s is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns in surface s is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns in surface s is a way of
+demonstrating how the terminal voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating how the terminal voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating how the terminal voltage
+depends on the time rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the time rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the time rate of change of
+the total flux linked by all coil turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total flux linked by all coil turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total flux linked by all coil turns
+the inductance is only a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductance is only a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductance is only a function of
+geometric variables like coil size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric variables like coil size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric variables like coil size
+number of turns and for linear magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns and for linear magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns and for linear magnetic
+materials the magnetic permeability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the magnetic permeability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the magnetic permeability of
+the region inside and outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil we have wound a few inductors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil we have wound a few inductors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil we have wound a few inductors of
+different lengths and number of turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths and number of turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lengths and number of turns on
+a wooden rod using copper wire covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wooden rod using copper wire covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wooden rod using copper wire covered
+with enamel insulation the enamel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enamel insulation the enamel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enamel insulation the enamel
+insulation prevents electrical contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation prevents electrical contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation prevents electrical contact
+between turns so the current path must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between turns so the current path must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between turns so the current path must
+follow the wire the insulation prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the wire the insulation prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the wire the insulation prevents
+short circuiting between turns we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuiting between turns we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuiting between turns we will
+measure the coil inductances using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the coil inductances using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the coil inductances using this
+meter because the coil length D is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter because the coil length D is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter because the coil length D is much
+larger than the coil diameter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the coil diameter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the coil diameter the
+magnetic field within the coil carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field within the coil carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field within the coil carrying
+a current I is approximately uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current I is approximately uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current I is approximately uniform
+over the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the coil
+cross-section the tightly wound then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section the tightly wound then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section the tightly wound then
+turn Co coil approximates a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn Co coil approximates a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn Co coil approximates a surface
+current with current per unit length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current with current per unit length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current with current per unit length of
+Ni over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ni over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ni over
+D because the magnetic field outside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because the magnetic field outside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because the magnetic field outside a
+long coil is negligible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long coil is negligible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long coil is negligible the
+discontinuity in tangential H is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in tangential H is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in tangential H is just
+the interior magnetic field this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior magnetic field this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior magnetic field this field
+must then equal the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must then equal the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must then equal the surface
+current because the field is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because the field is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current because the field is uniform
+over the circular cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the circular cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the circular cylindrical
+cross-section the magnetic flux F sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section the magnetic flux F sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section the magnetic flux F sub
+Lambda passing through one turn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda passing through one turn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda passing through one turn is
+simply the cross-sectional area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the cross-sectional area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the cross-sectional area
+multiplied by the flux density m h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the flux density m h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the flux density m h
+the total flux linkage of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total flux linkage of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total flux linkage of the entire
+coil is obtained by summing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil is obtained by summing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil is obtained by summing the
+contributions of all the turns in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of all the turns in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of all the turns in this
+simple case all turns link the same flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case all turns link the same flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case all turns link the same flux
+5 sub Lambda so the total flux Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 sub Lambda so the total flux Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 sub Lambda so the total flux Lambda is
+n times the flux link by each turn since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times the flux link by each turn since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times the flux link by each turn since
+the flux per turn is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux per turn is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux per turn is already
+proportional to n the self-inductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n the self-inductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n the self-inductance is
+proportional to the square of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square of the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns we have Twisted the terminal ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we have Twisted the terminal ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we have Twisted the terminal ends
+of this coil to reduce the Stray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coil to reduce the Stray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coil to reduce the Stray
+inductance it is wound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance it is wound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance it is wound on the
+non-magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-magnetic
+Rod which has a radius of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod which has a radius of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rod which has a radius of 5
+mm this coil has 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm this coil has 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm this coil has 50
+turns and is 5.05 cm long the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and is 5.05 cm long the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and is 5.05 cm long the coil
+inductance is predicted to be 4.9 micr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+henries the inductance meter measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries the inductance meter measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries the inductance meter measures
+the coil inductance at 1 khz this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil inductance at 1 khz this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil inductance at 1 khz this
+frequency is high enough that the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is high enough that the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is high enough that the coil
+inductive reactants greatly exceeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive reactants greatly exceeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive reactants greatly exceeds the
+small coil of resistance which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small coil of resistance which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small coil of resistance which we have
+neglected in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis we measure 5.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we measure 5.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we measure 5.9
+microhenry this inductance has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry this inductance has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry this inductance has
+contributions from the coil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the coil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the coil and
+connecting wires we Short Circuit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminals and measure 7 micr hendri as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and measure 7 micr hendri as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals and measure 7 micr hendri as
+the lead inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead inductor
+subtracting this from the measured 5.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this from the measured 5.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this from the measured 5.9
+microhenry gives the coil inductance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry gives the coil inductance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry gives the coil inductance as
+5.2 microhenry and reasonable agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.2 microhenry and reasonable agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.2 microhenry and reasonable agreement
+with the predicted 4.9 micr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+henries we now measure the inductance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries we now measure the inductance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henries we now measure the inductance of
+the coil with double the number of turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil with double the number of turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil with double the number of turns
+but also double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length doubling the number of turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length doubling the number of turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length doubling the number of turns
+n but also doubling the coil length D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but also doubling the coil length D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but also doubling the coil length D
+should result in double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductance the inductance meter now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance the inductance meter now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance the inductance meter now
+reads 11.2 microhenry subtracting the7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads 11.2 microhenry subtracting the7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reads 11.2 microhenry subtracting the7
+microhenry lead inductance gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry lead inductance gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microhenry lead inductance gives
+corrected coil inductance of 10.5 micr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected coil inductance of 10.5 micr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected coil inductance of 10.5 micr
+hendri about double the inductance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hendri about double the inductance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hendri about double the inductance of
+the first coil of 5.2 micr hendri as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coil of 5.2 micr hendri as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first coil of 5.2 micr hendri as it
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be we now measure the inductance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we now measure the inductance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we now measure the inductance of the
+coil which is the same length as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil which is the same length as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil which is the same length as the
+second coil but has two layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coil but has two layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coil but has two layers of
+windings and thus double the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns we measure 44.4 micr henries for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we measure 44.4 micr henries for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we measure 44.4 micr henries for
+which the corrected coil inductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the corrected coil inductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the corrected coil inductance is
+43.7 microhenry we have doubled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43.7 microhenry we have doubled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43.7 microhenry we have doubled the
+number of turns without changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns without changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns without changing the
+coil length the coil area of the two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil length the coil area of the two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil length the coil area of the two-
+layer coil is hardly changed because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer coil is hardly changed because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer coil is hardly changed because the
+wire diameter is much smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire diameter is much smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire diameter is much smaller than the
+wood diameter used as a COR form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood diameter used as a COR form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood diameter used as a COR form the
+inductance should increase by four this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance should increase by four this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance should increase by four this
+coil inductance is about four times our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance is about four times our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance is about four times our
+previous corrected measurement of 10.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous corrected measurement of 10.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous corrected measurement of 10.5
+micr henries with half the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns the surface for a many turn coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the surface for a many turn coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the surface for a many turn coil
+used in Faraday's law is geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in Faraday's law is geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in Faraday's law is geometrically
+complex as the bounding Contour to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as the bounding Contour to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as the bounding Contour to the
+surface follows the path of the wire for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface follows the path of the wire for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface follows the path of the wire for
+a tightly wound coil the magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tightly wound coil the magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tightly wound coil the magnetic flux
+linking this surface is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking this surface is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking this surface is the sum of
+fluxes linking each turn since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes linking each turn since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes linking each turn since the
+magnetic flux per turn is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux per turn is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux per turn is proportional
+to the number of turns if each turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of turns if each turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of turns if each turn
+links the same flux the total flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the same flux the total flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the same flux the total flux
+linked by the coil is in times the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked by the coil is in times the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked by the coil is in times the flux
+per turn the coil self-inductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per turn the coil self-inductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per turn the coil self-inductance is
+then proportional to the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then proportional to the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then proportional to the square of the
+number of turns
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YxhoHe3BZ-g.txt b/YxhoHe3BZ-g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e90bc68bf0bb56460e4bb28d5dd419c71fa4c12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YxhoHe3BZ-g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3664 @@
+Today we have an old colleague and friend
+of mine.
+
+Tony Lavoie actually got his engineering degree
+in the Aero-Astro Department here at MIT,
+
+so this is coming back home for him.
+
+And he actually grew up in Massachusetts.
+
+But, for the last 23 years, he has been in
+Huntsville, Alabama at the Marshall Space
+
+Flight Center and actually has been an engineer
+on quite a few of the projects that I have
+
+flown with, including the Astro Observatory
+and the Tethered Satellite.
+
+And Tony has continued to rise up in the ranks
+of the NASA engineering community.
+
+He is now, I guess, the Project Manager for
+the Robotic Lunar Exploration Program.
+
+If you have been following the space news,
+Marshall Space Flight Center is going to be
+
+developing the first robotic lunar lander
+that we have ever sent to the Moon since Surveyor.
+
+It will be like 40 years, I guess, we haven't
+done that.
+
+And we are going to have to figure out how
+to do it.
+
+Tony was also the Chief Engineer on the Chandra
+X-Ray Observatory which was launched on the
+
+Shuttle.
+
+And so, I thought it would be interesting
+to hear, since we've been looking at many
+
+other aspects of Space Shuttle operations,
+to hear something about what it was like getting
+
+a payload ready to fly on the Shuttle.
+
+But also we were discussing, before class
+began, that he may have some comments on the
+
+Robotic Lunar Exploration Program, which is
+now in the pre-phase A studies.
+
+And it will sort of be interesting.
+
+We talked a lot about what it was like in
+the pre-phase A and the early days of coming
+
+up with the requirements for the Shuttle.
+
+And clearly, in the systems engineering, getting
+the requirements right is one of the key goals
+
+for success.
+
+Tony may have some comments on that.
+
+I have talked enough.
+
+Tony, you've got it.
+
+Hi there.
+
+We are going to start talking about Chandra.
+
+And, as Jeff pointed out, I am also going
+to talk about my new challenge, my new assignment
+
+as Project Manager and in pre-phase A what
+that means.
+
+And I think it is a lot different, being a
+student, where you have a single closed form
+
+solution and you go and you work a problem
+and it is done.
+
+In the real world you seldom, if ever, work
+a problem one time and have it finish.
+
+And we will get into that as we go along.
+
+I am going to talk about Chandra X-Ray Observatory.
+
+And these are just a few images that Chandra
+has produced.
+
+It is an outstanding x-ray imager, and it
+has been flying since July of '99.
+
+And you are going to get all the gory details
+and all the lessons learned that we had in
+
+working that project.
+
+I will do an overview Chandra history and
+then the challenges we faced and lessons learned
+
+associated with that, and we will cover those
+topics.
+
+In terms of how we operate, feel free to ask
+questions as we go along.
+
+It is kind of lose and easy.
+
+Chandra, or back then it was AXAF, Advanced
+X-Ray Astrophysics Facility.
+
+NASA, by the way, loves acronyms.
+
+I mean, if you are interested in working with
+NASA or associated with NASA, they are just
+
+acronym crazy.
+
+AXAF was one of the four great observatories.
+
+The four great observatories were meant to
+cover as close to the entire spectrum as NASA
+
+could.
+
+And so, the visible great observatory is Hubble.
+
+And Ultraviolet, that's true, little Ultraviolet.
+
+The X-Ray Observatory is AXAF, which was later
+named Chandra.
+
+The Gamma Ray Observatory is the Compton Gamma
+Ray Observatory.
+
+And the last one was Infrared.
+
+And that originally started off as SIRTF.
+
+And now it is Spitzer.
+
+And that was launched a few years ago.
+
+In each of the four great observatories, they
+were higher class than most of the other science
+
+missions, even the science telescopes.
+
+And NASA did invest quite a bit of money on
+each of those.
+
+And so, you will see that the performance
+from the four great observatories are, in
+
+terms of quality, probably the best in the
+world and the best NASA has ever done.
+
+For the x-ray region, Chandra or AXAF was
+built.
+
+And its objective, you start with program
+objectives and you work down with science
+
+objectives.
+
+The science objectives were really to understand
+the nature of the universe and determine the
+
+nature of celestial objects, in particular
+those that are hot.
+
+And hot objects will produce x-rays.
+
+And, of course, Jeff knows all about that.
+
+If you have any questions related to that
+you can ask Jeff.
+
+But, from an engineer perspective, what happens
+is you are given a set of objects and maybe
+
+a program objective, and now you have to craft
+the mission and craft the project from those.
+
+And one of the problems that you face is that
+sometimes they are not crisp and sometimes
+
+they are flexible based on cost.
+
+And also sometimes they are not very specific.
+
+Like determine the nature of celestial objects
+from stars to quasars.
+
+Now what?
+
+But this is the kind of thing that typically
+you start with.
+
+And you have to iterate with, in this case,
+the science community.
+
+If you are building part of the Shuttle, you
+have to iterate with, for instance, the users,
+
+the astronauts, the payload developers that
+would use the Shuttle, the operators, et cetera.
+
+But the process is the same.
+
+You start with the top level objectives and
+you work your way down.
+
+Now, again, because of the nature of what
+we are talking about, it is usually a very
+
+iterative process that can last for several
+months.
+
+And even several years if there is a technical
+challenge that causes you to stretch out.
+
+And I will mention when it started.
+
+In terms of AXAF, kind of the key parameters
+are the percent in circled energy, i.e., how
+
+sharp is the image?
+
+Registration meaning where is the target in
+the sky?
+
+And you have got to remember that x-ray astronomy
+is a relatively new branch of astronomy.
+
+Because of the atmosphere it absorbs x-rays.
+
+So we, humans, only discovered x-ray astronomy
+in the last 40 years.
+
+We need to go outside the atmosphere to get
+information on x-ray astronomy.
+
+One of the things that we did know is if there
+are some x-ray sources there they may or may
+
+not be the same sources that also emit invisible
+light.
+
+And, if they are not, then you have a question
+of you kind of know there is a source out
+
+there, but you don't know where in the sky
+it is.
+
+And so, one of the challenges that AXAF had
+was even if I have no stars around this x-ray
+
+source, I have got to be able to pinpoint
+where that x-ray source is.
+
+That was a particular challenge that we had,
+trying to figure out how to do that.
+
+And that is what registration means.
+
+And then effective area is related to how
+many photons you can collect to make a good
+
+image.
+
+And recognize that if you are looking at the
+sun, the sun is very close so you can get
+
+a lot of photons, but if you are looking at
+something that is ten billion light-years
+
+away you are not collecting very many photons
+so you have to wait a long time to get those
+
+photons, unless you have a big collecting
+area.
+
+Those are kind of the key performance requirements
+that you have to address when you are building
+
+an x-ray telescope.
+
+From those there are key derived requirements
+that have to be derived basically to be able
+
+to maximize the scientific performance requirements.
+
+And so, from these pieces of information,
+you derive mirror size and design, you derive
+
+focal length.
+
+Pointing and control requirements, how accurately
+do you need to point?
+
+Thermal stability because that plays a role
+in orbit, a very big role.
+
+Instrument sensitivity and the fiducial transfer
+system, which I will talk about later, which
+
+is the thing that allows you to do the registration,
+even the absence of local visible stars around
+
+it.
+
+Once you have the bulk of the science performance
+requirements and the derived requirements
+
+from these performance requirements then you
+fill in kind of the rest of the pie, if you
+
+will.
+
+And those can be safety requirements in the
+case of a manned program.
+
+In fact, that is pretty significant.
+
+And it is a pretty significant cost driver
+for things that fly in space.
+
+Unfortunately, they also cost a lot to make
+sure they are not a hazard to the crew that
+
+flies.
+
+There are also design and construction standards,
+which also turns out to be a big deal.
+
+For instance, if you are building a satellite
+and you have circuit cards, you are going
+
+to have requirements on soldering, you are
+going to have requirements on integrated circuits,
+
+you are going to have requirements on glazing,
+you are going to have requirements on bonding.
+
+You are going to have requirements on how
+to do things across the whole gamut of the
+
+spacecraft.
+
+Not just the spacecraft but also the Shuttle
+and anything that flies up there.
+
+For a given mission, there are probably on
+the order of 100, 150 separate documents that
+
+describe various things, design and construction
+standards that you have to go through for
+
+a particular piece of building the vehicle.
+
+And so, those things are always a challenge
+for a project manager because the engineers
+
+want to get the latest standard that applies,
+and in excruciating detail as engineers love
+
+to do.
+
+And yet, from the project manger's standpoint,
+we are trying to maintain cost.
+
+There is always a tradeoff between how good
+is good enough?
+
+From a program manager's perspective better
+is the enemy of good.
+
+Yet, from an engineer, good is always better,
+or better is always better.
+
+There is always a healthy tension between
+the project manager and the engineers.
+
+And I would say that a successful project
+knows how to tradeoff.
+
+The project manager and the engineers know
+how to balance that tension to be able to
+
+get the best product.
+
+And we have done that before, and we have
+also imbalanced it and had some spectacular
+
+failures.
+
+Once requirements are set then you can start
+kind of designing and starting to put the
+
+drawings on developing the system, if you
+will.
+
+But that is kind of the general flow of information
+for a science payload or a science mission.
+
+You start with the top level requirements
+for performance, the scientific performance
+
+that you are looking for.
+
+From those you derive the direct performance
+requirements, like what you see here, and
+
+then everything else cascades below that.
+
+And, once you have the requirements set, then
+you can start developing concepts.
+
+Now, this was a preliminary design of AXAF.
+
+I am not going to talk about it, but I am
+just going to show the next slide as to what
+
+it looks like now.
+
+And so, you can see that there is a major
+difference between what it started out as
+
+and what it ended up as.
+
+And this is typical.
+
+It is not atypical.
+
+And the reason is cost.
+
+A lot of times when you are first starting
+out with requirements, you kind of don't know
+
+what the cost of the mission is going to be.
+
+And so, you come up with an idea that has
+a lot of capability.
+
+This was orbit serviceable, it was in low
+earth orbit, and it had four focal plane instruments
+
+that you could select.
+
+And it would actually move, much like Hubble.
+
+And it was a 15 year mission with reservicing
+with the shuttle astronauts.
+
+But, when you start putting that on paper
+and you start crafting the requirements, one
+
+of the things you do, in the early phase of
+a program, is you also cost, or you try and
+
+cost what those requirements result in, in
+terms of design.
+
+Even though you don't do the final design
+or you don't start working on the design in
+
+detail until after you've got the requirements
+set, in practical terms you have to still
+
+put together a concept design so that you
+can cost it.
+
+And that is exactly what happened on AXAF.
+
+We put together a design in parallel with
+working the requirements and we costed the
+
+design.
+
+And it turned out that that was more money
+than NASA could afford.
+
+And so, as is typical, the iteration process
+begins with headquarters to change the parameters
+
+of the mission.
+
+To, in a sense, compromise the scientific
+objectives a little bit in terms of implementing
+
+a requirement set.
+
+And the result is finally you get something
+that you can pay for and that still meets
+
+the intent of the scientific objectives.
+
+That is a key lesson to learn.
+
+When you are first starting out, when you
+are first crafting what you want to do, except
+
+it to change.
+
+And the key there is it is usually cost driven
+as to what you can afford.
+
+Not only that, NASA, just by the nature of
+what it is doing, since it has never built
+
+an AXAF before, it is really hard to get a
+good, accurate cost of what it costs.
+
+So, a lot of times, the cost is derived from
+a parametric usually weight-based system such
+
+that, for instance, if the mirrors or if the
+solar rays, you want them this big to provide
+
+this much power.
+
+That big means they have to weigh or they
+mass so many kilograms.
+
+And so that is about X amount of dollars based
+on weight.
+
+Now, there are a lot of additional factors
+that you put in like complexity, interfaces,
+
+et cetera, technology readiness, whether you
+are looking for state-of-the-art or something
+
+that has already flown.
+
+But generally it is what is called a parametric
+cost model.
+
+And it is not based on taking a look at all
+the design drawings and saying this cost this
+
+much from the vendor, this cost this much,
+and you put it all together.
+
+That is called a bottoms-up assessment.
+
+And it is more accurate, but it also relies
+on having an accurate design picture which
+
+obviously you don't have early on in a program.
+
+I mean it is almost like a black art to try
+and take a requirement set and craft a design
+
+early on or at least bound the design and
+bound the cost.
+
+Because, again, early on what you are trying
+to do is get into the cost envelope and still
+
+meet the scientific objectives or the objectives
+that you are trying to do.
+
+Yes.
+
+In this final design, how are its capabilities
+versus the original?
+
+I mean because you didn't put as much money
+into it.
+
+Correct.
+
+To make it on-orbit replaceable means that
+all of the boxes that you see in the spacecraft
+
+bus, or a lot of them would have had to have
+been, on this picture, replaceable.
+
+They were all replaceable.
+
+You have to spend some money making sure that
+the drawers slide in, slide out, there are
+
+no sharp edges and it is accessible, et cetera.
+
+So, packaging is important.
+
+That is one area where you can reduce cost
+and not really have an effect on performance,
+
+per se.
+
+However, one of the big areas that we did
+take a little bit of a hit on performances
+
+is on the mirrors.
+
+Now, x-rays, you cannot just have a regular
+shaped lens.
+
+What we use is grazing incidence mirrors.
+
+And I will explain this later.
+
+Because the x-rays are so highly energetic,
+you have to graze them gradually to a focus.
+
+And the original concept had six mirrors nested.
+
+They were basically hyperbola parabola shaped.
+
+The final concept had four.
+
+We had to remove, not the inside or the outside,
+but two of the middle mirrors.
+
+So, the mirror set is four.
+
+This orbit that this flies in is a highly
+elliptical orbit.
+
+It is about 140,000 kilometers by 10,000 kilometers.
+
+The original orbit was in low earth orbit
+which is about 350 kilometers.
+
+And so that affects the viewing time.
+
+But, in all of the other registration and
+encircled energy, I think that we still were
+
+able to meet the original objectives of the
+scientific mission.
+
+There are ways to compromise that don't really
+affect directly what the scientists want to
+
+do, but it is a tradeoff.
+
+It is usually not their first desire but they
+signed up to it, they are comfortable with
+
+the final answer.
+
+Explaining a little bit of how it is put together.
+
+This is a rather simplified version.
+
+Here are the solar rays.
+
+That is where we get our power.
+
+This is the spacecraft bus.
+
+This is the HRMA which is the mirrors, the
+nested cylinders that I was talking about
+
+earlier.
+
+This is a low energy grading and a high energy
+grading.
+
+For spectroscopy, what you want to do is you
+want to bend all of the photons in a particular
+
+energy much like a prism does for visible
+light.
+
+And the way you do that is with these facets.
+
+There are probably a thousand facets on this.
+
+And I have a picture of that later.
+
+And you flip it into the beam when you want
+to get some spectroscopy data.
+
+And you remove the grading when you want to
+get an x-ray image of what you are looking
+
+at.
+
+And that is a function of what the scientists
+want to do at a particular target.
+
+Some scientists want to get an image because
+that conveys more information for them than
+
+spectroscopy.
+
+Others want to see a spectrogram of the image
+because that tells them what the photons are
+
+and what the energy of the photons are.
+
+And that can tell you, for instance, what
+elements are present and what temperatures
+
+for a given gas cloud or neutron star or what
+have you.
+
+And then we have an optical bench.
+
+And all that means is it is a piece of structure
+that is very stiff.
+
+Because obviously you can tell if you flex
+a lot that sure doesn't help your camera imaging
+
+the performance.
+
+It has got to be very stiff, and that is why
+they call it an optical bench.
+
+And the ISM is the Integrated Science Module.
+
+That is where the instruments sit in Chandra.
+
+And here is a picture, as I mentioned before,
+of how the x-rays graze off of the cylinders
+
+in the HRMA down to a focal point about ten
+meters away.
+
+Jeff had mentioned that sometimes it takes
+quite a while for science to come to fruition
+
+in a mission.
+
+And this is probably a good case.
+
+It started in 1978 with some concepts.
+
+We did get approval for new start in 1988,
+so you can tell there was ten years time where
+
+this was just an idea in a scientist's mind.
+
+And typically the course of events is that
+the scientist lobbies and submits papers,
+
+submits proposals to NASA, lobbies Congress,
+lobbies the National Science Foundation to
+
+say this is a good idea, we should do this
+and here is the concept.
+
+And, of course, that concept changes over
+time as you get new technology, et cetera.
+
+And so, that is exactly what happened here.
+
+We did get approval ten years from when the
+original concept started.
+
+Authority to proceed for the prime contract
+was in January 1989.
+
+What this means is that is when we hired a
+contractor to build the spacecraft.
+
+And the start of that process is called ATP.
+
+We had two separate ATPs.
+
+Sometimes you can say I can let out one contract
+to a company and let that company buy the
+
+science instruments or I can compete the science
+instruments separately.
+
+And there are various pros and cons, but in
+this case NASA decided to compete the instruments
+
+separately.
+
+From an engineer's point of view, one of the
+things that should peak your interest or note
+
+that when you have separate contracts you
+always have a question of integration.
+
+If you are going to compete separately, you
+are going to have two separate pieces.
+
+Who is going to integrate them?
+
+The integration job will be harder when you
+compete them separately.
+
+Now, your performance is probably better when
+you have direct insight into the instruments
+
+and direct insight into the spacecraft contractor.
+
+But the penalty is now, when you integrate
+the two, you have to make sure that works.
+
+And so, as a project manager, as a systems
+engineer you have to make sure you apply enough
+
+resources to make sure they work together
+and continue to work together as they are
+
+defining the interfaces, for instance, between
+the two elements.
+
+This was interesting in that in order to get
+it funded, Congress said we will let you build
+
+an AXAF but, along the way, you have to do
+some testing to show that you can meet the
+
+performance that you say you can meet.
+
+And so, we were required by law to have a
+test of the mirrors in June of '91.
+
+And we also had another test later on, the
+same thing, to verify that we could get the
+
+performance that we showed on paper with actual
+hardware before we committed to fly and before
+
+NASA committed to spend the rest of the money
+to fly.
+
+And so, sometimes that happens, sometimes
+if you have a smaller program it doesn't go
+
+to Congress so you don't get into those things.
+
+But, when you have a great observatory and
+NASA is spending a lot of money, a lot of
+
+times Congress will get in and say yes, you're
+constrained, but you have to show me along
+
+the way that you can do this.
+
+I wouldn't be surprised if Congress does that
+for the CEV, the new vehicle coming up, or
+
+the CLV.
+
+In fact, for the CLV, the launch vehicle,
+there is a push to have a demonstration test
+
+early just to verify that we can do it.
+
+Now, during this time, of course, we are still
+formulating requirements.
+
+And we rack up the cost.
+
+And, low and behold, NASA cannot afford it.
+
+We went through a program restructure at that
+time where we dropped a couple of the mirrors,
+
+we changed its orbit, we removed crew servicing.
+
+And you could tell that the whole shape of
+the spacecraft changed.
+
+Again, that is unfortunately not atypical.
+
+It happens quite often.
+
+Yes.
+
+What was the reason for the orbit change?
+
+Good question.
+
+In orbit there are Van Allen Radiation Belts.
+
+And we really cannot observe too well within
+those belts.
+
+Now, in the first mission, the low earth orbit
+mission we were below the belts so we could
+
+operate.
+
+But the problem with low earth orbit is you
+have this big earth, you are close to earth,
+
+and so you need power from the sun.
+
+And, guess what, the sun goes behind the earth.
+
+And so, you are eclipsed for a good percentage
+of the orbit time.
+
+When we had a 15 year mission in low earth
+orbit we said since we don't have servicing,
+
+the lifetime cuts down to five years.
+
+Now, if I am five years in low earth orbit,
+I have just lost two-thirds of my mission
+
+time.
+
+So let's see if we can crank up the orbit,
+get as far outside the radiation belts as
+
+we can.
+
+And then we have basically 100% visibility,
+the whole orbit, if we can get completely
+
+outside.
+
+The problem with that is that costs propellant
+because the radiation belts end, they breathe,
+
+but roughly around 60,000 kilometers.
+
+We could raise apogee to 140,000, but we didn't
+have enough money to raise perigee.
+
+It gets down to money again.
+
+So, perigee stayed at about 10,000 kilometers.
+
+The resulting orbit time, if you looked at
+the integral of time outside the radiation
+
+belts, was probably about 70%.
+
+It was a compromise.
+
+We did end up losing some overall time, but
+about 70% of the orbit is usable for viewing.
+
+That is the strategy and that is why we went
+to a different orbit.
+
+As you can tell, there are a lot of things
+that are traded off during that time to fit
+
+within the constraints that you have got.
+
+Again, that is typical.
+
+The three reviews that are kind of standard
+reviews for all programs and projects are
+
+you start with a requirements review.
+
+And that is pretty basic.
+
+It is held early on.
+
+Requirements have started before that review.
+
+For science missions, you start with science
+objectives.
+
+And you are percolating science requirements.
+
+And the system requirements review is really
+a review that baselines, if you will, and
+
+sets the requirements as firm as you can.
+
+And it is usually after you have gone through
+the cost gyrations, but it is done prior to
+
+doing any of the design reviews.
+
+Once you have a requirements review done,
+it was in December of '92, almost two years
+
+later we had what is called a preliminary
+design review in November of '94.
+
+The third review is called a critical design
+review in February of '96.
+
+What makes a preliminary design review and
+critical design review has to do with the
+
+maturity level of the design.
+
+For critical design review, supposedly you
+have on the order of 90% of your drawings
+
+complete and on the order of 10% of your hardware
+built.
+
+And I think for PDR it is about 10% of your
+drawings built, the final drawings.
+
+That kind of gages what you are talking about
+there.
+
+And it is a typical milestone that NASA uses
+for all of its programs.
+
+Usually these are set early on in the mission,
+in the program milestones.
+
+And, for political and for programmatic reasons,
+you tend not to deviate.
+
+You try and meet those milestones.
+
+Even if the project is not as mature as you
+would like, usually that is one that you try
+
+and keep hold of.
+
+Maybe you don't have 10%, maybe you have 5%
+or maybe you don't have 90% you have 70%.
+
+Sometimes you do go and you hold the milestone,
+you hold the review, but when you are not
+
+mature enough sometimes you have to hold a
+delta review to catch up.
+
+And that is, again, something that NASA does
+for various reasons.
+
+If the situation is right, sometimes you can
+slip and allow a single review at the right
+
+time.
+
+Most often it is driven by nontechnical things
+that require you, either by your customer
+
+headquarters, they don't want you to slip
+so you tend to hold it where he said he wanted
+
+it.
+
+And then we had the mirror delivery to the
+calibration facility in November.
+
+It shipped the whole thing to the Cape for
+launch in February and we launched in July.
+
+You can see we spent about five or six months
+down at the Cape integrating into the Shuttle
+
+testing, and then we flew in July of '99.
+
+Those are the orbit parameters.
+
+We achieved the final orbit August 7th, so
+you can see about two weeks.
+
+And the way we did that is the Shuttle only
+puts stuff to low earth orbit, so you need
+
+some additional propulsion.
+
+We had an upper-stage that got us part of
+the way there, used most of the energy.
+
+However, it wasn't at the final orbit.
+
+So, integral to the spacecraft, we had a propulsion
+system that had to do five additional burns
+
+to get us to the final altitude and the final
+orbit parameters.
+
+That is why it took us about two weeks.
+
+And, again, that is not atypical.
+
+When you are not operating in low earth orbit,
+it takes you while to get your final orbit.
+
+And these are a couple of interesting parameters.
+
+Safe mode, we will talk a little bit about
+that.
+
+Spacecraft are designed such that if -- Yeah.
+
+I am just wondering if the inclination affects
+the requirements at all or does it not really
+
+matter so it just stays [NOISE OBSCURES]?
+
+The 28.5 is driven largely by the launch site
+at Kennedy Space Center.
+
+Right.
+
+I am just wondering if the science requirements
+could drive the inclination [OVERLAPPING VOICES].
+
+For some missions, yes.
+
+We were fairly incentive to that, as long
+as we took advantage of launching at KSC at
+
+the optimum inclination.
+
+But there are missions like Space Station.
+
+Because you have a launch from KSC and a launch
+from Russia, to optimize the performance of
+
+both launch centers then the orbit is 58.5.
+
+Now, what that means to KSC launch is that
+you pay a significant penalty.
+
+You pay about a 30% weight penalty for launch
+at KSC to the Space Station.
+
+Sometimes the answer is yes, you can optimize
+inclination, and sometimes, when you have
+
+a large program and multiple launch sites
+it is a compromise.
+
+So, it is not efficient for each site.
+
+I was mentioning spacecraft typically have
+their avionics systems.
+
+And typically they do not contract the ground.
+
+They are not in communication with the ground
+all the time.
+
+And so, for Chandra, that is the case.
+
+We may have "contact" with Chandra probably
+about 5% to 10% of the time per day.
+
+In the meantime, figure that 90% of the time
+it is out of communication range.
+
+Now, this is something, by the way, that is
+somewhat different from a manned mission.
+
+The manned missions tend to optimize and maximize
+communication coverage.
+
+When Jeff is flying in the Shuttle we probably
+have 90%, 95% coverage over an orbit and over
+
+a day for communication.
+
+But, in science missions, rarely is that the
+case.
+
+And so what that means is the whole philosophy
+of operating a science mission is based on
+
+stored commands.
+
+And so, we send up a stored command load.
+
+And that load is good for a day.
+
+And basically it steps through and automatically
+executes based on time.
+
+What that also means is you have to design
+a spacecraft to recognize when it has a problem.
+
+If a hardware box has a failure, it has got
+to be able to recognize that and go into a
+
+safe mode so that the ground can then recover
+and configure the systems to continue to operate.
+
+That is one part of flying a spacecraft, is
+building a robust safe mode to be able to
+
+do that.
+
+And our first problem occurred August 17,
+1999.
+
+Now, note it was a ground error.
+
+As usually the case, spacecraft are pretty
+complicated.
+
+And we probably had 400 or 500 separate procedures
+and commands on the ground for doing certain
+
+things.
+
+And, even though we try and test them out
+individually, the combination of those procedures
+
+and in the execution, sometimes you put the
+spacecraft in the wrong configuration with
+
+one sequence, and then you follow with another
+sequence.
+
+Low and behold, the software that you designed
+for safe mode says I am in the wrong configuration.
+
+Sorry, I am going to safe mode.
+
+And so, that happens.
+
+We have had only probably three safe mode
+events for six years, so that is not too bad
+
+at all.
+
+Hubble, for instance, has had probably an
+order of magnitude more than that.
+
+I think we have gotten smarter based on our
+design of Hubble to design this.
+
+But, again, typically spacecraft do have safe
+mode designs in them.
+
+Given our orbit, we still have a small eclipse
+season.
+
+Twice a year in the fall and in the spring
+we have eclipses.
+
+And so our first eclipse season was then.
+
+This is the translation mechanics for the
+science instruments.
+
+This is where the telescope is.
+
+I won't go through that.
+
+This is kind of where we purchases or we contracted
+for the various instruments.
+
+This is a CCD imaging spectrometer.
+
+In fact, it was both Penn State and MIT that
+produced this one.
+
+And that is one of the focal plate instruments
+and the other one was a high resolution camera
+
+using micro-channel plate technology instead
+of a CCD.
+
+And that one was from SAO just down the street
+in Cambridge.
+
+The high energy transmission grating, as I
+had mentioned, was also from MIT.
+
+And the low energy grating was from the Netherlands.
+
+And this is a good point to make also, is
+that a lot of times for science instruments
+
+or for science missions, NASA tries to lower
+the cost of the mission.
+
+And the way you can do that is you can reduce
+requirements or you can get a partner and
+
+have the partner pay for an instrument that
+you want to fly.
+
+And so, in this case, as is typically the
+case for science missions, NASA tries to go
+
+and get international partners that will bring
+to the table an element or a piece of hardware
+
+or some software that reduces the overall
+cost of the mission but, at the same time,
+
+maintains its capability.
+
+That is what we did with the low energy transmission
+grating.
+
+We got the Netherlands to basically design
+and build that and fly that in exchange for
+
+that kind of arrangement.
+
+They get a percentage of viewing time that
+they can say for 5% of the viewing time we
+
+get to point the telescope to wherever we
+want.
+
+And so, typically that is kind of the handoff
+between our international partners and NASA
+
+in trying to reduce the overall cost to NASA
+for a given mission.
+
+And these are the gratings, as I had mentioned.
+
+And there are a bunch of facets along these.
+
+Now, notice these are the four mirror shells
+where they co-align with the four mirror shells,
+
+the inner most and the outer most.
+
+And this is kind of how it works.
+
+The gratings get flipped in.
+
+And this is the array of CCDs.
+
+Each one of these is a CCD.
+
+And the pattern of light or the pattern of
+x-rays follows along these lines when the
+
+x-rays actually come in.
+
+That is what actually you see.
+
+Now, Chandra does have a ground system architecture.
+
+We communicate with the deep space network.
+
+That is how we communicate because it is not
+in low earth orbit so we cannot use the satellites
+
+that are around the earth.
+
+We get that signal from that satellite and
+it is beamed to the control center, here in
+
+Cambridge, in fact.
+
+And we do various things on the data.
+
+We process it out and send it to the general
+observers.
+
+Now, the way this operates is that every year
+this control center or the science folks operating
+
+the control center solicit objectives.
+
+OK, science community come and request time
+and give me a proposal for viewing time for
+
+what you want to do, what target you want
+to look at, what is the configuration of the
+
+instrument, which instrument, et cetera.
+
+And so, the Chandra folks go through, and
+they probably collect about 800 proposals
+
+a year from all around the world.
+
+They will select roughly about 200.
+
+And it is not based on numbers, it is based
+on time.
+
+You have a certain amount of seconds in a
+year that is available.
+
+And so, some of these proposals have large
+times, some have small times, but roughly
+
+it is about a four to one.
+
+About 200 are selected, 800 are proposed,
+so that's good, you're oversubscribed, you
+
+have a lot of interest.
+
+NASA does fund those that are selected.
+
+So if you are a PI and you say I want to go
+look at Crab Nebula or I want to go look at
+
+a Quasar somewhere, and here are the reasons,
+here is what that will tell me.
+
+And it gets selected.
+
+NASA will fund you some money to be able to
+do that observation and process the data and
+
+publish.
+
+Now, NASA won't fund any that were selected
+from foreign countries.
+
+So the foreign countries, they have to get
+their funding, but we will allow them viewing
+
+time.
+
+And that is also typically the case.
+
+And, by the way, all of these scientists across
+the world never have to come to Cambridge.
+
+It is all done electronically.
+
+They don't get their data real-time.
+
+They get it probably a few weeks after the
+observation.
+
+And the reason for that is there is a lot
+of processing.
+
+You don't actually send, or you can, but usually
+you don't send the raw data out to the user.
+
+It is heavily processed, and the products
+of that processing are what is actually sent
+
+out.
+
+Now, there are tools that the Control Center
+also provides, but generally it is the process
+
+data that is sent.
+
+Yes?
+
+What sort of data is this?
+
+Images or numerical data?
+
+It is data that can be used for images.
+
+It can be used for registering each photon,
+what energy it is.
+
+There are a lot of different choices of data.
+
+And some of the data is overlapping, but it
+does give you information on energy, location,
+
+number count, where in the field.
+
+It can be used to then process an image or
+process a spectrogram.
+
+And you do that by using the tools that are
+also provided.
+
+It is like a viewer or it is like a piece
+of software that allows you to view what is
+
+in that data.
+
+But the data is just the raw data.
+
+It is just a series of tables.
+
+And, as we said, it began in 1978.
+
+I picked the prime and was given a new start.
+
+I am not going to go through these.
+
+It was restructured.
+
+We went to four mirror pairs.
+
+We dropped two focal plane instruments, dropped
+the servicing requirements.
+
+I mentioned that.
+
+Interestingly enough, one of the instruments
+we wanted to create a separate spacecraft
+
+just for that instrument.
+
+And, believe it or not, the addition of this
+spacecraft and this one for the spectroscopy
+
+mission was going to be cheaper than the original
+concept.
+
+But again, due to cost, we continued this
+spectroscopy spacecraft for about a year to
+
+two years.
+
+And then that was cut due to cost.
+
+So we ended up flying just this one spacecraft.
+
+And the result is the Chandra Observatory
+that we have now.
+
+Note that sometimes it is not within your
+control as to whether your program is cancelled
+
+or not.
+
+We were doing quite well.
+
+It was within our cost envelope that they
+had given us.
+
+But, at the time, there were other priorities
+at NASA and there were other overruns at NASA.
+
+And they have to weigh.
+
+Sometimes they say, well, you can have this
+much money for these many years.
+
+And every year they re-evaluate.
+
+And that is because you don't know how much
+things are going to cost because NASA typically
+
+builds one of a kind things, and you don't
+know really how much it costs until it is
+
+already done.
+
+So that re-evaluation process continues now.
+
+And it will probably continue for as long
+as NASA flies.
+
+So imaging and spectroscopy is what we do.
+
+Why is imaging so important?
+
+Well, clearly this image was a Rosat image
+with the highest technology at the time.
+
+And here is the Chandra image.
+
+And you can see the neutron star right there.
+
+And there is no way you can see a neutron
+star in there.
+
+And they can learn a lot more from this image
+than they can from this, so that is why scientists
+
+push to get good imaging resolution as well
+as good spectroscopy.
+
+The biggest challenge for us on Chandra was
+the mirrors.
+
+Now, recognize that due to the analysis that
+we performed early on, yes, this was all theoretically
+
+possible, but we had to be able to polish
+the surfaces of those mirrors, those grazing
+
+incidence mirrors to an accuracy of on the
+order of angstroms.
+
+And that is pretty small.
+
+Can we measure that?
+
+The answer is no.
+
+At the time, we couldn't even measure how
+accurately we needed to polish the mirrors.
+
+So that tells you that, boy, we've got our
+work cut out.
+
+We had to work with the National Institute
+for Standards to figure out how to first measure
+
+how accurately we can polish it and then ended
+up polishing the mirrors.
+
+And polishing, as a process, getting down
+to that smoothness clearly is a huge challenge
+
+and takes a long time.
+
+And so, that was probably our biggest challenge,
+is to polish the mirrors.
+
+Metrology is the science of working mirror
+technology and getting the surface figure
+
+of the mirrors correct.
+
+So, really, the key to success is developing
+three different types of metrology measurements
+
+that are independent, that allow you to cross-check.
+
+Because you are talking about things you have
+never built before and you are pushing the
+
+state of the art and you don't know how to
+measure it.
+
+The key there for an engineer should say,
+OK, I need not just one way of checking my
+
+work, but I need at least two ways, and preferably
+three independent ways of making sure that
+
+I am doing the right thing.
+
+So when you're pushing the state of the art,
+a good lesson is try and get into a position
+
+where you have got more than one independent
+check of your analysis to make sure it is
+
+correct.
+
+So that was a very big challenge for us.
+
+And, again, that is kind of how it goes down.
+
+This is the general shape of the mirrors.
+
+And here are the mirror pairs being assembled.
+
+And, of course, one thing about the mirrors
+is when you are talking about that surface
+
+finish, you cannot just assemble it in your
+garage with dust around.
+
+You have to be extremely clean.
+
+And, believe it or not, one of the dirtiest
+things in a laboratory is a human.
+
+And so, a human has to be almost completely
+covered to prevent any kind of accumulation
+
+on the mirrors themselves.
+
+In fact, we had to limit the exposure time
+of humans to the unpolished and polished mirrors
+
+during this timeframe because contamination
+is an incredible problem when you are talking
+
+about the atomic scales of polishing the mirrors.
+
+Again, I mention that the important thing
+is to make sure that you are doing cross-checks
+
+in the metrology as you are going along.
+
+Because, again, you don't know exactly what
+you are doing.
+
+I mean on paper, yes, you've got an analytical
+solution that tells you the right answer,
+
+but you have never done it before.
+
+You have never built it before.
+
+You don't know how to measure it.
+
+So you have got to work on building confidence
+that your analysis is correct.
+
+How do I know that analysis is correct?
+
+And so, you have got to think about a sanity
+check, if you will, to make sure that those
+
+are correct.
+
+And, of course, the best way for proving that
+it is correct is test them.
+
+And that is what we did.
+
+Mandated by Congress, we tested the mirrors.
+
+Now, the thing about that is so I test the
+mirrors.
+
+I am testing the mirrors in a 1G environment
+so, even after the test, how do I know that
+
+those results are correct?
+
+Because the 1G deflection, even though you
+think it is small, it does affect the mirror
+
+performance on the ground versus in orbit.
+
+And another thing is the finite source distance.
+
+You cannot get a source that is infinitely
+far away on the ground just because of the
+
+nature of putting a source out there.
+
+Our source was about, I think, a quarter mile
+away.
+
+And we had to make analytical corrections
+to compensate for how we expected the spot
+
+size to change because of that finite source
+distance.
+
+We had to analytically correct the image on
+the ground to compensate for the 1G affects
+
+of the mirrors.
+
+And so, even a test you would think, OK, go
+test it.
+
+Well, it is not straightforward because, even
+in that test, that is not a true representation
+
+of how it would work on orbit.
+
+So it is a lot more complicated than one would
+think.
+
+What do you use your x-rays for?
+
+Various things.
+
+We had some monochromatic x-rays at various
+wavelengths.
+
+We had registration x-rays.
+
+Iron.
+
+A certain wavelength of iron is a big one
+to use.
+
+You don't have a picture of the big tunnel,
+do you?
+
+I think I do in here.
+
+I have got a picture of it and I can talk
+about.
+
+But that is another thing, is when you are
+testing, how well do I know my source?
+
+And that is all factored into verifying that
+you have got the performance correct, because
+
+if your source is all over the place and you
+haven't characterized your source well enough
+
+then how in the world can you say that the
+mirrors are that good?
+
+So we did end-to-end testing.
+
+And, again, you don't just look at the raw
+data and say, yeah, I am there.
+
+Even in the ground test, a lot of times you
+have to massage the data and compensate analytically
+
+for factors that you cannot control.
+
+And the key to success there is good systems
+engineering.
+
+And a lot of that is because of multiple separate
+parties, academia, nonprofits and foreign
+
+groups all involved in the workings of AXAF.
+
+You have got to make sure that you have got
+a team that works together.
+
+Lesson learned, as I had mentioned, perform
+multiple cross-checks either via test or analysis
+
+with a different tool as possible.
+
+Another lesson learned is let more than one
+group perform the review.
+
+A lot of times, for Chandra, we had the Marshall
+engineers, but we also contracted SAO down
+
+the street to kind of independently assess,
+using their own software tools, where we were.
+
+And that was a good idea because sometimes
+we had good ideas that we could incorporate
+
+and sometimes they had good ideas, but it
+gave us a sanity check when we both matches
+
+and we both felt good.
+
+There is also no substitute for direct test
+or measurement.
+
+Analytically, we have wonderful tools nowadays,
+but they will never take the place of testing.
+
+Another thing that was very important for
+us because of the iteration cycle with headquarters
+
+on funding is make sure that you keep the
+science or the scientists that are part of
+
+the mission informed and part of the decision-making
+process.
+
+One would think, and one would like to think
+that this is a technical project, all things
+
+are technical.
+
+No, there are personalities involved and there
+are human responses involved.
+
+And so, to keep the team together you need
+make sure that the science is informed and
+
+supporting your decision-making process.
+
+A lot of times that is overlooked, but it
+is, nonetheless, very important as you are
+
+building a project.
+
+And the final lesson learned is, as we are
+going through and making those mirrors, you
+
+construct what is called an error budget.
+
+You assume perfect performance and then you
+kind of step back and say I am going to allow
+
+imperfect performance in this region.
+
+And I am going to allocate that imperfect
+performance to thermal design.
+
+I am going to allocate imperfect performance
+to the inaccurate knowledge of knowing the
+
+source positions in the sky.
+
+I am going to allocate some error budget to
+flexing of the optical bench.
+
+I am going to allocate some error sources
+to the difference between how long the focal
+
+length is and how long I think it is.
+
+And so, you take each of the error terms.
+
+And for Chandra we probably had a hundred
+or more.
+
+And you go through and you verify that your
+assumption in that error budget term was correct.
+
+And usually, for the critical ones, you did
+it in more than one way, more than one method
+
+so that you were sure that you had those error
+terms defined.
+
+And the end result was we had mirrors that
+performed better than expected.
+
+And, as a result, the payoff is just wonderful.
+
+This is a time-lapse series of images.
+
+And, supposedly, this wave front was moving
+out from the source pulsar at significant
+
+fractions of the speed of light on the order
+of 20% to 30% of the speed of light.
+
+That was pretty cool.
+
+And if you need more information just talk
+to Jeff.
+
+But that was a pretty big payoff.
+
+The next challenge that we had was the programmatic
+challenge.
+
+Again, as I had mentioned, the normal process
+of going through a program in a project is
+
+you are first trying to size the mission.
+
+And, really, you are sizing it for cost.
+
+And that is very hard to do when you are building
+something new.
+
+And that was a very big challenge.
+
+And so, we changed a lot of things.
+
+But, eventually, the key or the critical thing
+that you are trying to do is I compromise
+
+on this but I want to still try and maintain
+performance.
+
+We maintained our imaging resolution performance
+and our registration performance.
+
+And we compromised on a few other things but
+we maintained that performance.
+
+Finish this slide and then we will take a
+quick break.
+
+Note down here that we also needed to reduce
+the weight by a factor of two from our original
+
+designs.
+
+Our original designs were pretty simple aluminum
+structures.
+
+Our final designs were the best composites
+that we knew how to make at lowest weight.
+
+And so, that optical bench, that tube was
+all composite.
+
+And so, that is the kind of weight reduction
+scheme we had to go through.
+
+Now, also all of the fittings, that means
+all of the brackets that we use were also
+
+composite.
+
+And another challenge that we had is analyzing
+the stresses in a complicated composite fitting.
+
+Very hard to do.
+
+Didn't have techniques to do it when we started.
+
+As part of the process of building this telescope,
+we had to go through and learn that and develop
+
+those techniques.
+
+Before the break, I just want to point out
+I hope you all are catching the incredible
+
+parallels between this project, a complex
+technological process and the sorts of things
+
+that we've heard about the systems engineering
+of the Shuttle.
+
+Right from the weight problems and composites,
+new materials, new ways of analysis right
+
+into the intervention of Congress into the
+engineering process, I mean it is all there.
+
+And I think whenever you get involved in a
+big space project you can expect that those
+
+things are going to happen, and they are probably
+going to happen in the Exploration Program
+
+as well.
+
+Two minute break and then we will start up
+again.
+
+Start up again.
+
+Let's see.
+
+We were talking about for us the next biggest
+challenge was programmatic in that it you
+
+have to work that early on.
+
+And typically, especially the more expensive
+missions do go through this as a typical part
+
+of the lifecycle of a project.
+
+I have a question on that last slide.
+
+[NOISE OBSCURES]
+
+The budget for systems engineering was cut
+which translates directly to the number of
+
+folks at the contractor site.
+
+Working systems engineering was cut so we
+were challenged.
+
+And what we did at Marshall was we offset
+with NASA's civil servants doing functions
+
+and tasks that the contractor would normally
+do to compensate for that.
+
+So that is what that meant.
+
+Typically, systems engineering, a very important
+thing if you talk to folks in the trade, almost
+
+everyone has a different idea of what all
+is encompassed in systems engineering.
+
+But the point is there probably are a number
+of things that almost everybody would agree
+
+are part of systems engineering.
+
+And they are very key to executing the program
+and the project.
+
+They are really the glue that holds all the
+subsystems together.
+
+And I will probably talk more about it, but
+for good systems engineers you have to be
+
+able to communicate well with all the other
+subsystems and all the other stakeholders,
+
+including the science when you have a science
+mission, including the users when you have
+
+a manned mission, including safety and everybody
+to make sure they are all connected.
+
+And be smart enough to be able to challenge
+the subsystems when they really have their
+
+own ideas on where this needs to go and it
+is not really in concert with everybody else.
+
+Weight reduction did have some impacts, as
+I mentioned, using light-weight composites.
+
+And that was a challenge in and of itself.
+
+We also dropped two of the SIs.
+
+Another challenge was the science instrument
+module which was all composite.
+
+And it had the capability of adjusting focus
+and translating, so it had two degrees of
+
+freedom.
+
+But it needed to be reproducible in terms
+of motion on the micron scale over the whole
+
+orbit environment.
+
+That was quite a challenge in and of itself
+to be able to do that.
+
+I mean just kind of a flavor for the things
+that you have to deal with is not everybody
+
+had the same analysis tools so universities
+like MIT and like SAO had different structural
+
+analysis tools for their hardware than the
+contractors did.
+
+Now you do a couple loads analysis, which
+is you pull together all of your stress, all
+
+of your structure analysis models together
+in one place and you go through a loads assessment
+
+all through the whole element.
+
+Well, to do that I need a model from you,
+I need a model from you, I need a model from
+
+you.
+
+But you are in California, you are a university,
+you are another company and you have to make
+
+sure they all play together.
+
+And a lot of times there is parochialness
+with company A, I am not going to use anything
+
+but my model.
+
+And the university says, well, I cannot do
+anything but what we have been doing.
+
+And university C says, well, this is the only
+thing that will work and you guys are crazy.
+
+It is not that bad but that is the kind of
+thing that you have to deal with as a systems
+
+engineer.
+
+You have to make sure everybody plays together.
+
+And sometimes you have to go through and work
+the best solution that may not be the optimum
+
+solution for each piece.
+
+But it is the optimum solution for the overall
+answer.
+
+Again, getting the programmatic challenge
+behind us, a key thing is also setting allocations.
+
+I talk about the error budgets.
+
+Another good thing that the systems engineer
+does is allocates various important resources.
+
+And one that every spacecraft does is weight.
+
+Weight, power and data are usually three of
+the important resources that are allocated.
+
+For scientific telescope missions another
+one is error budgets for scientific performance,
+
+but the key to that is good weight allocation
+and good iteration, which with each of the
+
+elements that you allocated the weight to,
+to keep up with them to make sure they can
+
+meet that or it looks like they are going
+to exceed.
+
+So I have got to go borrow some of that allocation
+from somebody else.
+
+And I have got to take away from Peter, if
+you will, to pay Paul.
+
+So systems engineering and going through that
+making the initial allocations and keeping
+
+up with that is a pretty critical factor to
+making sure you get to the final answer.
+
+And, if you do that well, then usually you
+have less of a problem getting to the final
+
+solution.
+
+To compensate for the loss of systems engineering,
+we established technical oversight panels
+
+which were NASA employees at our center.
+
+We controlled, at a project level, the internal
+ICDs.
+
+Now, what is an ICD?
+
+It is an interface control drawing.
+
+Because when you have company A developing
+an element and university A, where they come
+
+together is an interface.
+
+And you have to document that interface, not
+just mechanically but thermally.
+
+What is the heat flow across the interface,
+the data across the interface, the power,
+
+the signal characteristics across the interface?
+
+The data flow.
+
+What data is going across the interface?
+
+And, as you can realize, as both of those
+things change, you have to change the interface.
+
+So you have to keep up with that.
+
+And a lot of times good systems engineers
+will recognize the further away in location
+
+it is the harder it is to interface with the
+two parties.
+
+When you are in California it is one thing
+when they are in the same town, it is another
+
+thing when they are in the same country and
+it is another thing where they are across
+
+the water when you are integrating an international
+partner.
+
+So, as systems engineers, the factor is the
+closer you are the better it is because I
+
+can just go in a car and go across town to
+get out the drawings and talk about the drawings
+
+versus in California that is a plane ride.
+
+But, in Europe, the time difference allows
+you to only be able to talk to them for a
+
+few hours a day because that is when your
+work shifts overlap.
+
+So it is a lot more complicated interacting
+with folks in Europe, interacting with folks
+
+in Japan, in India because of the time difference
+and because it is very far away when you have
+
+to sit down.
+
+Those are kind of the challenges as systems
+engineers that you should think about.
+
+Lessons learned.
+
+Set your resource allocations early and continue
+to monitor them and work with each of the
+
+owners of the elements of those allocations
+to make sure that they are meeting their allocation.
+
+As you recognize, it is a zero sum gain.
+
+So when somebody goes over their allocation
+somebody has got to be reduced.
+
+And it is very difficult sometimes to negotiate
+that reduction because engineers typically
+
+want to hold their margin, they don't want
+to release it.
+
+They want it because they are not yet confident
+in their final solution.
+
+But to make everything play sometimes you
+have to take away from them and reduce their
+
+margin to be able to let somebody else survive
+if you will.
+
+It is not an easy thing, but attention to
+that detail is important.
+
+Maintaining strong systems engineering group
+is important for that reason.
+
+If I have a lot of pretty dominant subsystem
+managers that say I am building a power system
+
+and I need this much weight and I need this
+much thermal capability that's good, and they
+
+may be very good, but what they are doing
+is if you have a lot of dominant subsystems
+
+and no central systems engineering, as traffic
+cop there is no check and balance.
+
+And so that dominant thing may work very well
+at the expense of the integrated performance
+
+of everybody else.
+
+That is why systems engineering is so important,
+that dominance and to balance weakness where
+
+you have weakness.
+
+And for Chandra hard work pays off when you
+get it right.
+
+Technology.
+
+A lot of times NASA will build a science spacecraft.
+
+And the spacecraft itself usually isn't pushing
+a state of the art.
+
+For Chandra it was a little different.
+
+We pushed the mirrors, and there are a few
+other things we pushed.
+
+But typically it is the case where NASA pushes
+the state of the art on the instruments.
+
+Better sensors, better CCDs, better processing
+electronics.
+
+And Chandra was no different.
+
+Usually it is an embellishment from something
+that has flown before on a different spacecraft,
+
+only now it is better.
+
+We are getting it bigger.
+
+We are getting more resolution.
+
+It takes less power.
+
+There is usually a steppingstone.
+
+And for ASIS, the one that was built at MIT,
+it charged a couple of devices in an array
+
+size that they have never been built before.
+
+And so that was a challenge.
+
+Also a challenge was in order for the CCDs
+to operate they needed to be cooled to minus
+
+100 degrees Celsius, 120.
+
+And, in addition, they developed a new way
+of clocking out the data from the rest of
+
+the CCDs that have been built.
+
+That had better spectroscopy performance and
+a very low noise signal chain.
+
+There are always going and they are always
+looking at, well, on spacecraft X this CCD
+
+was flown.
+
+It may have been a 512 x 512.
+
+Well, you know, it is pretty easy.
+
+I can stretch it a little bit and work the
+substrate in 24 x 24.
+
+Well, usually it is the case where it is not
+as simple as you think.
+
+And there are always problems.
+
+In particular, technology should be a warning
+flag to systems engineers to say typically
+
+it is not as simple as you think so make sure
+you are paying attention to these new developments
+
+or these stretching of new applications of
+existing technology.
+
+Because, for instance, one of the things that
+you get bit by, and we got bit by is radiation
+
+susceptibility.
+
+Thermal extremes for multilayer circuit cards
+that have to operate at minus 120 C on one
+
+end and room temperature on another end.
+
+Low yields for those new types of CCDs.
+
+I can just stretch it and make it 1024 x 1024,
+but where I was using 90% of the batch, now
+
+I am only using 10% just because I cannot
+get one that big to work out and to be smooth
+
+and homogenous.
+
+ESD sensitivity.
+
+Because they are getting bigger and bigger
+and thinner and thinner it is much more susceptible
+
+to electrostatic discharge.
+
+And simple things like my yield in the wintertime,
+because the humidity in the air is lower,
+
+I have less of a yield in winter than I do
+in summer.
+
+And so that is what we found out.
+
+And there are also mitigating effects that
+you can come and put humidifiers in and compensate
+
+for that.
+
+But those are the types of things that you
+have to worry about that can come and bite
+
+you with new technology because you are doing
+something new.
+
+Because of going down to 120 to optimize the
+performance and to get the very low noise,
+
+we said we need a radiator or a sunshade.
+
+And, low and behold, flying on the Shuttle
+in certain attitudes that you have to verify,
+
+because in some off nominal events you can,
+instead of being deployed on day one of a
+
+mission you get deployed on day three, but
+you have to go across the sun terminator frequently
+
+and you get a little glint of direct sunlight
+on these sunshades.
+
+And, therefore, you have to analyze what the
+temperature extreme and what the effect is
+
+going to be.
+
+And, low and behold, we see that we have delamination
+on that case.
+
+But here is a case where it is an off nominal
+event in the Shuttle that we have to design
+
+for and we have to compensate for, even though
+chances are we will never see that design
+
+case.
+
+But a lot of times the programmer or project
+manager has to say I am going to suck it up
+
+and I am going to make the change for that
+small eventuality.
+
+Or I am going to risk it based on cost and
+we are going to try and preclude that eventuality
+
+from happening.
+
+A lot of times it is not cut and dry.
+
+It is a guessing game.
+
+It is a balance that is based on judgment,
+past performance and a lot of other factors
+
+to say, boy, that is so low probability of
+occurrence that I am not going to worry about
+
+it.
+
+And that threshold is never defined.
+
+You have to define it as a project manager.
+
+Just kind of a picture of what the instruments
+look like.
+
+There are the CCDs.
+
+This is the long stretched away.
+
+And, for the spectroscopy measurements, that
+is where the lower energies -- Actually, the
+
+higher energies in the middle and the lower
+energies go along this wing and along this
+
+wing because you get the energy spread.
+
+And there are the imaging devices that are
+used when you just want a good image.
+
+On HRC, there is the detector right there
+in this diamond-shaped thing.
+
+And it is operating off a completely new and
+older technology than the CCDs.
+
+The instrument of choice has been this for
+probably 70%, 75% of the observations just
+
+because of the capability that this allows
+you not just an image, but the CCDs also give
+
+you some rudimentary information on energy.
+
+And so, that is why this is preferable over
+this one.
+
+On HRC, we talked about ASIS.
+
+We had, again, a low noise signal chain.
+
+On HRC, we never had three micro channel plates
+tied together and linked together.
+
+And we had that challenge.
+
+We also had very accurate event timing.
+
+So, when we have a pulsar, I know exactly
+in registered time when those pulses are occurring.
+
+We had spacecraft charging protection for
+new technology problems and spurious noise
+
+susceptibility.
+
+Spacecraft charging.
+
+To keep the mirrors nice and warm at plus
+or minus half a degree C across the entire
+
+mirror surface all around it required thermal
+blankets on the outside.
+
+Well, the thermal blankets were susceptible
+to charging up and discharge with popping.
+
+And so, the question is, is that going to
+affect my instrument performance by incorrectly
+
+registering a photon event every time these
+blankets discharged?
+
+So we had to go through a test campaign to
+verify that, no, this discharging of those
+
+blanket electrostatically would not affect
+the imaging performance at the detector level.
+
+That is something we didn't even think about
+before.
+
+But, low and behold, we came up with it.
+
+Yes, these things are going to discharge,
+they are going to pop so is it going to affect
+
+our measurements.
+
+Those are the kinds of things that you will
+run into.
+
+Again, good systems engineering and sound
+communications are the key to getting through
+
+those.
+
+Insuring participating.
+
+Keeping parties informed.
+
+Encouraging teamwork to be part of the team
+and to help contribute to its success.
+
+Lesson learned is establish standing interface
+working groups with mandatory participation
+
+from the SIs.
+
+The SIs kind of have a different paradigm.
+
+Science instruments are usually built by universities,
+and the universities are typically staffed
+
+by grad students and some full time engineers.
+
+But usually the paradigm and the thinking
+process is a university atmosphere.
+
+When you have companies it is a completely
+different interface, very regimented, very
+
+by the book, we have done it before and this
+is how you do it.
+
+And so different cultures, you have to make
+sure they blend together to produce the final
+
+product.
+
+And a lot of times that is not technical.
+
+That is human interaction and making sure
+they all work together.
+
+When problems occur recognize that you need
+to go outside of the project office to get
+
+help.
+
+And this is typically done at NASA.
+
+If Marshall is managing a project and we have
+got a problem with CCDs, the key to success
+
+is recognize, well, Ames Research Center in
+California has an expert in CCDs.
+
+Call him up on the phone or bring him down
+and let's talk to him to get his expertise
+
+in on this project.
+
+NASA does good on that.
+
+It does go to where the expertise is.
+
+Not just at another NASA center, but it may
+call experts across the industry or across
+
+academia to come help with a problem.
+
+The foam problem on the Shuttle is a pretty
+big problem, and we have called experts from
+
+around the country and around the world to
+try and help understand what was going on
+
+with the foam.
+
+That is something that NASA does well, is
+it brings in experts and it doesn't think
+
+that it knows everything locally.
+
+And that is something to keep in mind.
+
+If you don't know an answer, don't just try
+and think of it yourself.
+
+Go get the answers from somebody who might
+have experienced that before.
+
+And encourage teamwork.
+
+A lot of times programs suffer from the culture
+clash between different paradigms and different
+
+cultures.
+
+And that is especially the case between academia
+and industry.
+
+It is also evident between international partners
+and industry.
+
+And, of course, the payoff is this is a spectrogram,
+the counts per bin, number of photons per
+
+energy level.
+
+And, as you can tell, very sharp and very
+well-defined peaks for where those lines are.
+
+Next challenge was integrated testing.
+
+Integration is always a challenge.
+
+How in the world are we going to integrate
+this whole thing?
+
+The logistics of who does what when, we must
+choreograph it.
+
+Here we have instrument A coming in.
+
+We have instrument B.
+
+We have the gratings coming in.
+
+We have the ISIM built at Ball Brothers.
+
+We have California building the optical bench.
+
+Where are we all going to put this all together
+and test it out?
+
+That is always a challenge because, again,
+you have different players involved in different
+
+pieces.
+
+And you have got to make sure it all plays
+together.
+
+And the key there is to create a working group
+to make sure you address every aspect of integration.
+
+You plan very much ahead of time.
+
+You choreograph everybody coming in to make
+sure you have got everything covered.
+
+And in integration always, always it takes
+longer than you think.
+
+You always plan assuming nothing is going
+to go wrong.
+
+This test takes this long and this test takes
+this long and this test takes this long.
+
+When, in fact, as is always the case, you
+always have problems in testing.
+
+Any time you are matching two boxes together,
+especially electronically, a lot of times
+
+you have problems.
+
+So testing is always something that you should
+make sure you have enough time to do troubleshooting.
+
+And plan for failures and not plan a success-oriented
+schedule.
+
+Even the best laid plans, TRW planned the
+integrated testing in a vacuum chamber.
+
+And during observatory integration TRW couldn't
+hold the schedule because, guess what, the
+
+first thing that goes when you are in a money
+crunch is testing at the end.
+
+And you say why do that?
+
+Because they say we had six months of margin
+in the schedule and you have eroded that margin.
+
+But that margin you haven't really defined
+anything to go into that margin.
+
+So, hypothetically speaking, if everything
+goes OK, I don't need that.
+
+Well, so you take it off the table and it
+gets eaten away.
+
+And that is what happened.
+
+It got eaten away and couldn't hold schedule
+caused, in this case, by antiquated EGSE and
+
+software.
+
+But it is typical of a paradigm that says
+I create schedule, you have got to try and
+
+preserve this schedule and fight tooth and
+nail to keep that reserve in every step of
+
+the way because in integration test is where
+usually you get behind.
+
+When we got behind the recovery is daily focus
+on schedule.
+
+Every day we were on the phone going over
+what was to occur that day.
+
+24 hour operations one year before launch
+continuing all the way around the clock.
+
+We changed the I&T integration and test lead
+out at TRW.
+
+We brought Marshall NASA engineers into help
+TRW do it.
+
+And we had a technical presence help out at
+the test site.
+
+We have a contractor, we hire a contractor
+and the contractor is supposed to do the job.
+
+And, low and behold, the contractor is not
+doing the job.
+
+So we could take a step back and say whack
+them on the head, you are not doing the job.
+
+Or, you can go in and say we have got to get
+this job done.
+
+We are going to go and we are going to send
+folks over there that are technical folks
+
+that will help your guys work these problems
+and work the issues and work the integration
+
+and get this thing done.
+
+And so, that is what we did.
+
+That is kind of a typical schedule.
+
+We have a Comprehensive Acceptance Test.
+
+That is just a functional test going through
+all of the paces.
+
+EMI is your kind of electrical susceptibility
+to noise.
+
+When you have a palm pilot or a cell phone
+and it is near a computer or near some device
+
+you hear this chattering.
+
+That is what that test is all about to look
+at interference patterns and look at whether
+
+you are susceptible to noise.
+
+We have an end-to-end test.
+
+That is where we get a compatibility van.
+
+And we make sure that we can communicate with
+the deep space network dishes in Goldstone
+
+and Madrid and Canberra.
+
+That is our pointing at control systems polarity
+test.
+
+Did we mount the gyro correctly or is it upside
+down?
+
+Did we mount the reaction wheel correctly?
+
+Do I have the spin vector pointed this way
+or pointed that way?
+
+You think that is pretty simple but, in fact,
+on the box it doesn't say arrow pointing up.
+
+You have to actually test it out.
+
+And NASA has screwed it up before.
+
+We do an acoustic test and then a pyroshock
+test.
+
+Acoustic is you blast it with acoustic noise
+and the noise couples and creates vibrations,
+
+especially you are worried about thin films
+and large surface areas that are exposed to
+
+the noise pattern, the wave front.
+
+So we painted the whole spacecraft with a
+huge woofer.
+
+I mean it was enormous.
+
+Just to see the vibration and what would happen
+to make sure that it was OK.
+
+And we have the solar ray full motion test
+and the low gain antenna release test.
+
+We have mechanisms which are typically things
+that fail a lot or don't operate the way you
+
+thought.
+
+We want to test those hopefully in the environment
+that they would see in orbit.
+
+That means if it is cold, if it is exposed
+to a plasma we want to try and duplicate that
+
+on the ground.
+
+Typically, that is what we do with mechanisms.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I was wondering if you had like a separate
+satellite that was forecasting and they kind
+
+of knew that [NOISE OBSCURES].
+
+Good question.
+
+Typically, in the old days, when we had a
+lot of money, we would build what is called
+
+a qualification article which is basically
+a test article for the whole thing.
+
+And the qualification article would match
+one for one the flight unit.
+
+And we would test the heck out of that qualification
+article.
+
+Nowadays, with money problems, typically we
+don't do that.
+
+For selected components where we are worried
+about the design, we will develop a qualification
+
+article at the element level.
+
+But typically we don't do it with whole spacecraft,
+not anymore.
+
+Although, the one exception to that is the
+structural test article.
+
+Usually spacecraft do build a structural test
+article that does look like the final flight
+
+design from the overall structure.
+
+And you get your mode shapes and your frequencies
+when you ring it and see how it performs.
+
+And you fold that back into your analysis.
+
+But that is probably the only case where you
+build a full test article for structural purposes.
+
+It would be nice if we could do that.
+
+The DOD does that when they have a production
+of a thousand units, but NASA nowadays cannot
+
+afford to build a whole complex ground test
+article.
+
+It would be nice but sometimes we just cannot
+do it.
+
+We will do it on a selected element level.
+
+Hardly ever testing to failure.
+
+We talked about that with the Shuttle because
+JR Thompson was pointing out, like with the
+
+main engines, testing to failure was really
+critical for success.
+
+But, remember, that is a very different operating
+situation than a satellite where normally
+
+if the satellite can survive launch and the
+vibration, and the vibration is tested, the
+
+structural, you know, if that survives then
+the operating environment is a lot more benign.
+
+Now, what do, though, is we compensate for
+not testing to failure by testing with two
+
+our expected flight environment plus margin.
+
+Analytically, or based on previous data, we
+determine what the environment is going to
+
+be.
+
+And we will add margin to that and we will
+test to those margins.
+
+Most times we do pretty well.
+
+Sometimes we don't, but that is probably few
+and far between.
+
+And we have learned, after 40 years, of how
+to apply margin to our best analysis or our
+
+best tools that define what the environment
+is going to be.
+
+So that kind of shows you starting in October
+'87, ending April '98, that was the plan.
+
+We actually took about nine months more than
+what you see there because of all the problems
+
+that we had.
+
+A key point is when you are pressed for time
+do not cut corners.
+
+We did review all the testing and we did not
+delete any testing that we considered was
+
+mandatory.
+
+And, in fact, we added systems testing to
+verify that we had total system performance
+
+that we knew what this thing was going to
+do.
+
+We also added some end-to-end testing in thermal
+vac and added much more end-to-end testing
+
+with the control center that will eventually
+operate.
+
+A lot of times you have, in the integration
+and test time, a different set of engineers
+
+testing this than will actually operate it
+in flight.
+
+Probably not a good idea.
+
+What you really want is to get your operators
+in flight operating and testing early enough
+
+that they can go through all of the gyrations
+of the testing environment and all of the
+
+idiosyncrasies of the hardware before flight
+so that they are trained on the hardware and
+
+they know how the hardware performs.
+
+And so, if you can, you want to try and get
+the operators to do the testing prior to launch.
+
+And a lot of times that isn't the case, unfortunately.
+
+Lesson learned.
+
+Try to keep one integrated database along
+that theme of the Control Center for testing
+
+and operations because what you don't want
+to do is to have a database for testing that
+
+then you discard and you create a separate
+database for operations.
+
+It is much better to have one database so
+that you know what the parameters are.
+
+And, once you have verified them in test,
+they are the same parameters that you are
+
+using in flight.
+
+Also, to define an explicit test and integration
+lead, review the approach, encourage end-to-end
+
+testing participations of the operations group
+early and often and, if you can, get the operations
+
+group at the Control Center to run the tests.
+
+And give adequate time for box level testing
+and data system integrated testing.
+
+A lot of times what will happen is you're
+running late on schedule and at the box level
+
+I have a multiplexer.
+
+And I had scheduled, at the box level, probably
+300 hours worth of testing.
+
+Well, you know what, I am running late.
+
+They are wanting me at the spacecraft level.
+
+Well, let me jip it up now.
+
+It has only had 50 hours but now I am going
+to the spacecraft.
+
+Low and behold, now what you have just done
+is you have moved the problem further on downstream
+
+when it is much more expensive and it costs
+you a lot more money.
+
+When I have a problem in integrated testing,
+guess what?
+
+The whole spacecraft stops until I fix this
+box.
+
+If you can, try and do it so that you have
+got enough margin that you can test at the
+
+small box level in parallel with all of the
+other boxes before you get to integrated testing.
+
+Management.
+
+There were plenty of challenges in the management.
+
+And a term used is unknown unknowns.
+
+We didn't know at the time that money was
+going to be a problem with program restructuring.
+
+You don't know that you are going to have
+an integration delay.
+
+There are a lot of things that you really
+don't know.
+
+But, nonetheless, you have to expect for and
+you have to plan for.
+
+That is why, at the beginning of a project,
+you create what is called reserve resources.
+
+In terms of cost, depending on the nature
+of the complexity, the technology push, you
+
+may have 20% to 30% of cost held in reserve.
+
+Not applied anywhere because you don't know
+where the problems are going to occur.
+
+And you try, as a project manager, to hold
+onto that by tooth and nail and not release
+
+it if you can at all and only grudgingly allow
+reserves to be used.
+
+Approach to success in that kind of environment
+is experience, getting top management that
+
+has background and experience, working closely
+with the science community.
+
+Again, focusing on teamwork.
+
+You will see that as a recurring theme.
+
+Hold enough reserves so that when you are
+scoping out and you've got a lot of unknowns
+
+that you have enough money and time to do
+that.
+
+Set it as high priority for the company or
+the organization that you are working for
+
+and set the schedule early and balance the
+need for maintaining schedule with the need
+
+to slow down and understand what your problems
+are rather than racing to the finish line.
+
+Again, these are some of the good lessons
+learned.
+
+In fact, I just covered that one.
+
+This is what it ended up being, the AXAF Schedule
+starting around calendar year '92 with our
+
+SRR.
+
+There is our PDR and there is our CDR.
+
+And the launch is even off the chart.
+
+But that is typically the kind of things that
+we go through, including in parallel your
+
+Control Center development back down here.
+
+There is a mirror.
+
+All of this will be posted.
+
+I mean these are really valuable lessons.
+
+In fact, any of you who eventually go into
+systems engineering and project management
+
+take some of these lessons learned with you.
+
+Print them out and review them periodically.
+
+And remember them.
+
+They are lessons of hard knocks.
+
+What I am doing is now is I am now the project
+manager for a project or a mission called
+
+RLEP 2, which is Robotic Lunar Exploration
+Program.
+
+And that mission will be the first mission
+that NASA has, in a long time, to land on
+
+the Moon.
+
+We are going to land the Lander.
+
+And we are going to have some type of mobility
+device that will either drive into a crater
+
+or hop into a crater or crawl into a crater
+or walk into a crater and look for lunar ice
+
+that we think might be there at the South
+Pole.
+
+Now, this is a great example of how things
+are done.
+
+We are given a couple of requirements to say
+we want to verify our precision landing capability
+
+in an unmanned sense, and we are going to
+use that technique and those algorithms for
+
+the future human lander.
+
+And we are also going to need you to go look
+at the ice.
+
+Characterize it and see whether or not ice
+is there.
+
+Now, why is ice so important?
+
+Ice is important because of the oxygen that
+you can get from the ice.
+
+And the oxygen is not so much to breathe but
+it is for fuel or for oxidizer for propulsion
+
+systems.
+
+Instead of getting it at the earth's gravity,
+well, you get it at the gravity well of the
+
+Moon.
+
+That is our challenge.
+
+Now, when they asked that, NASA didn't exactly
+know what it would cost or what the cost profile
+
+would be.
+
+They originally designed it for a $400 million
+mission.
+
+They said, well, why don't you look at a $750
+million solution?
+
+They don't know how many objectives we can
+meet.
+
+This RLEP is supposed to be robotic lunar
+exploration.
+
+It is really a precursor to the human missions,
+so they are not even sure how to use this
+
+program to help bring humans there.
+
+And so, this is typical.
+
+NASA doesn't exactly know what it wants to
+do, but it kind of puts out feelers to say
+
+try this.
+
+It says go start with this, go touch the lunar
+surface, characterize precision landing and
+
+go see if there is ice there.
+
+Well, go see if there is ice there.
+
+I can do that with one hop into the crater,
+one sample and hopefully, if the ice is there
+
+I can find it.
+
+Or, on the other extreme, I can go with a
+Rover, spend a year in the crater, take a
+
+thousand measurements and characterize the
+ice.
+
+Obviously, one cost a lot more than the other.
+
+So how in the world do you answer that question?
+
+Which one should you do and whether it should
+be a mix?
+
+Those are the very things facing the project
+that I am working on now.
+
+Not only that, one of the things is we are
+trying to get prepared for a human mission
+
+and we want to reduce the overall cost and
+reduce the risk.
+
+We would like to bring risk forward from the
+manned lunar mission into the RLEP program
+
+and retire it in the robotics program.
+
+What that means is if I have a technology
+challenge for a cryogenic engine, that means
+
+a liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen engine for
+the lunar descent, I want to use that same
+
+engine, if I can, on this mission to work
+out the kinks.
+
+But how much is that worth to NASA?
+
+If that cost an extra $100 million for RLEP
+is it worth it?
+
+There is no set answer.
+
+And so, what we are doing right now is what
+is called a pre-phase A.
+
+Much like I showed you on Chandra where you
+had that initial design and a final design,
+
+we propose to headquarters with one design.
+
+It happened to have a Rover.
+
+It was nuclear powered.
+
+We went into the crater.
+
+And we stayed there for quite a while.
+
+And we definitely characterized what was there.
+
+But it was expensive.
+
+Is that the right answer?
+
+We don't know.
+
+We are right now going through a pre-phase
+A that we are looking at other options.
+
+We are looking at kind of three classes of
+sizes.
+
+Different solutions to get into the crater.
+
+Different solutions on the size of the lander.
+
+Its extensibility to the human mission.
+
+Like, for instance, right now we use Russian
+progress vehicles to resupply Space Station.
+
+We hope to design a robotic lander that would
+do the same thing during human missions.
+
+It is not man rated, it won't fly men but
+it can fly supplies to the Moon with one design.
+
+But that cost money because now I am not optimizing
+design for a point solution mission.
+
+So during this timeframe there are a lot of
+unknown questions.
+
+And the answers are not straightforward.
+
+So what we are doing is we are giving a series
+of options and rationale and capabilities
+
+for those options to headquarters.
+
+And we will make a recommendation as to what
+we think is the best answer for NASA to go
+
+forward with this design and here are the
+reasons.
+
+But it could very well be that they choose
+something different because there is no definitive
+
+solution to this problem or this challenge,
+if you will.
+
+So it is very challenging.
+
+It is going to look probably a lot different
+now than it will when we actually launch it
+
+in 2010 or 2011, but it is something that
+we face now.
+
+And it is more defined by how much money you
+can use versus what the requirements are.
+
+Sometimes the requirements do set pretty much
+the basic tenets of the mission, but other
+
+times it is driven by cost.
+
+And so, right now we are in the middle of
+working that interesting and challenge problem
+
+for headquarters to develop what we think
+that mission should look like.
+
+And, as you can envision, you don't really
+have requirements.
+
+You have a few requirements.
+
+You have a desirability to reduce the overall
+cost and reduce the overall risk of a human
+
+mission.
+
+But that desirability comes with a cost.
+
+The more extensible you get to the human mission,
+yes, you can make a big lander that gives
+
+you 2,000 kilograms of payload, but it is
+going to cost you more.
+
+I can make 1,000 kilograms of payload or 500
+kilograms of payload and get the definition
+
+of what is in the ice.
+
+But then later on I will have to design a
+new lander for getting other things accomplished
+
+that I want to get to on the Moon.
+
+And is that the right answer?
+
+You can tell that there are a lot of challenges
+with that?
+
+Any questions?
+
+We talked about the cost, performance and
+schedule triangle.
+
+Do you have a sense, inside NASA, of how much
+they are pushing schedule at this point/ Where
+
+is your flexibility?
+
+In their solicitation to the centers, they
+allowed schedule flexibility.
+
+They allowed cost flexibility.
+
+Other programs I will say are generally more
+bounded than this one.
+
+This one is a matter of NASA not knowing exactly
+what the reason and what the purpose of the
+
+program is for.
+
+You've got this general idea of going back
+to the Moon, using robots first to prepare
+
+for humans, but exactly what does that mean
+and exactly how do you prepare for humans
+
+and how much is it going to cost and when
+is it going to launch and how many missions
+
+are you going to have?
+
+They are all undefined.
+
+Now, what we would do is we have already gone
+to the program that will fund the human missions
+
+to say what do you guys plan to do and what
+do you want to do when you get there?
+
+So we can take their mission design and say
+how can we help?
+
+We can help here.
+
+We can help here.
+
+We can pull this technology forward and fly
+it.
+
+The problem there is that they haven't thought
+that far ahead.
+
+They don't know exactly what they are going
+to do.
+
+And a lot of that is, is there ice there or
+not?
+
+If there is ice there, we will want to process
+it.
+
+We will want to extract oxygen from it.
+
+As part of our solution, we do know that we
+have to answer that question.
+
+We also do know that we do have to demonstrate
+precision landing.
+
+But, above that, they have given us a target
+date of 2010 to 2011.
+
+But they said schedule is not fixed.
+
+They have given us a cost generally between
+$400 and $750 million.
+
+And, by the way, if you can leverage areas
+of the budget to help your mission, do that,
+
+in particular technology.
+
+There is a separate technology budget.
+
+If I can get technology to pay for a new technology
+development at no cost to the program then
+
+I will do that.
+
+And, again, if we come in and say we have
+$1 billion but it buys you $3 billion when
+
+the crew is ready to come, we think that is
+worth the investment.
+
+And then headquarters has to scratch their
+head and figure out whether it is really worth
+
+minimizing the long-term cost versus the yearly
+constraint that they are given by Congress
+
+and the pressures of Shuttle and the pressures
+of Stations on the overall cost of the program
+
+to NASA.
+
+It is real challenging.
+
+It is a lot of fun.
+
+We are going to have a blast.
+
+The next one is going back to the Moon, and
+you will probably hear more about it in the
+
+next couple of years.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+This was really the last of the lectures on
+systems engineering per se.
+
+Thursday is the last external lecture.
+
+Gordon Fullerton will be talking about test
+flying the Shuttle.
+
+And hopefully by then I will have the schedule
+for the presentations next Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Z-KOtbLwjfM.txt b/Z-KOtbLwjfM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4dd176656e42ed2812000fc359e23bea90481795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Z-KOtbLwjfM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh good afternoon everyone um my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good afternoon everyone um my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good afternoon everyone um my name is
+Shakur aljani and I'm a a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakur aljani and I'm a a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakur aljani and I'm a a member of the
+co-op uh development institute's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op uh development institute's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op uh development institute's uh
+staff Lynn bander also with Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff Lynn bander also with Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff Lynn bander also with Cooperative
+development Institute um so we're in U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Institute um so we're in U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Institute um so we're in U
+day two of uh our trainings on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two of uh our trainings on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two of uh our trainings on on
+group-based business uh development um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based business uh development um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based business uh development um
+today we wanted to talk about uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we wanted to talk about uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we wanted to talk about uh a
+little bit more about group-based uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about group-based uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about group-based uh
+business planning um giving an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning um giving an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning um giving an overview
+talking about group particip ation and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about group particip ation and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about group particip ation and U
+and begin to talk and do some um uh role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and begin to talk and do some um uh role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and begin to talk and do some um uh role
+plays on uh um on some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays on uh um on some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays on uh um on some particular
+projects that we think um might be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we think um might be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we think um might be of
+some interest and then we you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interest and then we you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interest and then we you know in
+order to give you a good sense of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to give you a good sense of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to give you a good sense of how we
+take a a client um through a a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a client um through a a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a client um through a a business
+planning a participative business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning a participative business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning a participative business
+planning process uh so that we can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process uh so that we can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process uh so that we can come
+out with a a plan that uh uh that brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a a plan that uh uh that brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a a plan that uh uh that brings
+everyone together and a in a a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone together and a in a a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone together and a in a a joint
+Vision a common vision and um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision a common vision and um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision a common vision and um and it's
+based on serious business savvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on serious business savvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on serious business savvy
+um um with all the kinds of right things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um with all the kinds of right things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um with all the kinds of right things
+being done in terms of feasibilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in terms of feasibilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done in terms of feasibilities and
+other things so um uh everyone has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so um uh everyone has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so um uh everyone has their
+their packets um they're coming yeah if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their packets um they're coming yeah if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their packets um they're coming yeah if
+you don't yeah a couple of be missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't yeah a couple of be missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't yeah a couple of be missing
+that they're coming uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're coming uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're coming uh one of the things
+that we're going to be going to uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be going to uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be going to uh first
+is the actually we're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actually we're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actually we're going to do this
+first which they don't have yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first which they don't have yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first which they don't have yeah we
+we'll U we'll be working out of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll U we'll be working out of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll U we'll be working out of um the
+um not boox um um uh PowerPoint first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not boox um um uh PowerPoint first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not boox um um uh PowerPoint first
+and give a little bit more discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give a little bit more discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give a little bit more discussion
+about um what a u group-based business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what a u group-based business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what a u group-based business
+process uh looks like so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh looks like so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh looks like so these are
+actually the the handout that I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the handout that I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the handout that I told you
+you weren't going to use that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't going to use that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you weren't going to use that starts
+with not box we are going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not box we are going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not box we are going to actually
+start right there in the middle because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right there in the middle because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start right there in the middle because
+there are a few slides that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few slides that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few slides that we didn't
+get to yesterday and um just some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to yesterday and um just some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to yesterday and um just some basic
+definitions that if you're starting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that if you're starting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that if you're starting a
+group-based business you have to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based business you have to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based business you have to figure
+out who's owning it and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who's owning it and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who's owning it and you can have
+consumers owning it producers or Farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers owning it producers or Farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers owning it producers or Farmers
+owning it workers owning it businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owning it workers owning it businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owning it workers owning it businesses
+can own these group-based businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can own these group-based businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can own these group-based businesses
+municipalities and other government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities and other government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities and other government
+entities um other group-based businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities um other group-based businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities um other group-based businesses
+and combinations of more than one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combinations of more than one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combinations of more than one group
+so can you give me an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you give me an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you give me an example of a
+consumer-owned group-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business a business that's owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business a business that's owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business a business that's owned by
+consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers
+many like a grocery okay a co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many like a grocery okay a co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many like a grocery okay a co-op
+grocery do you think of a um a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery do you think of a um a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery do you think of a um a business
+that's not a Cooperative that's owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a Cooperative that's owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a Cooperative that's owned by
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consumers have shares inations yes since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have shares inations yes since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers have shares inations yes since
+there's some housing entities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some housing entities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some housing entities that
+aren't cooperatives but have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't cooperatives but have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't cooperatives but have multiple
+like condomin condominium associations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like condomin condominium associations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like condomin condominium associations
+homeowner associations um lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowner associations um lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowner associations um lots of
+examples how about producers and farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples how about producers and farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples how about producers and farmers
+producers or so someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers or so someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers or so someone who's
+manufacturing something that's in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing something that's in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing something that's in that's
+engaged with this business as someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with this business as someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with this business as someone
+producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+something have you ever heard of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something have you ever heard of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something have you ever heard of any
+kind of businesses that are owned by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of businesses that are owned by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of businesses that are owned by a
+group of farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before Market CSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Market CSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Market CSA
+fhips yeah those csas are probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fhips yeah those csas are probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fhips yeah those csas are probably a
+combination of well actually the farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of well actually the farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of well actually the farmer
+is really owning it but there's a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really owning it but there's a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really owning it but there's a a big
+consumer participation in that business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer participation in that business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer participation in that business
+structure um do you think of any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+producers in New York there's um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers in New York there's um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers in New York there's um uh
+there there was a a Cooperative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was a a Cooperative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was a a Cooperative of
+photographers who put up all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers who put up all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers who put up all their
+photographs together um uh there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs together um uh there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs together um uh there are all
+kinds of artists uh businesses both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of artists uh businesses both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of artists uh businesses both
+cooperatives and non non-cooperative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives and non non-cooperative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives and non non-cooperative um
+structures nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures nonprofit
+structures um worker owned businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures um worker owned businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures um worker owned businesses
+can can either you can have um workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can either you can have um workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can either you can have um workers
+who actually are in a Cooperative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually are in a Cooperative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually are in a Cooperative or
+their Employee Stock ownership plans um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Employee Stock ownership plans um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Employee Stock ownership plans um
+and there's sure we could come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sure we could come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sure we could come up with
+lots of like examples how about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of like examples how about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of like examples how about um
+group-based businesses that are owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based businesses that are owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based businesses that are owned by
+other businesses or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Community Land Trust own by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Land Trust own by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Land Trust own by
+nonprofit well the who makes up who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit well the who makes up who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit well the who makes up who are
+the owners of that Community Land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owners of that Community Land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owners of that Community Land
+Trust probably the those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust probably the those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trust probably the those
+residences so I'm looking for a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residences so I'm looking for a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residences so I'm looking for a business
+that's who where the members are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's who where the members are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's who where the members are
+businesses oh like buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cooperatives the Federal Home Loan Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives the Federal Home Loan Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives the Federal Home Loan Bank
+was that Federal homean Loan Bank I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that Federal homean Loan Bank I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that Federal homean Loan Bank I
+actually don't know enough about them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know enough about them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know enough about them to
+know whether that's they're bank for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that's they're bank for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that's they're bank for
+banks basically so there are 12 members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks basically so there are 12 members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks basically so there are 12 members
+across the country okay and they're each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country okay and they're each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country okay and they're each
+each member is a bank and it out itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each member is a bank and it out itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each member is a bank and it out itself
+and they have they own they own that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have they own they own that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have they own they own that I
+was thinking it was a federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking it was a federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking it was a federal
+entity um no it's like a it's like a CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity um no it's like a it's like a CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity um no it's like a it's like a CL
+okay great great um Ace Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great great um Ace Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great great um Ace Hardware
+Stores Kentucky Fried Chickens Dunkin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stores Kentucky Fried Chickens Dunkin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stores Kentucky Fried Chickens Dunkin
+Donuts in there are a lot of purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donuts in there are a lot of purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donuts in there are a lot of purchasing
+cooperatives the funeral homes that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives the funeral homes that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives the funeral homes that form
+of purchasing Cooperative so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of purchasing Cooperative so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of purchasing Cooperative so they can
+stay in business so um how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in business so um how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in business so um how about
+municipalities and other government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities and other government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities and other government
+entities do you think of any examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those in where I live in Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in where I live in Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in where I live in Western
+Massachusetts we have a municipal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts we have a municipal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts we have a municipal um
+Transportation Authority which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation Authority which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation Authority which is a
+Cooperative of different towns who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative of different towns who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative of different towns who want
+to do Transportation together um we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Transportation together um we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do Transportation together um we also
+have a um a waste uh recycling waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a um a waste uh recycling waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a um a waste uh recycling waste
+removal program and um there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal program and um there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal program and um there are many
+towns that are forming Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns that are forming Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns that are forming Economic
+Development cooperatives because none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development cooperatives because none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development cooperatives because none of
+them can um can uh pull together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can um can uh pull together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can um can uh pull together the
+resources to fight a lot of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to fight a lot of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to fight a lot of development
+pressure that has a lot of dollars and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that has a lot of dollars and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that has a lot of dollars and a
+lot of lawyers and a lot of accountants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lawyers and a lot of accountants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lawyers and a lot of accountants
+working full-time the towns by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working full-time the towns by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working full-time the towns by
+themselves can't really defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves can't really defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves can't really defend
+themselves against that development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves against that development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves against that development
+pressure pressure if you get 10 Towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure pressure if you get 10 Towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure pressure if you get 10 Towns
+together then you can have a full-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then you can have a full-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then you can have a full-time
+economic development person in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development person in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development person in place
+that's you know bringing in those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know bringing in those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know bringing in those kinds
+of resources and talents some states now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources and talents some states now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources and talents some states now
+are looking at um um uh prescription uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at um um uh prescription uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at um um uh prescription uh
+um uh coopera I think Vermont Maine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh coopera I think Vermont Maine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh coopera I think Vermont Maine and
+New Hampshire are combining together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire are combining together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire are combining together to
+to be able to drive down prescription Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to drive down prescription Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to drive down prescription Co
+cost for their Medicare uh populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for their Medicare uh populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost for their Medicare uh populations
+through a Cooperative uh buying process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a Cooperative uh buying process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a Cooperative uh buying process
+of prescription drugs and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prescription drugs and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prescription drugs and so
+and and then you can have this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you can have this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you can have this is a
+subset of the of the business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the of the business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the of the business and
+organizations but you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations but you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations but you can have
+group-based businesses that own so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based businesses that own so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group-based businesses that own so
+there's um food cooperatives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um food cooperatives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um food cooperatives in the
+Northeast all are a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast all are a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast all are a part of the
+Cooperative groceries Association in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative groceries Association in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative groceries Association in the
+Northeast and then they're a part of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast and then they're a part of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast and then they're a part of all
+these regionals are a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regionals are a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regionals are a part of the
+national Cooperative Grocers Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Cooperative Grocers Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national Cooperative Grocers Association
+and it's the only reason that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the only reason that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the only reason that that we
+have a chance of keeping food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance of keeping food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance of keeping food
+cooperatives competitive in the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives competitive in the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives competitive in the natural
+food industry with so much competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food industry with so much competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food industry with so much competition
+is because they're looking at ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they're looking at ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they're looking at ways to
+buy together they're looking at um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy together they're looking at um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy together they're looking at um a
+label that they might be able to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label that they might be able to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label that they might be able to put
+together like you can get shoppr pe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together like you can get shoppr pe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together like you can get shoppr pe's
+well you might be able to get food co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might be able to get food co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you might be able to get food co-op
+you know pe's at some point or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pe's at some point or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pe's at some point or another
+um yeah so there's these uh ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so there's these uh ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so there's these uh ways
+of forming Cooperative groupings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming Cooperative groupings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forming Cooperative groupings that
+will allow um the kinds of businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow um the kinds of businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow um the kinds of businesses
+that we're helping to start to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're helping to start to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're helping to start to be able
+to compete with all the consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete with all the consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compete with all the consolidation
+that's going on in every industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sector and the activities and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and the activities and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and the activities and the reason
+I'm going through this is is you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going through this is is you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going through this is is you know as
+Shakur and I work with groups being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakur and I work with groups being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakur and I work with groups being able
+to get really clear about who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get really clear about who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get really clear about who the
+membership base is most of the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership base is most of the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership base is most of the time when
+groups come they're not really sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups come they're not really sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups come they're not really sure if
+workers are going to be owners if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are going to be owners if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are going to be owners if the
+people in the community are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the community are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the community are going to be
+owners if there are other businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners if there are other businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners if there are other businesses
+that are going to be owners they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be owners they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to be owners they they
+haven't thought it all through so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought it all through so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought it all through so for
+you to bring that Clarity of who it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to bring that Clarity of who it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to bring that Clarity of who it is
+that going to be involved what role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to be involved what role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to be involved what role
+they're going to play and um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to play and um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to play and um what
+they're going to do so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do so these are the
+basic activities that all these co-ops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic activities that all these co-ops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic activities that all these co-ops
+do is they purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they purchase
+things they process things they Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they process things they Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they process things they Market
+things and they they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they they provide
+jobs um so helping the groups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um so helping the groups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs um so helping the groups that
+you're working with really get clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with really get clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with really get clear
+about what what of those things are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what of those things are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what what of those things are we
+going to do are we going to just sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do are we going to just sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do are we going to just sell
+wholesale and let somebody else do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale and let somebody else do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale and let somebody else do the
+retail marketing or are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail marketing or are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail marketing or are we going to
+actually have a whole retail marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a whole retail marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a whole retail marketing
+component to what we're what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to what we're what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component to what we're what we're doing
+um are we going to provide jobs as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are we going to provide jobs as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are we going to provide jobs as an
+employer or are these going to be are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer or are these going to be are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer or are these going to be are
+these workers going to have an ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these workers going to have an ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these workers going to have an ownership
+stake in the business that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+developing and um we talked about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and um we talked about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and um we talked about some
+of these yesterday but there's key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these yesterday but there's key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these yesterday but there's key
+advantages to these locally owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to these locally owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages to these locally owned
+businesses one is that they do exist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses one is that they do exist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses one is that they do exist to
+meet their members needs so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet their members needs so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet their members needs so they're
+really focused on that and they can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on that and they can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on that and they can do a
+better job at that than for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job at that than for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job at that than for-profit
+businesses sometimes often they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses sometimes often they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses sometimes often they have a
+they have a chance at that um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a chance at that um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a chance at that um when
+they're locally controlled um they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're locally controlled um they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're locally controlled um they can
+increase um the money keep money staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase um the money keep money staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase um the money keep money staying
+in the community and return profits back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community and return profits back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community and return profits back
+to members and um there's also a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to members and um there's also a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to members and um there's also a lot of
+research that shows that cooperatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that shows that cooperatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that shows that cooperatives
+have an advantage in the marketplace uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an advantage in the marketplace uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an advantage in the marketplace uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+consumers consumers um think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers consumers um think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers consumers um think that
+cooperatives are more trustworthy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives are more trustworthy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives are more trustworthy that
+they have higher quality products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have higher quality products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have higher quality products and
+services that they offer lower cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that they offer lower cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that they offer lower cost so
+there's a there's a market Advantage um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a market Advantage um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a market Advantage um
+if you're a Cooperative um that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a Cooperative um that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a Cooperative um that's one of
+the things to look at but there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things to look at but there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things to look at but there's also a
+lot of disadvantages yeah and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of disadvantages yeah and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of disadvantages yeah and part of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is we did a role play yesterday and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we did a role play yesterday and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we did a role play yesterday and you
+know and talked and and went through a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and talked and and went through a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and talked and and went through a a
+scenario where you know everybody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you know everybody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you know everybody was
+not United on whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not United on whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not United on whether or not
+cooperatives are the best thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives are the best thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives are the best thing you know
+it doesn't help us if we treat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't help us if we treat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't help us if we treat uh
+cooperatives as or group-based business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives as or group-based business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives as or group-based business
+as some kind of religion I mean we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some kind of religion I mean we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some kind of religion I mean we need
+to flow first from uh uh what is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow first from uh uh what is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow first from uh uh what is what
+what are the needs of of that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the needs of of that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the needs of of that particular
+Community we're targeting and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community we're targeting and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community we're targeting and um and
+then figuring out how they want to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then figuring out how they want to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then figuring out how they want to what
+kind of activities and then from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of activities and then from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of activities and then from that
+figure out what's the best business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the best business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's the best business
+structure that would would would uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that would would would uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that would would would uh uh
+would best serve those needs and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would best serve those needs and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would best serve those needs and you
+know and so uh our approach has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so uh our approach has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so uh our approach has to be
+based you know on look understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based you know on look understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based you know on look understanding
+that like not only are there Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like not only are there Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like not only are there Advantage
+but there are some disadvantages too of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some disadvantages too of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some disadvantages too of
+the access to Capital could be uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access to Capital could be uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access to Capital could be uh more
+difficult particularly depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult particularly depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult particularly depending on what
+type of group-based business it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of group-based business it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of group-based business it is the
+cost of membering public education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of membering public education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of membering public education is
+going to be greater uh you going it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater uh you going it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater uh you going it's
+going to take more time it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take more time it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take more time it's going to
+take more effort you know we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more effort you know we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more effort you know we talked a
+lot yesterday about how the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot yesterday about how the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot yesterday about how the long-term
+payout of that is U is U is Al will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout of that is U is U is Al will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payout of that is U is U is Al will also
+be greater but but you need to know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater but but you need to know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater but but you need to know uh
+up front that it's going to um that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front that it's going to um that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front that it's going to um that that
+more time and effort is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and effort is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and effort is going to be
+required of of U everybody involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required of of U everybody involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required of of U everybody involved and
+and so all need to be a part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all need to be a part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all need to be a part of that
+cost of participate particip at decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of participate particip at decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of participate particip at decision
+making not easy sometimes uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making not easy sometimes uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making not easy sometimes uh you know
+depending on the experience and the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the experience and the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the experience and the um
+and the the social capital of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the social capital of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the social capital of the group
+uh it might require a lot of effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might require a lot of effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might require a lot of effort to
+to to get Folks up to it or or not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get Folks up to it or or not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get Folks up to it or or not I
+mean um you know so you have to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um you know so you have to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um you know so you have to assess
+that uh and then that U as I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and then that U as I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and then that U as I said the
+business is only good as as members ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is only good as as members ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is only good as as members ask
+them to be I mean so the question of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be I mean so the question of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be I mean so the question of of
+U how determined and strong a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U how determined and strong a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U how determined and strong a um a
+membership base all has to be factored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership base all has to be factored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership base all has to be factored
+in so these are some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so these are some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so these are some of the things that
+that we need to be able to take a sober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to be able to take a sober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to be able to take a sober
+look at and be able to um assist folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and be able to um assist folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and be able to um assist folks
+in in taking a sober look at it I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in taking a sober look at it I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in taking a sober look at it I had a
+question about where advocacy comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about where advocacy comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about where advocacy comes into
+to these primary activities sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these primary activities sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these primary activities sort of
+looking outside of the co-op and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking outside of the co-op and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking outside of the co-op and being
+able to place it in like a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to place it in like a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to place it in like a political
+context or if there needs to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context or if there needs to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context or if there needs to be some
+sort of organizing outside of the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of organizing outside of the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of organizing outside of the is
+that does that go under marketing or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that go under marketing or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does that go under marketing or is
+that something that the board does on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that the board does on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that the board does on it
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+there's the the um the the activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the um the the activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the the um the the activities
+the primary activities are activities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary activities are activities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary activities are activities I
+think of as the revenue producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the revenue producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the revenue producing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities this is how the how the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities this is how the how the how
+this business is going to sustain itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business is going to sustain itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business is going to sustain itself
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world there are other things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world there are other things it's
+going to do public relations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do public relations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do public relations you know
+Communications Personnel relations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Personnel relations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Personnel relations you
+knowel engage legation know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowel engage legation know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowel engage legation know something
+but if you don't know how revenue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't know how revenue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't know how revenue is
+going to come into the business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come into the business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come into the business and
+whether that Revenue will pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that Revenue will pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that Revenue will pay for the
+expenses the conversation's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses the conversation's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses the conversation's over
+so that's that's just how we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's just how we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's just how we were
+thinking about that the other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that the other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that the other thing I
+just want to add on to what shakor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to add on to what shakor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to add on to what shakor was
+saying is when a group comes in and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is when a group comes in and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is when a group comes in and says
+we want to start a Cooperative we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to start a Cooperative we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to start a Cooperative we know
+we we've got this great idea and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've got this great idea and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've got this great idea and we want
+to go and we want to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and we want to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and we want to start a
+cooperatively owned print shop the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively owned print shop the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatively owned print shop the first
+thing I say is fantastic IC um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I say is fantastic IC um let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I say is fantastic IC um let's see
+if that's the right thing you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the right thing you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the right thing you know I
+don't know whether a Cooperative even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether a Cooperative even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether a Cooperative even if
+you're going to start a print shop I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start a print shop I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start a print shop I
+don't know if a Cooperative is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if a Cooperative is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if a Cooperative is the right
+thing for you to do and so helping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to do and so helping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for you to do and so helping them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back up so that the conclusion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back up so that the conclusion they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to is research based it's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to is research based it's based on
+what the market is how much it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market is how much it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market is how much it's going
+to cost in capital and whether they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost in capital and whether they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost in capital and whether they can
+secure it you know you got to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure it you know you got to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure it you know you got to do the
+research and then you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and then you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and then you know whether
+you're going to start a Cooperative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start a Cooperative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start a Cooperative or
+any other kind of group-based business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other kind of group-based business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other kind of group-based business
+maybe what you want to do is find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what you want to do is find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what you want to do is find some
+somebody in the community that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the community that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the community that's already
+doing it to expand you know and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it to expand you know and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it to expand you know and you're
+just going to go under their ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go under their ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go under their ownership
+structure that they've already got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they've already got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they've already got it
+depends on what you're I ask people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're I ask people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you're I ask people to
+back all the way up is like what's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back all the way up is like what's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back all the way up is like what's most
+important to you is it starting a print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you is it starting a print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to you is it starting a print
+shop Cooperative or is it getting a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop Cooperative or is it getting a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop Cooperative or is it getting a job
+you know is it providing some service to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it providing some service to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it providing some service to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community but I ask people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community but I ask people you know
+it's like why are you interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like why are you interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like why are you interested in that
+so I want to back people up as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to back people up as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to back people up as far as I
+can ask them why why why until I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask them why why why until I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask them why why why until I feel
+like I got to the bottom of what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got to the bottom of what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I got to the bottom of what it is
+that's motivating them what brought them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's motivating them what brought them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's motivating them what brought them
+in my door and then see well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my door and then see well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my door and then see well what is the
+best way to address that purpose is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to address that purpose is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to address that purpose is it
+you know what are all our options so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are all our options so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are all our options so if
+you if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you want a
+job you could go out and get one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you could go out and get one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job you could go out and get one you
+know you could help start a new buiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could help start a new buiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could help start a new buiness
+starting a new business isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new business isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a new business isn't the
+fastest way to get a job so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest way to get a job so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest way to get a job so you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just backing people all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just backing people all the way up
+so that you know that at the end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know that at the end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know that at the end um
+what happens when when I think when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when when I think when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when when I think when we
+respond to whatever people's first idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to whatever people's first idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to whatever people's first idea
+is um we end up with at the end people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um we end up with at the end people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um we end up with at the end people
+go oh it's going to take me $100,000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh it's going to take me $100,000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh it's going to take me $100,000 to
+get into this thisis well I maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this thisis well I maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this thisis well I maybe that's
+not really what I wanted to do anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really what I wanted to do anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really what I wanted to do anyway
+you know and you you end up in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you you end up in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you you end up in that
+place a lot more often so if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a lot more often so if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a lot more often so if you start
+at the beginning and do the due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and do the due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and do the due
+diligence to really figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligence to really figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligence to really figure out what's
+underlying and how if what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying and how if what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying and how if what's the best
+way to get there um I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get there um I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get there um I think that's
+let's not you want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not you want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not you want to go through
+this no we in your packet you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no we in your packet you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no we in your packet you'll see
+there's just a summary of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a summary of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a summary of what the
+development opportunities are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development opportunities are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development opportunities are in
+agriculture with credit unions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture with credit unions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture with credit unions with
+utility cooperatives we've just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cooperatives we've just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cooperatives we've just kind of
+given you a summary of the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you a summary of the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you a summary of the state of the
+Cooperative industry in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative industry in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative industry in each of those
+areas food cooperatives and buying clubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas food cooperatives and buying clubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas food cooperatives and buying clubs
+purchasing cooperatives daycare health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing cooperatives daycare health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing cooperatives daycare health
+care worker owner housing um um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care worker owner housing um um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care worker owner housing um um and then
+we talked about this other stuff before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this other stuff before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this other stuff before
+so you you can see that in your packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you can see that in your packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you can see that in your packet
+but we're going to move on to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to move on to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to move on to something
+else at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plan so in your packet about Midway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so in your packet about Midway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so in your packet about Midway
+through um there's there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um there's there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um there's there's something
+called the business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the business plan
+overview and how many of you have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and how many of you have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and how many of you have taken
+a project all the way through a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project all the way through a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project all the way through a business
+planning process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process
+anybody you have got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes yeah that two column paper do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes yeah that two column paper do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes yeah that two column paper do you
+all find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and again this is a handout that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and again this is a handout that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and again this is a handout that that
+we use with um with people to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use with um with people to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use with um with people to give them
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea of what's involved and why we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what's involved and why we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what's involved and why we might
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so the the business planning process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the the business planning process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the the business planning process
+in we haven't all found it yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we haven't all found it yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we haven't all found it yet the
+business planning process uh includes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning process uh includes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning process uh includes a
+feasibility St study that compares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility St study that compares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility St study that compares
+different alternative ways of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alternative ways of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alternative ways of solving
+the problem that people have come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that people have come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that people have come in
+with and a business plan that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and a business plan that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and a business plan that where
+people agree how they're going to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people agree how they're going to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people agree how they're going to launch
+their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their new
+business and it's it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it's it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it's it's really an
+opportunity for going in depth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for going in depth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for going in depth and
+researching is there a market what will
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+ align:start position:0%
+researching is there a market what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching is there a market what will
+it is there a good product is there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is there a good product is there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is there a good product is there the
+technology we need to provide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we need to provide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we need to provide this
+product really looking at the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product really looking at the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product really looking at the operations
+the expenses the income and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenses the income and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expenses the income and really
+seeing whether or not this can possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing whether or not this can possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing whether or not this can possibly
+make sense and if it does how are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense and if it does how are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense and if it does how are you're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I I said um um why we need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I said um um why we need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I said um um why we need to do it
+it's it's all important I mean if if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's all important I mean if if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's all important I mean if if not
+having a a good plan will will pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a a good plan will will pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a a good plan will will pretty
+much Doom you to a failure I mean if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Doom you to a failure I mean if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Doom you to a failure I mean if we
+don't and it sets up a good business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and it sets up a good business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and it sets up a good business
+plan gives you the road map it unites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan gives you the road map it unites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan gives you the road map it unites
+everyone behind us it um it educate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone behind us it um it educate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone behind us it um it educate it
+brings everybody up to speed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings everybody up to speed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings everybody up to speed in terms of
+the business process and and and U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business process and and and U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business process and and and U the
+kind of business plan a participatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of business plan a participatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of business plan a participatory
+business planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning
+process uh you know if we do it well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh you know if we do it well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh you know if we do it well we
+can we can deal with all types of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can deal with all types of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can deal with all types of income
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and education levels and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and education levels and and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience levels and we can use that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience levels and we can use that as
+a way to be able to bring folks to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to be able to bring folks to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to be able to bring folks to where
+the Champions and the experts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Champions and the experts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Champions and the experts in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+room will will will at least have share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room will will will at least have share
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common knowledge with u the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common knowledge with u the folks
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have just came in the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have just came in the door
+and said you know I just I I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you know I just I I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you know I just I I just want
+some a healthy community and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a healthy community and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a healthy community and I'm not
+quite sure how to get it this sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure how to get it this sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure how to get it this sounds
+interesting you know and and let's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know and and let's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know and and let's work
+together on it you know so it brings a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on it you know so it brings a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on it you know so it brings a
+way for we to bring them all together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for we to bring them all together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for we to bring them all together on
+what what the opportunities are and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the opportunities are and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the opportunities are and what
+the mission and the V the vision and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission and the V the vision and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mission and the V the vision and and
+the concrete steps it gives us a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concrete steps it gives us a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concrete steps it gives us a way to
+to Really thoroughly understand the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Really thoroughly understand the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Really thoroughly understand the the
+challenges like like um as Lynn said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges like like um as Lynn said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges like like um as Lynn said I
+mean a lot of times folks will come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot of times folks will come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a lot of times folks will come with
+a a very general idea they they'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very general idea they they'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very general idea they they'll say
+okay we want to um U do Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want to um U do Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we want to um U do Urban
+Agriculture and they they they read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture and they they they read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture and they they they read
+somewhere about a a a group that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere about a a a group that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere about a a a group that uh
+young people that formed a worker Co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people that formed a worker Co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people that formed a worker Co-op
+and they produce salad dressing or hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they produce salad dressing or hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they produce salad dressing or hot
+sauce or something and you know so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce or something and you know so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce or something and you know so why
+can't we do that in our community great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we do that in our community great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we do that in our community great
+you know not bad you know we love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not bad you know we love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not bad you know we love it
+it's good that folks are thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that folks are thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that folks are thinking that
+way but uh then you know said giv to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but uh then you know said giv to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but uh then you know said giv to a
+point of understanding okay what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of understanding okay what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of understanding okay what are the
+steps that we're going to have to do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that we're going to have to do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that we're going to have to do on
+me um what's the what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um what's the what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um what's the what's the what's the
+competition in this market here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in this market here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in this market here I mean
+um what uh um you know is there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh um you know is there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what uh um you know is there there
+real possibilities for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real possibilities for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real possibilities for this particular
+product in in this market uh uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in in this market uh uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in in this market uh uh and then
+and then what do we need to you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do we need to you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what do we need to you know do
+we have the the the the various skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the the the the various skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the the the the various skill
+sets you know inhouse to uh uh uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets you know inhouse to uh uh uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets you know inhouse to uh uh uh to to
+to develop this product or or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop this product or or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop this product or or you know
+or the are the experts that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the are the experts that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the are the experts that we need to
+to provide that those skills are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide that those skills are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide that those skills are they
+within easy reach you know so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within easy reach you know so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within easy reach you know so so
+beginning to have that conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to have that conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to have that conversation
+beginning to organize folks so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to organize folks so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to organize folks so so that
+we can all begin to talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all begin to talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all begin to talk about those
+things and consider it and and develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and consider it and and develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and consider it and and develop a
+a a common sense of it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a common sense of it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a common sense of it is is
+particularly important and um go um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important and um go um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important and um go um I
+think about the business planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the business planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the business planning
+process especially when you doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process especially when you doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process especially when you doing the
+business plan as your um simulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan as your um simulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan as your um simulation of
+the business it's like you're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business it's like you're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business it's like you're doing it
+on paper and you're watching okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper and you're watching okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper and you're watching okay this
+is these are all the places we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are all the places we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are all the places we're going
+to be selling our product to and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be selling our product to and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be selling our product to and you
+list them all you know these are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list them all you know these are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list them all you know these are our
+primary this is our primary market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary this is our primary market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary this is our primary market for
+that and how much money are they going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how much money are they going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how much money are they going
+to give us okay let's see in month one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us okay let's see in month one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us okay let's see in month one
+it's going to be this month and month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be this month and month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be this month and month
+you know and you you're simulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you you're simulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you you're simulating the
+whole thing and then you go by and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and then you go by and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing and then you go by and okay
+now we're manufactur who do we need on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're manufactur who do we need on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're manufactur who do we need on
+staff let's see I think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff let's see I think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff let's see I think we're going to
+need four people no we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need four people no we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need four people no we're going to need
+30 people no we're going to need a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 people no we're going to need a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 people no we're going to need a 100
+you know whatever it is and okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever it is and okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever it is and okay if
+we're paying them all boy in September
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're paying them all boy in September
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're paying them all boy in September
+we're going to have a payroll of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a payroll of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a payroll of this
+amount oh that's a little sobering okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount oh that's a little sobering okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount oh that's a little sobering okay
+and but it's a simulation it's for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's a simulation it's for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but it's a simulation it's for me
+this document that we produce for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this document that we produce for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this document that we produce for the
+business plan isn't something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan isn't something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan isn't something that's
+like goes on a shelf somewhere it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goes on a shelf somewhere it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like goes on a shelf somewhere it's our
+chance to learn what would happen if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to learn what would happen if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to learn what would happen if we
+were actually running this business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually running this business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually running this business and
+I haven't ever gone through a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't ever gone through a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't ever gone through a business
+planning process where we didn't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process where we didn't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process where we didn't learn
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+300% we might have thought we knew how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300% we might have thought we knew how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300% we might have thought we knew how
+to run that business when we started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run that business when we started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run that business when we started the
+business plan but we learned so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan but we learned so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan but we learned so much
+about oh my goodness if we really follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh my goodness if we really follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh my goodness if we really follow
+up with this Mark heating oil Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this Mark heating oil Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this Mark heating oil Market
+that income only is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that income only is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that income only is going to come in
+from November until March and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from November until March and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from November until March and then it's
+going to get warm and they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get warm and they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get warm and they're not going
+to need the heating oil you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need the heating oil you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need the heating oil you know and
+they're not going to be people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be people aren't
+going to be burning and look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be burning and look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be burning and look what
+happens to our financials come August oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to our financials come August oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to our financials come August oh
+my God we better start we better develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God we better start we better develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God we better start we better develop
+this product for a different Market um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product for a different Market um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product for a different Market um
+so the business planning process to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the business planning process to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the business planning process to me
+is this this incredibly fun alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this incredibly fun alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this incredibly fun alive
+learning process and if and when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning process and if and when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning process and if and when people
+start if you if the business planners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start if you if the business planners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start if you if the business planners
+are working with you and they know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working with you and they know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working with you and they know when
+they're coming to a juncture they say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming to a juncture they say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're coming to a juncture they say oh
+you know I've got to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've got to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've got to make a decision
+about whether to you know estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether to you know estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether to you know estimate this
+or this and you bring that back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this and you bring that back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this and you bring that back to the
+group and you let the group really roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and you let the group really roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and you let the group really roll
+you know educate themselves enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know educate themselves enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know educate themselves enough so
+that they can actually engage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can actually engage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can actually engage in the
+conversation and then make a decision at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and then make a decision at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and then make a decision at
+each of those critical junctures along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those critical junctures along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those critical junctures along
+in the business planning process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the business planning process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the business planning process that
+group knows the business by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group knows the business by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group knows the business by the time
+you're done they own the business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done they own the business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done they own the business and
+they own the plan you don't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they own the plan you don't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they own the plan you don't have to have
+a decision on shall we accept the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision on shall we accept the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision on shall we accept the plan
+yes or no you know it's like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no you know it's like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no you know it's like what
+happens when you vote no you read it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you vote no you read it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you vote no you read it two
+days ago for the first time you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days ago for the first time you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days ago for the first time you know you
+vote to accept it you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote to accept it you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote to accept it you don't have any
+stake in it at all but if you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake in it at all but if you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stake in it at all but if you've been
+through eight different meetings where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through eight different meetings where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through eight different meetings where
+you were discussing the core premises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were discussing the core premises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were discussing the core premises
+and assumptions that are built into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumptions that are built into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assumptions that are built into that
+plan and you would you believe in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and you would you believe in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and you would you believe in them
+you think really you know 800 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think really you know 800 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think really you know 800 people
+from this community really would shop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this community really would shop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this community really would shop at
+that store you saw all the surveys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that store you saw all the surveys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that store you saw all the surveys that
+were done you saw where their other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done you saw where their other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done you saw where their other
+options are you know and you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are you know and you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are you know and you believe
+that so the estimates make sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the estimates make sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the estimates make sense to you
+um and and then if we're going to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and then if we're going to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and then if we're going to go out
+and talk to lenders and investors um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to lenders and investors um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to lenders and investors um
+there's what you got to have a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what you got to have a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what you got to have a business
+plan in your pocket to talk to him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in your pocket to talk to him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in your pocket to talk to him and
+so to prove that this is a sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove that this is a sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove that this is a sound and
+worthy investment um you know so being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy investment um you know so being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy investment um you know so being
+able to have that document have and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have that document have and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have that document have and then
+having gone through that process uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having gone through that process uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having gone through that process uh you
+know then folks can be able to go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then folks can be able to go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then folks can be able to go in and
+whether they're dealing with government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're dealing with government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're dealing with government
+or Bankers or or or or venture capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bankers or or or or venture capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bankers or or or or venture capital
+or whatever um you know then it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever um you know then it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever um you know then it shows
+that that the the work has been done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the work has been done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the work has been done the
+thinking has been done the research has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking has been done the research has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking has been done the research has
+been done and so this is not just a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and so this is not just a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done and so this is not just a a
+passionate idea but a sound idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate idea but a sound idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate idea but a sound idea you
+know that that's that's worthy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's that's worthy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's that's worthy of a
+support so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support so
+um you know yeah so so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know yeah so so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know yeah so so um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay on purpose you know like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on purpose you know like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on purpose you know like I said
+again creating that shared understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again creating that shared understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again creating that shared understanding
+developing the launch strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the launch strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the launch strategy and
+operational plan and and also then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational plan and and also then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational plan and and also then
+looking for the the strength of it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the the strength of it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the the strength of it also
+is not only this is what the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only this is what the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only this is what the situation
+is today but as best as we can tell this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today but as best as we can tell this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today but as best as we can tell this
+is what the situation will be 2 years 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the situation will be 2 years 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the situation will be 2 years 3
+years or 5 years down the road and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or 5 years down the road and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or 5 years down the road and you
+know in particularly you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in particularly you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in particularly you know there's a
+lot of things that we maybe if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that we maybe if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that we maybe if we're
+talking heating oil or biodiesel or wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking heating oil or biodiesel or wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking heating oil or biodiesel or wind
+energy or food um there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or food um there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or food um there's a lot of
+different things that can happen on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that can happen on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that can happen on in
+one three five years that that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one three five years that that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one three five years that that we need
+to you know uh do some planning on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know uh do some planning on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know uh do some planning on it
+you know so that we can hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so that we can hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so that we can hopefully you
+know be prepared for uh trends that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be prepared for uh trends that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be prepared for uh trends that may
+be going in our Direction in a favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going in our Direction in a favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going in our Direction in a favorable
+way of going against this you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of going against this you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of going against this you know and
+and and and having a a strategy that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and having a a strategy that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and having a a strategy that we
+all commonly agree with on on what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all commonly agree with on on what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all commonly agree with on on what we're
+going to do either one of them and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do either one of them and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do either one of them and and I
+think I've been a part of Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've been a part of Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've been a part of Business
+Development efforts that didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development efforts that didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development efforts that didn't do
+planning you know we didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning you know we didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning you know we didn't have any
+money we had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we had a bunch of
+volunteers and uh people were willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers and uh people were willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers and uh people were willing to
+put Sweat Equity in and they just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Sweat Equity in and they just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put Sweat Equity in and they just got
+started and tried to make it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and tried to make it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and tried to make it work
+um sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works sometimes it works um but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works sometimes it works um but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works sometimes it works um but a lot of
+times people get really frustrated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times people get really frustrated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times people get really frustrated and
+it goes on for a long time and it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes on for a long time and it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes on for a long time and it kind
+of saps people and exhausts them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saps people and exhausts them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saps people and exhausts them because
+there's not enough um I had a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough um I had a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough um I had a group of
+farmers develop a really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers develop a really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers develop a really great
+feasibility study and then a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility study and then a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility study and then a business
+plan for a marketing cooperative for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for a marketing cooperative for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for a marketing cooperative for the
+what they were producing and it required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were producing and it required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were producing and it required
+um the farmers in the in the co-op to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the farmers in the in the co-op to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the farmers in the in the co-op to
+each put in $1,500 to capitalize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each put in $1,500 to capitalize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each put in $1,500 to capitalize it and
+they decided you know we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided you know we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided you know we don't really
+need to do that let's just start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that let's just start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that let's just start it
+ourselves will manage this Cooper and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves will manage this Cooper and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves will manage this Cooper and it
+showed that they were going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that they were going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that they were going to actually
+make a lot more money over time and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot more money over time and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot more money over time and I'm
+not going to tell you who they are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell you who they are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to tell you who they are just
+because I'm it didn't work very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm it didn't work very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm it didn't work very well and
+um so so they decided even with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so they decided even with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so they decided even with the
+business plan they were going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan they were going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan they were going to do it
+themselves so they weren't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so they weren't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so they weren't going to
+follow the business plan but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the business plan but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the business plan but they were
+going to follow their original business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow their original business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow their original business
+idea and um the the whole thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and um the the whole thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and um the the whole thing it
+limped along they signed on a quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limped along they signed on a quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limped along they signed on a quarter of
+the members they were supposed to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members they were supposed to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members they were supposed to sign
+on there was nobody doing the marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there was nobody doing the marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there was nobody doing the marketing
+they were all kind of trying to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all kind of trying to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all kind of trying to do it
+for each other and and the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each other and and the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each other and and the whole thing
+died and sapped a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and sapped a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died and sapped a tremendous amount of
+energy out of the entire group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of the entire group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy out of the entire group and the
+group doesn't think co-ops really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group doesn't think co-ops really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group doesn't think co-ops really work
+very well I was ready to kill them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I was ready to kill them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I was ready to kill them but
+they had such a great plan and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had such a great plan and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had such a great plan and it was
+really a great Market opportunity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great Market opportunity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a great Market opportunity that
+that they had identified and they'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had identified and they'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had identified and they'
+figured out why so even when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out why so even when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out why so even when you go
+through all this stuff it doesn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this stuff it doesn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all this stuff it doesn't always
+work I'm I'm involved in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm I'm involved in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm I'm involved in another
+business startup where um you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business startup where um you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business startup where um you know we're
+there's a bunch of people that think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of people that think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of people that think
+this is a really great idea we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really great idea we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really great idea we're just
+pitching in we're trying to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching in we're trying to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching in we're trying to make it
+happen we've been trying to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we've been trying to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we've been trying to make it
+happen for about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for about two
+years you know I I should probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you know I I should probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you know I I should probably know
+better but there isn't money and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but there isn't money and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but there isn't money and it's a
+really good thing and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good thing and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good thing and I think it's
+really going to be great when it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be great when it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be great when it works
+but you know so it's not to say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know so it's not to say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know so it's not to say this is
+the Bible but it's to say if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bible but it's to say if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bible but it's to say if if you're
+serious about something and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about something and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about something and you want to
+make a real difference in the world this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a real difference in the world this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a real difference in the world this
+is the way to do it um the other if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way to do it um the other if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way to do it um the other if if
+you can't get enough money to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get enough money to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get enough money to do the
+business planning process there probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning process there probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning process there probably
+isn't enough money and interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough money and interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough money and interest to
+really get over the hump of making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get over the hump of making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get over the hump of making it
+work the other thing I wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the other thing I wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the other thing I wanted to say
+about why um why I do business planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why um why I do business planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why um why I do business planning
+is you know I said that you bring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know I said that you bring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know I said that you bring those
+critical junctures back to the group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical junctures back to the group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical junctures back to the group and
+get them to engage and make decisions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to engage and make decisions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to engage and make decisions if
+that group hasn't made eight really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group hasn't made eight really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that group hasn't made eight really hard
+decisions before they go into business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions before they go into business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions before they go into business
+together they're not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they're not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they're not going to be able to
+make the decisions well when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decisions well when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decisions well when they're
+really under a lot of pressure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really under a lot of pressure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really under a lot of pressure you know
+this is like practice for the group too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like practice for the group too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like practice for the group too
+and running how to run that business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running how to run that business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running how to run that business
+so it's fun I really look I'm so excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's fun I really look I'm so excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's fun I really look I'm so excited
+when we're in the business planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're in the business planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're in the business planning
+process and the person doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the person doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the person doing the
+financial analysis or the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial analysis or the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial analysis or the business
+planners comes up with one of those key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners comes up with one of those key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners comes up with one of those key
+questions they like don't go any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they like don't go any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they like don't go any further
+we got to wait we got to get the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to wait we got to get the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to wait we got to get the group
+together to really you know participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to really you know participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to really you know participate
+and they said oh well the the decision's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said oh well the the decision's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said oh well the the decision's
+a little bit obvious I think we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit obvious I think we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit obvious I think we could
+just assume I said no no no no no is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume I said no no no no no is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume I said no no no no no is is
+this group needs this you know it's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group needs this you know it's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group needs this you know it's part
+of your contract I said you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your contract I said you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your contract I said you got to
+identify six things for the group key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify six things for the group key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify six things for the group key
+decisions for the group to participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions for the group to participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions for the group to participate
+in so they go okay okay we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um you know so that who should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know so that who should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know so that who should be
+involved in the business planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the business planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the business planning
+process our approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process our approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process our approach is
+we're we like to bring as many folk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we like to bring as many folk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we like to bring as many folk in
+the process as possible I mean some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process as possible I mean some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process as possible I mean some some
+folks do you know they'll bring in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks do you know they'll bring in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks do you know they'll bring in two
+or three or four of the key uh leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three or four of the key uh leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three or four of the key uh leaders
+and you know and the experts and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and the experts and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and the experts and they'll
+grind it out and then like I said then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind it out and then like I said then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grind it out and then like I said then
+come to the meeting and um um and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the meeting and um um and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the meeting and um um and say
+here it is you know and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is you know and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is you know and then then
+they're shocked that uh or at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shocked that uh or at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shocked that uh or at the
+blowback that they might get you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowback that they might get you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowback that they might get you know or
+either for they get a a weak support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for they get a a weak support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for they get a a weak support and
+and then people half hardly implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people half hardly implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people half hardly implement it
+or they might get an ugly fight right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might get an ugly fight right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might get an ugly fight right
+from the beginning instead of a um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning instead of a um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning instead of a um um
+you know um if if there hasn't been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um if if there hasn't been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um if if there hasn't been a
+process in it so we think um bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in it so we think um bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in it so we think um bringing in
+everybody that we possibly can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that we possibly can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that we possibly can the
+potential owner members uh the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential owner members uh the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential owner members uh the community
+Leaders with special skills or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaders with special skills or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leaders with special skills or
+experience uh um you know Consultants up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh um you know Consultants up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience uh um you know Consultants up
+you know not only you know the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not only you know the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not only you know the uh you
+know the business planning experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the business planning experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the business planning experience
+and startup experience but like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and startup experience but like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and startup experience but like I said
+but the folks that really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the folks that really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the folks that really understand
+this industry I mean more and more U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry I mean more and more U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry I mean more and more U the
+need to have a real deep and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a real deep and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a real deep and uh
+understanding of the industry and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the industry and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the industry and the
+technology you need and other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you need and other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you need and other things
+that are are getting becoming more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are getting becoming more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are getting becoming more and
+more essential particularly um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more essential particularly um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more essential particularly um you know
+when you're trying to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to find that
+particular Niche that that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Niche that that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Niche that that you're going
+to feel that you know that that that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel that you know that that that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel that you know that that that has
+a real growth possibilities and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real growth possibilities and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real growth possibilities and so we
+really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to
+understand it and not try to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and not try to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it and not try to you know
+find out too much in the in the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out too much in the in the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out too much in the in the end and
+then also the the lawyers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the the lawyers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also the the lawyers and the
+accountants to to give you the legal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants to to give you the legal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants to to give you the legal and
+um structure kind of stuff and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um structure kind of stuff and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um structure kind of stuff and the and
+the and the financial stuff so uh um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the financial stuff so uh um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the financial stuff so uh um but
+you know trying to bring them all uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to bring them all uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to bring them all uh um
+U you know that that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know that that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know that that doesn't mean
+they're all in the room necessarily at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the room necessarily at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the room necessarily at
+one time but but that that they're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time but but that that they're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time but but that that they're you
+know that that they're uh participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that they're uh participating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that they're uh participating
+in that process um you know um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that process um you know um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that process um you know um and and
+then hopefully folks you know and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully folks you know and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully folks you know and the
+community leaders and uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community leaders and uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community leaders and uh and the
+Consultants others that have some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants others that have some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants others that have some good
+facilitation skills to help them work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation skills to help them work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation skills to help them work
+through those uh decision points just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those uh decision points just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those uh decision points just
+you know um and and and grow and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um and and and grow and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um and and and grow and get
+stronger from that process and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger from that process and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger from that process and instead
+of uh being weakened by that uh process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh being weakened by that uh process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh being weakened by that uh process
+and there's a difference if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a difference if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a difference if you're going
+to be creating a a a threepers worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creating a a a threepers worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creating a a a threepers worker
+owned print shop or um a a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned print shop or um a a consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned print shop or um a a consumer
+owned uh grocery store about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned uh grocery store about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned uh grocery store about how many
+people you're going to have at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you're going to have at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you're going to have at at the
+table if you're going to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table if you're going to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table if you're going to have three
+people on staff and you've already got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on staff and you've already got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on staff and you've already got
+the three people here you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three people here you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three people here you don't need to
+go out and find more you know and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and find more you know and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and find more you know and there
+might not be that many Community leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be that many Community leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be that many Community leaders
+maybe just a couple who are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just a couple who are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just a couple who are interested
+in supporting these young people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in supporting these young people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in supporting these young people you
+know in the community getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the community getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the community getting some
+started so it's all scalable on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so it's all scalable on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so it's all scalable on the on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project you know typical startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you know typical startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you know typical startup
+mistakes that um the business planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that um the business planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that um the business planning
+uh often you know particularly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often you know particularly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often you know particularly in the
+kind of community uh that um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of community uh that um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of community uh that um that we
+want to deal with um um there's not a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to deal with um um there's not a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to deal with um um there's not a a
+tremendous uh experience and skill sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous uh experience and skill sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous uh experience and skill sets
+and and um and working as a members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um and working as a members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um and working as a members of
+boards we so um giving them the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards we so um giving them the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards we so um giving them the um uh
+putting them in a process where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in a process where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in a process where they can
+develop shared vision and where they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop shared vision and where they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop shared vision and where they can
+uh um uh develop the you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh develop the you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh develop the you know you know
+what are the what's the key issue right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what's the key issue right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what's the key issue right
+now that we need to deal with at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we need to deal with at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we need to deal with at this
+point is it you know is it structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it you know is it structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is it you know is it structure is
+it U bylaws is it uh is it U financials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it U bylaws is it uh is it U financials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it U bylaws is it uh is it U financials
+is it you know what um you know is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you know what um you know is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you know what um you know is a
+greater understanding of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater understanding of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater understanding of the of the
+industry you know being able to uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know being able to uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry you know being able to uh make
+decisions about that and and then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about that and and then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about that and and then get
+something done on it uh um you know U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something done on it uh um you know U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something done on it uh um you know U uh
+so you know so it helps to strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so it helps to strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so it helps to strengthen
+that board and U and and and and to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board and U and and and and to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board and U and and and and to even
+out the uh uh the experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the uh uh the experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the uh uh the experience in
+development there management again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development there management again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development there management again I
+mean that there um you know it helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there um you know it helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there um you know it helps to
+develop and strengthen that management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and strengthen that management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop and strengthen that management
+so that they understand uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they understand uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they understand uh you know this
+uh you know like said as Lynn said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like said as Lynn said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know like said as Lynn said they
+kind of worked out um in a practice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worked out um in a practice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worked out um in a practice it's
+like a video game you know where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a video game you know where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a video game you know where we
+we've kind of worked out the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of worked out the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of worked out the you know
+how that war is going to be fought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that war is going to be fought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that war is going to be fought you
+know and and and so we're going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and and so we're going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and and so we're going to you
+know begin to see what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know begin to see what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know begin to see what some of the
+pitfalls and and potholes are are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls and and potholes are are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls and and potholes are are going
+to be in front of us and and already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in front of us and and already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in front of us and and already
+have worked out what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked out what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked out what we're going to do
+when it when when that when that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it when when that when that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it when when that when that comes
+in front of us and maybe we just need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of us and maybe we just need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of us and maybe we just need a
+new name for business planning yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new name for business planning yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new name for business planning yeah I
+know I think because part of it it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think because part of it it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think because part of it it does
+is people go H boring scary like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people go H boring scary like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people go H boring scary like I said
+but if study didn't you just do one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if study didn't you just do one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if study didn't you just do one you
+know and then particularly when you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then particularly when you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then particularly when you come
+in from the Academia they'll figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the Academia they'll figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the Academia they'll figure out
+oh they're coming with it study us again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh they're coming with it study us again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh they're coming with it study us again
+no no this one is a it's a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no this one is a it's a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no this one is a it's a process that
+we're coming to some shared Vision it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming to some shared Vision it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming to some shared Vision it's
+it's all important you know then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all important you know then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all important you know then on
+these financials um deciding at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these financials um deciding at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these financials um deciding at what
+scale you want to function I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you want to function I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you want to function I mean that
+you know I I was working with one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I was working with one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I was working with one group
+and you know they was talking 10 15 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they was talking 10 15 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they was talking 10 15 20
+you know uh staff folk and U um U that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh staff folk and U um U that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh staff folk and U um U that
+that would be generating uh in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be generating uh in this uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be generating uh in this uh
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+when once we did the financials 3 to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when once we did the financials 3 to
+five began to make more sense you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five began to make more sense you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+five began to make more sense you know
+for the first you know uh two three
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+for the first you know uh two three
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first you know uh two three
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+
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+years or so I mean so you know so really
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+beginning to work those things out and
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+
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+beginning to work those things out and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+what is really feasible and what really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really feasible and what really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense um you know and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense um you know and then uh
+giving you a a a a mechanism to really
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+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a a a a mechanism to really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a a a a mechanism to really
+build that that uh uh community support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that that uh uh community support
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+build that that uh uh community support
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+ align:start position:0%
+and members support uh depending on how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and members support uh depending on how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad you need to to build it it it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that that you'll need to go out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that that you'll need to go out
+and and show folks that this is not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and show folks that this is not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and show folks that this is not no
+uh lightweight idea that just been you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lightweight idea that just been you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lightweight idea that just been you
+know that this is based on some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is based on some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is based on some serious
+business savvy some serious research uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business savvy some serious research uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business savvy some serious research uh
+and some serious planning and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some serious planning and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some serious planning and uh and and
+you know and sometimes uh we need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and sometimes uh we need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and sometimes uh we need that
+to be able to be respected by the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to be respected by the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to be respected by the the uh
+the right kind of players because uhu um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right kind of players because uhu um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right kind of players because uhu um
+you know for all the different reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for all the different reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for all the different reasons
+whether race class uh gender or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether race class uh gender or whatever
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether race class uh gender or whatever
+you know in terms of the communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of the communities
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of the communities
+that that we seek to to empower and
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+that that we seek to to empower and
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+
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+that that we seek to to empower and
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the um next thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um next thing we're going to do is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um next thing we're going to do is
+give you a chance to um to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a chance to um to be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a chance to um to be
+Consultants working through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants working through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants working through the
+strategic planning process that um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning process that um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning process that um so we
+don't need that now um and we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that now um and we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need that now um and we have three
+choices of groups projects for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of groups projects for you to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of groups projects for you to
+work on um and we're going to divide up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on um and we're going to divide up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on um and we're going to divide up
+I think we'll pick two of these so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll pick two of these so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we'll pick two of these so and
+uh one of you will go with po one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of you will go with po one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of you will go with po one will
+go with me and the first is um a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with me and the first is um a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with me and the first is um a group
+of 20 Farmers want to start a plant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 Farmers want to start a plant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 Farmers want to start a plant that
+will make something from lavender that
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+ align:start position:0%
+will make something from lavender that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make something from lavender that
+they're growing right there right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're growing right there right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're growing right there right now
+there's not an easy market for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not an easy market for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not an easy market for them to
+sell to and a few are making sachets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell to and a few are making sachets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell to and a few are making sachets and
+bunches and selling them locally but
+
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+bunches and selling them locally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunches and selling them locally but
+most of them don't want to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them don't want to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them don't want to have to do
+all that themselves and they'd like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that themselves and they'd like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that themselves and they'd like the
+co-op to do all the processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op to do all the processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-op to do all the processing and
+marketing and sales for them that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales for them that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales for them that's one
+um two is a nonprofit with a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two is a nonprofit with a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two is a nonprofit with a thousand
+household members wants to use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household members wants to use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household members wants to use their
+purchasing power to generate funds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power to generate funds to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power to generate funds to
+support local organizing and education
+
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+support local organizing and education
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+
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+support local organizing and education
+efforts it's option number two and
+
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+efforts it's option number two and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts it's option number two and
+option number three is a labor union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number three is a labor union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number three is a labor union
+local is interested in securing lowcost
+
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+local is interested in securing lowcost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local is interested in securing lowcost
+energy for their members members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for their members members
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for their members members
+reported in a recent survey that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in a recent survey that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in a recent survey that the
+high cost of energy is one of their top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost of energy is one of their top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cost of energy is one of their top
+concerns so which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns so which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns so which of those
+three three raise your hand if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three raise your hand if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three raise your hand if you're
+interested in this 20 Farmers growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this 20 Farmers growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this 20 Farmers growing
+lavender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raise your hand if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you're interested in
+the nonprofit with a thousand household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonprofit with a thousand household
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+
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+the nonprofit with a thousand household
+members got three for that one and raise
+
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+members got three for that one and raise
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+
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+members got three for that one and raise
+your hand if you're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand if you're interested in the
+labor union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+local uh a labor union local is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh a labor union local is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh a labor union local is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in securing lowcost energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in securing lowcost energy
+for their members they're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their members they're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their members they're interested in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being more relevant to their members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being more relevant to their members
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to um be looking at what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to um be looking at what their
+members need and addressing that and
+
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+members need and addressing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members need and addressing that and
+they so they did a survey and found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so they did a survey and found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so they did a survey and found out
+that the high cost of energy is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the high cost of energy is one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the high cost of energy is one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that's of most concern to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that's of most concern to
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so let's try that how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's try that how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so let's try that how many
+people would be interested in the labor
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+people would be interested in the labor
+ 
+
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+people would be interested in the labor
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+union project just
+ 
+
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+union project just
+one how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how
+manying that or the farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manying that or the farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manying that or the farming
+one okay let's go down this way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay let's go down this way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay let's go down this way you're
+interested in the nonprofit right number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the nonprofit right number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the nonprofit right number
+two how about you are you joining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group nonprofit how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group nonprofit how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group nonprofit how about
+you um the farming lavender the lavender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the farming lavender the lavender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the farming lavender the lavender
+okay okay nonprofit okay nonpr okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay nonprofit okay nonpr okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay nonprofit okay nonpr okay okay
+farming all right two two is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming all right two two is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming all right two two is the is the
+nonprofit the farming all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit the farming all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit the farming all right
+so we've got um and do you want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got um and do you want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got um and do you want to you
+want to take the take a group out or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the take a group out or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the take a group out or you
+want to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to stay
+here and which one do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and which one do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and which one do you want to
+be we're going to be the clients by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we're going to be the clients by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we're going to be the clients by the
+way and your job is to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and your job is to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and your job is to go through the
+first few pages of the packet from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few pages of the packet from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few pages of the packet from
+yesterday taking your client through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday taking your client through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday taking your client through the
+strategic planning process agreeing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning process agreeing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning process agreeing on
+roles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles and
+responsibilities and um uh creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and um uh creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and um uh creating a
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+plan would it be difficult if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan would it be difficult if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan would it be difficult if we just
+both sides yeah yeah why don't we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides yeah yeah why don't we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides yeah yeah why don't we are
+they going to film this they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to film this they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to film this they're going to
+film one of the groups so I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film one of the groups so I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film one of the groups so I'm thinking
+they'll film what the one that stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll film what the one that stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll film what the one that stays in
+and then the other one maybe they can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other one maybe they can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other one maybe they can go
+out to that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to that other
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+okay the nonprofit's going to stay in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the nonprofit's going to stay in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the nonprofit's going to stay in I
+think how about if I take this out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how about if I take this out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how about if I take this out okay
+you want to stay here and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay here and do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay here and do that
+one you can you can now come come get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can you can now come come get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can you can now come come get me
+if you need help with the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need help with the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need help with the client
+okay okay so nonprofits here and um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so nonprofits here and um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so nonprofits here and um if
+you could move somewhere nearby this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could move somewhere nearby this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could move somewhere nearby this
+microphone that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone that would be
+good and um to get started the nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and um to get started the nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and um to get started the nonprofit
+Consulting team here you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting team here you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting team here you might want to
+um pick someone who's just going to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pick someone who's just going to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pick someone who's just going to kind
+of chair and keep things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in you know I Wasing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in you know I Wasing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in you know I Wasing about
+yeah it sounded just like w it was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it sounded just like w it was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it sounded just like w it was I
+meant to meet with him in psylvia yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to meet with him in psylvia yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to meet with him in psylvia yeah
+five um maybe why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um maybe why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um maybe why don't we
+um yeah yeah well I'll uh I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah well I'll uh I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah well I'll uh I'll come
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're the Cent I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're the Cent I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're the Cent I'm the
+client start by tell us okay certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client start by tell us okay certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client start by tell us okay certainly
+so um well uh me the other Farmers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um well uh me the other Farmers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um well uh me the other Farmers I
+work with we've been growing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay so uh um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh um I'm
+uh the client you're the Consultants um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the client you're the Consultants um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the client you're the Consultants um
+uh brought in we're talking about um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brought in we're talking about um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brought in we're talking about um how
+can um the C being a Community member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um the C being a Community member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um the C being a Community member
+who's interested yeah yeah that that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's interested yeah yeah that that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's interested yeah yeah that that U
+I'm I'm uh the head of a group uh that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm uh the head of a group uh that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm uh the head of a group uh that U
+with a thousand household members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thousand household members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thousand household members
+and basically I'm in a uh We've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically I'm in a uh We've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically I'm in a uh We've we've
+been doing uh community organizing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing uh community organizing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing uh community organizing in
+our in our community we have we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our community we have we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our community we have we're in a
+a neighborhood that is um um mixed uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neighborhood that is um um mixed uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neighborhood that is um um mixed uh um
+um uh that's fairly diverse but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's fairly diverse but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's fairly diverse but it's
+going through a lot of um um um traumas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a lot of um um um traumas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through a lot of um um um traumas
+of you know gentrification and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know gentrification and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know gentrification and other
+things that happening and we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happening and we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happening and we're trying
+to it's getting harder and harder for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's getting harder and harder for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's getting harder and harder for us
+to raise money uh um you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise money uh um you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise money uh um you know all the
+different sources the foundations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources the foundations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources the foundations the
+you know the the federal state and local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the federal state and local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the federal state and local
+government is uh getting um more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is uh getting um more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is uh getting um more and
+more difficult to raise money then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to raise money then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to raise money then at
+the board level we had some discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board level we had some discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board level we had some discussion
+and we thought about uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we thought about uh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we thought about uh what about
+developing some business U uh activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some business U uh activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some business U uh activities
+that would um not only create some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would um not only create some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would um not only create some uh
+jobs and opportunity and U and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and opportunity and U and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and opportunity and U and and
+provide an a a very important uh service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an a a very important uh service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an a a very important uh service
+or product uh to our community but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or product uh to our community but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or product uh to our community but that
+um also that it would raise enough money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also that it would raise enough money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also that it would raise enough money
+so that um that we could um um be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that um that we could um um be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that um that we could um um be able
+to actually f back some of it into doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually f back some of it into doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually f back some of it into doing
+some organizing and some education so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organizing and some education so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organizing and some education so we
+wouldn't have to be running around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to be running around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to be running around
+chasing after dollars as much so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing after dollars as much so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing after dollars as much so we're
+looking at some sustainable kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some sustainable kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some sustainable kind of uh
+Community organizing efforts um but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community organizing efforts um but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community organizing efforts um but um
+we haven't figured it out we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't figured it out we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't figured it out we don't know
+what um not quite sure how we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um not quite sure how we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um not quite sure how we could do
+this um um we've talked about some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um um we've talked about some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um um we've talked about some some
+uh um issues and concerns uh uh from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um issues and concerns uh uh from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um issues and concerns uh uh from uh
+we're concerned about uh um High uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned about uh um High uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're concerned about uh um High uh um
+uh heating costs we're concerned you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heating costs we're concerned you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heating costs we're concerned you
+know about the energy costs on a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the energy costs on a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the energy costs on a number
+of different fronts conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different fronts conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different fronts conservation
+education efficiency to to uh um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education efficiency to to uh um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education efficiency to to uh um you
+know looking at some Alternative Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking at some Alternative Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looking at some Alternative Energy
+possible solutions uh we we're um um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solutions uh we we're um um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solutions uh we we're um um our
+members are are are um are are running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are are are um are are running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are are are um are are running
+through have problems with the high
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+ align:start position:0%
+through have problems with the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through have problems with the high
+cable and and and telephone cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable and and and telephone cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable and and and telephone cost and
+we've heard that there there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard that there there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard that there there might be
+some possibilities there uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some possibilities there uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some possibilities there uh um
+and you know we've uh you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we've uh you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we've uh you know there's
+some baced land issues and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some baced land issues and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some baced land issues and you know so
+we thought about Urban agriculture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about Urban agriculture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about Urban agriculture but
+uh but we don't know we're not sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we don't know we're not sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we don't know we're not sure so
+um so we wanted to come to sit down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we wanted to come to sit down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we wanted to come to sit down with
+a a group of experts like yourself to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a group of experts like yourself to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a group of experts like yourself to be
+able to get it give us a sense of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get it give us a sense of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get it give us a sense of what
+should we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next I'm curious about what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I'm curious about what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I'm curious about what kind of
+organization we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we're dealing with
+it's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a uh
+um yeah CDC and and we have a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah CDC and and we have a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah CDC and and we have a thousand
+members and it's a um moderate Siz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and it's a um moderate Siz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and it's a um moderate Siz the
+um uh community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh community
+and and and so we're um you know so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so we're um you know so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and so we're um you know so we
+we have some U potentials for growth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some U potentials for growth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some U potentials for growth but
+at this point we've been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we've been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we've been kind of
+settling at the um at the Thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling at the um at the Thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling at the um at the Thousand
+member level for the last couple years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member level for the last couple years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member level for the last couple years
+few years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years or
+so and you do housing and all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you do housing and all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and you do housing and all kinds of
+yes we've been um primarily doing U um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we've been um primarily doing U um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we've been um primarily doing U um
+Housing Development but we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housing Development but we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housing Development but we're also
+looking to to to to uh add some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to to to to uh add some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to to to to uh add some things
+to our portfolio so so we're open to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our portfolio so so we're open to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our portfolio so so we're open to to
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibilities um and so you have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um and so you have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um and so you have been
+able to convene some focus groups among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to convene some focus groups among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to convene some focus groups among
+your members about things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your members about things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your members about things that they
+they'd be interested in purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be interested in purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be interested in purchasing
+collectively we had a um a we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively we had a um a we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively we had a um a we did a
+survey uh um um start we started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh um um start we started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey uh um um start we started a
+process from our last annual meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from our last annual meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from our last annual meeting and
+we uh um um began to survey our members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh um um began to survey our members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh um um began to survey our members
+in terms of what their uh key issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what their uh key issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what their uh key issues
+that were and um energy costs and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were and um energy costs and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were and um energy costs and uh um
+um and the Telecom costs you know health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the Telecom costs you know health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the Telecom costs you know health
+care costs with some of the u high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care costs with some of the u high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care costs with some of the u high
+priorities and and then the problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities and and then the problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities and and then the problems of
+U creating uh career opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U creating uh career opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U creating uh career opportunities for
+decent career opportunities for young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent career opportunities for young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent career opportunities for young
+people in our community and to work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in our community and to work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in our community and to work all
+in that top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that top
+five um is there a large have you been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um is there a large have you been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five um is there a large have you been
+able to assemble a large enough group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to assemble a large enough group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to assemble a large enough group of
+people who are kind of driving some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are kind of driving some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are kind of driving some sort
+of an agenda at this point yeah we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an agenda at this point yeah we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an agenda at this point yeah we have
+a um a a committee of about 20 to 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a a committee of about 20 to 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a a committee of about 20 to 25
+folks that are meeting on a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that are meeting on a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that are meeting on a regular
+basis U since the annual meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis U since the annual meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis U since the annual meeting and
+we're looking them uh you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking them uh you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking them uh you know they're
+kind of whereing to go uh uh but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of whereing to go uh uh but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of whereing to go uh uh but they're
+not sure what to go about go where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what to go about go where to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what to go about go where to go
+you know where to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have a thousand members you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a thousand members you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a thousand members you say
+what is the role of those thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of those thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of those thousand
+members like how do they interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members like how do they interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members like how do they interact with
+the CDC and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDC and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CDC and what do
+they you know how involved are they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know how involved are they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know how involved are they in
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+way they're um uh we're like most cdcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they're um uh we're like most cdcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they're um uh we're like most cdcs
+uh um we we we um most of the members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um we we we um most of the members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um we we we um most of the members
+are not that involved uh uh they come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not that involved uh uh they come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not that involved uh uh they come to
+annual meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meetings
+they uh they participate in in some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they participate in in some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they participate in in some uh
+uh conferences and other things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conferences and other things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conferences and other things but
+generally um we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally um we may have
+a kind of a working group of 30 to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a working group of 30 to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a working group of 30 to 50
+that you know that we can kind of depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that we can kind of depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that we can kind of depend
+on depending on the issue and um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on depending on the issue and um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on depending on the issue and um but
+some one of the things that we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of the things that we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of the things that we're trying
+to do with this is a way to strengthen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this is a way to strengthen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with this is a way to strengthen
+the membership bring more folks into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membership bring more folks into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membership bring more folks into
+leadership uh you know get more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership uh you know get more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership uh you know get more people
+actively involved Beyond just sending in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively involved Beyond just sending in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively involved Beyond just sending in
+um um Some D's money or attending a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Some D's money or attending a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Some D's money or attending a um
+an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meeting is that your primary goal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting is that your primary goal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting is that your primary goal with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh we have kind of two goals that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have kind of two goals that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have kind of two goals that we
+want to we want to um better serve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want to um better serve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to we want to um better serve the
+needs and uh and increase um um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and uh and increase um um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and uh and increase um um the the
+commit commitment and U and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit commitment and U and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit commitment and U and uh and
+participation but also said again we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation but also said again we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation but also said again we we
+want to be able to try to diversify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to try to diversify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to try to diversify that
+that funding stream so we can be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funding stream so we can be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funding stream so we can be able to
+uh have some Dependable money that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have some Dependable money that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have some Dependable money that we
+don't have to uh worry about whe who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to uh worry about whe who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to uh worry about whe who's
+in the White House on U what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the White House on U what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the White House on U what's going to
+happen the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the next
+day do you have forms of capitalizing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day do you have forms of capitalizing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day do you have forms of capitalizing of
+ging Capital to get it off the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging Capital to get it off the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ging Capital to get it off the ground
+you think the group is capable of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the group is capable of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the group is capable of is
+there interest and are people going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there interest and are people going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there interest and are people going to
+want to put money in you think off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put money in you think off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put money in you think off of
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we're not sure that that uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're not sure that that uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're not sure that that uh um
+like like a lot of cdc's of uh um um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a lot of cdc's of uh um um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a lot of cdc's of uh um um you
+know we' a lot of our stuff has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we' a lot of our stuff has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we' a lot of our stuff has been
+grant-based and uh um uh um you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant-based and uh um uh um you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant-based and uh um uh um you know we
+haven't called on them to have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't called on them to have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't called on them to have to come
+up with much in a way of uh of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with much in a way of uh of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with much in a way of uh of of um
+funds to support the uh organization um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds to support the uh organization um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds to support the uh organization um
+so that that's membership and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's membership and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's membership and other
+really makes up a small percentage of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes up a small percentage of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes up a small percentage of uh
+of our our Revenue so um so we we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our our Revenue so um so we we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our our Revenue so um so we we this
+would be somewhat of an experiment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be somewhat of an experiment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be somewhat of an experiment for
+us to to jump out and and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to to jump out and and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to to jump out and and um and
+see beyond what people said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see beyond what people said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see beyond what people said in the
+survey you know will they really um put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey you know will they really um put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey you know will they really um put
+their money where their mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money where their mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money where their mouth
+is well it sounds like your group if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well it sounds like your group if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well it sounds like your group if
+you've got you know these 20 to 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know these 20 to 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know these 20 to 25
+people already on board um for the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already on board um for the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already on board um for the idea
+at least it sounds like the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it sounds like the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it sounds like the next step
+would be to try to drop a business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to try to drop a business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to try to drop a business plan
+um business plan what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um well I think that um part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I think that um part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I think that um part of that
+would go would be going through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go would be going through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go would be going through a
+visioning session and bringing um maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visioning session and bringing um maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visioning session and bringing um maybe
+we would feel more comfortable if more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would feel more comfortable if more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would feel more comfortable if more
+people are at the table to understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you mean by more people I mean U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by more people I mean U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean by more people I mean U
+what would U should I just bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would U should I just bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would U should I just bring the
+U keyboard members or um um or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U keyboard members or um um or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U keyboard members or um um or the
+entire uh committee that's interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh committee that's interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh committee that's interested in
+right well at least starting with the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well at least starting with the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well at least starting with the 20
+to 25 um committee members um would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25 um committee members um would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25 um committee members um would be
+helpful in just sort of pinning down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in just sort of pinning down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in just sort of pinning down
+maybe like five different options of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like five different options of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like five different options of
+a what type of business um and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what type of business um and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what type of business um and then um
+encouraging them to spread through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging them to spread through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging them to spread through their
+networks what what the plan is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks what what the plan is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks what what the plan is on the
+table um sort of the gist so that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um sort of the gist so that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um sort of the gist so that we're
+not continually moving forward without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continually moving forward without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continually moving forward without
+um a larger sense of what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a larger sense of what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a larger sense of what's going on in
+other people's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's um
+worlds possibly um those 2025 members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds possibly um those 2025 members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds possibly um those 2025 members
+could convene meetings of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could convene meetings of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could convene meetings of some sort
+among their neighbors just to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among their neighbors just to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among their neighbors just to do more
+sort of reconnaissance to try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reconnaissance to try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reconnaissance to try to find
+out whether which Which models might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether which Which models might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether which Which models might
+resonate better um with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate better um with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonate better um with with the
+community and in the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and in the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and in the neighborhood
+um so this is going to be an expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is going to be an expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is going to be an expensive
+process I mean it doesn't have to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I mean it doesn't have to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I mean it doesn't have to be I
+think it can be kept pretty low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can be kept pretty low cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can be kept pretty low cost
+people open up their homes it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people open up their homes it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people open up their homes it may
+require some money for food you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require some money for food you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require some money for food you know if
+people can serve a meal or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can serve a meal or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can serve a meal or something but
+just open up their homes for a meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open up their homes for a meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just open up their homes for a meeting
+um invite neighbors to come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um invite neighbors to come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um invite neighbors to come over
+um it will be a lengthy process probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it will be a lengthy process probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it will be a lengthy process probably
+so a good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good thing to
+know be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be a
+timeline
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+ align:start position:0%
+timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline
+like when do you when is this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when do you when is this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when do you when is this is this
+like an immediate need or we looking at
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+ align:start position:0%
+like an immediate need or we looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an immediate need or we looking at
+things that are immediate need are we
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+ align:start position:0%
+things that are immediate need are we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are immediate need are we
+looking
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+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+for well we was hoping that we could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well we was hoping that we could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well we was hoping that we could you
+know uh one of our concerns is how do we
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+ align:start position:0%
+know uh one of our concerns is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh one of our concerns is how do we
+keep people interested so we was hoping
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+ align:start position:0%
+keep people interested so we was hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep people interested so we was hoping
+that we'd uh have a two or three kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd uh have a two or three kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd uh have a two or three kind of
+visioning session decide on a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visioning session decide on a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visioning session decide on a product
+and and uh and get busy you know so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and get busy you know so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and get busy you know so that
+we can and start making some money so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can and start making some money so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can and start making some money so uh
+I don't have to run around begging for U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to run around begging for U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to run around begging for U
+um Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Foundation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Foundation
+funds is this how
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+ align:start position:0%
+funds is this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds is this how
+we the same ballpark or is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the same ballpark or is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the same ballpark or is this
+something a lot um more uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a lot um more uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a lot um more uh time
+consuming well I think you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming well I think you might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming well I think you might be able
+to have the two or three sessions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the two or three sessions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the two or three sessions and
+kind of narrow in your focus but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of narrow in your focus but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of narrow in your focus but after
+that we're going to need to take some
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+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to need to take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to need to take some
+look at the feasibility the market study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the feasibility the market study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the feasibility the market study
+and see because we do want you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see because we do want you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see because we do want you to get
+started to make some money and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to make some money and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to make some money and we don't
+want you to launch something that's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to launch something that's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to launch something that's then
+going to take away energy and and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take away energy and and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take away energy and and not
+get off the ground so we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off the ground so we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off the ground so we want to make
+sure not to rush um I think you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure not to rush um I think you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure not to rush um I think you're right
+that you know a couple of visioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a couple of visioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a couple of visioning
+sessions to kind of narrow in a focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions to kind of narrow in a focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions to kind of narrow in a focus
+but from there we don't want to rush the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from there we don't want to rush the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from there we don't want to rush the
+process of kind of laying out a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of kind of laying out a plan
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of kind of laying out a plan
+looking at feasibility looking at making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at feasibility looking at making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at feasibility looking at making
+sure you're matching up whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're matching up whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're matching up whatever it is
+that you decide as a product or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you decide as a product or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you decide as a product or a
+service and that it's serving a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and that it's serving a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service and that it's serving a real
+need and going to go and make money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and going to go and make money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and going to go and make money um
+because that's that's what I'm hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that's what I'm hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's that's what I'm hearing
+as your as your main goal to kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your as your main goal to kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your as your main goal to kind of um
+lean you off the foundation state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean you off the foundation state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean you off the foundation state
+federal dollars and so we want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal dollars and so we want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal dollars and so we want to like
+really hear that and support that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hear that and support that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hear that and support that you
+may also need some time for that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also need some time for that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also need some time for that group
+of people to switch their focus from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to switch their focus from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people to switch their focus from a
+CDC um perspective to one that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDC um perspective to one that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDC um perspective to one that's more
+business oriented um where they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business oriented um where they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business oriented um where they'll be
+making different kinds of decisions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making different kinds of decisions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making different kinds of decisions to
+together be faced with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together be faced with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together be faced with different
+challenges and it'll give them a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and it'll give them a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and it'll give them a chance
+to really um push their ideas U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really um push their ideas U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really um push their ideas U
+understand whether they make sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand whether they make sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand whether they make sense and
+whether they're whether that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're whether that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're whether that's the right
+group of people to get those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people to get those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people to get those things
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+forward um yeah on that now one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um yeah on that now one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um yeah on that now one of my
+concerns that I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns that I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns that I got a
+few really difficult people on on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few really difficult people on on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few really difficult people on on that
+in that committee they they may hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that committee they they may hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that committee they they may hard
+workers but they're kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers but they're kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers but they're kind of hard to
+handle and uh you know and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle and uh you know and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle and uh you know and they can
+sometimes give us hell over over silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes give us hell over over silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes give us hell over over silly
+little things um so how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things um so how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things um so how are we going to
+do this and not just turn this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and not just turn this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and not just turn this into
+meeting after meeting and um argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting after meeting and um argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting after meeting and um argument
+after argument then you know I still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after argument then you know I still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after argument then you know I still get
+no money um and revenue in and uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money um and revenue in and uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no money um and revenue in and uh and I
+got um folks that are going to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got um folks that are going to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got um folks that are going to you know
+give me even more hell at the next board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meeting well I'm sure this is an ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting well I'm sure this is an ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting well I'm sure this is an ongoing
+struggle within your um organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle within your um organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle within your um organization
+having to deal with the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to deal with the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to deal with the board and
+personalities and people that are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities and people that are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities and people that are trying
+that um that get fixated on one small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that get fixated on one small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that get fixated on one small
+issue and you want to try to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and you want to try to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and you want to try to push
+through a larger agenda um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a larger agenda um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a larger agenda um I think
+there's a lot of different kind of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different kind of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different kind of tasks
+to do and we can kind of one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and we can kind of one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and we can kind of one thing you
+can do is look within your core group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is look within your core group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is look within your core group
+and see what kind of skills are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what kind of skills are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what kind of skills are are
+there and and and kind of divide up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and kind of divide up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and and kind of divide up the
+work so that people have a job to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that people have a job to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that people have a job to do
+that they're focused on and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're focused on and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're focused on and they can
+focus on that issue and do a good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that issue and do a good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that issue and do a good job
+with it and and trust that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and and trust that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and and trust that the whole
+process is coming together that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is coming together that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is coming together that everyone
+has a piece of it may be one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a piece of it may be one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a piece of it may be one thing I
+mean especially if there's anyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean especially if there's anyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean especially if there's anyone in
+your group that has kind of fin business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group that has kind of fin business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group that has kind of fin business
+skills or any of these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills or any of these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills or any of these kind of
+background that can be a real asset but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that can be a real asset but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background that can be a real asset but
+even other non-traditional skills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even other non-traditional skills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even other non-traditional skills that
+that we haven't thought of or maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't thought of or maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we haven't thought of or maybe it's
+a new thing to it's a new direction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing to it's a new direction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing to it's a new direction for
+your um CDC so maybe there's skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um CDC so maybe there's skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um CDC so maybe there's skills
+within your core that you haven't tapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your core that you haven't tapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your core that you haven't tapped
+into yet so that would be one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into yet so that would be one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into yet so that would be one thing to
+look at you know we got some folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know we got some folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know we got some folks that
+are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you
+know pretty good on reading the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty good on reading the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty good on reading the balance
+sheet and they you know and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and they you know and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and they you know and they they
+show those skills at every board meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show those skills at every board meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show those skills at every board meeting
+so so I think would be good there use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I think would be good there use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I think would be good there use
+them on something helpful how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on something helpful how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on something helpful how are we
+going to begin to uh look at um um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to begin to uh look at um um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to begin to uh look at um um the
+process of what things to choose cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of what things to choose cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of what things to choose cuz
+again I said we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I said we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I said we're going to look at
+something that um um that that U serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um um that that U serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um um that that U serves
+the need but um you know uh I don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need but um you know uh I don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need but um you know uh I don't you
+know want us to just get tie down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know want us to just get tie down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know want us to just get tie down and
+putting together a little uh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together a little uh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together a little uh little
+small Food Coop and you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Food Coop and you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Food Coop and you know and then
+the you know the only um Revenue might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the only um Revenue might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the only um Revenue might
+be U you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be U you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be U you
+know a couple hundred dollars at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple hundred dollars at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple hundred dollars at the end
+of the month and and and the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the month and and and the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the month and and and the process
+that we can go through to really get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go through to really get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can go through to really get a a
+better sense of what kind of uh yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sense of what kind of uh yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sense of what kind of uh yields
+and revenues that we can uh expect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revenues that we can uh expect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revenues that we can uh expect and
+um definitely um what's the the survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definitely um what's the the survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um definitely um what's the the survey
+that you put out already and what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put out already and what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put out already and what did
+you what information were you looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what information were you looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what information were you looking
+for and what did you find one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and what did you find one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and what did you find one of the
+things that we found uh was uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we found uh was uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we found uh was uh that we
+have um uh um among uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um uh um among uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um uh um among uh
+um uh the uh homeowners and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the uh homeowners and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the uh homeowners and and and and
+uh members that renters and other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh members that renters and other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh members that renters and other things
+that are part of our our uh operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of our our uh operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of our our uh operation
+that that there's uh going through it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's uh going through it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's uh going through it's
+a cold winter um heating oil prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cold winter um heating oil prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cold winter um heating oil prices are
+going up most of our folks are are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up most of our folks are are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up most of our folks are are using
+heating oil and we're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating oil and we're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating oil and we're trying to figure
+out some kind of way of um and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some kind of way of um and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some kind of way of um and and then
+the and the houses that we own and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the houses that we own and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the houses that we own and and
+manage uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage uh uh
+the uh the heating uh budget is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the heating uh budget is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the heating uh budget is is
+eating up a lot of uh uh our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating up a lot of uh uh our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating up a lot of uh uh our other
+resources and causing us not to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and causing us not to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and causing us not to be able
+to you know put more money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know put more money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know put more money in the
+maintenance or or doing other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance or or doing other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance or or doing other kinds of
+other kinds of activities that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of activities that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of activities that we would
+love to do but we just don't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to do but we just don't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to do but we just don't seem to
+We're just trying to make it from day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're just trying to make it from day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're just trying to make it from day to
+day so um so that was um you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so um so that was um you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so um so that was um you know and
+and we see a lot of folks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see a lot of folks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see a lot of folks in the
+community uh seniors and other folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh seniors and other folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community uh seniors and other folks
+that are really having a tough time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really having a tough time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really having a tough time so
+that's one thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing um
+again uh on the telephone cost and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh on the telephone cost and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh on the telephone cost and the
+uh uh and the um um we heard about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and the um um we heard about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and the um um we heard about some
+folks that did a kind of Telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that did a kind of Telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that did a kind of Telecom
+Cooperative where they combined um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative where they combined um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative where they combined um
+highspeed access and wireless and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highspeed access and wireless and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highspeed access and wireless and uh and
+and uh and phone line uh stuff and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and phone line uh stuff and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and phone line uh stuff and and
+was able to you know and and we think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to you know and and we think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to you know and and we think um
+you know like said we we got a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like said we we got a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like said we we got a thousand
+members and we think of we maybe we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and we think of we maybe we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and we think of we maybe we had
+a good product that we might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good product that we might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good product that we might be able to
+to to expand out uh to you know to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to expand out uh to you know to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to expand out uh to you know to some
+other folks but we we're still not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks but we we're still not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks but we we're still not sure
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it seems like one of the first things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like one of the first things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like one of the first things we
+might want to look at is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to look at is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to look at is like you
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+cooperatives sort of taking a step back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives sort of taking a step back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives sort of taking a step back
+figuring out what sort of the key values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what sort of the key values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what sort of the key values
+that you besides job creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you besides job creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you besides job creation and
+revenue first depending down what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue first depending down what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue first depending down what kind
+of Revenue we really are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Revenue we really are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Revenue we really are talking about
+that we that your organization would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that your organization would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that your organization would
+need um to what are the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um to what are the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um to what are the values
+that the organization is disposing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the organization is disposing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the organization is disposing to
+but then really thinking from there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then really thinking from there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then really thinking from there is a
+Cooperative the thing that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative the thing that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative the thing that we really
+need is that the best way to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that the best way to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that the best way to get that
+kind of Revenue and also fulfill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Revenue and also fulfill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Revenue and also fulfill the
+values and the goals that um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the goals that um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the goals that um you're
+selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling
+for yeah that's a good question cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah that's a good question cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah that's a good question cuz I
+mean one of the things you know in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one of the things you know in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean one of the things you know in that
+in that subcommittee once you meet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that subcommittee once you meet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that subcommittee once you meet with
+them you'll find that um you know we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you'll find that um you know we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you'll find that um you know we got
+a lot of we got some folks that are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of we got some folks that are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of we got some folks that are um
+really crazy about cooperatives they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy about cooperatives they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy about cooperatives they you
+know they you know they had some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they you know they had some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they you know they had some um
+experience with cooperatives when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with cooperatives when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with cooperatives when they
+went through college and some are in U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through college and some are in U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through college and some are in U
+some various uh small cooperatives now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some various uh small cooperatives now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some various uh small cooperatives now
+and but a lot of them don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but a lot of them don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but a lot of them don't really know
+that much about it and uh um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about it and uh um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about it and uh um and then we
+got some folks that think that is is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some folks that think that is is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some folks that think that is is you
+know a nutball idea and that uh um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a nutball idea and that uh um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a nutball idea and that uh um we
+should be just going a straight up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just going a straight up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just going a straight up um
+you know the private Enterprise route I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the private Enterprise route I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the private Enterprise route I
+let's form an LLC or whatever I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's form an LLC or whatever I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's form an LLC or whatever I mean so
+we're not sure we don't know um um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not sure we don't know um um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not sure we don't know um um what
+might be the best uh structure for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the best uh structure for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the best uh structure for that
+um how should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how should
+we you know how do we begin to um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know how do we begin to um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know how do we begin to um you
+know and there's a lot of um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there's a lot of um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there's a lot of um there's
+some ranker in the in the battle already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ranker in the in the battle already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ranker in the in the battle already
+I mean uh so we're trying to I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh so we're trying to I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh so we're trying to I don't
+know how we can have that conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how we can have that conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how we can have that conversation
+and uh and and U and and bring folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and U and and bring folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and U and and bring folks
+together and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part I just jumped my group ahead I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I just jumped my group ahead I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I just jumped my group ahead I'll
+tell you you can decide what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you can decide what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you you can decide what you want to
+do and I gave them we decided that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I gave them we decided that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I gave them we decided that we
+actually had finished the strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had finished the strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had finished the strategic
+planning process we had a clear business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process we had a clear business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process we had a clear business
+idea and then we went on to um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then we went on to um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and then we went on to um they're
+right now working with me on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now working with me on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now working with me on the
+development plan yeah and to break in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development plan yeah and to break in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development plan yeah and to break in
+about 10 minutes or okay 10 yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes or okay 10 yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes or okay 10 yeah so I
+don't know if you want to do that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do you
+need do do you want to do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need do do you want to do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need do do you want to do that uh
+because I could jump you to a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could jump you to a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I could jump you to a specific
+business if you wanted I think we're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business if you wanted I think we're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business if you wanted I think we're um
+kind of at the point where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of at the point where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of at the point where I'm
+um looking at uh um either something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at uh um either something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um looking at uh um either something uh
+of a Heating Oil Co-op or a a telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Heating Oil Co-op or a a telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Heating Oil Co-op or a a telecom
+Co-op and great um so I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co-op and great um so I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co-op and great um so I think you know
+one of the things I was just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I was just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I was just going to
+begin to ask a little bit more is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to ask a little bit more is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to ask a little bit more is where
+can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+um you know I mean uh you know so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I mean uh you know so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I mean uh you know so maybe
+if we can begin to just go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can begin to just go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can begin to just go through this
+process a little bit more and I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a little bit more and I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a little bit more and I can get
+a better understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better understanding
+uh where I might be able to get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where I might be able to get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where I might be able to get the the
+best yield and um serve my members most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best yield and um serve my members most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best yield and um serve my members most
+uh well one good thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well one good thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well one good thing is that the
+Telecom Co-op has been done um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecom Co-op has been done um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecom Co-op has been done um and
+communities you know similar to yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities you know similar to yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities you know similar to yours
+and so there are great models and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are great models and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are great models and so for
+the people on your board who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on your board who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on your board who are
+skeptical um we can definitely give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical um we can definitely give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical um we can definitely give you
+a lot of good information to take back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good information to take back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good information to take back
+to them and show them how successful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and show them how successful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and show them how successful it
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already so uh so what maybe if we um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so uh so what maybe if we um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so uh so what maybe if we um I I
+think I mean it seems like that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean it seems like that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean it seems like that that uh
+if uh some strong models already exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh some strong models already exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh some strong models already exist
+on it and and U since they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and and U since they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and and U since they're kind of
+going neck and neck in terms of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going neck and neck in terms of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going neck and neck in terms of this as
+an issue that maybe we can focus on U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that maybe we can focus on U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue that maybe we can focus on U
+beginning to start that process of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to start that process of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to start that process of the
+Telecom and then um and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecom and then um and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telecom and then um and you know and
+which we can then um begin to uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can then um begin to uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can then um begin to uh at
+least start on how we to take this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least start on how we to take this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least start on how we to take this whole
+thing to the to the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the to the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to the to the group
+so so then if uh so if we move if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so then if uh so if we move if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so then if uh so if we move if we
+decide to to do the Telecom uh um I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to to do the Telecom uh um I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to to do the Telecom uh um I've
+just consulted with my board they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consulted with my board they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consulted with my board they
+they're g g on that that the Telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're g g on that that the Telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're g g on that that the Telecom
+might be the best move U what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next are your members grouped I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next are your members grouped I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next are your members grouped I mean I
+know you're doing a lot of housing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're doing a lot of housing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're doing a lot of housing like
+are they are they maybe living in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they maybe living in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they are they maybe living in your
+in your affordable housing or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your affordable housing or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your affordable housing or are they
+all over the city are they grouped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the city are they grouped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the city are they grouped
+geographically they're grouped I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically they're grouped I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically they're grouped I mean uh
+we have some clusters where you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some clusters where you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some clusters where you know our
+housing and stuff is and then there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and stuff is and then there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and stuff is and then there's um
+some neighborhood groups so that we that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some neighborhood groups so that we that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some neighborhood groups so that we that
+we're very um U um connected to that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very um U um connected to that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very um U um connected to that are
+you know in that same general area so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in that same general area so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in that same general area so uh
+and we do you like you know we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do you like you know we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do you like you know we we have
+newsletter you know we got a website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletter you know we got a website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletter you know we got a website and
+where um where uh you know we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where uh you know we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where uh you know we have a
+different the annual meetings and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the annual meetings and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the annual meetings and other
+things so so there there's some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so there there's some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so so there there's some degree
+of uh you know we have some different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know we have some different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know we have some different uh
+cultural and other kinds of activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and other kinds of activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and other kinds of activities
+at times so so there's uh there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times so so there's uh there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times so so there's uh there's some
+uh there's some cohesiveness there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's some cohesiveness there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's some cohesiveness there one
+thing would be to find out what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be to find out what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would be to find out what kind of
+service if any they're using now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service if any they're using now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service if any they're using now and
+what they're paying for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're paying for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're paying for it
+and you know how often they're using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how often they're using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know how often they're using it
+if they they don't have access you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they they don't have access you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they they don't have access you know
+why um you know it related or is it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um you know it related or is it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um you know it related or is it you
+know is it something that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it something that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it something that's interesting
+to them um if it was offered at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them um if it was offered at a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them um if it was offered at a lower
+cost and grouped in this way is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and grouped in this way is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and grouped in this way is this a
+service that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want so then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so at this point now um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so at this point now um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so at this point now um uh
+um I'm looking at this uh form you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm looking at this uh form you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm looking at this uh form you have
+that this uh starting a group based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh starting a group based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh starting a group based
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we already have a uh um uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have a uh um uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already have a uh um uh this
+committee uh we got a committee of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh we got a committee of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee uh we got a committee of 20
+and it's headed up by uh James Smith uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's headed up by uh James Smith uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's headed up by uh James Smith uh
+and pretty diverse as far as skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty diverse as far as skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty diverse as far as skill
+levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and
+interest uh yeah I mean that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest uh yeah I mean that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest uh yeah I mean that that we
+have some folks that um that have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some folks that um that have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some folks that um that have done
+that are small business people and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are small business people and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are small business people and and
+and have some understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have some understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have some understanding of the
+process um not necessarily serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um not necessarily serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um not necessarily serious
+business planning and everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning and everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planning and everything you
+know they you know we got some grocery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they you know we got some grocery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they you know we got some grocery
+store owners we got some uh uh highw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store owners we got some uh uh highw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store owners we got some uh uh highw
+owner and there you know and we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner and there you know and we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner and there you know and we uh we
+got a few folks that have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a few folks that have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a few folks that have been very
+active on the board for um a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active on the board for um a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active on the board for um a period of
+uh time and so they're pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time and so they're pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time and so they're pretty good
+leaders and then we got a a lot of few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders and then we got a a lot of few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders and then we got a a lot of few
+other folks that you know this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks that you know this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks that you know this was uh
+they the annual meeting was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the annual meeting was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the annual meeting was the first
+time they came and they like the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they came and they like the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they came and they like the idea of
+this uh project and they signed on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh project and they signed on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh project and they signed on so
+it's a it's a pretty broad Continuum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a pretty broad Continuum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a pretty broad Continuum but
+we got a few we got about four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a few we got about four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a few we got about four or five
+folks that are pretty good Core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so what do I do with this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do I do with this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do I do with this thing here
+I mean uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh um
+uh so we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we got a
+committee um you know I see you got up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee um you know I see you got up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee um you know I see you got up
+here who and cost uh you know what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who and cost uh you know what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who and cost uh you know what do
+you mean by cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I said so we got a u this U dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said so we got a u this U dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said so we got a u this U dates
+who and cost and I'm trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and cost and I'm trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who and cost and I'm trying to figure
+out how uh what do I do next uh U I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how uh what do I do next uh U I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how uh what do I do next uh U I got
+my committee they're ready to go um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my committee they're ready to go um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my committee they're ready to go um so
+this um this was the point that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this was the point that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um this was the point that is the
+market research where I'm we'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market research where I'm we'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market research where I'm we'll get a
+better understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of
+U of A of a how we're going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of A of a how we're going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of A of a how we're going to deal with
+this telom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this telom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this telom
+issue yeah I think that's what Tiara was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue yeah I think that's what Tiara was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue yeah I think that's what Tiara was
+referring to when she G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to when she G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to when she G
+that of um finding out more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of um finding out more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of um finding out more about the
+potential client base um now that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential client base um now that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential client base um now that is
+going to have a cost associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a cost associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a cost associated with it
+just in terms of if unless you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of if unless you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of if unless you can get
+volunteers from your committee to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers from your committee to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers from your committee to do
+some of the leg work on it but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the leg work on it but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the leg work on it but you know
+you'll have to you may be doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to you may be doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to you may be doing more
+surveys making copies so there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys making copies so there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys making copies so there may be
+some um there'll be some cost associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um there'll be some cost associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um there'll be some cost associated
+with this is a opportunity to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is a opportunity to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is a opportunity to start
+planning for that and mapping that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for that and mapping that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning for that and mapping that out
+so you know exactly how much you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know exactly how much you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know exactly how much you're
+going to need up front to to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need up front to to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need up front to to do this
+whole planning strategy um you'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole planning strategy um you'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole planning strategy um you'll see in
+number three in business development one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three in business development one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three in business development one
+of the things that happens in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that happens in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that happens in in the
+first 3 to six months of planning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 3 to six months of planning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 3 to six months of planning is
+that you're going to secure your funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to secure your funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to secure your funds
+for this stage um so you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this stage um so you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this stage um so you want to know
+exactly how much you need to get um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much you need to get um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much you need to get um and
+that's what that cost line is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that cost line is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that cost line is for
+um and and the from the market research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the from the market research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the from the market research
+you'll be able to go more into business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to go more into business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to go more into business
+development and start to refine your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and start to refine your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and start to refine your
+idea about the Telecom business um think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about the Telecom business um think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea about the Telecom business um think
+about exactly what service you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exactly what service you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about exactly what service you might
+want to be providing and um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be providing and um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be providing and um and then
+you'll start to actually develop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start to actually develop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start to actually develop this
+plan in depth um you know talking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in depth um you know talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in depth um you know talking with
+the board and and trying to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and and trying to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and and trying to you know
+you're definitely going to probably come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're definitely going to probably come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're definitely going to probably come
+up with some disagreement about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some disagreement about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some disagreement about what
+people think is the best way to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think is the best way to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think is the best way to um
+proceed and that's that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and that's that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and that's that's a really
+import thing for you to do and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import thing for you to do and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import thing for you to do and it's
+important for you to be in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you to be in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you to be in those
+conversations and start arguing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations and start arguing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations and start arguing about
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+now and get and get through it and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and get and get through it and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and get and get through it and make
+make some group decisions about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some group decisions about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some group decisions about that and
+then of course you need to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you need to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course you need to start
+outreaching just telling the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outreaching just telling the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outreaching just telling the people
+these 100,000 households about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 100,000 households about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 100,000 households about this
+concept and and letting them know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and and letting them know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and and letting them know that
+that's what you're planning so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're planning so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're planning so that
+they're on board and and you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on board and and you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on board and and you're getting
+as much information from them as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much information from them as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much information from them as you can
+I've kind of put together where I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of put together where I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of put together where I can I
+got about somewhere between 10 to 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about somewhere between 10 to 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about somewhere between 10 to 12
+Grand of U money I can uh play with from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand of U money I can uh play with from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand of U money I can uh play with from
+different uh um to to to to help U uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh um to to to to help U uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh um to to to to help U uh do
+this uh launch so I um so I got to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh launch so I um so I got to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh launch so I um so I got to um
+you know so so that I got something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so that I got something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so that I got something you
+know will I need more money uh are y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will I need more money uh are y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will I need more money uh are y'all
+planning on doing the um um will I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on doing the um um will I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on doing the um um will I need
+to hire someone to do the uh market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hire someone to do the uh market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hire someone to do the uh market
+research and the feasibility or or could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and the feasibility or or could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and the feasibility or or could
+could that be done u u you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that be done u u you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that be done u u you know from the
+u university orever you're connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u university orever you're connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u university orever you're connected to
+well what would be great is if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would be great is if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would be great is if you could
+recycle that money back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle that money back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle that money back into the
+community so if you know of people what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so if you know of people what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so if you know of people what
+any of your members are already familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of your members are already familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of your members are already familiar
+with doing market research I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing market research I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing market research I think
+that's the first step um and we be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step um and we be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first step um and we be more
+than willing to help work with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than willing to help work with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than willing to help work with that
+person also to keep costs down um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person also to keep costs down um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person also to keep costs down um are
+you talking about 10 to 12,000 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talking about 10 to 12,000 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talking about 10 to 12,000 over the
+next four stages or three stages or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next four stages or three stages or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next four stages or three stages or in
+just the first stage that's all I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first stage that's all I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first stage that's all I got
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now so what do we do from there so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what do we do from there so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what do we do from there so okay
+so we uh so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we uh so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we uh so we have
+a so okay in so the in the first month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so okay in so the in the first month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so okay in so the in the first month
+uh month one uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh month one uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh month one uh uh
+from uh between now and uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh between now and uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh between now and uh the uh
+uh end of March I could I can U we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end of March I could I can U we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end of March I could I can U we can
+bring the U uh the committee together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the U uh the committee together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the U uh the committee together
+and um and U and uh um and and and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and U and uh um and and and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and U and uh um and and and work
+out those the initial issues Mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out those the initial issues Mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out those the initial issues Mission and
+core values and Etc and uh um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core values and Etc and uh um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core values and Etc and uh um what's
+your annual operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your annual operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your annual operating
+budget I'd say it's what a million and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget I'd say it's what a million and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget I'd say it's what a million and a
+half yeah something probably yeah about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half yeah something probably yeah about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half yeah something probably yeah about
+a mill million one and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mill million one and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mill million one and a half
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+um and slightly not much I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and slightly not much I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and slightly not much I mean there
+you know there was a point when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there was a point when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there was a point when it was
+doing a lot better but now we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot better but now we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot better but now we're kind of
+uh sticking around that um you know we'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sticking around that um you know we'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sticking around that um you know we'
+love to figure out how to get two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to figure out how to get two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to figure out how to get two or
+three you know U three would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you know U three would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you know U three would be what
+where we really need to be but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really need to be but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we really need to be but just
+haven't been able to get too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to get too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to get too much
+further than that one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half and a lot of that is tied down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and a lot of that is tied down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and a lot of that is tied down in
+the um discretionary funds that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um discretionary funds that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um discretionary funds that I I
+can't do do too much with I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do do too much with I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do do too much with I'm just
+thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of
+what where you're trying to get to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where you're trying to get to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where you're trying to get to in
+terms of generating Revenue that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of generating Revenue that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of generating Revenue that will
+run your organization and support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your organization and support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your organization and support the
+organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing
+efforts I'm just hoping um um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts I'm just hoping um um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts I'm just hoping um um you know
+we we haven't really did this serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we haven't really did this serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we haven't really did this serious
+projections and stuff but I was hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and stuff but I was hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and stuff but I was hoping
+that that that we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that we could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that we could see
+uh you know in a year or two a year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in a year or two a year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in a year or two a year of
+you know 50 50 to to 100 Grand uh um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 50 to to 100 Grand uh um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 50 50 to to 100 Grand uh um of
+new money that we can add to to projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new money that we can add to to projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new money that we can add to to projects
+and U you know that that people care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U you know that that people care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U you know that that people care
+about like um supporting young people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like um supporting young people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like um supporting young people or
+you know doing uh um uh uh doing Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doing uh um uh uh doing Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know doing uh um uh uh doing Urban
+agriculture some of these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture some of these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture some of these other things
+that we want to do but I just haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to do but I just haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to do but I just haven't
+been able to find the money to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it um one way that you can invest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um one way that you can invest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um one way that you can invest the
+initial money that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial money that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial money that you have to
+potentially get you some more to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially get you some more to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially get you some more to take
+you through some of the stages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through some of the stages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through some of the stages in
+creating the business plan which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the business plan which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the business plan which you can
+then use as a tool to get other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use as a tool to get other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use as a tool to get other um
+outside investors interested in helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside investors interested in helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside investors interested in helping
+fund some of the later stages of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund some of the later stages of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund some of the later stages of of the
+plan um that will lay out the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um that will lay out the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan um that will lay out the entire
+strategy for the business it'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for the business it'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for the business it'll also
+give you a sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense for
+um you know where some of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know where some of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know where some of the challenges
+are going to be um help you work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be um help you work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be um help you work through
+some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of
+the um potential issues also just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um potential issues also just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um potential issues also just give
+you a more realistic sense of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a more realistic sense of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a more realistic sense of how much
+revenue you can expect to get from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue you can expect to get from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue you can expect to get from it
+which will really help in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will really help in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will really help in understanding
+what this role this um business is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this role this um business is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this role this um business is going
+to have for the organization as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for the organization as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for the organization as a whole
+um and then if you have a few investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then if you have a few investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then if you have a few investors
+coming in and helping start the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and helping start the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and helping start the business
+up then you know you'll be in a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then you know you'll be in a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then you know you'll be in a better
+position to actually follow through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to actually follow through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to actually follow through that
+business okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business okay so uh
+um so how about a um um I Heard um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how about a um um I Heard um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how about a um um I Heard um I can
+get a a pretty decent business plan done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a pretty decent business plan done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a pretty decent business plan done
+for about five Grand I got we we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about five Grand I got we we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about five Grand I got we we do have
+a u um uh one of the neighborhood uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u um uh one of the neighborhood uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u um uh one of the neighborhood uh one
+of the members of the organization runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the members of the organization runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the members of the organization runs
+a a a Consulting operation and she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a Consulting operation and she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a Consulting operation and she does
+I've heard she does some pretty decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard she does some pretty decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard she does some pretty decent
+business plans I'm not sure all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plans I'm not sure all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plans I'm not sure all their
+experience but U you know on your idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but U you know on your idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but U you know on your idea
+that might not be a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not be a bad
+thing bu keep in mind is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing bu keep in mind is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing bu keep in mind is that it's a
+really good tool in terms of helping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good tool in terms of helping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good tool in terms of helping the
+group develop the skills of decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group develop the skills of decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group develop the skills of decision
+making that they're going to need later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that they're going to need later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that they're going to need later
+on in order to man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in order to man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in order to man
+so it would be wonderful to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be wonderful to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be wonderful to work with
+this one member but to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one member but to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one member but to make sure that
+she is bringing the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is bringing the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she is bringing the most important
+decisions back to the group so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions back to the group so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions back to the group so they are
+being made collectively and so that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made collectively and so that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made collectively and so that she
+alone isn't putting together a plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone isn't putting together a plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone isn't putting together a plan that
+she's going to present to the group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to present to the group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to present to the group that
+they don't have the sense of ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the sense of ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the sense of ownership
+over yeah that so that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over yeah that so that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over yeah that so that might be a
+problem she likes to work and and hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem she likes to work and and hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem she likes to work and and hand
+you a finished product of to give her a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a finished product of to give her a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a finished product of to give her a
+different job yeah okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different job yeah okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different job yeah okay um
+so um a lawyer and an accountant and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um a lawyer and an accountant and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um a lawyer and an accountant and um
+a number of technical assistance that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of technical assistance that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of technical assistance that we
+might not have within this group um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have within this group um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have within this group um and
+they got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tight so uh uh we can go what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight so uh uh we can go what can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight so uh uh we can go what can we do
+I mean uh we're open I mean uh is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh we're open I mean uh is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh we're open I mean uh is there
+anywh we could get some support because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywh we could get some support because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywh we could get some support because
+like again I got um I figure if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like again I got um I figure if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like again I got um I figure if we if we
+put a grand and toward uh the uh setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a grand and toward uh the uh setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a grand and toward uh the uh setting
+up the U doing the OD work with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the U doing the OD work with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the U doing the OD work with the uh
+uh with with the with the core committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with the with the core committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with the with the core committee
+and if um like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if um like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if um like I said
+we save around 5,000 for the um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we save around 5,000 for the um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we save around 5,000 for the um for the
+creating the the business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the the business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the the business plan
+that it leaves me about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it leaves me about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it leaves me about six
+um I mean one we could do is into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean one we could do is into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean one we could do is into our
+regional Cooperative Network and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional Cooperative Network and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional Cooperative Network and see
+what's there and I definitely would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there and I definitely would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there and I definitely would want
+you to get hooked up with them anyway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get hooked up with them anyway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to get hooked up with them anyway to
+find everybody else but they might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find everybody else but they might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find everybody else but they might know
+um people who have offered Pro services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who have offered Pro services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people who have offered Pro services
+in the past or people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past or people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past or people that are
+interested in this work so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this work so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this work so we should
+definitely look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely look into
+that so and and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and and then on the
+um say we got a business plan um so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say we got a business plan um so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um say we got a business plan um so with
+saying Within by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh
+um that by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that by uh
+um September uh the end of September I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um September uh the end of September I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um September uh the end of September I I
+should have a u um be able to expect a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a u um be able to expect a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a u um be able to expect a a
+business plan being able to deliver I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan being able to deliver I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan being able to deliver I
+have a u another large um um um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a u another large um um um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a u another large um um um um
+annual meeting coming up the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meeting coming up the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meeting coming up the end of
+November and so I want to be able to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November and so I want to be able to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November and so I want to be able to at
+least show that uh between the the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least show that uh between the the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least show that uh between the the last
+annual meeting where we made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meeting where we made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual meeting where we made that
+decision in this annual meeting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in this annual meeting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in this annual meeting that
+something happened other than that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened other than that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened other than that we
+met a lot so uh do you think we could U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a lot so uh do you think we could U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a lot so uh do you think we could U
+have a something in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a something in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a something in place
+uh in you know in uh 6 months from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in you know in uh 6 months from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in you know in uh 6 months from
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+yes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think
+so I'm not promising I'm saying that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not promising I'm saying that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not promising I'm saying that I
+think we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can do
+it and I think it'll be really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think it'll be really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I think it'll be really important
+for um at that annual meeting be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um at that annual meeting be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um at that annual meeting be able to
+announce okay this is how much money we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce okay this is how much money we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce okay this is how much money we
+need this is how much money we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this is how much money we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this is how much money we think
+we're going to get in Revenue let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get in Revenue let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get in Revenue let's
+think about annual budget over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about annual budget over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about annual budget over the next
+year to incorporate some of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to incorporate some of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to incorporate some of the next
+phases to really get this on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases to really get this on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases to really get this on the ground
+one of the things uh you got in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things uh you got in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things uh you got in here
+about the member development and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the member development and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the member development and you got
+that even in the first 3 to six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in the first 3 to six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even in the first 3 to six months
+and that's one thing that hit me is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one thing that hit me is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one thing that hit me is like
+I want to make sure that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure that as
+U we got this 10 or 15 folks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we got this 10 or 15 folks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we got this 10 or 15 folks that are
+going to be working real hard on it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working real hard on it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working real hard on it that
+uh um I don't leave everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um I don't leave everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um I don't leave everybody else
+behind uh um um you know so I mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind uh um um you know so I mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind uh um um you know so I mean what
+could we be doing uh um uh you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we be doing uh um uh you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we be doing uh um uh you know that
+you know is there a possibility that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is there a possibility that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is there a possibility that we
+could have be doing a couple things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have be doing a couple things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have be doing a couple things at
+once uh um that while we're fleshing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh um that while we're fleshing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once uh um that while we're fleshing out
+this idea could we be doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea could we be doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea could we be doing something
+with the uh members um that keep them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh members um that keep them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh members um that keep them in
+the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game
+um it seems and I've never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems and I've never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems and I've never really
+thought about this in dep so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this in dep so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this in dep so it's just
+off the top of my head but um it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the top of my head but um it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the top of my head but um it seems
+that since we have to do a marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since we have to do a marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since we have to do a marketing
+plan also um and it looks like it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan also um and it looks like it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan also um and it looks like it might
+be within the sort of same time frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within the sort of same time frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within the sort of same time frame
+it's usually something fun that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually something fun that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually something fun that people
+can get involved in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get involved in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get involved in thinking about
+creatively how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively how to
+incorporate um or bring other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate um or bring other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate um or bring other people to
+the table how to Brand this how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table how to Brand this how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table how to Brand this how to
+advertise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise it
+um and having frequent meetings around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and having frequent meetings around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and having frequent meetings around
+that and giving the update of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and giving the update of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and giving the update of the
+business plan as it goes along to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan as it goes along to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan as it goes along to keep
+people on the same uh track seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the same uh track seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the same uh track seems like a
+good way to get something done and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to get something done and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to get something done and keep
+people involved and keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people involved and keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people involved and keep moving
+ahead yeah and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah and if
+um like one of the things again I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like one of the things again I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like one of the things again I mean
+that we have some um um maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some um um maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some um um maybe we can
+make use of some of the tools that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of some of the tools that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of some of the tools that the
+organization has like um the um U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization has like um the um U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization has like um the um U
+newsletters um the idea of a of U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletters um the idea of a of U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletters um the idea of a of U the
+house meetings the to you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house meetings the to you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house meetings the to you know just
+maybe just talking generally about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just talking generally about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just talking generally about this
+idea that that um that we we can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that that um that we we can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that that um that we we can begin
+to do this community can build up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this community can build up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this community can build up some
+self-reliance and begin to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reliance and begin to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-reliance and begin to start
+generating its own monies uh as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating its own monies uh as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating its own monies uh as it's
+doing some good work uh um so um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some good work uh um so um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some good work uh um so um so you
+know so we can and like we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we can and like we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so we can and like we have our
+website um um we we were looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um um we we were looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um um we we were looking at the
+possibility of uh of uh picking up a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of uh of uh picking up a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of uh of uh picking up a uh
+um a uh adding on some online tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a uh adding on some online tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a uh adding on some online tools that
+allow us to do some brainstorming and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to do some brainstorming and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to do some brainstorming and uh
+and and and U and kind of collabor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and U and kind of collabor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and U and kind of collabor
+collaborative disc discussion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative disc discussion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative disc discussion and
+decision making on online uh um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making on online uh um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making on online uh um you know
+so that we can so everything doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can so everything doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can so everything doesn't
+have to be a a u a meeting uh um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a a u a meeting uh um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a a u a meeting uh um so I
+mean so so maybe we could put that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so so maybe we could put that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so so maybe we could put that into
+the plan that we're um uh that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan that we're um uh that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan that we're um uh that we'll be
+uh uh using the newsletter using the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh using the newsletter using the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh using the newsletter using the uh
+um um uh the website um and um um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh the website um and um um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh the website um and um um and
+using um um regular meetings and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um um regular meetings and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using um um regular meetings and and
+holding some special meetings to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding some special meetings to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding some special meetings to to to
+to to keep the members in the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to keep the members in the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to keep the members in the game and
+um get new ideas and uh and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get new ideas and uh and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get new ideas and uh and uh and and
+and and and build the process so should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and build the process so should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and build the process so should
+should we be talking to anybody outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be talking to anybody outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we be talking to anybody outside
+the the organization and and and um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the organization and and and um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the organization and and and um uh
+at this at this point before we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at this point before we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at this point before we have a
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+plan you know like we have friends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you know like we have friends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you know like we have friends in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+legislature U other stakeholders um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislature U other stakeholders um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislature U other stakeholders um you
+know folks that we collaborate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think the
+um I think the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the market
+research needs to come first um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research needs to come first um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research needs to come first um I think
+when you go to talk to people especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to talk to people especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to talk to people especially
+those kind of people that you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of people that you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of people that you want to be
+a little bit more clear than you are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more clear than you are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more clear than you are now
+in terms of um your plan that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um your plan that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of um your plan that you can
+see how it can make money and how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it can make money and how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it can make money and how it's
+feasible and then you're going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and then you're going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and then you're going to want
+to um gar support from them so I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um gar support from them so I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um gar support from them so I would I
+would hope maybe maybe this six month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hope maybe maybe this six month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hope maybe maybe this six month
+this big meeting coming up try have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big meeting coming up try have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big meeting coming up try have the
+market study done you know a loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market study done you know a loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market study done you know a loose
+business plan in place that still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan in place that still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan in place that still has
+room to adjust based on you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to adjust based on you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to adjust based on you know what
+Folks at that meeting see um but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Folks at that meeting see um but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Folks at that meeting see um but that
+you're real clear in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're real clear in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're real clear in terms of the
+product and the marketability and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the marketability and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the marketability and the
+profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+margin I don't know what else unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin I don't know what else unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin I don't know what else unless
+there's someone that some people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone that some people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's someone that some people you
+think politically need to be involved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think politically need to be involved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think politically need to be involved or
+would be useful in the initial planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be useful in the initial planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be useful in the initial planning
+stages that they have real skill sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages that they have real skill sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages that they have real skill sets
+that they can bring to to that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can bring to to that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can bring to to that process
+um so it would be less about um getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it would be less about um getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it would be less about um getting
+their support in terms of the marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their support in terms of the marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their support in terms of the marketing
+and more about actually having them help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more about actually having them help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more about actually having them help
+you out with it so those are the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out with it so those are the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out with it so those are the people
+that you want to recruit and bring in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to recruit and bring in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to recruit and bring in um
+you know if you think that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you think that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you think that there are
+going to be some people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some people that are
+connected to the community that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the community that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the community that will
+feel threatened by the plan if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel threatened by the plan if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel threatened by the plan if you
+simply make an announcement and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply make an announcement and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply make an announcement and then
+they find out about it then you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find out about it then you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find out about it then you know or
+who might have input as to how you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might have input as to how you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might have input as to how you go
+about doing your business plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing your business plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing your business plan that
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+yeah we got one uh city council person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we got one uh city council person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we got one uh city council person
+and one of our state legislators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of our state legislators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of our state legislators that
+have been really H to try on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been really H to try on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been really H to try on the whole
+uh Telecom issue and you know and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Telecom issue and you know and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Telecom issue and you know and how to
+how to U produce some savings to seniors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to U produce some savings to seniors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to U produce some savings to seniors
+in the community and and and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community and and and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community and and and they've
+been U good friends to us um um um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been U good friends to us um um um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been U good friends to us um um um so
+they've been a good sounding board uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been a good sounding board uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been a good sounding board uh
+you know and and and they you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and and they you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and and they you know they
+and we might be able to get a dollar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might be able to get a dollar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might be able to get a dollar or
+two out them you know for for a planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out them you know for for a planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out them you know for for a planning
+process you know in a member item or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know in a member item or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know in a member item or
+something so and some fairly quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so and some fairly quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so and some fairly quick
+money I think having a a commitment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I think having a a commitment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I think having a a commitment from
+a core group of members is be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a core group of members is be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a core group of members is be really
+important to to show that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to show that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to show that there are
+people behind us and also just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behind us and also just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behind us and also just looking
+ahead it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead it seems like
+the my brief experience adopting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my brief experience adopting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my brief experience adopting the
+bylaw was one of the most difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bylaw was one of the most difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bylaw was one of the most difficult
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+um so develop ways to think about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so develop ways to think about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so develop ways to think about how to
+do that most efficiently is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that most efficiently is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that most efficiently is going to be
+really so how long um do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so how long um do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so how long um do you think that
+when should we take on that so it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should we take on that so it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should we take on that so it's in
+the definitely after this annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitely after this annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definitely after this annual
+definitely after the annual meeting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely after the annual meeting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely after the annual meeting in
+November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November
+even know one thing to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know one thing to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know one thing to think about is
+whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you
+want a different a different board and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a different a different board and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a different a different board and a
+different set of bylaws in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of bylaws in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of bylaws in a different
+governing body for the business than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing body for the business than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing body for the business than you
+do for the CDC I don't know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the CDC I don't know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the CDC I don't know the answer
+it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends
+on what on what that would mean what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what on what that would mean what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what on what that would mean what
+that would look like so it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like so it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like so it might be
+pulling in members who are not currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling in members who are not currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling in members who are not currently
+on the board but here's the chance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board but here's the chance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board but here's the chance for
+them to take on a different leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take on a different leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take on a different leadership
+within the business development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the business development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the business development
+piece yeah and that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece yeah and that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece yeah and that's something that's
+been bothering us a little bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been bothering us a little bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been bothering us a little bit because
+we have some board members saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some board members saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some board members saying that
+we just can't do anything that more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just can't do anything that more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just can't do anything that more and
+U but then we have a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but then we have a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but then we have a lot of other
+members that's saying that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members that's saying that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members that's saying that they don't
+have enough to do you know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough to do you know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough to do you know for the
+organization so I'm trying to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so I'm trying to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so I'm trying to as the
+board chair I'm trying to how to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board chair I'm trying to how to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board chair I'm trying to how to sort
+that out uh you know so that um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out uh you know so that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out uh you know so that um you know
+and then also like legally um um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also like legally um um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also like legally um um you
+know depending on what structure is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on what structure is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know depending on what structure is you
+know I want to make sure that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want to make sure that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I want to make sure that uh you
+know I protect the founding board U you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I protect the founding board U you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I protect the founding board U you
+know if we start this new effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we start this new effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we start this new effort
+and lose his money uh you know um how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lose his money uh you know um how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lose his money uh you know um how do
+I make sure that uh you know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make sure that uh you know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make sure that uh you know everything
+doesn't go with it uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go with it uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go with it uh uh
+so so uh um okay so that's good I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh um okay so that's good I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh um okay so that's good I mean
+uh so we're saying that you know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're saying that you know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're saying that you know that we
+have a uh uh I understand that you we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh uh I understand that you we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uh uh I understand that you we're
+going to work together on U working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work together on U working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work together on U working with
+um our uh subcommittee um and um um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our uh subcommittee um and um um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our uh subcommittee um and um um and
+we got three months within that that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three months within that that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three months within that that U
+we'll clarify Mission and core Vision uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll clarify Mission and core Vision uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll clarify Mission and core Vision uh
+we'll start the uh market research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start the uh market research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start the uh market research
+process um I think you know I I know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um I think you know I I know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um I think you know I I know of
+somebody the Sally Ryder the Consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody the Sally Ryder the Consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody the Sally Ryder the Consultant
+Group I mean she's pretty good at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group I mean she's pretty good at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group I mean she's pretty good at at
+talking to people and and and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people and and and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to people and and and uh and
+doing business planning so uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing business planning so uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing business planning so uh um
+um and uh uh you know so I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh uh you know so I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh uh you know so I should be
+able to get her to uh to do this for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get her to uh to do this for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get her to uh to do this for uh
+for for the five so we can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the five so we can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the five so we can make that
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and we we've talked about uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we we've talked about uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we we've talked about uh uh the
+setting up a a founding board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up a a founding board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up a a founding board
+incorporating and adopt the bus uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating and adopt the bus uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating and adopt the bus uh the
+bylaws and um uh so you said we're g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bylaws and um uh so you said we're g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bylaws and um uh so you said we're g
+we're going to need an attorney we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need an attorney we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need an attorney we do
+have an attorney uh um uh that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an attorney uh um uh that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an attorney uh um uh that's been
+working with the board on on a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the board on on a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the board on on a number of
+different questions so uh we can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions so uh we can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions so uh we can bring
+them in and and uh our accountant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in and and uh our accountant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in and and uh our accountant um
+what we need any kind of specialized um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need any kind of specialized um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need any kind of specialized um
+they've never done cooperatives before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never done cooperatives before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never done cooperatives before
+but they're they're you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're they're you know they're
+good folk they're hard workking they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good folk they're hard workking they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good folk they're hard workking they
+care about what we do um could that be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what we do um could that be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what we do um could that be a
+problem I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I I don't
+know they're going to have to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're going to have to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're going to have to spend a
+lot of time studying up on this new set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time studying up on this new set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time studying up on this new set
+of laws that they don't necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laws that they don't necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laws that they don't necessarily know
+about yet so I mean to begin with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yet so I mean to begin with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yet so I mean to begin with I
+guess you know to save on cost if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you know to save on cost if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you know to save on cost if
+they're ready to put in that extra work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to put in that extra work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to put in that extra work
+um and learn up about this then or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and learn up about this then or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and learn up about this then or at
+least bring in some technical expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least bring in some technical expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least bring in some technical expertise
+around the Telecom industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Telecom industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Telecom industry
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+um cuz they might have experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cuz they might have experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cuz they might have experience with
+cooperatives yeah my my guy's a housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives yeah my my guy's a housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperatives yeah my my guy's a housing
+guy I he knows housing and you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I he knows housing and you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I he knows housing and you know and
+he knows nonprofit law but um but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows nonprofit law but um but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows nonprofit law but um but he's
+open I mean so uh uh maybe we can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open I mean so uh uh maybe we can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open I mean so uh uh maybe we can work
+out something where he uh can work um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something where he uh can work um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something where he uh can work um in
+concert with uh with your ta and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert with uh with your ta and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert with uh with your ta and uh and
+um you know any other kinds of experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know any other kinds of experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know any other kinds of experts
+uh um you know so he can you know so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you know so he can you know so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you know so he can you know so we
+don't step into something that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't step into something that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't step into something that um we
+don't need to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to step
+in so those are the first steps but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so those are the first steps but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so those are the first steps but um
+you're also going to have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also going to have to think about
+equities pretty soon um both from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities pretty soon um both from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equities pretty soon um both from your
+members and of course from I got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and of course from I got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and of course from I got a lot
+of poor I got a lot of poor folk I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor I got a lot of poor folk I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor I got a lot of poor folk I mean
+can't we just go get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grant have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doity you're going to have to raise an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doity you're going to have to raise an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doity you're going to have to raise an
+equity from your members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity from your members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity from your members and
+um you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want it's part of the ownership State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's part of the ownership State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's part of the ownership State
+we're taking our break okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking our break okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking our break okay okay so
+um so I can we have a minute or sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I can we have a minute or sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I can we have a minute or sure
+okay well why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well why don't we just
+um you want to we can do the wrap up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to we can do the wrap up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to we can do the wrap up um
+W all together or you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W all together or you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W all together or you want
+to well we we were going to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we we were going to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we we were going to take our
+break and then do wrap up when we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then do wrap up when we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and then do wrap up when we came
+down okay cool yeah but you're welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay cool yeah but you're welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay cool yeah but you're welcome
+to do it no I think we so what else uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it no I think we so what else uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it no I think we so what else uh
+so so I just I finish up on the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I just I finish up on the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I just I finish up on the equity
+thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh everybody's table mhm yeah and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody's table mhm yeah and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody's table mhm yeah and and
+they know what cost so it's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what cost so it's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know what cost so it's a question
+of we don't want to strap people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we don't want to strap people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we don't want to strap people who are
+already strapped but you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already strapped but you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already strapped but you know you
+already think about where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already think about where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already think about where people
+spending their money and can we offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their money and can we offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their money and can we offer
+better cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cheaper
+services and can we set up a way for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and can we set up a way for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and can we set up a way for if
+that you know some folks can pay all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know some folks can pay all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know some folks can pay all at
+once but maybe a payment plan for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but maybe a payment plan for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but maybe a payment plan for some
+of the folks that um you know like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the folks that um you know like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the folks that um you know like the
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the 10 you know $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 you know $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 you know $10
+a a week on you know until they get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a week on you know until they get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a week on you know until they get um
+their's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their's
+in I think would help a little bit if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think would help a little bit if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think would help a little bit if if
+um I got about third of my members are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got about third of my members are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I got about third of my members are
+are definite serious low income and U um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definite serious low income and U um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definite serious low income and U um
+I think we could make a case for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we could make a case for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we could make a case for them
+the um know to invest but uh they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um know to invest but uh they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um know to invest but uh they need
+some help on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AB okay well I'm uh uh I'm feeling a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB okay well I'm uh uh I'm feeling a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB okay well I'm uh uh I'm feeling a lot
+better I mean I think u i mean we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I mean I think u i mean we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I mean I think u i mean we got
+got a we got it like said we got a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a we got it like said we got a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a we got it like said we got a group
+U um subcommittee that's working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um subcommittee that's working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um subcommittee that's working on it
+uh we got we've decided on a um on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we got we've decided on a um on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we got we've decided on a um on a
+definite um product that we want to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite um product that we want to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite um product that we want to at
+least go after and y'all sold me that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least go after and y'all sold me that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least go after and y'all sold me that um
+uh that I need to be involved in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I need to be involved in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that I need to be involved in a in a
+longer business planning process than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer business planning process than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer business planning process than I
+had in attended and uh and um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in attended and uh and um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in attended and uh and um and you
+know and and we got to plan up at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and we got to plan up at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and we got to plan up at least
+to to the um um to setting up the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the um um to setting up the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the um um to setting up the uh uh
+this what you call stage two here I me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what you call stage two here I me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what you call stage two here I me
+uh involved it sounds like after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involved it sounds like after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involved it sounds like after
+November is when the next stage will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November is when the next stage will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November is when the next stage will
+really Ki in yeah so then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Ki in yeah so then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Ki in yeah so then after that
+yeah and then we can buy it after the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then we can buy it after the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then we can buy it after the U
+we can walk into that as long as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can walk into that as long as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can walk into that as long as I can
+walk into that annual meeting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk into that annual meeting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk into that annual meeting with a
+business plan in my pocket a clear um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan in my pocket a clear um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan in my pocket a clear um
+and a clear plan on how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a clear plan on how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a clear plan on how we're going to
+move forward then um you know I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward then um you know I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward then um you know I think we
+can begin to U we can um begin to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to U we can um begin to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can begin to U we can um begin to really
+U uh launch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh launch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh launch this
+operation congratulations thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk you can cut for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah again and uh this next piece I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again and uh this next piece I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again and uh this next piece I'm
+going to um walk you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um walk you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um walk you through the
+strategic planning and the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning and the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic planning and the business
+planning decision points that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning decision points that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning decision points that um the
+biodiesel company that I've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel company that I've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel company that I've been working
+on for the last year and a half met so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the last year and a half met so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for the last year and a half met so
+you can kind of see a real case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see a real case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see a real case study
+and what I did and didn't do and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I did and didn't do and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I did and didn't do and what
+I'm going to do is I'm going to stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is I'm going to stop at
+several key decision points and ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several key decision points and ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several key decision points and ask you
+all to tell me what you would do in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to tell me what you would do in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to tell me what you would do in that
+situation and then I'll tell you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and then I'll tell you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and then I'll tell you what I
+did and go on to the next one um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and go on to the next one um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and go on to the next one um just to
+give you a sense of all the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of all the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of all the branching
+decision making and opportunities for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making and opportunities for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision making and opportunities for uh
+group participation in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so our first decision point was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so our first decision point was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so our first decision point was in
+the strategic planning process where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategic planning process where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategic planning process where a
+group of about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of about 50
+consumers uh got together and wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers uh got together and wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers uh got together and wanted
+biodiesel they belied that biodiesel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel they belied that biodiesel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel they belied that biodiesel was
+a really important product and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important product and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really important product and they
+wanted to um get a whole lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to um get a whole lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to um get a whole lot of people
+using biodiesel diesel instead of diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using biodiesel diesel instead of diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using biodiesel diesel instead of diesel
+fuel and I didn't know what biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and I didn't know what biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel and I didn't know what biodiesel
+was so I had to figure that out does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so I had to figure that out does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so I had to figure that out does
+anybody here know what biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's diesel it's um it's a diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's diesel it's um it's a diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's diesel it's um it's a diesel
+fuel that's made from vegetable oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that's made from vegetable oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel that's made from vegetable oil
+either virgin oil um soybeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either virgin oil um soybeans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either virgin oil um soybeans
+or french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or french
+fries or or or waste vegetable oil that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fries or or or waste vegetable oil that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fries or or or waste vegetable oil that
+comes from taking you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from taking you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from taking you know
+oil and uh turning in cooking some food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and uh turning in cooking some food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and uh turning in cooking some food
+and uh from restaurants and uh food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh from restaurants and uh food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh from restaurants and uh food
+manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+facilities and um biodiesel Burns much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and um biodiesel Burns much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities and um biodiesel Burns much
+more clean than diesel fuel in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clean than diesel fuel in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clean than diesel fuel in fact uh
+Rudolph diesel who's the inventor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rudolph diesel who's the inventor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rudolph diesel who's the inventor of the
+diesel engine said that this whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engine said that this whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel engine said that this whole idea
+of U burning petroleum diesel in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U burning petroleum diesel in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U burning petroleum diesel in his
+engines was kind of a weird thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines was kind of a weird thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines was kind of a weird thing that
+wasn't going to last very long his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to last very long his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to last very long his
+engines were designed for vegetable oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines were designed for vegetable oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines were designed for vegetable oil
+diesel and um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel and um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel and um so that
+was biodel what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the what's the chemical that fuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the chemical that fuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the chemical that fuels
+ethanol no no ethanol is made with corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol no no ethanol is made with corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol no no ethanol is made with corn
+but yeah this it's a it's a diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah this it's a it's a diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah this it's a it's a diesel
+fuel what can I tell you about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel what can I tell you about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel what can I tell you about this I
+can't tell you what I there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you what I there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you what I there's a lot of
+people I work with who could give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I work with who could give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I work with who could give you
+the exact chemical composition and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact chemical composition and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact chemical composition and I
+know when you take waste vegetable oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you take waste vegetable oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you take waste vegetable oil
+and you mix it with the catalysts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you mix it with the catalysts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you mix it with the catalysts that
+you get glycerin out and you get diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get glycerin out and you get diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get glycerin out and you get diesel
+fuel out as the two products of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel out as the two products of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel out as the two products of that of
+that chemical reaction but I can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical reaction but I can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical reaction but I can't tell
+you what the biodiesel chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the biodiesel chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the biodiesel chemical
+composition is but I could send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is but I could send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is but I could send it to
+you because I've got it probably about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I've got it probably about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I've got it probably about
+30 documents on my desktop at home um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 documents on my desktop at home um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 documents on my desktop at home um
+but anyway so but it's a it's a fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so but it's a it's a fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so but it's a it's a fuel
+that even if you mix it in a small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you mix it in a small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you mix it in a small uh
+percentage with diesel fuel it cleans up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage with diesel fuel it cleans up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage with diesel fuel it cleans up
+the diesel fuel so if you if if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diesel fuel so if you if if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diesel fuel so if you if if you put
+a 5% mix of biodiesel in with 95% diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5% mix of biodiesel in with 95% diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5% mix of biodiesel in with 95% diesel
+fuel in a in a home heating oil um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel in a in a home heating oil um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel in a in a home heating oil um
+system it cleans up the emissions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it cleans up the emissions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it cleans up the emissions from
+that heating from all of the fuel from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heating from all of the fuel from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heating from all of the fuel from
+that whole system so it's really a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole system so it's really a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole system so it's really a great
+environmental um benefit so this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental um benefit so this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental um benefit so this group
+of 50 people came in and they and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 50 people came in and they and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 50 people came in and they and I said
+so you know you want to do business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you want to do business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you want to do business
+development what business do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development what business do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development what business do you want to
+start and they said well we're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and they said well we're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and they said well we're not sure
+maybe we want to buy some biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to buy some biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to buy some biodiesel
+together we're all driving our diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're all driving our diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we're all driving our diesel
+trucks and we want to put biodiesel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks and we want to put biodiesel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks and we want to put biodiesel in
+it so let's buy diesel together then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's buy diesel together then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's buy diesel together then
+other people said no no no no we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people said no no no no we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people said no no no no we have to
+be we're going to be starting the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we're going to be starting the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we're going to be starting the market
+we want to um get grant money to have us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to um get grant money to have us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to um get grant money to have us
+be able to go out into the community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go out into the community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go out into the community and
+educate everybody about why biodiesel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate everybody about why biodiesel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate everybody about why biodiesel is
+important and why air quality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and why air quality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and why air quality is
+important and what we all have to do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and what we all have to do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and what we all have to do as
+consumers to really make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers to really make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers to really make a difference
+and then another group wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another group wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another group wanted to make
+biodiesel in fact one one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel in fact one one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel in fact one one of the people
+in the group was making biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the group was making biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the group was making biodiesel
+already and um in a on Farm small on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and um in a on Farm small on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and um in a on Farm small on on
+Farm manufacturing facility he'd made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm manufacturing facility he'd made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm manufacturing facility he'd made
+about 10,000 gallons and um so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 gallons and um so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10,000 gallons and um so a lot of
+people in the group wanted to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the group wanted to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the group wanted to build a
+biodiesel production facility so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel production facility so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel production facility so what do
+you think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did what would you do yeah let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what would you do yeah let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what would you do yeah let's not
+guess what I did what would you do given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I did what would you do given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I did what would you do given
+that lovely you know group array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+again those 50 folks divided up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those 50 folks divided up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those 50 folks divided up on the
+these three different projects possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three different projects possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three different projects possible
+directions pretty evenly actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what would you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what would you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what would you say to
+them well if there was a big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well if there was a big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well if there was a big enough
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+to supply the needed waste vegetable oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply the needed waste vegetable oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply the needed waste vegetable oil
+then it would seem that manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would seem that manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would seem that manufacturing
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be a possible good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a possible good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a possible good
+economic and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and good
+environmental you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental you know
+approach but one would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but one would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but one would need to
+know something about the uh the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the uh the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the uh the process
+just how much vegetable oil and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how much vegetable oil and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how much vegetable oil and what are
+the logistics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what would you say to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you say to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you say to the
+group I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I'd
+say let's get some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's get some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's get some other
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ideas oh um well I'm sort of wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas oh um well I'm sort of wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas oh um well I'm sort of wondering
+what their goals were like were they was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their goals were like were they was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their goals were like were they was
+one of their goals to create jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their goals to create jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their goals to create jobs
+because it seems like the Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like the Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like the Community
+Education fees might not be job related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education fees might not be job related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education fees might not be job related
+necessarily or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily or
+um are they trying to just bring in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are they trying to just bring in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are they trying to just bring in as
+much revenue as possible or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much revenue as possible or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much revenue as possible or are they
+really trying to prove like that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to prove like that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying to prove like that this
+could work and they're looking to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work and they're looking to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work and they're looking to scale
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+eventually um so sort of establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually um so sort of establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually um so sort of establishing
+what do they want really want out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they want really want out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they want really want out of it
+so let's go to the question of why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to the question of why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to the question of why you
+know why did you all come in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why did you all come in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why did you all come in this room
+today what's your what's your primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what's your what's your primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what's your what's your primary
+motivation and the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation and the answer to that
+question was we want to have an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was we want to have an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was we want to have an impact
+on the environment and on the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the environment and on the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the environment and on the local
+economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again you know that's like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you know that's like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you know that's like people
+come in with Solutions all the time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with Solutions all the time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in with Solutions all the time but
+you know what was what are they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what was what are they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what was what are they what
+what what motivated them to even start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what motivated them to even start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what motivated them to even start
+looking for Solutions what problem were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for Solutions what problem were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for Solutions what problem were
+they solving so those were the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solving so those were the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they solving so those were the two
+problems with mostly having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with mostly having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with mostly having an
+environmental impact being the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact being the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact being the the
+driver so then what would you say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver so then what would you say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver so then what would you say what
+might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it seems like potentially they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems like potentially they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it seems like potentially they
+could do all three of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all three of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all three of these things
+they're connected and related and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected and related and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected and related and they
+could be aligned with their goal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be aligned with their goal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be aligned with their goal but
+it's probably not feasible to start all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not feasible to start all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not feasible to start all
+three of them at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them at once
+so can you can the group move behind one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you can the group move behind one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you can the group move behind one
+of them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them as a
+startup that might be something I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup that might be something I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup that might be something I would
+say that be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that be a good
+approach what was the grp biodiesel bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what was the grp biodiesel bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what was the grp biodiesel bu
+Biel they have um diesel vehicles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biel they have um diesel vehicles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biel they have um diesel vehicles that
+they run trucks and cars and they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run trucks and cars and they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run trucks and cars and they and
+some are using it for Home Heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are using it for Home Heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are using it for Home Heating and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they that's right that's right and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that's right that's right and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that's right that's right and he
+was selling to many of the folks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was selling to many of the folks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was selling to many of the folks in the
+group but they were also he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but they were also he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but they were also he couldn't
+make enough so they were also buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make enough so they were also buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make enough so they were also buying
+from world energy another you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from world energy another you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from world energy another you know
+National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National
+distributor is there any way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor is there any way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor is there any way you could
+combine the Community Education with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the Community Education with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the Community Education with the
+manufactur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+component you know having you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you know having you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component you know having you know the
+the Community Education you know serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Community Education you know serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Community Education you know serve
+as like organizing B not not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like organizing B not not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like organizing B not not only
+teaching people about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people about you know the
+environmental benefits of it but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental benefits of it but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental benefits of it but also
+you know getting them educated and hip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know getting them educated and hip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know getting them educated and hip
+to the fact that this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that this is something that
+you know this one person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this one person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this one person in the
+community is already dealing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is already dealing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is already dealing with that
+we can actually do it as a business you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually do it as a business you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually do it as a business you
+know not only to sustain ourselves but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not only to sustain ourselves but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not only to sustain ourselves but
+possibly even Market some Surplus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly even Market some Surplus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly even Market some Surplus you
+know outside so that would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know outside so that would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know outside so that would be a good
+question to include see if there's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to include see if there's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to include see if there's a way
+of linking up some of that and to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linking up some of that and to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linking up some of that and to see if
+there's a way of doing all three and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of doing all three and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of doing all three and um
+what I did was I said well there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I said well there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I said well there's a lot
+of people in the room what what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in the room what what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in the room what what would
+you like to do how do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to do how do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to do how do you want to
+proceed and um there was one person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and um there was one person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed and um there was one person who
+said I volunteer to be the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I volunteer to be the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I volunteer to be the bulk
+purchasing coordinator you know and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing coordinator you know and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing coordinator you know and a
+bunch of us really need it we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of us really need it we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of us really need it we really
+want it I'll go do that I said okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it I'll go do that I said okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it I'll go do that I said okay is
+that what the group wants to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what the group wants to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what the group wants to do and
+everybody said oh yeah man if he'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody said oh yeah man if he'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody said oh yeah man if he'll do
+that that's fantastic so they decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's fantastic so they decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's fantastic so they decided to
+do group buying and this one person went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do group buying and this one person went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do group buying and this one person went
+off to coordinate um Community Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to coordinate um Community Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to coordinate um Community Education
+another person already had been out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person already had been out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person already had been out in
+the community you know going to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community you know going to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community you know going to a lot of
+conference the person who was making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference the person who was making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference the person who was making the
+biodiesel he was already going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel he was already going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel he was already going to
+conferences and holding press releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences and holding press releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences and holding press releases
+you know sending out press releases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sending out press releases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sending out press releases and
+so everybody said you know well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody said you know well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody said you know well if you
+want to keep doing that that's great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep doing that that's great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep doing that that's great but
+maybe that can go in this manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that can go in this manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that can go in this manufacturing
+business that we're doing maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that we're doing maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that we're doing maybe we can
+do some of that and um and then the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some of that and um and then the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some of that and um and then the rest
+of the group I asked them I said so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group I asked them I said so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group I asked them I said so if
+you're which one of these will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're which one of these will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're which one of these will have the
+largest environmental impact if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest environmental impact if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest environmental impact if that's
+your goal which one of these activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal which one of these activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal which one of these activities
+will have the largest impact and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the largest impact and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the largest impact and they
+said the manufacturing if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the manufacturing if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the manufacturing if there's
+actually more biodiesel being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more biodiesel being produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more biodiesel being produced
+and used in our community that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used in our community that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used in our community that's going
+to have the largest impact on air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the largest impact on air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the largest impact on air
+quality so let's do that let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so let's do that let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so let's do that let's do the
+research for that and clearly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for that and clearly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for that and clearly there's a
+lot of questions is there enough waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions is there enough waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions is there enough waste
+vegetable oil in our community is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable oil in our community is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable oil in our community is the
+technology available you know all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology available you know all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology available you know all kinds
+of questions um I forgot to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions um I forgot to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions um I forgot to write the
+technology down as a decision point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology down as a decision point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology down as a decision point but
+anyway you know all kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you know all kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you know all kinds of questions
+that need to be answered which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be answered which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be answered which you know
+at this point in our process we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in our process we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point in our process we don't
+have any of the answers to and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the answers to and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the answers to and we just
+got to keep putting them up on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to keep putting them up on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to keep putting them up on the on
+the list of more things we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of more things we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of more things we have to
+research um so that's how we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so that's how we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research um so that's how we went
+through that so they saying we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that so they saying we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that so they saying we're going
+to do manufacturing and the two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do manufacturing and the two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do manufacturing and the two other
+people are going to keep doing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to keep doing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to keep doing their
+work right but our group is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right but our group is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right but our group is going to
+focus on this manufacturing business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this manufacturing business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this manufacturing business and
+overseeing the research that's needed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseeing the research that's needed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseeing the research that's needed in
+order to figure out whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out whether it's
+feasible um and then if it is how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible um and then if it is how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible um and then if it is how we're
+going to do it so we filled out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it so we filled out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it so we filled out that
+whole development time sheet I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole development time sheet I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole development time sheet I actually
+have them in my file I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in my file I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in my file I should have
+brought you one so you could see it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought you one so you could see it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought you one so you could see it but
+I fill that out with all my groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fill that out with all my groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I fill that out with all my groups and
+we've signed a a memorandum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've signed a a memorandum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've signed a a memorandum of
+understanding about roles and respons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about roles and respons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding about roles and respons
+responsibilities who was the champion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities who was the champion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities who was the champion
+who you know what role I was playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know what role I was playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know what role I was playing
+what role the steering committee was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what role the steering committee was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what role the steering committee was
+going to play what I would do and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play what I would do and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play what I would do and what
+they would do and we all signed it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do and we all signed it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do and we all signed it kind
+of a little ceremony so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little ceremony so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little ceremony so we're just
+making very clear agreements with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making very clear agreements with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making very clear agreements with each
+other about what we can do um I raised a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about what we can do um I raised a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about what we can do um I raised a
+a $220,000 grant from USDA to support um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $220,000 grant from USDA to support um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $220,000 grant from USDA to support um
+hiring uh folks to work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring uh folks to work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring uh folks to work on the
+feasibility research at that point um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility research at that point um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility research at that point um
+the uh uh yes so the next thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh yes so the next thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh yes so the next thing that
+came on is um we were focusing we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came on is um we were focusing we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came on is um we were focusing we were
+in a feasibility study meeting doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a feasibility study meeting doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a feasibility study meeting doing the
+research and then I just overheard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and then I just overheard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and then I just overheard that
+um that the the group buying actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the the group buying actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the the group buying actually
+happened they said something about maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened they said something about maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened they said something about maybe
+they would you know this one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would you know this one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would you know this one person
+would work on it um but I didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work on it um but I didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work on it um but I didn't you
+know I wasn't paying attention to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I wasn't paying attention to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I wasn't paying attention to it
+then I heard that they were doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I heard that they were doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I heard that they were doing it
+they actually were doing a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually were doing a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually were doing a lot of it
+they were big 55 gallon drums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were big 55 gallon drums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were big 55 gallon drums of
+biodiesel being moved all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel being moved all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel being moved all over the
+county and I said well uh already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county and I said well uh already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county and I said well uh already you
+guys are that's fantastic should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are that's fantastic should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are that's fantastic should we
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+incorporate you know so that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate you know so that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate you know so that there's
+limited liability if there's a spill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability if there's a spill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited liability if there's a spill
+there's you know it's like this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know it's like this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know it's like this this is
+a big deal and um I advised them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal and um I advised them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal and um I advised them to
+incorporate and they said we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate and they said we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate and they said we don't want
+to and they didn't so there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and they didn't so there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and they didn't so there was a lot of
+money that was changing hands all based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that was changing hands all based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that was changing hands all based
+on trust and a lot of biodiesel going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trust and a lot of biodiesel going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trust and a lot of biodiesel going
+all over and all staying in its drums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over and all staying in its drums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over and all staying in its drums
+and wait I don't understand this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait I don't understand this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wait I don't understand this is
+before they decided to manufacture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they decided to manufacture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they decided to manufacture so
+where was the biodiesel coming from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was the biodiesel coming from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was the biodiesel coming from from
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+energy or from another supplier I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or from another supplier I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or from another supplier I don't
+even know they were you know bidding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know they were you know bidding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know they were you know bidding it
+out and they had this whole operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they had this whole operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they had this whole operation
+going what were the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what were the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what were the reasons
+not too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hastle so I felt strongly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hastle so I felt strongly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hastle so I felt strongly that
+Incorporation was essential just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporation was essential just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporation was essential just because
+there was a lot of money and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of money and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of money and there's a
+lot of product and biodiesel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of product and biodiesel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of product and biodiesel is
+biodegradable it's like spilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodegradable it's like spilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodegradable it's like spilling
+vegetable oil on your lawn but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable oil on your lawn but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable oil on your lawn but still
+it's like I don't know I was nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I don't know I was nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I don't know I was nervous
+about it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it they
+weren't it's their project so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't it's their project so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't it's their project so they
+decided not to incorporate um I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to incorporate um I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to incorporate um I try to
+be persuasive but I don't always manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be persuasive but I don't always manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be persuasive but I don't always manage
+it um the next thing was uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the next thing was uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the next thing was uh we were
+having meetings and kind of moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having meetings and kind of moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having meetings and kind of moving along
+and then um the person who was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um the person who was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um the person who was the
+champion who who had really started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion who who had really started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion who who had really started a
+lot of the meetings and had you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the meetings and had you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the meetings and had you know
+signed the agreement as um he he stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the agreement as um he he stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the agreement as um he he stopped
+coming to meetings but he continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to meetings but he continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to meetings but he continued to
+represent himself as the chair of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent himself as the chair of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent himself as the chair of this
+committee and um he actually held a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and um he actually held a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and um he actually held a
+press conference and said some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press conference and said some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press conference and said some things
+that the committee was very upset about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the committee was very upset about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the committee was very upset about
+because it they what he said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it they what he said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it they what he said in the
+press conference and what got published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press conference and what got published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press conference and what got published
+in our paper um was in direct opposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our paper um was in direct opposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our paper um was in direct opposition
+to what the um our grant said so he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the um our grant said so he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the um our grant said so he said
+our grant was going to be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grant was going to be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grant was going to be used for
+buying equipment and the grant was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying equipment and the grant was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying equipment and the grant was a
+planning Grant so the group was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning Grant so the group was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning Grant so the group was really
+nervous about that and and and wrote him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about that and and and wrote him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about that and and and wrote him
+a letter I'm not supposed to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a letter I'm not supposed to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a letter I'm not supposed to tell you
+this I'm was supposed to have you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm was supposed to have you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm was supposed to have you say
+okay so what do you think the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you think the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you think the group
+should do what do you think I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do what do you think I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do what do you think I should do
+you know if you're in you're in or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're in you're in or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're in you're in or what
+do you think you would do if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think you would do if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think you would do if you're in a
+position where one of the leaders kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where one of the leaders kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where one of the leaders kind
+of cuts off and goes in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction we had a couple in the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we had a couple in the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we had a couple in the group
+so there was the guy who was making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was the guy who was making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was the guy who was making the
+biodiesel was still there and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel was still there and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel was still there and really
+serving a lot in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving a lot in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving a lot in that
+capacity I mean I think you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity I mean I think you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity I mean I think you would have
+to have a conversation um just to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a conversation um just to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a conversation um just to check
+like his expectations against your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like his expectations against your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like his expectations against your
+expectations um see where he's at or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations um see where he's at or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations um see where he's at or she
+is at um and didn't have a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at um and didn't have a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at um and didn't have a hard
+conversation about like what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about like what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about like what you're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+like if their expectation is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if their expectation is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if their expectation is something
+different then you might have them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then you might have them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then you might have them to
+give them the boo so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the boo so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the boo so
+but yeah I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I would
+uh talking about very quickly you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about very quickly you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about very quickly you could
+talk to him and you know see where he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to him and you know see where he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to him and you know see where he's
+at the whole thing but you know but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the whole thing but you know but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the whole thing but you know but he
+has to you know publicly retract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to you know publicly retract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to you know publicly retract the
+statement CU it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement CU it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement CU it's you know
+damaging and if not then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging and if not then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging and if not then you know
+immediately you have to um I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you have to um I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you have to um I think that
+you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+a common statement public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common statement public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common statement public
+statement you know so you know this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know so you know this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you know so you know this guy
+hasn't been coming to meetings he's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been coming to meetings he's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been coming to meetings he's no
+longer serving in this position so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer serving in this position so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer serving in this position so he
+can't possibly know he was just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly know he was just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't possibly know he was just making
+just a false claim false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+judgment I think he should get him a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment I think he should get him a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment I think he should get him a job
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+Halbert but it's also a reminder that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halbert but it's also a reminder that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halbert but it's also a reminder that if
+you have a really charismatic sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really charismatic sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really charismatic sort of
+champion that you can't you still need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion that you can't you still need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion that you can't you still need
+to set up a structure accountable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up a structure accountable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up a structure accountable the
+same way you would and you know boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way you would and you know boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way you would and you know boards
+have their problems as well and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their problems as well and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their problems as well and they
+don't they're not always the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they're not always the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they're not always the most
+effective but some way that the champion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective but some way that the champion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective but some way that the champion
+can just run away with the c and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just run away with the c and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just run away with the c and because
+we signed that memorandum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we signed that memorandum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we signed that memorandum of
+understanding it came in handy earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it came in handy earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it came in handy earlier
+than I thought it would but we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought it would but we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I thought it would but we had a
+process in place you know with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in place you know with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in place you know with the
+steering committee and you know that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering committee and you know that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering committee and you know that and
+so the steering committee called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the steering committee called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the steering committee called this
+person um made a lot of effort to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um made a lot of effort to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um made a lot of effort to kind
+of figure out how to fix what what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figure out how to fix what what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figure out how to fix what what was
+going on um and this person is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um and this person is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um and this person is really
+charismatic totally committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic totally committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charismatic totally committed to
+biodiesel to environmental justice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel to environmental justice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel to environmental justice to
+you know making a difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know making a difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know making a difference in the
+world had brought most of us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had brought most of us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had brought most of us to the
+table including me so we all felt a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table including me so we all felt a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table including me so we all felt a real
+loyalty to him um and really wanted him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty to him um and really wanted him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty to him um and really wanted him
+in the project but he had some concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the project but he had some concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the project but he had some concerns
+and some things that he needed that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that he needed that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that he needed that that
+we couldn't we couldn't meet and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't we couldn't meet and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't we couldn't meet and so the
+group finally had to and he continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group finally had to and he continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group finally had to and he continued to
+talk publicly representing the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk publicly representing the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk publicly representing the project
+and so the group sent him a registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the group sent him a registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the group sent him a registered
+letter saying you are hereby required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter saying you are hereby required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter saying you are hereby required to
+no longer represent this group and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer represent this group and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer represent this group and it
+was a very sad day in the project we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very sad day in the project we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very sad day in the project we all
+felt really bad about it and I still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really bad about it and I still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt really bad about it and I still do
+feel bad about it um next thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad about it um next thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel bad about it um next thing uh
+relationship with other cooperatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with other cooperatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with other cooperatives
+this was the Pioneer Valley biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the Pioneer Valley biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the Pioneer Valley biodiesel
+cooperative and there was another energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative and there was another energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative and there was another energy
+Cooperative that was doing all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative that was doing all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative that was doing all kinds of
+other things in the area including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in the area including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in the area including
+biodiesel they weren't doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel they weren't doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel they weren't doing anything
+about biodiesel but they would be glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biodiesel but they would be glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biodiesel but they would be glad
+to you know they were doing things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know they were doing things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know they were doing things about
+electricity and and solar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and and solar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and and solar energy
+installations and whatnot so um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations and whatnot so um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations and whatnot so um there
+was a question about whether to partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question about whether to partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question about whether to partner
+with them or not is this a competitor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them or not is this a competitor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them or not is this a competitor or
+is this a Cooperative group that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a Cooperative group that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a Cooperative group that we want
+to share information with where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share information with where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share information with where where
+are the lines and how do we figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the lines and how do we figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the lines and how do we figure out
+what our relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our relationship
+is so what would you do if the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what would you do if the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what would you do if the group
+were thinking about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking about those
+things How would you coach them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things How would you coach them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things How would you coach them and you
+said they were in the same geography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they were in the same geography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they were in the same geography
+like same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like same
+identical all looking at consumers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical all looking at consumers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical all looking at consumers who
+are environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conscious your enemies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closer the mafia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach I think you want to check to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think you want to check to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach I think you want to check to
+see you about are they a competitor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you about are they a competitor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you about are they a competitor that
+might be your first question to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be your first question to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be your first question to look at
+and to uh you know are you competing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to uh you know are you competing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to uh you know are you competing for
+members are you competing for in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are you competing for in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members are you competing for in in the
+grou purchasing or in what products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grou purchasing or in what products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grou purchasing or in what products
+you're focusing on um so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on um so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focusing on um so if you can
+identify that there's not a competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that there's not a competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that there's not a competition
+then the next question would be was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next question would be was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next question would be was
+there a could there be a collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a could there be a collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a could there be a collaboration
+that there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there be
+complimentary you know activities um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary you know activities um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary you know activities um so
+I think that would be the first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that would be the first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that would be the first question
+I would ask just and not that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would ask just and not that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would ask just and not that I think
+necessar if they're a competitor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessar if they're a competitor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessar if they're a competitor that
+rules out any future collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules out any future collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules out any future collaboration
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+maybe there could be you know benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there could be you know benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there could be you know benefits
+to cooperating on a bigger scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cooperating on a bigger scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cooperating on a bigger scale you
+could explore but I think I would ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could explore but I think I would ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could explore but I think I would ask
+that first question are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competitor any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor any other
+thoughts not understanding if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts not understanding if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts not understanding if there's a
+a niche for this group that's not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a niche for this group that's not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a niche for this group that's not being
+Serv by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serv by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serv by the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+um the other group was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other group was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other group was talking about
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+um serving consumers who are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um serving consumers who are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um serving consumers who are mostly
+concerned about their homes as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about their homes as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about their homes as opposed
+to this by group who mostly concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this by group who mostly concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this by group who mostly concerned
+about like farming and other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like farming and other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like farming and other sort of
+bigger Enterprises or Transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Enterprises or Transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger Enterprises or Transportation
+more so that was that was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so that was that was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so that was that was a big
+difference what we did was we encouraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what we did was we encouraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what we did was we encouraged
+the groups to meet each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups to meet each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups to meet each
+other we built personal relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we built personal relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we built personal relationships
+between those so the the steering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those so the the steering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those so the the steering
+Committee in the board met they talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee in the board met they talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee in the board met they talked
+about potential ways they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about potential ways they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about potential ways they could
+collaborate they built trust between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate they built trust between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate they built trust between
+those two organizations and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two organizations and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two organizations and that was
+actually key to moving this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually key to moving this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually key to moving this project
+forward if we hadn't done that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward if we hadn't done that at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward if we hadn't done that at that
+point I I think this probably would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I think this probably would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I think this probably would have
+died out for lack of resources but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died out for lack of resources but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died out for lack of resources but
+because they built that connection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they built that connection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they built that connection and
+they had trust between and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had trust between and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had trust between and they actually
+um the energy co-op had some people join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the energy co-op had some people join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the energy co-op had some people join
+the board from this group so that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board from this group so that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board from this group so that um you
+know to kind of Even build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to kind of Even build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to kind of Even build some
+governance relationships um that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance relationships um that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance relationships um that I think
+I think played a big part in being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think played a big part in being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think played a big part in being able
+to move this project forward the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this project forward the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this project forward the next
+thing we had to do did we miss one nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we had to do did we miss one nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we had to do did we miss one nope
+no um we had a we were in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um we had a we were in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um we had a we were in the middle of
+our feasibility study and we ran into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our feasibility study and we ran into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our feasibility study and we ran into a
+market research crisis because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market research crisis because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market research crisis because you can't
+ask consumers do you want biodiesel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask consumers do you want biodiesel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask consumers do you want biodiesel and
+how much will you buy how would you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much will you buy how would you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much will you buy how would you all
+answer that question what is it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question what is it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question what is it yeah
+know what is it how do I never heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is it how do I never heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is it how do I never heard of
+it before so Market re traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before so Market re traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before so Market re traditional
+market research doesn't really work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market research doesn't really work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market research doesn't really work well
+with a new product I mean before people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new product I mean before people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new product I mean before people
+saw Post-it notes how many people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Post-it notes how many people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Post-it notes how many people would
+say that they would need them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they would need them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they would need them you know
+it's it's it's very hard with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's very hard with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's very hard with new
+products so um we had to find surrogate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so um we had to find surrogate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so um we had to find surrogate
+data in order to document that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in order to document that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in order to document that there
+there would be a market for biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a market for biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a market for biodiesel
+you have some ideas on where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some ideas on where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some ideas on where you could
+get surrogate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get surrogate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get surrogate
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surrogate data which is you know other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogate data which is you know other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogate data which is you know other
+other data about what consumers do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data about what consumers do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data about what consumers do and
+when that would show that um there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that would show that um there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that would show that um there would
+be a market I also want to give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a market I also want to give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a market I also want to give you one
+other piece of information in um June of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other piece of information in um June of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other piece of information in um June of
+2006 there are new um requirements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 there are new um requirements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 there are new um requirements uh
+sulfur uh exhaust requirements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur uh exhaust requirements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur uh exhaust requirements that are
+coming in that all diesel uh Vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in that all diesel uh Vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in that all diesel uh Vehicles
+will have to comply with and biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to comply with and biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to comply with and biodiesel
+is the cheapest way for um any consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cheapest way for um any consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cheapest way for um any consumer
+to have um to meet those requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have um to meet those requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have um to meet those requirements
+and John Deere has just announced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John Deere has just announced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John Deere has just announced that
+all of the its um equipment is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the its um equipment is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the its um equipment is coming
+off with biodiesel in the engine um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with biodiesel in the engine um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with biodiesel in the engine um and
+there's a um a new Jeep Cherokee Jeep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a um a new Jeep Cherokee Jeep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a um a new Jeep Cherokee Jeep
+Damon Chrysler Jeep is coming off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damon Chrysler Jeep is coming off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Damon Chrysler Jeep is coming off the
+line with biodiesel so there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with biodiesel so there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with biodiesel so there's there's a
+lot of movement in the industry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of movement in the industry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of movement in the industry in the
+diesel vehicle industry to promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel vehicle industry to promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesel vehicle industry to promote
+biodiesel so we have we have the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel so we have we have the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel so we have we have the these
+pieces of information that consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information that consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of information that consumers are
+going to need to use something they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to use something they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to use something they're
+going to need to do something either put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to do something either put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to do something either put
+on expensive new converters to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on expensive new converters to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on expensive new converters to their
+vehicles or use biodiesel in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles or use biodiesel in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles or use biodiesel in order to
+meet the emissions criteria so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the emissions criteria so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet the emissions criteria so we know
+that and we know that it's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we know that it's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we know that it's going to make
+um all of the home heating oil cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of the home heating oil cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of the home heating oil cleaner
+that people um burn in their homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people um burn in their homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people um burn in their homes
+there's a lot of people in New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people in New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people in New England
+and New York that heat their homes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New York that heat their homes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New York that heat their homes with
+home heating oil so what kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home heating oil so what kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home heating oil so what kind of data
+could we go out and collect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we go out and collect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we go out and collect in the
+market that would help us convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that would help us convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that would help us convince
+anybody that we could sell we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that we could sell we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that we could sell we were
+trying to sell 500,000 gallons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell 500,000 gallons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell 500,000 gallons of
+biodiesel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year other alternative fuels that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year other alternative fuels that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year other alternative fuels that have
+come on the market hydrogen power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on the market hydrogen power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on the market hydrogen power
+vehicles that come out and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles that come out and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles that come out and look at the
+response to that and also maybe look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that and also maybe look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that and also maybe look at
+people's response the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's response the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's response the kind of
+environmental friendly campaigns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental friendly campaigns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental friendly campaigns that
+have been done for traditional fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done for traditional fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done for traditional fuel
+sources like BP and all those even you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources like BP and all those even you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources like BP and all those even you
+know pmer it's I'm an environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pmer it's I'm an environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pmer it's I'm an environmentally
+friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly
+monster advertising campaign just to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster advertising campaign just to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster advertising campaign just to see
+um what consumer like whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what consumer like whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what consumer like whether that
+shifts consumer markets at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts consumer markets at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts consumer markets at
+all when you want to look at just diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all when you want to look at just diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all when you want to look at just diesel
+consumption period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption period
+and just look at conversion rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just look at conversion rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just look at conversion rates and
+then sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+calculate you know that's that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you know that's that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate you know that's that's what we
+did we documented how many gallons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we documented how many gallons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we documented how many gallons of
+home heating oil are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home heating oil are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home heating oil are used in
+Massachusetts within a 60 mile radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts within a 60 mile radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts within a 60 mile radius of
+where we were going to build the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were going to build the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were going to build the plant
+and throughout the Northeast and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the Northeast and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and throughout the Northeast and how
+much um diesel vehicle fuel is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um diesel vehicle fuel is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um diesel vehicle fuel is used in
+those two regions and we showed that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two regions and we showed that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two regions and we showed that our
+the total output of the plant actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total output of the plant actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total output of the plant actually
+right now we've we anyway was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we've we anyway was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we've we anyway was a very
+tiny percent of that of what was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny percent of that of what was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny percent of that of what was used
+and then we used some of the other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we used some of the other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we used some of the other um
+data with ethanol and um uh other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with ethanol and um uh other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with ethanol and um uh other you
+know in consumer interest in buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in consumer interest in buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in consumer interest in buying
+local consumer interest in environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local consumer interest in environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local consumer interest in environmental
+purchase you know growing interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase you know growing interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase you know growing interest in
+those regions to say this is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regions to say this is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regions to say this is why we
+believe we're only looking for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're only looking for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're only looking for a very
+tiny market share of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny market share of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny market share of you know
+Massachusetts never mind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts never mind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts never mind in the
+Northeast we can easily sell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast we can easily sell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast we can easily sell to the
+Northeast um and so far no the investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast um and so far no the investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northeast um and so far no the investors
+and the bankers are not questioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bankers are not questioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bankers are not questioning that
+so that's the surrogate data that we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the surrogate data that we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the surrogate data that we put
+in and so far it's passed all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so far it's passed all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so far it's passed all of the
+straight face tests we're excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight face tests we're excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight face tests we're excited about
+that um feasibility study completed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um feasibility study completed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um feasibility study completed with
+a half million gallons a year showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half million gallons a year showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half million gallons a year showed
+that we would barely break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would barely break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would barely break
+even and that our cost of operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and that our cost of operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and that our cost of operation
+which was kind of this steady amount was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was kind of this steady amount was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was kind of this steady amount was
+enough that it Aid up any possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it Aid up any possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it Aid up any possibility of
+profits that we were going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits that we were going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits that we were going to have to
+produce more biodiesel if we wanted we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more biodiesel if we wanted we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more biodiesel if we wanted we
+could barely break even just covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could barely break even just covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could barely break even just covering
+our costs we couldn't um we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our costs we couldn't um we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our costs we couldn't um we couldn't
+provide any return to investors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide any return to investors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide any return to investors in the
+plant and even at a half million um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and even at a half million um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and even at a half million um the
+plant needed 1.2 million in um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant needed 1.2 million in um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant needed 1.2 million in um to
+Capital you know to build it put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital you know to build it put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital you know to build it put the
+equipment in and start producing so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in and start producing so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in and start producing so um
+so we knew that we weren't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we knew that we weren't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we knew that we weren't going to be
+raising 1.2 million if we could we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising 1.2 million if we could we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising 1.2 million if we could we might
+have gone ahead you know just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone ahead you know just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone ahead you know just barely
+breaking even we talked about that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking even we talked about that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking even we talked about that um
+but we decided maybe that wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we decided maybe that wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we decided maybe that wasn't the
+best scenario anyway and it looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best scenario anyway and it looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best scenario anyway and it looked like
+because the um because the fixed cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the um because the fixed cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the um because the fixed cost
+weren't going to go up if we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't going to go up if we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't going to go up if we produce
+more biodiesel because it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more biodiesel because it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more biodiesel because it's basically a
+chemical reaction you know you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction you know you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction you know you just
+opening Valves and moving you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening Valves and moving you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening Valves and moving you know the
+product from one tank through a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product from one tank through a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product from one tank through a little
+process to another tank where it had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to another tank where it had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to another tank where it had to
+settle to another tank so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle to another tank so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle to another tank so if you have
+bigger tanks it doesn't take more labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger tanks it doesn't take more labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger tanks it doesn't take more labor
+um it doesn't take a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't take a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it doesn't take a much bigger
+building um so all of our fixed costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building um so all of our fixed costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building um so all of our fixed costs
+stay the same so if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same so if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same so if we increase the
+number of gallons um our our uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gallons um our our uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gallons um our our uh our
+gross margin you know would would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross margin you know would would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross margin you know would would uh
+improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve
+so what would you recommend the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you recommend the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you recommend the groups
+think about doing at that point given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing at that point given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing at that point given
+the results of that feasibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study
+get bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get bigger
+tanks so we went we decided not to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks so we went we decided not to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks so we went we decided not to do a
+new feasibility study but we went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new feasibility study but we went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new feasibility study but we went into
+the business planning process with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business planning process with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business planning process with the
+assumption that we had to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we had to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we had to figure out how
+much bigger so we put together all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger so we put together all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger so we put together all of
+the proforma we pretty much had decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proforma we pretty much had decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proforma we pretty much had decided
+we were going to build a plant and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to build a plant and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to build a plant and we
+put together the proforma all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together the proforma all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together the proforma all of the
+financials for um looking at a how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials for um looking at a how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials for um looking at a how many
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+spread at that point I think it was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread at that point I think it was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread at that point I think it was 10
+10 years out started five but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years out started five but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years out started five but then we
+put it to 10 um looking at uh how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to 10 um looking at uh how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to 10 um looking at uh how things
+would go and then we we tried you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go and then we we tried you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go and then we we tried you know
+doing different amounts and um came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing different amounts and um came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing different amounts and um came to
+the conclusion that we needed to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that we needed to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that we needed to have a
+million a minimum of 2 million gallons a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a minimum of 2 million gallons a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a minimum of 2 million gallons a
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+production and at that point it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and at that point it looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and at that point it looked
+good um our comp competition research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um our comp competition research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um our comp competition research
+also showed us that there were a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also showed us that there were a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also showed us that there were a lot of
+new plants being built just a it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new plants being built just a it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new plants being built just a it's you
+know at the you know the industry curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the you know the industry curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the you know the industry curves
+well we are at the beginning of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we are at the beginning of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we are at the beginning of this one
+and it's going up like this you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going up like this you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going up like this you'll hear
+about biodiesel now because you'll re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biodiesel now because you'll re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biodiesel now because you'll re
+you you'll notice the word you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll notice the word you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll notice the word you'll hear
+about it everywhere you go and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it everywhere you go and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it everywhere you go and it's
+going to be a lot more so we're right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot more so we're right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot more so we're right at
+the beginning of a new industry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a new industry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a new industry that's
+really booming and um will likely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really booming and um will likely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really booming and um will likely be
+rolled up in a period of time by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled up in a period of time by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolled up in a period of time by some
+you know large consolidator that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know large consolidator that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know large consolidator that comes
+through and buys up all the biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and buys up all the biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and buys up all the biodiesel
+plants in it's wake and the group didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants in it's wake and the group didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants in it's wake and the group didn't
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+that um our this group of locally local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um our this group of locally local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um our this group of locally local
+own local owners of this biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own local owners of this biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own local owners of this biodiesel
+production facility didn't want to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production facility didn't want to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production facility didn't want to be in
+the business of making a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business of making a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business of making a lot of money
+and going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going off
+to sou some Southern Climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sou some Southern Climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sou some Southern Climate
+yes um is your group interested in maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um is your group interested in maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um is your group interested in maybe
+doing a maagan type of collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a maagan type of collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a maagan type of collaboration
+with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other
+producers around bial and other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers around bial and other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers around bial and other places
+yes absolutely absolutely but we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely absolutely but we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely absolutely but we'd like
+to get one plant done first yeah a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one plant done first yeah a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get one plant done first yeah a lot
+of replicable possibilities this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replicable possibilities this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replicable possibilities this is
+definitely a replicable model it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a replicable model it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a replicable model it's the
+best business model I've it's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best business model I've it's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best business model I've it's the best
+it's the best business plan we've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best business plan we've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best business plan we've ever
+you know the the the most likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the most likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the most likely to
+succeed this definitely a n and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed this definitely a n and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed this definitely a n and a half
+out of 10 on our scale um so we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 10 on our scale um so we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 10 on our scale um so we had to
+figure out how to raise now we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to raise now we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to raise now we needed
+$3.7 million for this production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3.7 million for this production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3.7 million for this production
+facility so we need a lot more capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility so we need a lot more capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility so we need a lot more capital
+and we didn't want to have um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't want to have um a
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+ align:start position:0%
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+lot of money off of it but we don't care
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+know difference in the environment and I
+always you notice my pronouns is we it's
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+ align:start position:0%
+always you notice my pronouns is we it's
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I always I'm a part of the groups
+I'm working with um see you later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with um see you later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with um see you later
+k and um so we had to figure out how to
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+ align:start position:0%
+k and um so we had to figure out how to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and um so we had to figure out how to
+design by J own we had to design a legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design by J own we had to design a legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design by J own we had to design a legal
+structure that would allow for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that would allow for um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that would allow for um
+long-term Community ownership but
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+long-term Community ownership but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Community ownership but
+outside
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+equity and so what we came up with was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and so what we came up with was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and so what we came up with was
+the um Pioneer Valley biodiesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Pioneer Valley biodiesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um Pioneer Valley biodiesel
+Cooperative formed a co-op I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative formed a co-op I forgot to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative formed a co-op I forgot to
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+tell you that the only way they got
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that the only way they got
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+ align:start position:0%
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+raised $400,000 to put into their
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+raised $400,000 to put into their
+business
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+startup so that's where their initial
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup so that's where their initial
+Equity Capital came from so it was a
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+ align:start position:0%
+Equity Capital came from so it was a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity Capital came from so it was a
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+and got together with other board built
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+
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+and got together with other board built
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+relationship and um um so they had that
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+relationship and um um so they had that
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+$400,000 they got another grant for
+ 
+
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+250,000 for building and equipment and
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+ align:start position:0%
+250,000 for building and equipment and
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+
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+250,000 for building and equipment and
+the members agreed to raise another
+
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+the members agreed to raise another
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members agreed to raise another
+100,000 so they had 750,000 but they
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+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 so they had 750,000 but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 so they had 750,000 but they
+still needed you know more money and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needed you know more money and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needed you know more money and um
+so what they decided to do is to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they decided to do is to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they decided to do is to form a
+Cooperative uh which they called Co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative uh which they called Co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative uh which they called Co-op
+power and have that Cooperative be a 51%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and have that Cooperative be a 51%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and have that Cooperative be a 51%
+owner in a limited liability Corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner in a limited liability Corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner in a limited liability Corporation
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel does that make sense to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks um a Cooperative can't take equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks um a Cooperative can't take equity
+in from other groups and give a big
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+in from other groups and give a big
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from other groups and give a big
+return on that Equity it's illegal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on that Equity it's illegal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on that Equity it's illegal you
+know the the corporate structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the corporate structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the corporate structure
+requires you to give a return to the
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+requires you to give a return to the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to give a return to the
+members based on how much they're using
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+members based on how much they're using
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+members based on how much they're using
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coop and so you can have some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coop and so you can have some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred shares but there's a limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred shares but there's a limit on
+how much return I think it's about 12%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much return I think it's about 12%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much return I think it's about 12%
+of what you can give back to people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you can give back to people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you can give back to people and
+there's no way that we're raising $2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that we're raising $2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that we're raising $2
+million if we're giving a 12% simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+return given the Angels invest mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return given the Angels invest mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return given the Angels invest mention
+folks out there as it is so um so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks out there as it is so um so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks out there as it is so um so anyway
+we so that's what they decided to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so that's what they decided to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so that's what they decided to do
+make an LLC and um um we're we're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an LLC and um um we're we're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an LLC and um um we're we're right
+now today in the process of talking with
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+ align:start position:0%
+now today in the process of talking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today in the process of talking with
+investors about coming in and were
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+ align:start position:0%
+investors about coming in and were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors about coming in and were
+offering them um you know a a a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering them um you know a a a smaller
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering them um you know a a a smaller
+share of the business than their Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the business than their Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of the business than their Equity
+would buy them if you just do the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buy them if you just do the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buy them if you just do the simple
+math um but that we're look we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um but that we're look we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math um but that we're look we're
+talking with Equity investors who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with Equity investors who are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with Equity investors who are
+really interested in long-term local
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+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in long-term local
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in long-term local
+ownership and so they're engaged with us
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+ownership and so they're engaged with us
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+
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+ownership and so they're engaged with us
+in this conversation about how to help
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+ align:start position:0%
+in this conversation about how to help
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this conversation about how to help
+us get the equity there and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us get the equity there and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us get the equity there and we're
+engaged with them in the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with them in the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged with them in the conversation
+about how to get their Equity out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to get their Equity out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to get their Equity out and
+give them a good return on their equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a good return on their equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a good return on their equity
+in exchange for their um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exchange for their um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exchange for their um you know
+generous uh participation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous uh participation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous uh participation in this
+process so pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so pretty
+fun an equity investor also so did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun an equity investor also so did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun an equity investor also so did they
+have part ownership they they didn't
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+ align:start position:0%
+have part ownership they they didn't
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+
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+have part ownership they they didn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+them they're about bringing renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're about bringing renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're about bringing renewable
+energy resources to the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy resources to the region
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy resources to the region
+and this they thought this was a good
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+and this they thought this was a good
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this they thought this was a good
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do one piece of
+it so and their their members will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so and their their members will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so and their their members will have
+access to biodiesel M so that was a good
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+ align:start position:0%
+access to biodiesel M so that was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to biodiesel M so that was a good
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um next thing we had to figure out who
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+ align:start position:0%
+um next thing we had to figure out who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next thing we had to figure out who
+was going to be the manager and one of
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+was going to be the manager and one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be the manager and one of
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+ align:start position:0%
+the Champions who is still there who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Champions who is still there who was
+making biodiesel managing a very tiny on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making biodiesel managing a very tiny on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making biodiesel managing a very tiny on
+Farm biodiesel production facility at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm biodiesel production facility at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farm biodiesel production facility at
+first was interested in being manager
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+first was interested in being manager
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was interested in being manager
+but then as it got to 2 million he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then as it got to 2 million he said
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then as it got to 2 million he said
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+oh you know I'm probably not the best
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you know I'm probably not the best
+person for that and then we had a
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+person for that and then we had a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+person for that and then we had a
+business planner who was doing all the
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+business planner who was doing all the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planner who was doing all the
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+business planning creating all these
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+
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+business planning creating all these
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+perform
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+and really understood the inside of the
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+
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+business really well and everybody
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+business really well and everybody
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+business really well and everybody
+agreed he could probably be a good
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+ align:start position:0%
+agreed he could probably be a good
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed he could probably be a good
+manager and um then there was a question
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+ align:start position:0%
+manager and um then there was a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager and um then there was a question
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having an open search process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having an open search process to
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+
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+hire and what would you coach the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire and what would you coach the
+group to
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do the business plan yeah why why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the business plan yeah why why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the business plan yeah why why do you
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+think that probably he has the most
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that probably he has the most
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+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity
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+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's gone on before and the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's gone on before and the
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+ align:start position:0%
+entire process and the future as a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire process and the future as a
+vision for the
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+ align:start position:0%
+vision for the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for the
+future um as opposed to an open search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um as opposed to an open search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um as opposed to an open search
+process where you really have to almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you really have to almost
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you really have to almost
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+ align:start position:0%
+train that person
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+train that person
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+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what's been going on for
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+
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+to understand what's been going on for
+the
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+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+last and he already has a stake in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and he already has a stake in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and he already has a stake in
+it think she would hope somebody coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think she would hope somebody coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think she would hope somebody coming
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in would develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in would develop
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's interesting I have a I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting I have a I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting I have a I have a a
+rule because I've seen so many business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because I've seen so many business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule because I've seen so many business
+planners for all of those reasons become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners for all of those reasons become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planners for all of those reasons become
+the first general manager I have a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first general manager I have a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first general manager I have a rule
+that when I hire a business planner I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I hire a business planner I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when I hire a business planner I
+say you have to commit to me that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have to commit to me that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have to commit to me that you
+will not even if you're coerced into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not even if you're coerced into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not even if you're coerced into
+taking the job you will not take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the job you will not take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the job you will not take
+it um just because there's business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um just because there's business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um just because there's business
+planning skills are really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning skills are really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning skills are really different
+than management skills and if a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than management skills and if a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than management skills and if a group
+just slides their business planner into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slides their business planner into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slides their business planner into
+that management role I guarantee it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that management role I guarantee it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that management role I guarantee it's
+not the best person for them and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best person for them and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best person for them and it's
+the group's Instinct almost in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group's Instinct almost in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group's Instinct almost in every
+case to pick the business planner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to pick the business planner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to pick the business planner and
+hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire
+them but in this particular case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but in this particular case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but in this particular case I
+wasn't opposed to it because this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't opposed to it because this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't opposed to it because this guy
+had the management experience and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the management experience and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the management experience and the
+financial expertise and he'd also had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial expertise and he'd also had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial expertise and he'd also had um
+manufacturing expertise did I say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing expertise did I say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing expertise did I say that
+already no finan ccial and Manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already no finan ccial and Manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already no finan ccial and Manufacturing
+and you know he he'd start done business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know he he'd start done business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know he he'd start done business
+startup this guy in my mind had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup this guy in my mind had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup this guy in my mind had a lot
+met a lot of the criteria but the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a lot of the criteria but the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a lot of the criteria but the group
+hadn't even set their criteria yet they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't even set their criteria yet they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't even set their criteria yet they
+didn't know they hadn't thought through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know they hadn't thought through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know they hadn't thought through
+what it would take for this business to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would take for this business to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would take for this business to
+be successful so they you know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful so they you know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be successful so they you know they were
+I ask all the groups I work with to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask all the groups I work with to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask all the groups I work with to have
+an open search process in fact I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open search process in fact I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open search process in fact I often
+in the first mou I often build that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first mou I often build that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first mou I often build that in
+you will follow sound business practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will follow sound business practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will follow sound business practices
+you will make your decisions based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make your decisions based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make your decisions based on
+research data and you will you know go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research data and you will you know go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research data and you will you know go
+through a feasibility setting business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a feasibility setting business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a feasibility setting business
+planning process and you will capitalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process and you will capitalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process and you will capitalize
+the business if it's feasible and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business if it's feasible and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business if it's feasible and you
+will have an open search process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an open search process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have an open search process for
+your management positions me I usually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your management positions me I usually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your management positions me I usually I
+often put those things into myou just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often put those things into myou just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often put those things into myou just
+because I feel that strongly about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I feel that strongly about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I feel that strongly about I
+don't know if that's right or not but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's right or not but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's right or not but in
+my experience I've just seen a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience I've just seen a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience I've just seen a bunch of
+projects die because the that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects die because the that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects die because the that first
+manager didn't have all of the skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager didn't have all of the skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager didn't have all of the skills
+needed so we we went to an open search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so we we went to an open search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed so we we went to an open search
+process um the business planner applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um the business planner applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um the business planner applied
+a lot of other people applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other people applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other people applied the
+business planner became the CFO for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planner became the CFO for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planner became the CFO for the
+business because we hired somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business because we hired somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business because we hired somebody else
+who hired him um and the new manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hired him um and the new manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hired him um and the new manager
+that we that came in um was so fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that came in um was so fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we that came in um was so fantastic
+had the vision thought this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the vision thought this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the vision thought this was an
+incredible opportunity and had skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible opportunity and had skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible opportunity and had skills
+far beyond anybody I thought would ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far beyond anybody I thought would ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far beyond anybody I thought would ever
+apply for that job and has come in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for that job and has come in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for that job and has come in with
+such an incredible leadership Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an incredible leadership Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an incredible leadership Drive
+Vision it's been so much fun um wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision it's been so much fun um wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision it's been so much fun um wasn't a
+whole lot of training necessary or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of training necessary or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of training necessary or like
+cat I started following his orders the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat I started following his orders the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat I started following his orders the
+day after I offered him the job a winwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after I offered him the job a winwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after I offered him the job a winwin
+you know not his orders but you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not his orders but you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not his orders but you know he
+would say okay and now we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay and now we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay and now we need to do
+this this and you know calls me the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and you know calls me the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and you know calls me the next
+day he said can I start I said well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day he said can I start I said well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day he said can I start I said well I
+don't have an employment contract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an employment contract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an employment contract you
+know I was like we got this he said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was like we got this he said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I was like we got this he said oh
+okay we can work on all this but can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can work on all this but can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can work on all this but can I
+start like well I I don't even I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like well I I don't even I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start like well I I don't even I don't
+have permission to pay you yet from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have permission to pay you yet from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have permission to pay you yet from the
+board I said can I start I you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I said can I start I you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I said can I start I you know it's
+okay I can I come in today we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can I come in today we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can I come in today we have a lot
+to do I was like yes absolutely you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I was like yes absolutely you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I was like yes absolutely you know
+and so he came in with his list of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he came in with his list of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he came in with his list of what
+to do I said great what of that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I said great what of that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I said great what of that do you
+want me to pick up you know so I I he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to pick up you know so I I he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to pick up you know so I I he
+started providing incredible leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started providing incredible leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started providing incredible leadership
+right from the beginning with a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the beginning with a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from the beginning with a real
+understanding of what it was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it was going to
+take to pull that off um and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to pull that off um and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to pull that off um and I think the
+business planner would have done a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planner would have done a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business planner would have done a great
+job too but I think we're we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job too but I think we're we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job too but I think we're we're in a
+different we're in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we're in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different we're in a different
+environment because we did that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment because we did that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment because we did that and it
+was a unanimous 100% decision when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a unanimous 100% decision when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a unanimous 100% decision when we
+were thinking about maybe let's not do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking about maybe let's not do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking about maybe let's not do a
+search process and the group was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search process and the group was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search process and the group was saying
+oh it's a lot of work and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a lot of work and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's a lot of work and a lot of
+meetings and I don't know if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and I don't know if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings and I don't know if we want to
+do that and um you know I brought them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and um you know I brought them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and um you know I brought them a
+draft of the job description and a draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of the job description and a draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of the job description and a draft
+of the uh hiring process and offered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh hiring process and offered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh hiring process and offered to
+staff the hiring process and blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff the hiring process and blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff the hiring process and blah blah
+blah so they were deciding and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so they were deciding and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so they were deciding and they were
+really ambivalent about who to hire you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ambivalent about who to hire you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ambivalent about who to hire you
+know should they hire this person should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should they hire this person should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should they hire this person should
+they hire you know let's just make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hire you know let's just make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hire you know let's just make a
+decision but they had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but they had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but they had no
+unanimity amongst themselves about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanimity amongst themselves about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanimity amongst themselves about
+whether they wanted a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they wanted a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they wanted a really big
+biodiesel production facility or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel production facility or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel production facility or whether
+they thought they wanted to keep it at 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought they wanted to keep it at 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought they wanted to keep it at 2
+million or whe you know there were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or whe you know there were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or whe you know there were still
+a bunch of um different visions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of um different visions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of um different visions that
+were coming out in who they preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming out in who they preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming out in who they preferred
+for the general manager by the time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the general manager by the time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the general manager by the time we
+finished the general manager hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the general manager hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished the general manager hiring
+process they had gone through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process they had gone through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process they had gone through all of
+that and had such unanimity of vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and had such unanimity of vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and had such unanimity of vision
+for what they were going to do as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what they were going to do as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what they were going to do as in
+their business and who they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and who they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and who they wanted to
+lead that um by vetting we had seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead that um by vetting we had seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead that um by vetting we had seven
+candidates all of whom I think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates all of whom I think would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates all of whom I think would
+have done a great job running that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done a great job running that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done a great job running that
+biodiesel facility I've never had such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel facility I've never had such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodiesel facility I've never had such
+an incredible pool of candidates before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible pool of candidates before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible pool of candidates before
+so the the process that the board went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the process that the board went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the process that the board went
+through of figuring out and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through of figuring out and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through of figuring out and they all
+offered kind of a different vision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered kind of a different vision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered kind of a different vision of
+where they would take the business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they would take the business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they would take the business and
+by going through that process of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through that process of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going through that process of really
+deciding who they wanted they came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding who they wanted they came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding who they wanted they came to
+more shared understanding of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more shared understanding of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more shared understanding of what they
+wanted that business to be in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that business to be in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted that business to be in the world
+it was and it was unanimous at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was and it was unanimous at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was and it was unanimous at the end
+and so it was just a fantastic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was just a fantastic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it was just a fantastic kind of
+coming together of Minds that was great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together of Minds that was great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together of Minds that was great
+and um good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um good and
+um and the the last part is the new the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the last part is the new the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the last part is the new the
+new manager came in with a new vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new manager came in with a new vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new manager came in with a new vision
+and he said 2 million gallons that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said 2 million gallons that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said 2 million gallons that's all
+fine and pretty but if you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and pretty but if you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and pretty but if you don't want to
+get rolled up if you want to actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rolled up if you want to actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rolled up if you want to actually be
+a player in this industry 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a player in this industry 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a player in this industry 10 million
+gallons a year is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons a year is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons a year is the
+minimum for what you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum for what you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum for what you can be
+producing and our research had showed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing and our research had showed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing and our research had showed us
+that and when we put our plan together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and when we put our plan together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and when we put our plan together
+we said we're going to start with 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we're going to start with 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we're going to start with 2
+million and as soon as we secure access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and as soon as we secure access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and as soon as we secure access
+to the feed stock we need we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the feed stock we need we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the feed stock we need we're going to
+grow but we don't know how much and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow but we don't know how much and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow but we don't know how much and to
+what and within a month he had done all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and within a month he had done all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and within a month he had done all
+the research to show that we could grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research to show that we could grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research to show that we could grow
+to 10 million and we needed to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 million and we needed to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 million and we needed to do it
+within about a year and a half to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within about a year and a half to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within about a year and a half to two
+years and so we redid the business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so we redid the business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so we redid the business plan
+for the the fifth time and um put in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the fifth time and um put in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the fifth time and um put in all
+those new numbers and and uh are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new numbers and and uh are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new numbers and and uh are taking
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's all I can tell you so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all I can tell you so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all I can tell you so far
+because that's all I know were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all I know were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all I know were you
+looking for finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for finance
+um I can't tell you the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't tell you the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't tell you the names of the
+companies right now on video but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies right now on video but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies right now on video but um
+there's a a there's a a venture cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a there's a a venture cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a there's a a venture cap
+capital firm that we're talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital firm that we're talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital firm that we're talking to
+there's a government entity actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a government entity actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a government entity actually the
+mass technology collaborative we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass technology collaborative we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass technology collaborative we're
+talking with them um and we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with them um and we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking with them um and we're talking
+with Angel Investors in our region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Angel Investors in our region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Angel Investors in our region that
+have put in significant couple hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put in significant couple hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put in significant couple hundred
+thousand in several other Ventures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand in several other Ventures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand in several other Ventures that
+we've done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done um
+so and I it's a mix one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I it's a mix one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I it's a mix one of the important
+points that learn from that and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that learn from that and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that learn from that and and in
+the role plays we went through is is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role plays we went through is is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role plays we went through is is how
+to use those uh decision points as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those uh decision points as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those uh decision points as a as
+growth mechanisms as a as consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth mechanisms as a as consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth mechanisms as a as consensus
+building you know not to fear conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you know not to fear conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building you know not to fear conflicts
+that are going to happen know that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to happen know that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to happen know that these
+things will be coming up you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will be coming up you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will be coming up you know that
+it may be different in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be different in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be different in different places
+this question of the the the changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of the the the changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of the the the changing
+role of Champions almost always happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Champions almost always happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Champions almost always happens
+I mean uh Champion you start with quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh Champion you start with quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh Champion you start with quite
+often won't be the champion you end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often won't be the champion you end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often won't be the champion you end with
+you know how do what happen does does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do what happen does does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do what happen does does
+the group grow and and get stronger from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group grow and and get stronger from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group grow and and get stronger from
+that or or or get into an ugly battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or or or get into an ugly battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or or or get into an ugly battle
+and and and dissipate you know I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and dissipate you know I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and dissipate you know I mean uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but handling well I mean you can prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but handling well I mean you can prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but handling well I mean you can prepare
+for it um the uh um U issues of uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it um the uh um U issues of uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it um the uh um U issues of uh what
+structure what what what what uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what what what what uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what what what what uh what
+corporate relationship uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate relationship uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate relationship uh new
+information coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information coming out of the
+feasibility studies it's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility studies it's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility studies it's going to happen
+you're going to your mind's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to your mind's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to your mind's going to
+change in the course of it I said but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the course of it I said but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the course of it I said but I
+I think that know what they've done well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that know what they've done well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that know what they've done well
+in in that U and in in in that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that U and in in in that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that U and in in in that that
+project was that each one of those U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was that each one of those U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was that each one of those U
+they've used it as a chance to grow they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've used it as a chance to grow they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've used it as a chance to grow they
+didn't back away and fear it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't back away and fear it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't back away and fear it you know
+they they brought it openly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they brought it openly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they brought it openly into the
+middle of the group and used it as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the group and used it as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the group and used it as a way
+to to to to strengthen and deepen Thea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to strengthen and deepen Thea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to strengthen and deepen Thea
+consensus and um and and and build uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and um and and and build uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and um and and and build uh
+even greater commitment to uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even greater commitment to uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even greater commitment to uh uh to
+because on a few of these things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on a few of these things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on a few of these things you
+know a lot of folks F you know that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of folks F you know that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of folks F you know that was
+uh you know this is this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this is this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this is this is going to be
+a toughy you I mean trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toughy you I mean trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toughy you I mean trying to figure out
+you know like I said when you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like I said when you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like I said when you got
+somebody that you that was the heart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that you that was the heart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that you that was the heart and
+soul you know at you know for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul you know at you know for quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul you know at you know for quite a
+long time like I said and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time like I said and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time like I said and a lot of
+boards and a lot of how do we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and a lot of how do we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards and a lot of how do we you know
+how to use that as a way to for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use that as a way to for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use that as a way to for the
+group to get clear that no matter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to get clear that no matter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to get clear that no matter who
+you are even though you may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are even though you may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are even though you may have been
+the the original owner of the idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the original owner of the idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the original owner of the idea you
+you can't um ignore the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't um ignore the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't um ignore the uh the
+collective decision- making authority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective decision- making authority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective decision- making authority of
+the group you know so that using that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group you know so that using that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group you know so that using that as
+a way to you know and that's that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to you know and that's that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to you know and that's that was
+like a qual a qualitative leap for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a qual a qualitative leap for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a qual a qualitative leap for that
+group that they were able to say hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that they were able to say hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that they were able to say hey we
+can make decisions we can hold people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make decisions we can hold people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make decisions we can hold people uh
+to our you know to the the decisions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our you know to the the decisions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our you know to the the decisions we
+made we're that strong an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we're that strong an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we're that strong an organization
+and we can keep on growing even when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can keep on growing even when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can keep on growing even when uh
+you know that that that person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that that person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that that person uh
+decides to you know not to abide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to you know not to abide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to you know not to abide by the
+collective wisdom of the group and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective wisdom of the group and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective wisdom of the group and and
+go another Direction so you know so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go another Direction so you know so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go another Direction so you know so each
+one of those things using them as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things using them as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things using them as a way
+to grow and and get stronger instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow and and get stronger instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow and and get stronger instead of
+uh uh you know running from that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know running from that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know running from that that uh
+uh that that that that conflict and uh U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that that that conflict and uh U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that that that conflict and uh U
+and and or trying to to bury it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or trying to to bury it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or trying to to bury it
+somewhere you know or you know handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere you know or you know handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere you know or you know handling
+it in the back room but like I said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the back room but like I said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the back room but like I said I'm
+just seeing welcome them you know and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing welcome them you know and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing welcome them you know and I
+think U that's the approach that we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think U that's the approach that we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think U that's the approach that we like
+to see is is the you know uh um look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is is the you know uh um look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is is the you know uh um look as
+a as a consultant and Coach you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a consultant and Coach you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a consultant and Coach you know to
+look for those uh those uh points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for those uh those uh points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for those uh those uh points that
+that that the group can get stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the group can get stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the group can get stronger
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can grow and and and build its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can grow and and and build its
+consensus by uh by having a a a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus by uh by having a a a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus by uh by having a a a a good
+well facilitated uh conversation on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well facilitated uh conversation on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well facilitated uh conversation on how
+we going to resolve this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to resolve this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to resolve this problem and
+move forward and and and be a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward and and and be a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward and and and be a stronger
+group uh for for the for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh for for the for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh for for the for the for the
+better better of it like I said and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better better of it like I said and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better better of it like I said and all
+too often that doesn't happen you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too often that doesn't happen you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too often that doesn't happen you know
+we'll go on and then we run into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on and then we run into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go on and then we run into that
+first battle the threeyear level or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first battle the threeyear level or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first battle the threeyear level or the
+2year level or the onee level or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2year level or the onee level or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2year level or the onee level or the
+sevene level and then the group blows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevene level and then the group blows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevene level and then the group blows up
+into 100 pieces U you know because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 100 pieces U you know because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 100 pieces U you know because they
+didn't use they didn't use those uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use they didn't use those uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use they didn't use those uh uh
+those those points to get stronger they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those points to get stronger they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those points to get stronger they
+they uh they they uh allowed them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they they uh allowed them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they they uh allowed them to be
+U the uh breaking points going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the uh breaking points going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U the uh breaking points going into
+business is as big together with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is as big together with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is as big together with another
+human being or another group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being or another group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being or another group of people
+is as serious as getting married and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as serious as getting married and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as serious as getting married and if
+you have not you know gone through if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have not you know gone through if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have not you know gone through if
+you've not built trust gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not built trust gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've not built trust gone through
+conflict solve problems together before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict solve problems together before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict solve problems together before
+you go into business you will not do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into business you will not do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into business you will not do it
+when you're in business so this work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in business so this work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're in business so this work is
+not for conflict avoiders it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for conflict avoiders it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for conflict avoiders it's for
+people who like to lean into conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like to lean into conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who like to lean into conflict
+and Watch What Happens watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Watch What Happens watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Watch What Happens watch the
+Breakthrough that happens when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breakthrough that happens when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breakthrough that happens when you're
+leaning in and um I do think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning in and um I do think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning in and um I do think it's the
+magic it's you know it's it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic it's you know it's it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic it's you know it's it's one of the
+things most of us conflict you know can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things most of us conflict you know can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things most of us conflict you know can
+I go to the other room while you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the other room while you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to the other room while you guys
+finished that up but um that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that up but um that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished that up but um that it doesn't
+work at all in this work this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all in this work this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at all in this work this is
+definitely about leaning in and building
+
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+definitely about leaning in and building
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+definitely about leaning in and building
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+know every every conflict that we faced
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+ratch it up to a new level so that we
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+could you know be even better prepared
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+could you know be even better prepared
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+work let's um let's save this yeah we're
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+when we come next time is that all right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come next time is that all right
+and um what I would love to do was just
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+and um what I would love to do was just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what I would love to do was just
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+ align:start position:0%
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+a couple minutes of evaluation cuz we've
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+just finished six hours together and we
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+have another six to go and um we we we
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+have another six to go and um we we we
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+have another six to go and um we we we
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+love to um learn and get better at what
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+for other people more Pi you up morea
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+ align:start position:0%
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+less I I found the same exercise very
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+were really difficult um which is not a
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+were really difficult um which is not a
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+challenging one thing I would like to
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+ align:start position:0%
+challenging one thing I would like to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging one thing I would like to
+see is uh Mariana represents a group of
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+ align:start position:0%
+see is uh Mariana represents a group of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is uh Mariana represents a group of
+about a thousand folks in Lawrence I'd
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+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand folks in Lawrence I'd
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+
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+about a thousand folks in Lawrence I'd
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+be interested to hear some grounded role
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+ align:start position:0%
+capital yeah you know they've done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital yeah you know they've done some
+things together they're Dominican
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+ align:start position:0%
+things together they're Dominican
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together they're Dominican
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely they're in an urban sort of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely they're in an urban sort of
+declining City
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+declining City
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+declining City
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+okays like our when we split up just now
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+picturing I was picturing you when when
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+of that like we started to so you have a
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+ align:start position:0%
+of that like we started to so you have a
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+
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+feel like you started to that but it was
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+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you started to that but it was
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+
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+have this uh case study in the in in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+project that a number of us are doing
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+uh this matapan CDC that there have this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this matapan CDC that there have this
+vision of a youth collaborative and so I
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+ align:start position:0%
+vision of a youth collaborative and so I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+know for the the coming sessions I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for the the coming sessions I
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+not so well and then almost use either
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+over the next two months in coming up
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+
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+over the next two months in coming up
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+with a business plan for them and what
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+and thinking about so that that was why
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+and thinking about so that that was why
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+today's role play was helpful but also
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+
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+today's role play was helpful but also
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it very practical by using
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make it very practical by using
+actual example we're working with yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual example we're working with yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual example we're working with yeah
+now Y and um there's a couple ways we
+
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+now Y and um there's a couple ways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Y and um there's a couple ways we
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+ align:start position:0%
+can do it or we could do it in several
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it or we could do it in several
+ways um um so we can choose or do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um um so we can choose or do them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um um so we can choose or do them
+all but we can play the consultant we
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+all but we can play the consultant we
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+all but we can play the consultant we
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+can play the client you know we kind of
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+
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+we're trying to mix up
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+
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+we're trying to mix up
+different ways we can have Mariana play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we can have Mariana play
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we can have Mariana play
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+ align:start position:0%
+the client be the client we can all be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client be the client we can all be
+the Consulting Group you can send us out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Consulting Group you can send us out
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+
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+the Consulting Group you can send us out
+some things in advance you know that we
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+some things in advance you know that we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things in advance you know that we
+could all read about and then we could
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+could all read about and then we could
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+could all read about and then we could
+even two of them the the matapan one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even two of them the the matapan one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+even two of them the the matapan one
+also and the matapan too um I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and the matapan too um I find that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and the matapan too um I find that
+this um I i' I ran for five years a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I i' I ran for five years a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I i' I ran for five years a
+Cooperative development training program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative development training program
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative development training program
+for Co-Op development Specialists and we
+
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+for Co-Op development Specialists and we
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+
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+for Co-Op development Specialists and we
+put together three 3-day
+
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+put together three 3-day
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together three 3-day
+sessions um and people came together
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+sessions um and people came together
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+
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+sessions um and people came together
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from across the country who were doing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from across the country who were doing
+Co-op development you know to try to
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+ align:start position:0%
+Co-op development you know to try to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co-op development you know to try to
+figure out how to do this and it was
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+figure out how to do this and it was
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+
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+mostly story based it was people
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+mostly story based it was people
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+ align:start position:0%
+hearing case studies from other projects
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing case studies from other projects
+and it's you know the handout has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's you know the handout has a lot
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's you know the handout has a lot
+of kind of generic information in it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of generic information in it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of generic information in it but
+for me it doesn't come alive until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it doesn't come alive until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me it doesn't come alive until
+you've got stories you know until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got stories you know until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got stories you know until you
+kind of practice it's like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of practice it's like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of practice it's like how do you
+vet whether how do you know whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vet whether how do you know whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vet whether how do you know whether a
+business model might be feasible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model might be feasible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model might be feasible it's
+like there's a whole lot of you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a whole lot of you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a whole lot of you have to
+hear a lot of stories about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of stories about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of stories about a lot of
+feasibility studies that didn't work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility studies that didn't work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility studies that didn't work and
+the ones that did and you develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that did and you develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that did and you develop an
+intuitive understanding of that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive understanding of that but it's
+it's not without all so we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not without all so we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not without all so we don't have
+time for a lot of stories so I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a lot of stories so I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a lot of stories so I'm trying
+to give you a mix of stories of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a mix of stories of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a mix of stories of true
+stories you know projects that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories you know projects that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories you know projects that have
+happened that have work you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that have work you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that have work you know and and
+we can do these possible future stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do these possible future stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do these possible future stories
+um but what would you prefer would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what would you prefer would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what would you prefer would you
+prefer to be more the client or more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to be more the client or more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to be more the client or more the
+consultant trying to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant trying to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant trying to figure it
+out would you like to see how we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out would you like to see how we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out would you like to see how we would
+do it as as the as the um Co-op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as as the as the um Co-op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as as the as the um Co-op
+development specialist would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development specialist would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development specialist would you like to
+watch more of that the second one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch more of that the second one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch more of that the second one the
+one that we did today to reverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we did today to reverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we did today to reverse the
+rules and then maybe try it again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and then maybe try it again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and then maybe try it again in the
+third one with us as the Consultants cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one with us as the Consultants cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one with us as the Consultants cuz
+I think we were just trying to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we were just trying to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we were just trying to read the
+thing and he was feeding us a lot and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and he was feeding us a lot and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and he was feeding us a lot and it
+was good and like I learned a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good and like I learned a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good and like I learned a lot
+through it but maybe would be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but maybe would be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but maybe would be a little
+bit more productive to flip it first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more productive to flip it first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more productive to flip it first I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+also because you know some folks here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because you know some folks here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because you know some folks here
+have a lot of knowledge of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of knowledge of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of knowledge of the local
+Lawrence community and so forth and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence community and so forth and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence community and so forth and you
+could really press them to think hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really press them to think hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really press them to think hard
+about how to use that knowledge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to use that knowledge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to use that knowledge that
+would be real productive and also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be real productive and also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be real productive and also be
+good to have on film yes so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have on film yes so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have on film yes so yeah
+good good well I would love to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good well I would love to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good well I would love to do that
+if you're up for that and who could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're up for that and who could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're up for that and who could do
+re who could get the stuff on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re who could get the stuff on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re who could get the stuff on the
+matapan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matapan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matapan
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one page you know just essential some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one page you know just essential some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one page you know just essential some of
+the key key essential factors that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key key essential factors that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key key essential factors that you
+know in both of those circumstances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in both of those circumstances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in both of those circumstances and
+we can big on how we'll we can work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can big on how we'll we can work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can big on how we'll we can work and
+how about you know the the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you know the the PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you know the the PowerPoint
+presentation kind of lecture things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation kind of lecture things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation kind of lecture things you
+want any more of that you want less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any more of that you want less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any more of that you want less of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um yesterday was really helpful as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yesterday was really helpful as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yesterday was really helpful as an
+overview to ground us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview to ground us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview to ground us
+um and I think like I know Jerome's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think like I know Jerome's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think like I know Jerome's
+interested in the legal structure so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the legal structure so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the legal structure so I'm
+glad we're holding off on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we're holding off on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad we're holding off on that and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I think the legal structure one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the legal structure one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think the legal structure one I
+don't know of another way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of another way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of another way to do it
+besides lecture you know I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides lecture you know I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides lecture you know I think it's
+very important it's a real key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it's a real key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it's a real key to
+understanding and very few lawyers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and very few lawyers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and very few lawyers have
+that information so it's good to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so it's good to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so it's good to bring
+it to them you know to have some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to them you know to have some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to them you know to have some idea
+how how you can do that here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how you can do that here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how you can do that here in the
+US um I think at the very end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US um I think at the very end there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US um I think at the very end there
+Jerome raised a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerome raised a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerome raised a question about
+scale yes and that's actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale yes and that's actually the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale yes and that's actually the same
+question I get I'm getting a lot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I get I'm getting a lot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I get I'm getting a lot from
+unions every time I raised this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions every time I raised this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unions every time I raised this issue
+and so it would be nice to hear just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it would be nice to hear just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it would be nice to hear just
+some thinking you mentioned it with modu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thinking you mentioned it with modu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thinking you mentioned it with modu
+but just some thinking about um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just some thinking about um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just some thinking about um how
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+organizations might be able to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations might be able to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations might be able to approach
+this and how might it might be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how might it might be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and how might it might be a little
+different um maybe or maybe not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um maybe or maybe not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um maybe or maybe not but
+that's the question I think it's for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question I think it's for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question I think it's for me
+it's all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all the same
+process and connected to that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and connected to that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and connected to that like the
+linking like the networks in Regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking like the networks in Regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking like the networks in Regional
+and state and to me that's like part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and state and to me that's like part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and state and to me that's like part of
+the scale question is like how do how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale question is like how do how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale question is like how do how do
+these linkages what do they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these linkages what do they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these linkages what do they look like
+and how do they then dictate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they then dictate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they then dictate the
+structure from that like the policy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from that like the policy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from that like the policy or
+the legal structure Can it can it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legal structure Can it can it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legal structure Can it can it go
+both ways that that that forming those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways that that that forming those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways that that that forming those
+networks then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks then
+influences essentially policy or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences essentially policy or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences essentially policy or the
+structure or the the state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or the the state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or the the state you
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how's the mix of participation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how's the mix of participation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how's the mix of participation
+listening Ben is it okay I just feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening Ben is it okay I just feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening Ben is it okay I just feel
+like you guys have so much information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys have so much information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys have so much information
+and like we can only get so much but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like we can only get so much but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like we can only get so much but you
+know there's obviously a lot more there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's obviously a lot more there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's obviously a lot more there
+so I I my feeling is if we just talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I my feeling is if we just talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I my feeling is if we just talk to
+you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about
+it it's not until you try to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not until you try to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not until you try to use this
+stuff that you get it you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you get it you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you get it you know it's like
+if we just told told you all that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just told told you all that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just told told you all that we did
+you'd say oh yeah that makes sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say oh yeah that makes sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say oh yeah that makes sense and
+you walk out of here and it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk out of here and it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk out of here and it's it's like
+it looks it's surprisingly common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks it's surprisingly common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks it's surprisingly common sense
+and simple on one level and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple on one level and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simple on one level and it looks
+kind of self- obvious if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self- obvious if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self- obvious if you're just
+listening to someone talk but as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to someone talk but as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to someone talk but as soon as
+you're trying to do the same thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do the same thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to do the same thing it's
+like the whole ground falls out so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole ground falls out so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole ground falls out so I'm
+I'm you know we're not at all surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know we're not at all surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you know we're not at all surprised
+that the role plays were hard we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the role plays were hard we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the role plays were hard we knew
+they would be and we don't know another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be and we don't know another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be and we don't know another
+way to do it you know so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it you know so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it you know so I really
+appreciate your willingness and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your willingness and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your willingness and on
+camera you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera you
+this is a big deal your willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big deal your willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a big deal your willingness to
+to really like Risk and try to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really like Risk and try to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really like Risk and try to figure it
+out and and uh cuz I do think it will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and uh cuz I do think it will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and uh cuz I do think it will it
+will reap great benefits back to you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reap great benefits back to you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reap great benefits back to you but
+uh it is a little bit hard to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is a little bit hard to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is a little bit hard to do it's
+like exercising a muscle you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exercising a muscle you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exercising a muscle you haven't
+used yet it gets easier as it goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used yet it gets easier as it goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used yet it gets easier as it goes along
+and but we'll uh we'll fill some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we'll uh we'll fill some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but we'll uh we'll fill some things
+in in the next one I think help sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the next one I think help sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the next one I think help sounds
+good and um Mariana we're the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and um Mariana we're the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and um Mariana we're the next
+subject is and and for the matapan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is and and for the matapan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is and and for the matapan the
+next two sessions are around membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two sessions are around membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two sessions are around membership
+development governance and um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development governance and um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development governance and um and then
+sustaining these businesses so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining these businesses so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining these businesses so you might
+want to think about that that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about that that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about that that any
+information that you can share with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you can share with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you can share with us
+about what already exists if there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what already exists if there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what already exists if there in
+matapan I bet there isn't anything yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matapan I bet there isn't anything yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matapan I bet there isn't anything yet
+um but I'll bet you have a lot already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'll bet you have a lot already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'll bet you have a lot already
+in place in Lawrence so fantastic thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place in Lawrence so fantastic thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place in Lawrence so fantastic thank
+you thank you so much really really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you so much really really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you so much really really good
+thank you all
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZwpwmGP5ITM.txt b/ZwpwmGP5ITM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64e681393f4eb4faac658f99bd5c39130d26c27f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZwpwmGP5ITM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1714 @@
+OK, so anyway,
+let's get started.
+
+So, 
+the first unit of the class, 
+
+so basically I'm going to go
+over the first half of the class
+
+today,
+and the second half of the
+
+class on Tuesday just because we
+have to start somewhere.
+
+So, the first things that we
+learned about in this class were
+
+vectors, and how to do
+dot-product of vectors.
+
+So, remember the formula that A
+dot B is the sum of ai times bi.
+
+And, geometrically,
+it's length A times length B
+
+times the cosine of the angle
+between them.
+
+And, in particular,
+we can use this to detect when
+
+two vectors are perpendicular.
+That's when their dot product
+
+is zero.
+And, we can use that to measure
+
+angles between vectors by
+solving for cosine in this.
+
+Hopefully, at this point,
+this looks a lot easier than it
+
+used to a few months ago.
+So, hopefully at this point,
+
+everyone has this kind of
+formula memorized and has some
+
+reasonable understanding of
+that.
+
+But, if you have any questions,
+now is the time.
+
+No?
+Good.
+
+Next we learned how to also do
+cross product of vectors in
+
+space -- -- and remember,
+we saw how to use that to find
+
+area of, say,
+a triangle or a parallelogram
+
+in space because the length of
+the cross product is equal to
+
+the area of a parallelogram
+formed by the vectors a and b.
+
+And, we can also use that to
+find a vector perpendicular to
+
+two given vectors,
+A and B.
+
+And so, in particular, 
+that comes in handy when we are
+
+looking for the equation of a
+plane because we've seen -- So,
+
+the next topic would be
+equations of planes.
+
+And, we've seen that when you
+put the equation of a plane in
+
+the form ax by cz = d,
+well, <a,
+
+b, c> in there is actually
+the normal vector to the plane,
+
+or some normal vector to the
+plane.
+
+So, typically,
+we use cross product to find
+
+plane equations.
+OK, is that still reasonably
+
+familiar to everyone?
+Yes, very good.
+
+OK, we've also seen how to look
+at equations of lines,
+
+and those were of a slightly
+different nature because we've
+
+been doing them as parametric
+equations.
+
+So, typically we had equations
+of a form, maybe x equals some
+
+constant times t,
+y equals constant plus constant
+
+times t.
+z equals constant plus constant
+
+times t where these terms here
+correspond to some point on the
+
+line.
+And, these coefficients here
+
+correspond to a vector parallel
+to the line.
+
+That's the velocity of the
+moving point on the line.
+
+And, well, 
+we've learned in particular how
+
+to find where a line intersects
+a plane by plugging in the
+
+parametric equation into the
+equation of a plane.
+
+We've learned more general
+things about parametric
+
+equations of curves.
+So, there are these infamous
+
+problems in particular where you
+have these rotating wheels and
+
+points on them,
+and you have to figure out, 
+
+what's the position of a point?
+And, the general principle of
+
+those is that you want to
+decompose the position vector
+
+into a sum of simpler things.
+OK, so if you have a point on a
+
+wheel that's itself moving and
+something else,
+
+then you might want to first
+figure out the position of a
+
+center of a wheel than find the
+angle by which the wheel has
+
+turned,
+and then get to the position of
+
+a moving point by adding
+together simpler vectors.
+
+So, the general principle is
+really to try to find one
+
+parameter that will let us
+understand what has happened,
+
+and then decompose the motion
+into a sum of simpler effect.
+
+So, we want to decompose the
+position vector into a sum of
+
+simpler vectors.
+OK, so maybe now we are getting
+
+a bit out of some people's
+comfort zone,
+
+but hopefully it's not too bad.
+Do you have any general
+
+questions about how one would go
+about that, or,
+
+yes?
+Sorry? What about it?
+
+Parametric descriptions of a
+plane,
+
+so we haven't really done that
+because you would need two
+
+parameters to parameterize a
+plane just because it's a two
+
+dimensional object.
+So, we have mostly focused on
+
+the use of parametric equations
+just for one dimensional
+
+objects, lines,
+and curves.
+
+So, 
+you won't need to know about
+
+parametric descriptions of
+planes on a final,
+
+but if you really wanted to, 
+you would think of defining a
+
+point on a plane as starting
+from some given point.
+
+Then you have two vectors given
+on the plane.
+
+And then, you would add a
+multiple of each of these
+
+vectors to your starting point.
+But see, the difficulty is to
+
+convert from that to the usual
+equation of a plane,
+
+you would still have to go back
+to this cross product method,
+
+and so on.
+So, it is possible to represent
+
+a plane, or, in general,
+a surface in parametric form.
+
+But, very often,
+that's not so useful.
+
+Yes?
+How do you parametrize an
+
+ellipse in space?
+Well, that depends on how it's
+
+given to you.
+But, OK, let's just do an
+
+example.
+Say that I give you an ellipse
+
+in space as maybe the more,
+well, one exciting way to
+
+parameterize an ellipse in space
+is maybe the intersection of a
+
+cylinder with a slanted plane.
+That's the kind of situations
+
+where you might end up with an
+ellipse.
+
+OK, so if I tell you that maybe
+I'm intersecting a cylinder with
+
+equation x squared plus y
+squared equals a squared with a
+
+slanted plane to get,
+I messed up my picture, 
+
+to get this ellipse of
+intersection,
+
+so, of course you'd need the
+equation of a plane.
+
+And, let's say that this plane
+is maybe given to you.
+
+Or, you can switch it to form
+where you can get z as a
+
+function of x and y.
+So, maybe it would be z equals,
+
+I've already used a;
+I need to use a new letter.
+
+Let's say c1x c2y plus d,
+whatever, something like that.
+
+So, what I would do is first I
+would look at what my ellipse
+
+does in the directions in which
+I understand it the best.
+
+And, those directions would be
+probably the xy plane.
+
+So, I would look at the xy
+coordinates.
+
+Well, if I look at it from
+above xy, my ellipse looks like
+
+just a circle of radius a.
+So, if I'm only concerned with
+
+x and y, presumably I can just
+do it the usual way for a
+
+circle.
+x equals a cosine t.
+
+y equals a sine t, OK?
+And then, z would end up being
+
+just, well, whatever the value
+of z is to be on the slanted
+
+plane above a given xy position.
+So, in fact,
+
+it would end up being ac1
+cosine t plus ac2 sine t plus d,
+
+I guess.
+OK, that's not a particularly
+
+elegant parameterization,
+but that's the kind of thing
+
+you might end up with.
+Now, in general,
+
+when you have a curve in space,
+it would rarely be the case
+
+that you have to get a
+parameterization from scratch
+
+unless you are already being
+told information about how it
+
+looks in one of the coordinate
+planes,
+
+this kind of method.
+Or, at least you'd have a lot
+
+of information that would
+quickly reduce to a plane
+
+problem somehow.
+Of course, I could also just
+
+give you some formulas and let
+you figure out what's going on.
+
+But, in general,
+we've done more stuff with
+
+plane curves.
+With plane curves,
+
+certainly there's interesting
+things with all sorts of
+
+mechanical gadgets that we can
+study.
+
+OK, any other questions on that?
+No?
+
+OK, so let me move on a bit and
+point out that with parametric
+
+equations, we've looked also at
+things like velocity and
+
+acceleration.
+So, the velocity vector is the
+
+derivative of a position vector
+with respect to time.
+
+And, it's not to be confused
+with speed, which is the
+
+magnitude of v.
+So, the velocity vector is
+
+going to be always tangent to
+the curve.
+
+And, its length will be the
+speed.
+
+That's the geometric
+interpretation.
+
+So, just to provoke you,
+I'm going to write,
+
+again, that formula that was
+that v equals T hat ds dt.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+If I have a curve,
+
+and I'm moving on the curve,
+well, I have the unit tangent
+
+vector which I think at the time
+I used to draw in blue.
+
+But, blue has been abolished
+since then.
+
+So, I'm going to draw it in red.
+OK, so that's a unit vector
+
+that goes along the curve,
+and then the actual velocity is
+
+going to be proportional to
+that.
+
+And, what's the length?
+Well, it's the speed.
+
+And, the speed is how much arc
+length on the curve I go per
+
+unit time, which is why I'm
+writing ds dt.
+
+That's another guy.
+That's another of these guys
+
+for the speed,
+OK?
+
+And, we've also learned about
+acceleration,
+
+which is the derivative of
+velocity.
+
+So, it's the second derivative
+of a position vector.
+
+And, as an example of the kinds
+of manipulations we can do,
+
+in class we've seen Kepler's
+second law,
+
+which explains how if the
+acceleration is parallel to the
+
+position vector,
+then r cross v is going to be
+
+constant,
+which means that the motion
+
+will be in an plane,
+and you will sweep area at a
+
+constant rate.
+So now, that is not in itself a
+
+topic for the exam,
+but the kinds of methods of
+
+differentiating vector
+quantities,
+
+applying the product rule to
+take the derivative of a dot or
+
+cross product and so on are
+definitely fair game.
+
+I mean, we've seen those on the
+first exam.
+
+They were there,
+and most likely they will be on
+
+the final.
+OK, so I mean that's the extent
+
+to which Kepler's law comes up,
+only just knowing the general
+
+type of manipulations and
+proving things with vector
+
+quantities,
+but not again the actual
+
+Kepler's law itself.
+I skipped something.
+
+I skipped matrices,
+determinants,
+
+and linear systems.
+OK, so we've seen how to
+
+multiply matrices,
+and how to write linear systems
+
+in matrix form.
+So, remember,
+
+if you have a 3x3 linear system
+in the usual sense,
+
+so, 
+you can write this in a matrix
+
+form where you have a 3x3 matrix
+and you have an unknown column
+
+vector.
+And, their matrix product
+
+should be some given column
+vector.
+
+OK, so if you don't remember
+how to multiply matrices,
+
+please look at the notes on
+that again.
+
+And, also you should remember
+how to invert a matrix.
+
+So, how did we invert matrices?
+Let me just remind you very
+
+quickly.
+So, I should say 2x2 or 3x3
+
+matrices.
+Well, you need to have a square
+
+matrix to be able to find an
+inverse.
+
+The method doesn't work,
+doesn't make sense.
+
+Otherwise, then the concept of
+inverse doesn't work.
+
+And, if it's larger than 3x3,
+then we haven't seen that.
+
+So, let's say that I have a 3x3
+matrix.
+
+What I will do is I will start
+by forming the matrix of minors.
+
+So, remember that minors,
+so, each entry is a 2x2
+
+determinant in the case of a 3x3
+matrix formed by deleting one
+
+row and one column.
+OK, so for example,
+
+to get the first minor,
+especially in the upper left
+
+corner, I would delete the first
+row, the first column.
+
+And, I would be left with this
+2x2 determinant.
+
+I take this times that minus
+this times that.
+
+I get a number that gives my
+first minor.
+
+And then, same with the others.
+Then, I flip signs according to
+
+this checkerboard pattern,
+and that gives me the matrix of
+
+cofactors.
+OK, so all it means is I'm just
+
+changing the signs of these four
+entries and leaving the others
+
+alone.
+And then, I take the transpose
+
+of that.
+So, that means I read it
+
+horizontally and write it down
+vertically.
+
+I swept the rows and the
+columns.
+
+And then, I divide by the
+inverse.
+
+Well, I divide by the
+determinant of the initial
+
+matrix.
+OK, so, of course,
+
+this is kind of very
+theoretical, and I write it like
+
+this.
+Probably it makes more sense to
+
+do it on an example.
+I will let you work out
+
+examples, or bug your recitation
+instructors so that they do one
+
+on Monday if you want to see
+that.
+
+It's a fairly straightforward
+method.
+
+You just have to remember the
+steps.
+
+But, of course,
+there's one condition,
+
+which is that the determinant
+of a matrix has to be nonzero.
+
+So, in fact,
+we've seen that,
+
+oh, there is still one board
+left.
+
+We've seen that a matrix is
+invertible -- -- exactly when
+
+its determinant is not zero.
+And, if that's the case,
+
+then we can solve the linear
+system, AX equals B by just
+
+setting X equals A inverse B.
+That's going to be the only
+
+solution to our linear system.
+Otherwise, well,
+
+AX equals B has either no
+solution, or infinitely many
+
+solutions.
+Yes?
+
+The determinant of a matrix
+real quick?
+
+Well, I can do it that quickly
+unless I start waving my hands
+
+very quickly,
+but remember we've seen that
+
+you have a matrix,
+a 3x3 matrix.
+
+Its determinant will be
+obtained by doing an expansion
+
+with respect to,
+well, your favorite.
+
+But usually,
+we are doing it with respect to
+
+the first row.
+So, we take this entry and
+
+multiply it by that determinant.
+Then, we take that entry,
+
+multiply it by that determinant
+but put a minus sign.
+
+And then, we take that entry
+and multiply it by this
+
+determinant here,
+and we put a plus sign for
+
+that.
+OK, so maybe I should write it
+
+down.
+That's actually the same
+
+formula that we are using for
+cross products.
+
+Right, when we do cross
+products, we are doing an
+
+expansion with respect to the
+first row.
+
+That's a special case.
+OK, I mean, do you still want
+
+to see it in more details,
+or is that OK?
+
+Yes?
+That's correct.
+
+So, if you do an expansion with
+respect to any row or column,
+
+then you would use the same
+signs that are in this
+
+checkerboard pattern there.
+So, if you did an expansion, 
+
+actually, so indeed,
+maybe I should say,
+
+the more general way to
+determine it is you take your
+
+favorite row or column,
+and you just multiply the
+
+corresponding entries by the
+corresponding cofactors.
+
+So, the signs are plus or minus
+depending on what's in that
+
+diagram there.
+Now, in practice,
+
+in this class,
+again, all we need is to do it
+
+with respect to the first row.
+So, don't worry about it too
+
+much.
+OK, so, again,
+
+the way that we've officially
+seen it in this class is just if
+
+you have a1,
+a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3, 
+
+so if the determinant is a1
+times b2 b3, c2 c3,
+
+minus a2 b1 b3 c1 c3 plus a3 b1
+b2 c1 c2.
+
+And, this minus is here
+basically because of the minus
+
+in the diagram up there.
+But, that's all we need to know.
+
+Yes?
+How do you tell the difference
+
+between infinitely many
+solutions or no solutions?
+
+That's a very good question.
+So, in full generality,
+
+the answer is we haven't quite
+seen a systematic method.
+
+So, you just have to try
+solving and see if you can find
+
+a solution or not.
+So, let me actually explain
+
+that more carefully.
+So, what happens to these two
+
+situations when a is invertible
+or not?
+
+So, remember,
+in the linear system,
+
+you can think of a linear
+system as asking you to find the
+
+intersection between three
+planes because each equation is
+
+the equation of a plane.
+So, Ax = B for a 3x3 system
+
+means that x should be in the
+intersection of three planes.
+
+And then, we have two cases.
+So, the case where the system
+
+is invertible corresponds to the
+general situation where your
+
+three planes somehow all just
+intersect in one point.
+
+And then, the situation where
+the determinant,
+
+that's when the determinant is
+not zero, you get just one
+
+point.
+However, sometimes it will
+
+happen that all the planes are
+parallel to the same direction.
+
+So, determinant a equals zero
+means the three planes are
+
+parallel to a same vector.
+And, in fact,
+
+you can find that vector
+explicitly because that vector
+
+has to be perpendicular to all
+the normals.
+
+So, at some point we saw other
+subtle things about how to find
+
+the direction of this line
+that's parallel to all the
+
+planes.
+So, now, this can happen either
+
+with all three planes containing
+the same line.
+
+You know, they can all pass
+through the same axis.
+
+Or it could be that they have
+somehow shifted with respect to
+
+each other.
+And so, it might look like this.
+
+Then, the last one is actually
+in front of that.
+
+So, see, the lines of
+intersections between two of the
+
+planes,
+so, here they all pass through
+
+the same line,
+and here, instead,
+
+they intersect in one line
+here,
+
+one line here,
+and one line there.
+
+And, there's no triple
+intersection.
+
+So, in general,
+we haven't really seen how to
+
+decide between these two cases.
+There's one important situation
+
+where we have seen we must be in
+the first case that when we have
+
+a homogeneous system,
+so that means if the right hand
+
+side is zero,
+then, 
+
+well, x equals zero is always a
+solution.
+
+It's called the trivial
+solution.
+
+It's the obvious one,
+if you want.
+
+So, you know that,
+and why is that?
+
+Well, that's because all of
+your planes have to pass through
+
+the origin.
+So, you must be in this case if
+
+you have a noninvertible system
+where the right hand side is
+
+zero.
+So, in that case,
+
+if the right hand side is zero,
+there's two cases.
+
+Either the matrix is invertible.
+Then, the only solution is the
+
+trivial one.
+Or, if a matrix is not
+
+invertible, then you have
+infinitely many solutions.
+
+If B is not zero,
+then we haven't really seen how
+
+to decide.
+We've just seen how to decide
+
+between one solution or
+zero,infinitely many,
+
+but not how to decide between
+these last two cases.
+
+Yes?
+I think in principle,
+
+you would be able to,
+but that's, well,
+
+I mean, that's a slightly
+counterintuitive way of doing
+
+it.
+I think it would probably work.
+
+Well, I'll let you figure it
+out.
+
+OK, let me move on to the
+second unit, maybe,
+
+because we've seen a lot of
+stuff, or was there a quick
+
+question before that?
+OK.
+
+OK, so what was the second part
+of the class about?
+
+Well, hopefully you kind of
+vaguely remember that it was
+
+about functions of several
+variables and their partial
+
+derivatives.
+OK, so the first thing that
+
+we've seen is how to actually
+view a function of two variables
+
+in terms of its graph and its
+contour plot.
+
+So, 
+just to remind you very
+
+quickly,
+if I have a function of two
+
+variables, x and y,
+then the graph will be just the
+
+surface given by the equation z
+equals f of xy.
+
+So, for each x and y,
+I plot a point at height given
+
+with the value of the a
+function.
+
+And then, the contour plot will
+be the topographical map for
+
+this graph.
+It will tell us,
+
+what are the various levels in
+there?
+
+So, what it amounts to is we
+slice the graph by horizontal
+
+planes, and we get a bunch of
+curves which are the points at
+
+given height on the plot.
+And, so we get all of these
+
+curves, and then we look at them
+from above, and that gives us
+
+this map with a bunch of curves
+on it.
+
+And, each of them has a number
+next to it which tells us the
+
+value of a function there.
+And, from that map, we can, 
+
+of course, tell things about
+where we might be able to find
+
+minima or maxima of our
+function,
+
+and how it varies with respect
+to x or y or actually in any
+
+direction at a given point.
+So, now, the next thing that
+
+we've learned about is partial
+derivatives.
+
+So, for a function of two
+variables, there would be two of
+
+them.
+There's f sub x which is
+
+partial f partial x,
+and f sub y which is partial f
+
+partial y.
+And, in terms of a graph, 
+
+they correspond to slicing by a
+plane that's parallel to one of
+
+the coordinate planes,
+so that we either keep x
+
+constant,
+or keep y constant.
+
+And, we look at the slope of a
+graph to see the rate of change
+
+of f with respect to one
+variable only when we hold the
+
+other one constant.
+And so, we've seen in
+
+particular how to use that in
+various places,
+
+but, for example,
+for linear approximation we've
+
+seen that the change in f is
+approximately equal to f sub x
+
+times the change in x plus f sub
+y times the change in y.
+
+So, you can think of f sub x
+and f sub y as telling you how
+
+sensitive the value of f is to
+changes in x and y.
+
+So, this linear approximation
+also tells us about the tangent
+
+plane to the graph of f.
+In fact, when we turn this into
+
+an equality, that would mean
+that we replace f by the tangent
+
+plane.
+We've also learned various ways
+
+of, before I go on,
+I should say,
+
+of course, we've seen these
+also for functions of three
+
+variables, right?
+So, we haven't seen how to plot
+
+them, and we don't really worry
+about that too much.
+
+But, if you have a function of
+three variables,
+
+you can do the same kinds of
+manipulations.
+
+So, we've learned about
+differentials and chain rules,
+
+which are a way of repackaging
+these partial derivatives.
+
+So, the differential is just,
+by definition,
+
+this thing called df which is f
+sub x times dx plus f sub y
+
+times dy.
+And, what we can do with it is
+
+just either plug values for
+changes in x and y,
+
+and get approximation formulas, 
+or we can look at this in a
+
+situation where x and y will
+depend on something else,
+
+and we get a chain rule.
+So, for example, 
+
+if f is a function of t time, 
+for example, and so is y, 
+
+then we can find the rate of
+change of f with respect to t
+
+just by dividing this by dt.
+So, we get df dt equals f sub x
+
+dx dt plus f sub y dy dt.
+We can also get other chain
+
+rules,
+say, if x and y depend on more
+
+than one variable,
+if you have a change of
+
+variables,
+for example,
+
+x and y are functions of two
+other guys that you call u and
+
+v,
+then you can express dx and dy
+
+in terms of du and dv,
+and plugging into df you will
+
+get the manner in which f
+depends on u and v.
+
+So, that will give you formulas
+for partial f partial u,
+
+and partial f partial v.
+They look just like these guys
+
+except there's a lot of curly
+d's instead of straight ones,
+
+and u's and v's in the
+denominators.
+
+OK, so that lets us understand
+rates of change.
+
+We've also seen yet another way
+to package partial derivatives
+
+into not a differential,
+but instead,
+
+a vector.
+That's the gradient vector,
+
+and I'm sure it was quite
+mysterious when we first saw it,
+
+but hopefully by now,
+well, it should be less
+
+mysterious.
+
+OK, so we've learned about the
+gradient vector which is del f
+
+is a vector whose components are
+just the partial derivatives.
+
+So, if I have a function of
+just two variables,
+
+then it's just this.
+And, 
+
+so one observation that we've
+made is that if you look at a
+
+contour plot of your function,
+so maybe your function is zero,
+
+one, and two,
+then the gradient vector is
+
+always perpendicular to the
+contour plot,
+
+and always points towards
+higher ground.
+
+OK, so the reason for that was
+that if you take any direction,
+
+you can measure the directional
+derivative,
+
+which means the rate of change
+of f in that direction.
+
+So, given a unit vector, u, 
+which represents some
+
+direction,
+so for example let's say I
+
+decide that I want to go in this
+direction,
+
+and I ask myself, 
+how quickly will f change if I
+
+start from here and I start
+moving towards that direction?
+
+Well, the answer seems to be,
+it will start to increase a
+
+bit, and maybe at some point
+later on something else will
+
+happen.
+But at first, it will increase.
+
+So, 
+the directional derivative is
+
+what we've called f by ds in the
+direction of this unit vector,
+
+and basically the only thing we
+know to be able to compute it,
+
+the only thing we need is that
+it's the dot product between the
+
+gradient and this vector u hat.
+In particular,
+
+the directional derivatives in
+the direction of I hat or j hat
+
+are just the usual partial
+derivatives.
+
+That's what you would expect.
+OK, and so now you see in
+
+particular if you try to go in a
+direction that's perpendicular
+
+to the gradient,
+then the directional derivative
+
+will be zero because you are
+moving on the level curve.
+
+So, the value doesn't change,
+OK?
+
+Questions about that?
+Yes?
+
+Yeah, so let's see,
+so indeed to look at more
+
+recent things,
+if you are taking the flux
+
+through something given by an
+equation,
+
+so, if you have a surface given
+by an equation,
+
+say, f equals one.
+So, say that you have a surface
+
+here or a curve given by an
+equation,
+
+f equals constant, 
+then the normal vector to the
+
+surface is given by taking the
+gradient of f.
+
+And that is,
+in general, not a unit normal
+
+vector.
+Now, if you wanted the unit
+
+normal vector to compute flux,
+then you would just scale this
+
+guy down to unit length,
+OK?
+
+So, if you wanted a unit
+normal, that would be the
+
+gradient divided by its length.
+However, for flux,
+
+that's still of limited
+usefulness because you would
+
+still need to know about ds.
+But, remember,
+
+we've seen a formula for flux
+in terms of a non-unit normal
+
+vector, and n over n dot kdxdy.
+So, indeed, this is how you
+
+could actually handle
+calculations of flux through
+
+pretty much anything.
+Any other questions about that?
+
+OK, so let me continue with a
+couple more things we need to,
+
+so, we've seen how to do
+min/max problems,
+
+in particular,
+by looking at critical points.
+
+So, critical points,
+remember, are the points where
+
+all the partial derivatives are
+zero.
+
+So, if you prefer,
+that's where the gradient
+
+vector is zero.
+And, we know how to decide
+
+using the second derivative test
+whether a critical point is
+
+going to be a local min,
+a local max,
+
+or a saddle point.
+Actually, we can't always quite
+
+decide because,
+remember, we look at the second
+
+partials, and we compute this
+quantity ac minus b squared.
+
+And, if it happens to be zero,
+then actually we can't
+
+conclude.
+But, most of the time we can
+
+conclude.
+However, that's not all we need
+
+to look for an absolute global
+maximum or minimum.
+
+For that, we also need to check
+the boundary points,
+
+or look at the behavior of a
+function, at infinity.
+
+So, we also need to check the
+values of f at the boundary of
+
+its domain of definition or at
+infinity.
+
+Just to give you an example
+from single variable calculus,
+
+if you are trying to find the
+minimum and the maximum of f of
+
+x equals x squared,
+well, you'll find quickly that
+
+the minimum is at zero where x
+squared is zero.
+
+If you are looking for the
+maximum, you better not just
+
+look at the derivative because
+you won't find it that way.
+
+However, if you think for a
+second, you'll see that if x
+
+becomes very large,
+then the function increases to
+
+infinity.
+And, similarly,
+
+if you try to find the minimum
+and the maximum of x squared
+
+when x varies only between one
+and two,
+
+well, you won't find the
+critical point,
+
+but you'll still find that the
+smallest value of x squared is
+
+when x is at one,
+and the largest is at x equals
+
+two.
+And, all this business about
+
+boundaries and infinity is
+exactly the same stuff,
+
+but with more than one
+variable.
+
+It's just the story that maybe
+the minimum and the maximum are
+
+not quite visible,
+but they are at the edges of a
+
+domain we are looking at.
+Well, in the last three
+
+minutes, I will just write down
+a couple more things we've seen
+
+there.
+So, how to do max/min problems
+
+with non-independent variables
+-- So, if your variables are
+
+related by some condition,
+g equals some constant.
+
+So, then we've seen the method
+of Lagrange multipliers.
+
+OK, and what this method says
+is that we should solve the
+
+equation gradient f equals some
+unknown scalar lambda times the
+
+gradient, g.
+So, that means each partial, 
+
+f sub x equals lambda g sub x
+and so on,
+
+and of course we have to keep
+in mind the constraint equation
+
+so that we have the same number
+of equations as the number of
+
+unknowns because you have a new
+unknown here.
+
+And, the thing to remember is
+that you have to be careful that
+
+the second derivative test does
+not apply in this situation.
+
+I mean, this is only in the
+case of independent variables.
+
+So, if you want to know if
+something is a maximum or a
+
+minimum,
+you just have to use common
+
+sense or compare the values of a
+function at the various points
+
+you found.
+Yes?
+
+Will we actually have to
+calculate?
+
+Well, that depends on what the
+problem asks you.
+
+It might ask you to just set up
+the equations,
+
+or it might ask you to solve
+them.
+
+So, in general,
+solving might be difficult,
+
+but if it asks you to do it,
+then it means it shouldn't be
+
+too hard.
+I haven't written the final
+
+yet, so I don't know what it
+will be, but it might be an easy
+
+one.
+And, the last thing we've seen
+
+is constrained partial
+derivatives.
+
+So, for example,
+if you have a relation between
+
+x, y, and z,
+which are constrained to be a
+
+constant,
+then the notion of partial f
+
+partial x takes several
+meanings.
+
+So, just to remind you very
+quickly, there's the formal
+
+partial, partial f,
+partial x, which means x
+
+varies.
+Y and z are held constant.
+
+And, we forget the constraint.
+This is not compatible with a
+
+constraint, but we don't care.
+So, that's the guy that we
+
+compute just from the formula
+for f ignoring the constraints.
+
+And then, we have the partial
+f, partial x with y held
+
+constant, which means y held
+constant.
+
+X varies, and now we treat z as
+a dependent variable.
+
+It varies with x and y
+according to whatever is needed
+
+so that this constraint keeps
+holding.
+
+And, similarly,
+there's partial f partial x
+
+with z held constant,
+which means that,
+
+now, y is the dependent
+variable.
+
+And, the way in which we
+compute these,
+
+we've seen two methods which
+I'm not going to tell you now
+
+because otherwise we'll be even
+more over time.
+
+But, we've seen two methods for
+computing these based on either
+
+the chain rule or on
+differentials,
+
+solving and substituting into
+differentials.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_4m8hYQ3cR0.txt b/_4m8hYQ3cR0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8e84487b510221b30073ef0a3659d3f1f55402f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_4m8hYQ3cR0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let me first remind you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me first remind you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me first remind you uh
+about so we we'll be looking so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we we'll be looking so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we we'll be looking so last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we were looking at we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were looking at we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were looking at we had a
+sequence of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of functions
+uh on a interval I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a interval I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a interval I
+uh and we have a function f on that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we have a function f on that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we have a function f on that same
+interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval.
+And then we talked about two notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we talked about two notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we talked about two notions of
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+one is was the pointwise convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this meant that so we say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this meant that so we say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this meant that so we say that this
+sequence converts to f pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all
+x fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x fixed
+you're looking at the sequence fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the sequence fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the sequence fn of x
+right so x is fixed and that this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so x is fixed and that this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so x is fixed and that this here
+converts to f ofx right so that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f ofx right so that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f ofx right so that was the
+pointwise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise convergence
+And the second uh convergence that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the second uh convergence that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the second uh convergence that we
+talked about was a uniform convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was a uniform convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was a uniform convergence.
+So this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is two
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And so we say that this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so we say that this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And so we say that this sequence
+here converts to F uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+um for all epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for all epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for all epsilon greater than zero
+there exist a n so that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a n so that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a n so that if you're
+further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out
+then n then the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between fn of x and f ofx is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fn of x and f ofx is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fn of x and f ofx is smaller
+than epsilon and this here has to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon and this here has to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon and this here has to hold
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+uh X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X
+right and so again uniform uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so again uniform uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so again uniform uniform
+uh refers to that is that is for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refers to that is that is for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refers to that is that is for all
+for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+right so it's uniform in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's uniform in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's uniform in x
+okay and and so there was one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and so there was one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and so there was one example
+that was particular illuminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was particular illuminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was particular illuminating
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and that was that we took so if I here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that we took so if I here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that we took so if I here
+was the interval from 0 to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the interval from 0 to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the interval from 0 to 1.
+And if we're looking at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we're looking at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we're looking at the function
+f(n) of x that was just x ^ n and f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f(n) of x that was just x ^ n and f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f(n) of x that was just x ^ n and f of x
+is then the function that is uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the function that is uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then the function that is uh that is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+uh unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unless
+zero if x here is between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if x here is between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if x here is between zero and
+strictly less than one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly less than one and one
+uh if x is equal to one. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if x is equal to one. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if x is equal to one. Right?
+And so the picture was that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the picture was that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the picture was that um
+right so the picture was that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the picture was that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the picture was that so that
+you have this sequence here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this sequence here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this sequence here they are
+defined on the interval from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the interval from zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the interval from zero to one
+they all end up at one and then as as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all end up at one and then as as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all end up at one and then as as n
+go as n become larger and larger these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as n become larger and larger these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as n become larger and larger these
+functions become more and more steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions become more and more steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions become more and more steep
+towards one right like that Right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one right like that Right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one right like that Right? And
+so then we had that this sequence fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we had that this sequence fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we had that this sequence fn
+converts to f pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to f pointwise
+because if you fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you fixed
+x then really these values here converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then really these values here converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then really these values here converge
+either to if you know if x is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to if you know if x is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to if you know if x is not equal
+to one then as n become large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one then as n become large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one then as n become large
+uh they converge to zero. If n is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they converge to zero. If n is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they converge to zero. If n is one
+then the fn of one is that's always one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fn of one is that's always one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the fn of one is that's always one
+right. So, so it's clear that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, so it's clear that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, so it's clear that it's
+converging pointwise, but but um but fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging pointwise, but but um but fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging pointwise, but but um but fn
+does not converge does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to f uniformly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And the reason why it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the reason why it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the reason why it didn't
+converge uniformly was that we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly was that we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uniformly was that we saw that
+for each if we by the intermediate value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each if we by the intermediate value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each if we by the intermediate value
+theorem if we were looking at a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem if we were looking at a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem if we were looking at a half
+here then for each of the function there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then for each of the function there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then for each of the function there
+would be an xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an xn
+so that the value at xn was one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the value at xn was one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the value at xn was one right
+and so was a half sorry the right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so was a half sorry the right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so was a half sorry the right so you
+you define x xn so that the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define x xn so that the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define x xn so that the value of
+this is a half. But now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a half. But now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a half. But now if you're
+looking at f of x minus f of um of xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at f of x minus f of um of xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at f of x minus f of um of xn
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+And if this here sorry is n then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if this here sorry is n then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if this here sorry is n then this
+here this difference here is is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this difference here is is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this difference here is is is is
+actually just a half. Right? And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a half. Right? And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a half. Right? And this
+difference here should be small. If n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here should be small. If n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here should be small. If n
+was sufficiently large, it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sufficiently large, it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sufficiently large, it should be
+small for all x. But it's not there. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for all x. But it's not there. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for all x. But it's not there. We
+used one particular x to show that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one particular x to show that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used one particular x to show that it
+wasn't right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um that was just a quick uh review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um that was just a quick uh review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um that was just a quick uh review
+of some of the things we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the things we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the things we talked about
+last time. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. Now
+let's get to a theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get to a theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get to a theorem.
+And so maybe also one more thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so maybe also one more thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so maybe also one more thing about
+this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is
+that you see that these functions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see that these functions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see that these functions here
+these functions fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions fn
+they are all continuous right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are all continuous right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are all continuous right but the
+limit is not continuous right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is not continuous right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is not continuous right so
+pointwise so note that uh so note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that pointwise convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh um that that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um that that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um that that the limit
+of continuous function is continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+Okay. So that's what this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's what this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's what this example
+illustrates. So now instead we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates. So now instead we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates. So now instead we have the
+following theorem that so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem that so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem that so we have this
+interval and we have a sequence fn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and we have a sequence fn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and we have a sequence fn and
+we have f all defined on this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have f all defined on this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have f all defined on this interval
+and if we assume that uh that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we assume that uh that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we assume that uh that all of
+these that these fns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that these fns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these that these fns
+are uh continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and B. We assume that the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B. We assume that the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B. We assume that the convergence
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the convergence of FN to to F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of FN to to F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of FN to to F is
+uniform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then the claim is that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the claim is that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the claim is that then
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh f here is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm okay. So let's try to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So so point mass convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So so point mass convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So so point mass convergence is
+not enough to guarantee that the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough to guarantee that the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough to guarantee that the limit
+is continuous. Uniform convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous. Uniform convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous. Uniform convergence is
+enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough.
+Uh now uh let's see. So let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now uh let's see. So let's prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now uh let's see. So let's prove
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh given
+given epsilon gradient zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon gradient zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given epsilon gradient zero
+uh there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there exist
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh capital n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital n such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capital n such that
+if little n is bigger equal to capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger equal to capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if little n is bigger equal to capital n
+then fn of x minus f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fn of x minus f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fn of x minus f ofx
+is smaller than uh epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than uh epsilon over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than uh epsilon over three
+for all x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? This is just this just follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? This is just this just follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? This is just this just follows
+from that the sequence converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the sequence converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the sequence converts
+uniformly. Right? So this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly. Right? So this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly. Right? So this is the first
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+and the second thing is so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing is so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second thing is so so
+this was was since fn converts to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was was since fn converts to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was was since fn converts to f
+uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The second thing is that's that. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second thing is that's that. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second thing is that's that. So now
+we have a n this here holds for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a n this here holds for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a n this here holds for all
+little n bigger equal to capital n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n bigger equal to capital n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n bigger equal to capital n but
+in particular it holds for capital n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it holds for capital n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it holds for capital n. So
+now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+f capital n is continuous so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f capital n is continuous so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f capital n is continuous so this is a
+fixed function. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+given then for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given then for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given then for any
+for any fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any fixed
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+X0 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh we have that there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh delta greater than zero such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh delta greater than zero such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh delta greater than zero such that
+if x - x0 is smaller than delta then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x - x0 is smaller than delta then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x - x0 is smaller than delta then uh
+this function the value at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the value at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function the value at these two
+points points differ at most.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points points differ at most.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points points differ at most.
+So this is for the fn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is for the fn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is for the fn.
+Um the value at these two points differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the value at these two points differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the value at these two points differ
+at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+by um epsilon over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So again, so we have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So again, so we have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So again, so we have a sequence
+fn f little n that converts uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn f little n that converts uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn f little n that converts uniformly to
+some f. We want to prove that this f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f. We want to prove that this f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f. We want to prove that this f is
+continuous. So we just need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. So we just need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. So we just need to prove
+that for each x0 fixed it's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each x0 fixed it's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for each x0 fixed it's continuous
+at x0 right first I'm using that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0 right first I'm using that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x0 right first I'm using that the
+sequence is converging uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is converging uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is converging uniformly
+so given this epsilon there exist this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given this epsilon there exist this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given this epsilon there exist this
+capital n so that if you're further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if you're further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if you're further out
+then you have this I'm not even going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this I'm not even going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this I'm not even going to
+use the part that is further out I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the part that is further out I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the part that is further out I'm
+just going to pick this capital n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pick this capital n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pick this capital n right
+and so then I'm using that this f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then I'm using that this f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then I'm using that this f
+capital n is continuous and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is continuous and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is continuous and it's
+continuous at x0. So I have this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at x0. So I have this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at x0. So I have this right
+and so now we need to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we need to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we need to estimate
+we now need to estimate the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now need to estimate the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now need to estimate the difference
+right so what we really interested is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we really interested is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we really interested is in
+f but the f capital n that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f but the f capital n that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f but the f capital n that's going to
+help us estimate the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us estimate the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us estimate the difference between
+these two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two numbers
+and so these two numbers so x here x was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these two numbers so x here x was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these two numbers so x here x was
+this x0 was this fixed point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x0 was this fixed point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x0 was this fixed point that we
+want to show that that f is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that that f is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that that f is continuous
+uh at that point and the delta well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at that point and the delta well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at that point and the delta well the
+delta came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta came from
+f capital n. So we're looking at this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f capital n. So we're looking at this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f capital n. So we're looking at this x
+this close where the delta was given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close where the delta was given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this close where the delta was given by
+f capital n and now we have we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f capital n and now we have we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f capital n and now we have we use the
+triangle inequality. So this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality. So this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality. So this difference
+here is so you may as well think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is so you may as well think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is so you may as well think about
+this one here and you could compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and you could compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here and you could compare it
+with the value at the same point. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the value at the same point. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the value at the same point. So I'm
+just writing down I'm writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing down I'm writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing down I'm writing this
+difference down as a sum of things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference down as a sum of things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference down as a sum of things. So
+and then afterwards I use the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then afterwards I use the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then afterwards I use the triangle
+inequality. So here minus f capital n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. So here minus f capital n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality. So here minus f capital n of
+x0 and then I'm adding back this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and then I'm adding back this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and then I'm adding back this here
+again f capital n of x0 and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again f capital n of x0 and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again f capital n of x0 and I'm
+comparing this with f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this with f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this with f of x0
+right so you see that here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see that here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see that here this is
+really the same because here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same because here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same because here I'm
+subtracting this thing that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this thing that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting this thing that I didn't
+have but I'm adding it back subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but I'm adding it back subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but I'm adding it back subtracting
+this thing that I didn't have but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that I didn't have but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that I didn't have but I'm
+adding it back so I'm just left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it back so I'm just left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it back so I'm just left with
+those two things which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things which is that
+And so now we use the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we use the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now we use the triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+that this is now bounded by f ofx minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is now bounded by f ofx minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is now bounded by f ofx minus
+f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f n of x
+plus f n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f n of x
+minus f capital n of x0 like that plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f capital n of x0 like that plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f capital n of x0 like that plus
+and then f capital n of x0 minus f of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f capital n of x0 minus f of x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then f capital n of x0 minus f of x0
+with absolute value sign like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolute value sign like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolute value sign like that.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+this thing here is smaller than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is smaller than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is smaller than epsilon
+over three and that came from that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three and that came from that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three and that came from that it's
+at this evaluated at the same point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this evaluated at the same point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this evaluated at the same point and
+the convergence was uniform. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence was uniform. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence was uniform. So it
+really was the first part here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was the first part here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was the first part here right so
+that is less than epsilon over 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is less than epsilon over 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is less than epsilon over 3.
+This one here comes from that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here comes from that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one here comes from that the
+difference between x and x0 is is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between x and x0 is is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between x and x0 is is less
+than delta and that this function fn was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta and that this function fn was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta and that this function fn was
+continuous at uh x0. So this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at uh x0. So this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at uh x0. So this is another
+epsilon over delta. This is this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over delta. This is this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over delta. This is this second
+part here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here.
+And then the last here is again the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last here is again the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last here is again the same
+that gave us this bound namely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave us this bound namely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave us this bound namely that the
+convergence was uniform and is evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was uniform and is evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence was uniform and is evaluated
+at the same point. So you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same point. So you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same point. So you have that
+right and so what we've proven here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what we've proven here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what we've proven here is
+that so for this given x0 if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so for this given x0 if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so for this given x0 if the
+difference between x and x0 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between x and x0 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between x and x0 is less than
+delta then the difference in the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta then the difference in the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta then the difference in the images
+is less than epsilon. So this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon. So this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon. So this means that
+the function f is continuous at x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f is continuous at x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f is continuous at x0
+um and x0 was was was arbitrary. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and x0 was was was arbitrary. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and x0 was was was arbitrary. Okay.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now the first application of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first application of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first application of this is
+that suppose you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you're looking at the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're looking at the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're looking at the following
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh uh x n of x is the sum here from k =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh x n of x is the sum here from k =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh x n of x is the sum here from k =
+z to n of x k over k factorial. Suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z to n of x k over k factorial. Suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z to n of x k over k factorial. Suppose
+you're looking at xn like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at xn like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at xn like this.
+Then uh then the xn here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then uh then the xn here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then uh then the xn here
+of x uh they are all are all continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh they are all are all continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x uh they are all are all continuous
+right? They are sum of polinomials you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They are sum of polinomials you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They are sum of polinomials you
+know they're just a polinomial actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just a polinomial actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're just a polinomial actually
+the sum of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of of um
+of of of of what's called homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of what's called homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of of what's called homogeneous
+polinomial but they are themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but they are themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but they are themselves
+polomial so they are all continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and via stress M test so and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M test that we proved last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a bias M test the convergence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bias M test the convergence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bias M test the convergence here
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+E where E here is the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E where E here is the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E where E here is the exponential
+function. So it's this power series sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So it's this power series sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So it's this power series sum
+from uh k = 0 to infinity of x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh k = 0 to infinity of x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh k = 0 to infinity of x to the
+power k over k factorial. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power k over k factorial. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power k over k factorial. The
+convergence this convergence here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this convergence here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence this convergence here is
+uniform. It's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform. It's uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform. It's uniform
+assuming that you that you do it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you that you do it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you that you do it on a
+compact interval. So it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any
+fixed interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus L to L right so if you're fixing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L to L right so if you're fixing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L to L right so if you're fixing a
+interval like this then the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval like this then the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval like this then the convergence
+is is uniform and so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uniform and so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uniform and so this means that
+since these guys here are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these guys here are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these guys here are continuous
+then it implies that this one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it implies that this one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it implies that this one here is
+also continuous Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So this is this is implied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this is this is implied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So this is this is implied by the
+theorem that we just proved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+uh so now this will uh this will uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now this will uh this will uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now this will uh this will uniform
+convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence.
+There's another way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's another way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's another way of thinking about
+uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence
+that in a way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a way is
+this makes it makes it more natural.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it makes it more natural.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it makes it more natural.
+So because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because so
+remember that if we looked at so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if we looked at so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if we looked at so if we
+take a interval let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a interval let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a interval let's say
+that this is a interval from a to b a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a interval from a to b a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a interval from a to b a
+and b are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are real numbers
+then we looked at the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at the space of
+continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions
+on this interval right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this interval right
+and this space had a natural metric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this space had a natural metric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this space had a natural metric so
+uh so so I'm using here that both end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so I'm using here that both end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so I'm using here that both end
+points are included included. This space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are included included. This space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are included included. This space
+here has a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a natural
+a natural metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that metric is that if you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that metric is that if you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that metric is that if you take two
+functions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions,
+two continuous functions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two continuous functions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two continuous functions on the
+interval, then the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval, then the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval, then the distance between
+these two function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two function
+is just the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the max
+of the um of the the max of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um of the the max of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um of the the max of the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+between the two functions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? The difference again why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The difference again why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The difference again why is this
+by the difference is continuous. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difference is continuous. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the difference is continuous. So this
+means that the maximum is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the maximum is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the maximum is the difference
+is continuous. So this is a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous. So this is a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous. So this is a continuous
+function and it's still continuous. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's still continuous. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's still continuous. If
+you take absolute value and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take absolute value and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take absolute value and so this
+means that the maximum by the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the maximum by the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the maximum by the extreme
+value theorem is achieved. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem is achieved. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem is achieved. Right?
+Right. And so this here was a natural uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And so this here was a natural uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And so this here was a natural uh
+distance between them. Right. Now to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them. Right. Now to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between them. Right. Now to say
+that the sequence here to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence here to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sequence here to say that the
+sequence f little n is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence f little n is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence f little n is converging
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly
+you can think about that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about that in terms of
+this distance. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance. So,
+so we have the following proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FN converge uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+uh FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh FN
+converts to F in the metric space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with this with this metric. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this metric. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this with this metric. Okay.
+Now, why is this the case? So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, why is this the case? So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, why is this the case? So this is
+just that uh so proof of that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that uh so proof of that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that uh so proof of that it's
+really just a oneliner because the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a oneliner because the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a oneliner because the you
+see that to say that the so that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that to say that the so that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that to say that the so that so that
+f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx
+minus fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus fn of x
+is lesser equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh to uh epsilon for all X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If this here is the case, well, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this here is the case, well, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this here is the case, well, this is
+equivalent to saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying
+that the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance
+between FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between FN
+and uh NF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh NF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh NF
+is less or equal to epsilon for all X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Because if this here is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because if this here is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because if this here is the case
+for all x then the maximum is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x then the maximum is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x then the maximum is less or
+equal to epsilon. This was the maximum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon. This was the maximum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon. This was the maximum.
+And on the other hand if the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And on the other hand if the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And on the other hand if the maximum
+well then it holds for each x right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it holds for each x right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it holds for each x right. So
+this is sort of a tology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And so now we see of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now we see of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so now we see of course that
+if if the sequence so you have that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the sequence so you have that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the sequence so you have that but
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this means that if the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if the sequence
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this sequence fn converts to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this sequence fn converts to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this sequence fn converts to f
+uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well then it means that for all epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it means that for all epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it means that for all epsilon.
+If we're sufficiently far out, then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we're sufficiently far out, then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we're sufficiently far out, then this
+here can be for any given epsilon. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be for any given epsilon. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can be for any given epsilon. If
+you're sufficiently far out, this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sufficiently far out, this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sufficiently far out, this here
+can be made lesser equal to epsilon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made lesser equal to epsilon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made lesser equal to epsilon,
+which means that this hair can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this hair can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this hair can be made
+lesser equal to epsilon if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to epsilon if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to epsilon if you're
+sufficiently far out. So you see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out. So you see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out. So you see that if
+this converts uniformly, then it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converts uniformly, then it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converts uniformly, then it implies
+that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converts to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to zero.
+But that's exactly what it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's exactly what it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's exactly what it means that
+this sequence fn converts to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence fn converts to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence fn converts to f
+in in the met in the metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other way around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If if this sequence converts fn converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if this sequence converts fn converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If if this sequence converts fn converts
+to f in the metric space, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f in the metric space, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f in the metric space, this is
+equivalent to saying that this hair goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that this hair goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying that this hair goes
+to zero. But if this hair goes to zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. But if this hair goes to zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. But if this hair goes to zero,
+right? This means that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This means that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This means that if you're
+sufficiently far out, but given epsilon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out, but given epsilon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out, but given epsilon,
+if you're sufficiently far, this hair is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sufficiently far, this hair is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sufficiently far, this hair is
+lesser equal to epsilon, but it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to epsilon, but it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser equal to epsilon, but it means
+that this hair is less than epsilon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this hair is less than epsilon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this hair is less than epsilon,
+right? So that means it really converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that means it really converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that means it really converts
+uniform, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform, right?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And that's a in a way that makes it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a in a way that makes it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a in a way that makes it much
+more natural. Uh I mean yeah the so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more natural. Uh I mean yeah the so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more natural. Uh I mean yeah the so it's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+un it makes uniform convergence much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un it makes uniform convergence much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un it makes uniform convergence much
+more natural.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more natural.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more natural.
+Okay. So now let's prove the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's prove the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's prove the next
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+So for this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for this theorem
+we're going to think about uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about uniform
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+in terms of this metric and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this metric and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this metric and in terms of
+convergent in this metric space. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent in this metric space. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent in this metric space. So the
+theorem is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is then
+this next thing that say that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next thing that say that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next thing that say that if you
+take a interval from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a interval from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a interval from a to b
+and you're looking at the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the continuous
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and you equip it with this metric that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you equip it with this metric that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you equip it with this metric that
+we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+then this here is this space which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here is this space which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this here is this space which is a
+metric space. So this metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a cushy complete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So remember kle in a metric space means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember kle in a metric space means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember kle in a metric space means
+that if you take a cushy sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a cushy sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take a cushy sequence so
+just let me just record here over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me just record here over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me just record here over here.
+So uh cush so if x comma d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh cush so if x comma d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh cush so if x comma d
+is a matrix space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then C complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that any secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is convergence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? That's what it means to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's what it means to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's what it means to be a
+cushy complete. And of course, an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy complete. And of course, an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushy complete. And of course, an
+example of of a cushy complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of a cushy complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of a cushy complete
+um metric space was just if we took R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um metric space was just if we took R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um metric space was just if we took R
+with the usual with the usual metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Down. So what we have here is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Down. So what we have here is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Down. So what we have here is so
+let's try to prove this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we need to prove so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to prove so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to prove so
+so this here is now we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is now we need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is now we need to prove
+that if this here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this here is a
+cushy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+an function that is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so this sequence here converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this sequence here converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this sequence here converging to
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+uh in the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D, right? That's what we need to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D, right? That's what we need to prove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D, right? That's what we need to prove.
+Okay. So in in in in particular we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in in in in particular we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in in in in particular we need
+to first construct a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first construct a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first construct a function
+f right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f right.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So now so let's try first to construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now so let's try first to construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now so let's try first to construct a
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, if you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you fix
+fix x, right? So x is something a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix x, right? So x is something a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix x, right? So x is something a point
+in the interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the interval.
+And now look at this sequence fn. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now look at this sequence fn. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now look at this sequence fn. This
+is now a regular sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a regular sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a regular sequence.
+And so but if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so but if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so but if you're looking at the
+sequence then we have that fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then we have that fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then we have that fn
+of x minus f m of x. If you have two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus f m of x. If you have two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x minus f m of x. If you have two n
+and m like this, then the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m like this, then the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m like this, then the difference
+here is lesser equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is lesser equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is lesser equal to
+the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max
+where this is for all set in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is for all set in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is for all set in the
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+of um of f mn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of f mn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of f mn
+of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set
+minus uh fm um of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh fm um of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh fm um of set
+like that right because of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right because of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right because of course you
+know it means like in particular if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it means like in particular if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it means like in particular if x
+set was x right so you have clearly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now you see that uh so I claim so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see that uh so I claim so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you see that uh so I claim so I
+claim that this means so there so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this means so there so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this means so there so I
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+that this implies that the this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this implies that the this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this implies that the this that
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this sequence here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence here.
+Sorry. This sequence here fn of x this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. This sequence here fn of x this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. This sequence here fn of x this
+sequence here is a which is a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here is a which is a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here is a which is a sequence
+of real numbers. is here real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers. is here real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers. is here real numbers
+that this here is a cy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why
+why is that the case? Well, it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that the case? Well, it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that the case? Well, it's the
+case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given
+so this is just because given given so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just because given given so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just because given given so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon greater than zero
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+fn N is a C sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In the metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this metric space then um there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital N. So that if little n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N. So that if little n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N. So that if little n and
+little m are bigger than capital n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m are bigger than capital n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m are bigger than capital n then
+the difference between these guys sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between these guys sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between these guys sorry
+the difference between this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this function
+here and that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that function
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+right this is because the work sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is because the work sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is because the work sequence
+and so now this thing here is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this thing here is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this thing here is of course
+this thing here that's what we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here that's what we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here that's what we just saw
+this is like the maximum form. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the maximum form. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the maximum form. So this
+is bigger than when you evaluate it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than when you evaluate it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than when you evaluate it in
+just one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that, right?
+And so so this proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so this proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so so this proves
+this proved right that that this when x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proved right that that this when x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proved right that that this when x
+is fixed these guys here is a cy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed these guys here is a cy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed these guys here is a cy
+sequence of real numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of real numbers.
+So now we use since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we use since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we use since
+r here is cushy complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+fn of x is a cushy sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it means that uh that the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that uh that the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that uh that the sequence
+fn of x that this is converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x that this is converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x that this is converging
+and it's converging to some number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's converging to some number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's converging to some number right
+so just one number and that number we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just one number and that number we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just one number and that number we
+can call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call
+f ofx right so we just defined f to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx right so we just defined f to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx right so we just defined f to be
+the limit of this sequence right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of this sequence right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of this sequence right and
+that's what defined because there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what defined because there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what defined because there's just
+one number right so for each x it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number right so for each x it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number right so for each x it gives
+you a number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number.
+Okay. So now what we have proven is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so now we have a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we have a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we have a candidate
+so namely we have shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so namely we have shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so namely we have shown
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so now what you have we've proven here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you have we've proven here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what you have we've proven here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that we have found a function. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have found a function. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have found a function. So we
+have now proven that this sequence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now proven that this sequence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now proven that this sequence here
+is converging to some function f the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converging to some function f the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converging to some function f the
+convergence is just pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we don't know whether this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know whether this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know whether this function
+is continuous or not right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous or not right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous or not right it's the
+convergence is pointwise this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is pointwise this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is pointwise this is just
+because it convert for each fixed x it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it convert for each fixed x it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it convert for each fixed x it
+was f of f ofx was defined so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was f of f ofx was defined so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was f of f ofx was defined so that it
+was a limit of these guys fn of x right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a limit of these guys fn of x right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a limit of these guys fn of x right
+okay so now we need to promote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we need to promote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we need to promote this
+convergence so the point was pointwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so the point was pointwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so the point was pointwise
+and we need to promote the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to promote the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to promote the convergence
+to uniform convergence right and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uniform convergence right and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uniform convergence right and so so
+now we need so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given
+so given epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given epsilon greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given epsilon greater than zero
+again Since since these guys FN was a CC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Since since these guys FN was a CC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Since since these guys FN was a CC
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the metric space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the metric space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the metric space in
+in this metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this metric space
+then then as we saw over there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then as we saw over there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then as we saw over there they
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist capital N. So that if little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist capital N. So that if little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist capital N. So that if little
+n and and little m are bigger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and and little m are bigger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and and little m are bigger than this
+capital n then uh then the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then uh then the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n then uh then the difference
+between these two then fn of x - fm of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two then fn of x - fm of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two then fn of x - fm of x
+this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+is lesser equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser equal to
+and I'm using epsilon / two for all X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have that
+but now this here holds for all M and N,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this here holds for all M and N,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this here holds for all M and N,
+right? Let's just fix N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Let's just fix N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Let's just fix N.
+And now we can use that it's it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can use that it's it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can use that it's it's still
+true. I can still let M vary, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. I can still let M vary, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. I can still let M vary, right? And
+so if you let m go. So now letting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you let m go. So now letting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you let m go. So now letting so
+fixed fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fix
+n bigger than capital n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bigger than capital n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bigger than capital n and
+let little m goes to infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let little m goes to infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let little m goes to infinity.
+Right? Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Well
+this here is just some fixed number. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is just some fixed number. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is just some fixed number. But
+as m go to infinity this here go to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m go to infinity this here go to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m go to infinity this here go to f
+ofx. Right? And so since this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. Right? And so since this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. Right? And so since this difference
+is always less or equal to epsilon /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less or equal to epsilon /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less or equal to epsilon /
+two, it's also the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, it's also the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, it's also the case that the
+difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here
+of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is lesser or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lesser or equal
+to epsilon / two. So you have this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to epsilon / two. So you have this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to epsilon / two. So you have this here
+for all x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? This is just letting m goes to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is just letting m goes to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This is just letting m goes to uh
+to the limit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the limit.
+But this of course say this say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this of course say this say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this of course say this say that
+that the max if you will. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the max if you will. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the max if you will. So you have
+that. So this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this implies
+that the max of fn of x minus f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the max of fn of x minus f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the max of fn of x minus f ofx
+that this thing here where x is now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here where x is now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing here where x is now in
+this interval that this is lesser equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval that this is lesser equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval that this is lesser equal
+to epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to epsilon.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+And but this is like the same this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but this is like the same this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but this is like the same this here
+is just the distance between fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the distance between fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the distance between fn
+and f right. So say that this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f right. So say that this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f right. So say that this distance
+here here is less than uh I guess I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is less than uh I guess I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is less than uh I guess I had
+epsilon / two. So it means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon / two. So it means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon / two. So it means that this
+thing here is less than strictly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is less than strictly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is less than strictly less
+than epsilon. It's actually less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon. It's actually less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon. It's actually less or
+equal to epsilon / two. So it's strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon / two. So it's strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon / two. So it's strictly
+less than epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon.
+But that's exactly what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's exactly what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's exactly what it means for
+this sequence here. So this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here. So this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence here. So this is the same
+this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same
+as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that fn converts to f uniformly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Sorry, here I should have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Sorry, here I should have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Sorry, here I should have taken
+the soup. The reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup. The reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soup. The reason
+why I should take the soup here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I should take the soup here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I should take the soup here is
+that f is just a function. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is just a function. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f is just a function. It's not
+necessarily continuous at this stage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily continuous at this stage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily continuous at this stage.
+Right? So, but it was clearly the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, but it was clearly the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, but it was clearly the case
+with soup. So, the maximum appro may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with soup. So, the maximum appro may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with soup. So, the maximum appro may not
+be achieved yet. But now you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be achieved yet. But now you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be achieved yet. But now you see that
+they converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge
+these fn converge to f uniformly right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fn converge to f uniformly right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fn converge to f uniformly right.
+But then and these these guys here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then and these these guys here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then and these these guys here was
+continuous. Right? These are continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. Right? These are continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous. Right? These are continuous.
+So this implies that by this theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this implies that by this theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this implies that by this theorem we
+just proved that f is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved that f is also continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved that f is also continuous.
+Right? And so you see that so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so you see that so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so you see that so now you
+have that the limit is indeed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the limit is indeed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the limit is indeed in the
+space and we already proved here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we already proved here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we already proved here that
+the convergence to this limit is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence to this limit is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence to this limit is is is
+in is uniform which means that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is uniform which means that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is uniform which means that it's it's
+in that in the metric. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The next thing is that right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next thing is that right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next thing is that right so this is
+this here was just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here was just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here was just a little bit
+different way of thinking about uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about uniform
+convergence that you think about it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that you think about it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that you think about it sort
+of more abstractly as a convergence in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more abstractly as a convergence in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more abstractly as a convergence in a
+metric space right and it's a useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space right and it's a useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space right and it's a useful way
+of thinking about it the next thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about it the next thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about it the next thing we
+want to look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at is
+how this uniform convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this uniform convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this uniform convergence
+uh gives you a way of uh computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives you a way of uh computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives you a way of uh computing
+things. So in particular if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So in particular if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So in particular if you have
+some power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power series
+um and so and we talked about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so and we talked about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so and we talked about that a
+little bit last time we didn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit last time we didn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit last time we didn't prove
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+but one of the one of the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the one of the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the one of the motivation for
+this is that suppose you take a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that suppose you take a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that suppose you take a power
+series like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we we'll return to this in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we'll return to this in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we'll return to this in just a
+second but suppose you take a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but suppose you take a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but suppose you take a power
+series like this and You are inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series like this and You are inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series like this and You are inside the
+radius of convergence. So inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence. So inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence. So inside
+radius of convergence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of convergence.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you know that this thing here makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know that this thing here makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know that this thing here makes
+sense, right? That this for each x gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, right? That this for each x gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, right? That this for each x gives
+you a number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number.
+And so it gives you a function. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it gives you a function. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it gives you a function. And so
+you're interested in what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in what is the
+derivative of that function and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that function and what is
+the what is the integral of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the integral of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the integral of that
+function. How do we integrate it and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. How do we integrate it and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. How do we integrate it and how
+do we take the derivative? And the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take the derivative? And the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take the derivative? And the thing
+that worries you a bit is that it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worries you a bit is that it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worries you a bit is that it's if
+it was just a finite sum, it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a finite sum, it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just a finite sum, it would be
+trivial. But it's a infinite sum, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial. But it's a infinite sum, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial. But it's a infinite sum, right?
+And so is it okay? So the the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so is it okay? So the the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so is it okay? So the the natural
+question is is it okay if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is it okay if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is it okay if you want to
+take the derivative, can you interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative, can you interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative, can you interchange
+this infinite sum with taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite sum with taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite sum with taking
+derivative? And likewise, if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative? And likewise, if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative? And likewise, if you want to
+integrate this infinite sum, is it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this infinite sum, is it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this infinite sum, is it okay
+to inter interchange the infinite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inter interchange the infinite sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inter interchange the infinite sum
+with taking the integral? And the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking the integral? And the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with taking the integral? And the and
+the answer is it's okay. Okay. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it's okay. Okay. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it's okay. Okay. And so
+let's see that. So we do this. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that. So we do this. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that. So we do this. So we
+have two versions of this. One that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two versions of this. One that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two versions of this. One that's
+dealing with taking integrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with taking integrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with taking integrals and
+another version that deals with taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version that deals with taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version that deals with taking
+derivatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so the first thing is that I take so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the first thing is that I take so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the first thing is that I take so
+first theorem is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first theorem is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first theorem is the following
+that I have some interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have some interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have some interval
+from a to b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+um and then I have a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I have a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then I have a sequence of
+functions fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions fn
+that are um that are integraable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are um that are integraable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are um that are integraable.
+They may not be continuous. They're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may not be continuous. They're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They may not be continuous. They're just
+integraable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integraable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integraable.
+So in particular they are uh they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular they are uh they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular they are uh they are
+bounded.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded.
+And then I have that uh fn here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have that uh fn here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have that uh fn here
+converts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to
+f uniform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And I want to prove that. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I want to prove that. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I want to prove that. So the
+claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that fm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fm
+is also integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integral
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+is equal to uh the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to uh the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to uh the limit
+of these integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so in particular, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so in particular, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so in particular, of course,
+those integral here has a limit, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integral here has a limit, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integral here has a limit, right?
+It's part of the statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+right. So now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now um
+Right. So what do we want to what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So what do we want to what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So what do we want to what do we
+need to prove? So prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that. So we want to show So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that. So we want to show So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that. So we want to show So we
+first want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+f is integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we had a criteria for doing that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a criteria for doing that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had a criteria for doing that. So
+we're using the criteria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the criteria.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the criteria.
+So we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's uh all we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show
+is the following that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following that given
+given epsilon greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist
+there exist a partition P of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a partition P of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a partition P of of the
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B
+so that uh so that the upper sum of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh so that the upper sum of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh so that the upper sum of f
+with respect to this partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition
+minus the lower sum of f with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the lower sum of f with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the lower sum of f with respect to
+the same partition that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same partition that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same partition that this thing here
+is less than epsilon right that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon right that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon right that's all we
+need to prove we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove we need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to prove we need to prove
+For each epsilon we need to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For each epsilon we need to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For each epsilon we need to prove that
+there exist a partition. Right? So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a partition. Right? So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist a partition. Right? So if we
+have that then we already know that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then we already know that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that then we already know that then
+f is integral. Okay. And then then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is integral. Okay. And then then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is integral. Okay. And then then so
+that's just achieve this this first task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just achieve this this first task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just achieve this this first task
+and then afterwards we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then afterwards we need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then afterwards we need to prove
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Okay. So now how do we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So now how do we prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So now how do we prove
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+um so the first thing we observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing we observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing we observe is
+that if we take uh if we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we take uh if we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we take uh if we're looking at
+uh suppose that f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose that f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose that f n
+and f here suppose that this um suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f here suppose that this um suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f here suppose that this um suppose
+that fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn of x
+minus uh f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh f ofx
+suppose that this thing here was less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this thing here was less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that this thing here was less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+uh was less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was less than
+epsilon over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 3
+b minus a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a.
+Okay, suppose you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, suppose you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, suppose you have that
+and you can of course this here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can of course this here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can of course this here can be
+achieved, right? This here can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved, right? This here can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved, right? This here can so
+epsilon is now given, right? And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is now given, right? And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is now given, right? And so you
+have that so so maybe I should just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so so maybe I should just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so so maybe I should just say
+that uh so epsilon is given. So since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so epsilon is given. So since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so epsilon is given. So since
+fn converts to f uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means that there exist there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital n so that if you're further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if you're further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n so that if you're further out
+than capital n then actually you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n then actually you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than capital n then actually you have
+this thing here right b minus b b and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here right b minus b b and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here right b minus b b and a
+are fixed this is just something fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed this is just something fixed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed this is just something fixed.
+So this is just another epsilon, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just another epsilon, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just another epsilon, right?
+Okay. So if you have that now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you have that now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you have that now suppose
+you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take
+uh so remember we defined when we do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so remember we defined when we do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so remember we defined when we do uh
+did the when we had the partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the when we had the partition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the when we had the partition the
+partition had the dividing points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition had the dividing points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition had the dividing points
+with dividing points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x i. So we were looking at these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i. So we were looking at these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i. So we were looking at these small
+intervals x i from x i minus one to x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals x i from x i minus one to x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals x i from x i minus one to x i
+and we're looking at the soup of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking at the soup of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking at the soup of the
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you're looking at the soup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're looking at the soup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you're looking at the soup of
+suppose you're looking at so this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're looking at so this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're looking at so this here
+is on this little interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this little interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this little interval
+but it's for f right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's for f right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's for f right
+but the function f here you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the function f here you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the function f here you see the
+function. So you have that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So you have that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So you have that f of x
+this function here sorry I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here sorry I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function here sorry I don't need
+the absolute value but f ofx is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value but f ofx is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value but f ofx is less or
+equal to uh f uh n of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh f uh n of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh f uh n of x
+uh plus of course uh f of x minus f n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus of course uh f of x minus f n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus of course uh f of x minus f n of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so this means that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this means that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this means that this thing
+here is by this thing here is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is by this thing here is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is by this thing here is less or
+equal to fn of x. This thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to fn of x. This thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to fn of x. This thing here is
+bounded by the absolute value of it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? And and so this thing here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and so this thing here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And and so this thing here so
+this is fn of x and this here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fn of x and this here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fn of x and this here is just
+epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over
+over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3
+uh b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b minus a
+like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right
+so this means that if I take the soup on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if I take the soup on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if I take the soup on
+this little interval of f then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval of f then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval of f then it's
+bounded by the soup of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the soup of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the soup of this function
+plus that number right so I have that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that number right so I have that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that number right so I have that so
+I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I have that the again the soup of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have that the again the soup of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have that the again the soup of f
+on this little interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is what we call m i of f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we call m i of f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we call m i of f.
+that this is less or equal to because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is less or equal to because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is less or equal to because of
+this inequality is less than the soup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is less than the soup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is less than the soup of
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+of x on the same little interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus epsilon over 3 b minus a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over 3 b minus a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over 3 b minus a right
+and likewise likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise likewise
+so so likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for the in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So again I let little mi of f this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again I let little mi of f this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again I let little mi of f this is
+now the infom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the infom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the infom
+on this little interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops on this little interval of f right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry here here here I wanted to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here here here I wanted to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here here here I wanted to I
+wanted to insert what this thing was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to insert what this thing was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to insert what this thing was so
+this is m right I just the notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is m right I just the notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is m right I just the notation for
+this soup here is m I FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh the infreum the interim for f on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the infreum the interim for f on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the infreum the interim for f on
+this little interval the notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval the notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval the notation for
+that is that is is this little m i refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is is this little m i refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is is this little m i refer
+to the interval f to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interval f to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the interval f to the function
+and so similarly if you take the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so similarly if you take the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so similarly if you take the uh
+infom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infom
+infom So and you compare it to the infom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infom So and you compare it to the infom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infom So and you compare it to the infom
+of this fn on the same interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fn on the same interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fn on the same interval
+then the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same
+argument with obvious changes means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument with obvious changes means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument with obvious changes means that
+m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i
+f here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f here
+is now bigger equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now bigger equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now bigger equal to
+m i fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i fn
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+epsilon 1 over 3 B minus A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 over 3 B minus A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 over 3 B minus A.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing.
+Okay, maybe I'll just explain it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, maybe I'll just explain it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, maybe I'll just explain it, but
+it's the same sort of thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same sort of thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same sort of thing that you
+take.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take.
+Oh, maybe I shouldn't erase this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, maybe I shouldn't erase this one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, maybe I shouldn't erase this one.
+So, it's a sort of the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a sort of the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a sort of the same thing that
+you're looking at. You have f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at. You have f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at. You have f ofx
+again uh is equal to fn of x plus uh fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh is equal to fn of x plus uh fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh is equal to fn of x plus uh fn
+plus f of x minus right. So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of x minus right. So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus f of x minus right. So you have
+obviously this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this.
+And so this means that f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means that f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means that f ofx
+is um is big or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is big or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is big or equal to
+fn of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn of x
+minus. If you think that this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. If you think that this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. If you think that this here
+becomes negative and the maximum it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative and the maximum it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes negative and the maximum it can
+become negative on this little interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become negative on this little interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become negative on this little interval
+here on uh this little interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the worst this here can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the worst this here can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the worst this here can become
+negative is epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is epsilon over
+uh actually for any interval is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually for any interval is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually for any interval is a is
+this like that. So you always have this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like that. So you always have this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like that. So you always have this.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And and so if you take now the infom on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so if you take now the infom on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so if you take now the infom on
+this little interval then you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval then you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little interval then you're getting
+m i f bigger equal to m i fn minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i f bigger equal to m i fn minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i f bigger equal to m i fn minus
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+over 3 b minus a. Right? So you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 b minus a. Right? So you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 b minus a. Right? So you have
+that. So that's what we claim over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that's what we claim over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that's what we claim over
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so we have we have this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so we have we have this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so we have we have this thing
+here and we have the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have the corresponding
+thing. This is less or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. This is less or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. This is less or equal to the
+maximum of the function on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the function on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of the function on the same
+interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval.
+And then that's and the uh and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then that's and the uh and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then that's and the uh and then this
+equality here this equality here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality here this equality here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality here this equality here was
+that it's bounded by this guy here plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's bounded by this guy here plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's bounded by this guy here plus
+epsilon / 3 b minus a. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon / 3 b minus a. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon / 3 b minus a. Okay,
+so this is for the little M's, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for the little M's, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for the little M's, the
+little MIS and the capital MI. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little MIS and the capital MI. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little MIS and the capital MI. And now
+we need to sum these guys and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to sum these guys and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to sum these guys and we need to
+uh multiply those with a delta XI. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiply those with a delta XI. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiply those with a delta XI. So
+this means that if you're looking at So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if you're looking at So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if you're looking at So
+what we're interested in is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in is we're
+looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this
+times delta XI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta XI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta XI.
+This gives you the the the sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you the the the sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This gives you the the the sorry this
+gives you the lower sum of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the lower sum of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the lower sum of f
+with respect to this partition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition right
+where you're summing here over the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're summing
+the soups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you're getting the upper like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're getting the upper like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're getting the upper like
+there, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, right?
+And so now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you take this equality, this inequality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this equality, this inequality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this equality, this inequality,
+the string of inequality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string of inequality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string of inequality,
+and you're just multiplying by delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just multiplying by delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just multiplying by delta
+xi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xi
+on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides
+and then I'm summing right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm summing right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm summing right so if I
+multiply so let's call this here star so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so let's call this here star so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so let's call this here star so
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+by delta xi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta xi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by delta xi
+and sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+i right if you do that then what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i right if you do that then what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i right if you do that then what you get
+is you're getting mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're getting mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're getting mi
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+time minus epsilon over 3 b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+this time delta x i this is less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time delta x i this is less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time delta x i this is less or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i
+f delta xi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f delta xi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f delta xi
+which is less or equal to this one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry. And I should also sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. And I should also sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. And I should also sum
+summing over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+And then I have one more inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have one more inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have one more inequality
+namely this right hand side. Uh so less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this right hand side. Uh so less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this right hand side. Uh so less
+or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+I'm summing over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over I
+uh and I have this is m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I have this is m i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I have this is m i
+f + epsilon over 3 b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f + epsilon over 3 b minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f + epsilon over 3 b minus a
+time delta x i. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have that. Now let's try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that. Now let's try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that. Now let's try to figure
+out what this means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here.
+So now if you multiply this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you multiply this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you multiply this out
+the first thing right the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing right the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing right the the the
+top left corner that gives you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top left corner that gives you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top left corner that gives you when you
+multiply the bracket out the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the bracket out the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the bracket out the first term
+you get is the m I fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is the m I fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is the m I fn
+times delta xi but that is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta xi but that is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times delta xi but that is just the
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+sum with respect to the partition p for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum with respect to the partition p for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum with respect to the partition p for
+fn Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn Right?
+But then you get an another term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then you get an another term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then you get an another term which
+is you get one other term. you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get one other term. you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you get one other term. you get this
+minus and then you're summing over the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then you're summing over the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then you're summing over the i
+of epsilon 3 b minus a * x i right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the then it's less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the then it's less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the then it's less or equal to
+the same the the the term uh up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the the the term uh up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the the the term uh up there
+that's just the lower sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the lower sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the lower sum
+of f with respect to the partition. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f with respect to the partition. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f with respect to the partition. The
+next term is the upper sum of f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term is the upper sum of f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term is the upper sum of f with
+respect to the partition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the partition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the partition.
+And then the last inequality, the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last inequality, the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the last inequality, the first
+term when you multiply this bracket out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when you multiply this bracket out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when you multiply this bracket out
+the first term here is and unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term here is and unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term here is and unfortunately
+there was a missing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a missing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a missing n
+I copied it from here. Sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I copied it from here. Sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I copied it from here. Sorry,
+there was a missing end. I just copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a missing end. I just copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a missing end. I just copied
+from this one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Right? So now when you multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So now when you multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So now when you multiply this
+bracket out, the first term you get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket out, the first term you get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket out, the first term you get here
+is um is so you're getting less or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is so you're getting less or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um is so you're getting less or equal
+to the first term you get there when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first term you get there when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the first term you get there when
+you're summing over the i. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're summing over the i. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're summing over the i. That's
+exactly u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly u
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.
+And then the second term you get is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second term you get is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second term you get is this
+I epsilon over 3 B minus A delta X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I epsilon over 3 B minus A delta X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I epsilon over 3 B minus A delta X I
+now this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing here
+when I'm summing here right then uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm summing here right then uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm summing here right then uh I
+this is just a constant so I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a constant so I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a constant so I can just
+pull that constant out and the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that constant out and the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that constant out and the sum of
+these differences that just give you B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences that just give you B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences that just give you B
+minus A Right? So if you put that in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A Right? So if you put that in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus A Right? So if you put that in and
+this exactly the same you get on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly the same you get on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly the same you get on this
+term then you have that L fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then you have that L fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then you have that L fn
+P minus epsilon / 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus epsilon / 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus epsilon / 3
+is uh is lesser equal to LF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is lesser equal to LF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is lesser equal to LF
+uh P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh P
+and which is lesser equal to U FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is lesser equal to U FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is lesser equal to U FP
+And this is less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is less or equal to
+uh u fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh u fn
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+plus epsilon over three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now what have we used so far? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what have we used so far? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what have we used so far? So
+far we have just used P was any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we have just used P was any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we have just used P was any
+partition and all we have to you all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and all we have to you all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and all we have to you all we
+have used is that the FN converts to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used is that the FN converts to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used is that the FN converts to F
+uniformly and then for this given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly and then for this given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly and then for this given
+epsilon we chose this capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon we chose this capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon we chose this capital N
+sufficiently large right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large right
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+now you see that now we can just fix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that now we can just fix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see that now we can just fix so
+now we just Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just Let
+uh little n we just set let this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little n we just set let this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little n we just set let this be
+equal to this capital n. Right? We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this capital n. Right? We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this capital n. Right? We just
+need to use it for one uh for one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use it for one uh for one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use it for one uh for one little
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+And so but and then we can and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so but and then we can and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so but and then we can and now we
+have that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that since
+this particular function this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular function this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular function this one
+function was integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exist a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exist a partition
+but this is now a partition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is now a partition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is now a partition that is
+that's comes from right it's determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's comes from right it's determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's comes from right it's determined
+from this function here but there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function here but there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this function here but there exist
+a partition position so that so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition position so that so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partition position so that so that the
+L uh sorry so that the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh sorry so that the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh sorry so that the difference
+between the difference between the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the difference between the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the difference between the upper
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+for this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this function
+minus the lower sum for this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than say epsilon / 3. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But so you see that
+this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right so you see that the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so you see that the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so you see that the difference
+now I can erase this thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+so we observe now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we observe now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we observe now
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number here
+this number here because of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here because of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here because of this this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+number is always larger than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is always larger than that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is always larger than that.
+Right? And so this means that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this means that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And so this means that this thing
+here is u by this inequality it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is u by this inequality it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is u by this inequality it just
+tells you that this is less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this is less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this is less than that
+this thing here. Let me continue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here. Let me continue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here. Let me continue here
+below that this thing here is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that this thing here is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that this thing here is less than
+l fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l fn
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+plus epsilon over three. This is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over three. This is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over three. This is coming
+from that this one here. Just moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that this one here. Just moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that this one here. Just moving
+this over on the other side. Then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over on the other side. Then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over on the other side. Then you
+have that this is bounded by that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that this is bounded by that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that this is bounded by that and
+then you have another epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have another epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have another epsilon over
+three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+Fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fine.
+And so you see that those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you see that those two things
+this here and that here is squeezed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and that here is squeezed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and that here is squeezed in
+an interval of length epsilon. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of length epsilon. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval of length epsilon. Right? So
+it means that the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the difference between
+these two is is bounded by epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two is is bounded by epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two is is bounded by epsilon.
+Right? So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, so
+LF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF
+with respect to this partition and U FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition and U FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to this partition and U FP
+right they are in a in both lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they are in a in both lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they are in a in both lie
+both lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both lie
+in an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon right so it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon right so it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon right so it means that the
+difference between the two right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two right so the
+difference between so this here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between so this here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between so this here which is
+always positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive
+but this here the difference must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this here the difference must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this here the difference must be
+less than less I guess less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than less I guess less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than less I guess less or equal to
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so and this proves so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so and this proves so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so and this proves so this
+show right so this show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that f here is integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that f here is integraable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that f here is integraable
+it's integraable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Because to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Because to show that this
+function was integral, we just needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was integral, we just needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was integral, we just needed to
+for a given epsilon, we needed to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given epsilon, we needed to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given epsilon, we needed to find a
+partition so that the upper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so that the upper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so that the upper the
+difference between the upper and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the upper and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the upper and the
+lower sum was less or equal to epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sum was less or equal to epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sum was less or equal to epsilon.
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So the function f is is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the function f is is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the function f is is is is
+uh is integraable. Now I claim that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is integraable. Now I claim that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is integraable. Now I claim that it
+also proves that um it also show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proves that um it also show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proves that um it also show that
+that the limit is what it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because you see that we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you see that we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you see that we now know
+we now know that the function so Now, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know that the function so Now, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know that the function so Now, so
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this integral of f dx this exist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral of f dx this exist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral of f dx this exist right
+because we prove that it's integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we prove that it's integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we prove that it's integral so
+it means that this exists and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this exists and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this exists and this is
+always squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always squeezed
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+for any partition it's always squeezed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any partition it's always squeezed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any partition it's always squeezed
+between these two things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+But now you see that so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now you see that so this means that
+that it would have to lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would have to lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would have to lie
+in this string of inequality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this string of inequality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this string of inequality.
+It would have to lie here between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would have to lie here between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would have to lie here between these
+two numbers. Right? But this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know if you make this right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you make this right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you make this right so we
+have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also
+right so so what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so what do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so what do we have
+we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have that this integral here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that this integral here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have that this integral here from
+a to b of f dx is less less or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b of f dx is less less or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b of f dx is less less or equal to
+u f with respect to any partition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u f with respect to any partition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u f with respect to any partition.
+Same thing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same thing here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same thing here.
+And now if we if we um right if we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now if we if we um right if we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now if we if we um right if we let
+the if we looked at if we used this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we looked at if we used this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we looked at if we used this uh
+if we we used that for this given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we we used that for this given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we we used that for this given
+epsilon that n here was bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that n here was bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon that n here was bigger than
+capital n big or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n big or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n big or equal to
+then we have that this thing here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that this thing here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that this thing here was
+bounded below from this inequality l fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded below from this inequality l fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded below from this inequality l fn
+p minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus
+uh epsilon / 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh epsilon / 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh epsilon / 3
+and we had that it was bounded from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had that it was bounded from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had that it was bounded from
+above. So this is just this inequality u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above. So this is just this inequality u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above. So this is just this inequality u
+fn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn
+p plus epsilon / 3 and so now we we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p plus epsilon / 3 and so now we we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p plus epsilon / 3 and so now we we made
+use of and so we do this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of and so we do this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of and so we do this for this
+capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n.
+So in particular it holds for capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular it holds for capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular it holds for capital n.
+And now we made use of that. Uh so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we made use of that. Uh so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we made use of that. Uh so now
+all I want to do is here I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to do is here I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want to do is here I want to
+estimate the difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the difference between this
+integral here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here
+uh and this integral here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this integral here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this integral here and the
+integral from a to b of f uh capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And I want to prove that if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And I want to prove that if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And I want to prove that if I'm
+very far out this this here is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far out this this here is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far out this this here is very
+small right but I now make this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right but I now make this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right but I now make this one
+here. So if I take if I when I choose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So if I take if I when I choose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So if I take if I when I choose my
+partition so that this number here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so that this number here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so that this number here so
+then I can just make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can just make sure that this
+number here when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here when I
+prove the when I uh choose the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the when I uh choose the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the when I uh choose the partition
+then I just said that I choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just said that I choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just said that I choose the
+partition so that this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so that this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so that this thing here
+minus this lower here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this lower here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this lower here
+for this capital n that this here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this capital n that this here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this capital n that this here was
+smaller than epsilon over two. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than epsilon over two. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than epsilon over two. Right?
+And so this means again but now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means again but now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this means again but now you see
+that um this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um this integral
+of this integral here this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this integral here this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this integral here this is always
+squeezed between these two numbers. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed between these two numbers. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed between these two numbers. So
+this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squeezed like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so now you see that this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you see that this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now you see that this means that
+um that this integral is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this integral is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this integral is in this
+interval here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval here.
+Uh but in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but in fact um
+in fact of course in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact of course in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact of course in this interval
+between these two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between actually the these two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between actually the these two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between actually the these two numbers
+by by you know even if there wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by you know even if there wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by you know even if there wasn't a
+plus in that interval that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in that interval that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in that interval that uh this
+integral here would also lie right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here would also lie right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here would also lie right so it
+lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies
+even more comfortable in this larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more comfortable in this larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more comfortable in this larger
+interval where you adding epsilon over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval where you adding epsilon over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval where you adding epsilon over 3
+and subtracting epsilon over 3. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting epsilon over 3. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting epsilon over 3. So, so
+this integral lie between these two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral lie between these two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral lie between these two the
+same is the case for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this interval again have length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this interval again have length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this interval again have length
+epsilon. So this means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. So this means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon. So this means that this
+difference between these two number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two number is
+also less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this really proved that if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this really proved that if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this really proved that if it was
+sufficiently far out then the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out then the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far out then the difference
+between these two integral was bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two integral was bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two integral was bounded
+by epsilon right so this this prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon right so this this prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon right so this this prove that
+the integral are converging okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral are converging okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral are converging okay
+let's look at So how do we use this? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at So how do we use this? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at So how do we use this? So
+what we were interested in was uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were interested in was uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were interested in was uh using
+this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact
+uh in the case of a power series. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of a power series. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of a power series. So let
+me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just
+look at an example for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose that en of x so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that en of x so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose that en of x so this is the
+same as in the previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as in the previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as in the previous example
+um where I'm summing here from k =0 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where I'm summing here from k =0 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where I'm summing here from k =0 to n
+xn over x k sorry over k factorial right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn over x k sorry over k factorial right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn over x k sorry over k factorial right
+so these are the function xn and x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the function xn and x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the function xn and x is
+just sorry e en and and the function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sorry e en and and the function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sorry e en and and the function um
+to this is the function Here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is the function Here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is the function Here the
+function e is just the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function e is just the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function e is just the exponential
+function. So which I think about as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So which I think about as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So which I think about as the
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+uh series the power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh series the power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh series the power series
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this.
+And now I had so we already observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I had so we already observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I had so we already observe that
+by the bio stress uh so by bio stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M test
+uh uh by V size M test the EN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh by V size M test the EN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh by V size M test the EN
+converts to E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to E
+on any interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to restrict the interval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to restrict the interval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to restrict the interval.
+But if you're fixing an interval like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're fixing an interval like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're fixing an interval like
+this then it's converging uh uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it's converging uh uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then it's converging uh uniformly
+right so this is what bio size m game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is what bio size m game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is what bio size m game
+right and now these functions here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now these functions here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now these functions here they
+are polomials the en are polinomials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are polomials the en are polinomials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are polomials the en are polinomials so
+it's easy to integrate them so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to integrate them so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to integrate them so you have
+that that the integral here of en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the integral here of en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the integral here of en
+dx x from uh let's say some interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx x from uh let's say some interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx x from uh let's say some interval
+from a to b. This thing here is now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b. This thing here is now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b. This thing here is now uh
+equal to the sum here. So you can so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum here. So you can so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum here. So you can so now
+it's just a finite sum. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a finite sum. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a finite sum. So you can
+exchange that and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange that and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange that and then you're
+integrating from a to b of x k over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating from a to b of x k over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating from a to b of x k over k
+factorial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And of course that's very easy to do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course that's very easy to do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course that's very easy to do,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+uh so dx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so dx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so dx
+and and the theorem with that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the theorem with that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the theorem with that we just
+proved that this thing here is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that this thing here is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that this thing here is because
+the convergence is uniform each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence is uniform each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence is uniform each of these
+is integraable. This means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integraable. This means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integraable. This means that the
+limit here is also uh integraable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here is also uh integraable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here is also uh integraable and
+the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of
+of the exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential function
+is the limit of these integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limit of these integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limit of these integrals
+right and so this the point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this the point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this the point here is
+again is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is that
+um if you have uniform convergence then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have uniform convergence then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have uniform convergence then
+you can sort of I mean you're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of I mean you're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of I mean you're using the
+uniform convergence that we have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence that we have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform convergence that we have from
+bias size M test then we can interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias size M test then we can interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias size M test then we can interchange
+this infinite sum with taking integrals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite sum with taking integrals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite sum with taking integrals.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just I I I I had wanted to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just I I I I had wanted to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just I I I I had wanted to do one
+more thing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing but I
+I don't have time to do that quite uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have time to do that quite uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have time to do that quite uh so
+I I'll pick up on that next time but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll pick up on that next time but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll pick up on that next time but let
+me just observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just observe
+that when you're integrating here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're integrating here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you're integrating here when
+you're integrating this this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating this this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating this this thing here
+right so what is the integral of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is the integral of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is the integral of this so
+when we're just calculating this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're just calculating this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're just calculating this so
+you're integrating uh x to the k over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating uh x to the k over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating uh x to the k over k
+factorial. When you're integrating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. When you're integrating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial. When you're integrating a
+polomial, you're looking for you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial, you're looking for you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial, you're looking for you're
+using the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the fundamental theorem of
+calculus. So you're trying to look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. So you're trying to look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. So you're trying to look for a
+function whose derivative is this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose derivative is this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose derivative is this,
+right? Such a function is often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Such a function is often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Such a function is often called
+the anti-derivative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative.
+And so what is that function? So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what is that function? So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what is that function? So a
+function so if you're looking at x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if you're looking at x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if you're looking at x to
+the power k + one right so you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power k + one right so you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power k + one right so you know that
+you have to because it's a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to because it's a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to because it's a polinomial
+you have to add one right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add one right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to add one right to the
+exponent and then this as when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and then this as when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and then this as when you take
+derivative this come down so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this come down so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this come down so you have to
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+k + one factorial right because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + one factorial right because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + one factorial right because if you
+take when you take the derivative then k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take when you take the derivative then k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take when you take the derivative then k
+plus one come down and it kills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one come down and it kills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one come down and it kills the
+first one and the rest is this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and the rest is this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and the rest is this right
+and so so when you evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so when you evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so when you evaluate this
+integral then it's this here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then it's this here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral then it's this here is the
+anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative
+and you have to ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to ex
+uh insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh insert
+the boundary values like this right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary values like this right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary values like this right so
+that would be the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the integral
+okay so I'll just stop here and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just stop here and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll just stop here and next
+time I'll go through the one theorem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll go through the one theorem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll go through the one theorem I
+didn't get to which is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to which is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to which is how to
+interchange the differentiation and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the differentiation and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the differentiation and uh
+and uh right if you take a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh right if you take a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh right if you take a sequence of
+functions that converge uniformly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that converge uniformly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that converge uniformly and
+you want to take the derivative of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take the derivative of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take the derivative of these
+um how do you relate the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you relate the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you relate the derivative of
+the sequence to derivative of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence to derivative of the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence to derivative of the limit
+okay so but it's in the notes I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but it's in the notes I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but it's in the notes I already
+posted the notes but I'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted the notes but I'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted the notes but I'll go through
+that next Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next Any
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> That's okay. Right. Because um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's okay. Right. Because um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's okay. Right. Because um right so
+I um I'm not 100% sure I I needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um I'm not 100% sure I I needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um I'm not 100% sure I I needed
+epsilon less or equal to epsilon. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon less or equal to epsilon. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon less or equal to epsilon. It
+doesn't really matter, right? because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter, right? because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter, right? because
+you just picked that I I had chosen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just picked that I I had chosen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just picked that I I had chosen it
+uh with the epsilon over three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the epsilon over three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the epsilon over three and
+epsilon over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over three
+* b minus a that was just to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* b minus a that was just to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* b minus a that was just to have it
+worked out. So it was epsilon in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out. So it was epsilon in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out. So it was epsilon in the end
+but you could of course have chosen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could of course have chosen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could of course have chosen it
+even smaller than you would have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller than you would have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller than you would have had
+strict inequality. It's possible it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict inequality. It's possible it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict inequality. It's possible it was
+actually strict inequality anyway.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_AWFPw0Hu-Y.txt b/_AWFPw0Hu-Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2652199d7d9a54d32e0a0458a67b469a1aa4fcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_AWFPw0Hu-Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I give a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I give a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I give a very quick
+summary what we're talking in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary what we're talking in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary what we're talking in the first
+lecture uh we reviewed uh the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we reviewed uh the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh we reviewed uh the first and
+second law of course I assume that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of course I assume that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of course I assume that you
+all have seen in various courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have seen in various courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have seen in various courses and
+this is the maximum thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximum thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximum thermodynamic
+efficiency of any heat engine operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of any heat engine operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of any heat engine operating
+between two he reservoirs one is that Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two he reservoirs one is that Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two he reservoirs one is that Co
+the other is a hot um so that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is a hot um so that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is a hot um so that's the uh
+key points and then for many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key points and then for many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key points and then for many of you
+probably first time uh uh is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably first time uh uh is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably first time uh uh is I
+introduced if you go to this statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced if you go to this statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced if you go to this statistical
+side the microscope the picture at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the microscope the picture at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the microscope the picture at the
+one quantum mechanical State you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quantum mechanical State you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one quantum mechanical State you count
+how many particles uh either electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many particles uh either electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many particles uh either electrons
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+molecules uh or photons or lat vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh or photons or lat vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh or photons or lat vibration
+Fons and for electrons it's given by per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and for electrons it's given by per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons and for electrons it's given by per
+distribution and where this new is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and where this new is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and where this new is the
+chemical potential that's the energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential that's the energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential that's the energy you
+need to take a particle in or out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take a particle in or out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take a particle in or out of the
+system and uh e is the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh e is the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh e is the energy of that
+quum state and is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quum state and is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quum state and is the
+temperature and then say uh that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then say uh that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then say uh that's for
+electrons where uh the part Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons where uh the part Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons where uh the part Exclusion
+Principle will say the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle will say the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle will say the maximum
+possibility of having electron in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of having electron in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of having electron in state
+is one so this L is between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one so this L is between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one so this L is between zero and
+one and uh then uh I introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh then uh I introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh then uh I introduced
+also the other type of particles those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the other type of particles those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the other type of particles those
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+the phon electromagnetic weight or L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phon electromagnetic weight or L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phon electromagnetic weight or L
+vibration we call F or even molecules uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration we call F or even molecules uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration we call F or even molecules uh
+this is the was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the was I
+distribution uh where again this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh where again this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh where again this is the
+energy and M is theal potential but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and M is theal potential but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and M is theal potential but here
+we're not limited by the PO soluion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not limited by the PO soluion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not limited by the PO soluion so
+in one Quantum State this number can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one Quantum State this number can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one Quantum State this number can
+be larger than one and if you take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than one and if you take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than one and if you take out
+this minus one or plus one you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus one or plus one you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus one or plus one you go to the
+classical regime where we call the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical regime where we call the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical regime where we call the uh
+distribution F doesn't have that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution F doesn't have that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution F doesn't have that one the
+exponential distribution that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution that's the
+bardman statistics bman distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bardman statistics bman distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bardman statistics bman distribution
+this is what you see in AR no in chical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see in AR no in chical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see in AR no in chical
+reaction so that's a review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that's a review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that's a review of
+thermodynamics and then then uh I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and then then uh I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and then then uh I went
+down to heat transfer uh where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to heat transfer uh where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to heat transfer uh where we have
+three modes of heat transfer uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modes of heat transfer uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modes of heat transfer uh the
+first mode is a heat conduction the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode is a heat conduction the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode is a heat conduction the F
+tells us the heat flux is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the heat flux is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us the heat flux is proportional
+uh to the thermal conductivity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the thermal conductivity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the thermal conductivity and the
+temp uh but I went one step further to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp uh but I went one step further to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp uh but I went one step further to
+show you in a very simple kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a very simple kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a very simple kinetic
+picture just to count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just to count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture just to count the number of
+molecules going from left to right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules going from left to right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules going from left to right and
+right to left then we have have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left then we have have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left then we have have a simple
+expression for thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for thermal conductivity
+that's 13 C is specific heat V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 13 C is specific heat V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 13 C is specific heat V is the
+velocity and Gamma is the mean free cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and Gamma is the mean free cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and Gamma is the mean free cost
+that's how L the molecules Trav so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how L the molecules Trav so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how L the molecules Trav so this
+is the E conduction mode and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the E conduction mode and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the E conduction mode and then we
+have the new SL of coing for conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the new SL of coing for conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the new SL of coing for conversion
+where the proportion coefficient area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the proportion coefficient area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the proportion coefficient area
+and C difference and the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C difference and the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C difference and the difference is
+this e coefficient is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e coefficient is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e coefficient is like
+longer property of the material C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer property of the material C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer property of the material C
+conductivity is material property AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is material property AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is material property AG
+depends on the flow configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the flow configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the flow configuration
+natural conversion Force conversion what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural conversion Force conversion what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural conversion Force conversion what
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+geometry and then the third mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and then the third mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and then the third mode of
+transfer was thermal radiation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer was thermal radiation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer was thermal radiation and I
+gave the St law that's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the St law that's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the St law that's the maximum
+emission for object in half uh in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission for object in half uh in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission for object in half uh in the uh
+uh so this is called the St is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is called the St is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is called the St is
+proportional to force Power a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to force Power a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to force Power a real
+object the emission is less than that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the emission is less than that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the emission is less than that so
+we normalize the real object emission by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normalize the real object emission by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normalize the real object emission by
+this L we get the soal emissivity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L we get the soal emissivity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L we get the soal emissivity that's
+it's a l between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a l between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a l between zero and
+one so I mov on at the end of last uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I mov on at the end of last uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I mov on at the end of last uh uh
+lecture I was trying to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I was trying to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I was trying to show you the
+Thal radiation can be derived uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thal radiation can be derived uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thal radiation can be derived uh the uh
+uh and here I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here I'll
+continue and give you a derivation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and give you a derivation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and give you a derivation of
+the pl law again now we move from Contin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pl law again now we move from Contin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pl law again now we move from Contin
+to microscopic picture and once we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to microscopic picture and once we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to microscopic picture and once we go to
+microscopic I use the same strategy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic I use the same strategy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic I use the same strategy I'm
+going do to do the cting the L of modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do to do the cting the L of modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do to do the cting the L of modes
+quantum mechanical State because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical State because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical State because I
+already know from statistics each qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know from statistics each qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know from statistics each qu
+mechanic State how many Photon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic State how many Photon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic State how many Photon that's
+the b i distribution that's the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b i distribution that's the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b i distribution that's the previous
+slide here so I know each mod this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here so I know each mod this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide here so I know each mod this is
+the L of at this temperature that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L of at this temperature that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L of at this temperature that's the
+number of photons in the modes and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons in the modes and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons in the modes and also
+I commented before for um phon Fon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I commented before for um phon Fon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I commented before for um phon Fon this
+m equal Z so we use that and the task is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equal Z so we use that and the task is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equal Z so we use that and the task is
+really just uh count the number of mes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just uh count the number of mes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just uh count the number of mes
+so I will take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+cub and I assume that the wall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and I assume that the wall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub and I assume that the wall is
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+reflecting and this is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting and this is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting and this is at the
+temperature T and now I want to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T and now I want to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T and now I want to see how
+much radiation energy is Con inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much radiation energy is Con inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much radiation energy is Con inside this
+Cube by counting the mes I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube by counting the mes I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube by counting the mes I want to show
+you this because uh we will actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because uh we will actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this because uh we will actually use
+a lot of those coning techniques towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of those coning techniques towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of those coning techniques towards
+electrons towards the Fons so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons towards the Fons so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons towards the Fons so it's a
+general way of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way of doing the
+cting and of course we have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cting and of course we have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cting and of course we have it's
+electromagnetic wave so here are basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave so here are basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave so here are basic
+relationships and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and you know the
+wavelength times frequency equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength times frequency equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength times frequency equals the
+speed of light so I write it rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light so I write it rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light so I write it rather than
+wav L I write in terms of wave Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav L I write in terms of wave Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav L I write in terms of wave Vector is
+inverse wav L and angular frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse wav L and angular frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse wav L and angular frequency so
+Oma linear relation between the amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oma linear relation between the amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oma linear relation between the amp
+uh and the uh see of the wi Vector wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the uh see of the wi Vector wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the uh see of the wi Vector wi
+Vector is Vector it's KX KY KZ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is Vector it's KX KY KZ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is Vector it's KX KY KZ in
+Partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition
+coordinate and that's what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and that's what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and that's what we call the
+dispersion relation the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation the relation between
+we vector and frequency is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we vector and frequency is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we vector and frequency is this
+verion so now uh I want to see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verion so now uh I want to see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verion so now uh I want to see how many
+Mones in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mones in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mones in this
+cavity and my uh simple picture is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity and my uh simple picture is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity and my uh simple picture is this
+is the l in the X Direction and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the l in the X Direction and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the l in the X Direction and because
+the perfect wall so it's reflecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect wall so it's reflecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect wall so it's reflecting and
+it's a wave so the only way that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave so the only way that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave so the only way that this
+wave can exist is having zero amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave can exist is having zero amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave can exist is having zero amplitude
+at the end of the on the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the on the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the on the surface of the
+W so this is a if you have a string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so this is a if you have a string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so this is a if you have a string and
+you walk you do the uh go to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk you do the uh go to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk you do the uh go to think about
+you play violin and uh you have the noes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play violin and uh you have the noes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play violin and uh you have the noes
+at the two end and the vibrational modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two end and the vibrational modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two end and the vibrational modes
+at the two ends zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two ends zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the two ends zero
+so we have different modes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have different modes the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have different modes the first
+mode is half and the second mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is half and the second mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is half and the second mode is
+including the full p and I can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the full p and I can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the full p and I can use this
+as my constraint in the X Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my constraint in the X Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my constraint in the X Direction
+that's the length and half M or twice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the length and half M or twice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the length and half M or twice or
+n times the half mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times the half mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times the half mod
+halfway so with that I go to because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway so with that I go to because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway so with that I go to because the
+wi Vector in the X direction is just 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi Vector in the X direction is just 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wi Vector in the X direction is just 2
+over Lambda so I can write this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda so I can write this in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Lambda so I can write this in terms
+of N and LX the length of the box and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and LX the length of the box and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and LX the length of the box and if
+I can write KX I same way to write KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write KX I same way to write KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write KX I same way to write KY
+and k z so I have allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k z so I have allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k z so I have allowable
+number for this KX KY KZ and each set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for this KX KY KZ and each set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for this KX KY KZ and each set of
+KX KY KZ right if you think about the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY KZ right if you think about the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY KZ right if you think about the W
+give me a distinct wave and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a distinct wave and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a distinct wave and that's one
+MO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MO
+except the electromagnetic wave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the electromagnetic wave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the electromagnetic wave you
+learned before it's a transverse wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before it's a transverse wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before it's a transverse wave
+the sound wave is a longitudal wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound wave is a longitudal wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound wave is a longitudal wave
+right when I speak here I'm pressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I speak here I'm pressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I speak here I'm pressing the
+uh the air and the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the air and the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the air and the direction of
+propagation of the wave is in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the wave is in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the wave is in the same
+direction as the air uh say doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as the air uh say doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as the air uh say doing
+expansion and contration so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and contration so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and contration so that's a
+longitudinal weight the transform we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal weight the transform we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal weight the transform we
+electromagnetic weave from the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weave from the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic weave from the Sun
+that's direction to the Earth the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's direction to the Earth the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's direction to the Earth the K
+Vector but the uh electric field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but the uh electric field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector but the uh electric field the
+magnetic field is perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is perpendicular to the
+direction propagation and I have two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction propagation and I have two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction propagation and I have two so
+I put a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put a two
+here and then I sum up all the modes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I sum up all the modes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I sum up all the modes so
+n number each set of n number NX n y n z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n number each set of n number NX n y n z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n number each set of n number NX n y n z
+is one Mo so I count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one Mo so I count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one Mo so I count how many
+mes there are inside the cavity so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mes there are inside the cavity so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mes there are inside the cavity so I
+just sum up all possible combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up all possible combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up all possible combination of
+n each one combination one mode each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n each one combination one mode each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n each one combination one mode each
+mode has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode has
+two say polarization vibration Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two say polarization vibration Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two say polarization vibration Direction
+and each Mo the photon has energy each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each Mo the photon has energy each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each Mo the photon has energy each
+every Photon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Photon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Photon has
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+energy yes yeah I have a question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy yes yeah I have a question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy yes yeah I have a question how
+does the factor two relate to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the factor two relate to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the factor two relate to the fact
+that the electrical field is transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electrical field is transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electrical field is transverse
+to the wave Factor so uh when I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wave Factor so uh when I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wave Factor so uh when I have one
+set ofx and y and z so in uh one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set ofx and y and z so in uh one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set ofx and y and z so in uh one case
+electric field is this direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is this direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is this direction in the
+next case is this direction or other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next case is this direction or other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next case is this direction or other is
+a combination of the two so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the two so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the two so it's not
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+mode so you have factor of two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so you have factor of two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so you have factor of two is
+because in this one set of NX n y n z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this one set of NX n y n z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this one set of NX n y n z
+you can have two possible e directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have two possible e directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have two possible e directions
+electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field
+Direction so I do my summation here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so I do my summation here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so I do my summation here and
+the only thing this is a I will use many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing this is a I will use many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing this is a I will use many
+times I don't like summation because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I don't like summation because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I don't like summation because I
+don't know how to do it easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do it easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do it easily
+analytically so I'm converting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically so I'm converting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically so I'm converting that
+summation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation into
+integration right so uh if I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right so uh if I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration right so uh if I think about
+the n discr and the we Vector is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n discr and the we Vector is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n discr and the we Vector is great
+but if this separation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this separation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this separation between the
+energy is small enough so I can say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is small enough so I can say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is small enough so I can say in
+this distance dkx and this is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance dkx and this is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance dkx and this is the unit
+of this discret so that's equivalent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this discret so that's equivalent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this discret so that's equivalent a
+continuous L of n rather than discrete l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous L of n rather than discrete l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous L of n rather than discrete l
+n right so this is the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so this is the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so this is the equivalent of
+summation into integration as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation into integration as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation into integration as long as
+this function doesn't change a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function doesn't change a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function doesn't change a lot
+between the every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the every
+two and I do that for y and for Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I do that for y and for Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I do that for y and for Z so
+this is a uh this uh this step is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh this uh this step is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh this uh this step is just
+for my future okay what this step means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my future okay what this step means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my future okay what this step means
+isans rather than doing this factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isans rather than doing this factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isans rather than doing this factor of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+here from Z to infinite which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from Z to infinite which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from Z to infinite which is a
+standing way okay and is a uh integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing way okay and is a uh integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing way okay and is a uh integer
+positive integer is a standing way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer is a standing way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integer is a standing way I'm
+going to do from negative infinite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do from negative infinite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do from negative infinite to
+positive infinite because this is a un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinite because this is a un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive infinite because this is a un
+function okay and this way I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and this way I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and this way I'm really
+rather than so what I miss is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than so what I miss is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than so what I miss is this
+Factor two I don't have Factor anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor two I don't have Factor anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor two I don't have Factor anymore
+and physically what I'm saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physically what I'm saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physically what I'm saying this
+standing wave summation is same as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave summation is same as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave summation is same as two
+propagating wave counter with when KX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating wave counter with when KX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating wave counter with when KX is
+negative means going negative Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means going negative Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative means going negative Direction
+positive going positive direction so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive going positive direction so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive going positive direction so uh
+this is mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mathematically
+equivalent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent uh
+and later on I'll do lot of this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on I'll do lot of this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on I'll do lot of this minus
+infinite to plus infinite subm than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to plus infinite subm than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to plus infinite subm than this
+standing W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing W
+subm right so uh it's a more mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm right so uh it's a more mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm right so uh it's a more mathematics
+uh I can walk you through but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can walk you through but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can walk you through but there's no
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+here this a book content doing the Le uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this a book content doing the Le uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this a book content doing the Le uh
+I already did dkx DK y so I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already did dkx DK y so I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already did dkx DK y so I wrote it
+into coordinate now it's not XY Z it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into coordinate now it's not XY Z it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into coordinate now it's not XY Z it's
+KX KY KZ it's ction coordinate and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY KZ it's ction coordinate and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY KZ it's ction coordinate and three
+dimensional integration the rest is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional integration the rest is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional integration the rest is just
+the numerator here I had before those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator here I had before those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator here I had before those
+numer LX l y l z right so 8 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer LX l y l z right so 8 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numer LX l y l z right so 8 Pi
+Cub so that's just a copying what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub so that's just a copying what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub so that's just a copying what I had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+and F is C copy so I'm doing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is C copy so I'm doing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is C copy so I'm doing all the
+copy now uh to simplify again simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy now uh to simplify again simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy now uh to simplify again simplify
+life the integration you can say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life the integration you can say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life the integration you can say I have
+a conflict the conflict is y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conflict the conflict is y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conflict the conflict is y is
+integrating over K but my function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over K but my function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over K but my function is
+function of Omega so I have to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega so I have to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega so I have to transfer
+either Y into Omega into K or k into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Y into Omega into K or k into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Y into Omega into K or k into
+Omega and I would like to transfer K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I would like to transfer K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I would like to transfer K
+into Omega in this case and it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Omega in this case and it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Omega in this case and it's your
+choice actually when you do it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice actually when you do it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice actually when you do it so I
+transfer that K into Omega and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that K into Omega and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that K into Omega and I want to
+do spherical coordinate because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do spherical coordinate because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do spherical coordinate because that's
+easier okay so DK DX DK X DK y DK 4 Pi k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so DK DX DK X DK y DK 4 Pi k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so DK DX DK X DK y DK 4 Pi k
+s DK in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s DK in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s DK in s
+coordinate and now you go to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and now you go to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and now you go to look at the
+KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+right I hope I written down okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I hope I written down okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I hope I written down okay in the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+slides okay K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay K
+x² = Omega s/ cqu so this is how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² = Omega s/ cqu so this is how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² = Omega s/ cqu so this is how I
+change K into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change K into
+Omega that's where the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that's where the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega that's where the dispersion
+relation the relation between Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the relation between Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation the relation between Omega and
+K is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is very important
+okay so K into Omega that's just Omega c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so K into Omega that's just Omega c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so K into Omega that's just Omega c
+k so DK is D om over C and now I combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so DK is D om over C and now I combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so DK is D om over C and now I combine
+everything I do per unit volume how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I do per unit volume how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I do per unit volume how much
+energy we have and uh I write all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have and uh I write all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we have and uh I write all this
+other factors into the integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors into the integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors into the integration and
+this is what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I have
+here everything is Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything is Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything is Max
+and this D I call it density of States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this D I call it density of States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this D I call it density of States
+what it means is how many quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is how many quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is how many quantum
+mechanical States or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical States or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical States or
+electromagnetic modes we have between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic modes we have between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic modes we have between
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+Omega okay and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay and so this is the
+photon energy one Photon one state how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy one Photon one state how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy one Photon one state how
+many Photon we have and then in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Photon we have and then in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Photon we have and then in this
+state uh in this region how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state uh in this region how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state uh in this region how many
+States we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States we
+have right so this is also the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right so this is also the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right so this is also the energy
+density I write everything together it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I write everything together it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I write everything together it's
+just energy density in at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency okay so this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so this is the energy
+density as I wrote down and if I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as I wrote down and if I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as I wrote down and if I you
+want to write the out States F and H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the out States F and H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write the out States F and H
+combin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a pl's law pl's flat body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pl's law pl's flat body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pl's law pl's flat body
+radiation law the energy density per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation law the energy density per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation law the energy density per
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+volume and this were actually the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and this were actually the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and this were actually the start
+of quantum mechanics okay plant was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics okay plant was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanics okay plant was
+trying to explain the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body and uh if this is not called say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and uh if this is not called say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and uh if this is not called say
+because the energy state in fact most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy state in fact most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy state in fact most
+time we don't talk about energy State we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't talk about energy State we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't talk about energy State we
+talk about radiation leaving a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about radiation leaving a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about radiation leaving a surface
+not just how many energy in per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just how many energy in per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just how many energy in per unit
+volume okay and in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay and in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay and in that case the
+definition is the intensity energy flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the intensity energy flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is the intensity energy flux
+per unit solid angle what is solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit solid angle what is solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit solid angle what is solid angle
+a solid angle is if you have a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid angle is if you have a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid angle is if you have a two
+Dimension you know a polar angle X1 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension you know a polar angle X1 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension you know a polar angle X1 from
+XY you want to use a circle polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY you want to use a circle polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY you want to use a circle polar
+coordinate you have polar angle and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate you have polar angle and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate you have polar angle and in
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+dimension at that angle is a space angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension at that angle is a space angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension at that angle is a space angle
+in space that's a solid angle it's per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space that's a solid angle it's per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space that's a solid angle it's per
+unit area normalize the distance r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area normalize the distance r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit area normalize the distance r
+s so a sphere the area is 4 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so a sphere the area is 4 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so a sphere the area is 4 PI
+r² right the solid angle then is 4 pi r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² right the solid angle then is 4 pi r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r² right the solid angle then is 4 pi r
+sare canel in 2D what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare canel in 2D what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare canel in 2D what's the
+five 2 pi 2 pi versus Space 4 Pi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 2 pi 2 pi versus Space 4 Pi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 2 pi 2 pi versus Space 4 Pi that's
+the uh solid angle so with that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh solid angle so with that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh solid angle so with that's the
+because that's the terminology we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the terminology we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the terminology we use
+often so this uh intensity is just now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so this uh intensity is just now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so this uh intensity is just now I
+know the energy density per unit volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy density per unit volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the energy density per unit volume
+this energy is propagating at the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy is propagating at the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy is propagating at the speed
+of light right so is energy density time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light right so is energy density time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light right so is energy density time
+sa and it's going radiation thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa and it's going radiation thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa and it's going radiation thermal
+radiation is going all directions so per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is going all directions so per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is going all directions so per
+unit angle is 4 Pi so this way I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit angle is 4 Pi so this way I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit angle is 4 Pi so this way I write
+the speed of light time energy density 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light time energy density 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light time energy density 4
+Pi that's intensity and this is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi that's intensity and this is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi that's intensity and this is just you
+go continue substitution you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go continue substitution you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go continue substitution you get the
+intensity and sometimes we do per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and sometimes we do per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and sometimes we do per unit
+wave uh weakness interval rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh weakness interval rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh weakness interval rather than
+per unit frequency interval so rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit frequency interval so rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit frequency interval so rather
+than doing the Omega integration you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing the Omega integration you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doing the Omega integration you do
+D Lambda integration and because Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Lambda integration and because Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Lambda integration and because Lambda
+is times Omega equal 2 pi C so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is times Omega equal 2 pi C so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is times Omega equal 2 pi C so you
+convert the Omega into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the Omega into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the Omega into
+LDA again this is a uh when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA again this is a uh when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LDA again this is a uh when you actually
+take a ration course uh this will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a ration course uh this will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a ration course uh this will be the
+law that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that's
+nor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor and
+uh most the so that's a per un angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most the so that's a per un angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most the so that's a per un angle and
+when I do the total radiation per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do the total radiation per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do the total radiation per unit
+area so this is the uh per the area area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so this is the uh per the area area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so this is the uh per the area area
+so that's total ration is a pi * I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's total ration is a pi * I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's total ration is a pi * I
+that's the mathematic we not going get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mathematic we not going get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mathematic we not going get
+into it what I uh what I want to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it what I uh what I want to show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it what I uh what I want to show is
+from here if you do your integration you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here if you do your integration you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here if you do your integration you
+get step B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get step B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get step B
+man okay step bman law if you take a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay step bman law if you take a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay step bman law if you take a two
+five is where we get we start on Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is where we get we start on Cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is where we get we start on Cal
+ration and what I give you is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ration and what I give you is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ration and what I give you is a way of
+going from basic concept to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from basic concept to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from basic concept to go to the
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+B but say what's important is for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but say what's important is for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but say what's important is for you to
+look at the curve of black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the curve of black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the curve of black body
+radiation this is very much relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation this is very much relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation this is very much relevant to
+the way we want to do solar cells or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we want to do solar cells or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we want to do solar cells or
+solar theral because the uh Earth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar theral because the uh Earth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar theral because the uh Earth the
+Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun
+radiation is about 50 uh here I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is about 50 uh here I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is about 50 uh here I wrote
+the 56 as 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 56 as 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 56 as 100
+uh it's really around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's really around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's really around
+5800 K that's the solar radiation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5800 K that's the solar radiation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5800 K that's the solar radiation it's
+like a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a black
+body the spectrum is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the spectrum is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the spectrum is very similar to
+this curve okay outside the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve okay outside the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve okay outside the atmosphere
+you go to measure the solar radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to measure the solar radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to measure the solar radiation is
+close to that 58 uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that 58 uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that 58 uh uh
+100 per and uh at 300 I didn't PL 300 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 per and uh at 300 I didn't PL 300 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 per and uh at 300 I didn't PL 300 K
+this peak will be around 10 so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak will be around 10 so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak will be around 10 so here you
+can see the peak start decreasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the peak start decreasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the peak start decreasing and
+that relation is the winds displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relation is the winds displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relation is the winds displacement
+mode wence times temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode wence times temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode wence times temperature is
+about back of envelop stre solid if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back of envelop stre solid if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about back of envelop stre solid if you
+don't remember that detail whether is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember that detail whether is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember that detail whether is
+2898 in fact every time I I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2898 in fact every time I I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2898 in fact every time I I go back to
+check I remember remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I remember remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I remember remember about
+3, okay so 3,000 Micron and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3, okay so 3,000 Micron and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3, okay so 3,000 Micron and that's why
+our eyes are sensitive to5 micr we live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes are sensitive to5 micr we live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eyes are sensitive to5 micr we live
+in the Solar F and the solar radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Solar F and the solar radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Solar F and the solar radiation
+you put about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put about
+6,000 3,000 6,000 our ice the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 3,000 6,000 our ice the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 3,000 6,000 our ice the evolution
+choose us to be most sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose us to be most sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose us to be most sensitive to the
+peak of solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of solar
+radiation right and during night there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right and during night there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right and during night there's
+no sand everybody is imun you're IM I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sand everybody is imun you're IM I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sand everybody is imun you're IM I'm
+imun we're IM 10 microns right 3 tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imun we're IM 10 microns right 3 tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imun we're IM 10 microns right 3 tell
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+10 of course if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of course if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of course if you take a
+detector you can look at it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector you can look at it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector you can look at it right so
+like like that the infr radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like that the infr radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like that the infr radiation
+con but if you look at this just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con but if you look at this just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con but if you look at this just a
+common a solar cell right cicon solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common a solar cell right cicon solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common a solar cell right cicon solar
+cell the wavel that they can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the wavel that they can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the wavel that they can take the
+shortest wance is about 1.12 micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest wance is about 1.12 micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest wance is about 1.12 micron
+so uh 1 uh uh it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh 1 uh uh it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh 1 uh uh it's about
+1.12 so that's this is one M this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.12 so that's this is one M this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.12 so that's this is one M this is
+1.12 so only radiation in this R can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.12 so only radiation in this R can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.12 so only radiation in this R can be
+utilized in solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized in solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized in solar
+shells you have a lot that's wasted if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells you have a lot that's wasted if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells you have a lot that's wasted if
+you do do cic this this rest of the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do do cic this this rest of the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do do cic this this rest of the M
+energy cannot be used to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cannot be used to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cannot be used to generate the
+electron HS what talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron HS what talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron HS what talk about that
+later okay so uh that's uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so uh that's uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so uh that's uh uh uh
+completing what I'm talking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing what I'm talking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing what I'm talking in the
+review in basically heat transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review in basically heat transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review in basically heat transfer and
+the Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ser
+dyamics what I'm going to move on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics what I'm going to move on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamics what I'm going to move on is
+giving you a a brief introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a a brief introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a a brief introduction of
+Sero electric energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sero electric energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sero electric energy
+conversion in the last lecture you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion in the last lecture you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion in the last lecture you have
+uh same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same
+a basic demonstration of th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic demonstration of th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic demonstration of th
+electric generation and in fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric generation and in fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric generation and in fact this is
+the module that used to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module that used to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module that used to generate the
+power pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power pass
+around take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around take a
+look and uh uh basically here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and uh uh basically here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and uh uh basically here we are
+using direct energy conversion we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using direct energy conversion we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using direct energy conversion we're
+using electrons or holes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using electrons or holes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using electrons or holes in
+semiconductor we have names for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor we have names for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor we have names for positive
+electron as H and uh we're using this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as H and uh we're using this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as H and uh we're using this as
+a working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working
+fluid to carry it around from one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid to carry it around from one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid to carry it around from one place
+to another so uh let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another so uh let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another so uh let's look at the
+phenomena basic theric phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena basic theric phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena basic theric phenomena and
+then we'll uh see do a simple analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll uh see do a simple analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll uh see do a simple analysis
+of that device and c and Rong and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that device and c and Rong and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that device and c and Rong and then
+look at the current and the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application first therm electric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application first therm electric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application first therm electric effect
+is not new and in fact uh this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not new and in fact uh this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not new and in fact uh this were
+about the same time people start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time people start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time people start to
+investigate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the
+electricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and
+seeb uh discovered in that in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeb uh discovered in that in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeb uh discovered in that in uh in
+1821 that when he put the two metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1821 that when he put the two metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1821 that when he put the two metal
+actually as a junction and the one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as a junction and the one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as a junction and the one side
+is hot the other side is cold we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hot the other side is cold we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hot the other side is cold we measure
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+voltage cack now we call cack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage cack now we call cack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage cack now we call cack
+effect and sbag himself actually go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and sbag himself actually go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and sbag himself actually go to
+read the history uh he didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the history uh he didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the history uh he didn't know
+what's going on he thought that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on he thought that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on he thought that was a
+magnetic effect because at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic effect because at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic effect because at the time
+there are a lot of interest in uh in say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of interest in uh in say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of interest in uh in say
+magnetic far or the experiment so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic far or the experiment so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic far or the experiment so uh so
+he saw that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MAG and uh about 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MAG and uh about 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MAG and uh about 10 years
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+how uh discover another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh discover another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh discover another
+that's the same two say kind of Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same two say kind of Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same two say kind of Junction
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+metal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal the
+current through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through
+it actually one side goes down the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually one side goes down the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually one side goes down the other
+side H hit up he could make ice at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side H hit up he could make ice at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side H hit up he could make ice at the
+time okay in fact CAG if we choose his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay in fact CAG if we choose his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay in fact CAG if we choose his
+material to make a device even at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to make a device even at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to make a device even at that
+time a power generation device you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a power generation device you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a power generation device you will
+get about two to three % efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about two to three % efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about two to three % efficiency
+using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+material nobody build the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material nobody build the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material nobody build the power
+generator so uh at the same time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so uh at the same time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so uh at the same time people
+were starting develop electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting develop electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting develop electrical
+motors say the history was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors say the history was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors say the history was really
+interesting this one actually worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this one actually worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this one actually worked out
+uh first there will be a lot of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first there will be a lot of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first there will be a lot of study
+and it will be different right let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be different right let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be different right let's see
+uh uh the this is this effect that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the this is this effect that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the this is this effect that is
+reversible you just pass a current first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible you just pass a current first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible you just pass a current first
+one one is One Direction it will be Kun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is One Direction it will be Kun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one is One Direction it will be Kun
+and the other direction it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he and uh so both those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and uh so both those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and uh so both those were
+experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental
+discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries
+Comon did a thetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comon did a thetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comon did a thetical
+prediction and Thon prediction is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and Thon prediction is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and Thon prediction is that
+based on the experimental Discovery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the experimental Discovery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the experimental Discovery and
+is understanding of the effects he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is understanding of the effects he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is understanding of the effects he
+predicted that when you have a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that when you have a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that when you have a material
+one side is cold and the other side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side is cold and the other side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side is cold and the other side is
+hot so a material under tempat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so a material under tempat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot so a material under tempat
+difference and you pass part through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and you pass part through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and you pass part through it
+they will be heating or cooling along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be heating or cooling along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be heating or cooling along
+the material so this is not jar heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material so this is not jar heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material so this is not jar heating
+okay jar heating is always heating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay jar heating is always heating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay jar heating is always heating this
+is reversible you will be either heting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reversible you will be either heting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reversible you will be either heting
+or pulling depends on the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pulling depends on the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pulling depends on the direction of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+current that's a Thompson's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's a Thompson's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that's a Thompson's uh uh
+Thompson is also Lord kin and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson is also Lord kin and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson is also Lord kin and you will
+probably say a lot of Kelvin work Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say a lot of Kelvin work Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably say a lot of Kelvin work Kelvin
+relation for this Kelvin relation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for this Kelvin relation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for this Kelvin relation for
+that he popture more than 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he popture more than 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he popture more than 500
+papers very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers very
+productive in this lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive in this lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive in this lifetime
+right so now let's get a very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's get a very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's get a very intuitive
+picture we have to go to for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we have to go to for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we have to go to for the for
+those understanding we have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those understanding we have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those understanding we have to go to
+microscopic again and we now have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic again and we now have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic again and we now have to
+look at electrons let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at electrons let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at electrons let's look at the
+electrons and uh I'm going first just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh I'm going first just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and uh I'm going first just
+look at the isothermal there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the isothermal there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the isothermal there's no
+temperature difference in the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference in the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference in the material
+isothermal conductor a lot of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal conductor a lot of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal conductor a lot of electrons
+inside and apply electric F the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and apply electric F the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and apply electric F the current
+will flow right we all know that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow right we all know that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow right we all know that so I
+have a current flow now again I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current flow now again I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a current flow now again I'm doing
+number counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number counting
+now this L what's the current current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this L what's the current current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this L what's the current current
+vity is m per met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vity is m per met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vity is m per met
+squ is the charge per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ is the charge per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ is the charge per
+electron right times per unit volume how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right times per unit volume how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron right times per unit volume how
+many electron I have and times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many electron I have and times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many electron I have and times the
+velocity of those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of those electrons
+moving it's a very intuitive right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's a very intuitive right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's a very intuitive right so
+you go to look at the unit you will be m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to look at the unit you will be m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to look at the unit you will be m
+per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per meter
+squar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and the
+velocity is related I'll give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is related I'll give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is related I'll give the
+relation more later on through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation more later on through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation more later on through a
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+field and this uh the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this uh the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this uh the coefficient
+proportionality coefficient is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality coefficient is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality coefficient is called
+the mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility
+mu and relating the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and relating the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and relating the velocity of the
+electron to the to the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the to the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the to the electric
+field again this I'll give more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivation and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation and of course
+that will be the ohms L the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the ohms L the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the ohms L the current is
+proportional to electric field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric field and the
+proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality
+constant is the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity and sometimes we don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and sometimes we don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and sometimes we don't talk
+about conductivity we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conductivity we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conductivity we talk about
+resistivity just one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity just one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity just one over the
+conductivity so this is the OWN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so this is the OWN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so this is the OWN
+s and uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and uh all the
+definitions uh their units uh given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions uh their units uh given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions uh their units uh given here
+so this is when we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is when we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is when we talk about the
+electrical flow we take very care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical flow we take very care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical flow we take very care about
+current but each charge also carry heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but each charge also carry heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but each charge also carry heat
+with it I can do the same simp for heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I can do the same simp for heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I can do the same simp for heat
+right so rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so rather than the
+charge electron charge I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge electron charge I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge electron charge I'm going to say
+the heat carried by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat carried by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat carried by each
+carrier I don't Define how much how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier I don't Define how much how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier I don't Define how much how I
+write that here yet I'm just saying per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that here yet I'm just saying per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that here yet I'm just saying per
+carrier CU is the he carried by each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier CU is the he carried by each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier CU is the he carried by each
+charge again L density velocity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge again L density velocity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge again L density velocity the
+moving and of course I can replace MV by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and of course I can replace MV by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and of course I can replace MV by
+J the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the electric
+current so now the Heat current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so now the Heat current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so now the Heat current is
+proportional to electric current and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric current and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric current and the
+proportionality constant is the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant is the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality constant is the C
+coefficient right so assume assciated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so assume assciated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so assume assciated
+with the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hard
+flow there is a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flow so P coefficient can be defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so P coefficient can be defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so P coefficient can be defined for
+each individual mature you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual mature you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual mature you don't have to
+have a junction The Junction is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a junction The Junction is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a junction The Junction is only
+when you do experiment How You observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do experiment How You observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do experiment How You observe
+it okay so this is the uh when I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so this is the uh when I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so this is the uh when I want to
+observe the effect the best way is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the effect the best way is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the effect the best way is to
+put a junction there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a junction there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a junction there
+I have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two different
+materials and when I pass a cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and when I pass a cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and when I pass a cent
+through and you can say the current has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you can say the current has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you can say the current has
+to be electric current has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be electric current has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be electric current has to be
+continuous that's a lum right electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that's a lum right electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous that's a lum right electron
+Lum in and equals out so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lum in and equals out so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lum in and equals out so that's the
+continuity current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity current
+continuity but the heat carried by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity but the heat carried by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity but the heat carried by the
+uh electrons in one material could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrons in one material could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrons in one material could be
+different from the other so if I do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the other so if I do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the other so if I do my
+first low of energy balance I find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first low of energy balance I find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first low of energy balance I find out
+if I have more heat flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have more heat flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have more heat flow
+out then comes in I have the supply he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then comes in I have the supply he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then comes in I have the supply he
+so what does mean Supply the heat the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does mean Supply the heat the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does mean Supply the heat the L
+cools down the atoms cool down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools down the atoms cool down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools down the atoms cool down because
+I'm talking about electron right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about electron right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about electron right the
+atom can supply the heat to the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom can supply the heat to the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom can supply the heat to the electron
+cool down the junction so this side can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down the junction so this side can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down the junction so this side can
+cool down and then on the other side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down and then on the other side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down and then on the other side you
+have to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reject
+that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy
+Valu right so this is the C phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu right so this is the C phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valu right so this is the C phenomenon
+You observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe
+experimentally and then you can say if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and then you can say if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and then you can say if I
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+current this phenomenon also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this phenomenon also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current this phenomenon also
+reverse so this is the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay it's
+reversible now look at the uh seat back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible now look at the uh seat back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible now look at the uh seat back
+uh in there's a see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in there's a see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in there's a see
+here okay uh CAG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay uh CAG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay uh CAG
+effect right CAG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect right CAG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect right CAG
+effect is the voltage generation under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the voltage generation under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the voltage generation under
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+difference and uh you think about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and uh you think about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and uh you think about we
+have charge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have charge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have charge in the
+conductor and then one side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and then one side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and then one side is
+hot the electrons near the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot the electrons near the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot the electrons near the hot
+side have more energy right the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side have more energy right the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side have more energy right the more
+more violent so they will diffuse to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more violent so they will diffuse to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more violent so they will diffuse to the
+co side so you have at the end after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co side so you have at the end after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co side so you have at the end after
+diffusion you have more electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion you have more electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion you have more electron here
+when you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more
+electron the electron in Balance will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen you have a electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have a electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have a electric field
+building right the internal electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building right the internal electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building right the internal electric
+field will resist diffusion so at end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will resist diffusion so at end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will resist diffusion so at end
+you have a stady state where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a stady state where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a stady state where the
+diffusion current balance the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current balance the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion current balance the electric
+field that will drive the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that will drive the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that will drive the current
+back so this balance will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so this balance will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so this balance will give you the
+cback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage that's the uh uh the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the C
+voltage is defined I put the L sign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is defined I put the L sign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is defined I put the L sign this
+is when you do an experiment you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you do an experiment you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you do an experiment you want
+the one side is called the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one side is called the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one side is called the other side
+the code you put a pro normally you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code you put a pro normally you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code you put a pro normally you say
+okay like the definition I put a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like the definition I put a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like the definition I put a hard
+Pro on the high temperature side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro on the high temperature side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro on the high temperature side
+positive voltage on the high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage on the high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive voltage on the high temperature
+side negative voltage low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side negative voltage low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side negative voltage low temperature
+side and if you do that here is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and if you do that here is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and if you do that here is really
+very clearly you should have put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly you should have put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly you should have put a
+negative side in the front that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side in the front that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side in the front that's the
+definition I remember first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I remember first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I remember first time I
+measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a
+sample I just got a wrong sign I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample I just got a wrong sign I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample I just got a wrong sign I didn't
+know why everybody measured differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why everybody measured differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why everybody measured differ
+because people nor just say C voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people nor just say C voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people nor just say C voltage is
+a voltage divid by delta T but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage divid by delta T but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage divid by delta T but when you
+do experiment you have to see which side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiment you have to see which side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiment you have to see which side
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what Conant effect is when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what Conant effect is when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what Conant effect is when you have
+a temperature difference and you fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature difference and you fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature difference and you fly
+through a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a current
+throughout and then uh if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and then uh if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and then uh if you look
+at every point there is a p coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point there is a p coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point there is a p coefficient
+right the power can depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the power can depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the power can depend on
+temperature so that means when current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that means when current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that means when current
+flow in the energy carried in could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the energy carried in could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in the energy carried in could be
+different from the energy Carri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the energy Carri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the energy Carri
+out so the heat carried out could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the heat carried out could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the heat carried out could be
+different from carried in and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from carried in and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from carried in and then that
+difference must be made up cooling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference must be made up cooling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference must be made up cooling by
+either cool or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cool or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either cool or
+rejected so that's the constant effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected so that's the constant effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected so that's the constant effect
+and constant coefficient is defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constant coefficient is defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and constant coefficient is defined the
+local amount of heat absorbed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local amount of heat absorbed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local amount of heat absorbed or
+rejected versus the the gradient divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected versus the the gradient divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected versus the the gradient divided
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the that's it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's it comes
+into okay so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into okay so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into okay so we have this
+phenomenological very kind explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological very kind explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological very kind explanation
+and now I want to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to do more
+detail I want to put this uh in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I want to put this uh in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I want to put this uh in more
+into more mathematics into it oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more mathematics into it oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more mathematics into it oh I
+forgot to mention here kin of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention here kin of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to mention here kin of course
+Conant Kelvin realiz based on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant Kelvin realiz based on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant Kelvin realiz based on his
+understanding those three effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding those three effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding those three effects are
+interrelated and they actually give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelated and they actually give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrelated and they actually give the
+relation between C coefficient in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between C coefficient in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between C coefficient in C
+temperature and constant coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and constant coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and constant coefficient is
+the C derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature okay those are computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay those are computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay those are computer
+dependent properties like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent properties like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent properties like I said
+let's go uh uh the uh uh oh so the let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go uh uh the uh uh oh so the let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go uh uh the uh uh oh so the let's
+go L to the device and we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go L to the device and we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go L to the device and we want to say
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+this what are the material property I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are the material property I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what are the material property I
+want so I show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so I show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so I show this
+device and again it's you can buy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and again it's you can buy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and again it's you can buy it
+commercially particularly some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially particularly some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially particularly some of you
+may be interested in vers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be interested in vers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be interested in vers uh
+competitions M might has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions M might has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions M might has a different
+competitions and if you want build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions and if you want build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions and if you want build this
+device it's not expensive this is a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's not expensive this is a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's not expensive this is a 10
+to $20 uh commercially you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $20 uh commercially you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $20 uh commercially you can buy
+one okay and uh uh the uh again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and uh uh the uh again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and uh uh the uh again the
+basic concept now in a cheaper device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concept now in a cheaper device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concept now in a cheaper device
+you see lot of uh legs uh the are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see lot of uh legs uh the are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see lot of uh legs uh the are
+electric there are only two electron one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric there are only two electron one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric there are only two electron one
+is in the other is out so electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the other is out so electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the other is out so electrically
+they are connected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected in
+series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and
+in fact the most of this device are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the most of this device are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the most of this device are made
+of opposite type P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opposite type P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opposite type P and
+N together a p type semiconductor n type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N together a p type semiconductor n type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N together a p type semiconductor n type
+semiconductor and in the N type is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and in the N type is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and in the N type is
+electron Carri say current flow and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Carri say current flow and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Carri say current flow and P
+type is the P the positive charge right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is the P the positive charge right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is the P the positive charge right
+so when I pass a current of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I pass a current of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I pass a current of course
+current flow against the electron along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow against the electron along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow against the electron along
+the positive charge Direction so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charge Direction so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charge Direction so you can
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+that's the in terms of device how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the in terms of device how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the in terms of device how it
+works they carry heat from one side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works they carry heat from one side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works they carry heat from one side to
+the other and on this side they reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and on this side they reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and on this side they reject
+the heat on the other side it cool down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat on the other side it cool down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat on the other side it cool down
+so you can do the refrigeration as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do the refrigeration as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do the refrigeration as well
+as power uh production we show the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as power uh production we show the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as power uh production we show the power
+here is a simple demo of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a simple demo of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a simple demo of the
+cooling right that's the Ice uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling right that's the Ice uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling right that's the Ice uh you
+convert the water into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the water into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the water into
+ice okay let's look look at how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice okay let's look look at how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice okay let's look look at how the
+device performance depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device performance depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device performance depends
+on we show the uh Su electric three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we show the uh Su electric three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we show the uh Su electric three
+electric effect but in reality it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric effect but in reality it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric effect but in reality it's a
+solid state material so there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state material so there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state material so there are other
+effects go when I have tempure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects go when I have tempure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects go when I have tempure
+difference and the first one is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the first one is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the first one is of
+course heu right one side the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course heu right one side the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course heu right one side the other is
+C heat willf flow this heat could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C heat willf flow this heat could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C heat willf flow this heat could be
+heat conduction electron can conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction electron can conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat conduction electron can conduct
+heat lce also conduct here so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat lce also conduct here so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat lce also conduct here so you have
+both electron and lce this is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both electron and lce this is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both electron and lce this is different
+than the just the uh PTY coefficient or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the just the uh PTY coefficient or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the just the uh PTY coefficient or
+C coefficient so we have the F law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C coefficient so we have the F law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C coefficient so we have the F law and
+if it's 1D uh I integrate it I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 1D uh I integrate it I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's 1D uh I integrate it I get the
+amount of key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of key
+transfer is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer is proportional to the
+cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+area Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Thal
+connectivity and the computer difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity and the computer difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity and the computer difference
+divide by the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this in
+five and if I group all this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and if I group all this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and if I group all this parameter
+together akl I say this is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together akl I say this is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together akl I say this is the thermal
+conductance we probably Define thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance we probably Define thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance we probably Define thermal
+resistance before but the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance before but the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance before but the reverse
+resistance just conductance just inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance just conductance just inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance just conductance just inverse
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+resistance right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right so this is the
+definition the Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the Thal
+conductance is the K A or l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance is the K A or l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance is the K A or l
+and just as a common very often we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as a common very often we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as a common very often we write
+it just look like math but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just look like math but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just look like math but when you
+actually do it in matter slot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it in matter slot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it in matter slot because
+here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for
+example the heat flow is the inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the heat flow is the inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the heat flow is the inversely
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+thickness right so in the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness right so in the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness right so in the technology
+development if I use a film L is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if I use a film L is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if I use a film L is of the
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+Micron and if I use a b material L could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and if I use a b material L could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron and if I use a b material L could
+be probably 100 microns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probably 100 microns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probably 100 microns or
+millimeters and that P flow is several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters and that P flow is several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters and that P flow is several
+order magnitud difference for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitud difference for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitud difference for the same
+delta T so whether uh in reality you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so whether uh in reality you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so whether uh in reality you
+have different problems sometimes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different problems sometimes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different problems sometimes it's a
+c in face right like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c in face right like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c in face right like the
+solar solar radiation Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar solar radiation Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar solar radiation Q is
+fixed and you want to build your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and you want to build your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and you want to build your system
+to create a delta T because it's a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a delta T because it's a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a delta T because it's a C
+Electric device it's proportional delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric device it's proportional delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric device it's proportional delta
+T so that's one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so that's one type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so that's one type
+problem right there are other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right there are other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right there are other cases
+where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is
+fit give me give me example there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit give me give me example there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit give me give me example there are
+people looking to Ocean dity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking to Ocean dity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking to Ocean dity
+generation right in the ocean there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation right in the ocean there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation right in the ocean there is
+the difference you got the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference you got the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference you got the different
+problems and uh you can go to back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh you can go to back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh you can go to back to
+the most basic picture to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic picture to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most basic picture to think about
+your system sometimes that's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system sometimes that's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system sometimes that's always the
+first step okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step okay
+now let's look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the uh
+device again the device has many repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device again the device has many repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device again the device has many repeat
+unit of this p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of this p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of this p and
+n and if I have just idea device How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if I have just idea device How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if I have just idea device How
+much cooling I can create I pass current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cooling I can create I pass current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cooling I can create I pass current
+and the uh uh the cooling is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh uh the cooling is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh uh the cooling is the
+difference and the junction on the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the junction on the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and the junction on the two
+material so one positive material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so one positive material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so one positive material
+equation time NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation time NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation time NE
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+time so that's how much cooling I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's how much cooling I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's how much cooling I can
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+right but uh in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but uh in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but uh in real
+situation what happens is when this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what happens is when this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation what happens is when this side
+is cold this side is hot the heat will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cold this side is hot the heat will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cold this side is hot the heat will
+flow back this is solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow back this is solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow back this is solid
+material you can't get rid of that heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you can't get rid of that heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you can't get rid of that heat
+conduction so heat willus back by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction so heat willus back by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction so heat willus back by
+conduction that's one non reality same L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction that's one non reality same L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction that's one non reality same L
+IDE Factor the other L IDE factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE Factor the other L IDE factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE Factor the other L IDE factor is
+when I pass Cent through I have JW I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I pass Cent through I have JW I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I pass Cent through I have JW I
+didn't talk about jar right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about jar right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about jar right that's
+unavoidable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavoidable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavoidable
+part I don't have a super conductor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I don't have a super conductor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I don't have a super conductor in
+fact you don't want to use a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you don't want to use a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you don't want to use a super
+conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor
+here a super conductor electrical super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a super conductor electrical super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a super conductor electrical super
+conductor is a only one F me State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor is a only one F me State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor is a only one F me State the
+introp zero doesn't carry heat electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introp zero doesn't carry heat electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introp zero doesn't carry heat electron
+do not carry heat in case super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's jar because the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's jar because the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's jar because the final
+electric conductivity and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity and I have to
+consider both reverse conduction and jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both reverse conduction and jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider both reverse conduction and jar
+he now I think about jar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now I think about jar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he now I think about jar
+heating the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the difference between
+conduction is this side is how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction is this side is how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction is this side is how this
+called conduction the J heting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called conduction the J heting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called conduction the J heting is
+uniformly generated along the L as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly generated along the L as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly generated along the L as
+approximation so in that case J about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so in that case J about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so in that case J about
+the half go this way the other half go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half go this way the other half go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half go this way the other half go
+the other way right you can solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way right you can solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way right you can solve the
+equation you'll find that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you'll find that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you'll find that's the answer
+but that's the uh intuitive argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the uh intuitive argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the uh intuitive argument
+also so in that case the real left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so in that case the real left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so in that case the real left
+cooling I have is in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling I have is in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling I have is in addition to
+C I have half of the jaro he this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I have half of the jaro he this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I have half of the jaro he this is
+electric resistance and I have reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric resistance and I have reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric resistance and I have reverse
+conduction that's the Thal conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction that's the Thal conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction that's the Thal conductance
+of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the mathematics the resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the mathematics the resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the mathematics the resistance
+electric resistance proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric resistance proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric resistance proportional to the
+resistivity of both legs area length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity of both legs area length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity of both legs area length and
+here thermal conductance the both and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here thermal conductance the both and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here thermal conductance the both and P
+and N combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N combine
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+okay and now you can see the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now you can see the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now you can see the amount of
+eting or ping I create depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eting or ping I create depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eting or ping I create depends on the
+current flow right I square one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow right I square one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flow right I square one is
+linear the other is square if I drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the other is square if I drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the other is square if I drive
+the device too hard I generate too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device too hard I generate too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device too hard I generate too much
+heing I drive the too little doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heing I drive the too little doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heing I drive the too little doesn't
+have enough cooling so there's Optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough cooling so there's Optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough cooling so there's Optimum
+there when you drive the device there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when you drive the device there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when you drive the device there's
+Optimum there it's easy to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimum but see I want to find Optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum but see I want to find Optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum but see I want to find Optimal
+not only for cooling but also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only for cooling but also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only for cooling but also for
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+so I have to calculate how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to calculate how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to calculate how much
+electrical energy I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical energy I give
+in you say i sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you say i sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you say i sare
+r it's not that simple there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r it's not that simple there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r it's not that simple there's a
+littleit trick here because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+littleit trick here because it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+littleit trick here because it is a
+there is i sare r so voltage drop is I *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is i sare r so voltage drop is I *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is i sare r so voltage drop is I *
+R that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's all
+power but when there's a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but when there's a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but when there's a temperature
+difference there is also a catback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there is also a catback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference there is also a catback
+voltage right so when this side one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so when this side one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage right so when this side one side
+is cold the other side is hot there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cold the other side is hot there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cold the other side is hot there's
+additional voltage you have to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional voltage you have to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional voltage you have to overcome
+the internal view voltage C voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal view voltage C voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal view voltage C voltage
+that's C coefficient difference time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's C coefficient difference time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's C coefficient difference time
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+T that's the voltage you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the voltage you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the voltage you have to
+overcome in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome in addition to
+resistance so the electrical power is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so the electrical power is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so the electrical power is I
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+V right so that's the W that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V right so that's the W that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V right so that's the W that's the
+electrical I put in so the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical I put in so the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical I put in so the efficiency
+according to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our
+definition Refrigeration we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition Refrigeration we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition Refrigeration we talk about
+coefficient of uh performance right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of uh performance right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of uh performance right we
+don't talk about efficiency so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about efficiency so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about efficiency so this is
+what I want the coing this is what I pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want the coing this is what I pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want the coing this is what I pay
+the pay is the power the power is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pay is the power the power is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pay is the power the power is the
+current times voltage so I have i sare r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times voltage so I have i sare r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current times voltage so I have i sare r
+that's the jar I have to overcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the jar I have to overcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the jar I have to overcome the
+cack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cack
+voltage so that's the determin there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so that's the determin there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage so that's the determin there so
+that's the bottom part that's what I p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bottom part that's what I p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bottom part that's what I p
+and the numerator is what we derived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numerator is what we derived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the numerator is what we derived in
+previous slides the coing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides the coing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slides the coing is
+PED but reversing conduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PED but reversing conduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PED but reversing conduction and
+jar so now you go to optimiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar so now you go to optimiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar so now you go to optimiz
+it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you wish that's the case you wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you wish that's the case you wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you wish that's the case you wish
+that's the case it's a it's a you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case it's a it's a you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case it's a it's a you are
+when you have a delta T uh uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a delta T uh uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a delta T uh uh you you
+have to push current you can see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to push current you can see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to push current you can see okay
+when I have a current flow forting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have a current flow forting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have a current flow forting uh
+this is p this is n i FL current this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is p this is n i FL current this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is p this is n i FL current this
+way okay but this side is hot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay but this side is hot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay but this side is hot the
+voltage is against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is against
+here okay otherwise you got to easy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so you go to op your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you go to op your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you go to op your current
+right that's the aritic you can Dy Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the aritic you can Dy Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the aritic you can Dy Z and
+you find the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the optimal
+current and Optimum under Optimum C you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and Optimum under Optimum C you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and Optimum under Optimum C you
+got a maximize efficiency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a maximize efficiency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a maximize efficiency or
+cop okay of course I dropped all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop okay of course I dropped all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop okay of course I dropped all the
+math and uh let me again make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and uh let me again make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and uh let me again make a
+common you go to say your cooling C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common you go to say your cooling C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common you go to say your cooling C
+that's easy because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy because there's no
+denominator here you got the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator here you got the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator here you got the optimal
+current for maximum cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current for maximum cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current for maximum cooling
+power here you got a optimal current for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here you got a optimal current for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power here you got a optimal current for
+maximum efficiency and they two do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum efficiency and they two do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum efficiency and they two do not
+agree with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with each
+other and in fact in your operation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and in fact in your operation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and in fact in your operation you
+want to adjust your current just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to adjust your current just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to adjust your current just in
+between you can't satisfy uh you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you can't satisfy uh you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between you can't satisfy uh you go
+optimal current you don't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal current you don't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal current you don't have much
+cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling
+power okay so uh the other point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay so uh the other point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay so uh the other point is you
+look at this you say if lar term this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this you say if lar term this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this you say if lar term this
+term is all thermal engine that's a Col
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is all thermal engine that's a Col
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is all thermal engine that's a Col
+col cycle for refrigeration we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col cycle for refrigeration we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col cycle for refrigeration we wrote
+down color for power gener this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down color for power gener this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down color for power gener this is a
+color so it's a Col factor it's a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so it's a Col factor it's a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so it's a Col factor it's a heat
+engent and of course you want make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engent and of course you want make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engent and of course you want make sure
+this term is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is less than
+one right you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right you can be
+col and here came to this Vector Z as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col and here came to this Vector Z as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col and here came to this Vector Z as a
+C Electric every time people see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Electric every time people see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Electric every time people see what's
+your ZT this is where it came from Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ZT this is where it came from Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ZT this is where it came from Z
+temperature and this T is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this T is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this T is the average
+temperature between the heart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature between the heart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature between the heart and
+coite and this Z again this is alling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coite and this Z again this is alling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coite and this Z again this is alling
+from this mathematic to do a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this mathematic to do a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this mathematic to do a derivative
+and the C difference of the two material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C difference of the two material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C difference of the two material
+and then denominator is the conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then denominator is the conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then denominator is the conductance
+thermal conduct electric resistance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conduct electric resistance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conduct electric resistance so
+you look at it it's not a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it it's not a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it it's not a material
+property at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property at
+all right it include the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it include the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it include the material
+property C coefficient electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property C coefficient electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property C coefficient electric
+resistivity theral conductivity but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity theral conductivity but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity theral conductivity but also
+depends on the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area and you look at this function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and you look at this function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and you look at this function you
+want to maximize your ZT to get a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize your ZT to get a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to maximize your ZT to get a higher
+efficiency so the first thing is you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so the first thing is you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so the first thing is you go
+to maximize your Z by geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize your Z by geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize your Z by geometry
+you can reduce the denominator by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the denominator by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the denominator by
+changing your L over a right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your L over a right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your L over a right that's the
+least you can do if you don't work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can do if you don't work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can do if you don't work in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+material and that's the what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and that's the what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and that's the what you want to
+minimize and if you minimize it it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and if you minimize it it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize and if you minimize it it turns
+out this is what you have to do the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is what you have to do the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is what you have to do the K
+this is the minimum when they the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the minimum when they the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the minimum when they the lens
+crosssection area of the two legs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection area of the two legs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection area of the two legs so
+your engineer this is a where when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your engineer this is a where when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your engineer this is a where when you
+build the device you optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the device you optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the device you optimize
+it okay and when we do that testing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and when we do that testing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and when we do that testing in
+our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own
+lab sometimes just you hand polishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab sometimes just you hand polishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab sometimes just you hand polishing
+all this trying to make it match to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this trying to make it match to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this trying to make it match to each
+other you want to get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you want to get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you want to get a better
+performance than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other okay now you Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay now you Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay now you Su
+your best case do everything idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best case do everything idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best case do everything idea that
+still is not a ZT that's still not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is not a ZT that's still not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is not a ZT that's still not the
+individual proper it depends on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual proper it depends on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual proper it depends on both
+sides right p and N type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right p and N type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides right p and N type
+materials so basically if I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so basically if I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so basically if I want to make
+a good device I need a good n and good p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good device I need a good n and good p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good device I need a good n and good p
+and they two should match each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they two should match each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they two should match each
+other one material you get the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one material you get the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one material you get the uh you
+don't get the best performance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the best performance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the best performance right
+see and you get about half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you get about half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you get about half of the
+performance if you have good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance if you have good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance if you have good one
+mat but because at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat but because at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat but because at the
+end using the tool means you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end using the tool means you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end using the tool means you have to
+make a lot of choice in materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of choice in materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of choice in materials
+research people just talk about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research people just talk about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research people just talk about what you
+engineer you know you have to go to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you know you have to go to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you know you have to go to get
+both materials right somebody has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both materials right somebody has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both materials right somebody has one
+time you say do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you say do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you say do you have
+another find other other so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another find other other so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another find other other so this is one
+when material scienti just say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when material scienti just say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when material scienti just say I
+discover material with i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's s² Sigma over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's s² Sigma over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's s² Sigma over
+K you want High a material with a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you want High a material with a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you want High a material with a high
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+conductivity that's you want the minim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity that's you want the minim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity that's you want the minim
+J you want a material with a high CAG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J you want a material with a high CAG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J you want a material with a high CAG
+coefficient C coefficient fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient C coefficient fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient C coefficient fundamentally
+is the heat carried by per charge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heat carried by per charge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heat carried by per charge okay
+we'll talk more on that later so speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more on that later so speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more on that later so speak
+per charge how much there is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per charge how much there is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per charge how much there is and then
+you want a thermal insulator a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a thermal insulator a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a thermal insulator a low
+thermal contivity because you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal contivity because you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal contivity because you don't want
+to heat reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M if you know any materials let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M if you know any materials let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M if you know any materials let me know
+okay people have been searching this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay people have been searching this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay people have been searching this for
+centuries good material with good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries good material with good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries good material with good
+electric conductivity po Thal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity po Thal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric conductivity po Thal
+conductivity but also you want every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity but also you want every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity but also you want every
+electron carry a lot of Fe are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron carry a lot of Fe are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron carry a lot of Fe are the
+tricks and this has to happen in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material so we derive the zMAX for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so we derive the zMAX for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so we derive the zMAX for a
+junction huh this is the only well zMAX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction huh this is the only well zMAX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junction huh this is the only well zMAX
+you need a computer device need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a computer device need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a computer device need two
+materials right well theoretically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right well theoretically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right well theoretically you
+don't need two material you can do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need two material you can do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need two material you can do one
+material in fact in that case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in fact in that case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in fact in that case what
+people choose the other material they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose the other material they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose the other material they
+choose a super conductor they just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a super conductor they just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a super conductor they just uh
+don't do anything so that that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything so that that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do anything so that that's how
+they characterize one mature if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they characterize one mature if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they characterize one mature if you want
+to do good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do good
+job right but say the point is in matal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job right but say the point is in matal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job right but say the point is in matal
+research you don't you can't wait to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you don't you can't wait to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you don't you can't wait to get
+two material and ZT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two material and ZT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two material and ZT
+right get one material take many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right get one material take many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right get one material take many years
+so you do a simple material you say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do a simple material you say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do a simple material you say this
+is a measure of how good is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how good is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how good is this
+material but as engineer you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but as engineer you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but as engineer you want to
+build device you have to say where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build device you have to say where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build device you have to say where's the
+other material I need I need the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+okay so those are the com made you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the com made you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the com made you have
+optim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optim
+optimize and need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize and need two
+types and you optimize the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and you optimize the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types and you optimize the device
+performance no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching by current right this is a CO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching by current right this is a CO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching by current right this is a CO
+so here is some tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is some tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is some tip
+L for the business ter right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L for the business ter right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L for the business ter right that's the
+commercial device mostly you buy you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial device mostly you buy you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial device mostly you buy you can
+only buy this type of material based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only buy this type of material based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only buy this type of material based
+device cation is about 220 microwatt per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kric between pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7.51 this is all SI units it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.51 this is all SI units it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.51 this is all SI units it's good to
+keep in mind except that m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind except that m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind except that m
+and put l is ZT is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and we'll talk how good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'll talk how good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'll talk how good is
+that now what's the problem if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what's the problem if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what's the problem if you have
+all the sler you say okay this is I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sler you say okay this is I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sler you say okay this is I take
+a 2 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 mm
+long electric face crosssection 1 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long electric face crosssection 1 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long electric face crosssection 1 mm
+Square so it's a small if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so it's a small if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so it's a small if you look at
+the device that pass around that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device that pass around that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device that pass around that's
+Dimension roughly each L is only 20 mli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension roughly each L is only 20 mli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension roughly each L is only 20 mli
+ohms 20 mli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms 20 mli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms 20 mli
+ohms very small you go to buy resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms very small you go to buy resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms very small you go to buy resistor
+is actually very hard to buy this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very hard to buy this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very hard to buy this small
+resistor what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor what that
+means it means if you want to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it means if you want to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it means if you want to build a
+single lag device or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lag device or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lag device or two
+Ls because current is voltage divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ls because current is voltage divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ls because current is voltage divide by
+resistance right you push a huge current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right you push a huge current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right you push a huge current
+you need a big power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a big power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a big power
+supply so you go to look at even your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply so you go to look at even your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply so you go to look at even your
+lab we have big power supply a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we have big power supply a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we have big power supply a small
+driver small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver small
+device and uh uh at the end that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and uh uh at the end that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and uh uh at the end that means
+cost so everything you have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so everything you have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so everything you have to consider
+and that's why some people do micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why some people do micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why some people do micro
+device you can actually shrink your area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you can actually shrink your area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you can actually shrink your area
+right you do a smaller cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you do a smaller cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you do a smaller cross-section
+area where you put a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where you put a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where you put a lot of those
+together uh in that case you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh in that case you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh in that case you get a
+higher resistance by putting more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resistance by putting more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resistance by putting more of
+this NE together so you the device I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NE together so you the device I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NE together so you the device I
+show pass around this is about 100 so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show pass around this is about 100 so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show pass around this is about 100 so if
+you multiply 100 is only 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply 100 is only 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply 100 is only 2
+ohms the total resistance you ownself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms the total resistance you ownself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms the total resistance you ownself
+the device like that so it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device like that so it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device like that so it's a small
+resistance L current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance L current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance L current
+device okay so uh that's the reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device okay so uh that's the reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device okay so uh that's the reason to
+put them in series is putting getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in series is putting getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in series is putting getting
+higher uh resistance so that your power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh resistance so that your power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh resistance so that your power
+supply is easier but say it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is easier but say it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply is easier but say it's still a
+pretty large curent and then you uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large curent and then you uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large curent and then you uh you
+put them Sly in parallel because the par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them Sly in parallel because the par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them Sly in parallel because the par
+from one side to the other electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one side to the other electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one side to the other electrically
+Ser when when you optimize your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser when when you optimize your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser when when you optimize your system
+then you do you really get the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do you really get the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do you really get the simple
+number one one two uh what simple L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one one two uh what simple L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one one two uh what simple L of
+one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one
+mm mm Oh you mean no no no no this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm mm Oh you mean no no no no this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm mm Oh you mean no no no no this you
+can change you can make a long leg to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change you can make a long leg to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change you can make a long leg to
+test it you will still get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it you will still get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it you will still get the same
+delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+okay yeah but when you optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah but when you optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah but when you optimize the
+system optimize means also material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system optimize means also material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system optimize means also material
+cost right the real word is not say just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right the real word is not say just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost right the real word is not say just
+the it's you have to match to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's you have to match to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's you have to match to your
+application you don't have to fix to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you don't have to fix to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application you don't have to fix to the
+geometry I pass around and uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry I pass around and uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry I pass around and uh that's
+that geometry is in commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that geometry is in commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that geometry is in commercial
+production because in fact each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production because in fact each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production because in fact each
+application maybe is uh different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application maybe is uh different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application maybe is uh different but
+the cent of Market is too small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cent of Market is too small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cent of Market is too small so
+people are just assing more standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just assing more standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just assing more standard
+modules when anything you go on standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules when anything you go on standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules when anything you go on standard
+you have to par manufacture and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to par manufacture and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to par manufacture and see
+whether they can manufacture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so this is
+example this uh bu before uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this uh bu before uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this uh bu before uh this is
+actually measuring two legs is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measuring two legs is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measuring two legs is a lot
+more difficult than measur device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult than measur device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult than measur device
+because any time you put a seral couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any time you put a seral couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any time you put a seral couple
+there you have Fe loss P Los your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have Fe loss P Los your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have Fe loss P Los your
+performance May diminish right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance May diminish right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance May diminish right if you
+want to say what's your maximum delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what's your maximum delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what's your maximum delta T
+or that so it's allow to kind the glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that so it's allow to kind the glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that so it's allow to kind the glue
+in and doing the uh experiment uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and doing the uh experiment uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and doing the uh experiment uh you
+have your leg is M ohms so anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your leg is M ohms so anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your leg is M ohms so anytime you
+have missing color in Soder the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have missing color in Soder the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have missing color in Soder the industry
+they do much more much better I I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do much more much better I I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do much more much better I I looked
+at a production I was really amazed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a production I was really amazed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a production I was really amazed what
+I'm Tred worker can do vers what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Tred worker can do vers what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Tred worker can do vers what we can
+do in the lab that's the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the lab that's the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the lab that's the different
+environment it's uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it's uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment it's uh but
+uh U this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U this is this is the
+uh one p One n and this is a meas curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one p One n and this is a meas curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one p One n and this is a meas curve
+you can say it's a l pretty large C this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say it's a l pretty large C this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say it's a l pretty large C this
+case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we
+goong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goong
+line that device right line and each got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that device right line and each got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that device right line and each got
+one milli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one milli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one milli
+so this were what's amazing even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this were what's amazing even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this were what's amazing even that
+small thing this side 100° the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing this side 100° the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing this side 100° the
+other you can drive pretty L if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can drive pretty L if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can drive pretty L if you
+have the efficiency is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the efficiency is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the efficiency is not very
+good okay uh material is dependent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay uh material is dependent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay uh material is dependent I
+mentioned this before and the analysis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this before and the analysis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this before and the analysis I
+give you is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you is for
+Conant so if you do real device design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant so if you do real device design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant so if you do real device design
+you have to go uh Sol differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go uh Sol differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go uh Sol differential
+equations and match the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and match the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and match the property
+consider all the temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all the temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all the temperature dependent
+properties and that I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and that I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and that I'm not going to
+cover uh in depth anybody wants to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh in depth anybody wants to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh in depth anybody wants to do
+that can really this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can really this is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can really this is the energy
+balance in differential form and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance in differential form and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance in differential form and this is
+the conduction term this is the con ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction term this is the con ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction term this is the con ter
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+jar okay so that's a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar okay so that's a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar okay so that's a differential
+equation no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation no problem
+and uh very often people use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh very often people use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh very often people use different
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+drop and then the B has a term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and then the B has a term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and then the B has a term and
+term you have a boundary condition and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you have a boundary condition and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you have a boundary condition and a
+differenti so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differenti so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differenti so again this is
+a beond what I want to talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detail now let's look at where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail now let's look at where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail now let's look at where those
+Technologies are have the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are have the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are have the expression for
+C and you do the same analysis of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and you do the same analysis of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and you do the same analysis of power
+and you get the efficiency for power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the efficiency for power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the efficiency for power
+generation and the efficienc of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and the efficienc of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and the efficienc of power
+generation again has ZT inside and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation again has ZT inside and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation again has ZT inside and this
+factor is slight different from C but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is slight different from C but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is slight different from C but
+you go to check prob one and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to check prob one and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to check prob one and this is a
+to right again a theral engine car time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right again a theral engine car time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right again a theral engine car time
+L your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L your
+material if you can drive to col you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you can drive to col you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if you can drive to col you
+would be this you have you can drive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this you have you can drive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this you have you can drive to
+col
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col
+right and uh so this is a not so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh so this is a not so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh so this is a not so I would
+say this is not so accurate I made SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is not so accurate I made SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is not so accurate I made SL
+around 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 95
+96 and this is the temp ratio C to code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 and this is the temp ratio C to code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 and this is the temp ratio C to code
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+C and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and this is the
+efficiency and uh what I put down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and uh what I put down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and uh what I put down here
+is the uh C Elric is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh C Elric is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh C Elric is at the
+B okay it's not a roosing picture first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay it's not a roosing picture first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay it's not a roosing picture first
+you have to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a lot of
+research right and the power plant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research right and the power plant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research right and the power plant is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+40% right the normal to fire power PL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% right the normal to fire power PL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% right the normal to fire power PL is
+40% internal compos is about 20% 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what I here is solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I here is solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I here is solar
+solar 6% simp C about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18% once you think about that then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% once you think about that then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% once you think about that then your
+picture become better right you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture become better right you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture become better right you can in
+fact see the Lo are use Elric power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact see the Lo are use Elric power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact see the Lo are use Elric power
+generator that's about 6 7% in the deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that's about 6 7% in the deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that's about 6 7% in the deep
+space emissions but now in the lab there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space emissions but now in the lab there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space emissions but now in the lab there
+devc generator using ZT one material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devc generator using ZT one material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devc generator using ZT one material is
+around 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+14% that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually so really it's a application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so really it's a application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so really it's a application
+dependent you don't at this stage we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent you don't at this stage we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent you don't at this stage we not
+thinking you you can't it's not at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you you can't it's not at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you you can't it's not at that
+level to say I'm going to replace major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to say I'm going to replace major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to say I'm going to replace major
+C over in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not internal
+com but there are many different sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com but there are many different sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com but there are many different sources
+where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+canti and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isation this
+before right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right and
+Co again depends on Country range and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co again depends on Country range and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co again depends on Country range and C
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+thric compared how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thric compared how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thric compared how
+refrigerator is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact so that's actually probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so that's actually probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact so that's actually probably the
+arest we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arest we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arest we want to say
+application see really reping I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application see really reping I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application see really reping I think
+prob a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob a long
+time but again there may be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but again there may be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but again there may be other
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where and in fact the carent market as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and in fact the carent market as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and in fact the carent market as
+I'll show later is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most so this is where really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so this is where really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so this is where really the
+engineers you can so you need to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers you can so you need to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers you can so you need to say I
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+technology say where it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology say where it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology say where it makes
+sense there uh different uh areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense there uh different uh areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense there uh different uh areas that
+they could make sense and commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make sense and commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make sense and commercially
+mostly are standard size standard size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly are standard size standard size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly are standard size standard size
+people offer different size but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people offer different size but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people offer different size but those
+geometry is very similar the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is very similar the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is very similar the height
+could be in the case of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in the case of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in the case of our
+generator 5 6 mm and the cooler the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator 5 6 mm and the cooler the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator 5 6 mm and the cooler the
+M next and the top is ceramic right top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M next and the top is ceramic right top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M next and the top is ceramic right top
+bottom and you can uh the next the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you can uh the next the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you can uh the next the next
+from the by copper so the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the by copper so the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the by copper so the technology
+wise they have to put a actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise they have to put a actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise they have to put a actually
+diffusion barrier between the copper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion barrier between the copper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion barrier between the copper and
+material because copper easily get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because copper easily get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because copper easily get into
+material that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poison okay terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison okay terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison okay terms of
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+uh this are most standard small coolers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this are most standard small coolers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this are most standard small coolers
+this is because when you reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because when you reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because when you reduce the
+compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression
+the compressor actually the smaller it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressor actually the smaller it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressor actually the smaller it
+make the harder from the it's harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the harder from the it's harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the harder from the it's harder to
+make the when you make a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the when you make a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the when you make a very small
+compressor uh of course the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor uh of course the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressor uh of course the movement
+part is problem and this become more say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is problem and this become more say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is problem and this become more say
+attractive Sol becomes more attractive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive Sol becomes more attractive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive Sol becomes more attractive a
+lot ofet Hotel refrigerators are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot ofet Hotel refrigerators are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot ofet Hotel refrigerators are made
+out for S Elric and uh still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for S Elric and uh still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for S Elric and uh still the
+efficiency I think is is still not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency I think is is still not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency I think is is still not as
+competitive but cost could be very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attractive and then it could be as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and then it could be as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and then it could be as small
+as just a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a laser
+bi and the people in fact put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi and the people in fact put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi and the people in fact put a lot of
+multi stage to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi stage to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi stage to create a
+larger each stage is maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger each stage is maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger each stage is maybe this
+High six stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High six stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High six stage
+together commercially 150 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together commercially 150 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together commercially 150 to
+160 so the newor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 so the newor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 so the newor
+also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but
+many as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as
+a this is because the weak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is because the weak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is because the weak in
+communication telecomunication the W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication telecomunication the W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication telecomunication the W of
+this laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser
+tempure so they actually use some to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempure so they actually use some to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempure so they actually use some to
+stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize
+temperature not much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA we have
+to DNA naturalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DNA naturalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DNA naturalization
+cycling and probably a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling and probably a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycling and probably a really good
+commercial example is this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial example is this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial example is this company
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+Amer and uh they started putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amer and uh they started putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amer and uh they started putting a
+device say this is where uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device say this is where uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device say this is where uh you have to
+look word it Mak sense right uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look word it Mak sense right uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look word it Mak sense right uh they
+started to uh manufacture around 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to uh manufacture around 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to uh manufacture around 2000
+uh somewhere like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere like
+six and in some high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and in some high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and in some high
+Alo now they have a market about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mod I still have this in my car it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod I still have this in my car it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod I still have this in my car it's
+a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a
+item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but successful now the de is the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but successful now the de is the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but successful now the de is the time to
+even get rid of the main air conditioner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get rid of the main air conditioner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get rid of the main air conditioner
+and the idea is that uh the main air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that uh the main air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that uh the main air
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+in requires about 6 seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in requires about 6 seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in requires about 6 seven
+kilow and the purpose is to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilow and the purpose is to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilow and the purpose is to turn the
+engine on air conditioning on you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine on air conditioning on you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine on air conditioning on you want
+to cool the whole compon in about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool the whole compon in about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool the whole compon in about five
+minutes right but normally you do need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes right but normally you do need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes right but normally you do need a
+high comp large compressor so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high comp large compressor so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high comp large compressor so the the
+question is use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is use this
+distributed uh cooler into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh cooler into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh cooler into uh
+the not sure whether it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not sure whether it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not sure whether it will be
+successful in fact this is we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in fact this is we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in fact this is we think
+about word make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about word make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about word make sense
+right they find the seats not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they find the seats not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they find the seats not your
+office seats your office seats you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office seats your office seats you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office seats your office seats you move
+around once you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around once you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around once you get the
+car it's there they they plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car it's there they they plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car it's there they they plug in the
+power because this need a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because this need a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because this need a power
+there right so any other places it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so any other places it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so any other places it could
+be uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh using
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mov that's probably too big I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mov that's probably too big I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mov that's probably too big I'm just
+thinking about the bed right but say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the bed right but say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the bed right but say uh
+uh there are act products there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are act products there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are act products there you go
+to I I was thinking before then I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I was thinking before then I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I was thinking before then I looked
+around their products already I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around their products already I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around their products already I guess
+the K there is we it's physiologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K there is we it's physiologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K there is we it's physiologically
+comfortable and also how you reject that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and also how you reject that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and also how you reject that
+right if you reject into the same room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you reject into the same room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you reject into the same room
+doesn't make sense at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense at the
+end so there are those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so there are those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so there are those are all the
+places where you are if you're engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you are if you're engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you are if you're engineer
+you got to think about where it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think about where it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to think about where it makes
+sense where you have a product people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense where you have a product people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense where you have a product people
+accept and with the more product into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and with the more product into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and with the more product into
+the market of course there's uh material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market of course there's uh material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market of course there's uh material
+is also improving then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also improving then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also improving then you
+have f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology uh Power Generation the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh Power Generation the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh Power Generation the main
+driver in the past is space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver in the past is space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver in the past is space
+missions so uh in uh once you go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions so uh in uh once you go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions so uh in uh once you go beyond
+the Mars the solar Edition diminish so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mars the solar Edition diminish so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mars the solar Edition diminish so
+in Mars most of the poers still come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mars most of the poers still come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mars most of the poers still come
+from the solar panels although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solar panels although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solar panels although there are
+thero electric cooler or not thero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thero electric cooler or not thero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thero electric cooler or not thero
+electric uh generator and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh generator and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh generator and sometimes
+those generator purpose was uh uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those generator purpose was uh uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those generator purpose was uh uh was
+actually to keep the electronics work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to keep the electronics work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to keep the electronics work
+amazingly right in the you go to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly right in the you go to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly right in the you go to say
+Beyond in the it's very cold in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond in the it's very cold in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond in the it's very cold in the
+light there's no power you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light there's no power you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light there's no power you need the
+electrical power to heat up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power to heat up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical power to heat up the
+electronics so uh the space mission most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics so uh the space mission most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics so uh the space mission most
+of the deep space mission are ther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deep space mission are ther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the deep space mission are ther
+electric power and that that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power and that that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power and that that's a good
+news because Galileo for example sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news because Galileo for example sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news because Galileo for example sent
+back signal for more than 20 close to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back signal for more than 20 close to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back signal for more than 20 close to 30
+years G eventually the signal was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years G eventually the signal was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years G eventually the signal was not
+not lot because of power generator just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lot because of power generator just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lot because of power generator just
+because the mission was aboundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mission was aboundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mission was aboundant
+Voyager all those were based on semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyager all those were based on semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Voyager all those were based on semi
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+generator and they in that they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and they in that they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and they in that they use
+nuclear SS so actually I went to one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear SS so actually I went to one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear SS so actually I went to one uh
+deep space conference in our it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep space conference in our it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep space conference in our it's
+interesting in the conference outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the conference outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the conference outside
+there are people uh space missions uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people uh space missions uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people uh space missions uh so
+there are outside people Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are outside people Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are outside people Pro
+because it's most of the space missions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's most of the space missions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's most of the space missions
+are nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nuclear
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+um okay the uh teral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay the uh teral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay the uh teral
+application uh this is a uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh this is a uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh this is a uh standard
+alarm generator uh where uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm generator uh where uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm generator uh where uh for example
+uh this company Global Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this company Global Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this company Global Su
+El uh they found they found they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El uh they found they found they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El uh they found they found they've done
+good business they because they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good business they because they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good business they because they sell
+those car generator allow they to big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those car generator allow they to big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those car generator allow they to big
+oil companies uh the oil company needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil companies uh the oil company needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil companies uh the oil company needs
+to mon monitor their pipelines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mon monitor their pipelines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mon monitor their pipelines the
+pipelines say you go through Alaska you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines say you go through Alaska you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelines say you go through Alaska you
+there's no electrical uh Power there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no electrical uh Power there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no electrical uh Power there so
+they actually use the uh oil to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use the uh oil to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually use the uh oil to generate
+the uh heat and then do power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generation body power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation body power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation body power
+watch okay uh I don't think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch okay uh I don't think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch okay uh I don't think it's very
+commercially successful the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially successful the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially successful the company
+first company trying to Market it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first company trying to Market it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first company trying to Market it it was
+uh Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Japan
+company um SEO I went to visit them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um SEO I went to visit them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um SEO I went to visit them this
+at the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time they
+said $3,000 piece B powered uh watch I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said $3,000 piece B powered uh watch I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said $3,000 piece B powered uh watch I
+but say uh it's amazing that it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh it's amazing that it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but say uh it's amazing that it the
+watch only need a one microw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch only need a one microw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch only need a one microw
+One mic that's what I learned from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One mic that's what I learned from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One mic that's what I learned from the
+tri temperature difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri temperature difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri temperature difference is
+one uh uh one degree C degree celsus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh uh one degree C degree celsus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh uh one degree C degree celsus
+develop for for this watch and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop for for this watch and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop for for this watch and there was
+a lot of company see can I think um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of company see can I think um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of company see can I think um I
+didn't go to check their watch but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to check their watch but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to check their watch but I
+heard they now they are still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard they now they are still on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard they now they are still on the
+market they're selling $300 this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they're selling $300 this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they're selling $300 this one
+went they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went they
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+sot but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sot but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sot but uh I
+think still sell about $300 I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think still sell about $300 I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think still sell about $300 I don't have
+much I don't need a watch okay but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I don't need a watch okay but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I don't need a watch okay but uh uh
+uh some people are developing body power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people are developing body power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people are developing body power
+uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+uh you think about the low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you think about the low power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you think about the low power
+electronics are some of this devic don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics are some of this devic don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics are some of this devic don't
+really require a lot of people the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really require a lot of people the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really require a lot of people the other
+day I met MIT Professor E Department I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I met MIT Professor E Department I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I met MIT Professor E Department I
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+stent uh he has he said that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stent uh he has he said that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stent uh he has he said that he can
+generate few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate few
+microwatts which is uh pretty good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwatts which is uh pretty good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwatts which is uh pretty good um
+and I saw Phillips uh trying to uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw Phillips uh trying to uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I saw Phillips uh trying to uh also
+develop it the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it the body
+power and in fact uh it might be worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and in fact uh it might be worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and in fact uh it might be worse
+the calculation to say I think a Phil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation to say I think a Phil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation to say I think a Phil is
+trying to develop if you where you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop if you where you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop if you where you put a
+body the delta T right uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the delta T right uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the delta T right uh and uh
+one of the Prototype I saw is more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Prototype I saw is more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Prototype I saw is more like
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+head maybe it's good if you generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head maybe it's good if you generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head maybe it's good if you generally
+enough power for the poor kids to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough power for the poor kids to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough power for the poor kids to read
+like LED now how much power of LED is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LED now how much power of LED is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LED now how much power of LED is
+it's interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+and this word actually talked a lot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this word actually talked a lot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this word actually talked a lot um
+recently uh not because this will create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently uh not because this will create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently uh not because this will create
+a lot of sing in the C Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sing in the C Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sing in the C Electric
+generat but this will be a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generat but this will be a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generat but this will be a technology
+that that will really make the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will really make the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will really make the area
+people uh burn because look I say uh lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh burn because look I say uh lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh burn because look I say uh lot
+of places people are still cooking using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places people are still cooking using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places people are still cooking using
+wood right I know where I grew up say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood right I know where I grew up say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood right I know where I grew up say
+not my place now but my grew up where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my place now but my grew up where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my place now but my grew up where I
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+W and in this wood if you ever use wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and in this wood if you ever use wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and in this wood if you ever use wood
+cooking you'll know that the smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking you'll know that the smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking you'll know that the smoke
+doesn't burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't burn
+efficient and what Philip developed is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and what Philip developed is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and what Philip developed is a
+fan generate power from the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan generate power from the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan generate power from the temperature
+difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the
+burning and then drive the burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning and then drive the burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning and then drive the burning
+process clean so it's a clean clean wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process clean so it's a clean clean wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process clean so it's a clean clean wood
+burning wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning wood
+burner and uh uh now they I heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner and uh uh now they I heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burner and uh uh now they I heard that
+they trying to Market but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they trying to Market but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they trying to Market but they they
+still this is about 10 to 20 bucks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this is about 10 to 20 bucks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still this is about 10 to 20 bucks and
+po people still couldn't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it20 and so uh their Market is first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it20 and so uh their Market is first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it20 and so uh their Market is first to
+get to World Health Organization buy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to World Health Organization buy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to World Health Organization buy and
+give to people people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to people people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to people people
+free so there are a lot of and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so there are a lot of and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so there are a lot of and this one
+if they can get all the people use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can get all the people use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can get all the people use it
+it's a tremendous their analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tremendous their analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tremendous their analysis
+actually of CO2 uh problem right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of CO2 uh problem right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually of CO2 uh problem right because
+about two billion people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two billion people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two billion people
+are out of Breck in the world a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out of Breck in the world a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out of Breck in the world a lot of
+people burn those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people burn those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people burn those
+wood and if you make those wood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and if you make those wood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and if you make those wood so
+efficient it reduce a lot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient it reduce a lot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient it reduce a lot uh
+significantly CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly CO2
+consumption so the point is uh at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so the point is uh at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so the point is uh at this
+stage you have to think about where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage you have to think about where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage you have to think about where it
+can make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sense
+technologically well at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically well at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically well at the same time
+see of course L of you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of course L of you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of course L of you are interested in
+developing more efficient uh better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing more efficient uh better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing more efficient uh better
+materials so uh I go to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so uh I go to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so uh I go to a lot of
+material conference semc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material conference semc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material conference semc
+conference and one since in the past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and one since in the past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference and one since in the past the
+last conference was very different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last conference was very different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last conference was very different but
+in the past you see more than 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past you see more than 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past you see more than 90% of the
+ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton
+materials and uh not many ton systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and uh not many ton systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and uh not many ton systems so
+this is where I think the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I think the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I think the system the
+engineer actually make a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer actually make a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer actually make a good
+contribution there because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution there because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution there because a lot of
+times people just say I have the ZT be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times people just say I have the ZT be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times people just say I have the ZT be
+making difference but that's ZT is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making difference but that's ZT is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making difference but that's ZT is only
+half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the
+story because if you look at typ system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story because if you look at typ system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story because if you look at typ system
+right where the cost will come from most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the cost will come from most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where the cost will come from most
+likely it's not in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely it's not in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely it's not in the in the
+generator it's important part but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator it's important part but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator it's important part but
+not so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this is
+object the difference of s electrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the difference of s electrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the difference of s electrics
+from solar is a solar cell you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solar is a solar cell you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solar is a solar cell you put in
+the sun that's your system you manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun that's your system you manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun that's your system you manage
+facture out you just need a frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facture out you just need a frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facture out you just need a frame and
+put there electric and the rest is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put there electric and the rest is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put there electric and the rest is it's
+about half the cost balance of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half the cost balance of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half the cost balance of system
+the inverters all those other stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverters all those other stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverters all those other stuff but
+it's a much simpler system here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much simpler system here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a much simpler system here for
+thermal system you have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal system you have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal system you have to you have to
+be able to maintain the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to maintain the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to maintain the temperature
+difference right so that means you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right so that means you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right so that means you have
+to take the heat out or put the he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the heat out or put the he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the heat out or put the he
+in and I want see the calculation uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I want see the calculation uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I want see the calculation uh for
+system for and what I found is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for and what I found is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for and what I found is the
+electric S Electric material is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric S Electric material is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric S Electric material is only
+about few cents per wat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about few cents per wat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about few cents per wat
+electric but the cost come from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric but the cost come from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric but the cost come from all the
+aluminums that the well I didn't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminums that the well I didn't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminums that the well I didn't do a
+very good Ser design but that cost a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good Ser design but that cost a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good Ser design but that cost a few
+dollar per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar per
+one okay because the how you maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because the how you maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay because the how you maintain
+the and do the cooling could be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and do the cooling could be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and do the cooling could be easily
+dominant in your cost not all you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in your cost not all you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant in your cost not all you have
+to do a good design and the other is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a good design and the other is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a good design and the other is if
+you think about the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the temperature
+right so you need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you need for
+example uh household temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh household temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh household temperature is
+about 22 think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 22 think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 22 think about your
+refrigerator and inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator and inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator and inside the
+refrigeration regor let's suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration regor let's suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigeration regor let's suppose you
+want Zer degree so you say I need a 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Zer degree so you say I need a 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Zer degree so you say I need a 22
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+Del but that means your is your ration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del but that means your is your ration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del but that means your is your ration
+component inside your eror outside now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component inside your eror outside now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component inside your eror outside now
+you have to transfer that heat to the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to transfer that heat to the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to transfer that heat to the co
+side so this Co side must be lower temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this Co side must be lower temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this Co side must be lower temp
+right so let's suppose 15° I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's suppose 15° I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's suppose 15° I
+give and then the side I reject you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and then the side I reject you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and then the side I reject you
+don't want the reject has to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the reject has to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the reject has to go to the
+eror so I have to have another Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eror so I have to have another Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eror so I have to have another Delta
+from here to here I give another 5°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here I give another 5°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here I give another 5°
+okay that's 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's 12
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+22 so I need 39° rather than 22 now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 so I need 39° rather than 22 now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 so I need 39° rather than 22 now you
+go to 39 cop versus 22 cop will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 39 cop versus 22 cop will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 39 cop versus 22 cop will be very
+different right so your system is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right so your system is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right so your system is really
+a very critical part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very critical part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very critical part of the
+consideration that's the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that's the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that's the significant
+difference of those Ser systems it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of those Ser systems it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of those Ser systems it could
+be uh more expensive than thetic side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh more expensive than thetic side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh more expensive than thetic side
+same if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's suppose you want this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's suppose you want this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's suppose you want this is a
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+gas and you put thric here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and you put thric here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and you put thric here this
+is and then you cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then you cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and then you cool
+this and you see what temperature Sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you see what temperature Sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you see what temperature Sy
+oper let me suppose the device operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper let me suppose the device operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oper let me suppose the device operate
+at uniform temperature not a good design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uniform temperature not a good design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uniform temperature not a good design
+okay but say I suppose Dev op temperat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but say I suppose Dev op temperat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but say I suppose Dev op temperat
+then the hot gas must have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hot gas must have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hot gas must have a higher
+temperature at the exist this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the exist this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the exist this
+temperature of the gas must be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the gas must be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the gas must be higher
+than this pH otherwise heat cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this pH otherwise heat cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this pH otherwise heat cannot go
+from gas to the H right heat only go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gas to the H right heat only go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gas to the H right heat only go
+from high temperature to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high temperature to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high temperature to lower
+temperature so that means if the gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that means if the gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so that means if the gas is
+600° the amount of Fe you can take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600° the amount of Fe you can take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600° the amount of Fe you can take out
+is from 600° to whatever this tempure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from 600° to whatever this tempure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from 600° to whatever this tempure
+so if you do optimization is about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do optimization is about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do optimization is about half
+because you need take that heat out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need take that heat out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need take that heat out of
+the gas put it into the device so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas put it into the device so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas put it into the device so that
+means your H operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means your H operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means your H operate
+300 right so you can't do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 right so you can't do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 right so you can't do your
+calculations 600 what's my what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations 600 what's my what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations 600 what's my what's my
+efficienc and now of course you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficienc and now of course you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficienc and now of course you can be
+more innovated you say okay I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more innovated you say okay I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more innovated you say okay I don't
+operate at the same tempat each section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at the same tempat each section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate at the same tempat each section
+I operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I operate
+higher temperature and my efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature and my efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature and my efficiency
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+efficiency so there you got a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so there you got a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so there you got a lot of the
+system design and depends on material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design and depends on material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design and depends on material
+availability and cost weight part when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability and cost weight part when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability and cost weight part when
+you do old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do old
+me and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and with
+cost and so lot of f uh really uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and so lot of f uh really uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and so lot of f uh really uh so
+there what I say is there's space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what I say is there's space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what I say is there's space for
+both sides there lot of problem engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides there lot of problem engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides there lot of problem engineer
+can make important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make important
+contribution and another problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and another problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and another problem is the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+improve good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve good good
+good right look at this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ser because you look at where po use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser because you look at where po use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ser because you look at where po use it
+but maybe generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh the reality is Al company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh the reality is Al company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh the reality is Al company
+say 3% fuel you'll be happy to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 3% fuel you'll be happy to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 3% fuel you'll be happy to think
+about it 3% fuel C is less than 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it 3% fuel C is less than 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it 3% fuel C is less than 1%
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+efficiency so if a exhaust is 13 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so if a exhaust is 13 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency so if a exhaust is 13 of the
+whiskey energy there 13 let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskey energy there 13 let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskey energy there 13 let's take a
+half of the E if I can intercept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the E if I can intercept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the E if I can intercept the
+half of the E so that's six so my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the E so that's six so my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the E so that's six so my system
+efficiency if it's 6% which you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if it's 6% which you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if it's 6% which you usually
+could be done using business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done using business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done using business
+c not system just device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c not system just device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c not system just device
+6% right but then the question is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% right but then the question is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% right but then the question is when
+you put all this together your H side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all this together your H side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all this together your H side
+your Co side is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperat
+this put together and make to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this put together and make to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this put together and make to
+have okay yeah so the down is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay yeah so the down is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay yeah so the down is a very
+gr put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gr put in the
+mar when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+home and it's really up to you to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and it's really up to you to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and it's really up to you to find
+them where it could be it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where it could be it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where it could be it's not
+competitive against IC not competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive against IC not competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive against IC not competitive
+against meain M let see there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against meain M let see there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against meain M let see there are a lot
+of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_JGetImYLis.txt b/_JGetImYLis.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24e711b9b79388ebfd9a9730eb2928d94b0c5274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_JGetImYLis.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's conclude with a word about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's conclude with a word about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's conclude with a word about the
+status of predictive coding today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of predictive coding today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of predictive coding today in
+legal systems it's difficult to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal systems it's difficult to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal systems it's difficult to change
+existing practice because of laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing practice because of laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing practice because of laws
+reliance on past precedent which causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliance on past precedent which causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliance on past precedent which causes
+current decisions to be made on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current decisions to be made on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current decisions to be made on the
+basis of past ones because the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of past ones because the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of past ones because the types of
+ediscovery admissible in court have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ediscovery admissible in court have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ediscovery admissible in court have
+historically been limited a keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically been limited a keyword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically been limited a keyword
+search coupled with manual review nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search coupled with manual review nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search coupled with manual review nearly
+all cases today use this ediscovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases today use this ediscovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases today use this ediscovery
+approach however this status quo seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach however this status quo seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach however this status quo seems
+to be starting to change in 2012 a US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be starting to change in 2012 a US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be starting to change in 2012 a US
+District Court ruled that predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District Court ruled that predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District Court ruled that predictive
+coding was a legitimate ediscovery tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding was a legitimate ediscovery tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding was a legitimate ediscovery tool
+which may pave the way for its expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may pave the way for its expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may pave the way for its expanded
+use in coming years
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_ayCen0j-0w.txt b/_ayCen0j-0w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ab10b1f1febda947ad630d9881a556d84a295eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_ayCen0j-0w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12080 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free to make a donation or view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free to make a donation or view
+additional materials from hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials from hundreds of
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a
+recap of four last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap of four last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap of four last lecture
+there are many many many terminologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many many terminologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many many terminologies
+in the last lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture we
+basically start from the boards my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically start from the boards my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically start from the boards my
+equation under relaxation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation under relaxation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation under relaxation time
+approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and
+we derived the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derived the expression for the
+charge flux current flux which current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flux current flux which current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge flux current flux which current
+density and also for the heat carried by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and also for the heat carried by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and also for the heat carried by
+the charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge and
+so we have the cup of the equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the cup of the equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the cup of the equation for
+electrical transport I have to like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical transport I have to like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical transport I have to like I
+point out before I use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out before I use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out before I use a different
+symbol je and Jake Hill je is a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol je and Jake Hill je is a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol je and Jake Hill je is a four
+electron Jake hill in the book of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Jake hill in the book of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Jake hill in the book of the
+full heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full heat and
+the always the challenge is a deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the always the challenge is a deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the always the challenge is a deal with
+the negative sign of electron so i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign of electron so i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign of electron so i put a
+cue small Q just before whatever is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue small Q just before whatever is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue small Q just before whatever is a
+positive with the foot hole negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive with the foot hole negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive with the foot hole negative
+that's for electrons and then I use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for electrons and then I use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for electrons and then I use it
+Kepler kill so that's what I did in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler kill so that's what I did in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kepler kill so that's what I did in last
+lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and
+so we have those coupled equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have those coupled equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have those coupled equations and
+those those type of coupling is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those type of coupling is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those type of coupling is a
+very common when you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common when you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common when you deal with
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+transport processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport processes
+here we do the electron and the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do the electron and the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do the electron and the heat
+coupling I said when you do piezo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling I said when you do piezo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling I said when you do piezo
+electric and heat and mass transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and heat and mass transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and heat and mass transfer
+there are all those type of relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all those type of relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all those type of relations
+and if you generalize the gradient by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you generalize the gradient by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you generalize the gradient by
+the generalized entropy gradient as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized entropy gradient as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized entropy gradient as the
+force then you have the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force then you have the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force then you have the answer
+correlation to turn those carpeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation to turn those carpeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation to turn those carpeting
+coefficient in the generalized form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in the generalized form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in the generalized form
+those coupling coefficient a G equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coupling coefficient a G equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coupling coefficient a G equal to
+each other but the since we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but the since we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but the since we're not
+writing into the entropy we write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing into the entropy we write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing into the entropy we write in
+temperature so l 2 y equals T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so l 2 y equals T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so l 2 y equals T
+012 in this specific expression we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+012 in this specific expression we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+012 in this specific expression we we
+use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and
+from this is lecture to have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is lecture to have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is lecture to have to say
+when you have a temperature gradient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a temperature gradient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a temperature gradient you
+also have even in the open circuit case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have even in the open circuit case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have even in the open circuit case
+or any conductor or semiconductor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any conductor or semiconductor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any conductor or semiconductor you
+have the seat back I have voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the seat back I have voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the seat back I have voltage
+generally if you have temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if you have temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if you have temperature
+gradient and the pouty effect is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the pouty effect is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the pouty effect is when
+you have a charge flow in the conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a charge flow in the conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a charge flow in the conductor
+even if you don't have time to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have time to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have time to a
+gradient associate with charge flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient associate with charge flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient associate with charge flow is
+the heat current is the heat flow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat current is the heat flow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat current is the heat flow and
+that's the pouty a heat which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pouty a heat which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the pouty a heat which is a
+manifested itself when you put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifested itself when you put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifested itself when you put two
+mature together and form a junction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature together and form a junction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature together and form a junction and
+because discontinuity in this paltry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because discontinuity in this paltry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because discontinuity in this paltry
+coefficient you have cooling or heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you have cooling or heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient you have cooling or heating
+I the junction but fundamentally it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the junction but fundamentally it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the junction but fundamentally it's a
+a fact that happens in the same material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact that happens in the same material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fact that happens in the same material
+right so we talk about the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talk about the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we talk about the material
+properties sit back if I seebeck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties sit back if I seebeck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties sit back if I seebeck
+coefficient pelletier coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient pelletier coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient pelletier coefficient
+material properties and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material properties and similarly
+Thompson effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson effect is
+the seat back and the party or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat back and the party or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seat back and the party or actually
+experimenter II are discovered but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter II are discovered but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenter II are discovered but
+Thompson factor is North Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson factor is North Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson factor is North Kelvin
+predicted when they try to unify and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted when they try to unify and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted when they try to unify and
+give us a general interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a general interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a general interpretation of
+what's the seat back and what's up LD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the seat back and what's up LD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the seat back and what's up LD
+Fagin and he discovered there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fagin and he discovered there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fagin and he discovered there has to be
+a third in fact that's when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third in fact that's when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third in fact that's when you have a
+temperature gradient and the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient and the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient and the current
+flow at the same time in the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow at the same time in the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow at the same time in the material
+then you have distributed local cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have distributed local cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have distributed local cooling
+and heating along every point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heating along every point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heating along every point in the
+material so the relation between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so the relation between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so the relation between those
+coefficients Calvin relations and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients Calvin relations and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients Calvin relations and you
+can see there are a lot of relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there are a lot of relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there are a lot of relations
+that's because all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because all those
+expression flux expression is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression flux expression is derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression flux expression is derived
+that I listed under the framework we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I listed under the framework we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I listed under the framework we're
+talking the relaxation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking the relaxation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking the relaxation time
+approximation you don't have to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you don't have to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you don't have to use that
+but they eventually the those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they eventually the those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they eventually the those
+coefficients are all related back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are all related back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are all related back into
+the relaxation time right so we have see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation time right so we have see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation time right so we have see
+the relation between electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between electric
+conductivity and thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and thermal conductivity
+for charged with my friends law we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charged with my friends law we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charged with my friends law we have
+relationship you to a party and sit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you to a party and sit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you to a party and sit back
+effect that's Calvin relation we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that's Calvin relation we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that's Calvin relation we also
+have in the electrical engineer say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the electrical engineer say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the electrical engineer say the
+drift diffusion equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift diffusion equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift diffusion equation which is
+actually just the first term of that JQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the first term of that JQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the first term of that JQ
+l 1 why is the electric conductivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l 1 why is the electric conductivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l 1 why is the electric conductivity and
+then we write into the separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we write into the separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we write into the separate
+expression right when we split out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right when we split out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression right when we split out the
+driving force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force for
+the current flow which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flow which is
+electrochemical potential they include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential they include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential they include
+the chemical potential an electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential an electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential an electrostatic
+potential the chemical potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the chemical potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the chemical potential is
+related to the carrier density so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the carrier density so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the carrier density so that's
+a gradient that's a diffusion term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient that's a diffusion term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient that's a diffusion term and
+you'll actually starting potential give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually starting potential give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually starting potential give
+you the force electrical force acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the force electrical force acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the force electrical force acting on
+the chart so that drives the drift so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart so that drives the drift so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chart so that drives the drift so
+drift is a measure with the mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift is a measure with the mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift is a measure with the mobility
+diffusion is diffusivity and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is diffusivity and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is diffusivity and again the
+relation between diffusivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between diffusivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between diffusivity and
+mobility is the Einstein relation and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility is the Einstein relation and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility is the Einstein relation and in
+fact the Einstein relation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Einstein relation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Einstein relation I'm
+accommodate Einstein didn't do electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate Einstein didn't do electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate Einstein didn't do electron
+a day to day Brownian motion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day to day Brownian motion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day to day Brownian motion for
+molecules and he has relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and he has relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and he has relation between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mass diffusivity and the viscosity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass diffusivity and the viscosity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass diffusivity and the viscosity and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+special case all those has special kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case all those has special kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case all those has special kids
+as they offer the fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they offer the fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they offer the fluctuation
+dissipation theory so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation theory so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation theory so the
+fluctuation gives the Brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation gives the Brownian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation gives the Brownian motion
+diffusion and dissipation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and dissipation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and dissipation is the
+viscosity mobility that's the coalition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity mobility that's the coalition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity mobility that's the coalition
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the authors are tied together a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors are tied together a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors are tied together a lot of
+terminology but they are intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology but they are intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology but they are intrinsically
+all connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all connected
+and by the end of the lecture we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the end of the lecture we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the end of the lecture we want to
+discuss the thermoelectric device a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the thermoelectric device a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the thermoelectric device a real
+device is typically made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is typically made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is typically made of
+pairs of P and N and you collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of P and N and you collect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of P and N and you collect them
+electrically by see typically is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically by see typically is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically by see typically is the
+metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and
+then say this is the basic construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say this is the basic construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say this is the basic construction
+unit and you repeat them many times in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and you repeat them many times in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit and you repeat them many times in a
+commercial device and the reason for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial device and the reason for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial device and the reason for us
+for this you connect the many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you connect the many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you connect the many of them
+together is because tip curves ZT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is because tip curves ZT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is because tip curves ZT
+summarize a electric figure of Merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a electric figure of Merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a electric figure of Merit
+when you get a ZT the largest case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a ZT the largest case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a ZT the largest case in
+commercial material which is business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial material which is business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial material which is business
+turn right please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write the seat back eyes of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the seat back eyes of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the seat back eyes of the order
+200 micro watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 micro watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 micro watt
+per Kelvin and the electric conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Kelvin and the electric conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Kelvin and the electric conductivity
+is of the 10 to the 5th on per meter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the 10 to the 5th on per meter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the 10 to the 5th on per meter and
+the on per meter inverse on per me si is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on per meter inverse on per me si is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on per meter inverse on per me si is
+also semen so this is CNN per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also semen so this is CNN per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also semen so this is CNN per meter
+or semen from inner different unit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semen from inner different unit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or semen from inner different unit right
+so 10 to the face so the mature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 10 to the face so the mature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 10 to the face so the mature is
+actually very conductive metals electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very conductive metals electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very conductive metals electric
+conductivity is 10 to the eighth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is 10 to the eighth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is 10 to the eighth of the
+order oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order oh
+yeah I think it's in order two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's in order two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's in order two or three
+order magnitude higher then to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitude higher then to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitude higher then to this
+simac on the semiconductor typically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simac on the semiconductor typically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simac on the semiconductor typically we
+use either commented doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use either commented doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use either commented doping
+concentration is run into the line teens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is run into the line teens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is run into the line teens
+right and if you make a silicon device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you make a silicon device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you make a silicon device
+and in microelectronics the doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in microelectronics the doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in microelectronics the doping
+concentration is a typical 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a typical 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a typical 10 to the
+17th so to order magnitude smaller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th so to order magnitude smaller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th so to order magnitude smaller so
+this is a each leg it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a each leg it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a each leg it's about a
+millimeter in commercial device and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter in commercial device and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter in commercial device and the
+resistance electrical resistance is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance electrical resistance is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance electrical resistance is a
+minute hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute hope
+so when you have many oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have many oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have many oh
+you got a large current and they so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a large current and they so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a large current and they so you
+put us a lot of legs together earth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us a lot of legs together earth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us a lot of legs together earth to
+increase the electrical resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the electrical resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the electrical resistance and
+that way you your operation is easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you your operation is easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you your operation is easier
+you don't have to have the large current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have the large current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have the large current
+operation and the thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and the thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and the thermal conductivity
+is made of electronic contribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of electronic contribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made of electronic contribution and
+the Fallen contribution and this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fallen contribution and this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fallen contribution and this is of
+the order 1 watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order 1 watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order 1 watt
+meter Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter Kelvin
+ok and this value is of comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this value is of comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and this value is of comparable to
+glass glasses 1.2 right and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass glasses 1.2 right and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass glasses 1.2 right and this is a
+similar United tubular materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar United tubular materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar United tubular materials
+actually about 1.5 and so you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about 1.5 and so you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about 1.5 and so you want a
+material with a high electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with a high electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with a high electric
+conductivity no thermal conductivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity no thermal conductivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity no thermal conductivity and
+you want to each electron carry a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to each electron carry a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to each electron carry a lot of
+heat seabeck is the entropy averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat seabeck is the entropy averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat seabeck is the entropy averaging
+entropy carry the per charge I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy carry the per charge I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy carry the per charge I mentioned
+right so that's the dilemma here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the dilemma here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the dilemma here you
+have to play with the material so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play with the material so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play with the material so you
+try to it turns out that you change one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to it turns out that you change one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to it turns out that you change one
+you also most of time a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also most of time a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also most of time a change in the
+orders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders and
+there is a light terminology to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a light terminology to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a light terminology to describe
+what you really want you want this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really want you want this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really want you want this is a
+so called a fallen glass so for lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called a fallen glass so for lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called a fallen glass so for lattice
+vibration you want it like a glass which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration you want it like a glass which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration you want it like a glass which
+is an office right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an office right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an office right and
+amorphous material typically do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous material typically do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous material typically do not
+conduct the electricity well so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct the electricity well so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct the electricity well so you want
+the electron crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron crystal
+right so fall on glass electron crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so fall on glass electron crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so fall on glass electron crystal
+but you want this happen in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want this happen in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want this happen in this in
+mature so this is where the challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature so this is where the challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature so this is where the challenge is
+and trying to fool the material for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to fool the material for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to fool the material for the
+lattice vibration you say this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vibration you say this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vibration you say this is like a
+very poor heat conductor and the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor heat conductor and the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor heat conductor and the four
+electron is like a good electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is like a good electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is like a good electric
+conductor and typically these must turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and typically these must turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and typically these must turn
+right why it's good it's because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why it's good it's because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why it's good it's because it's a
+heavy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy and
+winds heavy the following frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds heavy the following frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winds heavy the following frequency is
+low the group velocity is small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low the group velocity is small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low the group velocity is small and
+intrinsically the thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically the thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically the thermal conductivity
+is going to be lower and the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be lower and the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be lower and the other way
+to use it to reduce thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it to reduce thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it to reduce thermal conductivity
+by alloy right the mask a turn for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alloy right the mask a turn for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alloy right the mask a turn for
+example silicon so 150 germanium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example silicon so 150 germanium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example silicon so 150 germanium is
+about lightning and when you mix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lightning and when you mix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lightning and when you mix the
+atom together the difference so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom together the difference so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom together the difference so the
+master now if you think about having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master now if you think about having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master now if you think about having a
+chant if each atom is the same you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chant if each atom is the same you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chant if each atom is the same you got a
+harmonic vibration very harmonic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic vibration very harmonic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic vibration very harmonic but
+they each match point you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each match point you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each match point you put a
+different mass you know that string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mass you know that string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mass you know that string is
+not going to vibrate very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to vibrate very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to vibrate very well and
+that's the mass different scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mass different scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the mass different scattering
+alloy scattered and that's the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy scattered and that's the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy scattered and that's the typical
+way to reduce the thermal connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to reduce the thermal connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to reduce the thermal connectivity
+and of course you want to do it to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you want to do it to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you want to do it to not
+to reduce the electric conductivity ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the electric conductivity ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the electric conductivity ok
+so we we discussed the summer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we discussed the summer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we discussed the summer of the
+typical heuristic over s Sigma K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical heuristic over s Sigma K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical heuristic over s Sigma K and
+if you engineer which they also say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you engineer which they also say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you engineer which they also say your
+own most of your engineers so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own most of your engineers so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own most of your engineers so what's
+important is to match ok it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is to match ok it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is to match ok it turns out
+the device you can size the differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device you can size the differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device you can size the differently
+across washing area height and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across washing area height and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across washing area height and you
+actually have to match the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to match the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to match the two sides
+because the analysis I gave it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the analysis I gave it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the analysis I gave it to one
+neck you when you put a two-leg together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck you when you put a two-leg together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck you when you put a two-leg together
+you'll say area thence ratio has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say area thence ratio has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say area thence ratio has to be
+matched to get a maximum performance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched to get a maximum performance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched to get a maximum performance so
+there are a lot of optimization at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of optimization at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of optimization at the
+both matures level and also at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both matures level and also at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both matures level and also at the
+device level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device level
+ok ah any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sir so if you look at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir so if you look at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir so if you look at the energy
+research right and right now there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research right and right now there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research right and right now there are a
+lot of full of course a great interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of full of course a great interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of full of course a great interest
+and and look energy devices there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look energy devices there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look energy devices there are
+not many stuff right a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many stuff right a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many stuff right a lot of people
+work on solar cells a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on solar cells a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on solar cells a
+lot of people work on batteries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people work on batteries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people work on batteries and
+the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just say people all want to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say people all want to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say people all want to work on
+resource a energy-related so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource a energy-related so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource a energy-related so you're
+starting to see a lot of people now work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see a lot of people now work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see a lot of people now work
+on thermoelectrics right but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thermoelectrics right but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thermoelectrics right but actually
+thermoelectric is the fun in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric is the fun in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric is the fun in the sense
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+really have to fool the material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to fool the material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to fool the material right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it goes into long linear regime ready or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into long linear regime ready or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into long linear regime ready or
+everything is the scattering you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the scattering you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the scattering you want to
+control transport you have to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control transport you have to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control transport you have to control
+this scattering so it's both difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scattering so it's both difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scattering so it's both difficult
+and if you like it it's fun okay don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you like it it's fun okay don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you like it it's fun okay don't
+like f it's a headache when i got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like f it's a headache when i got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like f it's a headache when i got into
+thermoelectrics the first a thermal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics the first a thermal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics the first a thermal a
+trade program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade program
+so if you look at history right in 9 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at history right in 9 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at history right in 9 18
+21 c back discover the effect around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 c back discover the effect around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 c back discover the effect around the
+1900 this is a parameters each he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 this is a parameters each he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 this is a parameters each he was
+formulated so how you make a generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated so how you make a generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated so how you make a generator
+you need a material with high Z key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a material with high Z key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a material with high Z key and
+the run line in 50 a business Turner I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the run line in 50 a business Turner I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the run line in 50 a business Turner I'd
+was discovered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered and
+that's when so this was a bike go Smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when so this was a bike go Smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when so this was a bike go Smith
+and when he discovered this monster he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he discovered this monster he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he discovered this monster he
+said that he was just it's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he was just it's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he was just it's actually very
+lucky he said the first guess he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky he said the first guess he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky he said the first guess he found
+it he has a good physical inside so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he has a good physical inside so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he has a good physical inside so you
+need a heavy material having mature turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a heavy material having mature turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a heavy material having mature turn
+shadow also usually have better mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow also usually have better mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow also usually have better mobility
+okay charge mobility and I said we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay charge mobility and I said we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay charge mobility and I said we tried
+this one terrorizer and it worked and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one terrorizer and it worked and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one terrorizer and it worked and so
+most commercial device was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commercial device was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commercial device was based on
+Dismas turn right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dismas turn right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dismas turn right and
+then say info power generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say info power generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say info power generation
+Lhasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lhasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lhasa
+see it was interested because the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it was interested because the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it was interested because the solid
+state and it's the best I but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it's the best I but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it's the best I but you have
+to go to higher temperature business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to higher temperature business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to higher temperature business
+turn right is not stable so they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn right is not stable so they went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn right is not stable so they went to
+a silicon silicon germanium is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon silicon germanium is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon silicon germanium is by the
+idea of alloy that's the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of alloy that's the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of alloy that's the Russian
+scientist I off a proposed the alluring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist I off a proposed the alluring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist I off a proposed the alluring
+can reduce thermal conductivity so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce thermal conductivity so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce thermal conductivity so that
+led to development secant germanium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to development secant germanium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to development secant germanium and
+silicon germanium has been used in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon germanium has been used in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon germanium has been used in most
+Lhasa flight for deep-space missions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lhasa flight for deep-space missions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lhasa flight for deep-space missions and
+they use a nuclear with new Tanaka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a nuclear with new Tanaka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a nuclear with new Tanaka
+nuclear waste is a nuclear fuel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear waste is a nuclear fuel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear waste is a nuclear fuel to
+generate the temperature difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the temperature difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the temperature difference
+generate heat and that has a turn out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate heat and that has a turn out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate heat and that has a turn out of
+four spaces very reliable and they those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four spaces very reliable and they those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four spaces very reliable and they those
+are generator work not very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generator work not very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generator work not very efficient
+five to six percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to six percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to six percent
+they've been sending back a signal some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been sending back a signal some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been sending back a signal some
+of those space missions over 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those space missions over 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those space missions over 30 years
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+but for cooling it's been some bismuth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for cooling it's been some bismuth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for cooling it's been some bismuth
+her I'd most tourists or applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I'd most tourists or applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her I'd most tourists or applications
+based on business turn right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on business turn right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on business turn right so
+commercial modules or used pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial modules or used pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial modules or used pretty much
+the mature developing the 50s 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mature developing the 50s 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mature developing the 50s 60s
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+they're not much research in this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not much research in this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not much research in this and
+in ninety around in the line is right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ninety around in the line is right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ninety around in the line is right so
+there are people they prove this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people they prove this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people they prove this is a
+some time they also have to give credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time they also have to give credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time they also have to give credit
+to the program manager and they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the program manager and they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the program manager and they started
+asking whether there is anything new in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking whether there is anything new in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking whether there is anything new in
+thermoelectrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+one of the person they asked it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the person they asked it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the person they asked it was a
+milli dresselhaus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli dresselhaus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milli dresselhaus and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+Millie Millie said told me all the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millie Millie said told me all the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millie Millie said told me all the story
+and she said it was not actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said it was not actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said it was not actually the
+military was a friend that I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military was a friend that I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military was a friend that I keep
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+somebody here an impasse in conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody here an impasse in conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody here an impasse in conference
+and get her told her about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get her told her about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get her told her about
+thermoelectrics and then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics and then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics and then when the
+military came me ask her whether she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military came me ask her whether she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military came me ask her whether she had
+idea there was happened to be a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there was happened to be a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea there was happened to be a graduate
+student looking for research topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student looking for research topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student looking for research topic and
+so he asking him to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asking him to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asking him to calculate the
+quantum well okay so the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum well okay so the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum well okay so the idea of a
+quantum well right we want a s square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum well right we want a s square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum well right we want a s square
+Sigma electron better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma electron better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma electron better
+right if we look at the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we look at the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we look at the density of
+states off of our bulk material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states off of our bulk material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states off of our bulk material right
+that's a square root II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a square root II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a square root II
+relation right it's parabolic things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation right it's parabolic things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation right it's parabolic things up
+stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and this is a energy I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a energy I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is a energy I remember
+here is a you say and depends on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a you say and depends on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a you say and depends on where
+you put a EF right I said the EF if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a EF right I said the EF if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a EF right I said the EF if you
+put it here this if this is a EF you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here this if this is a EF you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here this if this is a EF you'll
+dope it and then we say they are see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope it and then we say they are see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope it and then we say they are see
+back is measure of the average energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is measure of the average energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is measure of the average energy
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+EF right so electrons there no electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF right so electrons there no electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EF right so electrons there no electron
+below you see this back gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below you see this back gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below you see this back gap
+semiconductors so most electrons in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors so most electrons in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors so most electrons in this
+region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region right
+because the fermi-dirac the fermi-dirac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fermi-dirac the fermi-dirac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fermi-dirac the fermi-dirac
+ax is EF at the EF 0 is the point 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is EF at the EF 0 is the point 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is EF at the EF 0 is the point 5
+distribution and the exponential decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the exponential decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the exponential decay
+very rapidly so there are not many you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly so there are not many you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly so there are not many you
+like so if you plotted a per energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you plotted a per energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so if you plotted a per energy
+level what's the occupancy is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what's the occupancy is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what's the occupancy is this is
+the fermi-dirac distribution and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fermi-dirac distribution and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fermi-dirac distribution and this
+times this means they're only this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this means they're only this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this means they're only this is
+you see only a small portion these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see only a small portion these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see only a small portion these are
+the portion that contribute to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the portion that contribute to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the portion that contribute to charge
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+you look at your the expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your the expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at your the expression for
+electrical activity you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical activity you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical activity you have this
+homework of looking at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of looking at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework of looking at a different
+product right so only electron near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right so only electron near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right so only electron near the
+sea ec bottom here contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea ec bottom here contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea ec bottom here contribute to the
+transport the rest is too high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the rest is too high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the rest is too high energy
+they don't they don't they are not feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't they don't they are not feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't they don't they are not feel
+their empty States there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their empty States there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their empty States there
+okay so in this so here is EC and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this so here is EC and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this so here is EC and that
+the problem with this is here a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this is here a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with this is here a typical
+pro-bono pounds right there are not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-bono pounds right there are not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-bono pounds right there are not many
+carriers here you look at it right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers here you look at it right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers here you look at it right this
+is the lowest density of states region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest density of states region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest density of states region
+not many energy carriers so I you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many energy carriers so I you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many energy carriers so I you did a
+density of states on quantum well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states on quantum well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states on quantum well a
+quantum well is staircase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum well is staircase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum well is staircase
+right so now rather than this parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now rather than this parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now rather than this parabolic
+you have a staircase and of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a staircase and of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a staircase and of course you
+dope it again in suddenly you got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope it again in suddenly you got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope it again in suddenly you got a lot
+of carrier here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carrier here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carrier here
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+so carrier number of care is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so carrier number of care is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so carrier number of care is
+proportional to the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the electric
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+so by making this shop fisher and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by making this shop fisher and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by making this shop fisher and then
+you control your dope in you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you control your dope in you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you control your dope in you can get
+theoretically you can get a larger s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you can get a larger s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you can get a larger s
+square Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square Sigma
+so this was the first paper published by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the first paper published by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the first paper published by
+hicks and rest house on this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hicks and rest house on this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hicks and rest house on this using
+quantum ideas to increase the S square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum ideas to increase the S square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum ideas to increase the S square
+Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and
+Millie is say expert on business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millie is say expert on business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millie is say expert on business
+so she's the expert on carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's the expert on carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's the expert on carbon and
+business kaban she wrote the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business kaban she wrote the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business kaban she wrote the important
+paper that's before carbon nanotubes was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's before carbon nanotubes was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's before carbon nanotubes was
+discovered she'd be always talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered she'd be always talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered she'd be always talking about
+the car bong and she wrapped that up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car bong and she wrapped that up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car bong and she wrapped that up and
+the neighbor say woody for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbor say woody for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbor say woody for the energy
+level if you have a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you have a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if you have a tube
+right so must escape the know reprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so must escape the know reprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so must escape the know reprise
+skip that they come on aren't you she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that they come on aren't you she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that they come on aren't you she
+missed that right it was went from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed that right it was went from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed that right it was went from the
+c60 the Richard Smalley discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c60 the Richard Smalley discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c60 the Richard Smalley discovered
+carbon 60 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 60 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon 60 and
+you know last year went to the graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know last year went to the graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know last year went to the graphene
+right so the tube was missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the tube was missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the tube was missed
+anyway so always do very conceptual very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so always do very conceptual very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so always do very conceptual very
+simple but made a big impact right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but made a big impact right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but made a big impact right and
+this is a this is an idea that is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is an idea that is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is an idea that is doing
+the sea quantum well and the other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea quantum well and the other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea quantum well and the other ideas
+she had was say business is a semi metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had was say business is a semi metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had was say business is a semi metal
+okay there's no gap so you have a equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's no gap so you have a equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's no gap so you have a equal
+number of electron and holes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electron and holes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electron and holes and the
+Seebeck coefficient slow because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seebeck coefficient slow because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seebeck coefficient slow because they
+cancel each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other and
+so you should say okay if you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should say okay if you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should say okay if you use this
+quantum size effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum size effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum size effect
+that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your
+quiz exam right electron move up host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz exam right electron move up host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz exam right electron move up host
+move down so you turn that similar metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down so you turn that similar metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down so you turn that similar metal
+into a semiconductor so by using size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a semiconductor so by using size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a semiconductor so by using size
+theoretically all those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically all those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically all those are the
+possibility and the increase and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and the increase and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and the increase and really
+drove a lot of interest in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove a lot of interest in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove a lot of interest in this problem
+so that was around 93 and and at a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was around 93 and and at a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was around 93 and and at a year
+I didn't know anything about thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know anything about thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't know anything about thermal
+electrics I was working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics I was working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics I was working on
+semicond are lasers and I was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicond are lasers and I was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicond are lasers and I was worried
+that heat cannot get out so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat cannot get out so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat cannot get out so these are
+lasers has a lot of layer structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers has a lot of layer structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers has a lot of layer structure and
+that's the quarter if you recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the quarter if you recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the quarter if you recall the
+brog reflectors right Brock reflector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brog reflectors right Brock reflector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brog reflectors right Brock reflector
+are the quarter wavelength layers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the quarter wavelength layers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the quarter wavelength layers and I
+know that the mean free path observer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the mean free path observer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the mean free path observer I
+thought this has low thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this has low thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this has low thermal
+conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity
+first I think it was the stop band may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I think it was the stop band may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I think it was the stop band may
+reduce thermal connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce thermal connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce thermal connectivity
+I but she also the classical sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but she also the classical sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but she also the classical sized
+affect the mean free path could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the mean free path could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the mean free path could be
+larger than the thickness and that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the thickness and that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the thickness and that can
+have a lower thermocline so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lower thermocline so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lower thermocline so that's what
+I was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was interesting
+but I didn't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't know anything about
+thermoelectrics and here a program came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics and here a program came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics and here a program came
+out in 96 and learn this or somebody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in 96 and learn this or somebody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in 96 and learn this or somebody say
+oh you should look at it so I look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you should look at it so I look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you should look at it so I look like
+that I say ah that's what they need I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I say ah that's what they need I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I say ah that's what they need I
+see I can work on the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can work on the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can work on the denominator
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+team up with mini I work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team up with mini I work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team up with mini I work on the
+numerator so it took me five years to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator so it took me five years to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator so it took me five years to at
+least get to really know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get to really know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get to really know what these
+thermoelectrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectrics
+but we had a finely and learning this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had a finely and learning this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we had a finely and learning this so
+there are a lot of current research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of current research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of current research in
+thermal electrics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal electrics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal electrics and
+many many different ideas the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different ideas the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different ideas the challenge
+is putting into real material there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting into real material there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is putting into real material there are
+always things that you didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always things that you didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always things that you didn't quite
+realize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize and
+most idea dhoom work okay but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most idea dhoom work okay but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most idea dhoom work okay but you have
+to keep thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep thinking
+so there are a lot of progress made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of progress made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of progress made in
+the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field
+ok that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's the
+comment down thermoelectrics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment down thermoelectrics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment down thermoelectrics and
+now let's come in back continue a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's come in back continue a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's come in back continue a few
+more things in this chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things in this chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things in this chapter
+the question is so in all the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is so in all the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is so in all the previous
+like a course you probably heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a course you probably heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a course you probably heard about
+the local you could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local you could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local you could never
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+you when you do our heat transfer say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you do our heat transfer say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you do our heat transfer say we
+say talk about lokor equal what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say talk about lokor equal what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say talk about lokor equal what does the
+local equitable equally bore me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local equitable equally bore me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local equitable equally bore me
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so what is the local you Queenie bro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know if object is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know if object is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know if object is at the
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+the / energy states he obeys the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the / energy states he obeys the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the / energy states he obeys the
+fermi-dirac a bose-einstein distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermi-dirac a bose-einstein distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermi-dirac a bose-einstein distribution
+right and those distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those distribution is
+isotropic so this is the f0 when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic so this is the f0 when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic so this is the f0 when we
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+right f0 is isotropic that's the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right f0 is isotropic that's the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right f0 is isotropic that's the equal
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+in each there is no net flux because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each there is no net flux because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each there is no net flux because
+they're equal amount of acidity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal amount of acidity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal amount of acidity or
+charging any direction versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging any direction versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging any direction versus the
+opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+so you don't have left flux that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have left flux that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have left flux that's a
+eukanuba and if you look at the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukanuba and if you look at the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukanuba and if you look at the water
+with the simplest form of a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simplest form of a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simplest form of a solution
+it's a tall way we XD f d 0 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tall way we XD f d 0 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tall way we XD f d 0 DX
+right this is the simplest form we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the simplest form we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the simplest form we used
+to derive the Furillo for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive the Furillo for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive the Furillo for example and
+you plot e this is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot e this is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot e this is under
+D so this is how we derive forreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so this is how we derive forreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so this is how we derive forreal
+alright so what really is given the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what really is given the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what really is given the flux
+is the deviation this term is given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deviation this term is given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the deviation this term is given the
+flux f0 does not give you the flux so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux f0 does not give you the flux so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux f0 does not give you the flux so if
+I plot the F itself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plot the F itself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plot the F itself in the
+forward direction if this is my flocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction if this is my flocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction if this is my flocks
+the Russian in the backward direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian in the backward direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russian in the backward direction is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so what I have the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have the difference between
+the two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two is
+this section that's what the going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section that's what the going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section that's what the going
+forward the left forward and that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the left forward and that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the left forward and that's less
+going backward it's this tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backward it's this tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backward it's this tool
+contributing to the real flocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the real flocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the real flocks
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+so what locally could even means is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what locally could even means is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what locally could even means is this
+deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+is small from the equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small from the equitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small from the equitable
+that's how assumption right when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how assumption right when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how assumption right when we do
+the perturbation f equals f 0 plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation f equals f 0 plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbation f equals f 0 plus G
+this is gee small comer to f0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gee small comer to f0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gee small comer to f0 is the
+under dat approximation we can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under dat approximation we can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under dat approximation we can derive
+the Furillo we can directly with a shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Furillo we can directly with a shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Furillo we can directly with a shear
+stress low on home small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress low on home small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress low on home small
+so no core equilibrium still means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no core equilibrium still means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no core equilibrium still means
+there's no equilibrium here what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no equilibrium here what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no equilibrium here what I have
+is no eukanuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no eukanuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no eukanuba
+right it's just a deviation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just a deviation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just a deviation from the
+equilibrium small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium small
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so then we can ask her what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we can ask her what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we can ask her what are the
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+when this allow longer valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this allow longer valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this allow longer valid
+right so if I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I go back to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Boltzmann equation under relaxation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzmann equation under relaxation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boltzmann equation under relaxation time
+is a way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way and the
+let's say Delta RF I can see just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Delta RF I can see just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say Delta RF I can see just
+consider the case of fall on and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the case of fall on and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the case of fall on and the
+electron has a momentum term right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has a momentum term right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has a momentum term right so
+what I want is a F minus f0 to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want is a F minus f0 to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want is a F minus f0 to be small
+compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+r2f itself right so the I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2f itself right so the I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2f itself right so the I can think
+about the condition I have then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the condition I have then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the condition I have then is
+here let's say tau way x DF 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say tau way x DF 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say tau way x DF 0
+DX must be much smaller than f of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX must be much smaller than f of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX must be much smaller than f of 0
+that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my
+condition for the perturbation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the perturbation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the perturbation and
+now if i do the order magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i do the order magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i do the order magnitude
+right how we x is the mean free path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how we x is the mean free path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how we x is the mean free path
+ok so this order magnitude is a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so this order magnitude is a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so this order magnitude is a mean
+free path and f 0 TF 0 DX i can say F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free path and f 0 TF 0 DX i can say F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free path and f 0 TF 0 DX i can say F
+over the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the L
+this is an order magnitude I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an order magnitude I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an order magnitude I have
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not doing anything exactly i'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing anything exactly i'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doing anything exactly i'm doing
+approximate derivative by f / f 0 / l l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate derivative by f / f 0 / l l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate derivative by f / f 0 / l l
+is your transport or whatever gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your transport or whatever gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your transport or whatever gradient
+direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not an equation this is a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an equation this is a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an equation this is a hand
+waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here lift all sharks are yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here lift all sharks are yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here lift all sharks are yes thank you
+yeah here I yeah okay so what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here I yeah okay so what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah here I yeah okay so what I have
+here is a ham living right when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a ham living right when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a ham living right when you do
+order magnitude analysis you rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitude analysis you rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order magnitude analysis you rather
+gradient by say finite-difference term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient by say finite-difference term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient by say finite-difference term
+and give you this to the order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you this to the order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you this to the order and
+so what it tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it tells me
+one condition is the mean free path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition is the mean free path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition is the mean free path is
+much smaller than curry skillet when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than curry skillet when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than curry skillet when the
+new free parts are comparable to the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new free parts are comparable to the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new free parts are comparable to the car
+disabilities of transport the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities of transport the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities of transport the assumption
+is not valid right so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not valid right so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not valid right so that's one
+RC condition and this is the where most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC condition and this is the where most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC condition and this is the where most
+of the time we going to do Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time we going to do Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time we going to do Michael
+narrow will concern the where we fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow will concern the where we fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow will concern the where we fall
+into the size effect regime when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the size effect regime when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the size effect regime when the
+mean free plasma has longer than courage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean free plasma has longer than courage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean free plasma has longer than courage
+goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness
+in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can
+see do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see do another
+that's right mean free path DF 0 I DX i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right mean free path DF 0 I DX i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right mean free path DF 0 I DX i
+write a DF 0 d t + DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a DF 0 d t + DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a DF 0 d t + DT
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+and less than the f0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than the f0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less than the f0
+ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and
+again I do this over T this order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I do this over T this order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I do this over T this order
+magnitude speaking f0 kinds on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude speaking f0 kinds on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude speaking f0 kinds on this side
+dt DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt DX
+DT DX is delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX is delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX is delta T
+over L much less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L much less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L much less than one
+right so what I what I am saying here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I what I am saying here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I what I am saying here is
+the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+DT DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX
+right should be much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should be much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should be much less than
+you can look at it temperature or movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason I say this is for this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I say this is for this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I say this is for this case
+it's very easy if I do a film the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy if I do a film the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy if I do a film the mean
+free path is longer than the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free path is longer than the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free path is longer than the film
+thickness I will have a size effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness I will have a size effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness I will have a size effect
+right and I'm concerned that the locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm concerned that the locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm concerned that the locally
+Queenie born sumption me love you value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queenie born sumption me love you value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queenie born sumption me love you value
+but there's another case where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another case where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's another case where my
+temperature gradient is too deep right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient is too deep right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient is too deep right
+if I have a transient transport and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a transient transport and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a transient transport and the
+temperature gradient the varies a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient the varies a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient the varies a lot
+over one min free pass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one min free pass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one min free pass right
+then this is a see also a concern your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a see also a concern your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a see also a concern your
+see foolio law may not be valid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see foolio law may not be valid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see foolio law may not be valid and
+the third case is real transit right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third case is real transit right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third case is real transit right if
+I look at the transient term this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the transient term this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at the transient term this one I
+proxy DF 0dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy DF 0dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy DF 0dt
+right and that also should be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that also should be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that also should be much
+smaller so what say the time wise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so what say the time wise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so what say the time wise you
+can look at that this is a towel over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that this is a towel over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at that this is a towel over T
+must be much smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be much smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be much smaller than one
+relaxation time versus to the transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time versus to the transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation time versus to the transport
+process much much smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process much much smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process much much smaller than one
+ok so these are the conditions for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so these are the conditions for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so these are the conditions for this
+no kuro u knierim assumption to be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kuro u knierim assumption to be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kuro u knierim assumption to be valid
+and then when the love Ali you see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when the love Ali you see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when the love Ali you see and
+it will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be very
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and
+one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one equation that's very famous called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation that's very famous called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equation that's very famous called
+the canton equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canton equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canton equation
+it's trying to address this issue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to address this issue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to address this issue okay
+and this is the rationale the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the rationale the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the rationale the historical
+development for this transient problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for this transient problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for this transient problem
+is if you look at a semi-infinite object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at a semi-infinite object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at a semi-infinite object
+and you solve the heat conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve the heat conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you solve the heat conduction
+equation for semi infinite object it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for semi infinite object it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for semi infinite object it's a
+parabolic equation the temperature decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic equation the temperature decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic equation the temperature decay
+exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially
+but the exponential decay means at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exponential decay means at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exponential decay means at T
+equals zero you give the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero you give the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero you give the temperature the
+surface a disturbance in another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface a disturbance in another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface a disturbance in another way
+there is a fein in their infinite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a fein in their infinite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a fein in their infinite small
+by the infant but it's not zero right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the infant but it's not zero right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the infant but it's not zero right so
+that means the heat is propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the heat is propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the heat is propagating
+faster than speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than speed of light
+so that's a dilemma in the foolio heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a dilemma in the foolio heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a dilemma in the foolio heat
+conduction equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation
+right and one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and one of those
+approximation of the reason to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the reason to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the reason to the way
+of the equation 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation 2 to
+answer this is modify this heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is modify this heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this is modify this heat
+conduction equation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation as a
+Q equals minus K DT DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is called the Cantonian equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the Cantonian equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the Cantonian equation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but I say so there are hundreds of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I say so there are hundreds of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I say so there are hundreds of paper
+read on this because you have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on this because you have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on this because you have a new
+equation there are always people a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there are always people a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there are always people a good
+at math solving there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at math solving there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at math solving there
+okay but they see this is most of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they see this is most of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but they see this is most of their
+time is not correct because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is not correct because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is not correct because
+to say if you go to look at the board's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you go to look at the board's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you go to look at the board's
+my equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation
+here right you go to hear in fact I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you go to hear in fact I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you go to hear in fact I say
+you find that you can transform you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you can transform you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you can transform you put
+it all on to the other side oh my here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all on to the other side oh my here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all on to the other side oh my here
+it should be at all okay otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be at all okay otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be at all okay otherwise the
+unit is now right right so you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is now right right so you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is now right right so you put it
+all on this side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on this side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on this side you
+integrate times the velocity times the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate times the velocity times the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate times the velocity times the H
+Omega times dense upstate so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times dense upstate so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times dense upstate so you
+integrate both sides right you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides right you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides right you will
+actually get this term you get this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get this term you get this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get this term you get this term
+that's this term here and it's this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this term here and it's this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this term here and it's this term
+you approximate it still with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approximate it still with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you approximate it still with the
+Furillo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furillo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furillo
+okay so I see this is the most of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I see this is the most of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I see this is the most of time
+is academic exercise because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is academic exercise because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is academic exercise because when you
+have verge fast temperature process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have verge fast temperature process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have verge fast temperature process
+you're greeted the gradient term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're greeted the gradient term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're greeted the gradient term the
+spatial gradient the typically exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial gradient the typically exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial gradient the typically exists
+and because of spatial gradient your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of spatial gradient your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of spatial gradient your you
+cannot approximate this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot approximate this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot approximate this term
+by the full relo that's the because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the full relo that's the because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the full relo that's the because
+we're doing dfz we're replacing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing dfz we're replacing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing dfz we're replacing that
+gradient f by f 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient f by f 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient f by f 0
+okay so this is what I say there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what I say there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what I say there are
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+PhD Citizen Aliss and say I say that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD Citizen Aliss and say I say that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD Citizen Aliss and say I say that's a
+waste of time and unfortunately and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of time and unfortunately and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of time and unfortunately and you
+have to really understand what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really understand what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to really understand what you're
+doing when you deal with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when you deal with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when you deal with those
+okay so comment that's one comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so comment that's one comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so comment that's one comment
+the let's come and I want to make I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's come and I want to make I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's come and I want to make I'm
+not going to go into the detail it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into the detail it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into the detail it's all
+in the book the interesting can rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book the interesting can rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book the interesting can rate so
+what if we have derived is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have derived is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we have derived is a
+constitutive relation right the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relation right the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutive relation right the relation
+between temperature gradient the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between temperature gradient the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between temperature gradient the heat
+flux velocity gradient shear stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux velocity gradient shear stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux velocity gradient shear stress
+right your actual chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your actual chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your actual chemical potential
+gradient car that's constitutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient car that's constitutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient car that's constitutive
+relation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and
+you can actually start with the boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually start with the boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually start with the boards
+my equation derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation derived
+conservation equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equations and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you recall when you derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall when you derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall when you derive the
+navier-stocks equation for fluid flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navier-stocks equation for fluid flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navier-stocks equation for fluid flow
+what do you use before or you dry heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you use before or you dry heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you use before or you dry heat
+conduction equation you used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation you used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction equation you used a
+considerable relation together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable relation together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable relation together with the
+energy and momentum balance sequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum balance sequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum balance sequent
+conservation equations that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equations that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation equations that's how you
+derive those equations right and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive those equations right and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive those equations right and you can
+start the from the boards my equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the from the boards my equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the from the boards my equation
+and you take the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the movement
+okay f is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay f is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay f is the
+distribution function in phase space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function in phase space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function in phase space
+right so if you multiply by the mass per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you multiply by the mass per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you multiply by the mass per
+particular on both sides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular on both sides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular on both sides and
+then you integrate you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you integrate you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you integrate you have to do
+summation over all the put states on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over all the put states on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over all the put states on
+both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides
+you will get mass conservation equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+if you do so this is a day / particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do so this is a day / particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do so this is a day / particular
+because when we do or the navier-stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we do or the navier-stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we do or the navier-stocks
+equation or heat conduction question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or heat conduction question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or heat conduction question we
+don't we do not have any variable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do not have any variable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do not have any variable in the
+momentum space it's real space variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space it's real space variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum space it's real space variable
+right so when we sum up all the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we sum up all the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when we sum up all the momentum
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+you take that you're taking the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that you're taking the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that you're taking the average
+on both sides of the mass total mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of the mass total mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of the mass total mass
+say any location there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any location there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any location there and
+if you do your momentum you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do your momentum you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do your momentum you put in the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+per particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per particle
+into the boards my equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the boards my equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the boards my equation and
+again your average both sides you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your average both sides you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your average both sides you will
+get at the left hand side you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the left hand side you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the left hand side you will have
+the compassion term in the navier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compassion term in the navier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compassion term in the navier
+strokes equation on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strokes equation on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strokes equation on the right hand side
+you'll get the the the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the the the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the the the right hand side
+of navier stokes a pressure and the nude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of navier stokes a pressure and the nude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of navier stokes a pressure and the nude
+ensure stress the shear stress term with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure stress the shear stress term with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure stress the shear stress term with
+custom right but there you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom right but there you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom right but there you still have to
+put in the constellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the constellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the constellation
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so to get the Newton's your stress so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get the Newton's your stress so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get the Newton's your stress so
+you you see here you still are using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see here you still are using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see here you still are using the
+approximation navier strokes equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation navier strokes equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation navier strokes equation is
+approximation because you approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation because you approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation because you approximately
+the Newlands your stick stress term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newlands your stick stress term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newlands your stick stress term
+there and same you can do energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and same you can do energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and same you can do energy
+so on this side say the fluids that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this side say the fluids that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this side say the fluids that has
+more higher order you can do higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more higher order you can do higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more higher order you can do higher
+order moments and their modification to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order moments and their modification to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order moments and their modification to
+liquid stocks equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid stocks equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid stocks equations
+but what's interesting is that you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's interesting is that you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's interesting is that you go to
+look at the history of an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history of an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the history of an electrical
+engineer right and in the 1980s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer right and in the 1980s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer right and in the 1980s the
+electric engineer start doing simpson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric engineer start doing simpson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric engineer start doing simpson
+and they derive the electoral hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they derive the electoral hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they derive the electoral hydro
+dynamic equation electric for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic equation electric for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic equation electric for electron
+transport so you go to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so you go to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport so you go to check the
+derivation I think of the in my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation I think of the in my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation I think of the in my book
+their reference to this you check out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reference to this you check out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reference to this you check out
+the dryer evasion and so in 98 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dryer evasion and so in 98 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dryer evasion and so in 98 and the
+literature lining 88 a lot the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature lining 88 a lot the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature lining 88 a lot the paper
+trying to solve electro hydrodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve electro hydrodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve electro hydrodynamic
+equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and
+the reason for that is they ieva at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is they ieva at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for that is they ieva at a
+time the gate lens is becoming smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the gate lens is becoming smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the gate lens is becoming smaller
+and people were the size the effects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were the size the effects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were the size the effects so
+they went to electro hydrodynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to electro hydrodynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went to electro hydrodynamics and
+of course if you look back if I say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you look back if I say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you look back if I say they
+are said that seems to be really not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are said that seems to be really not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are said that seems to be really not the
+right approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right approach
+because they we know the louis stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they we know the louis stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they we know the louis stokes
+equation is not valid that when the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is not valid that when the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is not valid that when the mean
+free path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free path is
+say longer than the car is secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say longer than the car is secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say longer than the car is secure
+transport dimension right so when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport dimension right so when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport dimension right so when you do
+hydrodynamic you're not solving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamic you're not solving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamic you're not solving that
+problem you still doing the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you still doing the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you still doing the local
+equilibrium and of course the high feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and of course the high feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and of course the high feel
+that there is a conversion so that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a conversion so that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a conversion so that those
+students with me so hobby electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with me so hobby electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students with me so hobby electron
+effect and may be captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and may be captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and may be captured
+so ah and I do not think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ah and I do not think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ah and I do not think there are
+really many people nowadays solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really many people nowadays solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really many people nowadays solving
+electro hydro dynamic equation but the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro hydro dynamic equation but the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro hydro dynamic equation but the e
+when you go to check their the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to check their the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to check their the electron
+shear stress electron temperature very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear stress electron temperature very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear stress electron temperature very
+fuzzy the discussion there were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy the discussion there were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy the discussion there were very
+fuzzy in the literature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy in the literature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy in the literature and
+then you go to fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to fall on
+right there also foula hydro dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there also foula hydro dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there also foula hydro dynamic
+equation this were in Russian literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this were in Russian literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this were in Russian literature
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody has solved it I haven't solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has solved it I haven't solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has solved it I haven't solved
+many solution and so so so you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solution and so so so you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solution and so so so you see there
+it's also it's at the point is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also it's at the point is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also it's at the point is all
+related right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related right and
+a different fields that has a probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different fields that has a probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different fields that has a probably
+some failed developed tools and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some failed developed tools and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some failed developed tools and the
+other people learn and apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people learn and apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people learn and apply to
+different problems let's say you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems let's say you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems let's say you got to
+understand the word at the basis when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the word at the basis when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the word at the basis when
+you apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply it
+so that's all on this chapter 6 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all on this chapter 6 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all on this chapter 6 which is
+a really starting from they say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really starting from they say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really starting from they say the
+particle transport and when we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle transport and when we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle transport and when we learn
+that they are the diffusion theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are the diffusion theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are the diffusion theory and
+what we're moving on is looking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're moving on is looking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're moving on is looking into
+classic or size effect that's a chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic or size effect that's a chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic or size effect that's a chapter
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we get into want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we get into want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we get into want to look at
+the regime when those approximations a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime when those approximations a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime when those approximations a
+lot valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot valid
+right and we can start with the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can start with the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can start with the problem
+where I'm looking at heat conduction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm looking at heat conduction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm looking at heat conduction I
+do heat transfer now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do heat transfer now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do heat transfer now
+picon conduction along a thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picon conduction along a thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picon conduction along a thin film
+freestanding thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding thin film
+okay and let's say the mean free path we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's say the mean free path we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's say the mean free path we
+know the mean free paths of photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mean free paths of photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the mean free paths of photons and
+under the mean free path is longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the mean free path is longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the mean free path is longer than
+the film thickness D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok now the even though I have let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now the even though I have let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok now the even though I have let me
+first consider the transport along X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consider the transport along X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first consider the transport along X
+direction so my Q is flowing along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so my Q is flowing along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so my Q is flowing along the
+film right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film right
+and you know the Q is flowing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the Q is flowing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the Q is flowing down the
+film we know the photons go out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film we know the photons go out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film we know the photons go out the
+Russians right so for Lance the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians right so for Lance the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russians right so for Lance the momentum
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+you go if it goes this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go if it goes this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go if it goes this direction and
+the mean free path if it's a number than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path if it's a number than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path if it's a number than
+the distance I draw here you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance I draw here you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance I draw here you will
+collide with the boundary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the boundary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the boundary and
+of course once cried with the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course once cried with the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course once cried with the boundary
+they will be scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be scattered
+reflected right and that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected right and that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected right and that depends on the
+boundary condition roughness for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition roughness for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition roughness for example
+at the boundary we know when light hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary we know when light hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary we know when light hits
+the surface like a table here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface like a table here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface like a table here it's a
+diffuse scatter if you put a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse scatter if you put a mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse scatter if you put a mirror
+their soup spectral reflected reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their soup spectral reflected reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their soup spectral reflected reality
+maybe somewhere in between and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somewhere in between and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somewhere in between and this is
+in fact still nobody really know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact still nobody really know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact still nobody really know what's
+happening at the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the boundary
+right so the assumption will be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the assumption will be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the assumption will be doing
+first is a diffuse so is isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is a diffuse so is isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is a diffuse so is isotropic
+scattering to all the rations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering to all the rations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering to all the rations
+and in this case conceptually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case conceptually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case conceptually you know
+your heart will put worst heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart will put worst heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart will put worst heat
+conduction then when you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction then when you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction then when you don't have the
+boundary because otherwise the heat will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary because otherwise the heat will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary because otherwise the heat will
+go from here lately this is mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here lately this is mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here lately this is mean free
+paths in bulk material heat will go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths in bulk material heat will go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths in bulk material heat will go from
+here to here that means at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here that means at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here that means at least the
+distance wise in X Direction is dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance wise in X Direction is dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance wise in X Direction is dis
+distance but now because the diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but now because the diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but now because the diffuse
+scattering hit the boundary half of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering hit the boundary half of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering hit the boundary half of them
+were going back much earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going back much earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going back much earlier
+right so those kind of size effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those kind of size effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those kind of size effect
+typically will impede your transport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically will impede your transport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically will impede your transport and
+let's go to see what the equation tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to see what the equation tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to see what the equation tells
+us I'm going to solve this equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I'm going to solve this equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us I'm going to solve this equation the
+Fourier law and I have an extra ration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier law and I have an extra ration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier law and I have an extra ration
+and let's say the extra rations very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say the extra rations very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say the extra rations very
+long is not a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is not a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is not a fun
+but see why the Russian is a final right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see why the Russian is a final right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see why the Russian is a final right
+so we have I in this case I have we x DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have I in this case I have we x DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have I in this case I have we x DF
+DX plus let's say here is y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus let's say here is y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX plus let's say here is y direction
+levi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levi
+DF D Y as either rushing I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF D Y as either rushing I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF D Y as either rushing I don't have a
+gradient so i can drop that z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so i can drop that z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so i can drop that z
+i'm only considering the x-direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only considering the x-direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only considering the x-direction
+flow so I have minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so I have minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so I have minus F
+months f 0 steady state over tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months f 0 steady state over tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months f 0 steady state over tau
+this is a and this is the equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a and this is the equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a and this is the equation one
+to solve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve and
+I'm going to again look how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to again look how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to again look how the
+at least let's see i have two direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least let's see i have two direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least let's see i have two direction
+DF DX in the x-direction right so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF DX in the x-direction right so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF DX in the x-direction right so if i
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+G equals F minus f0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G equals F minus f0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G equals F minus f0
+smooth say not lesser small deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth say not lesser small deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth say not lesser small deviation
+but this is my difference there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is my difference there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is my difference there and
+what other i substitute this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other i substitute this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other i substitute this into the
+equation here what i gather the way x DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here what i gather the way x DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here what i gather the way x DF
+0 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok and then DG DX but the X Direction my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and then DG DX but the X Direction my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and then DG DX but the X Direction my
+variation is relative small right i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is relative small right i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is relative small right i hope
+i set the exploration a very long very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i set the exploration a very long very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i set the exploration a very long very
+long so that deviation DG DX that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so that deviation DG DX that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so that deviation DG DX that can be
+dropped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out
+so what I have is way XD f 0 d x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have is way XD f 0 d x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have is way XD f 0 d x and y
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so DF 0 DX f 0 then is a function of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF 0 DX f 0 then is a function of X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DF 0 DX f 0 then is a function of X I
+have 1d transport so DF 0 dy also drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1d transport so DF 0 dy also drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1d transport so DF 0 dy also drops
+out so what I have is a way why d GG why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what I have is a way why d GG why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what I have is a way why d GG why
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+equation minus G over tub ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a what I really am looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a what I really am looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a what I really am looking at
+it is the variation because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the variation because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the variation because of the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+the in the Y direction I have variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the Y direction I have variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the Y direction I have variation
+size dependence on the distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependence on the distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size dependence on the distribution so
+different point I have different F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point I have different F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point I have different F in
+the right direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction and
+so what I'm going to look at when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to look at when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to look at when I
+rewrite this equation wave i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation wave i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this equation wave i
+DG dy plus G over tau and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the equals negative way x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equals negative way x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equals negative way x
+DF 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF 0
+dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt
+dt DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt DX
+so you can say if i do not keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say if i do not keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say if i do not keep the
+first term that's essentially what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term that's essentially what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term that's essentially what I had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+I'm only keeping an extra term due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only keeping an extra term due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only keeping an extra term due to
+the constraint in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint in the Y direction
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+now you can solve this first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can solve this first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can solve this first order
+differential equation for G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for G and
+if the first order differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first order differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first order differential equation
+how many boundary condition you live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah somebody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speak out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know it's only one right you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's only one right you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's only one right you need
+the only one boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one boundary condition
+you need a one boundary condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a one boundary condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a one boundary condition for
+any pair of vxvy because vxvy I'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair of vxvy because vxvy I'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pair of vxvy because vxvy I'll run
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+facespace verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facespace verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facespace verb
+right so basically what is saying is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what is saying is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what is saying is you
+say here i need the ration look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here i need the ration look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here i need the ration look at this
+is the direction that the propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direction that the propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direction that the propagating
+and then you need a boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need a boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need a boundary condition
+in this direction and the added point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and the added point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction and the added point if
+it's the internal point i have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the internal point i have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the internal point i have the
+ration propagating 360 degree or space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ration propagating 360 degree or space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ration propagating 360 degree or space
+and this one coming from here so i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one coming from here so i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one coming from here so i need
+a boundary condition either on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary condition either on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary condition either on this
+surface on this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on this surface
+and if you can specify web surface for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can specify web surface for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can specify web surface for
+360 degree makes a 4 pi saw the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 degree makes a 4 pi saw the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 degree makes a 4 pi saw the angle
+you find only started with one surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find only started with one surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find only started with one surface
+but most of the time because i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time because i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time because i have two
+constraints and it's better to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and it's better to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and it's better to do for
+the one the traveling this from leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one the traveling this from leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one the traveling this from leaving
+this surface i have boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface i have boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface i have boundary condition
+here for this half punk bottom so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this half punk bottom so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this half punk bottom so that
+together gives me 4 pi solid space real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gives me 4 pi solid space real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gives me 4 pi solid space real
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ok so now let's solve this and we've I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now let's solve this and we've I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so now let's solve this and we've I
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is a at any point right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a at any point right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a at any point right this is
+why the Russian and the X Direction any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the Russian and the X Direction any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the Russian and the X Direction any
+point let's say that this is a way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's say that this is a way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point let's say that this is a way we
+buy VX let's determine the propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy VX let's determine the propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy VX let's determine the propagation
+direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and
+it's again your choice whether you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again your choice whether you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again your choice whether you use a
+Cartesian coordinate or using spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian coordinate or using spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cartesian coordinate or using spherical
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ok and whether you put it if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and whether you put it if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and whether you put it if you use the
+spherical coordinate which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinate which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinate which direction
+you'd see this is your polar angle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see this is your polar angle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see this is your polar angle which
+others as a musical it's all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as a musical it's all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as a musical it's all your
+freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and
+for this problem I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this problem I'm going to do this
+one as my theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then say XD plan is asthma as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then say XD plan is asthma as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then say XD plan is asthma as a
+mule plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mule plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mule plan
+so with that I have a if again I suit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that I have a if again I suit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that I have a if again I suit so
+in this case I assume V is isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I assume V is isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I assume V is isotropic
+okay and real crystal they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and real crystal they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and real crystal they are not
+isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic
+so soon V is isotropic so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so soon V is isotropic so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so soon V is isotropic so I have a
+cosine theta that's way wide and DF DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta that's way wide and DF DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta that's way wide and DF DG
+dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy
+plus g e-- course the right-hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus g e-- course the right-hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus g e-- course the right-hand side is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+term that depends only on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that depends only on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that depends only on X
+right we access see if we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we access see if we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we access see if we actually have
+to be careful it's to depend on theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful it's to depend on theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful it's to depend on theta
+phi but doesn't depend on Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+so I solve this equation and the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I solve this equation and the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I solve this equation and the way I
+solve it in fact because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it in fact because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it in fact because this is a
+function of X so you will say gee months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X so you will say gee months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X so you will say gee months
+s 0 x equals it's a homogeneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 x equals it's a homogeneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 0 x equals it's a homogeneous equation
+you you to a new variable G minus s 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you to a new variable G minus s 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you to a new variable G minus s 0
+and there is a way cosine theta so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a way cosine theta so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a way cosine theta so I
+have a say exponential minus y way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a say exponential minus y way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a say exponential minus y way
+cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's my solution and you plug in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my solution and you plug in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my solution and you plug in this
+back into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into here
+you don't believe it that you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't believe it that you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't believe it that you can check
+I should be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be 0
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is my ass solution and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my ass solution and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my ass solution and I say
+that we need a boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need a boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need a boundary condition
+right either y equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Y 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y 40
+the boundary if it's the boundary is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary if it's the boundary is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary if it's the boundary is
+diffuse so it goes out isotropically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse so it goes out isotropically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse so it goes out isotropically
+that corresponding to f0 this go f going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponding to f0 this go f going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponding to f0 this go f going
+out is equal f 0 so g equals 0 at the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is equal f 0 so g equals 0 at the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is equal f 0 so g equals 0 at the y
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+because f equal f 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because f equal f 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because f equal f 0
+so G equals 0 y equals zero so i have c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G equals 0 y equals zero so i have c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G equals 0 y equals zero so i have c
+equals s 0 so what I have it's g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s 0 so what I have it's g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s 0 so what I have it's g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 theta at the y equals 0 then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 theta at the y equals 0 then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 theta at the y equals 0 then this
+means that theta is a larger than 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that theta is a larger than 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that theta is a larger than 60
+light less than 90 degree I have G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light less than 90 degree I have G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light less than 90 degree I have G
+equals s 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s 0 and
+exponential mass of why the cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential mass of why the cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential mass of why the cosine theta
+nice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice one
+and cosine theta is also called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine theta is also called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine theta is also called the
+rational cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational cosine
+mule equals the directional cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mule equals the directional cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mule equals the directional cosine theta
+so that's just a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a symbol
+so i can write in terms of meal rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can write in terms of meal rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can write in terms of meal rather
+than take the whole cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than take the whole cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than take the whole cosine theta
+okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4y equals 0 and similarly you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4y equals 0 and similarly you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4y equals 0 and similarly you look at
+the upper plan you will say g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper plan you will say g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper plan you will say g equals
+again s0 and the exponential if i look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again s0 and the exponential if i look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again s0 and the exponential if i look
+at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+will be d minus y gamma oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be d minus y gamma oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be d minus y gamma oh
+do i miss it how i should have a towel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i miss it how i should have a towel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i miss it how i should have a towel
+somewhere i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have towel I should let me do this I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have towel I should let me do this I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have towel I should let me do this I put
+it all on both sides so rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all on both sides so rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all on both sides so rather
+extrication tau Y tau D G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrication tau Y tau D G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrication tau Y tau D G
+dy plus G equals minus tau YX the f0 dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy plus G equals minus tau YX the f0 dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy plus G equals minus tau YX the f0 dt
+dt DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt DX
+ok experts say I put a G so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok experts say I put a G so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok experts say I put a G so this is a
+towel I have tau so that should be tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel I have tau so that should be tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel I have tau so that should be tau
+tau x rays mean free path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau x rays mean free path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau x rays mean free path
+ok so tall x away is mean free path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so tall x away is mean free path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so tall x away is mean free path and
+divide that mule I'm nice one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that mule I'm nice one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that mule I'm nice one and
+this is a 4 theta is less than 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 4 theta is less than 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 4 theta is less than 180
+degree larger than 90 degree and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree larger than 90 degree and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree larger than 90 degree and this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+flowing from the leaving the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from the leaving the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from the leaving the first
+surface the upper surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the upper surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the upper surface
+into the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the media
+so what I have here you can say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have here you can say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have here you can say this is
+the exponential decay because the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential decay because the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential decay because the course
+I'm you in 90 to 180 is negative so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you in 90 to 180 is negative so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm you in 90 to 180 is negative so this
+is always say it's a from surface it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always say it's a from surface it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always say it's a from surface it
+decays surface the decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays surface the decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays surface the decays
+that's how I decide my son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I decide my son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I decide my son
+physically physically you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically physically you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically physically you can think
+about the feet in physical term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I have the solution for G that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have the solution for G that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have the solution for G that
+means I now my F because the f is f 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I now my F because the f is f 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I now my F because the f is f 0
+plus G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G
+so once I know if I can go to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once I know if I can go to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once I know if I can go to find out
+what's the heat transfer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can find other words the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can find other words the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can find other words the heat
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my heat transfers rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my heat transfers rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my heat transfers rule
+the any plan of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any plan of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any plan of X is
+I have to say this gives me any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to say this gives me any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to say this gives me any point
+along the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Y direction
+right so I sum up with a flux integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I sum up with a flux integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I sum up with a flux integral
+over Y direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Y direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Y direction and
+integrate over Y so it's 0 to y 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over Y so it's 0 to y 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over Y so it's 0 to y 0
+to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over D Y and then my every flux I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D Y and then my every flux I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over D Y and then my every flux I
+still have what I have way x times the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have what I have way x times the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have what I have way x times the H
+bar Omega and times the f that's my sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega and times the f that's my sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega and times the f that's my sake
+KX KY kz this is the weather where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY kz this is the weather where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY kz this is the weather where i
+started when i write the flux for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started when i write the flux for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started when i write the flux for the
+transport now because this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport now because this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport now because this quantity is
+the function y i integrate the Y to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function y i integrate the Y to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function y i integrate the Y to get
+photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo
+right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now
+you should be comfortable converting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be comfortable converting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be comfortable converting the
+summation into integration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation into integration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation into integration and
+so what I have 0 to D and D Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have 0 to D and D Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I have 0 to D and D Y and
+the summation to integration what i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation to integration what i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation to integration what i have
+is i'm using spherical coordinates theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm using spherical coordinates theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm using spherical coordinates theta
+phi and the way way is a constant it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi and the way way is a constant it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi and the way way is a constant it is
+my frequency see i am usually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my frequency see i am usually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my frequency see i am usually going to
+the frequency domain so i have 0 2 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain so i have 0 2 omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain so i have 0 2 omega
+max D Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max D Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max D Omega and
+0 to PI D Phi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to PI D Phi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to PI D Phi and
+0 to PI D theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to PI D theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to PI D theta and
+I have the rest is a way X H bar Omega F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the rest is a way X H bar Omega F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the rest is a way X H bar Omega F
+right this is f now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is f now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is f now
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+say f 0 plus G right so g four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f 0 plus G right so g four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f 0 plus G right so g four different
+direction i have different solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction i have different solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction i have different solution
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+the depend i have to split this 0 to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depend i have to split this 0 to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depend i have to split this 0 to pi
+integration into two terms there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration into two terms there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration into two terms there were
+two lining degree so i can use this g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lining degree so i can use this g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lining degree so i can use this g
+90 to 180 degree i use the bottom g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 to 180 degree i use the bottom g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 to 180 degree i use the bottom g
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ok and the VX so what's my way x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my VX so now you see because i took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my VX so now you see because i took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my VX so now you see because i took the
+easy X Y Direction see how I by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy X Y Direction see how I by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy X Y Direction see how I by the
+ratchet so I have to project that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratchet so I have to project that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratchet so I have to project that way
+into X direction and that way if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into X direction and that way if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into X direction and that way if I
+project that remember it's a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that remember it's a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that remember it's a spherical
+coordinate right we actually the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right we actually the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right we actually the V
+times sine theta that goes to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine theta that goes to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine theta that goes to as a
+mutual plan X Z direction and the fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual plan X Z direction and the fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual plan X Z direction and the fight
+that as a muser angle if I aligned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a muser angle if I aligned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a muser angle if I aligned to
+the X direction that well I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction that well I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction that well I have a
+cosine Phi so this one is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Phi so this one is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Phi so this one is a way
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+theta cosine Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cosine Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta cosine Phi
+so this is VX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is VX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is VX and
+now when I do slowly angle is a seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I do slowly angle is a seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I do slowly angle is a seat
+hard d theta D Phi sine see that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard d theta D Phi sine see that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard d theta D Phi sine see that easy
+that if i right why do from cadichon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i right why do from cadichon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i right why do from cadichon to
+spherical coordinate i have a sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinate i have a sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinate i have a sine theta
+d theta D Phi and then I have density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d theta D Phi and then I have density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d theta D Phi and then I have density of
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+divided by four PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by four PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by four PI
+because that ends up States was for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that ends up States was for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that ends up States was for the
+integrator the whole solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator the whole solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator the whole solid angle
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so this is they are the conversion have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is they are the conversion have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is they are the conversion have
+to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and
+at the end that you see I have to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that you see I have to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that you see I have to do all
+those integrations and this integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integrations and this integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those integrations and this integration
+you cannot do if we ever sent depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot do if we ever sent depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot do if we ever sent depends on
+frequency relaxation time because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency relaxation time because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency relaxation time because the
+here s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here s0
+I have tau i have another VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have tau i have another VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have tau i have another VX
+okay so actually i will get a VX square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so actually i will get a VX square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so actually i will get a VX square
+right so here i will have waste squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here i will have waste squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here i will have waste squared
+sine theta squared cosine Phi square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta squared cosine Phi square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta squared cosine Phi square
+okay otherwise you'll get a 0 0 if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise you'll get a 0 0 if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise you'll get a 0 0 if it's
+just a question i see that 0 to 2pi you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question i see that 0 to 2pi you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question i see that 0 to 2pi you
+guys zero that but i have a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys zero that but i have a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys zero that but i have a square
+okay and if you do your integration i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you do your integration i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you do your integration i
+will skip the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will skip the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will skip the detail
+what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is I want you to really sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I want you to really sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I want you to really sit down
+and make up the missing derivations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make up the missing derivations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make up the missing derivations but
+to say I'm going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I'm going to give you the
+result you will see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+say the cow and the way our constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+you can say the tau x way equals me free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say the tau x way equals me free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say the tau x way equals me free
+pass a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a constant
+ok so here my condition is the mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so here my condition is the mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so here my condition is the mean free
+path is a constant you go to frisk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is a constant you go to frisk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is a constant you go to frisk
+problem right when people do rarefied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right when people do rarefied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right when people do rarefied
+gas dynamics they typically take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas dynamics they typically take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas dynamics they typically take
+constant tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant tau
+you do heat transfer people typically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do heat transfer people typically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do heat transfer people typically to
+cancel mean free path I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel mean free path I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel mean free path I
+don't say very good justification for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say very good justification for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say very good justification for
+those choices but because of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices but because of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices but because of those
+different choices the final result looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices the final result looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices the final result looks
+like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so if I do this and of course the UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do this and of course the UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do this and of course the UN
+surely you can write this as your minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely you can write this as your minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely you can write this as your minus
+okay but because you integrate so it's d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but because you integrate so it's d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but because you integrate so it's d
+DT DX and this is the effective thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX and this is the effective thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT DX and this is the effective thermal
+conductivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and
+the end result of all the integration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result of all the integration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result of all the integration is
+the K effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K effective
+/ k which is the bulk because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ k which is the bulk because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ k which is the bulk because in the
+solution we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we have the
+here DF 0dt this essentially also give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here DF 0dt this essentially also give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here DF 0dt this essentially also give
+you the bulk thermal conductivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the bulk thermal conductivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the bulk thermal conductivity so
+then I'm going to Lorelei's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to Lorelei's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to Lorelei's it
+I have a factory with a bulk equals a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a factory with a bulk equals a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a factory with a bulk equals a1
+a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus a 1 minus the e3 because a mass e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a 1 minus the e3 because a mass e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a 1 minus the e3 because a mass e
+52 c and this essay is the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 c and this essay is the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 c and this essay is the long
+dimension or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension or
+sickness thickness / mean free path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness thickness / mean free path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sickness thickness / mean free path and
+AE is an exponential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals defined as 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals defined as 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals defined as 0
+to 1 mil and must to exponential mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 mil and must to exponential mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 mil and must to exponential mass
+could say over milk d mu so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say over milk d mu so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say over milk d mu so this is a
+function that in the past that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that in the past that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that in the past that people
+actually turbulent it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turbulent it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turbulent it's a
+integral function of order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral function of order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral function of order n
+so this is a where I say if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a where I say if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a where I say if you take a
+constant relaxation time you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relaxation time you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relaxation time you're not
+gather this year and you actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather this year and you actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather this year and you actually get a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+that's where the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you plot this effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you plot this effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you plot this effective
+thermal conductivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity of
+materials this is York assay which is d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials this is York assay which is d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials this is York assay which is d
+over mean free path right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mean free path right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mean free path right and this is
+normalized effective over K bulk let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized effective over K bulk let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized effective over K bulk let's
+say bulk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bulk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bulk and
+it goes so this happens when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes so this happens when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes so this happens when this
+transition goes to this is of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition goes to this is of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition goes to this is of the order
+one you approach the Box American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you approach the Box American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you approach the Box American
+activity when the material is very sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity when the material is very sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity when the material is very sick
+compared to mean free path but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to mean free path but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to mean free path but it is
+more you have the deviation from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you have the deviation from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you have the deviation from this
+moon river so this are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon river so this are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon river so this are they
+another nanostructure your say those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nanostructure your say those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nanostructure your say those
+property you enjoy your show that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you enjoy your show that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you enjoy your show that go
+back to bulk when you make it a thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to bulk when you make it a thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to bulk when you make it a thick
+enough and then you if you have a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and then you if you have a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and then you if you have a theory
+your sanity check right when you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sanity check right when you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sanity check right when you go back
+to the bulk modess a sickness do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bulk modess a sickness do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bulk modess a sickness do you get
+the bulk properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk properties
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so this is this solution is also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this solution is also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this solution is also called
+focus on the hammer solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounder hammer a sounder hammer okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounder hammer a sounder hammer okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounder hammer a sounder hammer okay now
+I'm putting a solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was developed for electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was developed for electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was developed for electrical
+transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport
+so the original study was not on thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original study was not on thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original study was not on thermal
+conductivity was measuring the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity was measuring the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity was measuring the electric
+conductivity of films that turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of films that turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of films that turns out to
+be smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be smaller and
+the solution is identical for electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is identical for electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is identical for electrical
+and thermal transport so you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal transport so you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal transport so you can also
+say this could be the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this could be the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this could be the electric
+conductivity / the bulk electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity / the bulk electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity / the bulk electric
+conductivity and the thickness / bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and the thickness / bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and the thickness / bulk
+electron mean free path you all have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mean free path you all have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mean free path you all have the
+same behavior and this is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same behavior and this is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same behavior and this is because the
+surface scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface scatter
+but okay ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay ah
+here we assuming just a common we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we assuming just a common we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we assuming just a common we
+assuming that they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that they feel
+deposited the same as amateur bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited the same as amateur bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited the same as amateur bulk
+material and very often this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and very often this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and very often this is actually
+not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case
+because when you deposit the film for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you deposit the film for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you deposit the film for
+example you put a silver on silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you put a silver on silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you put a silver on silicon
+what happens is it's not a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it's not a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it's not a single
+crystal it's a grins so in fact I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal it's a grins so in fact I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal it's a grins so in fact I see
+the nucleation when you deposit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleation when you deposit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleation when you deposit the
+material on top of a substrate first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on top of a substrate first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on top of a substrate first you
+have a location so the atoms nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a location so the atoms nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a location so the atoms nuclear
+there are small dots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are small dots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are small dots and
+then so there are a lot of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so there are a lot of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so there are a lot of a single
+small crystals and when you further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small crystals and when you further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small crystals and when you further
+deposit it some of the smaller christer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit it some of the smaller christer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit it some of the smaller christer
+disappear the larger crystal win so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear the larger crystal win so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear the larger crystal win so your
+crystal grow larger and larger so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal grow larger and larger so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal grow larger and larger so the
+grinch actually criticize another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinch actually criticize another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinch actually criticize another
+constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and
+in this case what do you measure is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what do you measure is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what do you measure is not
+just the surface effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the surface effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the surface effects
+but the interface also be the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interface also be the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interface also be the green
+interface are scattering centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface are scattering centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface are scattering centers
+so you just can't always say and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just can't always say and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just can't always say and so this
+in fact that happens at the surface the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that happens at the surface the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that happens at the surface the
+interface is awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface is awesome
+okay and the other commander is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other commander is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the other commander is if you
+have a specular surface you can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specular surface you can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a specular surface you can again
+solve the equation but the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation but the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation but the boundary
+condition change the accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition change the accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition change the accounting
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+and in this case what you say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what you say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what you say is that
+the specular surface do not degree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specular surface do not degree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specular surface do not degree that
+your textbook you get what the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook you get what the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook you get what the ratio
+approaching one and the reason is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching one and the reason is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching one and the reason is if you
+think about this specular even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this specular even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this specular even though
+there's the ration change but they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the ration change but they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the ration change but they still
+the same model so this is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same model so this is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same model so this is the original
+gold here but here so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold here but here so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold here but here so in terms of
+transporting the X Direction the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting the X Direction the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transporting the X Direction the same
+there's no effect in scatter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no effect in scatter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no effect in scatter the
+scattering so it's sort of like a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so it's sort of like a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so it's sort of like a wave
+guide you bounce your light in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you bounce your light in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you bounce your light in an
+optical fiber as analyzing your fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical fiber as analyzing your fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical fiber as analyzing your fiber
+surfaces specular for light they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces specular for light they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces specular for light they go
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+right and they're also solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're also solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're also solution for
+partially specular partially diffuse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially specular partially diffuse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially specular partially diffuse so
+all those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those are
+existing solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ah so the in fact that the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah so the in fact that the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah so the in fact that the original
+observation those are the classical side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation those are the classical side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation those are the classical side
+effect and the first experiment was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the first experiment was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and the first experiment was done
+by Casimir not cannot not first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Casimir not cannot not first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Casimir not cannot not first the
+theory was done back hassinger so Kazmir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was done back hassinger so Kazmir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory was done back hassinger so Kazmir
+turns out to be a say he did there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a say he did there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a say he did there are
+many customary effects and one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many customary effects and one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many customary effects and one of those
+is on heat conduction where he explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on heat conduction where he explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on heat conduction where he explained
+this Casimir effect the bass down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Casimir effect the bass down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Casimir effect the bass down
+because there are some experiment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are some experiment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are some experiment on
+diamond right I showed before I come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond right I showed before I come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond right I showed before I come out
+before thermal conductivity of Vulcan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before thermal conductivity of Vulcan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before thermal conductivity of Vulcan
+Materials always looking like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Materials always looking like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Materials always looking like this
+right at the very low temperature it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the very low temperature it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the very low temperature it's
+proportional to specific heat and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to specific heat and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to specific heat and that's
+because there is no internal scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no internal scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no internal scattering
+the mean free path is limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path is limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean free path is limited by the
+boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries
+so those early experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those early experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those early experiment
+besides the fact was in ninety 20s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact was in ninety 20s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the fact was in ninety 20s and
+Kazmir had the theory i think it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazmir had the theory i think it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazmir had the theory i think it was in
+1920s and I sure I forget it's 1921 1910
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s and I sure I forget it's 1921 1910
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s and I sure I forget it's 1921 1910
+and lining Henry near the range but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lining Henry near the range but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lining Henry near the range but say
+he was explaining those effects using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was explaining those effects using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was explaining those effects using
+the boundaries scanner so it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries scanner so it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries scanner so it's also
+Casimir effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one further comment and in fact those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one further comment and in fact those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one further comment and in fact those
+are the things we're writing a paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things we're writing a paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things we're writing a paper on
+coherence and I was thinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence and I was thinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence and I was thinking this
+weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+where is this d co harsh coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this d co harsh coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is this d co harsh coming from
+right so if I have a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I have a film
+when looking at the implant the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at the implant the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when looking at the implant the Russian
+but the next one I'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the next one I'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the next one I'll talk about this
+direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right
+so if there is no scattering inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there is no scattering inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there is no scattering inside the
+photon will propagate the eyes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon will propagate the eyes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon will propagate the eyes of a
+packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+right but they don't get it if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they don't get it if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they don't get it if there's
+no scattering that we packet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no scattering that we packet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no scattering that we packet and
+propagate at the way so the face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate at the way so the face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate at the way so the face is
+actually maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maintained
+right so it's a coherent transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a coherent transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a coherent transport
+interior heated surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior heated surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior heated surface
+when he's the surface the Casimir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's the surface the Casimir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he's the surface the Casimir
+treatment here is the company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment here is the company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment here is the company that
+diffuse out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse out
+right so they're your face is randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're your face is randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're your face is randomized
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when you're randomized that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're randomized that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're randomized that when you
+come back again any of this fall on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back again any of this fall on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back again any of this fall on that
+launched it from the any direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched it from the any direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched it from the any direction that
+part is still coherent but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is still coherent but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is still coherent but it's not a
+lot of interfering with this one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interfering with this one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interfering with this one that
+going up that the Russian because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that the Russian because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up that the Russian because the
+FISA randomized so this are they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FISA randomized so this are they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FISA randomized so this are they see
+these are the classical regime classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the classical regime classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the classical regime classical
+size is a region doesn't mean there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a region doesn't mean there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a region doesn't mean there is
+no phase coherence idol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no phase coherence idol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no phase coherence idol
+so I think what I'll do next you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what I'll do next you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what I'll do next you have
+heard a lot now and really it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a lot now and really it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard a lot now and really it's time to
+let's take a look at other the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at other the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at other the recent
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you look at it
+oh no not this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+would say that you probably if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that you probably if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that you probably if you look
+carefully on those papers you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully on those papers you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully on those papers you should be
+able to enlist attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to enlist attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to enlist attach
+something that we talked in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in many many journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's a good to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a good to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a good to look at that
+let's take a look at the nano letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the nano letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the nano letters
+again oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would I there to see that now you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I there to see that now you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I there to see that now you should
+say look at the over fifty percent some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look at the over fifty percent some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look at the over fifty percent some
+of this juror you should you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this juror you should you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this juror you should you should have
+heard something and then you should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard something and then you should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard something and then you should not
+be afraid of looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphene ok so maybe how quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphene ok so maybe how quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphene ok so maybe how quantum
+transport you have ballistic transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport you have ballistic transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport you have ballistic transport
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solar cell ok we are going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell ok we are going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell ok we are going to talk about
+the solar sail soon as i mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar sail soon as i mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar sail soon as i mentioned that
+say like some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein let's skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+single molecule to detect directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule to detect directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule to detect directed
+tivity enhance the raman scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tivity enhance the raman scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tivity enhance the raman scattering
+using nano attendant so i would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nano attendant so i would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nano attendant so i would think
+about it see ramen this probably related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it see ramen this probably related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it see ramen this probably related
+might be related to surface plasmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be related to surface plasmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be related to surface plasmon
+where you got it there's an antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got it there's an antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you got it there's an antenna
+either there you have higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there you have higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there you have higher energy
+density no coral eyes the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density no coral eyes the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density no coral eyes the density of
+states is a high so you will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states is a high so you will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states is a high so you will not be
+surprised if you read the tents up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if you read the tents up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised if you read the tents up
+states or those terminology when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or those terminology when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states or those terminology when you
+look at the paper and when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper and when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper and when you have a
+high local density of state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high local density of state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high local density of state for
+electromagnetic wave you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave you can have a
+higher Rama in effect right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look more I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more I
+met my comment may not be right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met my comment may not be right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met my comment may not be right you can
+open the paper and see what it's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the paper and see what it's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the paper and see what it's talking
+about and that's when I do I say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's when I do I say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that's when I do I say okay
+anything interesting maybe that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting maybe that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything interesting maybe that's not
+icic enough of a lot of this stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Van Dyke transporting strongly coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Van Dyke transporting strongly coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Van Dyke transporting strongly coupled
+and dope the quantum dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dope the quantum dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dope the quantum dot
+what doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't mean
+so quantum dot has a discrete energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quantum dot has a discrete energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so quantum dot has a discrete energy
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+when you put them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them together and
+the energy levels start the overlap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels start the overlap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels start the overlap and
+form a new band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a new band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a new band
+that's my interpretation this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my interpretation this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my interpretation this paper is
+going to be talking about all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about all right I
+didn't look at my my gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should go back to check and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go back to check and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should go back to check and see how
+correct up what I said is correct or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct up what I said is correct or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct up what I said is correct or not
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+selective gassings and with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective gassings and with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective gassings and with a single
+pristine graphene transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine graphene transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pristine graphene transistor
+what's this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this about
+anybody can guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens is when gas attached to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when gas attached to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is when gas attached to a
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+you will change the charge inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will change the charge inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will change the charge inside and
+you measure your lectric conductivities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure your lectric conductivities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure your lectric conductivities
+your change and then when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your change and then when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your change and then when I look at
+title okay the question is the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title okay the question is the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title okay the question is the weather
+you can tell which guess you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell which guess you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell which guess you're
+measuring right you will you put any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring right you will you put any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring right you will you put any
+dirt on top they conduct it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt on top they conduct it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt on top they conduct it with your
+change so the question is looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the question is looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the question is looking to
+tell which door it is right these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which door it is right these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which door it is right these people
+do sensors or what is you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sensors or what is you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sensors or what is you have to be
+specific I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't know what this one is doing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this one is doing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what this one is doing but I
+would assume it must be doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assume it must be doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would assume it must be doing some
+commenting or related the right image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting or related the right image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting or related the right image on
+single go down with the Nano where maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single go down with the Nano where maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single go down with the Nano where maybe
+Nana where is the proof of the tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nana where is the proof of the tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nana where is the proof of the tunneling
+gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear
+again I'm just guessing okay i want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just guessing okay i want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just guessing okay i want the
+challenge you go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you go back and
+to develop the habit and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop the habit and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop the habit and they say
+whether there since that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there since that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there since that you should be
+paying more attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one they send me a CD this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one they send me a CD this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one they send me a CD this is a
+work that the aroma jinda and pinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that the aroma jinda and pinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that the aroma jinda and pinion
+together they've been working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they've been working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they've been working on this
+many years and what they observe is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years and what they observe is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years and what they observe is that
+the thermal conductivity some rough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity some rough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity some rough and
+desert wires has a low thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert wires has a low thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert wires has a low thermal
+conductivity that cannot be explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity that cannot be explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity that cannot be explained
+the Fuchs under from a theory with there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fuchs under from a theory with there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fuchs under from a theory with there
+are many papers reading on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many papers reading on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many papers reading on this and
+some people say because they use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say because they use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say because they use this
+they claim they have high ZT silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim they have high ZT silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim they have high ZT silicon
+nanowires and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanowires and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanowires and
+many people say that's not the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people say that's not the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people say that's not the probably
+correct so there's been a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so there's been a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so there's been a lot of time
+and recently found that the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recently found that the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recently found that the thermal
+conductivity actually correlated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity actually correlated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity actually correlated with a
+pure the the roughness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure the the roughness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure the the roughness
+different mo different viewers here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mo different viewers here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mo different viewers here is
+this sort of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of i
+forgot that what is this but but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot that what is this but but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot that what is this but but they
+did at a frequency analysis and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did at a frequency analysis and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did at a frequency analysis and now you
+fractal dimension whether that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal dimension whether that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractal dimension whether that's correct
+whether it's a wavy fact so people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a wavy fact so people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a wavy fact so people are
+still a dis are very positive this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a dis are very positive this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a dis are very positive this is a
+parliament result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament result
+you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say
+so that's directly related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's directly related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's directly related to the
+failure of this one what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of this one what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of this one what I just said
+okay surface plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modification spontaneous remission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification spontaneous remission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification spontaneous remission
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+surface plasma again you heard it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface plasma again you heard it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface plasma again you heard it a
+poster effect a positive factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster effect a positive factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster effect a positive factor is
+relatable cavity see it Li mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photonic band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photonic band
+right only every paper you can make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right only every paper you can make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right only every paper you can make some
+comments no it's my point okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments no it's my point okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments no it's my point okay we're
+chapter 7 we have three more chapter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 7 we have three more chapter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 7 we have three more chapter to
+go and after that it should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and after that it should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and after that it should be able to
+comment online in five percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment online in five percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment online in five percent of the
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ok go back spend some time on and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok go back spend some time on and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok go back spend some time on and see
+what I my guess ok it's correct and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I my guess ok it's correct and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I my guess ok it's correct and you
+can make your own guess
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_uq3aNIM-IU.txt b/_uq3aNIM-IU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d615a73814fc2f5c427c48816acffb998852e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_uq3aNIM-IU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to get them to agree to measure work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get them to agree to measure work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get them to agree to measure work
+or all of the high-volume gas this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all of the high-volume gas this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all of the high-volume gas this next
+year but we need a method to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but we need a method to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year but we need a method to do that so
+today's one part of today's hackathon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's one part of today's hackathon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's one part of today's hackathon
+you can choose which meant in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose which meant in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose which meant in which
+groups you want to go the part is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you want to go the part is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you want to go the part is I'm
+going to be working on is coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working on is coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working on is coming up with
+that method to quickly easily using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method to quickly easily using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method to quickly easily using
+utility common tools measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility common tools measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility common tools measure the
+emissions off of high-volume gas leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions off of high-volume gas leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions off of high-volume gas leaks
+and if we can do this it's possible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we can do this it's possible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we can do this it's possible the
+state will enact you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state will enact you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state will enact you know the
+regulations that this must be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that this must be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that this must be done with
+every pipeline and actually from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pipeline and actually from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pipeline and actually from now on
+so this is an incredible chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an incredible chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an incredible chance to
+create a you know statewide program to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a you know statewide program to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a you know statewide program to
+allow for feedback and transparency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for feedback and transparency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow for feedback and transparency in
+the system to allow them to do their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to allow them to do their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to allow them to do their job
+much better in terms of reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better in terms of reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better in terms of reducing
+emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions
+is that someone makes sense and will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that someone makes sense and will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that someone makes sense and will be
+we've got some of the cool tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some of the cool tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some of the cool tools that
+the utilities use and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities use and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities use and lots of
+information about how to do that so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how to do that so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how to do that so who
+knows what a gasping smells like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what a gasping smells like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what a gasping smells like that's
+the most kind of you know direct sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most kind of you know direct sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most kind of you know direct sensor
+we have our noses who doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our noses who doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our noses who doesn't really
+have a good idea what a gas pig smells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good idea what a gas pig smells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good idea what a gas pig smells
+like okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay great
+well I have these scratch and sniff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have these scratch and sniff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I have these scratch and sniff
+carts so you open these things up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carts so you open these things up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carts so you open these things up it
+does anyone want to remind themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone want to remind themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone want to remind themselves
+with what I guess which sounds like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I guess which sounds like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I guess which sounds like well
+this could be a little and you scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a little and you scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be a little and you scratch
+any smell when I got into this I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smell when I got into this I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smell when I got into this I didn't
+even know what a gas leak smell like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what a gas leak smell like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know what a gas leak smell like
+like six years ago I had no idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six years ago I had no idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six years ago I had no idea and
+then once I smelled it it's like you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once I smelled it it's like you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once I smelled it it's like you'll
+net it's like riding a bike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net it's like riding a bike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net it's like riding a bike
+now you'll if you haven't smelled it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll if you haven't smelled it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you'll if you haven't smelled it you
+will you're gonna you're gonna have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you're gonna you're gonna have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you're gonna you're gonna have that
+experience yeah it's cold it's a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience yeah it's cold it's a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience yeah it's cold it's a family
+of compounds clover mercaptans they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compounds clover mercaptans they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compounds clover mercaptans they're
+all sulfur based compounds and and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sulfur based compounds and and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sulfur based compounds and and our
+noses are just very very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noses are just very very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noses are just very very sensitive to
+them they're putting air injected into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're putting air injected into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're putting air injected into
+the gas because methane itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas because methane itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas because methane itself is
+odorless and it was actually mandated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odorless and it was actually mandated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odorless and it was actually mandated by
+federal law to be put in there after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal law to be put in there after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal law to be put in there after a
+huge explosion happened in New London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge explosion happened in New London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge explosion happened in New London
+Texas that killed hundreds of kids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas that killed hundreds of kids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas that killed hundreds of kids in
+the school no one smelled it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school no one smelled it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school no one smelled it so this
+odorant is added at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odorant is added at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odorant is added at the
+parts-per-billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts-per-billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts-per-billion
+range it's like maybe five to ten parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it's like maybe five to ten parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it's like maybe five to ten parts
+per billion of this odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per billion of this odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per billion of this odor
+captain so we used a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain so we used a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain so we used a number of
+techniques to measure these gas leaks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to measure these gas leaks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to measure these gas leaks as
+a citizen and as community science your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a citizen and as community science your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a citizen and as community science your
+nose is is really a very powerful sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose is is really a very powerful sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose is is really a very powerful sensor
+on the the industry what they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the industry what they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the industry what they do is they
+use these some sniffers they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these some sniffers they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these some sniffers they've been
+around for decades one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for decades one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for decades one of the things
+they do is use this thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is use this thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is use this thing called a
+combustible gas indicator and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustible gas indicator and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustible gas indicator and I'll just
+turn it on you can hear the noise that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it on you can hear the noise that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it on you can hear the noise that's
+a pump and so it's pulling in air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pump and so it's pulling in air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pump and so it's pulling in air
+through this little hole here often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little hole here often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little hole here often
+there's a extension on this so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a extension on this so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a extension on this so that it
+can go deeper down like a meter down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go deeper down like a meter down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go deeper down like a meter down
+into the ground so good thing right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground so good thing right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ground so good thing right now
+we're measuring 0-0 percent gaps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring 0-0 percent gaps okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring 0-0 percent gaps okay
+this thing's pulling in about a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's pulling in about a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing's pulling in about a half a
+liter per minute and when we go out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter per minute and when we go out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter per minute and when we go out on
+our drive around on 31st those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our drive around on 31st those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our drive around on 31st those of you
+who make it if we come up on a gas leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make it if we come up on a gas leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make it if we come up on a gas leak
+in our our very high precision very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our our very high precision very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our our very high precision very
+sensitive sniffer this one's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive sniffer this one's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive sniffer this one's a little
+bit more coarse but we can get out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more coarse but we can get out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more coarse but we can get out and
+poke around and find out and pinpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke around and find out and pinpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poke around and find out and pinpoint
+where is it under the surface that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it under the surface that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it under the surface that that
+gas will coming out okay so maybe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas will coming out okay so maybe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas will coming out okay so maybe all
+this well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you can match people against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can match people against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can match people against that
+to send people yeah you know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send people yeah you know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send people yeah you know that that's
+that's a good idea but I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea but I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea but I will tell you
+the lower limit on this thing is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower limit on this thing is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower limit on this thing is about
+500 parts per million methane s that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 parts per million methane s that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 parts per million methane s that's
+the lower detection limit on this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower detection limit on this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower detection limit on this which
+is very high does anyone know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high does anyone know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high does anyone know what the
+the kind of background methane value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of background methane value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of background methane value is
+in our atmosphere in units of parts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our atmosphere in units of parts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our atmosphere in units of parts per
+million and guess what wild guesses yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and guess what wild guesses yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and guess what wild guesses yeah
+up per million about a little under two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up per million about a little under two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up per million about a little under two
+parts per million forty thousand yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million forty thousand yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts per million forty thousand yes so
+there's different ranges at which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different ranges at which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different ranges at which this
+problem is has different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is has different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is has different you know
+impacts our global value of two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts our global value of two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts our global value of two parts
+per million now is about it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million now is about it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per million now is about it's something
+like fifty percent greater than it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fifty percent greater than it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fifty percent greater than it was
+in the pre-industrial condition and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-industrial condition and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-industrial condition and so
+the Glade house gas in impacts of even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Glade house gas in impacts of even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Glade house gas in impacts of even
+two parts per million is it's very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts per million is it's very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts per million is it's very big
+instrumentation in our band gps-enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation in our band gps-enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumentation in our band gps-enabled
+sniffer detected a series of leaks along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sniffer detected a series of leaks along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sniffer detected a series of leaks along
+about one eighth of a mile portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one eighth of a mile portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one eighth of a mile portion of
+that back street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back street
+okay so we've got this graph and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've got this graph and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've got this graph and I will
+show you later with these Peaks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you later with these Peaks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you later with these Peaks that
+come out they we plot right on Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out they we plot right on Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out they we plot right on Google
+Earth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth okay
+it's probable that those leaks are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probable that those leaks are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probable that those leaks are not
+coming from the new pipe in West Roxbury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the new pipe in West Roxbury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the new pipe in West Roxbury
+levels but they're probably coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but they're probably coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but they're probably coming from
+the adjacent pipes that are old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacent pipes that are old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacent pipes that are old and
+leaking that we have already been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking that we have already been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking that we have already been there
+the real lost opportunity there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real lost opportunity there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real lost opportunity there in
+addition to the fact that we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the fact that we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the fact that we don't need
+the new pipeline is that they keep brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new pipeline is that they keep brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new pipeline is that they keep brand
+new paving and brand new sidewalks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new paving and brand new sidewalks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new paving and brand new sidewalks they
+didn't fix the old Lincoln pipelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fix the old Lincoln pipelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't fix the old Lincoln pipelines
+when they put in this brand new pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they put in this brand new pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they put in this brand new pipe
+like and eversource who's the territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and eversource who's the territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and eversource who's the territory
+that is by the way is a co-investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by the way is a co-investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by the way is a co-investment
+West Roxbury level pipeline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Roxbury level pipeline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Roxbury level pipeline so
+apparently they just didn't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently they just didn't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently they just didn't care about
+you know maintaining their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maintaining their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maintaining their own
+infrastructure so anyway that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure so anyway that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure so anyway that's what
+happened and so we took a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and so we took a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and so we took a picture of
+this we have the data set and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have the data set and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have the data set and what
+you'll see is is like peaks and valleys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is is like peaks and valleys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is is like peaks and valleys
+there maybe like 15 or 20 of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe like 15 or 20 of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe like 15 or 20 of them but
+are there 15 or 20 leaks we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there 15 or 20 leaks we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there 15 or 20 leaks we don't know
+and that's what if if you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what if if you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what if if you want to go
+over to the section that we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the section that we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the section that we're working
+at you will be able to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you will be able to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you will be able to think about is
+like what is a leak how many leaks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is a leak how many leaks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is a leak how many leaks are
+there when you get this series of spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when you get this series of spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when you get this series of spikes
+if if the spikes go like that tip down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the spikes go like that tip down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the spikes go like that tip down
+and come back up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back up again
+at one week or two leaks and the fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one week or two leaks and the fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one week or two leaks and the fact of
+the matter is we don't yet have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter is we don't yet have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter is we don't yet have a very
+kind of you know universal definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know universal definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know universal definition of
+what elitist so you will help dually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what elitist so you will help dually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what elitist so you will help dually
+count and you'll help determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and you'll help determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count and you'll help determine
+hopefully what an objective leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what an objective leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what an objective leak
+analysis can be by looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be by looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis can be by looking at these
+google or images of gangs yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google or images of gangs yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google or images of gangs yeah so the
+lead prone fight most of it is cast iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead prone fight most of it is cast iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead prone fight most of it is cast iron
+and and it goes back some pipes are over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it goes back some pipes are over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it goes back some pipes are over
+a hundred years old my name's Audrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred years old my name's Audrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred years old my name's Audrey
+might have mentioned there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have mentioned there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have mentioned there's also a
+wrought-iron there's not much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrought-iron there's not much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrought-iron there's not much of that
+but that's very old pipe as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's very old pipe as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's very old pipe as well
+bare steel is another fight there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare steel is another fight there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare steel is another fight there
+they're all being replaced well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all being replaced well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all being replaced well when
+they're replaced every place with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're replaced every place with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're replaced every place with
+plastic pipe and you know that is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we're four years ago was big issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're four years ago was big issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're four years ago was big issue here
+with Google Maps and the Google Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Google Maps and the Google Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Google Maps and the Google Health
+dinner every single car and track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner every single car and track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner every single car and track and
+published their gas leaks all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published their gas leaks all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published their gas leaks all over the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+humorously Wellsley biggest sentence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorously Wellsley biggest sentence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorously Wellsley biggest sentence of
+the universe again states that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe again states that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe again states that they
+found with it there's a good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found with it there's a good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found with it there's a good all right
+boxing practice you know where that fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing practice you know where that fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing practice you know where that fit
+into this time the stage is going but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this time the stage is going but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this time the stage is going but
+that now we do they were using but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we do they were using but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we do they were using but they
+publish this to know that for the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish this to know that for the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish this to know that for the past
+night yeah so so we published our lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night yeah so so we published our lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night yeah so so we published our lost
+didn't take that in 2013 and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take that in 2013 and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take that in 2013 and that was
+over three thousand weeks in Boston very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three thousand weeks in Boston very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three thousand weeks in Boston very
+soon after that Google partnered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after that Google partnered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after that Google partnered with
+the Environmental Defense Fund to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Environmental Defense Fund to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Environmental Defense Fund to
+basically take the station wide and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the station wide and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take the station wide and so
+part of the doing that was coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the doing that was coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the doing that was coming back
+to the Greater Boston area and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Greater Boston area and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Greater Boston area and they did
+their own map they got one week per mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own map they got one week per mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own map they got one week per mile
+in Boston we got four leagues per mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston we got four leagues per mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston we got four leagues per mile
+in Boston so that's part of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston so that's part of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston so that's part of sort of
+figuring this out so almost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring this out so almost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring this out so almost everything
+that's under this piece of sidewalks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's under this piece of sidewalks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's under this piece of sidewalks in
+Boston Somerville Cambridge replying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Somerville Cambridge replying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Somerville Cambridge replying
+isn't just about a half a pound per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just about a half a pound per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just about a half a pound per
+square inch of pressure in size but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square inch of pressure in size but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square inch of pressure in size but it's
+like a tree map use comp lines and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tree map use comp lines and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tree map use comp lines and you
+have the big branches and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the big branches and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the big branches and then you have
+the little twigs so you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little twigs so you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little twigs so you have these
+intermediate branches like running down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate branches like running down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate branches like running down
+Route nine that is I can see they're 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Route nine that is I can see they're 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Route nine that is I can see they're 22
+or it's 40 psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or working on measuring you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working on measuring you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or working on measuring you know
+figuring on that measure high-fiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring on that measure high-fiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring on that measure high-fiving
+athletes CEO sort of self selected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes CEO sort of self selected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes CEO sort of self selected to
+whatever if you want to do is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever if you want to do is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever if you want to do is there a
+question back here only just just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question back here only just just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question back here only just just a
+basic question you know how these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic question you know how these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic question you know how these lines
+are very yes it's variable about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very yes it's variable about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very yes it's variable about three
+feet is generally how deep they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet is generally how deep they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet is generally how deep they are they
+have to be they put them deep enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be they put them deep enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be they put them deep enough
+that they it will reduce the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they it will reduce the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they it will reduce the frequency
+with which they freeze but in frost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they freeze but in frost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which they freeze but in frost
+conditions deep freezes you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions deep freezes you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions deep freezes you can get
+mechanical disturbance to do to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical disturbance to do to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical disturbance to do to you know
+cost and you can have broken veins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you can have broken veins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you can have broken veins and
+things like that but but anything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but but anything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but but anything's
+possible you know one thing I learned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know one thing I learned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know one thing I learned is
+that I mean for the most part gas lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean for the most part gas lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean for the most part gas lines
+run you know kind of along the same axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run you know kind of along the same axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run you know kind of along the same axis
+as a street but you know they'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a street but you know they'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a street but you know they'll run
+diagonal and they'll be on both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and they'll be on both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and they'll be on both sides of
+the street and they'll run under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street and they'll run under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street and they'll run under
+sidewalks and they'll go this way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks and they'll go this way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks and they'll go this way in
+that and it's it can there's I just seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's it can there's I just seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's it can there's I just seen
+most in any configuration there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in any configuration there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in any configuration there's a
+legacy effect of this it came to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy effect of this it came to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy effect of this it came to like a
+spaghetti down there other maps of yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti down there other maps of yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti down there other maps of yes
+and though there are there are public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though there are there are public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and though there are there are public
+documents that show the operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that show the operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that show the operating
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+and for its service area and I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for its service area and I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for its service area and I I can
+share that graph but there's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that graph but there's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that graph but there's not the
+detailed information on those maps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information on those maps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information on those maps that
+tell you the diameter of age and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the diameter of age and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the diameter of age and the
+material of all of the pipes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of all of the pipes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of all of the pipes there are
+selected parts that we know of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected parts that we know of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected parts that we know of but
+there's not I mean somebody's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not I mean somebody's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not I mean somebody's have
+obviously these maps but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these maps but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these maps but they're not
+public on the only some have been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public on the only some have been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public on the only some have been made
+public and it's very kind of selected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and it's very kind of selected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and it's very kind of selected so
+you can look at how to visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at how to visualize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at how to visualize the
+data and get to do you know figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and get to do you know figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and get to do you know figure out
+how many leaks are in Chelsea how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many leaks are in Chelsea how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many leaks are in Chelsea how
+exciting and actually see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and actually see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and actually see where the
+leaves are or measure the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves are or measure the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves are or measure the you know
+figure out how to measure the emissions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_wctRwpa6j4.txt b/_wctRwpa6j4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad1529bb949e528f93608b354c4fa4de70a9a52c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_wctRwpa6j4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2166 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So today we resume
+efficient origami design.
+
+And we had our guest
+lecture from Jason Ku
+
+which was definitely a
+different style of lecture.
+
+More survey, lots of
+different artwork.
+
+And it had some practical
+hands-on experience
+
+with TreeMaker, which
+you're welcome to do
+
+more of on your problem set.
+
+And so there weren't
+a lot of questions
+
+because this is not a
+very technical lecture,
+
+so I thought I'd
+show you some more
+
+examples of artistic origami,
+things not covered by Jason,
+
+and some other different
+types of origami.
+
+So we start with a
+bunch of models by Jason
+
+because he didn't
+show his own models,
+
+so I thought it'd be fun.
+
+We've seen a bunch
+already in this class,
+
+but this is a really nice
+F16 that he designed.
+
+And these are all done with
+Tree method of origami design.
+
+Another lobster.
+
+We saw a Robert
+Lang's lobster before.
+
+This one's different.
+
+This is a version of
+the crab that he showed.
+
+So the one you saw was like the
+very preliminary, very rough
+
+folding.
+
+But with some
+refinement, especially
+
+in the shaping stage,
+it looks pretty nice.
+
+Even on the back side you
+get some nice features.
+
+We have a little rabbit.
+
+This is kind of in
+the traditional style
+
+that he showed where you've
+got sharp crease lines that
+
+really define the form.
+
+I assume that's what
+he was going for here.
+
+This is a non-tree
+method design.
+
+This is using what's
+called box pleating.
+
+We've heard about box pleating.
+
+And it means you have
+horizontal, vertical,
+
+and 45 degree diagonal folds.
+
+But you can use it just
+to shape box-like shapes.
+
+It originally was used by
+Moser to make a train out
+
+of one rectangle of paper.
+
+But here we've got a pretty
+nice sports car convertible,
+
+even with a color reversal.
+
+So it's pretty cool.
+
+This is one of my favorite
+designs of Jason's.
+
+Bicycle, one square
+paper, color reversal.
+
+Really thin features.
+
+Probably lots of layers up
+there, but pretty awesome.
+
+This is using tree method.
+
+Obviously, the paper is
+not connected with a hole
+
+there, so there's
+some part here that's
+
+attached just by
+folding to another part.
+
+Yeah, questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: How big is that?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm
+trying to remember.
+
+I think the bicycle's
+about that big.
+
+Anyone remember?
+
+It's been a while.
+
+So presuming he started
+from a piece of paper
+
+maybe twice the size or so.
+
+Looks big here.
+
+And this is a really complicated
+butterfly, very exact features,
+
+very cool.
+
+These are all from his website
+if you want to check out that.
+
+I'm just giving a selection.
+
+Some of them have
+crease patterns
+
+and you can very clearly
+see the different parts
+
+of the model, and the
+rivers, and so on.
+
+Others do not.
+
+This is one of-- we're
+going back in time, so this
+
+is when Jason was just starting
+at MIT as an undergrad,
+
+I believe.
+
+This is the dog of someone who
+works at the admissions office.
+
+It's very cool.
+
+And this is one of his
+earliest models, 2004.
+
+I think it's pretty
+elegant on the ice
+
+skate with color reversal.
+
+So that was Jason, for fun.
+
+One question we had
+is what about origami
+
+from other materials,
+not just paper?
+
+And we've seen a few
+examples of that,
+
+but I thought it'd
+be a fun theme.
+
+And we'll come back to
+this a couple times today.
+
+This is-- I don't if you
+call dollar bills paper--
+
+but there is this whole
+style of dollar bill origami,
+
+as my t-shirt last
+class indicated.
+
+And this is one of the more
+famous dollar bill folders.
+
+And he has hundreds and
+hundreds of designs.
+
+One of his latest is the alien
+face hugger for Prometheus
+
+and so on.
+
+So there's a ton of stuff done.
+
+There's the
+particular proportion
+
+of the rectangle
+of a dollar bill.
+
+And it's also just
+plentily available.
+
+The US is one of the
+cheapest currencies
+
+to do bill folding because it
+has one of the lowest value
+
+bills.
+
+So there's that.
+
+These are all folded
+from toilet paper rolls,
+
+so moving up to cardboard.
+
+This definitely is pretty
+different in the way
+
+it acts relative
+to standard paper.
+
+And there's this guy who
+makes these incredible masks.
+
+Very impressive.
+
+And I'm guessing crayon or
+some kind of rubbed color.
+
+So that's pretty awesome.
+
+Here's something
+called Hydro-Fold.
+
+This just came out this year
+by this guy Christophe Guberan,
+
+where he's got an
+inkjet printer.
+
+He's filled it with a
+particular kind of ink
+
+that he custom makes.
+
+And as it comes out of the
+printer, it folds itself.
+
+It's been printed on both sides.
+
+So one side you get mountains,
+the other side you get also
+
+mountains, but relative
+to that, it's valleys.
+
+So there's some
+fun thing happening
+
+as the liquid dries out that
+causes the paper to curve.
+
+You can't get 180
+degree folds, but you
+
+can get some pretty
+nice creases.
+
+I don't know exactly how
+much accelerated that is,
+
+but he's hopefully
+visiting MIT later on
+
+and we'll find out more.
+
+So it's using regular paper,
+but a different folding style,
+
+a different material
+for folding.
+
+You can also take casts
+of existing paper models.
+
+So Robert Lang has
+done a bunch of these
+
+with a guy named Kevin Box
+where they take a paper model
+
+and cast or partially cast it.
+
+In this case, in bronze.
+
+In these cases, stainless steel.
+
+So these are two.
+
+This is like traditional
+origami crane and Robert Lang
+
+complex crane.
+
+And for fun, the crease pattern
+for those two looks like this.
+
+And this is I think mostly
+on a 22.5 degree grid system.
+
+May actually be--
+you can see here
+
+there's a river
+that's not orthogonal.
+
+So it's not intended
+to be box pleated.
+
+So that gives you
+these 22.5 degrees.
+
+There's some other features
+out here, but the most of it
+
+is this 22.5 degree system.
+
+So as you might guess
+from now, there's
+
+some questions about this.
+
+You don't necessarily
+entirely use the tree method.
+
+You use a mix of
+different things.
+
+In particular,
+there's a technique
+
+called grafting where you
+can combine two models.
+
+If you're interested
+in that, check out
+
+Origami Design Secrets.
+
+And for things like
+the dragon where
+
+you have this textured
+pattern-- which we'll get to,
+
+it's called a
+tessellation-- and you
+
+want to combine that with
+doing tree method stuff,
+
+you can do that.
+
+But it's not necessarily
+mathematical formal
+
+how to do that.
+
+It's just people figure
+it out by trial and error.
+
+There's probably
+interesting open problems
+
+there, haven't been formalized.
+
+Here's another cardboard design.
+
+This is by our friend
+Tomohiro Tachi.
+
+That's him.
+
+So this was initially a bed.
+
+And you fold it up.
+
+And you need a
+pillow, of course.
+
+It turns into a chair.
+
+So that's pretty awesome.
+
+So that's one of
+the great things
+
+about using non-paper is you get
+a lot more structural integrity
+
+and support.
+
+And that leads us
+into steel, which
+
+also makes for stronger models.
+
+And this is another
+design by Tomohiro.
+
+We made it here at MIT using
+a waterjet cutter in CSAIL.
+
+And it makes a
+pretty nice table.
+
+This is based on a curve crease
+design which initially drafted
+
+on paper, and then in plastic.
+
+And then when it seemed
+to be working pretty well,
+
+we waterjet cut this steel
+and these perforation lines.
+
+And then many hours of painful
+bending or difficult bending
+
+later, some hamming
+and so on, we
+
+got it to fold into
+a pretty nice shape.
+
+So that's one example.
+
+I have another example.
+
+This is out of
+much thinner steel.
+
+And this happens to be laser
+cut using a newer laser
+
+cutter in the Center for Bits
+and Atoms in the Media Lab
+
+building.
+
+So a little bit of a cheat.
+
+This is not from a square paper.
+
+It's been cut a
+little bit smaller.
+
+I need chalk.
+
+Jason.
+
+So take a square of paper.
+
+You can cut out-- these
+are 22.5 degree angles.
+
+You can cut out material
+like this from your square
+
+and still make a good crane.
+
+But it substantially
+reduces the number
+
+of layers you get,
+especially at the corners.
+
+And so we exploited that because
+this is pretty thick material.
+
+And this is just the Center
+for Bits and Atoms logo.
+
+But pretty cool.
+
+You can make a crane.
+
+And we added these
+crease lines to get
+
+the nice bow of the crane.
+
+So pretty nice.
+
+This is made by Kenny Cheung
+who just graduated, PhD.
+
+So that was some metal.
+
+Next topic is tessellations.
+
+So this is a particular
+style of origami.
+
+It goes back-- probably
+the earliest tessellation
+
+folder is Ron Resch.
+
+The early history's a little
+hard to know for sure.
+
+Ron Resch was an artist
+starting in the '60s.
+
+He died just a few years ago.
+
+We've met him.
+
+Pretty crazy guy.
+
+Did a lot of cool origami
+foldings early in the day.
+
+There's a patent that describes
+this particular folding.
+
+And what makes a
+tessellation is essentially
+
+a repeated pattern of some sort.
+
+It could be periodic.
+
+It could be aperiodic.
+
+You've probably heard
+of tessellations
+
+like the square grid or some
+kind of mesh of two dimensions.
+
+Origami tessellations
+are in some sense
+
+trying to represent
+such a tessellation.
+
+Here you've got the
+triangular grid,
+
+if you look closely,
+after folding.
+
+But also if you look at
+the crease pattern itself,
+
+it is a tessellation.
+
+It's going to be a repeated
+pattern of polygons.
+
+So you've got sort of two
+levels of tessellation going on.
+
+It's like a double
+rainbow or something.
+
+And so there are lots
+of examples of this.
+
+Here's some kind of traditional
+flat origami tessellations.
+
+Some of these are more
+traditional than others.
+
+You've some very simple--
+well not simple, but beautiful
+
+repeating patterns.
+
+Octagons and squares here.
+
+You can count them.
+
+And this is still periodic.
+
+Then we get to some
+less periodic stuff.
+
+And so there are
+techniques for designing
+
+these kinds of tessellation.
+
+If you start with a
+regular 2D tessellation,
+
+there's a transformation
+from that tessellation
+
+into a crease pattern, which
+then makes things like this.
+
+You can see here there's
+sort of clear edges here.
+
+And that represents the
+tessellation it's based on.
+
+It's just been kind of
+shrunk a little bit.
+
+Each of these is a pleat.
+
+There's a mountain
+and a valley crease.
+
+And so on all of these,
+I believe, that style.
+
+You've got essentially a twist
+fold at each of the vertices.
+
+And you've got a pleat
+along each of the edges.
+
+And if you want to
+play with these,
+
+there's software called Tess
+freely available online.
+
+And I'll show it to you.
+
+And it lets you design
+things like this,
+
+following a
+particular algorithm.
+
+So you start with some geometry.
+
+And I don't really
+know these by heart.
+
+So it has a fixed
+set of geometries
+
+that you can play with.
+
+We'll try this one.
+
+And you get a regular 2D
+tessellation of polygons.
+
+And then you increase the--
+then I hit, Show Creases.
+
+And it's applying a
+particular algorithm
+
+which is essentially-- it's
+maybe more dramatic if I
+
+increase this value or
+change it dynamically.
+
+It's rotating each of the
+polygons, so a twisting.
+
+Sorry, that's negative.
+
+As it rotates them, you
+get-- let me know you.
+
+It'd be nice if this is
+color-coded, but it's not.
+
+So these two squares
+are two original squares
+
+of the tessellation.
+
+They've been twisted.
+
+And then these edges
+which used to be--
+
+so they're shrunk and twisted.
+
+And then these edges
+used to be attached.
+
+We're now going to put in a
+little parallelogram there.
+
+And you just do that everywhere.
+
+And this is a crease pattern.
+
+It will fold flat.
+
+Doesn't work for
+all tessellation.
+
+And there's a paper
+characterizing
+
+which tessellations
+it works for.
+
+They're called spider webs.
+
+But it's a very simple
+algorithm and it's
+
+led to tons of tessellations
+over the years.
+
+And you can export this to
+PDF, print it out, and fold it.
+
+It obviously takes
+a little while.
+
+One of the fun surprises
+of this algorithm, which
+
+this is made by Alex
+Bateman and this
+
+was just sort of a
+surprise by accident.
+
+I think there's a slider at the
+top, the pleat angle slider.
+
+And by accident, he didn't
+require it to be positive.
+
+And he realized that if you
+made it negative-- whoa, that's
+
+a little too negative-- you
+actually get the folded state.
+
+This is what that
+crease pattern will
+
+look like after you fold it
+flat, because it's essentially
+
+reflecting across each crease.
+
+So this is with all
+the layers stacked up.
+
+So you get sort
+of an x-ray view.
+
+But it gives you
+a sense of-- it's
+
+hard to see the thickness
+here so we actually wrote
+
+a little thing here which
+is a little bit slow--
+
+we'll see if it works--
+called Light Pattern.
+
+And it's just measuring how
+many layers are stacked up
+
+at each point and
+it will hopefully
+
+give you a shaded pattern
+so that if you held it up
+
+to light where the dark
+spot's going to be,
+
+where the bright
+spot's going to be.
+
+So the idea is this
+will help you figure out
+
+whether something's going to be
+interesting or not interesting
+
+ahead of have time.
+
+Then you can go fold once you've
+set the parameters exactly
+
+like you like.
+
+I've just shown one of
+the parameters there.
+
+There's another
+one, pleat ratio.
+
+So this is cool.
+
+I think an interesting project
+would be to extend this tool.
+
+It's open source.
+
+Lots of interesting
+things to do with it.
+
+Add more tessellations.
+
+Improve the interface.
+
+Maybe try to show 3D
+visualization as it folds.
+
+There are existing
+3D origami tools
+
+which we'll see in the very
+next lecture, Rigid Origami
+
+Simulator, that might make
+that not too hard actually.
+
+It'd be cool to try.
+
+Put it on the web I think
+would be interesting.
+
+Point it to JavaScript
+or something.
+
+Because I think there's
+really cool tessellation here.
+
+Not many people have
+actually used the software
+
+because it's a little
+awkward and as you can see,
+
+Light pattern
+doesn't always work.
+
+But I think that's just
+because this tessellation's
+
+a little too big.
+
+All right.
+
+So that was Tess.
+
+And that style of tessellation.
+
+You can see that you could
+some really cool thing.
+
+This is what a light
+pattern looks like.
+
+So you get the different
+shades of gray.
+
+50 shades of gray?
+
+Then there are more three
+dimensional tessellations.
+
+So this is in a different style.
+
+And this is folding
+a very simple origami
+
+base called water bomb.
+
+And the resulting
+thing is not flat,
+
+but it's very simple
+crease pattern
+
+and pretty cool three
+dimensional result.
+
+This is not captured by Tess.
+
+And that would be a
+different style project
+
+to generalize to
+3D tessellations.
+
+That'd be very cool.
+
+Here's that same tessellation,
+I think, or a very similar one,
+
+but made out of stainless steel.
+
+So you can see
+there's big cuts here.
+
+So this is probably made
+on a waterjet cutter.
+
+And then you leave little tabs.
+
+So you wear gloves so you
+can fold this by hand.
+
+Probably not easy, but possible.
+
+Here's some more back to paper,
+some more 3D tessellations.
+
+And if you're interested in
+playing with tessellations,
+
+you could try Tess.
+
+Or there's this really
+good book came out recently
+
+by Eric Gjerde,
+Origami Tessellations.
+
+And this is actually
+one of the models
+
+that's described in here.
+
+Unlike traditional origami,
+there's no sequence of steps.
+
+All of these are based on
+here's a crease pattern,
+
+fold along all the
+lines, and then
+
+collapse all the
+lines simultaneously.
+
+Like a lot of mathematical
+origami design,
+
+but there's great stuff in here.
+
+Really cool
+tessellations and some
+
+of the best photographs
+of tessellations.
+
+So definitely
+check out that book
+
+if you want to do tessellations.
+
+This is the crease pattern.
+
+Give you an idea for this guy.
+
+It's also periodic.
+
+This is triangular twists.
+
+You can kind of recognize
+that, but it's very cool.
+
+More alternate materials.
+
+This is polypropylene.
+
+And there's this
+great Flickr site,
+
+polyscene by Polly Verity.
+
+And tons of examples of
+foldings by polypropylene.
+
+So it's a kind of plastic.
+
+It gets scored by a machine
+and then folded by hand.
+
+And so really striking results.
+
+You get this nice
+semi-transparency.
+
+It works really well
+with tessellations.
+
+Here's some recent ones we
+just found making things out
+
+of mirror and plywood and copper
+as like the surface material,
+
+and then polyester and fabric,
+or polyester and Tyvek.
+
+Tyvek is like those
+envelopes, plasticy envelopes
+
+that you can't really
+stretch or tear.
+
+Really great stuff.
+
+And you can buy it in sheets.
+
+So that's sort of
+the base layer that's
+
+holding everything together.
+
+At the creases here, you can see
+through to the fabric material.
+
+And then this is
+plywood on the surface.
+
+So these are all
+different tessellations,
+
+kind of tessellations.
+
+These have been wrapped
+around to make vessels
+
+or to make-- they call
+it a shoulder cape.
+
+Looks like a set of armor.
+
+But really cool stuff when
+you work with other materials.
+
+It'd be a great project
+in this class, I think,
+
+to try some of these techniques.
+
+Combining some basic
+foldable sheet material
+
+with some richer
+material, you can
+
+make some really cool stuff.
+
+Once you have a
+computer model of it,
+
+you can-- and we'll
+see in the next lecture
+
+different computer tools for
+doing that-- then actually
+
+building them I think
+is really striking.
+
+Back to paper, although this
+barely looks like paper.
+
+These are some really cool
+kind of traditional style
+
+tessellations, but folded in a
+very unusual and beautiful way
+
+by Joel Cooper who's one
+of the leading tessellation
+
+folders in a certain sense.
+
+He's best known for
+tessellations like this,
+
+however.
+
+So these are all based
+on a regular triangular
+
+grid, but not quite identical.
+
+It's definitely
+not periodic here.
+
+Going for human forms.
+
+He has whole busts and heads.
+
+And these are really striking.
+
+They're not designed
+particularly algorithmically.
+
+My understanding is he
+comes up with little gadgets
+
+for certain features
+like cheeks and so on,
+
+and he starts composing them
+in ways that seem to work.
+
+And he has a collection
+of different pieces
+
+that work together well.
+
+And he can get really
+intricate, really beautiful
+
+3D surfaces out of that.
+
+So this is kind of begging
+to be studied mathematically
+
+in some way, but
+pretty challenging.
+
+This is an interesting
+tessellation style
+
+by Goran Konjevod.
+
+He was a co-author on the
+"Folding a Better Checkerboard"
+
+paper that I talked about.
+
+And the crease pattern
+here is extremely boring.
+
+It's a square grid.
+
+But the mountain
+valley assignment
+
+is not quite trivial.
+
+And because of the
+thickness of the material,
+
+it actually gets this
+curving behavior.
+
+So this thing is technically,
+mathematically it's flat.
+
+It's like this really
+boring pleated square.
+
+But the way it goes is
+you sort of take a square
+
+and you pleat the edge and
+then you pleat the edge
+
+and you pleat the edge.
+
+So you do mountain
+valley, mountain valley.
+
+And here you're alternating
+between this side and this side
+
+and this side and this side.
+
+And that gives you
+this kind of corner.
+
+But because the material
+is nonzero thickness,
+
+you get these
+really cool curves.
+
+And when you change which
+order you fold the pleats in,
+
+you can really control
+a lot of this surface.
+
+It's kind of magical.
+
+He has a bunch of
+designs like this.
+
+You can check out his images on
+the web if you want to see more
+
+and diagrams.
+
+And I think this is our
+last tessellation example.
+
+So here, goal is
+to make US flag.
+
+And there's a video
+of this being made,
+
+but it's just fold along
+the lines and then collapse.
+
+You're using a
+tessellation element
+
+to get the stars in the flag.
+
+And this is what the
+crease pattern looks like.
+
+So you've got a
+nice tessellation
+
+here and then sort of a
+simpler tessellation out here,
+
+which is just some pleats.
+
+And getting those pleats
+to resolve to the outside.
+
+This is by Robert Lang.
+
+Very cool.
+
+So next, I want to transition
+to kind of modular origami
+
+where you use multiple parts.
+
+But before we get there, this
+is I guess the oldest recorded
+
+example of a picture of origami.
+
+So this is from 1734.
+
+This is a reference.
+
+This is the actual object-- I
+believe, a newspaper article.
+
+And it's a little
+rough to see here,
+
+but there's an origami
+crane and a bunch
+
+of other classic origami
+things like water bomb.
+
+So the assumption is by
+1734, origami was well-known.
+
+All the classic
+models were out there.
+
+We don't know how
+far back it goes.
+
+It could be as
+early as when paper
+
+was invented which
+was like 50 AD.
+
+Somewhere between 50 and 1734,
+origami really hit it big.
+
+That's the big range.
+
+But I wanted to show this
+because of the cranes.
+
+And one way to combine
+multiple parts together
+
+is to combine multiple
+cranes together.
+
+And there's this whole
+world, hiden senbazuru,
+
+which is connected cranes.
+
+And orikata means you're
+cutting in addition to folding.
+
+So this is a rectangle of paper.
+
+It's been split along
+two lines and then folded
+
+into three cranes.
+
+So that's pretty cool.
+
+And there's much
+more intricate ones
+
+where you take a square of
+paper or a rectangle paper,
+
+do lots of cuts, subdivide your
+thing into a bunch of squares.
+
+Each square gets
+folded into a crane.
+
+The tips of the cranes stay
+connected at these tabs.
+
+And the challenge when
+you're folding these
+
+is to not tear at the tabs.
+
+But then you'll get
+these really cool folds.
+
+This is an old book from
+1797, not much later
+
+than that last reference.
+
+We have a copy of
+this book if you're
+
+interested in checking it out.
+
+Lots of different designs.
+
+There have been some recent
+works in making really nice.
+
+These are spheres out
+of connected cranes
+
+by Linda Tomoko.
+
+And here's one out
+of silver foil.
+
+So really cool connected cranes.
+
+So that's a traditional
+origami style.
+
+I want to transition
+to modular origami
+
+where you combine lots
+of identical parts,
+
+but now they're
+actually disconnected.
+
+And this is a very simple unit.
+
+I think it's just
+water bomb based.
+
+And then they nest
+into each other.
+
+You've probably seen these
+kind of swans, modular swans.
+
+I think they're a
+very old tradition.
+
+Possibly China?
+
+I'm not sure exactly.
+
+So a kind of traditional model.
+
+But you get a lot of
+geometric models like this.
+
+So these are examples
+of different units.
+
+You take typically
+a square of paper.
+
+You do maybe 10 or 20
+folds and you get a unit.
+
+And then you combine a bunch
+of these units together.
+
+So one of the classic units
+is called a Sonobe unit.
+
+Sonobe units use
+sort of backwards,
+
+but you can get these
+kinds of cool polyhedra.
+
+Robert Neale, he's a magician
+and an origami designer.
+
+Has some units.
+
+This one's called
+the penultimate unit.
+
+And so you can see each of
+these green strips is one unit--
+
+blue strip, pink strip.
+
+There's a lot of units in here.
+
+90 in total.
+
+Typically, one per edge of
+the polyhedron, sometimes
+
+two per edge.
+
+And they lock together
+in certain ways
+
+to really hold these
+nice shapes here.
+
+Tom Hull folds a lot
+of modular origami.
+
+And one of his units
+is called a PHiZZ unit.
+
+I think it can make
+anything as long as you
+
+have three units coming
+together at each vertex.
+
+So as long as every
+vertex has degree three,
+
+you can kind of make
+your polyhedron.
+
+I guess the lengths also
+have to be the same or else
+
+you have to adjust the
+units to be different.
+
+So each of the units
+here is identical,
+
+except different color patterns.
+
+Here's a big example of a
+PHiZZ unit construction.
+
+So this is 270 units.
+
+Take a long time to fold
+probably and even more time
+
+to weave them together.
+
+Usually putting the last
+piece in is the hardest.
+
+Here's some more
+examples by Tom Hull.
+
+He has another unit
+called the hybrid unit.
+
+And this is what three of
+them look like woven together.
+
+So this paper is probably red
+on one side, black on the other.
+
+And there's one unit that
+comes here, wraps around
+
+the tetrahedron, and two more.
+
+And you combine them
+and you can make
+
+all these different
+regular solids.
+
+And you get these
+spiky tetrahedra
+
+on each of the faces
+which is pretty cool.
+
+So this like icosahedra,
+a regular 20-sided
+
+die, on the inside here,
+but then each of them
+
+has a spike from there.
+
+And here's a big one he made.
+
+This is actually one of
+my favorite polyhedra,
+
+the rhombicosidodecahedron.
+
+It's got all the polygons--
+squares, triangles, hexagons,
+
+if I recall correctly.
+
+It's obvious, right?
+
+And one of the challenges here
+is getting the color patterns
+
+to be nice and
+symmetric and even.
+
+And Tom Hull is one of
+the experts in that.
+
+He's a mathematician,
+but also an origamist.
+
+And then he started
+combining the two
+
+because of problems like this.
+
+Next we get to polypolyhedra.
+
+This is the idea of
+taking multiple polyhedra
+
+and weaving them
+together and then making
+
+that out of origami.
+
+And this is one of the
+most famous designs
+
+in this family called FIT, or
+Five Intersecting Tetrahedra,
+
+designed by Tom Hull.
+
+This is a photograph of one
+that I am the proud owner.
+
+It was folded by
+Vanessa Gould, who
+
+directed Between the Folds,
+which is the documentary you
+
+all heard about when
+Jason mentioned it.
+
+And it's available free
+streaming on Netflix,
+
+so you should all watch it.
+
+Or we could have a showing here.
+
+Actually, how many
+people are interested?
+
+Haven't seen the movie or
+would like to see it again
+
+related to this
+class some evening?
+
+OK.
+
+That's maybe enough
+to do a showing.
+
+Anyway, she folded this.
+
+Cool.
+
+And then Robert Lang enumerated
+all possible polypolyhedra
+
+that are symmetric
+in a certain sense.
+
+And these are two examples
+that he thought were so cool.
+
+He made them out of paper.
+
+Most of them just exist
+as virtual designs.
+
+People have been folding
+them, but there's
+
+hundreds if not
+thousands in his list.
+
+So if you're
+interested, check out
+
+his website on polypolyhedra.
+
+These are, again, modular.
+
+And finally, we come
+to modules of cubes.
+
+And this is why you
+have business cards.
+
+And I thought we
+could play with this.
+
+This is a life-size chair made
+from a particular unit, which
+
+is out of business cards,
+folding these individual cubes
+
+and then sticking them
+together in a particular way.
+
+Unfortunately, the
+material's not strong enough
+
+to actually support much weight.
+
+So you can't sit on this
+chair, but it looks just
+
+like a real chair.
+
+It's very cool.
+
+You can make any set of cues
+you like and interlock them
+
+together.
+
+One of the craziest
+experimenters with this cube
+
+module is Jeannine
+Mosely, who's a MIT
+
+alum and lives in the area.
+
+And she became really famous for
+making this Menger Sponge out
+
+of 66,000 business cards.
+
+It took something like
+five years to make this.
+
+She made a lot of
+the units herself.
+
+And so this is trying to
+represent a particular fractal,
+
+which is pretty cool.
+
+You start by taking a cube
+and then drilling holes
+
+through each of the sides
+in the center third.
+
+So this is one iteration.
+
+You just drill
+through that hole,
+
+that hole, same on each side.
+
+Remove that material.
+
+That leaves you
+with-- how many cubes?
+
+Eight cubes on top.
+
+Eight cubes on the bottom.
+
+Four cubes in the
+middle, which is 20.
+
+For each of the 20
+cubes, you recurse.
+
+So for each of
+those 20 cubes, you
+
+drill holes, drill holes
+from all the sides.
+
+And after two iterations,
+you have this structure.
+
+After three iterations,
+you have this structure.
+
+After infinitely
+many iterations--
+
+well, no, this is not infinite.
+
+But this is actually the same
+number of iterations as that.
+
+So in principle, you keep going.
+
+But at any fixed point, you can
+treat the smallest little unit
+
+that hasn't been recursed
+as one of these cubes,
+
+build that, and then
+assemble them together.
+
+It's challenging.
+
+You could not take this--
+with the business cards,
+
+you could not go
+to the next level--
+
+not because it
+would take forever,
+
+but also because it would
+collapse under its own weight.
+
+So trade-off there.
+
+That was 66,000 business
+cards, five years.
+
+I thought, man, that
+was a big project.
+
+But then Jeannine says,
+what else can we make?
+
+And she got more volunteers
+for these future projects
+
+so they were made a lot faster.
+
+This is a cool fractal.
+
+Not quite as many,
+50,000 business cards.
+
+And this is a fractal
+that she designed.
+
+Kind of complimentary.
+
+You take a cube and subdivide
+it into three by three by three,
+
+and then remove all the corner
+cubes, and then recurse.
+
+And she calls it the
+Moseley Snowflake
+
+because if you look
+at it from the corner,
+
+you get this nice Koch
+snowflake outline.
+
+And this is the real
+one from the same view.
+
+It's a little big, so it's
+hard to see it all in one shot.
+
+And so that's pretty awesome.
+
+And then her most recent project
+was 100,000 business cards.
+
+This is I guess the
+world record for origami
+
+made from business cards.
+
+And this is a model
+of Union Station
+
+in Worcester, Massachusetts.
+
+Hundreds of volunteers
+here to make this.
+
+This was done for first night
+celebration a year or so ago.
+
+Pretty amazing.
+
+And you can see, you can really
+sculpt with these cube units,
+
+do lots of cool stuff.
+
+And there's a few extra
+details on the surface there.
+
+So I thought we
+would make something.
+
+So these are diagrams
+you can start working
+
+or I can tell you
+about how they work.
+
+Each cube is made from six
+identical business cards.
+
+I have here my
+own business cards
+
+from when I first
+arrived, old classic.
+
+So you start by taking two
+of your business cards.
+
+You have to decide whether
+you want the white face up
+
+on your cube and make
+it nice and clean
+
+or you want the pattern side up.
+
+Whichever one you
+want to expose,
+
+you keep that on the outside
+and you bring the two cards
+
+together.
+
+So in this case, I'm going
+to make the pattern side out.
+
+And you want to align
+these approximately evenly.
+
+You want them as perpendicular
+as possible and then
+
+roughly evenly spaced.
+
+And then you just
+mountain fold both sides.
+
+So you want mountain folds on
+the side that you care about.
+
+And that gives
+you a nice square.
+
+Now I've got two nice
+squares folded like this.
+
+Repeat three times,
+you get six units.
+
+Four and six.
+
+OK, once you've
+got the six units,
+
+you want to combine
+them together.
+
+This is where it gets fun.
+
+And it's helpful to look
+at this diagram down here.
+
+These are some diagrams
+by Ned Batchelder.
+
+And so this idea of making
+cubes has been around.
+
+I think it was Jeannine's
+idea to combine them together.
+
+So this is what one
+cube looks like.
+
+Why don't I fold,
+make one of them.
+
+Basically, you want the
+tabs going on the outside.
+
+And you need to alternate
+so they lock together.
+
+And you need to alternate
+between oriented
+
+horizontal and
+oriented vertical.
+
+So they recommend starting by
+making a corner, three of them
+
+like that, and then
+fill around the outside.
+
+And then as usual, putting in
+the last piece is the hardest.
+
+So I've got to get--
+I want all the tabs
+
+on the outside like that.
+
+And I probably
+should've mentioned--
+
+fold the creases really hard.
+
+You can do that to a certain
+extent afterwards, make it nice
+
+and cubey.
+
+But in this case, I got
+my six-sided cube out
+
+of those six units.
+
+It's got my name
+right in the center.
+
+So you can design business card
+specifically for this purpose.
+
+I accidentally did.
+
+And that's how
+you make one cube.
+
+Once you've got two cubes,
+you can lock them together
+
+by just twisting them 90
+degrees relative to each other
+
+and just sliding the tabs
+in, just sliding the tabs in.
+
+This is also like
+doing that last move.
+
+So this tab's got to go in
+here between these two tabs.
+
+It wouldn't hold
+together very well
+
+if it wasn't hard
+to put together.
+
+So once you've got them
+together, you've got two cubes.
+
+Now if you want, for
+a finishing touch,
+
+you can also make another
+unit and cover the surfaces.
+
+So all of Jeannine
+Moseley's examples
+
+are done this way where at
+the end-- I haven't tried this
+
+lately-- you stick on a business
+card just on the surface
+
+so it interlocks here and
+then interlocks over here.
+
+Ho boy, this is challenging.
+
+And then you get a full square
+business card on the outside.
+
+And you can use this to, if you
+have different colored business
+
+cards or you want a nice,
+clean white surface, no seams.
+
+So you have these
+tabs right now,
+
+but once you add
+something like this,
+
+you have a nice seamless
+square on the outside.
+
+So you use up more
+business cards,
+
+but it can make for
+a nicer surface.
+
+So any questions
+about making these?
+
+I thought we would make some
+and then build something.
+
+But for that, I need
+suggestions on what to build.
+
+Oh, an MIT.
+
+I like that.
+
+Let's make an MIT.
+
+So let's design.
+
+So by MIT, do you mean
+MIT logo or like an M?
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
+7, 8, 9, 10 cubes.
+
+Easy.
+
+Exploding cubes.
+
+I wonder if you can use
+these to make pinatas?
+
+MIT.
+
+We could also just make
+a row at the bottom.
+
+One cube higher.
+
+Four more minutes.
+
+AUDIENCE: We could
+do Minecraft origami.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ohh.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, yes!
+
+AUDIENCE: That's a good idea.
+
+PROFESSOR: Minecraft
+is a good source.
\ No newline at end of file
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+++ b/_xu-p6Ffh-A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2850 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So a couple
+of announcements.
+
+Weekly quiz Tuesday.
+
+And also on Tuesday, I want to
+draw your attention to the
+
+event in the slide.
+
+We have a poster here for a
+lecture that will occur right
+
+in this room, at 4:00
+on Tuesday.
+
+And it's entitled the
+Wolf Lecture.
+
+The Wolf Lecture was established
+here about 30
+
+years ago in honor of
+Professor John Wolf.
+
+John Wolf was an antecedent
+of mine.
+
+He was the person that
+invented 3091.
+
+And in 1961, he dared, as a
+metallurgist, to launch a
+
+variant of freshman chemistry.
+
+And you're the beneficiaries
+of John Wolf's initiative.
+
+And he also was a spectacular
+teacher, quite a showman.
+
+And in his honor, they
+instituted in the Department
+
+of Material Science and
+Engineering, the Wolf Lecture,
+
+which, as the poster says, is
+the entire community is
+
+invited to attend, but it's
+geared towards freshman.
+
+So this is a lecture
+that the rules are.
+
+Talk about whatever you want in
+terms of material science
+
+and engineering, but make it
+entertaining, and make it
+
+engaging and accessible
+to freshmen.
+
+You should go to lectures.
+
+If you can't go to this
+one, then by all
+
+means, go to other seminars.
+
+If all you do when you come to
+MIT is go to class, you're
+
+missing out on some of
+the richness here.
+
+We have all sorts of people
+coming through here every day.
+
+And you can go to these
+seminars, you can learn a lot.
+
+You might say, well, I'm just
+a freshman, I'm not going to
+
+understand everything.
+
+I go to these things.
+
+I don't understand everything.
+
+But I learn something, because
+the first few minutes of the
+
+lecture, if the speaker is any
+good, he or she is going to
+
+set up the topic for you.
+
+If you follow the first five
+minutes, you'll have something
+
+that, you know, gets you
+oriented to the topic.
+
+And then the other thing, the
+other reason to go-- you see
+
+this on the poster--
+
+room 10-250, reception
+immediately following.
+
+That means there will
+be refreshments!
+
+Food, for that, you know,
+
+pick-me-up in the late afternoon.
+
+So you go to the seminar, you
+know, sometimes they have
+
+refreshments before
+the speaker.
+
+I'm not going to tell you have
+to go into the seminar, having
+
+eaten the food and partaken
+of the refreshments.
+
+You didn't hear me say that.
+
+But anyways, there's always
+food around here.
+
+Go to this one.
+
+I think you'll enjoy it.
+
+And the speaker is Professor
+Michael Rubner.
+
+He's a faculty member
+in course 3.
+
+An excellent teacher.
+
+As you see, MacVicar Faculty
+Fellow, which means he's been
+
+acknowledged as a
+good teacher.
+
+I think you'll learn a lot.
+
+And he's talking about
+nature-inspired, so
+
+biomimetics, how we see things
+in nature and then mimic that
+
+design in advanced
+material science.
+
+OK.
+
+Enough said.
+
+Let's get on with the lesson.
+
+Last day we started looking at
+solutions, and we recognized
+
+that bonding is the key to
+understanding, and it's
+
+encapsulated in that catch-all
+phrase, like dissolves like.
+
+And towards the end, we talked
+about Ksp as a metric that
+
+helps us understand
+common ion effect.
+
+Common ion effect, again, if I
+tell you you have, say, 100
+
+units of sodium chloride that
+can go into solution, you
+
+would say, that's the
+solubility limit.
+
+But then if I tell you, I've
+got a solution that already
+
+contains 25 units of sodium
+chloride, that's a no-brainer.
+
+You've only got another
+75 units to go.
+
+Now I say I've got potassium
+chloride in there.
+
+So now you stop and think,
+wait a minute.
+
+It's not sodium chloride,
+but it is a chloride.
+
+How do I think about this?
+
+Common ion effect through Ksp
+helps you reason through it.
+
+It's when you have more than
+one solute, and one of the
+
+constituents of the solute
+is already present.
+
+So today I want to talk about a
+subset of solutions, and in
+
+particular, I want to talk
+about acids and bases.
+
+And this is important, not only
+in materials processing,
+
+but we're going to have to
+understand this if we're going
+
+to go forward later and talk
+about biochemistry.
+
+So, you know, they're around
+us everywhere.
+
+You know, you probably got up
+this morning, you washed your
+
+hair with a pH-balanced shampoo,
+maybe had orange
+
+juice or grapefruit juice with
+citric and ascorbic acid.
+
+Your radio is powered by zinc
+alkaline batteries.
+
+I started my car, it's got the
+lead acid battery in it, and
+
+electricity for all my
+appliances came from
+
+coal-fired power plants,
+spewing out SO2,
+
+turning out acid rain.
+
+So we're off to a good start!
+
+It's Friday.
+
+So now we want to go
+back and understand
+
+this from the beginning.
+
+So we're going to start
+with a history lesson.
+
+And the history lesson starts
+in ancient times.
+
+Acids were known all the way
+back in early times for
+
+processing of food
+and materials.
+
+So who among us hasn't
+eaten something
+
+that has been pickled?
+
+Pickle means to have been
+processed in acid solution.
+
+In fact, the word acid comes
+from the word acidus in Latin,
+
+and acidus means either
+sour or tart.
+
+But the modern chemistry of
+acids and bases starts with
+
+Lavoisier in France in 1779.
+
+And I'm going to be naming many
+scientists from different
+
+countries today, so I'm
+going to use the
+
+international symbol.
+
+You know, these ovals that you
+put on the back of the car, so
+
+now if you see a car with
+this on it, you know
+
+it's a French registry.
+
+So he's probably got a Peugeot,
+and he's driving
+
+around with his Peugeot.
+
+And what Lavoisier said, in
+trying to understand acids and
+
+bases, is--
+
+it's a really interesting
+story.
+
+He said that oxygen is
+present in all acids.
+
+And why?
+
+Because he spent most of his
+career studying combustion, so
+
+he was very concerned
+about oxygen.
+
+And the interesting thing is
+that oxygen, the name of the
+
+gas, oxygen, actually comes
+from the greek oxy, which
+
+means sharp, and, you know,
+the particle gen, as in to
+
+generate or to be born.
+
+OK?
+
+So it's interesting that this
+gas is named incorrectly.
+
+It's named for an attribute that
+is ascribed to acid, and
+
+it's wrong.
+
+And it's in other
+languages, too.
+
+The word oxygen translates
+into other languages as
+
+meaning something sharp, and it
+has nothing to do with it.
+
+But while we're on the topic
+of Lavoisier, Lavoisier did
+
+study oxygen.
+
+And there was an intense rivalry
+between Lavoisier in
+
+France, Joseph Priestley
+in Britain,
+
+and Scheele in Sweden.
+
+And all three of them were
+working simultaneously to
+
+study combustion and
+understand oxygen.
+
+And here I've got a
+very nice image.
+
+This is a portrait of Lavoisier
+with his wife.
+
+And it's hard to see.
+
+If the lights were a little
+bit dimmer, you'd see--
+
+notice here, you see all of
+this chemical apparatus.
+
+There is bell jars, and various
+glass apparatus.
+
+His wife was his partner
+in the laboratory.
+
+She was unique among
+French women in
+
+that she read English.
+
+And in his rivalry with
+Priestley, he relied on his
+
+wife in order to read
+Priestley's writings.
+
+So they worked together.
+
+She even helped him
+in the laboratory.
+
+They married at the time he
+was 27 and she was 13, and
+
+they were--
+
+what are you so shocked about?
+
+It's France, and it's 1779!
+
+Get over it!
+
+Anyways, she helped him a lot,
+and we'll say a little bit
+
+more about that later.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's go on to the next
+part of the history lesson.
+
+So so far, we've got one
+explanation, and it's wrong.
+
+So let's go to the next one,
+and we'll go to Britain.
+
+Sir Humphry Davy in
+London in 1810.
+
+So we'll put GB here, and he's
+driving around in his little
+
+Jaguar, I suspect.
+
+And he said something
+that was correct.
+
+He said that it's hydrogen
+present in all acids.
+
+And that was pretty much it.
+
+He was a great scientist, did
+some very good work, but
+
+really didn't do anything
+quantitative here.
+
+So for the quantitative stuff,
+we have to wait for almost the
+
+end of the century.
+
+And we go up to Sweden
+again, to Arrhenius.
+
+And Arrhenius, in 1887--
+
+so I'll give him a Volvo.
+
+And he said that the acid is a
+substance that disassociates
+
+to produce protons.
+
+So the acid is defined as a
+solution that dissociates to
+
+give protons.
+
+I'm going to say H plus, meaning
+the hydrogen ion, or P
+
+plus, and we're going to keep
+using the term proton.
+
+I'm not going to say hydrogen
+ion, I'm going to say proton.
+
+So proton in solution.
+
+So this is what he defines.
+
+And he further defines
+the base.
+
+He defines the base as the
+complement to the acid.
+
+And he says that the base is
+something that dissociates to
+
+give us hydroxyl.
+
+The base dissociates to give
+OH minus the hydroxyl.
+
+And so now we've got this whole
+concept of electrolytic
+
+disassociation, which is what
+wins him the Nobel prize in
+
+1903 for this thing.
+
+And then we saw last day how the
+addition of ions to water
+
+gives charge carriers.
+
+And so the presence of protons
+and hydroxyl is, in fact, the
+
+way we have any charge carried
+through water.
+
+So up until now, when I said
+electrical conductivity, we
+
+were pretty much referring to
+electronic conductivity.
+
+But there's a second kind of
+conductivity, and we can have
+
+ionic conductivity.
+
+Ionic conductivity, as the
+name implies, is not by
+
+electrons, but by ions.
+
+And this is typically
+ions in solution.
+
+Ionic conductivity in solution,
+and a solution that
+
+is an ionic conductor is
+called an electrolyte.
+
+So we have electrolyte
+in our bodies,
+
+saline, about 5% chloride.
+
+We have electrolyte in batteries
+that are ionically
+
+conductive.
+
+And the term simply means, we
+have conduction by ions.
+
+And so it was the theory of
+electrolytic dissociation that
+
+won the Nobel prize.
+
+So how does this work?
+
+So we can start with something
+like HCl gas.
+
+I'm going to dissolve it in
+water, and this will give me
+
+proton, H plus.
+
+And I'm going to write aq,
+meaning that it's dissolved in
+
+water, and the chloride ion,
+also dissolved in water.
+
+And so this gives me an acid.
+
+This is a proton donor.
+
+And now let's look at
+
+something like sodium hydroxide.
+
+Sodium hydroxide at room
+temperature is an ionic
+
+compound, so it is a solid, but
+it is soluble in a polar,
+
+hydrogen-bonded liquid, so H20,
+to give hydroxyl aqueous
+
+plus sodium ion aqueous.
+
+So again, we see the
+dissociation.
+
+And then we can have,
+from here, a
+
+neutralization reaction.
+
+And the neutralization
+reaction is simply
+
+reconstitution of the solvent.
+
+So neutralization, another way
+to think about it, because
+
+we're not going to be confined
+to water by the end of the
+
+lecture, neutralization is
+simply a reaction that results
+
+in reconstitution
+of the solvents.
+
+So the solvent, in this
+case, is water.
+
+So how would we reconstitute
+water?
+
+We combine proton
+with hydroxyl.
+
+So let's do that and see the
+result of that reaction.
+
+So if I take, and run it in the
+vertical direction, proton
+
+plus hydroxyl, we'll
+give water again--
+
+let's give H20 liquid--
+
+and now you can see Na
+plus Cl will give me
+
+NaCl, aqueous dissolved.
+
+So this is what you probably
+learned in your high school
+
+chemistry, that acid plus base
+ca give you salt plus water.
+
+So you see all of this resulting
+from just the simple
+
+Arrhenius definition.
+
+So this is good.
+
+We've got off to a decent start
+here with Arrhenius.
+
+But then the theory has its
+limitations, as they all do.
+
+And how do we discover
+the limitations?
+
+With some new data.
+
+So let's look at some data.
+
+So it had been known for a long
+time that ammonia, when
+
+it's dissolved in water, can act
+as a solution capable of
+
+neutralizing an acid.
+
+So if ammonia dissolved in water
+neutralizes an acid,
+
+then this must be a base.
+
+But look, there's no
+hydroxyl here.
+
+So the Arrhenius definition
+of base is inadequate
+
+to account for this.
+
+So let's just get that down.
+
+Ammonia, which you know is a gas
+at room temperature, will
+
+neutralize acids.
+
+But no hydroxyl present.
+
+So something's going on here
+that we can't account for by
+
+the simple Arrhenius
+definition.
+
+So to get us out of this
+conundrum, we had to wait
+
+until 1923.
+
+And two scientists
+simultaneously enunciated the
+
+same ideas.
+
+So I'm going to put
+them both down.
+
+1923.
+
+Bronsted, who was in Denmark,
+and Lowry, who was
+
+working in the UK.
+
+Also 1923.
+
+And I'll give him a
+Jaguar as well.
+
+And so the two of them proposed
+a broader definition
+
+to account for what's
+going on here.
+
+And what did they say?
+
+They said that acid--
+
+they'll keep the same definition
+as Arrhenius.
+
+So an acid is going to
+be a proton donor.
+
+So that's good.
+
+Let's even put here,
+same as Arrhenius.
+
+But now here's the difference.
+
+The base is no longer confined
+to hydroxyl chemistry.
+
+They call it a proton
+acceptor.
+
+And that's different.
+
+So hydroxyl-free.
+
+Now, let's be careful here.
+
+If I propose this new
+definition, I
+
+can't throw out hydroxyl.
+
+So you've got to watch to make
+sure that by broadening the
+
+definition, we don't
+exclude hydroxyl.
+
+So the theory has to encompass
+what we already know, and then
+
+continue to encompass things
+that tend to contradict what
+
+we already know.
+
+So let's take a look at
+what this gives us.
+
+So I'm going to write a
+broader equation here.
+
+I'm going to write
+this as the acid.
+
+So what do I have?
+
+I have every acid has
+to have a proton in
+
+it, plus some residual.
+
+So I can rewrite the
+acid in this form.
+
+I'm going to react
+it with a base.
+
+So according to this definition,
+this has to be a
+
+proton donor.
+
+And this, you're going to
+watch me on this one.
+
+This is going to be
+a proton acceptor.
+
+And we'll put some
+identities here.
+
+Eventually we're going to write
+this with ammonia in it,
+
+but let's just do the
+broad definition.
+
+So what happens is, if this is
+a proton acceptor, on this
+
+side of the equation, it takes
+the proton from here.
+
+This is the proton donor.
+
+It gives it away, and we
+end up with a BH plus.
+
+So this proton acceptor has
+accepted the proton, leaving
+
+behind the deprotonated
+A minus.
+
+That's a nice little reaction.
+
+But now, if you'd nodded off for
+the last 90 seconds, and
+
+then opened your eyes and said,
+well, he said acid is a
+
+proton donor, this thing
+can give up a proton.
+
+So OK, I'm going to call this
+thing a proton donor.
+
+And this is most certainly
+a proton acceptor.
+
+Look, it has accepted
+the proton.
+
+So this is going to be
+a proton acceptor.
+
+So now I've got in this equation
+two proton donors and
+
+two proton acceptors.
+
+And they're linked.
+
+This proton donor, BH plus,
+is linked to B.
+
+So I'm going to put a little
+yolk over this one.
+
+And this HA, the original
+acid, is linked to
+
+this base, A minus.
+
+So I'm going to put
+a yoke over that.
+
+And the Latin word for yoke, to
+yoke, is jugere, from which
+
+we get the word conjugate.
+
+So I'm going to call
+these things
+
+conjugate acid-base pairs.
+
+And every equation has two.
+
+Because you've got a proton
+donor proton acceptor.
+
+So now this is, follow
+the bouncing ball.
+
+If you want to understand
+acid-base chemistry, just
+
+follow the proton.
+
+Here's proton here,
+goes over here.
+
+Here's something deprotonated,
+now it's protonated.
+
+That's the rhythm here.
+
+So the whole thing is, acid-base
+reactions can be
+
+defined as a proton transfer
+reactions.
+
+Remember we talked about
+ionicity and electron transfer
+
+in order to achieve
+octet stability?
+
+So we saw the whole
+life and times of
+
+electron transfer reactions.
+
+Now life and times of proton
+transfer reactions.
+
+OK.
+
+And last thing I want to do, is
+to just make sure that we
+
+see the definitions.
+
+You know, all queens are female,
+but not all females
+
+are queens.
+
+So this one here, what's this?
+
+This is definitely, it's
+a proton donor.
+
+So it's an acid.
+
+So it's definitely an Arrhenius
+acid, because it's
+
+got a proton, and it's also
+a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
+
+Now, what about this one?
+
+This is a base.
+
+It may not have hydroxyl
+in it.
+
+May or may not.
+
+So this is definitely a
+Bronsted-Lowry base, but I
+
+can't say for sure that it's
+an Arrhenius base, because
+
+Arrhenius has to be O minus.
+
+This one here, what
+about this?
+
+Unless it's OH minus, this
+one here is, what?
+
+It's Bronsted-Lowry base.
+
+And this one here, this can be
+both Bronsted-Lowry acid and
+
+it can be an Arrhenius acid.
+
+So this is how we can
+differentiate them.
+
+OK, good.
+
+Now let's go to the ammonia, see
+if we've got ourselves out
+
+of the conundrum so we
+can write now NH3.
+
+And I'm going to say that
+this is ammonia
+
+that's already dissolved.
+
+So ammonia is already in aqueous
+solution, and it
+
+reacts with water, H20
+liquid, to do what?
+
+This is supposed to be a--
+
+if this is a base, remember,
+this is the thing that we're
+
+trying to demonstrate.
+
+If it's a base, according to
+this, it's a proton acceptor.
+
+So I'm going to stick a proton
+on this, and I'm going to get
+
+NH4 plus the ammonium ion.
+
+And how did I get the
+ammonium ion?
+
+I took a proton from water,
+leaving behind OH.
+
+So can you see that how
+this thing works?
+
+By gobbling up protons, by
+becoming a proton vacuum
+
+cleaner, it takes protons
+out of water, leaving
+
+an excess of hydroxyl.
+
+And in effect, now we've got
+something that's tantamount to
+
+an Arrhenius base.
+
+But it all started
+off with this.
+
+So now we can link these two.
+
+I'm going to yoke ammonium
+and ammonia as conjugate
+
+acid-base, and there is
+water and hydroxyl
+
+as acid-base pairs.
+
+So again, let's get
+the colors going.
+
+Here we've got Bronsted-Lowry--
+
+the bases are always going
+to be in blue.
+
+Blue and base both begin
+with the letter B.
+
+So this is definitely
+Brosted-Lowry base, but it's
+
+not an Arrhenius base.
+
+This is a Bronsted-Lowry
+base, and it's also
+
+an Arrhenius base.
+
+This one here, we can
+call this one--
+
+in this case, it's a proton
+donor, so it's both an
+
+Arrhenius acid and a
+Bronsted-Lowry acid.
+
+But look at this.
+
+You'd say, OK, I know
+what he's doing.
+
+Arrheius, Bronsted-Lowry,
+Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry.
+
+This is Bronsted-Lowry
+only, this must be
+
+Bronsted-Lowry only.
+
+But look!
+
+This is a proton donor.
+
+It dissociates to
+give protons.
+
+So this is both Bronsted-Lowry
+and Arrhenius.
+
+Most people will miss that.
+
+We'll get to see, maybe, on a
+subsequent celebration, how
+
+many of you miss that.
+
+OK.
+
+So.
+
+So now, let's go into
+the chemistry here.
+
+Because I said up here at the
+beginning of the lecture--
+
+what is it-- bonding is the
+key to understanding.
+
+So what is it about bonding
+here that defines the
+
+Bronsted-Lowry base?
+
+So I'm going to write this
+reaction in this way, now.
+
+I'm going to put-- here's
+the proton, which
+
+is coming from water.
+
+And I'm going to write
+that with NH3.
+
+I'm going to use the
+Lewis structure.
+
+So, you know, Lewis structure
+looks like this, Nitrate has
+
+got five valence electrons,
+three of them are bound, and
+
+now I've got this long pair.
+
+So what do we know about
+the electronic
+
+structure of proton?
+
+What does it look like?
+
+What's the Lewis structure
+of proton?
+
+How many electrons on proton?
+
+None.
+
+This is nothing.
+
+This is very needy.
+
+It's like the neediest friend
+you have. You know, the one
+
+that's always taking stuff
+from you, taking your
+
+emotional energy, giving
+back nothing?
+
+That's proton.
+
+That's the human equivalent
+of proton.
+
+So if proton wants to make a
+bond to form NH4, proton is
+
+going to come over here and
+exploit both electrons.
+
+So if this is going to be a
+proton acceptor, the only way
+
+it can be a proton acceptor
+is to have two
+
+unused electrons available.
+
+This is going to be a
+dative bond, agreed?
+
+Dative, because both electrons
+from the bond
+
+come from the nitrogen.
+
+The proton doesn't contribute
+anything.
+
+So that's the hallmark.
+
+The proton acceptor
+axiomatically must have an
+
+available non-bonding pair.
+
+So wherever you see non-bonding
+pairs, wherever
+
+you see a compound that has
+this capability, it could
+
+serve as a Bronsted-Lowry
+base.
+
+We know that water, because it
+has hydroxyl in it, has to
+
+satisfy this.
+
+So let's take a look.
+
+H20 we can do similarly.
+
+Oxygen.
+
+It's got 6 electrons, 2 are in
+the, bonds and we have 2
+
+non-bonding pairs.
+
+So then when we attach
+proton here, we make
+
+something called hydronium.
+
+We make hydronium ion.
+
+So it's a little fancier than
+just saying, I've got this
+
+naked proton with no electrons
+swimming around in water.
+
+In fact, it's more coordinated
+like this.
+
+H30 plus, and while we're
+in the neighborhood, we
+
+might as well show.
+
+This is sp3 hybridized.
+
+We've got one, two, three,
+four orbitals.
+
+Hydrogen's on three.
+
+It's got a net charge of
+plus 1, and lone pair
+
+on the fourth side.
+
+So there's the structure
+of hydronium.
+
+And we can now write
+the equation.
+
+We can say H20 liquid plus
+H20 liquid gives me H3O
+
+plus, plus OH minus.
+
+So this is now the
+self-ionization or
+
+self-dissociation reaction.
+
+So now I can pair
+these as well.
+
+I can yoke these.
+
+I have acid-base pair.
+
+So this is acid here, and the
+conjugate base is water, H20.
+
+Hydroxyl, we know, has
+to be a base, and its
+
+conjugate acid is water.
+
+So you see, in the same
+equation, same place, same
+
+time, water is acting as both
+acid and base relative to
+
+these two species.
+
+And so we call such a such a
+compound that acts as both
+
+acid and base, we call
+it amphipathic.
+
+Has two moods.
+
+You know, amphi, like
+in amphitheater.
+
+Have you ever seen
+a Roman theater?
+
+It looks like this from
+the top down.
+
+It's got all this, you know,
+like this, and all the people
+
+are here, and there's
+the stage up here.
+
+But if I make a theater in the
+round, that is amphitheater.
+
+Or as it's commonly
+mispronounced, ampitheater.
+
+3091ers do not say ampitheater,
+they say
+
+amphitheater.
+
+So this reaction here is
+self-dissociation.
+
+Right?
+
+This reaction is
+self-dissociation of water.
+
+Or because we're forming
+ions, it's also called
+
+self-ionization.
+
+Self-dissociation or
+self-ionization of water.
+
+Now, turns out that the
+chemical's power of H3O plus
+
+and OH minus is very high.
+
+So this reaction doesn't go
+very far to the right.
+
+The amount of the dissociation
+is tiny, and to be specific,
+
+at 25 degrees C, the amount
+of, if you take deionized,
+
+deaerated water, absolutely
+pure and pristine.
+
+The amount of native H30 plus
+and OH minus is on the order
+
+of one part in 10 million.
+
+So H3O plus concentration
+would be 10
+
+to the minus 7 molar.
+
+And obviously, from the
+stoichiometry of the equation,
+
+you get the identical
+amount of OH minus.
+
+Well, that's in the
+self-dissociation.
+
+And so you have very, very few
+charge carriers, which is why
+
+high-purity water is a very poor
+conductor of electricity,
+
+even as an electrolyte.
+
+And that's, I've told you in
+the past, that could be one
+
+indicator of certain toxins.
+
+If you measure the conductivity
+of water and you
+
+discover it's abnormally high,
+and it's putatively supposed
+
+to be pure water, that's
+an indication that
+
+it's not pure water.
+
+There's some other charge
+carriers present.
+
+So we can write a
+Ksp we analogy.
+
+And it's called the water
+ionization constant, which is
+
+the product H3O plus
+and OH minus.
+
+And you can do the math.
+
+That's 10 to the minus
+14 is the product.
+
+And you can use the common
+ion effect here.
+
+If I introduce some other
+acid, look at how this
+
+equation helps you the same
+way that Ksp did.
+
+If I have acid, in other words,
+protons donated from
+
+some other source, that means
+this number is going to be
+
+higher than 10 to the minus 7.
+
+If this number is higher than
+10 to the minus 7, and the
+
+product must be 10 to the minus
+14, this must be lower.
+
+So when I have, H3O plus goes
+up, then OH minus must go
+
+down, and under these
+circumstances, we have
+
+something that is called
+proton-rich.
+
+And we call this acid, simply
+because the proton
+
+concentration exceeds
+the hydroxyl.
+
+And likewise for the other.
+
+And so we can make a plot of
+this, and that's shown here.
+
+And all we've got is
+OH versus H3O plus.
+
+And you can see that it's
+a right hyperbola.
+
+But it goes back to that comment
+that I made in the
+
+past about how you graph data.
+
+I don't know what to do with
+that, because it's curved.
+
+I can't tell whether the
+data are good or bad.
+
+So instead of looking at
+something like this, y versus
+
+x, I want to transform so that
+can get a straight line.
+
+Because then I can make a
+judgment about goodness
+
+of fit and so on.
+
+So I need some f of x versus
+g of y to, quote unquote,
+
+straighten this out.
+
+And we have that, thanks
+to another Dane,
+
+by the name of Sorensen.
+
+Sorensen was the one that
+gave us another way
+
+to think about it.
+
+Sorensen, who in 1901, and
+he's got the DK on his--
+
+he's probably got
+a Volvo, too.
+
+Or maybe he's driving a Saab.
+
+So he was a biochemist at
+the Carlsberg brewery.
+
+Yes, they had biochemists,
+because they wanted understand
+
+the chemistry of beer
+production.
+
+What a concept.
+
+Having people that
+understand the
+
+technology of the business.
+
+So he was working at the
+Carlsberg brewery, and he
+
+decided to take this acid-base
+business and turn it into
+
+something that's much more
+readily recognizable.
+
+And so he defined a concept
+called the chemical potential,
+
+which, if you like, is the
+reactivity, the chemical
+
+potential of hydronium.
+
+And he gave it the symbol.
+
+Lowercase p for potential, and
+uppercase H as, obviously, for
+
+the hydrogen ion.
+
+And he said, I'm going to
+make this a logarithm.
+
+So it's logarithm, and in those
+days, everybody was
+
+using slide rules, so it's log
+base 10 of the concentration
+
+of hydronium.
+
+And being a good engineer, he
+recognized since this starts
+
+off at 10 to the minus 7, the
+log of a number less than one
+
+is going to be negative.
+
+And who wants to deal with
+negative numbers?
+
+So you put a minus sign here.
+
+That way, pH normally is
+a positive number.
+
+And now you can see the
+results of Sorensen's
+
+straightening things
+out for us.
+
+So now you go over a wider
+range, and you can see, you
+
+have nice straight line
+relationship, and then you can
+
+get data on there, and so on.
+
+And this is taken from your
+book, and it shows the pH
+
+values of some common
+substances.
+
+If you start here at neutral pH
+7, you have milk, you have
+
+human blood, normal things that
+you would expect, fluids
+
+and so on, are hovering
+around 7.
+
+If you take some coffee, you're
+going to go into the
+
+acidic region.
+
+You see tomatoes down
+here at about 4.
+
+Wine, you'll see in the reviews
+of wines, they'll say
+
+it has balanced acidity
+and so on.
+
+Yeah, it's down around pH 3.
+
+And carbonated soft drinks, some
+of them get down to 2.
+
+Vinegar is wine that
+has spoiled.
+
+Vin aigre, which means eager.
+
+The Middle French eager meant
+
+impetuous, or tart, or something.
+
+So this is spoiled wine.
+
+And the pH changes.
+
+So by measuring the pH of wine,
+you can tell if it's
+
+changing or not.
+
+There's lemon juice.
+
+Gastric juices in the stomach
+can get down to 1, pH of 1.
+
+But you want that happening
+only at one point in the
+
+digestive cycle.
+
+If you run around for long
+periods of time at pH 1, you
+
+will ulcerate, in other words,
+you'll puncture the walls.
+
+And if that's about to happen,
+you need to neutralize.
+
+So how do you neutralize?
+
+You go up with something
+that has a high pH.
+
+So you can start with something
+like Alka-Seltzer,
+
+sodium bicarbonate at
+about 8.4, or milk
+
+of magnesia, 10.5.
+
+Why is it milk of magnesia?
+
+From last day, because it's
+not a solution, it is a
+
+suspension.
+
+The magnesia is in suspension.
+
+The magnesium hydroxide.
+
+And that's one of those
+mandatory shake well before
+
+using, because all the magnesia
+is on the bottom, and
+
+you've got this almost clear,
+colorless liquid on the top.
+
+So you're just drinking water.
+
+Not going to help you if you've
+got stomach pain, but
+
+gastric juice is down here.
+
+If you're really desperate,
+don't reach for ammonia.
+
+You have to be patient.
+
+They have to work with
+milk of magnesia.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's the range.
+
+So what else do we have here?
+
+Let's take a look.
+
+So far we've been assuming that
+when we add acid to the
+
+system, we get 1 to
+1 dissociation.
+
+So the next message that I want
+to give you here, is that
+
+not all acids are of
+equal strength.
+
+See, I could look up here and
+say, well, maybe the reason
+
+that the lemon juice is down it
+at 2 and the gastric juices
+
+are at 1 is simply a
+concentration effect.
+
+How much acid was introduced.
+
+No, there's another explanation
+for it.
+
+And that is that certain acids
+don't fully disassociate.
+
+So for example, if we look at
+1 molar HCl, hydrochloric
+
+acid, you look at 1 molar
+hydrochloric acid, that goes
+
+100% into solution and gives
+us 1 molar H30 plus.
+
+So 1 to 1 correspondence between
+how much hydrochloric
+
+acid we introduce, and how much
+
+hydroxyl that we generate.
+
+So this is total dissociation
+of the HCl.
+
+And as a result, we call
+this a strong acid.
+
+In contrast, let me show
+you a weak acid.
+
+So a weak acid is going to
+dissolve, but it doesn't
+
+dissociate.
+
+So there's really
+two steps here.
+
+First you've got to get the
+stuff in solution, and then
+
+once you get it in solution,
+it has to break apart.
+
+It's possible to go into
+solution and not break apart.
+
+In which case, you don't have
+the protons, but you've got
+
+the solution.
+
+That's not an acid.
+
+So a weak acid would be,
+let's, in contrast,
+
+look at a weak acid.
+
+A weak acid would be something
+like acetic
+
+acid, which is CH3COOH.
+
+And this is for historical
+reasons.
+
+Normally, the proton that's
+going to dissociate is at the
+
+front of the formula, but this
+was written long ago, before
+
+people understood this theory.
+
+And that's the way you'll
+see acetic acid written.
+
+So really, this is the proton,
+and the CH3COO is really the
+
+acetate anion, Ac,
+acetate anion.
+
+So we're going to put that
+into solution, like this.
+
+I'm going to put it into
+water, H20 liquid.
+
+So this is the salt out of
+solution, and all we're going
+
+to do is make it into the
+aqueous solution of same COOH,
+
+and I'm just going
+to write aq.
+
+Now, if this were strong acid
+with impunity, I would write
+
+whatever the concentration of
+acetic acid is, I break it
+
+apart, and I get the full
+amount of the proton.
+
+What happens is that this, now
+plus H20, gives me H3O plus
+
+plus the remaining acetate,
+which is CH3COO minus.
+
+And now, here's where the
+weakness is manifested.
+
+The degree to which the acetic
+acid grabs protons from here,
+
+and then ends up being
+protonated,
+
+is very, very small.
+
+It turns out that in the
+case of 1 molar--
+
+I'm going to write acetic
+acid this way, now.
+
+HAc.
+
+So this thing here is the
+CH3COO minus, all right?
+
+It turns out that in 1
+molar acetic acid, we
+
+get only 0.4% reaction.
+
+0.4% reacts and dissociates.
+
+So to give protons, it hangs
+onto most of its protons.
+
+So we can then represent this
+in the form of an acid
+
+dissociation constant.
+
+And that it looks like this.
+
+K sub a for acid.
+
+So on the right side, what we're
+going to do is make a
+
+mass balance here.
+
+We're going to take the product
+of the proton, the
+
+acetate divided by the
+undisassociated acetic acid.
+
+So we'll put H3O plus
+concentration times the
+
+acetate concentration
+divided by the
+
+undissociated HAc aqueous.
+
+So I'm trying to represent
+what the ratio is here.
+
+And instead of being one to one,
+it's 10 to the minus 5.
+
+Very, very weak.
+
+You get a little bit,
+but not much.
+
+Now, you could say, well, 10 to
+the minus 5, this is, just
+
+for reference, it's 100 times
+10 to the minus 7,
+
+which is the Kw.
+
+So the point here is, if you put
+in acetic acid, you'll end
+
+up with 100 times the proton
+population that you would have
+
+had by just self-dissociation.
+
+So it isn't acid.
+
+It is donating protons.
+
+But it's not doing it a lot.
+
+So this is called a weak
+acid, because it's
+
+a poor proton donor.
+
+And so we can then look
+at a comparison to,
+
+say, over here, HCl.
+
+Let's go back here, and we can
+write the acid dissociation
+
+constant for HCl, for
+the strong acid.
+
+And in that case, Ka over here,
+which is going to be the
+
+H3O plus Cl minus, H3O plus.
+
+In the case of HCl, we're
+going to get proton and
+
+chloride over undissociated
+HCl dissolved in water.
+
+And that's 10 to the plus 6,
+which for all intents and
+
+purposes is infinity.
+
+You put in 1 molar HCl, you
+get 1 molar H plus.
+
+And look at the ratio.
+
+10 to the sixth, 10
+to the minus 5.
+
+There's a 10 to the eleventh
+relationship between the weak
+
+acid and the strong acid.
+
+And here's the cartoon that
+shows this strong acid, put in
+
+this amount, 100% dissociation,
+weak acid gives
+
+you small amounts of proton,
+and a very weak acid is
+
+imperceptible amount
+of disassociation.
+
+And here's a table that
+quantifies it.
+
+So the strong acids up
+here with the Ka.
+
+This value of Ka has to be
+greater than 1, because it's
+
+saying that we're getting a
+lot of dissociation, the
+
+reactions moving to the right.
+
+And you have these
+numbers here.
+
+10 to the ninth, 10 to the
+eighth, 10 to the sixth.
+
+Those are differences
+without distinction.
+
+if I say the ratio is a million
+to one, or a billion
+
+to one, for all intents
+and purposes, you have
+
+dissociation.
+
+And then here are
+the week acids.
+
+Look.
+
+10 to the minus 3.
+
+There's phosphoric,
+hydrofluoric, and so on, all
+
+the way down.
+
+There's carbonic acid,
+10 to the minus 7.
+
+So there's the list.
+
+And just another cute
+demonstration of the
+
+relationship between bonding and
+acidity, the acid strength
+
+increases from left to right,
+and the bond strength
+
+increases from right to left.
+
+You know, HF is very strong.
+
+It's a hydrogen-bonded.
+
+Very tight HF bond.
+
+But what determines if
+it's going to be a
+
+strong acid or not?
+
+It's how willing HF is
+to give up its H.
+
+But its H is tightly bound.
+
+So oddly enough, in HF, you
+don't give up much of the H.
+
+HF is over here.
+
+It's less than one.
+
+It's a weak acid.
+
+HCl is a pretty strong acid.
+
+If you want to go heavy-duty,
+HBr and HI are even stronger
+
+acids, because they have a
+weaker hold on the hydrogen
+
+within them, so they
+are much, much more
+
+generous proton donors.
+
+So you can see that from there.
+
+OK.
+
+So what's the takeaway
+message here?
+
+The takeaway message is that
+equal acid concentration does
+
+not mean equal acid strength.
+
+You have to be mediated
+by the Ka.
+
+Equal acid concentration,
+which means, how
+
+much did you dissolve?
+
+Does not equal acid strength.
+
+And what's the reason?
+
+Because equal acid
+concentration, this is a
+
+function of solubility, whereas
+this is a function of
+
+dissociation.
+
+So many dissolve,
+few dissociate.
+
+How about that?
+
+There's a nice tagline
+you can use.
+
+Use that at a party
+this weekend.
+
+Many dissolve, but
+few dissociate.
+
+All right.
+
+Now I want to go very,
+very high.
+
+Big concept, all right?
+
+Last definition of acid-base
+comes from the United States.
+
+G.
+
+N.
+
+Lewis.
+
+Same G.
+
+N.
+
+Lewis who gave us the Lewis
+cross and dot structures,
+
+covalent bonding, didn't
+stop inventing.
+
+So we're going to put U.S.A.,
+with a Chevrolet out in
+
+California.
+
+And what did G.
+
+N.
+
+Lewis tell us?
+
+He said, I want to extend the
+Bronsted-Lowry concept.
+
+But you know, let me give
+you an analogy.
+
+Have you ever stood
+on a bridge and
+
+watched the traffic go?
+
+You see it starts from a stop
+sign or a traffic light.
+
+Light turns green, the first car
+pulls away, the second car
+
+pulls away, the third
+car pulls away.
+
+The other way you can look at
+it is, when the first car
+
+pulls away, there's
+a car vacancy.
+
+And instead of watching the cars
+go from right to left,
+
+watch the car vacancy move
+from left to right.
+
+And the two are linked.
+
+And point of fact, if you're
+the fourth car from the
+
+traffic light, light
+turns green and you
+
+hit the horn, why?
+
+You can't drive.
+
+You have to drive only into a
+car vacancy, and it takes time
+
+for the car vacancy
+to get to you.
+
+When the rate of vacancy flux is
+not matched by the rate of
+
+car flux, then we have a
+collision, and then we
+
+exchange papers.
+
+So it's a mass transport
+problem.
+
+So now what G.
+
+N.
+
+Lewis said was, instead of
+looking at this reaction as a
+
+proton transfer reaction, and
+looking at proton attachment,
+
+or proton acquisition, he said,
+why don't we look at
+
+this from the other side
+of the relationship?
+
+And so he said, let's look at
+something like, for example,
+
+we've got NH3 here.
+
+So let's put the N with
+the 2 electrons.
+
+And we've been talking about
+this from the perspective of
+
+the bond being formed
+here through the
+
+acquisition of the proton.
+
+Lewis said, I can view this from
+the other perspective,
+
+and say, I'm going to
+view it from the
+
+perspective of the nitrogen.
+
+From the perspective of the
+nitrogen, this reaction
+
+represents the donation
+of the electron pair.
+
+A very high concept.
+
+So this base is not about
+proton attachment.
+
+It's about donating an
+electronic pair.
+
+So let's get that down, because
+that's really good.
+
+So I'm going to say something
+that's a base looks like this.
+
+This is what a base is.
+
+It's a lone pair.
+
+This is electron pair,
+very high level base.
+
+And what's the proton give us?
+
+What we're doing, is
+we're talking about
+
+electrons and donation.
+
+So what's this other thing
+in that same category?
+
+An electron pair can match
+up with an empty orbital.
+
+That's the only place electron
+pairs can go.
+
+They go to the empty orbitals.
+
+So electron pair is a base,
+and this is just a circle
+
+around nothing.
+
+OK?
+
+This is nothing.
+
+But it's a special
+kind of nothing.
+
+This is called a
+vacant orbital.
+
+And I'm going to call a vacant
+orbital an acid, in the most
+
+general sense.
+
+So now I'm going to take an
+electron pair plus vacant
+
+orbital, and what did they
+react to give me?
+
+Covalent bond.
+
+You'd expect that from G.
+
+N.
+
+Lewis, because G.
+
+N.
+
+Lewis enunciated covalency.
+
+That's why you'd expect
+it from G.
+
+N.
+
+Lewis.
+
+So this is, vacant orbital
+plus electron pair gives
+
+covalent bond.
+
+Very high level.
+
+Very high level.
+
+So what is a base?
+
+A base is now not just
+a proton acceptor.
+
+It's an electron pair donor,
+and the acid is an electron
+
+pair acceptor.
+
+So now there's no
+chemistry here.
+
+No chemical identities.
+
+Which means, I can
+even go from--
+
+I don't even have to
+be in solution.
+
+I don't have to be
+in a liquid.
+
+This could be a gas
+and a solid.
+
+Could be a gas plus a gas.
+
+So this is, like, Darwinian.
+
+You know, we've come out of the
+primordial ooze, and now
+
+we can fly, because we can
+talk about any chemical
+
+reaction we want.
+
+Any state of matter.
+
+It's fantastic.
+
+Absolutely fantastic.
+
+So here, let me do one
+last color drawing.
+
+We want to do this one here.
+
+This is Lewis and the
+biggest concept.
+
+So we're going to
+go like this.
+
+Base like this.
+
+Base with its lone
+pair hanging out
+
+plus acid gives us--
+
+three colors.
+
+This is great.
+
+We've got all this colored
+chalk, it's Friday,
+
+what could be better.
+
+All right.
+
+So now we're going to end up
+with A, B, there it is.
+
+This is the Lewis concept.
+
+Lewis acid-base concept.
+
+In the broadest thing.
+
+Now I'm going to show
+you an example of
+
+how you can use this.
+
+I'm not going to stop here.
+
+OK, let's go.
+
+All right.
+
+So we're going to talk
+about acid rain
+
+from burning of coal.
+
+You know, about half of the
+electric power in this country
+
+comes from burning coal, and
+coal contains about 1% sulfur.
+
+You can purify it of sulfur, but
+it takes money to do so.
+
+A ton of coal will give you
+about 25 million British
+
+thermal units, and that's the
+number in SI units and joules.
+
+So 3 tons of coal will give
+you 1 megawatt per day.
+
+By the way, it takes about
+one gram of uranium
+
+to do the same thing.
+
+So someday, when you're
+sitting there as a
+
+policymaker, you've got a choice
+of 3 tons of coal or
+
+one gram of uranium, keep
+this fact in mind.
+
+A 10 megawatt plant burns
+30 tons of coal per day,
+
+containing a third of a ton of
+sulphur, which makes 2/3 of a
+
+ton of SO2.
+
+And SO2 is a precursor
+to acid rain.
+
+Now we can reduce that SO2
+emissions by reacting SO2 with
+
+a lime, CaO, according
+to this reaction, to
+
+make calcium sulfite.
+
+And now I'm going to
+bring in this.
+
+Lewis.
+
+Oh, here's from your textbook,
+there's the scrubbers with the
+
+calcium oxide, and water
+missed, and so on, and
+
+eventually they trap the SO2.
+
+They do nothing to the CO2.
+
+So all the CO2 is going up.
+
+So here's calcium oxide,
+which is a solid.
+
+It's lime.
+
+You know, stuff you sprinkle
+on football fields.
+
+And this is SO2, and it's got
+this structure with the
+
+resident bond double single.
+
+The oxygen here acts the
+way it did in the
+
+glasses, as a modifier.
+
+It goes in and breaks this
+double bond, and now we have
+
+three single bonds.
+
+So we can look at this
+from Lewis acid-base.
+
+You know, calcium oxides,
+electron pair donor.
+
+If it's an electron pair
+donor, it's a base.
+
+So it's a base.
+
+And you know SO2 better be an
+acid, or your theory is nuts,
+
+because SO2 is a precursor
+to acid rain.
+
+So it has to be an acid.
+
+It's an electronic
+pair acceptor,
+
+which is what we said.
+
+It's an electron
+pair acceptor.
+
+So this is a Lewis acid-base
+reaction that
+
+is a gas-solid reaction.
+
+So we started with aqueous
+solutions, and we end up
+
+generalizing all of these
+types of reactions.
+
+So that's pretty good.
+
+Here's a plot of acid
+concentration
+
+up in the sky, here.
+
+You're Here.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Last thing I'll do, I talked
+a lot about Lavoisier and
+
+Scheele and Priestley.
+
+This is a play, if you've
+got the little bit
+
+of time this weekend.
+
+You might try reading it.
+
+This is Carl Djerassi and Roald
+Hoffman, both Nobel
+
+Prize winners in Chemistry.
+
+Not the same year.
+
+They won independent Nobel
+Prizes, and actually speak to
+
+each other, and they
+collaborated on this play.
+
+Here's the setup, the premise.
+
+The premise of the play is
+that the Nobel committee
+
+decides to give Nobel
+Prizes retrograde.
+
+Before 1901.
+
+You see, you can't get a Nobel
+Prize posthumously.
+
+You've got to do something
+great, and you've got to keep
+
+on living until you
+get the prize.
+
+So they decided they're going
+to go backwards, you know,
+
+maybe give prizes to people
+like, I don't know, Maxwell or
+
+Faraday or whatever.
+
+And they decide, it should be
+simple in the old days.
+
+Because we didn't have all this
+dog-eat-dog competition
+
+in science, and big grants,
+and corporate interests.
+
+Should be simple.
+
+Until they hit the Nobel Prize
+for the discovery of oxygen.
+
+And then they hit the wall with
+these three different
+
+competitors.
+
+And so the story goes that the
+three competitors and their
+
+wives end up in Stockholm,
+and the
+
+interactions the take place.
+
+And it's really fascinating,
+because you have Lavoisier,
+
+who was the political
+conservative but the chemical
+
+radical, Priestley, who was the
+chemical radical but the
+
+political conservative--
+
+by the way, Lavoisier.
+
+You know how he died?
+
+He was guillotined during
+the French revolution.
+
+And people think it's because
+he was a tax collector.
+
+Not true.
+
+He was a tax collector.
+
+The real reason is Marat, who
+was one of the chief justices
+
+of the Jacobin terror, was also
+a scientist. And around
+
+1740, Marat had submitted an
+article for publication, and
+
+it was rejected.
+
+And Lavoisier was on the
+editorial board.
+
+And so sometimes when I get an
+article to review, and I have
+
+to give it a negative review,
+I think about this story.
+
+And sometimes, I will just say,
+you know, I'm really busy
+
+teaching 3091 and I won't get
+to this on a timely basis.
+
+OK, people.
+
+Have a nice weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a2Qt9uxhNSM.txt b/a2Qt9uxhNSM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16180764ccb175825df8333287e52e58a2c33665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a2Qt9uxhNSM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3114 @@
+PROFESSOR: Well, last time Gerry
+really let the cat out
+
+of the bag.
+
+He introduced the idea
+of assignment.
+
+Assignment and state.
+
+And as we started to see, the
+implications of introducing
+
+assignment and state into the
+language are absolutely
+
+frightening.
+
+First of all, the substitution
+model of
+
+evaluation breaks down.
+
+And we have to use this much
+more complicated environment
+
+model and this very mechanistic
+thing with
+
+diagrams, even to say what
+statements in the programming
+
+language mean.
+
+And that's not a mere
+technical point.
+
+See, it's not that we had this
+particular substitution model
+
+and, well, it doesn't quite
+work, so we have to do
+
+something else.
+
+It's that nothing like the
+substitution model can work.
+
+Because suddenly, a variable
+is not just something that
+
+stands for a value.
+
+A variable now has to somehow
+specify a place
+
+that holds a value.
+
+And the value that's in
+that place can change.
+
+Or for instance, an expression
+like f of x might have a side
+
+effect in it.
+
+So if we say f of x and it has
+some value, and then later we
+
+say f of x again, we might
+get a different value
+
+depending on the order.
+
+So suddenly, we have to think
+not only about values but
+
+about time.
+
+And then things like pairs are
+no longer just their CARs and
+
+their CDRs.
+
+A pair now is not quite its CAR
+and its CDR. It's rather
+
+its identity.
+
+So a pair has identity.
+
+It's an object.
+
+And two pairs that have the same
+CAR and CDR might be the
+
+same or different, because
+suddenly we have to worry
+
+about sharing.
+
+So all of these things enter
+as soon as we introduce
+
+assignment.
+
+See, this is a really far cry
+from where we started with
+
+substitution.
+
+It's a technically harder way
+of looking at things because
+
+we have to think more
+mechanistically about our
+
+programming language.
+
+We can't just think about
+it as mathematics.
+
+It's philosophically harder,
+because suddenly there are all
+
+these funny issues about what
+does it mean that something
+
+changes or that two things
+are the same.
+
+And also, it's programming
+harder, because as Gerry
+
+showed last time, there are all
+these bugs having to do
+
+with bad sequencing and aliasing
+that just don't exist
+
+in a language where we don't
+worry about objects.
+
+Well, how'd we get
+into this mess?
+
+Remember what we did, the reason
+we got into this is
+
+because we were looking to
+build modular systems. We
+
+wanted to build systems that
+fall apart into chunks that
+
+seem natural.
+
+So for instance, we want to take
+a random number generator
+
+and package up the state of that
+random number generator
+
+inside of it so that we can
+separate the idea of picking
+
+random numbers from the general
+Monte Carlo strategy
+
+of estimating something and
+separate that from the
+
+particular way that you work
+with random numbers in that
+
+formula developed by
+Cesaro for pi.
+
+And similarly, when we go off
+and construct some models of
+
+things, if we go off and model
+a system that we see in the
+
+real world, we'd like our
+program to break into natural
+
+pieces, pieces that mirror the
+parts of the system that we
+
+see in the real world.
+
+So for example, if we look at
+a digital circuit, we say,
+
+gee, there's a circuit and
+it has a piece and
+
+it has another piece.
+
+And these different pieces
+sort of have identity.
+
+They have state.
+
+And the state sits
+on these wires.
+
+And we think of this piece as
+an object that's different
+
+from that as an object.
+
+And when we watch the system
+change, we think about a
+
+signal coming in here and
+changing a state that might be
+
+here and going here and
+interacting with a state that
+
+might be stored there,
+and so on and so on.
+
+So what we'd like is we'd like
+to build in the computer
+
+systems that fall into pieces
+that mirror our view of
+
+reality, of the way that the
+actual systems we're modeling
+
+seem to fall into pieces.
+
+Well, maybe the reason that
+building systems like this
+
+seems to introduce such
+technical complications has
+
+nothing to do with computers.
+
+See, maybe the real reason that
+we pay such a price to
+
+write programs that mirror our
+view of reality is that we
+
+have the wrong view
+of reality.
+
+See, maybe time is just
+an illusion, and
+
+nothing ever changes.
+
+See, for example, if I take this
+chalk, and we say, gee,
+
+this is an object and
+it has a state.
+
+At each moment it has a position
+and a velocity.
+
+And if we do something,
+that state can change.
+
+But if you studied any
+relativity, for instance, you
+
+know that you don't think of
+the path of that chalk as
+
+something that goes on
+instant by instant.
+
+It's more insightful to think
+of that whole chalk's
+
+existence as a path
+in space-time.
+
+that's all splayed out.
+
+There aren't individual
+positions and velocities.
+
+There's just its unchanging
+existence in space-time.
+
+Similarly, if we look at this
+electrical system, if we
+
+imagine this electrical system
+is implementing some sort of
+
+signal processing system, the
+signal processing engineer who
+
+put that thing together doesn't
+think of it as, well,
+
+at each instance there's
+a voltage coming in.
+
+And that translates
+into something.
+
+And that affects the state over
+here, which changes the
+
+state over here.
+
+Nobody putting together a
+signal processing system
+
+thinks about it like that.
+
+Instead, you say there's
+this signal that's
+
+splayed out over time.
+
+And if this is acting as a
+filter, this whole thing
+
+transforms this whole thing for
+some sort of other output.
+
+You don't think of it as what's
+happening instant by
+
+instant as the state
+of these things.
+
+And somehow you think of this
+box as a whole thing, not as
+
+little pieces sending messages
+of state to each other at
+
+particular instants.
+
+Well, today we're going to
+look at another way to
+
+decompose systems that's more
+like the signal processing
+
+engineer's view of the world
+than it is like thinking about
+
+objects that communicate
+sending messages.
+
+That's called stream
+processing.
+
+And we're going to start by
+showing how we can make our
+
+programs more uniform and see
+a lot more commonality if we
+
+throw out of these programs
+what you might say is an
+
+inordinate concern with
+worrying about time.
+
+Let me start by comparing
+two procedures.
+
+The first one does this.
+
+We imagine that there's
+a tree.
+
+Say there's a tree
+of integers.
+
+It's a binary tree.
+
+So it looks like this.
+
+And there's integers in
+each of the nodes.
+
+And what we would like to
+compute is for each odd number
+
+sitting here, we'd like to find
+the square and then sum
+
+up all those squares.
+
+Well, that should be a familiar
+kind of thing.
+
+There's a recursive strategy
+for doing it.
+
+We look at each leaf, and
+either it's going to
+
+contribute the square of
+the number if it's odd
+
+or 0 if it's even.
+
+And then recursively, we can say
+at each tree, the sum of
+
+all of them is the sum coming
+from the right branch and the
+
+left branch, and recursively
+down through the nodes.
+
+And that's a familiar way of
+thinking about programming.
+
+Let's actually look at
+that on the slide.
+
+We say to sum the odd squares
+in a tree, well, there's a
+
+test. Either it's a leaf node,
+and we're going to check to
+
+see if it's an integer, and then
+either it's odd, in which
+
+we take the square,
+or else it's 0.
+
+And then the sum of the whole
+thing is the sum coming from
+
+the left branch and
+the right branch.
+
+OK, well, let me contrast that
+with a second problem.
+
+Suppose I give you an integer
+n, and then some function to
+
+compute of the first of each
+integer in 1 through n.
+
+And then I want to collect
+together in a list all those
+
+function values that satisfy
+some property.
+
+That's a general
+kind of thing.
+
+Let's say to be specific, let's
+imagine that for each
+
+integer, k, we're
+going to compute
+
+the k Fibonacci number.
+
+And then we'll see which of
+those are odd and assemble
+
+those into a list.
+
+So here's a procedure
+that does that.
+
+Find the odd Fibonacci numbers
+among the first n.
+
+And here is a standard loop the
+way we've been writing it.
+
+This is a recursion.
+
+It's a loop on k, and says if
+k is bigger than n, it's the
+
+empty list. Otherwise we compute
+the k-th Fibonacci
+
+number, call that f.
+
+If it's odd, we CONS it on
+to the list starting
+
+with the next one.
+
+And otherwise, we just
+take the next one.
+
+And this is the standard
+way we've been
+
+writing iterative loops.
+
+And we start off calling
+that loop with 1.
+
+OK, so there are
+two procedures.
+
+Those procedures look
+very different.
+
+They have very different
+structures.
+
+Yet from a certain point of
+view, those procedures are
+
+really doing very much
+the same thing.
+
+So if I was talking like a
+signal processing engineer,
+
+what I might say is that the
+first procedure enumerates the
+
+leaves of a tree.
+
+And then we can think of a
+signal coming out of that,
+
+which is all the leaves.
+
+We'll filter them to see which
+ones are odd, put them through
+
+some kind of filter.
+
+We'll then put them through
+a kind of transducer.
+
+And for each one of those
+things, we'll take the square.
+
+And then we'll accumulate
+all of those.
+
+We'll accumulate them by
+sticking them together with
+
+addition starting from 0.
+
+That's the first program.
+
+The second program, I can
+describe in a very, very
+
+similar way.
+
+I'll say, we'll enumerate the
+numbers on this interval, for
+
+the interval 1 through n.
+
+We'll, for each one, compute the
+Fibonacci number, put them
+
+through a transducer.
+
+We'll then take the result
+of that, and we'll
+
+filter it for oddness.
+
+And then we'll take those and
+put them into an accumulator.
+
+This time we'll build up a list,
+so we'll accumulate with
+
+CONS starting from
+the empty list.
+
+So this way of looking at the
+program makes the two seem
+
+very, very similar.
+
+The problem is that that
+commonality is completely
+
+obscured when we look at the
+procedures we wrote.
+
+Let's go back and look at some
+odd squares again, and say
+
+things like, where's
+the enumerator?
+
+Where's the enumerator
+in this program?
+
+Well, it's not in one place.
+
+It's a little bit in this
+leaf-node test,
+
+which is going to stop.
+
+It's a little bit in the
+recursive structure of the
+
+thing itself.
+
+Where's the accumulator?
+
+The accumulator isn't
+in one place either.
+
+It's partly in this 0 and
+partly in this plus.
+
+It's not there as a thing
+that we can look at.
+
+Similarly, if we look at odd
+Fibs, that's also, in some
+
+sense, an enumerator and
+an accumulator, but
+
+it looks very different.
+
+Because partly, the enumerator
+is here in this greater than
+
+sign in the test. And partly
+it's in this whole recursive
+
+structure in the loop, and
+the way that we call it.
+
+And then similarly, that's also
+mixed up in there with
+
+the accumulator, which is partly
+over there and partly
+
+over there.
+
+So these very, very natural
+pieces, these very natural
+
+boxes here don't appear in our
+programs. Because they're kind
+
+of mixed up.
+
+The programs don't chop things
+up in the right way.
+
+Going back to this fundamental
+principle of computer science
+
+that in order to control
+something, you need the name
+
+of it, we don't really have
+control over thinking about
+
+things this way because we don't
+have our hands in them
+
+explicitly.
+
+We don't have a good language
+for talking about them.
+
+Well, let's invent an
+appropriate language in which
+
+we can build these pieces.
+
+The key to the language is these
+guys, is what is these
+
+things I called signals?
+
+What are these things that
+are flying on the
+
+arrows between the boxes?
+
+Well, those things are going to
+be data structures called
+
+streams. That's going
+to be the key to
+
+inventing this language.
+
+What's a stream?
+
+Well, a stream is, like
+anything else, a data
+
+abstraction.
+
+So I should tell you what
+its selectors and
+
+constructors are.
+
+For a stream, we're going to
+have one constructor that's
+
+called CONS-stream.
+
+CONS-stream is going to put two
+things together to form a
+
+thing called a stream.
+
+And then to extract things from
+the stream, we're going
+
+to have a selector called
+the head of the stream.
+
+So if I have a stream, I
+can take its head or I
+
+can take its tail.
+
+And remember, I have to tell you
+George's contract here to
+
+tell you what the axioms
+are that relate these.
+
+And it's going to be for any
+x and y, if I form the
+
+CONS-stream and take the head,
+the head of CONS-stream of x
+
+and y is going to be x and the
+tail of CONS-stream of x and y
+
+is going to be y.
+
+So those are the constructor,
+two selectors for
+
+streams, and an axiom.
+
+There's something fishy here.
+
+So you might notice that these
+are exactly the axioms for
+
+CONS, CAR, and CDR. If instead
+of writing CONS-stream I wrote
+
+CONS and I said head was the
+CAR and tail was the CDR,
+
+those are exactly the
+axioms for pairs.
+
+And in fact, there's
+another thing here.
+
+We're going to have a thing
+called the-empty-stream, which
+
+is like the-empty-list.
+
+So why am I introducing
+this terminology?
+
+Why don't I just keep talking
+about pairs and lists?
+
+Well, we'll see.
+
+For now, if you like, why don't
+you just pretend that
+
+streams really are just a
+terminology for lists.
+
+And we'll see in a little while
+why we want to keep this
+
+extra abstraction layer and
+not just call them lists.
+
+OK, now that we have streams, we
+can start constructing the
+
+pieces of the language to
+operate on streams. And there
+
+are a whole bunch of very useful
+things that we could
+
+start making.
+
+For instance, we'll make our map
+box to take a stream, s,
+
+and a procedure, and to generate
+a new stream which
+
+has as its elements the
+procedure applied to all the
+
+successive elements of s.
+
+In fact, we've seen
+this before.
+
+This is the procedure map
+that we did with lists.
+
+And you see it's exactly map,
+except we're testing for
+
+empty-stream.
+
+Oh, I forgot to mention that.
+
+Empty-stream is like the null
+test. So if it's empty, we
+
+generate the empty stream.
+
+Otherwise, we form a new stream
+whose first element is
+
+the procedure applied to the
+head of the stream, and whose
+
+rest is gotten by mapping along
+with the procedure down
+
+the tail of the stream.
+
+So that looks exactly like
+the map procedure
+
+we looked at before.
+
+Here's another useful thing.
+
+Filter, this is our
+filter box.
+
+We're going to have a predicate
+and a stream.
+
+We're going to make a new stream
+that consists of all
+
+the elements of the
+original one
+
+that satisfy the predicate.
+
+That's case analysis.
+
+When there's nothing
+in the stream, we
+
+return the empty stream.
+
+We test the predicate on
+the head of the stream.
+
+And if it's true, we add the
+head of the stream onto the
+
+result of filtering the
+tail of the stream.
+
+And otherwise, if that predicate
+was false, we just
+
+filter the tail of the stream.
+
+Right, so there's filter.
+
+Let me run through a couple
+more rather quickly.
+
+They're all in the book and
+you can look at them.
+
+Let me just flash through.
+
+Here's accumulate.
+
+Accumulate takes a way of
+combining things and an
+
+initial value in a stream and
+sticks them all together.
+
+If the stream's empty, it's
+just the initial value.
+
+Otherwise, we combine the head
+of the stream with the result
+
+of accumulating the tail of the
+stream starting from the
+
+initial value.
+
+So that's what I'd use to add
+up everything in the stream.
+
+I'd accumulate with plus.
+
+How would I enumerate the
+leaves of a tree?
+
+Well, if the tree is just a leaf
+itself, I make something
+
+which only has that
+node in it.
+
+Otherwise, I append together the
+stuff of enumerating the
+
+left branch and the
+right branch.
+
+And then append here is like the
+ordinary append on lists.
+
+You can look at that.
+
+That's analogous to the
+ordinary procedure for
+
+appending two lists.
+
+How would I enumerate
+an interval?
+
+This will take two integers, low
+and high, and generate a
+
+stream of the integers going
+from low to high.
+
+And we can make a whole
+bunch of pieces.
+
+So that's a little language of
+talking about streams. Once we
+
+have streams, we can build
+things for manipulating them.
+
+Again, we're making
+a language.
+
+And now we can start expressing
+
+things in this language.
+
+Here's our original procedure
+for summing the odd
+
+squares in a tree.
+
+And you'll notice it looks
+exactly now like the block
+
+diagram, like the signal
+processing block diagram.
+
+So to sum the odd squares in a
+tree, we enumerate the leaves
+
+of the tree.
+
+We filter that for oddness.
+
+We map that for squareness.
+
+And we accumulate the result
+of that using addition,
+
+starting from 0.
+
+So we can see the pieces
+that we wanted.
+
+Similarly, the Fibonacci one,
+how do we get the odd Fibs?
+
+Well, we enumerate the interval
+from 1 to n, we map
+
+along that, computing the
+Fibonacci of each one.
+
+We filter the result of
+those for oddness.
+
+And we accumulate all of that
+stuff using CONS starting from
+
+the empty-list.
+
+OK, what's the advantage
+of this?
+
+Well, for one thing, we now have
+pieces that we can start
+
+mixing and matching.
+
+So for instance, if I wanted to
+change this, if I wanted to
+
+compute the squares of the
+integers and then filter them,
+
+all I need to do is pick up a
+standard piece like this in
+
+that square and put it in.
+
+Or if we wanted to do this whole
+Fibonacci computation on
+
+the leaves of a tree rather than
+a sequence, all I need to
+
+do is replace this enumerator
+with that one.
+
+See, the advantage of this
+stream processing is that
+
+we're establishing--
+
+this is one of the big themes
+of the course--
+
+we're establishing conventional
+interfaces that
+
+allow us to glue things
+together.
+
+Things like map and filter are
+a standard set of components
+
+that we can start using for
+pasting together programs in
+
+all sorts of ways.
+
+It allows us to see the
+commonality of programs.
+
+I just ought to mention, I've
+only showed you two
+
+procedures.
+
+But let me emphasize that this
+way of putting things together
+
+with maps, filters,
+and accumulators
+
+is very, very general.
+
+It's the generate and test
+paradigm for programs. And as
+
+an example of that, Richard
+Waters, who was at MIT when he
+
+was a graduate student, as part
+of his thesis research
+
+went and analyzed a large chunk
+of the IBM scientific
+
+subroutine library, and
+discovered that about 60% of
+
+the programs in it could be
+expressed exactly in terms
+
+using no more than what
+we've put here--
+
+map, filter, and accumulate.
+
+All right, let's take a break.
+
+Questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: It seems like the
+essence of this whole thing is
+
+just that you have a very
+uniform, simple data structure
+
+to work with, the stream.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+The essence is that you, again,
+it's this sense of
+
+conventional interfaces.
+
+So you can start putting a
+lot of things together.
+
+And the stream is as you say,
+the uniform data structure
+
+that supports that.
+
+This is very much like
+APL, by the way.
+
+APL is very much the same idea,
+except in APL, instead
+
+of this stream, you have
+arrays and vectors.
+
+And a lot of the power of APL is
+exactly the same reason of
+
+the power of this.
+
+OK, thank you.
+
+Let's take a break.
+
+All right.
+
+We've been looking at ways of
+organizing computations using
+
+streams. What I want to do now
+is just show you two somewhat
+
+more complicated examples
+of that.
+
+Let's start by thinking about
+the following kind of utility
+
+procedure that will
+come in useful.
+
+Suppose I've got a stream.
+
+And the elements of this stream
+are themselves streams.
+
+So the first thing
+might be 1, 2, 3.
+
+So I've got a stream.
+
+And each element of the stream
+is itself a stream.
+
+And what I'd like to do is build
+a stream that collects
+
+together all of the elements,
+pulls all of the elements out
+
+of these sub-streams and
+strings them all
+
+together in one thing.
+
+So just to show you the use of
+this language, how easy it is,
+
+call that flatten.
+
+And I can define to flatten this
+stream of streams. Well,
+
+what is that?
+
+That's just an accumulation.
+
+I want to accumulate
+using append, by
+
+successively appending.
+
+So I accumulate using append
+streams, starting with
+
+the-empty-stream down that
+stream of streams.
+
+OK, so there's an example of how
+you can start using these
+
+higher order things to do some
+interesting operations.
+
+In fact, there's another
+useful thing
+
+that I want to do.
+
+I want to define a procedure
+called flat-map, flat map of
+
+some function and a stream.
+
+And what this is going
+to do is f will
+
+be a stream of elements.
+
+f is going to be a function that
+for each element in the
+
+stream produces another
+stream.
+
+And what I want to do is take
+all of the elements and all of
+
+those streams and combine
+them together.
+
+So that's just going to be the
+flatten of map f down s.
+
+Each time I apply f to an
+element of s, I get a stream.
+
+If I map it all the way down, I
+get a stream of streams, and
+
+I'll flatten that.
+
+Well, I want to use that to
+show you a new way to do a
+
+familiar kind of problem.
+
+The problem's going to be like a
+lot of problems you've seen,
+
+although maybe not this
+particular one.
+
+I'm going to give you
+an integer, n.
+
+And the problem is going to be
+find all pairs and integers i
+
+and j, between 0 and i, with j
+less than i, up to n, such
+
+that i plus j is prime.
+
+So for example, if n equals 6,
+let's make a little table
+
+here, i and j and i plus j.
+
+So for, say, i equals 2 and
+j equals 1, I'd get 3.
+
+And for i equals 3, I could
+have j equals 2, and that
+
+would be 5.
+
+And 4 and 1 would be 5 and so
+on, up until i goes to 6.
+
+And what I'd like to return is
+to produce a stream of all the
+
+triples like this, let's
+say i, j, and i plus j.
+
+So for each n, I want to
+generate this stream.
+
+OK, well, that's easy.
+
+Let's build it up.
+
+We start like this.
+
+We're going to say for
+each i, we're going
+
+to generate a stream.
+
+For each i in the interval 1
+through n, we're going to
+
+generate a stream.
+
+What's that stream
+going to be?
+
+We're going to start by
+generating all the pairs.
+
+So for each i, we're going to
+generate, for each j in the
+
+interval 1 to i minus 1, we'll
+generate the pair, or the list
+
+with two elements i and j.
+
+So we map along the interval,
+generating the pairs.
+
+And for each i, that generates
+a stream of pairs.
+
+And we flatmap it.
+
+Now we have all the pairs
+i and j, such that i
+
+is less than j.
+
+So that builds that.
+
+Now we're got to test them.
+
+Well, we take that thing we just
+built, the flatmap, and
+
+we filter it to see
+whether the i--
+
+see, we had an i and a j.
+
+i was the first thing in the
+list, j was the second thing
+
+in the list. So we have a
+predicate which says in that
+
+list of two elements
+is the sum of the
+
+CAR and the CDR prime.
+
+And we filter that collection
+of pairs we just built.
+
+So those are the
+pairs we want.
+
+Now we go ahead and we take the
+result of that filter and
+
+we map along it, generating the
+list i and j and i plus j.
+
+And that's our procedure
+prime-sum-pairs.
+
+And then just to flash it up,
+here's the whole procedure.
+
+A map, a filter, a flatmap.
+
+There's the whole thing,
+even though this isn't
+
+particularly readable.
+
+It's just expanding
+that flatmap.
+
+So there's an example which
+illustrates the general point
+
+that nested loops in this
+procedure start looking like
+
+compositions of flatmaps of
+flatmaps of flatmaps of maps
+
+and things.
+
+So not only can we enumerate
+individual things, but by
+
+using flatmaps, we can do what
+would correspond to nested
+
+loops in most other languages.
+
+Of course, it's pretty awful to
+keep writing these flatmaps
+
+of flatmaps of flatmaps.
+
+Prime-sum-pairs you saw looked
+fairly complicated, even
+
+though the individual
+pieces were easy.
+
+So what you can do, if you
+like, is introduced some
+
+syntactic sugar that's
+called collect.
+
+And collect is just an
+abbreviation for that nest of
+
+flatmaps and filters arranged
+in that particular way.
+
+Here's prime-sum-pairs again,
+written using collect.
+
+It says to find all those pairs,
+I'm going to collect
+
+together a result, which is the
+list i, j, and i plus j,
+
+that's going to be generated as
+i runs through the interval
+
+from 1 to n and as j runs
+through the interval from 1 to
+
+i minus 1, such that
+i plus j is prime.
+
+So I'm not going to say what
+collect does in general.
+
+You can look at that by looking
+at it in the book.
+
+But pretty much, you can see
+that the pieces of this are
+
+the pieces of that original
+procedure I wrote.
+
+And this collect is just some
+syntactic sugar for
+
+automatically generating that
+nest of flatmaps and flatmaps.
+
+OK, well, let me do one more
+example that shows you the
+
+same kind of thing.
+
+Here's a very famous problem
+that's used to illustrate a
+
+lot of so-called backtracking
+computer algorithms. This is
+
+the eight queens problem.
+
+This is a chess board.
+
+And the eight queens problem
+says, find a way to put down
+
+eight queens on a chess board
+so that no two are attacking
+
+each other.
+
+And here's a particular
+solution to the
+
+eight queens problem.
+
+So I have to make sure to put
+down queens so that no two are
+
+in the same row or the
+same column or sit
+
+along the same diagonal.
+
+Now, there's sort of a standard
+way of doing that.
+
+Well, first we need
+to do is below the
+
+surface, at George's level.
+
+We have to find some way to
+represent a board, and
+
+represent positions.
+
+And we'll not worry
+about that.
+
+But let's assume that there's
+a predicate called safe.
+
+And what safe is going to do is
+going to say given that I
+
+have a bunch of queens down on
+the chess board, is it OK to
+
+put a queen in this
+particular spot?
+
+So safe is going to take
+a row and a column.
+
+That's going to be a place where
+I'm going to try and put
+
+down the next queen, and
+the rest of positions.
+
+And what safe will say is given
+that I already have
+
+queens down in these positions,
+is it safe to put
+
+another queen down in that
+row and that column?
+
+And let's not worry
+about that.
+
+That's George's problem. and
+it's not hard to write.
+
+You just have to check whether
+this thing contains any things
+
+on that row or that column
+or in that diagonal.
+
+Now, how would you organize
+the program given that?
+
+And there's sort of a
+traditional way to organize it
+
+called backtracking.
+
+And it says, well, let's think
+about all the ways of putting
+
+the first queen down in
+the first column.
+
+There are eight ways.
+
+Well, let's say try
+the first column.
+
+Try column 1, row 1.
+
+These branches are going to
+represent the possibilities at
+
+each level.
+
+So I'll try and put a queen
+down in the first column.
+
+And now given that it's in the
+first column, I'll try and put
+
+the next queen down in
+the first column.
+
+I'll try and put the first
+queen, the one in the first
+
+column, down in the first row.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+And then given that, we'll
+put the next queen down
+
+in the first row.
+
+And that's no good.
+
+So I'll back up to here.
+
+And I'll say, oh, can I put the
+first queen down in the
+
+second row?
+
+Well, that's no good.
+
+Oh, can I put it down
+in the third row?
+
+Well, that's good.
+
+Well, now can I put the
+next queen down
+
+in the first column?
+
+Well, I can't visualize this
+chess board anymore, but I
+
+think that's right.
+
+And I try the next one.
+
+And at each place, I go as far
+down this tree as I can.
+
+And I back up.
+
+If I get down to here and find
+no possibilities below there,
+
+I back all the way up to here,
+and now start again generating
+
+this sub-tree.
+
+And I sort of walk around.
+
+And finally, if I ever manage to
+get all the way down, I've
+
+found a solution.
+
+So that's a typical sort of
+paradigm that's used a lot in
+
+AI programming.
+
+It's called backtracking
+search.
+
+And it's really unnecessary.
+
+You saw me get confused when I
+was visualizing this thing.
+
+And you see the complication.
+
+This is a complicated
+thing to say.
+
+Why is it complicated?
+
+Its because somehow this program
+is too inordinately
+
+concerned with time.
+
+It's too much--
+
+I try this one, and I try this
+one, and I go back to the last
+
+possibility.
+
+And that's a complicated
+thing.
+
+If I stop worrying about time
+so much, then there's a much
+
+simpler way to describe this.
+
+It says, let's imagine that I
+have in my hands the tree down
+
+to k minus 1 levels.
+
+See, suppose I had in my hands
+all possible ways to put down
+
+queens in the first k columns.
+
+Suppose I just had that.
+
+Let's not worry about
+how we get it.
+
+Well, then, how do
+I extend that?
+
+How do I find all possible ways
+to put down queens in the
+
+next column?
+
+It's really easy.
+
+For each of these positions I
+have, I think about putting
+
+down a queen in each row
+to make the next thing.
+
+And then for each one I put
+down, I filter those by the
+
+ones that are safe.
+
+So instead of thinking about
+this tree as generated step by
+
+step, suppose I had
+it all there.
+
+And to extend it from level k
+minus 1 to level k, I just
+
+need to extend each thing in
+all possible ways and only
+
+keep the ones that are safe.
+
+And that will give me
+the tree to level k.
+
+And that's a recursive strategy
+for solving the eight
+
+queens problem.
+
+All right, well, let's
+look at it.
+
+To solve the eight queens
+problem on a board of some
+
+specified size, we write
+a sub-procedure called
+
+fill-columns.
+
+Fill-columns is going to
+put down queens up
+
+through column k.
+
+And here's the pattern
+of the recursion.
+
+I'm going to call fill-columns
+with the size eventually.
+
+So fill-columns says how to put
+down queens safely in the
+
+first k columns of this chess
+board with a size number of
+
+rows in it.
+
+If k is equal to 0, well,
+then I don't have to
+
+put anything down.
+
+So my solution is just
+an empty chess board.
+
+Otherwise, I'm going
+to do some stuff.
+
+And I'm going to use collect.
+
+And here's the collect.
+
+I find all ways to put
+down queens in the
+
+first k minus 1 columns.
+
+And this was just
+what I set for.
+
+Imagine I have this tree down
+to k minus 1 levels.
+
+And then I find all ways of
+trying a row, that's just each
+
+of the possible rows.
+
+They're size rows, so that's
+enumerate interval.
+
+And now what I do is I collect
+together the new row I'm going
+
+to try and column k with
+the rest of the queens.
+
+I adjoin a position.
+
+This is George's problem.
+
+An adjoined position
+is like safe.
+
+It's a thing that takes a row
+and a column and the rest of
+
+the positions and makes a
+new position collection.
+
+So I adjoin a position of a new
+row and a new column to
+
+the rest of the queens, where
+the rest of the queens runs
+
+through all possible ways
+of solving the problem
+
+in k minus 1 columns.
+
+And the new row runs through all
+possible rows such that it
+
+was safe to put one there.
+
+And that's the whole program.
+
+There's the whole procedure.
+
+Not only that, that doesn't just
+solve the eight queens
+
+problem, it gives you
+all solutions to the
+
+eight queens problem.
+
+When you're done, you
+have a stream.
+
+And the elements of that stream
+are all possible ways
+
+of solving that problem.
+
+Why is that simpler?
+
+Well, we threw away the whole
+idea that this is some process
+
+that happens in time
+with state.
+
+And we just said it's a whole
+collection of stuff.
+
+And that's why it's simpler.
+
+We've changed our view.
+
+Remember, that's where
+we started today.
+
+We've changed our view of what
+it is we're trying to model.
+
+we stop modeling things that
+evolve in time and have steps
+
+and have state.
+
+And instead, we're trying to
+model this global thing like
+
+the whole flight of the
+chalk, rather than its
+
+state at each instant.
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: It looks to me like
+backtracking would be
+
+searching for the first solution
+it can find, whereas
+
+this recursive search would be
+looking for all solutions.
+
+And it seems that if you have a
+large enough area to search,
+
+that the second is going
+to become impossible.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the answer to
+that question is the whole
+
+rest of this lecture.
+
+It's exactly the
+right question.
+
+And without trying to anticipate
+the lecture too
+
+much, you should start being
+suspicious at this point, and
+
+exactly those kinds
+of suspicions.
+
+It's wonderful, but isn't it
+so terribly inefficient?
+
+That's where we're going.
+
+So I won't answer now, but
+I'll answer later.
+
+OK, let's take a break.
+
+Well, by now you should be
+starting to get suspicious.
+
+See, I've showed your this
+simple, elegant way of putting
+
+programs together, very unlike
+these other traditional
+
+programs that sum the odd
+squares or compute the odd
+
+Fibonacci numbers.
+
+Very unlike these programs that
+mix up the enumerator and
+
+the filter and the
+accumulator.
+
+And by mixing it up, we don't
+have all of these wonderful
+
+conceptual advantages of these
+streams pieces, these
+
+wonderful mix and match
+components for putting
+
+together lots and lots
+of programs.
+
+On the other hand, most of the
+programs you've seen look like
+
+these ugly ones.
+
+Why's that?
+
+Can it possibly be that computer
+scientists are so
+
+obtuse that they don't notice
+that if you'd merely did this
+
+thing, then you can get this
+great programming elegance?
+
+There's got to be a catch.
+
+And it's actually pretty easy
+to see what the catch is.
+
+Let's think about the
+following problem.
+
+Suppose I tell you to find the
+second prime between 10,000
+
+and 1 million, or if your
+computer's larger, say between
+
+10,000 and 100 billion,
+or something.
+
+And you say, oh, that's easy.
+
+I can do that with a stream.
+
+All I do is I enumerate
+the interval
+
+from 10,000 to 1 million.
+
+So I get all those integers
+from 10,000 to 1 million.
+
+I filter them for prime-ness, so
+test all of them and see if
+
+they're prime.
+
+And I take the second element.
+
+That's the head of the tail.
+
+Well, that's clearly
+pretty ridiculous.
+
+We'd not even have room in the
+machine to store the integers
+
+in the first place, much
+less to test them.
+
+And then I only want
+the second one.
+
+See, the power of this
+traditional programming style
+
+is exactly its weakness, that
+we're mixing up the
+
+enumerating and the testing
+and the accumulating.
+
+So we don't do it all.
+
+So the very thing that makes
+it conceptually ugly is the
+
+very thing that makes
+it efficient.
+
+It's this mixing up.
+
+So it seems that all I've done
+this morning so far is just
+
+confuse you.
+
+I showed you this wonderful
+way that programming might
+
+work, except that it doesn't.
+
+Well, here's where the wonderful
+thing happens.
+
+It turns out in this game that
+we really can have our cake
+
+and eat it too.
+
+And what I mean by that is
+that we really can write
+
+stream programs exactly like the
+ones I wrote and arrange
+
+things so that when the machine
+actually runs, it's as
+
+efficient as running this
+traditional programming style
+
+that mixes up the generation
+and the test.
+
+Well, that sounds
+pretty magic.
+
+The key to this is that
+streams are not lists.
+
+We'll see this carefully in a
+second, but for now, let's
+
+take a look at that
+slide again.
+
+The image you should have here
+of this signal processing
+
+system is that what's going to
+happen is there's this box
+
+that has the integers
+sitting in it.
+
+And there's this filter that's
+connected to it and it's
+
+tugging on them.
+
+And then there's someone who's
+tugging on this stuff saying
+
+what comes out of the filter.
+
+And the image you should have
+is that someone says, well,
+
+what's the first prime, and
+tugs on this filter.
+
+And the filter tugs
+on the integers.
+
+And you look only at that much,
+and then say, oh, I
+
+really wanted the second one.
+
+What's the second prime?
+
+And that no computation gets
+done except when you tug on
+
+these things.
+
+Let me try that again.
+
+This is a little device.
+
+This is a little stream machine
+invented by Eric
+
+Grimson who's been teaching
+this course at MIT.
+
+And the image is here's a stream
+of stuff, like a whole
+
+bunch of the integers.
+
+And here's some processing
+elements.
+
+And if, say, it's filter of
+filter of map, or something.
+
+And if I really tried to
+implement that with streams as
+
+lists, what I'd say is, well,
+I've got this list of things,
+
+and now I do the first filter.
+
+So do all this processing.
+
+And I take this and I process
+and I process and I process
+
+and I process.
+
+And now I'm got this
+new stream.
+
+Now I take that result
+in my hand someplace.
+
+And I put that through
+the second one.
+
+And I process the whole thing.
+
+And there's this new stream.
+
+And then I take the result and
+I put it all the way through
+
+this one the same way.
+
+That's what would happen to
+these stream programs if
+
+streams were just lists.
+
+But in fact, streams aren't
+lists, they're streams. And
+
+the image you should have
+is something a little
+
+bit more like this.
+
+I've got these gadgets connected
+up by this data
+
+that's flowing out of them.
+
+And here's my original source
+of the streams. It might be
+
+starting to generate
+the integers.
+
+And now, what happens
+if I want a result?
+
+I tug on the end here.
+
+And this element says, gee,
+I need some more data.
+
+So this one comes here
+and tugs on that one.
+
+And it says, gee, I need
+some more data.
+
+And this one tugs on this
+thing, which might be a
+
+filter, and says, gee, I
+need some more data.
+
+And only as much of this thing
+at the end here gets generated
+
+as I tugged.
+
+And only as much of this stuff
+goes through the processing
+
+units as I'm pulling
+on the end I need.
+
+That's the image you should have
+of the difference between
+
+implementing what we're actually
+going to do and if
+
+streams were lists.
+
+Well, how do we make
+this thing?
+
+I hope you have the image.
+
+The trick is how to make it.
+
+We want to arrange for a stream
+to be a data structure
+
+that computes itself
+incrementally, an on-demand
+
+data structure.
+
+And the basic idea is, again,
+one of the very basic ideas
+
+that we're seeing throughout
+the whole course.
+
+And that is that there's not
+a firm distinction between
+
+programs and data.
+
+So what a stream is going to be
+is simultaneously this data
+
+structure that you think of,
+like the stream of the leaves
+
+of this tree.
+
+But at the same time, it's
+going to be a very clever
+
+procedure that has the method
+of computing in it.
+
+Well, let me try this.
+
+It's going to turn out that we
+don't need any more mechanism.
+
+We already have everything we
+need simply from the fact that
+
+we know how to handle
+procedures
+
+as first-class objects.
+
+Well, let's go back
+to the key.
+
+The key is, remember, we
+had these operations.
+
+CONS-stream and head and tail.
+
+When I started, I said you can
+think about this as CONS and
+
+think about this as CAR and
+think about that as
+
+CDR, but it's not.
+
+Now, let's look at what
+they really are.
+
+Well, CONS-stream of x and y is
+going to be an abbreviation
+
+for the following thing.
+
+CONS form a pair, ordinary CONS,
+of x to a thing called
+
+delay of y.
+
+And before I explain that, let
+me go and write the rest. The
+
+head of a stream is going
+to be just the CAR.
+
+And the tail of a stream is
+going to be a thing called
+
+force the CDR of the stream.
+
+Now let me explain this.
+
+Delay is going to be a
+special magic thing.
+
+What delay does is take an
+expression and produce a
+
+promise to compute
+that expression
+
+when you ask for it.
+
+It doesn't do any computation
+here.
+
+It just gives you
+a rain check.
+
+It produces a promise.
+
+And CONS-stream says I'm going
+to put together in a pair x
+
+and a promise to compute y.
+
+Now, if I want the head, that's
+just the CAR that I put
+
+in the pair.
+
+And the key is that the
+tail is going to be--
+
+force calls in that promise.
+
+Tail says, well, take
+that promise and now
+
+call in that promise.
+
+And then we compute
+that thing.
+
+That's how this is
+going to work.
+
+That's what CONS-stream, head,
+and tail really are.
+
+Now, let's see how this works.
+
+And we'll go through this
+fairly carefully.
+
+We're going to see how this
+works in this example of
+
+computing the second prime
+between 10,000 and a million.
+
+OK, so we start off and we
+have this expression.
+
+The second prime-- the head of
+the tail of the result of
+
+filtering for primality
+the integers between
+
+10,000 and 1 million.
+
+Now, what is that?
+
+What that is, that interval
+between 10,000 and 1 million,
+
+well, if you trace through
+enumerate interval, there
+
+builds a CONS-stream.
+
+And the CONS-stream is the CONS
+of 10,000 to a promise to
+
+compute the integers between
+10,001 and 1 million.
+
+So that's what this
+expression is.
+
+Here I'm using the substitution
+model.
+
+And we can use the substitution
+model because we
+
+don't have side effects
+and state.
+
+So I have CONS of 10,000 to a
+promise to compute the rest of
+
+the integers.
+
+So only one integer, so
+far, got enumerated.
+
+Well, I'm going to filter that
+thing for primality.
+
+Again, you go back and look
+at the filter code.
+
+What the filter will first
+do is test the head.
+
+So in this case, the filter will
+test 10,000 and say, oh,
+
+10,000's not prime.
+
+Therefore, what I have
+to do recursively
+
+is filter the tail.
+
+And what's the tail of it, well,
+that's the tail of this
+
+pair with a promise in it.
+
+Tail now comes in and says,
+well, I'm going to force that.
+
+I'm going to force that promise,
+which means now I'm
+
+going to compute the integers
+between 10,001 and 1 million.
+
+OK, so this filter now
+is looking at that.
+
+That enumerate itself, well, now
+we're back in the original
+
+enumerate situation.
+
+The enumerate is the CONS of the
+first thing, 10,001, onto
+
+a promise to compute the rest.
+
+So now the primality filter is
+going to go look at 10,001.
+
+It's going to decide if
+it likes that or not.
+
+It turns out 10,001
+isn't prime.
+
+So it'll force it again
+and again and again.
+
+And finally, I think the first
+prime it hits is 10,009.
+
+And at that point, it'll stop.
+
+And that will be the first
+prime, and then eventually,
+
+it'll need the second prime.
+
+So at that point, it
+will go again.
+
+So you see what happens is that
+no more gets generated
+
+than you actually need.
+
+That enumerator is not going to
+generate any more integers
+
+than the filter asks it for as
+it's pulling in things to
+
+check for primality.
+
+And the filter is not going to
+generate any more stuff than
+
+you ask it for, which is
+the head of the tail.
+
+You see, what's happened is
+we've put that mixing of
+
+generation and test into what
+actually happens in the
+
+computer, even though that's
+not apparently what's
+
+happening from looking
+at our programs.
+
+OK, well, that seemed easy.
+
+All of this mechanism got put
+into this magic delay.
+
+So you're saying, gee, that must
+be where the magic is.
+
+But see there's no magic
+there either.
+
+You know what delay is.
+
+Delay on some expression is
+just an abbreviation for--
+
+well, what's a promise to
+compute an expression?
+
+Lambda of nil, procedure of no
+arguments, which is that
+
+expression.
+
+That's what a procedure is.
+
+It says I'm going to compute
+an expression.
+
+What's force?
+
+How do I take up a promise?
+
+Well, force of some procedure,
+a promise, is just run it.
+
+Done.
+
+So there's no magic
+there at all.
+
+Well, what have we done?
+
+We said the old style,
+traditional style of
+
+programming is more efficient.
+
+And the stream thing is
+more perspicuous.
+
+And we managed to make the
+stream procedures run like the
+
+other procedures
+by using delay.
+
+And the thing that delay did
+for us was to de-couple the
+
+apparent order of events in our
+programs from the actual
+
+order of events that happened
+in the machine.
+
+That's really what
+delay is doing.
+
+That's exactly the
+whole point.
+
+We've given up the idea that our
+procedures, as they run,
+
+or as we look at them, mirror
+some clear notion of time.
+
+And by giving that up, we give
+delay the freedom to arrange
+
+the order of events in the
+computation the way it likes.
+
+That's the whole idea.
+
+We de-couple the apparent
+order of events in our
+
+programs from the actual order
+of events in the computer.
+
+OK, well there's one
+more detail.
+
+It's just a technical detail,
+but it's actually
+
+an important one.
+
+As you run through these
+recursive programs unwinding,
+
+you'll see a lot of things that
+look like tail of the
+
+tail of the tail.
+
+That's the kind of thing that
+would happen as I go CONSing
+
+down a stream all the way.
+
+And if each time I'm doing that,
+each time to compute a
+
+tail, I evaluate a procedure
+which then has to go
+
+re-compute its tail, and
+re-compute its tail and
+
+recompute its tail each time,
+you can see that's very
+
+inefficient compared to just
+having a list where the
+
+elements are all there, and I
+don't have to re-compute each
+
+tail every time I get
+the next tail.
+
+So there's one little hack to
+slightly change what delay is,
+
+and make it a thing which is--
+
+I'll write it this way.
+
+The actual implementation, delay
+is an abbreviation for
+
+this thing, memo-proc
+of a procedure.
+
+Memo-proc is a special thing
+that transforms a procedure.
+
+What it does is it takes a
+procedure of no arguments and
+
+it transforms it into a
+procedure that'll only have to
+
+do its computation once.
+
+And what I mean by that is,
+you give it a procedure.
+
+The result of memo-proc will be
+a new procedure, which the
+
+first time you call it, will
+run the original procedure,
+
+remember what result it got, and
+then from ever on after,
+
+when you call it, it just
+won't have to do the
+
+computation.
+
+It will have cached that
+result someplace.
+
+And here's an implementation
+of memo-proc.
+
+Once you have the idea, it's
+easy to implement.
+
+Memo-proc is this little
+thing that has two
+
+little flags in there.
+
+It says, have I already
+been run?
+
+And initially it says, no, I
+haven't already been run.
+
+And what was the result I got
+the last time I was run?
+
+So memo-proc takes a procedure
+called proc, and it returns a
+
+new procedure of no arguments.
+
+Proc is supposed to be a
+procedure of no arguments.
+
+And it says, oh, if I'm not
+already run, then I'm going to
+
+do a sequence of things.
+
+I'm going to compute proc,
+I'm going to save that.
+
+I'm going to stash that in
+the variable result.
+
+I'm going to make a note to
+myself that I've already been
+
+run, and then I'll return
+the result.
+
+So that's if you compute it
+if it's not already run.
+
+If you call it and it's already
+been run, it just
+
+returns the result.
+
+So that's a little clever
+hack called memoization.
+
+And in this case, it short
+circuits having to re-compute
+
+the tail of the tail of the tail
+of the tail of the tail.
+
+So there isn't even that
+kind of inefficiency.
+
+And in fact, the streams will
+run with pretty much the same
+
+efficiency as the other
+programs precisely.
+
+And remember, again, the whole
+idea of this is that we've
+
+used the fact that there's no
+really good dividing line
+
+between procedures and data.
+
+We've written data structures
+that, in fact, are sort of
+
+like procedures.
+
+And what that's allowed us to
+do is take an example of a
+
+common control structure,
+in this place iteration.
+
+And we've built a data structure
+which, since itself
+
+is a procedure, kind of has
+this iteration control
+
+structure in it.
+
+And that's really what
+streams are.
+
+OK, questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Your description
+of tail-tail-tail, if I
+
+understand it correctly, force
+is actually execution of a
+
+procedure, if it's done without
+this memo-proc thing.
+
+And you implied that memo-proc
+gets around that problem.
+
+Doesn't it only get around it
+if tail-tail-tail is always
+
+executing exactly the same--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, that's--
+
+sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess I
+missed that point.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, sure.
+
+I mean the point is--
+
+yeah.
+
+I mean I have to do a
+computation to get the answer.
+
+But the point is, once I've
+found the tail of the stream,
+
+to get the tail of the tail,
+I shouldn't have had to
+
+re-compute the first tail.
+
+See, and if I didn't use
+memo-proc, that re-computation
+
+would have been done.
+
+AUDIENCE: I understand now.
+
+AUDIENCE: In one of your
+examples, you mentioned that
+
+we were able to use the
+substitution model because
+
+there are no side effects.
+
+What if we had a single
+processing unit--
+
+if we had a side effect,
+if we had a state?
+
+Could we still practically
+build the stream model?
+
+PROFESSOR: Maybe.
+
+That's a hard question.
+
+I'm going to talk a little bit
+later about the places where
+
+substitution and side effects
+don't really mix very well.
+
+But in general, I think the
+answer is unless you're very
+
+careful, any amount of side
+effect is going to mess up
+
+everything.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry, I didn't
+quite understand
+
+the memo-proc operation.
+
+When do you execute
+the lambda?
+
+In other words, when memo-proc
+is executed, just this lambda
+
+expression is being generated.
+
+But it's not clear to me
+when it's executed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+What memo-proc does-- remember,
+the thing that's
+
+going into memo-proc, the thing
+proc, is a procedure of
+
+no arguments.
+
+And someday, you're
+going to call it.
+
+Memo-proc translates that
+procedure into another
+
+procedure of no arguments,
+which someday
+
+you're going to call.
+
+That's that lambda.
+
+So here, where I initially
+built as my tail of the
+
+stream, say, this procedure
+of no arguments, which
+
+someday I'll call.
+
+Instead, I'm going to have
+the tail of the stream be
+
+memo-proc of it, which
+someday I'll call.
+
+So that lambda of nil, that gets
+called when you call the
+
+memo-proc, when you call the
+result of that memo-proc,
+
+which would be ordinarily when
+you would have called the
+
+original thing that
+you set it.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, the reason I ask
+is I had a feeling that when
+
+you call memo-proc, you just
+return this lambda.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+When you call memo-proc,
+you return the lambda.
+
+You never evaluate the
+expression at all, until the
+
+first time that you would
+have evaluated it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do I understand it
+right that you actually have
+
+to build the list up, but
+the elements of the
+
+list don't get evaluated?
+
+The expressions don't
+get evaluated?
+
+But at each stage, you actually
+are building a list.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's--
+
+I really should have
+said this.
+
+That's a really good point.
+
+No, it's not quite right.
+
+Because what happens is this.
+
+Let me draw this as pairs.
+
+Suppose I'm going to make a
+big stream, like enumerate
+
+interval, 1 through 1 billion.
+
+What that is, is a pair with
+a 1 and a promise.
+
+That's exactly what it is.
+
+Nothing got built up.
+
+When I go and force this,
+and say, what happens?
+
+Well, this thing is now also
+recursively a CONS.
+
+So that this promise now is the
+next thing, which is a 2
+
+and a promise to do more.
+
+And so on and so on and so on.
+
+So nothing gets built up until
+you walk down the stream.
+
+Because what's sitting here is
+not the list, but a promise to
+
+generate the list.
+And by promise,
+
+technically I mean procedure.
+
+So it doesn't get built up.
+
+Yeah, I should have said
+that before this point.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Let's take a break.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/asINud1eAx4.txt b/asINud1eAx4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f01d2a51be476f7d697bc7714375a4690c49c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/asINud1eAx4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Rockets incredibly powerful clocks soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets incredibly powerful clocks soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets incredibly powerful clocks soon
+lasers you know what hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers you know what hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers you know what hasn't been
+impacted by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted by these
+things today on Chalk radio my guest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things today on Chalk radio my guest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things today on Chalk radio my guest is
+David Kaiser a professor in the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Kaiser a professor in the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Kaiser a professor in the physics
+department at MIT who also teaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at MIT who also teaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at MIT who also teaches the
+history of science his course Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of science his course Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of science his course Einstein
+Oppenheimer Fineman physics in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer Fineman physics in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer Fineman physics in the 20th
+century was recently shared on MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century was recently shared on MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century was recently shared on MIT open
+courseware professor Kaiser is such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware professor Kaiser is such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware professor Kaiser is such an
+interesting person to get to interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting person to get to interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting person to get to interview
+simply thinking about how to interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply thinking about how to interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply thinking about how to interview
+someone responsible for teaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone responsible for teaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone responsible for teaching the
+history of well everything from the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of well everything from the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of well everything from the Big
+Bang to how hippie saved physics and yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang to how hippie saved physics and yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang to how hippie saved physics and yep
+that is the title of one of his books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the title of one of his books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the title of one of his books
+was humbling there was so much here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was humbling there was so much here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was humbling there was so much here that
+we wanted to share with you so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to share with you so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to share with you so we
+decided to air this interview in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to air this interview in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to air this interview in its
+near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near
+entirety Professor Kaiser explains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety Professor Kaiser explains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety Professor Kaiser explains the
+earliest moments of the universe and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest moments of the universe and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest moments of the universe and how
+those moments help us understand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those moments help us understand our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those moments help us understand our
+current night Sky we talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current night Sky we talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current night Sky we talk about how
+culture politics and even physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture politics and even physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture politics and even physical
+spaces shape how science gets done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces shape how science gets done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces shape how science gets done and
+what we might be getting wrong about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might be getting wrong about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might be getting wrong about
+Einstein will'll also get his take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein will'll also get his take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein will'll also get his take on
+Oppenheimer both the man and the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer both the man and the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer both the man and the motion
+picture and how film plays a role in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and how film plays a role in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and how film plays a role in his
+course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at
+MIT I think you're really going to enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I think you're really going to enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I think you're really going to enjoy
+this thank you for being here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thank you for being here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thank you for being here today
+thank you um let's talk physics first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um let's talk physics first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um let's talk physics first
+inflationary cosmology yeah what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary cosmology yeah what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary cosmology yeah what is that
+and how does it help us understand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it help us understand our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does it help us understand our
+world it's really our leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's really our leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's really our leading
+explanation for some of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for some of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for some of the earliest
+moments in Cosmic history it unfolds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in Cosmic history it unfolds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in Cosmic history it unfolds on
+what to to on ordinary human scale seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to to on ordinary human scale seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to to on ordinary human scale seems
+like an impossibly short span of time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an impossibly short span of time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an impossibly short span of time we
+most models of inflation we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most models of inflation we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most models of inflation we think about
+happening over a tiny fraction of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening over a tiny fraction of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening over a tiny fraction of 1
+second uh when the universe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh when the universe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh when the universe was
+impossibly smaller than than what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly smaller than than what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibly smaller than than what we see
+around us today and when I say a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us today and when I say a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us today and when I say a tiny
+fraction I mean something like a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction I mean something like a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction I mean something like a billion
+billion billion billionth around 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion billion billionth around 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion billion billionth around 10us
+36th of a second or thereabouts give or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36th of a second or thereabouts give or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36th of a second or thereabouts give or
+take tiny tiny uh you know a human blink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take tiny tiny uh you know a human blink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take tiny tiny uh you know a human blink
+is is something like I don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is something like I don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is something like I don't know a
+thousandth of a second this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousandth of a second this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousandth of a second this is just
+exponentially shorter literally than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially shorter literally than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially shorter literally than the
+blink of an eye and yet again according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink of an eye and yet again according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink of an eye and yet again according
+to our best understanding so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our best understanding so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our best understanding so much
+happened in that tiny tiny Cosmic blink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in that tiny tiny Cosmic blink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in that tiny tiny Cosmic blink
+uh that set the Universe on the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that set the Universe on the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that set the Universe on the path
+that we actually now see and measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually now see and measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually now see and measure and
+and can kind of think more about to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can kind of think more about to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can kind of think more about to the
+present day so it was a period of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day so it was a period of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present day so it was a period of very
+rapid in fact basically exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid in fact basically exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid in fact basically exponentially
+fast stretching of space that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast stretching of space that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast stretching of space that's the
+inflation part like an inflating balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation part like an inflating balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation part like an inflating balloon
+doesn't go like that for very long but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go like that for very long but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go like that for very long but
+long enough to increase the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough to increase the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough to increase the size of the
+universe exponentially larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe exponentially larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe exponentially larger than
+anything would have been prior to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything would have been prior to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything would have been prior to that
+and that really sets the conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really sets the conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really sets the conditions for
+our otherwise uh sort of more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our otherwise uh sort of more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our otherwise uh sort of more familiar
+and very well tested model of the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very well tested model of the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very well tested model of the Big
+Bang uh my very dear friend my mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang uh my very dear friend my mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang uh my very dear friend my mentor
+and now my colleague Alan Guth also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my colleague Alan Guth also here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my colleague Alan Guth also here
+at MIT Allan likes to say that inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT Allan likes to say that inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT Allan likes to say that inflation
+which you helped to invent it puts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you helped to invent it puts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you helped to invent it puts the
+bang in the Big Bang this is what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang in the Big Bang this is what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang in the Big Bang this is what really
+sets the conditions for what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the conditions for what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the conditions for what what
+otherwise has to unfold for our very now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise has to unfold for our very now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise has to unfold for our very now
+decades older and very well tested model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades older and very well tested model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades older and very well tested model
+of the Big Bang the Big Bang itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Big Bang the Big Bang itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Big Bang the Big Bang itself
+didn't explain what set the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't explain what set the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't explain what set the universe
+sort of stretching at a certain rate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stretching at a certain rate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stretching at a certain rate it
+didn't explain why it would have passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't explain why it would have passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't explain why it would have passed
+through certain phases been hot now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through certain phases been hot now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through certain phases been hot now and
+cold later uh and those are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold later uh and those are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold later uh and those are things that
+inflation begins to plausibly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation begins to plausibly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation begins to plausibly kind of
+fill in and explain and one last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in and explain and one last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in and explain and one last thing
+I'll mention uh is an unexpected sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention uh is an unexpected sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll mention uh is an unexpected sort of
+byproduct of that is that it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct of that is that it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproduct of that is that it gives
+really a first principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a first principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a first principles that
+explanation for why there's anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why there's anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for why there's anything in
+our universe at all why universe is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our universe at all why universe is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our universe at all why universe is not
+a kind of uniform smudge of just average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of uniform smudge of just average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of uniform smudge of just average
+average vanilla everywhere yeah and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average vanilla everywhere yeah and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average vanilla everywhere yeah and in
+fact when we look around when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when we look around when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when we look around when the
+astronomers um use fancy telescopes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers um use fancy telescopes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers um use fancy telescopes if
+anyone walking around just casually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone walking around just casually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone walking around just casually
+looking at the sky at night we see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sky at night we see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the sky at night we see one
+of the most Stark features of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most Stark features of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most Stark features of our
+observable universe is it's very lumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable universe is it's very lumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable universe is it's very lumpy
+there are regions where there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are regions where there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are regions where there's very
+dense concentrations of matter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense concentrations of matter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense concentrations of matter and then
+enormous voids where nothing much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous voids where nothing much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous voids where nothing much
+happens at all I usually say it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at all I usually say it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at all I usually say it's like
+some parts are right by the STA Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts are right by the STA Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parts are right by the STA Center
+and otherwise are really you know quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise are really you know quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise are really you know quiet
+and boring like over at Harvard I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boring like over at Harvard I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boring like over at Harvard I'm
+kidding the point is I'm teasing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding the point is I'm teasing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding the point is I'm teasing but
+there's a kind of distribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of distribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of distribution to the
+matter to where the stuff is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to where the stuff is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to where the stuff is to the
+matter and energy and activity in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy and activity in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and energy and activity in our
+universe and how did that ever take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and how did that ever take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and how did that ever take that
+form and inflation gives us a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and inflation gives us a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and inflation gives us a really
+incredible framework to really calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible framework to really calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible framework to really calculate
+quantitatively not just to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively not just to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively not just to kind of
+wonder about in a cartoon level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder about in a cartoon level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder about in a cartoon level to
+calculate in very fine grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in very fine grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in very fine grain
+detail the initial unavoidable Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the initial unavoidable Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail the initial unavoidable Quantum
+Jitters going all the way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jitters going all the way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jitters going all the way back to
+Heisenberg's uncertainty principle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's uncertainty principle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's uncertainty principle that
+matter must have been subject to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter must have been subject to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter must have been subject to even
+during inflation and those originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during inflation and those originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during inflation and those originally
+very short short small scale Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short short small scale Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short short small scale Quantum
+fluctuations on this model gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations on this model gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations on this model gets
+stretched unbelievably fast to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched unbelievably fast to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched unbelievably fast to be the
+size of galaxies or even beyond galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of galaxies or even beyond galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of galaxies or even beyond galaxies
+having started much more than the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having started much more than the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having started much more than the size
+of an atom and it sets in motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom and it sets in motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom and it sets in motion the
+initial very minor lumpiness and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial very minor lumpiness and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial very minor lumpiness and then
+over time the areas that are happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the areas that are happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the areas that are happen to
+be slightly more lumpy slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly more lumpy slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly more lumpy slightly more
+mass than average uh those attract more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass than average uh those attract more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass than average uh those attract more
+mass or matter to them through ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or matter to them through ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass or matter to them through ordinary
+gravitational attraction regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction regions that
+happen to be just ever so slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be just ever so slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be just ever so slightly
+underdense a little less dense than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdense a little less dense than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdense a little less dense than
+average those get basically further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average those get basically further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average those get basically further and
+further evacuated by the neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further evacuated by the neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further evacuated by the neighboring
+lumpy or more massive parts and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpy or more massive parts and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpy or more massive parts and we can
+fill in that simple sounding story a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in that simple sounding story a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in that simple sounding story a lot
+of hand waving story now with some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hand waving story now with some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hand waving story now with some very
+sophisticated calculations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated calculations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated calculations and
+simulations compare with really fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations compare with really fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations compare with really fine
+grain measurements on the sky and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain measurements on the sky and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain measurements on the sky and the
+the match is sort of breathtaking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match is sort of breathtaking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match is sort of breathtaking that
+was a long answer but I think inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a long answer but I think inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a long answer but I think inflation
+is really is best understood as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really is best understood as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really is best understood as a
+framework for trying to understand some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for trying to understand some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for trying to understand some
+of the earliest M moments in Cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest M moments in Cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest M moments in Cosmic
+history and how it set our Universe onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and how it set our Universe onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and how it set our Universe onto
+a path that that we can now try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path that that we can now try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path that that we can now try to make
+sense of in more recent times W it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of in more recent times W it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of in more recent times W it's
+just fascinating it's so interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fascinating it's so interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fascinating it's so interesting and
+like that in and of itself might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in and of itself might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in and of itself might be
+enough to fill an entire career right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to fill an entire career right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to fill an entire career right
+but yet you have this intense interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet you have this intense interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yet you have this intense interest
+in the history of science um and physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of science um and physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of science um and physics
+and I'm so curious how that started for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm so curious how that started for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm so curious how that started for
+you it goes back away it's not quite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it goes back away it's not quite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it goes back away it's not quite to
+the time of the Big Bang it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the Big Bang it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the Big Bang it feels like
+that as I get older it's been that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I get older it's been that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I get older it's been that long
+not quite that long um but it does go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite that long um but it does go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite that long um but it does go
+back to my teenage years uh high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my teenage years uh high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my teenage years uh high school
+student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student
+in hindsight other historians have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hindsight other historians have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hindsight other historians have
+filled in that really turned out to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in that really turned out to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in that really turned out to have
+been a kind of golden age for Popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a kind of golden age for Popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a kind of golden age for Popular
+Science publishing I was a lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science publishing I was a lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science publishing I was a lucky
+beneficiary as many of my kind of peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiary as many of my kind of peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiary as many of my kind of peers
+or cohorts were uh reading books in say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cohorts were uh reading books in say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cohorts were uh reading books in say
+the the early mid 1980s that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the early mid 1980s that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the early mid 1980s that's the
+period I have in mind when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I have in mind when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period I have in mind when I was
+basically a you know younger uh high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a you know younger uh high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a you know younger uh high
+school student uh and so there were lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school student uh and so there were lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school student uh and so there were lots
+of really high quality books some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really high quality books some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really high quality books some
+written by practicing scientists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by practicing scientists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by practicing scientists some
+written by very careful and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by very careful and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by very careful and and uh
+excellent writers who were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent writers who were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent writers who were kind of
+science journalists or science writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science journalists or science writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science journalists or science writers
+who had a strong background science as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a strong background science as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had a strong background science as
+well so I was just just gobbling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I was just just gobbling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I was just just gobbling these
+up as a kid and some of those books from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a kid and some of those books from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a kid and some of those books from
+that time period used kind of history or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period used kind of history or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time period used kind of history or
+maybe maybe I'd say chronology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe I'd say chronology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe I'd say chronology to
+motivate to kind of tell a story to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate to kind of tell a story to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate to kind of tell a story to put
+something like a human face on what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a human face on what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a human face on what can
+otherwise sound like abstract ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise sound like abstract ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise sound like abstract ideas
+whether it's about Quantum Theory or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's about Quantum Theory or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's about Quantum Theory or the
+Big Bang or or relativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang or or relativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang or or relativity and
+gravitation and black holes whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation and black holes whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation and black holes whatever and
+so by the time I entered my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time I entered my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time I entered my
+undergraduate studies I was hooked and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate studies I was hooked and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate studies I was hooked and I
+remember very clearly was it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember very clearly was it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember very clearly was it was before
+even classes had begun my very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even classes had begun my very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even classes had begun my very first
+first few days on campus as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few days on campus as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few days on campus as an
+undergraduate I was talking with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate I was talking with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate I was talking with someone
+who had become a very important physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had become a very important physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had become a very important physics
+mentor to me and I shared all these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor to me and I shared all these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor to me and I shared all these kind
+of youthful enthusiasms about these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of youthful enthusiasms about these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of youthful enthusiasms about these sort
+of amazing stories about Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing stories about Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amazing stories about Albert Einstein
+and Neil's bore and all these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Neil's bore and all these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Neil's bore and all these kind of
+they felt to me like Giants on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt to me like Giants on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt to me like Giants on a
+mountaint and it was Joe Harris who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountaint and it was Joe Harris who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountaint and it was Joe Harris who was
+an expert in relativity longtime physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert in relativity longtime physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expert in relativity longtime physics
+Professor by the time I got to know him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor by the time I got to know him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor by the time I got to know him
+he said you know there's a whole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said you know there's a whole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said you know there's a whole field
+of study called The History of Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study called The History of Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study called The History of Science
+he left off the dummy like how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he left off the dummy like how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he left off the dummy like how did you
+not know that I didn't know I had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know that I didn't know I had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know that I didn't know I had never
+heard of it but Joe very sweetly said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it but Joe very sweetly said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it but Joe very sweetly said
+you know there's actually more to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's actually more to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's actually more to that
+than just kind of heroic Tales of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just kind of heroic Tales of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just kind of heroic Tales of of
+Lonesome Geniuses which are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lonesome Geniuses which are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lonesome Geniuses which are the kind of
+books that I've been absorbing they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that I've been absorbing they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that I've been absorbing they were
+kind of frankly very very hero wory with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frankly very very hero wory with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of frankly very very hero wory with
+with hindsight and was Joe Harris who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hindsight and was Joe Harris who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hindsight and was Joe Harris who
+said you know there's so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know there's so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know there's so much more
+interesting you know human stories to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know human stories to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know human stories to be
+told and it's not only individuals it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told and it's not only individuals it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told and it's not only individuals it's
+institutions it's broader cultures it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions it's broader cultures it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions it's broader cultures it's
+politics it's geopolitics you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics it's geopolitics you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics it's geopolitics you know it's
+the stuff of of world war and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff of of world war and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff of of world war and and and
+everything in between and so Jo gently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between and so Jo gently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in between and so Jo gently
+encouraged SL nudged me to go meet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged SL nudged me to go meet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged SL nudged me to go meet with
+actual card carrying historians of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual card carrying historians of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual card carrying historians of
+Science and I was lucky very lucky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and I was lucky very lucky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and I was lucky very lucky to
+fall in with two of them so I met very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in with two of them so I met very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in with two of them so I met very
+early uh Richard Kremer and Naomi oresky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh Richard Kremer and Naomi oresky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early uh Richard Kremer and Naomi oresky
+and and I sort of never looked back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I sort of never looked back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I sort of never looked back so
+they took me under their wings uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took me under their wings uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took me under their wings uh and I
+began doing sort of a double Maj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began doing sort of a double Maj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began doing sort of a double Maj
+essentially double major as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially double major as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially double major as an
+undergraduate because they showed me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate because they showed me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate because they showed me
+there really is there's a disciplined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is there's a disciplined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is there's a disciplined
+study of history including the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of history including the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of history including the history
+of science that really can go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science that really can go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science that really can go beyond
+these kind of Fairly one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of Fairly one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of Fairly one-dimensional
+stories as I say that I that I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories as I say that I that I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories as I say that I that I kind of
+um Love but really maybe ultim were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Love but really maybe ultim were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Love but really maybe ultim were a
+bit limiting that i' read in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit limiting that i' read in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit limiting that i' read in those
+earlier books there's something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier books there's something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier books there's something so
+interesting about putting a face to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about putting a face to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about putting a face to
+science a story that makes it so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science a story that makes it so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science a story that makes it so much
+more accessible to to everybody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accessible to to everybody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accessible to to everybody tell me
+a little bit more about something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more about something I've
+heard you say that science doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard you say that science doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard you say that science doesn't exist
+on its own that it's always happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own that it's always happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own that it's always happening in
+a context shaped by an institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a context shaped by an institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a context shaped by an institution
+shaped by the people around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by the people around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by the people around the
+scientists like tell me a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists like tell me a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists like tell me a little bit
+more about those ideas yeah on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about those ideas yeah on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about those ideas yeah on the one
+hand it's sort of a straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's sort of a straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's sort of a straightforward
+observation right scientific research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation right scientific research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation right scientific research is
+now and has always been done by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and has always been done by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and has always been done by people
+by humans right not always by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by humans right not always by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by humans right not always by you know
+by by sometimes a very select or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by sometimes a very select or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by sometimes a very select or even
+Elite group of people but by people by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite group of people but by people by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elite group of people but by people by
+humans and so it has always by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and so it has always by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and so it has always by
+definition been a human activity how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition been a human activity how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition been a human activity how
+could it be otherwise right and so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be otherwise right and so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it be otherwise right and so once
+we dig into that once we start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dig into that once we start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dig into that once we start from
+there then we start to say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then we start to say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then we start to say well you know
+humans tend to organize themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans tend to organize themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans tend to organize themselves in
+various ways or we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways or we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways or we think about
+institutions those change over time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions those change over time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions those change over time and
+and space it's not one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space it's not one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and space it's not one kind of
+Institution in which something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution in which something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution in which something like the
+discipline study of the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline study of the natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline study of the natural world
+has unfolded there's been lots of kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unfolded there's been lots of kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unfolded there's been lots of kinds
+of Institutions and that changed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Institutions and that changed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Institutions and that changed over
+time and across space the institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and across space the institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and across space the institutions
+themselves aren't just kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves aren't just kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves aren't just kind of you know
+pled down in a vacuum right who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pled down in a vacuum right who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pled down in a vacuum right who wants
+that who's supporting that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who's supporting that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that who's supporting that kind of
+research toward what ends what do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research toward what ends what do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research toward what ends what do people
+want out of moving into that those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want out of moving into that those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want out of moving into that those kinds
+of spaces what do they what do they hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaces what do they what do they hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaces what do they what do they hope
+to to be able to learn or contribute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be able to learn or contribute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be able to learn or contribute or
+or or why do they think they're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or why do they think they're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or why do they think they're doing it
+and once we start asking those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we start asking those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once we start asking those questions
+about the people about groups of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the people about groups of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the people about groups of people
+about larger groups that might be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about larger groups that might be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about larger groups that might be sort
+of supporting Direct or indirectly those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of supporting Direct or indirectly those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of supporting Direct or indirectly those
+groups of people then suddenly we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of people then suddenly we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of people then suddenly we have
+you know a real history with a capital H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a real history with a capital H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a real history with a capital H
+it's really in the in the flow of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really in the in the flow of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really in the in the flow of of
+human events and it's not kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human events and it's not kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human events and it's not kind of
+cordoned off as being somehow separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordoned off as being somehow separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordoned off as being somehow separated
+from the other elements that that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other elements that that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other elements that that my
+colleagues in history are immersed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in history are immersed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in history are immersed in
+all the time let's talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time let's talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time let's talk a little bit
+about your course Einstein Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your course Einstein Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your course Einstein Oppenheimer
+fan physics in the 20th century so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan physics in the 20th century so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan physics in the 20th century so this
+is really bringing together the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really bringing together the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really bringing together the physics
+and the history of science into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the history of science into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the history of science into this
+fascinating course could you share some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating course could you share some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating course could you share some
+of the main goals of the course that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main goals of the course that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main goals of the course that you
+have for Learners yeah I guess I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for Learners yeah I guess I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for Learners yeah I guess I really
+have at least two big sort of highlevel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least two big sort of highlevel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least two big sort of highlevel
+goals that I'd like to bring forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that I'd like to bring forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that I'd like to bring forward
+when I teach the class and one is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I teach the class and one is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I teach the class and one is it
+really should help students especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should help students especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should help students especially
+students in physics but not limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in physics but not limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in physics but not limited to
+that get a sense of of a a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get a sense of of a a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get a sense of of a a couple of the
+Contours of the field it's know it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours of the field it's know it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours of the field it's know it can
+be a kind of I sometimes joke it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of I sometimes joke it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of I sometimes joke it's like
+a smorgus board or a taster menu a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smorgus board or a taster menu a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smorgus board or a taster menu a
+buffet of what I still consider some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffet of what I still consider some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffet of what I still consider some of
+the most you know kind mind stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you know kind mind stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you know kind mind stretching
+strange sounding delicious ideas is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sounding delicious ideas is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sounding delicious ideas is at
+the core of modern physics and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of modern physics and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of modern physics and that
+means things like quantum theory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means things like quantum theory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means things like quantum theory it
+means things like um relativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means things like um relativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means things like um relativity and
+gravitation and cosmology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation and cosmology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitation and cosmology and
+astrophysics there's plenty I I get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics there's plenty I I get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics there's plenty I I get I
+have to leave out because of time but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave out because of time but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave out because of time but we
+get to really sit with you know early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to really sit with you know early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to really sit with you know early
+ideas about nuclear physics and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about nuclear physics and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about nuclear physics and where
+that leads to so that part one is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to so that part one is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to so that part one is it's
+it's a a kind of road map to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a kind of road map to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a kind of road map to some of the
+areas still of great great excitement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas still of great great excitement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas still of great great excitement to
+the research Frontier in physics today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research Frontier in physics today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research Frontier in physics today
+they didn't come from nowhere they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't come from nowhere they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't come from nowhere they've
+evolved on sometimes you know kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved on sometimes you know kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved on sometimes you know kind of a
+rocky bumpy path plenty of blind spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocky bumpy path plenty of blind spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocky bumpy path plenty of blind spots
+along way so part one is what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along way so part one is what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along way so part one is what does the
+field look like now and how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field look like now and how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field look like now and how do we get
+there number two coming back to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there number two coming back to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there number two coming back to what we
+talked about just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about just a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about just a moment
+ago how has this Collective kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago how has this Collective kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago how has this Collective kind of
+community shared body of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community shared body of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community shared body of knowledge
+developed and that brings us right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and that brings us right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and that brings us right back
+to it's people in institutions set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's people in institutions set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's people in institutions set
+sometimes in very dramatic times uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in very dramatic times uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in very dramatic times uh you
+know historical moments wartime fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know historical moments wartime fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know historical moments wartime fighting
+fascism the nuclear age lots of scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascism the nuclear age lots of scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascism the nuclear age lots of scary
+things kind of worldly events uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things kind of worldly events uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things kind of worldly events uh and
+that those I say weren't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those I say weren't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those I say weren't sort of
+separated from the march to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the march to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from the march to better
+understand quantum theory or Nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand quantum theory or Nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand quantum theory or Nuclear
+Physics or the cosmos so it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics or the cosmos so it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Physics or the cosmos so it's a way to
+try to see how do ideas and institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see how do ideas and institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see how do ideas and institutions
+kind of knit together and together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knit together and together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of knit together and together
+change across time and space it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change across time and space it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change across time and space it's not
+one versus the other it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus the other it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus the other it's a kind of
+evolving framework of ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving framework of ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving framework of ideas and
+institutions and that pairing that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and that pairing that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and that pairing that kind
+of double vision I find really helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double vision I find really helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of double vision I find really helpful
+and a lot of fun then to try to engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of fun then to try to engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of fun then to try to engage
+you know with the with the class as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the with the class as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the with the class as well
+yeah I mean one thing that this makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean one thing that this makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean one thing that this makes me
+think of is like when students become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is like when students become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is like when students become
+aware of how institutions and physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of how institutions and physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of how institutions and physics
+kind of indirect they may begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of indirect they may begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of indirect they may begin to
+question their own institutions like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question their own institutions like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question their own institutions like you
+know are are women really represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are are women really represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are are women really represented in
+this field and if they're not then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field and if they're not then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field and if they're not then what
+impact is that having on what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is that having on what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact is that having on what's being
+studied and what's being discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and what's being discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied and what's being discovered
+absolutely no there's a great point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no there's a great point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no there's a great point and
+something you know I've taught this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know I've taught this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know I've taught this
+course maybe 10 or 11 or 12 times over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course maybe 10 or 11 or 12 times over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course maybe 10 or 11 or 12 times over
+the years as I teach it roughly every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years as I teach it roughly every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years as I teach it roughly every
+other year uh so had a chance to do it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other year uh so had a chance to do it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other year uh so had a chance to do it a
+number of times and one thing I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times and one thing I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times and one thing I found
+adding more and more to the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more and more to the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more and more to the syllabus
+over time there's room for more still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time there's room for more still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time there's room for more still
+it's still an evolving course are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still an evolving course are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still an evolving course are
+questions exactly of the sort that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions exactly of the sort that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions exactly of the sort that that
+you're pointing to and I'm lucky because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pointing to and I'm lucky because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pointing to and I'm lucky because
+some of my own historical work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my own historical work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my own historical work has
+focused on that written in first round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on that written in first round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on that written in first round
+for kind of fellow Specialists but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kind of fellow Specialists but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kind of fellow Specialists but more
+and more of my colleagues in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of my colleagues in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more of my colleagues in the field
+in the history science and in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history science and in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history science and in physics
+both have been asking those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have been asking those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have been asking those questions
+and and not just asking but really doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not just asking but really doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and not just asking but really doing
+careful Empirical archival research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful Empirical archival research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful Empirical archival research
+interviews more recent periods there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews more recent periods there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews more recent periods there's
+more stuff that I can learn from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff that I can learn from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff that I can learn from and
+also more stuff I can assign and teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more stuff I can assign and teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more stuff I can assign and teach
+so the reading list has been evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reading list has been evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reading list has been evolving
+it'll continue evolving um exactly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll continue evolving um exactly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll continue evolving um exactly on
+that on that Baseline theme this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on that Baseline theme this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on that Baseline theme this is done
+by people in times and places that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people in times and places that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people in times and places that is is
+non-trivial we'd say there's a lot going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial we'd say there's a lot going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial we'd say there's a lot going
+on to there uh who's been invited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to there uh who's been invited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to there uh who's been invited in
+who's felt welcomed in and with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's felt welcomed in and with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's felt welcomed in and with what
+consequence intellectually as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence intellectually as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence intellectually as well as
+sort of for the broader the Viewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of for the broader the Viewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of for the broader the Viewpoint
+more broadly of the scientific Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly of the scientific Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more broadly of the scientific Community
+absolutely and I'm wondering if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and I'm wondering if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and I'm wondering if that's
+one reason there's no textbook for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason there's no textbook for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason there's no textbook for the
+course you know partly it it's also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know partly it it's also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know partly it it's also it's
+still a somewhat unusual course I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a somewhat unusual course I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a somewhat unusual course I have
+friends who teach similar courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who teach similar courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends who teach similar courses
+elsewhere so it's not this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere so it's not this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere so it's not this is the only
+one uh and I've learned a lot from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and I've learned a lot from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and I've learned a lot from their
+from their version the of their courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their version the of their courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from their version the of their courses
+but I I really haven't found the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I really haven't found the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I really haven't found the one
+kind of source that brings it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of source that brings it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of source that brings it together
+and what's one of the things that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's one of the things that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's one of the things that's so
+special about this course here that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about this course here that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about this course here that I
+enjoy in particular I should say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy in particular I should say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy in particular I should say about
+the course is that really aiming first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is that really aiming first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is that really aiming first
+and foremost for physics Majors we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foremost for physics Majors we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foremost for physics Majors we can
+get into a bunch of equations even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a bunch of equations even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a bunch of equations even
+though the and we'll talk soon I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the and we'll talk soon I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the and we'll talk soon I'm sure
+the assignments are not typical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments are not typical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignments are not typical problem
+sets I love the kinds of assignments we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets I love the kinds of assignments we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets I love the kinds of assignments we
+get to do but you know in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do but you know in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do but you know in the course of
+a class discussion uh or during office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class discussion uh or during office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class discussion uh or during office
+hours you know these are mostly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours you know these are mostly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours you know these are mostly they're
+not entirely young physics students so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entirely young physics students so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not entirely young physics students so
+that's one kind of shared skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one kind of shared skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one kind of shared skills and
+shared reference points that we together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared reference points that we together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared reference points that we together
+can draw upon in the class and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw upon in the class and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw upon in the class and to
+combine that with you know readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine that with you know readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine that with you know readings
+about the rise of Nazism or or kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rise of Nazism or or kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the rise of Nazism or or kind of
+very context heavy studies of women in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very context heavy studies of women in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very context heavy studies of women in
+science after the war I I haven't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science after the war I I haven't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science after the war I I haven't yet
+found one source that really knits them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one source that really knits them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one source that really knits them
+together in the way that I would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the way that I would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the way that I would want to
+kind of keep the material moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of keep the material moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of keep the material moving forward
+so I it be it's a kind of grab bag again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I it be it's a kind of grab bag again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I it be it's a kind of grab bag again
+I I revise the reading list pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I revise the reading list pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I revise the reading list pretty much
+every time I teach it but there's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I teach it but there's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I teach it but there's a kind
+of pattern to it that I feel pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern to it that I feel pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pattern to it that I feel pretty
+comfortable with now and that really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with now and that really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with now and that really is
+picking and choosing some papers short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking and choosing some papers short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking and choosing some papers short
+papers by people like Albert Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers by people like Albert Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers by people like Albert Einstein
+that our students really can read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our students really can read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our students really can read and
+really make sense of as well as works by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense of as well as works by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense of as well as works by
+historians philosophers sociologists you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians philosophers sociologists you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians philosophers sociologists you
+know media theorists or whomever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know media theorists or whomever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know media theorists or whomever else
+and so bringing those together let's sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so bringing those together let's sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so bringing those together let's sit
+with those together is really fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those together is really fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those together is really fun and
+that means let's just you know put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means let's just you know put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means let's just you know put them
+together on a website instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on a website instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on a website instead of looking
+for one book that does it all yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one book that does it all yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one book that does it all yeah yeah
+and you know I have to say the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I have to say the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I have to say the course is
+now on open course where it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on open course where it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on open course where it's an open
+educational resource and how other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resource and how other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resource and how other
+people can you know remix those readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can you know remix those readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can you know remix those readings
+change them around supplement them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change them around supplement them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change them around supplement them and
+it becomes a sharable resource which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a sharable resource which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a sharable resource which is
+just great it it's very exciting to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just great it it's very exciting to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just great it it's very exciting to me
+as well I I'm sort of eager to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I I'm sort of eager to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well I I'm sort of eager to see what
+other smart folks will do with it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other smart folks will do with it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other smart folks will do with it I mean
+here's here's my best take at it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's my best take at it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's my best take at it what
+other people are going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are going to do something
+else which is great exactly so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else which is great exactly so let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else which is great exactly so let's get
+into the details a little bit let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details a little bit let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the details a little bit let's
+let's pick Einstein appenheimer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pick Einstein appenheimer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pick Einstein appenheimer or
+feineman um some of your title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feineman um some of your title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feineman um some of your title
+characters like maybe pick one and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters like maybe pick one and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters like maybe pick one and tell
+me a little bit about how his context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a little bit about how his context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a little bit about how his context
+was shaping the science that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shaping the science that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shaping the science that he was
+doing yeah I mean each of them of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah I mean each of them of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yeah I mean each of them of course
+are stand-ins for kind of generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stand-ins for kind of generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stand-ins for kind of generations
+and so we talk about many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talk about many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we talk about many more
+individuals than of course only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals than of course only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals than of course only those
+three um I did choose that title the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um I did choose that title the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um I did choose that title the
+very first time I ever taught the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first time I ever taught the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first time I ever taught the course
+with MIT students in mind what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MIT students in mind what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MIT students in mind what's going
+to catch their eye if you see a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch their eye if you see a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch their eye if you see a a
+handwritten poster on the wall but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwritten poster on the wall but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwritten poster on the wall but um
+anyway so you know we spent a good chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you know we spent a good chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you know we spent a good chunk
+of the course thinking about Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course thinking about Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course thinking about Albert
+Einstein and the times of Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and the times of Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and the times of Albert
+Einstein if not only his individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein if not only his individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein if not only his individual
+person and I think again he what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and I think again he what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and I think again he what's
+fascinating is that everyone more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is that everyone more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is that everyone more or
+less has heard the name everyone at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less has heard the name everyone at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less has heard the name everyone at MIT
+more or less has some ideas and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less has some ideas and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less has some ideas and maybe
+even some more more detailed knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some more more detailed knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some more more detailed knowledge
+of some of contributions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of contributions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of contributions to the
+scientific field that Einstein himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific field that Einstein himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific field that Einstein himself
+had created uh or he in a small circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had created uh or he in a small circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had created uh or he in a small circle
+and yet it's not always well known the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it's not always well known the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it's not always well known the
+kind of world he was immersed in the ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of world he was immersed in the ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of world he was immersed in the ups
+and downs that he himself was facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downs that he himself was facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downs that he himself was facing
+individually but again even beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually but again even beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually but again even beyond the
+realm of just the individual and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of just the individual and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of just the individual and so one
+thing I find helpful is you know he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I find helpful is you know he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I find helpful is you know he was
+very very ambitious uh and was mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very ambitious uh and was mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very ambitious uh and was mostly
+thwarted as a young person and I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwarted as a young person and I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwarted as a young person and I find
+that kind of helpful to sit with for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of helpful to sit with for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of helpful to sit with for a
+little while not to sort of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while not to sort of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while not to sort of point
+fingers say you know there was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers say you know there was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers say you know there was a kind of
+mismatch uh and partly why he wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch uh and partly why he wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch uh and partly why he wasn't so
+successful because he was extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because he was extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because he was extremely
+arrogant as a young man and also cut all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant as a young man and also cut all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant as a young man and also cut all
+his classes it's a good thing to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his classes it's a good thing to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his classes it's a good thing to remind
+my students you know don't cut your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students you know don't cut your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students you know don't cut your
+classes here's here's a pro tip um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes here's here's a pro tip um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes here's here's a pro tip um so
+Einstein got by by basically borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein got by by basically borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein got by by basically borrowing
+the notes from a small circle of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes from a small circle of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes from a small circle of very
+good friends one of whom then became his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friends one of whom then became his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friends one of whom then became his
+his first wife Mala marriage who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first wife Mala marriage who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first wife Mala marriage who was a
+much more diligent physics student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more diligent physics student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more diligent physics student and
+math student at the time than he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math student at the time than he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math student at the time than he was in
+university other friends who went on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university other friends who went on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university other friends who went on to
+very distinguished careers in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinguished careers in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very distinguished careers in in
+mathematics and physics and Einstein as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and physics and Einstein as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and physics and Einstein as
+a young person would basically delve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young person would basically delve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a young person would basically delve
+into things he cared about and literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into things he cared about and literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into things he cared about and literally
+blow off or ignore things that he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow off or ignore things that he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow off or ignore things that he wasn't
+into uh including if he didn't wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh including if he didn't wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh including if he didn't wasn't
+impressed by a given faculty member uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed by a given faculty member uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed by a given faculty member uh
+and that's not great advice I always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not great advice I always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not great advice I always say
+Einstein was kind of a dummy he was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was kind of a dummy he was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein was kind of a dummy he was no
+Einstein as a young person right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein as a young person right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein as a young person right and
+that's worth sitting with again at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth sitting with again at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth sitting with again at the
+kind of individual level and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of individual level and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of individual level and then we can
+see well how was he beginning to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well how was he beginning to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well how was he beginning to ask
+questions that sometimes were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that sometimes were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that sometimes were on
+familiar terrain for the experts who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar terrain for the experts who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar terrain for the experts who
+were already the kind of esteemed Giants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already the kind of esteemed Giants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already the kind of esteemed Giants
+in the field when he was sort of up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field when he was sort of up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field when he was sort of up and
+coming he would ask what I think were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming he would ask what I think were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming he would ask what I think were
+often recognizable questions but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often recognizable questions but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often recognizable questions but really
+kind of from we might say from left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from we might say from left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from we might say from left
+field with an often with an unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with an often with an unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with an often with an unusual
+twist uh and that's also fun to sit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist uh and that's also fun to sit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist uh and that's also fun to sit with
+so the question we can oh I get it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question we can oh I get it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question we can oh I get it I
+want to understand I understand why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand I understand why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand I understand why that
+was a pressing challenge of the day it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pressing challenge of the day it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pressing challenge of the day it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into this body of work why is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into this body of work why is he
+doing things that look that looked then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that look that looked then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that look that looked then
+to his contemporaries pretty Oddball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his contemporaries pretty Oddball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his contemporaries pretty Oddball
+what do we do with it today and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with it today and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with it today and there's
+two kinds of Oddball that I that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of Oddball that I that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of Oddball that I that we can
+have fun with one is we can read how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun with one is we can read how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun with one is we can read how did
+other people react to his work in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people react to his work in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people react to his work in real
+time and we do a lot of the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we do a lot of the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we do a lot of the early
+reception for example of Relativity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception for example of Relativity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception for example of Relativity I
+think is just fascinating and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is just fascinating and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is just fascinating and a lot of
+my friends in history have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends in history have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends in history have written
+brilliant things on that but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant things on that but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant things on that but also
+especially with a room full of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with a room full of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with a room full of physics
+students most of whom have had at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students most of whom have had at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students most of whom have had at least
+some formal training let's say in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal training let's say in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal training let's say in in
+special relativity before it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity before it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity before it doesn't
+look the same as what we do today either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same as what we do today either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same as what we do today either
+there's a strangeness that was commented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strangeness that was commented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strangeness that was commented
+on by contemporaries in the early 1900s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by contemporaries in the early 1900s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on by contemporaries in the early 1900s
+there's a different kind of strangeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different kind of strangeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different kind of strangeness
+as we as Community have learned and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we as Community have learned and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we as Community have learned and kind
+of assimilated this and now we teach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assimilated this and now we teach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assimilated this and now we teach it
+in different ways than what made sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways than what made sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways than what made sense
+either to Einstein or indeed to his to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to Einstein or indeed to his to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to Einstein or indeed to his to
+his contemporaries and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his contemporaries and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his contemporaries and so there's
+there's a kind of remoteness which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of remoteness which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of remoteness which I
+find very helpful as an historian it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very helpful as an historian it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find very helpful as an historian it's
+not just what we all expect it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just what we all expect it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just what we all expect it doesn't
+just look like what we did yesterday in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like what we did yesterday in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look like what we did yesterday in
+our in our classes now why not that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our classes now why not that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our classes now why not that's an
+opening then say well why what what made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening then say well why what what made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening then say well why what what made
+sense to them there why do we do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to them there why do we do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to them there why do we do things
+differently now and how can we begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently now and how can we begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently now and how can we begin to
+tell a kind of more complicated kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a kind of more complicated kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a kind of more complicated kind of
+ups and downs kind of story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ups and downs kind of story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ups and downs kind of story that
+stretches out out in this case over many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out out in this case over many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches out out in this case over many
+decades roughly a century and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades roughly a century and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades roughly a century and not just
+assume that because we still remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that because we still remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that because we still remember
+Einstein's name we know what he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's name we know what he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's name we know what he thought
+he did and that's really we can sit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did and that's really we can sit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did and that's really we can sit with
+this looks familiar but strange this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks familiar but strange this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks familiar but strange this is
+strange but now I can see familiarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange but now I can see familiarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange but now I can see familiarity
+you can do a lot of work with with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of work with with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of work with with that
+with that kind of uh Jack's position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of uh Jack's position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of uh Jack's position
+yeah that's interesting and I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's interesting and I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's interesting and I know the
+course focuses a lot on science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course focuses a lot on science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course focuses a lot on science
+communication writing in particular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication writing in particular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication writing in particular and
+one of the assignments asks students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the assignments asks students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the assignments asks students to
+peer review a piece by Einstein yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer review a piece by Einstein yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer review a piece by Einstein yes I
+mean tell me about that and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean tell me about that and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean tell me about that and how do
+students feel about doing that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students feel about doing that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students feel about doing that that's a
+little bit intimidating no it it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intimidating no it it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intimidating no it it could
+be but we we we work up to it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but we we we work up to it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but we we we work up to it and so
+again my friends in Humanities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again my friends in Humanities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again my friends in Humanities and
+myself would call this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself would call this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself would call this kind of
+assignment a very typical assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment a very typical assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment a very typical assignment
+it's a close reading of a primary source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a close reading of a primary source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a close reading of a primary source
+okay take any history class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take any history class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take any history class or
+literature or or art history or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature or or art history or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature or or art history or
+anthropology that's a that's a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology that's a that's a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropology that's a that's a critical
+skill uh to both read it and say what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill uh to both read it and say what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill uh to both read it and say what do
+I think the author is trying to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the author is trying to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the author is trying to convey
+what's the structure of the author's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the structure of the author's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the structure of the author's
+argument what's the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what's the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what's the basis of the
+evidence to go from step one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to go from step one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to go from step one of the
+argument to step two that's these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to step two that's these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument to step two that's these are
+incredibly valuable analytic skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly valuable analytic skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly valuable analytic skills and
+then to write in this case a brief paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to write in this case a brief paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to write in this case a brief paper
+four or five double space Pages not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five double space Pages not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five double space Pages not
+terribly long where the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly long where the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly long where the students
+practice articulating you know going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice articulating you know going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice articulating you know going
+through the argument and it's as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the argument and it's as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the argument and it's as I say
+it's a close reading of a primary source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a close reading of a primary source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a close reading of a primary source
+because there's no Library work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Library work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Library work you
+don't have to read three more books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to read three more books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to read three more books and
+say what other people said I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what other people said I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what other people said I was doing
+just sit with this text as a text and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit with this text as a text and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sit with this text as a text and in
+fact only the first few page of the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact only the first few page of the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact only the first few page of the text
+just an excerpt and say here's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an excerpt and say here's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an excerpt and say here's what I
+think the author is doing to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the author is doing to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the author is doing to make an
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+and then the student says and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the student says and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the student says and is it
+compelling is it a is it a value is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling is it a is it a value is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling is it a is it a value is it a
+trustworthy argument are there gaps does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy argument are there gaps does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy argument are there gaps does
+it make sense or is it strange and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make sense or is it strange and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make sense or is it strange and so
+part of what I remind them before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what I remind them before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what I remind them before they
+work on the paper is that many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the paper is that many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the paper is that many many many
+people who read Einstein's this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who read Einstein's this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who read Einstein's this very
+paper in real time back in 1905 they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in real time back in 1905 they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in real time back in 1905 they
+thought it was a very strange paper as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a very strange paper as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a very strange paper as
+well it looked bizarre it didn't follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it looked bizarre it didn't follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it looked bizarre it didn't follow
+their own standards or expectations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own standards or expectations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own standards or expectations from
+the day much as it doesn't follow ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day much as it doesn't follow ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day much as it doesn't follow ours
+today either despite differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today either despite differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today either despite differences between
+those two it looks strange the experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two it looks strange the experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two it looks strange the experts
+then and very few people read this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and very few people read this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and very few people read this thing
+and said oh I get it now I am reformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said oh I get it now I am reformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said oh I get it now I am reformed
+the first response to to Einstein's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first response to to Einstein's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first response to to Einstein's work
+in relativity was no response at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relativity was no response at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relativity was no response at all and
+so we put ourselves back in the mindset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put ourselves back in the mindset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put ourselves back in the mindset
+this is coming from a basically little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming from a basically little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is coming from a basically little
+known civil servant patent clerk not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known civil servant patent clerk not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known civil servant patent clerk not a
+fancy University Professor who's writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy University Professor who's writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy University Professor who's writing
+things in a in an unusual convention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a in an unusual convention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a in an unusual convention in
+style making some really curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style making some really curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style making some really curious
+sounding arguments okay let's sit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding arguments okay let's sit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding arguments okay let's sit with
+that here read these first you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here read these first you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here read these first you know five
+pages of of Einstein's paper write four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of of Einstein's paper write four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of of Einstein's paper write four
+or five pages on your own and that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five pages on your own and that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five pages on your own and that kind
+of it's meant to restore some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's meant to restore some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's meant to restore some of the
+strangeness again pretend you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness again pretend you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness again pretend you don't know
+about what we all have learned you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we all have learned you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we all have learned you know
+in the hundred plus years since unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hundred plus years since unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hundred plus years since unusual
+paper not already famous author let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper not already famous author let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper not already famous author let's
+read this on its merits uh and I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this on its merits uh and I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this on its merits uh and I always
+say you know the the the the papers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know the the the the papers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know the the the the papers I
+enjoy reading most are the students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy reading most are the students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy reading most are the students who
+reject this this is a bizarr looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject this this is a bizarr looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject this this is a bizarr looking
+paper this shouldn't be published like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this shouldn't be published like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this shouldn't be published like
+that and I think they're often right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think they're often right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think they're often right so
+that's why we try to do a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we try to do a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we try to do a little more
+consider conceptual work uh by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider conceptual work uh by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider conceptual work uh by taking
+that excerpt pretty seriously and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excerpt pretty seriously and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excerpt pretty seriously and while
+we're talking about him being a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about him being a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about him being a patent
+officer which I did not know actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer which I did not know actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer which I did not know actually
+what was the impact of his travels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the impact of his travels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the impact of his travels to
+and from the patent office that shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the patent office that shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the patent office that shaped
+how he was understanding the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he was understanding the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he was understanding the physical
+Universe I love this part and this I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe I love this part and this I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe I love this part and this I I
+really take from a very dear friend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really take from a very dear friend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really take from a very dear friend and
+colleague of mine Peter gson I signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine Peter gson I signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of mine Peter gson I signed
+one of Peter's enormously uh influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Peter's enormously uh influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Peter's enormously uh influential
+and frankly just fun articles on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly just fun articles on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly just fun articles on this
+project he went on to read a whole book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he went on to read a whole book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he went on to read a whole book
+about it but for the course we read an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but for the course we read an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but for the course we read an
+article from from Peter Gallison and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article from from Peter Gallison and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article from from Peter Gallison and
+among the things that Peter does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the things that Peter does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the things that Peter does is
+reconstructs just as you say literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructs just as you say literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructs just as you say literally
+the path that Einstein walked in Baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that Einstein walked in Baron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that Einstein walked in Baron
+Switzerland when he was a young in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland when he was a young in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland when he was a young in his
+mid 20s uh from his apartment rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 20s uh from his apartment rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 20s uh from his apartment rather
+modest apartment to his desk at his at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest apartment to his desk at his at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest apartment to his desk at his at
+his day job at at the um you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his day job at at the um you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his day job at at the um you know one of
+one of the many branches of the Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the many branches of the Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the many branches of the Swiss
+patent office in Baron Switzerland H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office in Baron Switzerland H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent office in Baron Switzerland H and
+what was so interesting that Peter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was so interesting that Peter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was so interesting that Peter was
+able to find is that Einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find is that Einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find is that Einstein was
+passing not just one or two clocks he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing not just one or two clocks he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing not just one or two clocks he
+was passing a brand new set of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was passing a brand new set of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was passing a brand new set of special
+clocks that had just been installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks that had just been installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks that had just been installed
+around the time Einstein was was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time Einstein was was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time Einstein was was making
+this literally this daily commute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literally this daily commute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literally this daily commute this
+walking Journey these were clocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking Journey these were clocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking Journey these were clocks that
+were coordinated they would show not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coordinated they would show not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coordinated they would show not
+just similar time but really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just similar time but really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just similar time but really kind of
+lockstep time long before the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockstep time long before the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockstep time long before the age of
+satellites and GPS and you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and GPS and you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites and GPS and you know and and
+um fancy things that we do just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fancy things that we do just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fancy things that we do just to
+synchronize clocks today but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize clocks today but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize clocks today but they were
+really a brand new invention just coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a brand new invention just coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a brand new invention just coming
+online around the year 1900 plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online around the year 1900 plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online around the year 1900 plus or
+minus in many parts certainly of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in many parts certainly of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in many parts certainly of of
+Europe and so what was most sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and so what was most sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and so what was most sort of
+surprising about Einstein's first paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising about Einstein's first paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising about Einstein's first paper
+on what comes be called the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what comes be called the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what comes be called the special
+theory of relativity this paper he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity this paper he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of relativity this paper he wrote
+while at the patent office in 1905 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at the patent office in 1905 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at the patent office in 1905 was
+he's thinking all the time about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's thinking all the time about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's thinking all the time about how
+could one coordinate clocks at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one coordinate clocks at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one coordinate clocks at a
+distance it's it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it's it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance it's it's not so
+straightforward and the solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and the solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and the solution that
+Einstein famously very abstractly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein famously very abstractly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein famously very abstractly
+describes in In This Very abstract paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes in In This Very abstract paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes in In This Very abstract paper
+is we can use light beams things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can use light beams things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can use light beams things like
+electromagnetic waves radio waves uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves radio waves uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves radio waves uh now
+we might use lasers because we're fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might use lasers because we're fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might use lasers because we're fancy
+but the same basic idea waves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same basic idea waves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same basic idea waves that are
+going to travel at a at a known speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to travel at a at a known speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to travel at a at a known speed
+Einstein gets more and more concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein gets more and more concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein gets more and more concerned
+about the speed of light in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the speed of light in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the speed of light in general and
+would it be the same for all observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be the same for all observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be the same for all observers
+this becomes a core that he writes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a core that he writes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a core that he writes down
+these strange looking first few pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strange looking first few pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strange looking first few pages of
+of this article that the students read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this article that the students read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this article that the students read
+so carefully but one of the things he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so carefully but one of the things he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so carefully but one of the things he
+convinces himself of is that the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces himself of is that the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinces himself of is that the speed
+of light should be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light should be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light should be a constant
+independent of one's state of motion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of one's state of motion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of one's state of motion I
+could be standing still on the sidewalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be standing still on the sidewalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be standing still on the sidewalk
+I could be on a fast moving train we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could be on a fast moving train we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could be on a fast moving train we
+know Einstein loved trains he often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Einstein loved trains he often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Einstein loved trains he often
+thought about moving fast on trains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about moving fast on trains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about moving fast on trains and
+that me and the sidewalk my friend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that me and the sidewalk my friend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that me and the sidewalk my friend on
+the train should measure the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train should measure the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train should measure the speed of
+light to be the same speed even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to be the same speed even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to be the same speed even though
+we're moving at very different speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving at very different speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're moving at very different speeds
+from each other so suddenly you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other so suddenly you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other so suddenly you have
+something like a standard Bearer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a standard Bearer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a standard Bearer there's
+something Universal at least I scien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Universal at least I scien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something Universal at least I scien
+convinced himself that's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced himself that's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced himself that's not only
+immeasurable but it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immeasurable but it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immeasurable but it's not going to
+change kind of situation by situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change kind of situation by situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change kind of situation by situation
+that sounds like a pretty good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like a pretty good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like a pretty good way to
+start standardizing clocks one clock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start standardizing clocks one clock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start standardizing clocks one clock is
+sort of central clock which you set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of central clock which you set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of central clock which you set by
+whatever means you want you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever means you want you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever means you want you're going to
+say that's my official time and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's my official time and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's my official time and then you
+beam out timestamped radio waves cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam out timestamped radio waves cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam out timestamped radio waves cuz
+those going to travel at a known speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those going to travel at a known speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those going to travel at a known speed
+and if you know the distance you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know the distance you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you know the distance you are
+from that Central clock then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that Central clock then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that Central clock then you know
+how long the light beam has traveling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the light beam has traveling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the light beam has traveling to
+get to you so you know how much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to you so you know how much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to you so you know how much to
+offset your clock uh and in fact uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset your clock uh and in fact uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset your clock uh and in fact uh this
+wasn't that part wasn't Einstein's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that part wasn't Einstein's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that part wasn't Einstein's idea
+he was he was generalizing from it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he was generalizing from it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he was generalizing from it I
+think in really rather amazing ways uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in really rather amazing ways uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in really rather amazing ways uh
+again I'm just learning this now I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just learning this now I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm just learning this now I say
+from Peter gallison's uh historical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Peter gallison's uh historical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Peter gallison's uh historical work
+uh and so one of the earliest uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so one of the earliest uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so one of the earliest uses of
+the Eiffel Tower was actually to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eiffel Tower was actually to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Eiffel Tower was actually to be a
+beacon to send out kind of standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beacon to send out kind of standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beacon to send out kind of standardized
+radio waves of of of standard Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio waves of of of standard Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio waves of of of standard Central
+Paris time really that people worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris time really that people worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris time really that people worried
+about this in in an of more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in in an of more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in in an of more and more
+trains moving more and more rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains moving more and more rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains moving more and more rapidly
+across more and more of Continental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across more and more of Continental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across more and more of Continental
+Europe you know you don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe you know you don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe you know you don't want to have
+different clock settings at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different clock settings at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different clock settings at the start
+and end of a train journey because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of a train journey because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end of a train journey because that
+could lead to you know terrible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead to you know terrible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lead to you know terrible thing
+crashes and let alone hard to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes and let alone hard to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes and let alone hard to to
+schedule so the the real world demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so the the real world demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so the the real world demands
+civilian and Military this a time of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian and Military this a time of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilian and Military this a time of of
+still great unrest Franco Prussian war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still great unrest Franco Prussian war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still great unrest Franco Prussian war
+of 1871 and two all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1871 and two all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1871 and two all these things are
+real world concerns during Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world concerns during Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world concerns during Einstein's
+own kind of Youth and and as he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of Youth and and as he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of Youth and and as he's
+growing up in that world so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in that world so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up in that world so there are
+lots of clever engineers and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clever engineers and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clever engineers and and
+scientists thinking about trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists thinking about trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists thinking about trying to make
+sure Clocks Were comparable some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure Clocks Were comparable some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure Clocks Were comparable some people
+said let's use radio waves Einstein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's use radio waves Einstein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's use radio waves Einstein was
+growing up where that was more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up where that was more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up where that was more and more
+becoming a fact of life literally as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a fact of life literally as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a fact of life literally as he
+walked to his office some of the clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked to his office some of the clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked to his office some of the clocks
+he passed uh in the streets of Baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he passed uh in the streets of Baron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he passed uh in the streets of Baron
+where some of these newly coordinated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of these newly coordinated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of these newly coordinated or
+synchronized clocks yeah what I find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized clocks yeah what I find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized clocks yeah what I find so
+interesting is that your take on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that your take on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that your take on this
+and your colleagues take it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your colleagues take it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your colleagues take it's not just
+like institutes and culture and politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like institutes and culture and politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like institutes and culture and politics
+that shape how science is done it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape how science is done it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape how science is done it it's
+like the physical spaces themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the physical spaces themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the physical spaces themselves and
+that's what I find particularly new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I find particularly new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I find particularly new
+about this I agree and then we can trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I agree and then we can trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I agree and then we can trace
+it back the other direction right once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back the other direction right once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back the other direction right once
+some technologies like those become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some technologies like those become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some technologies like those become
+common or standard how does that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common or standard how does that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common or standard how does that act
+back on the worlds of Institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the worlds of Institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the worlds of Institutions
+politics culture and so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics culture and so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics culture and so they're not
+separated and they're also not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and they're also not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated and they're also not only
+flowing sort of from one to the other it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing sort of from one to the other it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing sort of from one to the other it
+really is you know a fascinating model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is you know a fascinating model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is you know a fascinating model
+as opposed to a frustrating model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to a frustrating model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to a frustrating model I
+think seeing it these kind of edes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think seeing it these kind of edes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think seeing it these kind of edes
+moving multiple directions I again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving multiple directions I again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving multiple directions I again I
+find that just fascinating yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that just fascinating yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that just fascinating yeah so I
+have to ask you about the Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask you about the Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask you about the Oppenheimer
+movie yes for a second so I saw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie yes for a second so I saw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie yes for a second so I saw it in
+preparation for this interview I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for this interview I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for this interview I brought
+my snacks stayed the full three hours it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my snacks stayed the full three hours it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my snacks stayed the full three hours it
+was great so what did you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great so what did you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great so what did you think of the
+movie and like what did they get right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and like what did they get right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and like what did they get right
+and what did they get not right I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did they get not right I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did they get not right I was
+really impressed by I've only seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impressed by I've only seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really impressed by I've only seen it
+once I saw it in the theater yeah first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I saw it in the theater yeah first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I saw it in the theater yeah first
+of all this must this is your jam it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this must this is your jam it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this must this is your jam it's
+my jam and uh it's kind of other world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my jam and uh it's kind of other world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my jam and uh it's kind of other world
+it's like pinching myself it's like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like pinching myself it's like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like pinching myself it's like they
+made it for you well for a small set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it for you well for a small set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it for you well for a small set of
+my friends at least it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends at least it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends at least it's it's very
+delightful and exciting and a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delightful and exciting and a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delightful and exciting and a little bit
+strange yeah I'll share a quick story I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange yeah I'll share a quick story I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange yeah I'll share a quick story I
+worked with a wonderful wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with a wonderful wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with a wonderful wonderful
+younger scholar was on his dissertation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger scholar was on his dissertation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger scholar was on his dissertation
+committee Shawn mullet historian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee Shawn mullet historian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee Shawn mullet historian of
+Science and I saw Shawn just recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and I saw Shawn just recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and I saw Shawn just recently
+after the film had been released I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the film had been released I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the film had been released I
+hadn't seen him in quite some time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't seen him in quite some time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't seen him in quite some time and
+he said he described he had an outof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he described he had an outof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he described he had an outof
+body experience in the theater because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body experience in the theater because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body experience in the theater because
+he hadn't realized that the person he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hadn't realized that the person he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hadn't realized that the person he
+focused most of his thesis on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused most of his thesis on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused most of his thesis on an
+otherwise not well-known figure who'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise not well-known figure who'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise not well-known figure who'
+been a PhD student of oppenheimer's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a PhD student of oppenheimer's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a PhD student of oppenheimer's at
+Berkeley in the 30s that he an actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley in the 30s that he an actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley in the 30s that he an actor
+playing him walks into the into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing him walks into the into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing him walks into the into this
+major production and says these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major production and says these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major production and says these things
+that Shawn said yeah that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Shawn said yeah that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Shawn said yeah that's basically
+what he would have said so Shawn didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would have said so Shawn didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would have said so Shawn didn't
+even know to expect the kind of lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know to expect the kind of lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know to expect the kind of lesser
+known characters uh that on whom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known characters uh that on whom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known characters uh that on whom you
+know a few of us have focused so much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few of us have focused so much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few of us have focused so much so
+that was kind of my feeling as well so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of my feeling as well so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of my feeling as well so I
+I was impressed by the film very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was impressed by the film very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was impressed by the film very much
+cinematically you know I I know the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematically you know I I know the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematically you know I I know the book
+on which it was based quite well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which it was based quite well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which it was based quite well and
+I've taught that book in other classes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taught that book in other classes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taught that book in other classes I
+knew the authors pretty well and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the authors pretty well and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the authors pretty well and so when
+I heard that would be the basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard that would be the basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard that would be the basis for the
+movie I was a bit more confident and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie I was a bit more confident and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie I was a bit more confident and I
+thought the the attention to historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the the attention to historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the the attention to historical
+detail overall for the film was amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail overall for the film was amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail overall for the film was amazing
+and and much more than I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and much more than I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and much more than I would have
+expected of course there's license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected of course there's license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected of course there's license
+because you have to fit merely 700 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to fit merely 700 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to fit merely 700 pages
+to three hours on the screen lots have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three hours on the screen lots have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three hours on the screen lots have
+to be creatively done there but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creatively done there but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be creatively done there but I I
+thought the filmmaker Christopher Nolan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the filmmaker Christopher Nolan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the filmmaker Christopher Nolan
+and the whole team were were really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole team were were really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole team were were really to
+my mind very impressive at their goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind very impressive at their goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind very impressive at their goal of
+a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of
+conveying still relevant big feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying still relevant big feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying still relevant big feelings
+thoughts ideas and emotions while also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts ideas and emotions while also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts ideas and emotions while also
+being AC to very specific historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being AC to very specific historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being AC to very specific historical
+documents I knew when they when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents I knew when they when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents I knew when they when this
+actor says this line I know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor says this line I know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor says this line I know exactly what
+it's being quoted from is line by line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being quoted from is line by line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being quoted from is line by line
+from this or that you know hearing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this or that you know hearing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this or that you know hearing that
+was held in 1954 and that level of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was held in 1954 and that level of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was held in 1954 and that level of of
+kind of attention to historical detail I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attention to historical detail I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attention to historical detail I
+found really terrific and to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found really terrific and to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found really terrific and to put it
+together in a way that these artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a way that these artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a way that these artistic
+folks can do was very moving to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks can do was very moving to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks can do was very moving to me
+that's great I'm curious about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great I'm curious about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great I'm curious about the
+Trinity test in the movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity test in the movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trinity test in the movie and
+particularly about the communities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly about the communities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly about the communities that
+were downwind of that test and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were downwind of that test and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were downwind of that test and I'm
+wondering if in general those narratives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if in general those narratives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if in general those narratives
+tend to be left out of the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be left out of the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be left out of the historical
+narrative what your take is on that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative what your take is on that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative what your take is on that it's
+a great point so there thankfully many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great point so there thankfully many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great point so there thankfully many
+many historians and anthropologists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many historians and anthropologists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many historians and anthropologists and
+sociologists and public health officials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists and public health officials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists and public health officials
+and scientists themselves who have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientists themselves who have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientists themselves who have in
+more recent years gone back and done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent years gone back and done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent years gone back and done
+filled in some of that essential um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in some of that essential um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in some of that essential um you
+know historical work so we as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know historical work so we as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know historical work so we as a
+specialist Community know much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist Community know much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist Community know much more
+about that than even we did let's say 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that than even we did let's say 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that than even we did let's say 20
+years ago let alone you know 70 or 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago let alone you know 70 or 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago let alone you know 70 or 80
+years ago so there's more to draw when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so there's more to draw when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so there's more to draw when I
+teach this material there's more that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this material there's more that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this material there's more that I
+can read and share with with students as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read and share with with students as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read and share with with students as
+well more to be done but more than there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well more to be done but more than there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well more to be done but more than there
+used to be as well what I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be as well what I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be as well what I find
+fascinating is is related to that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is is related to that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating is is related to that it's
+it's not only it is includes but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only it is includes but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only it is includes but not
+limited only to folks who happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited only to folks who happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited only to folks who happen to be
+in close proximity to that one explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close proximity to that one explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close proximity to that one explosion
+but also to the hundreds of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to the hundreds of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also to the hundreds of thousands of
+workers certainly tens of thousands at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers certainly tens of thousands at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers certainly tens of thousands at
+very specific large plants during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific large plants during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific large plants during the
+second world war who were given very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war who were given very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second world war who were given very
+little information about the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little information about the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little information about the very very
+harmful materials they were handling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful materials they were handling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmful materials they were handling so
+one thing that we talked about a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that we talked about a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that we talked about a lot in
+the class that the film could maybe do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class that the film could maybe do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class that the film could maybe do
+have done more to illustrate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done more to illustrate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done more to illustrate but
+certainly we do we spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we do we spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we do we spend a lot of time
+with this in in the class um that's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in in the class um that's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in in the class um that's now
+on ocw is that the Manhattan Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ocw is that the Manhattan Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ocw is that the Manhattan Project
+depending on one counts employed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on one counts employed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on one counts employed
+formerly employed anywhere from 125,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly employed anywhere from 125,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly employed anywhere from 125,000
+to 500,000 people during the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 500,000 people during the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 500,000 people during the war
+depending what categories you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending what categories you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending what categories you kind of
+lump together huge it's not Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump together huge it's not Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump together huge it's not Oppenheimer
+and 12 Geniuses on a Mountaintop by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 Geniuses on a Mountaintop by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 12 Geniuses on a Mountaintop by any
+measure I mean hundreds of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure I mean hundreds of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure I mean hundreds of thousands of
+people the vast majority of whom were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the vast majority of whom were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the vast majority of whom were
+given very little information about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given very little information about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given very little information about what
+they were actually handling or or why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were actually handling or or why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were actually handling or or why it
+was of course a highly secret classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of course a highly secret classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of course a highly secret classified
+project during the War uh and so much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project during the War uh and so much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project during the War uh and so much so
+that there was internal kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was internal kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was internal kinds of
+classification and so in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and so in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification and so in addition to the
+so-called Downwinders people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Downwinders people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Downwinders people who are
+actually employees of the project at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually employees of the project at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually employees of the project at at
+huge industrial plants like in Oakridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge industrial plants like in Oakridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge industrial plants like in Oakridge
+Tennessee like in Hanford Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee like in Hanford Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee like in Hanford Washington
+these were put together in a real hurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were put together in a real hurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were put together in a real hurry
+to produce larger amounts of visionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce larger amounts of visionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce larger amounts of visionable
+materials to scale from kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to scale from kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to scale from kind of
+micrograms to kilograms that's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms to kilograms that's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograms to kilograms that's a large
+shift in a wartime setting very uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in a wartime setting very uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in a wartime setting very uh time
+sensitive and they had to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and they had to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and they had to do that by
+using really poisonous conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using really poisonous conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using really poisonous conventional
+materials let Al on the special nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials let Al on the special nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials let Al on the special nuclear
+materials some of the epoxies some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials some of the epoxies some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials some of the epoxies some of
+the dissolvant they're horrible horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolvant they're horrible horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolvant they're horrible horrible
+materials and we now know again through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and we now know again through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and we now know again through
+historical work over the more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical work over the more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical work over the more recent
+decades how little those workers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades how little those workers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades how little those workers were
+informed even though they were on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed even though they were on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed even though they were on the
+project let alone the people who happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project let alone the people who happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project let alone the people who happen
+to live say in New go near the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live say in New go near the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live say in New go near the um the
+test site and so I'm not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test site and so I'm not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test site and so I'm not trying to
+belittle I think that being near the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belittle I think that being near the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belittle I think that being near the the
+first explosion would not have been good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explosion would not have been good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explosion would not have been good
+uh and as we now know in hindsight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as we now know in hindsight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as we now know in hindsight that
+was the first of many many above ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first of many many above ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first of many many above ground
+explosions that were done by the after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosions that were done by the after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosions that were done by the after
+the end of the war to test next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the war to test next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the war to test next
+Generations bombs so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations bombs so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations bombs so you have an
+accumulation one blast might or might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation one blast might or might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation one blast might or might
+not have an immediate effect many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have an immediate effect many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have an immediate effect many many
+many over now uh decades that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many over now uh decades that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many over now uh decades that's not a
+good thing to be near of course and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to be near of course and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to be near of course and even
+during the war prolonged exposure even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war prolonged exposure even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the war prolonged exposure even
+for two or three years to these highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two or three years to these highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two or three years to these highly
+highly toxic substances not all good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly toxic substances not all good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly toxic substances not all good and
+there are indeed now documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are indeed now documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are indeed now documented
+intergenerational elevated bad Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational elevated bad Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational elevated bad Health
+outcomes at other sites like that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes at other sites like that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes at other sites like that so we
+now know a lot about that now sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know a lot about that now sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know a lot about that now sometimes
+people will say oh but you know nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will say oh but you know nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will say oh but you know nuclear
+weapons were literally brand new in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons were literally brand new in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons were literally brand new in in
+this time period did people just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period did people just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period did people just not
+know what the risks would be and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the risks would be and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the risks would be and I think
+that's giving some folks you know too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's giving some folks you know too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's giving some folks you know too
+quick a pass the Public Health Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick a pass the Public Health Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick a pass the Public Health Community
+knows a lot more now than then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot more now than then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot more now than then of course
+there was a lot known even then about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot known even then about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot known even then about
+some of the dangers the health dangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the dangers the health dangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the dangers the health dangers
+of certain kinds of radiation so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certain kinds of radiation so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certain kinds of radiation so I don't
+think the the fact that people know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the fact that people know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the the fact that people know more
+now means that that it was a reason not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now means that that it was a reason not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now means that that it was a reason not
+to have been much more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been much more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been much more carefully
+informing workers and and neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing workers and and neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informing workers and and neighbors
+let's say people living near uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say people living near uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say people living near uh at the
+time so you know it's in one ways a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you know it's in one ways a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you know it's in one ways a
+teachable moment this is Wartime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachable moment this is Wartime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachable moment this is Wartime the
+cold war came next that's not to excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold war came next that's not to excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold war came next that's not to excuse
+it can we try to understand how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can we try to understand how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can we try to understand how that
+ever could have seemed like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever could have seemed like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever could have seemed like a a
+reasonable policy for the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable policy for the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable policy for the United States
+government to have adopted in secret not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to have adopted in secret not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to have adopted in secret not
+to endorse it but say how could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endorse it but say how could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endorse it but say how could that
+have been and then with that knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been and then with that knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been and then with that knowledge
+what might we try to do now yeah moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might we try to do now yeah moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might we try to do now yeah moving
+forward yeah no thank you I I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yeah no thank you I I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward yeah no thank you I I wasn't
+aware of that aspect of this so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that aspect of this so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that aspect of this so thank
+you I want to move you now um before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to move you now um before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I want to move you now um before we
+talk in more detail about the course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in more detail about the course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in more detail about the course but
+just to the Cold War ocw works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the Cold War ocw works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the Cold War ocw works with
+Community College faculty who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community College faculty who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community College faculty who are
+adopting and adapting ocw content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting and adapting ocw content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopting and adapting ocw content and
+and I had the pleasure of speaking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had the pleasure of speaking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had the pleasure of speaking with
+the history Professor this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history Professor this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history Professor this part of the
+Maricopa community colleges and he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maricopa community colleges and he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maricopa community colleges and he had a
+question for you great cuz he knew I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you great cuz he knew I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you great cuz he knew I'd
+be I'd be interviewing you he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'd be interviewing you he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'd be interviewing you he's
+interested in history and the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in history and the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in history and the impact of
+technology and all of those things so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and all of those things so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and all of those things so he
+says his name is Paul heider and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says his name is Paul heider and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says his name is Paul heider and he says
+how did the technology that ignited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the technology that ignited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the technology that ignited the
+Cold War influenced changes in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cold War influenced changes in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cold War influenced changes in American
+culture what a great question thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture what a great question thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture what a great question thank you
+uh and thank you Paul first of all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and thank you Paul first of all what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and thank you Paul first of all what
+technologies might we have in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies might we have in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies might we have in mind that
+would certainly include things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would certainly include things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would certainly include things like
+nuclear weapons that would include also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons that would include also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons that would include also
+lots of very fancy electronic some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of very fancy electronic some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of very fancy electronic some of
+which was was actually um pursued here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was was actually um pursued here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was was actually um pursued here
+at MIT during the war for the radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT during the war for the radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT during the war for the radar
+project at least as impactful on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project at least as impactful on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project at least as impactful on the
+course of the war itself and also with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the war itself and also with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the war itself and also with
+hindsight we know unbelievably important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight we know unbelievably important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindsight we know unbelievably important
+for the Consumer Electronics Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Consumer Electronics Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Consumer Electronics Revolution
+uh that was soon to come and much Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was soon to come and much Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was soon to come and much Beyond
+um so we can think about the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can think about the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can think about the kind of
+modern Electronics the shift from vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Electronics the shift from vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Electronics the shift from vacuum
+tubes to transistors which happens very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes to transistors which happens very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes to transistors which happens very
+soon after the end of the war all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the end of the war all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after the end of the war all kinds
+of extremely precise kind of microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extremely precise kind of microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extremely precise kind of microwave
+technologies that are hidden from us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are hidden from us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are hidden from us and
+yet we still use all the time to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we still use all the time to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we still use all the time to this
+day that leads to Communications soon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that leads to Communications soon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day that leads to Communications soon it
+leads to rockets and satellites uh part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to rockets and satellites uh part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to rockets and satellites uh part
+of which also had a wartime of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which also had a wartime of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which also had a wartime of course uh
+origin and so when we start knitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and so when we start knitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and so when we start knitting
+these things together not so long after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together not so long after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together not so long after
+the end of the second world war you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the second world war you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the second world war you know
+Rockets incredibly powerful clocks soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets incredibly powerful clocks soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets incredibly powerful clocks soon
+lasers you know it what what hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers you know it what what hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers you know it what what hasn't been
+impacted by these things and some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted by these things and some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacted by these things and some of it
+is for further kind of uh wartime like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for further kind of uh wartime like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for further kind of uh wartime like
+Weaponry of increasingly you know kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weaponry of increasingly you know kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weaponry of increasingly you know kind
+of uh lethal and and and fancy kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh lethal and and and fancy kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh lethal and and and fancy kinds of
+course and we might associate that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we might associate that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we might associate that with
+the Cold War first and foremost but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War first and foremost but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War first and foremost but it
+also leads to things that many of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also leads to things that many of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also leads to things that many of us
+simply might take for granted today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply might take for granted today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply might take for granted today what
+a project I've been having a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project I've been having a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project I've been having a lot of fun
+working on as an historian is on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on as an historian is on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on as an historian is on some of
+the early history of the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early history of the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early history of the global
+positioning system or GPS so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning system or GPS so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning system or GPS so that's not
+coming out you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out you know in
+1946 it's operational already by the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 it's operational already by the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 it's operational already by the by
+the mid to late 1980s but you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid to late 1980s but you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid to late 1980s but you can draw
+this really you know very careful kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really you know very careful kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really you know very careful kind
+of direct set of of of connections to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of direct set of of of connections to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of direct set of of of connections to a
+lot of this wartime or wartime Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this wartime or wartime Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this wartime or wartime Surplus
+stuff coming out of the second world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming out of the second world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming out of the second world war
+and that gets us to things like atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets us to things like atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gets us to things like atomic
+clocks Atomic frequency standards clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks Atomic frequency standards clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks Atomic frequency standards clocks
+that will be accurate to nanc on a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be accurate to nanc on a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be accurate to nanc on a day
+and not much much more Jitter than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not much much more Jitter than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not much much more Jitter than that
+to again to things like lasers or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to again to things like lasers or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to again to things like lasers or they
+very accurate electromagnetic you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate electromagnetic you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate electromagnetic you know
+signaling uh devices to very rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling uh devices to very rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling uh devices to very rapid
+computer chips you put those together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer chips you put those together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer chips you put those together on
+satellites moving you know high above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites moving you know high above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites moving you know high above
+our heads and suddenly many many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads and suddenly many many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads and suddenly many many people
+in the world around the world have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world around the world have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world around the world have
+devices in our pockets where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in our pockets where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in our pockets where we can
+learn to roughly one meter accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to roughly one meter accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to roughly one meter accuracy
+where we are and that comes from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are and that comes from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are and that comes from an
+unbelievable assemblage of basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable assemblage of basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable assemblage of basically
+quintessential Cold War Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential Cold War Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential Cold War Technologies
+most of which were actually put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of which were actually put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of which were actually put together
+for military purposes first GPS itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for military purposes first GPS itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for military purposes first GPS itself
+was originally a classified military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was originally a classified military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was originally a classified military
+technology drawing on basic ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology drawing on basic ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology drawing on basic ideas about
+physics and Engineering but getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and Engineering but getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and Engineering but getting an
+awful lot from uh kind of more direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot from uh kind of more direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot from uh kind of more direct
+Cold War spin-off kinds of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cold War spin-off kinds of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cold War spin-off kinds of of
+developments and so once we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and so once we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and so once we get to
+something like GPS you you know how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like GPS you you know how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like GPS you you know how I
+find my way you know when I'm lost in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my way you know when I'm lost in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my way you know when I'm lost in my
+own kitchen because I have a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kitchen because I have a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kitchen because I have a terrible
+sense of of of Direction then we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of of Direction then we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of of Direction then we you
+know what wasn't touched um is is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what wasn't touched um is is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what wasn't touched um is is really
+I I turn the question around I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I turn the question around I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I turn the question around I like
+Paul's question a lot but it'd be harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul's question a lot but it'd be harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul's question a lot but it'd be harder
+to answer what hasn't been affected even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer what hasn't been affected even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer what hasn't been affected even
+in very kind of ubiquitous mundane Daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very kind of ubiquitous mundane Daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very kind of ubiquitous mundane Daily
+Life by a whole set of Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life by a whole set of Technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life by a whole set of Technologies and
+also kind of things we've learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of things we've learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of things we've learned about
+how the world fits together that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the world fits together that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the world fits together that we can
+draw pretty straight lines back to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pretty straight lines back to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pretty straight lines back to to
+this enormous kind of uh confusing often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enormous kind of uh confusing often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enormous kind of uh confusing often
+very scary and deadly time of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scary and deadly time of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scary and deadly time of the second
+world war in the early Cold War yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war in the early Cold War yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war in the early Cold War yeah so
+interesting I have like so many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I have like so many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I have like so many more
+questions about that but I will move us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that but I will move us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that but I will move us
+on I just wanted to touch on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I just wanted to touch on another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I just wanted to touch on another
+film which is containment you watch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film which is containment you watch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film which is containment you watch that
+in the course could you tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course could you tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course could you tell us what
+that film is about and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film is about and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that film is about and what kind of
+discussion it generated in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it generated in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it generated in the course
+it's a fascinating it's a documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fascinating it's a documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fascinating it's a documentary
+roughly 90 minutes which I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 90 minutes which I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 90 minutes which I would say
+it's perfect because the class time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfect because the class time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfect because the class time is
+90 minutes so I'm not asking students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 minutes so I'm not asking students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 minutes so I'm not asking students
+you know to do more than then then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to do more than then then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to do more than then then they
+would invest in electric session anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invest in electric session anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would invest in electric session anyway
+the film was made um by Peter GS and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was made um by Peter GS and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was made um by Peter GS and the
+same uh colleague I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh colleague I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh colleague I mentioned earlier
+with Einstein's clocks Peter is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Einstein's clocks Peter is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Einstein's clocks Peter is a a
+remarkable filmmaker as well as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable filmmaker as well as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable filmmaker as well as an
+historian and a physicist uh he and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian and a physicist uh he and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian and a physicist uh he and a
+team made this film as you say came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team made this film as you say came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team made this film as you say came out
+only a few years ago and it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few years ago and it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few years ago and it's a it's a
+non-fiction documentary about efforts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fiction documentary about efforts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fiction documentary about efforts to
+contain basically nuclear waste from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain basically nuclear waste from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain basically nuclear waste from now
+generations of the nuclear age um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of the nuclear age um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of the nuclear age um not
+just for weapons from weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for weapons from weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for weapons from weapons
+development but also from civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but also from civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but also from civilian
+nuclear power and there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power and there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power and there's you know
+there's just many many kinds of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just many many kinds of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just many many kinds of very
+very longlived waste products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very longlived waste products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very longlived waste products
+some of which are still very dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are still very dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are still very dangerous
+to people and the environment and to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people and the environment and to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people and the environment and to you
+know animals of every kind and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know animals of every kind and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know animals of every kind and that that
+don't lose their toxicity very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose their toxicity very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose their toxicity very quickly
+so some of those kind of half- lives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of those kind of half- lives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of those kind of half- lives of
+some isotopes of plutonium are measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some isotopes of plutonium are measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some isotopes of plutonium are measured
+in tens of thousands of years so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tens of thousands of years so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tens of thousands of years so if you
+have a so-called hot if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so-called hot if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so-called hot if you have a
+radioactive sample here now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive sample here now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive sample here now it's not
+going to be safe for longer than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be safe for longer than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be safe for longer than you
+know there's been written language I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's been written language I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's been written language I
+mean that it's getting our heads around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it's getting our heads around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it's getting our heads around
+that kind of time scale so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of time scale so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of time scale so this
+fascinates Peter it fascinates me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinates Peter it fascinates me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinates Peter it fascinates me but
+Peter made this film some years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter made this film some years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter made this film some years ago and
+they're really just trying to trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really just trying to trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really just trying to trace
+through up to quite contemporary times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through up to quite contemporary times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through up to quite contemporary times
+as the film was really being made what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the film was really being made what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the film was really being made what
+are different ways to Grapple with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways to Grapple with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different ways to Grapple with a
+different kind of legacy of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of legacy of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of legacy of of the
+nuclear age it's one thing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear age it's one thing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear age it's one thing to think
+about kind of mutually assured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of mutually assured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of mutually assured
+destruction and brinksmanship and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction and brinksmanship and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction and brinksmanship and how
+this drove domestic and international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drove domestic and international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drove domestic and international
+politics and we talk about some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics and we talk about some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics and we talk about some of those
+things even in in our in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things even in in our in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things even in in our in this class
+those remain incredibly important we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those remain incredibly important we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those remain incredibly important we
+still have to worry about nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to worry about nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to worry about nuclear
+weapons to this day with active war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons to this day with active war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons to this day with active war in
+parts of the world so these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world so these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world so these are not
+merely founded historical questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely founded historical questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely founded historical questions
+there and what I've really had my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what I've really had my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what I've really had my eyes
+open to from work like Peters and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to from work like Peters and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to from work like Peters and and
+other Scholars is there other dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Scholars is there other dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Scholars is there other dimensions
+that also haven't gone away that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also haven't gone away that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also haven't gone away that also
+stem from you know this the onset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem from you know this the onset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem from you know this the onset of the
+nuclear age and that need lead one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear age and that need lead one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear age and that need lead one to
+one side you know civilian nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side you know civilian nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side you know civilian nuclear power
+love it or hate it it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it or hate it it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it or hate it it's not it's not
+going to be decided as a kind of Vote or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be decided as a kind of Vote or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be decided as a kind of Vote or
+a coin toss but whether I think the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin toss but whether I think the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin toss but whether I think the film
+does for me in a very effective way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for me in a very effective way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for me in a very effective way is
+is make visible for us what in my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make visible for us what in my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is make visible for us what in my head
+was because otherwise I I didn't it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because otherwise I I didn't it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because otherwise I I didn't it was
+very abstract the amounts of waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract the amounts of waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract the amounts of waste of
+really dangerous stuff has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous stuff has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous stuff has to go
+somewhere and the community has yet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and the community has yet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and the community has yet to
+find a really foolproof kind of way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a really foolproof kind of way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a really foolproof kind of way of
+dealing with that and it has effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that and it has effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that and it has effects on
+communities mostly poor mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities mostly poor mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities mostly poor mostly
+communities of color like the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of color like the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities of color like the story of
+the Downwinders we have versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Downwinders we have versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Downwinders we have versions of that
+going on to this day not only from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to this day not only from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on to this day not only from above
+ground nuclear testing but from related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground nuclear testing but from related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground nuclear testing but from related
+you know activities and again it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know activities and again it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know activities and again it could
+have been pursued with intentions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been pursued with intentions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been pursued with intentions we
+might understand during the Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might understand during the Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might understand during the Cold War
+trying to to provide civilian power it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to provide civilian power it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to provide civilian power it's
+not that it's about heroes and villains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it's about heroes and villains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that it's about heroes and villains
+it's about you know trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you know trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you know trying to understand
+a wider range of impacts and some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wider range of impacts and some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wider range of impacts and some very
+dear costs from again kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear costs from again kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear costs from again kind of
+quintessential Cold War technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential Cold War technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential Cold War technologies
+that haven't gone away they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that haven't gone away they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that haven't gone away they're not
+merely historical they haven't literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely historical they haven't literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely historical they haven't literally
+been contained and so the film called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contained and so the film called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contained and so the film called um
+containment is how among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment is how among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment is how among other things
+how do we contain this ongoing Legacy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we contain this ongoing Legacy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we contain this ongoing Legacy um
+because sort of we haven't found a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sort of we haven't found a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sort of we haven't found a great
+way to do it yet so just as sort of wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it yet so just as sort of wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it yet so just as sort of wrap
+us up here I'm really curious what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us up here I'm really curious what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us up here I'm really curious what
+you've learned about yourself as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned about yourself as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned about yourself as an
+educator over the 10 or so times you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator over the 10 or so times you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator over the 10 or so times you've
+taught this course you know I I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught this course you know I I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught this course you know I I love
+teaching this class I mean I still love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class I mean I still love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this class I mean I still love
+it I'm going to teach it this spring I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to teach it this spring I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to teach it this spring I'm
+so delighted I can do it in person again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delighted I can do it in person again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delighted I can do it in person again
+um and and really you know see uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and really you know see uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and really you know see uh and
+interact with with students uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with with students uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with with students uh not only
+via screen so I'm I'm excited to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via screen so I'm I'm excited to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via screen so I'm I'm excited to do it
+again I mean it's a class that I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean it's a class that I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean it's a class that I that I
+get excited about every time I I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get excited about every time I I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get excited about every time I I get the
+chance to teach it you know one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to teach it you know one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to teach it you know one thing
+I've learned about myself is um which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned about myself is um which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've learned about myself is um which I
+really value is that it's okay not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really value is that it's okay not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really value is that it's okay not to
+know stuff and so when I was a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know stuff and so when I was a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know stuff and so when I was a young
+Professor and I don't think I was alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor and I don't think I was alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor and I don't think I was alone
+in this I felt like oh I I better just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this I felt like oh I I better just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this I felt like oh I I better just
+know what are the any questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the any questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are the any questions that
+that comes up I better you know it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up I better you know it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up I better you know it's my
+job to know and it took a few iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job to know and it took a few iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job to know and it took a few iterations
+say it's my job to help us all figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's my job to help us all figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's my job to help us all figure it
+out which is very different from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which is very different from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which is very different from like
+being a wizard who just knows everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a wizard who just knows everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a wizard who just knows everything
+who no one's like that no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who no one's like that no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who no one's like that no reason to
+think that's the right goal and so to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the right goal and so to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the right goal and so to be
+even a few more steps in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a few more steps in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a few more steps in a kind of
+collab ative let's learn about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collab ative let's learn about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collab ative let's learn about this
+together which has been good for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which has been good for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which has been good for me and
+hopefully helpful setting a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully helpful setting a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully helpful setting a kind of a
+better group learning philosophy let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better group learning philosophy let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better group learning philosophy let's
+say for the class as a whole I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the class as a whole I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the class as a whole I used to
+do a thing uh now I give it kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a thing uh now I give it kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a thing uh now I give it kind of a
+last lecture for the class I try to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture for the class I try to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture for the class I try to wrap
+up threads and you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up threads and you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up threads and you know it's it's
+included on the ocw set before I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included on the ocw set before I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included on the ocw set before I I I
+developed that one of the lectures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed that one of the lectures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed that one of the lectures the
+25th lecture for the class I used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25th lecture for the class I used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25th lecture for the class I used to do
+a game for the last class session I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game for the last class session I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game for the last class session I used
+to call it stump the chump I stole that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it stump the chump I stole that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it stump the chump I stole that
+from from the car talk guys I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the car talk guys I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the car talk guys I think I
+just love the phrase and it's was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just love the phrase and it's was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just love the phrase and it's was like
+floor is open we've covered some amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor is open we've covered some amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor is open we've covered some amazing
+ground this term from you know early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground this term from you know early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground this term from you know early
+19th century physics the course actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century physics the course actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century physics the course actually
+starts well before the 20th century and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts well before the 20th century and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts well before the 20th century and
+by now you know pretty several steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you know pretty several steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now you know pretty several steps
+into the 21st century we got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 21st century we got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 21st century we got a lot of
+stuff on the table that we got to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the table that we got to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the table that we got to really
+sit with together over the semester we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with together over the semester we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with together over the semester we
+myself the students the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself the students the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself the students the teaching
+assistants what's left what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants what's left what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants what's left what do you want
+to know about and just let the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about and just let the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about and just let the students
+just ask questions at random and to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask questions at random and to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask questions at random and to make
+myself again kind of vulnerable in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself again kind of vulnerable in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself again kind of vulnerable in a in
+an exciting way to them yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exciting way to them yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exciting way to them yeah because
+first of all these are as I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all these are as I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all these are as I said before
+these are just unbelievably talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just unbelievably talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just unbelievably talented
+young people and they don't have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people and they don't have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people and they don't have all the
+answers either but they're so curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers either but they're so curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers either but they're so curious
+and engaged and they're engaged right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engaged and they're engaged right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engaged and they're engaged right up
+through the end of the semester which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the end of the semester which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the end of the semester which
+I'm just grateful for they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just grateful for they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just grateful for they're still
+showing up you know and they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up you know and they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up you know and they're still
+reading and and and I read this and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and and and I read this and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and and and I read this and I'm
+curious about that and I heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about that and I heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about that and I heard this
+thing in the other class I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the other class I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the other class I mean that's
+that's one of the great gifts of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the great gifts of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the great gifts of making
+a life in a university and so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a life in a university and so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a life in a university and so it was
+that experience when I realized I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience when I realized I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience when I realized I should
+ask them any question they want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them any question they want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them any question they want to ask
+and let them know that wow that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let them know that wow that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let them know that wow that's a
+great question I appreciate the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question I appreciate the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question I appreciate the question
+I have no idea let's go work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea let's go work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no idea let's go work on this
+together and that's something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that's something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that's something I've
+learned about myself that frankly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about myself that frankly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about myself that frankly it's
+more fun for me hopefully bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun for me hopefully bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun for me hopefully bit more
+interactive for the for the students as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive for the for the students as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive for the for the students as
+well that's great that's great thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's great that's great thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's great that's great thank you
+what advice do you have for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what advice do you have for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what advice do you have for other
+Educators who may want to engage their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators who may want to engage their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators who may want to engage their
+students in thinking about the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in thinking about the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in thinking about the history
+of science well there's a lot and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science well there's a lot and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science well there's a lot and I
+think there's more and more hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's more and more hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's more and more hopefully
+helpful and interesting resources out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and interesting resources out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and interesting resources out
+there I'm again I'm so delighted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm again I'm so delighted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm again I'm so delighted that
+this course now is now available and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course now is now available and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course now is now available and it
+you know it's all through Creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's all through Creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's all through Creative
+Commons licensing and the slides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons licensing and the slides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commons licensing and the slides are
+there and readings I mean people should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and readings I mean people should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and readings I mean people should
+make of it what what makes most sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of it what what makes most sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of it what what makes most sense
+for them and for their immediate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and for their immediate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and for their immediate you
+know pedagogical goals and it's not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pedagogical goals and it's not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pedagogical goals and it's not only
+this I mean there there are lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean there there are lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean there there are lots and
+lots of I think really high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of I think really high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of I think really high quality
+materials out there uh published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out there uh published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out there uh published
+articles and books many of them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and books many of them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and books many of them very
+accessible now not only kind of written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible now not only kind of written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible now not only kind of written
+for a small circle of Specialists lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small circle of Specialists lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small circle of Specialists lots
+of creative multimedia things I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative multimedia things I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative multimedia things I mean
+courses like this and a few Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses like this and a few Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses like this and a few Google
+clicks away can get to uh other I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks away can get to uh other I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks away can get to uh other I think
+exciting materials from very talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting materials from very talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting materials from very talented
+colleagues and you and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and you and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and you and then the
+instructors can kind of make it modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors can kind of make it modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors can kind of make it modular
+can pick and choose it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick and choose it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick and choose it might be that
+they want to include one special class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to include one special class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to include one special class
+session and not you know revamp their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and not you know revamp their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and not you know revamp their
+entire class I'm sure they have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire class I'm sure they have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire class I'm sure they have other
+you know learning objectives and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning objectives and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning objectives and things
+they really want to cover in in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want to cover in in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want to cover in in their
+existing classes but there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing classes but there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing classes but there could be
+maybe inspiration to tweak to add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe inspiration to tweak to add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe inspiration to tweak to add one
+more reading maybe one extra class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reading maybe one extra class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reading maybe one extra class
+discussion uh and maybe that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh and maybe that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh and maybe that leads to
+two the next time so I think what's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the next time so I think what's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the next time so I think what's nice
+is think about it kind of scale and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about it kind of scale and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about it kind of scale and if
+the overriding theme is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overriding theme is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overriding theme is that this is
+done by people in times and places we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by people in times and places we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by people in times and places we're
+all fallible we can try our best we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fallible we can try our best we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fallible we can try our best we do
+better when we have a larger community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when we have a larger community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better when we have a larger community
+and have more you know eyes and hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have more you know eyes and hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have more you know eyes and hands
+that work together we try to convey that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work together we try to convey that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work together we try to convey that
+I think really important lesson through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think really important lesson through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think really important lesson through
+history and the history of Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and the history of Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and the history of Science and
+you can get that across you know with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that across you know with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get that across you know with I
+say with one extra reading or one class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with one extra reading or one class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with one extra reading or one class
+session as well as maybe a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session as well as maybe a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session as well as maybe a whole
+semester or Beyond yeah that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or Beyond yeah that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or Beyond yeah that's really
+helpful to think about it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to think about it in terms of
+scaling up what else would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up what else would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up what else would you like to
+add that we haven't addressed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that we haven't addressed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that we haven't addressed about
+teaching physics History of Science well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching physics History of Science well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching physics History of Science well
+another thing that I really love about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that I really love about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that I really love about
+this class is that it is it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that it is it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that it is it's mostly
+physics major is not required there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics major is not required there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics major is not required there's no
+prerequisites but it fulfills what at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites but it fulfills what at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisites but it fulfills what at
+MIT speak is cim which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT speak is cim which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT speak is cim which means
+communication is intensive in the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is intensive in the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is intensive in the major
+so it helps physics students fulfill a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it helps physics students fulfill a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it helps physics students fulfill a
+major requirement others can take it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major requirement others can take it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major requirement others can take it as
+an elective and and they do very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elective and and they do very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elective and and they do very well
+but what that means is what we practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what that means is what we practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what that means is what we practice
+in the class is is mostly writing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class is is mostly writing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class is is mostly writing it's a
+big class I haven't figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big class I haven't figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big class I haven't figured out how to
+do kind of oral communication which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of oral communication which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do kind of oral communication which is
+also critical students will get that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also critical students will get that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also critical students will get that in
+some of their other classes of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their other classes of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their other classes of course
+but at least kind of clear concise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least kind of clear concise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least kind of clear concise
+writing building on a range of sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing building on a range of sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing building on a range of sources
+making an argument you know having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an argument you know having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an argument you know having a
+structure that those are skills that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that those are skills that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that those are skills that are
+at least as important as remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as important as remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as important as remembering
+where the factors of two Pi go in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the factors of two Pi go in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the factors of two Pi go in these
+very important problem sets and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important problem sets and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important problem sets and so I
+always joke that my my friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always joke that my my friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always joke that my my friends and
+colleagues in our department here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in our department here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in our department here
+they'll teach our physics Majors how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll teach our physics Majors how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll teach our physics Majors how to
+calculate really well our students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate really well our students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate really well our students
+calculate great there's no question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate great there's no question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate great there's no question um
+let's make sure we're not losing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we're not losing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make sure we're not losing other
+really important skills as well or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important skills as well or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important skills as well or or
+giving them kind of short shrift so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them kind of short shrift so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them kind of short shrift so to
+speak and so that's one thing I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and so that's one thing I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and so that's one thing I love
+working on in this class is we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on in this class is we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on in this class is we get to
+sit with these Amazing Ideas and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with these Amazing Ideas and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit with these Amazing Ideas and read
+original physics papers as well as work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original physics papers as well as work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original physics papers as well as work
+by historians and philosophers and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by historians and philosophers and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by historians and philosophers and uh
+say in media studies and and and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in media studies and and and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in media studies and and and well
+Beyond and try to put a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond and try to put a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond and try to put a kind of
+conceptual story together about ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual story together about ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual story together about ideas
+that I still just dearly love in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still just dearly love in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I still just dearly love in physics
+itself but we're going to practice sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but we're going to practice sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but we're going to practice sort
+of talking about those making arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about those making arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talking about those making arguments
+about those adducing evidence about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those adducing evidence about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those adducing evidence about you
+know change over time uh in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change over time uh in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know change over time uh in a way that
+that that their students don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that their students don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that their students don't always
+have that same opportunity in in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that same opportunity in in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that same opportunity in in all
+their other otherwise really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other otherwise really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their other otherwise really quite
+wonderful classes and I just I so I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful classes and I just I so I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful classes and I just I so I love
+the opportunity to work on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to work on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to work on those
+particular kinds of skills with students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kinds of skills with students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kinds of skills with students
+who are you know immersed in in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you know immersed in in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you know immersed in in this in
+this fun set of material do they ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fun set of material do they ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fun set of material do they ever
+come with anxiety about writing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with anxiety about writing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come with anxiety about writing and and
+how do you tackle that many of them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you tackle that many of them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you tackle that many of them do
+many of them do and I find that curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them do and I find that curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them do and I find that curious
+because the students who were coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the students who were coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the students who were coming to
+MIT by and large had done extremely well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT by and large had done extremely well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT by and large had done extremely well
+in high school including in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school including in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school including in kind of
+classes that had heavy writing compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that had heavy writing compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that had heavy writing compared
+right so it's not like they never wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not like they never wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not like they never wrote
+a five-page essay before or or even by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five-page essay before or or even by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five-page essay before or or even by
+the end of the class a 12-page essay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class a 12-page essay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class a 12-page essay um
+so one thing but nonetheless the anxiety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing but nonetheless the anxiety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing but nonetheless the anxiety
+I think for some uh is is is legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think for some uh is is is legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think for some uh is is is legitimate
+I think they you know they either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they you know they either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they you know they either
+haven't exercised those kind of muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't exercised those kind of muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't exercised those kind of muscles
+in a while or or they feel intimidated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while or or they feel intimidated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while or or they feel intimidated
+now that they're at University not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they're at University not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they're at University not in
+high school whatever it may be so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school whatever it may be so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school whatever it may be so one
+thing I find that I find helps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I find that I find helps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I find that I find helps is
+actually break down the process into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually break down the process into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually break down the process into
+smaller you know um smaller parts and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller you know um smaller parts and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller you know um smaller parts and so
+the each of the essays sort of Builds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of the essays sort of Builds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of the essays sort of Builds on
+the previous one so we don't I don't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one so we don't I don't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one so we don't I don't ask
+the students to write a 12-page research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to write a 12-page research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to write a 12-page research
+paper on day three that would be silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on day three that would be silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper on day three that would be silly
+um but we say let's let's write four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we say let's let's write four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we say let's let's write four
+pages double space that's just a handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages double space that's just a handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages double space that's just a handful
+of paragraphs like I say no need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paragraphs like I say no need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paragraphs like I say no need to go
+to the library like close reading of One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the library like close reading of One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the library like close reading of One
+Source let's work on transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source let's work on transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source let's work on transition
+sentences let's work on topic sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences let's work on topic sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences let's work on topic sentences
+let's work on you know evidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work on you know evidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work on you know evidence and
+footnoting just little pieces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnoting just little pieces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnoting just little pieces that are
+not going to blow their minds they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to blow their minds they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to blow their minds they are
+absolutely up to the task let's sculpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely up to the task let's sculpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely up to the task let's sculpt
+it so it's really kind of pretty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's really kind of pretty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's really kind of pretty you
+know user friendly go over it with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know user friendly go over it with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know user friendly go over it with them
+they can rewrite it if they want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can rewrite it if they want right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can rewrite it if they want right
+then for paper two okay let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for paper two okay let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for paper two okay let's do that
+let's make it maybe six or seven pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it maybe six or seven pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it maybe six or seven pages
+you know just a little bit more Let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just a little bit more Let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just a little bit more Let's do
+let's build on three to five readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build on three to five readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build on three to five readings
+not just one but just kind of baby steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one but just kind of baby steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one but just kind of baby steps
+out uh so that each component of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so that each component of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so that each component of this
+can be kind of sat with and practiced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be kind of sat with and practiced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be kind of sat with and practiced
+instead of just sort of dropping it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just sort of dropping it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just sort of dropping it all
+at once say okay just you know come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once say okay just you know come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once say okay just you know come back
+and tell me when you've written your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me when you've written your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me when you've written your
+paper and likewise for the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and likewise for the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and likewise for the last one
+another feature that I really admire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another feature that I really admire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another feature that I really admire
+about mit's um Communications intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mit's um Communications intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mit's um Communications intensive
+courses generally is that at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses generally is that at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses generally is that at least one
+paper must be formally Rewritten as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper must be formally Rewritten as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper must be formally Rewritten as one
+of the assignments and then in my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assignments and then in my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the assignments and then in my class
+and I think many of my colleagues we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think many of my colleagues we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think many of my colleagues we
+make it an option students can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it an option students can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it an option students can rewrite
+any of the papers and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the papers and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the papers and why is that
+important you know I've been writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know I've been writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you know I've been writing
+stuff for a long time I write essays I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for a long time I write essays I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for a long time I write essays I
+write books you know I have to rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write books you know I have to rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write books you know I have to rewrite
+my own stuff all the time revision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own stuff all the time revision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own stuff all the time revision is
+itself a kind of skill that maybe again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a kind of skill that maybe again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a kind of skill that maybe again
+doesn't get quite the kind of emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get quite the kind of emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get quite the kind of emphasis
+in some other classes so it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other classes so it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other classes so it's not just
+that we can break down topic sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can break down topic sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can break down topic sentence
+transition sentence footnotes argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition sentence footnotes argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition sentence footnotes argument
+structure but also you're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but also you're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but also you're going to come
+back to this with fresh you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this with fresh you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this with fresh you'll get
+feedback from myself from teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from myself from teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from myself from teaching
+assistants maybe from some of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants maybe from some of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistants maybe from some of their own
+peers and revising is itself a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers and revising is itself a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers and revising is itself a cool
+skill and no one's born knowing how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and no one's born knowing how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill and no one's born knowing how to
+do that either we can work on that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that either we can work on that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that either we can work on that so I
+like that kind of um expansiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that kind of um expansiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that kind of um expansiveness
+taking the whole semester to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the whole semester to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the whole semester to go from
+Modest contained well-defined little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modest contained well-defined little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modest contained well-defined little bit
+and then say you can do it and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say you can do it and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say you can do it and now it's
+add in a few more kind of moving Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in a few more kind of moving Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in a few more kind of moving Parts
+uh and I find that and the students do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I find that and the students do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I find that and the students do
+very well with that I they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with that I they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well with that I they're very
+successful um I think because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um I think because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um I think because we can
+just kind of demystify some some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of demystify some some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of demystify some some of the
+some of the steps along the way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the steps along the way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the steps along the way yeah
+absolutely and and it also shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and and it also shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and and it also shows that
+you know it's not an innate skill you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not an innate skill you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not an innate skill you're
+not a good writer or a bad writer it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good writer or a bad writer it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good writer or a bad writer it's a
+it's a skill that you develop you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a skill that you develop you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a skill that you develop you know I
+have a lot of people on this podcast who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of people on this podcast who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of people on this podcast who
+talk about math that way a lot of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about math that way a lot of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about math that way a lot of MIT
+professors who do math for a living and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors who do math for a living and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors who do math for a living and
+they say like I wasn't you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say like I wasn't you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say like I wasn't you know a
+natural mathematician in high school but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural mathematician in high school but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural mathematician in high school but
+someone told me in fact our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone told me in fact our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone told me in fact our previous
+guest you know someone had to tell her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest you know someone had to tell her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest you know someone had to tell her
+like you're having a hard time not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're having a hard time not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're having a hard time not
+because you're bad at this but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're bad at this but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're bad at this but because
+it's hard right and then she treated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard right and then she treated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard right and then she treated it
+like a language and learned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a language and learned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a language and learned and
+practiced and it what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced and it what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced and it what you're saying is
+the same with writing that it's a skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with writing that it's a skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with writing that it's a skill
+that can be practiced it is and I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be practiced it is and I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be practiced it is and I look
+back on my own you know training from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on my own you know training from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on my own you know training from
+some of the folks I mentioned earlier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the folks I mentioned earlier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the folks I mentioned earlier I
+mean Naomi reses when I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Naomi reses when I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Naomi reses when I was an
+18-year-old first year college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18-year-old first year college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18-year-old first year college
+undergraduate she was so unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate she was so unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate she was so unbelievably
+generous with her time and Rich Kremer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous with her time and Rich Kremer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous with her time and Rich Kremer
+was as well the other historian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as well the other historian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as well the other historian the
+number of drafts they must have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of drafts they must have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of drafts they must have you know
+sat and or suffered through if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat and or suffered through if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat and or suffered through if either
+way uh and it was just cogent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and it was just cogent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and it was just cogent and
+constructive and we can work on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and we can work on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and we can work on things
+at this scale and then we'll build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this scale and then we'll build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this scale and then we'll build
+towards those what did I know and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those what did I know and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those what did I know and it's
+not like I learned it when I was 18 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like I learned it when I was 18 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like I learned it when I was 18 and
+we had it down by the time I 19 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had it down by the time I 19 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had it down by the time I 19 of
+course not and in my own career as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not and in my own career as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course not and in my own career as an
+historian I've been able been very lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian I've been able been very lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian I've been able been very lucky
+to work with really really good editors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with really really good editors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with really really good editors
+yeah and I I've been learning this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I I've been learning this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and I I've been learning this you
+know still learning and still practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still learning and still practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still learning and still practicing
+now I've been doing it for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've been doing it for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've been doing it for a long time
+so I still enjoy the kind of um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I still enjoy the kind of um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I still enjoy the kind of um it's
+still um you know something that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still um you know something that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still um you know something that I get
+to practice and learn about from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice and learn about from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice and learn about from you
+know experts who for whom this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know experts who for whom this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know experts who for whom this is their
+day job and so to bring some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day job and so to bring some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day job and so to bring some of that
+again kind of demystification no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kind of demystification no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again kind of demystification no one's
+born doing this um and there are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born doing this um and there are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born doing this um and there are and
+it's learnable M and these smart smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's learnable M and these smart smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's learnable M and these smart smart
+kids are good at learning stuff right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are good at learning stuff right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are good at learning stuff right so
+we can we can help them along with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can help them along with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can help them along with that
+much as they're being helped along uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they're being helped along uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they're being helped along uh
+and flourishing on you know the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flourishing on you know the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flourishing on you know the full
+gamut that they're having in their other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamut that they're having in their other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamut that they're having in their other
+classes as well yeah well David thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as well yeah well David thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as well yeah well David thank
+you so much this was really delightful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much this was really delightful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so much this was really delightful
+well thank you I'm really so glad um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you I'm really so glad um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you I'm really so glad um to
+be able to talk with you and I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk with you and I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk with you and I'm really
+delighted the class is now up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted the class is now up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted the class is now up there and
+available more broadly oh we are too we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available more broadly oh we are too we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available more broadly oh we are too we
+are too thank you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too thank you thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too thank you thank
+you that was our conversation with David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that was our conversation with David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that was our conversation with David
+Kaiser MIT professor of the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaiser MIT professor of the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaiser MIT professor of the history of
+science science and physics he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science science and physics he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science science and physics he's the
+instructor for the MIT course called STS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for the MIT course called STS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for the MIT course called STS
+042 J Einstein Oppenheimer Fineman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+042 J Einstein Oppenheimer Fineman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+042 J Einstein Oppenheimer Fineman
+physics in the 20th century his teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in the 20th century his teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in the 20th century his teaching
+materials from that course are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from that course are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from that course are available
+on our MIT open courseware website you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our MIT open courseware website you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our MIT open courseware website you
+can download use and remix his open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download use and remix his open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download use and remix his open
+educational resources in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources in your own
+teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and
+learning thank you so much for listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning thank you so much for listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning thank you so much for listening
+until next time signing off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+Cambridge massachus etts I'm your host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge massachus etts I'm your host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge massachus etts I'm your host
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+myself bred pachy and Dave Lansky show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself bred pachy and Dave Lansky show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself bred pachy and Dave Lansky show
+notes for this episode were written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for this episode were written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for this episode were written by
+Peter Chipman David Kaiser's ocw cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Chipman David Kaiser's ocw cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Chipman David Kaiser's ocw cor
+site was built by Kathleen netti Jason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site was built by Kathleen netti Jason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site was built by Kathleen netti Jason
+player made our episode cassette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player made our episode cassette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player made our episode cassette
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+open learning and supporters like you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bqBH2pq9fpA.txt b/bqBH2pq9fpA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1a98859a727e3da29a1cc1c0d4e9a1eec1e5051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bqBH2pq9fpA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+[MUSIC]
+
+When I was very little.
+
+I loved space. I loved Star Trek.
+
+And in the fourth grade
+
+I stumbled across the term, 
+"Astronautical Engineer"
+
+and I said,
+
+"This is what I want to be". 
+
+[MUSIC]
+
+I've got a long history of family service,
+
+and so I knew I wanted to serve.
+
+So I went to the Air Force Academy.
+
+I majored in astronautical engineering,
+
+and my first two years on active duty
+
+were graduate school here at MIT
+
+But I didn't have a great background
+I found out later in linear algebra.
+
+So my first semester here at MIT 
+out of the Academy, 
+
+I got a B and a C.
+
+and for grad students, a C is
+basically,  "You failed, but you tried."
+
+which just lit a fire underneath me.
+
+And that was when I discovered MIT's
+OpenCourseWare.
+
+I basically, on my own time 
+
+took what would have been 
+two linear algebra courses
+
+in the span of about two months.
+
+and the next semester
+I had an A and a B,
+
+and that B was
+the last B I got at MIT.
+
+[MUSIC]
+
+After that, I went to pilot training
+
+I did seven tours of combat.
+
+I was injured in the middle of it.
+
+Not related combat,
+not related to my training.
+
+So I was medically retired and at the time
+that I got out, I was doing
+
+poorly enough that 
+
+I was not sure I was going to 
+live more than a few years.
+
+So that fourth grader who wanted to be
+
+an astronautical engineer,
+I was going to take that all the way.
+
+And I knew I wanted to come to MIT.
+
+But I had been out of academia
+for almost ten years by that point.
+
+So again, I knew I needed to get caught up
+to where the rest of my peers would be.
+
+So I applied to Auburn University
+
+to get a second master's
+degree in computer science,
+
+but I had no undergraduate degree
+in computer science.
+
+So I went back to MIT's OpenCourseWare,
+and I took courses in
+
+computer architecture, networking, 
+operating systems, 
+
+algorithms was a big one.
+
+And having done really
+well in he program there, I think 
+
+MIT finally accepted me.
+
+[MUSIC]
+
+I work with small unmanned 
+aerial vehicles or UAVs
+
+[MUSIC]
+
+We mainly focus on search
+and rescue type of applications.
+
+So we have one or more vehicles
+using a variety of different sensors
+
+trying to train the vehicles in such a way
+that they can accomplish the task
+
+pretty much by themselves
+without any intervention.
+
+[MUSIC]
+
+So the stars aligned.
+
+I'm doing something that I love
+and that I hope will have a very
+
+positive impact on
+
+not only my brothers and sisters 
+still wearing the uniform, but everybody. 
+
+[MUSIC]
+
+Especially since I was physically unable
+to continue to serve.
+
+It means so much to see young people
+who are continuing to raise their hand
+
+and say, "I'll put myself in danger
+in order to protect those that I love,
+
+and the ideals that I love".
+
+And then, of course, you also want 
+
+tthat sense of community
+with your fellow veterans.
+
+So I'm working with student veterans 
+
+and GA3, which is the Graduate Association
+of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
+
+I'm doing pretty  well now.
+
+I found a diet and exercise routine that
+
+helps me control my symptoms.
+
+Throughout my life I've kind of 
+rejected being on the ground.
+
+I'm constantly looking for 
+another way to be in the air.
+
+I found out MIT has a group
+that's doing acro-yoga.
+
+Great fun, great group of people, 
+
+all extremely flexible,
+extremely strong,
+
+very much engineering work.
+with humans involved. 
+
+[CHUCKLES AND BACKGROUND LAUGHTER]
+
+So, collaboration of efforts 
+produces something that 
+
+none of us would ever have
+been able to make alone.
+
+You know, we were never 
+physically designed to fly,
+
+but through human ingenuity,
+one step at a time,
+
+we found a way to do it.
+
+And so that's one of the reasons
+that I love OpenCourseWare is,
+
+you know, a lot of people who have taken
+
+big steps on that journey 
+
+have now left something behind; 
+
+a good foundation for other people
+to take the next step 
+
+to something that's that's 
+bigger and better than ourselves
+
+in a place we could never get by ourselves.
+
+So that openhandedness,
+when it comes to education
+
+ is what drew me here.
+
+[MUSIC]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c5zGa2Yt7mw.txt b/c5zGa2Yt7mw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09299e928e7607922cab99ae01cb493465deaf9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c5zGa2Yt7mw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean the writing skills are I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the writing skills are I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the writing skills are I think of
+essential importance for any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential importance for any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential importance for any of the
+physics physics majors yeah it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics physics majors yeah it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics physics majors yeah it doesn't
+do you much good if you do the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you much good if you do the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you much good if you do the science
+just for it so if you want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for it so if you want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for it so if you want to tell
+people about it and you want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about it and you want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about it and you want to be able
+to do that in a in a professional manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in a in a professional manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in a in a professional manner
+that really gets the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really gets the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really gets the appropriate
+appreciation for your scientific work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for your scientific work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for your scientific work
+and to do that you need to understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that you need to understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that you need to understand so
+what are the what is the really the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what is the really the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the what is the really the form
+of communication that scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communication that scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communication that scientists
+physicists used and that is I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists used and that is I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists used and that is I think one
+of the key elements in in junior lab to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key elements in in junior lab to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key elements in in junior lab to
+really explain how this is done and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explain how this is done and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really explain how this is done and then
+through practice really develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through practice really develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through practice really develop that
+skill so I'm two of the things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill so I'm two of the things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill so I'm two of the things that the
+students do in eight thirteen and eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do in eight thirteen and eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students do in eight thirteen and eight
+fourteen in addition to performing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen in addition to performing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen in addition to performing the
+experiments is to a give 15 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is to a give 15 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments is to a give 15 minute
+presentations on the experiment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations on the experiment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations on the experiment in the
+style of an ApS parallel session and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of an ApS parallel session and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of an ApS parallel session and
+write a four-page papers on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a four-page papers on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a four-page papers on each
+experiment in the style of a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in the style of a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in the style of a physical
+review letter and I think the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review letter and I think the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review letter and I think the two
+elements on to the stand one is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on to the stand one is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on to the stand one is of
+course that this is a large part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that this is a large part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that this is a large part of
+their grade so this is a skill that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grade so this is a skill that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grade so this is a skill that we
+that we charge but I think it is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we charge but I think it is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we charge but I think it is also a
+skill that the students really develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill that the students really develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill that the students really develop
+in 8:13 and 814 most of them before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 8:13 and 814 most of them before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 8:13 and 814 most of them before
+joining the lab has never written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining the lab has never written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining the lab has never written a
+paper and many of them many of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and many of them many of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and many of them many of them have
+not given the presentations in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given the presentations in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not given the presentations in that
+style before some of them have some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style before some of them have some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style before some of them have some of
+them haven't and so this is a skill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them haven't and so this is a skill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them haven't and so this is a skill that
+I get to practice it's a skill that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to practice it's a skill that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to practice it's a skill that they
+really need later on and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need later on and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need later on and it's also
+something that many of them are rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that many of them are rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that many of them are rather
+worried about when starting the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about when starting the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about when starting the class
+unless one of our teaching in one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless one of our teaching in one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless one of our teaching in one of our
+writing instructors likes to say fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing instructors likes to say fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing instructors likes to say fear
+for public speaking is I mean one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for public speaking is I mean one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for public speaking is I mean one of the
+top fears that people list when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top fears that people list when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top fears that people list when when
+asked what they what they are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what they what they are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked what they what they are really
+worried about and what we tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about and what we tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about and what we tell the
+students and what they really find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and what they really find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and what they really find out
+during the class is that public speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the class is that public speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the class is that public speaking
+is a skill that you can really perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a skill that you can really perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a skill that you can really perfect
+through practice and for me as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through practice and for me as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through practice and for me as an
+instructor and I hope also for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and I hope also for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and I hope also for the
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+seeing the progression of them during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the progression of them during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the progression of them during
+the semester from really not knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester from really not knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester from really not knowing
+what to do with the 15 minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with the 15 minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with the 15 minutes of
+speaking time to having a professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking time to having a professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking time to having a professional
+presentations at the very end is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations at the very end is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations at the very end is really
+one of the most gratifying things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most gratifying things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most gratifying things in a
+13 and then later an 814 - to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and then later an 814 - to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 and then later an 814 - to see how
+much this skill really improves over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this skill really improves over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much this skill really improves over the
+course of three four months so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of three four months so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of three four months so they're
+there many ways in which we try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there many ways in which we try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there many ways in which we try to help
+the students really develop those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students really develop those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students really develop those
+communication skills one is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication skills one is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication skills one is of course
+instruction and examples before they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and examples before they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and examples before they do
+their first presentation then they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first presentation then they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their first presentation then they give
+the presentation they meet with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation they meet with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentation they meet with the
+writing instructors afterwards to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing instructors afterwards to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing instructors afterwards to go
+over the presentation and get feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the presentation and get feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the presentation and get feedback
+from them typically what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them typically what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them typically what we do is we
+have 50 minute presentations and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50 minute presentations and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50 minute presentations and then a
+15 minute question-and-answer session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minute question-and-answer session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minute question-and-answer session
+that we also used to give feedback on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also used to give feedback on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also used to give feedback on
+the presentations and then at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentations and then at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presentations and then at the very
+end of the semester the students take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester the students take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the semester the students take
+the favorite of the three presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the favorite of the three presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the favorite of the three presentations
+they gave during the semester refine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave during the semester refine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they gave during the semester refine it
+a bit and then give it in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and then give it in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit and then give it in front of the
+whole class again after getting feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class again after getting feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class again after getting feedback
+from the writing instructors so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the writing instructors so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the writing instructors so there's
+a lot of practice and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of practice and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of practice and there's a lot of
+back-and-forth between the students the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-and-forth between the students the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-and-forth between the students the
+writing instructors and lab staff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing instructors and lab staff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing instructors and lab staff in
+8:13 obviously at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:13 obviously at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8:13 obviously at the beginning of the
+semester is an extremely wide spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is an extremely wide spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester is an extremely wide spectrum
+in terms of the communication skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the communication skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the communication skills
+some some people are just naturally more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some people are just naturally more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some people are just naturally more
+inclined to talk to to a large audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to talk to to a large audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined to talk to to a large audience
+to sort of present themselves whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of present themselves whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of present themselves whereas
+others are mortified doing that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are mortified doing that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are mortified doing that and I
+think by the end of 8 13 that spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think by the end of 8 13 that spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think by the end of 8 13 that spread
+becomes much narrower of course not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes much narrower of course not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes much narrower of course not
+everybody will have to the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will have to the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody will have to the same so
+spirit when when giving a presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit when when giving a presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit when when giving a presentation
+but I think by the end of 8 13 everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think by the end of 8 13 everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think by the end of 8 13 everybody
+is at a level where they have no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a level where they have no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a level where they have no problem
+giving a 15 minute professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a 15 minute professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a 15 minute professional
+presentation I think 8:14 the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I think 8:14 the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I think 8:14 the focus
+really moves from just being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moves from just being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moves from just being able to
+fill the 15 minutes somehow to a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the 15 minutes somehow to a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the 15 minutes somehow to a much
+more detailed discussion of software the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed discussion of software the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed discussion of software the
+rational elements of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational elements of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational elements of the of the
+presentations to error the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations to error the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations to error the uncertainty
+analysis the the really the depth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the the really the depth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the the really the depth in
+which they examine the data that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they examine the data that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they examine the data that I've
+taken and the sophistication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and the sophistication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken and the sophistication of the
+analysis methods I think that is more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis methods I think that is more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis methods I think that is more of
+the focus in age 14 after 813 has really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus in age 14 after 813 has really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the focus in age 14 after 813 has really
+prepared them to sort of just the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared them to sort of just the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared them to sort of just the basic
+tools
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eHZifpgyH_4.txt b/eHZifpgyH_4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24d1740adf1bbd6a552b7b986234cea1900eb291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eHZifpgyH_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we do NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we do NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we do NP
+completeness an entire field in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness an entire field in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness an entire field in one
+lecture uh should be fun I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh should be fun I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh should be fun I actually
+taught an entire class about this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught an entire class about this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught an entire class about this topic
+last semester but now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last semester but now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last semester but now we're going to do
+it in 80 minutes um and we're GNA look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 80 minutes um and we're GNA look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in 80 minutes um and we're GNA look
+at lots of different problems from Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lots of different problems from Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lots of different problems from Super
+Mario Brothers to jigsaw puzzles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Brothers to jigsaw puzzles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Brothers to jigsaw puzzles and
+show that they're MP complete uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they're MP complete uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they're MP complete uh this is
+a fun area as shy mentioned last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun area as shy mentioned last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun area as shy mentioned last class
+it's all about reductions it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about reductions it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about reductions it's all about
+converting one problem into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting one problem into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting one problem into another
+which is a fun kind of puzzle in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a fun kind of puzzle in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a fun kind of puzzle in itself
+it's an algorithm Challenge and uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an algorithm Challenge and uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an algorithm Challenge and uh we're
+going to do it a lot uh but first i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it a lot uh but first i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it a lot uh but first i'm
+going to remind you of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remind you of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remind you of some of the
+things you learned from 006 and tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you learned from 006 and tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you learned from 006 and tell you
+what we need to do in order to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do in order to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do in order to prove uh
+all of these relations what exactly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these relations what exactly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these relations what exactly we
+need to show for each of those arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to show for each of those arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to show for each of those arrows
+and why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it's
+interesting so uh this is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so uh this is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so uh this is generally
+around the P versus NP problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the P versus NP problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the P versus NP problem so
+remember p is all the problems we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember p is all the problems we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember p is all the problems we know
+how to solve in polinomial time well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve in polinomial time well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve in polinomial time well not
+just the ones we know how to solve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the ones we know how to solve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the ones we know how to solve but
+all the ones that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solved which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much uh which is the topic of 66 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh which is the topic of 66 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh which is the topic of 66 and
+6046 up till now but from now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 up till now but from now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 up till now but from now in the
+next few lectures we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few lectures we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few lectures we'll be talking about
+problems that are probably not polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are probably not polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are probably not polom
+solvable and what to do about them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable and what to do about them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable and what to do about them uh
+polinomial as you know is like n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial as you know is like n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial as you know is like n to the
+Su constant polinomial good exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su constant polinomial good exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Su constant polinomial good exponential
+bad um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there uh what is n i guess n is the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh what is n i guess n is the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh what is n i guess n is the size
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+problem okay which we'll have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay which we'll have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay which we'll have to be a
+little bit careful about today and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful about today and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful about today and then
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+NP is not problem solvable not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP is not problem solvable not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP is not problem solvable not in
+polinomial time but it's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time but it's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time but it's problem
+solvable in non-deterministic polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in non-deterministic polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable in non-deterministic polinomial
+time so uh and in this case we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh and in this case we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so uh and in this case we need to
+focus on a particular type of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a particular type of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on a particular type of problem
+which is decision problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decision just means that the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision just means that the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision just means that the answer is
+either yes or no so it's a single bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer we'll see why we need to restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we'll see why we need to restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we'll see why we need to restrict
+to that kind of problem in a moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that kind of problem in a moment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that kind of problem in a moment uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so this is problems you can solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is problems you can solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is problems you can solve in
+polinomial Time same notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time same notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time same notion of
+polinomial some notion of n but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial some notion of n but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial some notion of n but in a
+totally unrealistic model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unrealistic model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unrealistic model of computation
+which is a non-deterministic model in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a non-deterministic model in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a non-deterministic model in a
+non-deterministic model what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic model what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic model what you can do
+is uh say instead of computing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh say instead of computing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh say instead of computing something
+from something you know you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something you know you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something you know you can make a
+guess so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so you can
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh
+one out of polom many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+options in constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so normally constant time operation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally constant time operation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally constant time operation a
+regular model is like you add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular model is like you add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular model is like you add two
+numbers or you do an if that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or you do an if that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or you do an if that sort of
+thing here we can make a guess I give I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here we can make a guess I give I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here we can make a guess I give I
+give the computer polom many options I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the computer polom many options I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the computer polom many options I'm
+interested in computer's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in computer's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in computer's going to give
+me one of them it's going to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one of them it's going to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one of them it's going to give me a
+good guess guess is guaranteed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guess guess is guaranteed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good guess guess is guaranteed to be
+good and good means here that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and good means here that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and good means here that I want to
+get to a yes answer if I can so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a yes answer if I can so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a yes answer if I can so the
+formal statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal statement is
+if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess uh would lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh would lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh would lead
+to a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer then
+uh we get such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess okay this is weird and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay this is weird and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay this is weird and it's
+asymmetric it's bi us towards yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric it's bi us towards yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric it's bi us towards yes and
+this is why we can only think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we can only think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we can only think about
+decision problems yes or no you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problems yes or no you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problems yes or no you could
+buy us WS no you get something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy us WS no you get something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy us WS no you get something else
+called Co NP but we'll focus here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Co NP but we'll focus here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Co NP but we'll focus here just
+on NP so the idea is uh I'd really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on NP so the idea is uh I'd really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on NP so the idea is uh I'd really like
+to find a guess that leads to a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a guess that leads to a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a guess that leads to a yes
+answer and the Machine magically gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the Machine magically gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the Machine magically gives
+me one if there is one which means if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one if there is one which means if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me one if there is one which means if I
+end up saying no that means there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up saying no that means there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up saying no that means there was
+absolutely no path that would lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no path that would lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no path that would lead to a
+yes so uh when you get a no you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so uh when you get a no you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so uh when you get a no you get a
+lot of information when you get a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information when you get a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information when you get a yes
+you get some information but hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some information but hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some information but hey you
+were lucky hard to hard to complain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lucky hard to hard to complain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lucky hard to hard to complain so
+this in6 I often call this the lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in6 I often call this the lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in6 I often call this the lucky
+model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of computation
+that's the informal version but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the informal version but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the informal version but
+nondeterminism is what's really going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterminism is what's really going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nondeterminism is what's really going on
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so uh maybe it's useful to think to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh maybe it's useful to think to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh maybe it's useful to think to get
+an example so here's a problem we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so here's a problem we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so here's a problem we'll
+this is probably this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably this is the sort of
+granddaddy of all MP complete problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granddaddy of all MP complete problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granddaddy of all MP complete problems
+we'll get to completeness in a moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to completeness in a moment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to completeness in a moment uh
+threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sat stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfiability so in threat the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability so in threat the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability so in threat the input to
+the problem looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem looks something like this
+I'm just going to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example and in case you've forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and in case you've forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and in case you've forgotten
+your weird logic notation this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weird logic notation this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weird logic notation this is an
+and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+ores uh and I'm using this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores uh and I'm using this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores uh and I'm using this for
+negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation
+not okay so uh in other words my I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so uh in other words my I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay so uh in other words my I'm
+given a formula which is an and of ores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a formula which is an and of ores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a formula which is an and of ores
+and each or Clause only has three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each or Clause only has three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each or Clause only has three things
+in it these things are called literals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a literal is either a variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a literal is either a variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a literal is either a variable X
+subi or it's the negation of a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi or it's the negation of a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi or it's the negation of a variable
+not X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X
+subi okay so this is a typical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi okay so this is a typical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subi okay so this is a typical example
+you could have no negations you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have no negations you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have no negations you could
+here I have one negation two negations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have one negation two negations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have one negation two negations
+any number of negations per Clause these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of negations per Clause these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of negations per Clause these
+groups of three these or of three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of three these or of three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of three these or of three things
+three literals are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three literals are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three literals are called
+Clauses and uh they're all anded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and uh they're all anded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and uh they're all anded
+together and my goal is this should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and my goal is this should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and my goal is this should be a
+decision question so I have a yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision question so I have a yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision question so I have a yes or no
+question and that question is uh can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that question is uh can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that question is uh can you
+set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables uh so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh
+to true or false so each variable I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true or false so each variable I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true or false so each variable I get
+to choose or true or a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose or true or a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose or true or a false
+designation uh such that the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation uh such that the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation uh such that the formula
+comes out true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I use T and F for true and false uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use T and F for true and false uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use T and F for true and false uh so I
+want to set these variables such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set these variables such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set these variables such that
+every Clause comes out true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Clause comes out true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Clause comes out true because
+they're anded together so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're anded together so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're anded together so I have to
+satisfy this clause in one of three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this clause in one of three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this clause in one of three ways
+maybe I satisfy it all three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I satisfy it all three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I satisfy it all three ways
+doesn't matter as long as at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter as long as at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter as long as at least one
+of these should be true and at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these should be true and at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these should be true and at least one
+of these should be true and at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these should be true and at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these should be true and at least one
+of each Clause should be true okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each Clause should be true okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each Clause should be true okay so
+that's the threap problem this is a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the threap problem this is a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the threap problem this is a hard
+problem we don't know a polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't know a polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we don't know a polinomial time
+algorithm there probably isn't one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm there probably isn't one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm there probably isn't one but
+there is a polinomial Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a polinomial Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a polinomial Time
+non-deterministic algorithm so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic algorithm so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic algorithm so this
+problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+innp uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innp uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innp uh
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if I have lucky guesses uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have lucky guesses uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have lucky guesses uh it's
+kind of designed to solve this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of designed to solve this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of designed to solve this kind of
+problem what I'm going to do is guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what I'm going to do is guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem what I'm going to do is guess
+whether whether X1 uh is true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether X1 uh is true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether whether X1 uh is true or
+false so I have two choices and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so I have two choices and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so I have two choices and I'm
+going to ask my machine to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask my machine to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask my machine to make the
+right choice whether it should be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right choice whether it should be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right choice whether it should be true
+or false then I'll guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false then I'll guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or false then I'll guess
+X2 each of these guess operations takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 each of these guess operations takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 each of these guess operations takes
+constant time so I do it for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time so I do it for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant time so I do it for every
+variable and then I'm going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then I'm going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then I'm going to check
+whether I happen to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula and if it comes out true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if it comes out true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if it comes out true then
+I'll return yes and if it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return yes and if it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return yes and if it comes out
+false I'll return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no and because NP is biased towards yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and because NP is biased towards yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and because NP is biased towards yes
+answers it always finds a yes answer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers it always finds a yes answer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers it always finds a yes answer if
+you can if there's some way to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if there's some way to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if there's some way to satisfy
+the formula then I will get it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula then I will get it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula then I will get it if
+there's some way to make the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way to make the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way to make the formula
+come out true then this algorithm will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out true then this algorithm will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out true then this algorithm will
+return yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return yes
+if there's no way to satisfy it then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no way to satisfy it then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no way to satisfy it then the
+formula then the this non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then the this non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula then the this non-deterministic
+algorithm will return no that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will return no that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will return no that's just the
+definition of how non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of how non-deterministic
+machines work it's a little weird but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines work it's a little weird but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines work it's a little weird but uh
+you can see from this kind of prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this kind of prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from this kind of prototype
+of a non-deterministic algorithm you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-deterministic algorithm you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a non-deterministic algorithm you can
+actually always arrange for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually always arrange for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually always arrange for your
+guessing to be at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing to be at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing to be at the
+beginning and then you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and then you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and then you do some
+polinomial regular polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial regular polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial regular polinomial time
+checking without a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking without a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking without a deterministic
+checking so when you rewrite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking so when you rewrite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking so when you rewrite your
+algorithm like this with guesses up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like this with guesses up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like this with guesses up
+front and then checking you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then checking you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then checking you can also
+think of it as a verification algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a verification algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a verification algorithm
+uh so you can say you know your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can say you know your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can say you know your friend
+claims that uh this threat formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that uh this threat formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that uh this threat formula is
+satisfiable meaning there's a way to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable meaning there's a way to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable meaning there's a way to set
+the variable so that it comes out true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable so that it comes out true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable so that it comes out true
+uh so this is called a satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assignment satisfying just means make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true and you're like no I don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and you're like no I don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and you're like no I don't believe
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+your friend says no no no really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend says no no no really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend says no no no really it's
+true and here's how I can prove it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and here's how I can prove it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and here's how I can prove it you
+set X1 to false you set X2 to true you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X1 to false you set X2 to true you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X1 to false you set X2 to true you
+set X3 basically they give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X3 basically they give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X3 basically they give you the
+guesses and then you don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and then you don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses and then you don't have to be
+convinced that those are the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that those are the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that those are the right
+guesses you can check that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses you can check that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses you can check that it's the
+right guess you can compute this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guess you can compute this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right guess you can compute this formula
+in linear time see what the outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time see what the outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in linear time see what the outcome is
+if someone tells you what the XIs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone tells you what the XIs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone tells you what the XIs are
+you can very quickly see whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can very quickly see whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can very quickly see whether that
+was a satisfying assignment so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a satisfying assignment so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a satisfying assignment so you could
+call this a solution and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a solution and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a solution and then there's a
+polinomial Time verification algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time verification algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time verification algorithm
+that checks that Solutions are valid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that checks that Solutions are valid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that checks that Solutions are valid but
+you can only do that for yes answers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do that for yes answers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only do that for yes answers if
+your friend says no this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend says no this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend says no this is not
+satisfiable they have no way of proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable they have no way of proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable they have no way of proving
+it to you right I mean other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you right I mean other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you right I mean other than
+checking all the the assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking all the the assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking all the the assignments
+separately which should take exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately which should take exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately which should take exponential
+time there's no easy way to confirm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's no easy way to confirm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there's no easy way to confirm that
+the answer to this problem is no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this problem is no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this problem is no but
+there is an easy way to check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an easy way to check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an easy way to check that the
+answer is yes namely I give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes namely I give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes namely I give you the
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+assignment okay so this definition of NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay so this definition of NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay so this definition of NP
+is what I'll stick to it's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'll stick to it's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I'll stick to it's the sort
+of I like guessing because it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I like guessing because it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I like guessing because it's like
+dynamic programming with dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming with dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming with dynamic
+programming we also guess um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we also guess um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we also guess um and
+guessing actually originally comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing actually originally comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing actually originally comes from
+this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world
+non-determinism um in dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism um in dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-determinism um in dynamic
+programming we don't allow this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we don't allow this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we don't allow this kind of
+model and so we have to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so we have to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so we have to check the
+guesses separately and so we spend lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses separately and so we spend lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses separately and so we spend lots
+of time here magically you always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time here magically you always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time here magically you always get
+the right guess in only constant time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right guess in only constant time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right guess in only constant time so
+this is a much more powerful model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a much more powerful model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a much more powerful model of
+course there's no computers that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's no computers that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's no computers that work
+like this sadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this sadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this sadly
+um or I guess more interestingly so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I guess more interestingly so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I guess more interestingly so uh
+this is more about confirming that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more about confirming that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more about confirming that your
+problem is not totally impossible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not totally impossible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not totally impossible at
+least you can check the answers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can check the answers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can check the answers in
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is an equivalent definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an equivalent definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an equivalent definition of
+NP because you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP because you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP because you can take a
+non-deterministic algorithm and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic algorithm and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic algorithm and put the
+guessing up top you can call the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing up top you can call the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing up top you can call the results
+of those guesses a certificate that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those guesses a certificate that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those guesses a certificate that an
+answer is yes and then you have a polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and then you have a polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and then you have a polom
+a regular old deterministic polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular old deterministic polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular old deterministic polinomial
+time algorithm that given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm that given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm that given that
+certificate will verify uh that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate will verify uh that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate will verify uh that the that
+it actually uh proves that the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually uh proves that the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually uh proves that the answer is
+yes um yeah it's just that certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um yeah it's just that certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um yeah it's just that certificate
+has to be polinomial size you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be polinomial size you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be polinomial size you can't
+guess something of exponential size you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess something of exponential size you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess something of exponential size you
+can only guess something of polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only guess something of polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only guess something of polinomial
+size in this model okay so uh seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in this model okay so uh seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size in this model okay so uh seems a
+little weird uh but we'll see why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird uh but we'll see why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird uh but we'll see why this
+is useful in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful in a little
+bit so let me go to mpty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completeness so if I have a problem X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's NP
+complete if x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete if x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete if x is in
+NP and X is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP and X is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP and X is NP
+hard but I haven't told you what NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but I haven't told you what NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but I haven't told you what NP hard
+is maybe you remember from D6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so um I need to Define reduce so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um I need to Define reduce so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um I need to Define reduce so
+maybe I'll do that as well then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll do that as well then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll do that as well then we can
+talk about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a lot of definitions um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a lot of definitions um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a lot of definitions um but the
+idea of NP hardness is very simple uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of NP hardness is very simple uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of NP hardness is very simple uh if
+a problem X is NP hard it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem X is NP hard it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem X is NP hard it means that
+it's at least as hard as uh sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least as hard as uh sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least as hard as uh sorry that
+is a y it's at least as hard as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a y it's at least as hard as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a y it's at least as hard as all
+problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in
+NP okay I want intuitively X means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP okay I want intuitively X means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP okay I want intuitively X means it's
+at least as hard as everything in NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as hard as everything in NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as hard as everything in NP
+whereas being in NP is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas being in NP is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas being in NP is a positive
+statement it says it's not too hard at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it says it's not too hard at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it says it's not too hard at
+least there's a polinomial Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least there's a polinomial Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least there's a polinomial Time
+verification algorithm so being an NP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification algorithm so being an NP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification algorithm so being an NP is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+is good news it says you're no harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good news it says you're no harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good news it says you're no harder
+than NP uh NP hard says you're at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than NP uh NP hard says you're at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than NP uh NP hard says you're at least
+as hard as everything in NP and so NP NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as everything in NP and so NP NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as everything in NP and so NP NP
+complete is a nice answer because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is a nice answer because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is a nice answer because it
+says you're exactly as hard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're exactly as hard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're exactly as hard as
+everything in NP no harder no easier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in NP no harder no easier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in NP no harder no easier uh
+if you draw in this vague sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you draw in this vague sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you draw in this vague sense uh
+computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational
+difficulty on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty on one
+axis which is not really accurate but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is not really accurate but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis which is not really accurate but I
+like to do it anyway uh and you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do it anyway uh and you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do it anyway uh and you have uh
+p is all of these easy problems down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is all of these easy problems down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is all of these easy problems down
+here and NP is some larger set like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and NP is some larger set like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and NP is some larger set like this
+uh NP hard is from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over and this point right here is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete okay being in NP means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete okay being in NP means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete okay being in NP means you're
+left of this line or on the line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this line or on the line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this line or on the line and
+being NP hard means you're right of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being NP hard means you're right of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being NP hard means you're right of this
+line or on the line and MP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or on the line and MP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or on the line and MP complete
+means you're right there so it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're right there so it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're right there so it's that's
+a very definitive sense of hardness now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very definitive sense of hardness now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very definitive sense of hardness now
+there is this slight catch which is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this slight catch which is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this slight catch which is we
+don't know whether P equals NP so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether P equals NP so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether P equals NP so maybe
+this is the same as this but probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as this but probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as this but probably
+not unless you believe in luck basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unless you believe in luck basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unless you believe in luck basically
+unless you imagine that a computer could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you imagine that a computer could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you imagine that a computer could
+engineer luck and always guess the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer luck and always guess the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer luck and always guess the right
+things without spending a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things without spending a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things without spending a lot of time
+then P does not equal NP and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P does not equal NP and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P does not equal NP and in that
+world what we get is that if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what we get is that if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what we get is that if you have an
+NP complete problem or actually any NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP complete problem or actually any NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP complete problem or actually any NP
+problem you know it cannot be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know it cannot be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know it cannot be in
+P okay so if you have that X is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so if you have that X is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so if you have that X is NP
+hard uh then you know that X is not in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh then you know that X is not in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh then you know that X is not in P
+unless all of NP is in P so unless P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless all of NP is in P so unless P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless all of NP is in P so unless P
+equals NP and most reasonable people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals NP and most reasonable people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals NP and most reasonable people do
+not believe this and so instead they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not believe this and so instead they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not believe this and so instead they
+have to believe this that your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to believe this that your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to believe this that your problem
+is not polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not polom
+solvable so why is this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable so why is this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable so why is this true
+uh because if your problem is NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because if your problem is NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because if your problem is NP hard
+it's at least as hard as every problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least as hard as every problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at least as hard as every problem
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+NP um and we and if you believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um and we and if you believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um and we and if you believe that
+there's some problem in NP we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problem in NP we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problem in NP we don't
+necessarily know which one but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know which one but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know which one but if
+there's any problem out there in NP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any problem out there in NP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any problem out there in NP that
+is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in
+P then X has to be uh at least as hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then X has to be uh at least as hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then X has to be uh at least as hard
+as it so it also requires uh non-p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it so it also requires uh non-p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it so it also requires uh non-p
+polinomial time something larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time something larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time something larger than
+polinomial time okay what does at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time okay what does at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time okay what does at least
+as hard mean though we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard mean though we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard mean though we're going to
+Define it in terms of reduction uctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it in terms of reduction uctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it in terms of reduction uctions
+reduction from one problem to another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from one problem to another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from one problem to another is
+just a polom Time algorithm regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a polom Time algorithm regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a polom Time algorithm regular
+deterministic polom time that converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic polom time that converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic polom time that converts
+an input to problem a into an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input to problem a into an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input to problem a into an equivalent
+input to problem B equivalent means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to problem B equivalent means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to problem B equivalent means uh
+that it has the same yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has the same yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has the same yes or no
+answer okay we'll just be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay we'll just be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay we'll just be thinking about
+decision problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so why would I care about a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would I care about a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would I care about a reduction
+because what it tells me is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it tells me is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it tells me is that if I
+know how to solve problem B then I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve problem B then I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve problem B then I also
+know how to solve problem a right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve problem a right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve problem a right if I
+have a say a polinomial time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a say a polinomial time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a say a polinomial time algorithm
+for solving B and I want one for a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving B and I want one for a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving B and I want one for a I
+just take my a input I convert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take my a input I convert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take my a input I convert it into
+the equivalent B input then I run my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent B input then I run my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent B input then I run my
+algorithm for B and then it gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for B and then it gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for B and then it gives me the
+answer to the a problem because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the a problem because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the a problem because the
+answers are the same okay so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are the same okay so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are the same okay so if you have
+a reduction like this uh and if say B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction like this uh and if say B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction like this uh and if say B
+has a polinomial algorithm then so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a polinomial algorithm then so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a polinomial algorithm then so does
+a because you can just convert a into B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because you can just convert a into B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because you can just convert a into B
+and then solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then solve
+B uh also this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh also this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh also this works
+for uh non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms okay not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay not too
+important but uh so what this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but uh so what this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but uh so what this tells us
+is that in a certain sense get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in a certain sense get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in a certain sense get this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh was is saying if I can solve B then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was is saying if I can solve B then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was is saying if I can solve B then I
+can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve
+a uh so this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh so this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh so this is saying
+that uh B is at least as hard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh B is at least as hard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh B is at least as hard as
+a I got that right a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I got that right a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I got that right a little
+tricky uh so if we want to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky uh so if we want to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky uh so if we want to prove the
+problem is NP hard what we do is show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP hard what we do is show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP hard what we do is show
+that every problem in NP can be reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every problem in NP can be reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every problem in NP can be reduced
+to the problem X so now we can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem X so now we can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem X so now we can go back
+and say well if we believe that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well if we believe that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well if we believe that there's
+some problem y that is in NP minus P if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problem y that is in NP minus P if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problem y that is in NP minus P if
+there's something out here that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something out here that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something out here that is not
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+P then we can take that problem Y and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then we can take that problem Y and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then we can take that problem Y and by
+this definition we can reduce it to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition we can reduce it to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition we can reduce it to X
+because everything in NP reduces to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything in NP reduces to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything in NP reduces to X
+and so then I can solve my problem my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then I can solve my problem my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then I can solve my problem my
+problem Y which is in NP minus P by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Y which is in NP minus P by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Y which is in NP minus P by
+converting it to X and solving X so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it to X and solving X so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it to X and solving X so that
+means X better not have a polom Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means X better not have a polom Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means X better not have a polom Time
+algorithm because if it did y would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because if it did y would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because if it did y would also
+have a polinomial Time algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a polinomial Time algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a polinomial Time algorithm and
+then in in general P would equal NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in in general P would equal NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in in general P would equal NP
+because every problem in NP can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every problem in NP can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every problem in NP can be
+converted to X so if x has a polom Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to X so if x has a polom Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to X so if x has a polom Time
+algorithm then every problem y does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+a ah so you're asking about the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ah so you're asking about the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ah so you're asking about the reverse
+question if a is an NP can we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if a is an NP can we conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if a is an NP can we conclude
+the B is an NP and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B is an NP and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B is an NP and the answer is
+no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this reduction only lets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this reduction only lets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this reduction only lets us
+convert from A to B it doesn't let us do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert from A to B it doesn't let us do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert from A to B it doesn't let us do
+anything for converting from B to a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for converting from B to a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything for converting from B to a so
+if we know how to solve a and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know how to solve a and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know how to solve a and we also
+know how to convert a into B it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to convert a into B it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to convert a into B it doesn't
+tell us anything it could be B is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us anything it could be B is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us anything it could be B is uh a
+much harder problem than a in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation sorry uh that's I think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation sorry uh that's I think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation sorry uh that's I think as
+good as I can do for that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as I can do for that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as I can do for that other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right it is really tricky to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it is really tricky to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it is really tricky to get
+these directions right so uh let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions right so uh let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions right so uh let me give
+you a handy guide on how to not make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a handy guide on how to not make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a handy guide on how to not make a
+mistake so maybe over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what we care about from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we care about from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we care about from an
+algorithmic perspective is uh proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic perspective is uh proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic perspective is uh proving
+that problems are NP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if we prove MP completeness I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we prove MP completeness I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we prove MP completeness I
+mean really we care about MP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean really we care about MP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean really we care about MP hardness
+but we might as well do MP completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might as well do MP completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we might as well do MP completeness
+most of the problems are that we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the problems are that we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the problems are that we'll see
+MP hard or also MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP hard or also MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP hard or also MP
+complete uh so when we prove this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh so when we prove this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh so when we prove this we
+prove that there's basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that there's basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that there's basically no
+polinomial time algorithm for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithm for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithm for that
+problem so that's good to know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's good to know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's good to know because
+then we can just give up searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just give up searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just give up searching for
+polinomial time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time algorithm
+uh so you know all the problems we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know all the problems we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know all the problems we've
+seen so far have polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far have polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far have polinomial time
+algorithms except a couple in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms except a couple in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms except a couple in your
+problem sets which were actually MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets which were actually MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets which were actually MP
+complete and the best you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and the best you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and the best you could have
+done was exponential unless P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done was exponential unless P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done was exponential unless P equals
+NP so uh here's how you can prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so uh here's how you can prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so uh here's how you can prove this
+kind of lower bound to say look I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lower bound to say look I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lower bound to say look I don't
+need to look for algorithms anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look for algorithms anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look for algorithms anymore
+because my problem is just too hard it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my problem is just too hard it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my problem is just too hard it's
+as hard as everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as everything in
+NP so this is just a summary of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so this is just a summary of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP so this is just a summary of those
+definitions the first thing you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions the first thing you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions the first thing you do is
+prove that X is NP in NP the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that X is NP in NP the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that X is NP in NP the second
+thing you do is prove that X is NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do is prove that X is NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do is prove that X is NP hard
+and to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that you
+reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce
+from some known NP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some known NP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some known NP complete
+problem or I guess NP hard but we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or I guess NP hard but we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or I guess NP hard but we'll use
+NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete to your problem X maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete to your problem X maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete to your problem X maybe I'll
+give this a name one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay so to prove that X is an NP you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so to prove that X is an NP you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay so to prove that X is an NP you
+do something like what we did over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like what we did over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like what we did over here
+which is to give a non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to give a non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to give a non-deterministic
+algorithm or you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm or you can think of it as
+defining what the certificate is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what the certificate is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what the certificate is and
+then giving a polinomial time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then giving a polinomial time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then giving a polinomial time uh
+verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification
+algorithm so sort of two meth two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so sort of two meth two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm so sort of two meth two
+approaches you give a non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches you give a non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches you give a non-deterministic
+polinomial Time algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time algorithm
+or you give uh certificate and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verifier there's no right or wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier there's no right or wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier there's no right or wrong
+certificate I mean a certificate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate I mean a certificate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate I mean a certificate you can
+Define however you want as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define however you want as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define however you want as long as the
+verifier can actually check it and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier can actually check it and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier can actually check it and when
+it says yes then the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says yes then the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says yes then the answer to the
+problem was yes so it's really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was yes so it's really the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was yes so it's really the same
+thing just want to say there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just want to say there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just want to say there's some
+certificate that a verifier could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that a verifier could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that a verifier could
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+check okay so that's proving your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay so that's proving your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check okay so that's proving your
+problem is in NP it's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in NP it's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in NP it's sort of an
+algorithmic thing the second part is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic thing the second part is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic thing the second part is all
+about reductions now the definition says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reductions now the definition says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reductions now the definition says
+that I should reduce every problem in NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should reduce every problem in NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should reduce every problem in NP
+to my problem X that's tedious because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my problem X that's tedious because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my problem X that's tedious because
+there are a lot of problems in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of problems in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of problems in the world
+so I don't want to do it for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to do it for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to do it for every
+problem in NP I'd like to just do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP I'd like to just do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP I'd like to just do it for
+one now if I reduce sorting to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now if I reduce sorting to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now if I reduce sorting to my
+problem that's not very interesting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's not very interesting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's not very interesting it
+says my problem is at least as hard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says my problem is at least as hard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says my problem is at least as hard as
+sorting okay but I already know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting okay but I already know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting okay but I already know how to
+solve sorting but if I start from an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve sorting but if I start from an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve sorting but if I start from an NP
+complete problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problem
+then I know by the definition that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know by the definition that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I know by the definition that every
+problem in NP can be reduced to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP can be reduced to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP can be reduced to that
+problem and if I show how to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and if I show how to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and if I show how to reduce the
+NP complete problem to me then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP complete problem to me then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP complete problem to me then I know
+that I'm NP complete too because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm NP complete too because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm NP complete too because if I
+have any problem Z in NP by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any problem Z in NP by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any problem Z in NP by the
+definition of NP complete of Y I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of NP complete of Y I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of NP complete of Y I can
+reduce that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that to
+Y and then if I have if I can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then if I have if I can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and then if I have if I can build a
+reduction from y to X then I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from y to X then I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from y to X then I get this
+reduction and so that means I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and so that means I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and so that means I can
+convert any problem in NP to my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert any problem in NP to my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert any problem in NP to my problem
+X which means X is NP hard that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which means X is NP hard that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which means X is NP hard that's the
+definition so all this is to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so all this is to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so all this is to say the
+first time you prove a problem as MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you prove a problem as MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you prove a problem as MP
+complete in in the world this happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in in the world this happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in in the world this happened
+in the 70s um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s um by
+cook basically he proved that threat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook basically he proved that threat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook basically he proved that threat is
+MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP
+complete uh that was annoying because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh that was annoying because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh that was annoying because he
+had to start from any problem in NP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to start from any problem in NP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to start from any problem in NP and
+he had to show that you could reduce any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to show that you could reduce any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to show that you could reduce any
+problem in NP to three set but now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP to three set but now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP to three set but now that
+that hard work is done done our life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard work is done done our life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard work is done done our life is
+much easier and in this class all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier and in this class all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier and in this class all you
+need to think about is picking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about is picking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about is picking your
+favorite MP complete problem three sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite MP complete problem three sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite MP complete problem three sets
+a good choice for almost anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good choice for almost anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good choice for almost anything but
+we'll see a bunch of other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a bunch of other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a bunch of other problems
+today from here and then reduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today from here and then reduce from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today from here and then reduce from
+that known problem to your problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that known problem to your problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that known problem to your problem that
+you're trying to prove is NP hard if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to prove is NP hard if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to prove is NP hard if you
+can do that you know your problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that you know your problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that you know your problem is
+empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+hard okay so we only need one reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay so we only need one reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay so we only need one reduction
+for each hardness result which is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each hardness result which is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each hardness result which is nice
+and this picture is a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this picture is a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this picture is a collection of
+reductions we're going to start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions we're going to start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions we're going to start from
+threat I'm not going to prove that MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat I'm not going to prove that MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat I'm not going to prove that MP
+complete though I'll give you a hint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete though I'll give you a hint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete though I'll give you a hint of
+why that's true we're going to reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's true we're going to reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's true we're going to reduce it
+to Super Mario Brothers we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Super Mario Brothers we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Super Mario Brothers we're going to
+reduce it to three-dimensional matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to three-dimensional matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce it to three-dimensional matching
+we're going to reduce threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reduce threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reduce threedimensional
+matching to subset sum to partition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching to subset sum to partition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching to subset sum to partition to
+rectangle packing to jigsaw puzzles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle packing to jigsaw puzzles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle packing to jigsaw puzzles um
+we're going to do all those reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do all those reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do all those reductions
+hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+and that's proving uh NP hardness of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's proving uh NP hardness of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's proving uh NP hardness of all
+those problems they're also all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems they're also all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems they're also all in
+NP all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so uh 30 30 second intuition why threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh 30 30 second intuition why threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh 30 30 second intuition why threat
+is NP hard well uh if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NP hard well uh if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NP hard well uh if you have any
+problem in NP that means there is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP that means there is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in NP that means there is one of
+these uh non-deterministic polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh non-deterministic polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh non-deterministic polinomial
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+algorithms or there is some verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or there is some verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or there is some verifier
+given a polinomial size certificate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a polinomial size certificate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a polinomial size certificate so
+that verifier it's just some algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that verifier it's just some algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that verifier it's just some algorithm
+and you know software and Hardware are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know software and Hardware are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know software and Hardware are
+basically the same thing right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing right so you
+can convert that algorithm into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert that algorithm into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert that algorithm into a
+circuit that implements the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that implements the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that implements the algorithm
+and if I have a circuit with like ANS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have a circuit with like ANS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have a circuit with like ANS
+and ores and Knots I can convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ores and Knots I can convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ores and Knots I can convert that
+into a Boolean formula with ANS ores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Boolean formula with ANS ores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Boolean formula with ANS ores and
+Knots circuits and formulas are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knots circuits and formulas are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knots circuits and formulas are about
+the same and if I have a formula uh fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and if I have a formula uh fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and if I have a formula uh fun
+fact although this is a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact although this is a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact although this is a little less
+obvious you can convert it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you can convert it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious you can convert it into this
+form the an an and of triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the an an and of triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the an an and of triple
+ORS okay and once you've done that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ORS okay and once you've done that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ORS okay and once you've done that that
+formula is equivalent to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is equivalent to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is equivalent to the original
+algorithm uh and the inputs to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh and the inputs to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm uh and the inputs to the to
+that verification algorithm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that verification algorithm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that verification algorithm the
+certificate are represented by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate are represented by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate are represented by these
+variables XIs and so deciding whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables XIs and so deciding whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables XIs and so deciding whether
+there's some way to set the XIs to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way to set the XIs to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some way to set the XIs to make
+the formula true is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula true is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula true is the same thing as
+saying is there some certificate where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is there some certificate where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is there some certificate where
+the verifier says yes which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier says yes which is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier says yes which is the same
+thing as saying that uh the problem has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying that uh the problem has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying that uh the problem has
+answer yes okay so given an NP algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes okay so given an NP algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes okay so given an NP algorithm
+one of these non-deterministic funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these non-deterministic funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these non-deterministic funny
+algorithms we can convert it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we can convert it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we can convert it into a
+formula satisfaction problem and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula satisfaction problem and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula satisfaction problem and that's
+how you prove three sat is MP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you prove three sat is MP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you prove three sat is MP complete
+but to do that can take many lectures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do that can take many lectures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do that can take many lectures so
+uh I'm not going to do the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the main annoying part is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main annoying part is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main annoying part is being
+formal about what exactly an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal about what exactly an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal about what exactly an algorithm
+is uh which we don't do in this class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh which we don't do in this class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh which we don't do in this class so
+um if you're interested take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're interested take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're interested take
+6045 so which is some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6045 so which is some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6045 so which is some people are
+actually in the overlap this semester um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the overlap this semester um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the overlap this semester um
+cool let's do some reductions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool let's do some reductions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool let's do some reductions this is
+where things get fun so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things get fun so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things get fun so we're going to
+start with reducing threat to Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with reducing threat to Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with reducing threat to Super
+Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario
+Brothers uh so I I assume how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers uh so I I assume how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers uh so I I assume how many
+people have played Super Mario Brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have played Super Mario Brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have played Super Mario Brothers
+easy one I hope if you haven't played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy one I hope if you haven't played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy one I hope if you haven't played
+you've seen it uh because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it uh because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen it uh because we're going to
+rely very much on Super Mario Brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely very much on Super Mario Brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely very much on Super Mario Brother
+physics which I hope is fairly intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which I hope is fairly intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which I hope is fairly intuitive
+but uh if you haven't played you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously and we're going to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and we're going to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and we're going to reduce
+threat to Super Mario Brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh this this is a a theorem by uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh this this is a a theorem by uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh this this is a a theorem by uh uh
+bunch of people one MIT grad student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people one MIT grad student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people one MIT grad student
+myself and a couple other collaborators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and a couple other collaborators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and a couple other collaborators
+outside if not at MIT um and it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside if not at MIT um and it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside if not at MIT um and it of
+course the this result holds for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the this result holds for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the this result holds for all
+versions of Super Mario Brothers so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Super Mario Brothers so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Super Mario Brothers so far
+released I think uh the proofs are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released I think uh the proofs are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released I think uh the proofs are a
+little bit different for each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different for each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different for each one
+especially Mario 2 which is its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially Mario 2 which is its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially Mario 2 which is its own
+universe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe but
+um I'm going to talk about the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to talk about the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to talk about the original
+Super Mario Brothers NES classic which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Mario Brothers NES classic which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Mario Brothers NES classic which I
+grew up with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with um
+so now the real Super Mario Brothers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the real Super Mario Brothers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the real Super Mario Brothers is
+you know on a 320 by 240 screen it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a 320 by 240 screen it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on a 320 by 240 screen it's a
+little bit small once you go right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit small once you go right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit small once you go right you
+can't go back left except in the Maze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go back left except in the Maze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go back left except in the Maze
+levels anyway uh so I need to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels anyway uh so I need to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels anyway uh so I need to generalize
+a little bit because uh if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because uh if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because uh if you assume
+that the the screen size of Super Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the screen size of Super Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the screen size of Super Mario
+Brothers is constant in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers is constant in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers is constant in fact you can
+Dynamic program your way through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic program your way through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic program your way through and
+find the optimal solution in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the optimal solution in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the optimal solution in polinomial
+time uh so I need to generalize a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit to uh arbitrary board size arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to uh arbitrary board size arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to uh arbitrary board size arbitrary
+screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+size so in fact my entire level will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so in fact my entire level will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so in fact my entire level will be
+in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one
+screen no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen no
+scrolling never mind this is a sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrolling never mind this is a sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrolling never mind this is a sides
+scrolling Adventure uh and so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrolling Adventure uh and so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrolling Adventure uh and so that's my
+generalized problem and I claim this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized problem and I claim this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized problem and I claim this is
+n hard if I give you a level and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n hard if I give you a level and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n hard if I give you a level and I want
+to and I ask you can you get to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I ask you can you get to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and I ask you can you get to the end
+of this level that problem is NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this level that problem is NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this level that problem is NP hard
+okay also no time limit uh the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also no time limit uh the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also no time limit uh the time
+limit would be okay but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit would be okay but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit would be okay but you have to
+generalize it instead of 300 seconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it instead of 300 seconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it instead of 300 seconds or
+whatever it has to be an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it has to be an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it has to be an arbitrary
+value okay uh so how are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay uh so how are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay uh so how are we going to do
+this we're going to reduce from threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to reduce from threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to reduce from threat
+to Super Mario Brothers so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Super Mario Brothers so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Super Mario Brothers so that means
+I'm given I don't get to choose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given I don't get to choose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given I don't get to choose I'm
+given one of these formulas and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given one of these formulas and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given one of these formulas and I have
+to convert it into an equivalent Super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert it into an equivalent Super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert it into an equivalent Super
+Mario Brother instance so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Brother instance so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Brother instance so I have to
+convert it into a level a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into a level a hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into a level a hypothetical
+level of Super Mario Brothers given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Super Mario Brothers given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of Super Mario Brothers given
+formula I have to build a level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I have to build a level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I have to build a level that
+implements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements that
+formula okay so here's what it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so here's what it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so here's what it's going
+to look like I'm going to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like I'm going to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like I'm going to start out
+somewhere here's here's my drawing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here's here's my drawing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here's here's my drawing of
+Mario uh Mario uh or you could play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario uh Mario uh or you could play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario uh Mario uh or you could play
+Luigi it doesn't matter um first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luigi it doesn't matter um first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luigi it doesn't matter um first thing
+it's going to do is enter a little black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do is enter a little black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do is enter a little black
+box called a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box called a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box called a variable
+okay this is supposed to represent let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is supposed to represent let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is supposed to represent let's
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+X1 okay and so there's it's some black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 okay and so there's it's some black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 okay and so there's it's some black
+box I'm going to tell you what it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box I'm going to tell you what it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box I'm going to tell you what it is in
+a moment and it has two outputs there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and it has two outputs there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment and it has two outputs there's
+the true output and the false output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true output and the false output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true output and the false output and
+the idea is that Mario has to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that Mario has to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that Mario has to choose
+whether to set X1 to true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to set X1 to true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to set X1 to true or
+false okay let me show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gadget so here's the oops upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget so here's the oops upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget so here's the oops upside down
+here's the variable Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the variable Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the variable Gadget
+uh so here's Mario uh could enter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's Mario uh could enter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's Mario uh could enter from
+this way or that way we'll need a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or that way we'll need a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or that way we'll need a couple
+of entrances in a moment and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entrances in a moment and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entrances in a moment and then uh
+falls down once Mario's down here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down once Mario's down here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down once Mario's down here if you
+check the jump height you cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the jump height you cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the jump height you cannot get
+back up to here so this is like a oneway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to here so this is like a oneway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to here so this is like a oneway
+once you're down here you have a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're down here you have a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're down here you have a choice
+should I fall to the left or fall to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I fall to the left or fall to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I fall to the left or fall to the
+right and if you make these Falls large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you make these Falls large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you make these Falls large
+enough uh once you fall you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh once you fall you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh once you fall you can't
+unfall uh so once you make a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfall uh so once you make a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfall uh so once you make a choice of
+whether I leave on the true exit or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I leave on the true exit or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I leave on the true exit or the
+F exit false exit that's a permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F exit false exit that's a permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F exit false exit that's a permanent
+choice you can't undo it unless you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can't undo it unless you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can't undo it unless you can
+come back to here but we'll set up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to here but we'll set up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to here but we'll set up so
+that never happens so uh I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never happens so uh I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never happens so uh I mean if
+you're trying to solve the level you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to solve the level you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to solve the level you you
+don't know which way to go you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which way to go you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which way to go you have to
+guess okay go fall to the left or fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay go fall to the left or fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay go fall to the left or fall
+to the right or or do something um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or or do something um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or or do something um so uh
+the existence of a playthrough this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of a playthrough this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of a playthrough this
+level is the same as saying there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is the same as saying there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is the same as saying there is a
+choice for the X1 variable now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the X1 variable now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for the X1 variable now we have
+to do this for lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this for lots of
+variables uh so there's the X2 variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh so there's the X2 variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh so there's the X2 variable
+X3 variable and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 variable and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 variable and so on
+each one has a true exit and a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has a true exit and a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has a true exit and a false
+exit Okay so the actual level will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit Okay so the actual level will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit Okay so the actual level will have
+n instances of this if we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n instances of this if we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n instances of this if we have n
+variables now uh what do I do once Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables now uh what do I do once Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables now uh what do I do once Mario
+decides that this is a true thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides that this is a true thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides that this is a true thing uh
+what I'm going to do is have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is have this is
+called a gadget by the way in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a gadget by the way in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a gadget by the way in general
+most NP hardness proofs use these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most NP hardness proofs use these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most NP hardness proofs use these things
+called gadgets which is just saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gadgets which is just saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gadgets which is just saying we
+take various features of the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take various features of the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take various features of the input and
+we convert them into corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convert them into corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convert them into corresponding
+features in the output so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in the output so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in the output so here I'm
+taking each variable X1 X2 X3 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking each variable X1 X2 X3 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking each variable X1 X2 X3 and so on
+and building this little gadget for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building this little gadget for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building this little gadget for each
+of those variables now the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those variables now the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those variables now the other thing
+the other main thing you have in threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other main thing you have in threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other main thing you have in threat
+are the Clauses we have triples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Clauses we have triples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Clauses we have triples of
+variables or they negations that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables or they negations that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables or they negations that kind of
+come have to come together and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come have to come together and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come have to come together and be
+satisfied one of them has to be true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied one of them has to be true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied one of them has to be true so
+down here I'm going to have some Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gadgets I will show you in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I think I'll switch colors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think I'll switch colors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think I'll switch colors is
+about to get messy so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get messy so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to get messy so the idea is that
+some of the Clauses have X1 in them X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Clauses have X1 in them X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Clauses have X1 in them X1
+with a true the true version of X1 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a true the true version of X1 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a true the true version of X1 not
+X1 bar okay so for those clauses I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 bar okay so for those clauses I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 bar okay so for those clauses I want
+to connect I'm going to dip into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect I'm going to dip into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect I'm going to dip into the
+Clause briefly so from this wire I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause briefly so from this wire I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause briefly so from this wire I'm
+going to dip into the Clause here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dip into the Clause here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dip into the Clause here and
+then I'm going to go to the next Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go to the next Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to go to the next Clause
+that has X1 uh maybe it's this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has X1 uh maybe it's this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has X1 uh maybe it's this one and
+the next one and so on okay all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and so on okay all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one and so on okay all the
+Clauses that have X1 in it I I dip into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses that have X1 in it I I dip into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses that have X1 in it I I dip into
+the other ones I don't and then once I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones I don't and then once I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones I don't and then once I'm
+done I'm going to come back and feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm going to come back and feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm going to come back and feed
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+X2 okay uh next I look at this false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 okay uh next I look at this false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 okay uh next I look at this false
+wire for X1 so all the Clauses that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire for X1 so all the Clauses that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire for X1 so all the Clauses that have
+X1 bar in them I'm going to connect so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 bar in them I'm going to connect so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 bar in them I'm going to connect so I
+don't know which one they are maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which one they are maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which one they are maybe this
+one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one
+something okay and then come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and then come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay and then come
+here okay so the idea is that Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the idea is that Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so the idea is that Mario
+makes a choice whether X1 is true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a choice whether X1 is true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a choice whether X1 is true or
+false if X1 is true it's going to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if X1 is true it's going to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if X1 is true it's going to visit
+Mario is going to visit all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario is going to visit all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario is going to visit all of the
+Clauses that have X1 true in them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses that have X1 true in them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses that have X1 true in them and
+then it's going to go to the X2 Choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to go to the X2 Choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to go to the X2 Choice
+then it's going to choose whether X2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to choose whether X2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to choose whether X2 is
+true or false and repeat okay or X1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false and repeat okay or X1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false and repeat okay or X1 or
+Mario decides X1 should be false that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario decides X1 should be false that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario decides X1 should be false that
+will satisfy all the Clauses that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will satisfy all the Clauses that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will satisfy all the Clauses that have
+X1 equal X1 bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 equal X1 bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 equal X1 bar in
+them and then again we we feed back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then again we we feed back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then again we we feed back into
+X2 so this is why we have two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so this is why we have two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so this is why we have two inputs
+into the X2 Gadget one of them is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the X2 Gadget one of them is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the X2 Gadget one of them is when
+the previous variable was true the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous variable was true the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous variable was true the other
+is when the previous variable is false X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the previous variable is false X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the previous variable is false X
+the choice of X2 doesn't depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of X2 doesn't depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of X2 doesn't depend on the
+choice of X1 so they feed into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of X1 so they feed into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of X1 so they feed into the same
+thing and you have to make your choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you have to make your choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you have to make your choice
+okay so uh so far so good now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so far so good now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so far so good now the
+question is what's happening in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's happening in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's happening in these
+clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses
+and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's
+uh yeah one other aspect which is after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah one other aspect which is after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah one other aspect which is after
+you've set all of the variables at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set all of the variables at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set all of the variables at the
+very end after this last variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end after this last variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end after this last variable
+xn uh at the very end what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn uh at the very end what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn uh at the very end what we're going
+to do is come and go through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is come and go through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is come and go through all the
+Clauses and then this is the flag this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and then this is the flag this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and then this is the flag this
+is where you win the level sorry I drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you win the level sorry I drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you win the level sorry I drew
+it backwards but the the goal is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it backwards but the the goal is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it backwards but the the goal is for
+Mario to start here and get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario to start here and get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario to start here and get to
+here in order to do that you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to do that you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in order to do that you have to be
+able to Traverse through these closes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to Traverse through these closes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to Traverse through these closes so
+what do the claes look like uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the claes look like uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the claes look like uh this is a
+little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more
+elaborate so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate so here we
+go magnets um this is a clause Gadget so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go magnets um this is a clause Gadget so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go magnets um this is a clause Gadget so
+there are three ways to dip into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three ways to dip into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three ways to dip into the
+Clause it's actually upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause it's actually upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause it's actually upside down
+relative to that picture but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that picture but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to that picture but that's not
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+problem so uh if Mario comes here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so uh if Mario comes here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so uh if Mario comes here uh
+then he can hit the question mark from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can hit the question mark from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can hit the question mark from
+below and inside this question mark is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and inside this question mark is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and inside this question mark is
+an invincibility star the invincibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invincibility star the invincibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invincibility star the invincibility
+star will come up here and just Bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star will come up here and just Bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star will come up here and just Bounce
+Around forever okay we checked the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around forever okay we checked the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around forever okay we checked the star
+will just stay there for as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just stay there for as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just stay there for as long as you
+let it sit unfortunately all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit unfortunately all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit unfortunately all of these
+are solid blocks so Mario can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solid blocks so Mario can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are solid blocks so Mario can't actually
+get up to here to get the star okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to here to get the star okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to here to get the star okay but
+as long as Mario can visit this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as Mario can visit this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as Mario can visit this question
+mark or this question mark or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark or this question mark or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark or this question mark or this
+question mark then there will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark then there will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark then there will be at
+least one star up here so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one star up here so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one star up here so the idea is
+that each of these represents one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of these represents one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of these represents one of the
+literals that's in the clause and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals that's in the clause and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literals that's in the clause and if we
+choose so let's say let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose so let's say let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose so let's say let's look at this
+first Clause X1 or X3 or X6 bar so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Clause X1 or X3 or X6 bar so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Clause X1 or X3 or X6 bar so if we
+choose X1 to be true then the then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose X1 to be true then the then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose X1 to be true then the then we'll
+follow the path and we'll be able to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the path and we'll be able to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the path and we'll be able to hit
+the star or if we choose X3 to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star or if we choose X3 to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star or if we choose X3 to be true
+then we'll come in here and hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come in here and hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come in here and hit this
+star okay or if we choose X6 to be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay or if we choose X6 to be false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star okay or if we choose X6 to be false
+then that path will lead to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that path will lead to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that path will lead to here and
+we'll be able to hit this question mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to hit this question mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to hit this question mark
+and get the star up here so as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the star up here so as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the star up here so as long as
+we satis the Clause there will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we satis the Clause there will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we satis the Clause there will be at
+least one star won't help if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one star won't help if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one star won't help if you have
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+stars then uh the final traversal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars then uh the final traversal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars then uh the final traversal part
+so that was this first clause and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was this first clause and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was this first clause and now
+we're traversing through actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're traversing through actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're traversing through actually in
+this picture it's left to right uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture it's left to right uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture it's left to right uh just
+turn your head um and so now Mario's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn your head um and so now Mario's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn your head um and so now Mario's
+going to have to Traverse this gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to Traverse this gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to Traverse this gadget
+from left to right on this top part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right on this top part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from left to right on this top part and
+if Mario comes in here and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Mario comes in here and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Mario comes in here and you can
+barely jump over that if there's a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely jump over that if there's a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely jump over that if there's a star
+you can collect the star and then run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can collect the star and then run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can collect the star and then run
+through all of these flaming uh bars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these flaming uh bars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these flaming uh bars of
+death uh if there's no star you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death uh if there's no star you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death uh if there's no star you can't
+you'll die if you try to Traverse so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll die if you try to Traverse so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll die if you try to Traverse so in
+order to be able to Traverse all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to Traverse all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to Traverse all these
+Clauses they must all be true and them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses they must all be true and them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses they must all be true and them
+all being true is the same as their and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all being true is the same as their and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all being true is the same as their and
+being true so you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true so you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true so you will be able to
+survive through all these Clauses if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive through all these Clauses if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive through all these Clauses if and
+only if this formula has a satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this formula has a satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this formula has a satisfying
+assignment the satisfying assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment the satisfying assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment the satisfying assignment
+would be given to you by the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be given to you by the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be given to you by the uh the
+level play the choices that Mario makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level play the choices that Mario makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level play the choices that Mario makes
+in this gadget will tell you whether X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gadget will tell you whether X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this gadget will tell you whether X
+each variable should be true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable should be true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable should be true or
+false okay so uh to elaborate just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay so uh to elaborate just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay so uh to elaborate just a
+little bit more in general when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more in general when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more in general when you have
+a reduction like this to prove that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction like this to prove that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction like this to prove that it
+actually works you need to check two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works you need to check two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works you need to check two
+things you need to check that if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to check that if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to check that if there
+is a way to satisfy this formula then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to satisfy this formula then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to satisfy this formula then
+there is a way to play this level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to play this level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to play this level and
+then conversely you need to show that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then conversely you need to show that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then conversely you need to show that if
+there's a way to play this level then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to play this level then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to play this level then
+the formula has a satisfying assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula has a satisfying assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula has a satisfying assignment
+so for that latter part in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that latter part in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that latter part in order to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+uh in order to convert a level play into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to convert a level play into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to convert a level play into
+a satisfying assignment you just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satisfying assignment you just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satisfying assignment you just check
+which way Mario falls in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way Mario falls in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way Mario falls in each of these
+gadgets left or right that tells you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets left or right that tells you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets left or right that tells you the
+variable assignment and because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable assignment and because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable assignment and because of the
+way the Clauses work uh you'll only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the Clauses work uh you'll only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the Clauses work uh you'll only be
+able to finish the level if there was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to finish the level if there was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to finish the level if there was at
+least one star here and stars run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one star here and stars run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one star here and stars run out
+after some time so you have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some time so you have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some time so you have you can
+barely make it through all the Flaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely make it through all the Flaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely make it through all the Flaming
+bars of death then you get to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars of death then you get to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars of death then you get to the next
+Clause you need another star for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause you need another star for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause you need another star for each
+one conversely if there is a satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one conversely if there is a satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one conversely if there is a satisfying
+assignment you can actually play through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you can actually play through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you can actually play through
+to the level you just make these choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the level you just make these choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the level you just make these choices
+according to what the satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what the satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to what the satisfying
+assignment is so either way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is so either way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is so either way it's
+equivalent we always get uh a yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent we always get uh a yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent we always get uh a yes or no
+answer here uh whenever we get a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here uh whenever we get a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here uh whenever we get a yes
+corresponding yes or no answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding yes or no answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding yes or no answer to the
+threet problem okay you also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threet problem okay you also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threet problem okay you also need to
+check that this reduction is polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this reduction is polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this reduction is polinomial
+size it generates a pol or it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it generates a pol or it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it generates a pol or it can be
+computed in polinomial time so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed in polinomial time so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed in polinomial time so there's
+an issue given this thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue given this thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue given this thing you have to
+like lay this out in a grid and draw all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lay this out in a grid and draw all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lay this out in a grid and draw all
+these wires and there's one problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires and there's one problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires and there's one problem here
+which is is these wires cross each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is these wires cross each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is these wires cross each
+other and that's that's a little awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that's that's a little awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that's that's a little awkward
+because these wires are basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these wires are basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these wires are basically just
+long Tunnels for Mario to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Tunnels for Mario to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Tunnels for Mario to walk through
+but what does it mean to have a Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean to have a Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it mean to have a Crossing
+wire I really if Mario's coming this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire I really if Mario's coming this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire I really if Mario's coming this way
+I don't want them to be able to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want them to be able to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want them to be able to go up
+here he has to go straight otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he has to go straight otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he has to go straight otherwise
+this reduction won't work so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reduction won't work so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reduction won't work so I need
+what's called a crossover Gadget and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a crossover Gadget and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a crossover Gadget and
+everywhere here I have a Crossing I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere here I have a Crossing I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere here I have a Crossing I have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+crossover and this Gadget has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and this Gadget has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and this Gadget has to
+guarantee that I can go through one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that I can go through one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that I can go through one way
+or the other way but there's no leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way but there's no leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way but there's no leakage
+from One path to the other path actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from One path to the other path actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from One path to the other path actually
+if if I if I first Traverse through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I if I first Traverse through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I if I first Traverse through here
+and then I Traverse through here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I Traverse through here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I Traverse through here it's
+okay if I leak back because once I visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I leak back because once I visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I leak back because once I visit
+a wire it's kind of done but uh I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire it's kind of done but uh I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire it's kind of done but uh I can't
+have leakage if only one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leakage if only one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leakage if only one of them is
+traversed so this is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed so this is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed so this is the last
+Gadget uh the most complicated of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget uh the most complicated of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget uh the most complicated of them
+all so this took a while to construct as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so this took a while to construct as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so this took a while to construct as
+you might imagine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine um
+so this is what we call a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we call a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we call a uh
+unidirectional crossover you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidirectional crossover you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidirectional crossover you can either
+go from left to right or from bottom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from left to right or from bottom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from left to right or from bottom to
+top but you cannot go from bottom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but you cannot go from bottom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but you cannot go from bottom to
+right or bottom to left or left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or bottom to left or left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or bottom to left or left to
+bottom that kind of thing okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that kind of thing okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that kind of thing okay so I'm
+told that Mario's only going to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that Mario's only going to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that Mario's only going to enter
+from here to here because all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here because all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here because all of these
+wires I can make oneway wires I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires I can make oneway wires I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires I can make oneway wires I only
+have to think about going in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about going in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about going in a
+particular direction I could have Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction I could have Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction I could have Falls
+to force Mario to only go one way along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force Mario to only go one way along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force Mario to only go one way along
+these wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wires
+and uh so let me show you the valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let me show you the valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so let me show you the valid
+traversals um maybe the simplest one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals um maybe the simplest one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals um maybe the simplest one is
+from here so let's say Mario comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so let's say Mario comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here so let's say Mario comes in
+here Falls so can't backtrack can jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Falls so can't backtrack can jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Falls so can't backtrack can jump
+up here and then if Mario's big he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and then if Mario's big he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and then if Mario's big he can
+break this block break this block but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this block break this block but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this block break this block but if
+he's big uh oh there should be a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's big uh oh there should be a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's big uh oh there should be a couple
+more zigzags here uh let's try to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more zigzags here uh let's try to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more zigzags here uh let's try to run
+you can you can Crouch slide through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can Crouch slide through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can Crouch slide through
+here uh but then you'll sort of lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh but then you'll sort of lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh but then you'll sort of lose
+your momentum and you won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your momentum and you won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your momentum and you won't be able to
+go through all these traversals as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all these traversals as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all these traversals as big
+Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario
+okay so uh you can break these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh you can break these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh you can break these blocks
+and then get up to the top and leave or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get up to the top and leave or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get up to the top and leave or
+if big Mario comes from over this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if big Mario comes from over this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if big Mario comes from over this way
+you can first take a damage become small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can first take a damage become small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can first take a damage become small
+Mario then you can fit through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario then you can fit through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario then you can fit through these
+Wiggly blocks but uh you cannot break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly blocks but uh you cannot break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly blocks but uh you cannot break
+blocks anymore as small Mario so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks anymore as small Mario so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks anymore as small Mario so once
+you've committed to going small uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've committed to going small uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've committed to going small uh you
+have to stay small until you get to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stay small until you get to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stay small until you get to here
+and then you can get a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can get a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can get a there's a
+mushroom in this block so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom in this block so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom in this block so you can get
+big again and then you can break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big again and then you can break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big again and then you can break this
+block and leave okay but once you're big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and leave okay but once you're big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and leave okay but once you're big
+you can't backtrack because big Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't backtrack because big Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't backtrack because big Mario
+can't fit through these tiny tubes see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fit through these tiny tubes see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fit through these tiny tubes see
+it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear
+right so uh slight detail which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh slight detail which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh slight detail which is at
+the beginning we need to make Mario big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning we need to make Mario big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning we need to make Mario big
+so there's a little mushroom I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little mushroom I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a little mushroom I think
+they have three spots uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have three spots uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have three spots uh at the
+beginning and also at the end there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and also at the end there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and also at the end there has
+to be something like this that checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something like this that checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something like this that checks
+that you actually have a mushroom so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually have a mushroom so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually have a mushroom so the
+only time you're allowed to take damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time you're allowed to take damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time you're allowed to take damage
+is briefly in this gadget you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is briefly in this gadget you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is briefly in this gadget you take
+damage if you tried to backtrack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage if you tried to backtrack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage if you tried to backtrack you
+would get stuck there's a long fall here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get stuck there's a long fall here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get stuck there's a long fall here
+uh and then you have to get the mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you have to get the mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you have to get the mushroom
+so you can escape again okay so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can escape again okay so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can escape again okay so at the
+end there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there's like a
+mushroom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom uh
+check make sure you have it so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check make sure you have it so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check make sure you have it so most of
+the time Mario's big and just in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time Mario's big and just in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time Mario's big and just in these
+little crossovers you have to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little crossovers you have to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little crossovers you have to make these
+decisions this would make a giant level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions this would make a giant level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions this would make a giant level
+but it is polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is polinomial
+size probably quadratic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size probably quadratic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size probably quadratic or
+something okay therefore Super Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay therefore Super Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay therefore Super Mario
+Brothers is NP heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh if you want more fun examples like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you want more fun examples like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you want more fun examples like
+this you should check out 6890 the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you should check out 6890 the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you should check out 6890 the class
+I taught last semester which has online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I taught last semester which has online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I taught last semester which has online
+video lectur soon to be on open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video lectur soon to be on open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video lectur soon to be on open
+courseware so you can play with that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware so you can play with that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware so you can play with that any
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mario all right I hope you'll all play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario all right I hope you'll all play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario all right I hope you'll all play
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so next topic uh is a problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next topic uh is a problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next topic uh is a problem you
+probably haven't heard about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably haven't heard about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably haven't heard about uh
+three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching this is a kind of a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching this is a kind of a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching this is a kind of a graph
+Theory problem U it's we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory problem U it's we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory problem U it's we're going to
+call it 3dm for short uh and you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it 3dm for short uh and you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it 3dm for short uh and you've seen
+matching problems based on Flow matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching problems based on Flow matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching problems based on Flow matching
+problems are usually about pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are usually about pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are usually about pairs of
+things you're pairing them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're pairing them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're pairing them up
+uh which you might call two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you might call two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you might call two-dimensional
+matching that can be solved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that can be solved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching that can be solved in
+polinomial time but if you change two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time but if you change two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time but if you change two to
+three and you're tripling things up then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you're tripling things up then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and you're tripling things up then
+suddenly the problem becomes NP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the problem becomes NP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the problem becomes NP complete
+so uh it's a useful starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's a useful starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it's a useful starting
+point similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+threat so you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you're given set X of n elements a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're given set X of n elements a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're given set X of n elements a
+set y of n elements and a set Z of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set y of n elements and a set Z of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set y of n elements and a set Z of n
+elements no none of them are shared uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements no none of them are shared uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements no none of them are shared uh
+but more importantly you are given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly you are given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly you are given a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+triples these are the allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples these are the allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples these are the allowable
+triples uh so we'll call the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples uh so we'll call the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples uh so we'll call the set of
+allowable triples uh T and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable triples uh T and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable triples uh T and so we're
+looking at the cross product this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the cross product this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the cross product this is the
+set of all triples X Y and Z or X is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all triples X Y and Z or X is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all triples X Y and Z or X is and
+X Y is and Y and Z is and z uh but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y is and Y and Z is and z uh but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y is and Y and Z is and z uh but not
+all triples are allowed only some subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all triples are allowed only some subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all triples are allowed only some subset
+of triples is is allowed and your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples is is allowed and your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triples is is allowed and your goal
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to choose among those subsets sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose among those subsets sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose among those subsets sorry
+among those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among those
+triples a subset of the triples so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples a subset of the triples so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples a subset of the triples so we're
+trying to choose a subset s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to choose a subset s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to choose a subset s of
+t such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element so the things in x y and z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so the things in x y and z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so the things in x y and z are
+called elements so I'm just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called elements so I'm just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called elements so I'm just taking
+somebody in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in the union
+XYZ um it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ um it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ um it should be
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+one uh triple s in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S okay uh this is a little weird but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S okay uh this is a little weird but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S okay uh this is a little weird but you
+can think of this problem as you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this problem as you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this problem as you have uh
+an alien race with three genders male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alien race with three genders male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alien race with three genders male
+female neuter I guess those are the X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female neuter I guess those are the X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female neuter I guess those are the X Y
+and Z there's an equal number of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z there's an equal number of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z there's an equal number of each
+and your goal and and every triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal and and every triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal and and every triple
+reports to you whether that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports to you whether that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports to you whether that is a
+compatible matching who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible matching who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible matching who knows what
+they're doing all three of them um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing all three of them um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing all three of them um so
+you're told up front you you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told up front you you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're told up front you you take a
+survey there's only NCB different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey there's only NCB different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey there's only NCB different
+triples for each of them they say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples for each of them they say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples for each of them they say yeah
+i' do that um so you given that subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' do that um so you given that subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' do that um so you given that subset
+and now your goal is to permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now your goal is to permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now your goal is to permanently
+triple up these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple up these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple up these guys
+and everybody wants to be in exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody wants to be in exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody wants to be in exactly one
+triple so it's a monogamous race imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple so it's a monogamous race imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple so it's a monogamous race imagine
+um so you want to everybody wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you want to everybody wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you want to everybody wants to be
+put in one triple but only one triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in one triple but only one triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in one triple but only one triple
+okay and the question is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question is is this
+possible this is threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is threedimensional
+matching certainly not always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching certainly not always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching certainly not always going to
+be possible but sometimes it is uh if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be possible but sometimes it is uh if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be possible but sometimes it is uh if it
+is you want to answer yes if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to answer yes if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to answer yes if it's not
+possible you want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you want to answer
+no this problem is NP complete uh why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this problem is NP complete uh why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this problem is NP complete uh why is
+it an NP uh because I can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an NP uh because I can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it an NP uh because I can basically
+guess which elements of T are in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess which elements of T are in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess which elements of T are in s
+there's only at most n cubed of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only at most n cubed of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only at most n cubed of them so
+for each one I just guess yes or no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one I just guess yes or no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one I just guess yes or no is
+that element of T in s and then I check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element of T in s and then I check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element of T in s and then I check
+whether this coverage constraint holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this coverage constraint holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this coverage constraint holds
+so that's very easy prove this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+innp the challenge is to prove that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innp the challenge is to prove that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innp the challenge is to prove that it's
+NP hard and we're going to do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard and we're going to do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard and we're going to do that again
+by reducing from uh three set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye
+Mario uh so we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario uh so we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario uh so we're going to make a
+reduction from threat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from threat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from threat to
+three-dimensional matching direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional matching direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional matching direction is
+important always reduce from the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important always reduce from the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important always reduce from the thing
+you know is hard reduce to the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is hard reduce to the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is hard reduce to the thing you
+don't know as hard so again we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know as hard so again we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know as hard so again we're given
+a formula we want to convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula we want to convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula we want to convert that
+formula into an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula into an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula into an equivalent
+threedimensional matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional matching
+input so the formula has variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so the formula has variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so the formula has variables and
+Clauses for each variable we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses for each variable we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses for each variable we're going to
+build a gadget that looks like this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a gadget that looks like this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a gadget that looks like this uh
+and for each Clause we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each Clause we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each Clause we're going to build
+a gadget so here's what they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gadget so here's what they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gadget so here's what they look
+like if we have a variable say XI we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we have a variable say XI we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we have a variable say XI we're
+going to convert that into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah stay monochromatic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now looks pretty crazy at the moment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks pretty crazy at the moment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks pretty crazy at the moment um
+but it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crazy this is not supposed to be obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy this is not supposed to be obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy this is not supposed to be obvious
+you have to think for a while it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think for a while it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think for a while it's a
+puzzle to figure out this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle to figure out this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle to figure out this kind of thing
+uh but I call this thing a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I call this thing a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but I call this thing a variable
+Gadget because locally so um so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget because locally so um so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget because locally so um so there's
+basically a A Wheel in the center here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a A Wheel in the center here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a A Wheel in the center here
+and then there's these extra dots for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these extra dots for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's these extra dots for
+every pair of dots consecutive pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair of dots consecutive pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every pair of dots consecutive pair of
+dots in the wheel okay and what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in the wheel okay and what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in the wheel okay and what I've
+drawn is the set of triples that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn is the set of triples that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn is the set of triples that are
+allowed there's tons of other triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed there's tons of other triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed there's tons of other triples
+which are forbidden uh the triples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are forbidden uh the triples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are forbidden uh the triples that
+are in t are the ones that I draw as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in t are the ones that I draw as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in t are the ones that I draw as
+little triangles okay and I two-color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangles okay and I two-color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little triangles okay and I two-color
+them because they're exactly two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're exactly two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because they're exactly two ways to
+solve this gadget locally now these dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this gadget locally now these dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this gadget locally now these dots
+are going to be connected to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be connected to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be connected to other
+gadgets but these dots only exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets but these dots only exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets but these dots only exist in
+this gadget which means they've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget which means they've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget which means they've got to
+be covered they've got to be covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be covered they've got to be covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be covered they've got to be covered
+exactly once so either you choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once so either you choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once so either you choose the
+blue uh triangles or you choose the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue uh triangles or you choose the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue uh triangles or you choose the red
+triangles that each of them will exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that each of them will exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that each of them will exactly
+cover each of these guys once um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover each of these guys once um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover each of these guys once um you
+cannot mix and match red and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot mix and match red and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot mix and match red and blue
+because you'd either get overlap if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'd either get overlap if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'd either get overlap if you
+choose two guys that share point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two guys that share point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two guys that share point or
+you'd miss one if I choose like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd miss one if I choose like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd miss one if I choose like this
+blue and this red then I can't cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and this red then I can't cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and this red then I can't cover
+this point because both of these would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because both of these would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point because both of these would
+overlap those two and over here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap those two and over here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap those two and over here you have
+to choose disjoint triples they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose disjoint triples they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose disjoint triples they can't
+overlap at all and uh everybody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap at all and uh everybody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap at all and uh everybody has to
+get covered so just given those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get covered so just given those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get covered so just given those
+constraints locally you can see you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints locally you can see you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints locally you can see you have
+to choose red or blue guess what one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose red or blue guess what one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose red or blue guess what one of
+them is true the other one is false okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is true the other one is false okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is true the other one is false okay
+let's say that red is true and blue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that red is true and blue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that red is true and blue is
+false in general when you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false in general when you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false in general when you trying to
+build a variable Gadget you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a variable Gadget you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a variable Gadget you build
+something that has exactly two solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has exactly two solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has exactly two solutions
+one representing true one representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one representing true one representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one representing true one representing
+false now how big do I make this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false now how big do I make this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false now how big do I make this this
+wheel uh big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel uh big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel uh big
+enough uh one you could make it as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh one you could make it as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh one you could make it as big
+as the number of Clauses I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of Clauses I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of Clauses I'm going to
+make it uh into 2 nxi so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh into 2 nxi so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh into 2 nxi so uh
+wheel and uh this number is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and uh this number is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and uh this number is the number
+of occurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+XI in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI in the
+formula so this is the number of Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is the number of Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so this is the number of Clauses
+that contain either XI or x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain either XI or x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contain either XI or x i
+bar that's n XI I'm going to double that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's n XI I'm going to double that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's n XI I'm going to double that
+because when I get over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I get over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I get over here is
+basically XI being uh true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically XI being uh true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically XI being uh true
+for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those
+guys uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys uh
+actually yeah that's actually right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah that's actually right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah that's actually right
+looks backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks backwards
+um and false for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys one way or the other we'll figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys one way or the other we'll figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys one way or the other we'll figure
+it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out
+um so I basically in order for XI to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I basically in order for XI to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I basically in order for XI to
+appear in say five different clauses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in say five different clauses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in say five different clauses I
+want five of the true things and five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want five of the true things and five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want five of the true things and five of
+the false things and so I need to double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false things and so I need to double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false things and so I need to double
+in order to get uh I potentially have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get uh I potentially have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get uh I potentially have
+twice I have twice as many as I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice I have twice as many as I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice I have twice as many as I actually
+need but this way I'm guaranteed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but this way I'm guaranteed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need but this way I'm guaranteed to have
+false or true whichever I need okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or true whichever I need okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or true whichever I need okay in
+the in reality have some true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in reality have some true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in reality have some true
+occurrences I have some false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences I have some false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences I have some false
+occurrences some x1's some X1 bars this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences some x1's some X1 bars this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences some x1's some X1 bars this
+will guarantee that I have enough of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guarantee that I have enough of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guarantee that I have enough of
+these uh free points to connect into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh free points to connect into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh free points to connect into my
+Clause gadgets okay how do I do a clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause gadgets okay how do I do a clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause gadgets okay how do I do a clause
+Gadget it's actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy so these would be pretty boring by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so claw always looks like this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so claw always looks like this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so claw always looks like this maybe
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+negations uh yeah let's do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negations uh yeah let's do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negations uh yeah let's do something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that I'm going to convert it into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to convert it into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to convert it into a very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture it's going to be XI Dot and XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's going to be XI Dot and XJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's going to be XI Dot and XJ
+bar Dot and XK Dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Dot and XK Dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Dot and XK Dot and
+then uh well maybe I'll stick to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh well maybe I'll stick to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh well maybe I'll stick to these
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay again uh these two points only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again uh these two points only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again uh these two points only
+appear in this Clause Gadget these dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in this Clause Gadget these dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in this Clause Gadget these dots
+are actually these dots so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually these dots so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually these dots so there you
+know there's one of these pictures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's one of these pictures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's one of these pictures for
+X1 there's another one for X2 X3 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 there's another one for X2 X3 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 there's another one for X2 X3 and so
+XI has one of these wheels I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI has one of these wheels I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI has one of these wheels I want this
+dot to be one of these dots of the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot to be one of these dots of the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot to be one of these dots of the wheel
+and then uh I want this dot to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh I want this dot to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh I want this dot to be one of
+the dots in the XJ wheel with the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots in the XJ wheel with the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots in the XJ wheel with the false
+setting one the red dots I want this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting one the red dots I want this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting one the red dots I want this one
+to be a XK true setting in the XK wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a XK true setting in the XK wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a XK true setting in the XK wheel
+okay so these things are all connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these things are all connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these things are all connected
+together in a complicated pattern but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a complicated pattern but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a complicated pattern but
+the point is I within this gadget I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I within this gadget I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is I within this gadget I only
+have three uh allowed triples and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three uh allowed triples and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three uh allowed triples and these
+points only appear in this gadget which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points only appear in this gadget which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points only appear in this gadget which
+means they have to be covered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they have to be covered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they have to be covered in this
+gadget uh they can be covered by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget uh they can be covered by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget uh they can be covered by this
+triple or this triple or this triple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple or this triple or this triple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple or this triple or this triple but
+once you choose one you can't choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you choose one you can't choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you choose one you can't choose the
+others okay what this means is if I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay what this means is if I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay what this means is if I I
+set XI to be true it leaves Behind these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set XI to be true it leaves Behind these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set XI to be true it leaves Behind these
+points marked true if I choose the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points marked true if I choose the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points marked true if I choose the red
+things then it's the blue points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then it's the blue points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then it's the blue points that
+are left behind leaving points behind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left behind leaving points behind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left behind leaving points behind in
+this case is going to be good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is going to be good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is going to be good because
+this clause in order to satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clause in order to satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clause in order to satisfy this
+clause in order to choose one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause in order to choose one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause in order to choose one of these
+three triples at least one of these must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three triples at least one of these must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three triples at least one of these must
+be uh left behind by the wheel if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh left behind by the wheel if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh left behind by the wheel if all of
+these are covered by their wheels then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are covered by their wheels then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are covered by their wheels then
+there's no way I can't choose any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way I can't choose any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way I can't choose any of
+these guys but if at least one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys but if at least one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys but if at least one of these
+is left behind by the wheel then uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left behind by the wheel then uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left behind by the wheel then uh I
+can choose the corresponding triple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose the corresponding triple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose the corresponding triple and
+cover these points so I'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover these points so I'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover these points so I'll be able to
+cover these points if and only if uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover these points if and only if uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover these points if and only if uh at
+least one of these is true and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of these is true and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of these is true and that's a
+clause that's what a clause is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that's what a clause is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that's what a clause is supposed
+to do in three set if at least one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in three set if at least one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in three set if at least one of
+these is true then the Clause is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is true then the Clause is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is true then the Clause is
+satisfied I need all the Clauses to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied I need all the Clauses to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied I need all the Clauses to be
+satisfied because I need to cover all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied because I need to cover all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied because I need to cover all of
+these points for all the instances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points for all the instances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points for all the instances of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+Clauses and that's how it works now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and that's how it works now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses and that's how it works now
+slight catch uh if you do this not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight catch uh if you do this not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight catch uh if you do this not all
+the points will be covered even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points will be covered even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points will be covered even so
+uh right maybe all of these are true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right maybe all of these are true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right maybe all of these are true so
+they're all left behind and I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all left behind and I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all left behind and I can only
+cover one of them with the Clause so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one of them with the Clause so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one of them with the Clause so
+little messy uh you need another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy uh you need another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little messy uh you need another
+Gadget which is called garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection I don't want to spend too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I don't want to spend too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I don't want to spend too
+much time on it uh but you have uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on it uh but you have uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on it uh but you have uh two
+dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots
+and then you have every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have every
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+uh XI uh these these dots uh all true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh XI uh these these dots uh all true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh XI uh these these dots uh all true
+and false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false
+dots and you're going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and you're going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and you're going to have this
+triple and this triple and this triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple and this triple and this triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple and this triple and this triple
+and this triple and so on it looks an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this triple and so on it looks an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this triple and so on it looks an
+awful lot like a clause uh but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot like a clause uh but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot like a clause uh but this is
+like a clause that's connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a clause that's connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a clause that's connected to
+everybody in the entire universe and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the entire universe and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the entire universe and you
+repeat this the appropriate number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this the appropriate number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this the appropriate number of
+times which is uh something like sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which is uh something like sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which is uh something like sum of
+NX uh minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Clauses okay why because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses okay why because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses okay why because if you look at
+a wheel it has size 2 * NX uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wheel it has size 2 * NX uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wheel it has size 2 * NX uh for
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+X and half of the points will be left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and half of the points will be left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and half of the points will be left
+uncovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered
+okay so that means NX of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means NX of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means NX of them will be
+uncovered then the Clause if everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered then the Clause if everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered then the Clause if everything
+works out correctly the Clause will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out correctly the Clause will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out correctly the Clause will
+cover exactly one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover exactly one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover exactly one of those
+points uh so each for each Clause we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh so each for each Clause we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh so each for each Clause we
+cover one of the points that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one of the points that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover one of the points that means this
+this difference is exactly how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference is exactly how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference is exactly how many
+points are left uncovered and so we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are left uncovered and so we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are left uncovered and so we make
+this gadget exactly that many times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget exactly that many times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget exactly that many times and
+it's free to cover anybody so whatever's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free to cover anybody so whatever's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free to cover anybody so whatever's
+left over this garbage collector will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over this garbage collector will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left over this garbage collector will
+clean up and if we use exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up and if we use exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up and if we use exactly the right
+number of them this garbage collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them this garbage collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them this garbage collector
+won't run out of things to collect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't run out of things to collect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't run out of things to collect okay
+so this is this makes the proof messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this makes the proof messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this makes the proof messy
+but uh I want to move on to somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I want to move on to somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I want to move on to somewhat
+simpler proofs and for other problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler proofs and for other problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler proofs and for other problems
+yeah uh real quick what about the key or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh real quick what about the key or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh real quick what about the key or
+points that we didn't cover because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we didn't cover because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we didn't cover because we
+didn't actually need that many right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually need that many right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually need that many right so
+this this also includes the points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this also includes the points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this also includes the points that
+weren't even connected to Clauses uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't even connected to Clauses uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't even connected to Clauses uh it
+I think this is the right number no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the right number no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the right number no
+matter what because this is counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what because this is counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what because this is counting the
+total number of uncovered whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of uncovered whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of uncovered whether
+they're connected to Clauses or not each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected to Clauses or not each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected to Clauses or not each
+Clause will in a satisfied situation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause will in a satisfied situation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause will in a satisfied situation it
+will cover exactly one of those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover exactly one of those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover exactly one of those points
+the ones that aren't connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that aren't connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that aren't connected to
+Clauses won't be covered at all but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses won't be covered at all but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses won't be covered at all but that
+will still be in this difference so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be in this difference so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be in this difference so yeah
+it's good to check that I the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to check that I the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to check that I the first time
+I wrote this down I forgot about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote this down I forgot about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote this down I forgot about those
+points and got it wrong but I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and got it wrong but I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and got it wrong but I think this
+is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+hopefully I did not come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I did not come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I did not come up with this
+proof uh Gary and Johnson I think or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh Gary and Johnson I think or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh Gary and Johnson I think or no
+this is a I forget this is a yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a I forget this is a yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a I forget this is a yeah this
+is a Gary and Johnson proof there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Gary and Johnson proof there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Gary and Johnson proof there's a
+cool book from L 7s by Gary and Johnson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool book from L 7s by Gary and Johnson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool book from L 7s by Gary and Johnson
+does a lot of mp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot of mp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot of mp
+completeness uh you're curious all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh you're curious all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh you're curious all right
+so hopefully you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully you believe
+three-dimensional matching is hard now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional matching is hard now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional matching is hard now
+I'm going to use it to prove that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use it to prove that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use it to prove that some
+very different types of problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different types of problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different types of problems are
+hard this is a kind of graph Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this is a kind of graph Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this is a kind of graph Theory
+problem uh you'll see more graph Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh you'll see more graph Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh you'll see more graph Theory
+problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in
+recitation uh at this point I can erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh at this point I can erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation uh at this point I can erase
+threat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and
+Mario so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario so
+uh in in the world most NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the world most NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the world most NP hardness
+proofs are reductions from threat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are reductions from threat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are reductions from threat or
+some variation of threat in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variation of threat in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variation of threat in some sense
+you can think of threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of threedimensional
+matching is kind of like a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is kind of like a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is kind of like a version of
+threat uh but it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat uh but it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat uh but it's a little bit more
+stringent and that that stringency helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent and that that stringency helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent and that that stringency helps
+us do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us do other
+reductions so here's another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so here's another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so here's another problem
+where we'll reduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll reduce from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll reduce from
+three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional
+matching it's called subset sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so you're given n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you're given n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you're given n
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+A1 up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 up to a
+n and you're given a Target sum also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and you're given a Target sum also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and you're given a Target sum also an
+integer call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer call it
+t what you'd like to know is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t what you'd like to know is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t what you'd like to know is is there a
+subset of the integers that adds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the integers that adds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the integers that adds up to
+that Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you choose some of the integers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you choose some of the integers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you choose some of the integers so
+that I'll write it the sum of s but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write it the sum of s but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll write it the sum of s but what
+this means is the sum over the AIS that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is the sum over the AIS that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means is the sum over the AIS that
+are in s of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in s of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in s of the value
+AI I want that to equal T so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI I want that to equal T so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI I want that to equal T so this is a
+definition this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is the
+constraint so I give you a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I give you a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so I give you a bunch of
+numbers do any subset of them add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do any subset of them add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do any subset of them add up to
+T that's all this is asking this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's all this is asking this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's all this is asking this problem
+is NP hard uh it's NP complete in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NP hard uh it's NP complete in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NP hard uh it's NP complete in fact I
+mean you can guess which integers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can guess which integers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can guess which integers should
+go in the subset and then add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the subset and then add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the subset and then add them up
+see if you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you got it
+right uh it's it is NP hard but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's it is NP hard but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's it is NP hard but it's
+something special we call a weekly NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard and why don't I come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and why don't I come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and why don't I come back to the
+definition of that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of that in a
+moment let me first show you the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let me first show you the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let me first show you the proof
+it's actually really easy once now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really easy once now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really easy once now that
+we have this three-dimensional matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this three-dimensional matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this three-dimensional matching
+problem uh that's pretty cool so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh that's pretty cool so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh that's pretty cool so these
+numbers are going to be huge um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are going to be huge um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are going to be huge um what
+we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say
+is let's view so again we're given three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's view so again we're given three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's view so again we're given three
+dimensional matching instance right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matching instance right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional matching instance right to
+get the directions right we're given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the directions right we're given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the directions right we're given a
+set of triples we want to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of triples we want to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of triples we want to solve this
+problem by reducing it to uh subset sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by reducing it to uh subset sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by reducing it to uh subset sum
+so we get to construct integers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get to construct integers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get to construct integers that
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+triples that's what we're going to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples that's what we're going to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples that's what we're going to do so
+uh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we
+go we get to choose the number so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we get to choose the number so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we get to choose the number so I'm
+going to think of them in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of them in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of them in a particular
+base uh B which is going to be 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh B which is going to be 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base uh B which is going to be 1 plus
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+max of the NX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of the NX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of the NX
+I so again this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so again this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so again this is the number of
+occurrences of variable X I in a true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of variable X I in a true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences of variable X I in a true or
+false form so I take the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false form so I take the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false form so I take the maximum
+occurrence of any variable add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of any variable add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of any variable add one
+that's my base just has to be large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my base just has to be large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my base just has to be large
+enough okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay
+and this is basically the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is basically the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is basically the entire
+reduction and is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and is one
+line if I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if I have three
+triples uh if I have a triple x i XJ XK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples uh if I have a triple x i XJ XK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples uh if I have a triple x i XJ XK
+I'm going to convert that into a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to convert that into a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to convert that into a number
+that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the one
+positions are I don't really know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are I don't really know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are I don't really know the
+order but they are i j and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but they are i j and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but they are i j and
+k everything else is zero and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k everything else is zero and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k everything else is zero and this is in
+base B not base 2 okay it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B not base 2 okay it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B not base 2 okay it's a little
+weird all my digits are zero or one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird all my digits are zero or one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird all my digits are zero or one but
+I'm in base B and three of the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in base B and three of the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in base B and three of the digits
+are one and the rest are zero why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one and the rest are zero why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one and the rest are zero why
+because of my target sum Target sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of my target sum Target sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of my target sum Target sum is
+going to be 1 one one one one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 one one one one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 one one one one one one
+one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one
+one okay so uh you this number you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so uh you this number you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so uh you this number you in
+algebra You' write this as B to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra You' write this as B to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra You' write this as B to the I
+plus b to the J plus b to the K this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b to the J plus b to the K this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b to the J plus b to the K this you
+would write as the sum of B to the I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write as the sum of B to the I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write as the sum of B to the I for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+I do you see why this works it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do you see why this works it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do you see why this works it's
+actually really simple um when I if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really simple um when I if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really simple um when I if I'm
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+choosing for this instance my my goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing for this instance my my goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing for this instance my my goal is
+to choose a subset of these numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a subset of these numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a subset of these numbers that
+add up to this number how could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to this number how could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to this number how could that
+possibly happen well I've got to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly happen well I've got to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly happen well I've got to choose
+every time I choose one of the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I choose one of the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I choose one of the numbers
+those three digits get set to one in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three digits get set to one in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three digits get set to one in my
+sum if I ever have a collision if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum if I ever have a collision if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum if I ever have a collision if I add
+two ones together I'm going to get a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ones together I'm going to get a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ones together I'm going to get a two
+that's not good because once I get a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good because once I get a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good because once I get a two
+I'll never be able to get back to a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never be able to get back to a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never be able to get back to a one
+because my base is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my base is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my base is really
+big uh this base is designed so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh this base is designed so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big uh this base is designed so that the
+total this is the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total this is the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total this is the total number of
+colliding ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding ones
+so we set it one larger than that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set it one larger than that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set it one larger than that which
+means you'll never get a carry when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll never get a carry when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll never get a carry when
+you're adding up in this base that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding up in this base that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding up in this base that's why
+I set the base to be something large not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set the base to be something large not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set the base to be something large not
+base two base two might work but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base two base two might work but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base two base two might work but this is
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+safer uh so what that means is for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer uh so what that means is for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer uh so what that means is for each
+of these ones in the in the Target sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ones in the in the Target sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ones in the in the Target sum
+I've got to find a triple that has those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to find a triple that has those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to find a triple that has those
+ones and those triples can't overlap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and those triples can't overlap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and those triples can't overlap so
+that means choosing a set of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means choosing a set of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means choosing a set of numbers
+that add up to this is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add up to this is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that add up to this is exactly the same
+as choosing a set of triples that covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as choosing a set of triples that covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as choosing a set of triples that covers
+all of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the elements
+done super easy once you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done super easy once you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done super easy once you have the right
+problem okay good now why do I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay good now why do I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay good now why do I call this
+weekly NP hard because these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly NP hard because these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly NP hard because these numbers are
+giant uh if I have uh how's it go if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant uh if I have uh how's it go if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant uh if I have uh how's it go if I
+have n elements in XYZ over there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n elements in XYZ over there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n elements in XYZ over there I
+guess I here they're called x i y k ZK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I here they're called x i y k ZK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I here they're called x i y k ZK
+sorry maybe I should have called them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry maybe I should have called them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry maybe I should have called them
+that here doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here doesn't matter
+uh if I have n of those elements in x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I have n of those elements in x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I have n of those elements in x x
+Union y Union Z the number of digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union y Union Z the number of digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union y Union Z the number of digits
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+n right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right so
+the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the number of
+digits is order n this is fine from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits is order n this is fine from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits is order n this is fine from an
+MP completeness standpoint this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP completeness standpoint this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP completeness standpoint this is
+polinomial size the number of digits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial size the number of digits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial size the number of digits in
+my numbers is is uh polinomial and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numbers is is uh polinomial and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my numbers is is uh polinomial and this
+base is also pretty small so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is also pretty small so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base is also pretty small so if you
+wrote it out in binary it would also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it out in binary it would also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it out in binary it would also be
+polinomial just lose a log Factor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial just lose a log Factor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial just lose a log Factor okay
+but the size of the numbers the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the size of the numbers the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the size of the numbers the actual
+values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential okay with weak NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay with weak NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay with weak NP hardness
+that's allowed with strong NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed with strong NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed with strong NP hardness
+that's forbidden in strong NP hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forbidden in strong NP hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's forbidden in strong NP hardness
+you want the values of the numbers to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the values of the numbers to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the values of the numbers to be
+polom so in this case number of bits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom so in this case number of bits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom so in this case number of bits is
+small but the actual values are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but the actual values are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but the actual values are are
+giant okay because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant okay because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant okay because you have to
+exponentiate it would be cool and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it would be cool and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it would be cool and this
+problem is only weekly andb hard maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is only weekly andb hard maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is only weekly andb hard maybe
+you actually know a pseudo polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know a pseudo polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know a pseudo polinomial
+time algorithm for this it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm for this it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm for this it's basically
+napsack if these numbers are have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack if these numbers are have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napsack if these numbers are have
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+value then uh you can basically in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then uh you can basically in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then uh you can basically in your
+sub problems in dynamic programming you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems in dynamic programming you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problems in dynamic programming you
+can uh write down the the number T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh write down the the number T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh write down the the number T and
+just solve it for all values of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve it for all values of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve it for all values of T and
+then it's easy to solve it in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's easy to solve it in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's easy to solve it in polinomial
+time polom in the uh integer values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time polom in the uh integer values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time polom in the uh integer values so
+we call that pseudo polinomial because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that pseudo polinomial because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that pseudo polinomial because
+it's not really polinomial it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really polinomial it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really polinomial it's not
+polinomial in the number of digits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in the number of digits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in the number of digits you
+have to write down the number polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write down the number polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write down the number polinomial
+and the values weak andp hardness goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the values weak andp hardness goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the values weak andp hardness goes
+together with pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with pseudo
+polinomial um they're kind of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial um they're kind of that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial um they're kind of that's
+kind of a matching results say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matching results say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matching results say look
+pseudo polinomial is the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo polinomial is the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo polinomial is the best you can do
+you can't hope for polinomial because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hope for polinomial because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't hope for polinomial because if
+you let the numbers get huge then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the numbers get huge then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the numbers get huge then uh the
+problem is NP complete but if you force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP complete but if you force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is NP complete but if you force
+the numbers to be small this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers to be small this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers to be small this problem is
+easy so uh subset sum is a little funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so uh subset sum is a little funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so uh subset sum is a little funny
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I think I'm
+gonna yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me tell you about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about another
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partition so partition is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so partition is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so partition is pretty much
+the same setup I'm given and integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's say they're positive and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say they're positive and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say they're positive and I want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know is their subset I'm not given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is their subset I'm not given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is their subset I'm not given a
+Target sum t uh Target sum is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forced what I would like is uh the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced what I would like is uh the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced what I would like is uh the sum
+of all the values in s to equal the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the values in s to equal the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the values in s to equal the sum
+of all the values not in s that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the values not in s that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the values not in s that's a
+minus s okay which in other words is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s okay which in other words is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s okay which in other words is
+going to be the sum of all the values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the sum of all the values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the sum of all the values in
+a divid by two so this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divid by two so this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divid by two so this is called
+Partition because you're taking a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition because you're taking a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition because you're taking a set
+you're splitting it into two halves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're splitting it into two halves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're splitting it into two halves of
+equal sum every element has to go in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sum every element has to go in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sum every element has to go in one
+of the two halves and you they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two halves and you they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two halves and you they're called
+S and A minus s it's like cuts from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and A minus s it's like cuts from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and A minus s it's like cuts from in
+the flow stuff uh and you want those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow stuff uh and you want those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow stuff uh and you want those two
+halves to have exactly the same sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves to have exactly the same sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves to have exactly the same sum
+which means they will be the sum divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means they will be the sum divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means they will be the sum divided
+two so that better be even it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that better be even it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that better be even it's not
+going to be possible so again you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be possible so again you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be possible so again you want
+to decide this whether this is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide this whether this is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide this whether this is possible
+or impossible yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or impossible yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or impossible yes or
+no okay I claim this problem is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay I claim this problem is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay I claim this problem is also
+weekly NP complete and we can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly NP complete and we can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly NP complete and we can reduce
+from subset sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from subset sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from subset sum to
+partition this is a little interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition this is a little interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition this is a little interesting
+because partition is actually a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partition is actually a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partition is actually a special
+case of subset sum right it is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of subset sum right it is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of subset sum right it is the case
+where T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where T equals
+this okay subset sum you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay subset sum you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay subset sum you're trying to
+solve it no matter what T is T is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it no matter what T is T is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it no matter what T is T is a
+given input so there's more instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given input so there's more instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given input so there's more instances
+over here some of them some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here some of them some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here some of them some of these
+instances are the case where T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances are the case where T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances are the case where T equals
+the sum over two those are partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over two those are partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over two those are partition
+instances so this is like a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances so this is like a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances so this is like a subset of
+the possible inputs as over there which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible inputs as over there which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible inputs as over there which
+means this problem is easier than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this problem is easier than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this problem is easier than this
+one in a no harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a no harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a no harder
+anyway uh in other words I can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh in other words I can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh in other words I can reduce
+partition to subset sum right I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition to subset sum right I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition to subset sum right I just
+compute this value and set that to T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this value and set that to T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this value and set that to T and
+then leave the A's alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then leave the A's alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then leave the A's alone
+that will reduce partition to subset sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will reduce partition to subset sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will reduce partition to subset sum
+but that's not the direction I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the direction I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not the direction I want I
+want to reduce from subset sum a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce from subset sum a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce from subset sum a problem
+I can prove is MP compete to partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can prove is MP compete to partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can prove is MP compete to partition
+because I want to prove that partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to prove that partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to prove that partition
+is empty complete so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty complete so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty complete so in this case
+there's an easy reduction in in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an easy reduction in in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an easy reduction in in both
+directions uh this direction is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh this direction is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions uh this direction is a little
+harder so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction from subset sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm given a bunch of AIS I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm given a bunch of AIS I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm given a bunch of AIS I'm not
+going to touch them and I'm given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to touch them and I'm given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to touch them and I'm given a
+Target sum T and I basically want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target sum T and I basically want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target sum T and I basically want to
+make that Target sum into this half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Target sum into this half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Target sum into this half to
+do that I'm going to add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I'm going to add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I'm going to add two
+numbers to my set so I'm going to let uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to my set so I'm going to let uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to my set so I'm going to let uh
+Sigma be the sum of the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma be the sum of the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma be the sum of the given
+A's okay and then I'm going to add so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's okay and then I'm going to add so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's okay and then I'm going to add so
+I'm given A1 through a n I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given A1 through a n I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm given A1 through a n I'm going to
+add uh an a n minus a a n+ one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh an a n minus a a n+ one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh an a n minus a a n+ one is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be uh Sigma + T and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh Sigma + T and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh Sigma + T and I'm going to
+add uh a n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh a n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh a n +
+2 to be 2 Sigma minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to be 2 Sigma minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to be 2 Sigma minus
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+Okay uh why so these are two basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay uh why so these are two basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay uh why so these are two basically
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers uh because Sigma is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh because Sigma is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh because Sigma is bigger than
+I mean it's the sum of all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's the sum of all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's the sum of all the numbers
+so it's bigger than all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's bigger than all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's bigger than all of them
+and so uh imagine for a moment that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh imagine for a moment that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh imagine for a moment that I
+put these two in the same side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these two in the same side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these two in the same side of the
+partition I put them both in s or i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition I put them both in s or i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition I put them both in s or i put
+them both out of s their sum by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both out of s their sum by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both out of s their sum by
+themselves is three sigma right the t's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is three sigma right the t's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves is three sigma right the t's
+cancel whereas all the other items their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel whereas all the other items their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel whereas all the other items their
+sum is Sigma so I'm I'm I'm host if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is Sigma so I'm I'm I'm host if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is Sigma so I'm I'm I'm host if I
+have three sigma on one side and sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three sigma on one side and sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three sigma on one side and sigma
+on the other I'm not going to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other I'm not going to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other I'm not going to make them
+equal okay so in fact these two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so in fact these two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so in fact these two elements
+have to be on opposite sides so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on opposite sides so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on opposite sides so there's
+a side that has Sigma plus T there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side that has Sigma plus T there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side that has Sigma plus T there's a
+side that has 2 Sigma minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that has 2 Sigma minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that has 2 Sigma minus
+t and then there's all the other n items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and then there's all the other n items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and then there's all the other n items
+and some of them are going to go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are going to go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them are going to go to this
+side some of them are going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side some of them are going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side some of them are going to go to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+side their total value is Sigma right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side their total value is Sigma right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side their total value is Sigma right
+now this is close to Sigma this is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is close to Sigma this is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is close to Sigma this is close
+to two Sigma so they have to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two Sigma so they have to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two Sigma so they have to kind of
+meet in the middle in fact what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet in the middle in fact what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet in the middle in fact what you'll
+have to do is add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Sigma minus t over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sigma minus t over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Sigma minus t over
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add uh T over here okay think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh T over here okay think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh T over here okay think about it
+for a second if I add Sigma minus t this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second if I add Sigma minus t this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second if I add Sigma minus t this
+comes out to two Sigma if I add T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to two Sigma if I add T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to two Sigma if I add T to
+this this comes out to two Sigma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this comes out to two Sigma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this comes out to two Sigma that
+would be good because they're equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good because they're equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good because they're equal and
+notice that this is Sigma minus t this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is Sigma minus t this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is Sigma minus t this
+is T their sum is Sigma so in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T their sum is Sigma so in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T their sum is Sigma so in fact it
+has to be like this you have to you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be like this you have to you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be like this you have to you add
+something over here and sigma minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here and sigma minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here and sigma minus
+something over here for all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here for all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something over here for all the other
+AIS and the something has to be T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and the something has to be T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS and the something has to be T in
+order for these two values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for these two values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for these two values to
+equalize so in order to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalize so in order to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalize so in order to solve this
+slightly larger partition problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger partition problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger partition problem you
+have to actually solve the subset some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually solve the subset some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to actually solve the subset some
+problem because you have to con you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you have to con you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you have to con you have
+to construct a subset that adds up to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a subset that adds up to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a subset that adds up to t
+t was an arbitrary given value so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t was an arbitrary given value so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t was an arbitrary given value so this
+is pretty nifty um we're adding some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty nifty um we're adding some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty nifty um we're adding some
+values so that the new Target sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that the new Target sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that the new Target sum is the
+50/50 split uh when we're given some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 split uh when we're given some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 split uh when we're given some
+values that had an arbitrary Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that had an arbitrary Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that had an arbitrary Target
+sum all right so partition is weekly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum all right so partition is weekly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum all right so partition is weekly and
+complete let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete let me go
+to rectangle packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so rectangle packing I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rectangle packing I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rectangle packing I'm going to draw
+the picture uh I give you a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture uh I give you a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture uh I give you a bunch of
+rectangles of varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles of varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles of varying
+sizes and I give you a Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and I give you a Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and I give you a Target
+rectangle it's called T these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle it's called T these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle it's called T these are the
+RIS I want to put these rectangles into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS I want to put these rectangles into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RIS I want to put these rectangles into
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture uh without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh without any
+overlaps okay this each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps okay this each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps okay this each of these
+rectangles here corresponds to what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles here corresponds to what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles here corresponds to what of
+the rect re angles over here so uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rect re angles over here so uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rect re angles over here so uh I'll
+tell you that all these re the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that all these re the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that all these re the sum of
+the areas of these rectangles is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas of these rectangles is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas of these rectangles is equal
+to the area of T and the question is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area of T and the question is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area of T and the question is can
+you pack those rectangles into T without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pack those rectangles into T without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pack those rectangles into T without
+any overlaps and therefore without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any overlaps and therefore without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any overlaps and therefore without any
+gaps the areas are exactly the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps the areas are exactly the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps the areas are exactly the same I
+claim this problem is weakly NP hard I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this problem is weakly NP hard I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this problem is weakly NP hard I
+guess NP complete the um by a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess NP complete the um by a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess NP complete the um by a reduction
+from partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy if you followed what the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy if you followed what the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy if you followed what the definition
+of partition is we're given some numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partition is we're given some numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partition is we're given some numbers
+some integers Ai and we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integers Ai and we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integers Ai and we're going to take
+each of them and convert them into a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them and convert them into a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them and convert them into a uh
+let's say 1 by 3 AI rectangle three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 1 by 3 AI rectangle three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 1 by 3 AI rectangle three is
+to avoid some rotation we'll see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid some rotation we'll see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid some rotation we'll see and
+then uh we're also given the Target or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we're also given the Target or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we're also given the Target or
+no target sum is given uh Target sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no target sum is given uh Target sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no target sum is given uh Target sum is
+the sum over two but anyway uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over two but anyway uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over two but anyway uh we're
+going to build our Target uh rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build our Target uh rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build our Target uh rectangle
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be it's actually going to be really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's actually going to be really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's actually going to be really big
+but uh it's going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's going to be uh
+two by 3 * t uh so this is that thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by 3 * t uh so this is that thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by 3 * t uh so this is that thing so
+this is three Hales sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three Hales sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is three Hales sum of the
+A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's
+okay that's about it uh in order to pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's about it uh in order to pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's about it uh in order to pack
+these rectangles into here because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles into here because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rectangles into here because each
+of them is at least three long you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is at least three long you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is at least three long you
+cannot pack them vertically they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pack them vertically they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pack them vertically they have to
+be horizontal so in fact what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be horizontal so in fact what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be horizontal so in fact what you're
+packing will look like is there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing will look like is there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing will look like is there'll be
+the top half and the bottom half and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half and the bottom half and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half and the bottom half and the
+top half the total lengths of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top half the total lengths of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top half the total lengths of those
+rectangles has to add up to uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles has to add up to uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles has to add up to uh three
+Hales sum of a everything was scaled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales sum of a everything was scaled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hales sum of a everything was scaled up
+by three so that's half of a on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three so that's half of a on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three so that's half of a on the top
+and the bottom that's a partition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom that's a partition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom that's a partition in
+order to pack the rectangles into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to pack the rectangles into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to pack the rectangles into here
+you have to solve the partition problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to solve the partition problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to solve the partition problem
+and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa
+easy uh okay me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh okay me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh okay me show
+you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing jigsaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+puzzles this is uh not the jigsaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles this is uh not the jigsaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles this is uh not the jigsaw
+puzzles you grew up on uh somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles you grew up on uh somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles you grew up on uh somewhat more
+generalized um so a piece is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized um so a piece is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized um so a piece is going to
+look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like
+this okay uh I drew them intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay uh I drew them intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay uh I drew them intentionally
+different um so on each you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so on each you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so on each you have a
+square a unit Square some of the sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a unit Square some of the sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square a unit Square some of the sides
+can be uh flat some of them can be tabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uh flat some of them can be tabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uh flat some of them can be tabs
+some of them can be Pockets each Tab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them can be Pockets each Tab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them can be Pockets each Tab and
+pocket has a shape and they're not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket has a shape and they're not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket has a shape and they're not in a
+perfect matching with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching with each other so
+there could be seven of these tabs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be seven of these tabs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be seven of these tabs and
+seven of these pockets all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of these pockets all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of these pockets all the same
+shape this is what you might call ambig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape this is what you might call ambig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape this is what you might call ambig
+jigsaw puzzles plus there's no image on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzles plus there's no image on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzles plus there's no image on
+the piece so this is like hardcore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece so this is like hardcore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece so this is like hardcore
+jigsaw puzzles uh this is MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzles uh this is MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzles uh this is MP
+complete and what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and what I'd like to
+do is to simulate a rectangle with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to simulate a rectangle with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to simulate a rectangle with a
+bunch of Jigsaw pieces so it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Jigsaw pieces so it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of Jigsaw pieces so it would look
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay if I have
+a one by something rectangle I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one by something rectangle I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one by something rectangle I'm going
+to simulate it with that same something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate it with that same something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate it with that same something
+uh little jigsaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little jigsaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh little jigsaw
+pieces and I'm going to make these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I'm going to make these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I'm going to make these uh
+shapes only match each other and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes only match each other and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes only match each other and so for
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+rectangle uh they're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle uh they're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle uh they're going to have a
+little a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a different
+shape okay this one will be squares at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape okay this one will be squares at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape okay this one will be squares at
+that point I run out of shape so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I run out of shape so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I run out of shape so I can
+easily draw but you get the idea each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily draw but you get the idea each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily draw but you get the idea each
+rectangle has a different shape and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle has a different shape and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle has a different shape and so
+these have to match to each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have to match to each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have to match to each other they
+can't you can't mix the tiles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't mix the tiles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't mix the tiles which
+which means you have to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you have to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you have to build this
+rectangle you have to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle you have to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle you have to build this
+rectangle and then if if the jigsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and then if if the jigsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle and then if if the jigsa
+problem is can you fit these into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is can you fit these into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is can you fit these into a
+given rectangle then you get rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given rectangle then you get rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given rectangle then you get rectangle
+packing but this is not a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing but this is not a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing but this is not a valid
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+reduction you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction you can't
+reduce from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because these numbers are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these numbers are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these numbers are huge
+remember the values of the numbers in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the values of the numbers in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the values of the numbers in my
+partition instance are exponential so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition instance are exponential so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition instance are exponential so if
+I have a value Ai and it's exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a value Ai and it's exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a value Ai and it's exponential
+in my problem size and I try to make AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my problem size and I try to make AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my problem size and I try to make AI
+little tiles that means the number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiles that means the number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiles that means the number of of
+Jigsaw pieces will be exponential in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jigsaw pieces will be exponential in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jigsaw pieces will be exponential in N
+that's not good that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good that's not
+allowed this is why weak NP hardness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed this is why weak NP hardness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed this is why weak NP hardness is
+annoying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying so
+instead uh we need a strong NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh we need a strong NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh we need a strong NP hard
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a problem that's NP hard even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem that's NP hard even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a problem that's NP hard even
+when the numbers are polinomial in value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the numbers are polinomial in value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the numbers are polinomial in value
+not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in
+size uh and this is called four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partition for partition you're given uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition for partition you're given uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition for partition you're given uh
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+integers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers as
+usual uh say set is a and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual uh say set is a and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual uh say set is a and you want to
+split those integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split those integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split those integers
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+n/4 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quadruples of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum uh so this would be sum of a / n/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh so this would be sum of a / n/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh so this would be sum of a / n/4
+that's your target sum so before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your target sum so before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your target sum so before we had
+to split into two parts that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split into two parts that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split into two parts that had the
+same sum that was partition now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum that was partition now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum that was partition now we have
+to split into n over four parts each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split into n over four parts each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split into n over four parts each
+part will have exactly four numbers four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will have exactly four numbers four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will have exactly four numbers four
+integers and they should all have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and they should all have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and they should all have the
+same sum this problem is hard even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum this problem is hard even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sum this problem is hard even when
+the integers have polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers have polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers have polinomial
+value so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so the
+values are uh at most some polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are uh at most some polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are uh at most some polinomial
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+N okay I won't prove it here but it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay I won't prove it here but it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N okay I won't prove it here but it's in
+my lecture notes if you're curious It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture notes if you're curious It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture notes if you're curious It's
+like this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this proof
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+harder um you end up instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder um you end up instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder um you end up instead of having
+like igit numbers you have five-digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like igit numbers you have five-digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like igit numbers you have five-digit
+numbers each digit is only has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers each digit is only has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers each digit is only has a
+polinomial and N different values so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and N different values so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and N different values so the
+total number of the total value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of the total value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of the total value of the
+numbers is only polinomial it's like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is only polinomial it's like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is only polinomial it's like n
+to the 5ifth or something good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 5ifth or something good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 5ifth or something good news is
+that this reduction I just gave you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this reduction I just gave you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this reduction I just gave you uh
+is also a reduction from four partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because uh it's the same setup again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's the same setup again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's the same setup again I'm
+given integers each integer I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given integers each integer I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given integers each integer I'm going to
+represent by uh that many tiles now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent by uh that many tiles now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent by uh that many tiles now the
+number of tiles is only polinomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tiles is only polinomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tiles is only polinomial so
+this is a valid reduction and again if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a valid reduction and again if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a valid reduction and again if I
+have to pack all of these tiles into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pack all of these tiles into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pack all of these tiles into a
+rectangular board that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular board that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular board that's exactly the
+same as packing these integers well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as packing these integers well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as packing these integers well I
+guess I should do rectangle packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I should do rectangle packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I should do rectangle packing
+again so this is a proof rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this is a proof rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this is a proof rectangle
+packing was weakly n hard but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing was weakly n hard but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing was weakly n hard but in fact
+it's strongly NP hard you just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strongly NP hard you just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strongly NP hard you just change
+these Dimensions you say well uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Dimensions you say well uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Dimensions you say well uh I want
+to I need uh whatever n over4 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I need uh whatever n over4 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I need uh whatever n over4 different
+parts each of size the sum Over N over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts each of size the sum Over N over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts each of size the sum Over N over
+four you need some scale factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you need some scale factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you need some scale factor here
+three doesn't work use n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doesn't work use n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doesn't work use n
+something n and n that will prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something n and n that will prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something n and n that will prove that
+rectangle packing is actually strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle packing is actually strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle packing is actually strongly
+NP hard because we're reducing from four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard because we're reducing from four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hard because we're reducing from four
+partition instead of partition and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition instead of partition and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition instead of partition and then
+you can reduce rectangle packing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce rectangle packing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce rectangle packing to
+jigsaw puzzles because you have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzles because you have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzles because you have strong
+hardness over over here over here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness over over here over here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness over over here over here we
+don't have numbers we just have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have numbers we just have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have numbers we just have these
+pieces so whenever you convert from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so whenever you convert from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so whenever you convert from a
+number problem to a non-number problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number problem to a non-number problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number problem to a non-number problem
+uh if you're representing the numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're representing the numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're representing the numbers in
+un which is what's going on here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un which is what's going on here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un which is what's going on here you
+need strong NP hardness for it to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need strong NP hardness for it to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need strong NP hardness for it to work
+weak NP hardness isn't enough then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak NP hardness isn't enough then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak NP hardness isn't enough then we
+get jigsaw puzzles which you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get jigsaw puzzles which you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get jigsaw puzzles which you know and
+love are empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love are empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love are empty
+complete that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eyDAcbzXgb4.txt b/eyDAcbzXgb4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a6a2b75f2859e5e7571f43f08fc4dba0b4b20f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eyDAcbzXgb4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1821 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We're pretty much
+ready to get started.
+
+Let's settle down and take a
+look at the clicker question.
+
+So take 10 more seconds.
+
+Very good.
+
+Most people had this right, and
+the trick here is just to
+
+think about the sign of delta
+g, whether it's negative and
+
+positive, and think about the
+equation and the influence of
+
+temperature on that equation.
+
+So whether it's going to make
+delta s a bigger factor or a
+
+smaller factor and how
+that will play out.
+
+So you can look at the equation
+and figure out what
+
+the signs have to be and then
+the influence of temperature.
+
+All right, so let's move to the
+first slide that I have
+
+today, which is welcome to the
+middle of the semester.
+
+So I'm Kathy Drennan and this
+is lecture 19 of 36, which
+
+means that you are halfway
+through the course.
+
+And so what you heard on Monday
+before the exam was
+
+about thermodynamics, and if you
+don't have all your delta
+
+g's and delta h's and if you
+don't have entropy full in
+
+mind, that's OK, we are not
+really leaving thermodynamics,
+
+we're going into chemical
+equilibrium, which is all
+
+about thermodynamics.
+
+So you're going to hear a lot
+more about delta g, delta h,
+
+temperature, and about our
+friend, entropy as we go along
+
+in the second half.
+
+So it's the middle
+of the semester.
+
+That means that you've had two
+of the sort of four hour exams
+
+-- remember the fourth hour exam
+is actually combined with
+
+the final exam.
+
+So the final exam is 200 points
+of cumulative material,
+
+and 100 points of new material,
+so you've done two
+
+now of those four sort
+of hour exams.
+
+Just to remind you of some of
+the topics you have seen and
+
+the topics coming ahead, this is
+on the syllabus, and we're
+
+actually where we're supposed
+to be on the syllabus, so if
+
+you want to take a look at that
+ever to see where we're
+
+going, we're actually
+on track.
+
+So the first half of the course
+are a lot of basic
+
+principles, and we're moving
+today into chemical
+
+equilibrium, so a lot
+more delta g's,
+
+delta h's coming on.
+
+And then we're going to move
+into acid base, which is acid
+
+base equilibrium.
+
+So we're not going to be
+leaving equilibrium or
+
+thermodynamics.
+
+Then we're going to go into
+oxidation reduction, which is
+
+also about equilibrium, and then
+transition metals, and
+
+end with kenetics.
+
+And so, these altogether
+represent the fundamentals
+
+needed for the study of
+biochemistry, organic
+
+chemistry, any kind of
+chemistry, biology, the life
+
+sciences, many things -- so
+you're getting all the
+
+fundamental principles of
+chemistry in this class.
+
+So along those lines, I just
+thought I would share
+
+something that happened to me on
+Wednesday when I was riding
+
+the T, the Silver Line,
+in particular.
+
+So I don't know if any of you
+have had this kind of
+
+experience yet where you're on
+public transportation and
+
+someone next to you says, "So,
+are you a student?" Maybe you
+
+have a notebook out or a
+book out or something.
+
+And you say, "Yes," and they
+said, "Oh, what are you
+
+studying?" And then you say
+"Well, you know, chemistry,
+
+math, physics." And they're like
+"Oh." And then they go
+
+busy themselves doing
+something else.
+
+Or they tell you "I didn't
+really like those subjects in
+
+school." And then they
+stop talking to you.
+
+So how many people have had that
+experience so far, that
+
+you scare the person next to
+you by what you study?
+
+OK, a few people.
+
+If I ask that question four
+years from now, I think it'll
+
+be like half the class,
+eight years from
+
+now it'll be everybody.
+
+So this is kind of common.
+
+But what happened to me on the
+Silver Line was actually
+
+pretty exciting, because
+I've had that other
+
+experience many times.
+
+So, I was wearing my keys
+around my neck, because
+
+women's professional clothes, no
+pockets, with a little MIT
+
+cord, and the person next to
+be on the Silver Line said
+
+"So, do you go to the Georgia
+Tech of the east?" And I said
+
+"Well, I am a professor at MIT."
+And he said "Well, I'm a
+
+mechanical engineer and I went
+to Georgia Tech." And so he
+
+said, "So, what do you teach?"
+I said, "Chemistry." And he
+
+said, "Chemistry --
+
+I really wish I had paid more
+attention in chemistry." I
+
+said, "Well, what do you do
+now?" And he said "Well, I
+
+work for the army, and I'm
+part of a team that has
+
+mechanical engineers, electrical
+engineers, and
+
+chemists, and we're trying to
+figure out ways to detect
+
+explosives." So I said, "Oh,
+well have you heard of the
+
+head of the Chemistry Department
+at MIT, Tim Swager
+
+who works in the area, and he
+said, "Yes," he knew the name.
+
+And so he said that one of his
+porblems on the team, and in
+
+talking to the chemist, his
+chemistry language is not
+
+really good enough, and so he
+was really struggling, and
+
+that the best results of this
+team effort would be if
+
+everyone could really
+talk to each other.
+
+So he wished that he had paid
+more attention in his
+
+chemistry class.
+
+And so I, of course, my
+connection with chemistry was
+
+by wanting to understand
+biology, but for everyone it
+
+might be a little
+bit different.
+
+So, as I mentioned in the
+beginning of the class, one
+
+challenge that you have this
+semester is figure out what
+
+your connection to
+chemistry is.
+
+What are you going to
+use chemistry for?
+
+How does this fit into
+what you want to do?
+
+And maybe for some of you,
+you're not going
+
+to know that yet.
+
+Hopefully it won't take till you
+have a job doing something
+
+to realize that you're lacking
+something in your education.
+
+And so, probably if you stay
+in science and engineering,
+
+need chemistry, good to
+learn it all now.
+
+And from exam 2, we see that
+you are learning it now and
+
+that's really great.
+
+So, some day maybe someone in
+this room will be involved in
+
+national security, and if you're
+not a chemist, you'll
+
+be able to talk to the chemists
+and make really good
+
+progress toward that work.
+
+So, chemistry -- it's important
+in medicine,
+
+national security, the economy,
+energy initiatives, a
+
+lot of the big things
+going on now.
+
+It's a fundamental, and you will
+get in this course, the
+
+fundamentals.
+
+So if you have any good tea or
+bus or airplane conversations,
+
+let me know --
+
+I'll catalog those for
+future reference.
+
+It's always a touch of how what
+we do here connects with
+
+the real world.
+
+All right, so we're not going
+far from thermodynamics, we're
+
+going into chemical
+equilibrium.
+
+And we're going to be talking
+a lot about delta g.
+
+So if delta g is not your friend
+yet, don't worry, you
+
+can still bond with delta g.
+
+All right, so chemical
+reactions, chemical reactions
+
+can go into a state
+of equilibrium.
+
+And it's a dynamic equilibrium,
+the reaction is
+
+still happening, but if a
+reaction is an equilibrium,
+
+the rate of the forward reaction
+will equal the rate
+
+of the reverse reaction, so
+there'll be no net change in
+
+composition.
+
+So let's take a look
+at an example.
+
+So let's look at a reaction in
+which we have nitrogen gas,
+
+and we have hydrogen
+gas, and they are
+
+reacting to form ammonia.
+
+Suppose we just start with
+nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas
+
+and we don't have any
+ammonia left.
+
+So if we consider concentrations
+versus time.
+
+So say we start with, we have
+some nitrogen gas, some
+
+concentration of nitrogen gas.
+
+As it reacts with hydrogen,
+the concentration will
+
+decrease and then level off.
+
+We'll start with some amount
+of hydrogen gas, and its
+
+concentration will also decrease
+and level off.
+
+And in the beginning we won't
+have any of the product, any
+
+of the ammonia, so its
+concentration will increase
+
+and then level off.
+
+So when these reactions level
+off, you're reaching
+
+equilibrium.
+
+The reaction is still happening,
+but the rate of the
+
+forward reaction is equal to
+the rate of the reverse
+
+reaction, so there's
+no net change.
+
+So the concentrations are
+staying the same, but there's
+
+still -- the reaction is
+still going forward.
+
+So let's think about the case
+when we have pure reactants
+
+when we haven't formed enough
+products yet to reach
+
+equilibrium.
+
+So if we have pure reactants,
+the reaction is going to be
+
+spontaneous in the forward
+direction.
+
+So we'll have a reaction
+that is spontaneous
+
+in the forward direction.
+
+And what will that mean about
+our friend delta g?
+
+Is it going to be greater
+or less than zero?
+
+So it'll be less than zero --
+so delta g or the forward
+
+reaction will be
+less than zero.
+
+So when delta g is negative, the
+reaction is spontaneous in
+
+the forward direction.
+
+So what about when you have
+pure products, then the
+
+reaction should be spontaneous
+in the reverse direction.
+
+So you have spontaneous in the
+reverse direction, and what
+
+does that mean about the
+sign of delta g?
+
+Greater or less than zero?
+
+Greater, so it'll be positive.
+
+So, we can think about that
+in terms of a plot.
+
+We can think about free
+energy versus the
+
+progress of the reaction.
+
+So, the progress of the
+reaction is going this
+
+direction as you go along.
+
+So in the beginning if you have
+pure reactants, delta g
+
+is going to be less than zero.
+
+And you're going to proceed
+along in the forward direction
+
+spontaneously.
+
+If, on the other hand you have
+pure products, delta g will be
+
+positive, so you'll be
+spontaneous in the reverse
+
+direction, and the reaction
+will go in the reverse
+
+direction until what happens?
+
+Till you reach equilibrium.
+
+And what would delta g
+be at equilibrium?
+
+Zero.
+
+So you see, there is a great
+relationship between delta g
+
+and equilibrium, so we have
+not left delta g behind.
+
+So, delta g is going to change
+as the components of the
+
+reaction change.
+
+As you have more products or
+more reactants, you're going
+
+to have a different delta g.
+
+So let's look at
+some equations.
+
+So delta g is the change in free
+energy, the difference in
+
+free energy, at some point in
+the reaction at any time with
+
+amount of composition.
+
+We also have delta g nought,
+which talks about delta g
+
+under particular conditions, so
+it's sort of the standard
+
+free energy.
+
+We have a term called q, which
+is the reaction quotient,
+
+which tells you about products
+and reactants.
+
+We have our friend r, which is
+the gas constant, and this
+
+depends on temperature.
+
+So temperature is a term
+involved here.
+
+So the delta g at any point in
+the reaction is going to
+
+depend on the delta g nought
+for that reaction, and the
+
+reaction quotient, products
+and reactants, and we'll
+
+define this in a minute, and
+then the temperature as well.
+
+So we need to know more about
+what q is, what this reaction
+
+quotient is.
+
+So this slide looks a little bit
+scary, but it's going to
+
+be fine, because a lot of the
+terms are going to cancel out.
+
+So we're going to talk about q,
+this reaction quotient, and
+
+we're going to have different
+types of problems -- some
+
+where we're talking about
+gases, and others we're
+
+talking about solutions.
+
+So you can see two different
+kinds of q's, one that depends
+
+on partial pressure of the gas,
+and another that depends
+
+on concentration.
+
+So here is our equation again
+that we just saw -- delta g
+
+equals delta g nought plus r t
+natural log of q, and here
+
+we've expanded the term for q.
+
+So p to the sub x is the
+partial pressure of a
+
+particular gas, and so in this
+equation, we have a plus b
+
+going to c plus d, the top of
+the line or the products.
+
+So we have the partial pressure
+of gas c, and this is
+
+over a reference, partial
+pressure, raised to the power
+
+c, the coefficient, and then
+also we have d, the partial
+
+pressure of gas d, over a
+reference raised to the
+
+small letter d.
+
+On the bottom of the terms for
+the reactants, partial
+
+pressure of gas a over a
+reference raised to the
+
+coefficient a, partial pressure
+of gas b over the
+
+reference raised to
+the coefficient b.
+
+Now what's great is that the
+partial pressure is one bar,
+
+and so that basically cancels
+out as far as we're concerned.
+
+And so the term for q
+is much simplified.
+
+You won't see problems that have
+the reference in them, so
+
+you can just think about
+q in terms of
+
+products over reactants.
+
+And you just have to remember
+that the coefficients in the
+
+reactions do matter.
+
+If you're talking about
+solutions, the only difference
+
+is that we'll be talking about
+molar, so we have one molar,
+
+so the reference term here
+also cancels out.
+
+When you see something in
+brackets, like c in brackets,
+
+here that telling you it's
+a concentration term.
+
+So here, q is the concentration
+of c raised to
+
+its coefficiency.
+
+The concentration of
+d raised to its
+
+coefficient d over reactants.
+
+Concentration of a to
+a, concentration
+
+of b raised to b.
+
+So the thing in x indicates
+it's a concentration term.
+
+So q is just products over
+reactants, considering the
+
+stoichiometry of the particular
+reaction.
+
+So what about the equilibrium
+constant k?
+
+So at equilibrium you told me
+that delta g equals zero, and
+
+at equilibrium q, the reaction
+quotient equals k, the
+
+equilibrium constant.
+
+So we can consider that in terms
+of this expression, if
+
+we're talking about this
+expression at equilibrium,
+
+delta g is going
+to equal zero.
+
+And so, we just set this whole
+term equal to zero.
+
+We can rearrange the equation
+bringing delta g nought to the
+
+other side.
+
+And so we have delta g at
+nought equals minus r t
+
+natural log of K, because at
+equilibrium, k is equal to q.
+
+So now we have another term to
+solve for delta g, and an
+
+equation that relates delta
+g nought to be equilibrium
+
+constant k.
+
+So k, the equilibrium's constant
+has the same form as
+
+q, but we're only talking about
+the concentrations or
+
+the partial pressures of
+things at equilibrium.
+
+So it's the same, it's product
+over reactants, same
+
+expressions as q, but in the
+corner you say at equilibrium.
+
+So you're only talking about the
+concentrations of things
+
+at equilibrium if you're
+solving for k.
+
+If you're solving for q, it's
+the concentration or the
+
+partial pressure at any time in
+that particular reaction.
+
+Important thing, products
+over reactants.
+
+All right, so, we can rewrite
+the equation one more way.
+
+So I just told you that delta g
+nought is equal to minus r t
+
+natural log of K. So we can
+substitute into the expression
+
+minus r t natural log
+of k, and now we can
+
+rearrange this equation.
+
+And so, if we rearrange it, we
+have delta g, the delta g at
+
+any particular point in the
+reaction equals r t natural
+
+log of q over k.
+
+And this equation is helpful for
+people if they're thinking
+
+about what is the equilibrium
+constant, what concentrations
+
+do I have now -- we're not
+at equilibrium, what
+
+concentrations do I have now,
+what is q now in the reaction,
+
+how does that compare to k?
+
+And when you know what those
+values are, you'll know
+
+something about the direction of
+the reaction because you'll
+
+know if delta g is positive
+or negative.
+
+It'll to be spontaneous in the
+forward direction or in the
+
+reverse direction.
+
+So this is a handy equation
+for thinking about the
+
+relationship q k delta g.
+
+So let's think about that
+relationship for a minute.
+
+If q is less than k, what
+is the sign of delta g?
+
+So it would be negative, which
+means the forward direction of
+
+the reaction will occur.
+
+So if you think about it, you
+can think about in terms of
+
+products and reactants.
+
+So at equilibrium then, if q is
+less than k at equilibrium,
+
+there are more products than
+there are right now, so you
+
+need to make more products.
+
+So you would have delta g would
+be negative, you'll see
+
+that mathematically, and you can
+think about it in terms of
+
+whether you're going
+to make more
+
+products or less products.
+
+If q is greater than
+k, what is delta g?
+
+So it would be positive
+and the reverse
+
+direction would occur.
+
+So you think that at q, if it's
+larger than k, it has
+
+more products in its terms, and
+at equilibrium there are
+
+less products, so you need to
+go in a direction that will
+
+get rid of some of those
+products so you'll reach
+
+equilibrium again.
+
+So this equation is very helpful
+in thinking about the
+
+direction of the reaction --
+which direction will it be
+
+spontaneous.
+
+So let's look at an example.
+
+K is given in this example, and
+then we have a bunch of
+
+partial pressures.
+
+And we're asked which
+direction the
+
+reaction will go.
+
+So what do I need to do to
+answer this question, what do
+
+I need to calculate?
+
+So if I'm given k, and a bunch
+of partial pressures, what do
+
+I first need to calculate?
+
+Q, right.
+
+So let's calculate q.
+
+So q, we're going to talk about
+products over reactants,
+
+so we're going to talk about
+be partial pressure of the
+
+ammonia, and there are two
+of them being formed.
+
+Our reactants, we want to talk
+about the partial pressure of
+
+the nitrogen, and the partial
+pressure of the hydrogen gas,
+
+and again include the
+stoichiometry, so we have
+
+three there.
+
+So now I can plug in my values,
+so I'm told I have 1 .
+
+1 bar, and down here I have 5 .
+
+5 and 2 .
+
+2 to the 3, again, considering
+the stoichiometry.
+
+And if you do the math,
+you get 2 .
+
+1 times 10 to the minus 2.
+
+That's your q value.
+
+Now given your k value, which
+the problem states, and this q
+
+value, let's do a clicker
+question, tell me which
+
+direction the reaction
+will go.
+
+All right, 10 seconds.
+
+So, 77%, pretty good.
+
+So, q is greater than k here.
+
+And if q is greater than
+k, what will be
+
+true about delta g?
+
+I have another clicker question
+for that -- yell out
+
+the answer.
+
+What is it?
+
+Positive, right.
+
+So you're going to shift towards
+reactants, so you're
+
+going to go in the reverse
+direction.
+
+So you think about whether there
+are more products or
+
+less products at equilibrium,
+and so there are more
+
+products, so we have to think
+about which direction it'll
+
+go, and here, ammonium will
+dissociate until equilibrium
+
+is reached again.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's think more about what
+k is going to tell us.
+
+So k tells us about the mixture
+of products and
+
+reactants at equilibrium,
+whether we can expect low or
+
+high concentration of reactants
+at equilibrium.
+
+So let's look at another
+example.
+
+So when you have k that's
+greater than one, so more
+
+products than reactants at
+equilibrium, you can think
+
+about this in terms of higher
+products at equilibrium.
+
+When you have k less than
+one, we're going
+
+to have lower products.
+
+So again, think about k in
+terms of products over
+
+reactants at equilibrium.
+
+So if k is greater than
+one, there are more
+
+products than reactants.
+
+If it's less than one,
+there will be less
+
+reactants than products.
+
+So let's look at an
+example of that.
+
+Let's look at when k is
+greater than one.
+
+And I have the equation
+up there and I'll
+
+write it here as well.
+
+So we have 2 n o 2, and two
+double arrows, and n 2 o 4.
+
+So we have a k value
+here of 6 .
+
+84, so that's greater
+than one value.
+
+So let's think about
+this reaction.
+
+So over here instead of
+concentration, we're going to
+
+talk about partial pressure
+because we're talking about
+
+gas, and we have time.
+
+So initially we have
+a reactant.
+
+And the reactant starts at
+some concentration and
+
+decreases and then reaches a
+straight line, so reaches
+
+equilibrium.
+
+So we have our reactant here.
+
+Originally we have no product,
+and so product is going to go
+
+up and be formed and then it's
+going to level off as you
+
+reach equilibrium.
+
+So initially, what is
+true about q and k?
+
+So with no products, what
+is true about q and k?
+
+Q is less than k.
+
+And so what's true
+about delta g?
+
+Less than zero, it'll be
+negative, so it'll be
+
+spontaneous in the forward
+direction.
+
+So you're going to be
+spontaneous in the forward
+
+direction and you're going
+to make your product.
+
+So now let's calculate what the
+concentrations are going
+
+to be at equilibrium.
+
+So initially, so you have your
+initial pressure for the
+
+reaction, 2 n o 2 going to
+n 2 o 2, and our initial
+
+concentrations are
+given as one bar,
+
+and we have no product.
+
+Now we talk about the change as
+we go toward equilibrium,
+
+how much does the
+reactant change?
+
+What do I write here?
+
+What change?
+
+Minus x minus something x?
+
+Minus 2 x.
+
+So again, we're considering
+the stoichiometry,
+
+and what's over here?
+
+So just plus x, and then at
+equilibrium we now have 1
+
+minus 2 x and x.
+
+So we're talking about
+equilibrium concentrations, so
+
+we're talking about
+k, so k equals 6 .
+
+84, which is going to be equal
+to the partial pressure of the
+
+product over the partial
+pressure of
+
+the reactant squared.
+
+So it's going to be equal to
+x over 1 minus 2 x squared.
+
+So x, if you calculate it out,
+should equal point 381 bar.
+
+And then if we do 1 minus 2
+times 0.381 bar, we get 0 .
+
+238 bar.
+
+So if we go back over here, our
+products at equilibrium --
+
+oh, I guess I should write what
+-- so x is our product
+
+and this is our reactant.
+
+So the product we have 0 .
+
+381, and our reactant
+at equilibrium is
+
+going to be 0.238 bar.
+
+So we have more product than
+reactant at equilibrium, which
+
+is consistent with the value of
+k being greater than one.
+
+So, when you know something
+about the equilibrium
+
+constant, you know something
+about the reaction and whether
+
+you would expect more products
+or reactants at equilibrium.
+
+So again, you can think about
+this in terms of q and k.
+
+All right, so now we are
+going to go toward our
+
+next clicker question.
+
+So if we can rewrite the
+expression for delta g equals
+
+minus r t natural log of k, and
+express it in terms of k,
+
+and now we can think about
+then what is that
+
+relationship.
+
+If you have a large value for
+k, what do you expect to be
+
+true about delta g nought?
+
+All right, let's give
+that 10 seconds.
+
+OK, why don't you discuss for
+a minute with your friends
+
+whether you agree with
+that 78% or not.
+
+All right, now we're going to
+re-poll, so click in again.
+
+Now give the right answer.
+
+Interesting.
+
+It actually usually goes the
+other direction, that after
+
+there's a discussion, more
+people come to the same
+
+conclusion.
+
+So I guess it's a matter of if
+the professor asks that, you
+
+assume that that must have
+been the wrong answer.
+
+Was that people's logic?
+
+So what are the points of doing
+this, and we're going to
+
+actually do this kind of thing
+a few more times in class, is
+
+that collectively, and I was
+actually just at an education
+
+meeting about science down at
+the Howard Hughes Medical
+
+Institute, that statistics show
+that if you have a group
+
+where everyone in the group
+has the wrong answer and
+
+they're allowed to discuss it,
+there's a good chance they'll
+
+come up with the right answer.
+
+So that it's not just about one
+person in the group having
+
+the right answer, convincing
+everyone else that they're
+
+right, that the act of
+discussing often
+
+leads to new answers.
+
+So now that you know that it's
+not a trick on my part to tell
+
+you you got it wrong, we'll see
+next time whether this, in
+
+fact, holds, that the act of
+discussing helps give the
+
+right answer.
+
+Anyway, so if k is large, it
+is true that delta g nought
+
+would tend to be negative and
+more -- it would be negative
+
+and more on the large side.
+
+So one can think about if
+there's more products over
+
+reactants, that's going to
+indicate something about the
+
+delta g nought for the reaction,
+and the k -- the k,
+
+if it's greater than 1, if it's
+a big number, then there
+
+are more products than
+reactants, and delta g nought
+
+would be negative and would
+tend to be a large number.
+
+All right, so this is more
+actually kind of simple
+
+bookkeeping involved that
+if you know steps in the
+
+reactions and you know
+equilibrium constants, you can
+
+calculate an overall
+equilibrium
+
+constant for that reaction.
+
+So you can write a reaction
+as the sum of different
+
+components.
+
+And so up here, we are going to
+try to add these first two
+
+equations to get this
+net equation.
+
+So we have 2 gas p 3 c l 2 going
+to 2 p l c 3, and that's
+
+equilibrium 1.
+
+And so then in the next
+reaction, some of that is
+
+being consumed reacting with
+another c l 2, giving you p c
+
+l 5, and the net reaction we're
+interested in has 2 p 5
+
+c l 2's going to 2 p c l 5.
+
+All right, what do I have to
+do before I can add these
+
+together effectively and
+have things cancel out?
+
+I need to multiply what?
+
+Second equation by 2, yeah.
+
+So to get that to work I would
+need to have 2's there, then
+
+this is going to cancel out and
+these will add up, so we
+
+have 5 and then we have two
+of the main products.
+
+So if I do that, and I have the
+equilibrium constant for
+
+one and for two, how am I
+going to get equilibrium
+
+constant for three?
+
+I'm going to multiply
+k 1 by k 2 and k 2.
+
+So I'm going to have to multiply
+k 2 in there twice,
+
+because there's two of those
+-- we'd multiply that up.
+
+So if you have different parts
+of reactions and you can sum
+
+them together, then you can
+multiply out the individual
+
+k's to get the new value of k.
+
+So that's something that's just
+useful that you'll run
+
+into in doing these
+types of problems.
+
+All right.
+
+Now we're going to
+think about how
+
+equilibriums respond to stress.
+
+And I always feel like
+I need to pause.
+
+MIT students, you guys are some
+of the smartest, most
+
+talented scientists
+in the world.
+
+I don't know if you fully
+appreciate how
+
+smart you all are.
+
+But this concept is tough
+for MIT students.
+
+So Le Chatelier's principle
+says that a system in
+
+equilibrium that is subjected to
+with stress tends to react
+
+in such a way to minimize
+that stress.
+
+I have advisees coming to
+my office saying, "I'm
+
+double-majoring in this and
+that and I'm taking five
+
+classes and I have UROP and I
+have this lab exercise --
+
+I don't know what's going on,
+so I've been thinking a lot
+
+about it and I think I should
+add a third major." Le
+
+Chatelier would be very
+unhappy with that.
+
+Le Chatelier would say that the
+appropriate response is to
+
+drop one of the majors, to
+minimize the stress.
+
+So in doing these problems, what
+I want to encourage you
+
+to do is think the opposite
+of what you would do.
+
+Minimize the stress.
+
+If you think about that
+you'll be all set.
+
+All right.
+
+So Le Chatelier's principle
+actually is very useful.
+
+If you think about minimizing
+the stress, you'll be able to
+
+predict the direction that
+the reaction will shift.
+
+So the reaction's going to shift
+in a way to minimize the
+
+stress, so you can predict it.
+
+If you're thinking along these
+lines, you say, oh, that
+
+system was stressed, and then
+you can think about how that
+
+reaction or that system
+is going to respond.
+
+So let's give some examples.
+
+So, we have a system in
+equilibrium -- we started out,
+
+we had our nitrogen
+and our hydrogen
+
+and we had no product.
+
+We reacted the hydrogen and the
+nitrogen, their forming
+
+products, and eventually they
+reach equilibrium, their delta
+
+g equals zero there's still
+the reaction going on, but
+
+there's no net change.
+
+All right, now the system
+is going to be stressed.
+
+So we're going to add
+more of a reactant.
+
+How will the system react
+to minimize that stress?
+
+What is it going to do?
+
+It now has too much of
+one of the reactants.
+
+You'll form more products, and
+that's going to use up some of
+
+your other reactant, which will
+go down, and you're going
+
+to form more product until
+equilibrium is reached again.
+
+And one thing that I'll mention
+that the ratio has to
+
+be the same.
+
+The equilibrium constant is
+a constant given the same
+
+temperature, but you're not
+necessarily always going to
+
+have the same concentrations,
+but you should have the same
+
+ratios, the same value of k.
+
+All right, so what about if you
+add more product, what's
+
+going to happen?
+
+What direction will the
+reaction shift?
+
+Right, it's going to shift
+toward the reactants, so
+
+you're going to make more of
+each of the two reactants
+
+until again, you find your
+equilibrium again.
+
+And then the reaction's still
+going but there's no net
+
+change anymore.
+
+All right, so let's think about
+this -- let's think
+
+about this in terms of
+the math as well.
+
+If you want to stick with the
+math, that's OK, you can think
+
+about calculating
+delta g's here.
+
+So if you're a system in
+equilibrium and you add more
+
+hydrogen, the system
+will respond to
+
+minimize that increase.
+
+So it's going to make more
+product that will minimize the
+
+increase, it shifts
+to the right.
+
+And this can be explained
+in terms of q and k.
+
+So, you can think about,
+again, do you have more
+
+products now or did you have
+more products at equilibrium,
+
+and if you're adding more
+reactants, momentarily q will
+
+become less than k.
+
+And so, you would get a negative
+delta g, which would
+
+make it spontaneous in the
+forward direction.
+
+So some people like to think
+about this in terms of delta g
+
+equals r t natural
+log of q over k.
+
+So you think about if q is less
+than k, what sign you
+
+have for delta g, and that's
+tells you whether the reaction
+
+is spontaneous in the forward
+or the reverse direction.
+
+And let me just give you
+one hint for taking
+
+exams in this unit.
+
+That use of the arrow is really
+good, or saying "toward
+
+product" or "reactant." I can't
+tell you how many people
+
+write -- know what the answer
+is and write left when mean
+
+right, or write right
+when they mean left.
+
+But if you draw an arrow you
+never really get it wrong, and
+
+when you say products or
+reactants it's a lot harder to
+
+make that mistake.
+
+So if you're not good with right
+or left, which let me
+
+tell you a large fraction of
+people are not, hedge your
+
+bets, you can write everything,
+more products,
+
+arrows, and then write if you
+want, then you're pretty sure
+
+that you have it all in there.
+
+OK.
+
+So again, we can explain this
+in terms of q or k.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's just quickly talk about
+adding more products.
+
+We did this already.
+
+If more products are added. then
+q is going to be greater
+
+than k momentarily, and you
+would shift toward reactants,
+
+shift toward the left, and
+again, we saw that down there.
+
+So tell me a final clicker
+question and then we're done.
+
+What happens if you remove
+products and why?
+
+OK, 10 seconds.
+
+See if we can get in the 90's.
+
+No, no 90's today, we'll have
+to do it next time,
+
+but we got 73 right.
+
+So we're going to make more
+products as well.
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,2764 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Modeling decision
+under uncertainty turns out to
+
+be a critical part of what
+we do in economics.
+
+And I'll spend today's
+lecture talking
+
+about this set of issues.
+
+And, let me just say, the
+uncertainty you face now is
+
+nothing compared to the
+uncertainty that you'll face
+
+later in life.
+
+So you have uncertainty now
+about whether you should study
+
+for the final, or carry an
+umbrella, or go on a date with
+
+this person.
+
+I've got uncertainty about
+whether I should refinance my
+
+mortgage, or which college to
+send my kid to, or how much
+
+life insurance I should buy.
+
+Uncertainty only get more
+and more important as
+
+you move on in life.
+
+This is an important issue.
+
+Now, how do we think
+about uncertainty?
+
+Well, the tool that we use to
+think about uncertainty is,
+
+once again, to make simplifying
+assumptions which
+
+allow us to write down sensible
+models, but which
+
+capture the key elements of
+what we're thinking about.
+
+And the simplifying assumption
+here is we move to the tools
+
+of what we call expected
+utility theory.
+
+And so, basically, the way we
+think about expected utility
+
+theory is the following.
+
+Imagine that I offered you guys
+in this class a choice.
+
+And I'm just going to say right
+now, there's no right
+
+answer to this.
+
+But I do want you guys
+to answer me.
+
+There's no right answer.
+
+Here's the question.
+
+I'm going to give
+you a choice.
+
+I'm going to flip a coin.
+
+I have a coin in pocket, and
+I'm going to flip it.
+
+And I'm going to offer
+you guys the
+
+ability to make a bet.
+
+If it comes up heads,
+you win $125.
+
+If it comes up tails,
+you lose $100.
+
+Heads, you win a $125.
+
+Tails, you lose $100.
+
+There's no right answer.
+
+How many would take that bet.
+
+How many people would
+not take that bet?
+
+Very good.
+
+That's the typical set of
+responses I get to this.
+
+Now, what's interesting
+is to think about the
+
+parameters of that bet.
+
+And to think about it, let's
+take a step back to something
+
+we've discussed already this
+semester, the concept of
+
+expected value.
+
+What's the expected value
+of that gamble?
+
+The expected value, if you
+remember, is the probability
+
+of each outcome times the
+value of that outcome.
+
+That is you remember expected
+value, which you defined
+
+before, is the probability that
+you lose times the value
+
+if you lose plus the probability
+that you win times
+
+the value if you win.
+
+That's the expected
+value of a gamble.
+
+So, in this context, the
+expected value is there's a
+
+50% probability that
+you lose, so 0.5.
+
+And if you lose, you lose minus
+$100 plus a 50% value
+
+that you win.
+
+It's flipping a coin
+after all.
+
+And if you win, you won $125.
+
+So the expected value of
+this gamble is $12.50.
+
+On average, if I did this enough
+times, you would win
+
+$12.50 per time.
+
+Statistically, if I did this
+enough times, you'd
+
+win $12.50 per time.
+
+So, in other words, we
+say that this is
+
+more than a fair bet.
+
+A fair bet is one with an
+expected value of 0.
+
+A fair bet has an expected
+value of 0.
+
+So a fair bet would be
+tails you lose $100,
+
+heads you win $100.
+
+This is a more than fair bet.
+
+There's more than 0
+expected value.
+
+Yet, the majority of you
+would not be willing
+
+to take this bet.
+
+In fact, the majority
+of people would
+
+not take this bet.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Why is it that I've dictated
+a bet which has a positive
+
+expected value and yet,
+people won't take it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But wouldn't that also
+depend on how much money
+
+you have.
+
+PROFESSOR: It will absolutely
+depend on how much money you
+
+have.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+So if I were a richer person,
+then losing $100 isn't as
+
+important to me as the chance
+of getting $125.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So flesh that out.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Why is it that basically it
+would matter how much wealth
+
+you have. Because no matter how
+much wealth you have, this
+
+math is impeachable.
+
+It's always a good bet.
+
+So why is it that your state
+without much wealth, your
+
+state as college students
+without much wealth, what is
+
+it about you that causes you to
+not want to take this bet
+
+that's more than fair.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, basically, for me,
+the risk of losing or the
+
+state I will be in after I lose
+is much greater, well,
+
+for me, a lot more than what
+I would be in if win.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+And there's two possible
+reasons for that.
+
+One we're going to push off to
+the very end of the lecture.
+
+The main reason we're going
+to focus on is because
+
+individuals do not consider
+expected value, they consider
+
+expected utility, and
+individuals are risk averse.
+
+Expected utility is going to
+differ from expected value
+
+when individuals are
+risk averse.
+
+Expecting utility is not going
+to be the probability times
+
+the value if you lose.
+
+Expected utility is going to
+be the probability that you
+
+lose times the utility if you
+lose plus the probability that
+
+you win times the utility
+if you win.
+
+And utility is not the same as
+value, importantly, because
+
+utility functions exhibit
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+Utility functions
+are not linear.
+
+Utility functions
+are nonlinear.
+
+And, in particular, there's
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+And with diminishing marginal
+utility, you're going to not
+
+want bets where there's the
+chance you lose is equal to or
+
+even a bit smaller than the
+value that you win.
+
+And the basic point is that the
+joy of winning is smaller
+
+than the pain of losing with
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't there also a
+statistical side to this then?
+
+Because we don't know how many
+times we're going to bet.
+
+It might just be once.
+
+We're a lot more comfortable if,
+let's say, use the law of
+
+large numbers and say, OK, it's
+going to eventually even
+
+out so we'll win
+$12.50 a game.
+
+But for the first, let's say 10
+or so games, we might get
+
+really unlucky and flip eight
+tails and two heads.
+
+PROFESSOR: But, once again, if
+you weren't risk averse, you
+
+wouldn't care about that.
+
+Hold that thought.
+
+I'm going to explain why
+that isn't true.
+
+So just hold that thought.
+
+So now let's imagine that your
+utility functions are the
+
+typical form we've worked
+with before, the typical
+
+diminishing marginal utility
+form we've worked with before
+
+where utility is the square
+root of consumption.
+
+You're casting your mind back
+to consumer theory here.
+
+You're going to have to start
+integrating the course now,
+
+both consumer and
+producer theory.
+
+So remember we said the typical
+diminishing marginal
+
+utility function we worked
+with was u equals the
+
+square root of c.
+
+Now, let's say you start with
+consumption of $100.
+
+Imagine you consume
+your income.
+
+Let's say you have consumption
+of $100.
+
+Well, then utility is 10.
+
+If you start with a consumption
+of $100, your
+
+utility is 10.
+
+Now let's calculate
+the expected
+
+utility of this gamble.
+
+The expected utility of this
+gamble is that there's a 50%
+
+chance that you lose.
+
+And, if you lose, what
+is your utility?
+
+Well you lose $100.
+
+So consumption goes to 0.
+
+So utility is 0 plus a 50%
+chance that you win.
+
+Well, what do you
+get if you win.
+
+Well, if you win, you go
+from $100 to $225.
+
+So your utility is the square
+root of $225, or $15.
+
+Your utility is the square
+root of $225 or 15.
+
+It's half chance of having 15.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+So this is a negative.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So utility, if you take this
+gamble, is you end up with a
+
+utility of 7.5.
+
+So utility falls.
+
+You move from a utility of 10
+without the gamble to a
+
+utility of 7.5 with
+the gamble.
+
+Utility is lower with the
+gamble, which is why people
+
+decided they didn't want
+to take that gamble.
+
+Utility is lower.
+
+And the reason is because given
+a utility function of
+
+this form, you are sadder about
+losing than happier
+
+about winning.
+
+To see that, we can see that
+graphically in Figure 20-1.
+
+This graph's utility against
+wealth-- we don't usually
+
+graph utility, because
+it's not cardinal.
+
+Remember it's just ordinal.
+
+But the sort of gives you a
+sense of the intuition.
+
+This is a graph of utility
+against wealth levels.
+
+So you start at point A. You
+start with $100 in wealth,
+
+which is consumption.
+
+and utility of 10.
+
+Now, I give you a choice
+of a gamble.
+
+That gamble has a 50% chance of
+leaving you at 0 and a 50%
+
+chance a leaving you at point
+B. So your utility and
+
+expected value is the midpoint
+of that chord that runs from 0
+
+to B or point C. Your expecting
+utility is lower
+
+than your initial utility.
+
+Why?
+
+Because utility is concave. You
+are made so sad by getting
+
+to 0 that it vastly
+overcompensate the happiness
+
+you feel moving to $225 because
+of the diminishing
+
+marginal utility.
+
+Because, basically, think
+of it this way.
+
+Imagine it's your
+actual income.
+
+Let's take the point about the
+size of the gamble relative to
+
+income seriously.
+
+Imagine, literally, I was asking
+you to gamble your
+
+entire income for the year.
+
+And if you lose, you
+starve to death.
+
+And if you win, you get
+to eat extra nice.
+
+Well, clearly, the disutility
+of starving to death vastly
+
+outweighs the extra utility
+to eating well.
+
+So, in that extreme example,
+if this was your entire
+
+wealth, you can see why you
+would have a situation where
+
+you wouldn't want to
+take that gamble.
+
+Because if you lost,
+you'd die.
+
+And, basically, risk aversion
+arises because, basically,
+
+with diminishing marginal
+utility you're
+
+made so much sadder.
+
+That steepness at the bottom,
+you get so much sadder as you
+
+get towards 0 that it vastly
+overcompensates the flatter
+
+part as you move above
+your initial point.
+
+So, as you can see, you are
+going to end up not wanting
+
+gambles even if they're fair.
+
+Gambles that are fair, that is
+positive expected value, might
+
+still lead to a reduction in
+your expected utility.
+
+Indeed, let me go further.
+
+You dislike this gamble so
+much that if I said the
+
+following, I as your teacher am
+going to force you to take
+
+this gamble-- imagine it's
+like 100 years ago where
+
+teachers can beat students
+and stuff--
+
+I'm going to force you take this
+gamble unless you pay me,
+
+you would actually be
+willing to pay me to
+
+avoid taking this gamble.
+
+How much would you pay me?
+
+Imagine utilities in dollar
+terms. Imagine we're actually
+
+measuring utility in dollar
+terms. How much would you pay
+
+me to avoid taking
+this gamble.
+
+If I said you either take the
+gamble, or you pay me.
+
+You're starting with
+a utility of 100.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: The difference between
+the two utilities.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the difference
+
+between the two utilities.
+
+So utility is 100 here.
+
+Here utility is 7.5
+squared, so 56.25.
+
+So you would actually
+pay me $43.75 to
+
+avoid taking this gamble.
+
+Think about that.
+
+I've offered you a more than
+fair bet, a very good bet,
+
+which, on average, will yield
+you a positive $12.50.
+
+Yet you will pay me $43.75.
+
+You will pay almost half of your
+entire wealth to avoid
+
+taking that gamble.
+
+That's pretty incredible
+if you think about it.
+
+I've offered you a more than
+fair bet, and yet you will pay
+
+me more than half your wealth,
+almost half your wealth, to
+
+avoid taking that bet.
+
+So another way to see
+this, let's look at
+
+this another way.
+
+How large would I have to make
+the positive payoff for you to
+
+take the bet?
+
+Let's look at it that way.
+
+Right now I said you win
+$125 with heads.
+
+How much would you have to win
+with heads if you were going
+
+to take that bet?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And tell us how you
+figured that out.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you need to
+have at least the same utility
+
+as you had before from the
+unexpected utility.
+
+So more than half of his
+per year utility
+
+would be 20 if he wins.
+
+20 squared is 400.
+
+[INAUDIBLE  PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+You'd need to win 300.
+
+Because I'd need to take your
+utility to 20 if you win.
+
+Only then would you be willing
+to take this gamble.
+
+So another way to say it is
+that's how fair a gamble would
+
+need to be, how more than
+fair it would need to be
+
+before you take it.
+
+You'd need me to pay off 3:1 on
+a 50% chance before you'd
+
+take the bet.
+
+And this is just with a typical
+looking utility
+
+function of the kind we worked
+earlier in the semester.
+
+You didn't look at this earlier
+in the semester and
+
+say, wow, that's a bizarre
+utility function.
+
+We got sensible answers on our
+problems, and problem sets,
+
+and tests, and things,
+examples from
+
+square root of c.
+
+That seemed like a sensible
+function.
+
+And yet it yields these
+incredibly wild predictions
+
+that you would pay people almost
+half of your wealth to
+
+avoid engaging in a more
+than fair bet.
+
+And that you would need the odds
+to be like 3:1 before you
+
+even consider taking a a bet.
+
+That's the power of uncertainty
+and the power of
+
+risk aversion.
+
+Really, risk aversion, it's just
+the power of diminishing
+
+marginal utility.
+
+The power of diminishing
+marginal utility is so key to
+
+driving our decisions.
+
+It's the fact that that first
+pizza means so much more to
+
+you than the fifth pizza, that
+you really hate outcomes that
+
+don't let you get
+the first pizza.
+
+And, as a result, you will pay
+a lot to be forced into a
+
+situation where you don't
+get any pizzas.
+
+You'll need to be paid a lot in
+the state where you do win
+
+to deal with the state
+where you don't.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+Now, we can change the example
+in some interesting ways to
+
+understand it.
+
+So let's change the example to
+say, instead, let's talk about
+
+some alternatives to this
+example and how they affect
+
+our intuition.
+
+First alternative, imagine your
+utility function instead
+
+of being square root of c, your
+utility function was 0.1
+
+times c, a linear utility
+function, not a non-linear
+
+utility function.
+
+We can now say that, in that
+case, you actually would take
+
+the gamble.
+
+There's a 0.5% chance of 0.
+
+And I chose 0.1 times c, because
+your initial utility
+
+is still 10 then.
+
+I normalized this.
+
+So starting with your bundle of
+100 you still start at 10.
+
+It gives the same starting
+point as
+
+the square root function.
+
+But now your expected utility
+from his gamble is 0.5 times 0
+
+plus 0.5 times if you win 125,
+your utility is 12.5.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+It's 22.5.
+
+So your expected utility is
+11.25 which is higher than
+
+your starting utility.
+
+So you would take this gamble.
+
+What's changed?
+
+AUDIENCE: No diminishing
+marginal utility.
+
+PROFESSOR: No diminishing
+marginal utility because now
+
+we are no longer risk averse.
+
+We are what we call
+risk neutral.
+
+A linear utility function
+yields risks neutrality.
+
+And once you're risk neutral,
+you only care
+
+about expected value.
+
+Risk neutral consumers
+would only care
+
+about expected value.
+
+And so a linear utility function
+will lead to risk
+
+neutrality since you don't have
+
+diminishing marginal utility.
+
+Then you take any
+bet that's fair.
+
+You don't care.
+
+You're indifferent between
+winning a dollar and losing a
+
+dollar with this utility
+function.
+
+It doesn't matter if
+you go up or down.
+
+The joy you get from winning
+is the same as the pain you
+
+get from losing.
+
+Whereas with this utility
+function, the pain you get
+
+from losing exceeds the
+joy from winning.
+
+We can see that graphically in
+the next figure, Figure 20-2,
+
+the case of risk neutrality.
+
+Here, you start at point
+A. You have 100, and
+
+your utility is 10.
+
+Now, I've offered you a gamble
+where there's a 50% chance of
+
+getting 0 and a 50% chance of
+getting B. Well, that yields
+
+an outcome of c, which
+is a higher utility.
+
+So since your utility is linear,
+you're risk neutral,
+
+and you'll take any fair bet.
+
+We can go further.
+
+What if utility, instead, was of
+the form u equals c squared
+
+over 1,000?
+
+What if this was your
+utility function?
+
+Once again, your initial
+utility u of 100 is 10.
+
+It's the same starting point.
+
+But this is a utility function
+which now if you do this
+
+gamble, your expected utility is
+50% times 0 plus 50% times
+
+$225 squared over 1,000
+which is 25.3.
+
+That's a huge increase in
+utility from this gamble.
+
+So your expected utility with
+the gamble is 25.3.
+
+It's a huge increase
+in utility.
+
+And that's because this is an
+individual where the shape of
+
+the utility function has change
+where they don't have
+
+diminishing marginal
+utility, they have
+
+increasing marginal utility.
+
+We've never worked with utility
+
+functions like this before.
+
+These are individuals
+we call risk-loving.
+
+That is, they are made happier
+by winning $1 than they are
+
+made sadder by losing $1.
+
+It's the opposite of all the
+intuition we developed earlier
+
+in this course.
+
+It's a crazy utility function.
+
+But the notion of a risk-loving
+utility function
+
+is one where literally $1 that
+moves you up makes you happier
+
+than $1 that moves you down
+makes you sadder.
+
+You can see that
+in Figure 20-3.
+
+Here's a risk-loving
+utility function.
+
+The individual starts at point
+A. They have a choice of a
+
+gamble where they can have a 50%
+chance of landing at 0 and
+
+a 50% chance--
+
+Jessica, that B should
+be down at the
+
+intersection of dashed lines--
+
+a 50% chance of landing at B
+at the intersection of the
+
+dashed lines.
+
+You take the average of
+those two, and it's c.
+
+Their utility is way higher with
+the gamble than it was
+
+without the gamble.
+
+In fact.
+
+we can go further.
+
+With a risk-loving person, they
+would actually take an
+
+unfair bet.
+
+Consider the following bet.
+
+Tails you lose $100,
+heads you win $75.
+
+That's a bet with a negative
+expected value.
+
+Neither the risk averse nor the
+risk neutral person would
+
+take that bet.
+
+But a risk-loving
+person would.
+
+If you work out the math, that
+bet gives them a gain in
+
+expected utility.
+
+That is a bet with a negative
+expected value that gives them
+
+a gain in expected utility.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Because it's the opposite
+of diminishing
+
+marginal utility intuition.
+
+They're made so much happier
+by winning that they're
+
+willing to take a bet
+even if it's a
+
+negative expected value.
+
+Just like the risk averse person
+is made so much sadder
+
+by losing, they won't
+take a bet even if
+
+it's more than fair.
+
+So you can actually develop all
+the opposite predictions
+
+from a risk-loving person.
+
+They'll even take
+unfair gambles.
+
+Now, by the way, I skipped over
+your earlier question
+
+about risk neutrality.
+
+With risk neutrality, you see it
+doesn't matter if you do it
+
+100 times or one time.
+
+If you're risk neutral, you
+should take the bet anytime,
+
+because the expected value
+is still positive.
+
+Now, you're thinking about
+risk aversion where, in
+
+substance, you're more
+confident as
+
+the numbers go up.
+
+But if you're risk neutral,
+you'll take it no matter how
+
+many times I offer
+you that bet.
+
+So to extend this further, let's
+go to a third extension
+
+which will develop this
+intuition further.
+
+Now imagine that I offer you
+guys a different gamble.
+
+And, once again, I really want
+you to answer honestly.
+
+Don't try to game me.
+
+Answer honestly.
+
+Now the gamble is if I flip a
+coin, tails you lose $1, heads
+
+you win $1.25.
+
+Now how many of you would
+take that gamble.
+
+How many would not
+take that gamble?
+
+OK.
+
+I hope you're answering
+honestly.
+
+But maybe you're just thinking
+ahead and realizing that that
+
+gamble is very different.
+
+And why are people more willing
+to take that gamble
+
+than they were willing to take
+the previous gamble, the same
+
+risk averse people.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The difference
+in [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+In particular, the utility
+function is locally linear.
+
+Let's go back to Figure 20-1.
+
+As you get closer and closer
+to A, you could draw,
+
+essentially, a linear segment.
+
+So for an infinitesimal bet,
+utility is linear.
+
+So it's linear at point A.
+
+So for small bets, you
+become risk neutral.
+
+Even a risk averse person moves
+towards risk neutrality
+
+as the bet is small relative
+to their resources.
+
+This was the point that
+you were making.
+
+Basically if you're a rich
+person, you'd probably be
+
+happy to take the $100
+and $125 thing.
+
+I'd be happy to do that.
+
+I'm a rich guy.
+
+I'd be happy to do that.
+
+So, basically, what determines
+your willingness to take a bet
+
+is going to be about
+what's at stake
+
+relative to your resources.
+
+And what you can see is that
+if you solve the math here,
+
+that basically expected utility
+even with a square
+
+root of c is positive for
+that smaller gamble.
+
+Because as it gets smaller
+relative to the $100 you start
+
+with, you become roughly
+risk neutral.
+
+And then you'll go ahead
+and take the gamble.
+
+So at the end of the day what's
+going to determine
+
+whether you're going to take a
+gamble is going to be your
+
+level of risk aversion and the
+size of the risk you're taking
+
+relative to your resources.
+
+The more risk averse you are,
+and the bigger the gamble, the
+
+less likely you are to take it
+at a given level of fairness.
+
+Questions about that?
+
+All right.
+
+So now that we all understand
+expected utility theory.
+
+Now we're going to go on and
+talk about why this matters in
+
+the real world and
+how we use it.
+
+And I want to talk, in
+particular, about two
+
+applications, insurance
+and the lottery.
+
+Let's start by talking
+about insurance and
+
+why people have insurance.
+
+Because, in fact, given what
+we learned in this lecture,
+
+there would be no reason
+for insurance.
+
+This lecture tells us why
+people have insurance.
+
+Because there's diminishing
+marginal utility, and you're
+
+made so much sadder with a
+negative outcome, you're
+
+willing to pay you avoid it.
+
+Remember we talked about that
+you would be willing to pay
+
+almost $44 to avoid being
+forced to take that bet?
+
+That's what insurance does.
+
+Insurance allows you to
+avoid taking gambles.
+
+That's what you can think
+of insurance as.
+
+It's a way to avoid
+taking a gamble.
+
+You're gambling you're
+going to get sick.
+
+You're gambling your house
+is going to burn down.
+
+These are gambles you
+face that are
+
+forced on you by nature.
+
+What insurance does is
+allow you to avoid
+
+taking those gambles.
+
+And just like you'd pay me to
+avoid the $100, $125 gamble,
+
+you're paying Aetna to avoid
+gambling that you might have
+
+to go to the hospital.
+
+So let's say there's a
+25-year-old who is deciding
+
+whether to buy health
+insurance.
+
+And let's say they're
+25-year-old
+
+guy, totally healthy.
+
+I say guy because there's
+no risk they're
+
+going to have a kid.
+
+So he's basically totally
+healthy, basically zero chance
+
+they're going to use the
+doctor except if they
+
+get hit by a car.
+
+So imagine the situation is that
+you've got 25-year-old
+
+with an income of $40,000.
+
+And let's say that there's
+a 1% chance that they'll
+
+get hit by a car.
+
+It is Cambridge after all.
+
+So every time you cross the
+street, there's a 1% chance
+
+you get hit by a car.
+
+And if you get hit by a car,
+you're going to suffer $30,000
+
+in hospital bills.
+
+And let's say your utility
+function is square root of c.
+
+So you're a risk averse guy.
+
+So let's say that I then come
+to you and say, look, each
+
+year there's an expected
+cost to you of getting
+
+hit by car of $300.
+
+How did I calculate that?
+
+Well, every year there's a
+1% chance you get hit.
+
+They're independent
+draws, let's say.
+
+If you get hit this year,
+it doesn't mean
+
+suddenly you're safer.
+
+It's random.
+
+It's just crazy drivers.
+
+So there's a 1% chance you're
+going to get hit every year.
+
+And if you get hit, there's a
+$30,000 cost. So every year
+
+there's an expected
+cost to you--
+
+the opposite of expected value
+is expected cost--
+
+of $300.
+
+So let's say I offered to sell
+you insurance for $300.
+
+I offered to sell you insurance
+in a way where, on
+
+average, if you lived an
+infinite number of years, you
+
+would pay out in premiums what
+you'd get in benefits.
+
+If you paid $300 a year and
+lived forever or lived for
+
+many, many years-- the law of
+large numbers enough years--
+
+then basically you would pay out
+in premiums what you would
+
+collect in benefits.
+
+You'd get hit once
+every 100 years.
+
+And ever 100 years you would
+have paid $30,000 in premiums,
+
+and you'd collect $30,000
+in benefits.
+
+So that's what we call
+actuarially fair insurance.
+
+Actuarially fair insurance is
+insurance where the price of
+
+the insurance equals the
+probability of the bad outcome
+
+times the cost of
+the bad outcome.
+
+That's actuarially fair
+insurance where the price you
+
+pay is the probability of the
+bad outcome times the cost of
+
+the bad outcome.
+
+That's fair because, over a
+large enough population, the
+
+premiums that get paid in will
+get paid out in the form of
+
+claims.
+
+Now, let's ask what is your
+utility if you do not or do
+
+buy insurance.
+
+So for the first thing you
+say if I'm a 25-year-old.
+
+Screw it.
+
+I'm never going to
+get hit by a car.
+
+I'm not going to
+buy insurance.
+
+What's your utility
+with no insurance?
+
+Well, if you have no insurance,
+there's a 1%
+
+chance, 0.01, that you'll
+lose $30,000.
+
+You'll get hit by a car
+and lose $30,000.
+
+Your income is $40,000.
+
+So there's a 1% chance that
+you'll end up with a utility,
+
+which is the square
+root of 10,000.
+
+And there's a 99% chance you'll
+end up with a utility
+
+that's the square
+root of 40,000.
+
+You work this out, and the
+answer is you get 199.
+
+Utility without insurance is 199
+which is pretty close to
+
+utility just if you weren't
+going to get hit by the car.
+
+Because it's so rare that
+you get hit by the car.
+
+So utility is 199 without
+insurance.
+
+Now, let's ask the question, how
+much would you be willing
+
+to pay to have insurance?
+
+How do we figure that out?
+
+$300 is the actuarially
+fair premium.
+
+But now let's do a different
+question.
+
+I'm an insurance company, and
+I want to make money.
+
+I don't want to just charge the
+actuarially fair premium.
+
+The insurance company
+makes no money with
+
+this premium of $300.
+
+So the insurance company
+wants to make money.
+
+How would we figure out how much
+would you be willing to
+
+pay, this 25-year-old,
+be willing
+
+to pay to get insurance?
+
+How do we figure that out?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe you could keep
+the utility function constant.
+
+PROFESSOR: Keep the utility
+value constant.
+
+AUDIENCE: Value, yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+You'd have ask well, how much
+would I be willing to pay to
+
+have insurance which would
+protect me and leave me at the
+
+same utility level.
+
+Obviously it would have to
+be a little bit higher.
+
+But let's just set it equal.
+
+So, in other words, if I bought
+insurance, my utility
+
+with insurance, there's a
+1% chance that I will
+
+get hit by the car.
+
+In that case, what
+happens to me?
+
+Well, if I get hit by the
+car, I get $10,000.
+
+I make $40,000.
+
+I lose $30,000.
+
+Let me actually write it out.
+
+If I get hit by the car,
+what happens to me?
+
+Well, I make $40,000.
+
+I always make $40,000
+each year.
+
+I lose $30,000, because
+I get hit by the car.
+
+But then the insurance company
+pays me $30,000.
+
+They pay off my debts.
+
+So then I gain $30,000.
+
+So these things cancel.
+
+But I have to pay the insurance
+company premium.
+
+So I have to pay
+some amount x.
+
+If I don't get hit by the car, I
+get my $40,000 income, but I
+
+still have to pay the insurance
+company premium.
+
+I have to pay them whether
+I get hit or not.
+
+It's insurance.
+
+I pay them either way.
+
+So that's my utility.
+
+So my expected utility
+with insurance is the
+
+sum of these two.
+
+And I want to set that
+equal to 199.
+
+I want to say what x am I
+willing to pay that would
+
+leave me at the same utility as
+if I was uninsured as per
+
+the answer here?
+
+Well, it turns out that if you
+do, that if you solve this,
+
+you get that x equals 399.
+
+That is you would pay $399
+for insurance that has a
+
+value of only $300.
+
+You'd pay $399 for insurance
+even though the actuarially
+
+fair price is $300.
+
+You would pay you insurance
+company $99 more than they
+
+expect to pay out to you.
+
+Why?
+
+Because you're risk averse.
+
+Because you're made so much
+sadder than being left with
+
+$10,000 than you are by
+having to pay $300.
+
+If it doesn't work out,
+you pay $300.
+
+Who cares?
+
+That's tiny compared
+to your income.
+
+But if it does work
+out, you're safe
+
+from having to starve.
+
+You pay $400, I'm sorry.
+
+You pay $399.
+
+You're like, look, I'll be
+bummed if I have to pay $400.
+
+That's a percent of my
+income basically.
+
+That would be a shame to pay
+a percent of my income for
+
+something that doesn't happen.
+
+But, boy, would I be happy in
+that 1 in 100 chance where I
+
+get hit by a car when
+I'm not out $30,000.
+
+So you will pay $399
+for insurance
+
+that's only worth $300.
+
+That extra $99 we call
+a risk premium.
+
+We call that a risk premium.
+
+The extra $99, we call
+a risk premium.
+
+That is the amount that you are
+willing to pay above and
+
+beyond the fair price, because
+you're risk averse.
+
+And what you should go home and
+show yourself using the
+
+same kind of mathematics is
+that, for example, the risk
+
+premium will rise the
+bigger the loss is.
+
+Hopefully you can see the
+intuition on that.
+
+The bigger the loss is for a
+given level of income the
+
+bigger the risk is.
+
+Likewise, for a given
+loss, the risk
+
+premium falls with income.
+
+So the bigger is the loss of
+relative to income the more
+
+risk premium you're
+willing to pay.
+
+You should also, obviously, see
+that the more risk averse
+
+you are, the bigger premium
+you're willing to pay.
+
+A risk neutral person would
+not pay a risk premium.
+
+Only a risk averse
+person will.
+
+So the more risk averse you are,
+the bigger risk premium
+
+you'll pay, and the
+bigger the loss is
+
+relative to your income.
+
+These are the same principles
+we talked about before.
+
+So the $43.75 we were willing to
+pay to avoid that gamble I
+
+was going to force on you, that
+was the risk premium.
+
+You were willing to pay $44
+to avoid that gamble.
+
+Here, you're willing to pay
+$99 to avoid the risk of
+
+ending up in that bad state
+where you get hit by the car.
+
+And that's why people
+buy insurance.
+
+And that's why insurance
+companies make
+
+ungodly amounts of money.
+
+In the US we have a health
+insurance industry, for
+
+example, that earns about
+$800 billion a year.
+
+Why do they make
+all that money?
+
+Because people are risk averse,
+and they're willing to
+
+pay to have someone else
+bear the risk of
+
+their injury or illness.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Now, I don't mean by that to
+say, insurance is a bad thing,
+
+and we shouldn't do it.
+
+Risk aversion is the nature
+of our utility functions.
+
+We should be willing to
+pay a risk premium.
+
+It's just that you need to
+understand why, in fact, it
+
+makes sense to have insurance
+in that case.
+
+The second application
+is the lottery.
+
+The lottery is a total ripoff.
+
+I hope you knew this already.
+
+The expected value
+of $1 lottery
+
+ticket is roughly $0.50.
+
+So for every $1 you spend in the
+lottery, in expectation,
+
+you get about $0.50 back.
+
+This is an incredibly bad bet,
+incredibly unfair, an
+
+incredibly unfair bet.
+
+On average, you lose $0.50
+for every $1 you bet.
+
+So, basically, despite that,
+lotteries are wildly popular.
+
+They've become a huge source
+of revenue for state
+
+governments.
+
+A lot of the money that state
+governments now take in is
+
+through state lotteries.
+
+What accounts for the fact that
+lotteries are so popular?
+
+Well, there's four different
+theories for why lotteries are
+
+so popular.
+
+The first is that people
+are risk-loving.
+
+We have it all wrong.
+
+Actually people like taking
+risks, and the
+
+lottery feeds that.
+
+This, of course, we can
+immediately rule out.
+
+How?
+
+How do we know this is wrong?
+
+That the answer is that people
+play the lottery because
+
+they're risk-loving.
+
+How do we know people
+aren't risk-loving?
+
+AUDIENCE: The same people don't
+take [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: And they spend
+$800 billion a
+
+year on health insurance.
+
+Basically, as a society, we
+spend, in total, about $1.5
+
+trillion a year on insuring
+various risks that face us.
+
+We're not risk-loving.
+
+So that's clearly
+not the answer.
+
+However, there's
+an alternative.
+
+People could basically alternate
+between risk-loving
+
+and risk-aversion.
+
+This is a theory due to Milton
+Friedman, the famous economist
+
+from Chicago and a co-author
+named Savage, the
+
+Friedman-Savage preferences,
+where the notion is that
+
+basically people are risk averse
+over small gambles but
+
+risk-loving over
+large gambles.
+
+So to see that, go last
+figure in the graph.
+
+This is sort of a complicated
+case.
+
+Basically, the notion is if you
+take someone, they have a
+
+utility function which is
+initially risk averse and then
+
+becomes risk-loving.
+
+That is in the segment between
+W1 and W3, that looks like a
+
+risk averse utility function.
+
+But once you get above W3, it
+looks like a risk-loving
+
+utility function.
+
+So the notion is that for things
+which can make me very
+
+poor, I'm risk averse.
+
+I want to insure against events
+which will leave me in
+
+that bottom segment.
+
+But once I'm going to be
+above W3, then great.
+
+I'm happy to take risks.
+
+Then I become risk-loving.
+
+Now, this is a not crazy idea.
+
+Graphically, what I'm showing
+you here, is that b* is
+
+utility without the gamble
+and b is with.
+
+So you see you're happier
+without the gamble when your
+
+income is low.
+
+Once your income is a lot
+higher, you're happier with
+
+the gamble at d then you are
+without the gamble at d*.
+
+That's not a crazy theory.
+
+The notion is that once I'm
+rich enough, I become
+
+risk-loving.
+
+But when I'm poor, I don't
+want to take the risks.
+
+The problem is that this is
+inconsistent with lottery
+
+behavior in the following
+sense.
+
+Most people who play
+the lottery don't
+
+play the Mega Millions.
+
+They play tiny scratch
+lotteries where you
+
+bet $1 to win $10.
+
+And people spend huge amounts
+of money on lotteries with
+
+very, very low payoffs.
+
+That is inconsistent
+with this.
+
+Because this would say that
+you'd only play lotteries that
+
+have big payoffs.
+
+Lotteries that have small
+payoffs, once again, there's
+
+no reason to play that and
+still buy insurance.
+
+So if you're buying insurance
+against being low income, why
+
+are you playing these small
+lotteries that are a ripoff.
+
+Because those small ones
+are a ripoff too.
+
+So the existence of the fact
+that the most popular
+
+lotteries are actually the
+small lotteries is
+
+inconsistent with this
+explanation.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I'm confused.
+
+Is it risk-loving on
+large gambles?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, risk-loving
+on large gambles.
+
+It's not the size
+of the gamble.
+
+You're risk-loving on gambles
+which leave you in a high
+
+wealth state.
+
+The point is that if
+I'm gambling over
+
+winning Mega Millions.
+
+Yeah, I'm a little
+risk averse.
+
+But the truth is winning Mega
+Millions would make me so
+
+happy that I could move into
+the risk-loving part of my
+
+utility function.
+
+But this would not explain why
+people ever play something
+
+that pays off $100.
+
+This is a fancy way of the
+intuition you probably have.
+
+It's I'd think differently about
+something which would
+
+completely change my life and
+make me a multi-billionaire,
+
+that's something that would make
+me raise me, than the bet
+
+I offered you guys before.
+
+People are systematically taking
+terrible bets like the
+
+kind i offered you
+guys before.
+
+And that's inconsistent with
+these preferences.
+
+The third explanation
+is entertainment.
+
+It's that the utility function
+has in it the
+
+thrill of the risk.
+
+We only write down utility
+functions that are a function
+
+of consumption like how many
+pizza and movies you see.
+
+But people have utility
+over lots of things.
+
+One thing you may have utility
+of the thrill of being able to
+
+scratch the thing off and seeing
+if they won or not.
+
+That would actually be
+consistent with the fact that
+
+people play a lot of
+small lotteries.
+
+If it's a thrill of winning
+that matters, if it's the
+
+scratch off thrill that matters,
+then the optimal
+
+thing to do, in fact, would be
+to not play one Mega Million.
+
+It would be to play lots
+of little lotteries.
+
+And that would be consistent
+with that behavior.
+
+So one story that is consistent
+with what we see is
+
+that people actually view
+this as entertainment.
+
+On the other hand, once again,
+it's really expensive
+
+entertainment.
+
+Because you're throwing away
+$0.50 of every $1.
+
+So you've got to get a lot of
+enjoyment out of that scratch
+
+off relative to when you
+go to see a movie.
+
+So that's another theory.
+
+I'm going to put this in here.
+
+It sort of inserts in here.
+
+We talked about the fact that
+people can't be risk-loving
+
+because they buy insurance.
+
+And this alternating thing
+doesn't work, because they
+
+play small lotteries.
+
+But another theory that might
+fit here is a theory we call
+
+loss aversion.
+
+This is sort of a different
+version of the Friedman-Savage
+
+preferences.
+
+It's that people are, in
+general, risk averse.
+
+But, in fact, they're really
+risk averse on the downside,
+
+and they don't care so
+much on the upside.
+
+So, in other words, the point
+is that when I initially
+
+offered you that bet of win
+$125, lose $100, part of your
+
+reaction was about the
+risk aversion.
+
+But a lot of you are thinking,
+I'd be really
+
+bummed if I lost $100.
+
+It's not just that I don't
+have it to spare.
+
+It's just like, god, I
+would kick myself.
+
+It was one flip of the coin.
+
+How could I possibly have
+been so stupid?
+
+Whereas if you won,
+you'd be happy.
+
+But then you'd go on
+to the next class.
+
+The notion is that basically
+it's an extreme version of
+
+risk aversion.
+
+It's not only that you're
+risk averse, it go
+
+further than that.
+
+Relative to the starting point,
+anything which is a
+
+loss really pisses you off.
+
+So, in fact, even that little
+gamble I offered you, win
+
+$1.25 lose $1, you still
+might not take.
+
+Some of you still wouldn't
+take it.
+
+And the reason you
+wouldn't take it
+
+can't be risk aversion.
+
+Because it's just too small
+for risk aversion
+
+to plausibly work.
+
+It's that you'll just be bummed
+that you did that and
+
+you took that chance.
+
+You'd be made sadder by the
+loss than you'd be made
+
+happier by the win.
+
+In that case, that could explain
+why people spend a lot
+
+of money to buy insurance.
+
+Because they'll be so bummed
+if things go badly.
+
+But they might play the lottery
+because, in fact,
+
+around that point, they don't
+view the money they're
+
+spending as a loss.
+
+They think of it differently.
+
+They think of the loss of being
+my house burned down.
+
+That's a loss.
+
+That would make me really sad.
+
+But the $1 I paid to pay
+the lottery, that's
+
+not really a loss.
+
+So I'm risk neutral going
+up and really risk
+
+averse going down.
+
+So I'm willing to take gambles
+that push me up.
+
+It's sort of like
+Friedman-Savage.
+
+I'm willling to take gambles
+that push me up, not gambles
+
+that pull me down.
+
+But, once again, that doesn't
+really explain the small ones.
+
+That doesn't really explain
+the small ones.
+
+That's more the entertainment
+theory.
+
+Then finally, the last
+theory we have is
+
+that people are stupid.
+
+The lottery is, after all,
+its official motto is
+
+a tax on the stupid.
+
+And that's what it is.
+
+It's a tax on the stupid.
+
+Basically many of your public
+schools are financed by taxes
+
+paid by stupid people.
+
+It's sort of ironic.
+
+But people just don't know.
+
+You probably all had a vague
+sense that the lottery wasn't
+
+a sensible thing to play.
+
+But how many people actually
+knew it was that
+
+bad a deal as I said.
+
+That is actually was $0.50
+expected payoff.
+
+A few of you knew.
+
+But most of you knewm had a
+vague sense it was a bad deal.
+
+You didn't know how
+bad a deal it was.
+
+This is sort of hard
+to figure out.
+
+Meanwhile, you see on TV that
+these guys win these bazillion
+
+dollars, and you get the thrill
+of scratching if off.
+
+So, basically, if people are
+just stupid, then that could
+
+explain it.
+
+The problem is it matters a
+lot for government policy
+
+which of these is right.
+
+Because if A through C is right,
+if one through three
+
+are right, then the government
+should go
+
+ahead and allow lotteries.
+
+And there's no reason why the
+state shouldn't run a lottery.
+
+In fact, let's take the
+entertainment theory.
+
+If this is really entertainment,
+and the state
+
+can make money off of
+my entertainment,
+
+then that's a win-win.
+
+I'm happy, because I'm
+playing the lottery.
+
+The state is happy, because
+it's financing schools.
+
+That's a win-win.
+
+So if these are right, you're
+going to want to encourage
+
+state lotteries.
+
+But if this one's right, we
+don't want to have them.
+
+Because, A terrible way to raise
+government revenues is
+
+to tax stupid people.
+
+There are much better ways to
+raise government revenues.
+
+We'll talk about taxation
+in a couple of lectures.
+
+But, clearly, taxing the stupid
+is not going to be an
+
+optimal tax.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I can maybe sort of
+understand why people would
+
+prefer smaller lotteries
+over bigger lotteries.
+
+Because they are thinking that
+in smaller lotteries, they
+
+have a much bigger
+chance of winning
+
+than in bigger lotteries.
+
+So, in that sense, their
+expected payoff in terms of
+
+utility or other
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+is a lot higher than the antes
+in the bigger ones, even
+
+though the bigger ones might end
+up being a lot heavier--
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's sort of an
+entertainment theory, which
+
+is my utility derives
+from the win.
+
+You have a theory in mind my
+utility derives from the win.
+
+Because if it's just
+about dollars, that
+
+wouldn't explain it.
+
+Because I win so many more from
+the big one that it would
+
+compensate from the frequency
+at which I'd
+
+win the little one.
+
+But if I actually, in my utility
+function, have the joy
+
+of seeing that winning thing,
+then that would explain it.
+
+That's an entertainment
+theory.
+
+You're saying, in my utility
+function, I actually get joy
+
+from scratching off and seeing
+that it's a winner, and so
+
+much joy that I'd much rather
+take a 10% chance at a small
+
+win than a 1% chance
+at a huge win.
+
+Because then, at least, with the
+first one, 1 in 10 times I
+
+get that joy of the scratch
+off and seeing it's a win.
+
+So that's sort of
+an explanation.
+
+And that would say that
+lotteries are good.
+
+The other way economists might
+think about lotteries is
+
+they're voluntary taxes.
+
+The public doesn't like taxes.
+
+Here's a voluntary tax.
+
+You never hear policy makers
+getting up and railing against
+
+a horrible evils
+of the lottery.
+
+Sometimes groups do.
+
+Sometimes outside groups
+do and stuff.
+
+But politicians don't.
+
+But those same politicians will
+go on and on about how
+
+terrible taxes are.
+
+I'm going to cut your taxes.
+
+Taxes are terrible.
+
+Well, the lottery is a voluntary
+tax in that sense.
+
+And I might say, look, there's
+no reason to oppose it, it's a
+
+voluntary tax.
+
+It's those involuntary
+taxes that
+
+cause problems in society.
+
+Well, whether we want to buy
+that story or not depends on
+
+how much we think it's being
+played because people are
+
+stupid or not.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me stop there.
+
+So that's a great example of
+how a little bit of an
+
+extension of our model
+can really enrich our
+
+understanding about a lot of
+decisions that we make in the
+
+real world.
+
+We'll come back and
+talk about another
+
+version like that later.
+
+And that is the case of
+thinking about savings
+
+decisions and thinking about
+individual decisions on how
+
+much to save and how
+much to spend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fK6cu99OSEU.txt b/fK6cu99OSEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08bb2483b55729179dbe78dcd1723d7dcb0647cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fK6cu99OSEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1448 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation last time
+in lecture you started learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture you started learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lecture you started learning about
+implicit differentiation and you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit differentiation and you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit differentiation and you saw
+some examples of how implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of how implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of how implicit
+differentiation can be used to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation can be used to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation can be used to compute
+derivatives of functions defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of functions defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of functions defined
+implicitly so let's do another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly so let's do another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly so let's do another example
+today um so here I have a curve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so here I have a curve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um so here I have a curve that's
+defined by the implicit equation Y cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the implicit equation Y cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the implicit equation Y cubed
++ x Cub = 3x y and I'd like to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x Cub = 3x y and I'd like to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x Cub = 3x y and I'd like to know what
+the slope of the tangent line to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the tangent line to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the tangent line to that
+curve is at the point 4/3 2/3 so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is at the point 4/3 2/3 so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is at the point 4/3 2/3 so before
+we start doing anything let me just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start doing anything let me just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start doing anything let me just make
+a couple of observations if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of observations if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of observations if you don't
+believe me that the point 4/3 2/3 is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me that the point 4/3 2/3 is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me that the point 4/3 2/3 is on
+this curve you can always check by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve you can always check by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve you can always check by
+plugging the values in and confirm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging the values in and confirm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging the values in and confirm that
+really yes 4/3 cubed plus 2/3 cubed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yes 4/3 cubed plus 2/3 cubed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yes 4/3 cubed plus 2/3 cubed is
+equal to 3 * 2/3 * 4/3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 * 2/3 * 4/3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 3 * 2/3 * 4/3 so
+it it's how I found this point is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's how I found this point is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's how I found this point is maybe
+a little magical because as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little magical because as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little magical because as you can see
+this equation is really a tough one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is really a tough one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is really a tough one to
+solve for why what you sort of a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for why what you sort of a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for why what you sort of a natural
+thing to want to do when ask this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to want to do when ask this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to want to do when ask this
+question is to solve for why and get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is to solve for why and get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is to solve for why and get an
+equation for y in terms of X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y in terms of X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for y in terms of X and then
+take the derivative using the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative using the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative using the the
+various differentiation rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various differentiation rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various differentiation rules that
+you've learned but here this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned but here this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned but here this is this is
+I mean it's I'll let you in on a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's I'll let you in on a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's I'll let you in on a secret
+there is a way to do this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to do this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a way to do this but it's
+really hard it's really ugly um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard it's really ugly um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard it's really ugly um and it's
+it's beond beyond the scope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beond beyond the scope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beond beyond the scope of this
+course um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um so
+so really we're much better off treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really we're much better off treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really we're much better off treating
+this as an implicit differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an implicit differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an implicit differentiation
+problem than as a than as an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than as a than as an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than as a than as an explicit
+differentiation problem so having said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation problem so having said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation problem so having said
+that why don't you take a minute or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why don't you take a minute or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why don't you take a minute or two
+uh try and have a go at this yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try and have a go at this yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try and have a go at this yourself
+and then we'll come back and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll come back and work
+through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+together all right so welcome back uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right so welcome back uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right so welcome back uh we
+were in the middle we were just about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the middle we were just about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the middle we were just about to
+start actually solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start actually solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start actually solving this problem
+Computing the slope of the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the slope of the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the slope of the tangent line
+to the curve YB + XB 3x y at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve YB + XB 3x y at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve YB + XB 3x y at this point
+4/3 2/3 so the slope of the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 2/3 so the slope of the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 2/3 so the slope of the tangent line
+is the value y Prime of X at at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value y Prime of X at at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value y Prime of X at at that
+point so we need to answer this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we need to answer this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we need to answer this question
+what we need to do is we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is we need to find
+the derivative of y um but as as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of y um but as as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of y um but as as I said
+earlier this is tough to do explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this is tough to do explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this is tough to do explicitly
+to find Y in terms of X so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find Y in terms of X so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find Y in terms of X so so we're
+going to use implicit differentiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use implicit differentiation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use implicit differentiation so
+so we start with this equation Y Cub + x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with this equation Y Cub + x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with this equation Y Cub + x
+Cub = 3x y and we can take a take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub = 3x y and we can take a take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub = 3x y and we can take a take a
+derivative with respect to X so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X so some
+parts all right so so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts all right so so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts all right so so let's start with
+it in in the order it's given so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in the order it's given so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in the order it's given so you
+have y cubed if you take a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y cubed if you take a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y cubed if you take a derivative of
+y cubed with respect to x what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y cubed with respect to x what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y cubed with respect to x what you need
+to use is the chain rule right because Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is the chain rule right because Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is the chain rule right because Y
+is implicitly a function of X and so y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicitly a function of X and so y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is implicitly a function of X and so y
+cubed is is the chain rule it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is is the chain rule it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is is the chain rule it's the
+cubed function applied to the Y function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed function applied to the Y function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed function applied to the Y function
+and this is true of implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true of implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true of implicit
+differentiation in general that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation in general that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation in general that the
+reason that we can do this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we can do this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we can do this the the
+really fun fundamental reason that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun fundamental reason that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun fundamental reason that this
+works is that we have the chain Rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that we have the chain Rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that we have the chain Rule and
+that it lets us evaluate uh derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it lets us evaluate uh derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it lets us evaluate uh derivatives
+of compositions so in our case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compositions so in our case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compositions so in our case we have
+so we take we take a a derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take we take a a derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we take we take a a derivative of the
+whole thing of this whole I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing of this whole I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing of this whole I'm going to
+write this is a little sloppy notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this is a little sloppy notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this is a little sloppy notation
+but but I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I hope you
+know what I mean we have this identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean we have this identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean we have this identity
+and so we're going to take a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to take a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to take a derivative
+of the whole thing um and so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole thing um and so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole thing um and so the first
+part on the left we we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on the left we we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on the left we we get the
+derivative of y cubed so by the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of y cubed so by the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of y cubed so by the chain
+rule so so we first take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so so we first take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so so we first take the derivative
+of the cube function at Y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube function at Y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube function at Y and then
+multiply by the derivative of of Y so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the derivative of of Y so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the derivative of of Y so so
+this is the derivative of y cubed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the derivative of y cubed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the derivative of y cubed it
+just gives us 3 y^2 so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives us 3 y^2 so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives us 3 y^2 so that's what
+happens when you just deal with the CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you just deal with the CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you just deal with the CU
+part but then we need to multiply by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but then we need to multiply by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but then we need to multiply by in
+the chain rule by the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule by the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule by the derivative of the
+inside which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside which in this
+T in this context is dy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in this context is dy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in this context is dy by
+DX okay plus the derivative of x cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay plus the derivative of x cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay plus the derivative of x cubed
+that's more straightforward nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more straightforward nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more straightforward nothing
+really complicated going on here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated going on here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated going on here we've
+seen this for a little while now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this for a little while now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this for a little while now that's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+3x^2 equal okay so on the right now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 equal okay so on the right now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 equal okay so on the right now what
+we have uh we don't actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we don't actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we don't actually have a
+chain rule we have a we have a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we have a we have a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule we have a we have a product
+rule situation here we have 3 * x * y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule situation here we have 3 * x * y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule situation here we have 3 * x * y so
+three is just a constant so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is just a constant so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is just a constant so we could
+just pull it out in front and so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull it out in front and so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull it out in front and so we take
+the derivative of XY so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of XY so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of XY so we take the
+derivative of the first time the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first time the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first time the second
+plus the derivative of the second times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the derivative of the second times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the derivative of the second times
+the first so the derivative of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first so the derivative of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first so the derivative of the first
+is just uh sorry X is the first so its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh sorry X is the first so its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just uh sorry X is the first so its
+derivative is one so we get 3 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is one so we get 3 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is one so we get 3 * the
+second is y plus okay so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is y plus okay so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is y plus okay so we take the
+first times the derivative of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first times the derivative of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first times the derivative of the second
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is dy by DX so because this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dy by DX so because this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dy by DX so because this is an
+identity it holds for all values of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it holds for all values of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it holds for all values of X
+and Y um this equality follows just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y um this equality follows just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y um this equality follows just by
+taking the derivative of both sides um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of both sides um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative of both sides um
+good so now the thing we want is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now the thing we want is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now the thing we want is that we
+want the the slope of the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the the slope of the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the the slope of the tangent line
+at at a particular point so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at a particular point so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at a particular point so we want to
+isolate Dy DX that's that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate Dy DX that's that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate Dy DX that's that's the thing
+we're trying to to find so here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to to find so here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to to find so here so if
+you if you're only interested in dydx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're only interested in dydx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're only interested in dydx
+this is actually a linear equation um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a linear equation um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a linear equation um in
+in some sense right we have dyd a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense right we have dyd a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense right we have dyd a
+constant something or not a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant something or not a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant something or not a constant
+something * dydx plus something plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something * dydx plus something plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something * dydx plus something plus
+equals something plus something time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something plus something time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something plus something time
+dydx there are no squares of dydx is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx there are no squares of dydx is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx there are no squares of dydx is is
+what I really mean um so okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really mean um so okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I really mean um so okay so that
+that's nice it makes it relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice it makes it relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nice it makes it relatively
+easier to solve so we can uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve so we can uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to solve so we can uh just
+combine all the terms with Dy DX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all the terms with Dy DX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all the terms with Dy DX and
+them let's say We'll combine maybe them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them let's say We'll combine maybe them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them let's say We'll combine maybe them
+put them over here and put everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them over here and put everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them over here and put everything
+else over there so over here we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else over there so over here we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else over there so over here we get
+so Dy DX so we have a 3 y^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dy DX so we have a 3 y^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dy DX so we have a 3 y^ 2
+minus a 3X and on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a 3X and on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a 3X and on the other side
+we have a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a 3
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+3x^2 and so this is times multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 and so this is times multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x^2 and so this is times multiplication
+there and so we want Dy by DX just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so we want Dy by DX just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so we want Dy by DX just by
+itself so we can just divide through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so we can just divide through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so we can just divide through by
+3 y^2 minus 3x so then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2 minus 3x so then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y^2 minus 3x so then we have
+Dy DX is equal to well all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy DX is equal to well all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy DX is equal to well all right so
+there are a lot of Threes here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of Threes here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of Threes here there's a
+constant multiple three on this side a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple three on this side a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple three on this side a
+constant multiple three on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple three on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple three on this side
+those are going to cancel so this is y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to cancel so this is y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to cancel so this is y -
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+over y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y^
+2 - x okay so at any point XY on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - x okay so at any point XY on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - x okay so at any point XY on this
+curve the slope of the tangent line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the slope of the tangent line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the slope of the tangent line is
+given by this uh this this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this uh this this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by this uh this this expression
+here and we're interested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're interested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're interested in a
+particular point in this problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in this problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in this problem we're
+interested in the the point 4/3 comma 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the the point 4/3 comma 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the the point 4/3 comma 23
+so at let me take that back up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+4/3 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 comma
+2/3 we have Dy by DX so okay so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 we have Dy by DX so okay so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 we have Dy by DX so okay so we we
+just we just plug that value of y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we just plug that value of y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we just plug that value of y and
+that value of x into this formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of x into this formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of x into this formula that
+we've got so that's uh 23 minus 4/3 SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got so that's uh 23 minus 4/3 SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got so that's uh 23 minus 4/3 SAR
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths over well let's see 2/3 SAR is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths over well let's see 2/3 SAR is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths over well let's see 2/3 SAR is 4
+9th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+4/3 all right so we have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 all right so we have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 all right so we have a little bit of
+of rational number arithmetic here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rational number arithmetic here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rational number arithmetic here maybe
+I'll multiply top and bottom through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll multiply top and bottom through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll multiply top and bottom through by
+nine to get 6 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine to get 6 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine to get 6 -
+16 over 4 - 12 so this is -10 over -8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 over 4 - 12 so this is -10 over -8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 over 4 - 12 so this is -10 over -8
+which is 5 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we go back to the picture that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go back to the picture that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go back to the picture that I
+drew it actually looks pretty reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it actually looks pretty reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew it actually looks pretty reasonable
+over here right this slope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right this slope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here right this slope of this
+tangent line is actually a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line is actually a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line is actually a little bit
+bigger than one there great so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one there great so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one there great so that's
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f_0NSQj0Dyk.txt b/f_0NSQj0Dyk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5290389e783f4b852f92eb20e8c7a02b6883af2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f_0NSQj0Dyk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+welcome everyone to our bosear unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everyone to our bosear unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome everyone to our bosear unity
+workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop
+my name is philippe baba i'm a senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is philippe baba i'm a senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is philippe baba i'm a senior
+developer advocate at bose so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer advocate at bose so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer advocate at bose so what that
+means basically is i work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically is i work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically is i work with
+developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers
+enabling them to build experiences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling them to build experiences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling them to build experiences for
+our platform i host workshops we do game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our platform i host workshops we do game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our platform i host workshops we do game
+jams hackathons also public speaking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jams hackathons also public speaking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jams hackathons also public speaking on
+behalf of the platform and if you do end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of the platform and if you do end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf of the platform and if you do end
+up like building something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like building something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like building something
+with the bosear unity sdk specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bosear unity sdk specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bosear unity sdk specifically
+i'm on the unity side you'll most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm on the unity side you'll most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm on the unity side you'll most likely
+be talking to me and i'll be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking to me and i'll be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking to me and i'll be you know
+helping you get your idea and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you get your idea and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you get your idea and your
+product out there and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product out there and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product out there and you know
+trying to bring those on board to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bring those on board to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to bring those on board to to
+help you out with that as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out with that as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out with that as much as
+possible so i am your voice when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so i am your voice when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so i am your voice when it
+comes to these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to these things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i'm just going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to talk a little bit
+briefly about what is bose they are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about what is bose they are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about what is bose they are some
+of you may already know or not but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may already know or not but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may already know or not but i'm
+just going to get into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get into it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a new concept called audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a new concept called audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a new concept called audio
+augmented reality now many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality now many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality now many of you
+probably already heard about augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already heard about augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already heard about augmented
+reality first thing you probably think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality first thing you probably think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality first thing you probably think
+about is you know hololens or ar kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you know hololens or ar kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is you know hololens or ar kit
+arcore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcore
+magic leap stuff like that so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic leap stuff like that so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic leap stuff like that so we are
+actually audio first augmented reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually audio first augmented reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually audio first augmented reality
+now what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that means is
+think like spatial audio for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like spatial audio for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like spatial audio for example um
+where you have sounds placed in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sounds placed in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sounds placed in space
+around you and you're kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you and you're kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you and you're kind of like
+virtually hearing it spatially so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually hearing it spatially so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually hearing it spatially so what
+enables us to do audio augmented reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to do audio augmented reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to do audio augmented reality
+are these sensors that are located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these sensors that are located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these sensors that are located in
+each of these bozear wearables you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these bozear wearables you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these bozear wearables you all
+have a pair of frames but then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of frames but then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of frames but then we also
+have our headphones as well which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our headphones as well which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our headphones as well which have
+the same sets of sensors in them those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sets of sensors in them those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sets of sensors in them those
+sensors are an accelerometer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are an accelerometer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors are an accelerometer which
+allows you to get impulse and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to get impulse and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to get impulse and you know
+sudden movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden movements
+gyroscope which tracks rotation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope which tracks rotation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscope which tracks rotation so
+typically what we use the gyro for is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we use the gyro for is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we use the gyro for is to
+track the user's head orientation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the user's head orientation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the user's head orientation and
+magnetometer which is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetometer which is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetometer which is basically a
+compass and we use that for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass and we use that for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass and we use that for our
+navigation apps so if you know the gps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation apps so if you know the gps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation apps so if you know the gps
+position of a user based on their phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of a user based on their phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of a user based on their phone
+and if you use the magnetic heading from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you use the magnetic heading from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you use the magnetic heading from
+where their head is actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their head is actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where their head is actually like
+pointing at you can kind of know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at you can kind of know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at you can kind of know what
+they're looking at like on the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at like on the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at like on the map
+pretty accurately actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have gestures as well on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have gestures as well on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have gestures as well on our
+devices so the frame specifically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so the frame specifically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so the frame specifically have
+an input gesture here on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input gesture here on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input gesture here on the right side
+it's a double tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a double tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a double tap
+so it's not a specific like touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a specific like touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a specific like touch
+sensitive sensor it's actually based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive sensor it's actually based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive sensor it's actually based on
+the accelerometer so it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accelerometer so it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accelerometer so it's like the
+little impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little impulse
+tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap
+and the tap actually works from from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tap actually works from from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tap actually works from from any
+side but it's recommended to do it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but it's recommended to do it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but it's recommended to do it from
+the right side because that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side because that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side because that's where the
+sensor kit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor kit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor kit is
+we also have custom gestures that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have custom gestures that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have custom gestures that we
+actually encourage our developers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encourage our developers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encourage our developers to
+kind of explore so and it's a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explore so and it's a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of explore so and it's a mixture of
+the other sensors so a custom gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sensors so a custom gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other sensors so a custom gesture
+would be something like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like uh
+you're creating an experience until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating an experience until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating an experience until you
+look up and you look up and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up and you look up and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up and you look up and then you
+track that rotation change that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that rotation change that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that rotation change that would be
+a custom gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a custom gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a custom gesture
+i know some some of the games that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know some some of the games that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know some some of the games that have
+been built sometimes it tells you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built sometimes it tells you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been built sometimes it tells you to
+duck and there's a bullet flying over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duck and there's a bullet flying over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duck and there's a bullet flying over
+you or something like that so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or something like that so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or something like that so that that
+would be a custom gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+heads up hands-free is one of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up hands-free is one of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads up hands-free is one of the models
+that we have um so the idea behind heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have um so the idea behind heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have um so the idea behind heads
+up hands-free is a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up hands-free is a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up hands-free is a lot of the
+applications today whether they're ar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications today whether they're ar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications today whether they're ar or
+just standard mobile applications you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just standard mobile applications you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just standard mobile applications you're
+always staring at your phone you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always staring at your phone you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always staring at your phone you're
+always walking around you know you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always walking around you know you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always walking around you know you're an
+eczema crane because you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eczema crane because you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eczema crane because you're always
+looking down at your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down at your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down at your phone
+the whole idea behind heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea behind heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea behind heads up
+hands-free is that we want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free is that we want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free is that we want to create
+applications that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that you don't have to
+stare at your phone the input is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at your phone the input is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at your phone the input is the
+wearable and the output also goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and the output also goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and the output also goes
+through the wearable so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the wearable so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the wearable so you don't
+actually have to look at a screen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to look at a screen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to look at a screen for
+most of these activities so i'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these activities so i'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these activities so i'll give
+you an example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example um
+let's say uh like navigate for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh like navigate for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say uh like navigate for example
+what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is
+it knows your gps location based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows your gps location based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows your gps location based on the
+mobile device and it knows you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile device and it knows you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile device and it knows you're
+heading based on where you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading based on where you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading based on where you're looking
+with the magnetometer so what they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnetometer so what they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnetometer so what they can
+do is they can tell okay you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they can tell okay you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they can tell okay you're looking
+at this restaurant for example or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this restaurant for example or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this restaurant for example or this
+cafe you double tap the input gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafe you double tap the input gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafe you double tap the input gesture
+and it'll actually pull a yelp review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll actually pull a yelp review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll actually pull a yelp review
+so now think about the non-heads-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now think about the non-heads-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now think about the non-heads-up
+hands-free way of pulling up a yelp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free way of pulling up a yelp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free way of pulling up a yelp
+review what are you doing you're most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what are you doing you're most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what are you doing you're most
+likely googling the name you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely googling the name you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely googling the name you know or
+you're typing in the street address but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typing in the street address but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're typing in the street address but
+it requires you to pull out your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires you to pull out your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires you to pull out your phone
+launch the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the app
+find a name type it in or the address or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a name type it in or the address or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a name type it in or the address or
+or on the pin on the map and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the pin on the map and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the pin on the map and then you
+get to that yelp review now that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that yelp review now that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that yelp review now that's it
+takes you out of what you're doing um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you out of what you're doing um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you out of what you're doing um so
+if you want to look up like five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look up like five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look up like five or six
+restaurants walking down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants walking down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants walking down the street
+you're basically probably staring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically probably staring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically probably staring at
+your phone for like 15 minutes the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone for like 15 minutes the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone for like 15 minutes the idea
+behind heads up hands-free is you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind heads up hands-free is you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind heads up hands-free is you just
+walk by a place tap you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk by a place tap you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk by a place tap you get the
+information you move on no no phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you move on no no phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you move on no no phone
+required at least not looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required at least not looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required at least not looking at it
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+it's it's a really cool concept i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a really cool concept i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a really cool concept i think
+um and a bunch of our apps kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a bunch of our apps kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a bunch of our apps kind of like
+use that as its guiding principle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as its guiding principle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as its guiding principle it's
+not a must but it's it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a must but it's it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a must but it's it's kind of like a
+design philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design philosophy and
+some of the developers have been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the developers have been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the developers have been really
+clever about about implementing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever about about implementing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever about about implementing it
+so the way that it works is the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that it works is the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that it works is the sensors
+actually the data gets sent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the data gets sent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the data gets sent to the
+mobile app so the wearable has to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile app so the wearable has to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile app so the wearable has to work
+with the mobile phone so ios or android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mobile phone so ios or android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mobile phone so ios or android
+um and that that goes for the frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that goes for the frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that that goes for the frames and
+the headphones as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headphones as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headphones as well
+so some of the products that work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the products that work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the products that work with
+it are like the frames for example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are like the frames for example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it are like the frames for example which
+you all have here i'm going to show just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have here i'm going to show just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have here i'm going to show just
+a little brief what kind of like intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little brief what kind of like intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little brief what kind of like intro
+and frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so frames were actually a concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frames were actually a concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so frames were actually a concept that
+came out of our san francisco office so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of our san francisco office so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of our san francisco office so
+it's a very different kind of idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very different kind of idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very different kind of idea
+behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it
+i personally think it's a super cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i personally think it's a super cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i personally think it's a super cool
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+i think frames are really great like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think frames are really great like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think frames are really great like
+outdoor wearable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor wearable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor wearable
+it's great while you're biking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great while you're biking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great while you're biking for
+example when you don't want to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when you don't want to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when you don't want to kind of
+be interrupted um if you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interrupted um if you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interrupted um if you don't you don't
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+get a call you can just pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a call you can just pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a call you can just pick up
+straight through the frames you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the frames you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the frames you don't
+have to pull out your phone or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pull out your phone or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pull out your phone or you can
+do turn-by-turn navigation again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do turn-by-turn navigation again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do turn-by-turn navigation again you
+don't have to like be mounting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to like be mounting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to like be mounting your
+phone putting like a waterproof case or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone putting like a waterproof case or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone putting like a waterproof case or
+whatever you just have your frames on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you just have your frames on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you just have your frames on
+also if that doesn't plug up your ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if that doesn't plug up your ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if that doesn't plug up your ears
+it's open your audio so you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open your audio so you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's open your audio so you can still
+hear the sounds of the street around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the sounds of the street around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the sounds of the street around you
+and it's not unsafe in that way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not unsafe in that way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not unsafe in that way like
+wearing like noise cancelling headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing like noise cancelling headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing like noise cancelling headphones
+while biking for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while biking for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while biking for example
+uh i just realized i gotta like do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i just realized i gotta like do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i just realized i gotta like do this
+quick time thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might be cut there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+next up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next up
+qc35 twos now this product you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qc35 twos now this product you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qc35 twos now this product you might be
+more familiar with you've probably seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar with you've probably seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar with you've probably seen
+people wearing these um usually maybe on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wearing these um usually maybe on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wearing these um usually maybe on
+an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane
+so this is like the classic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the classic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like the classic um
+nice cancelling headphone which also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cancelling headphone which also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cancelling headphone which also has
+boseaw sensors in it and a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boseaw sensors in it and a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boseaw sensors in it and a lot of people
+actually don't know that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know that so
+i think i believe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i believe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i believe it's
+all the models after october of 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the models after october of 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the models after october of 2018
+were were manufactured with the bosear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were manufactured with the bosear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were manufactured with the bosear
+sensors in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors in it
+and then the nc 700s which are these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the nc 700s which are these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the nc 700s which are these so
+these are the the brand new noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the the brand new noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the the brand new noise
+cancelling headphones that just came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling headphones that just came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling headphones that just came out
+uh i get asked like what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i get asked like what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i get asked like what's the
+difference between the qcs and the ncs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the qcs and the ncs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the qcs and the ncs
+there's a few obviously there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few obviously there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few obviously there's a
+there's a redesign it looks a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a redesign it looks a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a redesign it looks a lot more
+modern it has a little bit more kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern it has a little bit more kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern it has a little bit more kind of
+like a sleek aesthetic i kind of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sleek aesthetic i kind of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sleek aesthetic i kind of think
+that the the qc35s have a very kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the qc35s have a very kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the qc35s have a very kind of
+like uh dad road trip kind of look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh dad road trip kind of look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh dad road trip kind of look to
+them especially the gray ones um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them especially the gray ones um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them especially the gray ones um but
+yeah it's a brand new redesign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a brand new redesign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a brand new redesign and
+one of the main um upgrades i'd say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main um upgrades i'd say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main um upgrades i'd say is
+the microphone so for conference calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone so for conference calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone so for conference calling
+it actually has a noise cancelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually has a noise cancelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually has a noise cancelling
+microphone because it has eight beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone because it has eight beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone because it has eight beam
+forming mics so it can actually pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming mics so it can actually pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming mics so it can actually pick up
+your voice as opposed to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice as opposed to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voice as opposed to the to the
+environment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so
+i found it really good in like loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found it really good in like loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found it really good in like loud
+environments they've actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments they've actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments they've actually done
+like comparison tests like in a loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comparison tests like in a loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like comparison tests like in a loud
+environment and you can barely hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and you can barely hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and you can barely hear
+anything in the background while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the background while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the background while you
+know while you're talking with them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know while you're talking with them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know while you're talking with them so
+um i personally really like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i personally really like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i personally really like that because
+i do a lot of conference calls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do a lot of conference calls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do a lot of conference calls and
+sometimes noisy environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes noisy environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes noisy environments
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's a little promo video associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little promo video associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little promo video associated
+with that too if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that too if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that too if you want to see
+and these were the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these were the first
+the first product that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first product that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first product that was kind of
+the first bose product that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first bose product that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first bose product that kind of
+has been marketed with the bose ar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been marketed with the bose ar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been marketed with the bose ar
+features in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in it
+so the whole idea behind the nc's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole idea behind the nc's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole idea behind the nc's is
+again the heads up hands-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so i don't know if you saw him doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know if you saw him doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know if you saw him doing it
+in a video but there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a video but there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a video but there's a little
+capacitive touch screen here on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive touch screen here on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive touch screen here on the side
+so it's not touch screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not touch screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not touch screen
+it's a touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a touch
+surface yeah and um it's uh yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface yeah and um it's uh yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface yeah and um it's uh yeah you can
+do volume up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do volume up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do volume up and down
+skip track or or go back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip track or or go back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip track or or go back and then
+there's also a touch and hold which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a touch and hold which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a touch and hold which you
+can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually
+um get as a gesture inside bose ar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get as a gesture inside bose ar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um get as a gesture inside bose ar so
+when you're building your app so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're building your app so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're building your app so again
+the whole idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea is
+you're not pulling out your phone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not pulling out your phone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not pulling out your phone you
+have your wearable your your ar enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your wearable your your ar enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your wearable your your ar enabled
+wearable which is your headphones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable which is your headphones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable which is your headphones which
+you carry around with you if you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you carry around with you if you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you carry around with you if you're like
+me i carry around my headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i carry around my headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i carry around my headphones
+everywhere so you know you can talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so you know you can talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so you know you can talk to
+your to your google assistant or to siri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your to your google assistant or to siri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your to your google assistant or to siri
+through it receive messages it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it receive messages it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it receive messages it'll
+actually read out the messages too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read out the messages too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually read out the messages too so
+the whole again the whole idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole again the whole idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole again the whole idea is to
+have this wearable be pretty much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this wearable be pretty much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this wearable be pretty much like
+your main input and output device for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your main input and output device for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your main input and output device for
+your daily just you know mobile uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your daily just you know mobile uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your daily just you know mobile uses
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one of our projections that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our projections that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our projections that we're going
+to have 1 million ar devices in 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have 1 million ar devices in 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have 1 million ar devices in 2019
+across all three of the products that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all three of the products that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all three of the products that i
+just showed you now that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you now that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you now that's actually
+really huge because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+most are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most are
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+single kind of purpose ar it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single kind of purpose ar it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single kind of purpose ar it's like you
+if you get a hololens it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a hololens it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get a hololens it's more
+enterprise you're not really going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you're not really going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you're not really going to be
+wearing it out on the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing it out on the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing it out on the bus
+you know or magically same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or magically same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or magically same thing you
+know they only work in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they only work in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they only work in certain
+environments you know it can't be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you know it can't be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you know it can't be in
+bright sunlight and ar typically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright sunlight and ar typically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright sunlight and ar typically is
+is a very niche thing that's found in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very niche thing that's found in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very niche thing that's found in in
+specific places for specific use cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places for specific use cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places for specific use cases
+but the idea behind bozear is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea behind bozear is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea behind bozear is that these
+wearables are actually being worn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables are actually being worn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearables are actually being worn by
+people every day already just for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people every day already just for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people every day already just for their
+regular life to listen to music to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular life to listen to music to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular life to listen to music to do
+their conference calls but now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their conference calls but now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their conference calls but now we have
+this ar platform built into it as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ar platform built into it as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ar platform built into it as well
+and developers can actually leverage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developers can actually leverage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developers can actually leverage a
+very big install base because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big install base because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big install base because there's
+there's a lot of these devices out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of these devices out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of these devices out there
+and they're constantly being sold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're constantly being sold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're constantly being sold and
+the you know the user base is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the user base is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the user base is growing
+and they're going to be looking for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to be looking for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to be looking for for
+bose ar-enabled apps what can i run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose ar-enabled apps what can i run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose ar-enabled apps what can i run on
+these new headphones that i just bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new headphones that i just bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new headphones that i just bought
+um so we have an ios and android native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have an ios and android native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have an ios and android native
+sdk and then we also have a unity plugin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sdk and then we also have a unity plugin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sdk and then we also have a unity plugin
+which is what we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're going to be using
+today which actually works with both ios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which actually works with both ios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which actually works with both ios
+and android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and android
+so i'm just going to go into a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to go into a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to go into a few of
+the use cases a few of the apps that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use cases a few of the apps that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use cases a few of the apps that are
+here that might be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that might be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that might be a little bit
+inspiring so you can kind of get an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring so you can kind of get an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring so you can kind of get an idea
+what people are doing um so autocast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are doing um so autocast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are doing um so autocast is
+is a really cool concept behind like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really cool concept behind like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really cool concept behind like um
+how you can for example let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can for example let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can for example let's say you're
+a music festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a music festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a music festival
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they could set up a tour where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could set up a tour where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could set up a tour where you
+actually hear these audio pings so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hear these audio pings so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hear these audio pings so if
+there's like a point of interest as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a point of interest as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a point of interest as
+you're walking by you'll just hear like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking by you'll just hear like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're walking by you'll just hear like
+a spatial audio pane and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatial audio pane and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatial audio pane and it's very
+unintrusive it's not like it's yelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintrusive it's not like it's yelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintrusive it's not like it's yelling
+at you like hey there's a thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you like hey there's a thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you like hey there's a thing here
+it's just kind of like it's a ping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of like it's a ping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of like it's a ping and
+then if you look at that ping you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you look at that ping you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you look at that ping you can
+actually double tap to enter it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually double tap to enter it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually double tap to enter it and
+it'll tell you oh this is um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell you oh this is um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell you oh this is um you know
+this stage or maybe if you're doing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage or maybe if you're doing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage or maybe if you're doing like
+a historical tour i'll tell you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a historical tour i'll tell you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a historical tour i'll tell you this is
+this landmark would you like to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this landmark would you like to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this landmark would you like to enter
+this tour and then you you enter it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tour and then you you enter it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tour and then you you enter it and
+then you can go and actually explore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go and actually explore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can go and actually explore and
+it'll it'll kind of like tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll kind of like tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll it'll kind of like tell you what
+what these environments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these environments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these environments are
+uh walk is kind of a similar concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh walk is kind of a similar concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh walk is kind of a similar concept
+also to taylorcast navigate and never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to taylorcast navigate and never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to taylorcast navigate and never
+got explained earlier it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got explained earlier it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got explained earlier it's kind of like
+you're using the gesture to yelp things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using the gesture to yelp things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using the gesture to yelp things
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+so it's really cool to kind of like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really cool to kind of like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really cool to kind of like not
+bring you out of your travel experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you out of your travel experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you out of your travel experience
+you're just kind of like walking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just kind of like walking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just kind of like walking and
+exploring and getting the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring and getting the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring and getting the information
+you need without again staring at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need without again staring at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need without again staring at your
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+so all these kind of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these kind of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these kind of use
+initially in the sensors but i said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in the sensors but i said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially in the sensors but i said so
+use the gps from the mobile device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the gps from the mobile device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the gps from the mobile device and
+then use the magnetic heading from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the magnetic heading from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use the magnetic heading from the
+wearable and what's really cool about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and what's really cool about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and what's really cool about
+using magnetic heading from the frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using magnetic heading from the frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using magnetic heading from the frames
+people always wear their sunglasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always wear their sunglasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always wear their sunglasses
+perpendicular you know it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular you know it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular you know it's not like
+your phone where the magnetometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone where the magnetometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone where the magnetometer
+sometimes you ever use the map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you ever use the map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you ever use the map and
+you're trying to look at the compass on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to look at the compass on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to look at the compass on
+the map and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map and it's
+opposite or it's not very accurate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or it's not very accurate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or it's not very accurate you
+gotta like do this and you gotta like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta like do this and you gotta like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta like do this and you gotta like
+recalibrate your phone so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalibrate your phone so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalibrate your phone so with the
+frames it's actually a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames it's actually a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames it's actually a lot better
+because you're not you're never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not you're never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not you're never really
+putting that in like a wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting that in like a wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting that in like a wrong direction
+it's always kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always kind of like
+facing perpendicular so it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing perpendicular so it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing perpendicular so it's it's really
+good to get the heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to get the heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to get the heading
+um sport and wellness so another use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sport and wellness so another use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sport and wellness so another use
+case is somebody sport apps so golfshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is somebody sport apps so golfshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is somebody sport apps so golfshot
+is actually a really great example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a really great example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a really great example uh
+people wear frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wear frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wear frames
+when they're off out on the golf course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're off out on the golf course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're off out on the golf course
+it's sunglasses they might be listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sunglasses they might be listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sunglasses they might be listening
+to music as well so it's a perfect fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to music as well so it's a perfect fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to music as well so it's a perfect fit
+so golfshot is an already established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so golfshot is an already established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so golfshot is an already established
+app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app
+um that golfers use to get information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that golfers use to get information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that golfers use to get information
+about about their shot you know stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about their shot you know stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about their shot you know stored
+game details i'm not much of a golfer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game details i'm not much of a golfer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game details i'm not much of a golfer so
+i don't really know like all the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really know like all the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really know like all the details
+but i do know that uh they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do know that uh they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i do know that uh they have a
+beaujar enabled features that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaujar enabled features that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaujar enabled features that actually
+allow you to measure things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to measure things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to measure things like
+distance to to the next hole and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to to the next hole and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to to the next hole and again
+without having to pull out your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to pull out your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to pull out your phone
+and typing in some information it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typing in some information it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typing in some information it uses
+all the data from the sensors and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data from the sensors and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data from the sensors and from
+the mobile device it knows where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile device it knows where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile device it knows where you are
+and knows what course you're on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knows what course you're on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knows what course you're on and then
+you can kind of have this seamless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of have this seamless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of have this seamless
+experience again without pulling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience again without pulling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience again without pulling out
+your phone you're just already wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone you're just already wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone you're just already wearing
+sunglasses because you're playing golf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunglasses because you're playing golf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunglasses because you're playing golf
+and it's sunny and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sunny and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sunny and you know
+yeah i i hope that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i hope that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i hope that makes sense
+so new balance i think is is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so new balance i think is is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so new balance i think is is a really
+cool one this is a demo um so they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool one this is a demo um so they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool one this is a demo um so they kind
+of created like more of a uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of created like more of a uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of created like more of a uh like a
+workout app it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout app it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workout app it's kind of like a
+motivational workout app where it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational workout app where it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational workout app where it'll
+count your sets and reps so think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count your sets and reps so think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count your sets and reps so think like
+you're doing sit-ups and you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing sit-ups and you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing sit-ups and you're actually
+doing that custom gesture and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that custom gesture and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that custom gesture and you're
+counting how many sit-ups you did and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how many sit-ups you did and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how many sit-ups you did and it
+gives you like positive feedback oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you like positive feedback oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you like positive feedback oh
+you're doing great two more you know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing great two more you know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing great two more you know or
+something like that um so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um so again
+how if you weren't doing heads-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if you weren't doing heads-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how if you weren't doing heads-up
+hands-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-free
+you know maybe you'd be checking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you'd be checking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you'd be checking your
+phone to see how many you've done or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone to see how many you've done or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone to see how many you've done or you
+know there's really no way to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's really no way to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's really no way to kind of
+do it seamlessly unless you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it seamlessly unless you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it seamlessly unless you're kind of
+wearing a little extra piece of sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a little extra piece of sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing a little extra piece of sensors
+on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you
+headspace is also a demo and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headspace is also a demo and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headspace is also a demo and this is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+is getting a big revamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting a big revamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting a big revamp
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the idea behind this is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind this is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind this is it's a
+meditation app so it's a perfect fit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation app so it's a perfect fit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation app so it's a perfect fit for
+things like spatial audio they even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like spatial audio they even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like spatial audio they even have
+a little bit of an exercise you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an exercise you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an exercise you kind of
+like stretch your neck and then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stretch your neck and then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stretch your neck and then again
+it's using kind of like the the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using kind of like the the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using kind of like the the sensors
+in the wearable to actually be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wearable to actually be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wearable to actually be able to
+tell if you did your your neck stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if you did your your neck stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if you did your your neck stretch
+and when you did your next stretch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you did your next stretch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you did your next stretch and
+then it kind of has a soothing voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of has a soothing voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it kind of has a soothing voice
+it's like all right so now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like all right so now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like all right so now we're going
+to close our eyes and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close our eyes and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close our eyes and you know
+and it starts to play like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts to play like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts to play like a little
+soundscape and it helps you kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundscape and it helps you kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundscape and it helps you kind of like
+meditate um another idea i heard brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditate um another idea i heard brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditate um another idea i heard brought
+up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is
+you could actually check someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually check someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually check someone's
+posture so if someone's falling asleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture so if someone's falling asleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture so if someone's falling asleep
+you can kind of like slightly ping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of like slightly ping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of like slightly ping them
+to wake up you know so things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake up you know so things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wake up you know so things like that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like i said developers have been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said developers have been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said developers have been really
+creative with it and then music of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative with it and then music of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative with it and then music of
+course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um
+i think music is is one of the best use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think music is is one of the best use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think music is is one of the best use
+cases because i think spatial audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases because i think spatial audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases because i think spatial audio
+which is what today's workshop is mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what today's workshop is mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what today's workshop is mainly
+going to be about is a very unexplored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about is a very unexplored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about is a very unexplored
+area of of music or sound in general um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of of music or sound in general um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of of music or sound in general um
+and bojar is a perfect fit for spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bojar is a perfect fit for spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bojar is a perfect fit for spatial
+audio especially because of the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio especially because of the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio especially because of the sensors
+that i was just mentioning um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i was just mentioning um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i was just mentioning um because
+you know the head orientation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the head orientation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the head orientation you can
+actually simulate spatial audio just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulate spatial audio just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulate spatial audio just
+between the two stereo speakers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two stereo speakers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two stereo speakers you can
+actually blend the sound between based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually blend the sound between based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually blend the sound between based
+on where where your head is looking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where where your head is looking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where where your head is looking so
+radar is a great example of this a radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is a great example of this a radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is a great example of this a radar
+is an app built by bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an app built by bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an app built by bose
+which actually connects to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually connects to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually connects to something
+that's called creator tool that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called creator tool that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called creator tool that's
+currently in development it's in it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently in development it's in it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently in development it's in it's
+enclosed beta but the idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed beta but the idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed beta but the idea here is that
+radar is going to be kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is going to be kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar is going to be kind of like a
+almost like a marketplace like area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a marketplace like area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a marketplace like area
+where you can browse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can browse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can browse
+lots of different spatial audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different spatial audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different spatial audio
+experiences and they're going to be tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and they're going to be tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and they're going to be tied
+to certain areas like on the map so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain areas like on the map so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain areas like on the map so
+maybe if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you're
+in a certain place there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain place there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain place there's certain
+spatial audio experiences that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial audio experiences that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial audio experiences that wouldn't
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+in some other place and it can do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other place and it can do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some other place and it can do things
+like it could ping you when you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could ping you when you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it could ping you when you enter
+let's say some park and maybe there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say some park and maybe there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say some park and maybe there's a
+spatial audio experience tied to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial audio experience tied to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial audio experience tied to that
+park and it'll you know you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and it'll you know you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park and it'll you know you'll be able
+to enter it if you just kind of have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter it if you just kind of have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter it if you just kind of have the
+app running in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app running in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app running in the background
+uh traverse is a cool example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traverse is a cool example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traverse is a cool example of
+a mixture between our api and existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture between our api and existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture between our api and existing
+ar apis i think they're using ar kit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar apis i think they're using ar kit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar apis i think they're using ar kit and
+what it actually allows you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually allows you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually allows you to do is
+it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like
+you're you're in the middle of a concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're in the middle of a concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're in the middle of a concert
+and you're hearing like the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're hearing like the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're hearing like the different
+instruments playing around you so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments playing around you so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments playing around you so what
+you can actually do is while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do is while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do is while you're
+holding your phone up you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding your phone up you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding your phone up you can actually
+kind of like close your eyes just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like close your eyes just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like close your eyes just walk
+around the room and you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room and you're actually
+exploring all the different instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring all the different instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring all the different instruments
+that are on you can walk up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on you can walk up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on you can walk up to the
+singer you can walk up to the piano and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer you can walk up to the piano and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer you can walk up to the piano and
+it's using ar kit to do positional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using ar kit to do positional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's using ar kit to do positional
+tracking and uh bossier for for spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking and uh bossier for for spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking and uh bossier for for spatial
+audio and your head orientation so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio and your head orientation so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio and your head orientation so it's
+actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using
+both the phone's positional and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the phone's positional and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the phone's positional and the
+head's rotational tracking and it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head's rotational tracking and it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head's rotational tracking and it knows
+between the two and it kind of simulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two and it kind of simulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two and it kind of simulates
+as if you're actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you're actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you're actually in
+the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of
+a band or you know a concert that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a band or you know a concert that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a band or you know a concert that's
+playing um iheart radio is is a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing um iheart radio is is a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing um iheart radio is is a cool
+demo app i'd say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo app i'd say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo app i'd say uh
+it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+another take on like how you can um tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another take on like how you can um tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another take on like how you can um tune
+into different radio channels so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different radio channels so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different radio channels so instead
+of pulling out your phone and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulling out your phone and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pulling out your phone and and
+seeking you're actually using your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking you're actually using your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking you're actually using your head
+orientation and you're kind of like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and you're kind of like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and you're kind of like your
+head's the tuner and then when you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head's the tuner and then when you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head's the tuner and then when you like
+something you just kind of like double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just kind of like double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just kind of like double
+tap it and you go into it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap it and you go into it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap it and you go into it and then you
+can pull out of it at any time and tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull out of it at any time and tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pull out of it at any time and tune
+into something else and if you you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something else and if you you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something else and if you you get a
+little preview and you like it you tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little preview and you like it you tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little preview and you like it you tap
+into it and you're listening to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and you're listening to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and you're listening to it
+without having to like look at oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to like look at oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to like look at oh
+i'm 22.3 fm or whatever you're just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm 22.3 fm or whatever you're just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm 22.3 fm or whatever you're just kind
+of like listening to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like listening to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like listening to it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now games uh is predominantly like in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now games uh is predominantly like in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now games uh is predominantly like in in
+the realm of our unity sdk so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of our unity sdk so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realm of our unity sdk so we have
+some cool games that have been built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cool games that have been built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cool games that have been built the
+the three that i have up here are what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three that i have up here are what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three that i have up here are what i
+would call representative experiences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call representative experiences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call representative experiences so
+we actually have a lot more games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have a lot more games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have a lot more games that
+have been built especially this year um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been built especially this year um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been built especially this year um
+and i'll show you actually some videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you actually some videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you actually some videos
+of the games to kind of like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the games to kind of like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the games to kind of like get
+inspired so all these games are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired so all these games are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired so all these games are actually
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so you can download them on the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can download them on the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can download them on the app
+store um if you know if you have a bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um if you know if you have a bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um if you know if you have a bose
+ar enabled wearable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar enabled wearable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar enabled wearable
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+like i said they're representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said they're representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said they're representative
+experiences meaning that i believe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences meaning that i believe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences meaning that i believe these
+developers uh kind of like created some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers uh kind of like created some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers uh kind of like created some
+design patterns out of these they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design patterns out of these they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design patterns out of these they were
+one of the first to make games for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first to make games for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first to make games for it
+and i think these three are are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think these three are are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think these three are are kind of
+like in their own category so overheard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in their own category so overheard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in their own category so overheard
+it's a really funny game you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really funny game you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really funny game you basically
+play as an englishman that's taunted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play as an englishman that's taunted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play as an englishman that's taunted by
+french men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french men
+it castles at night it's very kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it castles at night it's very kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it castles at night it's very kind of
+like monty python s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monty python s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monty python s
+funny accents the voice acting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny accents the voice acting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny accents the voice acting is
+hilarious and what you do is you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious and what you do is you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious and what you do is you use
+your head as like a catapult and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head as like a catapult and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head as like a catapult and your
+head orientation like this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head orientation like this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head orientation like this and you
+double tap and you basically launch cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double tap and you basically launch cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double tap and you basically launch cows
+into into these castles and you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into these castles and you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into these castles and you kind of
+hear them move and you're like and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them move and you're like and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear them move and you're like and it's
+all spatial so you're kind of listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spatial so you're kind of listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spatial so you're kind of listening
+for where they're at and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where they're at and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where they're at and when you're
+turning your head you hear the castle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning your head you hear the castle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning your head you hear the castle's
+over there and then they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and then they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and then they're the
+frenchmen are like taunting you like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frenchmen are like taunting you like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frenchmen are like taunting you like oh
+i bet you can't hit you know the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bet you can't hit you know the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bet you can't hit you know the broad
+side of a barn or whatever my you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of a barn or whatever my you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of a barn or whatever my you know
+i'm not going to try to do the accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to try to do the accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to try to do the accent
+but you should hear it it's it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should hear it it's it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should hear it it's it it's
+pretty hilarious um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hilarious um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty hilarious um
+and uh it's a great example of it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's a great example of it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's a great example of it's it's
+kind of like using the spatial audio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like using the spatial audio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like using the spatial audio and
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+head orientation as like the controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head orientation as like the controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head orientation as like the controller
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+so comrade is a cool uh design pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so comrade is a cool uh design pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so comrade is a cool uh design pattern
+so it's basically like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically like a
+spy novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spy novel
+um and it's it's a choose your own kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's a choose your own kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's it's a choose your own kind
+of like adventure spy novel so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like adventure spy novel so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like adventure spy novel so you can
+actually make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make decisions
+in the story so the story goes on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the story so the story goes on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the story so the story goes on and
+there's you know yes and no kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know yes and no kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know yes and no kind of like
+decision trees that you go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision trees that you go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision trees that you go through and
+at some point i think you have to duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point i think you have to duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point i think you have to duck
+and dodge a bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dodge a bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dodge a bullet
+um and it's got this whole ai theme to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's got this whole ai theme to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's got this whole ai theme to
+it and the ai is talking to you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the ai is talking to you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the ai is talking to you and you
+know you're making decisions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're making decisions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're making decisions and you
+kind of change the outcome of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change the outcome of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of change the outcome of the story
+so that's a pretty popular design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a pretty popular design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a pretty popular design
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+and i one that i'm a huge fan of i love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i one that i'm a huge fan of i love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i one that i'm a huge fan of i love
+choose your own adventure games and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your own adventure games and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your own adventure games and i
+think that the medium is perfect for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the medium is perfect for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the medium is perfect for it
+um instead of just doing yes or no on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of just doing yes or no on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instead of just doing yes or no on
+the screen you can actually do yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen you can actually do yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen you can actually do yes and
+no by nodding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no by nodding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no by nodding
+you know and shaking your head so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and shaking your head so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and shaking your head so that's
+that's it's very immersive when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's very immersive when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's very immersive when you get
+asked the question and you're like yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question and you're like yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the question and you're like yes
+and then it kind of like goes on um dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it kind of like goes on um dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it kind of like goes on um dead
+drop desperado is a multiplayer game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop desperado is a multiplayer game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop desperado is a multiplayer game uh
+it's like a local multiplayer game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a local multiplayer game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a local multiplayer game so
+what i actually really like about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i actually really like about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i actually really like about this
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+it's got a little bit of a party game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a little bit of a party game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a little bit of a party game
+kind of uh aesthetic to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh aesthetic to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh aesthetic to it so
+you play with a friend and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play with a friend and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play with a friend and you
+one of you holds the mobile phone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you holds the mobile phone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you holds the mobile phone and
+the other one gets handed off like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one gets handed off like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one gets handed off like the
+the wearable so let's say the headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wearable so let's say the headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wearable so let's say the headphones
+and what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is
+he's standing in front of you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's standing in front of you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's standing in front of you and you
+shoot bullets at your friend and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot bullets at your friend and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot bullets at your friend and your
+friend is trying to dodge the bullets by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is trying to dodge the bullets by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is trying to dodge the bullets by
+listening to where they're coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to where they're coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to where they're coming from
+using this facial audio and you're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this facial audio and you're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this facial audio and you're kind
+of like leaning left to right like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like leaning left to right like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like leaning left to right like that
+and then it gets switched off and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it gets switched off and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it gets switched off and then
+you're the one is dodging and he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the one is dodging and he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the one is dodging and he's the
+one that's shooting and then in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's shooting and then in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's shooting and then in the end
+there's kind of like a score tally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of like a score tally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of like a score tally and
+it's like a leader board and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a leader board and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a leader board and it's kind
+of like has a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like has a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like has a little bit of a
+competitive aspect to it what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive aspect to it what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive aspect to it what i
+personally like is that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally like is that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally like is that you could
+let's say you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you know you
+you have your headphones and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your headphones and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your headphones and you know
+you want to show someone something cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show someone something cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show someone something cool
+on them you can just kind of like hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them you can just kind of like hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them you can just kind of like hand
+off the headphones and now now it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the headphones and now now it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the headphones and now now it's this
+multiplayer interaction so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer interaction so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer interaction so you have the
+headphones i have the phone and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones i have the phone and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones i have the phone and you
+switch it up and it's it's also a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it up and it's it's also a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it up and it's it's also a little
+bit competitive with the leaderboard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit competitive with the leaderboard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit competitive with the leaderboard and
+such so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such so
+like i said like representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said like representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said like representative
+experiences um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences um
+you're definitely not limited to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're definitely not limited to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're definitely not limited to these
+design patterns we're actually excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design patterns we're actually excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design patterns we're actually excited
+to see what our developers kind of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what our developers kind of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what our developers kind of come
+up with and there's always like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and there's always like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and there's always like you know
+cool stuff that the people come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff that the people come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff that the people come up with
+and i just wanted to show you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just wanted to show you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just wanted to show you a little
+bit um so we have this video that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um so we have this video that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um so we have this video that was
+produced so we've hosted a bunch of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced so we've hosted a bunch of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced so we've hosted a bunch of game
+jams this year and uh this is like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jams this year and uh this is like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jams this year and uh this is like one
+of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first
+game jams that we hosted and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game jams that we hosted and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game jams that we hosted and you know
+these games that i just showed you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games that i just showed you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games that i just showed you were
+actually built at it so i'll just i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built at it so i'll just i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually built at it so i'll just i'll
+go ahead and show you so this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and show you so this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and show you so this is from
+our play crafting partnership uh play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our play crafting partnership uh play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our play crafting partnership uh play
+crafting is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small like kind of like game developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like kind of like game developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like kind of like game developer
+collective but plus they also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective but plus they also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective but plus they also kind of
+like host events like play nyc and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like host events like play nyc and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like host events like play nyc and they
+you know bring developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know bring developers
+um they teach unity classes and uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they teach unity classes and uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they teach unity classes and uh they
+just have a general kind of like game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a general kind of like game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a general kind of like game
+developer community across the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer community across the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer community across the country
+so we've kind of partnered with them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've kind of partnered with them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've kind of partnered with them to
+have some of these uh bozair game jams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some of these uh bozair game jams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some of these uh bozair game jams
+and yeah i'll just show you the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're here this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're doing a game jam with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're doing a game jam with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're doing a game jam with their
+new ar technology we've given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ar technology we've given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ar technology we've given the
+developers a brand new version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers a brand new version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers a brand new version of the
+bose ar sdk and unity plugin it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose ar sdk and unity plugin it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose ar sdk and unity plugin it allows
+unity developers to easily add rosear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity developers to easily add rosear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity developers to easily add rosear
+integration to community-based apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to community-based apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to community-based apps
+they've built a very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've built a very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've built a very intuitive
+system for our developers like me to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for our developers like me to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for our developers like me to be
+able to just pop an immunity and just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to just pop an immunity and just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to just pop an immunity and just go
+we give you access to all of the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you access to all of the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you access to all of the sensors
+that are available in the device the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available in the device the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available in the device the
+accelerometer the gyroscope two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometer the gyroscope two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometer the gyroscope two
+different rotation sensors they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rotation sensors they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rotation sensors they provide
+orientation of the user's head and world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the user's head and world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the user's head and world
+space we can actually provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we can actually provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we can actually provide
+spatialized audio which just gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatialized audio which just gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatialized audio which just gives you
+an entirely new level of context when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely new level of context when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entirely new level of context when
+you're making any sort of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making any sort of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making any sort of experience
+we're able to get all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to get all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to get all sorts of different
+types of information from the frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information from the frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information from the frames
+glasses which we can use to help develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses which we can use to help develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses which we can use to help develop
+new types of interactions we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new types of interactions we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new types of interactions we were
+challenged to create an augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged to create an augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged to create an augmented
+reality experience that put audio first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality experience that put audio first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality experience that put audio first
+it's very interesting to look at games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting to look at games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting to look at games
+from like a whole different angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like a whole different angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like a whole different angle
+usually people think ar they go it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people think ar they go it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people think ar they go it's all
+visual and this one it's both so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and this one it's both so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual and this one it's both so it's
+audio the challenge really made us put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio the challenge really made us put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio the challenge really made us put
+our heads together and be like what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads together and be like what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our heads together and be like what can
+you really do there's a whole world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do there's a whole world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do there's a whole world of
+sound and we shouldn't just be paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and we shouldn't just be paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and we shouldn't just be paying
+attention to just the visual components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to just the visual components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to just the visual components
+so we've had a lot of really creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had a lot of really creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've had a lot of really creative
+ideas that the developers have come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that the developers have come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that the developers have come up
+with so far and i think some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so far and i think some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so far and i think some of the more
+interesting aspects are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspects are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspects are the different
+game mechanics or the user interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics or the user interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mechanics or the user interface
+experiments that they're doing the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that they're doing the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that they're doing the game
+we created we're calling sonic samurai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created we're calling sonic samurai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created we're calling sonic samurai
+you're the samurai and you can't see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the samurai and you can't see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the samurai and you can't see but
+there are all these monsters around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these monsters around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these monsters around you
+and you basically have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically have to use
+the bose headset to determine where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bose headset to determine where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bose headset to determine where the
+monsters are and then you actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters are and then you actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monsters are and then you actually use
+your mobile device as your sword to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mobile device as your sword to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mobile device as your sword to
+strike at the monsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike at the monsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike at the monsters
+it's a game where you essentially try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game where you essentially try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game where you essentially try to
+dodge bullets that are sent from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodge bullets that are sent from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodge bullets that are sent from one
+user towards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user towards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user towards you
+imagine the matrix but you can't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the matrix but you can't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the matrix but you can't see the
+bullets that are coming at you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets that are coming at you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets that are coming at you you can
+only hear them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hear them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hear them
+our game is called overheard you play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game is called overheard you play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game is called overheard you play a
+medieval catapult operator catapulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval catapult operator catapulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval catapult operator catapulting
+poultry and cows at french castles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poultry and cows at french castles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poultry and cows at french castles
+you're doing this all at night under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this all at night under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this all at night under
+cover of darkness so you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of darkness so you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover of darkness so you have to use
+your ears to hear where the castle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears to hear where the castle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ears to hear where the castle is
+when you point your frames in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you point your frames in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you point your frames in the
+correct direction you can hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direction you can hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direction you can hear the
+french defenders taunting you daring you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french defenders taunting you daring you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french defenders taunting you daring you
+to throw things at them your efforts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw things at them your efforts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw things at them your efforts are
+always the perfectly good livestocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the perfectly good livestocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the perfectly good livestocks
+by turning your head and elevating it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by turning your head and elevating it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by turning your head and elevating it up
+you actually modulate the angle that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually modulate the angle that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually modulate the angle that the
+catapult will fire at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you are being bombarded by vegetables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are being bombarded by vegetables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are being bombarded by vegetables in
+a 360 degree radius you can tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 360 degree radius you can tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 360 degree radius you can tell what
+direction the vegetables are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the vegetables are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the vegetables are coming from
+based on spatial audio and i you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on spatial audio and i you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on spatial audio and i you need to
+find and face the correct vegetable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and face the correct vegetable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and face the correct vegetable and
+eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it
+we're working on kind of a spy thriller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on kind of a spy thriller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working on kind of a spy thriller
+game when you put on those frames you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game when you put on those frames you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game when you put on those frames you
+start to get radio chatter from secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get radio chatter from secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get radio chatter from secret
+agents you start doing instructions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents you start doing instructions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents you start doing instructions to
+locate radar pings the fuse bombs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate radar pings the fuse bombs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate radar pings the fuse bombs like
+james bond and mission possible in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+james bond and mission possible in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+james bond and mission possible in real
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+augmented reality is really one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality is really one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented reality is really one of the
+most important future mediums for design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important future mediums for design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important future mediums for design
+we're getting the tools set up in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the tools set up in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the tools set up in a way
+that allow people to start experimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow people to start experimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow people to start experimenting
+and using something like unity allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using something like unity allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using something like unity allows
+that iteration to happen very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iteration to happen very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iteration to happen very very
+quickly it's an honor to be chosen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's an honor to be chosen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's an honor to be chosen to be
+here to work on this technology for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to work on this technology for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to work on this technology for the
+first time and also give developers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and also give developers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and also give developers a
+bigger idea of like what's possible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger idea of like what's possible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger idea of like what's possible with
+this stuff so that they can use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff so that they can use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff so that they can use our
+games as like a stepping stone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games as like a stepping stone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games as like a stepping stone for
+what's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's next
+here we are at pax east 2019
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are at pax east 2019
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are at pax east 2019
+all five of these games are debuting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five of these games are debuting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five of these games are debuting for
+the first time anywhere people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time anywhere people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time anywhere people are
+having a lot of fun here this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of fun here this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of fun here this weekend
+lots of people dodging vegetables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people dodging vegetables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people dodging vegetables and
+throwing cows i always enjoy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing cows i always enjoy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing cows i always enjoy like
+finding new games that are animated i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new games that are animated i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new games that are animated i've
+never played anything just based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never played anything just based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never played anything just based
+entirely on sound i don't think i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on sound i don't think i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on sound i don't think i've
+seen anything else here that relies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen anything else here that relies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen anything else here that relies
+completely on audio and motion no visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely on audio and motion no visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely on audio and motion no visual
+at all but it felt really immersive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but it felt really immersive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but it felt really immersive and
+cool people are really getting a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool people are really getting a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool people are really getting a sense
+that the audio is like real spatial you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the audio is like real spatial you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the audio is like real spatial you
+feel like you're really there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're really there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like you're really there
+it's just a whole different experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a whole different experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a whole different experience
+it's more social it really brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more social it really brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more social it really brings us
+back to where games really are where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where games really are where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where games really are where
+it's with other people it's a fun ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's with other people it's a fun ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's with other people it's a fun ride
+on these classes we're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these classes we're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these classes we're changing the
+landscape of ar and games in america and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of ar and games in america and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of ar and games in america and
+this is just a taste of what's to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a taste of what's to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a taste of what's to come
+that's very exciting for us to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very exciting for us to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very exciting for us to have that
+chance to impact other people's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to impact other people's lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to impact other people's lives
+with a new technology the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new technology the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new technology the things that
+people are able to do over a weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are able to do over a weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are able to do over a weekend
+really inspired me to think we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really inspired me to think we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really inspired me to think we're going
+to see some amazing stuff this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have actually seen some some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually seen some some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually seen some some pretty
+amazing stuff this year i feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing stuff this year i feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing stuff this year i feel like
+the more of these experiences get built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more of these experiences get built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more of these experiences get built
+and the more kind of developers get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more kind of developers get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more kind of developers get
+creative with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative with it
+you know it's an early platform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's an early platform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's an early platform so
+there's plenty of room to kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of room to kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of room to kind of like
+set set the standard at what what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set set the standard at what what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set set the standard at what what could
+be created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what else do i have here um yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else do i have here um yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else do i have here um yes so
+i have a few um actual like gameplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a few um actual like gameplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a few um actual like gameplay
+footage that i'd like to show you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that i'd like to show you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that i'd like to show you on
+some experiences that i personally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiences that i personally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiences that i personally like
+um developers cut up these videos to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um developers cut up these videos to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um developers cut up these videos to
+kind of show what what the games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show what what the games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of show what what the games are
+like so just gonna get into these again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so just gonna get into these again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so just gonna get into these again
+just some some more inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some more inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some more inspiration
+the worst grim reaper soul mates is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst grim reaper soul mates is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst grim reaper soul mates is an
+ar music t-shirt in which a singing grim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar music t-shirt in which a singing grim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar music t-shirt in which a singing grim
+reaper plays a song that responds to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaper plays a song that responds to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaper plays a song that responds to you
+and your world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your world
+grim reaper sebastian is a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grim reaper sebastian is a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grim reaper sebastian is a character
+from another one of our games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another one of our games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another one of our games
+he's tired of his dead-end job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's tired of his dead-end job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's tired of his dead-end job
+collecting souls and wants to pursue his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting souls and wants to pursue his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting souls and wants to pursue his
+dream of being a songwriter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of being a songwriter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of being a songwriter
+seeking inspiration sebastian asks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking inspiration sebastian asks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking inspiration sebastian asks you
+to let him write a song about your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you were looking out maybe lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there's magic in almost every place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's magic in almost every place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's magic in almost every place
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+would you like to share your thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to share your thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you like to share your thoughts
+with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+wanting to learn about the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to learn about the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to learn about the inside of the
+human skull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human skull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human skull
+i ask what's going on in your soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ask what's going on in your soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ask what's going on in your soul
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+humankind okay so if it's not spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind okay so if it's not spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humankind okay so if it's not spaghetti
+or chocolate cake is it maybe the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chocolate cake is it maybe the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chocolate cake is it maybe the fact
+that the sun will suddenly explode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sun will suddenly explode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sun will suddenly explode and
+everything we know will go up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we know will go up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we know will go up in the
+ocean of flames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean of flames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean of flames
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we imagine players using this app while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we imagine players using this app while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we imagine players using this app while
+commuting exploring or just relaxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuting exploring or just relaxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuting exploring or just relaxing
+through interacting with sebastian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through interacting with sebastian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through interacting with sebastian and
+his song we want to show players that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his song we want to show players that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his song we want to show players that
+even the smallest things in life can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the smallest things in life can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the smallest things in life can
+carry meaning sometimes we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry meaning sometimes we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry meaning sometimes we just need
+someone to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool right uh it actually works it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right uh it actually works it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right uh it actually works it's
+actually it's actually really fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually really fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually really fun
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one of the things that i personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that i personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that i personally
+um have learned over over doing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have learned over over doing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have learned over over doing some of
+these jams and seeing what developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these jams and seeing what developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these jams and seeing what developers
+uh build is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build is that
+when you're not focusing so much on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not focusing so much on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not focusing so much on the
+visuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals
+you have a lot of room for story and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of room for story and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of room for story and and
+substance if i if i could say so myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance if i if i could say so myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance if i if i could say so myself
+it's like uh this developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like uh this developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like uh this developer
+uh it was we had all teams of four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was we had all teams of four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was we had all teams of four so
+three of those people were were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those people were were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those people were were just
+content creators so one was brought as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content creators so one was brought as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content creators so one was brought as
+midi he was he was actually producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi he was he was actually producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midi he was he was actually producing
+music during the gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music during the gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music during the gym
+one was just doing like the singing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was just doing like the singing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was just doing like the singing and
+the voice acting um i forgot what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice acting um i forgot what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice acting um i forgot what the
+third guy was doing i think he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third guy was doing i think he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third guy was doing i think he was doing
+like ui even though you do still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ui even though you do still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ui even though you do still you
+know i do recommend to have nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i do recommend to have nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i do recommend to have nice
+polished ui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished ui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished ui
+but it doesn't have to be crazy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have to be crazy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have to be crazy that's
+the thing like most games that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing like most games that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing like most games that are very
+3d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d and
+one of the things is that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things is that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things is that's that's a
+problem i'm a game developer myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i'm a game developer myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem i'm a game developer myself
+nowadays there's so many tools and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there's so many tools and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there's so many tools and so
+many things you can do it's kind of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things you can do it's kind of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things you can do it's kind of hard
+to like figure out what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like figure out what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like figure out what you want to do
+because you're like oh my god that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're like oh my god that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're like oh my god that's
+just overwhelmed with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just overwhelmed with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just overwhelmed with you know
+all these all these things that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all these things that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all these things that our
+modern devices can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern devices can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern devices can do
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+there's a lot of room for for this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of room for for this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of room for for this kind
+of content to be produced so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of content to be produced so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of content to be produced so this is
+kind of like a little ai kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a little ai kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a little ai kind of like
+companion game you could say and yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion game you could say and yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion game you could say and yeah a
+response and there's other things he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and there's other things he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and there's other things he
+didn't mention in the video like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mention in the video like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mention in the video like it
+actually changes based on the weather so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes based on the weather so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes based on the weather so
+actually checks the weather if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually checks the weather if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually checks the weather if it's a
+rainy day you start the game he'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy day you start the game he'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainy day you start the game he'll have
+like a rainy day mood you know if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rainy day mood you know if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a rainy day mood you know if it's a
+sunny day he'll have a sunny day mood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny day he'll have a sunny day mood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny day he'll have a sunny day mood so
+it's kind of like it's a replayable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like it's a replayable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like it's a replayable
+thing and i don't expect people to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and i don't expect people to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and i don't expect people to be
+running this app like non-stop but you i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this app like non-stop but you i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this app like non-stop but you i
+could probably see people running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably see people running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably see people running this
+for that one hour of their commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one hour of their commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one hour of their commute
+during the day or maybe like for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day or maybe like for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day or maybe like for their
+lunch break or something like that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch break or something like that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch break or something like that which
+is actually a lot in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lot in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lot in terms of like
+mobile mobile app usage um you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile mobile app usage um you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile mobile app usage um you know so
+it's fun and it's music so you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun and it's music so you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun and it's music so you're you
+know you're probably already listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're probably already listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're probably already listening
+to music why not have like a soundtrack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to music why not have like a soundtrack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to music why not have like a soundtrack
+to your life for example that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your life for example that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your life for example that's kind of
+the idea behind the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind the game
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+uh is also like a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is also like a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is also like a really cool
+example so i'll just go let him explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so i'll just go let him explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so i'll just go let him explain
+it that is about popping and grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is about popping and grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that is about popping and grouping
+your head to the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head to the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head to the music
+similar to other rhythm games you score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to other rhythm games you score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to other rhythm games you score
+points by staying on the beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by staying on the beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by staying on the beat
+at the moment we have about a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment we have about a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment we have about a dozen
+custom written songs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom written songs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom written songs
+in the future we want the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future we want the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future we want the possibility
+for players to download hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for players to download hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for players to download hundreds of
+songs or play with their own music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs or play with their own music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs or play with their own music
+library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we're going to play party the washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to play party the washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to play party the washing
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our foxy friend here is grooving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our foxy friend here is grooving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our foxy friend here is grooving along
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+you could follow it and he helped you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could follow it and he helped you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could follow it and he helped you
+stay on the beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on the beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on the beat
+the line below is showing your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line below is showing your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line below is showing your head
+movements it also changes colors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements it also changes colors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements it also changes colors to
+indicate how well you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how well you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how well you're doing
+we really intend this game to be a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really intend this game to be a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really intend this game to be a phone
+and pocket experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pocket experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pocket experience
+we added both audio and tactile feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example the high pass filter turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the high pass filter turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the high pass filter turns
+on when you're doing bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when you're doing bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when you're doing bad
+and your phone vibrates with the beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your phone vibrates with the beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your phone vibrates with the beat
+when you're doing great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the idea of hip-hop hero came from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of hip-hop hero came from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of hip-hop hero came from us
+wanted to make a game that helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a game that helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a game that helped
+naturally play with the bose ar devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally play with the bose ar devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally play with the bose ar devices
+something you can play while competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can play while competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can play while competing
+on the train in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like um
+i'll play on words of guitar hero kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll play on words of guitar hero kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll play on words of guitar hero kind
+of you know you're kind of staying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know you're kind of staying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know you're kind of staying on
+the beat you get rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat you get rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat you get rated
+based on how well you did how well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how well you did how well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how well you did how well on
+the beat you stayed and you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat you stayed and you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat you stayed and you don't have
+to have a specific head gesture it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a specific head gesture it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a specific head gesture it's
+just kind of like how you would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like how you would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of like how you would normally
+bob your head and they have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob your head and they have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob your head and they have a pretty
+good algorithm for detecting that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm for detecting that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm for detecting that change
+they're using both the accelerometer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using both the accelerometer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using both the accelerometer and
+the gyro but i'm not i'm not 100 sure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gyro but i'm not i'm not 100 sure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gyro but i'm not i'm not 100 sure on
+that um but yeah i mean it's uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but yeah i mean it's uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but yeah i mean it's uh i
+thought it was great how they visualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was great how they visualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was great how they visualized
+it as well so that's an actual like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well so that's an actual like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as well so that's an actual like
+graph based on your your head movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph based on your your head movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph based on your your head movement
+and then you get rated and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get rated and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get rated and you know
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+yeah you've probably seen games like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you've probably seen games like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you've probably seen games like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and this this is the last one this one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is the last one this one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is the last one this one i
+like uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh because
+you're kind of producing music in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of producing music in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of producing music in a way
+now it's it's it's basically song loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's it's it's basically song loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's it's it's basically song loops
+that they've created but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've created but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've created but
+the amount of song loops that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of song loops that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of song loops that are in
+this app for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this app for example
+i mean i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i'm
+someone here can probably do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone here can probably do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone here can probably do the the
+mathematical permutations of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical permutations of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical permutations of how many
+combinations of unique songs you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of unique songs you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of unique songs you can get
+out of it but it's a lot um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it but it's a lot um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it but it's a lot um when you
+when you include like 10 loops for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you include like 10 loops for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you include like 10 loops for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know
+bass lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass lines
+as you're kind of adding complexity to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're kind of adding complexity to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're kind of adding complexity to a
+song and if you have like you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and if you have like you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and if you have like you know maybe
+like 10 of each samples and in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 of each samples and in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 of each samples and in the end
+you have like maybe like 40 samples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like maybe like 40 samples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like maybe like 40 samples in
+total you could be creating unique music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total you could be creating unique music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total you could be creating unique music
+on every play through choose your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every play through choose your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every play through choose your own
+adventure musical experience of layering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure musical experience of layering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure musical experience of layering
+songs set in a world where flowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs set in a world where flowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs set in a world where flowers
+produce music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce music
+players listen explore and yarn along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players listen explore and yarn along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players listen explore and yarn along to
+the music collecting song loops like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music collecting song loops like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music collecting song loops like
+palm in order to blossom a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm in order to blossom a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palm in order to blossom a musical
+garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden
+the game is played by looking around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played by looking around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played by looking around to
+find new sounds then nodding your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find new sounds then nodding your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find new sounds then nodding your head
+along to the beat when you find when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to the beat when you find when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along to the beat when you find when you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this process can go on indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process can go on indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process can go on indefinitely
+allowing players to explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing players to explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing players to explore the
+countless new ways of layering together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countless new ways of layering together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countless new ways of layering together
+song tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song tracks
+it's basically she totally nailed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically she totally nailed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically she totally nailed the
+explanation like in the beginning um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation like in the beginning um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation like in the beginning um but
+basically yeah it's like you look around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah it's like you look around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah it's like you look around
+you hear a preview of a loop you like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear a preview of a loop you like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear a preview of a loop you like it
+you nod it and then and you go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nod it and then and you go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you nod it and then and you go on and
+you're just layering loops and and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just layering loops and and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just layering loops and and it it
+works really well i mean the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well i mean the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well i mean the developer
+really figured out a way to make it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figured out a way to make it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really figured out a way to make it you
+know if you've ever tried to make music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've ever tried to make music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've ever tried to make music
+sometimes you could just mess up and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you could just mess up and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you could just mess up and it
+just sounds terrible because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sounds terrible because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sounds terrible because you're
+mixing way too many dissonant sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing way too many dissonant sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing way too many dissonant sounds
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+they managed to figure out an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they managed to figure out an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they managed to figure out an algorithm
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+layer it and it always sounds good and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it and it always sounds good and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it and it always sounds good and i
+i've tried to break it whenever i play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've tried to break it whenever i play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've tried to break it whenever i play
+in these experiences i'm like pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these experiences i'm like pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these experiences i'm like pressing
+everywhere and nodding to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and nodding to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and nodding to everything
+trying to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to
+make it sound bad and i couldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sound bad and i couldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sound bad and i couldn't it
+always sounded good so super cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sounded good so super cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sounded good so super cool
+so that's our developer portal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our developer portal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our developer portal it's
+developer.bose.com forward slash bosear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer.bose.com forward slash bosear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer.bose.com forward slash bosear
+um that's where you'll find the sdk i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's where you'll find the sdk i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's where you'll find the sdk i'm
+sure most of you have already gone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure most of you have already gone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure most of you have already gone on
+here and downloaded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and downloaded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and downloaded it
+but i'll show you where all that is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll show you where all that is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll show you where all that is in a
+sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec
+and uh the other the last kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other the last kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the other the last kind of like
+but not least um important thing that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not least um important thing that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not least um important thing that i
+wanted to say so we have a new program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say so we have a new program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say so we have a new program
+that we just launched recently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just launched recently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just launched recently and
+that's bozear certification so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bozear certification so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bozear certification so what
+bozear certification is is say you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bozear certification is is say you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bozear certification is is say you build
+a bozear app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bozear app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bozear app
+and you submit it for certification our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you submit it for certification our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you submit it for certification our
+internal team will actually help you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal team will actually help you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal team will actually help you get
+across the finish line and publish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the finish line and publish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the finish line and publish the
+app to the app store or the android
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app to the app store or the android
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app to the app store or the android
+store making sure you have all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store making sure you have all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store making sure you have all the right
+requirements and then if it does get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then if it does get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and then if it does get
+certified it's in within our brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified it's in within our brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified it's in within our brand
+guidelines which again will kind of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines which again will kind of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines which again will kind of help
+you get through that finish line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get through that finish line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get through that finish line
+you can get a possible feature on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a possible feature on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a possible feature on the
+bose music app or the bose connect app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose music app or the bose connect app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose music app or the bose connect app
+and you might even get featured on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might even get featured on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might even get featured on the
+bose website so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose website so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose website so
+it's a really great showcase and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really great showcase and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really great showcase and a
+really great way to get noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great way to get noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great way to get noticed
+especially as like a early kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as like a early kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially as like a early kind of like
+game developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game developer
+it's it's an early platform so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an early platform so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an early platform so obviously
+you know we're looking for great content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're looking for great content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're looking for great content
+to feature on our portals and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feature on our portals and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feature on our portals and if the
+content's great and it's again it passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content's great and it's again it passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content's great and it's again it passes
+certification which all these games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification which all these games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification which all these games that
+i've shown you they're all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you they're all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you they're all in the
+process of of getting certified and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of of getting certified and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of of getting certified and all
+be like available when you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like available when you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like available when you have you know
+your your frames for example when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your frames for example when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your frames for example when you
+hook them up in the bose connect app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook them up in the bose connect app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook them up in the bose connect app
+there's actually a section there bozear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a section there bozear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a section there bozear
+enabled apps and then you click that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled apps and then you click that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled apps and then you click that and
+there's a directory there of apps yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a directory there of apps yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a directory there of apps yes
+this works right now so it works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works right now so it works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works right now so it works on
+android as well yes it does um we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+android as well yes it does um we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+android as well yes it does um we had a
+little bit of a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a like
+earlier start with ios sdk so so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier start with ios sdk so so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier start with ios sdk so so a lot
+of stuff was mainly ios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff was mainly ios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff was mainly ios
+yeah now we're rectifying that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now we're rectifying that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now we're rectifying that there's
+going to be a lot of android experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of android experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of android experiences
+coming out sadly it's still you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out sadly it's still you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out sadly it's still you know
+some developers just build for ios and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some developers just build for ios and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some developers just build for ios and
+we kind of have to prob them like hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have to prob them like hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of have to prob them like hey
+could you also build an android build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you also build an android build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you also build an android build
+and um sometimes they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um sometimes they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um sometimes they need to be
+incentivized to do that other times they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized to do that other times they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized to do that other times they
+just do it if it's unity then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it if it's unity then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it if it's unity then you know
+most of these experiences are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these experiences are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these experiences are going to
+be on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on both
+um but sadly that's just kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sadly that's just kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sadly that's just kind of how
+native app development is they sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native app development is they sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native app development is they sometimes
+just want to work in one and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to work in one and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to work in one and not the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we are fully android supported now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are fully android supported now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are fully android supported now as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um yeah and then we also have like a get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and then we also have like a get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and then we also have like a get
+inspired page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired page
+this is a place where we have some case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a place where we have some case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a place where we have some case
+studies written um golf shots there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies written um golf shots there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies written um golf shots there if
+you want to read about it dead drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to read about it dead drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to read about it dead drop
+desperado's also up there i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperado's also up there i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperado's also up there i think
+overheard and it's just kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard and it's just kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard and it's just kind of like a
+little interview with the developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interview with the developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interview with the developers
+they kind of talk about their process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of talk about their process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of talk about their process of
+developing and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing and you know
+it's a good place to get inspired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good place to get inspired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good place to get inspired and
+give me like this guy really happy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me like this guy really happy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me like this guy really happy like
+ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+the uh yeah that's that's the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh yeah that's that's the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh yeah that's that's the basically
+the intro uh hope that didn't take too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intro uh hope that didn't take too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intro uh hope that didn't take too
+long um but yeah i just wanted to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um but yeah i just wanted to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long um but yeah i just wanted to kind
+of give you a little bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give you a little bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give you a little bit of an
+understanding of of what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of of what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of of what this is
+um so does anyone have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so does anyone have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so does anyone have any questions
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+nope cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope cool
+all right so now that we've gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now that we've gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now that we've gone through
+that uh what i'm gonna do here i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh what i'm gonna do here i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh what i'm gonna do here i'm just
+gonna close my unity and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna close my unity and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna close my unity and uh
+let's go ahead and actually fire up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and actually fire up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and actually fire up
+unity and we're gonna get like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and we're gonna get like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and we're gonna get like our
+little beginner workshop started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little beginner workshop started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little beginner workshop started
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you should all have a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should all have a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should all have a copy of the
+unity package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity package
+of the bozear sdk for unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bozear sdk for unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bozear sdk for unity
+which you can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find it
+on our downloads page let me know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our downloads page let me know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our downloads page let me know if you
+have trouble finding that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble finding that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble finding that we're going to
+be using this 4.0.1 beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using this 4.0.1 beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using this 4.0.1 beta
+when you download that it's just a unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you download that it's just a unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you download that it's just a unity
+package it gets downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package it gets downloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package it gets downloaded
+so i'm just going to let everyone kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to let everyone kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to let everyone kind
+of like get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like get to that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the version of unity that i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of unity that i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of unity that i'm going to
+be using is just the latest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using is just the latest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using is just the latest one
+i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+2019.2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019.2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019.2.5
+f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1
+um and i have android and ios build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i have android and ios build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i have android and ios build
+support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+as modules in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as modules in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as modules in it
+and i recommend that you you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i recommend that you you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i recommend that you you know if
+you're going to be building to mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be building to mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be building to mobile
+that you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have your
+desired platform modules installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired platform modules installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired platform modules installed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm just going to let everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to let everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to let everyone
+go ahead and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's always it's always a thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always it's always a thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always it's always a thing yeah
+yeah it's just apple and iphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just apple and iphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just apple and iphone
+but again if you if you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again if you if you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again if you if you don't get a
+chance to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to build
+you'll still be able to preview the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still be able to preview the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll still be able to preview the app
+and play with it directly from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play with it directly from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and play with it directly from your
+laptop so that's you know for for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop so that's you know for for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop so that's you know for for most
+of this workshop we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this workshop we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this workshop we're actually going to
+be sticking to the creative side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sticking to the creative side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sticking to the creative side of
+things and and concept and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and concept and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and and concept and trying to
+build an experience and then like i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an experience and then like i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build an experience and then like i said
+towards the end we'll we'll try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end we'll we'll try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end we'll we'll try to make
+sure that everyone has built um and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that everyone has built um and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that everyone has built um and if
+you don't have the right device i'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the right device i'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the right device i'm sure
+we have some extra devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some extra devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some extra devices and
+if it comes to it and you know we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes to it and you know we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes to it and you know we could
+we could potentially also build or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could potentially also build or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could potentially also build or maybe
+share devices if needed um but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share devices if needed um but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share devices if needed um but once you
+have it set up once then you're good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it set up once then you're good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it set up once then you're good to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have my iphone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have my iphone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have my iphone here
+i usually have to have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right everyone got their their sdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everyone got their their sdk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everyone got their their sdk
+and ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ready to go
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+to actually make a new project in unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually make a new project in unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually make a new project in unity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i'll just make sure everyone has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just make sure everyone has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just make sure everyone has this
+before we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+i'm just going to do the latest and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to do the latest and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to do the latest and i'm
+just going to call this project mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call this project mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call this project mit
+bose ar unity workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm just going to pick 3d project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to pick 3d project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to pick 3d project
+and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you
+yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it
+is yeah i think i just missed a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah i think i just missed a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah i think i just missed a little
+bit in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so i'm just going to switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to switch to the
+default layout here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anyone not have their unity new unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone not have their unity new unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone not have their unity new unity
+project open yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project open yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project open yet
+all right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just
+take your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well good thing the internet's fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how old what what's the version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old what what's the version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old what what's the version
+that's fine yeah it's fine i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine yeah it's fine i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine yeah it's fine i'm
+downloading the new one anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the new one anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading the new one anything that's
+past the the lts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the the lts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the the lts the
+2017.1.4 should be fine anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017.1.4 should be fine anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017.1.4 should be fine anything with
+like an f at the end of it it's final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an f at the end of it it's final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an f at the end of it it's final
+now beta is should work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now beta is should work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now beta is should work okay
+if for whatever reason it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for whatever reason it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for whatever reason it doesn't
+i know sometimes there's been some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know sometimes there's been some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know sometimes there's been some some
+edge cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge cases but
+it should be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i'm sticking to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when you do have this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do have this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do have this um
+i just want you to take that unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to take that unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to take that unity
+package that was downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that was downloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that was downloaded
+and just click it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just click it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just click it
+or double click it to open it and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or double click it to open it and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or double click it to open it and you'll
+get an import dialog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an import dialog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an import dialog
+and i just want you to import the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want you to import the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want you to import the entire
+thing into your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into your project
+everyone imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just you should just be able to double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you should just be able to double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you should just be able to double
+click the unity package and it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the unity package and it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the unity package and it should
+just pull up unity if for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull up unity if for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull up unity if for whatever
+reason that doesn't work you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that doesn't work you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that doesn't work you can always
+right click in your project here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right click in your project here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right click in your project here and
+then import package custom package that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then import package custom package that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then import package custom package that
+also works as a backup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah um
+don't worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everyone imported ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone imported ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone imported ready to go
+give it another minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah when you import the unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah when you import the unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah when you import the unity
+package you get the entirety of the sdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package you get the entirety of the sdk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package you get the entirety of the sdk
+um there's samples in here sample scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's samples in here sample scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's samples in here sample scenes
+there's a lot of cool stuff in here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of cool stuff in here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of cool stuff in here that
+i'll get into and the setup itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get into and the setup itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get into and the setup itself is
+actually really straightforward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really straightforward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really straightforward and
+simple we've tried to make this like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we've tried to make this like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we've tried to make this like as
+easy as possible to either put into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as possible to either put into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy as possible to either put into a
+new project or integrate with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new project or integrate with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new project or integrate with an
+existing project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing project
+so if you're familiar with unity or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're familiar with unity or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're familiar with unity or if
+you've worked on a unity project before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've worked on a unity project before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've worked on a unity project before
+you'll find that a lot of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that a lot of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that a lot of the um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess the the the user flow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the the the user flow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess the the the user flow and the
+way that the sdk works is is typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the sdk works is is typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the sdk works is is typical
+kind of like to to a unity workflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like to to a unity workflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like to to a unity workflow
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+once you're all imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're all imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're all imported
+you'll see these three folders show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these three folders show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these three folders show up
+so the first one that i want you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one that i want you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first one that i want you to look
+at is the bose folder if you go inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the bose folder if you go inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is the bose folder if you go inside
+the bose folder there's wearable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bose folder there's wearable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bose folder there's wearable and
+then inside wearable there's modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside wearable there's modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside wearable there's modules
+you go to modules and the first module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to modules and the first module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to modules and the first module
+that we want is connection so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want is connection so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want is connection so we're
+going to go to connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to connection
+and then prefabs all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then prefabs all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then prefabs all right so that's
+bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose
+wearable modules connection prefabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable modules connection prefabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable modules connection prefabs
+and i want you to pull in this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to pull in this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want you to pull in this first
+prefab that's available here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefab that's available here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefab that's available here
+uh so just drag that into your scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so just drag that into your scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so just drag that into your scene
+and you should see this this white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see this this white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see this this white
+rectangle pop up now the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle pop up now the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle pop up now the first thing
+that i like to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like to do um
+when i start like a unity project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i start like a unity project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i start like a unity project
+especially if i'm developing on mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if i'm developing on mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if i'm developing on mobile
+is i like to pull my game view which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i like to pull my game view which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i like to pull my game view which is
+usually up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually up here
+you might have a different layout and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a different layout and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a different layout and i
+actually like to take the game view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like to take the game view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like to take the game view and
+i like to make it visible so i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to make it visible so i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to make it visible so i actually
+drag that game view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag that game view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag that game view
+over here to the right side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to the right side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to the right side of the
+project panel so i always kind of have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project panel so i always kind of have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project panel so i always kind of have a
+little preview window here of of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little preview window here of of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little preview window here of of what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+what my preview looks like basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my preview looks like basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my preview looks like basically so
+if you go ahead and do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go ahead and do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go ahead and do that
+then you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll see that
+the panel that we just pulled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel that we just pulled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel that we just pulled in
+actually shows up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows up here so
+and i'll explain what the wearable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll explain what the wearable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll explain what the wearable
+connect panel does it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect panel does it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect panel does it's basically
+the entire menu that shows up that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire menu that shows up that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire menu that shows up that that
+you can browse all available devices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can browse all available devices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can browse all available devices you
+click a device and you connect to it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click a device and you connect to it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click a device and you connect to it um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this handles all of the the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this handles all of the the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this handles all of the the connection
+for you there's some cool features on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you there's some cool features on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you there's some cool features on
+here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here like
+auto reconnect and and such so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reconnect and and such so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto reconnect and and such so for
+example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if
+during your app for exam maybe bluetooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your app for exam maybe bluetooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during your app for exam maybe bluetooth
+connection turns off or or for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection turns off or or for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection turns off or or for whatever
+reason the battery runs out this panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the battery runs out this panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the battery runs out this panel
+will pop up again it'll say you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop up again it'll say you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop up again it'll say you've been
+disconnected you know searching for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected you know searching for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected you know searching for a
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+to kind of like keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of like keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of like keep the
+user experience clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user experience clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user experience clean
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you have the wearable connect ui panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wearable connect ui panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the wearable connect ui panel
+and the next thing that we actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next thing that we actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next thing that we actually need
+to make the wearable connect ui panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the wearable connect ui panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the wearable connect ui panel
+work is we need an event system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is we need an event system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is we need an event system
+so what i want you to do is i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want you to do is i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want you to do is i actually
+want you to just create an empty game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to just create an empty game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to just create an empty game
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+somewhere in the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the scene
+and call it event system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it event system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call it event system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and on that empty game object i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that empty game object i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that empty game object i'm going
+to add component here in the inspector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add component here in the inspector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add component here in the inspector
+and i'm just going to start typing event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to start typing event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to start typing event
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+there it is it's a built-in unity thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is it's a built-in unity thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is it's a built-in unity thing
+and once you have your event system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have your event system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have your event system
+there's a button there called add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a button there called add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a button there called add
+default input modules so just click that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default input modules so just click that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default input modules so just click that
+now explain what this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now explain what this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now explain what this does
+this actually allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually allows you
+to click the ui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to click the ui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to click the ui
+of the connect panel now the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the connect panel now the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the connect panel now the reason why
+we do this separate is maybe you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this separate is maybe you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this separate is maybe you have an
+already existing unity project and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing unity project and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing unity project and maybe
+you already have your own event system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have your own event system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have your own event system
+that you've set up so we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've set up so we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've set up so we don't want to
+mess with that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with that but
+since we're starting a new project we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're starting a new project we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're starting a new project we're
+going to create this event system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create this event system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create this event system and
+add the default input modules like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the default input modules like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the default input modules like i
+said that just allows you to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that just allows you to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that just allows you to actually
+click the ui and and select the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the ui and and select the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the ui and and select the panel
+so that's pretty much it the last piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty much it the last piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty much it the last piece
+that we need to actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to actually um
+set up like our entire bose ar is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up like our entire bose ar is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up like our entire bose ar is we
+actually go in and we're going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go in and we're going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go in and we're going to create
+another empty object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another empty object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another empty object
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're going to call this one wearable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this one wearable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call this one wearable
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what this will do this will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this will do this will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what this will do this will actually
+stream the sensor data back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the sensor data back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream the sensor data back and forth
+from our app so wearable control and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our app so wearable control and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our app so wearable control and i'm
+going to add component now if you clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add component now if you clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add component now if you clear
+the search here i'm just going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search here i'm just going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search here i'm just going to show
+you where the bose components are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the bose components are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where the bose components are so
+when you clear the search there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you clear the search there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you clear the search there is a
+bose subcategory here and you can click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose subcategory here and you can click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose subcategory here and you can click
+bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose
+wearable and we have some sample scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and we have some sample scripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and we have some sample scripts
+here that you can use so the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can use so the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you can use so the one that we
+want is wearable control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is wearable control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is wearable control
+we're just going to click that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+one other useful thing that we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other useful thing that we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other useful thing that we added
+semi-recently is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-recently is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-recently is uh
+you can actually go up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually go up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually go up into
+let's see here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see here it's
+yeah so if you go to asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if you go to asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if you go to asset
+for assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assets
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+and then there's a bose wearable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a bose wearable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a bose wearable
+category and there's an app intent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and there's an app intent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and there's an app intent
+profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm actually going to take that app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually going to take that app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually going to take that app
+intent profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent profile
+i'm going to put that like in my top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put that like in my top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put that like in my top
+directory and and assets because i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and and assets because i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and and assets because i was
+in the in the prefabs folder here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the prefabs folder here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the prefabs folder here
+you don't have to but it's just cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to but it's just cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to but it's just cleaner
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+and what you'll see here on the right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see here on the right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll see here on the right is
+you'll actually see the sensors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually see the sensors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually see the sensors that are
+available to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us
+so for this first app that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this first app that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this first app that we're
+building um we just need the gyroscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building um we just need the gyroscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building um we just need the gyroscope
+so i'm gonna check the gyroscope on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna check the gyroscope on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna check the gyroscope on here
+and rotation sixth off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotation sixth off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rotation sixth off
+and then the update interval i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the update interval i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the update interval i'm gonna
+make it uh let's say 40 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh let's say 40 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it uh let's say 40 milliseconds
+that's all we kind of need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we kind of need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all we kind of need
+in terms of sensors and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of sensors and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of sensors and what this
+basically does is it just kind of syncs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically does is it just kind of syncs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically does is it just kind of syncs
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what the app requirements are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the app requirements are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the app requirements are and
+what what the app is going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the app is going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the app is going to be using
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+back to our wearable control that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our wearable control that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our wearable control that we
+created earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created earlier
+you'll see there's a active app intent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there's a active app intent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there's a active app intent
+profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile
+empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty
+slot right here you can actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot right here you can actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot right here you can actually just
+click that and just pull in that app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click that and just pull in that app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click that and just pull in that app
+intent profile that we just created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent profile that we just created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent profile that we just created
+so again that's uh app intent profile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that's uh app intent profile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that's uh app intent profile is
+in assets create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assets create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in assets create
+bose wearable app intent profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose wearable app intent profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose wearable app intent profile
+in the app intent profile you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the app intent profile you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the app intent profile you want to
+select gyroscope rotation sixth off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select gyroscope rotation sixth off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select gyroscope rotation sixth off and
+40 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 milliseconds
+and then in wearable control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in wearable control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in wearable control
+just you know put that app intent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know put that app intent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know put that app intent
+profile there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile there
+the last step to get this to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step to get this to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step to get this to actually
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+is where it says here you see it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it says here you see it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it says here you see it says
+editor default provider it says debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor default provider it says debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editor default provider it says debug
+provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider
+we're actually going to switch that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to switch that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to switch that to
+usb provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usb provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usb provider
+and what that will actually allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that will actually allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that will actually allow us to
+do is we'll actually allow us to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we'll actually allow us to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we'll actually allow us to send
+the data over usb bridge directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data over usb bridge directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data over usb bridge directly to
+unity which is great for debugging um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity which is great for debugging um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity which is great for debugging um
+while you're developing so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're developing so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're developing so that's
+actually what we're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we're going to be doing
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+your wearable control has a usb provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wearable control has a usb provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wearable control has a usb provider
+and that's pretty much it so your app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty much it so your app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty much it so your app
+will actually now connect both using usb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually now connect both using usb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually now connect both using usb
+and if you built this to android or ios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you built this to android or ios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you built this to android or ios
+you'll actually be able to pair with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually be able to pair with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually be able to pair with
+bluetooth the only problem is is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluetooth the only problem is is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluetooth the only problem is is we're
+not getting any of the sensor data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting any of the sensor data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting any of the sensor data so
+we're not actually doing anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually doing anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually doing anything with
+it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the first thing that i want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that i want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that i want to do is
+let's say i just want to uh visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i just want to uh visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i just want to uh visualize
+like the head orientation like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the head orientation like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the head orientation like on the
+screen so how do we do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so how do we do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so how do we do that right
+so what we're going to do here is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do here is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do here is i
+actually want you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want you to go
+back to the modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the modules
+and in here there's another folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here there's another folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here there's another folder
+called model loader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called model loader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called model loader
+and prefabs so if you go to bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prefabs so if you go to bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prefabs so if you go to bose
+wearable modules model loader prefabs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable modules model loader prefabs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable modules model loader prefabs in
+here you'll actually see we have a 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'll actually see we have a 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'll actually see we have a 3d
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+of all of our bose ar enabled wearables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of our bose ar enabled wearables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of our bose ar enabled wearables
+which is actually really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there's also a default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also a default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also a default
+for if it doesn't know or maybe for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if it doesn't know or maybe for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if it doesn't know or maybe for a
+future product or something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future product or something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future product or something like that so
+the wearable model loader actually pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wearable model loader actually pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wearable model loader actually pulls
+up the appropriate model automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the appropriate model automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the appropriate model automatically
+so it knows which one you're doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it knows which one you're doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it knows which one you're doing but
+right now let's just do it manually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's just do it manually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's just do it manually so
+pull up the one that you have so i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up the one that you have so i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up the one that you have so i have
+rondos here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm just going to take the rondos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to take the rondos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to take the rondos
+prefab i'm just going to drag it into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefab i'm just going to drag it into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefab i'm just going to drag it into my
+scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene
+and if i double click it you'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i double click it you'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i double click it you'll see it's
+very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+so i would recommend to scale it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would recommend to scale it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would recommend to scale it up
+let's say to something like 40 by 40 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say to something like 40 by 40 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say to something like 40 by 40 by
+40.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we just have our roundels like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have our roundels like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just have our roundels like that
+in the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the last thing that i want to do is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that i want to do is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that i want to do is on
+this prefab i actually want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prefab i actually want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prefab i actually want to add
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in here we're going to go to bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here we're going to go to bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here we're going to go to bose
+wearable and then there's a script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and then there's a script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearable and then there's a script
+called rotation matcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rotation matcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rotation matcher
+so we're going to select that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to select that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to select that
+and we're going to make the update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make the update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to make the update
+interval 40 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what rotation matcher does is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what rotation matcher does is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what rotation matcher does is what
+the name implies it'll match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name implies it'll match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name implies it'll match the
+rotation of the wearable so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the wearable so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the wearable so it'll
+actually take the gyroscope data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the gyroscope data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the gyroscope data
+um and that's actually pretty much it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's actually pretty much it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's actually pretty much it so
+this should already work so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should already work so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should already work so what we're
+going to do is we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're actually going to
+test it out so i want you to do is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it out so i want you to do is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it out so i want you to do is i
+want you to take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to take your
+frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames
+hook them up with usb to your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook them up with usb to your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook them up with usb to your computer
+if you're on windows you'll hear like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on windows you'll hear like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on windows you'll hear like
+the connected sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connected sound
+and i'm actually just going to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm actually just going to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm actually just going to maximize
+on play here so you can see what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on play here so you can see what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on play here so you can see what i'm
+doing i'm going to press play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the picker is there i have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the picker is there i have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the picker is there i have my
+frames i select it in the ui
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames i select it in the ui
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames i select it in the ui
+it's going to connect to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are my frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are my frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are my frames
+tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking
+the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as intended
+this is all happening over usb so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all happening over usb so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all happening over usb so
+the cable disconnects yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable disconnects yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable disconnects yep
+it will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will stop
+so the idea is that this is for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that this is for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that this is for for
+development you're obviously going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you're obviously going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you're obviously going to be
+using the cable but if you took this app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the cable but if you took this app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the cable but if you took this app
+and actually built it to your phone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually built it to your phone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually built it to your phone it
+would work over bluetooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i want everyone to just get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want everyone to just get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want everyone to just get to this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and then we'll move on to the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll move on to the next part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll move on to the next part
+and what's really cool about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's really cool about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's really cool about this is
+we're already pretty much you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already pretty much you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already pretty much you know just
+a few steps away from doing spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few steps away from doing spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few steps away from doing spatial
+audio now that we have the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio now that we have the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio now that we have the head
+orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+we can actually move our point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually move our point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually move our point of
+reference for the listener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it should be plug and play yeah um does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be plug and play yeah um does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be plug and play yeah um does
+it work for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+make sure you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have um
+the wearable control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wearable control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wearable control
+script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you you skip this step so there is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you skip this step so there is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you skip this step so there is uh
+you have to have the wearable control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have the wearable control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have the wearable control
+script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script
+so what you want to do is you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is you want to
+create an empty game object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah wearable control there is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh so event system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so on press play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so on press play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so on press play
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah stop the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stop the app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah stop the app
+and then add default input modules there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add default input modules there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add default input modules there
+you go now you can press play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go now you can press play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go now you can press play
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you should be able to click the ui this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to click the ui this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to click the ui this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah there it is um so let's then try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there it is um so let's then try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there it is um so let's then try
+let's try to update i mean it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to update i mean it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to update i mean it might be
+faster just to swap it with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster just to swap it with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster just to swap it with another
+program it's i think it's it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it's i think it's it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it's i think it's it's something
+that we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've also
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+been kind of told to do is like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind of told to do is like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind of told to do is like people
+should know how to how to update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to how to update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to how to update the
+firmware so if for whatever reason um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmware so if for whatever reason um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmware so if for whatever reason um
+it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+chances are sometimes that you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are sometimes that you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are sometimes that you just need
+the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest
+update so where you find that is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so where you find that is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update so where you find that is if you
+just look up bose updater like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look up bose updater like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look up bose updater like if you
+just google it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just google it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just google it
+there's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it's
+btu.bose.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+btu.bose.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+btu.bose.com
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just try to follow those steps it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to follow those steps it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to follow those steps it's
+usually pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pretty fast
+you just download the little little tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just download the little little tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just download the little little tool
+and it's all through through online so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all through through online so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all through through online so
+you just have it hooked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have it hooked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have it hooked up
+and it'll pick it up so if i try it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll pick it up so if i try it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll pick it up so if i try it on
+mine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it looks like this i'm gonna connect my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this i'm gonna connect my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like this i'm gonna connect my
+frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i see it it sees it there's an update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see it it sees it there's an update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see it it sees it there's an update
+ready for my product and that's and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for my product and that's and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for my product and that's and you
+just click update now and it'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click update now and it'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just click update now and it'll do it
+like in in a minute um if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in in a minute um if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in in a minute um if you're just
+working you don't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working you don't have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working you don't have to do that
+um but if for whatever reason it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if for whatever reason it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if for whatever reason it doesn't
+that's usually the problem has like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually the problem has like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually the problem has like an
+old version of the firmware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if you need to know how to turn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you need to know how to turn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you need to know how to turn them
+off you you actually just flip them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you you actually just flip them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off you you actually just flip them
+upside down and you put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down and you put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down and you put them on the
+table and they'll turn off after a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and they'll turn off after a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and they'll turn off after a few
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you get the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the um
+filled connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled connection
+uh usually reconnecting the device works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually reconnecting the device works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh usually reconnecting the device works
+it's it's just a usb debugger thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm actually playing the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually playing the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm actually playing the sound
+through my bose frame so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my bose frame so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my bose frame so when you
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+over usb you can actually drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over usb you can actually drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over usb you can actually drive the
+audio also through usb now on mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio also through usb now on mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio also through usb now on mac
+you'll see it pop up like in your sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it pop up like in your sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it pop up like in your sound
+settings and on windows it's like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and on windows it's like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and on windows it's like in the
+bottom right in the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right in the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right in the sound
+sound devices you can set like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound devices you can set like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound devices you can set like the the
+bose frames as your as your default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose frames as your as your default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bose frames as your as your default
+audio device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio device
+so it's a great way to preview with now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a great way to preview with now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a great way to preview with now
+what i did here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i did here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i did here is um
+i placed the sound on this sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i placed the sound on this sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i placed the sound on this sphere
+now this sphere is kind of like just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this sphere is kind of like just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this sphere is kind of like just in
+the middle of my field of view here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of my field of view here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of my field of view here but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the next exercise i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next exercise i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next exercise i'm going to
+actually kind of show you how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of show you how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of show you how to how to
+spatialize that sound so you can hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatialize that sound so you can hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatialize that sound so you can hear it
+so i'm just going to wait for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to wait for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to wait for everyone
+to make sure that everyone's got this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that everyone's got this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that everyone's got this so
+far yes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far yes all right
+so what we're going to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do here
+there's a couple of ways to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of ways to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of ways to do this
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so typically like your camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically like your camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically like your camera
+is your frame of reference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your frame of reference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your frame of reference for
+audio so as your camera turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio so as your camera turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio so as your camera turns
+if you have 3d sounds in the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 3d sounds in the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 3d sounds in the scene
+it's going to take the frame of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take the frame of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take the frame of
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+from your camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your camera
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to spatialize sound right so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spatialize sound right so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spatialize sound right so what we
+want to do here is i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do here is i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do here is i'm just going to
+actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+the camera that's staring at the glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera that's staring at the glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera that's staring at the glasses
+now that you don't have to do it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you don't have to do it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you don't have to do it like
+this there's a few different ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's a few different ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's a few different ways to do
+it but we'll just do it for simplicity's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we'll just do it for simplicity's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we'll just do it for simplicity's
+sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake
+we'll take the main camera and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take the main camera and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take the main camera and we'll
+pull them into our frames now the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them into our frames now the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull them into our frames now the way i
+have my scene set up is my frames are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my scene set up is my frames are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my scene set up is my frames are
+just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at
+at like zero zero zero and they're scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like zero zero zero and they're scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like zero zero zero and they're scale
+40 and the camera is kind of like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and the camera is kind of like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and the camera is kind of like right
+behind them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them
+like that so i'm just going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so i'm just going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so i'm just going to take the
+main camera and parent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main camera and parent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main camera and parent it
+to the frames so it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the frames so it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the frames so it's kind of like
+inside the frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i press play i'll show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i press play i'll show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i press play i'll show you what
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now if you're turning this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're turning this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're turning this is kind of
+like this is your frame of reference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is your frame of reference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is your frame of reference so
+this kind of simulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of simulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of simulates
+your orientation in space basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your orientation in space basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your orientation in space basically
+right so here's how this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's how this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's how this is going to
+work right so in unity doing spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right so in unity doing spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work right so in unity doing spatial
+audio is actually really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio is actually really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio is actually really really
+straightforward so what i want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so what i want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so what i want you to do
+is and i already did this i'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and i already did this i'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and i already did this i'm just going
+to delete it so i can show you how i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delete it so i can show you how i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to delete it so i can show you how i did
+it um it's very straightforward so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um it's very straightforward so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um it's very straightforward so now
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+what does it come in there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it come in there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it come in there we go
+so what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do
+is i'm just gonna use uh a sphere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm just gonna use uh a sphere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm just gonna use uh a sphere to
+represent a sound object just for visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a sound object just for visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a sound object just for visual
+sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake
+um so i'm actually gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm actually gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm actually gonna
+create a new game object so 3d object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new game object so 3d object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new game object so 3d object
+sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+and you know i'm gonna place it at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i'm gonna place it at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know i'm gonna place it at zero
+zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero
+and i'm gonna add component to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna add component to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna add component to the
+sphere and i'm gonna add an audio source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and i'm gonna add an audio source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere and i'm gonna add an audio source
+okay so that's a built-in unity thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a built-in unity thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a built-in unity thing
+now i take this sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i take this sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i take this sphere
+and let's say this one i'm gonna put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say this one i'm gonna put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say this one i'm gonna put it
+in front of the glasses like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the glasses like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the glasses like here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+maybe a little bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little bit further
+and oops and the audio source in audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oops and the audio source in audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oops and the audio source in audio
+clip if you click here um there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip if you click here um there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip if you click here um there's a few
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+just sound samples that we have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sound samples that we have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sound samples that we have in our
+sdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sdk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sdk
+you could pick like chord lp or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could pick like chord lp or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could pick like chord lp or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+it's up to you which one you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you which one you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you which one you want to
+pick this is just just for the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this is just just for the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick this is just just for the demo
+um so we're going to pick a sound effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to pick a sound effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to pick a sound effect
+we put it in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it in front
+and the only thing you got to change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing you got to change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing you got to change is
+make it loop so there's a little loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it loop so there's a little loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it loop so there's a little loop
+check mark here so the sound is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check mark here so the sound is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check mark here so the sound is you know
+when it finishes it'll start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it finishes it'll start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it finishes it'll start from the
+beginning again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning again
+and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a
+drop down here called 3d sound settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop down here called 3d sound settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop down here called 3d sound settings
+i don't know if you see that we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you see that we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if you see that we'll get
+to that in a second but the only one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second but the only one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second but the only one we
+want to change is right here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change is right here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change is right here you see
+spatial blend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial blend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial blend
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i'm actually going to drag spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm actually going to drag spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm actually going to drag spatial
+blend from 2d to 3d and that's all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blend from 2d to 3d and that's all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blend from 2d to 3d and that's all you
+need to do to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to turn
+audio source into a 3d audio source now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio source into a 3d audio source now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio source into a 3d audio source now
+you'll notice that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that there's
+cool things here like there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things here like there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things here like there's actually
+like the range of the sound that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the range of the sound that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the range of the sound that you can
+tweak and stuff so we don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak and stuff so we don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweak and stuff so we don't have to do
+any of that just yet um we can just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that just yet um we can just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that just yet um we can just kind
+of leave it as is just make sure it's 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leave it as is just make sure it's 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leave it as is just make sure it's 3d
+and that you have a looping sound effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you have a looping sound effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you have a looping sound effect
+and that's all i want you to do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all i want you to do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all i want you to do right
+now so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so now
+if you press play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you let it connect mine is failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you let it connect mine is failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you let it connect mine is failed
+connecting if that ever happens to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting if that ever happens to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting if that ever happens to you
+again it's just it's a known bug that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just it's a known bug that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just it's a known bug that we
+have with usb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with usb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with usb
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+reconnect make sure you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect make sure you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect make sure you know you're
+always saving your scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always saving your scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always saving your scene
+so you know no crashing happens unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know no crashing happens unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know no crashing happens unity
+tends to do that sometimes but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to do that sometimes but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to do that sometimes but you know
+rarely but usually it doesn't um so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely but usually it doesn't um so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely but usually it doesn't um so yeah
+if you get the failed connecting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the failed connecting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get the failed connecting thing
+just reconnect and then try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again so i'm gonna unpress play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so i'm gonna unpress play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so i'm gonna unpress play
+i'm gonna reconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's something to do with that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something to do with that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something to do with that it
+remembers the previous device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers the previous device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers the previous device and
+there's a there's a little bug with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a little bug with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a little bug with with
+the usb in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when i turn my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can kind of hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can kind of hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can kind of hear
+that sphere in front of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when i turn this way i hear it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i turn this way i hear it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i turn this way i hear it here
+now i hear it on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i hear it on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i hear it on the left
+so in order to get that make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to get that make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to get that make sure you're
+driving your audio through the bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving your audio through the bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving your audio through the bose
+frames which on mac you go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames which on mac you go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames which on mac you go into the
+sound settings here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound settings here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound settings here
+and on windows i can also show you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on windows i can also show you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on windows i can also show you like
+in the bottom right in the where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom right in the where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom right in the where the
+volume mixer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume mixer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume mixer is
+if if it's saying that connecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it's saying that connecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if it's saying that connecting to
+pixel 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel 2
+go into the bose connect app and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the bose connect app and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the bose connect app and to the
+the settings and you can actually remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the settings and you can actually remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the settings and you can actually remove
+any previous device that was there so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any previous device that was there so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any previous device that was there so it
+doesn't always do that auto thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always do that auto thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always do that auto thing
+so there is a little bit of a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a little bit of a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a little bit of a like a
+doppler effect i don't know if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doppler effect i don't know if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doppler effect i don't know if you can
+kind of tell when you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell when you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell when you're doing that
+right so these are all things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are all things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these are all things you can
+actually change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change
+here in the in the 3d sound settings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the 3d sound settings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the in the 3d sound settings so
+i think if you just turn off the doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if you just turn off the doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if you just turn off the doppler
+it won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't do that
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+so yeah um if you just go into 3d sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah um if you just go into 3d sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah um if you just go into 3d sound
+settings and you turn off the doppler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and you turn off the doppler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and you turn off the doppler
+you won't get that kind of like warp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get that kind of like warp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't get that kind of like warp
+effect when your head turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when your head turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect when your head turns
+um that is an interesting effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is an interesting effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is an interesting effect that
+can be played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be played with
+but again this is just the the built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is just the the built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is just the the built-in
+um unity spatial audio we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unity spatial audio we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unity spatial audio we actually have
+a couple of different ways you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of different ways you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of different ways you can do
+spatial audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial audio
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we've gotten to the to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten to the to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten to the to the point where
+you've set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set up
+your device you've gotten a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device you've gotten a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device you've gotten a little bit
+of an intro you've seen what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an intro you've seen what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an intro you've seen what what the
+platform is about and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform is about and this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform is about and this is basically
+uh a first example of spatializing audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a first example of spatializing audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a first example of spatializing audio
+right so now as an exercise what i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now as an exercise what i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now as an exercise what i'd
+like you to do for for the next 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do for for the next 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to do for for the next 30
+minutes or so or maybe even you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so or maybe even you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so or maybe even you know
+maybe let's say 20 minutes um go online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let's say 20 minutes um go online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let's say 20 minutes um go online
+find some sound samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some sound samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some sound samples
+set up your own little spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up your own little spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up your own little spatial
+soundscape around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundscape around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundscape around you
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+let's see how that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how that goes
+yeah make something cool later you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make something cool later you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make something cool later you can
+get some beach sounds maybe like water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some beach sounds maybe like water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some beach sounds maybe like water
+crashing on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing on the side
+birds chirping or it could be music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds chirping or it could be music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds chirping or it could be music
+samples maybe you get a drum loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples maybe you get a drum loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples maybe you get a drum loop
+um i can show you a few like i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can show you a few like i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can show you a few like i like
+freesound.org is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freesound.org is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freesound.org is cool
+i believe it's resound.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe it's resound.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe it's resound.org
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh you need to make an account but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to make an account but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need to make an account but it's
+free and you know it's all like um free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and you know it's all like um free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and you know it's all like um free
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+there's also a decent amount of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a decent amount of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a decent amount of like um
+websites that offer like loops if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites that offer like loops if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites that offer like loops if you
+want if you're going for like a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you're going for like a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want if you're going for like a more
+musical approach so yeah go ahead and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical approach so yeah go ahead and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical approach so yeah go ahead and do
+that and let me know if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let me know if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let me know if you have any
+questions i'll be you know going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i'll be you know going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i'll be you know going around
+and helping you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/feU1kISxPDM.txt b/feU1kISxPDM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1f1a1ef06803fb81d3130063d4b151253477c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feU1kISxPDM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today for the the first half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today for the the first half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today for the the first half of the
+lecture we're going to have a guest like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to have a guest like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to have a guest like
+another guest lecture gaurav Arya who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guest lecture gaurav Arya who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guest lecture gaurav Arya who's
+actually an undergraduate MIT but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an undergraduate MIT but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an undergraduate MIT but he's
+done research projects with me and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research projects with me and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research projects with me and also
+research projects with Alan edelman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects with Alan edelman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects with Alan edelman's
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+and uh he's done some really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he's done some really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he's done some really interesting
+uh you know recent work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know recent work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know recent work on
+differentiating random functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating random functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating random functions like
+you flip a you program you flip a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip a you program you flip a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip a you program you flip a coin
+and 50 it does it gives you sign 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 50 it does it gives you sign 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 50 it does it gives you sign 50
+chance it gives you cosine so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it gives you cosine so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance it gives you cosine so what does
+it mean to differentiate such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to differentiate such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to differentiate such a thing
+and how do you do it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you do it automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you do it automatically
+um so I thought that would be a and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I thought that would be a and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I thought that would be a and we
+thought that would be a nice topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that would be a nice topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that would be a nice topic for
+for a half a lecture so he's in Hong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a half a lecture so he's in Hong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a half a lecture so he's in Hong
+Kong right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong right now
+um that's going to give a guest lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's going to give a guest lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's going to give a guest lecture
+so I think we can get started goroff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we can get started goroff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we can get started goroff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so I'm uh can you hear me already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm uh can you hear me already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm uh can you hear me already
+good good yes great yeah yeah I see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good yes great yeah yeah I see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good yes great yeah yeah I see is
+myself yeah yeah so I'll try and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself yeah yeah so I'll try and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself yeah yeah so I'll try and yeah
+repeat any questions and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any questions and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any questions and things like
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um I'm a junior at MIT so yes Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm a junior at MIT so yes Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm a junior at MIT so yes Professor
+Johnson said I did a Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson said I did a Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson said I did a Europe
+um by Professor Johnson previously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by Professor Johnson previously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by Professor Johnson previously and
+recently I've been doing Iraq in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I've been doing Iraq in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I've been doing Iraq in the
+Julia lab which is which is a linebacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia lab which is which is a linebacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia lab which is which is a linebacker
+Professor Edelman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Edelman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Edelman
+and today I'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today I'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today I'm going to be talking about
+derivatives of random functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of random functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of random functions
+so I'm gonna try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna try and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I wanted to start by just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I wanted to start by just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I wanted to start by just giving
+a bit of motivation so I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of motivation so I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of motivation so I'm going to just
+um before I go into the random functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I go into the random functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I go into the random functions
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+write this function which I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this function which I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this function which I think you
+all probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably know
+how to differentiate better than I do at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to differentiate better than I do at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to differentiate better than I do at
+this point so here a is a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so here a is a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so here a is a matrix
+and so this is a matrix accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a matrix accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a matrix accepting
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+um can you read this offline yep we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you read this offline yep we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you read this offline yep we can
+see it and yeah yes this is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and yeah yes this is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it and yeah yes this is a function
+with Matrix input and Matrix output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Matrix input and Matrix output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Matrix input and Matrix output
+and the reason I want to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I want to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I want to go through this
+again is just to sort of set up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just to sort of set up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just to sort of set up an
+analogy with how I um like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy with how I um like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy with how I um like we're
+differentiating random functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating random functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating random functions like
+what are the broad steps that one takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the broad steps that one takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the broad steps that one takes
+and like when you're faced with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like when you're faced with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like when you're faced with a
+function like this like the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this like the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this like the essential
+complication is that your input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication is that your input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication is that your input and
+output spaces are much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output spaces are much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output spaces are much more complicated
+they're not like real to Reels like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like real to Reels like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not like real to Reels like in
+single variable calculus so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable calculus so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable calculus so when you
+want to differentiate a function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate a function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate a function like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it becomes a lot harder to just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a lot harder to just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a lot harder to just do it
+super mechanically you know like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super mechanically you know like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super mechanically you know like you
+might do for single variable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do for single variable calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do for single variable calculus
+and it becomes a lot more appealing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes a lot more appealing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes a lot more appealing to
+sort of go back to the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go back to the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go back to the fundamental
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+um that you ask when taking a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you ask when taking a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you ask when taking a derivative
+so the first might be something like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first might be something like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first might be something like you
+know ultimately derivatives are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ultimately derivatives are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ultimately derivatives are about
+when you perturb the input slightly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you perturb the input slightly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you perturb the input slightly how
+does the output return like a map from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the output return like a map from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the output return like a map from
+like input Wiggles the output Wiggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like input Wiggles the output Wiggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like input Wiggles the output Wiggles
+the first question you might ask is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question you might ask is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first question you might ask is just
+you know if I perturb the input how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I perturb the input how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I perturb the input how does
+the output change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output change
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+retrogram the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how does the output how does Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the output how does Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the output how does Apple
+change like what's the sensitivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like what's the sensitivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like what's the sensitivity of
+the output brings back to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so for the case of this function what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for the case of this function what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for the case of this function what
+you've been my Divinity class is you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been my Divinity class is you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been my Divinity class is you may
+have written something like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written something like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written something like this like
+you might have used the citation DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have used the citation DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have used the citation DF
+which is like the differential of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the differential of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the differential of that
+yep that's that's the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's that's the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's that's the notation
+um yeah yeah sorry that's the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah sorry that's the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah sorry that's the notation
+yes yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah okay
+um and you would have replaced a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you would have replaced a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you would have replaced a sort of
+with a plus ba So ba is sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus ba So ba is sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus ba So ba is sort of like
+your wiggle and the input this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wiggle and the input this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wiggle and the input this is a
+differential so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential so we
+subtract off the original a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the original a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the original a square
+um you can sort of you can expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sort of you can expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sort of you can expand this
+out so the a squares cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the a squares cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the a squares cancel
+um so yeah and you've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah and you've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah and you've done this
+I'm sure quite a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure quite a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure quite a few times
+then we have this the a squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this the a squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this the a squared term
+here and this you know right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this you know right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this you know right now
+um I know the next step you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know the next step you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I know the next step you're probably
+eager to do is you cancel out the da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to do is you cancel out the da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to do is you cancel out the da
+squared but just like this on its own is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but just like this on its own is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but just like this on its own is
+sort of like the answer to question one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the answer to question one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the answer to question one
+like we're not worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're not worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're not worried about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know neglecting the higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know neglecting the higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know neglecting the higher order
+terms or like forming the derivative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms or like forming the derivative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms or like forming the derivative but
+just I'm just um thinking about how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm just um thinking about how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm just um thinking about how do
+we write down the change in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down the change in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write down the change in the output
+it's like this is and this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this is and this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this is and this is your
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+um so this is your answer to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is your answer to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is your answer to question
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and then the second thing is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second thing is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second thing is you have
+this sort of you know this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of you know this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of you know this differential
+and you want to figure out what terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to figure out what terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to figure out what terms
+can you neglect here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you neglect here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you neglect here like
+um so what terms do I keep what terms do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what terms do I keep what terms do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what terms do I keep what terms do
+I neglect because really our goal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I neglect because really our goal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I neglect because really our goal at
+this point is to form this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is to form this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is to form this derivative
+which sort of the idea of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of the idea of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of the idea of the derivative
+is to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to capture
+the sensitivity of f with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of f with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity of f with respect to a
+to like the first order like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like the first order like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like the first order like the most
+important effects to the first order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important effects to the first order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important effects to the first order and
+we have to drop the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to drop the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to drop the rest
+so the second question is what terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second question is what terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second question is what terms
+synagogues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah and here you sort of you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and here you sort of you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and here you sort of you know you
+can just cross out the D A Squared like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cross out the D A Squared like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cross out the D A Squared like
+that's a hierarchical term so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hierarchical term so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hierarchical term so you can
+sort of justify it that way and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of justify it that way and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of justify it that way and your
+derivative operator becomes this Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative operator becomes this Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative operator becomes this Mass
+from VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from VA
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what's left here right d a times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's left here right d a times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's left here right d a times a
+plus a times DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a times DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a times DX
+so I sort of just wanted to separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of just wanted to separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of just wanted to separate out
+these two steps because both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two steps because both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two steps because both of them are
+kind of non-trivial in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non-trivial in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non-trivial in the case of
+random functions so like the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random functions so like the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random functions so like the first is
+just thinking about this map from input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about this map from input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about this map from input
+perturbations to output perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations to output perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations to output perturbations
+and the second is okay great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is okay great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is okay great I
+understand that but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that but now
+um what terms should I neglect to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what terms should I neglect to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what terms should I neglect to like
+form this derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this derivatives
+does that sort of make sense are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sort of make sense are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sort of make sense are there
+any questions any questions no people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions any questions no people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions any questions no people
+are shaking their heads all right you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shaking their heads all right you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shaking their heads all right you've
+seen this 100 times that is a matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this 100 times that is a matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this 100 times that is a matrix to
+Matrix function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix function
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um sort of the idea there was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of the idea there was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of the idea there was just
+thinking about you know the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about you know the function of
+it a more complicated input space and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a more complicated input space and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a more complicated input space and a
+more complicated output space so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated output space so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated output space so now
+we're going to shift our attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to shift our attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to shift our attention to
+you know another case where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another case where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another case where you know
+we're trying to generalize a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to generalize a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to generalize a notion of
+derivatives to more complicated spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to more complicated spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to more complicated spaces
+and this time we're considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time we're considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time we're considering
+functions which are random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which are random
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um mark concretely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mark concretely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mark concretely
+I'm going to write our random function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write our random function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write our random function
+with a capital letter x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital letter x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital letter x
+which already might be a bit suggestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which already might be a bit suggestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which already might be a bit suggestive
+because capital letters are often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because capital letters are often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because capital letters are often used
+for denoting random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for denoting random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for denoting random variables
+and indeed this is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed this is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed this is a random variable
+valued function so like as a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function so like as a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function so like as a map
+we might write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that it takes in some input d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it takes in some input d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that it takes in some input d
+and it spits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it spits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it spits out
+X of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of t
+where X of p is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X of p is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where X of p is a random variable
+and I'm going to keep so the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to keep so the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to keep so the element
+space is pretty complicated so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is pretty complicated so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is pretty complicated so I'm going
+to keep the element space fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the element space fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the element space fairly simple
+the input let's assume is just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input let's assume is just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input let's assume is just a single
+real number so P belongs to the reals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number so P belongs to the reals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number so P belongs to the reals
+um so yeah so now we want to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so now we want to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so now we want to ask the
+same question like um how so for for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question like um how so for for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question like um how so for for our
+Matrix function we started with this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix function we started with this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix function we started with this map
+from a to a square and we got as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to a square and we got as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to a square and we got as our
+answer for the derivative of another map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for the derivative of another map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for the derivative of another map
+from d a to d a times a plus a times d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from d a to d a times a plus a times d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from d a to d a times a plus a times d a
+and now we want to ask you know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to ask you know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to ask you know what is
+a useful notion of derivative first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful notion of derivative first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful notion of derivative first of
+all like what is our you know our notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like what is our you know our notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like what is our you know our notion
+of differential like how does the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential like how does the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of differential like how does the how
+does perturbation the input affect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does perturbation the input affect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does perturbation the input affect you
+know it's like if every time I run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like if every time I run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like if every time I run this
+function I get a different value if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I get a different value if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I get a different value if it's
+a random function like what is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random function like what is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random function like what is a useful
+notion of like sensitivity of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of like sensitivity of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of like sensitivity of the output
+and so forth so we want to you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so we want to you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so we want to you know do
+the same process on this random function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process on this random function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process on this random function
+so does everyone uh you know know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does everyone uh you know know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does everyone uh you know know what
+he means by a random variable it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means by a random variable it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he means by a random variable it's like
+I said suppose you flip a coin and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said suppose you flip a coin and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said suppose you flip a coin and if
+it's heads you return one and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heads you return one and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heads you return one and if it's
+tails you return zero right that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails you return zero right that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails you return zero right that would
+be a description yeah why didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a description yeah why didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a description yeah why didn't I
+actually show some examples so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show some examples so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show some examples so let me
+first write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first write them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first write them down
+so we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could have
+um let's say random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say random variables
+so and and one crucial thing is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and one crucial thing is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and one crucial thing is you know
+so this is a random variable value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a random variable value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a random variable value
+function so it's actually like a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's actually like a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's actually like a whole
+family of random variables indexed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of random variables indexed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of random variables indexed by a
+parameter p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter p
+so let's say one example you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say one example you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say one example you could have
+is X of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X of P
+could be following following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be following following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be following following the
+Bernoulli distribution but probability D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli distribution but probability D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli distribution but probability D
+this is your example of probability P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your example of probability P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your example of probability P of
+heads and otherwise ills then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and otherwise ills then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and otherwise ills then maybe
+another example so that means so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example so that means so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example so that means so with
+probability P you return one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P you return one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P you return one and a
+probability one minus P returns zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one minus P returns zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one minus P returns zero for
+example exactly yeah and maybe another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example exactly yeah and maybe another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example exactly yeah and maybe another
+example so I'm going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I'm going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I'm going to write the
+exponential distribution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution here
+um and I'm not hoping to really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm not hoping to really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm not hoping to really you know
+say what it is but the point is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what it is but the point is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what it is but the point is this
+one's a bit different in nature from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a bit different in nature from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a bit different in nature from the
+Bernoulli because it's sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli because it's sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli because it's sort of like a
+continuous distribution and I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous distribution and I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous distribution and I'll show
+you how samples from that distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how samples from that distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how samples from that distribution
+look like as well so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like as well so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like as well so let me just
+try and share my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and share my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and share my
+screen can you see him yep okay we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen can you see him yep okay we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen can you see him yep okay we can
+see your screen yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your screen yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your screen yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um yeah so let's consider the Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let's consider the Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let's consider the Bernoulli
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so X of P so really what I'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so X of P so really what I'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so X of P so really what I'm writing
+here is a program that samples from X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a program that samples from X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a program that samples from X
+and P so I'll call it sample X of p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P so I'll call it sample X of p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P so I'll call it sample X of p and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+um this is basically a sampling from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is basically a sampling from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is basically a sampling from a
+Bernoulli distribution so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli distribution so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli distribution so this thing
+inside of the ram is the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the ram is the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the ram is the distribution
+but we're getting samples from it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're getting samples from it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're getting samples from it so
+that's why there's this brand in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's this brand in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's this brand in front
+okay so now I can run this program with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can run this program with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I can run this program with
+x sub 0.6 I'm sampling from X of 0.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub 0.6 I'm sampling from X of 0.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub 0.6 I'm sampling from X of 0.6
+in this case it's a one or zero in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a one or zero in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a one or zero in this
+case it's using like a Boolean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's using like a Boolean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's using like a Boolean to
+represent the output but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the output but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the output but
+um the point is that you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is that you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is that you're going to get
+true 60 of the time at false 40 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true 60 of the time at false 40 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true 60 of the time at false 40 of the
+time so you can sort of verify this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you can sort of verify this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you can sort of verify this by
+taking a bunch of samples and Julia true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a bunch of samples and Julia true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a bunch of samples and Julia true
+is equivalent to the number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to the number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to the number one and
+false is equivalent to the number zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is equivalent to the number zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is equivalent to the number zero
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+um and then let's just stare at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then let's just stare at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then let's just stare at the
+other example of an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example of an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example of an exponential
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+um so the Bernoulli is What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Bernoulli is What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Bernoulli is What's called the
+discrete random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete random variable
+um and now for an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now for an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now for an exponential
+distribution maybe I'll make p like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution maybe I'll make p like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution maybe I'll make p like the
+hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+um and now it's doing some continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now it's doing some continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now it's doing some continuous
+random thing but the point is you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thing but the point is you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thing but the point is you get a
+different output every time now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different output every time now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different output every time now the
+question is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you know
+what the expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do people know what the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people know what the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people know what the exponential
+distribution means it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution means it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution means it means the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+you're giving a real number a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving a real number a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving a real number a
+non-negative real number right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real number right it's a
+returning continuously out but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning continuously out but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning continuously out but the
+probability decays exponentially as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability decays exponentially as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability decays exponentially as it
+gets larger and so P here is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger and so P here is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets larger and so P here is just the
+scale of that exponential so so your the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of that exponential so so your the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of that exponential so so your the
+real number is on the order of sample x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number is on the order of sample x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number is on the order of sample x
+100 is like real numbers on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 is like real numbers on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 is like real numbers on the order of
+100 it can be larger it can be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 it can be larger it can be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 it can be larger it can be smaller
+but as it gets bigger than 100 it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as it gets bigger than 100 it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as it gets bigger than 100 it gets
+exponential less likely right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential less likely right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential less likely right and it
+follows an exponential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows an exponential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows an exponential curve
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+but it's continuously coming out yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's continuously coming out yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's continuously coming out yes I
+yeah I should have said that so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should have said that so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should have said that so here I'm
+parameterizing the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the exponential
+distribution by its scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so yes another question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes another question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yes another question is
+um what is a useful you know notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is a useful you know notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is a useful you know notion of
+derivative for programs like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative for programs like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative for programs like this like
+summon code 7 program that samples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summon code 7 program that samples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summon code 7 program that samples are
+an exponential distribution you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential distribution you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential distribution you know
+what you know what what's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what what's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know what what's a useful
+notion of derivatives so there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivatives so there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivatives so there's like
+two questions here there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions here there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions here there's like
+how do we find this useful notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find this useful notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find this useful notion of
+derivatives but there's also like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but there's also like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives but there's also like the
+why like why would we like for your for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why like why would we like for your for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why like why would we like for your for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um functions you considered so far like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um functions you considered so far like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um functions you considered so far like
+you know Matrix value functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Matrix value functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Matrix value functions
+um the Y is pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Y is pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Y is pretty clear
+um in that you know gradients are useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that you know gradients are useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that you know gradients are useful
+for like optimizing functions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like optimizing functions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like optimizing functions and so
+forth and if you have like a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and if you have like a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and if you have like a totally
+deterministic function then it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic function then it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic function then it's very
+clear what it means to optimize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what it means to optimize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what it means to optimize a
+function like you have some objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like you have some objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like you have some objective
+and you're trying to make it as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to make it as small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to make it as small as
+possible and that's why you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and that's why you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and that's why you want to take
+gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients
+um but for these random functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for these random functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for these random functions uh
+maybe it's not immediately obvious why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not immediately obvious why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not immediately obvious why
+we want any notion of derivative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want any notion of derivative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want any notion of derivative for
+these programs so like why do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs so like why do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs so like why do we want to
+differentiate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate these
+and maybe this is a question they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe this is a question they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe this is a question they can
+ask to the class like why might be want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask to the class like why might be want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask to the class like why might be want
+to differentiate these sorts of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate these sorts of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate these sorts of programs
+does anyone have any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone have any uh
+any notion of why why you would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any notion of why why you would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any notion of why why you would want to
+differentiate whatever really Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate whatever really Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate whatever really Define
+what it means but why we wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but why we wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means but why we wanted the
+sensitivity some sense of that program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity some sense of that program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity some sense of that program
+with respect to some parameter even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some parameter even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to some parameter even
+though the outputs are random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the outputs are random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the outputs are random
+yeah if someone writes yeah might the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if someone writes yeah might the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if someone writes yeah might the
+likelihood of something occurring like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of something occurring like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of something occurring like
+maybe to maximize the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to maximize the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to maximize the likelihood of
+something occurring for example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something occurring for example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something occurring for example that's
+okay yeah yeah yeah another one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder
+are random in some sense and if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random in some sense and if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random in some sense and if you'd
+like to measure properties of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to measure properties of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to measure properties of that
+system then you need to take the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then you need to take the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then you need to take the random
+message yeah so so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message yeah so so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message yeah so so if you have a
+physical system with Randomness and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system with Randomness and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical system with Randomness and you
+want to measure the the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure the the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure the the the the the the
+the the sensitivity of something some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensitivity of something some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensitivity of something some
+statistical quantity to to exactly some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical quantity to to exactly some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical quantity to to exactly some
+physical parameter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical parameter yeah
+disabilities answers are like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities answers are like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities answers are like yeah
+totally correct so basically the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally correct so basically the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally correct so basically the idea is
+um you're maybe you're normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're maybe you're normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're maybe you're normally
+interested in like some statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in like some statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in like some statistical
+quantities of your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of your system
+so X is your random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X is your random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X is your random variable
+um but ultimately it might be computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but ultimately it might be computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but ultimately it might be computing
+some stochastic estimates which on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stochastic estimates which on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stochastic estimates which on
+average is going to you know give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is going to you know give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is going to you know give you
+something you want to minimize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to minimize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to minimize for
+example sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so statistical quantities basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so statistical quantities basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so statistical quantities basically
+mean things that are constructed using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things that are constructed using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean things that are constructed using
+averages so they're based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so they're based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so they're based on
+expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you may want to you know get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may want to you know get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may want to you know get these
+expectations somewhere you know you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations somewhere you know you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations somewhere you know you want
+them and then you want to find it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you want to find it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then you want to find it you
+want to find a piece that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a piece that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a piece that maybe
+minimizes some expectation and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes some expectation and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes some expectation and so forth
+so broadly this is the why and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so broadly this is the why and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so broadly this is the why and there's
+one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+um other point state which might which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other point state which might which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other point state which might which
+is that sure you have this system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sure you have this system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sure you have this system which
+is in principle stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in principle stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in principle stochastic
+um but you're interested in maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're interested in maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're interested in maybe it's
+average value so why not you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value so why not you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value so why not you know just
+write a program which directly computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a program which directly computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a program which directly computes
+an average value and is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average value and is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average value and is therefore
+determinist like if you have X of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinist like if you have X of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinist like if you have X of P
+then the program you might be interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the program you might be interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the program you might be interested
+in is actually the expectation of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is actually the expectation of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is actually the expectation of X
+appease average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appease average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appease average value
+and this is a deterministic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a deterministic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a deterministic function of
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+so why not just code that up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not just code that up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not just code that up and
+differentiate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that
+and the answer why we don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer why we don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer why we don't do that
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+the question so quick question so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question so quick question so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question so quick question so for
+the Bernoulli function right that uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli function right that uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bernoulli function right that uh a a
+returned one with probability p and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned one with probability p and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned one with probability p and zero
+with probability one minus P what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus P what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus P what what's
+the expectation value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of that
+it yeah it's just it's just P right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah it's just it's just P right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah it's just it's just P right so
+yeah yeah so that P is an easy function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that P is an easy function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that P is an easy function
+to differentiate with respected P right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate with respected P right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate with respected P right
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um yes that's right but you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes that's right but you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes that's right but you might have
+for example a very simple like a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a very simple like a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a very simple like a random
+block like in like maybe five lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block like in like maybe five lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block like in like maybe five lines of
+code with a for Loop you can write a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with a for Loop you can write a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with a for Loop you can write a a
+random block which like walks left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random block which like walks left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random block which like walks left or
+right maybe it changes the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe it changes the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe it changes the probability
+of left or right depending on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of left or right depending on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of left or right depending on where you
+are all that you can do in like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all that you can do in like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all that you can do in like five
+lines of code and now it becomes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code and now it becomes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code and now it becomes a lot
+easier to sample from this process than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to sample from this process than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to sample from this process than
+to analytically compute its average to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analytically compute its average to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analytically compute its average to
+computers average you might have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers average you might have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers average you might have to look
+at like the transition Matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like the transition Matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at like the transition Matrix or
+something like that but it's super easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but it's super easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but it's super easy
+to just sample for the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sample for the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sample for the process
+so that's the point it's often a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the point it's often a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the point it's often a lot
+easier to sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to sample
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um and therefore what these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and therefore what these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and therefore what these are
+obviously samples are often called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously samples are often called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously samples are often called like
+unbiased estimates because an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimates because an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimates because an average
+they're giving you the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then the compute analytically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so then maybe I'll also give like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then maybe I'll also give like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then maybe I'll also give like a
+some more concrete examples so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more concrete examples so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more concrete examples so one
+example is in deep learning in ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is in deep learning in ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is in deep learning in ml
+there is this very popular architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this very popular architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this very popular architecture
+called the variational autoencoder or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the variational autoencoder or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the variational autoencoder or
+vae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vae
+and this architecture has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this architecture has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this architecture has like
+Randomness baked into its model like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness baked into its model like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness baked into its model like
+it's not just Randomness from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just Randomness from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just Randomness from like
+selecting a subset of examples to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting a subset of examples to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting a subset of examples to train
+on it has it's intrinsically random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it has it's intrinsically random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it has it's intrinsically random
+so this the loss function of this vae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the loss function of this vae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this the loss function of this vae
+would again be defined strictly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would again be defined strictly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would again be defined strictly speaking
+as an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an expectation
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the model gives you like computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model gives you like computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model gives you like computationally
+the model gives you the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model gives you the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model gives you the ability to
+sample from this x of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from this x of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from this x of P
+that's what's super easy to do whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's super easy to do whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's super easy to do whereas
+Computing is analytically is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is analytically is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is analytically is hard
+so the question is if you have a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is if you have a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is if you have a process
+if you have a program where from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a program where from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a program where from which
+you can only get you know stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only get you know stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only get you know stochastic
+estimates of this you know we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of this you know we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of this you know we might be
+interested in DL of P by DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to get that right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get that right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get that right because we
+can't we're no longer we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we're no longer we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we're no longer we're not going
+directly from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from here to here
+somehow we have to start here at exit p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we have to start here at exit p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we have to start here at exit p
+and get to the old ADP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to the old ADP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to the old ADP
+um so this is you know one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is you know one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is you know one example
+um let me give you another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me give you another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me give you another example
+which to me is like the most compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to me is like the most compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to me is like the most compelling
+example and I was sort of already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I was sort of already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I was sort of already said
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+um in like the physical sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your model you may your model may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model you may your model may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model you may your model may be
+inherently stochastic like yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently stochastic like yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently stochastic like yeah that
+your model is stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model is stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model is stochastic
+um for example you might have like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example you might have like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example you might have like two
+molecules or two particles and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or two particles and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or two particles and they're
+interacting with a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with a rate
+are like they're binding or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like they're binding or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like they're binding or something
+like that but this is the average rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but this is the average rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but this is the average rate
+of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction
+um whereas in reality if you like let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas in reality if you like let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas in reality if you like let
+these molecules you know run around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules you know run around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules you know run around
+um they're going to interact like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're going to interact like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're going to interact like the
+times in which they're going to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in which they're going to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in which they're going to interact
+there's going to be a stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a stochastic process
+in time like for example in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time like for example in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time like for example in this case if
+you have like a a rate R of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a a rate R of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a a rate R of interaction
+then like the tides of which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like the tides of which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like the tides of which they
+interact that's called like a sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact that's called like a sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact that's called like a sun
+process and the if you say like how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the if you say like how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the if you say like how long
+am I going to wait until they first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to wait until they first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to wait until they first
+interact that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact that's actually
+distributed as an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as an exponential
+distribution with scale r or maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with scale r or maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with scale r or maybe one
+over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R
+um I'll have to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll have to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll have to think about that
+um it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it should be
+um whenever I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whenever I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whenever I read
+um because the higher the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the higher the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the higher the rate is
+smaller the less time you expect to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the less time you expect to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the less time you expect to wait
+um but the main point here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the main point here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the main point here is that you
+know your model of the system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your model of the system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your model of the system like
+you're interested in some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in some physical
+process and your model is inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and your model is inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and your model is inherently
+stochastic so here there's like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic so here there's like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic so here there's like no
+getting around the fact that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting around the fact that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting around the fact that you have to
+deal with stochasticity you can't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with stochasticity you can't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with stochasticity you can't like
+just switch to a different model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switch to a different model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switch to a different model that
+doesn't have stochasticity because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have stochasticity because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have stochasticity because then
+you're you know you're tied to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know you're tied to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know you're tied to this
+physical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical process
+so this is another you know case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another you know case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another you know case where
+you have to go with stochasticity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go with stochasticity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go with stochasticity and
+now if you wanna let's say you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you wanna let's say you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you wanna let's say you have some
+you have some model of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some model of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some model of what's going on
+but you don't know your parameters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know your parameters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know your parameters for
+example you don't know r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you don't know r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you don't know r
+then you want to fit your parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to fit your parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you want to fit your parameters to
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's again some sort of optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's again some sort of optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's again some sort of optimization
+or inference problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inference problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inference problem
+so yes in real world data you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes in real world data you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes in real world data you want to
+optimize the parameters of your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the parameters of your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the parameters of your model
+the best fit the data this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit the data this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit the data this is an
+optimization problem and again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem and again we're
+dealing with the same thing since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the same thing since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the same thing since you
+have a system where it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system where it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system where it's very easy to
+simulate it in a stochastic way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it in a stochastic way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it in a stochastic way but
+maybe it's really hard to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's really hard to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's really hard to exactly
+compute stick a specific quantities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute stick a specific quantities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute stick a specific quantities of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+so again you want to solve the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you want to solve the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you want to solve the same
+problem which is that we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that we're interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+um the derivative of the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivative of the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivative of the expectation of
+your program with respect to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program with respect to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program with respect to people
+okay so you know our derivative is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know our derivative is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know our derivative is not
+this doesn't mean this isn't our answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mean this isn't our answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mean this isn't our answer
+to the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the derivatives
+um but it's something we'd like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's something we'd like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's something we'd like our
+derivative to help us compute like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to help us compute like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative to help us compute like if
+we're like we're happy with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like we're happy with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like we're happy with many
+different Notions of derivative but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Notions of derivative but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Notions of derivative but at
+least let me compute this using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least let me compute this using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least let me compute this using the
+notion of the using the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the using the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the using the root
+and it's also a bit ambitious to hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a bit ambitious to hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also a bit ambitious to hope to
+get this exactly analytically because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this exactly analytically because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this exactly analytically because we
+couldn't even get the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't even get the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't even get the original
+expectation and living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and living
+so a more reasonable goal might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a more reasonable goal might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a more reasonable goal might be
+so this is the sort of getting to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sort of getting to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sort of getting to like
+automatic differentiation it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation it's like
+you're given a program exit T and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a program exit T and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a program exit T and your
+goal is to produce a new program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to produce a new program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to produce a new program which
+I'll call X tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which averages to the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry my screen here enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry my screen here enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry my screen here enough
+um which averages to the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which averages to the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which averages to the derivative of
+the average of your original program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of your original program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of your original program
+which is a bit of a mouthful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bit of a mouthful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a bit of a mouthful
+so in machine learning like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in machine learning like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in machine learning like this is
+often called like a gradient estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called like a gradient estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called like a gradient estimator
+what you're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessarily you know even X tilde FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily you know even X tilde FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily you know even X tilde FP
+this may not be our notion of derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may not be our notion of derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may not be our notion of derivative
+that we're looking for but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking for but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking for but
+um it's certainly something we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's certainly something we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's certainly something we'd like to
+be able to construct from whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to construct from whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to construct from whatever
+notion of derivative we come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivative we come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivative we come up with
+um so this is sort of the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is sort of the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is sort of the motivation for
+why we might want to characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we might want to characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we might want to characterize the
+sensitivity of a random program Bobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of a random program Bobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of a random program Bobby
+might want to derivative so is everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to derivative so is everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to derivative so is everyone
+clear on this at this point so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on this at this point so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on this at this point so this is
+going to try and find a random program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and find a random program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try and find a random program
+whose average is the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose average is the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose average is the derivative of the
+average of the original program right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the original program right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the original program right
+that's that's kind of a little mouthful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay people are nodding their heads so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that is the why do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the why do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the why do you want to
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+um and now the question is how like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now the question is how like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now the question is how like what
+notion of derivatives should we come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivatives should we come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivatives should we come up
+with to let us do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to let us do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to let us do this
+so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+so once again the functions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again the functions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again the functions we're
+interested in look like this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in look like this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in look like this he
+maps to x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps to x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps to x and t
+so now let's think back to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's think back to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's think back to the beginning
+where we have these two questions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have these two questions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have these two questions one
+was like just think about sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like just think about sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like just think about sort of like
+the differential or like just the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential or like just the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential or like just the like
+how do you output is changing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you output is changing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you output is changing with
+respect to the input without worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the input without worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the input without worrying
+about you know turning it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know turning it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know turning it into a
+derivative that cuts out higher over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that cuts out higher over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that cuts out higher over
+things just how does the program how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just how does the program how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things just how does the program how
+does how do perturbations of the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how do perturbations of the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how do perturbations of the program
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+so let's try and answer that first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try and answer that first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try and answer that first so
+let's answer question one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the first thing I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing I'm going to write
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know sort of just try to naively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of just try to naively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of just try to naively
+characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the change in my program so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in my program so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in my program so here I'm
+using slightly different notation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using slightly different notation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using slightly different notation from
+before and maybe you know Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and maybe you know Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and maybe you know Professor
+Johnson or professional Edelman might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson or professional Edelman might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson or professional Edelman might
+object to this but this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to this but this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to this but this is what I'm
+calling like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling like
+the differential for a stochastic case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential for a stochastic case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential for a stochastic case
+this is like a stochastic differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm writing it as so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm writing it as so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm writing it as so basically
+Epsilon is like your DP so this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is like your DP so this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is like your DP so this right
+hand side should make sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side should make sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side should make sense it's
+basically X of p plus BP minus X of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically X of p plus BP minus X of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically X of p plus BP minus X of P
+one thing I've done here is I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I've done here is I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I've done here is I'm not
+super comfortable with dealing with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super comfortable with dealing with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super comfortable with dealing with like
+differentials is like infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials is like infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials is like infinitesimal
+things so I've written this left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I've written this left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so I've written this left hand
+side as a function like DX that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side as a function like DX that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side as a function like DX that's
+Epsilon equals X and P plus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon equals X and P plus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon equals X and P plus Epsilon
+minus X of T so this is just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X of T so this is just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X of T so this is just you know
+exactly what it says there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it says there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it says there is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like there's no dropping of higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no dropping of higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's no dropping of higher order
+terms here and Epsilon I'm thinking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here and Epsilon I'm thinking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here and Epsilon I'm thinking as
+like so remember P was real so absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so remember P was real so absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so remember P was real so absolute
+thinking is like some smaller real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is like some smaller real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is like some smaller real
+number so this is basically just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is basically just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so this is basically just you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+for a finite a finite perturbation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite a finite perturbation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite a finite perturbation the
+input like how does the output return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input like how does the output return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input like how does the output return
+yeah so this is I might not have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is I might not have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is I might not have made
+totally clear what this means yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally clear what this means yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally clear what this means yeah
+that'll come next yeah so in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll come next yeah so in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll come next yeah so in lecture
+we're interested if like in lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested if like in lecture one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested if like in lecture one
+this is what we call in lecture one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call in lecture one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call in lecture one this
+is what we call Delta X right so Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call Delta X right so Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call Delta X right so Delta X
+yeah it was the non-differential change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was the non-differential change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was the non-differential change
+but that's fine you can stick with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine you can stick with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine you can stick with the
+your favorite notation don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite notation don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite notation don't don't
+change notations midstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change notations midstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change notations midstream
+sure yeah yeah so yeah but this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah yeah so yeah but this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah yeah so yeah but this is this
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+um but then I guess now you have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then I guess now you have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then I guess now you have to ask
+like what sort of object is this DX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what sort of object is this DX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what sort of object is this DX of
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+so like maybe this is also something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like maybe this is also something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like maybe this is also something I
+can ask the class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask the class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask the class like
+um xfp was a random variable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um xfp was a random variable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um xfp was a random variable and so
+forth so what is the x of X line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so what is the x of X line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so what is the x of X line
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it yeah
+it's a random variable is it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random variable is it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a random variable is it with the
+answer yeah yeah like generally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah yeah like generally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah yeah like generally if you
+subtract two random variables what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract two random variables what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract two random variables what
+you're going to get is another random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get is another random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get is another random
+dirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirt
+however I'd argue that I haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I'd argue that I haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however I'd argue that I haven't really
+fully specified to you what the x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully specified to you what the x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully specified to you what the x of
+Epsilon is you're right it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is you're right it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is you're right it should be a
+random variable but I think it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but I think it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but I think it could be
+a whole lot of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of random variables
+dependent on something I haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on something I haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on something I haven't really
+told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you
+um like does anyone see like why like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like does anyone see like why like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like does anyone see like why like is
+it totally unambiguous or let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it totally unambiguous or let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it totally unambiguous or let's think of
+one let's think of a concrete example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's think of a concrete example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's think of a concrete example
+let's think of the case where X of p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of the case where X of p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of the case where X of p is
+distributed as the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as the exponential
+distribution with scale of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is it a big is it unambiguous but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a big is it unambiguous but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a big is it unambiguous but the
+exit Epsilon is or is it unclear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit Epsilon is or is it unclear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit Epsilon is or is it unclear so
+what's is something missing from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's is something missing from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's is something missing from this
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mean by subtracting random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by subtracting random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by subtracting random variables
+yeah so the question is this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the question is this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the question is this is the the
+comment was he wasn't sure what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment was he wasn't sure what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment was he wasn't sure what you mean
+by subtracting random variables do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subtracting random variables do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subtracting random variables do you
+mean the CDF change or or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the CDF change or or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the CDF change or or whatever
+that's a good question so what I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question so what I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question so what I mean is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you so a random variable is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so a random variable is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so a random variable is basically
+telling you how to sample from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how to sample from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how to sample from something
+like a random variable says how you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random variable says how you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random variable says how you like
+it gives you the procedure for sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the procedure for sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the procedure for sampling
+from a distribution so I'm saying take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution so I'm saying take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a distribution so I'm saying take a
+snap this and I'm going to construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap this and I'm going to construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap this and I'm going to construct a
+new random variable which says how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new random variable which says how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new random variable which says how do
+you sample from DX you sample from X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sample from DX you sample from X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sample from DX you sample from X of
+p plus Epsilon you sample from X to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p plus Epsilon you sample from X to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p plus Epsilon you sample from X to p
+and you subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you subtract
+so now this is a sampling procedure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is a sampling procedure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is a sampling procedure okay
+so it's very different from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very different from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very different from doing
+operations with distributions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations with distributions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations with distributions if you
+were to look at this if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to look at this if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to look at this if you're trying to
+figure out the distribution of the X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the distribution of the X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the distribution of the X in
+terms of the distribution of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the distribution of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the distribution of these two
+like when you add to random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you add to random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you add to random variables
+the distribution sort of involves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution sort of involves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution sort of involves like
+it can evolves into distribution so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can evolves into distribution so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can evolves into distribution so but
+if you think sample wise then it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think sample wise then it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think sample wise then it's just
+a simple subtraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but why might this still not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but why might this still not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but why might this still not be
+fully specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully specified
+any other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas
+what might be missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might be missing
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is prefixed I guess is that P is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prefixed I guess is that P is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prefixed I guess is that P is fixed
+actually I should have said that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have said that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have said that so
+that's a good point so sometimes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point so sometimes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point so sometimes there's
+a dependence on T here that I am sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dependence on T here that I am sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dependence on T here that I am sort of
+suppressing and imagine you consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing and imagine you consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing and imagine you consider a
+fixed p and now you're thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed p and now you're thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed p and now you're thinking about a
+neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+but yeah so that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so that is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah so that is true
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+any other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other ideas
+no we're drawing a blank but go off okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're drawing a blank but go off okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're drawing a blank but go off okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we know what's this what's so-called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what's this what's so-called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what's this what's so-called the
+marginal distributions of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distributions of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal distributions of each of these
+random variables we know how to sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables we know how to sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables we know how to sample
+from each of these but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each of these but there's a
+question of what their joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what their joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of what their joint
+distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+um for example like if you have suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example like if you have suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example like if you have suppose
+suppose you were considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you were considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you were considering
+X of P minus X of P for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of P minus X of P for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of P minus X of P for a second
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well maybe that's maybe that's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe that's maybe that's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe that's maybe that's a bit
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+um let's say we're considering so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say we're considering so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say we're considering so let me
+go through your page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through your page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through your page
+um let's go into that context for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's go into that context for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's go into that context for a
+second and let's consider subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and let's consider subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and let's consider subtracting
+two random variables A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two random variables A and B
+or let's say A and B follow the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say A and B follow the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say A and B follow the same
+distribution so A and B are to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so A and B are to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so A and B are to follow
+the same distribution let's call it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distribution let's call it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same distribution let's call it some
+some distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distribution
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is this going to equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this going to equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this going to equal zero
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it is so if a is a and b are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is so if a is a and b are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is so if a is a and b are both
+coin flips you know with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips you know with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips you know with probability
+one-half they're one and probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half they're one and probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half they're one and probability one
+there's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zero
+is the difference zero people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference zero people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the difference zero people are
+shaking their heads no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking their heads no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking their heads no
+yeah so it actually depends because if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it actually depends because if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it actually depends because if a
+and b are independent like in the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are independent like in the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are independent like in the like
+like you would imagine for two coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would imagine for two coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would imagine for two coin
+flips then it would not always be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips then it would not always be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips then it would not always be zero
+if on the other hand A and B could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand A and B could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if on the other hand A and B could be
+the same thing like B could literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing like B could literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing like B could literally
+equal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a
+in which case yes this would be zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case yes this would be zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case yes this would be zero so
+this is the idea of a joint distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea of a joint distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea of a joint distribution
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um even if you know how even though if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you know how even though if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if you know how even though if
+you even if you know how to sample from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even if you know how to sample from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even if you know how to sample from
+a random variable marginally you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable marginally you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable marginally you can
+just sort of you know figure out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of you know figure out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of you know figure out in the
+whole probability space do they how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole probability space do they how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole probability space do they how do
+they behave together as they like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave together as they like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave together as they like so
+sometimes it's like what we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like what we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like what we haven't
+specified is a distribution of a comma B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified is a distribution of a comma B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified is a distribution of a comma B
+does that make sense yeah so are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yeah so are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yeah so are they
+the same coin flip or or the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coin flip or or the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coin flip or or the independent
+coin flips or something in between yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips or something in between yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips or something in between yeah
+people are people are shaking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are people are shaking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are people are shaking their
+heads yes so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads yes so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads yes so I think
+so let's now go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now go back to
+um our particular case of subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our particular case of subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our particular case of subtracting
+through random variables where we had X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through random variables where we had X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through random variables where we had X
+and P plus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P plus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P plus Epsilon
+minus X of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my claim is it's not enough to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my claim is it's not enough to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my claim is it's not enough to say
+that this thing is distributed as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing is distributed as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing is distributed as an
+exponential distribution with great P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with great P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution with great P
+plus Epsilon and this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon and this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon and this thing is
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+as an exponential distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exponential distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an exponential distribution of the
+grade P this doesn't tell you enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade P this doesn't tell you enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade P this doesn't tell you enough you
+have to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to specify
+um how did how they behave jointly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did how they behave jointly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how did how they behave jointly
+and perhaps the most the most simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps the most the most simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps the most the most simple
+thing to do is to say why don't we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to say why don't we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to say why don't we make
+these two random variables independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables independent
+so basically it means these sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it means these sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it means these sampling
+processes are not tied to each other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are not tied to each other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are not tied to each other at
+all we're going to take a sample from XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're going to take a sample from XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're going to take a sample from XP
+sample from of X of p plus Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from of X of p plus Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from of X of p plus Epsilon and
+um subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subtract them
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um let's actually see how that works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's actually see how that works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's actually see how that works in
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so yeah so my sample Act is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so my sample Act is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so my sample Act is already
+set up as an exponential random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up as an exponential random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up as an exponential random variable
+and now I'm going to sample DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to sample DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm going to sample DX
+um which takes those input Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which takes those input Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which takes those input Epsilon
+um this is a little confusing let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a little confusing let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a little confusing let me put
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um and I'm going to fix e at the 100 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to fix e at the 100 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to fix e at the 100 so
+then this looks like sample X of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this looks like sample X of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this looks like sample X of 100
+plus Epsilon minus sample X at 100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon minus sample X at 100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Epsilon minus sample X at 100.
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+let's try sampling from the X let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try sampling from the X let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try sampling from the X let's take
+out the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the field
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um you can sample DX maybe it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sample DX maybe it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can sample DX maybe it was a
+small perturbation like point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbation like point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small perturbation like point one
+and you can see it looks you know like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it looks you know like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it looks you know like a
+random variable as was said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable as was said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable as was said
+um and it takes fairly large values like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it takes fairly large values like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it takes fairly large values like
+here's a negative 145.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a negative 145.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a negative 145.
+um now I could try maybe let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I could try maybe let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I could try maybe let's make
+Epsilon really really tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon really really tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon really really tight
+it still takes fairly large values right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still takes fairly large values right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still takes fairly large values right
+it still looks pretty large and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still looks pretty large and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still looks pretty large and at this
+point maybe alarm Bell should be ringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point maybe alarm Bell should be ringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point maybe alarm Bell should be ringing
+because you sort of in a derivative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you sort of in a derivative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you sort of in a derivative you
+sort of have this idea that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have this idea that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have this idea that if you
+perturb the input by a smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the input by a smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb the input by a smaller and
+smaller amount the output in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount the output in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller amount the output in some sense
+of size sometimes of Norm should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size sometimes of Norm should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size sometimes of Norm should get
+smaller and smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller
+whereas here this isn't happening at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here this isn't happening at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here this isn't happening at all
+right so if you were to try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you were to try and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you were to try and do
+something like you know divide by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know divide by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know divide by your
+step size as you often try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size as you often try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size as you often try to do
+derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives
+this looks concerned right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks concerned right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks concerned right because
+um sure this might average to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sure this might average to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sure this might average to the right
+thing but its variance is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but its variance is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but its variance is going to be
+really large so the good because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large so the good because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large so the good because the
+right thing might be something like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing might be something like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing might be something like one
+and we're getting these values these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're getting these values these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're getting these values these
+numbers of order 10 to the seven which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of order 10 to the seven which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of order 10 to the seven which
+trust if you trust the math are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust if you trust the math are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust if you trust the math are going to
+average to one but if you actually want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average to one but if you actually want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average to one but if you actually want
+to do this combinational you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this combinational you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this combinational you're in
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+so in making you know all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in making you know all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in making you know all of these
+making these independent is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these independent is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these independent is not a good
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+um are people convinced by this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are people convinced by this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are people convinced by this are
+there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think people are shaking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think people are shaking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think people are shaking their
+heads Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads Okay so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um all right so what could be a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so what could be a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so what could be a better
+approach to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to this
+well here we have to so let's again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we have to so let's again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we have to so let's again you
+know stick to our example and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know stick to our example and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know stick to our example and all the
+all these papers I'm going to like fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these papers I'm going to like fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these papers I'm going to like fill
+out all their nooks and crannies later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all their nooks and crannies later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all their nooks and crannies later
+I'm not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so
+I feel bad about those things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel bad about those things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel bad about those things and so
+much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much but
+um yeah so let's go to this example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let's go to this example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so let's go to this example and
+now we have this family of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this family of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this family of random
+variables and we need to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we need to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we need to figure out how
+they you know work with each other how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know work with each other how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know work with each other how
+they're how they how are they distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're how they how are they distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're how they how are they distribute
+to joined today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to joined today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to joined today
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and here I have to you know introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have to you know introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have to you know introduce
+some more Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more Concepts
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how do how is a random variable actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how is a random variable actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do how is a random variable actually
+defined like we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined like we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined like we're trying to
+differentiate these objects so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate these objects so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate these objects so maybe we
+ought to understand these objects a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to understand these objects a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to understand these objects a bit
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+so this is getting into you know a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is getting into you know a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is getting into you know a bit
+of probability Theory but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability Theory but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability Theory but basically
+there's something called a sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+this is a space of things and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a space of things and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a space of things and it's
+equipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+a probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pete it's another way you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete it's another way you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete it's another way you can think
+about this is there's some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is there's some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is there's some random
+variable with output space Omega but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with output space Omega but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with output space Omega but
+here I've actually written the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've actually written the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've actually written the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+and then your random variables let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your random variables let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your random variables let's say
+any X of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X of P
+is a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also for Simplicity I said P was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for Simplicity I said P was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for Simplicity I said P was
+real let's also make X and P a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real let's also make X and P a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real let's also make X and P a real
+valued random variable for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued random variable for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued random variable for Simplicity
+in which case X of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case X of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case X of P
+is defined as a map from Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as a map from Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as a map from Omega
+to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a bit confusing because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bit confusing because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a bit confusing because this
+is like a deterministic function so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a deterministic function so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a deterministic function so how
+are we defining random variables through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we defining random variables through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we defining random variables through
+a deterministic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic function
+the idea is that all of the randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that all of the randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that all of the randomness
+is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here
+this is a distribution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distribution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a distribution which is
+independent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of people
+right this distribution doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this distribution doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this distribution doesn't depend
+on E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on E
+and then we have a fixed distribution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a fixed distribution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a fixed distribution a
+fixed source of Randomness for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed source of Randomness for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed source of Randomness for all of
+our family all of the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our family all of the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our family all of the random variables
+in our family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our family
+and what differs in within our family is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what differs in within our family is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what differs in within our family is
+what the map this map is parametrized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the map this map is parametrized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the map this map is parametrized by
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+so X you can write x sub P because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X you can write x sub P because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X you can write x sub P because it
+might pop it to be concrete to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pop it to be concrete to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might pop it to be concrete to be
+concrete here you know go around so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete here you know go around so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete here you know go around so you
+know on a computer there's a function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on a computer there's a function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on a computer there's a function in
+Julia called Rand that will return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia called Rand that will return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia called Rand that will return a
+number between 0 and 1 uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and 1 uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number between 0 and 1 uniformly
+distributed right so now suppose you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed right so now suppose you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed right so now suppose you're
+given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that
+as input and then you want to spit spit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as input and then you want to spit spit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as input and then you want to spit spit
+out an exponentially distributed thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an exponentially distributed thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an exponentially distributed thing
+as output so so you only need that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as output so so you only need that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as output so so you only need that that
+source of Randomness which who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of Randomness which who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of Randomness which who knows
+where that comes from right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from right and then
+somehow it passes through some map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it passes through some map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it passes through some map to
+produce some other uh uh other uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some other uh uh other uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some other uh uh other uh you
+know other distribution other type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other distribution other type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other distribution other type of
+random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number
+right yeah yeah so actually yes I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah so actually yes I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah so actually yes I'll try
+and show that for an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that for an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that for an exponential
+distribution or are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or are there any other
+questions first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions first
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay no no other questions right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um yes I'll try and show that for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes I'll try and show that for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes I'll try and show that for an
+exponential distribution so again next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution so again next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution so again next
+to the distributed as an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the distributed as an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the distributed as an exponential
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+um first let's see just for consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first let's see just for consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first let's see just for consistency
+this isn't actually the simplest choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't actually the simplest choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't actually the simplest choice
+for like doing this for an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like doing this for an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like doing this for an expression
+random variable but I'm always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but I'm always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable but I'm always going to
+make omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make omega
+between zero and one and P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one and P is
+the uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uniform distribution
+over zero and one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero and one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero and one so
+um you have a coin flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have a coin flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have a coin flip
+yeah exactly so and sort of going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so and sort of going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so and sort of going back
+to this map thing maybe I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this map thing maybe I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this map thing maybe I should have
+said also explicitly how do you sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said also explicitly how do you sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said also explicitly how do you sample
+from XP and the answer is sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from XP and the answer is sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from XP and the answer is sort of like a
+two-step process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-step process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-step process
+first you pick a random Omega according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you pick a random Omega according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you pick a random Omega according
+to p and then you plug it into this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p and then you plug it into this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to p and then you plug it into this map
+that's how you sample from Exit B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you sample from Exit B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you sample from Exit B so
+here this is like your call to random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is like your call to random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is like your call to random
+and this is going to give you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to give you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to give you if you
+think of like sampling from P that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like sampling from P that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like sampling from P that's
+going to give you an Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you an Omega
+which is between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is between zero and one
+and then it turns out that the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it turns out that the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it turns out that the function
+for an exponential distribution looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exponential distribution looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exponential distribution looks
+like I think it's a log maybe negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think it's a log maybe negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think it's a log maybe negative
+log it should be negative log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log it should be negative log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log it should be negative log
+the negative log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative log of
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+um and I could also just write Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I could also just write Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I could also just write Omega
+here I'm writing 1 minus Omega but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm writing 1 minus Omega but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm writing 1 minus Omega but this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+X of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of P
+of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+so let's make Let Me Maybe I'll become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make Let Me Maybe I'll become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make Let Me Maybe I'll become
+more clear if I try and show you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear if I try and show you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clear if I try and show you about
+in code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in code
+question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+shouldn't that depend the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't that depend the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't that depend the question was
+shouldn't that depend on P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah you didn't put your scale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah you didn't put your scale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah you didn't put your scale in
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+thanks yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks yeah yeah so
+um yeah so there's a p outside the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IC go back to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an exponential distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential distribution
+um now let's write our own sampler where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's write our own sampler where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now let's write our own sampler where
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+um use this trick where our fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use this trick where our fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use this trick where our fundamental
+primitive is going to be rad so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive is going to be rad so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive is going to be rad so maybe
+I'll write this in multiple lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write this in multiple lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write this in multiple lines
+so first we sample our amigo which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we sample our amigo which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we sample our amigo which is a
+uniform random number yeah so Iran is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random number yeah so Iran is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform random number yeah so Iran is
+zero uniform between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uniform between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uniform between zero and one
+basically yes yes and and then we return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yes yes and and then we return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yes yes and and then we return
+the log of 1 minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of 1 minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of 1 minus Omega
+times P so times and speed yes so yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P so times and speed yes so yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P so times and speed yes so yep so
+now if I try this with 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I try this with 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I try this with 100
+it does seem to look you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem to look you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem to look you know something
+centered around 100 we can check its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around 100 we can check its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around 100 we can check its
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah side effect under the hood this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah side effect under the hood this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah side effect under the hood this
+is probably what your computer is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably what your computer is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably what your computer is doing
+there's like a really optimized way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a really optimized way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a really optimized way of
+generating uniforms actually I'm 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating uniforms actually I'm 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating uniforms actually I'm 100
+trying to tell this thing but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell this thing but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell this thing but this is
+one possible way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possible way
+um and why is this relevant to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and why is this relevant to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and why is this relevant to our
+differentiation problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation problem
+it's relevant because if they go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant because if they go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant because if they go back to
+this phrasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phrasing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the key part is that this this calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part is that this this calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part is that this this calls
+Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+independent of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of P
+so what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can do is we can
+not make all of these XPS independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make all of these XPS independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make all of these XPS independent
+but rather make them all rely on exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather make them all rely on exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather make them all rely on exactly
+the same calls Iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calls Iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same calls Iran
+which we just plug into their respected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just plug into their respected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just plug into their respected
+Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe since I'm a bit short in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe since I'm a bit short in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe since I'm a bit short in time
+maybe I'll switch to some slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a there's a famous quote in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a famous quote in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a famous quote in
+computer science that random numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that random numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that random numbers are
+far too important to be left to chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a very we're quite difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very we're quite difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very we're quite difficult to
+get a source of Randomness on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a source of Randomness on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a source of Randomness on a computer
+so there's a lot going on in the Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot going on in the Rand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot going on in the Rand
+function so you once you have that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you once you have that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so you once you have that you
+don't want to touch it and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to touch it and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to touch it and then you you
+kind of reuse that for everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um yeah so this is how it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so this is how it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so this is how it looks like
+pictorially so we're sampling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially so we're sampling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially so we're sampling this
+random number from Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number from Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number from Omega
+and you're plugging it in to X of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're plugging it in to X of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're plugging it in to X of t
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um be sure to just you know this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be sure to just you know this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um be sure to just you know this this is
+your map and then you're sort of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your map and then you're sort of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your map and then you're sort of looking
+it up on the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up on the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up on the y-axis
+and okay so that's how X of P looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so that's how X of P looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so that's how X of P looks like
+we assemble a uniform from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assemble a uniform from zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assemble a uniform from zero to one
+we plug it in and at a point is that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug it in and at a point is that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug it in and at a point is that X
+of p plus Epsilon for instance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p plus Epsilon for instance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p plus Epsilon for instance is
+jointly distributed with exit p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly distributed with exit p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly distributed with exit p
+so if we were to pick this Omega one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to pick this Omega one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were to pick this Omega one on
+the real line then our sample from XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real line then our sample from XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real line then our sample from XP
+would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this
+um I hope you can see my mouse and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope you can see my mouse and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope you can see my mouse and our
+sample from X to P plus Epsilon would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from X to P plus Epsilon would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from X to P plus Epsilon would be
+would be would be would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be would be this
+and then their difference would be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their difference would be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their difference would be our
+sample from DX to Epsilon which as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from DX to Epsilon which as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample from DX to Epsilon which as you
+can see is sort of getting smaller as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is sort of getting smaller as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is sort of getting smaller as
+Epsilon gets smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon gets smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon gets smaller
+so this is this whole procedure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this whole procedure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this whole procedure which
+I'll describe in a bit more detail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll describe in a bit more detail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll describe in a bit more detail is
+they're called the re-parametrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the re-parametrization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called the re-parametrization
+trick and it's a very old trick and used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and it's a very old trick and used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and it's a very old trick and used
+nearly everywhere for example in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly everywhere for example in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly everywhere for example in those
+variation a lot of encoders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation a lot of encoders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation a lot of encoders
+um so before the re-parametrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so before the re-parametrization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so before the re-parametrization
+trade you can also Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade you can also Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade you can also Imagine
+how our idea of sampling for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our idea of sampling for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our idea of sampling for them
+independently would look like and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently would look like and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently would look like and it
+looks like this rather it's not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this rather it's not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this rather it's not using
+the same Omega for both of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Omega for both of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Omega for both of them you
+sample two Independence and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample two Independence and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample two Independence and you take
+your difference and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your difference and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your difference and you can see that
+this can be pretty huge no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be pretty huge no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be pretty huge no matter how
+small I make Epsilon so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I make Epsilon so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I make Epsilon so it's sort of
+like you're trying to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're trying to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're trying to figure out how
+this curve is Shifting like maybe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve is Shifting like maybe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve is Shifting like maybe how
+much how fast the area under this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how fast the area under this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how fast the area under this curve
+is changing and the way you decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing and the way you decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing and the way you decided to
+do it is like a random sample from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is like a random sample from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it is like a random sample from each
+of these curves but what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these curves but what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these curves but what's going to
+happen is like the noise of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is like the noise of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is like the noise of like the
+intrinsic Randomness is going to totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic Randomness is going to totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic Randomness is going to totally
+wash out the signal of like how much my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash out the signal of like how much my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash out the signal of like how much my
+curve is going up and the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is going up and the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is going up and the solution to
+that is like use the same value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like use the same value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is like use the same value in the
+y-axis same Omega for both curves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis same Omega for both curves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis same Omega for both curves and
+directly sample their difference that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sample their difference that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly sample their difference that's
+how you can estimate you know how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can estimate you know how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can estimate you know how fast
+the curve is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve is moving
+so that's what we're going to do so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to do so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to do so this
+is your DX of Epsilon which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your DX of Epsilon which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your DX of Epsilon which sort of
+subtracts these you know at every fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts these you know at every fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts these you know at every fixed
+Omega and now the nice property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and now the nice property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and now the nice property is that
+you know at every fixed Omega the x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at every fixed Omega the x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at every fixed Omega the x of
+Epsilon is kind of like order Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is kind of like order Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is kind of like order Epsilon
+right it's of you know it's a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's of you know it's a magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's of you know it's a magnitude
+Epsilon it's not a it's not o one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon it's not a it's not o one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon it's not a it's not o one where
+I'm using I think you'd use this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using I think you'd use this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using I think you'd use this other
+patient in the past yeah yeah we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in the past yeah yeah we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient in the past yeah yeah we use a
+little low notation but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little low notation but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little low notation but yeah
+okay okay this is similar yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay this is similar yeah yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay this is similar yeah yes
+um so it's proportional adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this is your differential so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is your differential so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is your differential so we've
+solved problem one which was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem one which was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem one which was you know
+how do we describe a change in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we describe a change in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we describe a change in our
+program we've decided that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program we've decided that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program we've decided that it's going to
+be itself a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be itself a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be itself a random variable
+um and it you know it's and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it you know it's and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it you know it's and it's
+basically the subtraction of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the subtraction of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the subtraction of these two
+random variables with a particular joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables with a particular joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables with a particular joint
+distribution namely they're all sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution namely they're all sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution namely they're all sharing
+the same source of remnants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same source of remnants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same source of remnants
+yeah and the final piece of the puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the final piece of the puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the final piece of the puzzle
+um that's a bit scary is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a bit scary is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a bit scary is like
+um now that we have differentials we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now that we have differentials we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now that we have differentials we can
+just take the derivative kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the derivative kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the derivative kind of like
+pointwise at every point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise at every point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointwise at every point on the
+um every every bound every every Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every every bound every every Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every every bound every every Omega
+so we have this differential we can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this differential we can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this differential we can and
+this differential like if you fix Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential like if you fix Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential like if you fix Omega
+one it's like moving up in like a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's like moving up in like a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's like moving up in like a nice
+well-behaved way this change is small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-behaved way this change is small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-behaved way this change is small so
+we can actually compute its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually compute its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually compute its derivative
+and we can compute its derivative at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can compute its derivative at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can compute its derivative at
+every Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Omega
+and then we'll have a new random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll have a new random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll have a new random
+variable so remember a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so remember a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so remember a random variable
+on a probability space is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a probability space is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a probability space is just a
+function from Omega to some output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from Omega to some output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from Omega to some output so
+now our function from Omega to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our function from Omega to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our function from Omega to our
+output will be this derivative at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will be this derivative at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will be this derivative at every
+particular Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Omega
+and like so that's represented by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like so that's represented by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like so that's represented by this
+thing here the limit is Epsilon goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here the limit is Epsilon goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here the limit is Epsilon goes to
+zero of the X of Epsilon over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the X of Epsilon over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the X of Epsilon over Epsilon
+um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is
+um and I'm calling this Delta and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm calling this Delta and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm calling this Delta and it
+turns out you can maybe it maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can maybe it maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out you can maybe it maybe it's
+pretty clear too at least staring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear too at least staring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear too at least staring at
+this if you're sampling like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're sampling like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're sampling like the
+derivatives and every fixed Omega what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and every fixed Omega what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and every fixed Omega what
+you're going to get on average is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get on average is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get on average is the
+derivative of the average of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the average of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the average of the whole
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+so um this actually I said that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this actually I said that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this actually I said that our
+derivative might not be exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative might not be exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative might not be exactly the same
+thing as a gradient estimator but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a gradient estimator but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a gradient estimator but it
+sure looks like in this case it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure looks like in this case it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure looks like in this case it is like
+our derivatives which tells you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivatives which tells you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivatives which tells you you know
+at every point in the sample space how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in the sample space how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in the sample space how
+much is the random function changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is the random function changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is the random function changing
+um is just if you average it out it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is just if you average it out it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is just if you average it out it is
+giving us what we decided we wanted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us what we decided we wanted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us what we decided we wanted at
+the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning
+so it was that was a bit that was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was that was a bit that was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was that was a bit that was kind
+of quite a lot so are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quite a lot so are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quite a lot so are there any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+any questions at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+everyone is silent so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is silent so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone is silent so far so
+one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question
+the derivative to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative to be zero
+so what does it mean for the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for the derivative
+to be zero for for a program like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero for for a program like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero for for a program like this
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um for the derivatives to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the derivatives to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the derivatives to be zero
+um so there's two senses so yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's two senses so yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's two senses so yeah the
+derivative is to be zero everywhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is to be zero everywhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is to be zero everywhere so
+Delta is a random variable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is a random variable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is a random variable right
+um so maybe it'll also maybe it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe it'll also maybe it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so maybe it'll also maybe it should
+also just state for you what Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just state for you what Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just state for you what Delta is
+for an exponential random variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exponential random variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an exponential random variable so
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the way that I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought right over here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought right over here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought right over here okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this was our function there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was our function there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was our function there was a
+little p added in there negative 3 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little p added in there negative 3 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little p added in there negative 3 times
+log of by minus Omega so we had that DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of by minus Omega so we had that DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of by minus Omega so we had that DX
+radial easy page so DX of Epsilon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial easy page so DX of Epsilon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial easy page so DX of Epsilon this
+is a random variable which given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable which given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a random variable which given a
+probability space is just a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space is just a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space is just a math
+taking in Omega and it's B by DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in Omega and it's B by DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in Omega and it's B by DP
+of negative P log of 1 minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is equal to negative log of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to negative log of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to negative log of Y
+minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+um this is Delta of Omega right I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is Delta of Omega right I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is Delta of Omega right I was
+just taking the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just taking the derivative
+to Delta of Omega is negative log of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta of Omega is negative log of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta of Omega is negative log of Y
+minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is your random variable so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is your random variable so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is your random variable so in
+this case it certainly looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it certainly looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it certainly looks like it's
+not always zero although interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always zero although interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always zero although interestingly
+it's it's always constant because this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always constant because this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always constant because this P
+was kind of just the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of just the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of just the scale
+um now your question is what if we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now your question is what if we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now your question is what if we got a
+case where Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where Delta
+everywhere in Omega is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in Omega is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in Omega is zero
+well that would just mean that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would just mean that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would just mean that your
+random variable isn't changing at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable isn't changing at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable isn't changing at all so
+except in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in very
+um degenerate cases I wouldn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um degenerate cases I wouldn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um degenerate cases I wouldn't expect
+that to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to happen
+um where like the whole distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where like the whole distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where like the whole distribution of
+your random variable isn't changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random variable isn't changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random variable isn't changing
+perhaps slightly more common would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps slightly more common would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps slightly more common would be a
+case where your the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where your the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where your the derivative of the
+loss the derivative of the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss the derivative of the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss the derivative of the expectation
+is zero that can maybe be slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that can maybe be slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that can maybe be slightly more
+common and that would happen when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and that would happen when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and that would happen when the
+expectation of the outside zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the outside zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the outside zero
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what it means to be a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what it means to be a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what it means to be a stationary
+distribution for the exponential so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the exponential so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for the exponential so the
+question was does this have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was does this have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was does this have any
+connection with what it means to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with what it means to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with what it means to be a
+stationary distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary distribution
+it is stationary distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is stationary distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is stationary distribution
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not that I can think of the top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I can think of the top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that I can think of the top of my
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah I'm I I'm not I'm not totally sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I I'm not I'm not totally sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I I'm not I'm not totally sure
+I mean I guess there's there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess there's there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess there's there's some
+notion of derivative being zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivative being zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivative being zero there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for example if you if you let your P be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you if you let your P be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you if you let your P be
+sort of like time like this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like time like this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like time like this is sort of
+like a stochastic process in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stochastic process in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a stochastic process in time
+then and you're differentiating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you're differentiating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and you're differentiating with
+respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+um I would expect even then like even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would expect even then like even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would expect even then like even if
+you're I mean even if yes so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I mean even if yes so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I mean even if yes so it could be
+the case that you get like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you get like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you get like you
+definitely get this if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get this if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get this if you're if you're
+at a stationary if you're like P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a stationary if you're like P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a stationary if you're like P is
+approaching Infinity as I said you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching Infinity as I said you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching Infinity as I said you're
+sort of reaching a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reaching a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reaching a stationary
+distribution and you're doing like X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you're doing like X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and you're doing like X of
+T and X of T personality then it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and X of T personality then it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and X of T personality then it's like
+the any statistical quantities are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any statistical quantities are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any statistical quantities are going
+to go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero
+um it's possible that this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's possible that this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's possible that this is still
+non-zero because you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero because you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero because you know the
+parametrization depends I really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization depends I really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrization depends I really have to
+think about it more but yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it more but yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it more but yeah maybe
+there's some connection if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some connection if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some connection if you think of
+p as like a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p as like a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p as like a Time
+or like number steps maybe like in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like number steps maybe like in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like number steps maybe like in some
+in some continuous sense yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some continuous sense yeah another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some continuous sense yeah another
+question shouldn't that be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question shouldn't that be minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question shouldn't that be minus one
+over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p
+shouldn't that be minus minus one over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't that be minus minus one over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't that be minus minus one over P
+where oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I don't think so but I mean actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so but I mean actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think so but I mean actually I
+think there's there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's there are two different
+conventions that's why it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that's why it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that's why it's very
+important that we clarified at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we clarified at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we clarified at the
+beginning that to use this scale often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that to use this scale often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that to use this scale often
+the exponential distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential distribution is
+parameterized by the rate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by the rate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterized by the rate which is the
+universe of the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of the scale
+but here this makes sense to me because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here this makes sense to me because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here this makes sense to me because
+the it's getting larger with larger P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's getting larger with larger P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's getting larger with larger P
+yeah p is not a probability p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so the point is p is the p is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the point is p is the p is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the point is p is the p is the
+scale of the of the uh so the average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the of the uh so the average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the of the uh so the average is
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so maybe I can write down our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so maybe I can write down our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so maybe I can write down our
+um great investigator program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great investigator program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um great investigator program
+so this one looks like Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one looks like Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one looks like Delta and
+actually I I it's technically a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I it's technically a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I it's technically a random
+variable but in this case oh sorry it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but in this case oh sorry it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but in this case oh sorry it is
+a random variable sorry I I misspoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable sorry I I misspoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random variable sorry I I misspoke
+when I said it was constant earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said it was constant earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I said it was constant earlier
+because it is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a function of
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+so this is our random variable as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our random variable as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our random variable as a
+function of Omega and then if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega and then if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega and then if you want
+to sample Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample Delta
+um we can do negative log of one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can do negative log of one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can do negative log of one minus
+brand so like feeding around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now if we sample this a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we sample this a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we sample this a bunch of
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm getting something close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting something close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting something close to one
+and it actually turns out so if we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually turns out so if we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually turns out so if we go to
+our so let's just remind ourselves what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so let's just remind ourselves what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so let's just remind ourselves what
+um X was X was this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X was X was this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X was X was this if I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is actually P so the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually P so the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually P so the derivative
+of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P
+um derivative of expectation which is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um derivative of expectation which is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um derivative of expectation which is T
+with respect to P is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to P is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to P is just going to be
+one this makes sense but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this makes sense but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this makes sense but then the
+crucial part is if we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial part is if we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial part is if we're interested in
+automatic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation
+this notion of derivative like we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of derivative like we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of derivative like we could
+have just said our notion of derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just said our notion of derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just said our notion of derivative
+is one right that's the the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right that's the the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one right that's the the expectation
+of X by DP it's one but the issue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X by DP it's one but the issue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X by DP it's one but the issue with
+that notion of derivative is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion of derivative is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that notion of derivative is it doesn't
+compose so I consider this new function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose so I consider this new function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compose so I consider this new function
+and remember it's super easy to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember it's super easy to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember it's super easy to just
+make the distribution really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the distribution really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the distribution really complicated
+by just doing a little bit of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just doing a little bit of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just doing a little bit of extra
+stuff so here I'm establishing from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so here I'm establishing from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so here I'm establishing from an
+exponential distribution and squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution and squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution and squaring
+and it has some mean and I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some mean and I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has some mean and I might be
+interested in this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this derivative
+um and what you can do you learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what you can do you learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what you can do you learned about
+I guess you've learned about dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you've learned about dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you've learned about dual
+numbers so this is going to be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is going to be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so this is going to be a bit
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or maybe I'll just handwrite it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I'll just handwrite it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I'll just handwrite it so it
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+if you use the chain rule it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the chain rule it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the chain rule it should be
+two times a sample from X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times a sample from X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times a sample from X
+a sample from Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample from Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample from Delta
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you're just going to have to trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to have to trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to have to trust
+me that that's the true derivative I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that that's the true derivative I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that that's the true derivative I'm
+not 100 sure because I did a bit of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 100 sure because I did a bit of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 100 sure because I did a bit of like
+it was it's a I'm not 100 sure I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it's a I'm not 100 sure I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it's a I'm not 100 sure I got it
+right but basically the chain rule just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but basically the chain rule just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but basically the chain rule just
+works with this notion of derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with this notion of derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with this notion of derivatives
+which isn't something I've totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't something I've totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which isn't something I've totally
+justified it to you but that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified it to you but that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified it to you but that's sort of
+the upshot so that's why this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upshot so that's why this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upshot so that's why this is really
+popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular
+um this is a really popular trick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a really popular trick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a really popular trick you
+can also use it for reverse mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use it for reverse mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use it for reverse mode
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that have been the same Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that have been the same Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that have been the same Omega and
+the x 100 and the sample Delta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x 100 and the sample Delta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x 100 and the sample Delta the
+should use be right now you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use be right now you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use be right now you're using
+independent random numbers in X100 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random numbers in X100 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random numbers in X100 and
+Sample Delta in that 2 times x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sample Delta in that 2 times x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sample Delta in that 2 times x times
+sample that is Delta yeah you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that is Delta yeah you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that is Delta yeah you're right
+so this is probably not the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probably not the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probably not the right answer
+so they should have they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they should have they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they should have they should have
+really been the same random number Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been the same random number Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been the same random number Delta
+of Rand and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rand and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rand and then
+um read my access like negative 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um read my access like negative 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um read my access like negative 100
+times log of that has to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log of that has to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log of that has to be the same
+minus spread no not now you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus spread no not now you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus spread no not now you're still
+you're still using independent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still using independent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still using independent random
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+um okay well okay maybe I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well okay maybe I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well okay maybe I don't have
+time to get it right here I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get it right here I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get it right here I guess it
+would be an Omega in Iran but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an Omega in Iran but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an Omega in Iran but the point
+is that um this notion of derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um this notion of derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um this notion of derivative of
+basic chain rule which is really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic chain rule which is really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic chain rule which is really nice
+um yeah because basically you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because basically you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because basically you're you're
+differentiating that that that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating that that that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating that that that it's just
+the ordinary derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordinary derivative of that
+completely deterministic function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely deterministic function that
+takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in
+Iran you know Omega and get and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran you know Omega and get and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran you know Omega and get and gives
+you output something else so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you output something else so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you output something else so that's just
+once you have the deterministic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have the deterministic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have the deterministic function
+it's the ordinary derivative ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ordinary derivative ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ordinary derivative ordinary
+train rule ordinary everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train rule ordinary everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train rule ordinary everything
+yeah yeah and I think and if you search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and I think and if you search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and I think and if you search
+up re-parametrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up re-parametrization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up re-parametrization
+because it's gotten very popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gotten very popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gotten very popular in
+machine learning recently there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning recently there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning recently there's a lot
+of resources you can find online some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources you can find online some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources you can find online some of
+them may explain it in a more Bare Bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them may explain it in a more Bare Bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them may explain it in a more Bare Bones
+simpler way than what I have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way than what I have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way than what I have done
+because part of the reason I've like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of the reason I've like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of the reason I've like
+part of the reason I've done what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason I've done what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason I've done what I've
+done is also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is also to
+um think about how we might generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about how we might generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um think about how we might generalize
+the discrete case which I'll try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case which I'll try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case which I'll try and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+um maybe just do a five minute overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe just do a five minute overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe just do a five minute overview
+off if that sounds sure yeah that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'll I'll just try and briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll I'll just try and briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll I'll just try and briefly
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+um so basically my project has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so basically my project has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so basically my project has been
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um taking that idea and now handling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking that idea and now handling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking that idea and now handling the
+screen random variables like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen random variables like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen random variables like the other
+example I gave at the beginning was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave at the beginning was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave at the beginning was a
+Bernoulli random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli random variable
+um and now we want to apply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now we want to apply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now we want to apply the same
+approach like come up with a derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach like come up with a derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach like come up with a derivatives
+a notion of derivative that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of derivative that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of derivative that sort of
+explains the sensitivity of our program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the sensitivity of our program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the sensitivity of our program
+um with respect to p and why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with respect to p and why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with respect to p and why is this
+more difficult for a discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult for a discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult for a discrete random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+so hope does this step function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hope does this step function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hope does this step function here
+make sense basically I'm using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense basically I'm using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense basically I'm using the same
+probability space I'm choosing a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space I'm choosing a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability space I'm choosing a uniform
+Omega from zero to one and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega from zero to one and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega from zero to one and now this
+point here is 1 minus p so if I land on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is 1 minus p so if I land on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is 1 minus p so if I land on
+the right if I land in this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if I land in this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right if I land in this region of
+probability P I'm going to get a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P I'm going to get a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P I'm going to get a one
+otherwise I'm going to get a zero does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to get a zero does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to get a zero does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah people are nodding yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah people are nodding yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah people are nodding yes
+all right so now if we perturb P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now if we perturb P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now if we perturb P
+something qualitatively very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something qualitatively very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something qualitatively very different
+happens right which is that where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right which is that where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right which is that where the
+step occurs changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step occurs changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step occurs changes
+so if you think about it nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about it nearly
+everywhere in our sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in our sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in our sample space
+nothing is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is changing
+so if I as I make Epsilon smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I as I make Epsilon smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I as I make Epsilon smaller and
+smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+that object development that I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object development that I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object development that I defined
+before is this going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is this going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is this going to be zero
+everywhere because for small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere because for small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere because for small enough
+Epsilon nothing interesting is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon nothing interesting is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon nothing interesting is happening
+but does this mean that the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does this mean that the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does this mean that the derivative
+of your expectation is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your expectation is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your expectation is zero
+No in fact like for Bernoulli the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No in fact like for Bernoulli the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No in fact like for Bernoulli the
+derivative is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is one
+so what are we missing we're missing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we missing we're missing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we missing we're missing the
+fact that this the different if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this the different if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this the different if we look
+at the the differential between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the differential between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the differential between these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+it's nearly everywhere zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nearly everywhere zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nearly everywhere zero
+but in the place where it's non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the place where it's non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the place where it's non-zero
+it's huge it's a flip of the whole it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's huge it's a flip of the whole it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's huge it's a flip of the whole it's
+a total it's like a clip of the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total it's like a clip of the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total it's like a clip of the coin
+like this the one isn't getting smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the one isn't getting smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the one isn't getting smaller
+and smaller in epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller in epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller in epsilon
+so like for people who like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like for people who like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like for people who like like
+analysis there was like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis there was like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis there was like this
+interchange of limit and expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limit and expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange of limit and expectation
+that occurred here when we were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred here when we were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred here when we were trying
+to justify that this re-parametrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify that this re-parametrization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify that this re-parametrization
+trig works and that is no longer valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig works and that is no longer valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig works and that is no longer valid
+in this case because if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case because if you think about
+dividing this by Epsilon this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing this by Epsilon this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing this by Epsilon this this
+magnitude of this thing is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this thing is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this thing is really really
+large it's one over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it's one over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it's one over Epsilon
+so that's the essential challenge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the essential challenge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the essential challenge of the
+screen runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen runs
+so and if you think about it like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if you think about it like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if you think about it like so
+remember the derivative is like the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the derivative is like the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the derivative is like the best
+linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear approximation
+of like the sensitivity of your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the sensitivity of your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the sensitivity of your program
+it's like the best linear approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the best linear approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the best linear approximation
+of the different of like of how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different of like of how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different of like of how your
+program gets perturbed and here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program gets perturbed and here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program gets perturbed and here like
+what's linear is like how fast this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's linear is like how fast this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's linear is like how fast this step
+is moving to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving to the left
+so it kind of feels like we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it kind of feels like we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it kind of feels like we want to
+differentiate not the value the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate not the value the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate not the value the change
+in the value but how like but rather we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value but how like but rather we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the value but how like but rather we
+want to differentiate the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to differentiate the probability
+that they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're different
+so that's sort of um the idea of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of um the idea of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of um the idea of how to
+extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend
+um the usual repair organization trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the usual repair organization trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the usual repair organization trick
+which just has Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just has Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just has Delta
+um into an object which can also capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into an object which can also capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um into an object which can also capture
+these flips with tiny probability which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flips with tiny probability which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flips with tiny probability which
+you see in the discrete case so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the discrete case so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in the discrete case so I know
+that's very fast I guess if they're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very fast I guess if they're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very fast I guess if they're um
+it is just really just the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just really just the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just really just the essential
+idea but do people have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but do people have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but do people have questions
+yeah so and so gorov actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so and so gorov actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so and so gorov actually just
+published a paper on exactly this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper on exactly this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper on exactly this on
+basically you write a program that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you write a program that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you write a program that has
+Rand calls and maybe as an if Rand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rand calls and maybe as an if Rand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rand calls and maybe as an if Rand is
+greater than 0.5 return cosine otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0.5 return cosine otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0.5 return cosine otherwise
+returns sine or something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns sine or something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns sine or something like that and
+it can it can differentiate it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can it can differentiate it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can it can differentiate it can
+differentiate that in this sense give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that in this sense give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that in this sense give
+you something whose expectation value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something whose expectation value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something whose expectation value is
+the derivative of the space notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the space notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the space notation
+value but you have to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you have to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but you have to track
+track these discontinu discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track these discontinu discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track these discontinu discontinuous
+things that don't have an 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't have an 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't have an 1801
+derivative you have to track them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you have to track them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you have to track them
+separately in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately in some sense
+right so that's so like here's a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's so like here's a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's so like here's a quick
+demo so here I have a Bernoulli which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo so here I have a Bernoulli which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo so here I have a Bernoulli which
+you know it's main is around 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's main is around 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's main is around 0.5
+so we'd expect that average value to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd expect that average value to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd expect that average value to be
+so we'd expect it's derivative to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd expect it's derivative to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd expect it's derivative to be one
+right because the expectation is p so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the expectation is p so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the expectation is p so
+again I'm always doing this boring case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm always doing this boring case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm always doing this boring case
+where we just have a single distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just have a single distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we just have a single distribution
+maybe I'll try something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll try something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll try something more
+complicated right after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right after this
+but basically the idea of our approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the idea of our approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the idea of our approach
+you see in dual numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in dual numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see in dual numbers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to
+this looks like a dual member right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a dual member right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like a dual member right
+there's this Epsilon thing which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this Epsilon thing which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this Epsilon thing which is like
+this infinitesimal change so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinitesimal change so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinitesimal change so it's like
+you go to one and your derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to one and your derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to one and your derivative is
+zero and this is heard about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is heard about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is heard about the
+reparameterization trick would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparameterization trick would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reparameterization trick would always
+say the degree of the contribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the degree of the contribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the degree of the contribution is
+zero but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but sometimes
+um what these triples tell you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what these triples tell you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what these triples tell you is that
+you could flip with probability that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could flip with probability that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could flip with probability that's
+like something like Epsilon so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like Epsilon so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like Epsilon so it's the
+probability that's differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that's differentiable
+um and then if you so then and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then if you so then and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then if you so then and then what
+this would be telling you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be telling you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be telling you if you
+collapse this into a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse this into a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse this into a derivative
+estimator so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator so now the
+um the derivative object which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivative object which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the derivative object which is like
+this all of these numbers is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all of these numbers is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all of these numbers is no longer
+the same thing as a gradient estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as a gradient estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as a gradient estimator
+but it can be collapsed into your grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be collapsed into your grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be collapsed into your grade
+estimator by doing this Value Plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator by doing this Value Plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator by doing this Value Plus this
+value multiplied by that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value multiplied by that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value multiplied by that value
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um if we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we sort of
+like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe
+if you let this be our triple you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let this be our triple you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let this be our triple you can
+sort of collapse it into a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collapse it into a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collapse it into a great
+investimator and it's going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investimator and it's going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investimator and it's going to be two
+but it's like two fifty percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like two fifty percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like two fifty percent of the
+time and zero fifty percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and zero fifty percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and zero fifty percent of the time
+so on average is one which is cool but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average is one which is cool but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on average is one which is cool but
+it's not very impressive for like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very impressive for like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very impressive for like a
+single Bernoulli so maybe I'll try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Bernoulli so maybe I'll try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Bernoulli so maybe I'll try a
+random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk
+so um it has the dependence in parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it has the dependence in parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it has the dependence in parameter
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+so I'm going to do a random walk where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do a random walk where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do a random walk where I
+start maybe at zero not equal zero and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start maybe at zero not equal zero and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start maybe at zero not equal zero and I
+um maybe n equals zero and I think 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe n equals zero and I think 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe n equals zero and I think 100
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and each step I'm going to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and each step I'm going to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and each step I'm going to either
+stay where I stay put or go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where I stay put or go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay where I stay put or go to the right
+so I'm going to do M plus equal to Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do M plus equal to Rand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do M plus equal to Rand
+or Bernoulli and then I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bernoulli and then I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bernoulli and then I'm going to make
+my transition function depends on V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my transition function depends on V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my transition function depends on V
+for example in this case maybe I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in this case maybe I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in this case maybe I'll do
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+p over 100. yeah P times I over 100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p over 100. yeah P times I over 100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p over 100. yeah P times I over 100.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just so this is something that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so this is something that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so this is something that depends
+on where or maybe that should be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where or maybe that should be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on where or maybe that should be at
+um this is something that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something that depends on
+where you currently are in your what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you currently are in your what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you currently are in your what it
+also depends on P and if this Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends on P and if this Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends on P and if this Bernoulli
+turns out to be true you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be true you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be true you're going to
+walk there right otherwise you'll stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk there right otherwise you'll stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk there right otherwise you'll stay
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+um and then we're going to return in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so now we can just check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now we can just check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now we can just check that this
+function runs it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or might do something strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh um yeah why is it oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh um yeah why is it oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh um yeah why is it oh this
+probability becomes tidy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability becomes tidy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability becomes tidy right
+um so it doesn't make p a bit larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's always zero because n starts out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always zero because n starts out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always zero because n starts out as
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+oh okay thank you um maybe I'll do 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay thank you um maybe I'll do 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay thank you um maybe I'll do 100
+minus so let's do one minus all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so let's do one minus all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so let's do one minus all of that
+does that sound reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound reasonable
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's so let's have a function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's have a function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's have a function which
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+from one to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to zero
+dependent on where you are right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on where you are right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on where you are right so it's
+going to start at one go to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at one go to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at one go to zero and
+let's multiply it is she yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's multiply it is she yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's multiply it is she yeah and then
+let's make p something like my slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make p something like my slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make p something like my slides
+okay something interesting is occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something interesting is occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something interesting is occurring
+so we just sample from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just sample from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just sample from this
+yes other people were suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes other people were suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes other people were suggesting
+probability depending on I but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability depending on I but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability depending on I but he's
+doing even more complicated it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing even more complicated it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing even more complicated it probably
+depends on where you currently are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you currently are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on where you currently are right
+so okay so all right I'll do that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so all right I'll do that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so all right I'll do that too
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um maybe maybe I'll do one minus n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe maybe I'll do one minus n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe maybe I'll do one minus n plus
+I over 200 it should be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over 200 it should be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I over 200 it should be a valid
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+yeah but yeah 25 okay so it hasn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but yeah 25 okay so it hasn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but yeah 25 okay so it hasn't mean
+but okay yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay yeah okay
+um if you just try and differentiate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you just try and differentiate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you just try and differentiate the
+the naive Way by doing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive Way by doing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naive Way by doing something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um and then maybe dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then maybe dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then maybe dividing by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and I got my brackets right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I got my brackets right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I got my brackets right there's
+going missing right but maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going missing right but maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going missing right but maybe that
+should either okay then you're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should either okay then you're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should either okay then you're gonna get
+something that's pretty large which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's pretty large which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's pretty large which
+you'll have to trust Abby just did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to trust Abby just did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to trust Abby just did the
+right thing but now if you try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing but now if you try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing but now if you try and
+um use these stochastic triples so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use these stochastic triples so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um use these stochastic triples so maybe
+let's just do one stochastic truck look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do one stochastic truck look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do one stochastic truck look
+again the stochastic triple is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the stochastic triple is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the stochastic triple is the
+analog of what Professor Edelman did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of what Professor Edelman did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of what Professor Edelman did a
+couple extra Goods ago with automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple extra Goods ago with automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple extra Goods ago with automatic
+differentiation where you had the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation where you had the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation where you had the value
+of the function and the derivative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function and the derivative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function and the derivative we
+call that a a dual number now you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a a dual number now you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a a dual number now you can't
+carry around three numbers the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around three numbers the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around three numbers the value the
+function the derivative the a change up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the derivative the a change up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the derivative the a change up
+down to the distribution and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the distribution and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the distribution and also the
+probability of a big jump so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a big jump so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a big jump so now you
+need a third a third bit of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a third a third bit of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a third a third bit of information
+you carry through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you carry through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you carry through
+yeah so yeah so for these stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so for these stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah so for these stochastic
+triples I'm just showing you the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples I'm just showing you the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples I'm just showing you the whole
+triple object first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple object first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple object first
+um there's never this continuous part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's never this continuous part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's never this continuous part
+like this sort of telling the Deltas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this sort of telling the Deltas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this sort of telling the Deltas are
+telling you how your output changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how your output changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how your output changing
+continuously but your output to integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously but your output to integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously but your output to integer
+so it can't change continuously but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can't change continuously but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can't change continuously but it
+can change to an adjacent value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change to an adjacent value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change to an adjacent value
+with some probability and the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some probability and the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some probability and the nice thing
+is even though the range of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even though the range of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even though the range of your
+function is pretty large it can be 36 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is pretty large it can be 36 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is pretty large it can be 36 it
+can be 29. we sort of couple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be 29. we sort of couple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be 29. we sort of couple the
+original 29 to the alternate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 29 to the alternate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 29 to the alternate which is
+like 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30.
+um which um means that your estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which um means that your estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which um means that your estimator is
+going to be lower variance in average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower variance in average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower variance in average
+this is sort of the stuff I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the stuff I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the stuff I was saying
+would like destroy distribution and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like destroy distribution and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like destroy distribution and what
+the reparameterization trick does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reparameterization trick does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reparameterization trick does so
+well is something we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is something we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is something we're trying to
+capture with these stochastic travels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture with these stochastic travels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture with these stochastic travels is
+still a work in progress and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a work in progress and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a work in progress and there's a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+um a lot of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of issues
+um but now we can also so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now we can also so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now we can also so now we can
+take we can take this stochastic triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we can take this stochastic triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take we can take this stochastic triple
+it can propagate it through your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can propagate it through your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can propagate it through your program
+we can collapse into a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can collapse into a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can collapse into a gradient
+estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator
+and then we can do this a thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can do this a thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can do this a thousand times
+and you're going to have to trust me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have to trust me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to have to trust me
+that this is the derivative of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the derivative of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the derivative of your
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+um you can verify it by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can verify it by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can verify it by giving
+transition Matrix or using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition Matrix or using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition Matrix or using an
+alternative grade estimation method but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative grade estimation method but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative grade estimation method but
+that's the upshot that with this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the upshot that with this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the upshot that with this new
+notion of derivative we can now answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivative we can now answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of derivative we can now answer
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem we wanted to solve from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we wanted to solve from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we wanted to solve from the
+start which is for any problem any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start which is for any problem any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start which is for any problem any
+complicated stochastic simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stochastic simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stochastic simulation
+um can we get a new program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can we get a new program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can we get a new program which
+averages to the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages to the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages to the derivative of the
+average of the original yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the original yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the original yeah that's
+that's all I had are there any missions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I had are there any missions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I had are there any missions
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's let's take a five minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's take a five minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's take a five minute
+break so we'll start again at 12 14.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gAL5fCEBfac.txt b/gAL5fCEBfac.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24aeef2c6e3104c7058541aa94a5cdcfabd83915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gAL5fCEBfac.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2792 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: The key
+point of the previous lecture
+
+was to simplify the
+equations for refraction
+
+from a spherical surface,
+such that we can write them
+
+in a simple form.
+
+OK, what I just
+said was redundancy.
+
+But we want to simplify them.
+
+I should have said we
+want to simplify them
+
+so that we can write them
+in a linearlized form.
+
+And the linearlized form
+is actually very useful
+
+because with this form,
+as I'm about to show,
+
+we're going to use a very
+familiar form of math, namely
+
+linear algebra matrices.
+
+And we can retrace
+through almost arbitrarily
+
+complex optical systems.
+
+Of course, there's a downside
+that if write trace this way,
+
+we do not really get
+very accurate results.
+
+Our results, as we
+discussed last time,
+
+are only accurate within
+the paraxial approximation.
+
+On the other hand, if we do this
+analysis even approximately,
+
+we can get an idea of how
+the optical system behaves.
+
+And then if we get this
+approximate design,
+
+this approximate idea,
+then we can plug the system
+
+into a more sophisticated
+numerical tool,
+
+for example, Zemax
+or CODE V. There's
+
+a number of different
+optical design
+
+and software suites available.
+
+And then we can actually
+get a more accurate analysis
+
+of how the optical
+systems would behave.
+
+So the other reason we
+write these matrices
+
+is that they give
+us actually quite
+
+a bit of information
+about the basic properties
+
+of optical systems.
+
+So it is really worthwhile to
+do this first, every time we
+
+face an optics
+problem, before we jump
+
+into the numerical analysis.
+
+And for those of you who really
+have a real-life problems
+
+to solve and you really
+need to go to software,
+
+we will tell you
+later during the class
+
+where we'll give you some
+information about what
+
+types of software are available
+and what you can do with those.
+
+But generally, this idea
+of using paraxial optics
+
+is very powerful in order to
+understand optical system.
+
+So the summary then of what
+paraxial optics standard is
+
+summarized.
+
+These are shown on
+this slide over here.
+
+The most important
+is the results
+
+on the right that allows you
+to write the angle of departure
+
+of a ray to the right-hand
+side of the card interface
+
+and the elevation of
+the ray, with respect
+
+to the right-hand
+side interface.
+
+It allows you to write
+them as functions
+
+of the corresponding quantities
+on the left-hand side
+
+of the interface.
+
+And as you can see
+there, it actually
+
+looks like it two by two
+set of vectors, which are
+
+related by a two by two matrix.
+
+And the matrix are
+not very interesting.
+
+As you can see, the most
+relevant, the most interesting
+
+element is the element on
+the first row, second column,
+
+which equals the
+index of refraction
+
+to the right of the interface,
+minus the index of refraction
+
+to the left, divided by
+the radius of curvature
+
+of the spherical interface.
+
+And, of course, the
+radius of curvature
+
+is simply the radius
+of the sphere.
+
+We're talking about the sphere.
+
+And then the other result
+that we put here and looks
+
+like a propagation
+through free space, it
+
+looks kind of too much trouble,
+really, for what it's worth.
+
+But you will see in a second
+that this is actually a very
+
+useful tool to have in mind.
+
+One of the thing that says is
+that the ray, as it propagates
+
+from the left over a
+distance d, if it propagates
+
+through free space,
+then what happens
+
+is the elevation
+of the ray changes,
+
+but the angle of
+propagation does not change.
+
+So this verifies what we
+know from Fermat's principle
+
+that a ray propagating
+in uniform space,
+
+it minimizes its path.
+
+Therefore, it must
+propagate in a straight line
+
+because the straight line is
+the minimum path between two
+
+points.
+
+Now, you might be wondering.
+
+We talked last time about
+ellipsoidal surfaces,
+
+hyperboloid surfaces,
+and spherical surfaces.
+
+You might wonder, why
+did we do this analysis
+
+in the context of the sphere?
+
+Well, that says it doesn't
+matter very much because all
+
+of these three
+possibilities, ellipsoids,
+
+hyperboloids, and
+spheres, near the axis,
+
+they actually all
+look kind of the same.
+
+If you compare a sphere--
+
+so I should specify now
+what I mean by axis.
+
+So in the case of a sphere, as
+Professor Sheppard pointed out
+
+last time, in the
+case of a sphere,
+
+really, any lines going through
+the center of the sphere
+
+acts as the optical axis.
+
+But for the hyperboloid and
+the ellipsoid, that's not true.
+
+There's a very well-defined
+major axis and minor axis
+
+for the surfaces.
+
+And it turns out you can match
+the curvature of these surfaces
+
+with the curvature of a
+sphere so that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+a common axis, they
+all look the same,
+
+as I've done in this diagram.
+
+It's a little bit
+of an algebraic mess
+
+to actually work
+out how to do this.
+
+So I didn't do it in this slide.
+
+The idea is basically to do
+a Taylor series expansion
+
+on the explanations that
+describe all those surfaces.
+
+And then when you do
+that, each one of those
+
+is described by a different
+set of coefficients.
+
+So what you can
+do then is you can
+
+match the coefficients in
+order to match the curvature.
+
+So I will let the graduate
+version of the class, those
+
+of you who are taking
+2710, as a homework,
+
+I will let you work
+out one of these,
+
+a simple case for matching--
+
+I forget.
+
+I think it is matching
+an ellipsoid to a sphere.
+
+So let you do that.
+
+What I really want you to
+live with out of this lecture,
+
+for now, is that the
+paraxial analysis remains
+
+valid for all three surfaces.
+
+OK?
+
+As long as we
+match the curvature
+
+of the sphere, ellipse,
+and hyperboloid,
+
+and we constrain ourselves
+to the paraxial regime,
+
+then our results remain
+approximately correct.
+
+So this is kind of
+another useful property
+
+of the paraxial
+approximation that it is not
+
+only valid for a
+sphere, but it is also
+
+valid for other
+surfaces of revolution,
+
+provided the curvature near
+the center of the surfaces
+
+matches the curvature of
+the corresponding sphere.
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Push the button, please.
+
+Yeah, so that's a good question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you
+repeat the question?
+
+We didn't hear the question.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+The question
+
+was if there's an
+angle that we'll
+
+consider as a cutoff
+for the breakdown
+
+of the paraxial approximation.
+
+So the accurate answer is zero.
+
+Any angle other
+than zero violates
+
+the paraxial approximation.
+
+In actuality, you can calculate,
+with the help from this Taylor
+
+series, actually, that we
+saw in the previous slide,
+
+you can calculate the
+accuracy of the approximation.
+
+So treat it as a first order
+of a Taylor series expansion.
+
+And then you can calculate what
+is the next order accuracy.
+
+So this is actually
+algebraically quite complex.
+
+And typically, we
+resort to software
+
+to do it for us,
+numerical software.
+
+As a rule of thumb, anything
+in the range below 30 degrees,
+
+you can kind of trust the
+paraxial approximation.
+
+But that's a rule of thumb.
+
+In some cases, it's not true.
+
+In some cases, you
+need more accuracy.
+
+So the guideline is
+something like that.
+
+But, for example,
+for sure, if you
+
+have a ray propagating
+at 80 degrees,
+
+you know for sure that
+approximation breaks.
+
+If it goes to 1 to 3 degrees,
+then most likely, you're OK.
+
+And then there's a
+gray area that you
+
+have to be a little
+bit more careful.
+
+If the accuracy demanded
+by the application
+
+is much higher, than you
+have to be more careful.
+
+There's also surfaces that are
+not very well-described by this
+
+at all, for example, a cubic.
+
+If you make a
+refractive interface
+
+that looks like a cubic surface,
+would look kind of like this.
+
+And then this totally
+breaks down, right?
+
+So you have to go to then to
+non-paraxial [? methods. ?]
+
+Another thing to discuss is
+in one the previous equations,
+
+I wrote down ray
+elevations and ray angles.
+
+But I was not very
+careful about defining
+
+the signs of these
+angles, namely,
+
+whether they go up, or down,
+or left, or right, and so on.
+
+I was deliberately left
+this little bit vague.
+
+Again, this may appear like
+too much trouble for nothing.
+
+But you will see, as we go
+later on with the lecture
+
+today, you will see that this
+is a very useful and highly
+
+nontrivial aspect of
+geometrical optics,
+
+namely, the conventions
+of the signs,
+
+for when the quantities
+that we're dealing with
+
+are positive or negative.
+
+So bear with me
+for a second, and I
+
+will show examples of
+how this works later.
+
+So I want to read this because
+I don't know of a better way
+
+to do it.
+
+I will read it.
+
+And then as I read, please
+look down at the slide.
+
+And you will see on
+the left-hand side
+
+I have examples of all these
+qualities being positive.
+
+And on the right-hand
+side, we have
+
+example of all of these
+quantities being negative.
+
+OK, so the convention number
+one is that the light always
+
+travels from left to right.
+
+So you know immediately when
+someone draws an optical system
+
+or attempts to draw
+an optical system,
+
+you know immediately if this
+person knows their optics
+
+or not by the way they
+pick the light propagation.
+
+If they show light rays
+going from right to left,
+
+it means they don't know optics.
+
+So if they learned optics, they
+learned it very deficiently.
+
+AUDIENCE: [CHUCKLES]
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: So
+always light goes from left
+
+to right in this diagram.
+
+There's one
+exception, of course.
+
+Can anybody guess?
+
+One exception that I'm
+not dealing with here.
+
+Mirror.
+
+Push the button.
+
+AUDIENCE: Mirror.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Mirrors, yes.
+
+So in this diagram over here,
+I do not consider mirrors yet.
+
+We will deal with mirrors
+later, in about a week.
+
+And then we'll see a revised
+set of sign convention.
+
+But as long as there's no
+mirrors in your optical system,
+
+if you have what is called a
+purely dioptric optical system,
+
+then the light is always
+going from left to right.
+
+Taking this as a
+given, then we'll
+
+define the positive and
+negative radii of curvature
+
+as solved over here.
+
+So if the surface is
+convex towards the left,
+
+then we'll call it positive, OK?
+
+Then this sounds a
+little bit weird.
+
+It says that
+longitudinal distances
+
+are positive if
+pointing to the right.
+
+I'll show you an
+example a little bit
+
+later where distance can
+become negative by pointing
+
+to the left.
+
+But for now, take this
+definition for granted.
+
+The same is for
+lateral distances
+
+that this measures perpendicular
+to the optical axis.
+
+If they point up, then
+they're called positive.
+
+If they point down,
+they're called negative.
+
+And finally, angles
+are positive if they
+
+are acute in the
+counterclockwise sense,
+
+with respect to
+the optical axis.
+
+So clockwise, we have to be
+very careful when we define it,
+
+so we don't get
+any mirror effects.
+
+So hope that the cameras
+that we're using here
+
+do not make any mirrors.
+
+But counter-clockwise is
+basically like this, OK?
+
+If in this direction
+you get an acute angle,
+
+then the angle is positive.
+
+If you have to go all the
+way around to get your angle,
+
+or another way to put
+it is if you can make
+
+it acute by going
+clockwise, then you
+
+call the angle negative.
+
+OK.
+
+So this set of conventions is
+self-contained and consistent.
+
+To add to the confusion,
+set and optical text books,
+
+they use the opposite
+sign of conventions.
+
+It is also possible, by the way.
+
+The set of
+conventions I use here
+
+is consistent with
+a Hecht text book
+
+and the majority of text books.
+
+There's a minority
+of textbooks that use
+
+the exact opposite conventions.
+
+But we will not deal with those.
+
+OK, using these
+set of conventions,
+
+we can define the power
+of an optical system
+
+based on whether rays
+that propagate outwards--
+
+by outwards, I mean a
+ray bundle that expands--
+
+whether a surface,
+a spherical surface,
+
+causes the expansion to
+become slower or faster.
+
+If the surface causes the
+expansion to become slower,
+
+as in the top diagram
+over here, then
+
+the surface is said to
+have positive power.
+
+If the surface causes the
+expansion to become faster--
+
+that is, it takes
+the expanding bundle
+
+and spreads it
+further outwards--
+
+then the surface is said
+to have negative power.
+
+So now, let me proceed to define
+a specific optical system.
+
+And then we'll see more examples
+of this thing happening.
+
+So the system I would like
+to consider is a lens.
+
+And this is actually the
+first example of a lens
+
+that we see in the class.
+
+And I will take a very
+special case with a lens
+
+that we refer to as thin.
+
+What's a lens?
+
+A lens is simply
+a piece of glass
+
+that has been shaped to have
+spherical surfaces on one
+
+or both sides.
+
+Typically both, but
+we'll see examples
+
+of lenses that are actually
+flat on one surface
+
+and curved on the other surface.
+
+So when we call the lens
+thin, well, we call it thin.
+
+Consider an expanding
+spherical wave that
+
+propagates through the lens.
+
+And consider the
+maximum angle that can
+
+be subtended through the lens.
+
+In other words, angles
+larger than this one
+
+would actually miss the lens.
+
+So therefore, this alpha maximum
+is sort of the biggest angle
+
+that we have to worry about.
+
+Well, what does the
+paraxial approximation say?
+
+It says that this angle
+has to be relatively small.
+
+So assume that
+this is true, then.
+
+The lens also has a thickness.
+
+So this thickness, I denoted
+as T in this diagram over here.
+
+So provided this
+thickness, if we
+
+do a little bit of
+an analysis here,
+
+we can calculate this thickness
+relative to the radius
+
+of curvature of the sphere.
+
+And the angle phi that
+is defined as shown,
+
+from the center of the
+sphere relative to the edge
+
+of the ray, that subtends the
+maximum angle alpha maximum.
+
+OK?
+
+So we can see the definition
+phi for this angle
+
+and the radius r.
+
+So if, given this
+angle of arrival
+
+is alpha maximum, if it is
+true that the angle phi is also
+
+very small, then we can
+consider the lens to be thin.
+
+So we can basically pretend
+that the space between these two
+
+points on the lens, the
+space between the entrance
+
+to the optical axis and the
+exit of the optical axis
+
+through the lens, we
+can neglect the space.
+
+This is what the thin
+lens approximation says.
+
+That's very convenient because
+we can now analyze the lens.
+
+As you can see, if I
+neglect this space,
+
+then the ray elevation
+before and after
+
+the lens remains the same.
+
+And also can
+neglect a refraction
+
+that might happen
+within the lens.
+
+So basically, we
+have the system where
+
+the ray arrives then is bent
+in one step and then propagates
+
+outwards at a slightly
+different angle.
+
+So in order to analyze the
+system, now, what I will do
+
+is I will break it
+into two components.
+
+One of them is the curved
+surface on the left-hand side.
+
+And the second is the curved
+surface on the right-hand side.
+
+OK.
+
+And now, for each
+one of those, I
+
+can define an angle on the right
+and then angle on the left,
+
+as I have done in the
+simple [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of the refractive surface.
+
+Now, each one of those is
+a simple refractive surface
+
+interface that we
+know how to deal
+
+with from the previous lecture.
+
+And I can add equations.
+
+Remember the equation
+for the refraction
+
+from the spherical surface.
+
+I will add it here on my
+pad, just to remember.
+
+So it goes like this.
+
+Hopefully, someone will notice
+and they will project it.
+
+So n to the right, alpha to the
+right, x to the right equals--
+
+can anybody see?
+
+OK, we're having technical
+difficulties here.
+
+Oh, there we go.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you lower the
+piece of paper a little?
+
+Yeah, got it.
+
+Yeah.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+So this equals 1, 0, 1.
+
+This is easy.
+
+And then we have apply our
+mnemonic, minus n to the right,
+
+minus n to the left, over
+the radius of curvature,
+
+times the same
+property for the left.
+
+And left alpha left, x left.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, what we're have
+to do is we have
+
+to apply this rule successively
+for the two interfaces.
+
+So here's the question that we
+get for the second interface.
+
+So this case, n
+to the right is 1
+
+because to the right of
+this interface, I have air.
+
+And n to the left is n because
+to the left of this interface,
+
+I have glass.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, what I will do is I
+will apply the same rule.
+
+But I will now apply it
+on the first interface.
+
+And if I do to the first
+interface, I get this equation.
+
+Now, notice that
+in the numerator
+
+of the element in the
+first row, second column,
+
+the quantities are reversed
+because now n to the right
+
+is the index of refraction of
+glass, whereas n to the left
+
+is the index of refraction
+in air, that is 1.
+
+So therefore, I get this matrix.
+
+Now, what it can do, I can
+cascade the two matrices
+
+because I can substitute
+the vector n over 1 x1 that
+
+is on the top equation.
+
+I can substitute it from
+the second equation.
+
+And if I do that, of
+course, I will get
+
+a cascade of the two matrices.
+
+And notice that
+in the cascade, it
+
+is very important to
+remember that in the cascade,
+
+the matrix of the last element
+to the right appears left.
+
+And that is very important
+to remember and not
+
+confuse because as you know,
+matrix multiplication is not
+
+commutative.
+
+If you mess up the
+order of these matrices,
+
+you will get the
+wrong result. So you
+
+have to remember that
+you start from the right.
+
+That is, you start from the
+end of the optical system
+
+where the rays
+depart, and you start
+
+cascading the matrices going
+backwards towards the beginning
+
+of the optical system.
+
+So this is what I've done here.
+
+I've put the matrix
+corresponding
+
+to the second interface.
+
+This matrix appears first.
+
+And the matrix corresponding
+to the first interface
+
+appears second.
+
+And then I cascade them.
+
+I do the matrix
+multiplication, which
+
+is a relatively
+straightforward task to do.
+
+And I get the second,
+the last equation
+
+that appears on the slide.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, let's go ahead and
+interpret this equation.
+
+It looks very nice.
+
+But let's see what
+it really means.
+
+Also, before I move on, let
+me notice one more thing.
+
+Notice that in the
+vectors of the ray, angles
+
+of the ray elevations, the index
+of refraction has disappeared.
+
+It has not really disappeared.
+
+It is simply because the angles
+alpha right and alpha left
+
+are in air.
+
+And therefore, the index
+of refraction is 1.
+
+That's why there's no index of
+refraction in that location.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's look at this
+equation again.
+
+The top quantity that appears
+relatively complicated,
+
+it has a name.
+
+It is called 1 over
+the focal length.
+
+Now, you might
+wonder, why did they
+
+call this the focal length?
+
+I will justify that in a second.
+
+But if you believe me that
+the focal length follows
+
+from this equation,
+then this equation
+
+is known as the lens
+maker's equation.
+
+And it is very useful
+because it gives you
+
+the focal length of the thin
+lens as a function of the three
+
+quantities that define the thin
+lens, that radii of curvature
+
+to the left and to the right
+and the index of refraction
+
+of the lens.
+
+And what I want to
+emphasize, again,
+
+is that this equation
+is valid if the lens is
+
+surrounded by air.
+
+If the lens is surrounded by
+another material, for example,
+
+water, or oil or
+something with index
+
+of refraction different
+than 1, then this equation
+
+does not hold anymore.
+
+And as a bonus, in the next
+homework, which has already
+
+been posted, you will actually
+derive the corrected equation
+
+if the lens is immersed
+in a material that
+
+is different than air.
+
+But for now, this
+equation is correct
+
+because we put our lens in air.
+
+So therefore,
+everything is fine.
+
+And this is a lens
+maker formula.
+
+So then let me justify that
+this quantity that appeared over
+
+there and has units 1 over
+distance, why on over distance?
+
+Because this quantity has 1
+over the radius of curvature
+
+in the denominator.
+
+So therefore, it
+is 1 over distance.
+
+So let me justify why
+this quantity is actually
+
+the focal length of the lens.
+
+So to do that, let me
+consider a ray that
+
+is arriving from infinity
+horizontally at an elevation x1
+
+with respect to
+the optical axis.
+
+So this ray, I can retrace
+through the system.
+
+Basically to retrace
+through the system means
+
+that I have to propagate
+this ray by a distance z.
+
+And then I have to find out
+what is the ray angle alpha
+
+2 with respect to the optical
+axis and the ray elevation x2,
+
+also with respect
+to the optical axis,
+
+as function of this
+propagation distance z.
+
+So now you can see why it
+was convenient to define
+
+the matrix for propagation
+through free space.
+
+Because now, in
+order to figure out
+
+where this ray lands, what is
+its elevation and propagation
+
+angle, all I have
+to do is cascade
+
+the matrix that
+describes the lens
+
+with a matrix that describes
+propagation through free space.
+
+And we have seen this matrix of
+propagation through free space.
+
+It is simply 1, 0
+in the first row.
+
+And then the distance
+and 1 in the second row.
+
+And there's actually, if you
+look back at your equation,
+
+it is distance divided by
+the index of refraction.
+
+But, again, because we are
+propagating in air here,
+
+the index of refraction is 1.
+
+So we don't have to worry
+about this at the moment.
+
+And because the free space
+is following the lens,
+
+the matrix corresponding
+to free space
+
+will actually appear first
+before the matrix corresponding
+
+to the lens.
+
+So this is the cascade
+[INAUDIBLE] correctly here.
+
+And we can solve this.
+
+And we could find that is given
+by this equation over here.
+
+So what we observe now is
+that if we set the propagation
+
+distance to-- first of all, I
+did this in the general case.
+
+So as the ray entrance angle, I
+left a general symbol alpha 1.
+
+But I said already that the
+ray is arriving horizontal.
+
+That means alpha 1 equals 0.
+
+So therefore, the
+elevation of the ray,
+
+with respect to
+the optical axis,
+
+is given by this equation.
+
+It is simply x2 equals
+x1, 1 minus z over f, OK?
+
+And we can see very easily over
+here that if z equals f then
+
+x2 will equal to 0.
+
+So this means that if
+I let the ray propagate
+
+by a quantity equal to
+this magical amount that
+
+appeared in the lens
+maker's formula, then
+
+the ray will hit the axis.
+
+So the ray will land
+on the optical axis.
+
+And moreover, we can
+very easily verify
+
+that this happens independently
+of x1, because as you can see,
+
+x1 is outside the
+parenthesis here.
+
+If I set this quantity
+to equal 0, then
+
+independent of what x1
+was, we will actually
+
+get all of the rays to
+go through the same point
+
+of the optical axis.
+
+So this is a central focus.
+
+You can see that the ray
+bundle that arrived parallel
+
+from infinity actually
+now comes to focus
+
+at this location of the
+optical axis because
+
+of this simple equations
+that we just described.
+
+And this property over
+here justifies the name
+
+focal length.
+
+It is the length at which
+the rays come to focus.
+
+OK.
+
+The inverse of the focal
+length, just on its own,
+
+as a sort of standalone
+quantity, has a name, also.
+
+It is called the optical power.
+
+And that is a little bit
+confusing because in our minds,
+
+usually, power is
+measured in what?
+
+Well, this power is
+not the usual power
+
+that we measure as
+energy per time.
+
+It is a different power.
+
+And for historical reasons, we
+use the same name in optics,
+
+but it is measured
+in inverse meters.
+
+And the inverse
+meters, they're also
+
+known as diopters in optics.
+
+And they define
+the optical power
+
+as the inverse of
+the focal length.
+
+So, for example,
+if the focal length
+
+is 1 meter, which is a
+pretty long focal length,
+
+you call it one diopter.
+
+If the focal length
+is 10 centimeters,
+
+it is actually 10 diopters.
+
+If it is 1 centimeter,
+it is 100 diopters,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+Very often, people like
+myself who are myopic--
+
+is anybody in the class,
+is any of your myopic?
+
+Anybody use corrective lenses
+because you have myopia?
+
+OK.
+
+Do you know what is the
+power of your prescription?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.75.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: 0.75,
+you're pretty likely.
+
+You have very small correction.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: That's
+a pretty small correction.
+
+Can you say it in
+the microphone?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.75 in the one
+eye and in the other, 1.25.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: OK, 0.25.
+
+Is it 0.25 or minus 0.25.
+
+AUDIENCE: Minus 1.25.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Minus 1.25, OK.
+
+So that is also in diopters.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: It
+means that the focal length
+
+of your lenses is approximately
+80 centimeters, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, mhm.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Yeah.
+
+Do you have a--?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Mhm.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+So we will see later
+
+why then correction for
+myopic people is negative.
+
+I'm also myopic.
+
+And my correction, I actually
+have pretty high correction.
+
+Mine minus 7 and
+minus 5 diopters
+
+in my left and right
+eye, respectively.
+
+So it means, again, that the
+focal length of my glasses
+
+is approximately minus
+1 over 7, which is--
+
+I don't know, what--
+
+17 centimeters or something.
+
+OK.
+
+So that is the power.
+
+Now, why we use the
+term optical power?
+
+Actually, it is best
+explained if you
+
+look at the final animation
+on this slide, which
+
+is what happens if the ray
+bundle comes from infinity
+
+again, but it is not horizontal.
+
+It is coming at
+an angle alpha 1.
+
+So now, the angle alpha
+1 is not 0 anymore.
+
+But I let it have a
+finite non-zero value.
+
+And if you do that, then
+you find relatively easily
+
+from the equation over here.
+
+Let me write the equation.
+
+We have that x2 equals alpha
+1 z plus x1, 1 minus z over f.
+
+OK.
+
+So if I set z equals f
+to the above equation,
+
+then I get x2 because
+alpha 1 times f.
+
+This term will
+disappear, of course.
+
+This will go to 0.
+
+And z will become f.
+
+So get x2 equals
+alpha 1 times f.
+
+So this is the equation
+for the elevation
+
+of the focus for a
+parallel ray bundle
+
+that is arriving
+non-horizontal from infinity
+
+at some angle alpha 1.
+
+So you can also
+write this equation--
+
+it is not on the slide--
+
+I will just add it
+on the white board.
+
+x2 equals alpha 1 over the
+power, the optical power
+
+of the system.
+
+So the power is kind
+of like a lever.
+
+It tells you as you
+change the angle alpha 1,
+
+it tells you how does the
+elevation of the focus change,
+
+with respect to
+the optical axis.
+
+So it is basically,
+again, if your thinking
+
+is if you order transduction
+amplification or something
+
+like that, it tells
+you as you change
+
+the angle that the rays arrive
+into the optical system,
+
+how does the focus move with
+respect to the optical axis.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, basically, these
+equations that we just
+
+described, let's see some
+different cases of what
+
+would happen to the rays.
+
+So what I've done here is I put
+the different types of lenses
+
+together with a simple
+spherical refractor.
+
+And the different
+types of lenses
+
+are plain or convex where
+you have one convex surface
+
+followed by a
+planar surface, Then
+
+biconvex where you have
+two planar surfaces,
+
+then planar concave
+and biconcave.
+
+So you can see from these that
+if you have a ray bundle that
+
+is arriving horizontal, now,
+horizontal from infinity,
+
+you can see that what
+will happen at the output
+
+is actually different, depending
+on the type of refraction
+
+that you get in the
+different surfaces.
+
+So I will let you work out,
+based on the equation, the lens
+
+maker's equation, I will
+let you work out why
+
+these cases are all different.
+
+But what I would like to
+do is actually work out
+
+the location of the
+image, depending
+
+on the different
+cases, and also,
+
+see how to ask with respect
+to the sign convention.
+
+So starting, for example,
+with a biconvex lens,
+
+we can see that
+the biconvex will
+
+focus the parallel bundle to
+the right-hand side of the lens.
+
+This is the case that we
+have implicitly done so far.
+
+In my drawing so far, I have
+assumed that this is the case.
+
+However, you can see that
+if I have a biconcave lens,
+
+like the one shown at
+the bottom of the slide,
+
+you can see that each
+one of these rays
+
+will actually expand
+outwards after it
+
+passes through the lens.
+
+So in a sense that
+we described so far,
+
+this lens does not
+really focus the rays.
+
+It creates a
+divergent ray bundle.
+
+You can get a sense of focus if
+you extend the divergent rays,
+
+if you extend them backwards
+towards the optical axis.
+
+If you do that,
+you will actually
+
+see that the rays meet.
+
+They do meet.
+
+But they meat on the
+left-hand side of the lens.
+
+So now, this is an example
+of focusing that happens not
+
+on the right-hand
+side of the lens,
+
+as our equations have shown,
+but on the left-hand side.
+
+And we can now justify
+this fact if you actually
+
+define z to be negative
+and f to be negative.
+
+So this is what we
+call a negative lens,
+
+or a lens with
+negative focal length,
+
+or a lens with negative power.
+
+And if you do that
+now, then you will
+
+see that the focus will
+appear at the left-hand side,
+
+consistent with our
+sign conventions.
+
+And this is what we call a
+virtual image, as opposed
+
+to the case of the biconvex lens
+that we'll call a real image.
+
+So this is an example of a sign
+conventions, not convections,
+
+the sign conventions in action.
+
+Are there any
+questions about this?
+
+This is a point when I often
+get a lot of questions.
+
+Let me move on to
+a different case.
+
+And if you think of a question.
+
+Please interrupt me,
+or say something aloud.
+
+Push on your microphone
+button first.
+
+Let me do a slightly
+different case, which
+
+is what happens if you try to--
+
+so in the previous
+example, we saw
+
+how a lens can take
+an object at infinity
+
+and focus it to
+a finite distance
+
+equal to the focal length.
+
+What I will do now
+is I will argue
+
+that the positive lens actually
+can take a point object located
+
+at one focal distance to the
+left and image it at infinity.
+
+Now, why is that true?
+
+I will do this in a second.
+
+But you can very easily
+justify it to yourself
+
+if you simply reverse the
+orientation of the rays
+
+in the previous case.
+
+What we did before is we
+had the ray bundle that
+
+was starting from infinity.
+
+And the lens was focusing it.
+
+We can very easily reverse
+the radiation of the rays.
+
+And if we do that,
+then we can see
+
+that if I have a point
+source over here,
+
+it will actually get
+imaged at infinity.
+
+Now, of course, according
+to my sign conventions,
+
+this is not the proper
+way to write it.
+
+We have to make sure
+that the light propagates
+
+from left to right.
+
+So therefore, the
+correct to write,
+
+it is not what is showing over
+here, simply by convention,
+
+not because this is
+physically wrong.
+
+But it does not
+obey the convention.
+
+So we never actually
+draw something like this.
+
+What we draw is what is shown
+on the slide where the rays are
+
+propagating from left to right.
+
+They have a focus
+that is a point
+
+object on the left-hand
+side of the lens.
+
+And then the lens, of course,
+will collimate these rays.
+
+They will convert them from
+a divergence spherical wave
+
+to a parallel plane wave.
+
+And therefore, we
+limit at infinity.
+
+The same thing can be said
+about the negative lens,
+
+except in this case, the ray
+bundle arriving at the lens
+
+has to be convergent
+and has to come
+
+to a focus on the
+right-hand side of the lens.
+
+So therefore, in the same
+way that this type of lens
+
+formed the virtual image in the
+previous case, in this case,
+
+we talk about the virtual
+object for this type of lens.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me now try to put
+this all together so it
+
+can make some sort of sense.
+
+Again, recall the
+first sign convention,
+
+which sees that the light
+propagates from left to right.
+
+If it propagates from
+the left to right,
+
+it means that the object should
+be to the left of anything that
+
+is of interest.
+
+And the image should be
+to the right of anything
+
+that is of interest
+to the optical system.
+
+So that is why if an
+object is to the left
+
+of the optical element, as
+it is in this case, then
+
+we say that the distance from
+the object to the element
+
+is positive.
+
+If, on the other hand,
+an object happens
+
+to be on the right of
+an optical element,
+
+as it happens in this
+case with a negative lens,
+
+then we say that the
+object is virtual.
+
+And the image from the
+object to the element
+
+is negative, because it has
+to be on the right-hand side,
+
+whereas in the proper case,
+it had to be on the left.
+
+That's why we put
+a negative sign.
+
+Now, similar things can be
+can be said about an image.
+
+Except, now, the image
+is properly positioned
+
+or the right-hand side
+of the optical element.
+
+So everything is really
+on the right-hand side,
+
+as it happens with a
+positive biconvex lens.
+
+Then the distance from
+the lens to the image
+
+will be referred to as positive,
+whereas on the other hand,
+
+if it happens to be
+on the left, as it
+
+is for the case of
+the negative lens,
+
+then this image will be
+referred to as virtual,
+
+and the distance will be
+referred to as negative.
+
+Finally, and I will
+conclude with this,
+
+and I will let Pepe do
+his demo, is how this
+
+applies to off-axis objects.
+
+So remember we
+derived this equation,
+
+x2 equals alpha 1 times f, for
+an object that is at infinity.
+
+Now, for a positive lens,
+because the focal length
+
+is positive, if
+the angle alpha 1
+
+is also positive,
+as shown here, it
+
+means that x2 must
+also be positive.
+
+And this is indeed
+what we can verify.
+
+If we apply Snell's
+law repeatedly
+
+for each one of these
+rays, we will see
+
+that indeed this is the case.
+
+On the other hand, if
+I use a negative lens,
+
+where the quantity f, the
+focal distance, is negative,
+
+but the angle of arrival
+is still positive,
+
+then I will get x2 is negative.
+
+That is, x2 will also appear
+below the optical axis, OK?
+
+So this virtual image
+not only appears
+
+on the left of
+the negative lens,
+
+but it is also below
+the optical axis.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, what about an
+off-axis image at infinity?
+
+I will skip this derivation.
+
+It is very similar
+to the derivation
+
+that we did before for the
+case of an object at infinity.
+
+Basically, what I've done
+here is I have reversed it.
+
+I have used an
+object at a distance
+
+f to the left of the lens.
+
+I have cascaded the propagation
+matrix for this free space
+
+propagation to the propagation
+method corresponding
+
+to the lens.
+
+And I have proceeded to solve.
+
+If I do this, I will
+let you do it at home
+
+and then come back
+tomorrow if something
+
+is unclear about this.
+
+But what I've done
+is I have solved it.
+
+And when I find an equation
+that looks like this,
+
+I find that the
+angle of propagation
+
+of the ray bundle to the
+right-hand side of the lens
+
+actually equals minus the
+elevation of the object divided
+
+by the focal length.
+
+Or another way to
+write this equation is
+
+alpha 2 equals minus
+x1 times the power
+
+of the optical
+element, according
+
+to the definition of power
+that I remind you by definition
+
+equals 1 over the focal length.
+
+OK.
+
+So there's a minus
+sign now, which
+
+means that if we apply this
+equation to our positive lens,
+
+the ray bundle that will
+emerge from the lens
+
+will actually now
+propagate downwards, OK?
+
+Because in this
+case, x1 is positive
+
+and the focal
+length is positive,
+
+alpha 2 has to be negative.
+
+And negative alpha 2
+means that ray bundle
+
+has to propagate downwards.
+
+OK?
+
+If I do the same exercise
+for the negative lens,
+
+then we can see, again,
+very easily that because x1,
+
+If I pick it to be
+positive, f is negative
+
+and I have a spare negative
+sign from the equation.
+
+Then I can see that the
+propagation angle, alpha 2,
+
+will be positive.
+
+That is, the image
+at infinity will
+
+be on the positive side,
+above the optical axis, OK?
+
+I hope the positive and negative
+signs are not confusing.
+
+Let me restate.
+
+When I learned
+optics, I found this
+
+to be also horribly confusing.
+
+So I realize and I sympathize
+how at the beginning,
+
+this can be a little
+bit confusing.
+
+I've done my best
+here to present them
+
+better than the professional who
+taught them to me solve them.
+
+So I hope, because I sort
+of used my own confusion
+
+as a guide, I hope
+that I managed
+
+to make it a little
+bit clearer for you
+
+if it is the first
+time you see it.
+
+But, of course, it
+will become even more
+
+clearer as you practice, OK?
+
+So the homeworks and the
+examples that we see later,
+
+they will make it
+progressively clearer.
+
+For now, what I want
+you to do between now
+
+and tomorrow's lecture is
+to go back and make sure
+
+that these pictures that I've
+drawn, that they make sense
+
+with Snell's law.
+
+In other words,
+what you do is you
+
+go to the spherical surface.
+
+You imagine a normal to
+the surface at each point.
+
+You apply Snell's law.
+
+And you convince yourselves that
+the rays bend the correct way.
+
+And this is consistent with the
+way they image is formed, OK?
+
+And then you apply all the
+methods, all the equations,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+I broke my promise and I did not
+leave Pepe with his 5 minutes.
+
+But that's because
+it took us 5 minutes
+
+to fix the figures, the
+display, or whatever
+
+was happening at the beginning.
+
+So hopefully, you guys can
+stay for a little bit longer,
+
+so we can do the demo.
+
+Is that OK?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+I'll try to do it.
+
+We'll try to do it fast.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+Also, and look at the--
+
+PROFESSOR: So now--
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: We can switch
+to their cameras, please.
+
+OK.
+
+So here we go.
+
+OK so we tried to
+set up these webcams
+
+because last time it was a
+bit hard to see the demo.
+
+So this demo has
+actually two parts.
+
+But today, we're just going
+to show one part, namely,
+
+the refraction.
+
+And we're going to basically
+witness how Fermat's principle
+
+that we've been learning in
+the past couple of classes,
+
+the Snell's law, applies
+in these systems,
+
+like lenses or prisms that
+we've been learning so far.
+
+So before actually
+changing the exposure,
+
+let me just show the set up.
+
+So we are going to be focusing
+on this half of the set up.
+
+So hopefully, you
+can see it fine here.
+
+Let me just move this window.
+
+So to avoid any problems
+about chromatic dispersion
+
+or wavelength-dependent
+behavior,
+
+we're using a laser,
+a green laser.
+
+So this component
+here is the laser.
+
+Then this is a new
+component that we're
+
+going to call-- it's
+called spatial filter.
+
+This, for now, it has a
+very interesting property
+
+that we'll learn in the
+second half of the course
+
+when we learn about
+Fourier optics.
+
+For this first part, just think
+about this produces a very nice
+
+point source object.
+
+So therefore, after
+this lens, there's
+
+going to be a spherical
+wave emanating, propagating.
+
+So what we want to
+do after that is
+
+to convert that spherical
+wave into a plane wave, right?
+
+So this is what this
+lens here is doing.
+
+And that's what we
+call collimation.
+
+So after this lens,
+as you can see-- well,
+
+you'll see it in a second.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, I reduce the
+exposure of the camera,
+
+and I can see the rays.
+
+Now, I see parallel rays.
+
+Hopefully, you can
+see them clearly.
+
+Could you zoom in a little bit?
+
+OK.
+
+And we have basically
+parallel rays coming out
+
+of the collimated lens.
+
+So now, this brings
+another interesting.
+
+As you can see,
+our eyes, and we'll
+
+see it next lecture,
+how they are really
+
+robust to focusing in
+different conditions,
+
+to change illumination.
+
+And more particularly,
+they're adapted
+
+to high-contrast in light,
+like very high intensity
+
+in the light and low intensity.
+
+Your eyes can see it
+fine, whereas this camera,
+
+we just need it to
+change exposure,
+
+so you could be
+able to see that.
+
+So this is a problem
+of dynamic range
+
+that occurs in optical systems.
+
+So, all right, let's look
+at the first component.
+
+It's this lens here.
+
+I'm going to put
+cylindrical lens.
+
+It's a plano curve lens
+here that it's cylindrical.
+
+Basically, it means
+that the surface only
+
+depends on the x-coordinate.
+
+So we'll put it here.
+
+And [INAUDIBLE] wavelength.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: If
+I may interject here.
+
+Pepe, if I may
+interject something?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure, sure, sure.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+That equations
+
+that we derived,
+strictly speaking,
+
+they're for cylindrical
+lenses, right,
+
+because we only use
+x in our equations.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+If you have an x and y,
+
+then you get the
+proper spherical lens.
+
+So strictly speaking, this is--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS:
+--what that equations--
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+GEORGE BARBASTATHIS: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: So now, you can see
+now the ray tracing, but now
+
+done optically.
+
+You can see how the rays started
+focusing in to this point here.
+
+Well, in this case, now, since
+this is cylindrical lens,
+
+we see that it's a line.
+
+And I can put this card here
+and we see that we actually
+
+form a line instead of a point.
+
+Other nice things to
+see about this lens
+
+is that so far, we've
+been ignoring reflections
+
+that occur with this lens.
+
+But let me just show you
+some of the reflections
+
+in this cardboard here.
+
+So we'll see in the
+second part of the course
+
+that these reflections
+are occurring,
+
+transitioning from the air and
+glass interface and back again.
+
+So in these interfaces are
+very sensitive to the angle
+
+of incidence and to
+the refractive indexes
+
+of both the lens and
+the surrounding media.
+
+So in this case, you can see
+that quite a lot of power--
+
+so this is the incidence wave.
+
+And you can see
+quite a lot of power
+
+is actually going to this side
+because this lens might not
+
+be AR-coated, or coated with
+an anti-reflection coating
+
+as a better lens would be.
+
+So now, let's witness Snell's
+law with this prism here.
+
+So you see the little rays
+here that are going straight.
+
+So now, I introduce
+this prism shown here.
+
+It looks very dark.
+
+But believe me,
+there's a prism here.
+
+And then as soon as I started
+putting it into the system,
+
+you see how the light starts
+bending to one side more.
+
+And then you can see how
+basically, the tilted surface
+
+is bending the light, and I
+can just change the angle.
+
+And let's now see
+the other phenomena
+
+that we learned in the
+previous class, which is TIR.
+
+So I still rotate this more.
+
+I make the angle to be larger
+than the critical angle,
+
+and boom.
+
+All the light gets TIRed
+and we can actually see, now
+
+that it's getting to this side.
+
+But in this side of the
+prism, there is a diffuser.
+
+And that's why you see
+the diffused light here
+
+very bright.
+
+So I'm going to do
+it one more time.
+
+Without TIR.
+
+All the light goes, escapes
+out straight through.
+
+And now, I start
+rotating this more.
+
+And then you see TIR here.
+
+There are any questions?
+
+So I also brought a parabolic
+reflector for you guys,
+
+like the people here
+in MIT if you guys
+
+want to see the reflection,
+how you see your face.
+
+Look at your face with
+this parabolic reflector.
+
+It's actually quite
+funny to see the virtual
+
+and the real images.
+
+And in this case,
+you'll see, and we'll
+
+learn in next class, how
+the virtual image generated
+
+by such a reflector, it's
+actually not inverted.
+
+It's erected, as it's called.
+
+So I'll leave it here, so
+you can come after class.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gF9Q0wNGENc.txt b/gF9Q0wNGENc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ce67ab371b9929caa3bdce886717b762e475ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gF9Q0wNGENc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer
+
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+opencourseware continue to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer
+high quality educational resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you for coming out here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for coming out here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for coming out here in the
+rain and the day before a quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain and the day before a quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain and the day before a quiz
+but this is stuff we need to know um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is stuff we need to know um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is stuff we need to know um so
+i'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be talking about
+a powerful class of models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful class of models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful class of models for
+communication channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channels
+we've already seen the kind of setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen the kind of setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen the kind of setup
+that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about
+and so what we're looking to do is model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're looking to do is model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're looking to do is model
+the channel between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel between
+this point x n um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point x n um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point x n um
+i think my um pointers okay there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my um pointers okay there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think my um pointers okay there we go
+between xn and yn out there so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between xn and yn out there so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between xn and yn out there so what we
+refer to as the baseband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the baseband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as the baseband
+channel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got xn coming in various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got xn coming in various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got xn coming in various things
+being done to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done to it
+and then yn coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we refer to this as the baseband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+so what's happening in here is things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening in here is things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening in here is things
+like let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's see
+d2a conversion digital to analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2a conversion digital to analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2a conversion digital to analog
+and then there's the modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the modulation
+then there's the physical channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i may not have left enough space in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not have left enough space in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not have left enough space in this
+box but uh here's the demodulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but uh here's the demodulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but uh here's the demodulation
+uh and whatever filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demodulation and filtering that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulation and filtering that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulation and filtering that happens
+in there right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there right um
+so there's distortion oh and sorry i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's distortion oh and sorry i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's distortion oh and sorry i
+forgot the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the uh
+a to d didn't i so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to d didn't i so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to d didn't i so
+let's stick that back in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're doing all our demodulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing all our demodulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing all our demodulation and
+filtering in discrete time so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering in discrete time so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering in discrete time so we have an
+a to d converter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to d converter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to d converter here
+and then d mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and filtering okay and there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filtering okay and there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filtering okay and there's various
+places here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places here that
+you get distortion and noise so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get distortion and noise so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get distortion and noise so for
+instance the physical channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the physical channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the physical channel
+is a source of noise but the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a source of noise but the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a source of noise but the discrete
+time operations as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time operations as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time operations as well the
+computational pieces can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational pieces can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational pieces can also
+introduce noise you could have numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce noise you could have numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce noise you could have numerical
+noise because you're rounding off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise because you're rounding off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise because you're rounding off
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+uh and so on so the various places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on so the various places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on so the various places that
+noise can originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise can originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise can originate
+and the various places that distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the various places that distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the various places that distortion
+of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal
+can originate so in in the filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can originate so in in the filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can originate so in in the filtering
+process for instance or the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for instance or the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for instance or the channel
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+you can get uh phenomena that will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get uh phenomena that will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get uh phenomena that will take
+what started out as a straight edge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what started out as a straight edge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what started out as a straight edge here
+and cause it to now get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cause it to now get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cause it to now get a little bit
+spread out and not so clean at the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what we refer to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we refer to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we refer to as the
+distortion so there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion so there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion so there's all sorts of
+things in here that can account for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in here that can account for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in here that can account for that
+now when we say baseband channel we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we say baseband channel we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we say baseband channel we're
+actually trying to distinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to distinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to distinguish it
+from the channel that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the channel that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the channel that you see
+after the modulation so when you once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the modulation so when you once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the modulation so when you once
+you've modulated you typically move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've modulated you typically move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've modulated you typically move
+things to some other frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to some other frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to some other frequency
+range and so the actual transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and so the actual transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and so the actual transmission
+across the physical channel happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the physical channel happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the physical channel happens in
+some other frequency range and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other frequency range and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other frequency range and so the
+word baseband here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word baseband here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word baseband here
+is used to distinguish the channel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to distinguish the channel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to distinguish the channel that
+we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+from that channel okay so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that channel okay so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that channel okay so this is what
+we're going to be focusing on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be focusing on and then
+we'll later come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll later come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll later come back to
+talking about the modulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the modulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the modulation and
+demodulation pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulation pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demodulation pieces
+so last time i introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time i introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time i introduced
+a way to represent such models just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to represent such models just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to represent such models just as
+systems with an input and an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with an input and an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with an input and an output
+one thing i made a point of saying was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i made a point of saying was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i made a point of saying was
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when we look at a figure like this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at a figure like this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at a figure like this uh
+here's a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got some input sequence that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some input sequence that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some input sequence that's
+actually going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going in
+and maps to some output sequence so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maps to some output sequence so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maps to some output sequence so i
+use this notation with a dot there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this notation with a dot there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this notation with a dot there
+to indicate the entire time function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the entire time function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the entire time function
+okay so i've got some entire time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've got some entire time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've got some entire time
+function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here
+uh that goes through the system and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that goes through the system and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that goes through the system and gets
+mapped to some entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to some entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to some entire
+time function there and i'm not telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function there and i'm not telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function there and i'm not telling
+you the details of how that mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the details of how that mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the details of how that mapping
+happens yet but this is my abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens yet but this is my abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens yet but this is my abstract
+picture now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture now
+in many places you'll see people writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places you'll see people writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places you'll see people writing
+again i said this last time but i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i said this last time but i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i said this last time but i want
+to remind you uh you'll see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you uh you'll see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind you uh you'll see them
+labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+xn going into the system and y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn going into the system and y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn going into the system and y and
+coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out
+and when you see that you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you see that you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you see that you've got to
+think that what you're looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that what you're looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that what you're looking at is
+just a snapshot at time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a snapshot at time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a snapshot at time n
+so so this picture is what you get in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this picture is what you get in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this picture is what you get in a
+snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at time n whereas this picture is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n whereas this picture is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n whereas this picture is the
+picture that refers to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that refers to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that refers to actually
+mapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping the
+input signal the entire input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the output signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these are two different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two different ways of
+representing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing things
+i'm not taking in this system i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not taking in this system i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not taking in this system i'm not
+taking the value at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the value at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the value at time
+n and producing a value at time and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and producing a value at time and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and producing a value at time and i
+typically will need to look at lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically will need to look at lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically will need to look at lots of
+values of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the input
+to figure out any particular value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out any particular value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out any particular value of
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um i did mention briefly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um i did mention briefly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um i did mention briefly the
+notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+causality and we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and we'll come back to that
+later but the rough notion is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but the rough notion is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but the rough notion is that
+uh or a good enough notion is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or a good enough notion is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or a good enough notion is that the
+system is called causal if the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is called causal if the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is called causal if the response
+at any time depends only on present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time depends only on present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time depends only on present and
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+inputs and not on future inputs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and not on future inputs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and not on future inputs okay
+that's easy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then they were we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then they were we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then they were we were going to
+specialize actually to the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize actually to the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize actually to the case of
+linear and time invariant systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and time invariant systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and time invariant systems
+and so i wanted to first introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i wanted to first introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i wanted to first introduce the
+notion of time and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of time and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of time and variance
+uh time in variance says basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time in variance says basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh time in variance says basically that
+if you shift the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you shift the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you shift the input
+by a certain amount then the output gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a certain amount then the output gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a certain amount then the output gets
+just shifted by the same amount but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifted by the same amount but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shifted by the same amount but the
+same input output pair works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same input output pair works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same input output pair works
+as before okay so what you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before okay so what you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before okay so what you're really
+trying to get at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at is
+a time-invariant system is one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time-invariant system is one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time-invariant system is one where the
+laws by which you compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws by which you compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws by which you compose
+the values of the input to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the input to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the input to get the
+output don't change with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's see let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see let me give you
+an example here suppose i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a system whose input and output were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system whose input and output were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system whose input and output were
+related in this fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in this fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in this fashion
+uh would that do you think be a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would that do you think be a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh would that do you think be a time
+invariant system or a time bearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant system or a time bearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant system or a time bearing
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i seem to have functions of time in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i seem to have functions of time in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i seem to have functions of time in here
+does that make it a time varying system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make it a time varying system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make it a time varying system
+or is it perhaps time invariant yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so time invariant because the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so time invariant because the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so time invariant because the law
+by which you're composing things to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which you're composing things to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which you're composing things to get
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+doesn't depend on time so the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on time so the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on time so the point is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+these coefficients are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients are constant
+okay so because these are constant what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because these are constant what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because these are constant what
+you have is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is actually a
+time and variance system so to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and variance system so to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and variance system so to get the
+output at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at any time
+you're taking one third of the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking one third of the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking one third of the output of
+the previous time plus twice the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time plus twice the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous time plus twice the input
+at the present time and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the present time and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the present time and that
+prescription holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription holds
+along the entire time axis so the val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the entire time axis so the val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the entire time axis so the val
+the actual value of n doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual value of n doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual value of n doesn't matter
+but if i had here some function of n if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i had here some function of n if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i had here some function of n if
+instead of one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one third
+i had something like one 3 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had something like one 3 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had something like one 3 to the n
+now i've got a time varying system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got a time varying system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've got a time varying system right
+because the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the law
+by which i combine things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which i combine things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which i combine things actually
+depends on my position along the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on my position along the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on my position along the time
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so so this would be time invariant this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this would be time invariant this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this would be time invariant this
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what this is trying to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this is trying to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this is trying to get at
+okay easy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay easy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay easy enough
+the other notion was that of linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way if you read the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if you read the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if you read the chapter
+you'll see some other examples that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some other examples that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see some other examples that will
+help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you
+hone your intuition for what's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hone your intuition for what's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hone your intuition for what's time
+invariant and what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and what's not
+for linearity the basic idea was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linearity the basic idea was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for linearity the basic idea was that
+you can superpose inputs and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can superpose inputs and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can superpose inputs and find the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+responses by superposition so if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses by superposition so if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses by superposition so if you've
+got the results of two experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the results of two experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the results of two experiments
+the input in one experiment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input in one experiment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input in one experiment in the
+output the input in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the input in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output the input in
+a second experiment and the output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second experiment and the output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second experiment and the output and
+then you take a new experiment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take a new experiment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you take a new experiment in which
+the input is a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is a linear combination of the
+previous two ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two ones
+the response will be the same linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response will be the same linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response will be the same linear
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+of the previous two responses okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous two responses okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the previous two responses okay so
+that's the basic idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea here
+so linearity means that superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linearity means that superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linearity means that superposition
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+and so this is another uh feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another uh feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is another uh feature that
+we'll use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use uh
+for this example on top do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example on top do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example on top do you think
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+linear or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what you really uh the way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you really uh the way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you really uh the way to think
+about it is suppose i had an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is suppose i had an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is suppose i had an experiment
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+in which my output was y um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which my output was y um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which my output was y um
+in which i fed in xa sometimes signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which i fed in xa sometimes signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which i fed in xa sometimes signal
+and i got a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got a response
+sometimes signal um so what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes signal um so what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes signal um so what that means
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is what it means to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what it means to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what it means to say that
+this is an input output pair in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an input output pair in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an input output pair in
+experiment a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a
+and now in experiment b similarly i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now in experiment b similarly i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now in experiment b similarly i have
+y b n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfying this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the subscript here just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the subscript here just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the subscript here just means
+experiment a experiment b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a experiment b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a experiment b
+so this is experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is experiment
+a and experiment b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the question you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the question you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the question you want to ask
+yourself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself is
+is it true that if i defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that if i defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true that if i defined
+a new input x n to be let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new input x n to be let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new input x n to be let's say
+what notation did i use there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what notation did i use there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what notation did i use there uh
+well i didn't want an a and a b did i um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i didn't want an a and a b did i um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i didn't want an a and a b did i um
+okay if you ignore the notation on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you ignore the notation on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you ignore the notation on my
+slides let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's
+let's say that this is an alpha x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus beta x b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta x b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta x b
+okay so here's a new experiment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a new experiment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a new experiment in which
+i'm going to use an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use an input
+that's a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a linear combination of the
+previous two and the previous two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two and the previous two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two and the previous two inputs
+with some arbitrary weights alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some arbitrary weights alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some arbitrary weights alpha and
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+and the question then is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question then is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question then is is the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+combination of the outputs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the outputs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the outputs in the
+previous experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous experiment
+so alpha y a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha y a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alpha y a n
+plus beta ybn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta ybn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta ybn
+does this x and y n pairs satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this x and y n pairs satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this x and y n pairs satisfy the
+same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation
+okay so what we want to check now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we want to check now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we want to check now is
+is it true well is it true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true well is it true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it true well is it true that
+the x n here the y n here will satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x n here the y n here will satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x n here the y n here will satisfy
+the equation on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation on top
+and you can see very quickly that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see very quickly that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see very quickly that that
+it will and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will and the reason is that
+y n here is expressed as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y n here is expressed as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y n here is expressed as a linear
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+the y n minus 1 and x n minus 1. so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y n minus 1 and x n minus 1. so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y n minus 1 and x n minus 1. so when
+you substitute these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute these in
+you'll find that xn defined this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that xn defined this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that xn defined this way and
+yn defined this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yn defined this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yn defined this way
+will actually satisfy that equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually satisfy that equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually satisfy that equation okay
+so this is what superposition requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what superposition requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what superposition requires
+you to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to test
+so if it's true for every possible pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's true for every possible pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's true for every possible pair
+of experiments here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments here
+and every pair of weights alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every pair of weights alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every pair of weights alpha and beta
+that the superposition satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the superposition satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the superposition satisfies
+the equations governing the system then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations governing the system then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations governing the system then
+what you have is a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is a linear system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about if i had um change this to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if i had um change this to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if i had um change this to 1
+3 to the power n so i had a time varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to the power n so i had a time varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to the power n so i had a time varying
+expression of this type so i have a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this type so i have a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this type so i have a time
+varying system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying system
+do you think this system would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think this system would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think this system would still be
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you work through it you'd see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you work through it you'd see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you work through it you'd see for
+the same reason that superposition still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that superposition still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that superposition still
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+so if i had 1 3 to the n there instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i had 1 3 to the n there instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i had 1 3 to the n there instead
+of 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 3
+i'd get a time varying system but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd get a time varying system but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd get a time varying system but i
+could still superpose solutions it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still superpose solutions it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still superpose solutions it would
+be a linear time varying system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear time varying system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear time varying system
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+we don't want to spend too much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to spend too much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to spend too much time
+teasing all these apart because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teasing all these apart because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teasing all these apart because what
+we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be
+focused on is linear and time invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on is linear and time invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on is linear and time invariant
+systems and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you'll
+you'll actually come quickly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually come quickly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually come quickly to
+recognize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize them
+okay i defined last time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i defined last time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i defined last time also
+a pair of special signals which you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of special signals which you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of special signals which you've
+seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+the unit sample signal which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample signal which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample signal which has the
+value one just at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one just at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one just at one point
+and the unit step signal so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the unit step signal so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the unit step signal so let me just
+sketch them out for you here so the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch them out for you here so the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch them out for you here so the unit
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a signal delta n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is an entire signal it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an entire signal it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an entire signal it's not just
+the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number one
+at time zero it's the entire signal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero it's the entire signal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero it's the entire signal okay
+that's the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unit sample
+function there's another notation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there's another notation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there's another notation that's
+also sometimes used which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes used which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes used which is
+delta sub 0 and dot so this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sub 0 and dot so this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta sub 0 and dot so this notation
+is a little bit more evocative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more evocative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more evocative of a
+function whereas here you are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whereas here you are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whereas here you are often
+tempted to think of it as a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to think of it as a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to think of it as a number
+this says what i'm looking at is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says what i'm looking at is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says what i'm looking at is a
+function it's a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a unit
+sample function and the one is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample function and the one is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample function and the one is at the
+value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero
+okay so if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you had
+delta of n minus three that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of n minus three that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of n minus three that would be
+this function shifted from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function shifted from zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function shifted from zero to one
+to three so the one the value one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three so the one the value one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three so the one the value one would
+sit at time three uh another notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at time three uh another notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at time three uh another notation
+for that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so sometimes that notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so sometimes that notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so sometimes that notation is
+useful also in making sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful also in making sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful also in making sense of
+expressions that you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that you're looking at
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+this was the unit sample function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the unit sample function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the unit sample function and
+then the unit step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps up from zero to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps up from zero to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps up from zero to one
+at time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the unit step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we also talked about the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also talked about the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also talked about the response to
+these two inputs so you see them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two inputs so you see them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two inputs so you see them up
+there and now my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a unit sample
+signal at the input produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at the input produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at the input produces
+the unit sample response hn at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response hn at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response hn at the
+output um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and un produces the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and un produces the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and un produces the step response
+and if what you have is an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if what you have is an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if what you have is an lti system
+in here so it's the same lti system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so it's the same lti system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so it's the same lti system that
+we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+can you actually relate the two so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you actually relate the two so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you actually relate the two so the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+can you relate the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you relate the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you relate the unit sample response
+on the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the step response
+do i need to give you both if i have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need to give you both if i have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i need to give you both if i have an
+lti system or does it suffice to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lti system or does it suffice to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lti system or does it suffice to give
+you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's one way to think of that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one way to think of that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's one way to think of that this
+by the way is the same lti system maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is the same lti system maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way is the same lti system maybe
+i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should
+indicate that more explicitly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that more explicitly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that more explicitly by
+let's say it's specific system system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's specific system system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's specific system system
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and with the same system i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the same system i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the same system i'm trying to
+deduce the results of another experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for thinking superposition can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for thinking superposition can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for thinking superposition can you
+tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me
+how to write the unit sample function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write the unit sample function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write the unit sample function
+as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination of
+unit step functions maybe delayed unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step functions maybe delayed unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step functions maybe delayed unit
+step functions scaled unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step functions scaled unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step functions scaled unit step
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you said u n minus u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said u n minus u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said u n minus u n
+plus one or is it u n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one or is it u n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one or is it u n minus one
+n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one
+so what we're saying is take this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're saying is take this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're saying is take this unit
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+and then subtract from it a unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subtract from it a unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subtract from it a unit step
+delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed
+by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here is u of n minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is u of n minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is u of n minus 1.
+if we took the unit step and subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took the unit step and subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we took the unit step and subtracted
+from it a delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it a delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it a delayed
+unit step delayed by one the result will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step delayed by one the result will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step delayed by one the result will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+just that value one at time zero will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that value one at time zero will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that value one at time zero will
+survive everything else will cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive everything else will cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive everything else will cancel out
+right is that what you had in mind okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that what you had in mind okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that what you had in mind okay
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+delta of n can be written as that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of n can be written as that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta of n can be written as that linear
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+unit steps can you tell me how to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h n in terms of unit step responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking about an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i took that out but we're still talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took that out but we're still talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i took that out but we're still talking
+about an lti system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an lti system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an lti system here
+somebody who hasn't spoken maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so superposition says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so superposition says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so superposition says that
+if you've got an input that's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got an input that's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got an input that's a linear
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+inputs for which you know the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs for which you know the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs for which you know the results of
+the experiment then the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment then the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment then the corresponding
+output is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the same
+linear combination of the outputs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the outputs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the outputs for
+that experiment so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment so this is going to be
+sn minus s n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can actually deduce the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually deduce the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually deduce the unit
+sample response given the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response given the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response given the unit step
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+for an lti system so let's see we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an lti system so let's see we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an lti system so let's see we've
+used linearity have we used time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used linearity have we used time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used linearity have we used time and
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+we used linearity because we said here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used linearity because we said here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used linearity because we said here's
+an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+in which the input is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the input is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the input is a linear
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+inputs that we know the responses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that we know the responses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that we know the responses to
+where we invoke time and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the superposition idea was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition idea was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition idea was part of the
+definition of linearity right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of linearity right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of linearity right because
+the system is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is linear
+if the input is a superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input is a superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the input is a superposition of
+two inputs for which you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs for which you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs for which you know the
+response then the output is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then the output is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then the output is the
+corresponding superposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding superposition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding superposition of the
+responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses
+that seems like i've only used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like i've only used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems like i've only used
+superposition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition there
+have i actually used time and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i actually used time and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i actually used time and variance
+as well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've used it in concluding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've used it in concluding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've used it in concluding that
+if i put in u of n minus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put in u of n minus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put in u of n minus one the
+response is s of n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is s of n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is s of n minus one
+okay so i've used time and variance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've used time and variance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've used time and variance as
+well as uh linearity here to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as uh linearity here to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as uh linearity here to come up
+with the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the statement
+okay good so this is what i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so this is what i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so this is what i have
+on this slide and you've figured it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide and you've figured it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide and you've figured it all
+out already we've arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out already we've arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out already we've arrived at
+this equation now if i want to turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation now if i want to turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation now if i want to turn it
+around and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and write
+sn in terms of the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn in terms of the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sn in terms of the unit sample response
+i can do that as well except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do that as well except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do that as well except
+this is analogous to integrating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is analogous to integrating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is analogous to integrating a
+differential equation what we have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation what we have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation what we have is a
+difference equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation here
+and when you come to integrate well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you come to integrate well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you come to integrate well in
+discrete time what you do is summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time what you do is summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time what you do is summation
+instead of integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of integration
+you need to assume an initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to assume an initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to assume an initial condition
+of some kind and so it turns out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind and so it turns out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind and so it turns out if you
+assume that way back in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that way back in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that way back in the past
+the value of the step response was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the step response was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the step response was zero
+then you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can actually
+go from this description to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from this description to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from this description to a
+description the other way relating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description the other way relating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description the other way relating the
+step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response
+to the unit sample response okay so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit sample response okay so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit sample response okay so if i
+have a causal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a causal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a causal system
+for instance so the causal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance so the causal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance so the causal system
+it's got no response till the input hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got no response till the input hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got no response till the input hits
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+when i put a unit step in i'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i put a unit step in i'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i put a unit step in i'm not going
+to get a response till time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a response till time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a response till time zero
+and so i know at minus infinity the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i know at minus infinity the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i know at minus infinity the step
+response was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response was zero
+and i can move forward from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can move forward from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can move forward from there
+okay so you can actually relate the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can actually relate the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can actually relate the step
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+to unit sample response the other way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unit sample response the other way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unit sample response the other way as
+well here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here
+okay where the summation is from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where the summation is from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where the summation is from minus
+infinity to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to the n
+that you're interested in we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're interested in we'll be
+dealing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing uh
+right through with causal systems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through with causal systems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through with causal systems um
+if there are any deviations from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any deviations from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any deviations from that
+we'll point them out but basically we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll point them out but basically we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll point them out but basically we'll
+be dealing with causal systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with causal systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with causal systems
+okay so let's uh this is an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh this is an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's uh this is an identity
+we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be
+wanting to play with a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to play with a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to play with a bit
+so let me put it up here so the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put it up here so the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put it up here so the step
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+um let's say for a causal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say for a causal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say for a causal system
+is going to be summation from k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be summation from k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be summation from k equals
+minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity
+to n h of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n h of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n h of k
+so i take all the values of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i take all the values of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i take all the values of the unit
+sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response
+up to the present time and sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the present time and sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the present time and sum them
+together to get the value of the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get the value of the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get the value of the step
+response of the present time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the present time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the present time
+okay so let's look at an example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at an example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at an example here
+here's the unit sample response of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the unit sample response of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the unit sample response of a
+particular lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lti
+system is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is this a
+causal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the response to a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the response to a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the response to a unit sample
+so the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the input
+was zero everywhere except for a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero everywhere except for a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero everywhere except for a value
+of one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one here
+and you see that the response actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that the response actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that the response actually
+happens subsequent to that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens subsequent to that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens subsequent to that input
+so if the response starts at time 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the response starts at time 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the response starts at time 0 or
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+for an input that started at time 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an input that started at time 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an input that started at time 0 or
+later then what you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later then what you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later then what you're looking at
+is a causal system here certainly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a causal system here certainly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a causal system here certainly in the
+case of a unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a unit sample response
+okay so what's the step response going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the step response going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the step response going
+to look like then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone want to say in words yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the step response uh if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the step response uh if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the step response uh if we're
+evaluating it at times over here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it at times over here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating it at times over here we're
+summing all the values of h k from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing all the values of h k from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing all the values of h k from minus
+infinity up to the present time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity up to the present time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity up to the present time
+so the step response is zero here zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the step response is zero here zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the step response is zero here zero
+here zero here and then at time three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero here and then at time three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero here and then at time three
+the step response jumps to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response jumps to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response jumps to one
+and from then on stays at one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from then on stays at one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from then on stays at one right
+so the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just that delayed step and it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that delayed step and it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that delayed step and it kind of
+makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because
+um the kind of system we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kind of system we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kind of system we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+must be a delay by three system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we put in a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we put in a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we put in a unit sample
+input a unit sample function and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a unit sample function and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a unit sample function and what
+came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out
+if you look at it was actually delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it was actually delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it was actually delta of
+n minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus three
+it was a unit sample function delayed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a unit sample function delayed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a unit sample function delayed by
+three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps
+uh is the height the height is unchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the height the height is unchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the height the height is unchanged
+right the height is still one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the height is still one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the height is still one
+so this must be a delay by three system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this must be a delay by three system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this must be a delay by three system
+we're looking at and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at and sure
+if we put in a unit step we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put in a unit step we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put in a unit step we're getting
+sorry if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if we
+yeah if we put in the unit step we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we put in the unit step we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if we put in the unit step we're
+gonna get a response that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a response that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a response that's just the
+step delayed by three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step delayed by three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step delayed by three okay
+i'm going sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is because of my assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of my assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of my assumption
+assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s of minus infinity was zero so i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of minus infinity was zero so i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of minus infinity was zero so i need
+to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a
+boundary condition from which i start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition from which i start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition from which i start
+inverting so just to go back let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting so just to go back let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting so just to go back let me just
+go back a second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where am i going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we derived this first expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we derived this first expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we derived this first expression
+if we want to turn it around well s n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to turn it around well s n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to turn it around well s n is
+h n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h n plus
+s n minus one and then i can solve for s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n minus one and then i can solve for s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s n minus one and then i can solve for s
+n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one
+i can keep stepping backwards but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can keep stepping backwards but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can keep stepping backwards but at
+some point i need an actual value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point i need an actual value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point i need an actual value so
+that i can close off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can close off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can close off that
+expression and um if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and um if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and um if you're talking
+about a causal system then what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a causal system then what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a causal system then what you're
+guaranteed is that the step respo if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed is that the step respo if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed is that the step respo if
+you're causing talking about a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're causing talking about a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're causing talking about a causal
+linear system um because the all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system um because the all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system um because the all zeros
+input produces the all zero output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input produces the all zero output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input produces the all zero output
+and it's causal you can actually deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's causal you can actually deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's causal you can actually deduce
+that the step response at time minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the step response at time minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the step response at time minus
+infinity must be zero the input hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity must be zero the input hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity must be zero the input hasn't
+yet arrived therefore the output must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet arrived therefore the output must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet arrived therefore the output must be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh h of five just is just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of five just is just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h of five just is just a number
+it's not a function right if i write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function right if i write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function right if i write
+something like h of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like h of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like h of 5
+it's just a number so it means the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number so it means the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number so it means the value
+of the unit sample response at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample response at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample response at time
+5. okay this takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. okay this takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. okay this takes a little
+getting used to but let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting used to but let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting used to but let's do another
+example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here
+so here's another unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another unit sample response
+this is more complicated now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more complicated now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more complicated now
+i put in a unit sample and what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put in a unit sample and what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put in a unit sample and what comes
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+is a response that well it still starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a response that well it still starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a response that well it still starts
+at time zero so i'm talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero so i'm talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time zero so i'm talking about a
+causal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal system
+everything to the left is zero and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the left is zero and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the left is zero and this
+takes the value point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the value point two
+for some number of steps and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some number of steps and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some number of steps and then
+settles to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles to zero
+okay so the question then is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question then is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question then is what is the
+step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response
+and so if you imagine that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you imagine that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you imagine that what you're
+doing to find the step response at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to find the step response at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing to find the step response at any
+time is summing this from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is summing this from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is summing this from minus infinity
+up to that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that time
+you'll see that the step response is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the step response is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the step response is a
+linear rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear rise
+a linear rise like that and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear rise like that and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear rise like that and then it
+settles out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles out
+okay so you can get one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can get one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can get one or the other
+and there are other examples on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other examples on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other examples on the
+slides i won't go through all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides i won't go through all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides i won't go through all of them
+i'm going a little slow here because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going a little slow here because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going a little slow here because we
+miss a recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss a recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss a recitation
+tomorrow recitations tomorrow our office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow recitations tomorrow our office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow recitations tomorrow our office
+hours i wanted to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours i wanted to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours i wanted to actually
+give you a few examples here's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples here's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples here's a case
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the unit sample response increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response increases
+linearly and then stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly and then stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly and then stops
+and so the unit step response actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the unit step response actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the unit step response actually
+starts to accelerate quadratically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to accelerate quadratically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to accelerate quadratically and
+then stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then stops
+okay this is the discrete time version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the discrete time version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the discrete time version
+of integration that we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration that we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration that we're looking at
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry this thing ah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this thing ah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this thing ah okay
+ignore that notation first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that notation first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that notation first of all it's
+bad notation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad notation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad notation but
+these are figures i got from somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are figures i got from somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are figures i got from somewhere
+if i was doing it from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was doing it from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was doing it from scratch
+uh i wouldn't have put it in uh but i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i wouldn't have put it in uh but i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i wouldn't have put it in uh but i'll
+explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+okay that's the notation for convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the notation for convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the notation for convolution
+i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't
+actually like that notation but uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like that notation but uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like that notation but uh okay
+examples of this type now here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this type now here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this type now here's one
+important thing for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing for you to
+get a feel for notice in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feel for notice in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a feel for notice in all these
+examples the unit sample response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the unit sample response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the unit sample response
+settles down to zero after some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down to zero after some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down to zero after some time
+okay so you hit the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you hit the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you hit the end
+system with the unit sample function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with the unit sample function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with the unit sample function at
+the input so you hit it with the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input so you hit it with the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input so you hit it with the value
+one at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at time
+zero and nothing else and it responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and nothing else and it responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and nothing else and it responds
+and it responds for a while and settles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it responds for a while and settles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it responds for a while and settles
+now it's not true for all systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not true for all systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not true for all systems that
+they settle in finite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they settle in finite time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they settle in finite time
+okay a typical system might ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a typical system might ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a typical system might ring
+indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+might respond indefinitely to a kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might respond indefinitely to a kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might respond indefinitely to a kick
+here's are all these examples are ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's are all these examples are ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's are all these examples are ones
+where the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system
+has a transient and then settles down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a transient and then settles down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a transient and then settles down
+and so what you expect to see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you expect to see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you expect to see in the
+step response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response is
+there is a transient and then it settles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a transient and then it settles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a transient and then it settles
+down the difference is in the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the difference is in the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the difference is in the step
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+it settles to another value it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it settles to another value it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it settles to another value it doesn't
+come back down to zero so when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to zero so when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back down to zero so when this
+comes back down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back down to zero
+what this is settled up to is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is settled up to is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is settled up to is sort of
+the integral of this it's the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this it's the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of this it's the area under
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+but we're talking about discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're talking about discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're talking about discrete time
+functions not continuous time functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions not continuous time functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions not continuous time functions
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the value that it's settled to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the value that it's settled to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the value that it's settled to here
+is the area under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area under this
+so the duration of a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the duration of a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the duration of a unit sample
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+gives you some feel for how long a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some feel for how long a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some feel for how long a
+transient lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient lasts
+so if you've got a channel and you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got a channel and you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got a channel and you hit
+it with an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with an input
+you know that the transient will last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the transient will last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the transient will last
+about as long as the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as long as the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as long as the unit sample
+response lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response lasts
+so the transient and the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the transient and the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the transient and the step response
+shows that clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can get more elaborate sorts of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get more elaborate sorts of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get more elaborate sorts of unit
+sample responses here's one that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample responses here's one that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample responses here's one that changes
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+and correspondingly what you find with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correspondingly what you find with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correspondingly what you find with
+the step response is that it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response is that it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response is that it's not a
+monotonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonic
+increase uh to the final steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh to the final steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh to the final steady state
+there's actually some oscillation before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually some oscillation before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually some oscillation before
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+settles down okay but it's the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down okay but it's the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down okay but it's the same idea
+you're computing the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're computing the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're computing the uh
+area under this if you like but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under this if you like but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under this if you like but the
+error goes positive and then slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error goes positive and then slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error goes positive and then slightly
+negative and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so on
+uh well positive and then less positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well positive and then less positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well positive and then less positive
+and so that's what you're seeing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what you're seeing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what you're seeing up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why do we talk about step responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do we talk about step responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do we talk about step responses
+so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much
+well it turns out that for a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that for a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that for a lot of what
+we do with signaling on communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with signaling on communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with signaling on communication
+channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels
+uh we're signaling with signals of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're signaling with signals of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're signaling with signals of this
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+on off type signals or plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on off type signals or plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on off type signals or plus minus
+signals the sort of square wave type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals the sort of square wave type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals the sort of square wave type
+signals or rectangular wave signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or rectangular wave signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or rectangular wave signals
+and these can be thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be thought of as
+combinations of unit step functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of unit step functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of unit step functions
+you may have seen this in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen this in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have seen this in recitation
+last time as well so you can take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time as well so you can take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time as well so you can take an
+input of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of this type
+and write it as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write it as a linear combination of
+unit step functions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step functions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step functions um
+a unit step function that has its step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit step function that has its step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit step function that has its step
+at zero minus one that has its step at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero minus one that has its step at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero minus one that has its step at
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+plus one that has its step at 12 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that has its step at 12 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one that has its step at 12 minus
+one that has its step at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has its step at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has its step at
+24. okay so if you combine those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24. okay so if you combine those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24. okay so if you combine those
+um if you add up all of these you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you add up all of these you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you add up all of these you're
+going to get that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get that input
+so then it's back to this game again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it's back to this game again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it's back to this game again
+right if the input is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the input is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the input is a linear
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+uh unit steps scaled and delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unit steps scaled and delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unit steps scaled and delayed
+then the response is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the response is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the response is going to be the
+same combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same combination of
+unit steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what the response will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the response will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the response will look
+like so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's
+the unit step u n gives rise to s n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step u n gives rise to s n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step u n gives rise to s n
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+minus u n minus 4 will give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u n minus 4 will give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus u n minus 4 will give rise to
+minus s of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s of n
+minus 4 and so on so knowing the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 and so on so knowing the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4 and so on so knowing the step
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+you can actually say what the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually say what the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually say what the response
+of the channel is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel is going to be
+all right we've seen this visually too i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we've seen this visually too i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we've seen this visually too i
+did an example last time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an example last time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did an example last time where
+what went in was that square wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went in was that square wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went in was that square wave and
+what came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what came out
+after we'd done the demodulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we'd done the demodulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we'd done the demodulation of the
+filtering was a response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering was a response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering was a response that
+sort of had the features of what went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of had the features of what went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of had the features of what went in
+but it was a little distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a little distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a little distorted
+so you can see that what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that what we're looking
+at here for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at here for instance
+is the character of the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the character of the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the character of the step response
+because what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what went
+in at this point right now the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at this point right now the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at this point right now the input and
+the output are at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output are at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output are at rest
+okay you've forgotten about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've forgotten about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you've forgotten about what
+happened before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened before
+and now the input jumps up well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the input jumps up well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the input jumps up well the
+output doesn't jump up all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output doesn't jump up all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output doesn't jump up all the way
+immediately it's got a little transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it's got a little transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately it's got a little transient
+before it settles so what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it settles so what you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it settles so what you're looking
+at is really the step response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is really the step response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is really the step response of the
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+where the channel includes all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the channel includes all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the channel includes all these
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+it's the um everything including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the um everything including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the um everything including the
+filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering
+in this particular example that i did if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular example that i did if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular example that i did if
+you go back and look at those slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and look at those slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back and look at those slides
+this was all entirely due to the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was all entirely due to the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was all entirely due to the local
+averaging that we were doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging that we were doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging that we were doing in the
+filtering here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering here
+but it does give you some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give you some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does give you some kind of a
+distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+okay so the step response is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the step response is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the step response is important
+to figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figuring out
+the shape of the output of the of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the output of the of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the output of the of a
+channel here's another example that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel here's another example that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel here's another example that has
+a more rounded kind of step response but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more rounded kind of step response but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more rounded kind of step response but
+it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still
+the step response we're looking at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response we're looking at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step response we're looking at so
+here's the input step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the input step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the input step
+and here is the response to the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the response to the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the response to the step
+again there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's this
+notation and i've said ignore this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and i've said ignore this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and i've said ignore this for
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+we'll explain it shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and once you've got the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once you've got the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once you've got the step
+response of the output you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the output you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the output you're ready to
+start thinking about how you'll detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about how you'll detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about how you'll detect
+whether it was a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was a zero
+or a one that went in so you might set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a one that went in so you might set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a one that went in so you might set a
+threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold
+uh pick times at which you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pick times at which you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pick times at which you're gonna
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um then you come up with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um then you come up with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um then you come up with the uh
+with your call of what the input is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your call of what the input is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your call of what the input is so
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+zero zero and so on all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero and so on all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero and so on all right
+so this seems all benign enough but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems all benign enough but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems all benign enough but now
+what if you decide you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you decide you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you decide you want to
+get that information across the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that information across the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that information across the channel
+faster so you want to signal faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so you want to signal faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so you want to signal faster
+so what you're going to want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put that same information the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that same information the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that same information the transition
+from one to zero to one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to zero to one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to zero to one one one
+zero one and so on you want to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and so on you want to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and so on you want to squeeze
+that into a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a shorter
+shorter length of time okay so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter length of time okay so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter length of time okay so suppose
+this is what you send over that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you send over that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you send over that same
+channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel
+well now you again are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you again are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you again are going to
+superpose the step responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superpose the step responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superpose the step responses
+but what's happening now is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's happening now is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's happening now is you've
+gotten so ambitious with how fast you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten so ambitious with how fast you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten so ambitious with how fast you
+want to get the bits across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the bits across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the bits across
+that you're not giving the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not giving the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not giving the step response
+time to settle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to settle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to settle so
+over here yes there's time it the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yes there's time it the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here yes there's time it the step
+response went up and settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response went up and settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response went up and settled
+because you had three ones in a row over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had three ones in a row over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had three ones in a row over
+there but now you're going down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but now you're going down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but now you're going down to zero
+for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one
+time instant and then jumping right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instant and then jumping right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instant and then jumping right back
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+well here's the flipped over step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the flipped over step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the flipped over step
+response and it doesn't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and it doesn't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and it doesn't have time to
+make it all the way down it's jumped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it all the way down it's jumped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it all the way down it's jumped up
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+okay so if you get very ambitious with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you get very ambitious with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you get very ambitious with
+your signaling to try and get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signaling to try and get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your signaling to try and get more
+of the bits across you're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bits across you're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bits across you're going to start
+seeing the limitations imposed by the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the limitations imposed by the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the limitations imposed by the uh
+to the channel the channel can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the channel the channel can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the channel the channel can only
+respond so fast and you can't drive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond so fast and you can't drive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond so fast and you can't drive it
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+okay um so it's important to have a feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so it's important to have a feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so it's important to have a feel
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for that as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that as well um
+so when the channel starts to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the channel starts to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the channel starts to respond
+like this you become much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you become much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you become much more
+susceptible to noise so for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to noise so for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to noise so for instance if
+there was a noise spike at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a noise spike at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a noise spike at this point
+you could well end up with a received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could well end up with a received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could well end up with a received
+sample that was above the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that was above the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that was above the threshold
+and then you'd wrongly decode the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd wrongly decode the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd wrongly decode the zero
+as a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a one
+so taking account of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking account of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking account of the channel
+characteristics is important when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics is important when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics is important when you're
+setting a signaling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a signaling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a signaling rate
+okay you might want to get information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might want to get information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might want to get information
+across quickly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across quickly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across quickly but
+you have to take account of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take account of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take account of the fact
+that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh
+of the channel needs some time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel needs some time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel needs some time okay so
+much for steps we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for steps we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for steps we'll come back to that
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+um we can do the same kind of thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can do the same kind of thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can do the same kind of thing with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+unit samples so here's and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit samples so here's and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit samples so here's and in fact the
+rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of
+uh the lecture we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lecture we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lecture we're going to be talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+making up a signal as a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up a signal as a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up a signal as a weighted
+combination of unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of unit sample
+functions so take an arbitrary signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so take an arbitrary signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so take an arbitrary signal
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+think of it as let's see this starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as let's see this starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as let's see this starts
+with the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the value
+of something 0.75 i guess at time minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something 0.75 i guess at time minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something 0.75 i guess at time minus
+2 and then a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then a value of
+minus 0.5 at minus 1 and so on so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.5 at minus 1 and so on so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.5 at minus 1 and so on so here's
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+input signal x n and i want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal x n and i want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal x n and i want to think of
+it as made up of a bunch of unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as made up of a bunch of unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as made up of a bunch of unit sample
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+so what are the unit sample functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the unit sample functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the unit sample functions
+well here's one that's centered at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's one that's centered at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's one that's centered at minus
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+uh but scaled by the value that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but scaled by the value that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but scaled by the value that the
+input signal has at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal has at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal has at time
+minus two uh here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two uh here's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two uh here's another one
+centered at minus one but scaled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at minus one but scaled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at minus one but scaled by the
+value that the input signal has at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that the input signal has at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that the input signal has at time
+-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+and so on so what i'm basically doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so what i'm basically doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so what i'm basically doing is
+decomposing the input into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the input into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the input into a
+weighted combination of unit samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination of unit samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination of unit samples
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and you can always do that and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can always do that and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can always do that and it looks
+a little magical when you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little magical when you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little magical when you put it
+into notation like this but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into notation like this but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into notation like this but that's
+basically all that it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all that it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all that it's saying
+so to make sense of this think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make sense of this think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make sense of this think for
+instance of putting in an actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of putting in an actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of putting in an actual number
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so if i wanted x at time 3 well i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i wanted x at time 3 well i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i wanted x at time 3 well i'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+set n equals 3 on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set n equals 3 on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set n equals 3 on the right hand side
+and evaluate the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate the sum
+well the only value that survives is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only value that survives is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only value that survives is the
+value for which k equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for which k equals 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for which k equals 3
+so i'll pull out x3 okay so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll pull out x3 okay so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll pull out x3 okay so it's kind of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+seems tautologist but it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems tautologist but it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems tautologist but it's a way to
+represent a general input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a general input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a general input
+as a weighted combination of delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a weighted combination of delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a weighted combination of delayed
+unit samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit samples
+okay so if that was what went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if that was what went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if that was what went in
+you're in a position now to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a position now to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a position now to tell me what
+comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm talking about an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm talking about an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm talking about an lti system
+i'm talking about an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about an lti system
+and the input xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a weighted combination with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weighted combination with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weighted combination with these
+weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a bunch of unit sample functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay maybe another way that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe another way that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe another way that um
+well let's actually well let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's actually well let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's actually well let me actually
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+this the other way as well another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the other way as well another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the other way as well another way
+to say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say this is
+here's a time function going in it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a time function going in it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a time function going in it's a
+weighted combination over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination over all possible
+values of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of k
+of x k times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x k times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x k times
+and this is my other notation remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my other notation remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my other notation remember
+for unit sample functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unit sample functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unit sample functions
+so i'm saying this is a unit sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm saying this is a unit sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm saying this is a unit sorry this
+should be delta sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what should it be yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it be yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it be yeah
+okay so this is another way to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is another way to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is another way to write the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+um we've chosen to write it this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've chosen to write it this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've chosen to write it this way and
+actually i find that simpler but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i find that simpler but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i find that simpler but
+if you want to be reminded that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be reminded that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be reminded that what
+we're talking about here is an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here is an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here is an entire
+time function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function
+then this is notation that you might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is notation that you might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is notation that you might go
+to yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because okay good good question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay good good question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay good good question because
+i'm right now allowing my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm right now allowing my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm right now allowing my input
+uh to have values that extend from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have values that extend from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have values that extend from minus
+infinity to plus infinity so i'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity so i'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity so i'm taking
+an arbitrary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary function
+okay if we're talking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we're talking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we're talking about an
+experiment in which the input starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which the input starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which the input starts at
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+zero then we can actually simplify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we can actually simplify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we can actually simplify these
+i'll show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you that
+okay let me actually erase this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me actually erase this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me actually erase this because
+i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to
+confuse you with that okay so if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse you with that okay so if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse you with that okay so if this is
+what goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes in
+it's it's a weighted combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a weighted combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a weighted combination
+of unit sample functions delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit sample functions delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unit sample functions delayed
+what is it that must come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what are we working with we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are we working with we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are we working with we're
+working with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the fact that
+if delta of n goes into our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta of n goes into our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta of n goes into our system
+what comes out as hn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if it's a weighted combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a weighted combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a weighted combination of
+deltas that goes in what's the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas that goes in what's the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deltas that goes in what's the response
+given that this is an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone who hasn't spoken today maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to try yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same weighted combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weighted combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weighted combination of those
+responses so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so it's going to be
+summation over all k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over all k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over all k
+the same weight so it's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weight so it's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weight so it's going to be the
+xk's but now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk's but now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk's but now here's the
+responses okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what have we been able to do we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we been able to do we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we been able to do we've
+been able to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to write down
+what the output looks like for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output looks like for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output looks like for an
+arbitrary input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary input
+in terms of the unit sample response if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the unit sample response if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the unit sample response if
+you give me the unit sample response for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me the unit sample response for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me the unit sample response for
+an lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lti system
+i can write down the general response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write down the general response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write down the general response
+the response to a general input this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to a general input this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response to a general input this is
+what we refer to as a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or a convolution sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a convolution sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a convolution sum
+okay that's a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it may look mysterious so let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may look mysterious so let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may look mysterious so let's actually
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step by step again here's our lti system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i put in a unit sample function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the unit sample function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the unit sample function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the unit sample function
+going in i get some response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's say this is 0 this is 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say this is 0 this is 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say this is 0 this is 1 2
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the response we referred to as the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response we referred to as the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response we referred to as the unit
+sample response h n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response h n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response h n
+so what is this value this is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this value this is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this value this is the value
+h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0
+this is the value h1 this is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the value h1 this is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the value h1 this is the value
+h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2
+and so on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what if what goes in is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if what goes in is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if what goes in is actually
+the value x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this time and 0 everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time and 0 everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this time and 0 everywhere else
+what's the response in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just a scaled version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a scaled version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a scaled version of the
+unit sample function instead of 1 going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample function instead of 1 going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample function instead of 1 going
+in i'm having x0 go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in i'm having x0 go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in i'm having x0 go in
+so the response is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same response twice the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same response twice the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same response twice the response
+what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't hear where that come from yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't hear where that come from yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't hear where that come from yeah
+x0 times that okay so what we'll get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 times that okay so what we'll get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 times that okay so what we'll get is
+x0 times h0 coming out of the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 times h0 coming out of the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 times h0 coming out of the first time
+and then x0 times h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then x0 times h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then x0 times h1
+coming out of the second time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the second time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the second time and then
+x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h2 at the next time and if i keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i get x 0 let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h n at this time and so on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h n at this time and so on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h n at this time and so on right
+what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's not that but it's some value x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not that but it's some value x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not that but it's some value x1
+going in at time 1 and 0 everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is starting this is centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is starting this is centered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is starting this is centered at
+time one not at time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one not at time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one not at time zero
+and it's scaled by x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's scaled by x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's scaled by x1
+so what is it i'm going to see at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it i'm going to see at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it i'm going to see at the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a hand somewhere there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a hand somewhere there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a hand somewhere there
+previously maybe you can answer now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so what's going to happen
+is nothing will happen here i'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing will happen here i'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing will happen here i'll get
+x1 h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x1 h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on x1
+h of n minus 1. and it keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of n minus 1. and it keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of n minus 1. and it keeps going
+right and you keep going here as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you keep going here as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you keep going here as well
+okay you keep stringing in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you keep stringing in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you keep stringing in these
+each one of these will fire off a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these will fire off a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these will fire off a scale
+unit sample response but delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response but delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response but delayed
+appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately
+and so at the next times what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at the next times what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at the next times what you're
+going to get here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get here is
+x2 h of n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 h of n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 h of n minus 2
+and it keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it keeps going
+and what if you're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if you're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what if you're interested in the
+value at time n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at time n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at time n
+okay so you look along here and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you look along here and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you look along here and you've
+come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the
+value time n this is going to be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value time n this is going to be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value time n this is going to be the sum
+of all of these if your input is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these if your input is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these if your input is the sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+all of these right if your input is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these right if your input is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these right if your input is the
+sum of all of these x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all of these x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all of these x's
+your response is going to be the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your response is going to be the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your response is going to be the sum of
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+so what's the sum of all of these well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the sum of all of these well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the sum of all of these well
+xk h of n minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk h of n minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xk h of n minus k
+that's all there is there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is there's nothing
+there's no magic to this it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no magic to this it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no magic to this it's just
+invoking linearity that's the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking linearity that's the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking linearity that's the scaling
+part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it
+and time and variance which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and variance which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and variance which is the
+delaying part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delaying part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delaying part of it
+okay it's as simple as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's as simple as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's as simple as that
+all right so we'll be seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we'll be seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we'll be seeing this
+notation a lot you probably recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a lot you probably recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a lot you probably recognize
+this kind of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of notation
+from the convolutional coder as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we don't want to keep writing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want to keep writing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want to keep writing these
+sums so here's the notation that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so here's the notation that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so here's the notation that we use
+we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that
+x is convolved with h and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is convolved with h and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is convolved with h and we
+are interested in the value at time n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in the value at time n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in the value at time n so
+this operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the summation here is referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation here is referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation here is referred to as a
+convolution as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution as i said
+i'm telling you what value of time i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you what value of time i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you what value of time i'm
+interested in the response at that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the response at that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the response at that's the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+so that's what this notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what this notation is
+the k here is just a dummy index right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k here is just a dummy index right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k here is just a dummy index right
+we're summing over the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing over the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing over the k
+doesn't matter what i called it i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what i called it i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what i called it i can
+call it j i can call it l it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it j i can call it l it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it j i can call it l it doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+the important thing is this and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is this and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is this and here
+tells me at what time i'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me at what time i'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me at what time i'm looking for
+the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response
+and that's why that's the argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why that's the argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why that's the argument that
+i stick in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stick in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i stick in here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so all that's on the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so all that's on the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so all that's on the slides
+but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've
+actually derived it ourselves here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derived it ourselves here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually derived it ourselves here
+now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some gripes about notation you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gripes about notation you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gripes about notation you'll find
+if you look in most engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in most engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in most engineering
+textbooks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that
+this would be written x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be written x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be written x n
+star h n and i can't tell you how much i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star h n and i can't tell you how much i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star h n and i can't tell you how much i
+detest that notation you'll never find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detest that notation you'll never find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detest that notation you'll never find
+it in the math book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem here is that this n is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is that this n is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem here is that this n is being
+asked to do too many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to do too many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to do too many things
+the n is supposed to suggest the xn here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n is supposed to suggest the xn here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n is supposed to suggest the xn here
+is supposed to suggest we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to suggest we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to suggest we're interested
+in a whole time function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole time function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole time function
+you would have been better off calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have been better off calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have been better off calling
+it x dot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it x dot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it x dot but
+okay we're used to thinking of x n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're used to thinking of x n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're used to thinking of x n is
+also denoting an entire time function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also denoting an entire time function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also denoting an entire time function
+this h is supposed the h of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h is supposed the h of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h is supposed the h of n is
+supposed to denote an entire time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to denote an entire time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to denote an entire time
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+but the n is also supposed to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the n is also supposed to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the n is also supposed to tell you
+at what time you're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what time you're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what time you're interested in the
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+so that index is just doing too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that index is just doing too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that index is just doing too much
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+and it ends up being a confused and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up being a confused and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it ends up being a confused and
+confusing notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing notation
+so um you know when you're on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know when you're on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know when you're on your
+downstream classes from here if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream classes from here if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream classes from here if you find
+an instructor using that make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor using that make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor using that make sure
+that you give him or her grief and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give him or her grief and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give him or her grief and say
+you really can't make sense of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't make sense of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really can't make sense of that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this is much cleaner notation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much cleaner notation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much cleaner notation this is
+what conveys what's actually going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to skip over a few things i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip over a few things i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip over a few things i
+just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to
+suggest some properties here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest some properties here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest some properties here and then
+we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to
+more of this next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it turns out that convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that convolution
+has nice properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nice properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nice properties
+for instance the order doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the order doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the order doesn't matter
+you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write
+x star h here but it's the same as h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x star h here but it's the same as h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x star h here but it's the same as h
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+x and that just comes from making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and that just comes from making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and that just comes from making a
+change of variables in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables in here
+like if i call this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then k is equal to n minus m and i get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then k is equal to n minus m and i get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then k is equal to n minus m and i get a
+something that looks different but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks different but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks different but it's
+really the same thing so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same thing so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the same thing so this is the
+same as h star x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so convolution you can interchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so convolution you can interchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so convolution you can interchange
+orders there's some conditions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders there's some conditions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders there's some conditions on this
+but we can talk about them later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can talk about them later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can talk about them later
+you can associate them you can group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can associate them you can group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can associate them you can group
+them arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them arbitrarily
+and you can distribute convolution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can distribute convolution over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can distribute convolution over
+addition of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of functions
+so all of this actually makes it uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this actually makes it uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of this actually makes it uh this
+is very powerful because it allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very powerful because it allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very powerful because it allows you
+to deal with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with um
+combinations of systems and i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of systems and i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of systems and i'll just
+give you one example and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one example and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you one example and then we'll
+quit so here's an example of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit so here's an example of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit so here's an example of the kind of
+thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can do
+suppose you had an input going into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had an input going into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had an input going into one
+system lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lti
+with unit sample response h1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unit sample response h1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unit sample response h1 and then
+the output of that going into a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of that going into a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of that going into a second
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+lti with unit sample response h2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lti with unit sample response h2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lti with unit sample response h2 and
+then producing an overall output yn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then producing an overall output yn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then producing an overall output yn
+well so how do you get y it's h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so how do you get y it's h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so how do you get y it's h2
+convolved with w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with w
+i've dropped the argument n because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've dropped the argument n because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've dropped the argument n because i
+want to do this just for general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this just for general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this just for general
+values but w itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but w itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values but w itself is
+h1 convolved with x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 convolved with x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h1 convolved with x
+now i can group these any way i want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can group these any way i want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can group these any way i want so
+i can because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can because
+convolution is associative i can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is associative i can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is associative i can put
+those parentheses where i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parentheses where i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parentheses where i want
+so this is equal to the expression at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to the expression at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to the expression at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+but that's the same result i'd get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the same result i'd get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the same result i'd get by
+putting this input into a single lti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this input into a single lti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this input into a single lti
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+whose unit sample response was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose unit sample response was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose unit sample response was the
+convolution of the two individual ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the two individual ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the two individual ones
+so i could start to collapse two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could start to collapse two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could start to collapse two systems
+into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one
+equivalent lti system and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent lti system and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent lti system and that kind of
+thing ends up being powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ends up being powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ends up being powerful
+but i can also interchange orders so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can also interchange orders so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can also interchange orders so
+from here you can go to this which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can go to this which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can go to this which then
+tells you that for an lti system if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that for an lti system if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that for an lti system if
+you've got systems in cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got systems in cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got systems in cascade
+if you've got two lti systems in cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got two lti systems in cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got two lti systems in cascade
+actually the effect on the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the effect on the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the effect on the output
+uh is the same whatever order the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the same whatever order the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the same whatever order the input
+the systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems are
+connected in you might ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in you might ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in you might ask yourself
+whether the same is true if this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the same is true if this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the same is true if this was
+linear but time time varying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but time time varying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but time time varying and
+you should hopefully find out that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should hopefully find out that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should hopefully find out that in
+general for linear but time varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for linear but time varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for linear but time varying
+systems you can't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can't do this
+really linearity and time and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really linearity and time and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really linearity and time and variance
+is what it takes to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it takes to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it takes to be able to
+attain this okay let's leave it at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain this okay let's leave it at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attain this okay let's leave it at this
+for now and we'll pick up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and we'll pick up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and we'll pick up again
+well you pick up some in problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you pick up some in problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you pick up some in problem set
+four and also next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gKSRrTik1SA.txt b/gKSRrTik1SA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83f933f5950ed79d400e6c081f517bcb5a58329f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gKSRrTik1SA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we state the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we state the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we state the issue of
+normalization see the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization see the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization see the spherical
+harmonics are functions of theta and Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are functions of theta and Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics are functions of theta and Phi
+so what it makes sense is that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it makes sense is that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it makes sense is that you would
+integrate over theta and Phi solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over theta and Phi solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over theta and Phi solid angle
+the solid angle is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid angle is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid angle is the natural
+integration and it's a helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and it's a helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and it's a helpful
+integration because if you have solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration because if you have solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration because if you have solid
+angle integrals and then radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle integrals and then radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle integrals and then radial
+integrals you will have integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you will have integrated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you will have integrated over
+own volume so for the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own volume so for the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own volume so for the spherical
+harmonics solid angle is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics solid angle is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics solid angle is the right
+variable and you may remember if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and you may remember if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and you may remember if you
+have solid angle you have to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over theta and Phi so solid angle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theta and Phi so solid angle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theta and Phi so solid angle you
+think of it with a radius of one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it with a radius of one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it with a radius of one here is
+sine theta so what is solid angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta so what is solid angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta so what is solid angle is
+really the area on you served on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the area on you served on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the area on you served on a
+sphere of radius one the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of radius one the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere of radius one the definition of
+solid angle is area over radius squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle is area over radius squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle is area over radius squared
+the part of the solid angle that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the solid angle that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the solid angle that you
+have if you're working with a sphere of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you're working with a sphere of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you're working with a sphere of
+radius one is the area element is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one is the area element is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one is the area element is the
+solid angle so the area element in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle so the area element in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid angle so the area element in here
+would be or the integral over solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be or the integral over solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be or the integral over solid
+angle this is solid angle D Omega you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this is solid angle D Omega you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle this is solid angle D Omega you
+would integrate from theta equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would integrate from theta equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would integrate from theta equals 0 to
+theta equals PI of sine theta D theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you would integrate from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would integrate from 0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would integrate from 0 to 2
+pi of D 5 now you've seen that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of D 5 now you've seen that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi of D 5 now you've seen that this
+equation that began as a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that began as a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that began as a differential
+equation for functions of theta ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for functions of theta ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for functions of theta ended up
+being a differential equation for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a differential equation for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a differential equation for a
+function of cosine theta though same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of cosine theta though same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of cosine theta though same
+thing that was the right variable well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was the right variable well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was the right variable well
+here it is as well and you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is as well and you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is as well and you should always
+recognize that this is minus D of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is minus D of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is minus D of cosine
+theta and here you would be integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and here you would be integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and here you would be integrating
+from cosine theta equals 1 to minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cosine theta equals 1 to minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cosine theta equals 1 to minus 1
+but the minus and the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the minus and the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the minus and the order of
+integration can be reversed so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration can be reversed so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration can be reversed so you have
+the integral from minus 1 to 1 of D cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus 1 to 1 of D cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus 1 to 1 of D cos
+theta and then the integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and then the integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and then the integral from 0 to
+2pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the solid angle integral you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the solid angle integral you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the solid angle integral you
+integrate D of cosine theta from minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate D of cosine theta from minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate D of cosine theta from minus 1
+to 1 and 0 to 2 pi of D 5 and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and 0 to 2 pi of D 5 and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and 0 to 2 pi of D 5 and we will
+many times use this notation the Armina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times use this notation the Armina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times use this notation the Armina
+to represent that integral so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent that integral so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent that integral so we don't
+have to write it when we have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write it when we have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write it when we have to write
+it with typically prefer to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with typically prefer to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with typically prefer to write it
+this way so that the integral should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so that the integral should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so that the integral should be
+doable in terms of cosine theta so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable in terms of cosine theta so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable in terms of cosine theta so what
+does this all mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all mean
+for our harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our harmonics
+well our spherical harmonics turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well our spherical harmonics turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well our spherical harmonics turned out
+to be even functions of hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even functions of hermitian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even functions of hermitian
+operators and they have different else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and they have different else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and they have different else
+and ends they are having different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends they are having different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ends they are having different
+eigenvalues so eigenfunctions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so eigenfunctions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so eigenfunctions of
+hermitian operators with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operators with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operators with different
+eigenvalues have to be orthogonal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues have to be orthogonal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues have to be orthogonal so
+we'll write the main property which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write the main property which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll write the main property which is
+the integral of 2 L say L prime M prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of 2 L say L prime M prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of 2 L say L prime M prime
+of theta and Phi you put the star here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and Phi you put the star here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta and Phi you put the star here
+out with the star just for your mind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the star just for your mind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the star just for your mind in
+stompers contradict the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stompers contradict the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stompers contradict the whole thing
+remember the inner product one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the inner product one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the inner product one way
+function was compressed but belief the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was compressed but belief the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was compressed but belief the
+other way function is not this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way function is not this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way function is not this time
+there are different ones because L and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different ones because L and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different ones because L and M
+and L Prime and M prime could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L Prime and M prime could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L Prime and M prime could be
+different so orthogonality is warranty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so orthogonality is warranty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so orthogonality is warranty
+two different ones with different ELLs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ones with different ELLs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ones with different ELLs
+and different ends should give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different ends should give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different ends should give you
+different values of this interval so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of this interval so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of this interval so at
+this woman you should get a delta L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman you should get a delta L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman you should get a delta L
+prime L Delta M PI M and if L and M are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime L Delta M PI M and if L and M are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime L Delta M PI M and if L and M are
+the same as L Prime and M Prime you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as L Prime and M Prime you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as L Prime and M Prime you have
+the same spirit of harmonic and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same spirit of harmonic and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same spirit of harmonic and all this
+tremendous formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous formula
+with 2l plus 1 an August August warranty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2l plus 1 an August August warranty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 2l plus 1 an August August warranty
+that in that case you get one here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case you get one here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case you get one here so
+this formula is correct a sweater that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the orthonormality of this probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the orthonormality of this probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the orthonormality of this probably
+this stage might be a little vague for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage might be a little vague for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage might be a little vague for
+you we saw this long time ago you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we saw this long time ago you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we saw this long time ago you may
+want to review why I on functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to review why I on functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to review why I on functions of
+hermitian operators with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operators with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operators with different
+eigenvalues our thumb and C rolled it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues our thumb and C rolled it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues our thumb and C rolled it
+and you do it or is it kind of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do it or is it kind of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do it or is it kind of a little
+fuzzy already how we saw it over a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy already how we saw it over a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy already how we saw it over a month
+ago so time to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so time to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so time to go back to the
+Schrodinger equation so for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation so for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation so for that we
+remember what we have we have minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we have we have minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we have we have minus H
+squared over 2m laplacian of sine plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m laplacian of sine plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m laplacian of sine plus V
+of our side equal inside and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our side equal inside and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our side equal inside and in a
+flashing has this form so that down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing has this form so that down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing has this form so that down we
+can write in the following way minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write in the following way minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write in the following way minus H
+squared over 2m 1 over R the second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m 1 over R the second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m 1 over R the second the
+R squared R side let me write I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared R side let me write I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared R side let me write I don't
+close the bracket here - oh no put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the bracket here - oh no put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the bracket here - oh no put a
+minus this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll write the minus one over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write the minus one over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write the minus one over H
+squared R squared l squared sine plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R squared l squared sine plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared R squared l squared sine plus V
+of our side is equal to P so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our side is equal to P so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our side is equal to P so now you
+could be a little concerned you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little concerned you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a little concerned you know
+doing operators and say well am I sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing operators and say well am I sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing operators and say well am I sure
+this L squares to the right of the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L squares to the right of the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this L squares to the right of the R
+squared you know R and ll has momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know R and ll has momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you know R and ll has momentum
+momentum cookies with our maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum cookies with our maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum cookies with our maybe there's
+a problem but rest assured there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem but rest assured there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem but rest assured there's no
+problem whatsoever you I realized that L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem whatsoever you I realized that L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem whatsoever you I realized that L
+square was all these things with me D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square was all these things with me D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square was all these things with me D
+theta sandy defies there was no are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta sandy defies there was no are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta sandy defies there was no are in
+there it commutes with it there's no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it commutes with it there's no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it commutes with it there's no one
+big Ewing we can prove directly that l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Ewing we can prove directly that l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Ewing we can prove directly that l
+squared commutes with R and it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared commutes with R and it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared commutes with R and it takes a
+little more work but you've seen what L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work but you've seen what L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work but you've seen what L
+square is it's a BD Thetas and V defies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is it's a BD Thetas and V defies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is it's a BD Thetas and V defies
+it just doesn't have anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't have anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't have anything to do with
+it okay so now for the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now for the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now for the great
+simplification you don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification you don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification you don't want the
+angular variables in this equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular variables in this equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular variables in this equation you
+want to reduce it to a radial equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce it to a radial equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reduce it to a radial equation
+so we try a factorized solution side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try a factorized solution side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we try a factorized solution side is
+going to be a far of all the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a far of all the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a far of all the coordinate
+is going to be a product of a purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a product of a purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a product of a purely
+radial wave function of some energy e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial wave function of some energy e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial wave function of some energy e
+times a why L M of theta and Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can declare success if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can declare success if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can declare success if we can get
+from this differential equation now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this differential equation now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this differential equation now a
+radial differential equation just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial differential equation just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial differential equation just for
+our forget phase and five all that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our forget phase and five all that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our forget phase and five all that must
+have been taken care by the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been taken care by the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been taken care by the angular
+momentum operators and we have hoped for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operators and we have hoped for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum operators and we have hoped for
+that in fact if you look at it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact if you look at it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact if you look at it you
+realize that we've succeeded why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we've succeeded why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that we've succeeded why the
+right hand side will have a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side will have a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side will have a factor of
+wire them untouched via ferrata side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire them untouched via ferrata side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire them untouched via ferrata side
+will have a factor of wire lemon touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a factor of wire lemon touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a factor of wire lemon touch
+this term having just our derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term having just our derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term having just our derivative
+will have some things acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some things acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have some things acting on this
+capital art and wire them and touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital art and wire them and touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital art and wire them and touch the
+only problem with this word but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem with this word but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only problem with this word but
+elsewhere on wire ends is a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere on wire ends is a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere on wire ends is a number
+that's why Allah it's one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why Allah it's one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why Allah it's one of our
+eigenstates therefore the wireless drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates therefore the wireless drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates therefore the wireless drop
+out completely from this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out completely from this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out completely from this equation and
+what do we get well we get minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get well we get minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get well we get minus h
+squared over 2m 1 over R these second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m 1 over R these second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m 1 over R these second
+the R squared R capital R II minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R squared R capital R II minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R squared R capital R II minus l
+squared on silent or violin now is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on silent or violin now is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on silent or violin now is H
+squared times L times L plus 1 so the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times L times L plus 1 so the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times L times L plus 1 so the H
+squared cancel get L and L plus 1 R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared cancel get L and L plus 1 R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared cancel get L and L plus 1 R
+squared and then we get the are e of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then we get the are e of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then we get the are e of our
+times of the xylem that has already I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the xylem that has already I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the xylem that has already I
+started to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to cancel
+from the holy place yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the holy place yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the holy place yeah
+so I used to that l squared from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used to that l squared from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I used to that l squared from the top
+flap board over there has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap board over there has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap board over there has that
+eigenvalue and the problem has dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and the problem has dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and the problem has dropped
+out then I have the V of our our e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals E times our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is great we have a simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is great we have a simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is great we have a simplified
+equation all the angular dependence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all the angular dependence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all the angular dependence is
+gone I now have to solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone I now have to solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone I now have to solve this equation
+for the radial wave function and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the radial wave function and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the radial wave function and then
+multiply it by a spherical harmonic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a spherical harmonic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by a spherical harmonic and
+I got a solution that represents a stake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a solution that represents a stake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a solution that represents a stake
+of the system with angular momentum L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system with angular momentum L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system with angular momentum L
+and with Z component of angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with Z component of angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with Z component of angular momentum
+M the only thing I have to do however is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the only thing I have to do however is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the only thing I have to do however is
+to clean up this equation a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up this equation a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up this equation a little bit
+and the way to clean it up is to admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to clean it up is to admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to clean it up is to admit
+that probably it's better as an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably it's better as an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably it's better as an equation
+for this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's clean it up by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's clean it up by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's clean it up by multiplying
+everything by our R of little ar ar e if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by our R of little ar ar e if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by our R of little ar ar e if
+I multiply by our here I will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply by our here I will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply by our here I will have this
+minus and minus plus h squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and minus plus h squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and minus plus h squared over 2m
+elkins L plus 1 over R squared R R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elkins L plus 1 over R squared R R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elkins L plus 1 over R squared R R plus
+V of R that's R times R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals E times R times R e so we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals E times R times R e so we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals E times R times R e so we'll call
+you of r r times r e and look what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of r r times r e and look what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of r r times r e and look what we've
+got we've got something that this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got something that this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got we've got something that this has
+been adjusted but things worked out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted but things worked out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted but things worked out to
+look just right minus H squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just right minus H squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just right minus H squared over 2m
+b ii e r squared u R plus let me open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b ii e r squared u R plus let me open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b ii e r squared u R plus let me open a
+parenthesis V of R plus h squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis V of R plus h squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis V of R plus h squared over
+2m r squared L times L plus 1 U of R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m r squared L times L plus 1 U of R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m r squared L times L plus 1 U of R is
+equal to e times U of R here it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e times U of R here it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e times U of R here it is it's
+just a nice form of a one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a nice form of a one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a nice form of a one dimensional
+Schrodinger equation the radial equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation the radial equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation the radial equation
+for the wave function dependence along R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function dependence along R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function dependence along R
+has become a radial one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become a radial one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become a radial one-dimensional
+particle in a potential in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a potential in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a potential in which it
+should remember two things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember two things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember two things that they
+this U is not quite the full radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U is not quite the full radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U is not quite the full radial
+dependence the rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence the rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence the rain
+is our e which is U over R but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our e which is U over R but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our e which is U over R but this
+equation is just very nice and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just very nice and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just very nice and what you
+see is another important thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is another important thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is another important thing if you
+look at the given particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the given particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the given particle in a
+potential you have many options you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you have many options you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you have many options you can
+look first for the states that have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look first for the states that have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look first for the states that have zero
+angular momentum L equal zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum L equal zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum L equal zero and you
+must solve this equation then you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must solve this equation then you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must solve this equation then you must
+look at L equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at L equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at L equals 1
+there can be states with l equals 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be states with l equals 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be states with l equals 1 and
+then you must solve it again and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you must solve it again and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you must solve it again and then
+you say for L equal 2 and for L equal 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say for L equal 2 and for L equal 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say for L equal 2 and for L equal 3
+and for all values of L so actually yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all values of L so actually yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all values of L so actually yes
+the three-dimensional problem is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-dimensional problem is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three-dimensional problem is more
+complicated than the one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than the one-dimensional
+problem only because in fact solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem only because in fact solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem only because in fact solving a
+problem means learning how to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem means learning how to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem means learning how to solve it
+for all values of L now you will energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all values of L now you will energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all values of L now you will energy
+that if you learn how to solve for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you learn how to solve for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you learn how to solve for one
+value of L solving for another is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L solving for another is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L solving for another is not
+that different and that's roughly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different and that's roughly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different and that's roughly true
+but there's still differences l equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's still differences l equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's still differences l equals 0
+is the easiest thing so if the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easiest thing so if the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easiest thing so if the particle
+is in three dimension but has no angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in three dimension but has no angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in three dimension but has no angular
+momentum L remember L equals 0 means no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum L remember L equals 0 means no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum L remember L equals 0 means no
+angular momentum it's this case L equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum it's this case L equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum it's this case L equal
+zero means N equals 0 l squared is 0 LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means N equals 0 l squared is 0 LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means N equals 0 l squared is 0 LZ
+0 this is 0 angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this is 0 angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this is 0 angular momentum
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/godnGvjmGZc.txt b/godnGvjmGZc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc5b6fa631007fa47ef2cfb57ef257282ea8d39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/godnGvjmGZc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3454 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's go
+back to our discussion
+
+of spectral broadening.
+
+And what I started
+to derive for you
+
+is perturbation theory of
+spectral broadening, which
+
+is a very general framework.
+
+I like it, because
+it really provides
+
+you insight into
+spectral broadening.
+
+But I will also hope it
+provides new insight for you
+
+for time-dependent perturbation
+theory [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So what we did in
+this lecture is
+
+we pretty much did standard
+type perturbation theory.
+
+We just did it by
+assuming that we
+
+have a general
+time-dependent perturbation.
+
+I'm not yet telling you what the
+time-dependent perturbation is.
+
+It has actually fluctuating.
+
+It has inhomogeneous.
+
+It has everything in
+it which will later
+
+lead to line-broadening
+line shifts.
+
+And the important quantity which
+is now describing everything
+
+we are interested
+is the correlation
+
+function between the
+perturbation at time t
+
+pi and t.
+
+And we call this
+correlation function G.
+
+And it is either the
+correlation function G of t,
+
+or it's Fourier
+transform, which tells us
+
+what the excitation
+rate of the system is.
+
+I want to give you sort
+of two summaries now.
+
+And they're both general
+to perturbation theory.
+
+But I have to say, I
+myself learned something
+
+about time evolution of quantum
+systems from those examples.
+
+So what we get is a
+very generic thing,
+
+that when we look
+at the probability
+
+to be in the final state,
+the amplitude V of t squared,
+
+we start out quadratic, a very
+general behavior of any quantum
+
+system, because your linear
+equation, which linearly
+
+puts amplitude into the
+excited state is quadratic.
+
+And also, this is the beginning
+of a Rabi oscillation.
+
+The Rabi oscillation
+starts out with 0 slope.
+
+But then you have some
+de-coherence type.
+
+The fields are no longer driving
+the system in a coherent way.
+
+And then that's where we
+enter the regime of Fermi's
+
+golden rule, the probability
+to be in the excited state
+
+only goes linear.
+
+And this is when we
+have rate equations.
+
+Let me sort of show how it
+comes about in equations,
+
+which I think is really nice.
+
+The differential equations
+is that in a time delta t,
+
+we add amplitude delta
+t to the excited state.
+
+And so the amplitude
+we build up is--
+
+I may have called an h bar.
+
+Or maybe I measured
+[INAUDIBLE] frequency units.
+
+It's just the matrix
+element times delta t.
+
+And we usually call
+the matrix element
+
+the Rabi frequency over 2.
+
+So you should think
+about it, that we
+
+add sort of this amplitude.
+
+And as long as we
+are coherent, I
+
+have to take the amplitude
+1/2 the Rabi frequency delta,
+
+then square it.
+
+And here, you get the
+quadratic behavior.
+
+This behavior you also have
+constructive interference.
+
+All those delta [INAUDIBLE] are
+added in a phase-coherent way.
+
+But this behavior ends, of
+course, at the coherence time.
+
+Let me just get my notes.
+
+So when the time becomes
+comparable to the coherence
+
+time, then we are adding
+amplitude not as constructive
+
+interference-- we are
+adding B squared [INAUDIBLE]
+
+becomes sort of a
+[INAUDIBLE], and we
+
+add things in quadrature.
+
+So what happens is at
+the coherence time,
+
+we have created
+an amplitude which
+
+is given by this expression.
+
+But now if time goes by,
+we add in quadrature t
+
+over tc chunks of that.
+
+So therefore, our B square,
+which we build up with time,
+
+is linear in time
+and is omega Rabi
+
+squared over 4, the matrix
+element times the coherence
+
+time tc.
+
+And this here now is our
+rate in the rate equation.
+
+And this is also what
+we exactly got out
+
+of the correlation
+function formalism.
+
+So this is how you
+should think about it.
+
+You go from constructive
+interference
+
+in amplitude and adding
+things in quadrature.
+
+Let me maybe add one more
+discussion to it, which I hope
+
+will help you to
+see the big picture.
+
+We have a matrix
+element V. And if I just
+
+ask you, think about
+Fermi's golden rule,
+
+you would find out
+that the rate is
+
+V square times the density
+of states at the resonance.
+
+And sometimes instead of
+the density of states,
+
+you write a delta function,
+which is just a placeholder
+
+that you should do
+an energy integral.
+
+And then you get the
+density of states.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is sort of
+Fermi's golden rule,
+
+and it should be old hat to you.
+
+But what I told you now is
+that what is involved here
+
+from the time integration is the
+correlation function, V of 0,
+
+V of t as two different types.
+
+But then because of
+the type integration
+
+of Schrodinger's equation,
+we had a time integral dt.
+
+But V of 0, V of t, remember,
+we have a correlation
+
+between the field V of 0.
+
+And then it decays with time.
+
+This here can be written
+V of 0 squared times
+
+the correlation time tau c.
+
+So therefore, the
+correlation function,
+
+it's a general formalism.
+
+It allows us to deal with
+all time dependencies.
+
+But in essence, the
+time-integrated correlation
+
+function is nothing
+else than your operator,
+
+your perturbation
+operator, time t
+
+equals 0 squared times
+the correlation time.
+
+And the correlation time, the
+inverse of the correlation
+
+time, is the spectral
+widths of your drive field.
+
+And this is what
+the spectral widths
+
+is in Fermi's golden rule.
+
+On the other hand, if you do
+the integration V of t dt,
+
+think about it as
+Fourier transform,
+
+it gives us actually
+some V of omega.
+
+It gives us the
+Fourier transform.
+
+Well, I see it omega.
+
+If you just do V of t
+dt, you get the Fourier
+
+transform at 0 frequency.
+
+But if you look
+through the derivation
+
+we did that was an
+e to the i omega
+
+resonant term, which we
+were just spitting out.
+
+So we have sort of shifted
+the origin of frequency.
+
+So therefore, the
+Fourier transform,
+
+if I correct for this just
+offset infrequency which
+
+I introduced for
+simplicity, this
+
+is nothing else than asking
+whether the drive field has
+
+a Fourier component
+which can resonate
+
+the drive to transition.
+
+And we talked last class
+about the convolution.
+
+This gives actually
+the power spectrum.
+
+It keeps the Fourier
+transform of it squared.
+
+But the power spectrum is, of
+course-- when you take a field
+
+and fully analyze
+it, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is the power spectrum, the whole
+power and the whole intensity
+
+of your laser, of your
+field is spread out
+
+over the banquets of the source.
+
+So when you say, the power
+spectrum, the power spectrum
+
+is automatically intensity
+divided by spectral widths.
+
+And that's where
+the delta function
+
+and the spectral widths in the
+normal formulation of Fermi's
+
+golden rule come in.
+
+So I'm just emphasizing
+I haven't really
+
+done anything new than just
+giving you a general notation.
+
+And I would actually
+say-- whenever
+
+you were asking yourself
+about Fermi's golden rule,
+
+this is the full [INAUDIBLE].
+
+This is about a fully
+time-dependent arbitrary time
+
+field.
+
+And you realize, what was
+re-squaring Fermi's golden rule
+
+is actually just
+the simple case,
+
+the more general case--
+and the more general case
+
+is it's a correlation
+or it's a power spectrum
+
+which creates the rate
+in Fermi's golden rule.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+So we have this
+powerful formalism.
+
+So all we have to do is when
+we want to understand what
+
+is the rate and
+the spectral widths
+
+of the spectroscopic
+features is we
+
+have to understand what is
+the field driving the atom.
+
+And then we take the
+Fourier transform,
+
+or we figure out what
+the correlation is.
+
+We take V of 0 squared
+times the correlation time,
+
+and we know what the rate is.
+
+And this will allow
+us major insight
+
+into spectral broadening.
+
+OK.
+
+But after introducing
+that in general,
+
+I think it's time
+for a simple example.
+
+And as a simple
+example, I just thought
+
+I'd show you how we get
+the natural line widths.
+
+And of course, the
+natural line widths--
+
+I've mentioned several times,
+we need Optical Bloch equations.
+
+We have to really
+kind of capture
+
+the interplay between
+the coherent drive
+
+of the atom and the
+spontaneous decay.
+
+But just
+phenomenologically, if I
+
+say the excited state has a
+decay rate of gamma over 2,
+
+I mentioned it
+before, we can capture
+
+some aspects of
+spontaneous decay.
+
+And that means now,
+remember, our spectral widths
+
+comes from the correlation
+function of the matrix element.
+
+And now the operator
+is constant,
+
+but the state is decaying.
+
+So therefore, the matrix element
+has this exponentially decaying
+
+function.
+
+And if you then ask,
+what is the correlation
+
+function at time 0 and
+time tau, we get this.
+
+Of course, the Fourier transform
+of an exponentially decaying
+
+function is a Lorentian.
+
+And I've shown you now with a
+different formalism that yes,
+
+if you have dampening in the
+excited state, for instance,
+
+you do spontaneous decay,
+we get the Lorentian.
+
+Of course, we know there should
+be power broadening, too.
+
+But of course, don't
+expect power broadening
+
+from a perturbative approach,
+because a perturbative approach
+
+is only valid when we
+have weak drive fields.
+
+Questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So now I want to-- after
+this simple example,
+
+I want to explain to
+you Doppler broadening.
+
+I know I will
+present it in a way
+
+and draw some conclusions
+which are usually not done
+
+in the normal presentation
+of Doppler broadening.
+
+So what we have to bring in now
+is that we have moving atoms.
+
+That's what Doppler
+broadening is about.
+
+We drive the field with
+an electromagnetic wave.
+
+And we have usually ignored
+the spatial dependence,
+
+assuming the atom was
+clamped down in c equals 0.
+
+But now we have to
+allow for motion.
+
+So the relevant matrix
+element for which
+
+we want to calculate
+the correlation function
+
+has now a spatial dependence.
+
+And our correlation
+function, G of ba,
+
+involves now-- I call
+the Rabi frequency now
+
+x for, well, simplicity
+of-- [INAUDIBLE]
+
+took this material,
+because they use it.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we have the
+correlation function.
+
+We have the temporal
+part, t prime minus t.
+
+But then we have a spatial part.
+
+And this is now
+the new part which
+
+has to account for that the
+atom is moving from one position
+
+to another one.
+
+And when we calculate
+the correlation function,
+
+we have to average
+now over the velocity
+
+distribution of the atom.
+
+So this new part, which will
+account for Doppler broadening,
+
+I called this part I. And
+z of t prime minus z of t
+
+is simply the velocity
+of the atom times tau.
+
+Tau is t prime minus t.
+
+So atoms move by that.
+
+And v is the z component
+of the velocity.
+
+So now we have to
+calculate that.
+
+And of course, we
+assume that we have
+
+a Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution.
+
+We assume a Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution.
+
+And then our
+expression I, we have
+
+to convolute-- we have
+this term, e to the kv tau.
+
+But now we have to
+convolute it with
+
+the one-dimensional
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution,
+
+where alpha is the
+most probable velocity.
+
+And since the velocity
+distribution is normalized,
+
+we have this p [? vector. ?]
+Alpha is the most probable
+
+speed, and mu is the mass
+of the-- sorry, it's not mu,
+
+it's M. And M is the
+mass of the atom.
+
+This integral, of course,
+can easily be solved.
+
+And we find that provides--
+[INAUDIBLE] Gaussian envelope
+
+with time tau, so it's
+exponential-decayed with time
+
+tau.
+
+And our rate, which
+is the matrix element,
+
+involves now the
+temporal integral over--
+
+let me just scroll up.
+
+In our correlation function,
+we had a temporal part
+
+and a spatial part.
+
+And the rate-- this was
+Fermi's golden rule--
+
+is the time we've taken over
+the correlation function.
+
+So therefore, we have the
+exponential [? vector ?]
+
+in time.
+
+After convolution with the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution,
+
+we have this exponentially
+decaying term.
+
+And the result of
+that is, well, hooray,
+
+we have re-derived
+the Gaussian profile
+
+for a Doppler broad light.
+
+OK.
+
+But yes, we want to look at
+this result with some new eyes,
+
+because until now,
+you would have said,
+
+OK, that's really trivial.
+
+Each atom has a velocity.
+
+Galilean transformation
+into the moving frame
+
+means the frequency has shifted,
+and everything falls together.
+
+And yes, that's one
+way to look at it.
+
+In inhomogeneous broadening,
+each atom has its own velocity.
+
+But now we want to look
+at it from the viewpoint
+
+of a correlation function
+describing the whole system.
+
+So we had calculated this
+correlation function,
+
+which the atomic
+ensemble experiences.
+
+And this correlation
+function here
+
+decays as a function of time.
+
+And it decays with a
+characteristic time.
+
+Tau c, which is 1 over k alpha.
+
+And this is nothing else than
+the reduced wavelengths lambda
+
+bar divided by the
+most probable velocity.
+
+OK.
+
+So we want to relate
+the line widths
+
+to some form of coherence.
+
+And what we realize
+is the coherence
+
+time of the correlation
+function, which needs Doppler
+
+broadening, is the time it takes
+an atom with the most probably
+
+velocity to move one wavelength.
+
+But wait.
+
+What we have is, in the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution,
+
+the most probably
+velocity is also
+
+the widths of the velocities.
+
+So therefore, what we can say
+is, if all the atoms would
+
+start at one position, after
+the correlation time tc,
+
+the atoms have spread
+out over one wavelength.
+
+So therefore, the
+correlation time
+
+tells us how long is the whole
+ensemble driven coherently.
+
+But once the atoms,
+due to their motion,
+
+spread out compared to
+their initial position,
+
+while extra
+wavelengths, each atom
+
+experiences now a different
+phase of the drive field.
+
+And that sets a limit
+to the coherence.
+
+And this is the point where
+when we ask how many atoms
+
+are getting excited, we
+can no longer add amplitude
+
+in a constructive, linear way.
+
+We are adding amplitudes
+in quadrature.
+
+And this is exactly
+what I explained to you
+
+at the beginning
+of this lecture.
+
+So let me just summarize it.
+
+Alpha is the thermal
+spread of velocities.
+
+So the keyword is here.
+
+Atoms, in a random way,
+spread out by lambda
+
+in the coherence time tc.
+
+Well, a question which should
+come to your mind is now,
+
+but what happens when the atoms
+are in an atom [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and they cannot spread out?
+
+That's what you want to
+discuss in a few minutes.
+
+But before I do
+that, let me give you
+
+another interpretation,
+which is helpful.
+
+You can regard-- if you
+have a thermal ensemble,
+
+you can say, OK, I have a box.
+
+Each atom is a plain wave
+with a perfect velocity,
+
+and now an ensemble of that.
+
+But very often, especially
+if you do localized physics,
+
+you want to regard each
+atom as a wave packet.
+
+And if you want to use
+a localized description
+
+of your gas, where
+atoms are wave packets,
+
+then you assume, in a
+consistent description,
+
+that the atoms are spread out
+due to the momentum spread
+
+in the Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution.
+
+This is nothing else
+than h bar divided
+
+by the mass and the most
+[INAUDIBLE] velocity.
+
+And this is foregoing
+[? vectors ?]
+
+on the order of unity, nothing
+else than the thermal de
+
+Broglie wavelengths.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we have the
+picture that the atom
+
+is a wave packet in
+the ground state.
+
+But now we excite
+it with a laser.
+
+Well, if we excite it with a
+laser, part of the wave packet
+
+goes to the excited state.
+
+But the atoms in
+the excited state,
+
+because they have absorbed the
+photon recall of the photon,
+
+are now moving away
+from the ground state
+
+part of the wave packet,
+with the recall velocity,
+
+with this h bar k over M.
+
+So if I regard
+the atom as a wave
+
+packet, the natural
+question is, when
+
+does the ground state
+of the wave packet
+
+lose overlap with the excited
+state part of the wave packet?
+
+Lost overlap after time--
+well, I derive it for you.
+
+But it can only be
+the coherence time.
+
+So the time is the
+size of the wave packet
+
+divided by the recall velocity.
+
+The mass cancels out.
+
+H bar cancels out.
+
+And this is 1 over k alpha.
+
+And this was exactly
+our coherence time.
+
+So therefore, when
+I'm telling you
+
+you should understand
+this picture,
+
+Doppler broadening is a loss
+of coherence for the ensemble.
+
+You have now two
+ways to describe it.
+
+One is you can say, in a
+more quantum mechanical way,
+
+after the coherence
+time, the recall velocity
+
+has separated the
+grounded, excited part
+
+of your wave packet.
+
+Or you can say, when the
+atoms in the ensemble
+
+have a velocity
+spread of alpha, then
+
+they have spread out by
+the optical wavelengths.
+
+So these are two
+equivalent picture
+
+to understand why this ensemble
+is no longer coherently driven.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] in both
+of the curves, like, why is,
+
+in the first picture, the
+optical wavelength not
+
+relevant; in the second one,
+[INAUDIBLE] not relevant?
+
+[INAUDIBLE] distance.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, because these
+are two different pictures,
+
+but the results agree.
+
+I mean, the wavelength comes
+into the picture with the wave
+
+packets through the
+recall velocity,
+
+because the recall
+velocity is h bar k over M,
+
+and k is the
+inverse wavelengths.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+But when we write delta t
+there, we write [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the wavelengths off
+the packet here,
+
+and we could have also
+just thought of it as,
+
+when does the atomic
+ensemble become
+
+bigger than the optical rate?
+
+But here, we are [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+for consistency-- I'll
+
+give you a quick answer.
+
+I should think about it
+longer, but what we usually
+
+assume when we describe
+atoms by wave packets,
+
+we assume the atoms
+are not cooled
+
+below the so-called
+recoil limit.
+
+So we assume that the thermal
+de Broglie wavelengths
+
+is shorter than the
+optical wavelengths.
+
+And so then if you would
+say, you would expect also
+
+that there would be something
+happening when the wave
+
+packet spreads out by
+an optical wavelength,
+
+I want to think about it more.
+
+But the quick answer
+is, just assume
+
+what is usually the
+semi-classical limit
+
+of these kind of
+pictures, where we
+
+assume that we have a hierarchy
+that the thermal de Broglie
+
+wavelength is much larger
+than the size of the atoms
+
+but smaller than the
+optical wavelengths.
+
+AUDIENCE: That makes sense.
+
+PROFESSOR: A few
+things happen, really,
+
+in intuitive pictures
+when you cool atoms
+
+before the recoil limit.
+
+OK.
+
+There's one reason why I would
+like to express it to you.
+
+Armed with that knowledge,
+if I would now ask you--
+
+you have a trapped
+Bose-Einstein condensate,
+
+and you take the spectrum.
+
+What is the Doppler
+widths of the spectrum
+
+of a Bose-Einstein condensate?
+
+[INAUDIBLE] extra
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
+
+No.
+
+The condensate is different.
+
+It's in one quantum state.
+
+But now you can
+choose your picture.
+
+One picture you can take is
+you can say, the de Broglie
+
+wavelengths here has to be--
+you know, the wave packet loses
+
+overlap when the
+excited state moves
+
+one de Broglie wavelength.
+
+But the condensate
+is fully coherent.
+
+So you would now say,
+maybe I should think about
+
+if-- if the
+condensate part of it
+
+is coupled to the excited
+state, and with a recoil,
+
+the excited state
+component has moved
+
+the size of the condensate,
+replacing the de Broglie
+
+wavelengths by the
+size of the condensate.
+
+And this is a correct answer.
+
+You would then find out
+what is, quotation mark,
+
+the Doppler broadening
+of a condensate.
+
+Of course, you could
+have also said,
+
+the condensate is
+a certain size,
+
+h bar divided by the size is
+the momentum spread if you
+
+do Heisenberg's
+uncertainty relation.
+
+And now I plug in
+this momentum spread
+
+into a formula for the
+Doppler broadening.
+
+And you would get
+the same result.
+
+But especially when you think
+in terms of a coherent wave
+
+function, this picture of losing
+overlap between the two parts
+
+of the wave packets is very
+intuitive, very useful.
+
+And it actually guided
+a lot of our intuition
+
+when we looked at the
+limitations of super radians
+
+and optical spectroscopy with
+Bose-Einstein condensates.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So now we are ready to
+take it to the next level.
+
+When I told you that
+the spectral widths
+
+is the inverse of
+the coherence time.
+
+And one way to think
+about the coherence time
+
+is that the particles spread
+out over one wavelength.
+
+So if you take this
+thought seriously and say,
+
+what happens if I confine atoms
+in a container or an atom trap
+
+to less than the
+optical wavelengths,
+
+then you would
+say, they can never
+
+spread out by an
+optical wavelength.
+
+Does it mean that the
+coherence time is now infinite
+
+and that we can do spectroscopy,
+which is no longer affected
+
+in any way by
+Doppler broadening.
+
+Well, what I just
+motivated in words
+
+is the so-called Lamb-Dicke
+limit of tight confinement.
+
+And as I want to show
+you now, yes indeed,
+
+you have a very,
+very sharp line which
+
+is not broadened by
+Doppler broadening, which
+
+is not shifted by
+the recoil shift.
+
+It's really the unperturbed
+line of the atom which
+
+can be probed by confining
+the atoms to less
+
+than a wavelength.
+
+So therefore, let's
+now discuss the line
+
+shape of confined particles.
+
+So what I want to
+present you now
+
+is we have particles trapped
+in a harmonic oscillator.
+
+And in one limit, which
+I want to explain you,
+
+we should just find the normal
+Gaussian Doppler profile
+
+which we have
+obtained for free gas.
+
+This must be the limit when
+the [INAUDIBLE] confinement is
+
+very weak.
+
+But for tight confinement,
+we should actually find,
+
+unless we assume other
+means of line broadening,
+
+a delta function
+spectral feature.
+
+And I will explain to
+you that this is actually
+
+the same as the
+Mossbauer effect.
+
+It's a Mossbauer line
+due to the confinement.
+
+So therefore, to have
+trapped particles
+
+allows us to go to the
+ultimate limit in precision
+
+spectroscopy.
+
+What happens when you
+have trapped particles--
+
+the Mossbauer effect,
+which I mentioned,
+
+or simply the effect of
+confinement-- in other words,
+
+the trapping potential
+is completely
+
+eliminating the Doppler effect.
+
+But I want to be specific.
+
+It only eliminates the
+first-order Doppler effect.
+
+Everything I just did with
+the correlation function
+
+assumed first-order
+Doppler effect.
+
+If you want to get rid of the
+second-order Doppler effect,
+
+then you need some
+form of proving.
+
+But usually, when
+you do experiments
+
+with trapped particles, you
+do confinement and cooling
+
+at the same time.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me start out with
+very basic things.
+
+So let's talk about the spectrum
+of an oscillating emitter.
+
+If we have an atom, it undergoes
+a transition from excited state
+
+b to excited state a,
+this is an internal state.
+
+But now we want
+to include motion.
+
+And we have to include the
+external degree of freedom.
+
+And for our discussion right
+now, the external degree
+
+of freedom is [INAUDIBLE]
+trapping potential.
+
+So now we look at the
+combined system, combined--
+
+we can say Hubert
+space, which combines
+
+external and internal motion.
+
+And of course, the external
+motion is now quantized.
+
+I can't assume, but it doesn't
+really add anything to it
+
+at this point-- that
+the trap frequency
+
+and the ground and excited
+state are different.
+
+I simply assume that
+the trap frequency omega
+
+trap is the same.
+
+This, of course, is excellently
+fulfilled in ion traps.
+
+If you reduce spectroscopy of
+neutral atoms in a dipole trap,
+
+of course, the ground
+and excited state
+
+may experience a
+different AC stark shift.
+
+And then you have to account
+for two different frequencies.
+
+But let me just make this
+simplifying assumption.
+
+So if you assume that
+an atom emits radiation,
+
+it will, for energy
+conservation,
+
+emit at the electronic energy.
+
+But then there is an extra
+term, which, in general, is
+
+the energy of the
+external motion,
+
+or the trapping potential
+for the initial state
+
+minus the final state.
+
+And if we now make our
+simplifying assumption
+
+that everything is harmonic,
+that hyper-potential
+
+is harmonic, and the
+trapping frequency
+
+is the same in the excited
+state and the ground state,
+
+we simply have the electronic
+energy plus n quanta--
+
+n is the change of the number of
+quanta of the harmonic motion.
+
+I want to point out,
+it looks so trivial.
+
+But you should at least
+think for a second
+
+about this statement, that this
+formula includes the Doppler
+
+shift and the recoil shift.
+
+And of course, this is trivial,
+because we are talking here
+
+about the total energy
+of the external state,
+
+the total energy of the final
+state after photon emission.
+
+And the energy and
+the trapping potential
+
+includes all the kinetic
+energy of the particle, which
+
+includes whatever comes
+from [INAUDIBLE] velocity
+
+or from the motion of the atom.
+
+So therefore, we obtain what is
+called the sideband spectrum.
+
+I'll just show you
+a stick diagram.
+
+Here is the
+electronic transition.
+
+And then we have sidebands.
+
+And the spacing
+of those sidebands
+
+is nothing else than the
+harmonic oscillator frequency.
+
+Any questions?
+
+At that level, I want
+you to appreciate
+
+that this is radically different
+from Doppler broadening.
+
+There is no Doppler broadening.
+
+By fully quantizing the motion
+in the harmonic oscillator,
+
+we obtain a discrete spectrum.
+
+And what I want to show
+you is when we calculate
+
+the intensity in the peak
+for strong confinement,
+
+almost all of the intensity's
+in the central peak.
+
+And therefore, there is
+no Doppler broadening.
+
+But I want to later
+show you how we
+
+can go from the discrete
+spectrum back to the Doppler
+
+broadening which we just
+described in free space.
+
+You should say, well, but
+the motion, the recall,
+
+it must come in.
+
+Where is it?
+
+Well, it's not in
+this stick diagram.
+
+But the sticks are
+the only possibilities
+
+for the possible photon
+frequencies or photon energies.
+
+But the question is,
+what is the amplitude?
+
+What is the probability
+that this will happen?
+
+And you already see
+where I'm aiming to.
+
+In the limit that we
+have many, many sticks
+
+and we are not
+resolving the sticks,
+
+we will get back to them in the
+standard Doppler broadening.
+
+So the big question is, how
+many of those sticks do we have?
+
+Are we in the limit where
+things are heavily discrete?
+
+This is our new limit?
+
+Or do we have
+many, many of them?
+
+So therefore, the recoil
+and the velocity, they
+
+really enter when we
+calculate the intensity.
+
+And whatever our formulation
+is with Fermi's golden rule,
+
+the rate is proportional
+to the relevant matrix
+
+element squared.
+
+And now I want to show you
+how we calculate those matrix
+
+element.
+
+You had a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: But is it true
+that each of these sticks
+
+has the intrinsic line
+width of the atom?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+We come to that
+in a few minutes.
+
+I ignore here the
+spontaneous broadening just
+
+for pedagogical reasons.
+
+But a little bit
+later, I will-- I first
+
+want to sort of discuss
+the number of sticks.
+
+Do we have a few?
+
+This is sort of new, then
+we have only few sidebands,
+
+and we have the
+Mossbauer effect.
+
+If we have many, that's sort
+of more the continuum, which
+
+we described with the classical
+velocity distribution.
+
+That's my message number one.
+
+But then the next message
+is, do we resolve the sticks?
+
+Do we have resolved
+sidebands or not?
+
+And for that, the criterion
+is, is the natural line widths
+
+large or smaller than
+the sideband spacing?
+
+It's not just one parameter;
+there are two parameters.
+
+One is which will be the
+Lamb-Dicke parameter--
+
+how many sticks do we have?
+
+And the second question is,
+do we resolve the sticks?
+
+And you can say there are
+four different regimes,
+
+you know-- yes or no for
+question one, or yes or no
+
+for questions two.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So the rate is proportional
+to the matrix element squared.
+
+And yes, we have all kind of
+the matrix elements involving
+
+the internal degree.
+
+But the new thing is
+the matrix element
+
+for the center of mass wave
+function of the atom, which
+
+is-- you can see just
+the emission where
+
+the polynomials of the
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+So we have the eigen functions
+for the harmonic oscillator
+
+between initial and final state.
+
+And what acts on the only part
+of the electromagnetic field
+
+operator, which acts on
+the position of the atom,
+
+is this term, e
+to the minus ikr.
+
+OK.
+
+I mentioned already
+that the new regime
+
+is that the
+confinement is tight.
+
+So let's just look
+at this situation.
+
+When kr is much
+smaller than 1, then we
+
+can expand this exponential
+into 1 minus ikr.
+
+And now I want to remind
+you that the position
+
+operator, when we treat
+the harmonic oscillator,
+
+is nothing else than
+a plus a dagger.
+
+So therefore, if kr is
+small and therefore we
+
+can do the first-order expansion
+of e to the ikr, our spectrum,
+
+our operator is here-- 1 minus
+e [? vector ?] a plus a dagger.
+
+And therefore, the
+only possible sidebands
+
+are the one where the
+change in harmonic
+
+oscillator quantum number
+is plus or minus 1.
+
+So we are already
+obtaining the result,
+
+which is called the
+Lamb-Dicke limit when
+
+kr is much smaller than 1,
+that we have a strong carrier.
+
+We have only sticks-- the
+delta n equals plus, minus 1.
+
+And the intensity in
+each of those sticks
+
+is actually proportional
+to k squared r squared,
+
+which is nothing else than
+the square of the extension
+
+of the atomic wave function.
+
+And k is 1 over lambda
+bar squared, divided
+
+by the optical
+wavelengths we get.
+
+So we see already-- I mean,
+without any major formalism
+
+or mathematical
+tools-- what happens
+
+in the limit of
+tight confinement.
+
+The spectrum of confined
+particles is eclectic,
+
+the spontaneous line widths.
+
+A delta function without
+any Doppler shift,
+
+without any recoil shift, right
+at the resonance frequency,
+
+electronic frequency
+of the atom.
+
+The only thing
+which is reminiscent
+
+of the motional
+degree of freedom
+
+are those small satellites.
+
+But their intensity goes
+to 0 with the extension
+
+squared over lambda squared.
+
+So therefore, if you
+confine the particle
+
+to less than an
+optical wavelength,
+
+the older picture I told
+you, it can never spread out
+
+over wavelengths,
+can never get out
+
+of coherence with
+the drive field.
+
+And here, we have a
+quantitative description
+
+that at that moment,
+we can obtain
+
+spectroscopic information
+about the resonance completely
+
+unperturbed by motional effects.
+
+Questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So that was maybe
+the most fun part,
+
+the extreme limit and
+you realize what happens.
+
+But now we want to sort
+of fill in the gaps.
+
+I first want to sort
+of contrast what I just
+
+described to you with a
+semi-classical picture.
+
+The semi-classical picture-- if
+you have an emitting oscillator
+
+or absorber and we have
+electromagnetic plane wave,
+
+we can now ask, what is
+the phase of the plane wave
+
+experienced by the atom?
+
+And of course, the
+phase is affected
+
+by the motion of the
+atom if we assume
+
+the atom moves [INAUDIBLE]
+with harmonic frequency omega
+
+t and an amplitude x0.
+
+Then this here is the
+phase seen by the atom
+
+in its own reference frame.
+
+And if I then define-- with
+another quotation mark,
+
+because it's sort of something
+which needs explanation.
+
+If I define an instantaneous
+frequency, which
+
+is nothing else than the
+derivative of the phase,
+
+then I'll retrieve the
+normal Doppler broadening.
+
+So now you see where sort
+of normal Doppler broadening
+
+would come in.
+
+But the question is, you
+cannot measure an instantaneous
+
+frequency.
+
+It would violate
+the Fourier theorem.
+
+But if we can apply-- if the
+atom oscillates slowly enough--
+
+the motion is slow enough
+that we can apply the concept
+
+that we can look at the
+frequency the atom experiences,
+
+you would at least say, before
+the atom changes its velocity,
+
+it should see a few cycles.
+
+If it oscillates fairly fast,
+this concept, of course,
+
+cannot be applied.
+
+But at least you see where your
+normal Doppler shift comes in.
+
+It comes in in the concept of
+an instantaneous frequency.
+
+Of course, what we
+should do now is
+
+we should not take the concept
+of the instantaneous frequency.
+
+We should do rather
+do it correctly.
+
+What we have is we see we
+have the phase of the atom.
+
+So therefore, we
+should-- by using
+
+the motion of the atom
+for x, we should have
+
+formed Fourier transform.
+
+The Fourier transform
+tells us what
+
+is the tonal spectrum
+which the atom experiences.
+
+So therefore, we
+take this plane wave,
+
+we put in the oscillatory
+behavior of the atom,
+
+and then we take away transform.
+
+OK.
+
+So the electromagnetic
+field seen by the atom
+
+is an amplitude which is
+the cosine of the phase.
+
+And the phase has a
+temporal dependence
+
+that's just the frequency
+of the plane wave.
+
+But now the precision
+involves the oscillation
+
+of the atom at the
+[INAUDIBLE] frequency omega t.
+
+And what I've introduced
+here is the data [? vector ?]
+
+is called the modulation index.
+
+This is the relevant quantity.
+
+It is k, which comes from
+the plane wave, e to the ikr,
+
+times the amplitude of the atom.
+
+And so the modulation
+index is nothing else
+
+than the amplitude of the atomic
+motion divided by the reduced
+
+wavelengths of the light.
+
+Just if you remember for a
+second, this extreme stick
+
+diagram where we had one big
+stick and two smaller sticks,
+
+remember, the intensity
+in the smaller sticks
+
+was the extension
+of the atom divided
+
+by the wavelength squared.
+
+So we had exactly
+the same parameter,
+
+but the previous description
+assumed a quantized picture
+
+for the harmonic oscillator.
+
+I really used a and a daggers
+in the atomic wave function.
+
+This is a semi-classical
+picture where
+
+I treat the
+oscillation of the atom
+
+in a classical description.
+
+But in both cases, of course,
+the relevant parameter
+
+is the ratio over
+which the atom moves--
+
+the amplitude of
+the atomic motion
+
+or the size of the atomic
+wave function in relation
+
+to the wavelengths of the light.
+
+OK.
+
+So we want to Fourier
+transform this function.
+
+And this gives us the spectrum.
+
+I can show you
+that the result is
+
+that we can have a Fourier
+expansion of this amplitude,
+
+and it involves basal functions.
+
+So it is the basal
+function Jm which tells us
+
+what the intensity is
+in the n's sideband.
+
+And the argument of
+the basal function,
+
+whether we take the basal
+function at the origin
+
+or at a finite argument, is
+given by beta modulation index.
+
+You can't immediately
+[INAUDIBLE] in just two lines.
+
+We write the Fourier transform.
+
+All you have to use
+is those identities
+
+which involve the
+basal function.
+
+Whenever you have the cosine
+of a sine or the sine of a sine
+
+and you Fourier
+transform, you get,
+
+naturally, basal functions.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's just look
+at the result.
+
+We talked about
+the stick diagram.
+
+The stick diagram was actually
+motivated quantum mechanically.
+
+But now we also find a stick
+diagram purely classically
+
+because of the periodic
+motion in the harmonic trap.
+
+But now what we obtain in
+the semi-classical limit,
+
+we obtain what is the
+height of each stick.
+
+Well, the height of the stick,
+which is n sidebands away,
+
+is given by the square of
+the n's basal function.
+
+And beta is the
+modulation index.
+
+And if beta goes
+to 0, that means
+
+the atom is not moving at all.
+
+The amplitude x0 is 0.
+
+This is the limit of
+tight confinement.
+
+Then all basal functions
+are 0 except the 0's order.
+
+And that means we are back
+to a single delta function,
+
+a single stick in
+our stick diagram.
+
+So let's now take the
+result and discuss it.
+
+So how does the
+spectrum look like?
+
+Well, I want to give you
+two limits where the atom is
+
+extended much larger
+than the wavelengths.
+
+This means large modulation
+index beta and small modulation
+
+index beta.
+
+But first, in the limit where
+beta is large-- for large beta,
+
+the argument of
+the basal function
+
+becomes just cosine
+beta minus phase.
+
+So if we use that-- if we assume
+a thermal distribution where
+
+beta over kt d beta squared.
+
+So we take our spectrum,
+and we just convolute it
+
+with a thermal distribution
+of amplitudes x0, which
+
+is, of course, just
+the Boltzmann factor.
+
+And in that limit, we
+actually obtain a spectrum
+
+where the envelope of the sticks
+looks like the Doppler width.
+
+So if those two
+conditions are fulfilled,
+
+then we obtain the
+normal Doppler widths.
+
+If, in addition, we assume
+that the sidebands are not
+
+resolved, because the
+natural line width
+
+is larger than the spacing.
+
+So if we assume
+that in addition,
+
+then we just find
+the normal Doppler
+
+broadening how we have
+derived it as in free space.
+
+So normal Doppler
+broadening is the limit
+
+of the large modulation
+index, a thermal distribution
+
+of modulation index in the
+case of not resolved sidebands.
+
+The opposite limit,
+of course, is
+
+when beta is much
+smaller than 1,
+
+it means the amplitude of
+the oscillating particle
+
+is smaller than the wavelengths.
+
+I mentioned it a few times,
+so I should write it down.
+
+This is the Lamb-Dicke regime.
+
+And then the relevant
+approximation
+
+for the basal function
+is in the limit.
+
+And this limit is 1 over n
+factorial times beta over 2 n.
+
+And for the case that n
+is 1, this is just beta.
+
+And the amplitude
+squared is beta squared.
+
+It's x0 over lambda
+squared, as we
+
+had discussed before in
+the quantum mechanic unit.
+
+So you'll see that
+to use matrix element
+
+for the harmonic oscillator or
+use a semi-classical Fourier
+
+transformed with a basal
+function, both lead
+
+to the same result, that
+deep in the Lamb-Dicke limit,
+
+we have essentially three peaks.
+
+And the satellites
+are quadratically
+
+small in the modulation
+index squared.
+
+So this regime is particularly
+interesting for atomic locks
+
+and for meteorological
+applications
+
+if the sidebands are resolved.
+
+If the sidebands
+are not resolved,
+
+you have sort of a line
+shape which depends,
+
+let's say, on temperature,
+because x0 squared,
+
+if it's the thermal excitation,
+is proportional to temperature.
+
+So as you cool it
+down, you will actually
+
+see that your line
+shape changes.
+
+But the good thing is that
+once you resolve the sidebands,
+
+the line shape of
+the central carrier
+
+does not change anymore.
+
+And once you can
+resolve the sidebands,
+
+you can just observe
+the central carrier,
+
+and you obtain
+spectroscopic information
+
+which is no longer blurred,
+which is no longer affected
+
+by motion or by temperature.
+
+And that's, of course, a regime
+where the atomic frequency
+
+standards want to operate.
+
+Questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Yes.
+
+Let me just write that down,
+because this is important.
+
+For resolved sidebands,
+you have sharp lines,
+
+no motional broadening.
+
+And the physics I
+described to you
+
+is actually analogous
+to the Mossbauer effect.
+
+In the Mossbauer effect, the
+intensity of the recoil-less
+
+emission of this recoil-less
+line is described
+
+by the [INAUDIBLE]
+[? vector. ?] So in this case,
+
+the [INAUDIBLE] [? vector ?]
+is 1 minus the probability
+
+for the two sidebands.
+
+So the same concept of
+Mossbauer line and [INAUDIBLE]
+
+[? vector ?]
+describes the physics
+
+for tightly confined particles.
+
+So if I use the analogy
+to the Mossbauer effect,
+
+the Mossbauer effect is called
+the recoil-less emission
+
+and absorption of x-rays.
+
+So what we have here is we
+have a recoil-less absorption
+
+and emission of photons.
+
+Of course, the photon which
+is emitted and absorbed
+
+has momentum.
+
+There should be momentum recoil.
+
+So the question is, where
+does the momentum recoil
+
+go when the confined
+particle emits or absorbs
+
+on the carrier of
+the central line.
+
+How do we reconcile
+the result I derived
+
+for you with momentum
+conservation?
+
+A trapped particle,
+tightly confined.
+
+And photon comes, has
+momentum, the atom absorbs it.
+
+But the spectrum does
+not show any evidence
+
+for recoil shifts and such.
+
+Colin.
+
+AUDIENCE: Must be absorbed
+by the trap somehow.
+
+PROFESSOR: Must be
+absorbed by the trap, yes.
+
+Your trap is anchored
+in the laboratory.
+
+And you transfer the momentum.
+
+The atom is attached
+to the trap.
+
+The trap is attached
+to the laboratory.
+
+So the object which
+takes over the momentum
+
+is your whole apparatus
+or, in the extreme case,
+
+a whole building.
+
+And there is, of
+course, a kinetic energy
+
+associated-- momentum
+squared over 2 m.
+
+But the mass is now the
+mass of the building.
+
+So therefore, there is
+no energy associated
+
+with absorbing the recoil.
+
+So it is as if-- and this comes
+back to some earlier remarks
+
+I've made-- is
+that when you have
+
+this absorption in
+the Lamb-Dicke regime
+
+is it is as if your
+two-level system has
+
+an infinite mass behind it.
+
+And that's sort of the situation
+how I told you you should often
+
+think about it,
+you should separate
+
+effects of the internal
+degree of freedom
+
+and the external
+degree of freedom
+
+by just assuming
+I can assume first
+
+that the atom has infinite mass.
+
+And once the atom
+has infinite mass,
+
+the motion degree of
+freedom doesn't matter.
+
+What I just explained to
+you is a practical way
+
+to endow your particle
+with infinite mass.
+
+Just connect it with type
+confinement to your apparatus.
+
+And then for the
+momentum exchange,
+
+there is a photon
+field, it is actually
+
+the mass of the whole
+apparatus [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there
+a more direct way
+
+to think about this for maybe
+the example of a magnetic trap,
+
+the mechanism by which this
+momentum is transferred?
+
+Or absorbed.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Magnetic traps for
+neutral particles
+
+are usually not in
+the Lamb-Dicke regime,
+
+so you have to be a
+little bit careful.
+
+But the explanation
+would be the same.
+
+The magnetic fields
+are like tight springs
+
+which connect the neutral
+atom to your coins.
+
+And therefore, you
+should just think
+
+about the magnetic trap
+in a mechanical model.
+
+Your neutral atom is connected
+to your coils with strings.
+
+And if you now hit the
+atom with a photon,
+
+because of the quantization
+of the discreteness
+
+of this specturm, the
+photon, in most cases,
+
+does not have enough
+recoil to create
+
+a mechanical oscillation
+of your particle.
+
+The momentum goes
+through the sphinx
+
+to the support structure.
+
+But occasionally,
+with a probability
+
+which is a modulation
+index squared,
+
+you will actually
+promote the particle
+
+to the first state
+of harmonic motion.
+
+And then the atom has
+acquired some kinetic energy.
+
+But this probability
+can be made as small
+
+as you want by going to a
+smaller and smaller modulation
+
+index.
+
+That's the way how I
+would think about it.
+
+Nancy?
+
+AUDIENCE: About
+the multiple lines
+
+that we get, I was wondering
+if the levels of the harmonic
+
+traps itself are blurred,
+which could happen in the lab
+
+if the trap depth is
+moving, for example--
+
+the levels of the trap
+would get blurred.
+
+Would that result in
+additional broadening of this?
+
+Or how would that affect?
+
+PROFESSOR: It depends.
+
+I think if you have some
+temporal broadening, you know,
+
+you just plug it into
+your correlation function,
+
+whatever shakes your system.
+
+If that means the
+atom sees some shaking
+
+in the phase of the
+electromagnetic field,
+
+it affects it.
+
+If you have an ensemble of atoms
+or if you do the experiment
+
+repeatedly, and your
+measurements are the ensemble,
+
+and every time you
+do the measurement,
+
+your magnetic trap has a
+slightly different [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and therefore, a slightly
+different confinement, well,
+
+what you would see is that
+those sidebands fluctuate,
+
+that the carrier is independent
+of the trap frequency.
+
+So therefore, the carrier is
+actually the central peak--
+
+would not be broadened
+by fluctuations
+
+in the harmonic confinement.
+
+Let me just make one comment.
+
+I derived the result for
+you-- at least that one--
+
+by taking the amplitude of the
+atomic motion, the amplitude
+
+of the phase, and doing
+the Fourier analysis.
+
+I mean, this is
+exactly what we learned
+
+from the formalism of
+correlation function.
+
+You should take the amplitude
+of the perturbing field
+
+and fully analyze it.
+
+I didn't phrase it
+here in the language
+
+of correlation functions.
+
+But what I did was exactly what
+we learned from the correlation
+
+function formalism.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me maybe summarize
+in words what we learned.
+
+So what we learned
+from this discussion
+
+is that what matters for
+line broadening and obtaining
+
+spectroscopic information
+is the accumulated phase,
+
+the phase which the
+atom accumulates.
+
+And if different
+atoms in the ensemble
+
+accumulate a phase which
+is different by 2 pi,
+
+at that moment, we
+have reached what
+
+we call the coherence time
+of the correlation function.
+
+And the inverse of this
+time is a line broadening.
+
+But now we also discussed the
+case of tight confinement.
+
+The atom can be in
+very, very rapid motion.
+
+And the phi dot,
+the change of phase
+
+can be very rapid due to
+the instantaneous velocity.
+
+But if the atom turns
+around because it's
+
+in a singulatory motion,
+positive and negative Doppler
+
+shifts completely
+cancel, because you never
+
+allow the atom, in this periodic
+motion, to acquire a net phase.
+
+And therefore, the motional
+broadening is absent.
+
+So one way to think
+about this carrier
+
+is that the atom rapidly
+oscillates through plus kv
+
+and minus kv Doppler shifts.
+
+And the two cancel.
+
+So this is the reason for that.
+
+OK.
+
+I think we are now very well
+prepared for Dicke narrowing.
+
+Actually, I have to say, it's
+the first class this semester
+
+that I was teaching a little
+bit faster than I assumed.
+
+So I'm now right at the end
+what I prepared for today.
+
+But I know my notes
+sufficiently well
+
+that I can go on for 10 minutes.
+
+So the Dicke narrowing--
+the last time I looked at it
+
+was two years ago.
+
+But let's get the
+physical picture.
+
+So I want to now apply
+what we have learned
+
+not to a trapped atom,
+but to an atom which
+
+is embedded in buffer gas.
+
+So just think one
+rubidium, or one sodium,
+
+or one lithium atom.
+
+And it is surrounded by a
+buffer gas of argon or neon.
+
+And I know sometimes when we
+do saturation spectroscopy
+
+to stabilize our lasers, we
+have a little glass cell, which
+
+has sodium or rubidium in it.
+
+But we also put an argon
+buffer gas into it.
+
+So that's the situation
+I want to describe now.
+
+But Colin, you had a question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+You wrote down the condition
+for resolving the sidebands
+
+as your trapped frequency being
+larger than your natural line
+
+width.
+
+An alkalizer-- if you had,
+say it were 10 megahertz line
+
+width.
+
+How do you actually resolve
+this without a ridiculously--
+
+because people do
+sideband [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and they don't have 10 megahertz
+trap frequencies, do they?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So good question.
+
+The question is, the
+resolved sideband
+
+limit, how can we reach it?
+
+Well, it can be
+reached in ion traps.
+
+In ion traps, because you can
+put kilovolts on electrodes,
+
+you can really create harmonic
+oscillator frequencies
+
+which are many, many megahertz.
+
+And then you are at the
+resolved sideband limit,
+
+assuming that the natural
+lifetime, if that's the case,
+
+of many ions is in the
+megahertz [INAUDIBLE].
+
+For neutral atoms,
+it looks like, you
+
+know, mission impossible.
+
+However, there's a way out,
+and this is the following.
+
+One is you can maybe [INAUDIBLE]
+one-dimensional optical latice.
+
+So in the latices, you at
+least have tight confinement
+
+of many, many kilohertz.
+
+But now you want to use
+a very narrow transition.
+
+If you use a very,
+very narrow transition,
+
+then even for 10 kilohertz
+external harmonic oscillator
+
+potential, [INAUDIBLE]
+resolved sideband [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now, for alkalis, you
+won't find an excited state
+
+which has a natural line
+width of 10 kilohertz.
+
+And this will be our
+discussion on Wednesday.
+
+If you use a Raman
+transition, we
+
+go from one count state
+with an off-resonant laser
+
+to another ground
+state, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+will be two photon transitions.
+
+But those two photons, since
+there's no intermediate state,
+
+can be regarded as, click-click,
+you absorb two photons.
+
+And in some picture--
+that's a message
+
+I will give you next week-- the
+equivalent to a single photon.
+
+So now you have a
+two-photon transition,
+
+which transfers
+recall to the atom.
+
+So the effective wavelengths
+of the two-photon transition
+
+is because you have
+twice the photon energy.
+
+You have two photons involved
+which both have a recoil.
+
+So the effective k vector is two
+times the k vector of an atom.
+
+But the spontaneous line
+width is close to 0,
+
+literally 0, because you
+have a Raman transition
+
+between two common states.
+
+If you do Raman sideband
+cooling of neutral atoms,
+
+then you reach the
+Lamb-Dicke limit,
+
+you reach the limit
+of strong confinement.
+
+But you need a better
+[INAUDIBLE] transition.
+
+And there are, of
+course, some atoms
+
+which have a very
+narrow clock transition.
+
+But for many, many atoms which
+have hyperfine structure,
+
+you can resolve to
+Raman transition.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's now talk about
+Dicke narrowing.
+
+So we have a situation that
+we have an atom in buffer gas.
+
+And in most situations, when
+you put an atom into buffer gas,
+
+you get what is called
+collisional broadening.
+
+I will talk about collisional
+broadening on Friday.
+
+Just a reminder, we have
+class on Friday but not
+
+on the following Monday.
+
+So on Friday, we'll talk
+about collisional broadening.
+
+And I will discuss, for
+instance, the model-- an atom
+
+in the excited state, when it
+collides, it gets de-excited.
+
+And then you have
+pretty much a situation
+
+where you have, in effect,
+a shortened lifetime
+
+of the excited state.
+
+And what you get is
+a Lorentian which
+
+is broader, which has a width
+not of the natural line width,
+
+but a width which
+is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But there are
+situations-- and that's
+
+what I want to discuss
+here-- that we have
+
+atoms in a more
+benign buffer gas.
+
+Where we can assume that
+this is actually fulfilled,
+
+that collisions do not change.
+
+Well, they're not de-exciting
+the excited state.
+
+But they're not even
+changing the coherence
+
+between counter-excited state.
+
+So the phase evolution,
+the internal state,
+
+grounded excited
+state just-- if you
+
+can assume you have a Bloch
+vector which oscillates,
+
+and the Bloch vector
+superposition [INAUDIBLE]
+
+excited state oscillates
+at the natural frequency,
+
+and this Bloch
+vector just rotates,
+
+it doesn't have a hiccup,
+it doesn't change its phase
+
+when the atom collides
+with the buffer gas atom.
+
+So we assume that we have such
+a buffer gas where collisions
+
+don't change the
+internal coherence.
+
+And by internal coherence,
+I mean the phase
+
+between the ground state
+and the excited state.
+
+So in this situation--
+but it's actually
+
+a very important situation
+which has been reached,
+
+in many cases.
+
+In this situation,
+we have-- thus,
+
+the buffer gas acts only on the
+external motion of the atom.
+
+And now you can
+say, in some way,
+
+the buffer gas acts like a trap.
+
+The particle wants
+to fly away, but it
+
+collides with the
+buffer gas atom.
+
+And with a certain probability
+or after a few collisions,
+
+it returns back to the origin.
+
+However, it's a lousy
+trap, because there
+
+is some randomness
+and effusive motion.
+
+So if you want to
+describe it as a trap,
+
+it would be a trap with a wide
+spread of trap frequencies.
+
+OK.
+
+So if we use this
+picture now, what
+
+we have learned from
+ion traps-- remember,
+
+we had an ion trap
+with a sharp carrier.
+
+And then we had sidebands
+at the trap frequency.
+
+But if we have sort of
+now a lousy trap which
+
+each realization, each
+moment has a different trap
+
+frequency when
+waving all my arms,
+
+I would say for the other
+part of the ensemble,
+
+we get a carrier, and
+we have something else.
+
+And for another realization,
+we have another trap frequency.
+
+So if I use a little bit
+of artistic intuition here,
+
+I would expect, based
+on what we learned
+
+from the previous discussion,
+that in such a buffer gas,
+
+I would have a sharp
+carrier, and then I
+
+would have sort of
+a pedestal, which
+
+is the envelope of
+many trap frequencies.
+
+And we know sort of that the
+envelope of all our sticks--
+
+this was actually given
+by the Doppler effect.
+
+So what we may expect now
+is that in this situation
+
+with buffer gas, we
+get a sharp line.
+
+And then we have
+this broad pedestal,
+
+which you can think
+[INAUDIBLE] intuitive picture
+
+as smeared outside bands.
+
+And I may call that
+the Doppler pedestal.
+
+And we would expect--
+and I discussed that
+
+with the basal
+function, that there
+
+is one limit where the
+envelope of all those sticks
+
+eventually looks like a
+Doppler-broadened line.
+
+Anyway, time is over.
+
+But let me just give an outlook.
+
+On Friday, what
+I want to do is I
+
+want to calculate the width
+of this line with you.
+
+And remember, all
+we have to do is
+
+we have to calculate the
+correlation function.
+
+Previously, when I derived
+for you Doppler broadening,
+
+the correlation function
+was the kx becoming kvt.
+
+kvt, where x became vt
+how much the atom moves
+
+with the velocity v.
+
+By simply replacing the
+linear motion, V times t,
+
+with a diffusive model, we
+can calculate the line shape.
+
+And we will actually find
+that the central line is not
+
+infinitely sharp,
+but it has a width
+
+which is given by the
+diffusion constant.
+
+And if the diffusion
+constant is very, very small,
+
+we approach a very sharp line.
+
+And the final comment is, and
+this is called Dicke narrowing.
+
+It is this
+counterintuitive result
+
+that collisions, if they
+have those properties,
+
+are not broadening the line.
+
+They actually narrow the line
+from the [INAUDIBLE] Doppler
+
+width to something
+which is much sharper.
+
+And this has been useful for
+high precision spectroscopy.
+
+But I think with the concept
+which we discussed today
+
+of confinement, you realize
+why collisions can actually
+
+reduce the line widths,
+namely by preventing
+
+the atoms from acquiring
+random phases with respect
+
+to the drive field [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Any questions?
+
+So see you on Friday
+in this other building,
+
+this other lecture
+hall that's just
+
+been announced on the website.
\ No newline at end of file
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+++ b/gzG2p-Su8Vw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2725 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to
+
+Lecture Number 10.
+
+In this lecture, I would like
+to discuss a solution of
+
+dynamic equilibrium equations.
+
+And in particular, I would like
+to talk about the direct
+
+integration solution of the
+equilibrium equations in
+
+dynamic analysis.
+
+These, of course, are the
+equilibrium equations that we
+
+derived already earlier.
+
+M as a mass matrix, C as a
+damping matrix, K as a
+
+stiffness matrix, U as a
+displacement vector, and here
+
+we have the velocities and the
+
+accelerations at the null points.
+
+R, of course, being the load
+vector and this load vector is
+
+now time dependent.
+
+I also should draw your
+attention on the fact that I
+
+would like to talk about direct
+
+integration of these equations.
+
+We will talk about the modes
+of opposition procedures in
+
+the next lecture.
+
+By direct integration, we mean
+that we integrate these
+
+equations directly without--
+
+that is, without--
+
+a transformation of these
+equations into a different
+
+form prior to the integration.
+
+In modes of opposition analysis,
+now you will see in
+
+the next lecture, we're actually
+transforming these
+
+equations first, and then we
+integrate the response.
+
+So the procedures that I'd
+like to talk about are
+
+explicit, implicit integration
+procedures that directly
+
+operate on these equations
+without a transformation and
+
+integrate, solve these
+equations.
+
+I also would like to talk
+about some computational
+
+considerations with regard to
+these explicit and implicit
+
+integration procedures, the
+number of operations involved,
+
+the costs involved in
+performing these
+
+integrations and so on.
+
+And then there is an important
+consideration, namely the
+
+selection of the solution
+time step, delta-t.
+
+We will see that when we
+integrate the dynamic
+
+equilibrium equations, we have
+to select the time step
+
+delta-t with which we perform
+the integration.
+
+And this time step has to be
+selected in order to preserve
+
+stability of the integration and
+to preserve of course or
+
+to obtain accuracy in
+the integration.
+
+Finally, I'd like to talk
+about some modeling
+
+considerations pertaining to
+the solution of the dynamic
+
+equilibrium equations.
+
+Well, here on this view graph,
+I'm showing once again the
+
+dynamically equilibrium
+equations here, noticing once
+
+more that R, the load vector,
+is now a function of time.
+
+The same equations here have
+been rewritten once here,
+
+where FI denotes inertia
+forces, now time
+
+dependent, of course.
+
+The mass matrix is constant,
+but the accelerations of
+
+course depend on time.
+
+Then this part here, which are
+the damping forces, has been
+
+expressed here as FD a function
+of time again.
+
+The C matrix is constant with
+time, but the velocities, of
+
+course, vary with time.
+
+So here we have damping
+forces.
+
+It's a nodes of the finite
+element system.
+
+And these are the elastic
+forces, KU, which are really
+
+due to the internal
+element stresses.
+
+And on the right hand side, we
+have the external forces.
+
+So what we're saying is that
+we want to solve this force
+
+equilibrium over all times t.
+
+The inertia forces plus the
+damping forces plus the
+
+elastic forces, it's the nodes
+of the finite element system,
+
+of course, calculated in the
+virtual work sense, the way
+
+we've been talking about in
+the earlier lectures.
+
+The sum of these forces here
+must be equal to the
+
+externally applied
+nodal point logs.
+
+Well, the procedure
+that we will be
+
+following is the following.
+
+We will consider time steps
+delta-t a part at which we
+
+want to calculate the response
+of the system.
+
+In order to do so, of
+course, we have to
+
+define our loads first.
+
+And here, I have schematic shown
+once the description of
+
+the load Ri, that is, the load
+at degree of freedom i as a
+
+function of time t.
+
+Notice that we are having here
+this distribution of that load
+
+component as a function
+of time.
+
+The distribution is
+quite simple.
+
+In a computer program, of
+course, all we would have to
+
+put in is this point, this
+intensity here, that load
+
+intensity, at a specified
+time.
+
+That load intensity, at a
+specified time, and that load
+
+intensity at a specified time.
+
+In between, these intensities,
+the computer program would
+
+simply interpolate linearly.
+
+This is the load at the
+component i, displacement
+
+component i.
+
+This is the load at displacement
+component j.
+
+Notice here, of course, we
+would have in general a
+
+different curve at degree of
+freedom j, then the curve is
+
+used at degree of freedom i.
+
+I show here time steps, discrete
+time steps, delta-t1,
+
+delta-t2, delta-t3.
+
+These of course apply for the
+complete system, for the i
+
+component and the j component of
+displacements or loads, and
+
+for all other displacements
+and loads also.
+
+Notice that they can
+vary with time.
+
+In many analysis, however, we
+simply pick one time step and
+
+keep it constant all along.
+
+The objective is
+the following.
+
+In the direct integration of the
+equations of equilibrium,
+
+the objective is knowing
+the initial conditions.
+
+In other words, knowing the
+displacement at time 0, the
+
+velocities at time 0.
+
+We want to calculate the
+displacements, velocities, and
+
+accelerations at these
+discrete time points.
+
+We are matching here with the
+time interval delta-t1.
+
+And here we are changing the
+time interval to delta-t2.
+
+Knowing all the velocities,
+accelerations, and
+
+displacement at this time, we
+want to calculate the same
+
+quantities at the discrete
+time increments of
+
+delta-t2, and so on.
+
+So basically what we are saying
+is that knowing the
+
+initial conditions, we want to
+calculate in a step-by-step
+
+procedure, the displacements,
+velocities, and accelerations
+
+at these discrete time points.
+
+Of course, the real problem then
+reduces to the following.
+
+Given the initial conditions at
+the particular time t, we
+
+might call this time t, and by
+initial conditions, I mean we
+
+know the displacements,
+velocities, accelerations, we
+
+know all the quantities
+at time t.
+
+Our objective is to calculate
+the unknown quantities at time
+
+t plus delta-t1 in this
+particular case.
+
+So this point is t
+plus delta-t1.
+
+In general, or in many cases, we
+keep a constant time step,
+
+and so we will simply
+talk about t plus
+
+delta-t from now onwards.
+
+We should remember, however, the
+delta-t might change doing
+
+the response solution.
+
+I repeat once more, this is an
+important point, given the
+
+initial conditions or given the
+conditions at time t, our
+
+objective is to calculate the
+conditions, displacements,
+
+velocities, accelerations,
+at time t plus delta-t.
+
+In the explicit integration,
+we proceed in
+
+the solution as follows.
+
+We use the equations of dynamic
+equilibrium at time t
+
+to obtain the solution at
+time t plus delta-t.
+
+This is important.
+
+In explicit integration, we
+use the condition, the
+
+equilibrium equations, the
+equilibrium equation, the
+
+dynamic equilibrium equation,
+and by that I mean, just to
+
+refresh your memory, this
+equation-- we use that
+
+equation at time t in explicit
+integration to obtain the
+
+solution at time
+t plus delta-t.
+
+Once we have the solution at
+time t plus delta-t, of course
+
+we can march ahead in
+the same way again.
+
+In implicit integration,
+however, we are looking at the
+
+equilibrium equations at time t
+plus delta-t t to obtain the
+
+solution at time
+t plus delta-t.
+
+In other words, if you look at
+once more at the equations
+
+here, at the equilibrium
+equations, these equations
+
+would be applied at time t plus
+delta-t to obtain the
+
+solution at time
+t plus delta-t.
+
+This is indeed the fundamental
+difference between explicit
+
+and implicit integration.
+
+In explicit integration, we
+are looking at equilibrium
+
+equations at time t to
+obtain the solution
+
+at time t plus delta-t.
+
+And in implicit integration,
+we are looking at the
+
+equilibrium equations at time
+t plus delta-t to attain the
+
+solution at time
+t plus delta-t.
+
+In the following now, I would
+like to show to you an
+
+explicit and an implicit
+integration scheme.
+
+The explicit integration scheme
+that is abundantly used
+
+in practice is the central
+difference method.
+
+I will later on then discuss
+how this method
+
+is effectively used.
+
+In the central difference
+method, we are applying, as I
+
+said earlier, the equilibrium
+equations at time t, because
+
+it's an explicit integration
+scheme.
+
+The two additional questions
+that we're using to solve for
+
+the unknown displacements at
+time t plus delta-t, is
+
+firstly an equation for the
+accelerations at time t.
+
+And notice that this equation
+involves as the unknown, as
+
+the only unknown,
+the displacement
+
+at time t plus delta-t.
+
+In addition, of course, we are
+using an equation for the
+
+velocities at time t and again
+this equation only involves as
+
+the only unknown the
+displacement
+
+at time t plus delta-t.
+
+Substituting these two equations
+into the equilibrium
+
+equation at time t gives us one
+equation in the unknown t,
+
+displacement at time
+t plus delta-t.
+
+We can simply solve for
+it, as shown, now on
+
+the next view graph.
+
+You can see here the equation
+that is obtained by
+
+substituting the relations for
+the acceleration and for the
+
+velocities in the equilibrium
+equation at time t.
+
+The unknown appears here.
+
+This is the displacement
+at time t plus
+
+delta-t, which is unknown.
+
+And there is a coefficient
+matrix here, that involves the
+
+mass matrix and the
+damping matrix.
+
+And on the right hand side, of
+course, we are calculating a
+
+load vector.
+
+And that load vector, notice
+once again, corresponds to the
+
+conditions at time t.
+
+That's why it's an explicit
+integration scheme.
+
+The difference operator, the
+essential difference operator
+
+that I've been used here, simple
+operators which you
+
+have seen on the previous slide,
+that involve only the
+
+displacement at time t
+minus delta-t and the
+
+displacement at time t.
+
+And notice that here
+are these two
+
+displacement vectors appearing.
+
+Notice that this equation
+is cheaply--
+
+or can be used in a very cheap
+way to calculate the
+
+displacement, the unknown
+displacement at time t plus
+
+delta-t, if the mass matrix
+is a diagonal matrix.
+
+And, say, the damping
+is neglected.
+
+In other words, this term not
+being there, this being a
+
+diagonal mass matrix, then the
+solution is very trivial.
+
+In fact, all we need to do is
+calculate the right hand side
+
+load vector and divide each
+component of that load vector
+
+by this coefficient here which,
+if m once again is a
+
+diagonal mass matrix,
+is simply Mii
+
+divided by delta-t squared.
+
+And in fact, this is really
+how was the procedure is
+
+usually applied, namely,
+with a diagonal mass
+
+matrix and no damping.
+
+The damping usually is not
+taken into account, or at
+
+most, we have diagonal dampers
+also, and the mass matrix
+
+being a diagonal matrix,
+then the solution is
+
+very cheaply performed.
+
+There's one further
+important point.
+
+This load vector of course is
+constructed in the usual way.
+
+This multiplication here is
+quite cheap if the mass matrix
+
+is a diagonal mass matrix.
+
+K times tU.
+
+Well, K here is of course
+a banded matrix.
+
+It's the stiffness matrix
+of the system, constant.
+
+Well, there are some operations
+involved here.
+
+And if we look at this operation
+here in detail, we
+
+see here how it can be
+effectively performed.
+
+We have a stiffness
+matrix times the
+
+displacement vector here.
+
+And of course, the stiffness
+matrix remember is obtained by
+
+summing the element
+contributions.
+
+So you can write this K
+matrix in this way.
+
+Since tU is independent of the
+elements, we can also take it
+
+into the summation sign.
+
+And if we look at this product
+closely, we find that is
+
+nothing else than tFm.
+
+It's a nodal point vector of
+loads or elements forces that
+
+correspond--
+
+element elastic forces-- that
+correspond to the current
+
+displacements.
+
+And this tF vector is much more
+cheaply calculated than
+
+the Km times tU.
+
+And in fact, this is the way
+how we actually perform the
+
+calculation of this
+product here.
+
+Now notice the following
+important further point.
+
+If we were to leave this K times
+tU the way it stands
+
+here, we would have to assemble
+a global stiffness
+
+matrix of the system.
+
+However, if we write that
+product this way, we never
+
+need to assemble a global
+stiffness matrix
+
+of the total system.
+
+In fact, all we need to do is
+calculate element forces and
+
+add these elements forces via
+the direct stiffness procedure
+
+the way I've been discussing
+earlier.
+
+So this is a very effective way
+of calculating K times tU.
+
+We never need to assemble a
+global stiffness matrix.
+
+In fact, this is one of the main
+reasons why the central
+
+difference method
+is effective.
+
+It's this reason that we can
+calculate the KtU part, this
+
+times that, very effectively
+via this procedure.
+
+That is the first reason.
+
+And the second reason is that
+if M is diagonal, we really
+
+never solve equations.
+
+The equation solving here is so
+trivial, that we might just
+
+say that we do not
+solve equations.
+
+There is no factorization
+involved.
+
+There's no factorization of a
+stiffness matrix or another
+
+coefficient matrix involved,
+because if M is diagonal, and
+
+as I pointed out, we simply
+divide the right hand side by
+
+Mii divided by delta-t
+squared.
+
+Notice that if we start the
+integration process, we know
+
+of course the initial
+conditions.
+
+We know tU.
+
+And we do not know--
+
+usually directly the
+t minus delta-tU.
+
+That is the displacement
+prior to the solution.
+
+And to obtain those, we can
+use this formula, which is
+
+really the central difference
+method applied at time t,
+
+where we however now involve
+the accelerations
+
+corresponding to time 0.
+
+We involve the accelerations
+corresponding to time zero
+
+right here, and the velocities
+corresponding to times 0, and
+
+the displacements corresponding
+to time zero.
+
+And of course, these quantities
+must all be given
+
+as the initial conditions
+to the solution.
+
+I pointed out already that we're
+using this technique
+
+mostly with the lump
+mass matrix.
+
+In addition I should also point
+out that we're using it
+
+primarily with lower
+order elements,
+
+with lower order elements.
+
+The reason for that is the
+following, namely, one of
+
+stability and accuracy of the
+central difference method.
+
+The method can only be applied
+if delta-t, the time step that
+
+I'm talking about here,
+is smaller than a
+
+critical time step.
+
+And that critical time step is
+given by the smallest period
+
+in the system divided by
+pi, 3.14 et cetera.
+
+The smallest period in
+the system can be
+
+of course very small.
+
+And therefore the critical time
+step that we're talking
+
+about here can be very small.
+
+The smallest period in the
+system, just to give you an
+
+example, would be extremely
+small if you have a bar
+
+element, and you have
+some very short
+
+truss element in there.
+
+The shorter the truss element,
+the stiffer of course it is.
+
+AU over L is the stiffness
+of a truss element, and
+
+therefore, a very small period
+would be in that
+
+assemblage of elements.
+
+Therefore, what is required
+really is to have a mesh that
+
+is more or less uniform, so that
+there is no artificially
+
+small time step required in
+the integration of the
+
+equilibrium equations.
+
+Because there is this
+condition that
+
+delta-t must be smaller--
+
+we should really say must
+be smaller or equal--
+
+to delta-t critical, but to be
+on the conservative side, we
+
+are selecting delta-t smaller
+than delta-t critical in
+
+practical analysis of
+complex meshes.
+
+Because this condition has to
+be satisfied, we're talking
+
+about a conditionally
+stable scheme.
+
+It is only stable when delta-t
+is smaller than that value.
+
+If we were to select delta-t
+larger than delta-t critical,
+
+we would see that after just a
+few time steps, the solution--
+
+it gets out of bounds.
+
+And after 10 or 20 or 30 time
+step, in a computer program,
+
+you would all of
+a sudden notice
+
+overflow of the numbers.
+
+So the solution wouldn't make
+any sense whatsoever anymore.
+
+And this is an absolute
+condition that
+
+does have to be satisfied.
+
+There's no way you can use a
+time step larger than delta-t
+
+critical, and still get an
+acceptable, reasonable
+
+solution to your equations
+of motion.
+
+In practice, of course, we
+have to estimate, in a
+
+conservative way, a time step.
+
+And that means we have
+to have an estimate
+
+also of delta-t critical.
+
+For continuum elements--
+
+by continuum elements, I mean
+plain stress, plain strain,
+
+axis a matrix, three-dimensional
+element, the
+
+way we have been discussing
+it earlier.
+
+A good way of obtaining time
+step delta-t is to use this
+
+formula here, delta-t being
+delta-L over C. C is the wave
+
+velocity through the system.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+is divided by rho, square root
+out of it gives us C. And
+
+delta-L is an element length
+that has to be defined.
+
+In fact, it's the smallest
+distance between nodes.
+
+The smallest distance between
+nodes if we talk about low
+
+order elements.
+
+What I mean by that
+is the following.
+
+If we have a mesh here
+that looks like that.
+
+And I deliberately show elements
+that are not equal in
+
+size, then delta-E in this
+particular case would be this
+
+distance here.
+
+That is our delta-L, sorry,
+our delta-L is
+
+that distance there.
+
+This, of course, as I have here
+in the heading, assumes
+
+that we have low-order
+elements.
+
+That means only corner nodes
+in the elements.
+
+For higher-order elements--
+
+let me put down here one
+higher-order element, where we
+
+have these nodes now, say
+an 8 node element.
+
+In this particular case, we
+take the smallest distance
+
+between nodes, again, just
+as in this case.
+
+And in this particular case,
+it would be, say, this
+
+distance here.
+
+That is our smallest distance
+between nodes.
+
+However, we have to also divide
+this distance by a
+
+relative stiffness factor.
+
+And why does that relative
+stiffness factor
+
+come into the picture?
+
+Well, it does come into the
+picture, because remember that
+
+the stiffness at an interior
+node is larger than the
+
+stiffness at a corner
+for the element.
+
+The amount it is larger depends
+on the particular
+
+element used.
+
+But since there's a lot of
+stiffness here, we have to put
+
+here a relative stiffness factor
+into the calculation of
+
+delta-L, the effective lengths
+that we're using in this
+
+particular formula.
+
+Now, for this element here,
+for example, the relative
+
+stiffness factor would
+be conservatively
+
+just equal to 4.
+
+But for other elements, and
+particular also when there's
+
+node shifting involved and so
+on, the relative stiffness
+
+factor has to be calculated,
+has to be estimated.
+
+And we should always remember
+that it should be estimated
+
+here in a conservative way,
+because a smaller delta-L gave
+
+us a smaller delta-t.
+
+And then we are then
+conservatively applying the
+
+fact that delta-t shall be
+smaller than the delta-t
+
+critical, value that I have
+been referring hereto.
+
+The method is used mainly for
+wave propagation analysis.
+
+The reason being that we have
+to use a fairly large number
+
+of time steps to predict
+the solution.
+
+Large, because a time step
+delta-t is usually very small.
+
+And in wave propagation
+analysis, many modes of the
+
+system are being excited.
+
+So we really want to pick
+up a large number of
+
+modes in the mesh.
+
+And the small time step
+integrating accurately many
+
+modes in the mesh goes together
+with the fact that we
+
+want to predict many modes in
+the mesh or a large number of
+
+modes in the mesh, and therefore
+the method is
+
+effectively used for wave
+propagation analysis.
+
+The number of operations are
+proportional to the number of
+
+elements that we are using and
+the number of time steps.
+
+Of course, this is an
+approximate proportionality
+
+here that I'm talking about.
+
+This fact derives directly from
+the consideration that we
+
+talked about here.
+
+Notice that as we include more
+and more elements in the
+
+solution process, of course,
+we have to sum over more
+
+elements here.
+
+And as we go more and more time
+steps, we have to apply
+
+this equation as many times
+also more and more.
+
+The important point is that we
+don't assemble a K matrix, so
+
+the bandwidth off the system,
+the bandwidth of the system
+
+does not appear in an
+operation count.
+
+It's the number of elements
+that do appear in the
+
+operation count.
+
+The next procedure that
+I like to talk about
+
+is the Newmark method.
+
+And in the Newmark method,
+this being an implicit
+
+integration scheme now,
+we proceed as follows.
+
+We apply--
+
+because it's an implicit
+integration scheme--
+
+the equilibrium equation, the
+dynamic equilibrium equation
+
+at time t plus delta-t.
+
+Here it is given the additional
+formula that we're
+
+using is this one here for the
+velocity at time t plus
+
+delta-t, and this one here for
+the displacement of time t
+
+plus delta-t.
+
+Now notice that with this set of
+equations, with these three
+
+equations, knowing the
+displacements and velocities
+
+at time t and accelerations at
+time t, we have with these
+
+three equations,
+three unknowns.
+
+The velocity at time t plus
+delta-t, the acceleration at
+
+time t plus delta-t, and
+the displacement
+
+at time t plus delta-t.
+
+These are the only three
+unknowns that appear.
+
+There are three linearly
+independent equations.
+
+And we can simply use them to
+
+calculate these three unknowns.
+
+Of course, we want to do so
+in a very effective way.
+
+And I will show you
+how we proceed.
+
+The important point is that with
+this scheme, we are using
+
+an implicit approach, as
+I defined it earlier.
+
+And when we do substitute from
+here into there, we will find
+
+that on the left hand side, we
+have a coefficient matrix that
+
+involves a bandwidth even if the
+mass matrix is diagonal.
+
+And this coefficient matrix
+here is written
+
+here down as K hat.
+
+This coefficient matrix
+invoice this K matrix.
+
+I should say maybe a few words
+to these formulae.
+
+These formulae can be obtained
+by Taylor Series expansion,
+
+around the conditions at
+times t plus delta-t.
+
+They have been proposed
+originally by Newmark.
+
+That's why it's called now
+the Newmark method.
+
+Newmark in particular used the
+values of delta equals 1/2 and
+
+alpha equal to 1/4.
+
+And then it's a constant average
+acceleration scheme.
+
+The constant average
+acceleration schemes use these
+
+values as I pointed out
+already earlier.
+
+The method is unconditionally
+stable.
+
+This means that the time step
+delta-t does not to have to be
+
+smaller than a certain value,
+as it was the case in the
+
+central difference method.
+
+The method is primarily was
+for analysis of structural
+
+dynamic problems.
+
+I will talk about why
+this is so just now.
+
+And the number of operations
+that we're talking about here
+
+are an initial factorization
+of the K hat matrix.
+
+This is the K hat matrix, And
+that initial factorization
+
+involves this K matrix, so the
+bandwidth of the K hat matrix
+
+is the same as the bandwidth
+of the K matrix.
+
+And therefore the operations
+here are one half NM squared.
+
+And for each solution, in time,
+because this equation
+
+here has to be solved for each
+time step, you're starting
+
+with delta-t, and then we go
+to 2 delta-t, 3 delta-t, 4
+
+delta-t, and so on.
+
+And since this solution is to be
+formed for each time step,
+
+however, remember the
+factorization is only done
+
+once because this K hat matrix
+is independent of the time.
+
+Therefore, we have a forward
+reduction and back
+
+substitution in each
+time step.
+
+And the number of operations in
+each time step are 2nm. t
+
+is the number of time
+steps here.
+
+t is the number of
+time steps here.
+
+Well, let us look then
+at the accuracy
+
+considerations that we have.
+
+I mentioned already the method
+is unconditionally stable,
+
+which means that the delta-t
+time step that we're using can
+
+be any amount, and we will never
+have a blow up of the
+
+solution, a blow up of the
+solution due to round-off
+
+errors that I involved.
+
+In the central difference
+method, of course, the
+
+explicit time integration
+scheme, I mentioned that
+
+delta-t has to be smaller than
+a critical time step.
+
+So in the implicit Newmark
+integration scheme, what we
+
+can do is we select our of
+time step based solely on
+
+accuracy considerations.
+
+Let us consider then these
+equations that we want to
+
+solve, and I'm now leaving out
+the damping term in order to
+
+obtain some understanding of how
+we would select the time
+
+step, delta-t.
+
+Of course, remember the larger
+the time step, the less normal
+
+operations I involved
+in the solution.
+
+So we want to select the
+large time step.
+
+However, if we make the time
+step extremely large, then
+
+surely we cannot expect any
+accuracy in the solution.
+
+In fact, if delta-t is very
+large, we simply predict the
+
+static solution.
+
+This is one property of
+the Newmark method.
+
+If you were to use a computer
+program with the Newmark
+
+method, if you're interested in
+it, why don't you try, say,
+
+for example, using ADINA, in
+which we have the Newmark
+
+method, and just put delta-t
+very large, and all you would
+
+be getting out is a
+static solution.
+
+Well, since we're interested
+in the dynamic response, we
+
+have to therefore select
+delta-t small enough to
+
+integrate accurately the
+solution response.
+
+And these are the equations that
+I want to now consider,
+
+and I want to show you how can
+we select delta-t rationally
+
+and to obtain the required
+accuracy.
+
+The displacement vector here can
+be expressed in terms of
+
+the mode shape vectors
+times xi values.
+
+I will be talking about how
+these phi i vectors are
+
+calculated in the
+next lectures.
+
+This involves the solution
+of the eigenvalue problem
+
+written down here.
+
+The free vibration eigenvalue
+a problem corresponding to
+
+this equation.
+
+I like to defer the discussion
+at this point, because we will
+
+be talking about it later
+on in detail.
+
+All I like to say is that this
+transformation here, phi i
+
+being a vector time independent
+and xi being a
+
+scalar, dependent on time.
+
+This transformation can be used
+in this solution here, or
+
+can be used rather to transform
+this system of
+
+equations into a
+different form.
+
+And in that transformation, we
+use the fact that when we
+
+calculate phi transpose
+K times 5--
+
+notice these are capital phis.
+
+I've crossed bars here,
+capital phis.
+
+This is a lower phi, no crossed
+bars top and bottom.
+
+This capital phi here stores
+all of the lowercase phi
+
+vectors, and their n
+of such vectors.
+
+If I use this capital phi and
+calculate this product here, I
+
+get a diagonal matrix.
+
+In fact, the diagonal matrix
+here stores on its diagonal
+
+the frequency squared, the free
+
+vibrational frequency squared.
+
+Also phi transposed M phi gives
+us an identity matrix.
+
+These, once again, the vectors
+in this matrix, capital phi,
+
+are these phi i vectors
+which are the
+
+eigenvectors of this problem.
+
+And I will talk later on about
+how we calculate them.
+
+Well, if we apply this
+transformation--
+
+whoops, let me put it right once
+more-- if we apply this
+
+transformation to this system of
+equations, and we use this
+
+property right here, we
+obtain n decoupled
+
+equations of this form.
+
+X double ought i plus omega
+i squared, xi equals phi i
+
+transposed times R. And they
+are in such equations, in
+
+other words I run
+c from 1 to n.
+
+In fact, if we use multiple
+position analysis, we actually
+
+perform this transformation.
+
+What I now want to do is
+simply refer to it
+
+theoretically.
+
+I do not want to transform it.
+
+You're talking about direct
+integration of the solution of
+
+equations, in which there is
+no transformation involved.
+
+So I do not want to go through
+this transformation.
+
+However, I want to refer
+to it theoretically.
+
+And it gives me a tremendous
+insight into what happens.
+
+So basically, what I can say
+theoretically is that the
+
+direct step-by-step solution of
+this system of equations,
+
+using the explicit integration
+scheme, the central difference
+
+method, or the Newmark implicit
+integration scheme,
+
+corresponds completely to the
+direct step-by-step solution
+
+of n equations, of this form,
+where the displacements here,
+
+U, are given in this way.
+
+x being now a function of time,
+so if I differentiate
+
+here, your double dot would be
+obtained by differentiating xi
+
+also twice, with respect
+to time.
+
+Once again, this is
+an important,
+
+very important, fact.
+
+I look at these equations, and
+I say that's a solution of
+
+these set of coupled
+differential equations.
+
+It's completely equivalent to
+the solution of n equations of
+
+this form with this
+transformation used.
+
+No dots here or dots there.
+
+In other words, this equation
+holds for displacements
+
+without the red dots and
+for the accelerations
+
+with the red dots.
+
+It is equivalent.
+
+This solution is equivalent
+to that solution.
+
+However, in direct integration,
+I never perform
+
+actually the transformation.
+
+All I know is that when I
+operate on this system of
+
+equations, using the Newmark
+method or the central
+
+difference method, I, in
+fact, operate on n
+
+such decoupled equations.
+
+That's important.
+
+And this means that for an
+analysis on our direct
+
+integration scheme, we can in
+fact analyze our direct
+
+integration scheme by looking at
+these equations, instead of
+
+these equations.
+
+You see if I were to analyze my
+direct integration scheme
+
+using these equations, I would
+have to deal with this huge
+
+matrix K, the huge matrix M. All
+I now need to deal with,
+
+in the analysis of the direct
+integration scheme, is with n
+
+such simple one degree
+of freedom equations.
+
+And in fact, I don't even need
+to deal with n such equations,
+
+for the analysis purpose, I
+only need to deal with one
+
+equation, where I
+make now omega a
+
+variable and r a variable.
+
+So my analysis on this
+equation, using this
+
+particular time integration
+scheme that I want to analyze,
+
+is completely giving me all the
+information that I need to
+
+know when I use my direct
+integration scheme in the
+
+solution of this equation.
+
+For analysis purposes of my
+direct integration scheme, I
+
+can simply analyze my direct
+integration scheme using this
+
+equation and get all
+the relevant
+
+information from that analysis.
+
+This is an extremely
+important fact.
+
+Once again, I do not actually do
+perform the transformation.
+
+We don't do the transformation.
+
+Only in theory for analysis
+purposes.
+
+I'm looking at the solution
+of this equation using the
+
+Newmark integration scheme.
+
+And I get all the relevant
+information on the accuracy,
+
+stability, et cetera of the
+integration scheme by looking
+
+at the solution of this equation
+with that direct
+
+integration scheme.
+
+Now, even in the analysis
+of this
+
+equation, of course, remember--
+
+or in the use of this equation,
+remember that r is
+
+available now.
+
+And I have some choice what
+to put in there and so on.
+
+But the important point is that
+what I want to identify
+
+is the characteristics of
+the integration scheme.
+
+And the characteristics of the
+integration scheme are really
+
+quite well seen already if we
+look at a very simple case,
+
+namely this case.
+
+I set r deliberately
+equal to zero.
+
+And I look at the case where I
+have initial condition x, the
+
+displacements being one, the
+velocities being zero.
+
+this means, of course, that the
+accelerations are minus
+
+omega squared.
+
+If I use the Newmark method, the
+one that I just talked to
+
+you about, on that system of
+equations, then I can plot
+
+errors that reside in
+that integration.
+
+And what I've plotted here the
+percentage period elongation,
+
+pe divided by t times 100, which
+is this amount here that
+
+we see when we integrate the
+differential equation that I
+
+showed you via as the Newmark
+method with different delta-t
+
+over t values.
+
+On the bottom here, we are
+plotting delta-t divided by t,
+
+the period t, of course, being
+given for the particular
+
+oscillator that we're
+looking at.
+
+We are starting off with one.
+
+The exact solution, I should
+take better now another color,
+
+the exact solution would look
+something like that,
+
+finishing off here.
+
+That would be the
+exact solution.
+
+And what we're seeing now
+is an amplitude decay.
+
+It's already there.
+
+It would come in right there.
+
+That is the exact solution.
+
+We'll stop here.
+
+The period is of course
+this t here, as shown.
+
+This would be the exact solution
+for one period.
+
+What we are seeing as an
+amplitude decay, a drop in the
+
+numerical solution, and
+period elongation in
+
+the numerical solution.
+
+And the percentage period
+elongation is plotted here.
+
+We notice that the Newmark
+method corresponds to this
+
+curve here.
+
+So with delta-t over
+t being 0.10.
+
+We have about--
+
+let us just look it up here--
+
+we have about 3%, 3%
+period elongation
+
+for the Newmark method.
+
+I'm also showing other
+techniques here, which are
+
+also implicit techniques, the
+Wilson Theta method with Theta
+
+1.4 has about 5% period
+elongation for delta-t over t
+
+being 0.10.
+
+Another point of interest
+is of course also is the
+
+amplitude decay.
+
+And that amplitude decay is
+plotted on this graph here,
+
+percentage amplitude decay
+as a function of
+
+delta-t over t again.
+
+Delta-t over t.
+
+And notice that the Newmark
+method does not appear.
+
+In fact, the Newmark method
+has no amplitude decay.
+
+The solution is right
+down here.
+
+No amplitude decay for any
+delta-t over t, whereas the
+
+Wilson methods and the Houbolt
+method is also shown here,
+
+have the amplitude decay
+shown by these curves.
+
+Notice that the Wilson method
+has less amplitude decay then
+
+the Houbolt method.
+
+The period elongation for the
+Houbolt method was also shown
+
+on this view graph here.
+
+So the Newmark method does have
+period elongation, but it
+
+does not have any amplitude
+decay in this solution.
+
+I should also mention this, of
+course, as one important
+
+point, I forgot to mention that
+I'm looking here at the
+
+Newmark method with delta
+1/2 alpha equal to 1/4.
+
+This is the constant average
+acceleration method.
+
+Well, let us look then
+at how can we
+
+actually perform the solution?
+
+How can we select an appropriate
+time step delta-t?
+
+Here we notice that the dynamic
+load factor that we
+
+are knowing that we can derive
+for the solution of this
+
+differential equation here--
+
+here I included damping--
+
+the dynamic load factor plotted
+along here as a
+
+functional of p over omega.
+
+p being the exciting free
+frequency, omega being the
+
+frequency of the system.
+
+The dynamic load factor
+looks as shown here.
+
+If we have no damping, you're
+talking about this curve.
+
+Now notice the important
+point.
+
+The dynamic load factor, of
+course, is 1 for static
+
+response, and it really gives
+us a magnification of the
+
+static response.
+
+In a static response, we would
+have this solution.
+
+And if the p over omega value
+is say 2, we would have that
+
+maximum solution in the dynamic
+response analysis.
+
+If p over omega is
+equal to 0.5.
+
+we would have, for zero damping,
+this maximum solution
+
+in the dynamic response
+history.
+
+Or rather this would be the
+maximum dynamic response that
+
+you would see in the
+dynamic solution.
+
+This is how the dynamic load
+factor is defined.
+
+Of course, at p over omega equal
+to 1, we have resonance.
+
+In practice, we have always some
+damping, and if you look
+
+at this amount of damping, this
+would be the maximum with
+
+p over omega equal to 1, we
+would have this as the maximum
+
+response that is ever
+measured in the
+
+dynamic response solution.
+
+Well, if we look at this graph,
+we recognize of course
+
+that as p over omega goes
+against 0, in other words as
+
+the exciting frequency, as
+over the frequency of the
+
+system goes against 0, we
+really talk about static
+
+conditions.
+
+As p over omega is very large,
+we are talking about no
+
+response whatsoever.
+
+And the important dynamic
+response really lies somewhat
+
+in this region here with that
+being the tail end of it.
+
+But the important dynamic
+response really lies in here,
+
+that we have to include
+in the solution.
+
+Out here we have basically
+a static response.
+
+Let us look at two
+simple cases.
+
+For p over omega 0.05, we can
+see that the static response
+
+here shown in a dashed line, the
+dynamic response showing
+
+as a solid line.
+
+They're basically the same.
+
+In other words, a dynamic
+response being equal to the
+
+static response, practically
+equal to the static response.
+
+We are down at this
+range here.
+
+As another example, if we have
+p over omega equal to 3, we
+
+are down over here.
+
+Then the response, the static
+response is shown here in the
+
+dashed line, and the dynamic
+response is shown
+
+as the solid line.
+
+Very little response
+here at all.
+
+Because as p over omega goes
+to infinity, there is no
+
+response for the system
+at all anymore.
+
+Basically, what we're saying
+then is that the frequency of
+
+the applied loading is
+so fast, that the
+
+structure can;t just move.
+
+It just cannot move at all.
+
+And we don't have any response
+in the structure.
+
+Well, the important point is
+that if we know the frequency
+
+content of the loading, then
+what we have to do in the use
+
+of the Newmark method is to
+calculate a delta-t small
+
+enough to pick up the loading,
+of course, because that is
+
+given in terms of this great
+steps or this great input
+
+points to the computer program,
+and the time step has
+
+to be small enough to integrate
+the dynamic response
+
+of importance accurately.
+
+The static response, the static
+response is contained
+
+in the solution anyway, because
+the K matrix is on the
+
+left hand side of
+the solution.
+
+So the complete solution process
+therefore can be
+
+summarized as follows.
+
+Identify the frequencies
+contained in the loading, and
+
+using a Fourier analysis,
+if necessary.
+
+Choose a finite element mesh
+that accurately represents all
+
+frequencies up to about four
+times the highest frequency
+
+omega u contained
+in the loading.
+
+The highest frequency contained
+in the loading is
+
+really the cutoff frequency that
+will give us a time step.
+
+And that then, the time step is
+in fact obtained via these
+
+consideration.
+
+Perform a direct integration
+analysis.
+
+The time step delta-t for this
+solutions should equal about 1
+
+over 20 Tu, where Tu is 2 pi
+over omega u, which is the
+
+highest frequency contained
+in the loading.
+
+What we are saying basically
+is that we want to select a
+
+finite element mesh to
+represent the highest
+
+frequency in the loading
+correctly, accurately, and
+
+then we want to select a time
+step in the data integration
+
+solution using the Newmark
+method that integrates the
+
+highest frequency contained in
+the loading also accurately,
+
+or the response in that highest
+frequency contained in
+
+the loading also accurately.
+
+And this then gives us basically
+a step-by-step
+
+procedure for the selection of
+the finite element mesh and
+
+the times step.
+
+Notice that the mesh selection
+and the time step selection
+
+both of course hinge on the
+structure and the particular
+
+frequency content
+of the loading.
+
+That's important.
+
+This is the modeling procedure
+that we would use for a
+
+structural vibration problem.
+
+We would use this time step
+here in the implicit
+
+integration, because we get
+all the accuracy we want.
+
+In an explicit integration,
+we would have to use a
+
+smaller time step.
+
+The sentence down here "or be
+smaller for stability reasons"
+
+really refers to the explicit
+time integration.
+
+In the Newmark method, we would
+not use that condition.
+
+We would simply use Tu, being 2
+pi omega u and delta-t being
+
+1 over 20 times Tu.
+
+So in the Newmark method, I
+blank this out, and this is
+
+here the delta-t that
+we would be using.
+
+And just to summarize once the
+modeling of wave propagation
+
+problem here, here what we would
+do is we assume that the
+
+wavelength is Lw.
+
+The total time for the wave to
+travel past a point is then tw
+
+equal Lw over c, where
+c is the wave speed.
+
+Assuming that n time steps are
+necessary to represent the
+
+wave, we get our delta-t and the
+effective length, which I
+
+talked about earlier, of the
+finite element would be then
+
+given by this formula.
+
+So the procedure here is
+somewhat different in that if
+
+we have a wave that looks like
+this say, we now select a
+
+certain number of times steps,
+delta-t, to pick up the wave
+
+accurately.
+
+And this being the length Lw,
+the time for the wave to
+
+travel past the point is tw.
+
+And delta-t then is the number
+of time points, or time steps,
+
+that are used to represent
+the wave accurately.
+
+And once we have the time step,
+we select the effective
+
+length of an element.
+
+And then, of course it depends
+on whether we have a low-order
+
+element or a high-order element,
+that will give us
+
+then the procedure of
+how to apply the
+
+effective lengths criteria.
+
+I like to finally now summarize
+the complete
+
+solution process.
+
+This is a table that I put
+together for you to show how
+
+the complete solution process
+for explicit and implicit time
+
+integration can be very
+effectively implemented in a
+
+computer program.
+
+We form a linear stiffness
+matrix K, the mass matrix M,
+
+the damping matrix C, whichever
+applicable.
+
+We calculate the following
+constants.
+
+If we select the Newmark
+method, these are the
+
+constants that you would use.
+
+Let's not go into details.
+
+These constants are given
+in the textbook.
+
+They are given in the ADINA
+manual, if you are using the
+
+ADINA computer program.
+
+They are widely published.
+
+We simply cast them
+in this form.
+
+In the central difference
+method, we
+
+would use these constants.
+
+So there is some initialization
+involved.
+
+Then in the central difference
+method, we also want to
+
+calculate our first
+displacement, delta-t U, as
+
+shown here.
+
+And in the Newmark method, we
+don't need to do that, because
+
+we simply march ahead from time
+t to time t plus delta-t.
+
+You only need the condition at
+the conditions at time t to
+
+obtain the solution at
+times t plus delta-t.
+
+In the central difference
+method, remember we need two
+
+previous values.
+
+We then form an effective linear
+coefficient matrix.
+
+In implicit time integration,
+this is
+
+the coefficient matrix.
+
+The stiffness matrix
+being there, as I
+
+showed to you earlier.
+
+The mass matrix and damping
+matrix being there.
+
+If we look at this a0, we
+notice that a0 is 1 over
+
+delta-t squared and there's
+a constant alpha here.
+
+The Newmark constant.
+
+But it's 1 over delta-t
+squared.
+
+That is the important point.
+
+So as delta-t gets larger and
+larger, larger and larger,
+
+this effect goes against 0.
+
+The same holds for
+the a1 constant.
+
+As delta-t gets larger and
+larger, this effect
+
+goes against 0.
+
+And this is the reason why the
+Newmark method really goes
+
+down or collapses to the static
+analysis, if we have
+
+very large time steps.
+
+In explicit integration, we use
+this coefficient matrix.
+
+And now for each integration
+step, or for each time step,
+
+we perform the following
+calculations.
+
+We calculate the t plus
+delta-t R hat.
+
+And implicit time integration,
+the Newmark method, in
+
+explicit time integration,
+we calculate this vector.
+
+Notice at tF here,
+no k times tU.
+
+k times 2u is equal to tF.
+
+In implicit time integration,
+having calculated for each
+
+time step this load step, we
+now use the equations K hat
+
+times t plus delta-t u, equals
+t plus delta-t R hat to
+
+calculate t plus delta-t u.
+
+Of course, we would triangulize
+the K hat matrix
+
+prior to going into this loop.
+
+We do it once and forward.
+
+In explicit time integration,
+we use this matrix or this
+
+vector here, I should say, this
+vector now, and we can
+
+calculate directly for the
+t plus delta-t U also.
+
+The two equations that I used
+are summarized here.
+
+In implicit time integration,
+this is the
+
+equation that we use.
+
+Notice we only need
+to factorize this
+
+K hat matrix once.
+
+We do it outside the
+step-by-step integration, as I
+
+pointed out earlier.
+
+And then this gives us the
+increment in displacements.
+
+In explicit time integration,
+this is the equation we use.
+
+If M and C are diagonal, it's
+a trivial operation as I
+
+pointed out earlier.
+
+With this then, we have
+the new displacements.
+
+And on the last view graph, I
+show you the formulae that we
+
+are then using to calculate
+the accelerations in the
+
+Newmark method from the
+incremental displacements and
+
+variables that we
+knew already.
+
+Having now calculated the
+accelerations, we can get the
+
+velocities at time
+t plus delta-t.
+
+And of course, we have already
+our displacement at time t
+
+plus delta-t.
+
+In the central difference
+method, we use our basic
+
+equations that we already
+applied earlier in the
+
+development of the method to
+calculate the velocities and
+
+the accelerations at time t.
+
+This completes the procedure
+that is effectively used in a
+
+computer program for the
+integration of the dynamic
+
+equilibrium equations.
+
+I like to just now mention
+that I've placed heavy
+
+emphasis on the Newmark method
+in an implicit integration.
+
+Of course, there are other
+implicit integration formulae
+
+available, the Wilson method,
+the Houbolt method, and so on.
+
+The Newmark method
+has shown, has
+
+proven to be quite effective.
+
+And it's certainly a good
+example to demonstrate to you
+
+how the actual procedure is
+implemented and how an
+
+implicit integration scheme
+is being used.
+
+Other implicit integration
+methods would be used in much
+
+the same way.
+
+This is all I wanted to mention
+to you, discuss with
+
+you in this lecture.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hzJpaNcAoko.txt b/hzJpaNcAoko.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..385cbf2a9249aed05fda95909eebca2f51313a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hzJpaNcAoko.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3960 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: I want to review a
+little bit the things we did
+
+last time, and carry them
+just a little bit
+
+further, in some cases.
+
+Remember, we're talking about
+the Markov processes now.
+
+We defined a countable state
+Markov process in terms of an
+
+embedded Markov chain
+and in each state an
+
+embedded Markov chain.
+
+There's a parameter nu sub i,
+which is the rate of an
+
+exponential process for
+leaving that state.
+
+And that describes what the
+Markov process does because
+
+knowing what the Markov chain
+does and knowing what these
+
+exponential random variables do
+that gives you everything
+
+you need, if you will, to
+simulate this process.
+
+It gives you, in principle,
+everything you need to
+
+calculate everything you want to
+know about what's going on
+
+in the process.
+
+So if you remember, we
+found out that the--
+
+we essentially defined steady
+state probabilities for the
+
+process in terms of the steady
+state probabilities for the
+
+Markov chain.
+
+And what we were doing there
+is to first, restrict
+
+ourselves to the case where the
+Markov chain is positive--
+
+well, at least, is recurrent.
+
+But let's imagine this positive
+recurrence so we
+
+don't have to worry about those
+distinctions for the
+
+time being.
+
+If it's positive recurrent
+there's a set of pi sub j,
+
+which gives the steady state
+probability that a transition,
+
+over the long term, is going
+to go into state j.
+
+If you look at the process
+overall time, if you look at a
+
+sample path of it, with
+probability one pi sub j, is a
+
+fraction of transitions
+that go into state j.
+
+Since when you're in state j,
+the expected amount of time
+
+that you stay in state
+j is 1 over nu sub j.
+
+Nu sub j is the rate of an
+exponential random variable so
+
+the expected value of that
+random variable is 1 over nu
+
+sub j, so the fraction of time
+that you should be in state j
+
+should be proportional to
+pi j over nu sub j.
+
+But since these fractions have
+to add up to 1, we normalize
+
+it by dividing by the
+sum of pi k over--
+
+pi sub k over nu sub k.
+
+That's the formula
+that we into it.
+
+We showed last time that this
+formula made sense.
+
+What we showed is that
+if you look at the--
+
+What's that peculiar
+thing doing there?
+
+If you look at the rate at
+which transitions are
+
+occurring in this Markov chain,
+which is determined by
+
+everything going on, but this
+rate at which transitions are
+
+occurring, assuming we start in
+state i is equal to 1 over
+
+the sum over k of pi sub
+k over nu sub k.
+
+Namely, it's the same
+denominator over here, and you
+
+can interpret this in the same
+way as you interpret this.
+
+This is independent of the
+state that you start in.
+
+These probabilities here, these
+fractions of time in
+
+each state, are independent
+of where you start.
+
+So Mi of t is a sample path,
+average rate at which
+
+transitions occur with
+probability 1.
+
+Namely, no matter where you
+start, and no matter what
+
+sample path you're looking at
+with probability one, what you
+
+wind up with is a number of
+transitions up to time t
+
+divided by t, which goes to a
+limit of probability one, and
+
+it's independent of the
+starting state.
+
+OK, so if this sum here is
+infinite then something
+
+peculiar is happening because
+when this sum is infinite,
+
+even though the pi sub j's are
+positive, even though the
+
+embedded Markov chain is
+positive recurrent, these
+
+fractions of time in
+each state don't
+
+make any sense anymore.
+
+So that in fact, what you have
+is a Markov process which is
+
+getting slower and slower
+and slower.
+
+That's what this equals
+infinity means.
+
+It means that these pi sub k's,
+the probability of being
+
+in certain states
+with very high--
+
+If the probability is being high
+of states where you spend
+
+a long time in those states
+and that sum adds up to
+
+infinity, this transition
+rate is equal to zero.
+
+It means that the transitions
+rates are getting slower and
+
+slower and slower, we showed an
+example of that of an mm1q.
+
+Well, it wasn't quite mm1, but
+it was like an mm1q, but it
+
+had the property that as you
+moved up to higher and higher
+
+states, both arrivals got slower
+and slower, and also
+
+the service time got
+slower and slower.
+
+We called this a rattled
+server, and
+
+also discouraged arrival.
+
+So with the two of those things,
+as you move up to
+
+higher and higher states, what
+happens is transitions get
+
+slower and slower and
+eventually, you settle down in
+
+a situation where nothing
+is getting done.
+
+And that's because
+of the sum here.
+
+It's not because of anything
+peculiar in
+
+any one given state.
+
+Let's see, where we're we?
+
+OK, if this is equal to
+infinity, the transition rate
+
+goes to 0 and the process has
+no meaningful steady state.
+
+Otherwise, the steady
+state uniquely
+
+satisfies this equation.
+
+That's what we showed
+less time.
+
+This says that the rate in
+equals the rate out for each
+
+state, that's what this
+equation says.
+
+This quantity over here p sub
+j is the probability that
+
+you're in state j, at any
+given time, nu sub j is
+
+expected amount of time
+you stay in there.
+
+So this is the, in a sense, this
+product here corresponds
+
+to the rate in state j.
+
+The sum over here corresponds
+to the rate at which you're
+
+going into state j.
+
+All of these P's are greater
+than 0, and the sum of the P's
+
+are equal to 1.
+
+This is the case though we
+normally call a positive
+
+recurrent process.
+
+I notice I didn't define
+that in the notes.
+
+I now notice, thinking about
+it even more, that I'm not
+
+sure I want to define it that
+way, but anyway that's what
+
+it's usually called.
+
+It's called a positive
+recurrent process.
+
+It requires both that this is
+less than infinity and the
+
+steady state probabilities
+pi sub j have a solution.
+
+If you have a birth/death
+process, you can deal with the
+
+birth/death process in exactly
+the same way as we dealt with
+
+birth/death Markov chains.
+
+Namely, what goes up must
+eventually come down.
+
+And what that means is a P sub
+j, this is the fraction of
+
+time you're in state j.
+
+This is the rate at which you
+move up, so this combination
+
+here is the overall rate at
+which you're moving up, not
+
+conditional on being
+in state j.
+
+This is the overall probability
+of moving down.
+
+So the transition rate up, in
+any given state, equals the
+
+transition rate down.
+
+OK, so that's a useful
+equation.
+
+That's the way you
+usually solve
+
+for birth/death processes.
+
+The same as you use for solving
+for change, you can
+
+get it from the chain equation
+very easily.
+
+If you have an irreducible
+process, an irreducible
+
+process is one where every state
+communicates with every
+
+other state, remember?
+
+Same as the definition
+for change.
+
+If there is a solution to these
+equations here, mainly,
+
+these are the equations where
+you directly solved for the
+
+average time in each state.
+
+The time spent in blah,
+blah, blah--
+
+What this is saying again, is
+the rate at which you leave
+
+state j is what this is, is
+equal to the rate at which you
+
+enter state j, which
+is what this is.
+
+So this again, is saying what
+comes in must go out.
+
+And if this equation is
+satisfied, then the embedded
+
+chain is positive recurrent and
+instead of solving for the
+
+P's from the pi's, you're
+solving for the pi's from the
+
+P. It's the same kind
+of equation.
+
+Notice before P sub j was equal
+to pi sub j over nu sub
+
+j normalized.
+
+Now, pi sub j is equal
+to a P sub j, nu sub
+
+j normalized again.
+
+And you normalize this because
+the rate at which transitions
+
+are taking place is
+normally not 1.
+
+We also found that this rate
+at which transitions are
+
+taking place, 1 over this
+quantity, is also equal to
+
+this sum here.
+
+So the sum of Pj nu sub j is
+the overall rate at which
+
+transitions are taking place.
+
+Now, if the sum of nu i times
+p sub i is infinite then,
+
+according to this formula, each
+pi sub j is equal to 0,
+
+which says that the embedded
+Markov chain has to be either
+
+transient or is null-recurrent,
+and something
+
+very, very strange
+is going on.
+
+Because here we've solved these
+equations, we found
+
+positive P sub j's, positive
+probabilities of being in each
+
+state or, at least, that's the
+way we try to interpret it.
+
+And then we find that as far
+as the transition rates are
+
+concerned all of the
+transition rates
+
+are equal to 0.
+
+So what's going on?
+
+I must admit frankly, I don't
+know what's going on.
+
+Because, I mean, I know
+mathematically
+
+what's going on.
+
+This is what the
+equations say.
+
+There's a nice example of it,
+which I'll look at in the next
+
+slide, but to interpret this in
+any very satisfactory way
+
+seems to be very hard.
+
+OK, here's the example, and
+we talked about this a
+
+little bit last time.
+
+If we look at the embedded
+chain, we can call this a
+
+hyperactive birth/death chain.
+
+It's hyperactive in the sense
+that the higher the state gets
+
+the faster the thing runs.
+
+So as you get more customers
+into this queue, you could
+
+imagine then the server
+runs faster, the
+
+customers arrive faster.
+
+And as it builds up, this keeps
+on going faster and
+
+faster and faster.
+
+For this chain, it looks like
+it's stable, doesn't it?
+
+Because the probability
+of going up--
+
+No, it looks like
+it's not stable.
+
+The probability of
+going up is 0.6.
+
+The probability of going
+down this 0.4.
+
+We have that in each state.
+
+This is what we've seen often
+for mm1q's, where things come
+
+in at a faster rate than they
+go out, and the only thing
+
+that could happen is the
+queue builds up.
+
+Namely, you start out down here,
+and you keep moving up
+
+and you move up forever, so
+something bazaar is happening.
+
+But then, we solve these
+equations for the steady state
+
+fraction of time we spend
+in each state,
+
+and what do we get?
+
+Because this is the probability
+of going up, and
+
+this is the probability of
+going down from state 1.
+
+And the rate at which things
+happen from state 1 is 2.
+
+And the rate at which things
+happen in state 2 is 4,
+
+what's going on?
+
+Since the rate at which things
+happen here is 4, this rate of
+
+going down is 2 times 1.6.
+
+Here we are in--
+
+If we're in state 1 and moving
+up, the rate at which
+
+transitions occur
+in state 1 is 2.
+
+The probability that the
+transition is up is 0.6, so
+
+the rate of an upper
+transition is
+
+0.6 times 2, 1.2.
+
+If we're in this state, higher
+rate of transitions there
+
+twice as high, you're moving
+down with probability 0.4, but
+
+since the rate is twice as
+high, the overall rate at
+
+which things are going
+down is 1.6.
+
+This looks like a stable mm1q.
+
+OK, bizarre.
+
+We can solve this.
+
+We can solve this with the
+formula for solving for the
+
+average time in each state.
+
+And what do we get using p sub
+j times q sub j, j plus 1. p
+
+sub j is the fraction
+of time in state j.
+
+q sub j, j plus 1, is
+the rate at which we
+
+move out of that state.
+
+That's equal to the fraction of
+time or in state j plus 1
+
+times the rate at which we're
+moving down from j plus 1 to
+
+j, if these equations
+make any sense.
+
+But at any rate, we can solve
+these equations p sub j plus 1
+
+has to equal 3/4 p sub j.
+
+That ratio there is 3/4.
+
+And the average time in each
+state, according to these
+
+equations, which we can see
+there's something funny about
+
+it, but it's 1/4 times 3/4
+to the j because of this
+
+relationship here.
+
+But the sum of p sub j times nu
+sub j is equal to infinity,
+
+which is why we can't get any
+steady state embedded chain
+
+probabilities.
+
+OK, well, in an effort to
+understand this, what you can
+
+do is you can truncate
+this as mm1 Markov
+
+process to just k states.
+
+And it's very easy to truncate
+the Markov process because all
+
+you have to do is just cut off
+all the transition rates that
+
+go into these higher
+rate states.
+
+When you cut off everything
+going beyond here, what you
+
+get is just this Markov
+process shown here.
+
+Well, Markov chain shown here,
+Markov process shown here,
+
+and, at this point, we have
+a finite number of states.
+
+Nothing funny can happen.
+
+And what we get if we actually
+go through all the
+
+calculations is that the
+fraction of time in state j is
+
+1/4 times 1 minus
+3/4 to the k.
+
+This term goes to 0 with k,
+so this whole term here is
+
+unimportant.
+
+Times 3/4 to the j.
+
+This 1/4 times 3/4 to the j
+was the result we had here
+
+when we looked at all
+the states there.
+
+Pi sub j, looking at this
+chain here, which is an
+
+unstable chain, you
+go up with higher
+
+probability than you go down.
+
+What you get is pi sub j is 1/3
+times 1 minus 2/3 to the
+
+k, this term is going to 0
+as k increases, times 2/3
+
+to the k minus j.
+
+In other words, when you
+truncate this change here,
+
+which is unstable, what's going
+to happen is that you're
+
+going to tend to stay in
+the higher states.
+
+And you're going to dribble down
+to the lower states with
+
+very little probability
+in the lower states.
+
+As you increase k and increase
+the number of states that
+
+you're dealing with what's
+happening is that you're
+
+increasingly spending most of
+your time and these higher
+
+ordered states.
+
+So as you increase k, you just
+move up one on which states
+
+are most likely.
+
+So you get this kind of result
+here 2/3 to the k minus j,
+
+which is decreasing
+rapidly with k.
+
+Which says, as k goes to
+infinity, this goes to 0 for
+
+all j, and this goes to a
+sensible quantity for each j.
+
+When you sum up p sub j times
+nu sub j, this is giving you
+
+the rate at which transitions
+occur, what you get is this
+
+term, which doesn't amount to
+anything times 1/2 times 3/2
+
+to the k minus 1.
+
+This term here is approaching
+infinity exponentially, which
+
+says that something doesn't
+make any sense here.
+
+What's happening in this queue
+is that the rate at which
+
+transitions occur is
+going to infinity.
+
+If you start out at state
+0, very rapidly the
+
+state builds up.
+
+The higher the state
+goes up, the faster
+
+the transitions become.
+
+So the transition rate is
+approaching infinity, and this
+
+solution here, which looks like
+it makes perfect sense,
+
+doesn't make any sense at all.
+
+Because in fact, what's
+happening is the transition
+
+rate is increasing as time goes
+on, whether the number of
+
+transitions in a finite time
+is infinite are not with
+
+probability 1.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I can't figure out how to
+solve that problem.
+
+If I figure out how to do
+it, I will let you know.
+
+But anyway, the point is, for
+this embedded chain in this
+
+same process, the idea of
+steady state is totally
+
+meaningless.
+
+So the caution there is as you
+deal with Markov processes
+
+more and more, and any time you
+deal with killing a great
+
+deal, you deal with this kind
+of process all the time.
+
+What you normally do then is
+you start solving for these
+
+probabilities.
+
+You simulate something, you
+figure out what these
+
+probabilities are from the
+simulation, everything looks
+
+fine until you look at
+the embedded chain.
+
+And then when you look at the
+embedded chain, you realize
+
+that this is all nonsense.
+
+I wish I could say more about
+this but I can't.
+
+But anyway, it's a note of
+caution when you're dealing
+
+with Markov processes.
+
+Check what the embedded chain is
+doing because it might not
+
+be doing something very nice.
+
+Let's go onto reversibility
+for Markov processes.
+
+We talked about reversibility
+for Markov chains, sort of
+
+half understood what
+was going on there.
+
+Fortunately, for Markov
+processes, I think it's a
+
+little easier to see what's
+going on than it was for
+
+Markov chains.
+
+So if you almost understand
+reversibility for Markov
+
+chains then I'll be easy
+to get the extra things
+
+that you need here.
+
+For any Markov chain in steady
+state, the backward transition
+
+probabilities were defined as
+pi sub i times Pi(j) star is
+
+equal to pi j times
+P(j)i star.
+
+In other words, the transition
+from i to j, the probability
+
+of being in state i and going
+to state j, which is this
+
+expression right here.
+
+You can write it in two
+different ways.
+
+And there's nothing magical
+or sophisticated here.
+
+It's the probability that Xn
+plus 1 is equal to i times the
+
+probability that Xn is equal
+to j, given that the next
+
+state is equal to i.
+
+We can do that.
+
+There's nothing wrong with
+talking about the probability
+
+that the state now as j, given
+that the state one time from
+
+now, the state i.
+
+And that's also equal to the
+probability that Xn is equal
+
+to j times the probability.
+
+You go from j to i.
+
+This is just base law written in
+a particularly simple form.
+
+This also holds for the embed
+chain of a Markov process.
+
+So to draw a picture for this,
+you're sitting here in state
+
+i, eventually, at some time
+t1, there's a transition.
+
+You go to state j.
+
+In state j, there's a transition
+rate nu sub j, so
+
+after some time, whose expected
+value is 1 over nu
+
+sub j at time t2, you
+go to another state.
+
+That new state say is state k,
+so you start out in state i,
+
+you go to state j, you stick
+there for a time, nu sub j,
+
+and then you go on to state k.
+
+OK, so if we look at this
+picture again, and we look at
+
+it in terms of the sample time
+Markov chain, what's going on?
+
+If you're moving right,
+in other words,
+
+moving up in time.
+
+And I again, urge you if you
+have trouble thinking of time
+
+running backwards, think of left
+and right, because you
+
+will have no trouble thinking
+of things going to the left
+
+and things going to the right.
+
+So moving to the right, which
+is the normal way to move
+
+after entering state j, the
+exit rate is nu sub j.
+
+In other words, we exit in each
+delta with a probability
+
+nu sub j times delta.
+
+The same holds moving left.
+
+In other words, if you're at
+time t2, if moving this way
+
+you move into state
+j, what happens?
+
+You leave state j going leftward
+in each delta unit
+
+time with--
+
+There's this same rate here,
+which is the rate when you
+
+look at it either way, is this
+rate here at which you leave
+
+this state j, which is delta nu
+sub j, and all we're using
+
+here is the memorylessness of
+the exponential distribution.
+
+That's the only thing
+going on here.
+
+So Poisson process is clearly
+reversible from the
+
+incremental definition, and
+that's what we're using here.
+
+And that what this means is
+that the steady state
+
+probabilities, the pi sub i's,
+and also, the nu sub i's,
+
+which are the rates at which
+transitions occur, are the
+
+same going left as
+going right.
+
+So this is the same kind of
+thing we had before, but I
+
+think now, you can see it more
+easily because there's a
+
+finite amount of time that
+you're sticking in state j,
+
+and it's a random
+amount of time.
+
+And moving in one direction,
+you're moving out of state j
+
+with this constant rate delta,
+delta times nu j.
+
+When you're going the other way,
+it's the same probability
+
+that you're going out, going
+backwards in time, over a
+
+period delta of delta
+times nu sub j.
+
+It's the same both ways.
+
+And I think this is easier
+to see than the
+
+thing we did before.
+
+OK, so the probability of having
+a right transition from
+
+j to k in a little period of
+time as p sub j, fraction of
+
+time in state j, times
+q sub jk transition
+
+rating k times delta.
+
+Similarly, if q star sub kj
+is the left going process
+
+transition rate, the probability
+of having the same
+
+transition as pk times
+q star sub kj, thus
+
+we have this equation.
+
+And this equation,
+turns into this.
+
+The rate going backwards is
+going from k to j is equal to
+
+nu sub k times the rate for
+the embedding Markov chain
+
+going backwards.
+
+So we define a Markov process as
+being reversible if q sub i
+
+j star, if the backward rate is
+equal to the forward rate
+
+for all i and j.
+
+And if we assume positive
+recurrence and we assume that
+
+pi sub i over nu sub i is less
+than infinity, which is the
+
+stability equation, which says
+that the rate of transitions
+
+has to be finite, then the
+Markov process is reversible,
+
+if and only if, the
+embedded chain is.
+
+OK, so this gives you a nice
+easy condition to talk about
+
+reversibility.
+
+You can either show that the
+chain is reversible or the
+
+process is reversible.
+
+They both work the same way.
+
+And if you understand chains
+then you can use that to
+
+understand processes.
+
+If you understand processes,
+you can use that
+
+to understand chains.
+
+OK, so from that we get
+what I like to call
+
+the guessing theorem.
+
+Suppose a Markov process is
+irreducible, this means every
+
+state communicates with every
+other state, it's easy to
+
+verify irreducibility.
+
+It's sometimes hard to verify
+whether a chain is positive
+
+recurrent or not and whether
+the process is positive
+
+recurrent or not.
+
+So this guessing theorem says
+if a Markov process is
+
+irreducible and if p sub i is
+a set of probabilities that
+
+satisfy this equation here--
+
+these are the reversibility
+equations--
+
+p sub i times qij, rate at which
+you're going up is equal
+
+to the rate at which you're
+going down for all i and j.
+
+And when you find that p sub i
+that satisfies these equations
+
+here, if it also satisfies this
+equation, then, in fact,
+
+you're in business.
+
+And what the theorem says is
+first, all of these average
+
+probabilities are greater than
+zero for all i, 2, these
+
+average probabilities, this p
+sub i, is the sample-path
+
+fraction of time in state 1
+with probability 1, 3, the
+
+process is reversible,
+and 4, the embedded
+
+chain is positive recurrent.
+
+You get, all at once--
+
+all you've got to
+do is find the
+
+solution to those equations.
+
+If you can find the solution
+to those equations and it
+
+satisfies this, then
+you're done.
+
+You don't need a birth/death
+chain or anything else.
+
+All you need to do is guess a
+solution to those equations.
+
+If you get one, then
+that establishes
+
+everything you need.
+
+OK, useful application.
+
+All birth/death processes which
+satisfy this finite
+
+number of transition conditions
+are reversible.
+
+Remember, we talked about trees
+
+with the Markov condition.
+
+If you have a Markov graph
+which is a tree, and it
+
+satisfies this condition, then
+that process has to be
+
+reversible.
+
+You get it from this theorem
+also because, again, you have
+
+this condition that what goes
+over a branch in a tree, you
+
+can only go up on that
+branch one more time,
+
+then you can go down.
+
+So you've got the same equality
+and the argument is
+
+exactly the same.
+
+OK.
+
+So what do we get out of this?
+
+What we get is Burke's
+theorem.
+
+And what this Burke's
+theorem says--
+
+Burke's theorem here, for
+processes, is what you usually
+
+think of as Burke's theorem.
+
+It was the original statement
+of Burke's Theorem before
+
+people started to look at
+sample time chains.
+
+And what it says is, given an
+M/M/1 queue in steady-state
+
+with arrival rate lambda
+less than mu--
+
+if you look at that condition,
+that's exactly what you need
+
+for the stability condition
+we've been talking about--
+
+the departure process is Poisson
+with rate lambda.
+
+Now you would think
+the process--
+
+and when we're thinking about
+Markov chains, you all thought
+
+when you saw this that the
+departure process had rate mu
+
+because the server was operating
+at rate and mu, who
+
+said no, that's not right.
+
+Because the service rate is mu
+anytime the server is active.
+
+But is lambda is less
+than mu the server
+
+is not always active.
+
+The server is sometimes idle and
+therefore, what comes in
+
+is the same as what goes out.
+
+The only possibility is that
+this queue is gradually
+
+building up over time, and then
+what goes out is less
+
+than what comes in.
+
+But otherwise, what comes
+in is what goes out.
+
+And the rate at which the server
+is working is not mu,
+
+that the server is working
+a rate lambda.
+
+Mainly, the server is working at
+rate mu when it has things
+
+to do but every time it doesn't
+have things to do it
+
+takes a coffee break.
+
+It's not doing anything.
+
+And at that point, when you
+amortized over the time the
+
+server is taking coffee breaks
+and the time the server is
+
+working the rate is lambda
+because that's the rate at
+
+which things are coming in.
+
+You can only get one thing
+out for each thing in.
+
+So either the queue builds up
+forever, in which case, what's
+
+going out is less than what's
+coming in or the queue is not
+
+building up and what goes out
+is exactly what's coming in.
+
+I hope looking at it that way
+convinces you that what's
+
+coming out here is the same
+rate as what's going in.
+
+OK, the next thing is that the
+state x of t is independent of
+
+the departures before t.
+
+This was the same as the
+condition we had when we were
+
+looking at Markov chains.
+
+The state x of t is
+independent of the
+
+departure before t.
+
+Whether you look at this thing
+forward or backward, the state
+
+is just the height of
+that graph there.
+
+So when you're looking at it
+backwards, the state that you
+
+go through over the process is
+the same as the set of states
+
+when you're looking at
+it the other way.
+
+It's just that you have
+to flip it around.
+
+And it says that the state
+is independent of
+
+departures before t.
+
+The reason for that is that when
+you look at the backward
+
+process, every departure here
+is an arrival here.
+
+These arrivals here--
+
+This is an arrival, this
+is an arrival,
+
+this is a third arrival.
+
+This is the fourth arrival
+and those depart later.
+
+When you're looking at it that
+way, what's going on?
+
+These things that are called
+departures up in the top graph
+
+are called arrivals when you're
+looking at it going
+
+this way like.
+
+What this is saying is-- when
+you're looking at this as an
+
+M/M/1 process, what it's saying
+is for the backward
+
+M/M/1 process, the arrivals that
+come in later than me do
+
+not affect my service time.
+
+This is because we have first
+come first serve service, and
+
+if somebody with an
+enormous service
+
+requirement comes after me--
+
+If I'm at the supermarket and
+somebody comes in with three
+
+big barrels of food, I breath
+a sigh of relief because I'm
+
+there first.
+
+And I get out quickly,
+and I don't have to
+
+wait for this person.
+
+And that's essentially,
+what this is saying.
+
+OK, the third one for first come
+first serve service, a
+
+customer's arrival time, given
+that it departs at time t, is
+
+independent of the departures
+before time t.
+
+That's almost the same
+as two, but it's not
+
+quite the same as two.
+
+It only applies if
+you have first
+
+come first serve service.
+
+This is not quite true
+for Markov chains.
+
+You remember when we
+stated Burke's
+
+theorem for Markov chains.
+
+We only had these first two
+statements, and now we have
+
+this third statement.
+
+Let me try to explain in the
+next slide why that's true.
+
+If I can explain this to you and
+make you believe it on the
+
+first time I feel very
+proud of myself.
+
+Because this is the kind of
+thing you have to have
+
+explained to you three times.
+
+You have to sit down
+and think about it.
+
+The first three times you
+think about it, you say,
+
+that's all baloney.
+
+The fourth time you
+think about it,
+
+you say, that's false.
+
+And maybe the fifth time you
+say, it's false again.
+
+And the sixth time you look at
+it just the right way, and it
+
+turns out to be true.
+
+And then you go back a week
+later, and it's false again.
+
+But anyway, let me try.
+
+We're going to first look
+at the right moving
+
+sample path, OK?
+
+So departure at t up here is
+an arrival [? in ?] the
+
+departure in the right moving
+sample path is an arrival in
+
+the M/M/1 left moving
+sample path.
+
+For first come first
+service, looking at
+
+the left moving process--
+
+that's the left moving
+process--
+
+the departure time of an
+arrival at time t--
+
+here's an arrival at time t--
+
+the departure of that arrival,
+in this case, is that
+
+departure right there.
+
+That departure time depends on
+the arrivals and the service
+
+requirements back over here
+because when we're looking at
+
+things going this way, this
+is what happens first.
+
+This is what happens later.
+
+So we have these arrivals
+coming in this way, this
+
+arrival here has
+nothing to do--
+
+Well, this arrival here, in
+general, does have something
+
+to do with this arrival, because
+if this arrival were
+
+not finished by this time, we
+would have to wait for it.
+
+The waiting time of this arrival
+here depends on what
+
+happened before, which
+is over here.
+
+It does not depend on the
+arrivals after it because it's
+
+first come first
+serve service.
+
+And therefore, anything
+that comes after is
+
+sitting behind us.
+
+It doesn't bother us at all.
+
+OK, for the corresponding right
+moving process then
+
+coming back the other way, the
+arrival time of that departure
+
+is independent as the departures
+before t, and
+
+that's exactly what this
+theorem is saying.
+
+In order to make sense of this
+you have to do something that
+
+we've been doing all along.
+
+We don't always talk about is
+very much, but I hope you're
+
+getting used to doing it.
+
+You talk about sample paths.
+
+When you're talking about sample
+paths, you're talking
+
+about one particular
+instantiation of the process.
+
+You prove a result for that
+sample path, then you say,
+
+that's true for all
+sample paths.
+
+And then, you say, a ha, then it
+must be true for the random
+
+variables of which these sample
+paths are sample cases.
+
+That's an argument we go
+through so many times.
+
+In fact, when you take
+probability the first time,
+
+pretty soon it becomes second
+nature to you, and
+
+every once in while--
+
+In fact it becomes so much
+second nature, that most
+
+people don't even distinguish
+between random variables and
+
+actual sample path numbers.
+
+They use the same symbol
+for both of them.
+
+Every once in a while I get
+confused by this, but
+
+eventually, they get it
+straightened out, and that's
+
+part of what this argument
+is here.
+
+OK, let's test our understanding
+now.
+
+Let's look at tandem
+M/M/1 queues.
+
+First, we don't quite know what
+that means, but let's
+
+consider two queues, one sitting
+right after the other.
+
+Departures from the first queue
+move directly into the
+
+second queue.
+
+The partition here moved
+directly into here.
+
+I've shown these departures at
+rate lambda because what
+
+Burke's theorem says, is that
+these departures are, in fact,
+
+a Poisson process,
+we rate lambda.
+
+You think you're through at this
+point, but you're not.
+
+You still have some difficult
+thinking to go through.
+
+So you're assuming originally,
+that the input is Poisson.
+
+You're assuming that the first
+queue has exponential
+
+services, the service times are
+independent of each other,
+
+they're all iid, and they're
+independent of the
+
+inter-arrival times.
+
+So this first thing here is
+just an M/M/1 queue like
+
+you're used to.
+
+We now know that what's coming
+out of that first queue is a
+
+Poisson process.
+
+It's a little hard to
+look at as a Poisson
+
+process but it is.
+
+It is not a Poisson process if
+you're conditioning on what's
+
+going on in the first queue.
+
+It's not a Poisson process
+conditional on these arrival
+
+times here or on these
+service times here.
+
+It's only a Poisson process if
+we're looking at the departure
+
+times unconditional
+on anything else.
+
+Conditional only on the other
+departure times or iid, That's
+
+what we've proven.
+
+But conditional on what's going
+on in the first queues
+
+of those departures, are
+sure as hell not even
+
+close to doing iid.
+
+I mean, if you've got a lot of
+arrivals and you've got a lot
+
+of long service times, the queue
+is going to get busy.
+
+And what's coming out of that
+queue is going to be at rate
+
+mu, which is what all of you
+believe until you see this
+
+theorem, and think it through.
+
+And that's why you believe it,
+because you look normally, at
+
+time moving from
+left to right.
+
+We're going to assume the
+service time at rates mu 1 and
+
+mu 2 are independent from
+queue to queue.
+
+And they're independent--
+
+Ah, I didn't change that.
+
+This doesn't make any sense.
+
+The service rates at mu1 and mu2
+are independent from this
+
+queue to this queue, and they're
+independent of the
+
+inter-arrival times
+back there.
+
+Now, why do I have
+to change that?
+
+Why can't I say that the service
+times at mu1 and mu2
+
+are independent of both the
+arrivals to the first queue
+
+and the arrivals to
+the second queue?
+
+Because first, I can't assume
+things that are not given by
+
+the model of the problem.
+
+The things going from queue 1
+into queue 2, I know they're
+
+Poisson now, but I don't know
+that they're Poisson
+
+independent of what's going
+into the first queue, and
+
+independent of the service times
+in the first queue, and
+
+they certainly aren't.
+
+So what I have to say here is
+they're independent from queue
+
+to queue and independent
+of the arrivals
+
+at the first queue.
+
+OK, we know that the arrivals
+at queue 2 are
+
+Poisson at rate lambda.
+
+That's true by Burke's
+theorem.
+
+And they're independent of
+the service times at 2.
+
+That alone makes the
+second queue M/M/1.
+
+Because the second queue
+has arrivals.
+
+It has service times.
+
+The arrivals are independent
+of the service times.
+
+It is, by definition, what
+an M/M/1 queue is.
+
+It might depend on what's going
+on in the first queue to
+
+a certain extent.
+
+Burke's theorem tells us, in one
+sense, it doesn't depend
+
+on it, and that's the next thing
+we have to deal with.
+
+The states of the two systems
+are independent and the time
+
+of a customer in system
+one is independent of
+
+that in state two.
+
+I'm not going to try to convince
+you of that here.
+
+The text does, I think, do
+a pretty good job of
+
+convincing you of it.
+
+It's a more complicated
+argument than this.
+
+And s something which you just
+have to either say, I believe
+
+it because I'm too tired
+to do anything else.
+
+Or you have to go through it
+several times, sometimes
+
+disbelieving and sometimes
+believing until finally,
+
+saying, I guess it
+must be true.
+
+OK, so enough of that.
+
+Let's go on to random walks,
+which is where we should have
+
+been 45 minutes ago.
+
+You see our problem here is
+that we would like to talk
+
+about martingales a little bit
+in this course because
+
+martingales are extremely
+important things.
+
+You can prove all sorts
+of things from them.
+
+An enormous amount of modern
+research in the field uses
+
+martingales, and you can do a
+great deal with martingales
+
+without knowing anything
+about measure theory.
+
+And almost all the books that
+talk about martingales use
+
+measure theory, and therefore,
+require you to take a couple
+
+of extra terms of math courses
+before you can understand
+
+what's going on.
+
+So it's important to be able to
+say something about them,
+
+in this course, so
+you have enough--
+
+so you know when you
+have to learn more
+
+about them at least.
+
+So I want to get to that point,
+which is why I've been
+
+speeding up a little bit from
+what I would like to do.
+
+If you noticed, if you've been
+reading the notes, I have
+
+skipped the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+equations.
+
+I have skipped semi-Markov
+processes.
+
+We're not going to
+deal with them.
+
+The [INAUDIBLE]
+
+equations are quite important.
+
+You use them quite a bit.
+
+They play the same role for
+Markov processes that all the
+
+business with eigenvalues
+we went through
+
+play with Markov chains.
+
+The trouble is we don't
+have time to do it.
+
+And the other trouble is all the
+time that we would spend
+
+understanding that would be
+time understanding linear
+
+systems of differential
+equations.
+
+And if you study that in math
+and you have a good feel for
+
+it, fine, you can read the
+section and notes.
+
+If you're not familiar with
+that, then you have to learn
+
+something about it.
+
+It's not something we should
+waste our time on because it's
+
+not something we will use at any
+other time in this course.
+
+OK, so we want to get
+onto random walks.
+
+A random walk is, in fact, a
+very simple kind of animal.
+
+Let x sub i, i greater than or
+equal to 1, be a sequence of
+
+independent identically
+distributed random variables.
+
+And let s sub n be x1 plus x2
+plus x sub n for n greater
+
+than or equal to 1.
+
+Is this something that we
+spent a 1/4 of the term
+
+talking about, or 1/2 the term
+talking about, or 3/4 of the
+
+term talking about?
+
+I don't know, but we've
+certainly spent an awful lot
+
+of time talking about the sums
+of iid random variables.
+
+What is different here is that
+instead of being interested in
+
+these random variables s sub n,
+what we're interested in is
+
+this process of the s sub n's.
+
+I mean, we're interested in
+looking at the whole sequence
+
+of them, and saying
+things about that.
+
+What we would like to
+be able to do is say
+
+questions of this sort.
+
+You pick some alpha bigger
+than 0, doesn't
+
+matter what it is, 1.
+
+What's the probability that s
+sub n is greater than or equal
+
+to alpha for at least one in
+greater than or equal to 0?
+
+So we're not asking, what's the
+probability that s sub 10
+
+is bigger than alpha.
+
+We're asking, if we look at this
+sequence, s1, s2, s3, s4,
+
+what's the probability
+that any one of
+
+those terms cross alpha?
+
+In other words, when we look
+at the entire sample path,
+
+does the entire sample path lie
+below alpha or does the
+
+sample path, at some point,
+cross alpha, then perhaps,
+
+come back down again or continue
+to go up or do
+
+whatever it wants to do.
+
+What the question is, does it
+cross it at least once?
+
+The questions connected with
+that are, if it does cross the
+
+threshold, when does it
+cross the threshold?
+
+That's important.
+
+If it crosses the threshold,
+what's the overshoot with
+
+which it crosses
+the threshold?
+
+Does it go shooting way
+above the threshold
+
+when it crosses it?
+
+If you have one of these random
+variables that has very
+
+long tails, then it's very
+likely that when you cross the
+
+threshold, you've crossed a
+threshold because of some
+
+sample value which
+is humongous.
+
+And therefore, you typically
+are going way above the
+
+threshold when you cross it.
+
+That makes the study of random
+walks very much more
+
+complicated than it would
+be otherwise.
+
+These overshoot problems are
+extremely difficult, extremely
+
+tedious, and unfortunately, very
+often, very important.
+
+So that's a bad combination, to
+be tedious and important.
+
+You would rather avoid
+things like that.
+
+Next one is given two thresholds
+for a given alpha
+
+bigger than 0, and a given
+beta less than 0--
+
+here we are, starting
+out at 0.
+
+We have a threshold up here
+and a threshold down here.
+
+And we want to know what's the
+probability that we ever cross
+
+one of the two thresholds.
+
+That, I hope, you can
+answer right away.
+
+Can you?
+
+s sub n, after a long
+period of time, is
+
+going to look Gaussian.
+
+It's going to look Gaussian
+with a standard deviation,
+
+which is growing gradually.
+
+And as a standard deviation
+grows gradually, and we have
+
+these two finite limits,
+eventually, we're going to
+
+cross one of those thresholds.
+
+So the question is not do you
+cross one of the thresholds?
+
+The question is, which threshold
+do you cross?
+
+What's the probability of
+crossing each of them?
+
+At what end do you cross
+the one that you cross?
+
+And what's the overshoot
+when you cross it?
+
+So those are the questions
+there.
+
+These threshold crossing
+problems are important.
+
+They're important in almost
+everything that you use
+
+stochastic processes for.
+
+They're familiar to me for
+studying errors in digital
+
+communications systems because
+that's sort of the basis of
+
+all of that study.
+
+They're important in studying
+the overflowing queues.
+
+Anytime you build a queue, I
+mean, what are you building?
+
+You're building a waiting room
+for customers, and you're
+
+building a service facility.
+
+And one of the first questions
+is, how big do I have to make
+
+the waiting room?
+
+How much storage do I need,
+is the question.
+
+So you really want to be able to
+answer the question, what's
+
+the probability that the queue
+will ever overflow the queue?
+
+That's a threshold problem.
+
+In hypothesis testing, when you
+want to find out which of
+
+two hypotheses is true,
+this is important.
+
+When you want to look at, what's
+often a more important
+
+question, is you test for one
+or two hypotheses, and if
+
+you're smart, and if you can
+do it, you keep the test
+
+running until you're pretty
+sure that you
+
+have the right answer.
+
+If you've got the right answer
+right away, then you can stop,
+
+and save time from there on.
+
+If you have to go for a long
+time before you get the
+
+answer, then you go
+for a long time
+
+before you get the answer.
+
+That's called sequential
+hypothesis
+
+testing, and that's important.
+
+There are these questions or
+ruin and other catastrophes,
+
+which, as you've observed in
+this paper over the last few
+
+years, most people don't know
+how to deal with them.
+
+If they do know how to deal
+with them, they're too
+
+affected by short term profits
+and things like that that do
+
+what they should do.
+
+But part of the trouble is
+people don't know how to deal
+
+with those problems.
+
+And therefore, if you're
+trying to maximize your
+
+profits and you can say, I've
+talked to 10 experts, they've
+
+told me five different things.
+
+It gives you a perfectly good
+excuse for maximizing your
+
+profits rather than doing
+something reasonably sensible
+
+or reasonably safe.
+
+So these are important
+problems that
+
+we're dealing with.
+
+I'm going to start with a brief
+discussion of three
+
+simple cases.
+
+First one is called simple
+random walks.
+
+The next one is called integer
+random walks, and the third
+
+one is called renewal
+processes.
+
+These random walks we're talking
+about sound like very
+
+simple minded things, but if
+you think about it for a
+
+minute, all of these renewal
+processes we've spent all this
+
+time studying and struggling
+with, are just a special case
+
+of random walks.
+
+I mean, a renewal process has
+non-negative random variables.
+
+We're adding up those
+non-negative random variables
+
+to see what's going on.
+
+So a renewal process is just
+dealing with sums of iid
+
+non-negative random variables,
+where this is dealing with a
+
+case where the random variables
+can be either
+
+positive or negative.
+
+OK, so we're going to start with
+a little bit about them.
+
+A random walk is called simple
+if the underlying random
+
+variable xn n is the simplest
+random random variable of all.
+
+Mainly, it's binary.
+
+The probability that it's 1,
+that it's equal to 1, and the
+
+probability is minus
+1 is equal to q.
+
+You could make it just 0 or 1,
+namely, make it Bernoulli, but
+
+that makes it too special.
+
+I mean, since we've been
+studying renewal processes,
+
+where all these random variables
+are non-negative,
+
+let's take the plunge and study
+the simplest case of
+
+random variables, which can be
+either positive or negative.
+
+The simplest case is this binary
+case, where the random
+
+variables can be 1 or minus 1.
+
+That's what a simple
+random walk is.
+
+OK, it's just a scaling
+variation on our Bernoulli
+
+process though.
+
+The probability that xi
+is equal to 1 for m
+
+out of the n trials.
+
+Mainly, you're going to flip
+this coin x sub i, heads is 1,
+
+tails is minus 1.
+
+The probability that you get
+heads for m out of the n
+
+trials is n factorial
+over m factorial
+
+times n minus m factorial.
+
+Number of combinations of n
+things taken m at a time times
+
+p to the m times 1 minus
+p to the n minus m.
+
+We've known that forever.
+
+You probably knew
+in high school.
+
+You relearned it when you were
+taking elementary probability.
+
+We've talked about it
+in this course.
+
+We can also view this
+as a Markov chain.
+
+You start off in state
+0 with probability p.
+
+You go to state 1 with
+probability 1 minus p.
+
+You go to state minus 1.
+
+On the second trial, you either
+go to state 2 or to 1,
+
+2 or to 0, or to minus
+2, and so forth.
+
+That's just another way of
+analyzing the same simple
+
+random walk.
+
+Just like in the Stop When
+You're Ahead game that we
+
+talked about in class, the
+probability that we ever cross
+
+a threshold at k equal to p
+over 1 minus p to the k.
+
+Let me remind you of why this
+is true, remind you of
+
+something else.
+
+I want to find the probability
+that any s sub n is greater
+
+than or equal to k, so I
+need this union here.
+
+Many people write that as
+a maximum over n as the
+
+probability that the maximum
+over the s sub n's is greater
+
+than or equal to k.
+
+Other people write it as the
+probability that the supremum
+
+of this sum is greater
+than or equal to k.
+
+Why do I like to use the union,
+other than the fact
+
+that I like set theory
+more than algebra?
+
+Anybody know what some simple
+reasons for that are?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It might not be
+the max [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What?
+
+AUDIENCE: You were just trying
+to decide whether it crosses--
+
+the sum-- that k right now,
+whether it-- the maximum
+
+implied that was as high
+as it [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Not necessarily,
+no.
+
+I mean, I might not be able
+to find the maximum.
+
+If I'm not dealing with a simple
+random walk, and I look
+
+at the sequence S1, S2, S3,
+S4, and I ask what's the
+
+maximum of that sequence, the
+maximum might not exist.
+
+The supremum always exists if
+you include infinity as a
+
+possible value for it.
+
+But the supremum is not
+very nice either.
+
+Because suppose I had a random
+walk where it was possible for
+
+the random variables to take on
+arbitrarily small values.
+
+And suppose I had a sequence
+which went crawling up towards
+
+1, as n increases, it keeps
+climbing up towards 1, but it
+
+never quite gets there.
+
+What's the supremum of
+that set of numbers?
+
+1.
+
+So the supremum is greater
+than or equal to 1.
+
+But that's not what
+I'm interested in.
+
+I'm interested in the
+question, what's the
+
+probability that any one of
+these random variables is
+
+greater than or equal to 1?
+
+So that's the straightforward
+way to write it.
+
+Now does anybody care about
+these minor differences of a
+
+maximum or a supremum
+or what have you?
+
+No.
+
+The only reason you care about
+it is when you write a
+
+maximum, after you become a
+little bit careful with your
+
+mathematics, you say,
+is that a maximum?
+
+Or is it a supremum?
+
+So you write it as a supremum
+and then you go through the
+
+argument I just went through.
+
+And the point is, you're not
+interested in that at all.
+
+All you're interested in
+is do you cross the
+
+threshold or don't you?
+
+And this is the, natural
+way to write it.
+
+OK.
+
+Now the next thing is, how do
+we get this formula here?
+
+Well, if we're going to cross a
+threshold at k, and k is an
+
+integer, there's not going
+to be any overshoot.
+
+We're either going to get there
+and hit it, and then we
+
+might go on beyond there.
+
+We'll either hit it
+on [INAUDIBLE]
+
+or we won't hit it.
+
+Now if we're going to hit it
+at [INAUDIBLE], how are we
+
+going to do that?
+
+Well we have to hit
+1 at some point.
+
+Because you can only move up
+or down by one at a time.
+
+So you're going to have to
+hit 1 at some point.
+
+Given that you've hit 1, you
+have to go on and hit 2 at
+
+some point.
+
+Given that you've hit 2, you
+have to move up and hit 3 at
+
+some point.
+
+Those events are independent
+of each other.
+
+So the probability that you
+ever get to k is the
+
+probability that you can
+stop when you're ahead.
+
+Namely, it's the probability
+that you go from 0 to 1 up to
+
+the k-th power.
+
+So I'm saying that p over 1
+minus p is the probability you
+
+ever move from state
+0 up to state 1.
+
+And when we were looking at Stop
+When You're Ahead, it was
+
+exactly this game here.
+
+We moved up with probability
+p, down with probability q.
+
+We were looking at the
+probability we'd ever be ahead
+
+in this gambling game where we
+kept betting money, and we
+
+always had an infinite
+capital.
+
+So we could keep on
+betting forever.
+
+And we stopped as soon
+as we hit 1.
+
+So it's exactly this
+question here.
+
+The way we solved it at that
+point was to write an
+
+equation for it.
+
+On the first step, you either
+move up, and you're there.
+
+Or you move down.
+
+And if you move down, you
+have to move up twice.
+
+So the probability you ever
+get from here to here is p
+
+plus q times the probability
+you get from here squared.
+
+You solve that quadratic
+equation.
+
+You might remember solving
+that before.
+
+And that's where you get
+to p over 1 minus p.
+
+OK, so that's not terribly
+important.
+
+What is important is that this
+is the only problem in random
+
+walks I know which has
+a trivial solution.
+
+Most problems have a harder
+solution than that.
+
+But there is at least one
+problem which is easy.
+
+Now for those of you worried
+about a final exam, final
+
+exams have to find problems
+which are easy.
+
+So that tells you something.
+
+I mean, we have to take the easy
+results in this course,
+
+and we have to use
+them in someway.
+
+And since I'm telling
+you that, I probably
+
+will include it, so--
+
+OK.
+
+Integer random walks.
+
+That's the next kind of random
+walk to talk about.
+
+x is an integer random
+variable.
+
+So similarly, s sub n is an
+integer random variable.
+
+So when we're moving up, we
+move up in integer values,
+
+which makes things a
+little bit easier.
+
+This means, again, that we can
+model this as a Markov chain.
+
+In the Markov chain, we start
+at 0, we move up whatever
+
+number of values x sub n can
+have, or we move down whatever
+
+number of values it can have.
+
+And then from there, we
+keep moving again.
+
+So it's this Markov chain with
+a very regular structure,
+
+where for each state, the set
+of various states of up
+
+transition and set of down
+transitions are all the same
+
+for all the states.
+
+So that's a simple Markov
+chain to deal with.
+
+OK, and then we said that
+renewal processes are special
+
+cases of random walks where x is
+a positive random variable.
+
+When you're sketching sample
+paths, the axes are usually
+
+reversed from random processes
+to random walks.
+
+I'm just pointing this out
+because every time you try to
+
+go from a random walk to a
+two-way renewal process, you
+
+will be happily writing
+equations and drawing pictures
+
+of what you're doing.
+
+And you will suddenly come up
+against this problem, which is
+
+that whenever you draw a figure
+for a renewal process,
+
+you draw it this way.
+
+OK?
+
+In other words, what you're
+looking at is the time at
+
+which the n-th arrival occurs.
+
+Time is going this way.
+
+The time at which the first
+arrival occurs is S1.
+
+The time at which the second
+arrival occurs is
+
+S2, S3, and so forth.
+
+These intervals here--
+
+x1, x2, x3, x4, x5,
+and so forth--
+
+whenever you're dealing with
+a random walk, what you're
+
+interested in directly
+these s's and x's.
+
+And you always draw it
+the opposite way
+
+with the axes reversed.
+
+And what's confusing to you at
+first is that when you see
+
+this picture, it doesn't look
+like this picture at all.
+
+These two pictures
+are identical
+
+with the axes reversed.
+
+One is the way you draw
+renewal processes.
+
+The other is the way you
+draw random walks--
+
+which also suggests that
+sometimes when you're dealing
+
+with random walks, you want
+to draw a picture like the
+
+picture you draw for renewal
+processes and vice versa.
+
+So the two are very
+closely related.
+
+OK, so I want to do a little bit
+about the queuing delay in
+
+a G/G/1 queue.
+
+We've talked about G/G/1 queues
+a little bit in terms
+
+of Little's Theorem and
+various other things.
+
+And there's one very simple
+thing about G/G/1 queues that
+
+follows from looking
+at random walks.
+
+And there's a nice part of the
+problem you can solve dealing
+
+with random walks.
+
+Let's let x sub i be the IID
+random variables, which are
+
+inter-arrival intervals
+for the G/G/1 queue.
+
+Here's the first inter-arrival
+interval.
+
+Here's the second.
+
+Here's the third.
+
+Here's the fourth up
+here, and so forth.
+
+The departure occurs--
+
+there's an inherent arrival that
+we visualize at time 0.
+
+y 0 is a service time that
+that arrival requires.
+
+y1 is the service time that this
+first arrival requires.
+
+y2 is the service time
+of the third arrival.
+
+These service times are all
+independent of each other.
+
+We've looked at this
+picture before.
+
+What we haven't done is
+to draw the obvious
+
+conclusion from it.
+
+If you try to talk about what
+is the waiting time in queue
+
+of the n-th customer, how can
+we draw that in a figure?
+
+Well here it is in
+this figure.
+
+The 0-th customer has no waiting
+time at all, because
+
+there's nothing in the queue.
+
+It goes directly into
+the server.
+
+I'm just talking about queueing
+
+time, not system time.
+
+So 0 goes directly into the
+server, takes some long
+
+service time, ends here.
+
+The next arrival occurs at
+this time here after this
+
+inter-arrival time.
+
+And what's it have to do?
+
+It has to wait until this
+customer finishes.
+
+And then it has to wait for its
+own service time before it
+
+gets out of the system.
+
+The next customer comes in x2
+units of time after the first
+
+customer comes in.
+
+So it comes in here.
+
+It has to wait in queue until
+after the first customer gets
+
+finished, and so forth.
+
+Now look at the time from the
+arrival of the second customer
+
+until the second customer
+goes into service.
+
+What is that?
+
+It can be written in
+two different ways.
+
+And this is the observation
+that makes it possible to
+
+analyze G/G/1 queues.
+
+The inter-arrival time of the
+second customer plus the
+
+queueing time of the second
+customer is equal to the
+
+queuing time of the first
+customer plus the service time
+
+of the first customer.
+
+OK?
+
+This time is equal
+to that time.
+
+Put little ovals around them
+so you can spot it.
+
+So in general, if the arrival n
+is queued, then xn plus wn,
+
+the inter-arrival time for the
+n-th customer plus its waiting
+
+time in queue is equal to the
+service time of the previous
+
+customer plus the waiting
+time of the
+
+previous customer in queue.
+
+If arrival n sees an empty
+queue, then wn equals 0.
+
+OK?
+
+This is easy.
+
+If you didn't draw
+this picture, it
+
+would be very hard.
+
+If you tried to do this
+by algebra, you
+
+would never get done.
+
+But when you draw a picture,
+there's nothing to it.
+
+OK, so that says w sub n is
+equal to y sub n minus 1 minus
+
+xn plus w sub n minus 1 if w sub
+n minus 1 plus yn minus 1
+
+is greater than or equal
+to xn, namely, if xn
+
+gets queued at all.
+
+And otherwise, w sub
+n is equal to 0.
+
+In other words, if the n-th
+customer enters a queue which
+
+is empty, it doesn't wait
+in queue at all.
+
+It goes right into service if
+that condition is satisfied.
+
+So we can write this whole thing
+as w sub n is equal to
+
+the maximum of w sub n minus 1
+plus yn minus 1 minus xn or 0.
+
+Namely, what's happening is that
+the amount of time that
+
+each customer has to wait in the
+queue, not in the system--
+
+waiting time in the queue is
+either this quantity here
+
+that's related to the waiting
+time of the previous customer
+
+added to the service time of
+the previous customer minus
+
+the n arrival time of
+the customer before.
+
+If you define u sub n as y sub
+n minus 1 minus plus xn--
+
+y sub n minus 1 minus xn--
+
+namely, the service time of
+the n minus first customer
+
+minus the inter-arrival time for
+the n-th customer, this is
+
+independent over n.
+
+So this is a IID random
+variable.
+
+Each of the arrivals
+x sub n are IID.
+
+Each of the departures
+and each of the
+
+service times are IID.
+
+Arrivals and services are
+independent of each other.
+
+So this u sub n random variable
+is a sequence of IID
+
+random variables.
+
+And what this is saying then,
+is that w sub n is equal to
+
+the maximum of w sub n
+minus 1 plus un or 0.
+
+If for the time being,
+ignore that maximum.
+
+I mean, suppose the queue
+is very, very long.
+
+The queue is very, very long.
+
+You don't have 0.
+
+Everybody has some
+service time.
+
+This would be a random walk
+then. w sub n, the waiting
+
+time for the n-th customer, is
+equal to the waiting time of
+
+the n minus first customer
+plus u sub n.
+
+u sub n is playing the role of
+the inter-arrival in the
+
+random walk.
+
+That's the x's that we had
+in the random walk.
+
+w sub n minus 1 is the sum.
+
+w sub n is equal to the previous
+sum plus the new
+
+random variable coming in.
+
+So without the maximum, this
+is just a random walk.
+
+The w sub n's are the random
+walk based on these peculiar
+
+random variables u sub i, which
+are the peculiar random
+
+variables of service times minus
+inter-arrival times.
+
+OK.
+
+With the max, this says w sub
+n is like a random walk.
+
+What does it do?
+
+It keeps going up for a while
+you have a queue.
+
+Then it might start dropping.
+
+But it can't go negative.
+
+Whenever it gets down to 0, it
+gets down below 0, the next
+
+time you start at 0 again.
+
+And you start going again.
+
+The next time it goes
+negative, you get
+
+bumped up to 0 again.
+
+It's like a naughty kid who
+goes through all sorts of
+
+problems, but as soon as he goes
+negative, somebody picks
+
+him up and starts him
+back up again.
+
+So it's a--
+
+well, it's a different
+kind of process.
+
+But anyway, it's like a random
+walk, except it has this
+
+peculiar characteristic that
+any time it crosses the 0
+
+threshold, it gets bumped back
+up, and you start over again.
+
+So you have these segments
+which make it a renewal
+
+process also.
+
+You have renewals whenever
+you get to 0 and
+
+you start over again.
+
+And we'll talk about how those
+processes work later.
+
+The text has another way of
+looking at it, where you look
+
+at this random walk going
+backwards in time rather than
+
+forward in time.
+
+But we don't want to spend
+a lot of time on that.
+
+We just want to see this does
+have something to do with
+
+random walks.
+
+I want to spend some real time
+studying detection and
+
+decisions and hypothesis
+testing, because each one of
+
+these things are very important
+in a number of
+
+different fields.
+
+If you study radar or any kind
+of military problem, detection
+
+is very important.
+
+You want to see whether
+something has happened or not.
+
+And often you have to see
+whether it's happened in the
+
+presence of a great deal
+of noise or something.
+
+So you're not sure of whether
+it's happened or not.
+
+So you make many observations to
+see whether it's happened.
+
+And then you try to make a
+decision on the basis of all
+
+of those things.
+
+Decisions--
+
+that's what control people
+think about all the time.
+
+Control freaks always want
+to make decisions.
+
+They don't want you
+to make decisions.
+
+They want to make the decisions
+themselves.
+
+But that's part of what
+studying random
+
+processes is all about.
+
+How do you make sensible
+decisions?
+
+You generally--
+
+when you make a decision, you
+make it with some uncertainty
+
+connected to it.
+
+I mean, people respond to this
+by pretending there isn't any
+
+uncertainty.
+
+They pretend when they
+made a decision that
+
+they must be right.
+
+But actually, they
+could be wrong.
+
+And sensible people face the
+fact that they might be wrong.
+
+And therefore, they try to
+analyze what's the probability
+
+of being wrong, what's the
+probability of being right,
+
+and all of these things.
+
+Hypothesis testing--
+
+all scientists deal with this.
+
+There are competing theories
+in some field, and in these
+
+competing theories, you want to
+find out which is the right
+
+hypothesis.
+
+So you do a lot of tests.
+
+And after all those tests, you
+try to decide which hypothesis
+
+you believe in.
+
+Why is it important
+to make a choice?
+
+Well it's important to make a
+choice in all sorts of reasons
+
+and all sorts of areas.
+
+Even in a scientific
+area, I mean-- the
+
+field has to move somehow.
+
+If the field has all sorts
+of open questions and if
+
+everybody says, well, there
+might be quantum theory, or
+
+there might not be
+quantum theory.
+
+It might all be wrong.
+
+It might all be right.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I mean there's noise
+in the system,
+
+we can't tell anything.
+
+So all they're dealing with is
+a set of very complicated
+
+probabilities.
+
+Instead of that, people
+do make decisions.
+
+They say, let's proceed on the
+basis of what they think is
+
+the best course of action.
+
+You're voting for a candidate
+for public office.
+
+Well you can say,
+I don't care.
+
+But you can't vote for both.
+
+You have to choose
+one or the other.
+
+And you have to make
+a decision,
+
+what's the best choice?
+
+So these problems arise
+everywhere.
+
+And if you leave these problems
+out of the study of
+
+random processes, what
+are you left with?
+
+A purely academic exercise.
+
+OK?
+
+All you're doing is you're
+establishing probabilities,
+
+but you're not using them.
+
+So this is sort of where the
+rubber hits the road, when you
+
+study decision making or
+hypothesis testing or
+
+detection, whichever one
+you want to call it.
+
+But you absolutely need to make
+these hypothesis tests at
+
+some point.
+
+We're going to call them
+hypothesis tests because the
+
+language used there seems to
+be easier to live with than
+
+the language in other places.
+
+Not that I like the way the
+statisticians do these things.
+
+Statisticians talk about errors
+of the first kind and
+
+errors of the second kind.
+
+And I and everyone else I know
+never knows what's the first
+
+kind and what's the
+second kind?
+
+But they never talk about giving
+names to these things.
+
+It's always first kind and
+seconds kind and so forth.
+
+But we won't bother ourselves
+about that.
+
+What we're going to do is we'll
+consider only problems
+
+where you have two possible
+decisions.
+
+So it's a binary decision
+problem, binary hypothesis
+
+testing problem.
+
+We're going to consider a
+sample space which has a
+
+random variable called
+h in it.
+
+The random variable h can have
+two possible values, 0 or 1.
+
+And you're going to have the
+multiple observations that
+
+you're going to make, Y1, Y2,
+Y3, Y4, up to y sub n, say.
+
+To make the problem easy and
+to make it correspond to
+
+random walks, we're going to
+assume that the observations
+
+are IID conditional on h equals
+0, and they're also ID
+
+conditional on h equals 1.
+
+If you're used to studying noise
+problems, a nice example
+
+of this is you send one of two
+binary values over some
+
+communication channel.
+
+There's additive noise
+added to it.
+
+At the receiver, what you see
+is what you sent plus some
+
+additive noise.
+
+You try to figure out from that
+sum of signal plus noise
+
+was a 0 sent, or was a 1 sent?
+
+And you don't know which
+was sent, and you
+
+have to take a guess.
+
+And usually if the noise is not
+too big, you can make a
+
+very good guess, so you don't
+make many errors.
+
+This is exactly the
+problem that we're
+
+concerned with here.
+
+If you have multiple
+observations, you can think of
+
+sending that same binary
+digit n times.
+
+And then on the basis of all
+of those observations, see
+
+what you want to guess.
+
+I mean scientific
+experiments--
+
+does a scientific theory ever
+get resolved by one
+
+experiment?
+
+I mean sometimes you read in
+textbooks that it does.
+
+But it never does.
+
+Somebody does an experiment.
+
+They come up with
+some conclusion.
+
+And immediately 10 other groups
+around the world are
+
+all doing the same experiment
+to validate it or
+
+not validate it.
+
+Maybe they don't all publish
+papers about it.
+
+But pretty soon, that experiment
+is done so many
+
+times with so many variations
+on it that you can think of
+
+having multiple observations
+of the same thing.
+
+OK.
+
+So when we got all done with it,
+we're going to assume that
+
+the observations will have
+probability density functions.
+
+They're analog and the
+hypothesis is binary.
+
+Doesn't make any difference, you
+can have observations that
+
+are discrete also.
+
+It's just whether you want to
+use probability mass functions
+
+or probability density
+functions.
+
+It looks a little bit easier
+to do it this way.
+
+So the probability density of
+having n observations given
+
+that the hypothesis l is
+the correct one is
+
+this product here.
+
+And that's true for both l
+equals 1 and l equals 0.
+
+Let me go just a little
+bit further.
+
+Baye's law then says that the
+probability that h is equal to
+
+the hypothesis l is equal to the
+a priori probability that
+
+the alt hypothesis is correct
+times this density divided by
+
+the sum of the two densities.
+
+Nothing fancy here at all.
+
+If you compare these
+two probabilities--
+
+probability that 0 is a correct
+hypothesis with the
+
+probability that 1 is the
+correct hypothesis--
+
+you take the ratio of these.
+
+What you get this p0 over p1
+times this density divided by
+
+that density.
+
+Well this was thought of well
+over 100 years ago, probably
+
+150 years ago.
+
+People fought about it terribly,
+terrible fights
+
+about this.
+
+One of the worst fights in
+science that's ever happened.
+
+Then we had Bayesian
+statisticians and non-Bayesian
+
+statisticians.
+
+And you know, these people were
+all perfectly willing to
+
+talk about conditional
+probabilities so long as they
+
+were looking forward in time.
+
+When they started looking
+backward in time, namely
+
+looking at these conditional
+probabilities going backwards,
+
+and saying, we have hypotheses
+in our model.
+
+These have probabilities.
+
+We will talk about these
+probabilities
+
+of everything involved.
+
+We have a complete probabilistic
+model.
+
+We will talk about-- in this
+probabilistic model, when you
+
+get a certain observation,
+what's the probability the one
+
+hypothesis is correct?
+
+What's the probability the other
+hypothesis is correct?
+
+People suddenly lost everything
+they'd learned
+
+about probability, and said
+this can't be right.
+
+So there were enormous
+fights about it.
+
+Anyway, I wanted to
+get to that point.
+
+Think about that.
+
+Next time we're going to
+start out and do a
+
+little bit with this.
+
+And suddenly a random walk
+is going to emerge.
+
+So we will do that next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iGG9EG3SNz0.txt b/iGG9EG3SNz0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b23581df4bf72225f14310c4b195f1bdbf725260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iGG9EG3SNz0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I now have that new n of T that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now have that new n of T that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now have that new n of T that we're
+out there I have to write it as where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there I have to write it as where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there I have to write it as where it
+is is I sigh n of R of T times I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is I sigh n of R of T times I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is I sigh n of R of T times I'll
+write it here this four-way be DT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here this four-way be DT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here this four-way be DT the
+dot will be replaced by the D DT sorry n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot will be replaced by the D DT sorry n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot will be replaced by the D DT sorry n
+of R of T and then of course the gamma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R of T and then of course the gamma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R of T and then of course the gamma n
+of T will be just the interval from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T will be just the interval from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T will be just the interval from zero
+to T of new end of T prime DT Prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T of new end of T prime DT Prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T of new end of T prime DT Prime so
+that's a next step well if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a next step well if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a next step well if you have to
+differentiate a function that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a function that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a function that depends on
+R of T what do you have let me do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of T what do you have let me do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of T what do you have let me do it for
+a simple case D DT of F of R of T which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple case D DT of F of R of T which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple case D DT of F of R of T which
+means D DT of a function of R 1 of T are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means D DT of a function of R 1 of T are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means D DT of a function of R 1 of T are
+all the ones up to our n of T and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones up to our n of T and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones up to our n of T and what
+must you do well you should do be F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must you do well you should do be F the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must you do well you should do be F the
+R 1 times V R 1 DT all the way up to DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 times V R 1 DT all the way up to DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 1 times V R 1 DT all the way up to DF
+the AR and vr n DT you want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AR and vr n DT you want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AR and vr n DT you want to find the
+time dependence of a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence of a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependence of a function that
+depends on a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on a collection of
+time-dependent coordinates well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent coordinates well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent coordinates well the
+chain rule applies but this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule applies but this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule applies but this can be
+written in a funny language maybe not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a funny language maybe not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a funny language maybe not so
+funny as the gradient sub R that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny as the gradient sub R that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny as the gradient sub R that
+of F dotted the r-vector DT see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F dotted the r-vector DT see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F dotted the r-vector DT see the
+gradient in generalized V DX 1 DX 2 DX 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in generalized V DX 1 DX 2 DX 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in generalized V DX 1 DX 2 DX 3
+is a vector operator the gradient sub R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector operator the gradient sub R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector operator the gradient sub R
+would mean ddr1 ddr2 ddr3 just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean ddr1 ddr2 ddr3 just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean ddr1 ddr2 ddr3 just the
+gradient in this Euclidean vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in this Euclidean vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in this Euclidean vector space
+x the r dt so that's what i want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the r dt so that's what i want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the r dt so that's what i want to use
+for this derivative i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this derivative i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this derivative i have to
+differentiate that state and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that state and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that state and therefore
+i'll write it that way so gamma n of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write it that way so gamma n of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll write it that way so gamma n of t
+is equal to i from the top line sy n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to i from the top line sy n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to i from the top line sy n of
+r of t times gradients of are acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of t times gradients of are acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of t times gradients of are acting on
+the states i n of r of t dotted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states i n of r of t dotted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states i n of r of t dotted with the
+r dt this is dot product so just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dt this is dot product so just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dt this is dot product so just to make
+sure you understand here you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand here you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand here you have one
+cat here and you have this gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat here and you have this gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat here and you have this gradient so
+that gives you capital n components the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you capital n components the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you capital n components the
+derivative of the cat with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the cat with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the cat with respect to
+our 102 or 3 or 4 then with the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 102 or 3 or 4 then with the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 102 or 3 or 4 then with the inner
+product it gives you capital n numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it gives you capital n numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it gives you capital n numbers
+which are the components of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the components of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the components of a vector
+that is being dotted with this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's all about trying to figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about trying to figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about trying to figure out that
+this language makes sense if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language makes sense if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language makes sense if
+this made sense to you this should make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this made sense to you this should make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this made sense to you this should make
+sense a little more maybe a tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a little more maybe a tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a little more maybe a tiny bit
+more confusing but maybe you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confusing but maybe you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confusing but maybe you should
+write it all out what do you think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it all out what do you think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it all out what do you think it is
+that might help you or we could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might help you or we could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might help you or we could do that
+later so if we have that we can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so if we have that we can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so if we have that we can go to
+gamma and the geometric phase so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and the geometric phase so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and the geometric phase so this is
+zero to T the integral with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to T the integral with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to T the integral with respect to
+prime time so um so it's I sigh n R of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime time so um so it's I sigh n R of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime time so um so it's I sigh n R of T
+prime there's lots of vectors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime there's lots of vectors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime there's lots of vectors here
+gradient R vector up sigh and R of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient R vector up sigh and R of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient R vector up sigh and R of T
+Prime dotted V are V P prime DT Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime dotted V are V P prime DT Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime dotted V are V P prime DT Prime
+that's the last DT Prime and the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the last DT Prime and the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the last DT Prime and the good
+thing that happens the thing that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens the thing that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens the thing that really
+makes all the difference the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all the difference the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all the difference the thing that
+is responsible for that conceptual thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for that conceptual thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for that conceptual thing
+is just this this cancellation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this this cancellation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this this cancellation this
+cancellation means that you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation means that you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation means that you can think of
+the integral as happening just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral as happening just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral as happening just in
+configuration space this this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space this this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space this this is not
+really an integral over time this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an integral over time this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an integral over time this is an
+integral in configuration space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in configuration space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in configuration space because
+now this integral is nothing else than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this integral is nothing else than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this integral is nothing else than
+the integral over the path gamma because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over the path gamma because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral over the path gamma because
+the path gamma represents the volution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path gamma represents the volution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path gamma represents the volution
+of the coordinate R capital R from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinate R capital R from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinate R capital R from 0 to
+time T this is nothing else than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T this is nothing else than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T this is nothing else than the
+interval of a path gamma of I sorry n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of a path gamma of I sorry n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of a path gamma of I sorry n of
+R I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R I don't have
+to ride the T anymore dr sy and of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ride the T anymore dr sy and of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ride the T anymore dr sy and of are
+again note e dot d R and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again note e dot d R and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again note e dot d R and this is the
+geometric face gamma M that depends just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric face gamma M that depends just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric face gamma M that depends just
+on gamma and that depends on R on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gamma and that depends on R on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on gamma and that depends on R on the
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+I'll write it like that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it like that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it like that you see
+something very important has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important has happened
+here it's a realization that time plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a realization that time plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a realization that time plays
+no role anymore this is the concept this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no role anymore this is the concept this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no role anymore this is the concept this
+is what you have to struggle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you have to struggle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you have to struggle to
+understand here this integral says take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand here this integral says take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand here this integral says take
+this path take a little BR dot it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path take a little BR dot it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path take a little BR dot it with
+this gradient of this object which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gradient of this object which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gradient of this object which is
+kind of the gradient of this sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the gradient of this sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the gradient of this sketch
+which is a lot of cats with this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot of cats with this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot of cats with this thing
+so it's a vector dotted with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a vector dotted with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a vector dotted with this and
+integrate and time time plays no role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and time time plays no role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and time time plays no role
+you just follow the path so whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just follow the path so whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just follow the path so whether this
+thing took one minute to make the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing took one minute to make the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing took one minute to make the path
+or a billion years the geometric face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a billion years the geometric face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a billion years the geometric face
+will be exactly the same it just depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly the same it just depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly the same it just depends
+on the path it took time for some names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the path it took time for some names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the path it took time for some names
+for these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first name is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name is that
+this whole object is gonna be called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole object is gonna be called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole object is gonna be called the
+berry connection I sigh end of our gravy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry connection I sigh end of our gravy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry connection I sigh end of our gravy
+and our sigh end of our is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our sigh end of our is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our sigh end of our is called the
+berry connection a and vector of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry connection a and vector of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry connection a and vector of our
+berry connection okay a few things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry connection okay a few things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry connection okay a few things to
+notice the very connection is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the very connection is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the very connection is like a
+vector in the configuration space it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the configuration space it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the configuration space it has
+capital n components because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n components because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n components because this is a
+gradient and therefore it produces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and therefore it produces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and therefore it produces on
+this ket n ket and therefore n numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ket n ket and therefore n numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ket n ket and therefore n numbers
+because of the bra so this is a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the bra so this is a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the bra so this is a thing
+with capital and components components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with capital and components components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with capital and components components
+so you would say so it's a vector in RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would say so it's a vector in RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would say so it's a vector in RN
+but people like the name connection why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people like the name connection why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people like the name connection why
+connection because it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because it's a little more
+subtle than a vector it transforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle than a vector it transforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle than a vector it transforms and
+they're gauge transformations your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gauge transformations your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gauge transformations your
+favorite things and it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite things and it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite things and it makes it
+interesting because it transforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it transforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it transforms and
+irrigation we'll see it in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation we'll see it in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrigation we'll see it in a second
+so it's a connection because of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a connection because of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a connection because of that and
+there's one berry connection for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one berry connection for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one berry connection for every
+eigenstate of your system because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of your system because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of your system because we
+fake some N and we got a connection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake some N and we got a connection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake some N and we got a connection and
+we're going to get different connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get different connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get different connections
+for different ends so n come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different ends so n come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different ends so n come
+one pair i ghen state and they live all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair i ghen state and they live all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair i ghen state and they live all
+over the configuration space you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the configuration space you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the configuration space you can ask
+what is the value of the berry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the value of the berry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the value of the berry
+connection at this point and there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection at this point and there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection at this point and there is an
+answer at every point this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at every point this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at every point this connection
+exists now let's figure out the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists now let's figure out the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists now let's figure out the issue of
+gauge transformations here and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformations here and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformations here and it's
+important because this subject somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this subject somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this subject somehow
+these formulas I think in many ways were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas I think in many ways were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas I think in many ways were
+known to everybody for a long time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to everybody for a long time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to everybody for a long time but
+very kind of emphasized probably clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of emphasized probably clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind of emphasized probably clarify
+this issue of the time independence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of the time independence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of the time independence and
+emphasize that this could be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this could be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this could be interesting
+in some cases but in fact in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases but in fact in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases but in fact in most cases
+you could say they're not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say they're not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say they're not all that
+relevant you can change them so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant you can change them so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant you can change them so here is
+one thing that can happen you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that can happen you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that can happen you have your
+energy eigenstates your instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates your instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates your instantaneous
+energy eigen so you solve them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigen so you solve them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigen so you solve them and you
+box them you're very happy with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box them you're very happy with them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box them you're very happy with them and
+but in fact they're far from unique your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact they're far from unique your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact they're far from unique your
+energy eigenstates your instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates your instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates your instantaneous
+energy eigenstates can be changed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates can be changed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates can be changed if you
+have an energy eigenstate sorry n of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy eigenstate sorry n of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy eigenstate sorry n of R
+that's what it is well you could decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is well you could decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is well you could decide
+to find another one sigh prime of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find another one sigh prime of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find another one sigh prime of R
+whose going to be equal to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose going to be equal to e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose going to be equal to e to the
+minus some function arbitrary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some function arbitrary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some function arbitrary function
+of R times this and this new states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R times this and this new states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R times this and this new states are
+energy eigenstates instantaneous energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates instantaneous energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates instantaneous energy
+eigenstates that are as good as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates that are as good as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates that are as good as your
+original cyan because this equation also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original cyan because this equation also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original cyan because this equation also
+holds for the tsiyon primes if you act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for the tsiyon primes if you act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for the tsiyon primes if you act
+with the Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian in
+here just goes through this and hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just goes through this and hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just goes through this and hits
+here produces the energy and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here produces the energy and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here produces the energy and then the
+state is just the same the R of T is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is just the same the R of T is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is just the same the R of T is our
+parameters of the Hamiltonian they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the Hamiltonian they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the Hamiltonian they're
+not operators so there's no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not operators so there's no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not operators so there's no reason why
+the Hamiltonian would care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian would care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian would care about this
+factor the ours are just parameters yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they're still normalizing I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're still normalizing I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're still normalizing I should
+put a face here thank you very much yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a face here thank you very much yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a face here thank you very much yes
+I want the states to be normalized and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the states to be normalized and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the states to be normalized and I
+want them to be orthonormal and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be orthonormal and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be orthonormal and all that
+is not changed if I put a face so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not changed if I put a face so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not changed if I put a face so this
+is the funny thing about quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the funny thing about quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the funny thing about quantum
+mechanics it's all about faces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's all about faces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's all about faces and
+complex numbers but you can do a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers but you can do a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers but you can do a large
+degree change those faces at will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree change those faces at will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree change those faces at will and
+whatever survives is some sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever survives is some sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever survives is some sort of very
+subtle effects between the faces so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle effects between the faces so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle effects between the faces so here
+I put the I and beta of R is real so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the I and beta of R is real so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the I and beta of R is real so you
+can say let's compute the new Barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say let's compute the new Barry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say let's compute the new Barry
+connection associated with this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection associated with this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection associated with this new
+state a n prime of R so I must do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a n prime of R so I must do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a n prime of R so I must do that
+operation that we have up there with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that we have up there with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that we have up there with the
+new state so I would have i sy n of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state so I would have i sy n of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new state so I would have i sy n of r
+times e to the I beta of our that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the I beta of our that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the I beta of our that's the
+bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bra
+then I have the the are and now the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have the the are and now the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have the the are and now the cat
+e to the minus I beta of our sy n of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I beta of our sy n of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I beta of our sy n of our
+so this is by definition the Newbery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is by definition the Newbery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is by definition the Newbery
+connection associated to your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection associated to your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection associated to your new
+redefined iDEN States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this nabla is acting on everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this nabla is acting on everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this nabla is acting on everything
+to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right
+suppose it acts on the state then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it acts on the state then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it acts on the state then the
+two Exponential's will cancel and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Exponential's will cancel and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Exponential's will cancel and then
+you get the old connection so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the old connection so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the old connection so there's
+one term here which is just the old a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term here which is just the old a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term here which is just the old a
+and of are all these arrows there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of are all these arrows there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of are all these arrows there it's
+probably five arrows at least a miss on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably five arrows at least a miss on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably five arrows at least a miss on
+every blackboard here is a one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every blackboard here is a one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every blackboard here is a one two three
+four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five
+yes okay so this is the first one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this is the first one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this is the first one and
+then you have the term for this gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the term for this gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have the term for this gradient
+ox on this exponential with the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox on this exponential with the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox on this exponential with the gradient
+ax on the exponential it gives the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax on the exponential it gives the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax on the exponential it gives the same
+exponential times the gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential times the gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential times the gradient of the
+exponent Exponential's then cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent Exponential's then cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent Exponential's then cancel the
+gradient of the exponent will give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the exponent will give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the exponent will give me
+plus I times minus AI gradient of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I'll put our R and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put our R and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put our R and then this
+cancel and you have the state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and you have the state with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and you have the state with
+itself which gives you one so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which gives you one so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which gives you one so that's all
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+all that the second term gives you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that the second term gives you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that the second term gives you so
+here we get a n of R plus gradient our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get a n of R plus gradient our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get a n of R plus gradient our
+of beta of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the gauge transformation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the gauge transformation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the gauge transformation you
+say wow that's I can see now why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wow that's I can see now why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wow that's I can see now why this is
+called the connection because just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the connection because just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the connection because just like
+the vector potential and they're against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector potential and they're against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector potential and they're against
+transformation it transformed with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it transformed with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it transformed with a
+gradient of a function so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of a function so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of a function so it really
+transforms as a vector potential all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms as a vector potential all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms as a vector potential all in
+this space called the configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space called the configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space called the configuration
+space not in real space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space not in real space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space not in real space in the
+configuration space it acts like vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space it acts like vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space it acts like vector
+potential and that's why it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's why it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and that's why it's called a
+connection but let's see we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but let's see we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection but let's see we have now
+what happens to the connection let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the connection let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the connection let's see
+what happens to the Berry's face if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the Berry's face if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the Berry's face if you
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+so the Berry's face over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Berry's face over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Berry's face over there
+is this integral so the Berry's face can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this integral so the Berry's face can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this integral so the Berry's face can
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's see bless you what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see bless you what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see bless you what happens to
+the Berry's face so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Berry's face so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Berry's face so what is the
+geometric face gamma and gamma in plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric face gamma and gamma in plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric face gamma and gamma in plain
+language is the integral over gamma from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is the integral over gamma from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is the integral over gamma from
+here I'm just copying the formula of a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just copying the formula of a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just copying the formula of a n
+of R the Barry connection times V R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the new Barry phase for your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the new Barry phase for your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the new Barry phase for your new
+instantaneous energy eigenstates now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates now you
+would say if the Barry phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say if the Barry phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say if the Barry phase is
+something that be observable it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that be observable it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that be observable it better
+not depend just on your convention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend just on your convention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend just on your convention to
+choose the instantaneous energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the instantaneous energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the instantaneous energy
+eigenstates and this is just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and this is just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and this is just your
+convention because if a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention because if a problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention because if a problem is
+sufficiently messy I bet you guys would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently messy I bet you guys would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently messy I bet you guys would
+all come with different come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all come with different come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all come with different come up with
+different energy eigenstates because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy eigenstates because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy eigenstates because the
+faces are chosen in different ways so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces are chosen in different ways so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces are chosen in different ways so it
+better not change if the Barry face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not change if the Barry face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not change if the Barry face is
+to be significant so what is the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be significant so what is the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be significant so what is the prime
+thing well we still integrate over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well we still integrate over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well we still integrate over the
+same path but now the prime connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that is the old connection a and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is the old connection a and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is the old connection a and of
+our V are the old Barry's face plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our V are the old Barry's face plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our V are the old Barry's face plus the
+integral over gamma or I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over gamma or I'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over gamma or I'll write it
+from initial are to final are maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from initial are to final are maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from initial are to final are maybe
+issues of RI and RF in that picture if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of RI and RF in that picture if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of RI and RF in that picture if
+you want you can put this RF time equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can put this RF time equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can put this RF time equals
+zero is our I and our of time equal TF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is our I and our of time equal TF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is our I and our of time equal TF
+is our F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the extra term the gradient of beta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra term the gradient of beta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra term the gradient of beta dot
+V R this is the old berry face so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V R this is the old berry face so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V R this is the old berry face so the
+new berry face is the old berry face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new berry face is the old berry face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new berry face is the old berry face and
+how about the last integral does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the last integral does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the last integral does it
+vanish no it doesn't vanish it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish no it doesn't vanish it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish no it doesn't vanish it gives you
+but in fact it can be done this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it can be done this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it can be done this is like
+a derivative times this thing so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative times this thing so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative times this thing so it's
+it's one of those simple integrals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those simple integrals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those simple integrals the
+gradient times the D represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient times the D represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient times the D represents the
+change in the function as you move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the function as you move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the function as you move a
+little V R so when you go from RI to RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little V R so when you go from RI to RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little V R so when you go from RI to RF
+the integral of the gradient is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the gradient is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the gradient is equal to
+the function beta at RF minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function beta at RF minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function beta at RF minus the
+function beta RI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function beta RI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function beta RI
+this is like when you integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like when you integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like when you integrate the
+electric field along a line and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field along a line and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field along a line and the
+electric field is the gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is the gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is the gradient of the
+potential the integral of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the integral of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the integral of the electric
+field through a line is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field through a line is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field through a line is the potential
+here minus the potential there so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the potential there so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the potential there so here
+this is plus beta or RF minus beta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus beta or RF minus beta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus beta or RF minus beta of
+our I so it's not gauge invariant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I so it's not gauge invariant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I so it's not gauge invariant the
+Barry face and and therefore it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry face and and therefore it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry face and and therefore it will
+mean that most of the times it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that most of the times it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that most of the times it cannot be
+observed it's not gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed it's not gauge invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed it's not gauge invariant
+whatever is not gauge invariant cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is not gauge invariant cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is not gauge invariant cannot
+be observed kind of you cannot say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observed kind of you cannot say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observed kind of you cannot say you
+make a measurement and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement and the answer is
+gauged dependent because everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauged dependent because everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauged dependent because everybody is
+going to get a different answer whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a different answer whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a different answer whose
+answer is right you know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is right you know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is right you know that's not
+possible so if this Barry face seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if this Barry face seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if this Barry face seems to
+have failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have failed
+very basic thing that is not gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic thing that is not gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic thing that is not gauge
+invariant but there is one way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but there is one way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but there is one way in which
+this gets fixed if your motion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets fixed if your motion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets fixed if your motion in the
+configuration space begins and ends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space begins and ends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space begins and ends in
+the same place this two will cancel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place this two will cancel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place this two will cancel and
+then it will be gauge invariant so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be gauge invariant so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be gauge invariant so the
+observable Berry's face is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable Berry's face is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable Berry's face is a geometric
+face accumulated by the system in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face accumulated by the system in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face accumulated by the system in a
+motion in a configuration space where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in a configuration space where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion in a configuration space where it
+begins and ends in the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and ends in the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and ends in the same point
+otherwise is not observable you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise is not observable you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise is not observable you can
+eliminate it and so this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate it and so this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate it and so this is an important
+result that the geometric face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometric face the geometric very face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a closed path in the configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a closed path in the configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a closed path in the configuration
+space space is gauge invariant
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iRVfaR3N5K4.txt b/iRVfaR3N5K4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43f3460748747d4bb3536e3c33d6c9226b0404f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iRVfaR3N5K4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the key textbooks for this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general relativity it's now almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity it's now almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity it's now almost
+twenty years old I would say I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty years old I would say I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty years old I would say I think
+it's listed on the website as required I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's listed on the website as required I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's listed on the website as required I
+would actually call it sort of semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually call it sort of semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually call it sort of semi
+required it is where I will tend to post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required it is where I will tend to post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required it is where I will tend to post
+most of the readings to the course it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the readings to the course it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the readings to the course it is
+a it's it's a really good complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's it's a really good complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's it's a really good complete
+textbook for a one semester course which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook for a one semester course which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook for a one semester course which
+is what we have okay and I will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have okay and I will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have okay and I will not be
+going through the entire thing you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the entire thing you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the entire thing you can't
+in a one semester course and I will from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a one semester course and I will from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a one semester course and I will from
+time to time there will be a few topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time there will be a few topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to time there will be a few topics
+that I cannot go as in into as deeply as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I cannot go as in into as deeply as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I cannot go as in into as deeply as
+I would like if we had two semesters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like if we had two semesters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like if we had two semesters
+maybe I'll be able to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll be able to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll be able to do a little bit
+more and so for those who are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so for those who are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and so for those who are interested
+I will suggest readings in this my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will suggest readings in this my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will suggest readings in this my
+personal favorite supplements to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favorite supplements to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favorite supplements to this is
+the textbook by Bernhard Shutts a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook by Bernhard Shutts a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbook by Bernhard Shutts a first
+course in general relativity okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in general relativity okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in general relativity okay so
+these are all things where the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things where the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all things where the MIT
+bookstore I'm not sure how much they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore I'm not sure how much they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstore I'm not sure how much they
+carry they're all available through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry they're all available through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry they're all available through
+Amazon you can definitely find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon you can definitely find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon you can definitely find these
+kind of things if you get shuts it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things if you get shuts it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things if you get shuts it's
+textbook definitely get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook definitely get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook definitely get the second
+edition the first edition contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition the first edition contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition the first edition contains
+errors okay there is actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay there is actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay there is actually a very
+important geometric object that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important geometric object that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important geometric object that we are
+going to introduce in a couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce in a couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce in a couple of weeks
+that his textbook has a really clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his textbook has a really clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his textbook has a really clever
+derivation of them or seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of them or seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of them or seeing the
+thinking wow that's really clever and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking wow that's really clever and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking wow that's really clever and I
+was like the reason you would do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the reason you would do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the reason you would do it so
+simply is because it's wrong it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply is because it's wrong it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply is because it's wrong it's
+corrected in the second edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected in the second edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected in the second edition
+another one is gravitation by Misner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is gravitation by Misner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is gravitation by Misner
+thorne and wheeler this is sort of a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorne and wheeler this is sort of a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorne and wheeler this is sort of a bit
+of personal history for me I was thorns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal history for me I was thorns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of personal history for me I was thorns
+graduate student and I used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student and I used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student and I used this
+textbook when I learn this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook when I learn this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook when I learn this subject
+originally I frankly do not recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally I frankly do not recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally I frankly do not recommend
+this textbook to somebody who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this textbook to somebody who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this textbook to somebody who is
+learning the subject for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the subject for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the subject for the first time
+okay it's a good place for a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a good place for a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a good place for a reference
+for certain things it's available in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain things it's available in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain things it's available in the
+reading room nobody can get a copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading room nobody can get a copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading room nobody can get a copy and
+pick it up so first of all picking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up so first of all picking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up so first of all picking it up
+kind of a it's good exercise okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's good exercise okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a it's good exercise okay it's
+actually like a you know it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like a you know it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like a you know it's a huge
+book it gravitates so it's a great read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it gravitates so it's a great read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it gravitates so it's a great read
+friends and has a couple of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and has a couple of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and has a couple of good
+sections than it for new students but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections than it for new students but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections than it for new students but I
+will indicate from time to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will indicate from time to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will indicate from time to time
+especially some of the stuff we do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially some of the stuff we do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially some of the stuff we do in
+the second half of the class I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the class I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the class I my
+lectures are kind of inspired by mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are kind of inspired by mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are kind of inspired by mr.
+thorn and dealer wheeler known as MTW um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorn and dealer wheeler known as MTW um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorn and dealer wheeler known as MTW um
+and for those of you who have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who have sort of a
+more mathematically minded approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematically minded approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematically minded approach to
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+general relativity by walled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity by walled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity by walled in the
+course syllabus I call this the UB book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course syllabus I call this the UB book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course syllabus I call this the UB book
+I mean this really is their the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this really is their the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this really is their the
+self-contained book that really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained book that really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained book that really you know
+pins down the subject very very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins down the subject very very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pins down the subject very very well
+it's quite terse and formal but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite terse and formal but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite terse and formal but also
+very very clear if you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear if you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear if you are a
+mathematically minded thinker you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically minded thinker you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically minded thinker you will
+find this to be a really good textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this to be a really good textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this to be a really good textbook
+to refer to there is one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to there is one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refer to there is one particular
+derivation then I'm gonna do in about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation then I'm gonna do in about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation then I'm gonna do in about a
+month and a half that I essentially take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and a half that I essentially take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and a half that I essentially take
+from Wald's textbook because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Wald's textbook because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Wald's textbook because it's just
+beautiful other things in it you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful other things in it you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful other things in it you know to
+me it's a little too terse for my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's a little too terse for my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's a little too terse for my own
+personal taste but others may find it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal taste but others may find it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal taste but others may find it to
+be pretty good okay so two other quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty good okay so two other quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty good okay so two other quick
+things so there are eleven problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there are eleven problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there are eleven problem sets
+and your grade is determined entirely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your grade is determined entirely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your grade is determined entirely on
+these problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problem sets
+okay the syllabus gives the schedule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the syllabus gives the schedule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the syllabus gives the schedule for
+when they will be posted and when their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they will be posted and when their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they will be posted and when their
+to be handed in 11 does not divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be handed in 11 does not divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be handed in 11 does not divide
+evenly into a hundred so what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly into a hundred so what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly into a hundred so what we do is
+we have ten that are worth nine percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ten that are worth nine percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ten that are worth nine percent
+of your grade and the eleventh is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your grade and the eleventh is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your grade and the eleventh is worth
+ten percent of your grade okay is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent of your grade okay is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent of your grade okay is that
+eleventh one really one percent longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleventh one really one percent longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleventh one really one percent longer
+you know it's this again I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's this again I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's this again I'm taking the
+viewpoint that you are graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint that you are graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewpoint that you are graduate students
+or at least you're playing one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least you're playing one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least you're playing one for the
+next hour and a half and if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour and a half and if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hour and a half and if you're going
+to sweat the difference of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sweat the difference of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sweat the difference of one
+percentage point on that thing come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point on that thing come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point on that thing come on
+it's about learning the material don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about learning the material don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about learning the material don't
+worry about those little details that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about those little details that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about those little details that
+much okay so that is where all all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay so that is where all all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay so that is where all all of
+your assessment is going to come from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assessment is going to come from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assessment is going to come from I
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+the very first time I lectured this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first time I lectured this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first time I lectured this
+course I had a final exam and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I had a final exam and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I had a final exam and it just
+turned to be a complete waste of my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned to be a complete waste of my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned to be a complete waste of my time
+and the students time you really cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students time you really cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students time you really cannot
+write effect you write problems that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write effect you write problems that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write effect you write problems that are
+so easy that you can do them in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy that you can do them in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easy that you can do them in your
+sleep or they're so difficult you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep or they're so difficult you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep or they're so difficult you can't
+do them in the time period of an exam so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them in the time period of an exam so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them in the time period of an exam so
+we're just gonna stick with problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just gonna stick with problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just gonna stick with problem set
+and that's fine okay let's move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine okay let's move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine okay let's move into
+then the way the course is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the way the course is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the way the course is going to be
+structured so my presentation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured so my presentation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured so my presentation of this
+material the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically it up to Spring Break is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it up to Spring Break is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it up to Spring Break is
+essentially the mathematical foundations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the mathematical foundations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the mathematical foundations
+of general relativity okay there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of general relativity okay there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of general relativity okay there are
+several choices that need to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several choices that need to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several choices that need to be made
+when you're doing this this often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing this this often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing this this often in
+some universities they have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some universities they have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some universities they have multiple
+semester sequences but I'm gonna cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester sequences but I'm gonna cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester sequences but I'm gonna cover
+in its first half of our semester in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its first half of our semester in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its first half of our semester in
+some places goes for a full semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some places goes for a full semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some places goes for a full semester and
+what this means there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means there's a couple of
+things that I just cannot cover in quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I just cannot cover in quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I just cannot cover in quite
+as much depth those will be things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much depth those will be things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much depth those will be things where
+for those you were interested in it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those you were interested in it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those you were interested in it have
+that kind of a mathematical thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a mathematical thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a mathematical thinking of
+things happy to push you to additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happy to push you to additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happy to push you to additional
+readings we can dive in and look at in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings we can dive in and look at in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings we can dive in and look at in a
+bit more depth my goal is to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more depth my goal is to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more depth my goal is to give you
+just enough stuff that we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough stuff that we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough stuff that we can do the
+most important applications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important applications of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important applications of this
+subject and I'm an astrophysicist it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and I'm an astrophysicist it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject and I'm an astrophysicist it'll
+be blunt most of my brilliant arresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blunt most of my brilliant arresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blunt most of my brilliant arresting
+applications tend to be things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications tend to be things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications tend to be things that have
+to do with things like cosmology black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with things like cosmology black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with things like cosmology black
+holes dense stars and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes dense stars and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes dense stars and things like that
+and so I want to get enough formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to get enough formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to get enough formalism
+together that we can get to that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that we can get to that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that we can get to that part of
+things and so the goal of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so the goal of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so the goal of this is that
+by the week right before spring break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we will do is derive I put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do is derive I put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will do is derive I put that in
+quotes you'll see why a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes you'll see why a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes you'll see why a little bit later
+the Einstein field equations that govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein field equations that govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein field equations that govern
+gravity in general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there are several things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are several things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there are several things that we
+could do that are not strictly necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that are not strictly necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that are not strictly necessary
+to get there and just because of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there and just because of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there and just because of time
+limitations that's I'm going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations that's I'm going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations that's I'm going to choose
+to sort of elide a few of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of elide a few of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of elide a few of these these
+topics the second half will then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics the second half will then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics the second half will then be
+applications okay we will use everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay we will use everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications okay we will use everything
+we drive in the first half to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drive in the first half to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drive in the first half to see how
+general relativity gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity gives us a
+relativistic theory of gravity we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic theory of gravity we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic theory of gravity we will
+begin applying it we'll see how Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin applying it we'll see how Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin applying it we'll see how Newton's
+law is encoded in these field equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is encoded in these field equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law is encoded in these field equations
+we'll see how we go beyond Newton's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how we go beyond Newton's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how we go beyond Newton's law
+get some of the classic tests of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of the classic tests of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of the classic tests of general
+relativity and then start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and then start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity and then start looking at
+solving it for more interesting systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it for more interesting systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it for more interesting systems
+looking at the evolution in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the evolution in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the evolution in the universe
+as a whole looking at the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole looking at the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole looking at the behavior of
+black holes looking at gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes looking at gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black holes looking at gravitational
+waves constructing the space-time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves constructing the space-time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves constructing the space-time of
+neutron stars things like that so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron stars things like that so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron stars things like that so it's a
+fun it's a fun semester it sort of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun it's a fun semester it sort of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun it's a fun semester it sort of works
+well to fit these two things in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to fit these two things in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to fit these two things in like
+this and for those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for those of you who are
+interested in taking things more deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in taking things more deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in taking things more deeply
+there's a lot of room to grow after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of room to grow after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of room to grow after this
+and it does look like so people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does look like so people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does look like so people who
+particularly would like to go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly would like to go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly would like to go a little
+bit more detail on some of the mass if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail on some of the mass if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail on some of the mass if
+you've looked at the syllabus I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at the syllabus I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at the syllabus I have one
+of my absolute favorite quotes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my absolute favorite quotes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my absolute favorite quotes from a
+course evaluation and I is put on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course evaluation and I is put on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course evaluation and I is put on there
+where a student and like 2007 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a student and like 2007 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a student and like 2007 or so
+wrote you know the course was fine as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote you know the course was fine as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote you know the course was fine as it
+was but professor Hughes as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but professor Hughes as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but professor Hughes as an
+astrophysicist tended to focus on really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysicist tended to focus on really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysicist tended to focus on really
+mundane topics like cosmology and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mundane topics like cosmology and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mundane topics like cosmology and black
+holes and if you think those are mundane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and if you think those are mundane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and if you think those are mundane
+topics what can I say guilty as charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics what can I say guilty as charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics what can I say guilty as charged
+but flows you who do want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but flows you who do want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but flows you who do want to take a
+different approach these sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach these sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach these sorts of things
+we will probably also Nate lecturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will probably also Nate lecturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will probably also Nate lecturing
+this course in the future between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course in the future between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course in the future between
+someone from the ctp who works more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from the ctp who works more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from the ctp who works more in
+quantum gravity and things related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity and things related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity and things related to
+that lecturing and that'll be meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecturing and that'll be meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lecturing and that'll be meta
+Engelhardt in spring of 2021 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engelhardt in spring of 2021 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engelhardt in spring of 2021 all right
+so we're now ready to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now ready to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're now ready to start talking
+about after doing all this sort of prep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after doing all this sort of prep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about after doing all this sort of prep
+we can actually talk about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually talk about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually talk about some of the
+foundations of the theory so before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of the theory so before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of the theory so before I
+dive in are there any questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive in are there any questions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive in are there any questions all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so what we're going to begin doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to begin doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to begin doing for
+the first couple of weeks I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first couple of weeks I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first couple of weeks I'm not really
+first of week the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of week the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of week the first couple of
+lectures is we're going to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is we're going to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is we're going to begin by
+discussing special relativity but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing special relativity but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing special relativity but we are
+going to do special relativity using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do special relativity using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do special relativity using
+mathematical language that emphasizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical language that emphasizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical language that emphasizes
+the geometric nature of this form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric nature of this form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric nature of this form of
+relativity what this does is it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity what this does is it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity what this does is it allows
+us to introduce the form basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to introduce the form basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to introduce the form basically the
+the formalism the notation all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formalism the notation all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formalism the notation all the
+different tools that are important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tools that are important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tools that are important for
+when things get more complicated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things get more complicated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things get more complicated okay
+when we do when we apply a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do when we apply a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do when we apply a lot of these
+tools to special relativity like we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to special relativity like we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to special relativity like we will
+be doing the first three or so lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing the first three or so lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing the first three or so lectures
+of this course you know it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course you know it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course you know it's kind of
+like swatting a mosquito with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like swatting a mosquito with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like swatting a mosquito with a
+sledgehammer you really don't need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer you really don't need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer you really don't need that
+much mathematical structure to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mathematical structure to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much mathematical structure to discuss
+special relativity but you're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity but you're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity but you're gonna be
+grateful for that sledgehammer when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful for that sledgehammer when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful for that sledgehammer when we
+start talking about strong field orbits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about strong field orbits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about strong field orbits
+of rotating black holes right and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotating black holes right and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotating black holes right and so the
+whole idea of this is to develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of this is to develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of this is to develop the
+framework in terms of a physical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in terms of a physical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework in terms of a physical system
+where it's simple to understand what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's simple to understand what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's simple to understand what is
+going on okay so these are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on okay so these are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on okay so these are sort of the
+way to introduce the mathematical tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to introduce the mathematical tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to introduce the mathematical tools
+in a place where the physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a place where the physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a place where the physics is
+straightforward and then kind of carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and then kind of carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and then kind of carry
+forward from there I will caution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward from there I will caution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward from there I will caution that
+as a consequence of this many students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence of this many students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a consequence of this many students
+find these first three lectures to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these first three lectures to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these first three lectures to be on
+the dull side so it's just some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dull side so it's just some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dull side so it's just some stuff
+that we kind of have to get out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we kind of have to get out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we kind of have to get out there
+and then as we generalize to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as we generalize to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as we generalize to more
+interesting mathematical objects more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mathematical objects more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mathematical objects more
+interesting physical settings it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting physical settings it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting physical settings it gets
+more interesting all right so let's dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting all right so let's dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting all right so let's dive
+in so this setting for everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this setting for everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so this setting for everything that
+we will be doing is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be doing is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be doing is a geometric
+concept known as space-time so we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept known as space-time so we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept known as space-time so we give
+you a precise mathematical definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a precise mathematical definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a precise mathematical definition of
+space-time so a spacetime is a manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so a spacetime is a manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time so a spacetime is a manifold
+of events that is endowed with a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events that is endowed with a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events that is endowed with a metric
+okay it's a wonderful mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a wonderful mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a wonderful mathematical
+definition and I've written it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and I've written it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and I've written it in a way
+that requires me to carefully define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires me to carefully define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires me to carefully define
+three additional terms so the quant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three additional terms so the quant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three additional terms so the quant the
+concepts that I've underlined here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that I've underlined here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that I've underlined here I've
+not to find them yet precisely exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to find them yet precisely exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to find them yet precisely exactly
+what I mean by them so let's go over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by them so let's go over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by them so let's go over to
+the sideboard talk about what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sideboard talk about what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sideboard talk about what exactly
+these are so a manifold this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are so a manifold this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are so a manifold this is if you
+are a mathematician you might twitch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a mathematician you might twitch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a mathematician you might twitch a
+little bit about the way that I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the way that I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the way that I am going
+to define this and I will point you to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define this and I will point you to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define this and I will point you to a
+reading that does it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that does it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that does it a little bit more
+precisely but for the purposes of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely but for the purposes of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely but for the purposes of our
+class a manifold is essentially just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a manifold is essentially just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a manifold is essentially just a
+set or a collection of points with well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or a collection of points with well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or a collection of points with well
+understood connectedness properties okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood connectedness properties okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood connectedness properties okay
+so it's essentially what I mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's essentially what I mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's essentially what I mean by that
+is I'm going to talk about manifolds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to talk about manifolds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to talk about manifolds of
+space and time okay and so I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time okay and so I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time okay and so I haven't
+defined an event yet but I'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined an event yet but I'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined an event yet but I'm about to
+but I'm gonna say that you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna say that you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna say that you know there's
+a bunch of events that happened at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of events that happened at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of events that happened at this
+place and at this time a bunch of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and at this time a bunch of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and at this time a bunch of events
+that happen at this place and at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen at this place and at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen at this place and at this
+time and the manifold of space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the manifold of space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the manifold of space-time
+gives me some notion of how I connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me some notion of how I connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me some notion of how I connect
+the events over here to the events over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events over here to the events over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events over here to the events over
+here there really it's a manifold is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there really it's a manifold is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there really it's a manifold is a
+topological concept it's all about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological concept it's all about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological concept it's all about how
+one connects one region to another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one connects one region to another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one connects one region to another one
+okay so you know if you're working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if you're working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if you're working on a
+manifold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold
+that lives on the surface of a doughnut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lives on the surface of a doughnut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lives on the surface of a doughnut
+you have a particular topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a particular topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a particular topology
+associated that if it lives on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated that if it lives on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated that if it lives on the
+surface of a sphere e of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere e of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere e of a different
+topology associated with it if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology associated with it if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology associated with it if you would
+like to see more careful and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see more careful and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see more careful and more
+rigorous discussion of this this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous discussion of this this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous discussion of this this is one
+of the places where Carol is very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the places where Carol is very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the places where Carol is very good
+so go into Carol and at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go into Carol and at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go into Carol and at least in the
+Edition that I have it slim pages 54 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition that I have it slim pages 54 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition that I have it slim pages 54 to
+62 it goes into you know he introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 it goes into you know he introduces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+62 it goes into you know he introduces a
+bit of additional mathematical machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of additional mathematical machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of additional mathematical machinery
+discuss things with a little more rigor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss things with a little more rigor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss things with a little more rigor
+than that I'm doing here rigorous at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that I'm doing here rigorous at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that I'm doing here rigorous at all
+so it significantly more rigor than I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it significantly more rigor than I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it significantly more rigor than I'm
+doing here those of you who are into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here those of you who are into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here those of you who are into
+that that should be something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be something that you
+enjoy so in a vent this is when and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy so in a vent this is when and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy so in a vent this is when and
+where something happens okay could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something happens okay could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something happens okay could be
+anything from our point of view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from our point of view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from our point of view the
+event essentially is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event essentially is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event essentially is going to be the
+fundamental notion of a coordinate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental notion of a coordinate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental notion of a coordinate in
+space-time okay we will actually in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time okay we will actually in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time okay we will actually in many
+cases that's bad that's bad word choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that's bad that's bad word choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that's bad that's bad word choice
+I should say coordinates are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say coordinates are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say coordinates are actually
+sort of labels that we attach to events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of labels that we attach to events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of labels that we attach to events
+okay we are gonna be free to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are gonna be free to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are gonna be free to adjust
+those labels but the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those labels but the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those labels but the underlying
+geometric idea that the event is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric idea that the event is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric idea that the event is here
+that's independent of the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's independent of the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's independent of the coordinates
+that we choose so we will label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we choose so we will label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we choose so we will label these
+things with coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the event itself exists independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the event itself exists independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the event itself exists independent
+of these labels okay so you know just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these labels okay so you know just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these labels okay so you know just to
+give an example there might be one event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example there might be one event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example there might be one event
+which is I punch myself in the head okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I punch myself in the head okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I punch myself in the head okay
+and so I'm very egotistical say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm very egotistical say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'm very egotistical say this
+event happened at time zero X Y & Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happened at time zero X Y & Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happened at time zero X Y & Z
+equals zero because I define this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero because I define this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero because I define this corner
+of my skull as the origin the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my skull as the origin the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my skull as the origin the coordinate
+system and I always think whatever's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I always think whatever's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I always think whatever's
+happening right now is the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right now is the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right now is the origin of
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+those you out in the room are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you out in the room are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you out in the room are also
+egocentric and you would say whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egocentric and you would say whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egocentric and you would say whatever
+I'm gonna call that you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call that you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call that you know let's say
+you were at Y of three meters and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were at Y of three meters and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were at Y of three meters and I'm
+gonna put the floor as the origin of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put the floor as the origin of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put the floor as the origin of my
+z-axis so Z of 1.7 meters or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis so Z of 1.7 meters or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis so Z of 1.7 meters or whatever
+and you will come with your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will come with your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will come with your own
+independent labeling of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent labeling of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent labeling of these things
+okay so you're all familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're all familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're all familiar with the
+idea that we can just change coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we can just change coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we can just change coordinate
+systems I'm gonna harp on this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'm gonna harp on this a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'm gonna harp on this a bit
+though because there's gonna be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because there's gonna be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because there's gonna be a really
+important distinction we make between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction we make between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction we make between
+geometrical objects that live in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical objects that live in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical objects that live in this
+manifold of space-time and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold of space-time and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold of space-time and how we
+represent them using labels that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them using labels that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them using labels that might
+be attached to coordinate systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attached to coordinate systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attached to coordinate systems okay
+and I'm going to come back to this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to come back to this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to come back to this when
+we start talking about some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about some additional
+geometric objects in just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric objects in just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric objects in just a couple
+minutes so the last object that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so the last object that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so the last object that I have
+introduced into here is one that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into here is one that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into here is one that we will
+begin talking about in a lot more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin talking about in a lot more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin talking about in a lot more detail
+in the next lecture but let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture but let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture but let me put it
+into here right away and so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here right away and so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here right away and so that is the
+metric metric comes from a root meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric metric comes from a root meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric metric comes from a root meaning
+to measure and what this is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure and what this is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure and what this is is this
+something that gives me a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gives me a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that gives me a notion of
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between events in the manifold okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between events in the manifold okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between events in the manifold okay for
+the physics to work this has to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics to work this has to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics to work this has to exist
+right but it's worth knowing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's worth knowing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's worth knowing that the
+the idea of a manifold is in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a manifold is in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a manifold is in some way
+more primitive than this okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more primitive than this okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more primitive than this okay you can
+have a manifold without any notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a manifold without any notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a manifold without any notion of a
+metric attached to it and if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric attached to it and if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric attached to it and if that's the
+case you know people like to joke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know people like to joke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know people like to joke that
+if you don't know what a the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what a the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know what a the difference
+is between a metric with a manifold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between a metric with a manifold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between a metric with a manifold and
+without a manner to me a manifold with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a manner to me a manifold with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a manner to me a manifold with a
+metric and without a metric you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and without a metric you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and without a metric you know
+feel free to drink coffee out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to drink coffee out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to drink coffee out of a
+doughnut okay because topologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doughnut okay because topologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doughnut okay because topologically
+those are the exact same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the exact same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the exact same thing but
+they're geometry which is encoded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're geometry which is encoded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're geometry which is encoded in the
+metric which tells me how the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric which tells me how the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric which tells me how the different
+points on that manifold are arranged are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on that manifold are arranged are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on that manifold are arranged are
+rather different so what this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather different so what this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather different so what this basically
+does is it's going to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it's going to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it's going to give me a
+mathematical object that enforces R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object that enforces R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object that enforces R
+really conveys the idea that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really conveys the idea that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really conveys the idea that different
+events in this manifold have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in this manifold have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in this manifold have a
+particular distance between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular distance between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular distance between them so
+without this a manifold has no notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this a manifold has no notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this a manifold has no notion of
+distance encoded in it so the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance encoded in it so the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance encoded in it so the two things
+together really make this this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together really make this this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together really make this this concept
+come come to life you can see a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come to life you can see a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come come to life you can see a lot more
+like I said so talked about you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said so talked about you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said so talked about you can get
+more information about many these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information about many these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information about many these
+concepts from the the readings that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts from the the readings that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts from the the readings that in
+Carroll Wald's textbook also goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll Wald's textbook also goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll Wald's textbook also goes into
+quite a lot of detail about this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of detail about this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of detail about this stuff
+okay so this is the venue this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the venue this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the venue this is the
+setting in which we are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in which we are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in which we are going to talk
+about things and just cutting forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and just cutting forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things and just cutting forward
+roughly two and a half months worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly two and a half months worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly two and a half months worth of
+lectures what we're going to find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures what we're going to find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures what we're going to find is
+that part of I'm Stein's genius is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of I'm Stein's genius is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of I'm Stein's genius is that
+it turns out that this notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this notion of the
+metric ends up encoding gravity okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric ends up encoding gravity okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric ends up encoding gravity okay and
+so that's kind of where we're gonna end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of where we're gonna end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of where we're gonna end
+up going with things the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going with things the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going with things the idea that the
+mathematical structure that tells me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure that tells me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure that tells me how
+far apart two events are is intimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart two events are is intimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart two events are is intimately
+connected to the properties of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the properties of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the properties of gravity
+it's pretty cool and it is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool and it is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty cool and it is something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know physics is an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physics is an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physics is an experimental
+science all of our measurements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science all of our measurements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science all of our measurements are
+consistent with it so that's cool all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with it so that's cool all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with it so that's cool all
+right so everything I've said so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everything I've said so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so everything I've said so far
+nothing but mass okay nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but mass okay nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but mass okay nothing but
+definitions so let's start working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so let's start working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so let's start working with
+a particular form of physics so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular form of physics so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular form of physics so we are
+going to begin as I said with special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to begin as I said with special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to begin as I said with special
+relativity this is the simplest theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity this is the simplest theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity this is the simplest theory
+of space-time that is compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time that is compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space-time that is compatible with
+physics as we know it not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as we know it not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as we know it not fully
+compatible but does a pretty good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible but does a pretty good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible but does a pretty good job
+and we'll see that it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that it turns out to
+correspond to general relativity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to general relativity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to general relativity when
+there is no gravity ok so to set this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no gravity ok so to set this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no gravity ok so to set this up
+we need to have some kind of a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to have some kind of a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to have some kind of a way of
+labeling our events and so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling our events and so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling our events and so I'm gonna
+introduce kind of a conceptual can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce kind of a conceptual can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce kind of a conceptual can
+almost think of it as like scaffolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost think of it as like scaffolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost think of it as like scaffolding
+which we're going to use to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to use to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to use to sort of
+build a lot of our concepts around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a lot of our concepts around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a lot of our concepts around and
+in this one you know I I mean that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one you know I I mean that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one you know I I mean that in a
+kind of an abstract sense that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an abstract sense that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an abstract sense that's gonna
+be sort of like the edifice that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of like the edifice that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of like the edifice that we use
+to help us build a building that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us build a building that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us build a building that's going
+to be the mathematics of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mathematics of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the mathematics of general
+relativity but this one really is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but this one really is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but this one really is kind
+of like a scaffolding because what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a scaffolding because what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a scaffolding because what I
+want us to introduce here is a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is called an inertial reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called an inertial reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called an inertial reference
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm going to sketch this quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to sketch this quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to sketch this quickly
+and I'm going to post to the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to post to the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to post to the course
+website a chapter from an early draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a chapter from an early draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a chapter from an early draft
+textbook all right Roger Blandford in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook all right Roger Blandford in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook all right Roger Blandford in
+kit form so when I talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit form so when I talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit form so when I talk about the
+inertial reference frame I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial reference frame I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial reference frame I want you to
+sort of visualize in your head a lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of visualize in your head a lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of visualize in your head a lattice
+of clocks clocks and measuring rods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clocks clocks and measuring rods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clocks clocks and measuring rods that
+allows us to label in other words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to label in other words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to label in other words to
+assign coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any event that happens in space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I just sort of in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just sort of in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just sort of in your head
+imagine that there's this grid of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there's this grid of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that there's this grid of little
+clocks and measuring and measuring rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and measuring and measuring rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and measuring and measuring rods
+and you know sceeto lands on your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know sceeto lands on your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know sceeto lands on your head
+in theirs it's right near a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theirs it's right near a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theirs it's right near a particular
+rod in a particular clock it bites you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod in a particular clock it bites you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod in a particular clock it bites you
+that's an event you slap it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an event you slap it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an event you slap it that's
+another event and the measuring rods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another event and the measuring rods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another event and the measuring rods and
+the events are what allows you to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events are what allows you to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events are what allows you to sort
+of keep track of the ordering of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep track of the ordering of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keep track of the ordering of those
+events and where they happen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and where they happen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and where they happen in this
+four dimensional manifold of space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional manifold of space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional manifold of space-time
+so I'm going to require this lattice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to require this lattice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to require this lattice to
+have a certain set of properties first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna say that this lattice moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say that this lattice moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say that this lattice moves
+freely through space-time what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely through space-time what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely through space-time what do I mean
+by moving freely I mean no forces act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by moving freely I mean no forces act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by moving freely I mean no forces act on
+it it does not rotate it is inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does not rotate it is inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does not rotate it is inertial
+every clock and every measuring rod has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every clock and every measuring rod has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every clock and every measuring rod has
+no inertia no force is acting on it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no inertia no force is acting on it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no inertia no force is acting on it at
+all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you look at that you might think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that you might think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that you might think to
+yourself why don't you just make it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why don't you just make it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why don't you just make it at
+rest well I did it's at rest its back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest well I did it's at rest its back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest well I did it's at rest its back to
+someone okay but we might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone okay but we might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone okay but we might have a
+different observer who's coming along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observer who's coming along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observer who's coming along
+who has no forces acting on her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has no forces acting on her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has no forces acting on her and
+she's moving relative to me at 3/4 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's moving relative to me at 3/4 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's moving relative to me at 3/4 of
+the speed of light okay it's not at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light okay it's not at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light okay it's not at rest
+with respect to that observer and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that observer and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to that observer and that's
+actually kind of the key here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of the key here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of the key here okay so
+this inertial reference frame is at rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inertial reference frame is at rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inertial reference frame is at rest
+with respect to someone who feels no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to someone who feels no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to someone who feels no
+forces but knots to all observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm gonna require that my measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna require that my measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm gonna require that my measuring
+rods are orthogonal to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods are orthogonal to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods are orthogonal to each other so
+they define an orthogonal coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define an orthogonal coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define an orthogonal coordinate
+system and I am also going to require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I am also going to require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I am also going to require
+that the little markings on them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the little markings on them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the little markings on them that
+tell me where things happen are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where things happen are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where things happen are
+uniformly ticked okay in other words I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly ticked okay in other words I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly ticked okay in other words I'm
+going to just make sure is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just make sure is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just make sure is that the
+spacing between tick marks here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between tick marks here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between tick marks here is
+exactly the same as the space between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as the space between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as the space between
+tick marks here okay you may sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick marks here okay you may sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick marks here okay you may sort of
+think well that's you know a result or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that's you know a result or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well that's you know a result or
+an idea worthy of the journal duh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea worthy of the journal duh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea worthy of the journal duh but
+you know it's important to specify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's important to specify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's important to specify this
+do you want to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to make sure that the
+standard you are using to define length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you are using to define length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard you are using to define length
+is the same in this region of space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in this region of space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same in this region of space-time
+as it is over in this region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is over in this region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it is over in this region of
+space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time
+when we start getting into general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start getting into general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start getting into general
+relativity we start to see if there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity we start to see if there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity we start to see if there can
+be concerns about this coming about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be concerns about this coming about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be concerns about this coming about so
+it's worth spelling it out and making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth spelling it out and making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth spelling it out and making it
+clear at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm also going to require that my clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also going to require that my clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also going to require that my clocks
+tick uniformly okay we're gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick uniformly okay we're gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick uniformly okay we're gonna make
+this lattice that fills all of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lattice that fills all of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lattice that fills all of space
+time using the best thing that Swiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time using the best thing that Swiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time using the best thing that Swiss
+engineers can make for us we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers can make for us we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers can make for us we want to
+make sure that one second an interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that one second an interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that one second an interval of
+one second is the same here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second is the same here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second is the same here in this
+classroom as it is somewhere off in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom as it is somewhere off in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom as it is somewhere off in the
+Andromeda galaxy okay we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andromeda galaxy okay we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andromeda galaxy okay we want to make
+sure that there is no evolution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there is no evolution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there is no evolution to the
+time standard when we do this finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time standard when we do this finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time standard when we do this finally
+I'm going to synchronize all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to synchronize all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to synchronize all these
+clocks with each other in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks with each other in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks with each other in the following
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to use the I'm Stein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to use the I'm Stein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to use the I'm Stein
+synchronization procedure this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization procedure this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization procedure this is the
+first place where a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place where a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place where a little bit of
+physics is actually beginning to finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is actually beginning to finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is actually beginning to finally
+enter our discussion okay so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter our discussion okay so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter our discussion okay so I'll
+comment that I'm gonna go through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I'm gonna go through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that I'm gonna go through what
+this procedure is in just a second ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure is in just a second ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure is in just a second ah
+but in Easter Egg here whenever you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Easter Egg here whenever you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Easter Egg here whenever you see
+a name that has Einstein in it your ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name that has Einstein in it your ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name that has Einstein in it your ears
+should perk up a little bit cuz it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should perk up a little bit cuz it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should perk up a little bit cuz it
+probably means there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably means there's something
+important okay quarters in relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay quarters in relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay quarters in relativity
+and that tends to be you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tends to be you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tends to be you know that the
+things that end up mattering even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that end up mattering even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that end up mattering even when
+they end up being really kind of easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up being really kind of easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up being really kind of easy to
+think we look at now and kind of see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we look at now and kind of see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we look at now and kind of see as
+fairly obvious it's important okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly obvious it's important okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly obvious it's important okay and
+we often attach Einstein's name to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often attach Einstein's name to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often attach Einstein's name to this
+so this is fine synchronization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is fine synchronization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is fine synchronization
+procedure this takes advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure this takes advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure this takes advantage of the
+fact and by the way we are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and by the way we are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and by the way we are not going to
+teach special relativity in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach special relativity in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach special relativity in this course
+eight 962 I assume you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight 962 I assume you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight 962 I assume you've already
+studied special relativity and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied special relativity and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied special relativity and you're
+all experts in this and so I can freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all experts in this and so I can freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all experts in this and so I can freely
+borrow from it's important results this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from it's important results this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from it's important results this
+procedure takes advantage of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the speed of light is the same to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the speed of light is the same to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the speed of light is the same to
+all observers no matter what inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observers no matter what inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observers no matter what inertial
+reference frame they might be in okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame they might be in okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame they might be in okay so
+the speed of light is a key invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light is a key invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light is a key invariant
+okay it connects you know because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it connects you know because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it connects you know because it's a
+speed connect space and time and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed connect space and time and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed connect space and time and because
+it is the same to all observers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same to all observers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same to all observers it
+defines a particular standard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a particular standard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a particular standard for
+relating space and time that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating space and time that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating space and time that is going to
+have important invariant meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have important invariant meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have important invariant meaning
+associated with it okay so it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it okay so it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it okay so it's to
+remind you what this means so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what this means so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what this means so you don't
+have a laser pointer with me I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laser pointer with me I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a laser pointer with me I might
+don't worry about it let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it let's have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it let's have a
+pretend laser pointer my chalk some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend laser pointer my chalk some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend laser pointer my chalk some
+laser pointer so you know I point my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer so you know I point my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer so you know I point my
+laser pointer at the wall and you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer at the wall and you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer at the wall and you all
+see it dashing across the room at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it dashing across the room at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it dashing across the room at
+300,000 kilometers per second I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 kilometers per second I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 kilometers per second I then
+start jogging at half the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start jogging at half the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start jogging at half the speed of light
+as is my want and continue to point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is my want and continue to point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is my want and continue to point that
+you guys measure the light going across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys measure the light going across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys measure the light going across
+the room you still measure 300,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room you still measure 300,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room you still measure 300,000
+kilometers per second I on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second I on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second I on the other
+hand measure the light coming out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand measure the light coming out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand measure the light coming out of my
+laser pointer and I get 300,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer and I get 300,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer and I get 300,000
+kilometers per second okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers per second okay so just
+because my laser pointer is moving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my laser pointer is moving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my laser pointer is moving at
+half the speed of light according to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the speed of light according to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the speed of light according to you
+it doesn't mean the light that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean the light that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean the light that's coming
+out of it is boosted to a higher speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it is boosted to a higher speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it is boosted to a higher speed
+if you study special relativity you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you study special relativity you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you study special relativity you'll
+know that it's energy is boosted to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's energy is boosted to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's energy is boosted to a
+higher energy level but the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy level but the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy level but the speed of
+light is always just C so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is always just C so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is always just C so we're going to
+take advantage of that to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of that to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of that to come up with a
+way of synchronizing our clocks so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of synchronizing our clocks so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of synchronizing our clocks so the
+way it works is this so let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is this so let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is this so let's look at a
+two-dimensional slice of my lattice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional slice of my lattice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional slice of my lattice here
+it's time and let's make this be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time and let's make this be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time and let's make this be the
+x-axis and so I will have let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and so I will have let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and so I will have let's say this
+is where o'clock one exists and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where o'clock one exists and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where o'clock one exists and this is
+where o'clock two exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where o'clock two exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where o'clock two exists
+let's go into the reference frame that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go into the reference frame that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go into the reference frame that
+is that rest with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that rest with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that rest with respect to this
+lattice we want to synchronize clock one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice we want to synchronize clock one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice we want to synchronize clock one
+with clock two so as time marches on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clock two so as time marches on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clock two so as time marches on
+these guys stand still so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys stand still so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys stand still so here's the
+path and space-time the world line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and space-time the world line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and space-time the world line
+traced out by clock one here's the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced out by clock one here's the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced out by clock one here's the clock
+path and space time the world line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and space time the world line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and space time the world line
+traced out by clock - so let's say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced out by clock - so let's say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traced out by clock - so let's say let's
+call this event let's say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this event let's say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this event let's say that this
+event happens at a time t1 e t1 is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happens at a time t1 e t1 is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happens at a time t1 e t1 is when
+o'clock one emits a pulse of light okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock one emits a pulse of light okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock one emits a pulse of light okay
+so this light will just follow a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this light will just follow a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this light will just follow a a
+little trajectory of it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trajectory of it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trajectory of it through
+space-time this goes out and strikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time this goes out and strikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time this goes out and strikes
+clock - at which point it is bounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock - at which point it is bounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock - at which point it is bounced
+back to clock one let's ignore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to clock one let's ignore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to clock one let's ignore this
+point for just a second so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for just a second so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for just a second so let's just
+say for the moment that this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the moment that this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the moment that this is then
+reflected back okay and then is received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected back okay and then is received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected back okay and then is received
+back at clock one at a time t1 t1 our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock one receives the reflected pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the moment at which it bounces we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the moment at which it bounces we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the moment at which it bounces we'll
+call that T to be that is the moment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that T to be that is the moment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that T to be that is the moment at
+which the light bounces off of clock too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the light bounces off of clock too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the light bounces off of clock too
+and the way we synchronize our clocks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we synchronize our clocks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we synchronize our clocks is
+just by a requiring that this be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by a requiring that this be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by a requiring that this be equal
+to the average of the emission and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average of the emission and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average of the emission and the
+reception time totally trivial idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception time totally trivial idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception time totally trivial idea
+right all I'm saying is I'm gonna just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all I'm saying is I'm gonna just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all I'm saying is I'm gonna just
+require that in order for clock one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that in order for clock one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require that in order for clock one and
+clock two to be synchronized to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock two to be synchronized to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock two to be synchronized to one
+another let's make sure that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's make sure that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another let's make sure that when I
+bounce light between any two pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce light between any two pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce light between any two pairs of
+clocks they are set such that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks they are set such that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks they are set such that when the
+light bounces it's the midway point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bounces it's the midway point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bounces it's the midway point
+between the total light truck it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the total light truck it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the total light truck it's the
+halfway of the total light travel time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway of the total light travel time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway of the total light travel time
+that the light light moves along very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light light moves along very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the light light moves along very
+very simple concept okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple concept okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple concept okay so there's
+nothing particularly deep here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing particularly deep here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing particularly deep here but
+notice I'm Stein's name is attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm Stein's name is attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I'm Stein's name is attached to
+this okay and I don't say that to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and I don't say that to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and I don't say that to be so
+I'm not being sarcastic I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not being sarcastic I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not being sarcastic I mean there
+really is it really points to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is it really points to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is it really points to the fact
+that we're using the fundamental one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using the fundamental one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using the fundamental one of
+the most fundamental results of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fundamental results of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fundamental results of special
+relativity in designing how these clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in designing how these clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in designing how these clocks
+work in this inertial reference frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this inertial reference frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this inertial reference frame
+believe it or not this thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not this thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not this thing you know
+that there's this really simple concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this really simple concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this really simple concept
+it comes back to sort of bite us on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back to sort of bite us on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes back to sort of bite us on the
+butt a little bit later in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt a little bit later in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt a little bit later in this course
+because when we throw gravity into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we throw gravity into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we throw gravity into the
+mix we're gonna learn that gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix we're gonna learn that gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix we're gonna learn that gravity
+impacts the way light travels through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the way light travels through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the way light travels through
+space time okay we're gonna get to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time okay we're gonna get to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space time okay we're gonna get to some
+objects where gravity is so strong that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects where gravity is so strong that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects where gravity is so strong that
+light cannot escape them and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cannot escape them and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cannot escape them and we're gonna
+find that the way our perhaps most naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the way our perhaps most naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the way our perhaps most naive
+ways of labeling time in the space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of labeling time in the space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of labeling time in the space time
+of such objects kind of goes completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such objects kind of goes completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such objects kind of goes completely
+haywire fundamentally the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haywire fundamentally the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haywire fundamentally the reason why
+time is going haywire when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going haywire when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going haywire when you have
+really strong gravity is because we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong gravity is because we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong gravity is because we use
+light as our tool for synchronizing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as our tool for synchronizing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as our tool for synchronizing all
+of our clocks and if the way that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our clocks and if the way that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our clocks and if the way that light
+moves in your space-time is affected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in your space-time is affected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in your space-time is affected the
+way you're gonna label time is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're gonna label time is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're gonna label time is gonna be
+affected so this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected so this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected so this is a very simple
+concept again I sort of emphasize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept again I sort of emphasize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept again I sort of emphasize these
+first couple lectures you're swatting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple lectures you're swatting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple lectures you're swatting a
+mosquito with a sledgehammer but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito with a sledgehammer but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito with a sledgehammer but we're
+setting up this edifice because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up this edifice because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up this edifice because this
+we'll come back and it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and it's important to
+bear this in mind when things get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear this in mind when things get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear this in mind when things get a
+little more interesting later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interesting later in the
+course alright so let's start setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course alright so let's start setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course alright so let's start setting up
+some geometrical objects here oh pardon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some geometrical objects here oh pardon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some geometrical objects here oh pardon
+me let me do one other things really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me do one other things really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me do one other things really
+quickly before I start setting up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly before I start setting up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly before I start setting up some
+geometric objects so when I sketched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric objects so when I sketched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric objects so when I sketched
+this so called this things on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so called this things on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so called this things on a
+spacetime diagram here I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime diagram here I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime diagram here I should have
+talked a little bit about the units that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about the units that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about the units that
+I'm going to use to describe the ticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use to describe the ticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use to describe the ticking
+of my clocks and the spacing of tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my clocks and the spacing of tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my clocks and the spacing of tick
+marks on my measuring rods what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks on my measuring rods what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks on my measuring rods what we will
+generally do in this course is choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally do in this course is choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally do in this course is choose
+the basic unit of length to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic unit of length to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic unit of length to be the
+distance light travels in your basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance light travels in your basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance light travels in your basic
+unit of time okay while you slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time okay while you slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time okay while you slightly
+Jabberwock in my apologies while you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jabberwock in my apologies while you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jabberwock in my apologies while you a
+parse that sentence what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse that sentence what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse that sentence what that's
+basically saying is suppose I set my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying is suppose I set my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying is suppose I set my
+clock so that they tick every second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock so that they tick every second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock so that they tick every second
+well if my clocks tick once per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if my clocks tick once per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if my clocks tick once per second
+then my basic unit of length will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my basic unit of length will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my basic unit of length will be the
+light second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you want to put this into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want to put this into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want to put this into more
+familiar units that's about 300,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar units that's about 300,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar units that's about 300,000
+kilometers one of my personal favorites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the time unit is one nanosecond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the time unit is one nanosecond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the time unit is one nanosecond the
+length unit is of course one I will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length unit is of course one I will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length unit is of course one I will call
+it LNS light nanosecond students who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it LNS light nanosecond students who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it LNS light nanosecond students who are
+in 803 three with me are not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 803 three with me are not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 803 three with me are not allowed to
+answer this question does anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question does anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question does anyone know
+what one light nanosecond is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one light nanosecond is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one light nanosecond is actually
+there is this is a little bit ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this is a little bit ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this is a little bit ridiculous
+but to within far greater than a percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to within far greater than a percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to within far greater than a percent
+accuracy it is one foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy it is one foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy it is one foot
+okay the English unit that comes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the English unit that comes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the English unit that comes on
+these you know asinine roar is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know asinine roar is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know asinine roar is that
+those of us educate in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us educate in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us educate in the United States
+learned and all of our European friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and all of our European friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and all of our European friends
+sneer at us about the speed of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneer at us about the speed of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneer at us about the speed of light is
+to incredible precision one foot per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incredible precision one foot per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incredible precision one foot per
+nanosecond to be fair let's make that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanosecond to be fair let's make that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanosecond to be fair let's make that a
+wiggly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this means is that in the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that in the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that in the units
+that I'm gonna be working with the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna be working with the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna be working with the speed
+of if I then wants to express the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if I then wants to express the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if I then wants to express the speed
+of light in these units so C is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in these units so C is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light in these units so C is one
+light time unit per time unit which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light time unit per time unit which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light time unit per time unit which we
+are just going to call one okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to call one okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just going to call one okay so we
+will generally set the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generally set the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generally set the speed of light
+equal to one just bear in mind what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one just bear in mind what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one just bear in mind what this
+essentially means is that you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means is that you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially means is that you can think
+of if you want to then convert to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you want to then convert to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you want to then convert to your
+favorite you know meters per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite you know meters per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite you know meters per second
+furlongs per fortnight whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furlongs per fortnight whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furlongs per fortnight whatever it is
+that you're most comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're most comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're most comfortable with
+C is effectively a conversion factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is effectively a conversion factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is effectively a conversion factor
+then okay and so what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay and so what this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay and so what this means is that
+when we do this all philosophies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this all philosophies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this all philosophies that we
+measure are going to be dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure are going to be dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure are going to be dimensionless
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+really what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we're doing is we're
+measuring them as fractions of the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring them as fractions of the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring them as fractions of the speed
+of light okay so now with the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light okay so now with the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light okay so now with the system of
+units defined let's talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units defined let's talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units defined let's talk about a
+geometric object so let's imagine that o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an observer in the inertial reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an observer in the inertial reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an observer in the inertial reference
+frame that I defined a few moments ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the mouthful to say it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mouthful to say it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mouthful to say it's even
+more of a mouthful to write so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a mouthful to write so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a mouthful to write so I'm going
+to typically abbreviate this IRF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so-oh observes two events which i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-oh observes two events which i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-oh observes two events which i will
+label p and q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's say here in space-time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say here in space-time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's say here in space-time so
+imagine I've got coordinate axes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I've got coordinate axes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I've got coordinate axes that
+have been drawn it's gonna be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been drawn it's gonna be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been drawn it's gonna be three
+dimensional for simplicity I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional for simplicity I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional for simplicity I'm not gonna
+actually write them out let's say I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write them out let's say I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write them out let's say I've
+got event P here and event Q over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got event P here and event Q over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got event P here and event Q over here
+now if we were just doing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we were just doing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we were just doing you know
+Euclidean geometry in 3-space you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean geometry in 3-space you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euclidean geometry in 3-space you guys
+have all known that once you've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all known that once you've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all known that once you've got two
+events written down on a plane or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events written down on a plane or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events written down on a plane or in a
+three-dimensional space something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space something like
+that you can define the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can define the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can define the displacement
+vector from one to the other we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from one to the other we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from one to the other we're gonna
+do the same thing in space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's call Delta X I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's call Delta X I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's call Delta X I'm gonna
+make a comment on notation in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment on notation in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a comment on notation in just a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+this is the displacement in space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the displacement in space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the displacement in space-time
+from P to Q okay and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to Q okay and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from P to Q okay and we're going to
+define the components of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the components of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the components of this
+displacement vector as seen by o so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector as seen by o so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vector as seen by o so when
+I write equals with a dot on it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write equals with a dot on it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write equals with a dot on it that
+means the geometric object that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the geometric object that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the geometric object that I've
+written on the left hand side is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the left hand side is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the left hand side is given
+according to the specified observer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the specified observer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the specified observer by
+the following set of complex which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following set of complex which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following set of complex which I'm
+about to write down so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like some okay so a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like some okay so a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like some okay so a couple things
+do I want to emphasize that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to emphasize that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to emphasize that I'm
+introducing here bits of notation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing here bits of notation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing here bits of notation that
+we're gonna use over and over again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use over and over again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna use over and over again in
+this term notice I am using an over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term notice I am using an over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term notice I am using an over
+arrow to denote a vector in space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow to denote a vector in space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow to denote a vector in space-time
+okay different texts different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay different texts different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay different texts different
+professors use slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors use slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors use slightly different
+notations for this those of you who took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations for this those of you who took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations for this those of you who took
+a was three three its MIT with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was three three its MIT with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was three three its MIT with some of
+the Tal a he preferred to write a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tal a he preferred to write a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tal a he preferred to write a little
+under tilde when he wrote that for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under tilde when he wrote that for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under tilde when he wrote that for us
+working in four-dimensional space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in four-dimensional space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in four-dimensional space-time
+is going to be a paramount important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a paramount important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a paramount important to
+us and so we're gonna use this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and so we're gonna use this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and so we're gonna use this over
+arrow which you probably have all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow which you probably have all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow which you probably have all seen
+for ordinary three-dimensional vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ordinary three-dimensional vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ordinary three-dimensional vectors
+for us it's gonna represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's gonna represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's gonna represent a
+four-dimensional vector now in truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional vector now in truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional vector now in truth
+we're not gonna use it all that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna use it all that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna use it all that much
+after the first couple weeks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first couple weeks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first couple weeks of the
+class our first couple of lectures even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class our first couple of lectures even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class our first couple of lectures even
+caging will bust it out but we will tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caging will bust it out but we will tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caging will bust it out but we will tend
+to use a more compact notation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a more compact notation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a more compact notation in which
+we say Delta X that displacement vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Delta X that displacement vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say Delta X that displacement vector
+has the components Delta X mu where mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the components Delta X mu where mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the components Delta X mu where mu
+lies in either T X Y & Z or 0 1 2 3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in either T X Y & Z or 0 1 2 3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in either T X Y & Z or 0 1 2 3 okay
+when we set up a problem we need to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we set up a problem we need to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we set up a problem we need to sort
+of make a mapping to what the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make a mapping to what the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make a mapping to what the numerical
+correspondence is between you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence is between you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence is between you know I
+need to tell you that mu equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tell you that mu equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tell you that mu equals 0
+corresponds the time you equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds the time you equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds the time you equals 1
+corresponds to X we'll switch to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to X we'll switch to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to X we'll switch to other
+coordinate systems and I'll have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems and I'll have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems and I'll have to be
+careful let's say almost always new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful let's say almost always new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful let's say almost always new
+equals 0 will be time but what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 will be time but what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 will be time but what the other
+three correspond to that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three correspond to that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three correspond to that depends on
+coordinate system there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system there might be a
+radius might be different angles things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius might be different angles things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius might be different angles things
+like that ok so again just sort of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that ok so again just sort of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that ok so again just sort of being
+a little overly cautious and careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little overly cautious and careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little overly cautious and careful
+defining these I will note though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining these I will note though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining these I will note though that
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+Greek in the seas in most textbooks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek in the seas in most textbooks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek in the seas in most textbooks they
+tend to be used to label space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be used to label space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be used to label space-time
+indices and then there are times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and then there are times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and then there are times when
+you might want you to sort of imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want you to sort of imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want you to sort of imagine
+you've chosen a particular moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've chosen a particular moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've chosen a particular moment in
+time and you want to look at what space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you want to look at what space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you want to look at what space
+looks like at that time and so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like at that time and so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like at that time and so you might
+then go down to Latin indices to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go down to Latin indices to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go down to Latin indices to pick
+out spatial components at some moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out spatial components at some moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out spatial components at some moment in
+time we'll see that come up from time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll see that come up from time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll see that come up from time
+the time just want you to be aware there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time just want you to be aware there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time just want you to be aware there
+is this distinction and you know as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this distinction and you know as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this distinction and you know as you
+read other textbooks there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read other textbooks there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read other textbooks there are a few
+others that are used always just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are used always just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are used always just check
+usually in some of the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in some of the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in some of the introductory
+chapters a textbook they will define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters a textbook they will define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters a textbook they will define
+these things very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things very carefully
+Walled is an example of someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walled is an example of someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walled is an example of someone who
+actually does something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does something a little bit
+different he tends to use lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different he tends to use lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different he tends to use lowercase
+Latin letters from the sort of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin letters from the sort of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin letters from the sort of the top
+of the alphabet to denote space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alphabet to denote space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alphabet to denote space-time
+indices and those from sort of ijk he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and those from sort of ijk he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and those from sort of ijk he
+uses them to denote Latin indices if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses them to denote Latin indices if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses them to denote Latin indices if
+you're old enough to get this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're old enough to get this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're old enough to get this this is
+often called by some of us who grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called by some of us who grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called by some of us who grew up
+in the Dark Ages and sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dark Ages and sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dark Ages and sometimes called
+the Fortran convention if you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran convention if you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fortran convention if you've ever
+programmed in Fortran you know why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed in Fortran you know why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed in Fortran you know why that
+is if you didn't please don't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you didn't please don't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you didn't please don't bother
+learning it it's really not worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it it's really not worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it it's really not worth the
+brain cells it would take okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain cells it would take okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain cells it would take okay so we've
+got this geometric object that is viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this geometric object that is viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this geometric object that is viewed
+by observer oh let's now think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observer oh let's now think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observer oh let's now think about
+what this looks like from the viewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like from the viewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like from the viewpoint
+of a different a different observer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different a different observer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different a different observer a
+different inertial observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say somebody comes dashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say somebody comes dashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say somebody comes dashing
+through the room here and observer o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the room here and observer o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the room here and observer o
+sees them running across the room at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees them running across the room at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees them running across the room at
+something like eighty-seven percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like eighty-seven percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like eighty-seven percent of
+the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light
+okay you know since as I have assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know since as I have assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know since as I have assumed
+you were all experts in special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were all experts in special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were all experts in special
+relativity that they will measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity that they will measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity that they will measure
+intervals of time intervals of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of time intervals of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of time intervals of space
+differently than observer owed us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than observer owed us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently than observer owed us so
+here's a vent p here's a vent Q here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a vent p here's a vent Q here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a vent p here's a vent Q here is
+Delta X this is all as measured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X this is all as measured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X this is all as measured by
+observer o bar okay something which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer o bar okay something which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer o bar okay something which I
+really want to strongly emphasize at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to strongly emphasize at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to strongly emphasize at
+this point is that this P this Q in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is that this P this Q in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is that this P this Q in this
+Delta X notice I haven't put bars on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X notice I haven't put bars on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X notice I haven't put bars on any
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+okay I haven't put primes or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't put primes or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I haven't put primes or anything
+like that it is the exact same P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it is the exact same P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it is the exact same P and Q
+and Delta X as this over here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta X as this over here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta X as this over here that is
+because P Q and Delta X they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because P Q and Delta X they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because P Q and Delta X they are
+geometric objects whose meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric objects whose meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric objects whose meaning
+transcends the particular inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends the particular inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcends the particular inertial
+reference frame used to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame used to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame used to define the
+coordinates at which P exists which Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates at which P exists which Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates at which P exists which Q
+exists and that then define the Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these geometric objects exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these geometric objects exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these geometric objects exist
+independent of the representation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the representation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the representation okay
+if I can use sort of a an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can use sort of a an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can use sort of a an intuitive
+example you know if I take and I hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know if I take and I hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know if I take and I hold
+careful the pose I knew with this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful the pose I knew with this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful the pose I knew with this let's
+say I stick my arm out you know I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I stick my arm out you know I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I stick my arm out you know I say
+that my my arm is pointing to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my my arm is pointing to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my my arm is pointing to the left
+right um you guys would look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um you guys would look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um you guys would look at this and
+say your arm is pointing to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your arm is pointing to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say your arm is pointing to the right
+cuz you're using a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're using a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're using a slightly different
+system of coordinates to to orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of coordinates to to orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of coordinates to to orient
+yourself in this room we're both right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in this room we're both right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in this room we're both right
+okay we have represented this geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have represented this geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have represented this geometric
+object my arm in different ways but me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object my arm in different ways but me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object my arm in different ways but me
+calling this point in left and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this point in left and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this point in left and you
+clawing at point to the right doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clawing at point to the right doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clawing at point to the right doesn't
+change the basic nature of my arm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the basic nature of my arm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the basic nature of my arm okay
+you know it doesn't mean that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't mean that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't mean that you know
+my blood cells changed you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my blood cells changed you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my blood cells changed you know because
+of something like this happening this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something like this happening this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something like this happening this
+has an independent existence in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an independent existence in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an independent existence in the same
+way this Delta X it is the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this Delta X it is the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this Delta X it is the displacement
+these two events you know this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two events you know this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two events you know this might be
+mosquito lands on my head this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito lands on my head this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosquito lands on my head this might be
+me smacking it with my hand or flying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me smacking it with my hand or flying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me smacking it with my hand or flying in
+my head to me smacking with my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head to me smacking with my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head to me smacking with my hand
+those are events that exist independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are events that exist independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are events that exist independent
+of how we choose to represent them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we choose to represent them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we choose to represent them so
+the key thing is we preserve that notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is we preserve that notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is we preserve that notion
+of the geometric objects independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the geometric objects independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the geometric objects independent
+existence what does change is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence what does change is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence what does change is the
+representation that the two observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that the two observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that the two observers
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm gonna jump to this Greek index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna jump to this Greek index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna jump to this Greek index
+notation and so what I'm gonna say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and so what I'm gonna say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and so what I'm gonna say is
+that according to observer o'Barr they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that according to observer o'Barr they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that according to observer o'Barr they
+are going to represent this object by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to represent this object by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to represent this object by a
+collection of components that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of components that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of components that are not
+the same as the components that are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the components that are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the components that are used
+by observer oh okay and to keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observer oh okay and to keep my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by observer oh okay and to keep my
+notation concision let's put a little Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underneath this arrow okay so this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this arrow okay so this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this arrow okay so this just
+sort of shorthand for Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shorthand for Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shorthand for Delta X is
+represented according to oh by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented according to oh by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented according to oh by those
+components Delta X's represent according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Delta X's represent according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Delta X's represent according
+to o'Barr by these components and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to o'Barr by these components and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to o'Barr by these components and again
+since I'm assuming y'all are experts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm assuming y'all are experts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm assuming y'all are experts in
+special relativity we already know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity we already know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity we already know how
+to relate the bard components to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate the bard components to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relate the bard components to the
+unbarred complex they are related by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbarred complex they are related by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbarred complex they are related by a
+Lorentz transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we would say is Delta X's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we would say is Delta X's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we would say is Delta X's 0
+bar component or t bar if you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar component or t bar if you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar component or t bar if you prefer
+just given by gamma I will define gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by gamma I will define gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by gamma I will define gamma
+in just a moment you can probably guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment you can probably guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment you can probably guess
+so I'm imagining an observer that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm imagining an observer that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm imagining an observer that it's
+just moving along the x axis or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving along the x axis or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving along the x axis or the
+coordinate 1 axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what went on in that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what went on in that transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what went on in that transformation
+I just wrote down is o'Barr moves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote down is o'Barr moves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote down is o'Barr moves with
+me along spatial axis one with speed V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me along spatial axis one with speed V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me along spatial axis one with speed V
+as seen by oh and of course gamma is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seen by oh and of course gamma is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seen by oh and of course gamma is 1
+divided by a square root of 1 minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a square root of 1 minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by a square root of 1 minus V
+squared remember speed of light is 1 ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared remember speed of light is 1 ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared remember speed of light is 1 ok
+we don't want to be writing this crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to be writing this crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to be writing this crap
+out every time we have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out every time we have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out every time we have to sort of
+transform different representations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform different representations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform different representations so
+we're going to introduce more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce more compact
+notation for this so we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for this so we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for this so we're going to say
+Delta X mu bar what I get when I sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X mu bar what I get when I sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X mu bar what I get when I sum
+over index nu from 0 to 3 of lambda mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over index nu from 0 to 3 of lambda mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over index nu from 0 to 3 of lambda mu
+bar nu Delta X nu so that's defining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar nu Delta X nu so that's defining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar nu Delta X nu so that's defining a
+matrix multiplication and you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication and you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication and you can read
+out the components of this lambda matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the components of this lambda matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the components of this lambda matrix
+from what I've got over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and even better yet Lamba new bar new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even better yet Lamba new bar new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even better yet Lamba new bar new
+Delta X so on this last line if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so on this last line if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X so on this last line if you
+haven't seen this before I am using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this before I am using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this before I am using
+Einstein summation convention if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein summation convention if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein summation convention if I have
+an index that appears in one geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index that appears in one geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index that appears in one geometric
+object in the downstairs position in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the downstairs position in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in the downstairs position in an
+adjacent geometric object in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent geometric object in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent geometric object in the
+upstairs position and it's repeated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs position and it's repeated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs position and it's repeated so
+repeated indices in the upstairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated indices in the upstairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated indices in the upstairs and
+downstairs position are assumed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs position are assumed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs position are assumed to be
+summed over there full range from 0 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to talk about this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about this a little
+bit more what's going on with this after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more what's going on with this after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more what's going on with this after
+I've introduced build up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've introduced build up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've introduced build up a little bit
+more of the mathematical structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the mathematical structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the mathematical structure in
+particular what is the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what is the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what is the distinction
+between sort of the upstairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of the upstairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sort of the upstairs and
+downstairs positions some of you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs positions some of you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs positions some of you might
+be saying well isn't one way of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying well isn't one way of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying well isn't one way of running
+it what we call a covariant component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we call a covariant component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we call a covariant component
+one a contravariant component if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a contravariant component if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a contravariant component if you
+know those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those terms
+mazelTov they're not actually a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mazelTov they're not actually a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mazelTov they're not actually a really
+helpful and so I kind of deliberately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and so I kind of deliberately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and so I kind of deliberately
+like to use this more primitive wording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use this more primitive wording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to use this more primitive wording
+of calling it just upstairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calling it just upstairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calling it just upstairs and
+downstairs because what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs because what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs because what we're going to
+find the goal of physics is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the goal of physics is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the goal of physics is to
+understand the universe in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the universe in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the universe in a way that
+allows us to connect this understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to connect this understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to connect this understanding
+to measurements and measurements don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measurements and measurements don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measurements and measurements don't
+care about contravariant versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about contravariant versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about contravariant versus
+covariant and all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant and all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant and all these things are
+essentially just ways of representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just ways of representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just ways of representing
+objects with our mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects with our mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects with our mathematics
+that sort of a go-between from some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a go-between from some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of a go-between from some of
+our physical ideas to what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physical ideas to what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physical ideas to what can
+eventually be measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually be measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually be measured
+okay so covariant contravariant whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so covariant contravariant whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so covariant contravariant whatever
+at the end of the day we're gonna see as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day we're gonna see as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the day we're gonna see as
+we put these sort of things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put these sort of things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put these sort of things together
+it's how these terms connect to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how these terms connect to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how these terms connect to one
+another that matters okay the name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that matters okay the name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that matters okay the name is
+not that important I do want to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that important I do want to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that important I do want to make one
+little point about this as I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little point about this as I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little point about this as I move
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+it is sort of worth noting that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sort of worth noting that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sort of worth noting that if I
+think of how I relate the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how I relate the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of how I relate the displacement
+components according to my barred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components according to my barred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components according to my barred
+observer relative to those as measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer relative to those as measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer relative to those as measured
+by my unbarred observer I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my unbarred observer I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my unbarred observer I can think of
+this Lorentz transformation matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lorentz transformation matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lorentz transformation matrix as
+what I get when I differentiate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I differentiate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get when I differentiate one
+representations coordinates with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations coordinates with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations coordinates with respect
+to the other representations coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other representations coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other representations coordinates
+okay kind of trivial in this case and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of trivial in this case and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of trivial in this case and we
+have a when we are doing special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a when we are doing special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a when we are doing special
+relativity there is a particular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity there is a particular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity there is a particular form
+the Lorentz transformation that we tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorentz transformation that we tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorentz transformation that we tend
+to use but I just want to highlight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use but I just want to highlight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use but I just want to highlight this
+because this relationship between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this relationship between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this relationship between two
+different representations of a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representations of a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representations of a reference
+frame is going to come up over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is going to come up over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is going to come up over and over
+and over again this is a more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again this is a more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again this is a more general
+form this idea that you're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this idea that you're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this idea that you're essentially
+taking the derivative you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the derivative you're looking at
+how one representation varies according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one representation varies according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one representation varies according
+to the other representation so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other representation so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other representation so using
+that to think about how to move between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to think about how to move between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to think about how to move between
+one inertial reference frame to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inertial reference frame to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inertial reference frame to another
+it's going to be very important to us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very important to us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very important to us so
+this is a more general form let's see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more general form let's see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more general form let's see so
+I want to make one further point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make one further point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make one further point and
+then I will introduce sort of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will introduce sort of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will introduce sort of a more
+careful definition of what is meant by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful definition of what is meant by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful definition of what is meant by a
+a vector and I think that'll be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and I think that'll be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and I think that'll be a good
+place for us to stop so when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for us to stop so when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for us to stop so when I look at
+this particular form so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular form so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular form so let's look at
+the last thing I wrote there where I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I wrote there where I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I wrote there where I use
+the Einstein summation convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just a chance for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a chance for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a chance for me to
+introduce a little bit more terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a little bit more terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a little bit more terminology
+and notation so when I wrote down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notation so when I wrote down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notation so when I wrote down the
+relationship Delta X mu bar was lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship Delta X mu bar was lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship Delta X mu bar was lambda
+mu bar nu Delta X nu how i labeled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu bar nu Delta X nu how i labeled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu bar nu Delta X nu how i labeled the
+index that I was summing over it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index that I was summing over it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index that I was summing over it's kind
+of irrelevant okay this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of irrelevant okay this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of irrelevant okay this is exactly the
+same as lambda nu bar Alpha Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as lambda nu bar Alpha Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as lambda nu bar Alpha Delta X
+alpha okay I can switch to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha okay I can switch to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha okay I can switch to something
+else if you have enough fonts available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else if you have enough fonts available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else if you have enough fonts available
+you can use smiley faces is your index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use smiley faces is your index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use smiley faces is your index
+whatever the key bit is that as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the key bit is that as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the key bit is that as long as
+you are summing over it it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are summing over it it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are summing over it it's kind of
+irrelevant how you label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I have an index like that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have an index like that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have an index like that that is
+being summed over its going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being summed over its going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being summed over its going to sort of
+disappear at the end of my analysis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear at the end of my analysis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear at the end of my analysis it's
+only role is to kind of serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only role is to kind of serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only role is to kind of serve as a
+placeholder it allows you to keep things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder it allows you to keep things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder it allows you to keep things
+sort of lined up properly so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lined up properly so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of lined up properly so that I can
+do a particular mathematical operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a particular mathematical operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a particular mathematical operation
+so in this equation nu or alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this equation nu or alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this equation nu or alpha is
+called a dummy index now when I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a dummy index now when I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a dummy index now when I'm doing
+it with something like this where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with something like this where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with something like this where I'm
+just relating one set of one index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just relating one set of one index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just relating one set of one index
+objects to another set of one the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to another set of one the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to another set of one the next
+objects and it's kind of trivial to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and it's kind of trivial to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and it's kind of trivial to move
+these things around we're gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things around we're gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things around we're gonna make
+some much more complicated equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some much more complicated equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some much more complicated equations
+later in this class and we'll find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this class and we'll find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this class and we'll find in
+those cases that sometimes it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases that sometimes it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases that sometimes it's actually
+really useful to have the freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to have the freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful to have the freedom to
+relay below our dummy in the C it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay below our dummy in the C it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay below our dummy in the C it allows
+us to sort of pick out patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to sort of pick out patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to sort of pick out patterns that
+might exist among things and see how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might exist among things and see how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might exist among things and see how to
+simplify a relationship in a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify a relationship in a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify a relationship in a really
+useful way on the other hand I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way on the other hand I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way on the other hand I do not
+have the freedom to change that mu bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the freedom to change that mu bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the freedom to change that mu bar
+that appears there right I have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears there right I have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears there right I have to have
+that being the same on both sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being the same on both sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that being the same on both sides of the
+equation okay because you know I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay because you know I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay because you know I I'm
+free to sort of mix around things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to sort of mix around things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to sort of mix around things where
+it's just gonna be summed over and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gonna be summed over and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gonna be summed over and kind
+of not play a role but in this my mu bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not play a role but in this my mu bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not play a role but in this my mu bar
+apart me for a second mu bar is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart me for a second mu bar is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart me for a second mu bar is not a
+dummy index and so I do not have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy index and so I do not have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy index and so I do not have that
+freedom okay we sometimes call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the free index as I write that down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free index as I write that down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free index as I write that down that
+seems like a bit of a strange name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a bit of a strange name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a bit of a strange name
+actually cuz it's really not free you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cuz it's really not free you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cuz it's really not free you're
+actually constrained it would it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constrained it would it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually constrained it would it can be
+what can I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can I say
+probably or some history there that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably or some history there that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably or some history there that I
+don't know about alright so let's do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about alright so let's do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about alright so let's do our
+last concepts for the day so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last concepts for the day so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last concepts for the day so let's
+carefully define a space-time vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully define a space-time vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully define a space-time vector so
+a space-time vector is going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space-time vector is going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space-time vector is going to be any
+quartet of numbers those numbers we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet of numbers those numbers we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet of numbers those numbers we will
+call components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which transforms between inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transforms between inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which transforms between inertial
+reference frames like the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames like the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frames like the displacement
+vector so if I represent some space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so if I represent some space-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so if I represent some space-time
+vector a as some collection of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a as some collection of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a as some collection of numbers
+that has observed by O has components a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has observed by O has components a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has observed by O has components a
+0 a 1 a 2 a 3 if a second inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a 1 a 2 a 3 if a second inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a 1 a 2 a 3 if a second inertial
+observer relates their components to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer relates their components to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer relates their components to
+these by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if that describes the components for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that describes the components for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that describes the components for
+observer o'Barr then it's a vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer o'Barr then it's a vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer o'Barr then it's a vector okay
+if you have taken any any mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have taken any any mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have taken any any mathematics
+they carefully defines vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they carefully defines vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they carefully defines vector spaces
+this should be familiar to you okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be familiar to you okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be familiar to you okay it's
+a very similar operation to what is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar operation to what is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very similar operation to what is done
+in a lot of other in a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of other in a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of other in a lot of other
+kinds of analysis the key to making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of analysis the key to making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of analysis the key to making this
+notion of a vector a sensible one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a vector a sensible one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a vector a sensible one is
+this transformation law okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation law okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation law okay so if you
+know I had a quartz head of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had a quartz head of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had a quartz head of numbers
+which is say the number of batteries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is say the number of batteries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is say the number of batteries in
+my pocket the number of times my dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pocket the number of times my dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pocket the number of times my dogs
+needs this morning how many toes I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs this morning how many toes I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs this morning how many toes I have
+on my left foot and I'm sick of counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my left foot and I'm sick of counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my left foot and I'm sick of counting
+so let just say zero for the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let just say zero for the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let just say zero for the fourth
+component that does not transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that does not transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that does not transform
+between reference frames by a Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between reference frames by a Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between reference frames by a Lorentz
+transformation okay it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay it's just a
+collection of random numbers okay so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of random numbers okay so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of random numbers okay so not
+any old collect quartz head of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old collect quartz head of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any old collect quartz head of numbers
+will constitute the components of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will constitute the components of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will constitute the components of a
+vector it has to be things that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it has to be things that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it has to be things that have a
+physical meaning that you connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning that you connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning that you connect to
+what you measure by Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you measure by Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you measure by Lorentz
+transformation for it to be a good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for it to be a good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for it to be a good for
+it to be a good vector it also has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a good vector it also has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be a good vector it also has to
+that a has to obey the various linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a has to obey the various linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a has to obey the various linearity
+laws that define a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I have two vectors and I add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have two vectors and I add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have two vectors and I add them
+together then their sum is a vector if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then their sum is a vector if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together then their sum is a vector if I
+have a vector and I multiply it by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector and I multiply it by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector and I multiply it by some
+scalar by the way it'd be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar by the way it'd be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar by the way it'd be a little bit
+careful when I say scalar here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when I say scalar here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful when I say scalar here because
+you know you might think to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might think to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might think to yourself
+something like ah you know the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like ah you know the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like ah you know the mass of
+my shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shoe
+that's a scalar but be careful when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a scalar but be careful when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a scalar but be careful when
+you're talking about things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about things in
+relativity whether the scale you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity whether the scale you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity whether the scale you're
+dealing with is actually a quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is actually a quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is actually a quantity that
+is Lorentz invariance okay with quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lorentz invariance okay with quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lorentz invariance okay with quantity
+like mass if you're talking about rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mass if you're talking about rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mass if you're talking about rest
+mass we'll get into the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we'll get into the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we'll get into the distinction
+among these things a bit later okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these things a bit later okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these things a bit later okay
+you're good you know just yet be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good you know just yet be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good you know just yet be careful
+to pick out something that actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out something that actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out something that actually is
+the same according to all observers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same according to all observers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same according to all observers so
+when I say scaler this means same to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say scaler this means same to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say scaler this means same to all
+observers if this is the case then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observers if this is the case then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observers if this is the case then I can
+define D to be that scalar times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define D to be that scalar times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define D to be that scalar times the
+vector and it is also a vector question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it is also a vector question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it is also a vector question
+Oh stretching okay all right um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh stretching okay all right um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh stretching okay all right um I think
+actually I'm going to stop there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to stop there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to stop there there
+is one topic that yeah I just don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one topic that yeah I just don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one topic that yeah I just don't feel
+like I can get enough of it for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can get enough of it for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can get enough of it for it to be
+useful right now so I think yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right now so I think yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right now so I think yes
+I'm gonna stop there for today when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna stop there for today when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna stop there for today when we
+pick it up on Thursday we're gonna sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up on Thursday we're gonna sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up on Thursday we're gonna sort
+of wrap up this discussion of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrap up this discussion of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wrap up this discussion of vectors
+again I want to kind of emphasize I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want to kind of emphasize I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want to kind of emphasize I can
+already sort of see in some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of see in some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sort of see in some places
+you're getting sort of a thousand yards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sort of a thousand yards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sort of a thousand yards
+there there's no question this is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no question this is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's no question this is we're
+being excessively careful with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being excessively careful with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being excessively careful with some of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+conditions they are very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they are very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they are very straightforward
+there's nothing challenging here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing challenging here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing challenging here but
+there will be a payoff when we do get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a payoff when we do get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a payoff when we do get to
+times where the analyses the geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where the analyses the geometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where the analyses the geometries
+we're looking at get pretty messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at get pretty messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at get pretty messed up
+having this formal foundation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this formal foundation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this formal foundation very
+carefully laid will help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully laid will help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully laid will help us
+significantly so alright I'm gonna stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly so alright I'm gonna stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly so alright I'm gonna stop
+there for today and we will pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for today and we will pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for today and we will pick it up
+on Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iWZDVWdtjMY.txt b/iWZDVWdtjMY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba6562b7574821d985a0c9171a061779cec94cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iWZDVWdtjMY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2421 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+Why doesn't everyone go ahead
+and take ten more seconds on
+
+the clicker question.
+
+All right, and let's
+see how we did.
+
+Alright, excellent job, 86%
+of you, that's right.
+
+What we had just done a
+clicker question on is
+
+discussing light as a particle
+and the photoelectric effect,
+
+so we're going to finish up with
+a few points about the
+
+photoelectric effect today.
+
+And then we're going to try a
+demo to see if we can convince
+
+ourselves that the kind of
+calculations we make work out
+
+perfectly, and we'll do
+a test up here about
+
+half way through class.
+
+And we'll also talk about photon
+momentum as another
+
+example of light behaving
+up as a particle.
+
+After that, we'll move on to
+matter as a wave, and then the
+
+Schrodinger equation, which is
+actually a wave equation that
+
+describes the behavior of
+particles by taking into
+
+account the fact that matter
+also has these wave-like
+
+properties.
+
+So, starting back with the
+photoelectric effect -- yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] class last
+time [INAUDIBLE] notes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, sure.
+
+Can one of the TAs maybe come up
+and hand around anyone that
+
+didn't get notes?
+
+We have not yet perfected the
+art of entering and exiting
+
+this classroom yet, we're
+still working on that.
+
+Raise your hand if you need
+notes and we'll make sure we
+
+get those to you.
+
+All right, so where we left
+off with the photoelectric
+
+effect was when we first
+introduced the effect, we were
+
+talking about it in terms
+of frequencies.
+
+So, for example, we were talking
+about a threshold
+
+frequency as in a minimum
+frequency of light that you
+
+need in order to eject an
+electron from a metal surface.
+
+What Einstein then clarified for
+us was that we could also
+
+be talking about energies, and
+he described the relationship
+
+between frequency and energy
+that they're proportional, if
+
+you want to know the energy,
+you just multiply the
+
+frequency by Planck's
+constant.
+
+So, now we can talk about it
+in different terms, for
+
+example, talking about e sub
+i, which is the incident
+
+energy or the energy of the
+light that comes in, or
+
+talking about work function
+here, and that's just another
+
+way to say threshold energy.
+
+So, the work function's the
+minimum amount of energy
+
+that's required in order to
+eject an electron, and most of
+
+you understand this relationship
+here, which is a
+
+little bit cut off, but it is
+all the way on in your notes,
+
+and that is what you saw the
+clicker question on -- how you
+
+can figure out, for example,
+the kinetic energy of the
+
+ejected electron by looking at
+the difference between how
+
+much energy you put in and how
+much energy is required to
+
+eject that electron in
+the first place.
+
+So, in this class we'll be
+talking about energy a lot,
+
+and it's often useful to draw
+some sort of energy diagram to
+
+visualize the differences in
+energy that we're discussing.
+
+So, we do this here for the
+photoelectric effect, and in
+
+terms of the photoelectric
+effect, what we know the
+
+important point is that the
+incoming photon has to be
+
+equal or greater in energy
+then the work
+
+function of the metal.
+
+So here we have energy
+increasing on the y-axis, and
+
+you see this straight line at
+the bottom here is lower down
+
+on the graph, and that's the
+energy of a bound electron, so
+
+that's going to be a
+low stable energy.
+
+But we see if we have a free
+electron, as we do in this
+
+dotted line here, that's going
+to be a higher energy that's
+
+less stable.
+
+So, if we want to go from that
+stable state to that less
+
+stable state, we need to put in
+a certain amount of energy
+
+to our system, and that's what
+we define as the work function
+
+here -- that difference between
+the free electron and
+
+the electron bound
+to the metal.
+
+So, the most basic case to
+understand, which is what we
+
+just saw is a case where we
+have the incident energy
+
+coming in, and that incident
+energy is greater than the
+
+work function, and in that case
+what we see is that we
+
+have an electron that
+is ejected.
+
+That makes sense and it also
+makes sense that this little
+
+extra bit here, that's the
+amount of energy that we have
+
+that goes into the kinetic
+energy of the electrons.
+
+So, that's how we could
+also graph figuring
+
+out the kinetic energy.
+
+So, in the second case what we
+have is what happens if we
+
+have the incident energy at some
+amount that's less than
+
+the work function, and in this
+case we're showing 1/2 of the
+
+work function.
+
+So in this case, we don't have
+enough energy to eject an
+
+electron, so, an electron
+is not ejected.
+
+And that's pretty clear, too,
+and the question I want to
+
+pose to you is instead
+the third case here.
+
+So in the third case what I'm
+showing is that we have -- now
+
+we're not just talking about 1
+photon, we're talking about 3
+
+photons -- let's say we shoot
+them all at the same time at
+
+our metal, each of them having
+some energy that's let's say
+
+1/2 the work function.
+
+So, just to take a little bit
+of an informal survey, who
+
+thinks here that we will have
+an electron that is
+
+ejected in this case?
+
+So a couple hands, all right.
+
+And what about who thinks
+that we will not have
+
+enough energy here?
+
+All right.
+
+We've got a big majority, and
+both are logical ways of
+
+thinking, but it turns out that
+the majority is correct,
+
+which is not always the case,
+but the electron is not
+
+ejected in this case.
+
+And the reason for this, and
+this is a very important point
+
+about the photoelectric effect,
+and the point here is
+
+that the electrons here are
+acting as particles, you can't
+
+just add those energies
+together.
+
+One individual particle is being
+absorbed by the metal
+
+and exciting an electron.
+
+So, having other particles
+around that have the same
+
+energy that you could
+technically add up if you were
+
+adding them up like a wave, you
+can't do the same thing
+
+with particles, they're
+all separate.
+
+So, the take-home message is
+whether you have three photons
+
+or 3,000,000 photons that you're
+shooting at your metal,
+
+if you're not at that minimum
+frequency or that minimum
+
+energy that you need, nothing
+is going to happen.
+
+So, you might ask then well what
+is the significance of
+
+shooting different amounts
+of photons at a metal?
+
+Is there any significance at
+all, for example, in the
+
+number of photons that are
+hitting the metal or being
+
+absorbed by the metal.
+
+And there is a relationship
+here, and that is that the
+
+number of photons absorbed by
+the metal are related to the
+
+number of electrons ejected
+from the metal.
+
+So, in this figure here what I'm
+actually showing is these
+
+little sunshines, which
+let's say are each
+
+one individual photon.
+
+So we had six photons going in,
+so the maximum number of
+
+electrons that we're going to
+have coming out is also six
+
+because the maximum scenario
+that we could have that would
+
+maximize the number of electrons
+is that each one of
+
+those photons comes in, excites
+an electron, ejects it
+
+from the surface of the metal.
+
+It's important to note, of
+course though, it's not just
+
+the number, it's really
+important that the energy of
+
+each one of these individual
+photons is, of course, greater
+
+than the work function
+of the metal.
+
+So, that's, in fact, it's that
+number of photons that we're
+
+talking about when we refer to
+the intensity of light, and
+
+the intensity of light is
+proportional to that number,
+
+because when we talk about
+intensity, really we're
+
+talking about the amount of
+energy that a stream of
+
+particles, a stream of photons,
+has per second.
+
+So, if we have a high intensity,
+we're talking about
+
+having more photons per second,
+and it's important to
+
+know also what that
+does not mean.
+
+So it does not mean that we have
+more energy per photon.
+
+This is a really important
+difference.
+
+Intensity, if we increase
+the intensity, we're not
+
+increasing the energy in each
+photon, we're just increasing
+
+the number of photons that
+we're shooting out of our
+
+laser, whatever our
+light source is.
+
+And when we talk about intensity
+in terms of units,
+
+we usually talk about watts,
+so if you change your
+
+lightbulb, usually you see the
+intensity in terms of watts.
+
+But in terms of SI units, which
+become much more useful
+
+if you're actually trying to use
+intensity in a problem and
+
+cancel out your units, we're
+just talking about joules per
+
+second is what intensity is.
+
+So at this point, you should
+be able to have all the
+
+background you need on the
+photoelectric effect to solve
+
+any type of problem that we
+throw at you, and you see
+
+three on this problem set, and
+we'll probably give you one
+
+more on your next problem set,
+and the reason we ask you so
+
+many questions about the
+photoelectric effect is
+
+because it actually is very
+similar to ionization energy
+
+that we'll talk about later,
+also problems dealing with
+
+photoelectron spectroscopy.
+
+So, we want to make sure that
+this is something the entire
+
+class is 100% solid on.
+
+Sometimes the questions are
+worded quite differently, so I
+
+just want to sum up here
+the different ways
+
+they could be worded.
+
+For example, if we talk about
+photons, of course, we also
+
+just mean light, sometimes
+we refer to this as
+
+electromagnetic radiation, and
+there's several ways that you
+
+might be asked this in a problem
+or that you might be
+
+asked to answer.
+
+Sometimes we might just directly
+tell you the energy
+
+of the photon -- that's probably
+the easiest scenario,
+
+because when we think about
+work functions those are
+
+usually reported in energy.
+
+So since that's the easiest
+scenario, you can probably be
+
+sure it's not going to be too
+frequently that you're just
+
+given the energy, right,
+that might be too easy.
+
+So really what we'll probably do
+is instead either give you
+
+the wavelength or the frequency
+and you'll go ahead
+
+and calculate the energy
+from there.
+
+In terms of talking about the
+electrons, I wanted to point
+
+out that in the book and other
+places you might see electrons
+
+referred to as photoelectrons.
+
+That's sometimes confusing for
+people, because it seems like
+
+okay, is it a photon or
+is it an electron.
+
+I just want to clarify that
+it is an electron.
+
+It's called this just because
+it's an electron that results
+
+when an electron absorbs a
+photon's worth of energy, so
+
+thus it's a photoelectron.
+
+And if we talk about electrons
+or photoelectrons, again we
+
+can describe it in terms of
+energy, we can talk about
+
+velocity, and from there, of
+course, you can figure out the
+
+energy from 1/2 m v squared,
+and actually we can also
+
+describe the electron in
+terms of wavelength.
+
+So you don't actually know
+this yet from this class,
+
+you'll know it by the end of the
+class that electrons can,
+
+in fact, have a wavelength.
+
+So once we cover it, it will
+then be fair game to ask these
+
+photoelectron spectroscopy or
+these photoelectric effect
+
+questions using the wavelength
+of the electron.
+
+Also to point out, a lot of
+times you'll see electron
+
+volts instead of joules, this is
+the conversion factor here
+
+just so you all have
+it in your notes.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's test what we, in
+fact, know about the
+
+photoelectric effect, and before
+we do that actually,
+
+we're going to calculate what
+we would predict, so when we
+
+do the demo it will be
+meaningful and we can tell
+
+whether we're successful
+or not.
+
+So hopefully we will
+be successful.
+
+And as I point this out, we now
+know how to do any kind of
+
+photoelectric effect problem,
+also this means you should be
+
+able to go back to Monday's
+notes where we filled in all
+
+those graphs, which were what
+different scientists were
+
+observing when they were
+measuring either the frequency
+
+or the intensity of light that
+was irradiating different
+
+types of metals, and also the
+number of electrons ejected,
+
+and the kinetic energy of
+those electrons ejected.
+
+You should be able to maybe
+print out a blank copy of
+
+those notes from the website and
+fill in all those graphs
+
+-- not for memorizing them, but
+now just understanding how
+
+the photoelectric effect works.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's do an in-class problem,
+and this will be done
+
+with zinc. We have a zinc plate
+up here, and we're going
+
+to -- in a minute I'll describe
+how we can probe if
+
+electrons are coming
+off of it.
+
+But we're going to irradiate
+it with two
+
+different light sources.
+
+We have a UV lamp right here,
+which is centered at a
+
+wavelength of 254 nanometers.
+
+And then since we have my red
+laser pointer, we will also
+
+try with the red laser pointer,
+which is centered at
+
+wavelength of 700 nanometers.
+
+So, there are a few questions
+that we need to answer first.
+
+So we want to see, do we expect
+to eject electrons off
+
+of this metal surface, or do we
+expect that we don't have
+
+enough energy?
+
+So that means we're going to
+need to figure out what is the
+
+energy per photon that's emitted
+by that UV light.
+
+Also, what's the energy per
+photon of this red laser
+
+pointer, and then it's also
+worth trying a calculation
+
+dealing with intensity.
+
+So let's also try calculating
+the numbers of photons that
+
+would be emitted by this laser
+pointer, if, for example, we
+
+were to use it for 60 seconds
+and this were a
+
+one milliwatt laser.
+
+So, let's do some of these
+calculations starting first
+
+with what is the energy per
+photon, and let's start with
+
+the UV lamp.
+
+So we know that energy is equal
+to Planck's constant
+
+times nu, but what we know
+about the lamp is its
+
+wavelength, or the light
+that's emitted.
+
+We know that nu is equal
+to c over wavelength.
+
+So we can figure out the energy
+of each photon emitted
+
+by our UV lamp by saying e is
+equal to h c over wavelength.
+
+So let's just plug in
+these numbers here.
+
+That means our energy is equal
+to 6.626 times 10 to the -34
+
+joules times seconds.
+
+And then we have c, the speed
+of light, 2.998 times 10 to
+
+the 8 meters per second.
+
+And we want to divide all of
+that by our wavelength, and to
+
+keep our units the same
+we'll do meters.
+
+So that's 254 times 10
+to the -9 meters.
+
+So hopefully if some of you
+have your calculators with
+
+you, you can confirm the answer
+that I got, which is
+
+that the energy is 7.82 times
+10 to the -19 joules.
+
+So, remember what we're talking
+about here is the
+
+amount of energy that's
+in each photon.
+
+So if we think about the work
+function for zinc, and the
+
+work function for zinc is 6.9
+times 10 to the -19 joules, do
+
+we expect that when we shine
+our UV light on the zinc,
+
+we'll be able to eject
+electrons?
+
+What do you think?
+
+Yes.
+
+Good.
+
+OK, anyone disagree?
+
+No, OK and that's correct,
+because each photon of light
+
+actually has more
+energy than is
+
+needed to eject an electron.
+
+So, we would expect to see
+electrons ejected with the UV
+
+light source.
+
+So let's now think about using
+instead the amount of energy
+
+per photon in that red
+laser pointer.
+
+So again, we know that energy
+is equal to h c divided by
+
+wavelength, and energy is equal
+to -- you have written
+
+out in your notes what the
+actual value for h c is, but
+
+now our wavelength is 700 times
+10 to the -9 meters.
+
+And what we end up with for the
+energy then is 2.84 times
+
+10 to the -19 joules.
+
+All right.
+
+So please raise your hand now
+if you think there'll be
+
+sufficient energy to
+eject electrons
+
+from the metal surface?
+
+And raise your hands if you
+think there won't be.
+
+OK.
+
+Good hand raising technique.
+
+Yes.
+
+In fact, there is not enough
+energy in a single photon to
+
+go ahead and eject an electron
+from this zinc surface.
+
+So our last question we ask is
+what's the total number of
+
+photons emitted if we
+give this given
+
+intensity for 60 seconds?
+
+So, keep in mind that one
+milliwatt is just the same as
+
+saying 1 times 10 to the
+-3 joules per second.
+
+So we have 1 times 10 to the -3
+joules per second, and we
+
+want to multiply that by -- or
+cancel out how much energy we
+
+have per photon, first of all,
+so how much energy do we have
+
+per photon if we're talking
+about the red laser pointer?
+
+Right.
+
+So this value right here.
+
+So for every photon
+we have 2.84 times
+
+10 to the -19 joules.
+
+We're saying let's do
+this for 60 seconds.
+
+So what we end up with for the
+number of photons in this
+
+laser beam of light is 2.1 times
+10 to the 17 photons.
+
+So this gives you a little bit
+of an idea of just how many
+
+individual photons there are
+in a laser beam of light.
+
+This is a huge number
+of photons.
+
+So the question is
+does this matter?
+
+How about if we shoot
+this many photons?
+
+Does it make any difference at
+all in terms of whether we can
+
+eject an electron?
+
+No, it actually doesn't.
+
+It is an impressive number, it
+is very, very large, but it
+
+doesn't make a difference.
+
+So we see that we do not eject
+electrons in the case of the
+
+laser pointer, even if we have
+this intensity, even for 60
+
+seconds -- it is still not
+related to the energy of an
+
+individual photon, so we
+won't see an effect.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's hope that we can
+confirm our predictions here
+
+by actually doing it, and
+Professor Drennen well help me
+
+out by loading up our device
+with electrons, and I'll
+
+explain exactly what our set up
+here is as she does that.
+
+So basically what we have
+is this zinc plate here.
+
+So that's what we want to load
+up with electrons, and then
+
+see if we can remove some.
+
+But that's a little bit hard,
+we aren't all that good at
+
+seeing electrons with our eyes,
+so we need to think of a
+
+way to do this.
+
+So what she's going to do
+is start loading up the
+
+electrons, and you see this wand
+here move slowly, and it
+
+takes a while to do it, start
+become perpendicular.
+
+The reason for that is because
+all of this is connected, so
+
+we're moving electrons
+everywhere in the system.
+
+And since we have two bars that
+are together like this,
+
+once they're both loaded up with
+electrons there's going
+
+to be negative charges that
+repel, so the electrons will
+
+want to get as far away as
+possible, and they're on their
+
+slow way to doing that, to
+getting as far away from each
+
+other as possible.
+
+And if we do, in fact, hit
+it with light to get the
+
+electrons off, it will go back
+to the straight up in
+
+position, or if it gets
+knocked hard enough
+
+it does that, too.
+
+Sometimes it's easier actually
+not touch it to the metal, I
+
+should have--
+
+TA: It's hard to see if
+it's moving or not.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, our technology
+TA is also our paper TA.
+
+Darcy will hold up
+the yellow paper.
+
+Right, there we go, now we're
+making a little progress.
+
+TA: It was moving before, you
+just couldn't see it.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, does anyone have
+any questions about the
+
+set up here, does it make sense
+what we're looking for
+
+the bar to go back once
+we make some progress.
+
+This demo works wonderfully in
+the winter months in Boston
+
+when we will all be full
+of static at all times.
+
+We're still close enough to the
+summer that the air is not
+
+just filling us up with extra
+static electricity, so it's a
+
+little more challenging here.
+
+We'll try to make this
+happen only once.
+
+I think that's probably,
+if we can get one more.
+
+So, it works, I think it's
+just getting too much
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Sometimes it helps to not
+actually hit the metal, just
+
+put it next to the
+-- there we go.
+
+I wonder if there's some UV
+light out of this new lighting
+
+set up in our classroom here.
+
+That would be a little tricky.
+
+All right.
+
+I think this -- if
+this sticks.
+
+Yeah, it's the pressure
+of the paper.
+
+I think that's good enough,
+we'll be able to see.
+
+If you can keep showing that,
+though, Darcy, we'll try
+
+different scenarios and
+I'll try not to put
+
+laser in your eye.
+
+Actually you can look down as
+well as an added precaution.
+
+OK, let's try it with that.
+
+That's enough then.
+
+So, the first thing we're going
+to try is with the red
+
+laser pointer, because that we
+are expecting not to have an
+
+effect, and that will prevent
+Professor Drennen from having
+
+to charge up our apparatus
+again.
+
+So, Darcy will look down at this
+moment and we will hit
+
+this with the laser pointer, and
+what we see is nothing is
+
+happening at all.
+
+OK, good.
+
+Control one working.
+
+So now very carefully take
+our UV light source --
+
+Darcy again will divert
+her eyes and her skin.
+
+Let me make sure this
+is actually on.
+
+OK, so we've got UV light here,
+and let's see what we
+
+can see, and we lose
+electrons, if
+
+that's what's happening.
+
+And it often doesn't go all the
+way, because actually this
+
+device gets stuck right there.
+
+So let's charge it up again and
+see if we can check again.
+
+But did you see movement?
+
+Are you buying our story here?
+
+This is actually very
+representative of when you do
+
+research in the laboratory, you
+will find often things do
+
+not work quite exactly as they
+worked 20 minutes ago when you
+
+just checked it in your
+office, for example.
+
+And sometimes it's a matter of
+factors that you need to
+
+figure out what it is, and maybe
+it's that there's extra
+
+light in the room we
+don't know about.
+
+It might just be -- so,
+we did get it back to
+
+the starting position.
+
+Next time maybe we'll charge
+it up before class.
+
+All right.
+
+So we kind of saw what was
+happening here, you saw it
+
+move a little bit.
+
+They'll keep trying to get it
+going, but maybe we should
+
+move on with our lives here
+while this is happening, and
+
+we'll click it back at the end,
+and if we have a nice set
+
+up at any point, I'll just stop
+and we'll go back and
+
+we'll look at it again.
+
+Since, I think that's just not
+going to happen right now.
+
+So let's switch, actually,
+back to our notes.
+
+So, ideally what we did see
+was, in fact, it does have
+
+enough energy with the UV lamp,
+it wasn't a dramatic
+
+shift you saw because we didn't
+start very high and
+
+then it went to that
+stuck point.
+
+But luckily we had the control
+of the red laser pointer where
+
+nothing moved at all.
+
+So hopefully you're convinced
+that your predictions worked
+
+well and you are able to predict
+what's going on when
+
+you're looking at the
+photoelectric effect.
+
+So, it turns out that the
+photoelectric effect is not
+
+the only evidence for the fact
+that light has these
+
+particle-like characteristics.
+
+And one thing that Einstein
+put forth is he figured if
+
+well, what we're saying is
+that light is, in fact, a
+
+stream of particles, each one of
+those particles or photons
+
+must, therefore, have
+a momentum.
+
+And that's really neat to think
+about, because photons,
+
+of course, are massless
+particles, they have no mass,
+
+so it's neat to think about
+something that has no mass,
+
+but that actually does
+have a momentum.
+
+And the relationship that he put
+forth is that the momentum
+
+is equal to Planck's constant
+times nu divided by the speed
+
+of light, or it's often more
+useful for us to think about
+
+it in terms of wavelength.
+
+So, since the speed of light
+equals lambda nu, we can say
+
+that momentum is equal to
+h divided by lambda.
+
+And there was experimental
+evidence that came along that
+
+supported this, and this is
+called the Compton scattering
+
+experiment, and this was done
+by Arthur Compton, and
+
+basically what he did was he
+took x-ray light, which had
+
+some frequency, which was a very
+high frequency because it
+
+was x-rays, and he shot it
+at a stationary electron.
+
+And what he was able to observe
+was that the electrons
+
+scattered and now had some
+momentum, and that both the
+
+frequency, and therefore, the
+momentum of the light that he
+
+shot in, went down once
+it was scattered.
+
+So what he's showing here is,
+first of all, that the light
+
+has some momentum and when it
+hits an electron it can
+
+actually transfer some of that
+momentum to the electron.
+
+So the transfer of momentum from
+a photon to an electron
+
+is what was being observed, and
+it was seen as completely
+
+separate evidence to the
+photoelectric effect that,
+
+yes, in fact, light is
+behaving in these
+
+particle-like ways.
+
+So up to this point, before it
+was really established that
+
+yes, light is like a particle
+sometimes, there was this very
+
+strong distinction
+between what is
+
+light and what is matter.
+
+And the distinction was when
+we're talking about light,
+
+light is a wave, and when we're
+talking about matter,
+
+well, matter is a particle.
+
+And these behave completely
+separate, they don't overlap
+
+at all in terms of behavior, but
+then, of course, with the
+
+photoelectric effect with
+Compton's scattering, what we
+
+see is that, oh actually,
+sometimes photons behave as if
+
+they're particles.
+
+So now this relationship's
+beginning to get a little bit
+
+fuzzy in terms of what is the
+difference between how we
+
+treat light and matter.
+
+And actually, this was taken
+a step further by Louis de
+
+Broglie who in his PhD thesis,
+as part of his work as a
+
+graduate student, put forth the
+idea that, OK, Einstein
+
+says, and everyone agrees
+that, in fact, light is
+
+particle-like at times, and
+light, in fact, of course has
+
+a wavelength, and if it has a
+wavelength we're saying that
+
+it can have momentum.
+
+And what de Broglie said is
+well, if it's true that light,
+
+which has a wavelength can have
+momentum, then it must
+
+also be true that matter, which
+has momentum, also has a
+
+wavelength.
+
+And you can look at this
+in two different ways.
+
+One is that he's just
+re-arranged an equation here
+
+and gotten both his PhD thesis
+and a Nobel Prize, but I think
+
+the more representative way to
+think about this is the real
+
+revolutionary idea that he put
+forth, which is that matter
+
+can actually behave as a wave.
+And in terms of equations that
+
+we use, it's sometimes easier
+to plug in the fact, since
+
+momentum is equal to mass
+times velocity.
+
+We can know the wavelength of
+any matter -- and he's not
+
+limiting this, for example,
+to electrons.
+
+What de Broglie is saying we can
+know the wavelength of any
+
+matter at all, as long
+as we know its
+
+mass and it's velocity.
+
+And Einstein credited de
+Broglie, which is a fair
+
+statement of lifting a corner
+of the great veil, because
+
+really there was this
+fundamental misunderstanding
+
+about what the difference was
+between matter and light, and
+
+the reality is that they can
+both be like-particles and
+
+they can both show
+characteristics of waves.
+
+So I mentioned, however, that in
+terms of de Broglie's work.
+
+This was Nobel Prize worthy,
+absolutely, but it was also
+
+his PhD thesis.
+
+So, we can think about what
+would happen if we're on his
+
+thesis defense, we're on his
+thesis committee, we would
+
+need to think of some pretty
+mean, hard, nasty questions to
+
+be asking de Broglie about this
+theory -- that's what
+
+happens when you defend
+your thesis.
+
+This is necessary, it's hard to
+find holes in a Nobel Prize
+
+worthy idea.
+
+But let's just try maybe one
+of the basic questions they
+
+could ask, and they can say, all
+right, de Broglie, so you
+
+say that all matter, absolutely
+all matter has
+
+wave-like behavior.
+
+Why is it that we're never
+observing this, for example,
+
+why is it the table doesn't
+defract as we bring
+
+it through the door?
+
+Why don't we see the influence
+of the wave-like behavior on
+
+every day matter?
+
+So it turns out that he could
+have picked anything to
+
+explain this, and hopefully done
+out the calculation, and
+
+we'll do this ourselves.
+
+And the example we'll pick is
+considering, for example, a
+
+Matsuzaka fastball.
+
+So, many of you are new to the
+Boston area, now I still
+
+realize, and I want to let you
+know it's not required that
+
+you be a Red Sox fan
+to be at MIT.
+
+We do encourage it, however,
+and in general, I find you
+
+don't have to give up that old
+team, you can keep your old
+
+team, even if it's teams
+I won't name, just
+
+keep them to the side.
+
+And you can join on to the Red
+Sox nation on top of that, and
+
+part of being a good Red Sox fan
+is knowing the statistics
+
+of your team.
+
+For example, if we're talking
+about a pitcher, like
+
+Matsuzaka, we might want
+to know the speed
+
+of his average fastball.
+
+We might want to know his ERA.
+
+If you're really into it and
+you're at MIT, maybe you want
+
+to know the wavelength of
+these average fastballs.
+
+So, let's go ahead
+and look at that.
+
+So, if we're trying to figure
+out the wavelength of a
+
+Matsuzaka fastball, we need to
+consider the velocity first,
+
+which is 42 miles per hour.
+
+We don't usually do our
+chemistry calculations in
+
+miles per hour, so let's switch
+that to 42 meters per
+
+second, so it's -- sorry,
+it's 94 miles per hour.
+
+And we can use the de Broglie
+relationship that wavelength
+
+should be equal to h over
+mass times volume.
+
+And we can put up here Planck's
+constant -- and I
+
+want to make note that instead
+of writing joules per second,
+
+I actually wrote out
+with a joule is.
+
+A joule is a kilogram meter
+squared per second squared.
+
+Occasionally, you'll find you
+need to cancel out units,
+
+because, of course, you're
+always doing unit analysis as
+
+you solve your problems, and
+sometimes you'll need to
+
+convert joules to
+kilogram meters
+
+square per second squared.
+
+We divide that by the mass, so
+0.12 kilograms, that's the
+
+mass of a regulation baseball
+for the major leagues, and the
+
+velocity of the baseball is
+42 meters per second.
+
+So, we can cross out our units
+doing our unit analysis.
+
+The seconds cross out, the
+kilograms cross out, one of
+
+the meters crosses out from the
+top, so we're left with an
+
+answer in meters.
+
+It's always good when we're
+looking for a wavelength that
+
+our answer is in a
+unit of length,
+
+that's a good sign already.
+
+And what we find out is the
+wavelength of a Matsuzaka
+
+fastball is 1.1 times 10
+to the -31 meters.
+
+So, this is really small, this
+is undetectably small.
+
+And especially when we consider
+it, what tends to be
+
+important is the size of
+wavelength in relationship to
+
+its environment.
+
+So 1.1 times 10 to the -31
+meters is not, in fact, a
+
+significant number when we're
+comparing it, for example, to
+
+the length of a ball, or the
+size of the baseball field.
+
+So that would probably be de
+Broglie's answer for why, in
+
+fact, we're not observing the
+wavelength behavior of
+
+material on a day-to-day life.
+
+So, that's for Matsuzaka, and
+even if you don't memorize all
+
+the wavelengths for
+all the pitchers.
+
+I would expect, whether you're
+a Red Sox fan or not, you to
+
+be able to look at a list of
+different pitchers and their
+
+average velocity for their
+fastball, and tell me who has
+
+the longest or the shortest
+wavelength.
+
+You should all be able to
+know that relationship.
+
+So why don't we go to a clicker
+question here, and see
+
+if you can tell us this.
+
+So we have 4 different pitchers
+we're showing here --
+
+they all have different
+strengths.
+
+It's not always how fast you
+throw the fastball, sometimes
+
+it's your different styles or
+the different ways that you
+
+decide when to throw what.
+
+So, first we have Matsuzaka
+at 94 miles per hour.
+
+So, click one if you think that
+he's going to have the
+
+longest wavelength.
+
+Tim Wakefield on the DL right
+now throws a lot slower,
+
+because he has that tricky
+knuckle ball, he doesn't need
+
+to throw as fast. Then we have
+Beckett who can get up 96 just
+
+on a regular old day.
+
+And Timlin who is about
+91 miles per
+
+hour, one of our relievers.
+
+So, why don't you take ten
+seconds to do that.
+
+If you can't decide, Timlin is
+my favorite ever, so that
+
+would be a good back up choice
+if you forgot the relationship
+
+between wavelength and the
+relationship between speed.
+
+It looks like, in fact, people
+did not forget that
+
+relationship, and only
+1% of you humored me.
+
+So, let's see what the correct
+answer is, and it is, in fact,
+
+Wakefield, right, because
+there's an inverse
+
+relationship between how fast
+a particle is going and what
+
+its wavelength is.
+
+So, in terms of wavelength,
+Wakefield has the largest
+
+wavelength, but in terms of
+being significant, we're still
+
+not even close.
+
+It's still undetectably small.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: Why doesn't wavelength
+go to infinity as
+
+it stops, like a standing
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: As it stops.
+
+So, let's think.
+
+I would think that it would
+approach inifinity, and I
+
+would need to think about it and
+get back to you in terms
+
+of why we don't actually hit it
+and see something with an
+
+infinite wavelength.
+
+I'm sure there's some upper
+limit as there are to most
+
+things, like if we think of
+wavelengths and different
+
+types of light, there is so
+large that you can get, but
+
+you would be approaching
+that level.
+
+All right.
+
+So we can switch back actually
+to our notes here --
+
+oh, do we have--?
+
+OK.
+
+We're going to just try this
+one more time just
+
+so you can see it.
+
+It'll still likely get stuck in
+that spot, but we'll just
+
+show you one more time the
+effects of the UV light, and
+
+actually we'll throw in an
+extra trick here, too.
+
+We know that UV light gets
+absorbed by glass, so it
+
+shouldn't be able to go
+through the glass.
+
+So first if Professor Drennen
+can try it through the glass,
+
+and we see nothing's
+happening.
+
+Let's move the glass away.
+
+All right.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Good.
+
+So we can fully believe what
+our calculations were now,
+
+which is a nice thing to do.
+
+Let's go back to considering
+the wavelengths
+
+of different objects.
+
+We considered a baseball,
+but let's also think
+
+about now an electron.
+
+And an electron is something
+where, in fact, we might be
+
+able to, if we calculate it and
+see how that works out,
+
+actually observe some of its
+wave-like properties.
+
+So, if we do this calculation
+for an electron, saying it
+
+moves at 10 to the 5 meters per
+second, then what we end
+
+up with for a wavelength is 7
+times 10 to the -9 meters.
+
+A lot of times we talk about
+these kind of distances either
+
+in nanometers or in angstroms
+so we can say this is 70
+
+angstroms. So this is, first
+of all, even just on an
+
+absolute scale, this is way,
+way larger than the
+
+wavelengths we're talking
+about for baseball.
+
+In addition, if we compare this
+to the diameter of an
+
+atom, which is on the order of
+somewhere between one and ten
+
+angstroms, now we're seeing
+that, in fact, this wavelength
+
+is significantly larger
+than its environment.
+
+So certainly we would expect to
+see that it has an effect
+
+in terms of seeing its
+wave-like properties.
+
+And this was experimentally
+validated, hopefully, even
+
+more clearly than our
+experiment here.
+
+And at first this was done by
+Davidson and Germer, and they
+
+were American scientists who
+tried defracting electrons
+
+from a nickel crystal.
+
+They did this in Bell
+Laboratories, and they found
+
+that, in fact, the electronis
+did defract.
+
+And G.P. Thompson showed
+a similar thing.
+
+What he did was he defracted
+electrons through a very thin
+
+gold foil, and this is a picture
+-- oops, that is not.
+
+OK.
+
+It is a picture from your book
+here showing the defraction
+
+pattern of an electron going
+through that gold foil.
+
+So, you can see that, in fact,
+it's confirmed that an
+
+electron can have both
+wavelength and
+
+particle-like behavior.
+
+And it turns out that Davidson
+and Thompson shared a Nobel
+
+Prize for this discovery of
+seeing the wave-like behavior
+
+of electrons.
+
+So, this is actually kind of
+neat to point out, because we
+
+all remember J.J. Thomson from
+our second lecture, and J.J.
+
+Thomson got a Nobel Prize
+in 1906 for showing that
+
+electrons exist in that
+they are particles.
+
+And it turns out that G.P.
+Thompson, well, that's his
+
+son, so we can actually think
+of this -- and I'm sure this
+
+wasn't the case, but I like to
+think of it as a little bit of
+
+child rebelling against
+the father.
+
+So, the father gets a Nobel
+Prize for showing that an
+
+electron is a particle, and the
+son says, well, what can I
+
+do to top that?
+
+I'm going to show the
+exact opposite.
+
+I'm going to say that an
+electron's a wave no matter
+
+how much my father says
+differently, and I'm going to
+
+get a Nobel Prize for
+that, and he does.
+
+But the nice part of the
+story is, it turns out
+
+they're both right.
+
+An electron is a particle, but
+an electron's also a wave. So,
+
+father and son, happy
+ending, they both
+
+have their Noble prizes.
+
+So, what happens now that
+we, in fact, know
+
+that matter is a wave?
+
+Well, this allows us to try to
+go back and explain some
+
+phenomena that over the years,
+mounting evidence was building
+
+that couldn't be explained.
+
+So, for example, when people,
+and we'll talk about this next
+
+class, were looking at different
+characteristics
+
+spectra of different atoms, what
+they were seeing is that
+
+it appeared to be these very
+discreet lines that were
+
+allowed or not allowed for the
+different atoms to emit, but
+
+they had no way to explain this
+using classical physics.
+
+And it turns out that the
+Schrodinger equation is an
+
+equation of motion in which
+you're describing a particle
+
+by describing it as a wave. So
+you're basically having a wave
+
+equation for a particle, and for
+our purposes we're talking
+
+about a very particular
+particle.
+
+What we're interested
+in is the electron.
+
+So basically describing
+electrons by their wave-like
+
+properties.
+
+And this is Erwin Schrodinger,
+and this is the equation that
+
+he put forth where we have h hat
+psi being equal to e psi.
+
+So, let's explain
+what these are.
+
+So this symbol here
+is actually what
+
+we call a wave function.
+
+That doesn't mean a whole lot
+in itself, it will mean more
+
+in about two lectures
+from now.
+
+But right now, what I want you
+to be thinking of a wave
+
+function as is just some
+representation of an electron.
+
+So, it's some way of describing
+an electron.
+
+Specifically, we'll talk more
+about this, it's talking about
+
+different orbitals, it's the
+spatial part of an orbital.
+
+But before we get to that, in
+terms of thinking just think,
+
+OK, this is representing my
+particle, this is representing
+
+my electron that's what
+the wave function is.
+
+This e term here is the energy,
+or in our case when we
+
+talk about an electron in a
+hydrogen atom, for example,
+
+the binding energy of that
+electron to the nucleus.
+
+So, e is binding energy.
+
+And h with the carrot or the hat
+here, well, that carrot or
+
+hat tell us it must be an
+operator, and this is called
+
+the Hamiltonian operator.
+
+So when you operate on the wave
+function, what you end up
+
+with is getting the binding
+energy of the electron, and
+
+the wave function back out.
+
+When we need to describe the
+wave function term a little
+
+bit more specifically so we can
+describe, for example, the
+
+position of the electron, and I
+just want to mention that we
+
+do have two choices if we're
+trying to describe this, we
+
+could use cartesian coordinates,
+or we could use
+
+polar coordinates where we're
+either talking about x y z or
+
+r theta and phi.
+
+So, I just want to point out
+that when you look at wave
+
+functions, we are going to be
+using those spherical polar
+
+coordinates, and the reason is
+because a very important
+
+interaction here is the
+interaction between the
+
+electron and the nucleus, which
+we want to describe the
+
+distance of in terms of r.
+
+So, you can see, it's much
+easier to describe that as one
+
+term, r here, instead of
+using both y and z.
+
+Another reason I wanted to point
+this out in terms of the
+
+polar coordinates that we're
+using, is I think they're
+
+actually flipped from
+what you're used
+
+to seeing in physics.
+
+Sometimes different disciplines
+have different
+
+conventions, which can be very
+confusing because the whole
+
+point of what's happening now
+is there's so much interplay
+
+between different disciplines,
+but still I think this might
+
+be one remaining one where
+in our case theta is that
+
+distance from z, that angle
+there, where phi is this
+
+distance or angle
+from the x-axis.
+
+So just keep it in mind
+that it's flipped.
+
+It turns out we won't really
+using it, needing to identify
+
+it on the graph so much
+in chemistry.
+
+We'll be using the solutions,
+so you shouldn't have a
+
+problem, but I wanted to point
+it out so it does not look too
+
+strange to you.
+
+In terms of the Schrodinger
+equation, we now can write it
+
+in terms of our polar
+coordinates here.
+
+So we have the operation on the
+wave function in terms of
+
+r, theta, and phi and remember
+this e is just our binding
+
+energy for the electron,
+and we get back
+
+out this wave function.
+
+So, you might ask, this looks
+pretty simple up here, right,
+
+just with that h hat.
+
+It turns out, we can
+write it out fully.
+
+It's three different second
+derivatives in terms of the
+
+three different parameters.
+
+It's a little bit complicated.
+
+You won't have to solve it in
+this class, you can wait till
+
+you get to 18.03 to start
+solving these types of
+
+differential equations, and
+hopefully, you'll all want the
+
+pleasure of actually solving
+the Schrodinger equation at
+
+some point.
+
+So, just keep taking chemistry,
+you'll already have
+
+had 18.03 by that point
+and you'll have the
+
+opportunity to do that.
+
+What I want to point out also
+is that this h hat, the
+
+Hamiltonian operator written out
+for the simplest case we
+
+can even imagine, which is a
+hydrogen atom where we only
+
+have one electron that we're
+dealing with, and of course,
+
+one nucleus.
+
+So you can imagine it's just
+going to get more and more
+
+complicated as we get to other
+types of atoms, and of course,
+
+molecules from there.
+
+So, we just want to appreciate
+that what we'll be using in
+
+this class is, in fact, the
+solutions to the Schrodinger
+
+equation, and just so you can
+be fully thankful for not
+
+having to necessarily solve
+these as we jump into the
+
+solutions and just knowing that
+they're out there and
+
+you'll get to solve
+it at some point,
+
+hopefully, in your careers.
+
+So, we'll pick up with that,
+with some of the solutions and
+
+starting to talk about
+energies on Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iecno1uInk8.txt b/iecno1uInk8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3730b212588f19b72253fe50f0ce28bca871b0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iecno1uInk8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2965 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So we've been looking at the
+xy model in two dimensions.
+
+It's a collection of
+units spins located
+
+on a site of potentially a
+lattice in two dimensions.
+
+Since they are unit
+vectors, each one of them
+
+is characterized by
+an angle theta i.
+
+And the partition
+function would be
+
+obtained by integrating
+over all of the angles.
+
+And the weight that we said had
+the form k e cosine of theta
+
+i minus theta j.
+
+So there's a coupling
+that corresponds
+
+to the dot per dot of
+neighboring spins, which
+
+can be written as
+this cosine form.
+
+If we go to low temperatures
+where k is large,
+
+then this was
+roughly an integral
+
+over all configurations of
+the continuous field, theta
+
+of x, with a weight that
+is the appropriate choice
+
+of the lattice spacing, the same
+k integral of gradient of theta
+
+squared.
+
+Now if we look at
+this weight and ask
+
+what is happening as
+a function of changing
+
+temperature or the
+inverse of this parameter
+
+so that we are close
+to zero temperature,
+
+if we just work
+with this Gaussian,
+
+the conclusion
+would be that if we
+
+look at the correlation between
+two spins that are located
+
+at a distance r from each other,
+just from this Gaussian weight,
+
+we found that these correlations
+decay as something like 1/r,
+
+or maybe we put some kind
+for a lattice spacing,
+
+to the power of an
+exponent theta that
+
+was related to this k.
+
+So the conclusion was that if
+that is the appropriate weight,
+
+we have power-law
+decay correlations.
+
+There is no long range order for
+correlations decay very weakly.
+
+On the other hand, if we
+start with the full cosine
+
+and don't do this low
+temperature expansion,
+
+just go and do the typical
+high temperature expansion,
+
+from the high
+temperature expansion
+
+we conclude that these
+collections decay
+
+exponentially, which are
+two totally different forms.
+
+And presumably, there
+should be some kind
+
+of a critical value
+of k or temperature
+
+that separates a low temperature
+formed with power-law decay
+
+and a high temperature
+formed with exponential decay
+
+of correlations.
+
+Now there was no sign
+of such a kc when
+
+we tried to do a low
+temperature expansion
+
+like the non-linear sigma
+model in this particular case
+
+of the xy model that
+corresponds to n equals to 2.
+
+Again, we said that
+the reason for that
+
+is that the only high order
+terms that I can write down
+
+in this theory close to low
+temperature gradient of theta
+
+to the fourth, sixth, et cetera
+are explicitly irrelevant.
+
+And unlike n equals
+3, et cetera,
+
+it cannot cause any change.
+
+So as far as that theory
+was concerned, all of these
+
+corresponded to
+being fixed points.
+
+Then we said that there
+is a twist that is not
+
+taken into account when I
+make that transformation
+
+in the first line, as pointed
+out by Kosterlitz and Thouless.
+
+What you have are topological
+defects that are left out.
+
+And an example of
+such a defect would
+
+be a configuration of spins
+that are kind of radiating out
+
+from some particular point,
+such that when I complete
+
+a circuit going
+around, the value
+
+of spin changes by 2 pi for
+the gradient at the distance r,
+
+gradient of the change in angle
+should fall off as 1 over r.
+
+So if we put one
+of these defects
+
+and calculate what the partition
+function is for one defect,
+
+z of one defect,
+we would say, OK,
+
+what I have to do is
+to calculate the energy
+
+cost of this distortion.
+
+If I use that theory that I
+have over there, I have k/2.
+
+I have integral over all space
+which, because of the symmetry
+
+here, I can write
+as 2 pi r to the r.
+
+And then I have the
+gradient squared.
+
+And as I said, the gradient
+for a topological defect
+
+such as this goes as 1/r.
+
+It's square goes like
+1 over r squared.
+
+So this is an integral that
+is logarithmically divergent.
+
+It's a an integral of 1/r.
+
+It's logarithmically divergent
+both at large distances--
+
+let's say of the order of
+the size of the system--
+
+and has difficulty
+at short distances.
+
+But at short distances, we
+know that there is some lattice
+
+structure, and this
+approximation will break down
+
+when I get to some order of some
+multiple lattice spacing-- so
+
+let's call that a-- and that
+the additional energy that
+
+comes from all of the
+interactions that are smaller
+
+than this core value of a I
+have to separately calculate,
+
+and I'm going to call
+them beta epsilon that
+
+depends on the distance a
+that I choose for the core.
+
+This is just a energy term that
+goes into the Boltzmann factor.
+
+But this defect can
+be placed any place
+
+in a lattice that has size
+L up to this factor of 1/a
+
+that I call the
+size of the core.
+
+So the number of places goes
+like L/a squared, the area
+
+that I'm looking at.
+
+And so we see that this
+expression actually
+
+goes like L/a.
+
+I have the power 2 here.
+
+And from this
+logarithmic interaction,
+
+I will get here power
+of 2 pi k log L/a,
+
+which I can absorb into this.
+
+And I define the exponential
+of the core energy
+
+to be some parameter y.
+
+That clearly depends on the
+choice of what I call my core.
+
+So if I look at just that
+expression by itself,
+
+I would say that
+there is the chance
+
+to see one defect or no
+defects as L/a becomes
+
+large in the thermodynamic
+limit depending
+
+on whether this exponent
+is positive or negative.
+
+So we are kind of-- oops, I
+forgot the factor of 2 here.
+
+It's 1 over pi k.
+
+We are led from this expression
+that something interesting
+
+should happen at some
+kc for one defect, which
+
+is let's call it the
+inverse of the kc.
+
+That is like a
+temperature, which is pi/2.
+
+So maybe around pi/2
+here there should
+
+be something interesting
+that happens.
+
+In fact, if the theory
+was independent vertices,
+
+I would predict there would
+be no vertices up to here,
+
+and then there would be
+whole bunches vertices
+
+that would be
+appearing later on.
+
+But the point is
+that these are not
+
+vertices that don't
+interact with each other.
+
+There are interactions
+between them.
+
+And if I look at a situation
+with many vertices, what
+
+I need to do is to calculate
+the partition function
+
+for the defects, for
+the vertices that
+
+has a resemblance to the Coulomb
+system, so we call it z sub q.
+
+And this z sub q is
+obtained by summing over
+
+all numbers of these defects
+that can appear in the system.
+
+So let's do a sum
+over n, starting
+
+from 0 to however many.
+
+And if I have a
+situation in which there
+
+are n vertices in
+the system, I clearly
+
+have to pay a cost of y per
+core of each one of them.
+
+So there's a factor of y
+raised to the power of n.
+
+These vertices then can be
+placed anywhere on the lattice,
+
+in the same way that I
+had this factor of L/a
+
+for a single vertex.
+
+I will have ability to put
+each one of these vertices
+
+at some point on the lattice.
+
+And then we found that when
+you do the calculation,
+
+the distortions that are caused
+by the independent vertices
+
+clearly add up on
+top of each other.
+
+And when we add it
+up and superimpose
+
+the gradient of
+thetas that correspond
+
+to the different
+vertices and calculated
+
+the integral of gradient of
+theta squared, what we found
+
+was that there was an
+interaction between them
+
+that I could write
+as 4 pi squared
+
+k sum over distinct pairs,
+i less than j, qi qj.
+
+The Coulomb interaction
+[? it fits inside ?] xi and xj.
+
+And actually, the form of
+this came about as follows.
+
+Those That basically the charges
+of these topological defects
+
+are multiples of 2 pi, but
+these qi's I have written
+
+are minus plus 1.
+
+So the two pis are
+absorbed in the charges.
+
+The actual charges being 2 pi
+is what makes this 4 pi squared.
+
+k is the [INAUDIBLE]
+of interaction.
+
+Furthermore, we have
+to require the system
+
+to be overall neutral
+because, otherwise, there
+
+would be a large
+energy for creating
+
+the monopole in a large system.
+
+And again, just as a
+matter of notation,
+
+our z of x has a
+1 over 2 pi itself
+
+log of the displacement
+in units of this a
+
+because we can't allow
+these things to come
+
+very close to each other.
+
+So our task was to
+calculate properties encoded
+
+in this partition function,
+which is, in some sense,
+
+a grand canonical
+system of charges
+
+that can appear and disappear.
+
+And our expectation is that
+at the low temperatures,
+
+essentially all I have are a few
+dipoles that are kind of small.
+
+As I go to higher
+temperature, the two monopoles
+
+making the dipole can fluctuate
+and go further from each other.
+
+And eventually at some
+point, they will be all mixed
+
+up together and
+the picture should
+
+be regarded as a mixture
+of plus and minus charges
+
+in the plasma.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] if
+we have an external field,
+
+would this also be
+fixed [INAUDIBLE], like
+
+and edge or something external?
+
+PROFESSOR: It is
+very hard to imagine
+
+what that external field has
+to be in the language of the xy
+
+model, because
+what you can do is
+
+you can put a field
+that, let's say,
+
+rotates the spins on one side--
+let's say to point down--
+
+spins on the other
+side to point up.
+
+But then what happens
+is that the angles
+
+would adjust themselves
+so that at 0 temperature,
+
+you would have a
+configuration that
+
+would go from plus to minus, and
+all topological charges would
+
+be on top of that
+base configuration.
+
+So that kind of field certainly
+does not have any effect
+
+that I can ascribe over here.
+
+If I change my
+picture completely
+
+and say forget
+about the xy model,
+
+think about this as a
+system of point charges,
+
+then I can certainly,
+like I did last time,
+
+put an electric field on the
+system and see what happens.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+saying that you
+
+can create even
+bigger defects, where
+
+q would be [INAUDIBLE]
+plus minus 1,
+
+plus minus bigger integer?
+
+But that's [? discounted ?]
+as high [INAUDIBLE] effect.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So intrinsically, we
+could go beyond that.
+
+We would have a fugacity
+for a creation of cores
+
+of singular charge,
+another for cores
+
+of double charge, et cetera.
+
+You expect those y's
+or double charges
+
+to be much larger because
+the configuration is going
+
+to be more difficult
+at the core.
+
+And in some sense,
+you can imagine
+
+that we are including
+something similar to that
+
+because we can create
+two single charges that
+
+are closing off to each other.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So why is a
+Coulomb state [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Is that high order?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+you would expect
+
+that if y is a
+small parameter, you
+
+would like to create as
+few things as possible.
+
+The reason you create any is
+because you have entropy gain.
+
+So I would say
+energetically, even
+
+creating a pair is unfavorable.
+
+But the pair has lots of
+places that it can go,
+
+so because of the
+gain in entropy,
+
+it is willing to accept that.
+
+If I create a
+quadrupole, you say,
+
+well, I break the
+quadrupole into two dipoles
+
+and then I have
+much more entropy.
+
+So that's why it's not--
+we can have that term,
+
+but it is going to
+have much less weight.
+
+So I won't repeat
+the calculation,
+
+but last time we indeed asked
+what happens if we have,
+
+let's say, some kind
+of an electric field.
+
+And because of the presence
+of the electric field,
+
+dipoles are going to be aligned.
+
+And the effect of that is to
+reduce the effective strength
+
+of all kinds of
+Coulomb interactions.
+
+We found that the effective
+strength was reduced by from k
+
+by an amount that was related
+to the likelihood of creating
+
+the dipole of size r.
+
+And that was clearly
+proportional to y squared
+
+into the minus from there,
+4 pi squared q log of r/a.
+
+That's the co-ability we
+create a dipole of this size.
+
+And then I have
+to, in principle,
+
+integrate over all dipole sizes.
+
+But this writing this as an
+orientationally independent
+
+result is not correct
+because in the presence
+
+of an electric field,
+you have more likelihood
+
+to be oriented in one
+direction as opposed
+
+to the other direction.
+
+So this factor of e
+to the cosine theta,
+
+et cetera, that we
+expanded, first of all,
+
+gave us an average of
+cosine of theta squared.
+
+So there was a
+factor of 1/2 here.
+
+Rather than full rotation,
+I was doing an average
+
+of cosine squared
+to be that factor.
+
+Expanding that actually
+gave me a factor of 4 pi
+
+squared k because of the Coulomb
+term that I had up there.
+
+And then I had essentially
+the polarizability of one
+
+of these objects that
+goes like r squared.
+
+Again, coming from
+expanding this factor
+
+that we had in the exponents.
+
+Actually, I calculated
+everything in units of A,
+
+so I should really do this.
+
+And this was correct
+to order of y squared.
+
+And in principle,
+one can imagine
+
+that there are configurations
+of four charges, quadrupole,
+
+like things, et cetera,
+that further modify this.
+
+And that this is a result
+that I have to-- oops,
+
+this was 1 minus.
+
+It was an overall factor of k.
+
+This was the correction
+term that we calculated.
+
+And then the size
+of these dipoles,
+
+we have to integrate from
+A to the size of the system
+
+or, if you like, infinity.
+
+And although we were attempting
+to make an expansion in powers
+
+of y, what we see is that
+because this is giving me
+
+a factor of k/r, the
+r has to be integrated
+
+against these three
+factors of rdr.
+
+Whether or not this integral is
+dominated by its upper cut-off,
+
+and hence divergent,
+depends on value of k
+
+that is related to
+the same divergence
+
+that we have for
+a single vertex.
+
+So this perturbation theory
+is, in principle, not valid
+
+no matter how much y I
+try to make small as one
+
+long as my k inverse
+is greater than pi/2.
+
+So what we decided to do was not
+to do this entire integration
+
+that gives us infinity,
+but rather to recast this
+
+as a re-normalization
+group in which core size is
+
+changed from a to beta.
+
+Now one way to see the
+effect of it-- last time,
+
+I did this slightly
+differently--
+
+is to ensure that the result for
+the partition function of one
+
+charge is unmodified.
+
+If I simply do this
+change, the weight
+
+should not change
+for one defect.
+
+And so clearly, you
+can see that there's
+
+a change in power
+of beta that I would
+
+that I need to
+compensate by changing
+
+the core energy by a factor of
+b to the power of 2 minus pi k.
+
+So the statement that I have
+for z 1, in order for z 1
+
+to be left invariant, I have
+to rescale the core energies
+
+by this factor.
+
+And then over
+here, I essentially
+
+just integrate up
+to a factor of da.
+
+Just get rid of
+those interactions.
+
+And so this becomes
+minus 4 pi q k
+
+squared y squared--
+as we're looking
+
+at dipole contribution--
+integral from a to ba of dr
+
+r cubed divided a to the fourth.
+
+a/r to the power of 2 pi k.
+
+It means that I probably
+made a mistake somewhere.
+
+Yeah, this has a 2 pi.
+
+I forgot the 2 pi from
+the definition of the log.
+
+So these are the
+recursion relations.
+
+So basically, this same results
+at large scale for the Coulomb
+
+gas can be obtained
+either by the theory
+
+that is parametrized
+by y and original k,
+
+or after going through this
+removal of short distance
+
+degrees of freedom by theory
+in which y is modified
+
+by this factor and k is
+modified by this factor.
+
+And as usual, we can change
+these recursion relations
+
+into flow equations by
+choosing the value of b
+
+that is very close to 1, and
+then essentially converting
+
+these things to y evaluated
+at a slightly larger than 1,
+
+and from that,
+constructing the y by dl.
+
+And y by dl simply becomes
+2 minus pi k times y.
+
+And I can do the
+same thing here.
+
+This is k plus dk dl.
+
+The k part cancels.
+
+And what I will get
+is that dk by dl
+
+is minus 4 pi cubed
+k squared y squared.
+
+And actually, all I need to do
+is evaluate this on the shell
+
+where r equals to
+a, and you can see
+
+that the integral
+essentially gives me 1.
+
+It gives you a delta l,
+basically goes over here.
+
+So these are order of y squared.
+
+Actually, it is kind of
+better to cast results
+
+rather in terms of k, in
+terms of k inverse, which
+
+is kind of like a
+temperature variable.
+
+And then what we get is
+that d by dl of k inverse
+
+essentially is
+going to be minus 1
+
+over k squared by
+dl of k squared.
+
+So the minus k squared
+cancels, and it simply
+
+becomes 4 pi q y squared,
+order of y to the fourth.
+
+And divide by dl, it's actually
+2 minus pi k y plus O of y.
+
+So these are the equations
+that describe the changing
+
+parameters under rescaling
+for this Coulomb gas.
+
+And so we can plot them.
+
+Essentially, we have
+two paramters-- y,
+
+and we have k inverse.
+
+And what we see
+is that k inverse,
+
+its change is always positive.
+
+So the flow should
+always be to the right.
+
+y, whether y decreases
+or decreases depends on
+
+whether I am above or below
+this critical value of 2/pi
+
+that we keep encountering.
+
+And in particular,
+what we will find
+
+is that there is a trajectory
+that goes into this point.
+
+And if you are to the
+left of that trajectory,
+
+y is getting smaller, k
+inverse is getting larger.
+
+And so you go like this.
+
+Eventually, you land on
+a point down here where
+
+y has gone to 0.
+
+And if y has gone to 0, then
+k inverse does not change.
+
+So you have a structure where
+you have a line of fixed points
+
+so any point over
+here is a fixed point,
+
+but it is also a
+stable fixed point.
+
+It is true that points
+that are over here,
+
+if you are exactly at y
+equals to 0 are fixed points.
+
+But as soon as you
+have a little bit of y,
+
+then they start flowing away.
+
+And essentially, the
+general pattern of flow
+
+is something like this.
+
+So I go back to my
+original xy model,
+
+and I'm at some value at low
+temperatures-- means that I'm
+
+down here-- but
+presumably, there's
+
+a finite cost for creating the
+core, so I may be over here.
+
+And when I go to slightly
+higher temperature,
+
+k inverse becomes larger.
+
+But the core energy typically
+becomes smaller also
+
+at lower temperatures
+because everything
+
+is scaled by scale by 1/kt.
+
+So as I go to higher
+and higher temperatures,
+
+my xy model presumably goes
+through some trajectory.
+
+The trajectory of changing
+the xy model as temperature
+
+is modified has nothing
+to do with [? rg ?].
+
+So basically is xy
+model on increasing T.
+
+And what is happening in
+the xy model of increasing
+
+T is that at low temperatures,
+I'm at some point
+
+here, which if I look at
+larger and larger scales,
+
+I find that eventually
+I go to a place
+
+where the effective whole
+cost for creating vertices
+
+is so large that they
+are not created at all.
+
+So then I'm back to that theory
+that has no vertices and simply
+
+gradient squared, and I
+expect that correlations
+
+will be given by this
+power law type of form.
+
+However, at some point,
+I am in this region.
+
+And when I'm in this region, I
+find that maybe even initially
+
+the core energy goes
+down or y goes down.
+
+But eventually, I end up
+going to a regime where
+
+both y is large and effective
+temperature-- the inverse-- are
+
+large.
+
+So essentially anywhere here
+eventually at large scales,
+
+I will see that I will be
+creating vertices pretty much
+
+at ease and at sufficiently
+long, large scale.
+
+My picture should
+be that of a plasma
+
+in which the [? plas ?]
+plus and minus
+
+charges are moving around.
+
+And so then there is
+this transition line
+
+that separates the two regimes.
+
+So let's find the
+behavior of that.
+
+And clearly, what
+I need to do is
+
+to focus in the vicinity
+of this fixed point that
+
+controls the transition.
+
+That is, anything that
+undergoes the transition
+
+eventually comes and flows to
+the vicinity of this point.
+
+So what we can do is we
+can construct, if you like,
+
+a two dimensional
+blow-up of that.
+
+And what I'm going
+to do is to introduce
+
+a variable of x, which
+is k inverse minus 2/pi.
+
+Essentially, how far I have gone
+from this in this direction--
+
+y, I can use as y [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And so what we see
+is that my k inverse
+
+is 2/pi, my critical value.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+that should be a pi/2.
+
+PROFESSOR: k inverse
+this is pi/2.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Which means that
+this has to be pi/2.
+
+This has to be pi/2.
+
+And this I can write
+as pi/2, 1 plus 2x/pi.
+
+So that to lowest
+order in x, k is 2/pi.
+
+The inverse of
+this factor, which
+
+is 1 minus 2x/pi plus
+order of x squared.
+
+I'm expanding for small x.
+
+I put that value in here
+and I find that my dy by dl
+
+is now 2 minus pi times
+what I have over there.
+
+So it is pi times 2/pi-- so
+it becomes 2-- plus 4/pi x.
+
+So essentially, I have
+minus 4/pi squared.
+
+I multiple by pi.
+
+It becomes plus 4/pi x.
+
+Multiply by y.
+
+So this is simply a 4/pi xy.
+
+Now the point is
+that typically we
+
+are used to expanding
+in the vicinity
+
+of that important fixed point.
+
+And all the cases that
+we had seen so far,
+
+once we did that
+expression, we ended up
+
+with a linear behavior-- divide
+by dl plus something times y.
+
+Here we see that the
+vicinity of this point
+
+is clearly a quadratic
+type of behavior.
+
+And this quadratic
+behavior leads
+
+to some unusual and
+interesting critical behavior
+
+that we are going to explore.
+
+So let's stick with this
+a little bit longer.
+
+We can see that if I look
+at d by dl of y squared,
+
+it is going to be
+2y divided by dl,
+
+so I have to
+multiply this by 2y,
+
+so I will get 8/pi
+pi xy squared.
+
+Why did I do that?
+
+It's because you can recognize
+his xy squared shortly.
+
+Let's go and do the x by dl.
+
+The x by dl is simply
+dk inverse by dl,
+
+so that is 4 pi cubed y squared.
+
+And now you can see that if
+I do d by dl of x squared,
+
+I will have 2x dx by dl, so
+I will have 8 pi cubed xy
+
+squared.
+
+So now we can recognize
+that these two quantities
+
+up to some factor
+of pi to the fourth
+
+are really the same thing.
+
+So from here, we
+conclude that d by dl
+
+of x squared minus pi
+to the fourth y squared.
+
+Essentially once I do
+that, I will get 0.
+
+So as I go along
+these trajectories,
+
+x and y are changing,
+but the combination
+
+x squared minus pi to the fourth
+y squared is not changing.
+
+So all of the trajectories
+that I have drawn-- at least
+
+sufficiently close at this point
+around which I am expanding--
+
+correspond to lines
+that are x squared
+
+minus pi to the fourth y squared
+is some constant I'll call c.
+
+And that constant must meet
+whatever you started with.
+
+So if I call the trajectory
+here to be the combination
+
+x0 by x0-- your
+original values--
+
+I can figure out what my
+x0 to the fourth minus pi
+
+the fourth x0 to the fourth is.
+
+And that's going to
+be staying constant
+
+along the entire trajectory.
+
+So these trajectories are, in
+fact, portions of a hyperbole.
+
+And this is the
+equation that you
+
+would have for a
+hyperbola in xy.
+
+Now clearly there are
+two types of hyperbole--
+
+the ones that go like this and
+the ones that go like that.
+
+In fact, this one and this one
+are pretty much the same thing.
+
+And what distinguishes this
+pattern versus that pattern
+
+is whether this constant
+c is positive or negative
+
+because you can
+see that out here,
+
+ultimately you end up at the
+point where y has gone to 0.
+
+So depending on x positive or
+negative, it doesn't matter.
+
+This combination
+will be positive.
+
+So throughout here, what I
+have is that c is positive.
+
+Whereas what I have up
+here is c that is negative.
+
+Presumably, there is
+other trajectory here
+
+and down here, c
+is again positive.
+
+And again, if you want to ensure
+y over here c is negative,
+
+because over here you can see
+you crossed the line where
+
+x is 0, but you have
+some value of y.
+
+So if I were to blow up that
+region both as a function of x
+
+and y, well, first
+of all, I will
+
+have a particular set of
+trajectories-- the ones
+
+that end up at this
+important fix point, which
+
+correspond clearly
+to c cos to 0.
+
+So that c cos to 0 will
+give me two straight lines.
+
+So presumably there
+is this straight line,
+
+and then there is another
+straight line goes out there.
+
+And then I have this
+bunch of trajectories
+
+that are these hyperbole
+that end up over here.
+
+I can have hyperboles
+that will be going out.
+
+And then I will have
+hyperboles that are like this.
+
+This are all in the
+high temperature phase,
+
+so let's [INAUDIBLE] like this.
+
+So one thing that
+you immediately see
+
+is that the location
+of the transition that
+
+is given by this critical
+line when c equals to 0.
+
+So statement number
+one that we can get
+
+is that the transition line
+corresponds to c equals to 0.
+
+So solving for x
+as a function of y,
+
+I will get that x critical is
+either minus or plus pi squared
+
+y.
+
+Clearly from the figure,
+the solution that I want
+
+is the one that
+corresponds to minus.
+
+My x was k inverse minus pi/2.
+
+This is kc inverse minus pi/2.
+
+And so what I see
+is that kc inverse--
+
+the correct transition
+temperature-- is,
+
+in fact, lower than the value
+of pi/2 that we had deduced,
+
+assuming that there is
+only a single vertex
+
+in the entire system by an
+amount that to lowest order
+
+is related to the core
+energy or core fugacity.
+
+And presumably, there
+are higher order terms
+
+that I haven't calculated.
+
+So this number that
+we have calculated
+
+by looking at a
+single defect, we
+
+can see that in the presence
+of multiple defects,
+
+starts to get lower.
+
+And this is precisely
+correct in the limit
+
+where y is a small quantity.
+
+Now that's a transition line.
+
+We can look to the
+left or to the right.
+
+Let us just look at the
+low temperature phase.
+
+So for the low T phase, we
+expect c to be negative.
+
+And I can, for example, make
+that explicit by writing
+
+it as-- OK, so c was x0 squared
+minus pi to the fourth y0
+
+squared-- what the starting
+parameters of the system
+
+dictate.
+
+If you are under low temperature
+phase such that c is negative,
+
+it means that you
+are at temperatures
+
+that are smaller than Tc.
+
+So let's see, T minus
+Tc, let's write it
+
+as Tc minus T--
+would be positive.
+
+But this has to be
+negative, so let me just
+
+introduce some parameter b.
+
+It's not the same b as here.
+
+Just some coefficient
+that has to be squared.
+
+So I know that as I hit
+Tc, this c goes to 0.
+
+If I'm slightly away from
+Tc along the trajectory
+
+that I have indicated over
+here, right here I'm 0,
+
+so right I'm slightly negative.
+
+And there's no reason why
+the value that I calculated
+
+from x0 squared minus pi
+to the fourth y0 squared
+
+should not be an
+analytical function.
+
+So I have expanded that
+analytical function,
+
+knowing that that
+Tc is equal to 0.
+
+There will be higher
+order terms for sure,
+
+but this is the
+lowest order term
+
+that I would have
+in that expansion.
+
+And as we said,
+this is preserved
+
+all along the trajectory
+that ends on this point.
+
+So along that trajectory,
+this is the same
+
+as x squared minus pi
+to the fourth y squared,
+
+which means that I can write
+y squared to be 1 over pi
+
+to the fourth.
+
+x squared plus b
+squared Tc minus T. So
+
+if I want to solve
+for this curve, that's
+
+what I will have for some
+value of this quantity.
+
+And what I do is I look at what
+that implies for the xy dl.
+
+The xy dl is 4 pi
+cubed y squared.
+
+I substitute the y squared
+that I have over there.
+
+I will get 4/pi times x squared
+plus b squared Tc minus T.
+
+So under rescaling, this tells
+me what is happening to x.
+
+And in particular, what I can do
+is to integrate this equation.
+
+I have dx divided by x squared
+plus b squared Tc minus T is
+
+4/pi dl-- just rearranging
+this differential equation.
+
+And this I can certainly
+integrate out to l.
+
+This you should recognize
+as the differential form
+
+of the inverse tangent
+up to a factor of 1
+
+over b square root
+of Tc minus T.
+
+So I integrate this.
+
+And on the other
+side, I have 4/pi l.
+
+So eventually, I know that--
+that's what I wanted to do?
+
+I needed to do this later on,
+but we'll use it later on.
+
+What I needed to get is
+what is the eventual fate
+
+of this differential equation.
+
+Eventually, we see that this
+differential equation arrives
+
+at the point that I
+will call x infinity.
+
+When it arrives at x infinity,
+this is 0 and y is 0,
+
+so I immediately know
+that x infinity--
+
+I didn't need to do any of that
+calculation-- this expression
+
+has to be 0, is minus the square
+root of Tc minus T. So let
+
+me figure out what I did with
+the signs that is incorrect.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+temperature [INAUDIBLE]
+
+positive [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: In the low
+temperature phase,
+
+I have indeed stated that
+c has to be positive,
+
+which means that this
+coefficient better be positive,
+
+which means that I would
+have a minus sign here.
+
+And then x would be
+b times Tc minus T.
+
+Right, so this would
+be plus or minus.
+
+The plus solution is
+somewhere out here,
+
+which I'm not interested.
+
+The solution that I'm interested
+corresponds to this value.
+
+You say, well, what is
+important about that?
+
+You see that various properties
+of this low temperature phase
+
+are characterized by
+this power law as opposed
+
+to exponential behavior.
+
+The power law is determined
+by the value of k
+
+where the description in
+terms of this gradient
+
+squared theory is correct.
+
+Now out here, the
+description is not correct
+
+because I still have the
+topological difference.
+
+But if I look at
+sufficiently large distances,
+
+I see that the topology
+defects have disappeared.
+
+But by the time the topological
+defects have disappeared,
+
+I don't have the
+original value of k.
+
+I have a slightly
+different value of k.
+
+So presumably,
+the properties are
+
+going to be described by
+what value of this k inverse
+
+is of large behaviors.
+
+And so what I expect is that
+the effective behavior of this k
+
+inverse-- actually, the
+effective behavior of k--
+
+as a function of whatever the
+temperature of the system is.
+
+We expect that in the original
+xy model, or any system that
+
+is described by
+this behavior, there
+
+is a critical temperature,
+Tc, such that at higher
+
+temperatures, correlations
+are decaying exponentially.
+
+So essentially, the effective
+value of k has gone to 0.
+
+There is no stiffness parameter.
+
+So basically at
+high temperatures,
+
+you should be over here.
+
+What I see is that the effective
+value of k, however, other
+
+is meaningful all the way
+to the inverse of 2/pi.
+
+So there is a value
+here at 2/pi which
+
+corresponds to the largest
+temperature or the smallest
+
+k that is acceptable.
+
+Now what I see is
+that on approaching
+
+the transition, the value of k--
+I have it up there-- is 2/pi.
+
+This limiting value
+that we have over here.
+
+And then there is a correction
+that is 4 over pi squared x.
+
+And presumably here, I have
+to put the x in infinity.
+
+And what I have
+for the x infinity
+
+is something like that,
+so I will get 2/pi plus 4
+
+e over pi squared square
+root of Tc minus T.
+
+So the prediction is that
+the effective value of k
+
+comes to its limiting
+value of 2/pi
+
+with a square root singularity.
+
+So we can replace
+the theory that
+
+describes anything that is
+in this universality class
+
+in the temperature phase
+by an effective value of k.
+
+If we then ask how does that
+effective value of k change
+
+as a function of
+temperature, the prediction
+
+is that, well, at
+very low temperature,
+
+it's presumably inversely
+related to temperature.
+
+It will come down,
+but [INAUDIBLE]
+
+it will change its behavior,
+come with a square root
+
+singularity to a number that
+is 2/pi, and then jump to 0.
+
+Now you are justified in saying,
+well, this is all very obscure.
+
+Is there any way to see this?
+
+And the answer is that
+people have experimentally
+
+verified this, and
+I'll tell you how.
+
+So a system that belongs to this
+universality class and we've
+
+mentioned all the way in
+the class is the superfluid.
+
+We've said that the superfluid
+transition is characterized
+
+by a quantum order parameter
+that applies a magnitude,
+
+but then it has a phase theta.
+
+And roughly, we would say
+that the phase theta should
+
+be described by this kind of
+theory at low temperatures.
+
+So if we want basically a
+two dimensional system, what
+
+we need to do is to look
+at the superfluid field.
+
+And this is something that
+Bishop and Reppy did in 1978
+
+where they constructed the
+analog of the Andronikashvili
+
+experiment that we mentioned in
+8333, applied it to the field.
+
+So let me remind you what the
+Andronikashvili experiment was.
+
+Basically, you will have
+a torsional oscillator.
+
+This torsional
+oscillator was connected
+
+to a vat that had helium in it.
+
+So basically, this
+thing was oscillating,
+
+and the frequency
+of oscillations
+
+was related to some kind of a
+effective torsion of constant k
+
+divided by some
+huge mass which is
+
+contained within the cylinder.
+
+So basically you can
+probe classically-- you
+
+would say there's some
+kind of a density here.
+
+You can calculate
+what the mass is
+
+if you know what this is,
+you know what the omega is.
+
+Now what he noticed was that
+if this thing was filled
+
+with liquid helium and you
+went below Tc of helium, then
+
+suddenly this frequency changed.
+
+And the reason was that the
+mass that was rotating along
+
+with this whole thing was
+changed because the part that
+
+was superfluid
+was sitting still,
+
+and the normal part was the
+part that was oscillating.
+
+So the mass that was
+oscillating was reduced,
+
+frequency would go up.
+
+And from the change
+in frequency,
+
+he could figure out the change
+in the density of the part that
+
+was oscillating,
+and hence calculate
+
+what the density of
+the normal part was.
+
+So what Bishop and Reppy did was
+to make this two dimensional.
+
+How did they make
+it two dimensional?
+
+Rather than having a container
+of helium, what they did was
+
+they made, if you like,
+some kind of a toilet paper.
+
+They call it a
+jelly roll my Mylar.
+
+So it was Mylar that was
+wrapped in a cylinder.
+
+And then the helium was absorbed
+between the surfaces of Mylar.
+
+So effectively, it was
+a two dimensional system
+
+in this very setup.
+
+So for that two
+dimensional system,
+
+they-- again, with
+the same thing--
+
+they measure the
+change in frequency.
+
+They found that if they go
+to low enough temperatures,
+
+suddenly there is a
+change in frequency.
+
+Of course, the temperature that
+they were seeing in this case
+
+was something like 1
+degrees Kelvin or a fraction
+
+of 1 degree Kelvin, whereas when
+you have the full superfluid,
+
+it's 2.8 degrees Kelvin clearly
+because of that dimensionality
+
+the critical
+temperature changes.
+
+But you would say that's not
+particularly the inverse.
+
+So they could measure
+the change in frequency
+
+and relate the
+change in frequency
+
+to the density that
+became superfluid.
+
+Now how does the
+superfluid density
+
+tell us anything
+about this curve?
+
+Well, the answer
+is that everything
+
+is going to be
+weighted by something
+
+like e the minus beta
+times some energy.
+
+The one part of the energy that
+is associated with oscillations
+
+is certainly the kinetic energy.
+
+So let's see what we would
+write down for beta times
+
+the kinetic energy of
+superfluid or superfluid film.
+
+What I have to do is
+beta will give me 1/kt.
+
+The kinetic energy is
+obtained by integrating
+
+mass times velocity
+squared, or density
+
+integrated against velocity.
+
+It's a two dimensional
+film, so we sort of
+
+integrate as we
+go along the film.
+
+The superfluid
+velocity can be related
+
+to the mass of helium
+h bar and the gradient
+
+of this phase of the
+superconducting order
+
+parameter.
+
+So you can, for example, write
+your weight function as sidebar
+
+into the i theta of x, calculate
+what the current is using
+
+the usual formula of h bar
+over m psi star [? grat ?] psi
+
+[? minus ?] psi
+[? grat ?] psi star,
+
+and you would see that effective
+mass is something like this.
+
+So this is going to give
+me rho over kt h bar over n
+
+helium 4 squared integral
+gradient of theta
+
+squared, which you can see
+is identical to the very
+
+first line that I
+wrote down for you.
+
+And we can see that k can be
+interpreted as rho-- kt h bar
+
+over n squared.
+
+So all of these quantities--
+h bar m, you know.
+
+T is the temperature
+that you're measuring.
+
+Rho you get through the
+change in this frequency.
+
+And so then they can
+plot what [INAUDIBLE]
+
+rho is as a function
+of temperature.
+
+And we see that it's
+very much related to k.
+
+And indeed, they find that
+the rho that they measure
+
+has some kind of
+behavior such as this.
+
+And then they go and change
+their Mylar, make the films
+
+thicker or whatever.
+
+They find that the
+transition temperature
+
+changes so that a
+different type of film
+
+would show a behavior
+such as this.
+
+And thicker films will have a
+higher critical temperature.
+
+They do it for a number
+of film thicknesses,
+
+and they got things'
+behavior such as this,
+
+and found that this behavior
+followed this gray line, which
+
+is exactly what is
+predicted from here.
+
+It was predicted
+that rho c over Tc
+
+should kb m over h
+bar squared times what
+
+the critical value of k is that
+we've calculated to be 2/pi
+
+So they could precisely
+check these 2/pi
+
+that we've calculated.
+
+They could more or less see
+this square root approach
+
+to this singularity.
+
+I'm not sure the data
+at that point were good
+
+enough so that they could say
+this exponent is precisely 1/2.
+
+So this was for the
+low temperature phase.
+
+What can I say about the
+high temperature phase?
+
+So in the high temperature
+phase is where my c is negative.
+
+So there I can write
+x0 squared minus pi
+
+to the fourth y0 squared
+as being a negative number,
+
+which I will write as
+minus b squared T minus Tc.
+
+So I have now T that is
+greater that Tc, multiply
+
+with some constant,
+and I get this.
+
+And this is the same all
+along the trajectory.
+
+So as I go further
+and x and y change,
+
+they will change
+in a manner that
+
+is consistent with
+this, which implies
+
+that as x changes with l and y
+changes with l, the two of them
+
+will be related by y squared is
+being x squared plus b squared
+
+T minus Tc divided
+by pi to the fourth.
+
+So this is where
+I don't really see
+
+the endpoint of the trajectory.
+
+I just want to see how the
+trajectory is behaving.
+
+So I go back to this
+equation, dx by dl
+
+is 4 pi cube y squared.
+
+Substitute that y
+squared, I will get 4/pi 1
+
+over x squared plus
+b squared T minus Tc.
+
+And then I rearrange
+this in a form
+
+I can see how to integrate.
+
+dx x squared plus b squared
+T minus Tc is 4/pi dl.
+
+I integrate the left-hand side.
+
+And as I already
+jumped ahead, it
+
+is the inverse
+tangent of x divided
+
+by b square root of T
+minus Tc is 4/pi times l.
+
+So what do I want to do
+with this expression?
+
+So what I want to do is to
+see the trajectories that
+
+just cross to the
+high temperature side.
+
+So I start with a point
+that is just slightly
+
+to the right of this
+transition line.
+
+Presumably, what is
+happening is that I
+
+will follow the transition
+trajectory for a long while,
+
+then I will start
+to head out, which
+
+means that for this
+trajectory, if I look
+
+at the system over larger
+and larger scales, initially
+
+I find that it becomes
+harder and harder
+
+to create these
+topological defects.
+
+The core energy for
+them becomes large.
+
+The fugacity for
+them becomes small.
+
+But ultimately I manage to
+break that, and I go to a regime
+
+where it becomes
+easier and easier
+
+to create these
+topological defects.
+
+And presumably at some
+point out here, everything
+
+that I have said I have to
+throw out because I'm making
+
+an expansion, assuming that y
+is small, x is small, et cetera.
+
+So presumably, as I integrate,
+I come to a point where I say,
+
+OK, differential
+equations break down.
+
+But my intuition tells me that
+I have reached the regime where
+
+I can create pretty much plus
+and minus charges at ease.
+
+So I would say that once I
+have reached that region where
+
+x and y have managed to escape
+the region where they are
+
+small, they have become
+of the order of 1.
+
+Maybe you can put them 1/3,
+1/4-- it doesn't matter.
+
+Once they have become something
+that is not infinitesimal,
+
+then I can create these
+charges more or less at will.
+
+I will have a
+system where I have
+
+lots of charges that
+can be created at ease.
+
+And my intuition tells
+me that in that system,
+
+I shall have this kind of
+decay-- exponential decay.
+
+So how far did I have to go in
+order to reach that value of l?
+
+I have to go to a
+correlation length
+
+for a size that is
+larger than 1 what
+
+I started with by a factor of
+e to the l where the value of x
+
+became something that
+is of the order of 1.
+
+And actually, you
+can see from here
+
+that if I'm very close
+to the transition,
+
+it doesn't matter
+whether I choose here
+
+to be 1/10, 1/2, even 1/100.
+
+As long as I'm
+close enough to Tc,
+
+I'm dividing something by
+something that is close to 0.
+
+And this is tan inverse
+of a large number.
+
+And tan inverse
+of a large number
+
+is tan inverse of 90 degrees.
+
+So essentially, I
+go to some value
+
+of x where I can approximate
+this by pi over 2.
+
+And you can see that that is
+really insensitive to what
+
+I choose to be my x's as
+long as I'm sufficiently
+
+close to the critical point.
+
+So you can see that
+once I have done
+
+that, I have figured out what
+my l star is, if you like.
+
+And if I substituted
+that over there,
+
+I will get a behavior that is
+about pi/4 times pi/2 times
+
+1 over the square
+root of T minus Tc.
+
+Now these coefficients out
+front are not that important.
+
+What you see is that, indeed,
+we get a correlation length
+
+that, as we approach
+Tc, diverges,
+
+but it is not that at
+all of any of the forms
+
+that we had seen before.
+
+So typically, we wrote that
+the correlation lens diverges
+
+T minus Tc to some
+exponent minus mu.
+
+This is not that
+type of divergence.
+
+It's a very different
+type of divergence.
+
+And again, it's root is
+in the non-linear version
+
+of the recursion
+undulations that we have.
+
+The closest thing
+to this that we have
+
+is when we were calculating
+the correlation length
+
+for the non-linear sigma model
+where we had something that
+
+had a 1 over temperature
+type of behavior.
+
+This is even more complicated.
+
+Now once you know the singular
+behavior of the correlation
+
+length, you would say that in
+the two dimensional system,
+
+the singular part
+of the free energy
+
+should scale like
+c to the minus 2.
+
+Essentially, you
+break your system
+
+into pieces that are of the
+size correlation length.
+
+The number of those pieces
+is l over xi squared,
+
+because you are
+in two dimensions.
+
+So you would get this.
+
+So that says that your
+singularity of the free energy
+
+is something like, I
+don't know, pi squared
+
+8 4b square root of T minus Tc.
+
+Again, not a
+popular singularity.
+
+It's an essential singularity.
+
+And essential singularity is
+a kind of singular function
+
+that no matter how
+many derivatives
+
+you take, as T comes to Tc,
+there is no singularity.
+
+So for example, if I
+take two derivatives
+
+to get the heat
+capacity, what I would
+
+plot as a function of T at
+Tc should have no signatures.
+
+So basically what you
+would see because if this
+
+is that the curve
+just continues.
+
+There is no signature of
+a transition at this heat
+
+capacity.
+
+And indeed, people
+later on, they
+
+did numerical
+simulations, et cetera.
+
+What they find is that
+the heat capacity actually
+
+has kind of smooth peak a
+little bit later than Tc, which
+
+is the location where there's
+lots and lots of vortex
+
+unbinding going, gone.
+
+But at Tc itself, there is no
+signature of a singularity.
+
+As far as I know, there's
+no experimental case
+
+with this correlation
+length as we observed.
+
+So the lesson that we can take
+from this particular system
+
+is that two dimensional
+system are kind of potentially
+
+interesting and different.
+
+We had this
+Mermin-Wagner Theorem
+
+that we mentioned in
+the beginning that
+
+said that there should
+be no true long range
+
+order than two dimensions.
+
+That is still true.
+
+But despite that, there
+could be phase transitions
+
+with quite observable
+consequences.
+
+Add a particular type of
+transition in two dimension
+
+that we will pursue next
+lecture-- so I'll give you
+
+a preview-- is that of melting.
+
+So the prototype of a phase
+transition you may think of
+
+is either liquid gas
+or a liquid solid.
+
+And you can say, well, you
+have studied phase transitions
+
+to such a degree.
+
+Why not go back and talk
+about the melting transition,
+
+for example?
+
+The reason is that the straight
+melting transition is typically
+
+first order.
+
+And we've seen that universality
+and all of those things
+
+emerge when you have a
+diverging correlation length.
+
+So you want to
+have a place where
+
+there is a possible potential
+for continuous phase
+
+transition.
+
+And it turns out that melting
+in two dimensions provides that.
+
+So in two dimensions,
+you could have
+
+a bunch of points that
+could, for example,
+
+in a minimum energy
+configuration at T close to 0
+
+form a triangular lattice.
+
+Now when you go to
+finite temperature--
+
+as we discussed, again, at
+the very first lecture--
+
+you will start to have
+distortions around this.
+
+We can describe
+these distortions
+
+to effect of u of x and y.
+
+And then go to that
+appropriate continuum limit
+
+that describes the
+elasticity of these things.
+
+And it is going
+to look very much
+
+like that gradient
+of theta squared term
+
+that we wrote at the beginning,
+except that since this u is
+
+a vector, as we saw, even
+for an isotropic material,
+
+you will have the
+potential for having
+
+multiple elastic constants.
+
+But modeled on that, the
+conclusion that you would have
+
+is that as long
+as it is OK for me
+
+to make an expansion that
+is like the elastic theory--
+
+some kind of a gradient
+of u expansion--
+
+the conclusion would be
+that the correlations in u
+
+will grow logarithmically
+as a function of size.
+
+And you will not have
+too long range of order,
+
+but you will have some kind
+of a power of behavior,
+
+such as the one that we
+have indicated over there.
+
+On the other hand, when you
+go to very high temperature,
+
+presumably this
+whole thing melts.
+
+There is no reason
+to have correlations
+
+beyond a few atoms
+that are close to you.
+
+Add so typically at
+high temperature,
+
+correlations will
+decay exponentially.
+
+So this is low
+temperature expansion
+
+is elastic theory expansion
+that we have written down
+
+has to break down
+also in this case.
+
+And a particular mechanism for
+its breakdown in two dimensions
+
+is to create these
+topological defects, which
+
+in the case of solid will
+correspond to these location
+
+lines that, for
+example, correspond
+
+to adding an addition row of
+particles here terminating
+
+at some point.
+
+And we can go through exactly
+the same kind of story
+
+as we had before and conclude
+that these dislocations,
+
+because of the competition
+between their energy
+
+cost soaring logarithmically
+and their entropy gain growing
+
+logarithmically,
+we need to unbind
+
+at the critical temperature.
+
+And so that provides a
+mechanism for describing
+
+the melting of
+two-dimensional materials
+
+in a language that is
+very similar to this,
+
+except for the complications
+that have to do with this being
+
+a vector rather than
+the scale of quantity.
+
+And so what we find is that
+these topological charges
+
+are different from
+minus 2 plus 2 pi.
+
+The interactions between
+them is a particular version
+
+of the Coulomb interaction, but
+that many of the other results
+
+go through.
+
+And we will get an idea of what
+happens when the solid melts
+
+because of the unbinding
+of these locations.
+
+But there is a
+puzzle that we will
+
+find if we're not
+melting to a liquid,
+
+but into something which is
+more like a liquid crystal.
+
+So [INAUDIBLE] did they
+discover also something
+
+about liquid crystals.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jNzdhBVU620.txt b/jNzdhBVU620.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50d1fd37602a73fd102614a203c91780ea056036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jNzdhBVU620.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let's uh
+continue so we're going to uh continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so we're going to uh continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so we're going to uh continue
+with um linear codes and talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um linear codes and talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um linear codes and talk today
+about um error correction so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um error correction so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um error correction so let me just
+remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you we're thinking of linear codes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're thinking of linear codes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we're thinking of linear codes very
+concretely is being generated through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely is being generated through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely is being generated through a
+a process like this we've put this up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process like this we've put this up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process like this we've put this up on
+the board several times you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board several times you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board several times you've got the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+bits and then the parody bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay being generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay being generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay being generated
+by um the data bits multiplying into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um the data bits multiplying into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um the data bits multiplying into a
+so-called generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called generator
+Matrix you've seen this in lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you've seen this in lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you've seen this in lecture and
+recitation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay and we've uh considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay and we've uh considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay and we've uh considered
+different ways to think of this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think of this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think of this Matrix
+one way is to think of it as is made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to think of it as is made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way is to think of it as is made up
+of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rows and what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and what you're doing
+is taking linear combinations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking linear combinations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking linear combinations of these
+rows uh to generate um a code word so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows uh to generate um a code word so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows uh to generate um a code word so
+the dimensions here this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions here this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions here this is going to be
+n so when you take a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so when you take a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so when you take a linear combination
+of these you're generating a word that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you're generating a word that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you're generating a word that's
+n Bits long uh but the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Bits long uh but the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Bits long uh but the underlying
+degrees of freedom only correspond to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom only correspond to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom only correspond to K
+bits because you're just doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because you're just doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits because you're just doing a
+weighted combination of K of these okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination of K of these okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted combination of K of these okay
+now um we talk of these as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um we talk of these as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um we talk of these as though
+they're vectors you're combining them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're vectors you're combining them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're vectors you're combining them
+taking linear combinations and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking linear combinations and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking linear combinations and so on and
+I just wanted to say a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to say a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to say a word
+about um in what sense this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um in what sense this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um in what sense this is a vector
+so this is an array of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bits so we're talking about uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits so we're talking about uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits so we're talking about uh something
+I'll call it V let's say which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it V let's say which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it V let's say which is an
+array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+Bits and the question is is in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits and the question is is in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bits and the question is is in what
+sense is it a vector in what sense does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is it a vector in what sense does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is it a vector in what sense does
+it live in a vector space um so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it live in a vector space um so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it live in a vector space um so when we
+say Vector space we're usually thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Vector space we're usually thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Vector space we're usually thinking
+of arrays of n elements with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrays of n elements with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrays of n elements with real
+numbers in them and the kind that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in them and the kind that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in them and the kind that you
+use in physics um well you take linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in physics um well you take linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in physics um well you take linear
+combinations of them with real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of them with real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of them with real numbers
+and you get new vectors this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get new vectors this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get new vectors this is the same
+kind of thing except it's working over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing except it's working over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing except it's working over
+not the real field but uh as we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the real field but uh as we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the real field but uh as we've seen
+GF F2 right so this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space over
+gf2 it's a funny Vector space again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 it's a funny Vector space again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 it's a funny Vector space again
+because it has a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a finite number of
+elements the vectors that we're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the vectors that we're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the vectors that we're used to
+thinking of uh ukian Vector space has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of uh ukian Vector space has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of uh ukian Vector space has an
+Infinity of elements right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of elements right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of elements right because you
+can have an array of n components but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have an array of n components but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have an array of n components but
+each component can be any real number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component can be any real number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component can be any real number so
+any point in 3D space would be a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in 3D space would be a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point in 3D space would be a vector
+in in R3 um so this is a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in R3 um so this is a vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in R3 um so this is a vector space
+over gf2 and it only has a finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over gf2 and it only has a finite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over gf2 and it only has a finite number
+of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components
+right only has 2 to the N possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right only has 2 to the N possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right only has 2 to the N possible
+vectors it's a finite set of vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's a finite set of vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's a finite set of vectors so
+it's strange that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strange that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strange that way
+too so in what sense is it a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so in what sense is it a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so in what sense is it a vector
+space well it turns out that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it turns out that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it turns out that um the
+pretty abstract things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty abstract things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty abstract things that you can
+refer to as vectors provided they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as vectors provided they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to as vectors provided they
+satisfy certain uh axium so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy certain uh axium so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy certain uh axium so what you
+want to be able to do is Define a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do is Define a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do is Define a sum of
+these objects uh you need to have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects uh you need to have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects uh you need to have a set
+of scalers and Define scalar times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scalers and Define scalar times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scalers and Define scalar times
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication and then you need a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then you need a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and then you need a zero
+Vector a vector that when you uh add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector a vector that when you uh add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector a vector that when you uh add to
+another Vector gives you the same Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector gives you the same Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector gives you the same Vector
+back again you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back again you need
+um a certain distribut distributivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a certain distribut distributivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a certain distribut distributivity
+property so if you take a scalar times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so if you take a scalar times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so if you take a scalar times
+the sum of two vectors you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things like that so you can list a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so you can list a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so you can list a bunch
+of these properties I'm not trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these properties I'm not trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these properties I'm not trying to
+teach you what the axioms are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you what the axioms are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you what the axioms are that
+Define a vector space but there's a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a vector space but there's a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a vector space but there's a set
+of axioms and you'll recognize very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axioms and you'll recognize very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axioms and you'll recognize very
+quickly that ukan space satisfies those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that ukan space satisfies those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that ukan space satisfies those
+axioms but the point is there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms but the point is there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms but the point is there are other
+objects that satisfy the same aums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that satisfy the same aums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that satisfy the same aums and
+you can work with them as vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work with them as vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work with them as vectors so
+Notions of uh independence of vectors A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of uh independence of vectors A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of uh independence of vectors A
+basis in terms of which you write other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in terms of which you write other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in terms of which you write other
+vectors all all of these now I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors all all of these now I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors all all of these now I'm not
+assuming you've done a linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you've done a linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you've done a linear algebra
+course I'm assuming you've picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm assuming you've picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm assuming you've picked up
+some of this in the course of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this in the course of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this in the course of doing
+physics and so on uh I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and so on uh I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and so on uh I'm just trying to
+talk intuitively here one thing we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk intuitively here one thing we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk intuitively here one thing we don't
+have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is
+um a notion of an inner product or a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a notion of an inner product or a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a notion of an inner product or a DOT
+product or a scalar product so um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or a scalar product so um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or a scalar product so um if you
+had two n component vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two n component vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two n component vectors
+in um ukan space you're probably used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um ukan space you're probably used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um ukan space you're probably used to
+this from physics you'll take inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from physics you'll take inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from physics you'll take inner
+products defined in this fashion well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products defined in this fashion well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products defined in this fashion well we
+can certainly do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly do this kind of
+computation with the elements of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation with the elements of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation with the elements of a
+vector here but the resulting object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here but the resulting object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here but the resulting object
+doesn't have the properties of an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the properties of an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the properties of an inner
+product for instance you can take the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for instance you can take the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product for instance you can take the if
+you take the inner product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the inner product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the inner product of two
+non-zero vectors in a real Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero vectors in a real Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero vectors in a real Vector space
+you'll never get um well you you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never get um well you you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never get um well you you can get
+um the inner product to be zero under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the inner product to be zero under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the inner product to be zero under
+very special conditions there's a notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special conditions there's a notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special conditions there's a notion
+of orthogonality it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orthogonality it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orthogonality it turns out that
+doesn't actually work quite the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually work quite the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually work quite the same way
+here uh over this uh space so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh over this uh space so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh over this uh space so what we do
+have is set aside orthogonality we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is set aside orthogonality we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is set aside orthogonality we'll
+talk about um linear combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors we'll talk
+about a set of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a set of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a set of basis
+vectors so a set of basis vectors would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so a set of basis vectors would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so a set of basis vectors would
+be a set of vectors that you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set of vectors that you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set of vectors that you can take
+linear combinations of to get other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of to get other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of to get other
+vectors in the space um and a minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the space um and a minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in the space um and a minimal
+such set okay so we'll be using a of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such set okay so we'll be using a of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such set okay so we'll be using a of the
+language of vector spaces you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of vector spaces you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of vector spaces you might have
+some Notions of that that come from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Notions of that that come from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Notions of that that come from what
+you've done with uh physics and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done with uh physics and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done with uh physics and um
+that's all really that we want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all really that we want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all really that we want to uh
+depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right um so back to this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um so back to this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um so back to this what
+we have is these arrays of n Bits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is these arrays of n Bits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is these arrays of n Bits we
+think of them as vectors in some space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as vectors in some space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as vectors in some space
+uh the dimension of the space is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the dimension of the space is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the dimension of the space is the
+number of vectors that you need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vectors that you need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vectors that you need in order
+to generate other vectors by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate other vectors by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate other vectors by linear
+combination so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um can I generate some vector by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I generate some vector by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I generate some vector by taking
+alpha 1 V1 plus Alpha 2 V2 plus Alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 V1 plus Alpha 2 V2 plus Alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 V1 plus Alpha 2 V2 plus Alpha 3
+V3 okay so I'd like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 okay so I'd like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 okay so I'd like to be able to
+generate a vector in the space by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a vector in the space by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a vector in the space by taking
+a linear combination of other vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of other vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of other vectors so
+if you ask for what's the minimum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask for what's the minimum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask for what's the minimum number
+of such vectors you need here in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such vectors you need here in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such vectors you need here in order
+to be able to generate any vector by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to generate any vector by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to generate any vector by
+taking a linear combination that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a linear combination that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a linear combination that's the
+dimmension of the space so in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmension of the space so in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmension of the space so in that sense
+it turns out that these rows live in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that these rows live in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that these rows live in an
+end dimensional space um but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end dimensional space um but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end dimensional space um but they don't
+span all of n dimensional space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span all of n dimensional space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span all of n dimensional space because
+you're just you've just got K of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just you've just got K of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just you've just got K of them
+here it turns out that what you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it turns out that what you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it turns out that what you get by
+taking linear combinations of these is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking linear combinations of these is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking linear combinations of these is a
+k dimensional Subspace of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k dimensional Subspace of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k dimensional Subspace of an
+n-dimensional space okay so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space okay so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional space okay so in some
+sense when you define a code what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when you define a code what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when you define a code what you're
+doing is you're saying I have this n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're saying I have this n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you're saying I have this n
+dimensional space that my words can live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space that my words can live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space that my words can live
+in but I'm going to restrict myself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I'm going to restrict myself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but I'm going to restrict myself to
+words that live in a k dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that live in a k dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that live in a k dimensional
+Subspace so that if um a vector pops out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so that if um a vector pops out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace so that if um a vector pops out
+of that Subspace I recognize it as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Subspace I recognize it as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Subspace I recognize it as being
+an error okay so that's the general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error okay so that's the general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error okay so that's the general idea
+all of this can be uh done more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this can be uh done more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this can be uh done more
+carefully using the notion of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully using the notion of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully using the notion of vector
+spaces I just wanted to give you a rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces I just wanted to give you a rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces I just wanted to give you a rough
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay uh this was one way of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this was one way of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this was one way of thinking of
+it here was another way of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here was another way of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here was another way of thinking of
+it which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columnwise so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me we think of the generator generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we think of the generator generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we think of the generator generator
+Matrix as being made up of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as being made up of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix as being made up of a bunch of
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh that's useful when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh that's useful when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh that's useful when you want
+to think about how a parity bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how a parity bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how a parity bit is
+defined in terms of uh the data bits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of uh the data bits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of uh the data bits so
+here's here's what you see when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's what you see when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's what you see when you
+think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this
+columnwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let's take uh P1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's take uh P1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's take uh P1 here
+okay actually let me specialize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually let me specialize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually let me specialize this
+further we've already said that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we've already said that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we've already said that because
+of the form in which we set up our code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form in which we set up our code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form in which we set up our code
+words this is in what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is in what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is in what's called
+systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form okay we've got the data bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay we've got the data bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay we've got the data bits
+sitting there and then we add in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and then we add in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there and then we add in the uh
+the parody bits because of that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parody bits because of that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parody bits because of that we've
+said that there's an identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that there's an identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that there's an identity Matrix
+here it's all the way down is ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's all the way down is ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's all the way down is ones and
+then we've got some other Matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got some other Matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got some other Matrix here
+which is something we'll denote by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+when we do this multiplication in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this multiplication in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this multiplication in the
+first K positions we just pick up D1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K positions we just pick up D1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K positions we just pick up D1 to
+DK in the next position over I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK in the next position over I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK in the next position over I get the
+expression for P1 so P1 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for P1 so P1 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for P1 so P1 is going to be
+D1 times the first entry there plus D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 times the first entry there plus D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 times the first entry there plus D2
+times the second entry and so on uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second entry and so on uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second entry and so on uh so
+here's what I get I get um if I denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I get I get um if I denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I get I get um if I denote
+these let me call this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these let me call this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these let me call this um
+a11 in that first uh row here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 in that first uh row here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 in that first uh row here is
+a21 all the way up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 all the way up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a21 all the way up to a
+K1 okay so these are just numbering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 okay so these are just numbering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 okay so these are just numbering the
+entries down that first row what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries down that first row what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries down that first row what I'm
+really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so I'm taking a combination like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I'm taking a combination like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I'm taking a combination like
+that a linear combination of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a linear combination of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a linear combination of the data
+bits to get that first parity bit and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to get that first parity bit and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to get that first parity bit and in
+general for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for the
+J parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit okay so the J parity bit is found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay so the J parity bit is found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit okay so the J parity bit is found by
+going over to the jth column the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over to the jth column the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going over to the jth column the entries
+here are uh A1 J all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are uh A1 J all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are uh A1 J all the way up to
+akj all right so the way matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akj all right so the way matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akj all right so the way matrix
+multiplication works if I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication works if I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication works if I'm looking for
+the entry the J parity bit here I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry the J parity bit here I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry the J parity bit here I take
+this and do the dotproduct kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and do the dotproduct kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and do the dotproduct kind of
+expression with the jth column so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with the jth column so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with the jth column so this
+is what I get okay so this is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I get okay so this is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I get okay so this is a typical
+parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation and it goes the other way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and it goes the other way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and it goes the other way too
+if you um so if you have the a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um so if you have the a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um so if you have the a matrix
+you can write this out if you had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this out if you had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write this out if you had this
+expression and not the Matrix you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and not the Matrix you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and not the Matrix you can
+just take those numbers and translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take those numbers and translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take those numbers and translate
+them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back
+in and these numbers are just uh zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and these numbers are just uh zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and these numbers are just uh zero or
+one in our in the case of a binary field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in our in the case of a binary field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in our in the case of a binary field
+that we're working over right is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working over right is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're working over right is it just
+01 so you either have the data bit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so you either have the data bit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so you either have the data bit there
+or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you
+don't all additions are modulo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all additions are modulo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all additions are modulo to
+additions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+course um actually let me call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um actually let me call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um actually let me call this the
+parity defin it's the parity definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity defin it's the parity definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity defin it's the parity definition
+I may have had another term for it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have had another term for it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have had another term for it in my
+slides let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides let's see
+here this parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this parity
+equation it just defines the parity bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it just defines the parity bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it just defines the parity bit
+here's what I think of as a parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum what does that sum work out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum what does that sum work out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum what does that sum work out to
+be sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero because I'm adding PJ to itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because I'm adding PJ to itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because I'm adding PJ to itself and
+in gf2 that gives me zero right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gf2 that gives me zero right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gf2 that gives me zero right and this
+is what I think of as a parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation so the parity equation defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so the parity equation defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so the parity equation defines
+my parity bits but I get immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parity bits but I get immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parity bits but I get immediately
+from that a parity relation that relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that a parity relation that relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that a parity relation that relates
+my parity bit to my data bits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parity bit to my data bits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parity bit to my data bits okay
+turns out this is important for the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is important for the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is important for the way
+we're going to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a
+correction okay so let me step off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction okay so let me step off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction okay so let me step off the
+dime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dime
+here and um this is a particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um this is a particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um this is a particular example
+I just wanted to set up the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to set up the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to set up the general
+notation before we got back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation before we got back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation before we got back to this
+we've looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at this
+before uh 944 rectangular code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh 944 rectangular code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh 944 rectangular code
+so what might that be how many data bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+944 four data bits right so how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+944 four data bits right so how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+944 four data bits right so how would I
+get 944 I'd have D1 D2 D3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 944 I'd have D1 D2 D3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 944 I'd have D1 D2 D3
+D4 and then depending on how I number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4 and then depending on how I number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4 and then depending on how I number
+this P1 P2 uh P3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P1 P2 uh P3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P1 P2 uh P3
+P4 P5 would be one way to number it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P4 P5 would be one way to number it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P4 P5 would be one way to number it I
+don't know if that corresponds to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that corresponds to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that corresponds to what's
+up here can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check so what's P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so what's P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so what's P1
+P1 is going to be D1 * 1 plus D2 * 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is going to be D1 * 1 plus D2 * 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 is going to be D1 * 1 plus D2 * 1 and
+that's it so it's D1 plus D2 so P1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it's D1 plus D2 so P1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so it's D1 plus D2 so P1 is
+indeed that element there on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that element there on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that element there on the board
+right and so you can check each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can check each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you can check each of these
+entries so P5 let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so P5 let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so P5 let's see
+P5 that's the last entry up there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P5 that's the last entry up there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P5 that's the last entry up there that's
+going to be uh this row inner producted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh this row inner producted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh this row inner producted
+or do producted with the uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do producted with the uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do producted with the uh all the
+sequence of ones there so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of ones there so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of ones there so it's going to
+be D1 plus D2 plus D3 plus D4 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be D1 plus D2 plus D3 plus D4 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be D1 plus D2 plus D3 plus D4 which is
+indeed how um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed how um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed how um that
+overall U parity bit is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall U parity bit is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall U parity bit is defined
+okay so again you see in the generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again you see in the generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again you see in the generator
+Matrix you have the identity Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you have the identity Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix you have the identity Matrix
+there and then you have this Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you have this Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you have this Matrix that
+we're referring to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're referring to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're referring to as
+a okay now the notation is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay now the notation is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay now the notation is a little bit
+different between chapters five and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between chapters five and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between chapters five and six
+by the way I've tried to stick with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I've tried to stick with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I've tried to stick with the
+notation I had in lecture last time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I had in lecture last time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I had in lecture last time in
+the chapter 5 notation which uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter 5 notation which uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter 5 notation which uses
+capital D for for uh the data bit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital D for for uh the data bit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital D for for uh the data bit vector
+and capital c for the code word all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital c for the code word all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital c for the code word all
+right so you'll see slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll see slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll see slightly different
+notation in uh chapter six but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in uh chapter six but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in uh chapter six but I think
+you'll navigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll navigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll navigate
+fine one other term here um we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine one other term here um we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine one other term here um we say that
+these code words live in the in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these code words live in the in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these code words live in the in the uh
+row space of G so the space that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space of G so the space that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space of G so the space that we
+generate the space of vectors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the space of vectors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the space of vectors the
+Subspace of the big space that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of the big space that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of the big space that we
+generate by taking linear combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate by taking linear combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate by taking linear combinations
+of these rows is referred to as the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rows is referred to as the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these rows is referred to as the row
+space of G so we Define a code by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of G so we Define a code by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of G so we Define a code by
+defining a g if the codee's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a g if the codee's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a g if the codee's going to be
+in systematic form uh we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systematic form uh we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systematic form uh we have the
+identity here and then some Matrix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here and then some Matrix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity here and then some Matrix this
+is all for linear codes okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all for linear codes okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all for linear codes okay and then
+the code words live in the row space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code words live in the row space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code words live in the row space of
+this Matrix in other words they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix in other words they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix in other words they're
+obtained by taking linear combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by taking linear combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by taking linear combinations
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rows here's what I already have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here's what I already have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here's what I already have on the
+board uh and it's just to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh and it's just to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh and it's just to say that the
+Matrix a a uh that's sitting out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a a uh that's sitting out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a a uh that's sitting out here
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+piece is obtained directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is obtained directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is obtained directly from the
+parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity
+relations okay so let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh can two columns of the Matrix a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh can two columns of the Matrix a be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh can two columns of the Matrix a be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same what happens if two columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what happens if two columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same what happens if two columns of a
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same so if two colums of a are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if two colums of a are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if two colums of a are the same
+let's say these two columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these two columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say these two columns are
+identical to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other what is that telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what is that telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what is that telling us
+about the code that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the code that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the code that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah and so basically one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and so basically one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and so basically one of those
+parody bits is not buying you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody bits is not buying you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody bits is not buying you anything
+right yeah okay um so if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay um so if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay um so if you did
+discover uh two two columns yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover uh two two columns yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover uh two two columns yeah if you
+discover two columns were identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover two columns were identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover two columns were identical
+uh then one of those parity bits is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then one of those parity bits is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then one of those parity bits is not
+checking a different linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking a different linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking a different linear combination
+it's checking the same linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's checking the same linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's checking the same linear
+combination uh and so it's not buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh and so it's not buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh and so it's not buying
+you anything what about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rows can two rows of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows can two rows of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows can two rows of the
+Matrix be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identical so let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so let's um
+actually think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think of them
+suppose we erase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we erase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we erase that
+can I have two identical rows here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and if I did what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if I did what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if I did what would it
+mean okay let's say I have two identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay let's say I have two identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean okay let's say I have two identical
+rows what does it mean what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what does it mean what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows what does it mean what does it
+signify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+yeah could you speak up sorry my hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you speak up sorry my hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you speak up sorry my hearing
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so uh there'll be two data bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so uh there'll be two data bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so uh there'll be two data bits
+that are entering the same way in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are entering the same way in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are entering the same way in every
+parity relation right if two rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity relation right if two rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity relation right if two rows are
+the same here then there are two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same here then there are two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same here then there are two data
+bits here that are entering every parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here that are entering every parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here that are entering every parity
+relationship in exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in exactly the same
+combination and so you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and so you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and so you're not going to
+be able to distinguish between an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to distinguish between an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to distinguish between an error
+that happens in one of them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in one of them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in one of them and the
+error and an error that happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and an error that happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and an error that happens in
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one okay so this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so this is a problem
+all right so there's certain conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's certain conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's certain conditions
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+U A has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U A has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U A has to
+satisfy all right now here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all right now here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all right now here's another
+important Matrix you may have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Matrix you may have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Matrix you may have already
+seen it in Reading you may not have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it in Reading you may not have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it in Reading you may not have seen
+it yet in recitation and it's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet in recitation and it's a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yet in recitation and it's a matrix
+that we call H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call H and
+um let's just think about what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just think about what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just think about what it's
+doing what I'm trying to do is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what I'm trying to do is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what I'm trying to do is basically
+summarize this set of equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this set of equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this set of equations the
+parity relations in Matrix form okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity relations in Matrix form okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity relations in Matrix form okay so
+um let's take a parity relation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take a parity relation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take a parity relation that we
+had in in this particular case in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in in this particular case in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in in this particular case in fact
+let's go back to a specific one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to a specific one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to a specific one
+um let's take the first parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take the first parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take the first parity
+relationship that we had over there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that we had over there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that we had over there we
+said that P1 for this code was D1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that P1 for this code was D1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that P1 for this code was D1 plus
+D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2
+right that's the equation for the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the equation for the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the equation for the parity
+the parity relationship ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parity relationship ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parity relationship ship
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this how would I express that in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how would I express that in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how would I express that in Matrix
+form as part of a matrix equation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as part of a matrix equation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as part of a matrix equation well
+that's what we're starting to assemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're starting to assemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're starting to assemble
+here so let me show you what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me show you what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me show you what that is
+let's look at the uh top row out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the uh top row out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the uh top row out here
+what's the top row telling us it says 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the top row telling us it says 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the top row telling us it says 1
+* d1+ 1 * D2 + 1 * P1 equal Z right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* d1+ 1 * D2 + 1 * P1 equal Z right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* d1+ 1 * D2 + 1 * P1 equal Z right
+that's all that enters so that first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that enters so that first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that enters so that first row
+is capturing the first parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capturing the first parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is capturing the first parity
+relationship and you can go down here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and you can go down here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and you can go down here uh
+go to the second row this is saying D3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the second row this is saying D3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the second row this is saying D3
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+D4 plus P2 is equal to zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4 plus P2 is equal to zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4 plus P2 is equal to zero that's
+indeed the parity relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the parity relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the parity relationship
+associated with the second row in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the second row in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the second row in that
+rectangular code right so all that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular code right so all that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular code right so all that this
+is doing is listing all the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing is listing all the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing is listing all the parity
+relationships so how many of these do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so how many of these do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so how many of these do
+you have well you have as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have well you have as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have well you have as many
+relationships as you have parody bits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships as you have parody bits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships as you have parody bits uh
+so this is an N minus K * n Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an N minus K * n Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an N minus K * n Matrix and
+it's just listing the U the parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just listing the U the parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just listing the U the parody
+relations okay uh we call this Matrix H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations okay uh we call this Matrix H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations okay uh we call this Matrix H
+and uh interestingly let's see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh interestingly let's see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh interestingly let's see there's
+an identity Matrix sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity Matrix sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity Matrix sitting
+here and the reason is that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the reason is that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the reason is that each of
+these equations involves only one parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations involves only one parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations involves only one parity
+bit right there's only a single Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right there's only a single Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right there's only a single Pi
+that's involved in each parity relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in each parity relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in each parity relation
+and so there should be only one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there should be only one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there should be only one of these
+columns picked as a one uh when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns picked as a one uh when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns picked as a one uh when you get
+to this segment that multiplies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this segment that multiplies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this segment that multiplies the
+parody bits okay so there's an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody bits okay so there's an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody bits okay so there's an identity
+Matrix sitting there and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix sitting there and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix sitting there and then there's
+the rest of it here so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it here so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of it here so here's the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+Matrix and here's the rest of it and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and here's the rest of it and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and here's the rest of it and not
+surprisingly the rest of it well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly the rest of it well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly the rest of it well it
+comes from the same set of coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the same set of coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the same set of coefficients
+and so it relates to the a matrix and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it relates to the a matrix and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it relates to the a matrix and if
+you look at it carefully it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it carefully it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it carefully it turns out
+well it is the a matrix but turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is the a matrix but turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is the a matrix but turned on
+its side okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its side okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its side okay so a
+transpose a t a super script t means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transposed um IE rows become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns so we've taking we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so we've taking we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so we've taking we're taking the
+a matrix and in some sense turning it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and in some sense turning it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix and in some sense turning it on
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+okay so uh that makes sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that makes sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that makes sense right
+because uh what defined the first parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh what defined the first parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh what defined the first parity
+relationship well we found it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship well we found it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship well we found it in the
+column colums of a here before that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column colums of a here before that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column colums of a here before that's
+what defined the parity relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what defined the parity relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what defined the parity relationships
+and now we're writing it out in this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're writing it out in this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're writing it out in this row
+form so you got to transpose things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so you got to transpose things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so you got to transpose things
+you've got to take what was a column in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to take what was a column in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to take what was a column in
+a and make it a row so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and make it a row so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and make it a row so what you're
+seeing out here at the top that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing out here at the top that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing out here at the top that was the
+first column of a so now it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of a so now it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of a so now it's the first
+row of a transpose this was the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a transpose this was the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a transpose this was the second
+column of a um now it becomes the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a um now it becomes the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a um now it becomes the second
+row of a transpose and so on all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a transpose and so on all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a transpose and so on all right
+so that's what that relationship is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um I can write the um parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write the um parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can write the um parity
+relationships in the form H * C uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships in the form H * C uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships in the form H * C uh
+equals a whole bunch of zeros all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a whole bunch of zeros all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a whole bunch of zeros all right
+this is K parity relationships this is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K parity relationships this is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K parity relationships this is K
+Zer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I could write write the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could write write the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could write write the same thing
+uh turned on its side and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turned on its side and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turned on its side and that's what
+you're seeing over here so uh if H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing over here so uh if H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing over here so uh if H is
+the Matrix there what is h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix there what is h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix there what is h
+transpose H transpose let's see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose H transpose let's see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose H transpose let's see I'm
+going to change interchange rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change interchange rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change interchange rows and
+columns so what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so what's going to happen is
+that the first row of H is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first row of H is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first row of H is going to
+become the first column of eight H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the first column of eight H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the first column of eight H
+transpose and so if you imagine how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and so if you imagine how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and so if you imagine how this
+gets turned on its side here's what H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned on its side here's what H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned on its side here's what H
+transpose looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like okay H transpose looks like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay H transpose looks like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay H transpose looks like that so
+when you transpose a matrix whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transpose a matrix whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transpose a matrix whose
+entries are blocks you end up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are blocks you end up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are blocks you end up um
+flipping the Matrix around but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the Matrix around but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the Matrix around but also
+transposing each of the blocks okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposing each of the blocks okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposing each of the blocks okay so
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh actually sorry I wrote this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh actually sorry I wrote this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh actually sorry I wrote this one
+wrong didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong didn't
+I for what what is our Vector C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for what what is our Vector C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for what what is our Vector C
+C is this Vector it's a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is this Vector it's a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is this Vector it's a code
+word right when I set this up in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right when I set this up in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right when I set this up in Matrix
+form I got a column Vector so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I got a column Vector so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I got a column Vector so I've got
+to transpose this as well that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transpose this as well that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transpose this as well that's what I
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+missing that's C transpose that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that's C transpose that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that's C transpose that I'm
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+right so when I write down the parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when I write down the parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when I write down the parity
+relationships I've got this but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships I've got this but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships I've got this but I could
+also write it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form when you transpose a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when you transpose a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when you transpose a product of
+things what you get well it turns out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what you get well it turns out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what you get well it turns out if
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose the product of two things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the product of two things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the product of two things I
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um product of the transposes but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um product of the transposes but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um product of the transposes but in the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+order okay so these are just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so these are just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so these are just different
+ways of arranging the equations so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of arranging the equations so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of arranging the equations so I
+could have um written it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have um written it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have um written it in this
+form or I could take the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form or I could take the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form or I could take the transpose of
+both sides and I get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides and I get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides and I get something that
+looks slightly different so here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks slightly different so here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks slightly different so here this
+this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um this would be a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this would be a row of
+zeros okay so this is just to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay so this is just to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay so this is just to get you
+comfortable with the Matrix operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the Matrix operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with the Matrix operations
+you'll see lots of this in chapter six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see lots of this in chapter six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see lots of this in chapter six
+uh you want to get a little comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to get a little comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to get a little comfortable
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's a question for you here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a question for you here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's a question for you here's my
+H Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Matrix
+um here's my code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words if I have a code word of minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if I have a code word of minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if I have a code word of minimum
+weight how many ones would it have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it in this particular case this is a 944
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this particular case this is a 944
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this particular case this is a 944
+code if I had a code word of minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code if I had a code word of minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code if I had a code word of minimum
+weight how many ones would it have in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I heard something but I didn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard something but I didn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard something but I didn't hear
+where it came from or didn't hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from or didn't hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from or didn't hear it
+very clearly can you yeah four yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly can you yeah four yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly can you yeah four yeah okay
+that's what I heard there okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I heard there okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I heard there okay so the
+code word of minimum weight would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word of minimum weight would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word of minimum weight would have
+weight four because this is a a code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight four because this is a a code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight four because this is a a code of
+distance four it's a linear code right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance four it's a linear code right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance four it's a linear code right
+the the minimum Hing distance is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the minimum Hing distance is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the minimum Hing distance is four
+it's a linear code so we know for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear code so we know for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a linear code so we know for a
+linear code uh the minimum weight you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code uh the minimum weight you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code uh the minimum weight you'll
+find among all Cod code words is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find among all Cod code words is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find among all Cod code words is
+four Okay so we've got a vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Okay so we've got a vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Okay so we've got a vector here
+that has four ones in it and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has four ones in it and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has four ones in it and everything
+else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is
+zero so when I take this uh computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when I take this uh computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when I take this uh computation
+what is it that I'm actually doing if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that I'm actually doing if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that I'm actually doing if I
+take the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix
+H and I multiplied by a vector that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and I multiplied by a vector that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and I multiplied by a vector that has
+four ones in it and everything else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ones in it and everything else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ones in it and everything else is
+zero what is it that I'm actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is it that I'm actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is it that I'm actually doing
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah of the rows am I taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of the rows am I taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah of the rows am I taking a
+combination of the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the rows
+okay so I'm actually taking when I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm actually taking when I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm actually taking when I do a
+multiplication in this fashion with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in this fashion with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in this fashion with the
+vector on the right hand side I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector on the right hand side I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector on the right hand side I end up
+doing the opposite of what I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the opposite of what I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the opposite of what I was doing
+here when I have the vector on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I have the vector on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I have the vector on the left
+and I multiply I'm taking combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply I'm taking combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply I'm taking combinations
+of the rows when I have Matrix times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rows when I have Matrix times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rows when I have Matrix times
+Vector I'm taking combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I'm taking combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I'm taking combination of the
+columns okay so if I had a vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay so if I had a vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay so if I had a vector here
+with four ones in it and everything zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four ones in it and everything zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four ones in it and everything zero
+everything else zero I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else zero I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else zero I'd be
+taking I'd be picking out four Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking I'd be picking out four Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking I'd be picking out four Columns
+of this to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this to add
+the result would be a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would be a zero
+Vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why all zeros here all Zer for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why all zeros here all Zer for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why all zeros here all Zer for uh
+not all zeros for uh were you asking why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all zeros for uh were you asking why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all zeros for uh were you asking why
+all zeros for the code why can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros for the code why can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros for the code why can't you
+can't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have all
+zeros sorry the minimum weight nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros sorry the minimum weight nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros sorry the minimum weight nonzero
+Vector is the Hing distance sorry I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is the Hing distance sorry I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is the Hing distance sorry I may
+have dropped that word right for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dropped that word right for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dropped that word right for a
+linear code we know that the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code we know that the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code we know that the minimum
+Hing distance is the minimum weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing distance is the minimum weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing distance is the minimum weight
+nonzero Vector that's what I meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero Vector that's what I meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero Vector that's what I meant to
+say I may have neglected to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I may have neglected to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I may have neglected to say that
+thanks for catching that so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for catching that so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for catching that so we have a
+non-zero Vector here it's got four ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero Vector here it's got four ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero Vector here it's got four ones
+in it what that tells us is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it what that tells us is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it what that tells us is that there
+are four columns here that we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four columns here that we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four columns here that we can add
+together and get the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and get the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and get the zero
+Vector do you think it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector do you think it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector do you think it's going to be
+possible to find three columns here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to find three columns here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to find three columns here that
+we could add together and get the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector I'm not asking you to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I'm not asking you to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector I'm not asking you to actually do
+the computation in your head but based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation in your head but based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation in your head but based
+on the reasoning we just had if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reasoning we just had if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the reasoning we just had if you
+found three columns that could be added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found three columns that could be added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found three columns that could be added
+together to give you the zero Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give you the zero Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to give you the zero Vector
+that would mean you'd have a vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean you'd have a vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean you'd have a vector here
+a code word with um or any Vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a code word with um or any Vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a code word with um or any Vector here
+with three ones in it everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three ones in it everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three ones in it everything else
+zero uh such that this product was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh such that this product was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh such that this product was zero
+so it would be a valid code word right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a valid code word right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a valid code word right
+um is that possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is that possible to
+take a vector here with just three ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector here with just three ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a vector here with just three ones
+in it everything else zero and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it everything else zero and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it everything else zero and have a
+valid code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no right we said the minimum Hing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right we said the minimum Hing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right we said the minimum Hing
+distance is four so the minimum weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is four so the minimum weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is four so the minimum weight
+code word here is has got weight four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word here is has got weight four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word here is has got weight four
+you'll not find a valid code word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll not find a valid code word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll not find a valid code word of
+weight three okay so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight three okay so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight three okay so you can actually
+look at this H Matrix and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this H Matrix and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this H Matrix and figure out
+what the minimum Hing distance is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the minimum Hing distance is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the minimum Hing distance is it's
+basically the minimum number of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the minimum number of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the minimum number of columns
+that you can add to get the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can add to get the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can add to get the zero
+Vector now does that tell you by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now does that tell you by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector now does that tell you by the way
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+um uh you can't in this instance have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you can't in this instance have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you can't in this instance have
+well if you discovered that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you discovered that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you discovered that you could
+add two columns together and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two columns together and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add two columns together and get the
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+Vector what would that tell you if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector what would that tell you if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector what would that tell you if two
+columns of a transposed were identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a transposed were identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a transposed were identical
+or two rows of a were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two rows of a were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two rows of a were
+identical that would tell you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical that would tell you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical that would tell you that you
+could add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add two
+columns and get the zero Vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and get the zero Vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and get the zero Vector that
+would mean that the Hamming distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that the Hamming distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that the Hamming distance is
+two not four right okay a Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not four right okay a Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two not four right okay a Hamming
+distance two code is not worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance two code is not worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance two code is not worth
+much it's not it's no good for error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's not it's no good for error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's not it's no good for error
+correction okay okay so that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction okay okay so that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction okay okay so that's what that
+comes back to what I said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier in these questions right um if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in these questions right um if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in these questions right um if a
+had two rows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two rows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two rows the
+same well there's two data bits that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same well there's two data bits that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same well there's two data bits that are
+always entering in the same combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always entering in the same combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always entering in the same combination
+so you're not protecting against U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not protecting against U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not protecting against U
+individual errors there and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual errors there and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual errors there and so it's
+exactly that issue that we're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that issue that we're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that issue that we're seeing the
+hming distance ends up being two if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hming distance ends up being two if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hming distance ends up being two if you
+have two rows of a that are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two rows of a that are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two rows of a that are identical
+okay so there's a lot that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a lot that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a lot that can be
+gleaned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gleaned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gleaned from
+um uh the the generator Matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the generator Matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the generator Matrix and the
+parity check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity check
+Matrix okay so this is what I just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so this is what I just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so this is what I just went
+through that if you uh have the H Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that if you uh have the H Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that if you uh have the H Matrix
+you can get the minimum distance D um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the minimum distance D um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the minimum distance D um by
+looking to see what's the minimum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see what's the minimum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see what's the minimum number
+of columns you can add to get the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector all right now how does decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector all right now how does decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector all right now how does decoding
+work we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we've gone
+through this effort to generate a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this effort to generate a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this effort to generate a code
+word right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then at the receiving end we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then at the receiving end we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then at the receiving end we get
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word this is some received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word this is some received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word this is some received
+word and it's going to be a code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and it's going to be a code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and it's going to be a code word
+plus possibly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+right and now we want to figure out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we want to figure out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now we want to figure out is
+the thing we received already code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we received already code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we received already code word
+or if it's not uh what code word can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's not uh what code word can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's not uh what code word can I
+correct it to and we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it to and we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it to and we're going to assume
+we have just single bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors so one way to do it is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so one way to do it is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so one way to do it is just an
+exhaustive search which is you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive search which is you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive search which is you've got
+this receed code word you know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this receed code word you know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this receed code word you know that it's
+going to be one of two to the K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of two to the K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of two to the K it's
+going to be at least Sor it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at least Sor it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at least Sor it's going to
+be no no more than having distance one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no no more than having distance one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no no more than having distance one
+from the 2 to the K code words that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 2 to the K code words that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 2 to the K code words that you
+have in your valid in your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in your valid in your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in your valid in your code
+set so you can compare against those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so you can compare against those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so you can compare against those two
+to the K code words and whichever one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K code words and whichever one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the K code words and whichever one
+it's having distance one away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's having distance one away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's having distance one away from
+that's the one that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one that you're going to
+announce right so that'll be one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce right so that'll be one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce right so that'll be one way to
+do it uh the thing is that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh the thing is that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it uh the thing is that that's not
+exploiting any anything um nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting any anything um nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting any anything um nice about
+the structure of linear code so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of linear code so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of linear code so what I
+want to talk to you about now is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to you about now is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to you about now is a way
+to actually uh capture this error in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually uh capture this error in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually uh capture this error in the
+case of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a linear
+code okay so this Builds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so this Builds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code okay so this Builds on the
+relationships that we've been um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we've been um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we've been um
+developing some intuition for here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some intuition for here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some intuition for here so
+here's what happens you get a received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what happens you get a received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what happens you get a received
+code uh a received Vector n Bits which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh a received Vector n Bits which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh a received Vector n Bits which
+is a valid code word plus a vector e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a valid code word plus a vector e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a valid code word plus a vector e
+that has a single one in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a single one in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a single one in it and
+everything else zero or is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else zero or is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else zero or is completely
+zero so if you receiving the code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you receiving the code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you receiving the code word
+correctly uh you've had no errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly uh you've had no errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly uh you've had no errors and
+this is what you get but if you've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get but if you've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get but if you've had a
+single bit error then e is a vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit error then e is a vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit error then e is a vector with
+a single one in it uh it's n Bits long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single one in it uh it's n Bits long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single one in it uh it's n Bits long
+there's a single one in it and that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a single one in it and that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a single one in it and that gets
+added to the code word to give you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the code word to give you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the code word to give you what
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+receive so here's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive so here's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive so here's what we're going to do
+we're going to exploit um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to exploit um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to exploit um the
+relationships that we had up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we had up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that we had up here we
+know that um H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that um H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that um H
+time a valid code word equals zero or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a valid code word equals zero or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a valid code word equals zero or I
+can write it the other way around if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it the other way around if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it the other way around if I
+want to do row multiplications sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do row multiplications sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do row multiplications sorry um
+C * H equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z so I'm going to take the Reed vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so I'm going to take the Reed vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so I'm going to take the Reed vector
+and do that multiplication with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that multiplication with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that multiplication with it and
+in this case I've chosen to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I've chosen to write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I've chosen to write it as
+H times um the transpose okay so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H times um the transpose okay so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H times um the transpose okay so if the
+receive Vector was a valid code word I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive Vector was a valid code word I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive Vector was a valid code word I'm
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+zero if the received Vector was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if the received Vector was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if the received Vector was not a
+valid code word I'll get something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid code word I'll get something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid code word I'll get something else
+and that's what we refer to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we refer to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we refer to as a
+syndrome Vector okay so let's expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome Vector okay so let's expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome Vector okay so let's expand
+this out we've got uh R is C plus e so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out we've got uh R is C plus e so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out we've got uh R is C plus e so C
+plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e
+transpose uh that's the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose uh that's the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose uh that's the multiplication
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+do um this matrix multiplication will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um this matrix multiplication will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um this matrix multiplication will be
+the sum of the individual matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the individual matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the individual matrix
+multiplication so it's going to be H * C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so it's going to be H * C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so it's going to be H * C
+plus h sorry H * C transpose plus h * e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h sorry H * C transpose plus h * e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h sorry H * C transpose plus h * e
+transpose so let's write that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so let's write that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so let's write that out
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we got um H * R transpose is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got um H * R transpose is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got um H * R transpose is going to
+be H * cpose plus h * e transpose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H * cpose plus h * e transpose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H * cpose plus h * e transpose we
+know this is zero okay it's the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector and minus K here the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and minus K here the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and minus K here the number of
+parity relations that's how long that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity relations that's how long that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity relations that's how long that
+zero Vector is uh yeah mhm and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector is uh yeah mhm and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector is uh yeah mhm and then
+we've got some other Vector which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some other Vector which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some other Vector which we're
+referring to as a syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see what does h e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what does h e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see what does h e
+transpose look like e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose look like e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose look like e
+transpose is going to have just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is going to have just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is going to have just a single
+one in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and
+here's uh here's h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember H was let's see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember H was let's see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember H was let's see a
+transpose stacked up next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose stacked up next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose stacked up next to the
+identity that's what H looked like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's what H looked like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's what H looked like so
+when we compute um let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compute um let me write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compute um let me write this
+better I didn't write that well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H and what I'm writing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and what I'm writing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and what I'm writing here is
+h e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h e
+transpose so what is h e transpose doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I multiply a matrix like this by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply a matrix like this by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply a matrix like this by a
+vector that has just a single one in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has just a single one in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has just a single one in it
+what am I doing what do I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing sorry I Heard a Voice from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sorry I Heard a Voice from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sorry I Heard a Voice from
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+here picking up one column right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here picking up one column right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here picking up one column right I'm
+just selecting out a column of H so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just selecting out a column of H so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just selecting out a column of H so each
+error that you can get will give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that you can get will give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that you can get will give you a
+syndrome that corresponds to picking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome that corresponds to picking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome that corresponds to picking out
+one column of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each column of H is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each column of H is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each column of H is associated with
+data bits here or parity bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bits here or parity bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bits here or parity bits
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay so really this is all that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so really this is all that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so really this is all that you have
+to do uh to do your error correction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh to do your error correction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh to do your error correction you
+can pre-compute or store basically The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pre-compute or store basically The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pre-compute or store basically The
+Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+H uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H uh in your
+database compute uh H times the received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database compute uh H times the received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database compute uh H times the received
+vector to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector to get the
+syndrome okay that's really H times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome okay that's really H times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome okay that's really H times the
+error which is giving you the syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which is giving you the syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which is giving you the syndrome
+that's just a single column of H so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a single column of H so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a single column of H so the
+syndromes that you can possibly get are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndromes that you can possibly get are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndromes that you can possibly get are
+individual Columns of H all right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Columns of H all right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Columns of H all right so you
+know what H is you've got it stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what H is you've got it stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what H is you've got it stored
+compute the syndrome and see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the syndrome and see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the syndrome and see which
+column of hent corresponds to that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of hent corresponds to that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of hent corresponds to that's the
+bit that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that has the
+error and actually the only cases you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and actually the only cases you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and actually the only cases you're
+interested in are where you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are where you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are where you are going to
+correct the data bit uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the data bit uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the data bit uh so this is
+really all the part that you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the part that you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really all the part that you uh
+really have to focus on okay so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to focus on okay so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to focus on okay so you'll
+compute the uh syndromes you'll compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the uh syndromes you'll compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the uh syndromes you'll compare
+Against The Columns of H which are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Against The Columns of H which are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Against The Columns of H which are your
+syndrome vectors and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome vectors and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome vectors and then you're
+done okay I think I say the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay I think I say the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay I think I say the same thing
+over here uh let's just look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh let's just look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh let's just look at it
+concretely again for the same code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely again for the same code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concretely again for the same code the
+rectangular code with u all the parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular code with u all the parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular code with u all the parody
+bits there so this is how you generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits there so this is how you generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits there so this is how you generate a
+code word let's say this is the sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word let's say this is the sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word let's say this is the sorry
+this is um okay let's let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um okay let's let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um okay let's let's take the
+data bit the data Vector being all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bit the data Vector being all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data bit the data Vector being all ones
+this is the code word that goes with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the code word that goes with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the code word that goes with it
+it happens with this particular code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens with this particular code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens with this particular code
+that all the parity bits then are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the parity bits then are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the parity bits then are
+zero um what you receive ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um what you receive ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um what you receive ends up being
+this because one of the data bits ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because one of the data bits ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because one of the data bits ends
+up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up getting
+corrupted when you take that received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted when you take that received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted when you take that received
+vector and premultiply it by H uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and premultiply it by H uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and premultiply it by H uh here's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh here's the resulting syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh here's the resulting syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh here's the resulting syndrome
+Vector that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that you get
+okay and what error does that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what error does that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what error does that correspond
+to well actually if you look in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well actually if you look in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well actually if you look in The
+Columns of H look in The Columns of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of H look in The Columns of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of H look in The Columns of H
+you'll see that what you've pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that what you've pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that what you've pulled out
+is the second column so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second column so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second column so that means the
+second data bit is an error and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second data bit is an error and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second data bit is an error and that's
+the change that you make so it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change that you make so it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change that you make so it really is
+that simple you take the uh received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple you take the uh received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple you take the uh received the
+received word uh pre-multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received word uh pre-multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received word uh pre-multiplied by the
+um parity check Matrix H look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parity check Matrix H look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um parity check Matrix H look at the
+syndrome vector and see which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome vector and see which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome vector and see which of the
+columns of H that corresponds to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of H that corresponds to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of H that corresponds to that's
+the bit you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit you're going to
+flip all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip all
+right uh so now you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so now you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so now you're actually
+um only dealing with um this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only dealing with um this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um only dealing with um this many
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+it's a number of vectors equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number of vectors equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number of vectors equal
+to how many is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you've got to do the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got to do the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got to do the multiplication
+but you just have to compare with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just have to compare with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you just have to compare with uh the
+number of vectors in those columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vectors in those columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vectors in those columns
+right so it's a much uh simpler task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computationally okay I think we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally okay I think we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally okay I think we've said
+all this and uh so let me just um wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this and uh so let me just um wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this and uh so let me just um wind
+up on linear block codes with a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on linear block codes with a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on linear block codes with a quick
+summary and then we'll go on to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary and then we'll go on to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary and then we'll go on to talk
+about uh some extensions here uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh some extensions here uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh some extensions here uh we've
+seen all this we know what the rate of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen all this we know what the rate of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen all this we know what the rate of a
+linear code is K Over N how how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code is K Over N how how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code is K Over N how how many
+errors we can correct um and we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors we can correct um and we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors we can correct um and we've seen
+all this what a parity bit does what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this what a parity bit does what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this what a parity bit does what a
+repetition code it's called replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition code it's called replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition code it's called replication
+code in the notes but the more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in the notes but the more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in the notes but the more familiar
+term actually the more commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term actually the more commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term actually the more commonly used
+term is repetition code uh We've looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is repetition code uh We've looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is repetition code uh We've looked
+at Hing codes and the rectangular code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hing codes and the rectangular code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Hing codes and the rectangular code
+as well and uh so these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and uh so these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and uh so these are the ones
+that you want to have in mind as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to have in mind as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to have in mind as
+particular examples to work with when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular examples to work with when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular examples to work with when
+you're trying to um come up with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to um come up with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to um come up with um
+examples that will either prove or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that will either prove or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that will either prove or
+disprove a that will illustrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove a that will illustrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove a that will illustrate a
+conjecture or disprove a conjecture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture or disprove a conjecture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture or disprove a conjecture for
+instance and you'll see many problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and you'll see many problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and you'll see many problems on
+past quizzes that are of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past quizzes that are of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past quizzes that are of that
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then in uh what we did today was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then in uh what we did today was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then in uh what we did today was
+looking at uh syndrome uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh syndrome uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh syndrome uh
+decoding all right so this was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding all right so this was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding all right so this was all
+focused on single error correction uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on single error correction uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on single error correction uh in
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+codes but the point is that um that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes but the point is that um that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes but the point is that um that may
+or may not be the situation that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be the situation that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be the situation that you're
+dealing with okay we actually said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with okay we actually said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with okay we actually said that
+to get better error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get better error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get better error
+protection while maintaining High data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection while maintaining High data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection while maintaining High data
+rates you probably want to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates you probably want to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates you probably want to work with
+longer and longer strings of data well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer strings of data well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and longer strings of data well
+if you work with longer strings of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work with longer strings of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work with longer strings of data
+you're going to get more bits and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get more bits and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get more bits and error
+right so you may not be able to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you may not be able to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you may not be able to limit
+yourself to thinking about single bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to thinking about single bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to thinking about single bit
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+correction we have talked a bit uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction we have talked a bit uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction we have talked a bit uh and
+you've done this in recitation too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this in recitation too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this in recitation too I
+imagine um well you've probably done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um well you've probably done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine um well you've probably done
+more in recitation than in lecture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in recitation than in lecture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in recitation than in lecture um
+with independent corruption of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with independent corruption of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with independent corruption of multiple
+bits so let me say a few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh let's think of a systematic code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh let's think of a systematic code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh let's think of a systematic code
+for instance still K bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and then parody bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but what if you could have have up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what if you could have have up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what if you could have have up
+to T errors not just a single error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T errors not just a single error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T errors not just a single error so
+if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protect against T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors so in some sense you want your n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so in some sense you want your n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so in some sense you want your n
+minus K bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K bits
+here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to
+Signal all those possibilities so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal all those possibilities so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Signal all those possibilities so you
+need the number of possibilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the number of possibilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the number of possibilities that
+can be signaled by n minus K parity bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be signaled by n minus K parity bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be signaled by n minus K parity bits
+to be greater than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be greater than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be greater than or equal to the
+number of possible conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of possible conditions that
+correspond to having up to t t errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to having up to t t errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to having up to t t errors
+okay and we've said a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we've said a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we've said a little bit about
+this but you can have now either no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you can have now either no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you can have now either no
+error at all which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at all which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at all which is one
+condition or an error in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or an error in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or an error in one of these
+bits which is n separate conditions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits which is n separate conditions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits which is n separate conditions or
+you could have two bits out of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have two bits out of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have two bits out of here
+being an error so how many conditions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and choose two and so on I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and choose two and so on I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and choose two and so on I'll leave
+you to figure out where you end up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to figure out where you end up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to figure out where you end up on
+that so I just wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I just wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I just wanted to say
+um you've seen this in recitation but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've seen this in recitation but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've seen this in recitation but I
+haven't mentioned it in lecture I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't mentioned it in lecture I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't mentioned it in lecture I don't
+want you to say later that oh I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to say later that oh I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to say later that oh I didn't
+know it was something we had to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was something we had to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was something we had to know for
+a quiz we do expect that you know what n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz we do expect that you know what n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz we do expect that you know what n
+choose m means okay so n choose m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose m means okay so n choose m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose m means okay so n choose m is the
+number of ways of picking M things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of picking M things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of picking M things from
+end things and we assume that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end things and we assume that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end things and we assume that you know
+what that uh how that's done so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that uh how that's done so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that uh how that's done so you've
+got n objects you want to pick M things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n objects you want to pick M things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n objects you want to pick M things
+from there uh so you can pick the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there uh so you can pick the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there uh so you can pick the first
+one in N ways the second one in N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in N ways the second one in N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in N ways the second one in N minus
+one ways uh and uh keep on going till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ways uh and uh keep on going till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ways uh and uh keep on going till
+you get to n minus n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to n minus n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to n minus n +
+1 okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay which is
+also n factorial Over N minus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n factorial Over N minus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n factorial Over N minus M
+factorial but when you did that picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial but when you did that picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial but when you did that picking
+you were paying attention to the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were paying attention to the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were paying attention to the order
+in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you
+collected the things but if the ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the things but if the ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the things but if the ordering
+doesn't matter to you if all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter to you if all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter to you if all these
+objects are interchangeable then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are interchangeable then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are interchangeable then you've
+actually overcounted so you've got M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually overcounted so you've got M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually overcounted so you've got M
+things but the order in which you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the order in which you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but the order in which you pick
+them doesn't matter because they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doesn't matter because they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doesn't matter because they're all
+interchangeable and so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable and so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable and so you've
+overcounted you've got to divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcounted you've got to divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcounted you've got to divide by the
+number of ways of rearranging M things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of rearranging M things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways of rearranging M things
+and so that's how you get that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how you get that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's how you get that um
+expression okay so you start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so you start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so you start off with
+thinking about how you pick M things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you pick M things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how you pick M things and
+then make a little correction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make a little correction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make a little correction and so
+this is what n choose m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what n choose m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what n choose m is
+another thing that I just threw in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that I just threw in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that I just threw in for
+fun uh because it's something you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh because it's something you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh because it's something you might
+want to carry around in your head if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to carry around in your head if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to carry around in your head if you
+don't have a feel for how n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a feel for how n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a feel for how n factorial
+grows with n well it actually grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows with n well it actually grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows with n well it actually grows
+pretty fast it's actually growing like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast it's actually growing like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast it's actually growing like n
+to the N okay this is a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N okay this is a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N okay this is a very famous
+approximation referred to as Sterling's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation referred to as Sterling's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation referred to as Sterling's
+approximation so when you get out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so when you get out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so when you get out to
+large n the right hand side here is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large n the right hand side here is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large n the right hand side here is very
+good approximation to n factorial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation to n factorial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation to n factorial and
+you see that it's sort of like n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's sort of like n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's sort of like n to the
+N um which makes sense because you seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um which makes sense because you seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N um which makes sense because you seem
+to be multiplying n by itself n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be multiplying n by itself n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be multiplying n by itself n times
+except you're multiplying by a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you're multiplying by a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you're multiplying by a little
+bit less than n each time so the E over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less than n each time so the E over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less than n each time so the E over
+there ends up compensating for it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ends up compensating for it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there ends up compensating for it it
+turns out and then there's an extra n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out and then there's an extra n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out and then there's an extra n to
+the half out there okay so we'll assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half out there okay so we'll assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half out there okay so we'll assume
+that you know how to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to do the
+combinatorics and now what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and now what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and now what this is
+saying is what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is what's the probability of
+getting M bits and error in an nbit code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting M bits and error in an nbit code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting M bits and error in an nbit code
+word well if you got n Bits and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word well if you got n Bits and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word well if you got n Bits and error
+that's because those M bits flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because those M bits flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because those M bits flipped
+independently each with probability p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently each with probability p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently each with probability p uh
+the remaining n minus M did not flip so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining n minus M did not flip so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining n minus M did not flip so
+that's the probability of getting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of getting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of getting one
+such configuration and then you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such configuration and then you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such configuration and then you count
+all the possible configurations so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible configurations so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible configurations so what
+that top expression is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that top expression is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that top expression is is the
+probability of getting M bits in error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting M bits in error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting M bits in error
+out of n okay and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of n okay and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of n okay and that's something that
+we want you to be comfortable with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you to be comfortable with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you to be comfortable with okay
+um now just to wind up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now just to wind up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now just to wind up here
+um I want to go back to this last bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to go back to this last bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to go back to this last bullet
+which is that in many situations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that in many situations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that in many situations the
+errors don't occur independently in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors don't occur independently in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors don't occur independently in the
+different bits if you think of a CD with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits if you think of a CD with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits if you think of a CD with
+a scratch or a thumb print or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scratch or a thumb print or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scratch or a thumb print or something
+on it um that's local right and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it um that's local right and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it um that's local right and so if
+you get one bit corrupted that increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one bit corrupted that increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one bit corrupted that increases
+the chances that the next bit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances that the next bit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chances that the next bit is
+corrupted as well so errors can occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted as well so errors can occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted as well so errors can occur in
+bursts or if you're doing um if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts or if you're doing um if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts or if you're doing um if you're
+trying to make a phone call from a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a phone call from a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a phone call from a car
+and you suddenly shielded from um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you suddenly shielded from um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you suddenly shielded from um an
+antenna a nearby antenna then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna a nearby antenna then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna a nearby antenna then you're
+going to lose a whole bunch of bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose a whole bunch of bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose a whole bunch of bits and
+sequence okay so bits can um be an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay so bits can um be an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay so bits can um be an error
+in clusters and what we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clusters and what we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clusters and what we've talked about
+so far doesn't uh quite manage that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far doesn't uh quite manage that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far doesn't uh quite manage that so
+here's an idea for how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an idea for how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an idea for how to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um which is referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is referred to as
+interleaving um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaving um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaving um
+so if we had B different code words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we had B different code words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we had B different code words that
+we were going to transmit and we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to transmit and we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were going to transmit and we did it
+the normal way we would send out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal way we would send out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal way we would send out the
+first one uh second one and so on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one uh second one and so on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one uh second one and so on this
+little shading here is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little shading here is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little shading here is supposed to
+indicate the uh parity bits going along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the uh parity bits going along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the uh parity bits going along
+with the data bits um if we had a burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data bits um if we had a burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data bits um if we had a burst
+of Errors we could lose two entire words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Errors we could lose two entire words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Errors we could lose two entire words
+over there uh nothing to be done okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there uh nothing to be done okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there uh nothing to be done okay
+they'd arrive entirely corrupted and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd arrive entirely corrupted and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd arrive entirely corrupted and we
+wouldn't get them back the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get them back the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get them back the idea of
+interleaving is stack up B words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaving is stack up B words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interleaving is stack up B words that
+you want to transmit but transmit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to transmit but transmit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to transmit but transmit the
+bits out um one at a time from each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits out um one at a time from each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits out um one at a time from each of
+the B words so you transmit the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B words so you transmit the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B words so you transmit the first
+bit from the first word first bit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from the first word first bit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from the first word first bit from
+the second word and so on uh and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second word and so on uh and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second word and so on uh and so this
+is the sequence in which you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sequence in which you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sequence in which you're doing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+transmission now if you've got a burst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission now if you've got a burst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission now if you've got a burst
+of Errors you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Errors you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Errors you're
+corrupting um a more localized set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupting um a more localized set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupting um a more localized set of
+bits in each of the words and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in each of the words and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in each of the words and there's
+some hope that your error correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope that your error correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hope that your error correction
+then can uh recover so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can uh recover so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can uh recover so this is very
+often done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done
+um I don't think I want to um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think I want to um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't think I want to um actually
+walk you through a particular scheme for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through a particular scheme for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk you through a particular scheme for
+it but we'll have it on the slides um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we'll have it on the slides um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but we'll have it on the slides um
+for you to look through uh but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to look through uh but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to look through uh but basically
+U it actually turns out to work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it actually turns out to work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it actually turns out to work very
+well and um that may be all I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and um that may be all I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and um that may be all I want to do
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+today we'll see you um next time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll see you um next time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll see you um next time we're
+going to talk about linear codes next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about linear codes next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about linear codes next
+time but a much more elaborate uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but a much more elaborate uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but a much more elaborate uh kind
+of code called a convolutional code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code called a convolutional code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code called a convolutional code
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jUkuRYDU4jA.txt b/jUkuRYDU4jA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fca84485668e9ab304bd1dd05ca782dba8f01140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jUkuRYDU4jA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1205 @@
+ANNOUNCER: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HERBERT GROSS: Hi, last time I
+left you dangling in suspense
+
+when I said what happens if the
+terms in a series are not
+
+all positive?
+
+In other words, the trouble with
+the last assignment was
+
+that we did quite a bit of work
+and yet there was a very
+
+stringent condition.
+
+Namely, that every term that you
+were adding happened to be
+
+a positive number.
+
+Now obviously, this need
+not be the case.
+
+And the question is, can you
+have convergence in a series
+
+in which the terms are
+not all positive?
+
+And what does it mean, by the
+way, if this is the case why
+
+we stressed the situation
+of positive series?
+
+And this will be the aim of
+today's lecture to straighten
+
+out both of these points.
+
+At any rate, I call today's
+lesson 'Absolute Convergence',
+
+and I hope that the meaning of
+this will become clear very
+
+soon as we go along.
+
+But to answer the first question
+that we brought up,
+
+let's take a series
+in which the
+
+terms are not all positive.
+
+Now, by the way, I will do more
+general things in our
+
+supplementary notes
+on this material.
+
+I felt though that for a
+blackboard illustration, I
+
+should pick a relatively
+straightforward example and
+
+not try to generalize it.
+
+Let's take the specific series 1
+minus 1/2 plus 1/3 minus 1/4
+
+plus 1/5, et cetera.
+
+And how do we indicate the
+n-th term in this case?
+
+Notice that the denominator
+is 'n'.
+
+The numerator oscillates
+between minus 1 and 1.
+
+And you see the mathematical
+trick to alternate signs is to
+
+raise minus 1 to a power.
+
+You see minus 1 to an even
+power will be positive 1.
+
+And to an odd power,
+negative 1.
+
+The idea here is since for 'n'
+equals 1 we want this to be
+
+positive, we tacked on
+the plus 1 here.
+
+You see in that case, 'n' being
+1, 'n plus 1' is 2.
+
+Minus 1 squared is 1.
+
+And at any rate, don't be
+confused by this notation,
+
+it's simply a cute way all
+of alternating signs.
+
+At any rate, what do we have
+in this particular series?
+
+We have that the terms
+alternate in sign.
+
+We also have that the n-th
+term approaches 0.
+
+Namely, the numerator
+alternates between
+
+plus and minus 1.
+
+The denominator is 'n'.
+
+So as 'n' increases, the terms
+converge on 0 as a limit.
+
+And finally, the terms
+keep decreasing
+
+monotonically in magnitude.
+
+In other words, forgetting about
+the fact that a plus
+
+outranks a minus in terms of a
+number line, notice that the
+
+size of 1/3 is less than
+the size of 1/2.
+
+In other words, this particular
+series, which is
+
+called an 'alternating series',
+has three properties.
+
+It's called alternating
+because the terms
+
+alternate in sign.
+
+The n-th term approaches 0.
+
+By the way, we saw in our first
+lecture on series that
+
+the n-th term approaching
+0 was necessary, but not
+
+sufficient for making
+a series converge.
+
+However, what our claim is that
+if in addition to this we
+
+know that the terms decrease
+in magnitude, our claim is
+
+that the given series
+will converge.
+
+In other words, what I intend
+to show is that 1 minus 1/2
+
+plus 1/3, et cetera,
+does converge.
+
+And the way I'm going to do
+that is geometrically.
+
+I'm not going to try to prove
+this thing analytically.
+
+But as I've said before, the
+analytic proof virtually is
+
+just an abstraction of what
+we're doing over here.
+
+Let's take a look and see
+what happens over here.
+
+Notice that our first
+term is 1.
+
+Our next term is 1/2.
+
+Our next term is 1 minus 1/2
+plus 1/3, which is 5/6.
+
+What I'm driving at is that if
+you compute the sums, 1 minus
+
+1/2 plus 1/3 minus 1/4, et
+cetera, in the order in which
+
+they're given, what you find
+is that the sequence of
+
+partial sums is 1, 1/2, 5/6,
+7/12, 47/60, 13/20.
+
+Now the thing that I want you to
+see, the reason I'm waving
+
+my hand here and why I think
+this helps in the lecture is
+
+look what's happening.
+
+You see because the terms
+alternate in sign what this
+
+means is that as I start with 's
+sub 1' over here, the next
+
+term will be to the
+left of 's sub 1'.
+
+Then the term after that
+will be to the right.
+
+Then to the left.
+
+Then to the right.
+
+Then to the left.
+
+Then to the right.
+
+They keep alternating
+this way.
+
+Moreover, since the terms
+decrease in magnitude, it
+
+means that each jump is less
+than the jump that came
+
+immediately before.
+
+In other words, as I jumped from
+here to here, when I jump
+
+back I don't come back
+quite as far.
+
+In other words, what I'm doing
+now is I'm closing in.
+
+You see the odd subscripts and
+the even subscripts are sort
+
+of segregated.
+
+You see what's happening
+over here?
+
+And finally, because the limit
+of the n-th term is 0, it
+
+means that this spacing--
+
+see the difference between
+successive partial
+
+sums is the n-th term.
+
+That must go to 0.
+
+In other words, our limit
+'L' is in here.
+
+And as 'n' increases, the
+squeeze is put on and we get
+
+the existence of a limit.
+
+For example, whatever
+'L' is, it must be
+
+between 13/20 and 47/60.
+
+By the way, I say this in
+the form of an aside.
+
+It turns out--
+
+and for those of us who haven't
+seen this before, it's
+
+a very mystic result.
+
+That's why I say, who'd
+have guessed it?
+
+It turns out that 'L' is
+actually the natural log of 2.
+
+And the reason I point this
+out is that again, you may
+
+recall that in our notes
+we talked about 'Cauchy
+
+convergence', meaning what do
+you do when you don't know how
+
+to guess the limit?
+
+You see, the idea here is notice
+that this particular
+
+series converges.
+
+But we don't know what the limit
+is other than the fact
+
+that it's being squeezed
+in over here.
+
+You see here's a case where we
+know that a limit exists, but
+
+it's particularly difficult
+to explicitly name
+
+what that limit is.
+
+But that fact notwithstanding,
+is it clear that because of
+
+the fact that the terms
+alternate, the magnitudes
+
+decrease, and the limit is 0
+that these things do converge
+
+to a limit?
+
+I think it is clear.
+
+But the next question, and I
+apologize for what looks like
+
+slang here, but I think this is
+exactly what's going on in
+
+your minds right now.
+
+So what?
+
+What does this have to do with
+what came before and what will
+
+come later?
+
+And we're going to see again,
+a very, very strange thing
+
+that happens with infinite sums
+that does not happen with
+
+finite sums.
+
+Let me lead into that
+fairly gradually.
+
+First of all, I claim that
+this particular series--
+
+see, again, don't get
+misled by this.
+
+It's just a fancy way
+of saying what?
+
+1 minus 1/2 plus 1/3, et
+cetera, converges.
+
+But because the plus terms
+cancel the minus terms, the
+
+pluses cancel the minuses, not
+because the terms get small
+
+fast enough.
+
+What I mean by that is this.
+
+Forget about the
+signs in here.
+
+Replace each term by
+its magnitude.
+
+And by the way, that's where
+the name 'absolute'
+
+convergence is going
+to come from.
+
+Namely, the magnitude of a term
+is its absolute value.
+
+And this is what we're going to
+be talking about, but the
+
+idea is this.
+
+If we replace each term
+by its magnitude,
+
+we obtain the series.
+
+Summation 'n' goes from 1
+to infinity '1 over n'.
+
+And in the last assignment, we
+saw in the exercises that this
+
+diverged by the integral test.
+
+In other words, if we leave
+out the signs, the series
+
+diverges because evidently these
+terms don't get small
+
+fast enough.
+
+Okay.
+
+Let me state a definition.
+
+The definition is simply this.
+
+The series, summation 'n' goes
+from 1 to infinity, 'a sub n'
+
+is said to converge absolutely
+if the series that you get by
+
+replacing each term by its
+magnitude converges.
+
+Now I leave for the
+supplementary notes the proof
+
+that if a series converges
+absolutely, it converges in
+
+the first place.
+
+In other words, I think it's
+rather clear if you look at
+
+this thing intuitively that if
+I replace each term by its
+
+magnitude, I'll disregard the
+plus and minus signs.
+
+And that resulting series
+converges, then the original
+
+series must've converged also
+because the terms couldn't be
+
+any bigger than this.
+
+By the way, the formal proof is
+kind of messy in places and
+
+so this is why, as I say,
+I leave this for the
+
+supplementary notes.
+
+But at any rate that's what we
+mean by absolute convergence.
+
+If you're given a series,
+you replace each
+
+term by it's magnitude.
+
+If that series converges, we
+call the original series
+
+absolutely convergent.
+
+Notice by the way, the tie
+in now between absolute
+
+convergence and positive
+series.
+
+Namely, by definition, the
+absolute value of 'a sub n' is
+
+at least as big as 0.
+
+Consequently, when we're
+testing for absolute
+
+convergence, the series that
+we test is positive.
+
+And we have tests
+for convergence
+
+for positive series.
+
+Now the sequel to definition
+one is of course definition
+
+two, and that says what?
+
+A series which converges but
+not absolutely is called
+
+conditionally convergent.
+
+In other words, it converges on
+the condition that the sine
+
+stay exactly the way they are.
+
+An example of a conditionally
+convergent series is the one
+
+that we're dealing
+with right now.
+
+Namely, with the pluses and
+minuses in there, we just
+
+showed that the series
+converges.
+
+However, if we replace each
+term by its magnitude, the
+
+resulting series is summation
+'1 over n'.
+
+And that as we saw, diverges.
+
+Now the question is, what's
+so bad about conditional
+
+convergence?
+
+What difference does it make
+whether a series converges
+
+absolutely or conditionally?
+
+Is there any problem
+that comes up?
+
+As I said before, a fantastic
+subtlety that occurs, a
+
+subtlety that has no parallel
+in our knowledge of finite
+
+arithmetic.
+
+The subtlety is this.
+
+In fact, I call it that, the
+subtlety of conditional
+
+convergence.
+
+Namely, the sum of a
+
+conditionally convergent series--
+
+and this fantastic--
+
+depends on the order in which
+you write the terms.
+
+In other words, if the series
+converges, but conditionally
+
+if you change the order of the
+terms, surprising as it may
+
+seem, you actually
+change the sum.
+
+And the best way to do this
+I think at this stage, a
+
+generalization is given in
+the supplementary notes.
+
+But the idea is, let me just
+do this in terms of the
+
+problem that we were
+dealing with.
+
+Let's take the terms of our
+conditionally convergent
+
+series, 1 minus 1/2 plus 1/3,
+et cetera, and divide them
+
+into two teams.
+
+And if this expression bothers
+you, call the teams sets and
+
+that makes it much more
+mathematical.
+
+Let the first set
+consist of the
+
+positive terms of a series.
+
+Namely, 1, 1/3, 1/5.
+
+And in general, '1 over '2n
+minus 1'' where 'n' is any
+
+positive whole number.
+
+The negative numbers of our
+team are minus 1/2--
+
+or the set 'N', which I'll call
+the negative members is
+
+minus 1/2, minus
+1/4, minus 1/6.
+
+In general, minus '1 over 2n'.
+
+Now again, by the integral
+test, we saw in our last
+
+lesson that both these series
+summation '1 all over '2n
+
+minus 1'' and summation '1 over
+2n' diverge to infinity
+
+by the integral test.
+
+Now what my claim is, is that
+because both of these two
+
+series diverge, I can now
+rearrange my terms to get any
+
+sum that I want.
+
+Well, for example, suppose
+somebody says to me, make the
+
+sum come out to be 3/2.
+
+As I'll mention later, there's
+nothing sacred about 3/2.
+
+In fact, I'm mentioning that
+now but I'll say it again
+
+later for emphasis.
+
+I just wanted to pick a number
+that wouldn't be too unwieldy.
+
+But here's what the gist is.
+
+I want to make the
+sum at least 3/2.
+
+So what I do is I start with my
+positive terms from the set
+
+'P' and add them up.
+
+1 plus 1/3 plus 1/5,
+et cetera.
+
+The thing that I'm sure of is
+that eventually this sum must
+
+exceed 3/2.
+
+Why do I know that?
+
+Well, 'P' diverges
+to infinity.
+
+How could 'P' possibly diverge
+to infinity if the sum could
+
+never-- the sum of the terms in
+'P' diverges to infinity.
+
+How could that happen if
+the sum never got at
+
+least as big as 3/2?
+
+So the idea is I write down all
+of these terms, add them
+
+up, until my sum first exceeds
+or equals 3/2.
+
+And as I say, this must
+happen because the
+
+series diverges to infinity.
+
+Well, in particular, I
+observe that 1 plus
+
+1/3 plus 1/5 is 23/15.
+
+And that's now, for the first
+time, bigger than 3/2.
+
+What I do next is I annex the
+negative members, in other
+
+words, the members of capital
+'N', until the
+
+sum falls below 3/2.
+
+Watch what I'm doing here.
+
+I stopped at 1/5.
+
+I have 1 plus 1/3 plus 1/5.
+
+Now I subtract 1/2.
+
+That gives me 31/30 and
+that's less than 3/2.
+
+So now my sum is below 3/2.
+
+What I do next is I continue
+with 'P' where I left off.
+
+See I left off with 1/5.
+
+I now start tacking on 1/7, 1/9,
+1/11, 1/13, et cetera.
+
+Until the sum, again,
+exceeds 3/2.
+
+Now how do I know that the
+sum has to exceed 3/2?
+
+Well, remember when we add up
+all of the members of 'P', we
+
+get a divergent series.
+
+That means the sum increases
+without bound.
+
+As we've mentioned many times so
+far in our course, that if
+
+you chop off a finite number
+of terms from a divergent
+
+series, the remaining
+series, what's
+
+left, still must diverge.
+
+In other words, if this series
+1 plus 1/3 plus 1/5 plus 1/7
+
+diverges to infinity, the fact
+that I chop off those terms
+
+that add up to just an excess
+of 3/2, what's left is still
+
+going to diverge to infinity.
+
+So I can keep on
+going this way.
+
+What I do is I add on 1/7.
+
+The result turns out to
+be 247/210, which is
+
+still less than 3/2.
+
+And to spare you the
+gory details--
+
+and believe me, they are gory.
+
+I worked it out myself.
+
+Without a desk calculator
+this gets to be a mess.
+
+It turns out that when I add on
+1/13, get down to here, the
+
+sum is this, which is
+still less than 3/2.
+
+But then I add on 1/15.
+
+The sum gets to be this, which
+I simply call 'k'.
+
+That turns out to be
+greater than 3/2.
+
+Then you see what I do is
+return to my series of
+
+negative terms, tack those on
+till the sum falls below.
+
+And what's happening here
+pictorially is the following.
+
+You see what happened
+was 3/2--
+
+I added on terms till
+I exceeded 3/2.
+
+That was 23/15.
+
+Then I get down below 3/2.
+
+Then up again above 3/2.
+
+And still sparing
+you the details,
+
+notice what's happening.
+
+Each time that I passed 3/2, I
+pass it by less than before
+
+because the terms are getting
+smaller in magnitude.
+
+What's happening is and I hope
+this crazy little diagram here
+
+serves the purpose.
+
+You see what's happening is
+I'm zeroing in on 3/2.
+
+In other words, this particular
+rearrangement will
+
+guarantee me that those terms
+will add up to 3/2.
+
+Now again, as I said before, 3/2
+was not important, though
+
+the arithmetic gets messier.
+
+And again, that's the best
+word I can think of.
+
+In other words, I went through
+several sheets of paper just
+
+trying to get to the next
+stage over here before I
+
+realized it wasn't worth it.
+
+I mean it's something we
+can all do on our own.
+
+But the larger number that you
+choose, the more terms you're
+
+going to have to add up before
+you exceed this.
+
+Don't confuse two things here.
+
+I obviously have to add up an
+awful lot of terms of the form
+
+1, 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/9, 1/11
+to get, say a million.
+
+But the point is that since
+that series diverges,
+
+eventually by going
+out far enough--
+
+now far enough might be
+billions of terms.
+
+But still a finite number, the
+sum will exceed 1 million.
+
+That's the key point.
+
+In other words, I can keep
+oscillating around any sum
+
+that I want just by exceeding
+it, coming back with a
+
+negative terms, getting less
+than that, and alternating
+
+back and forth.
+
+Again, this will be left for
+much greater detail for the
+
+supplementary notes
+and the exercises.
+
+I'll mention a little bit more
+about that in a few minutes.
+
+But the summary so
+far is this.
+
+If the series summation 'n' goes
+from 1 to infinity, 'a
+
+sub n' is conditionally
+convergent, its limit exists.
+
+Let's not forget that.
+
+Its limit exists.
+
+But that limit depends on not
+changing the order in which
+
+the terms were given.
+
+In other words, the limit
+changes as the order of the
+
+terms is changed.
+
+That is, rearranging the terms
+actually changes the series.
+
+And there is nothing in finite
+arithmetic that is
+
+comparable to this.
+
+In other words, if you have 50
+numbers to add up, or 50
+
+million numbers, or 50 billion
+numbers, no matter how you
+
+rearrange those numbers, the
+sum exists and is the same
+
+independently of what the
+rearrangement is.
+
+This is not comparable
+to finite arithmetic.
+
+And the moral is-- and again, I
+say this in slang expression
+
+because I want this
+to rub off.
+
+I want you to remember this.
+
+Don't monkey with conditional
+convergence.
+
+If the series is conditionally
+convergent, make sure that you
+
+add the terms in the order
+in which they appear.
+
+That if you change the
+order, you will
+
+get a different limit.
+
+And what will happen is you'll
+get a limit that is the right
+
+answer to the wrong problem.
+
+In other words, changing
+the order of the
+
+terms changes the limit.
+
+And this is why conditional
+convergence is
+
+particularly annoying.
+
+It means that all of these
+things that come natural an
+
+ordinary arithmetic are
+lacking in conditional
+
+convergence.
+
+Now, what does the
+sequel to this?
+
+The sequel is that all is well
+when you have absolute
+
+convergence.
+
+I just wrote this out to make
+sure that we have this in
+
+front of us.
+
+The beauty of absolute
+convergence is that the sum of
+
+an absolutely convergent series
+is the same for every
+
+rearrangement of the terms.
+
+The details are left to the
+supplementary notes.
+
+Now, what am I trying to bring
+out by all of this?
+
+You see, the beauty of positive
+series is that every
+
+time we talk about absolute
+convergence, the test involves
+
+a positive series.
+
+In other words, by knowing how
+to test positive series for
+
+convergence, we can test
+any series for absolute
+
+convergence.
+
+What is the beauty of absolute
+convergence?
+
+The beauty of absolute
+convergence is that we can
+
+rearrange the terms in any order
+that we want if it's
+
+convenient to pick a different
+order than another.
+
+And the sum will not depend
+on this rearrangement.
+
+You see the point is we are
+not saying keep away from
+
+conditionally convergent
+series.
+
+In many important applications
+you have to come to grips with
+
+conditional convergence.
+
+All we are saying is that if
+you want to be able to fool
+
+around numerically with these
+series, if you don't have
+
+absolute convergence, you're
+in a bit of trouble.
+
+Now you see, the point is that
+our textbook does a very good
+
+job in talking about absolute
+convergence versus conditional
+
+convergence.
+
+But for some reason, does not
+mention the problem of
+
+rearranging terms.
+
+And therefore, much of what I've
+talked about today, the
+
+importance of absolute
+convergence, is in terms of
+
+rearrangements.
+
+And because this material is
+not in the textbook, what I
+
+have elected to do is to put
+all of this material that
+
+we've talked about today almost
+verbatim except in a
+
+more generalized form, into
+the supplementary notes,
+
+supplying whatever proofs are
+necessary and whatever
+
+intuitive ideas are necessary.
+
+At any rate, read the
+supplementary notes, do the
+
+exercises, and we'll continue
+our discussion next time.
+
+And until next time, goodbye.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jXu7NEuZED4.txt b/jXu7NEuZED4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eda522e255f0cbea7b5822b96eac221fc8bc5b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jXu7NEuZED4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will do some basic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will do some basic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will do some basic data
+analysis all that I've done since our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis all that I've done since our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis all that I've done since our
+previous video is clear the console but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous video is clear the console but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous video is clear the console but
+our still has all the information stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our still has all the information stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our still has all the information stored
+in fact if we use the up arrow on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if we use the up arrow on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if we use the up arrow on our
+keyboard we retrieve the last command we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard we retrieve the last command we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard we retrieve the last command we
+typed which was the summary of the USDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed which was the summary of the USDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typed which was the summary of the USDA
+data frame and as a quick reminder at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame and as a quick reminder at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame and as a quick reminder at
+the end of our last video we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of our last video we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of our last video we realized
+that the maximum level of sodium was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximum level of sodium was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the maximum level of sodium was
+thirty eight thousand seven hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty eight thousand seven hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty eight thousand seven hundred and
+fifty eight milligrams which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty eight milligrams which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty eight milligrams which is very
+high we would like to see which food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high we would like to see which food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high we would like to see which food
+this corresponds to well to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to well to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponds to well to check the
+values of sodium levels and the foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of sodium levels and the foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of sodium levels and the foods
+within the data set we can type USDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the data set we can type USDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the data set we can type USDA
+dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign
+sodium this gives us a series of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium this gives us a series of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium this gives us a series of numbers
+associated with the amount of sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the amount of sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the amount of sodium and
+all the foods in our data set remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the foods in our data set remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the foods in our data set remember
+from the lecture that this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lecture that this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the lecture that this is called a
+vector and it is associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it is associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it is associated with the
+variable sodium for instance the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable sodium for instance the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable sodium for instance the sodium
+level of the last food in our data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the last food in our data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the last food in our data set
+is 68 milligrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 68 milligrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 68 milligrams
+now to find which food has the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to find which food has the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to find which food has the highest
+level of sodium we can simply use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of sodium we can simply use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of sodium we can simply use the
+function which dot max which takes as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which dot max which takes as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which dot max which takes as an
+input the sodium vector and it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the sodium vector and it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the sodium vector and it gives us
+the index of the food with the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of the food with the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of the food with the highest
+sodium level in this case the 264 food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium level in this case the 264 food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium level in this case the 264 food
+in our data set has the maximum sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data set has the maximum sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our data set has the maximum sodium
+content now to know which food that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content now to know which food that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content now to know which food that is
+we need to take a look at the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take a look at the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take a look at the vector
+corresponding to the text description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the text description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the text description of
+the foods however I cannot remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foods however I cannot remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foods however I cannot remember the
+exact name of that variable on top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact name of that variable on top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact name of that variable on top of my
+hat to be able to call it an R but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat to be able to call it an R but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat to be able to call it an R but we
+can use the function names which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the function names which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use the function names which takes
+as an input the USDA data frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input the USDA data frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input the USDA data frame and
+gives us the exact names of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the exact names of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the exact names of all the
+variables are stored in the USDA data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are stored in the USDA data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are stored in the USDA data
+frame and now we know that the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and now we know that the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and now we know that the name of
+the variable we're looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we're looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable we're looking at is
+description so now to get the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so now to get the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so now to get the name of
+the 265th food we simply need to ask our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 265th food we simply need to ask our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 265th food we simply need to ask our
+to pick the 265th element from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick the 265th element from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick the 265th element from the
+vector description so using our dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector description so using our dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector description so using our dollar
+notation to call the description vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to call the description vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to call the description vector
+and then the square brackets around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the square brackets around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the square brackets around
+index 265 and the winner is table salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 265 and the winner is table salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 265 and the winner is table salt
+well having thirty eight thousand seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well having thirty eight thousand seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well having thirty eight thousand seven
+hundred and fifty eight milligrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty eight milligrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty eight milligrams of
+sodium in 100 grams of table salt sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium in 100 grams of table salt sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium in 100 grams of table salt sort
+of makes sense but none of us will eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense but none of us will eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of makes sense but none of us will eat
+100 grams of salt in one sitting so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 grams of salt in one sitting so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 grams of salt in one sitting so it
+might be more interesting to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more interesting to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more interesting to find out
+which foods for instance contain more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which foods for instance contain more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which foods for instance contain more
+than say ten thousand milligrams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say ten thousand milligrams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than say ten thousand milligrams of
+sodium to do so we can create a new data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to do so we can create a new data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to do so we can create a new data
+frame and let's call it high sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and let's call it high sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and let's call it high sodium and
+this is going to be a subset of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a subset of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a subset of our
+original data frame USDA with only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data frame USDA with only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original data frame USDA with only the
+foods that have sodium content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods that have sodium content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods that have sodium content that
+exceeds ten thousand and now we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds ten thousand and now we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds ten thousand and now we created
+this new data frame and to see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new data frame and to see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new data frame and to see how many
+foods there exist in this new data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods there exist in this new data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods there exist in this new data frame
+we need to see how many observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to see how many observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to see how many observations
+this data frame has and this can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data frame has and this can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data frame has and this can be done
+by using the function and row which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the function and row which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the function and row which
+computes the number of rows in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the number of rows in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the number of rows in the data
+frame high sodium and then we obtain ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame high sodium and then we obtain ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame high sodium and then we obtain ten
+foods for sodium levels above ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods for sodium levels above ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods for sodium levels above ten
+thousand milligrams since they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand milligrams since they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand milligrams since they're not
+many we can output the names of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many we can output the names of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many we can output the names of these
+foods by looking at their description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods by looking at their description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods by looking at their description
+vector but this time the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but this time the description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector but this time the description
+vector is not associated with the USDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is not associated with the USDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is not associated with the USDA
+data frame but with the high sodium data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame but with the high sodium data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame but with the high sodium data
+frame so high sodium dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so high sodium dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so high sodium dollar sign
+description and now pressing enter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and now pressing enter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and now pressing enter we
+obtain the names of these ten foods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the names of these ten foods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the names of these ten foods so
+definitely table salt is one of them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely table salt is one of them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely table salt is one of them we
+also have dry soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have dry soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have dry soup
+gravy some leavening agents but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravy some leavening agents but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravy some leavening agents but I
+thought caviar is well known to be among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought caviar is well known to be among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought caviar is well known to be among
+the top 10 foods with highest levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 10 foods with highest levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top 10 foods with highest levels of
+sodium but it doesn't appear in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium but it doesn't appear in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium but it doesn't appear in this
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+let's find how much sodium it has in 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find how much sodium it has in 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find how much sodium it has in 100
+grams now obviously this task would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams now obviously this task would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams now obviously this task would have
+been very easy if we knew the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very easy if we knew the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very easy if we knew the index of
+caviar in our data set and we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caviar in our data set and we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caviar in our data set and we simply
+feed it into the vector sodium however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it into the vector sodium however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed it into the vector sodium however
+we need to get the index of caviar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get the index of caviar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get the index of caviar and
+to do this we need to track down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we need to track down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we need to track down the
+word caviar in the Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word caviar in the Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word caviar in the Texas
+scription to do this we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scription to do this we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scription to do this we can use the
+match function and ask our to dick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match function and ask our to dick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match function and ask our to dick the
+word caviar in the description vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word caviar in the description vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word caviar in the description vector so
+USD a dollar sign description a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USD a dollar sign description a now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USD a dollar sign description a now
+pressing enter we obtain that caviar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing enter we obtain that caviar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing enter we obtain that caviar is
+the 4150 for food in our dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4150 for food in our dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4150 for food in our dataset
+so now finding the sodium level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now finding the sodium level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now finding the sodium level of
+caviar is a piece of cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caviar is a piece of cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caviar is a piece of cake
+we just type USD a dollar sign sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just type USD a dollar sign sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just type USD a dollar sign sodium
+and using the square brackets with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the square brackets with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the square brackets with the
+index 4154 ask art to pick the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 4154 ask art to pick the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index 4154 ask art to pick the sodium
+level of caviar for us in this is 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of caviar for us in this is 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of caviar for us in this is 1500
+milligrams now to find the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams now to find the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams now to find the level of
+sodium and caviar we use two steps but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and caviar we use two steps but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and caviar we use two steps but
+we can actually lock them all in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually lock them all in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually lock them all in one
+single step so let's use the up arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step so let's use the up arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single step so let's use the up arrow
+twice to go back to the match function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to go back to the match function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to go back to the match function
+and we know that this match function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that this match function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that this match function
+gives us an index that then should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an index that then should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an index that then should be
+fed into the sodium vector using square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed into the sodium vector using square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed into the sodium vector using square
+brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets
+so let's enclose it in square bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's enclose it in square bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's enclose it in square bracket
+and then at the beginning we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the beginning we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the beginning we're going to
+just write USD a dollar sign sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write USD a dollar sign sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write USD a dollar sign sodium and
+again of course this gives us 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of course this gives us 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of course this gives us 1500
+milligrams of sodium in 100 grams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of sodium in 100 grams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milligrams of sodium in 100 grams of
+caviar now the value 1500 milligrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caviar now the value 1500 milligrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caviar now the value 1500 milligrams
+seems to be very small compared to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be very small compared to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be very small compared to ten
+thousand milligrams or thirty eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand milligrams or thirty eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand milligrams or thirty eight
+thousand milligrams which are the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand milligrams which are the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand milligrams which are the values
+that we worked with so far with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we worked with so far with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we worked with so far with respect
+to sodium levels but this doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sodium levels but this doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sodium levels but this doesn't seem
+to be a fair comparison maybe the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fair comparison maybe the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fair comparison maybe the best
+way to figure out how big this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to figure out how big this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to figure out how big this value is
+is by comparing it to the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by comparing it to the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by comparing it to the mean and the
+standard deviation of the sodium levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of the sodium levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of the sodium levels
+across the data set to find the mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the data set to find the mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the data set to find the mean we
+know that this information is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this information is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this information is given to
+us using the summary function so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us using the summary function so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us using the summary function so let's
+use the summary function and this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the summary function and this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the summary function and this time
+give it the input the sodium vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the input the sodium vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it the input the sodium vector
+instead of the whole USDA data frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the whole USDA data frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the whole USDA data frame and
+we can see that the mean sodium value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the mean sodium value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that the mean sodium value is
+322 milligrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+322 milligrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+322 milligrams
+however the summary function does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the summary function does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the summary function does not
+give us standard deviation information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us standard deviation information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us standard deviation information
+but we can do this using the function SD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can do this using the function SD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can do this using the function SD
+which stands for standard deviation give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for standard deviation give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands for standard deviation give
+it as an input the sodium vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an input the sodium vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an input the sodium vector
+and oh we obtained none available well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh we obtained none available well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh we obtained none available well
+we got an a because we forgot to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an a because we forgot to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an a because we forgot to remove
+the non available entries before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non available entries before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non available entries before
+computing our statistical measure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing our statistical measure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing our statistical measure so
+let's use the up arrow to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use the up arrow to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use the up arrow to go back to the
+standard deviation function and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation function and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation function and now we
+have to explicitly tell our to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explicitly tell our to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to explicitly tell our to remove
+these non available entries by typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non available entries by typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these non available entries by typing
+and a dot RM equal true and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dot RM equal true and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dot RM equal true and now the
+standard deviation is 1045 milligrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is 1045 milligrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is 1045 milligrams
+note that if we sum the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if we sum the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that if we sum the mean and the
+standard deviation we obtain around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation we obtain around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation we obtain around
+1,400 milligrams which is still smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,400 milligrams which is still smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,400 milligrams which is still smaller
+than the amount of sodium in 100 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the amount of sodium in 100 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the amount of sodium in 100 grams
+of caviar well this means that caviar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of caviar well this means that caviar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of caviar well this means that caviar is
+pretty rich in sodium compared to most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rich in sodium compared to most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rich in sodium compared to most
+of the foods in our data set now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the foods in our data set now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the foods in our data set now that we
+know how to do a basic analysis of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do a basic analysis of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do a basic analysis of our
+data let's look at the plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's look at the plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data let's look at the plotting
+functionality in our in our next video
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jnU15SkboCA.txt b/jnU15SkboCA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c2387bb3f86e1235b0db3b3fa224fcef426d854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jnU15SkboCA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good afternoon good
+afternoon if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon if
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so there I was in my my car this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there I was in my my car this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there I was in my my car this
+morning as the pouring rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning as the pouring rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning as the pouring rain
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+thinking if I make a dashboard I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking if I make a dashboard I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking if I make a dashboard I got to
+take the computer I need the coffee cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the computer I need the coffee cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the computer I need the coffee cuz
+otherwise I'm going to fall asleep I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to fall asleep I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I'm going to fall asleep I
+don't need anything in that bag do I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need anything in that bag do I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need anything in that bag do I so
+I took off without the bag which it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took off without the bag which it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took off without the bag which it was
+true that I didn't need most of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that I didn't need most of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that I didn't need most of what was
+in the bag but the lecture notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bag but the lecture notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bag but the lecture notes for
+today's lecture would have been a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture would have been a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture would have been a useful
+thing to take with me on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take with me on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take with me on the other hand
+if there was ever going to be a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was ever going to be a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was ever going to be a day
+where I forgot the lecture notes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I forgot the lecture notes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I forgot the lecture notes this is
+probably the one to do it because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the one to do it because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the one to do it because I'm
+going to talk about attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about attention
+today and attention research is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and attention research is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and attention research is what I
+do for a living um if uh if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for a living um if uh if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for a living um if uh if there's
+anything that I should be able to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I should be able to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that I should be able to just
+stand up and and uh lecture about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and and uh lecture about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and and uh lecture about this
+is it now of course that means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it now of course that means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it now of course that means that you
+should find this to be the most gripping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find this to be the most gripping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find this to be the most gripping
+Topic in the entire course and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in the entire course and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in the entire course and that you
+should decide that what you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should decide that what you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should decide that what you want to do
+you want to do this for a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do this for a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do this for a living
+um well when you decide you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well when you decide you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well when you decide you want to do
+it for a sort of a living like a 10 Buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a sort of a living like a 10 Buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for a sort of a living like a 10 Buck
+an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour
+living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+um you can come and be a subject in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can come and be a subject in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can come and be a subject in
+attention research in my lab I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention research in my lab I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention research in my lab I would
+again Advocate that you sign up there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Advocate that you sign up there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Advocate that you sign up there's
+a still I saw there's still these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a still I saw there's still these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a still I saw there's still these
+uh notes around about signing up to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notes around about signing up to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notes around about signing up to be a
+subject generally in BCS my lab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject generally in BCS my lab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject generally in BCS my lab is
+separate from the BCS business because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the BCS business because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from the BCS business because
+I'm technically Brigham and Women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm technically Brigham and Women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm technically Brigham and Women's
+Hospital um but you can sign up with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital um but you can sign up with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital um but you can sign up with us
+too and we'll pay you 10 bucks an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and we'll pay you 10 bucks an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and we'll pay you 10 bucks an hour
+uh to do visual attention research what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do visual attention research what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do visual attention research what
+could be better than that uh is Kristen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better than that uh is Kristen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better than that uh is Kristen
+here I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't see
+Kristen Kristen one of the uh Tas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristen Kristen one of the uh Tas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristen Kristen one of the uh Tas is
+also in my lab and I was going to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in my lab and I was going to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in my lab and I was going to point
+her out you could anyway uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her out you could anyway uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her out you could anyway uh you know
+send me an email we'll sign you up talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me an email we'll sign you up talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me an email we'll sign you up talk
+to me you know we'd love to have you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you know we'd love to have you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you know we'd love to have you and
+you can do where's Waldo experiments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do where's Waldo experiments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do where's Waldo experiments for
+10 bucks an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bucks an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bucks an hour
+um you think I'm joking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you think I'm joking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you think I'm joking
+um Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me let me try to explain why it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me try to explain why it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me try to explain why it is that
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+putting an attention lecture in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an attention lecture in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an attention lecture in between
+a sort of a sensation percept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a sensation percept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a sensation percept a
+sensation lecture and a perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation lecture and a perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation lecture and a perception
+lecture it's not terribly typical more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's not terribly typical more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it's not terribly typical more
+typically uh if people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh if people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh if people talk about
+attention they go off and do it later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention they go off and do it later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention they go off and do it later um
+later after doing sensation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later after doing sensation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later after doing sensation and
+perception but why am I putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception but why am I putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception but why am I putting it in
+there um the core reason is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um the core reason is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um the core reason is that you
+simply cannot process all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cannot process all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply cannot process all of the
+information that you take in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you take in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you take in from the
+world you're taking in a vast amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you're taking in a vast amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you're taking in a vast amount of
+sensory information your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory information your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory information your
+perceptual um capabilities for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual um capabilities for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual um capabilities for instance
+those that allow you to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that allow you to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that allow you to recognize
+specific objects are limited you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects are limited you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects are limited you cannot
+recognize all of the objects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all of the objects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize all of the objects in the
+world that you are looking at all at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you are looking at all at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that you are looking at all at the
+same time it simply doesn't work and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it simply doesn't work and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it simply doesn't work and so
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+the roughly speaking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roughly speaking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roughly speaking things
+are here's the situation you got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here's the situation you got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here's the situation you got a lot
+of stuff coming in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff coming in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff coming in from the
+outside um and you've got a box here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside um and you've got a box here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside um and you've got a box here
+that does let's say let let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does let's say let let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does let's say let let's call this
+one a recognition whoops recognition box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a recognition whoops recognition box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a recognition whoops recognition box
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+only one thing at a time gets to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one thing at a time gets to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one thing at a time gets to go in
+and come out of that box basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come out of that box basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come out of that box basically so
+from this this is like the basic MIT uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this this is like the basic MIT uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this this is like the basic MIT uh
+metaphor about drinking from the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor about drinking from the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor about drinking from the uh the
+fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+hose well you know if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hose well you know if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hose well you know if you're really
+going to drink from a fire hose it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drink from a fire hose it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drink from a fire hose it's a
+very useful idea to restrict the flow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful idea to restrict the flow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful idea to restrict the flow in
+some fashion and let some of that water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion and let some of that water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion and let some of that water
+just go and get you wet or whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go and get you wet or whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go and get you wet or whatever um
+and so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a
+severe constriction sometimes called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe constriction sometimes called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe constriction sometimes called a
+bottleneck I think I've got some slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck I think I've got some slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck I think I've got some slides
+that call it a bottleneck later um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that call it a bottleneck later um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that call it a bottleneck later um that
+takes all of this and only lets some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes all of this and only lets some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes all of this and only lets some of
+it through and that bottleneck is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through and that bottleneck is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through and that bottleneck is
+governed it's not just random what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed it's not just random what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed it's not just random what gets
+through it's governed by mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's governed by mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's governed by mechanisms of
+selective attention that allow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective attention that allow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective attention that allow some
+things to get through and and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to get through and and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to get through and and leave
+other things on the uh uh on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things on the uh uh on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things on the uh uh on the floor
+and and so if you think of this as sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you think of this as sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so if you think of this as sort
+of sensation and perception which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensation and perception which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensation and perception which is a
+little bald but then that's why you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bald but then that's why you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bald but then that's why you put
+attention in the middle there now to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in the middle there now to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention in the middle there now to to
+motivate this a bit further let me do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate this a bit further let me do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate this a bit further let me do a
+demonstration actually this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration actually this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration actually this is the
+demonstration of why reading the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of why reading the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of why reading the tech
+while listening to my lecture may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while listening to my lecture may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while listening to my lecture may not be
+a brilliant idea um dep well it may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant idea um dep well it may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliant idea um dep well it may be a
+brilliant idea it just depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant idea it just depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant idea it just depends on your
+particular goals in life um I need I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular goals in life um I need I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular goals in life um I need I
+need a a a couple of volunteer type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a a a couple of volunteer type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a a a couple of volunteer type
+people who wish to uh do uh to to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wish to uh do uh to to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who wish to uh do uh to to read
+here all right there's a volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right there's a volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right there's a volunteer
+person and and and and and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and and and and and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and and and and and there's a
+pink volunteer person yes you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink volunteer person yes you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink volunteer person yes you're you're
+you MIT person you're you're but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you MIT person you're you're but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you MIT person you're you're but you
+have to come up here so you know kick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up here so you know kick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up here so you know kick a
+few people on the way by and and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people on the way by and and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people on the way by and and stuff
+like that you have to come up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you have to come up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you have to come up here and
+do a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reading what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading what I'm going to
+do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have
+these people both read to you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people both read to you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people both read to you at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+time um you're going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um you're going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um you're going to read
+from here from where it says Catherine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here from where it says Catherine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here from where it says Catherine
+okay and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're going to
+read from here and you're both going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from here and you're both going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from here and you're both going to
+read nice and loudly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read nice and loudly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read nice and loudly and
+steadily um at the same time yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily um at the same time yes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadily um at the same time yes that
+that's the interesting part um and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the interesting part um and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the interesting part um and what
+you're going to do is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+listen to her for actually to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to her for actually to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to her for actually to her
+specifically uh listen for the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh listen for the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh listen for the third
+instance of the word her when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the word her when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of the word her when you hear
+her say her for the third time raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her say her for the third time raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her say her for the third time raise
+your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand
+okay we got this yeah yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we got this yeah yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we got this yeah yeah all
+right his her not that her could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right his her not that her could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right his her not that her could tell
+you my name oh that would help you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my name oh that would help you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you my name oh that would help you are
+Nina that's Nina this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nina that's Nina this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nina that's Nina this is
+Zena right okay Zena or Zena Zena Zena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zena right okay Zena or Zena Zena Zena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zena right okay Zena or Zena Zena Zena
+okay at least it's not just one the ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least it's not just one the ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least it's not just one the ver
+that helps no this is not going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps no this is not going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps no this is not going to help
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+her when nah says her for the third time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her when nah says her for the third time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her when nah says her for the third time
+raise your hand okay H got got you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand okay H got got you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand okay H got got you got
+it yep you got it on your mark get set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yep you got it on your mark get set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yep you got it on your mark get set
+read three lines before her Sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read three lines before her Sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read three lines before her Sudden
+Change of count and short exclamations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change of count and short exclamations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change of count and short exclamations
+of Sorrowing Wonder declared her to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sorrowing Wonder declared her to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sorrowing Wonder declared her to be
+receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving
+anden earnestly watching her through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anden earnestly watching her through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anden earnestly watching her through the
+okay thank you thank you that was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you thank you that was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you thank you that was all
+right that was that that was excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was that that was excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was that that was excellent
+um all right so what was she talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so what was she talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so what was she talking
+about something yeah no no no somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something yeah no no no somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something yeah no no no somebody
+raised their hand ra hand hand what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their hand ra hand hand what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised their hand ra hand hand what what
+was a letter thank you that sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a letter thank you that sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a letter thank you that sounds good
+um she was she'd gotten a letter was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was she'd gotten a letter was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um she was she'd gotten a letter was it
+a nice letter I don't know who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice letter I don't know who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice letter I don't know who knows
+didn't sound too good her countenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sound too good her countenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't sound too good her countenance
+wasn't doing good things what was she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't doing good things what was she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't doing good things what was she
+talking about Zena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Zena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Zena
+what oh she was talking about okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh she was talking about okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh she was talking about okay what
+she talking yeah so what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she talking yeah so what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she talking yeah so what's your
+problem well what you were doing was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well what you were doing was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well what you were doing was so
+how how many people well obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how many people well obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how many people well obviously the
+hand suggested that everybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand suggested that everybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand suggested that everybody could
+manage to do the task um what could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to do the task um what could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to do the task um what could you
+pick up from uh uh Zena Zena Zena I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up from uh uh Zena Zena Zena I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up from uh uh Zena Zena Zena I'm
+not otherwise it's going to turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not otherwise it's going to turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not otherwise it's going to turn into
+Warrior Queen and stuff like that um Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warrior Queen and stuff like that um Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warrior Queen and stuff like that um Z
+what what what uh what could you pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what uh what could you pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what uh what could you pick up
+about uh Zena's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh Zena's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh Zena's uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech
+anything no content how how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything no content how how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything no content how how many people
+knew she was talking all right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew she was talking all right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew she was talking all right so you
+can pick up something what else did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick up something what else did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick up something what else did you
+know about her the tone she was speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about her the tone she was speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about her the tone she was speaking
+tone she was speaking in if it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone she was speaking in if it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone she was speaking in if it had been
+a male voice if she' switched to a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a male voice if she' switched to a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a male voice if she' switched to a male
+voice you would have noticed uh anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice you would have noticed uh anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice you would have noticed uh anything
+else you think was she reading from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you think was she reading from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you think was she reading from
+Heart of Darkness was she reading from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart of Darkness was she reading from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart of Darkness was she reading from
+Heart of Darkness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart of Darkness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heart of Darkness
+Ness no actually what she was reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ness no actually what she was reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ness no actually what she was reading
+from was lucretius um on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from was lucretius um on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from was lucretius um on the nature of
+the universe a wonderful book uh deam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe a wonderful book uh deam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe a wonderful book uh deam
+nura in Latin he's a Roman author this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nura in Latin he's a Roman author this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nura in Latin he's a Roman author this
+is sort of the first intro psych book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the first intro psych book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the first intro psych book
+it's also the first intro physics books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the first intro physics books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the first intro physics books
+and you know intro everything but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know intro everything but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know intro everything but you
+know by the in those days you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the in those days you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the in those days you could
+write a book called on the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book called on the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a book called on the nature of the
+universe in verse and and uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in verse and and uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe in verse and and uh this is a
+Pros translation and but this she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros translation and but this she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pros translation and but this she was
+actually reading lucretius's theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reading lucretius's theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reading lucretius's theory of
+vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+um and even she may not have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even she may not have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even she may not have noticed
+that cuz it's all about thin films and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuz it's all about thin films and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cuz it's all about thin films and
+cool stuff like that think about a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff like that think about a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff like that think about a video
+a video Yeah well it's an ancient Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video Yeah well it's an ancient Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video Yeah well it's an ancient Roman
+video um but only a very limited amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um but only a very limited amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video um but only a very limited amount
+of stuff got in and it's so you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff got in and it's so you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff got in and it's so you there
+was a certain amount of stuff that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a certain amount of stuff that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a certain amount of stuff that was
+getting in but at some point your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in but at some point your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting in but at some point your
+auditory system gave up on processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system gave up on processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system gave up on processing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+stream and um and and and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and um and and and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and um and and and in terms of
+extracting meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting meaning
+understanding The Words it went with nah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding The Words it went with nah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding The Words it went with nah
+cuz that was the job um you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that was the job um you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that was the job um you can't do
+both of them at the we better let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them at the we better let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them at the we better let them
+go sit down thank you for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go sit down thank you for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go sit down thank you for being
+there um what would have made the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um what would have made the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um what would have made the task
+easier what what what what would make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier what what what what would make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier what what what what would make it
+easier to pay attention to one and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to pay attention to one and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to pay attention to one and not
+the other do you think amplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other do you think amplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other do you think amplifying
+amplifying one of them yes if she she if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifying one of them yes if she she if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifying one of them yes if she she if
+if if the warrior Queen would have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the warrior Queen would have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the warrior Queen would have just
+been quiet it would have been no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quiet it would have been no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been quiet it would have been no problem
+at all um they read the same thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um they read the same thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all um they read the same thing if
+they read the same thing no that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they read the same thing no that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they read the same thing no that's a
+that's probably true but um not not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true but um not not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably true but um not not a
+deeply interesting true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply interesting true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply interesting true
+um what could no well for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what could no well for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what could no well for instance if
+she was male it would be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was male it would be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was male it would be easier to
+segregate the two voices if we moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate the two voices if we moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate the two voices if we moved
+them apart further it would be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart further it would be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart further it would be easier to
+segregate the two voices singing if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate the two voices singing if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate the two voices singing if one
+of them was singing it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was singing it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them was singing it would have
+actually probably been easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably been easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually probably been easier to
+segregate them so if you change the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate them so if you change the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate them so if you change the sort
+of low-level sensory information it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-level sensory information it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low-level sensory information it
+would be easier for you to decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easier for you to decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easier for you to decide which
+one to pay attention to um this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to pay attention to um this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to pay attention to um this is this
+is uh something that happens oh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh something that happens oh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh something that happens oh and and
+so if you're sitting there reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're sitting there reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're sitting there reading the
+newspaper while you're trying to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper while you're trying to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper while you're trying to listen
+to this lecture odds are you are missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this lecture odds are you are missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this lecture odds are you are missing
+one of the two messages um it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two messages um it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two messages um it's sort of
+dealer's Choice there but uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer's Choice there but uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealer's Choice there but uh it's it's
+also not desperately polite in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not desperately polite in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not desperately polite in case
+anybody was wondering if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was wondering if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was wondering if you want to
+read the paper you might as well go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the paper you might as well go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the paper you might as well go
+somewhere else um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else um but
+um this happens in the real world all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this happens in the real world all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this happens in the real world all
+the time you go to a there's a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you go to a there's a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you go to a there's a version
+of it it's known as the cocktail party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's known as the cocktail party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's known as the cocktail party
+effect you go to uh a party and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you go to uh a party and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you go to uh a party and you're
+talking to someone and you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to someone and you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to someone and you hear
+typically what like your name over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what like your name over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what like your name over there
+so you do this selective attention thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this selective attention thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you do this selective attention thing
+and you listen to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you listen to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you listen to that
+conversation you know you you you seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you know you you you seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you know you you you seem
+to be paying attention to this guy who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paying attention to this guy who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paying attention to this guy who's
+talking to you but you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you but you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you but you're actually
+listening over there the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening over there the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening over there the problem is
+eventually this guy stops talking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this guy stops talking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually this guy stops talking and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+realize oh yeah like I'm supposed to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh yeah like I'm supposed to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize oh yeah like I'm supposed to say
+something now right I wonder what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now right I wonder what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now right I wonder what we're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+out um it can lead to a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um it can lead to a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um it can lead to a certain amount
+of of embarrassment now this happens um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of embarrassment now this happens um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of embarrassment now this happens um
+ubiquitously in sensory systems so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitously in sensory systems so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitously in sensory systems so and
+across sensory systems so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across sensory systems so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across sensory systems so for example
+right now um until I mention it you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um until I mention it you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um until I mention it you are
+not particularly aware of the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly aware of the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not particularly aware of the pressure
+of your posterior on the seat if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your posterior on the seat if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your posterior on the seat if I
+direct your attention to that you say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct your attention to that you say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct your attention to that you say oh
+yeah there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there it
+is it was presumably there all along I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it was presumably there all along I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it was presumably there all along I
+wasn't floating a moment ago um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't floating a moment ago um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't floating a moment ago um but
+until I direct your attention to it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I direct your attention to it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I direct your attention to it it
+doesn't rise to uh to the level of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rise to uh to the level of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rise to uh to the level of of
+sort of conscious current conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conscious current conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conscious current conscious
+awareness um and it shows up in Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness um and it shows up in Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness um and it shows up in Vision
+because the visual world is far too rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the visual world is far too rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the visual world is far too rich
+for you to process everywhere um at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to process everywhere um at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to process everywhere um at once
+and that's that's what makes these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's what makes these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's what makes these sort
+of Wares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wares
+Waldo problems interesting and fun look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waldo problems interesting and fun look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waldo problems interesting and fun look
+if if this was if there was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this was if there was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this was if there was not a
+bottleneck like this Waldo man would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck like this Waldo man would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck like this Waldo man would not
+have gotten rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten rich
+right yeah now where's Waldo oh there he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah now where's Waldo oh there he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah now where's Waldo oh there he
+is big deal uh and have you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big deal uh and have you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big deal uh and have you found
+him yeah uh oh look I have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him yeah uh oh look I have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him yeah uh oh look I have a little
+laser today isn't that nice so that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser today isn't that nice so that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser today isn't that nice so that does
+it work oh I mean even when you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work oh I mean even when you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work oh I mean even when you that
+that's that's Waldo up there so well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's Waldo up there so well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's Waldo up there so well you
+say oh that's really stupid cuz I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh that's really stupid cuz I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh that's really stupid cuz I can't
+even see him now that oh and and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see him now that oh and and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see him now that oh and and and we
+we decided to exploit the technology by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to exploit the technology by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decided to exploit the technology by
+having it on three screens there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it on three screens there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it on three screens there's
+there's no added information there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no added information there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no added information there it's
+just it was too cute not to do it um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was too cute not to do it um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it was too cute not to do it um but
+if I say where is the elephant spraying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say where is the elephant spraying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say where is the elephant spraying
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+car you can find it you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you can find it you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you can find it you might have
+noticed it before if you'd been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed it before if you'd been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed it before if you'd been
+scrutinizing it it was certainly visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutinizing it it was certainly visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutinizing it it was certainly visible
+all along right it wasn't that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along right it wasn't that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all along right it wasn't that there was
+a black hole here before it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole here before it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a black hole here before it's just that
+only when you had the desire to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you had the desire to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you had the desire to go and
+search for it that you managed to direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for it that you managed to direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for it that you managed to direct
+your attention to it in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to it in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to it in a way that
+allowed you to recog recognize these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed you to recog recognize these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed you to recog recognize these um
+these couple of objects and it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of objects and it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these couple of objects and it's that
+ability to constrict your processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to constrict your processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to constrict your processing
+that um that's really the focus at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's really the focus at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's really the focus at least
+of the first part of today's lecture let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first part of today's lecture let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first part of today's lecture let
+me show you the equivalent of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the equivalent of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the equivalent of uh of the
+reading example but now of the talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading example but now of the talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading example but now of the talking
+example but now switch to reading what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but now switch to reading what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but now switch to reading what
+you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do
+here is to look at the little asterisks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to look at the little asterisks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to look at the little asterisks
+um and I'll put up two streams of text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll put up two streams of text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll put up two streams of text
+one on the uh left columns one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the uh left columns one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on the uh left columns one on the
+left one on the right um nice and big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left one on the right um nice and big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left one on the right um nice and big so
+that you can read them but um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read them but um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can read them but um but what
+you should notice is and keep keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should notice is and keep keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should notice is and keep keep your
+eyes you know moving down you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes you know moving down you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes you know moving down you know from
+asterisk to asterisk what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk to asterisk what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asterisk to asterisk what you should
+notice is you can read one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is you can read one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is you can read one or the other
+you just can't read both at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't read both at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't read both at the same
+time even though they're nice and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even though they're nice and big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even though they're nice and big
+right it just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just doesn't
+work it's not a visual restriction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's not a visual restriction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's not a visual restriction it's
+a central it's a it's a it's a capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central it's a it's a it's a capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central it's a it's a it's a capacity
+limitation later on in the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation later on in the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation later on in the system so
+this is this is by way of an answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is by way of an answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is by way of an answer to
+question one on the handout what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one on the handout what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one on the handout what's the
+what's the problem that attention is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem that attention is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem that attention is is
+uh solving attention is solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solving attention is solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solving attention is solving this
+problem of having too much uh too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of having too much uh too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of having too much uh too much
+going on and oh attention is a grab bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and oh attention is a grab bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and oh attention is a grab bag
+term I'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I'm going to be talking about
+visual selective attention attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual selective attention attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual selective attention attention
+isn't one thing like my laser pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one thing like my laser pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't one thing like my laser pointer
+here there are attentional mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are attentional mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are attentional mechanisms
+selective mechanisms all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective mechanisms all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective mechanisms all over the place
+in the nervous system so when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system so when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nervous system so when you are
+attending to the pressure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to the pressure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending to the pressure of your
+posterior on the seat you are selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior on the seat you are selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior on the seat you are selecting
+probably using a different uh set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably using a different uh set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably using a different uh set of
+neuros circuitry than when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuros circuitry than when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuros circuitry than when you're
+selecting um one of these words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting um one of these words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting um one of these words it's
+it's the same basic idea but not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same basic idea but not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same basic idea but not just
+it's not like there's a single attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like there's a single attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like there's a single attention
+box in your brain somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box in your brain somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box in your brain somewhere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay some things as we saw in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some things as we saw in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some things as we saw in that
+auditory demo the reading demo some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory demo the reading demo some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory demo the reading demo some
+things escape the bottleneck some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things escape the bottleneck some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things escape the bottleneck some things
+can be appreciated everywhere all at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be appreciated everywhere all at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be appreciated everywhere all at the
+same uh same time um well question two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh same time um well question two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh same time um well question two
+is uh what is what is that set of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what is what is that set of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh what is what is that set of things
+um and um the uh the answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um the uh the answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um the uh the answer is the
+answer is not babies um on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not babies um on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not babies um on the the
+answer is that there's a limited set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that there's a limited set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that there's a limited set of
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+features um that can be processed across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features um that can be processed across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features um that can be processed across
+the entire visual field at one time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire visual field at one time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire visual field at one time or
+if you could do it in auditory space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could do it in auditory space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could do it in auditory space
+there'd be a set of basic features in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a set of basic features in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a set of basic features in
+auditory space too that uh that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory space too that uh that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory space too that uh that could be
+processed at the same time but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed at the same time but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed at the same time but I'm going
+to stick with vision so you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with vision so you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick with vision so you know all
+these babies look alike um it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these babies look alike um it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these babies look alike um it doesn't
+take much to figure out that now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much to figure out that now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take much to figure out that now there
+is the you know where where' Mara go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the you know where where' Mara go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the you know where where' Mara go oh
+there's Mara if the baby turns green you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Mara if the baby turns green you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Mara if the baby turns green you
+do something about it right that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about it right that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about it right that it's
+it's highly Salient stim or or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly Salient stim or or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly Salient stim or or you know
+if if the baby's head gets squashed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the baby's head gets squashed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the baby's head gets squashed um
+you know so they a collection of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so they a collection of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so they a collection of of of
+simple basic features like color size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple basic features like color size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple basic features like color size
+orientation that um are not bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that um are not bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that um are not bottleneck
+Limited in the same kind of way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limited in the same kind of way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Limited in the same kind of way you can
+find there's a if if there's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find there's a if if there's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find there's a if if there's a single
+red thing in the field you can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red thing in the field you can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red thing in the field you can find it
+anywhere that it uh without having to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that it uh without having to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that it uh without having to go
+hunting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting around
+um so the not not other things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the not not other things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the not not other things that you
+might think would be pretty obvious um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think would be pretty obvious um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think would be pretty obvious um
+are not anywhere near so obvious so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not anywhere near so obvious so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not anywhere near so obvious so as
+you look around here you may notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look around here you may notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look around here you may notice that
+um most of these baby heads are upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of these baby heads are upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of these baby heads are upside
+down and two of them are right way up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and two of them are right way up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and two of them are right way up um
+but it's not like the green baby head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not like the green baby head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not like the green baby head
+right you had you you have to go hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you had you you have to go hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you had you you have to go hunting
+for um upright versus upside down even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um upright versus upside down even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um upright versus upside down even
+though that's a very Salient thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's a very Salient thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that's a very Salient thing in
+the real world whether or not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world whether or not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world whether or not you're
+upright or up or you know whether your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright or up or you know whether your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright or up or you know whether your
+baby's upright or or um upside down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby's upright or or um upside down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby's upright or or um upside down um
+so there are about by last count last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are about by last count last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are about by last count last
+count was done by me as it turns out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count was done by me as it turns out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count was done by me as it turns out um
+12 to 18 of these things that seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 to 18 of these things that seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 to 18 of these things that seem to
+escape the bottleneck and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape the bottleneck and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape the bottleneck and that's
+probably about it and there they are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about it and there they are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about it and there they are um
+a bunch of simple things uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of simple things uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of simple things uh well
+seemingly simple things like color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly simple things like color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly simple things like color
+orientation um and size things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation um and size things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation um and size things that you
+could imagine for instance the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine for instance the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine for instance the earliest
+stages of visual cortical processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of visual cortical processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of visual cortical processing
+doing um and then there are some rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um and then there are some rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um and then there are some rather
+more elaborate things that also Escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate things that also Escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate things that also Escape
+um this bottleneck and they're things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this bottleneck and they're things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this bottleneck and they're things
+like um well if you believe my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um well if you believe my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um well if you believe my friend
+Chen from China this would this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chen from China this would this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chen from China this would this would be
+an example of the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the importance of
+topology uh he thinks that the distin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology uh he thinks that the distin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology uh he thinks that the distin
+here is that this has a hole and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this has a hole and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this has a hole and this
+doesn't have a hole the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a hole the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a hole the other
+possibility is that this has line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that this has line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that this has line
+terminations and that this this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations and that this this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminations and that this this doesn't
+um these are the sort of things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the sort of things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the sort of things you can
+fight about in this field but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight about in this field but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight about in this field but anyway
+it's easy to find that among that curvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to find that among that curvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to find that among that curvy
+things among straight things are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things among straight things are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things among straight things are are are
+easy um orientation in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy um orientation in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy um orientation in the third
+dimension works so that cube is pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension works so that cube is pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension works so that cube is pointing
+up this direction these cubes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this direction these cubes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this direction these cubes are
+pointing down over here that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down over here that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing down over here that turns out
+uh to be easy um other examples would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be easy um other examples would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be easy um other examples would
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+motion though actually that's Motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion though actually that's Motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion though actually that's Motion
+makes an interesting point um it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an interesting point um it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an interesting point um it's easy
+to detect the presence of something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the presence of something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the presence of something but
+not so easy to detect its absence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to detect its absence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to detect its absence so
+imagine the following I should I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the following I should I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the following I should I didn't
+make a demo of this I could have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a demo of this I could have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a demo of this I could have um
+imagine you're looking at the ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're looking at the ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're looking at the ground and
+there's one little ant moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little ant moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little ant moving around
+he's pretty easy to find right cuz cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's pretty easy to find right cuz cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's pretty easy to find right cuz cuz
+motion is one of these features that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is one of these features that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is one of these features that you
+don't have to go hunting for it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go hunting for it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to go hunting for it's just
+sort of there um on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there um on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of there um on the other hand
+imagine you're looking at an ant's nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're looking at an ant's nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're looking at an ant's nest
+and there's one dead ant how easy is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one dead ant how easy is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one dead ant how easy is it
+to find the one ant who's not moving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the one ant who's not moving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the one ant who's not moving or
+not easy so the absence of a feature can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy so the absence of a feature can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy so the absence of a feature can
+be hard to detect the presence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to detect the presence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard to detect the presence of a
+feature um one of these 12 to 18 basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature um one of these 12 to 18 basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature um one of these 12 to 18 basic
+features can be easy to detect now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features can be easy to detect now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features can be easy to detect now how
+do you actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually go
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+establishing that something is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing that something is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing that something is easy to
+find or hard to find I've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find or hard to find I've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find or hard to find I've been doing
+this in very qualitative terms but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in very qualitative terms but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in very qualitative terms but now
+let me explain how you actually go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain how you actually go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain how you actually go about
+studying this what what we would pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this what what we would pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this what what we would pay you
+10 bucks an hour for if you show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bucks an hour for if you show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bucks an hour for if you show up in
+the lab um what we would do is show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab um what we would do is show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab um what we would do is show you
+a computer screen full of stuff and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer screen full of stuff and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer screen full of stuff and ask
+you a question you know a simple-minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question you know a simple-minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question you know a simple-minded
+question like on the next one is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like on the next one is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like on the next one is there a
+tilted line and what you would be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilted line and what you would be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilted line and what you would be doing
+is sitting there with a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting there with a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting there with a couple of
+computer Keys bang one key if the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Keys bang one key if the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Keys bang one key if the answer
+is no bang another key if the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no bang another key if the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no bang another key if the answer is
+yes do it as fast and accurately as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do it as fast and accurately as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do it as fast and accurately as you
+can and we're going to measure your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and we're going to measure your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and we're going to measure your
+reaction time the amount of time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time the amount of time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time the amount of time from
+the onset of the stimulus to the onset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onset of the stimulus to the onset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onset of the stimulus to the onset
+of your response how fast can you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your response how fast can you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your response how fast can you do it
+well I don't have keys for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't have keys for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't have keys for everybody
+here so let's just do it verbally say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's just do it verbally say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's just do it verbally say
+yes or no as fast as you can in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no as fast as you can in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no as fast as you can in response
+to uh to these guys tell me if is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to these guys tell me if is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to these guys tell me if is there
+a tilted line present you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilted line present you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tilted line present you
+ready yes ready no ready yes ready no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready yes ready no ready yes ready no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready yes ready no ready yes ready no
+okay that's pretty straightforward um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pretty straightforward um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's pretty straightforward um
+what's the next thing okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next thing okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the next thing okay um
+what you should have heard is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should have heard is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should have heard is that your
+answers were given crisply in unison and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers were given crisply in unison and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers were given crisply in unison and
+it didn't make any real difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't make any real difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't make any real difference
+whether there were lots of vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there were lots of vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there were lots of vertical
+lines on the screen or a few vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the screen or a few vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the screen or a few vertical
+lines on the screen so if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the screen so if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the screen so if we were to
+collect real data and to plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect real data and to plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect real data and to plot the
+reaction time in milliseconds thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time in milliseconds thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time in milliseconds thousands
+of a second as a function of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a second as a function of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a second as a function of the set
+size the number of items on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the number of items on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the number of items on the screen
+what you would get for um any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get for um any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get for um any of these
+sort of 12 12 to 18 items if you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 12 12 to 18 items if you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of 12 12 to 18 items if you did the
+experiment right is an essentially flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right is an essentially flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right is an essentially flat
+line here this would be the line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this would be the line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this would be the line for
+saying yes it always turns out to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yes it always turns out to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yes it always turns out to take a
+little longer to or typically turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little longer to or typically turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little longer to or typically turns out
+to take a little longer to say no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a little longer to say no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a little longer to say no but
+it's not dependent on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not dependent on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not dependent on the number of
+items on the screen so um you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items on the screen so um you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items on the screen so um you know is
+there an L is there a green thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an L is there a green thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an L is there a green thing is
+there an X among these pluses all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an X among these pluses all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an X among these pluses all of
+those things would produce similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things would produce similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things would produce similar
+looking results where the slope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking results where the slope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking results where the slope of this
+Reaction Time B sets size function would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction Time B sets size function would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction Time B sets size function would
+be essentially zero not all tasks behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially zero not all tasks behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially zero not all tasks behave
+that way so let's do a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so let's do a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so let's do a different
+one in this case you're looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this case you're looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in this case you're looking for the
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+T um it can be rotated by 90° left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um it can be rotated by 90° left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um it can be rotated by 90° left or
+right or uh I think well maybe it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or uh I think well maybe it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or uh I think well maybe it can
+also be upside down I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be upside down I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be upside down I don't remember
+what I put in but it may not be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I put in but it may not be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I put in but it may not be an
+upright T but it'll be a t uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright T but it'll be a t uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright T but it'll be a t uh the
+distractor items are all L's and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractor items are all L's and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractor items are all L's and I just
+want you to say as fast as you can um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to say as fast as you can um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to say as fast as you can um is
+there is there a tea present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready yeah yeah yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready yeah yeah yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready yeah yeah yeah okay
+ready yes ready no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready yes ready no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready yes ready no
+yes you also heard the speed accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you also heard the speed accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you also heard the speed accuracy
+tradeoff there what's know this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff there what's know this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff there what's know this this is
+a a a known phenomenon in in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a known phenomenon in in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a known phenomenon in in in uh
+Reaction Time studies which is one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction Time studies which is one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reaction Time studies which is one can
+respond very quickly if you don't sweat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond very quickly if you don't sweat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond very quickly if you don't sweat
+the accuracy thing right and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy thing right and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy thing right and and and
+people do that routinely when people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do that routinely when people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do that routinely when people do
+that a lot in our studies we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot in our studies we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot in our studies we call them
+bad subjects um and we don't invite them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad subjects um and we don't invite them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad subjects um and we don't invite them
+back um but what you should have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um but what you should have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um but what you should have heard
+there is that uh and and should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that uh and and should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that uh and and should have
+felt yourself is that uh the responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt yourself is that uh the responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt yourself is that uh the responses
+were fast when there were fewer items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fast when there were fewer items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fast when there were fewer items
+present um and that the responses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present um and that the responses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present um and that the responses of the
+group particularly for large these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group particularly for large these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group particularly for large these
+larger set sizes were spread out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger set sizes were spread out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger set sizes were spread out why
+were they spread out well you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they spread out well you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they spread out well you know some
+people uh got lucky you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh got lucky you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh got lucky you know that that
+this thing came up and their attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing came up and their attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing came up and their attention
+happened to be around here oh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be around here oh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be around here oh look
+there's a tea some people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unlucky oh yeah there's a tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky oh yeah there's a tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky oh yeah there's a tea
+and some people were trying to psych out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people were trying to psych out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people were trying to psych out
+the professor and said it was a yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor and said it was a yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor and said it was a yes
+there was a no there was another yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a no there was another yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a no there was another yes I
+know about this there's going to be a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this there's going to be a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this there's going to be a no
+and they said no without doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said no without doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said no without doing anything
+so boring as to actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boring as to actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boring as to actually look at the
+display um so what you get for data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display um so what you get for data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display um so what you get for data in
+in an experiment like this would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an experiment like this would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an experiment like this would look
+much more like this as you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more like this as you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more like this as you increase the
+set size now the reaction time increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set size now the reaction time increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set size now the reaction time increases
+in in in a fairly linear um kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a fairly linear um kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a fairly linear um kind of a
+way um the slope on these is um is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the slope on these is um is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the slope on these is um is quite
+fast I mean this is 20 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast I mean this is 20 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast I mean this is 20 to 30
+milliseconds thousands of a second for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds thousands of a second for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds thousands of a second for
+each additional item to say yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each additional item to say yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each additional item to say yes and
+about twice that amount to say um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about twice that amount to say um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about twice that amount to say um no
+depending on how one exactly models this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how one exactly models this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how one exactly models this
+this suggests that you're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests that you're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests that you're running
+through 20 to 40 of these uh letters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 20 to 40 of these uh letters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 20 to 40 of these uh letters a
+second so you're you're going through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you're you're going through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you're you're going through it
+quickly but you're having to search now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but you're having to search now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but you're having to search now
+it's not simply obvious that there's a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simply obvious that there's a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simply obvious that there's a t
+there you've got to go and hunt for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you've got to go and hunt for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you've got to go and hunt for it
+or over here you can look for the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over here you can look for the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or over here you can look for the five
+is another typical sort of task that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another typical sort of task that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another typical sort of task that
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+produce um would that would produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce um would that would produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce um would that would produce
+results like um uh like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results like um uh like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results like um uh like that
+the I wanted to say one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I wanted to say one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I wanted to say one other thing
+about that but now I don't remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but now I don't remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but now I don't remember what
+it was oh yes what I wanted to say was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was oh yes what I wanted to say was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was oh yes what I wanted to say was
+that the speed of this tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the speed of this tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the speed of this tells you that
+you're not looking at the rate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not looking at the rate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not looking at the rate with
+which uh not not looking at the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh not not looking at the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh not not looking at the rate of
+fixation on each letter if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation on each letter if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation on each letter if you're doing
+this in the lab you make sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the lab you make sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the lab you make sure that your
+stimuli are big enough that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli are big enough that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli are big enough that you don't
+have to move your eyes to look at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move your eyes to look at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to move your eyes to look at each
+one if you have to move your eyes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have to move your eyes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have to move your eyes your
+eyes only move at a rate of about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes only move at a rate of about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes only move at a rate of about four
+per second and so if you have to fixate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and so if you have to fixate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and so if you have to fixate
+each one of the items before you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the items before you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the items before you can
+tell if it's a t or and L so if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if it's a t or and L so if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell if it's a t or and L so if you use
+little teeny letters this slope would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little teeny letters this slope would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little teeny letters this slope would be
+more like 250 milliseconds per item not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 250 milliseconds per item not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 250 milliseconds per item not
+not uh you know not not 40 or 50 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh you know not not 40 or 50 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh you know not not 40 or 50 or
+something like that the eyes attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the eyes attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that the eyes attention
+can move much more quickly than the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move much more quickly than the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move much more quickly than the eyes
+one of the things that tells you um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that tells you um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that tells you um uh
+is that you can attend where you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can attend where you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can attend where you're not
+looking something that basketball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking something that basketball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking something that basketball
+players know very well when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players know very well when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players know very well when you hear
+that a basketball player has great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a basketball player has great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a basketball player has great
+peripheral vision what mean what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral vision what mean what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral vision what mean what that
+really means is that he can be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means is that he can be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really means is that he can be looking
+here and see you know he can be paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and see you know he can be paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and see you know he can be paying
+attention to his his uh teammate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to his his uh teammate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to his his uh teammate over
+there and throw the ball and fake out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and throw the ball and fake out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and throw the ball and fake out
+the opposition because the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposition because the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposition because the usual
+assumption is that you're attending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that you're attending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that you're attending
+where you're looking um most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're looking um most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're looking um most of the time
+that's true but okay so now I'm I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but okay so now I'm I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but okay so now I'm I'm I'm
+looking at this guy wearing read up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this guy wearing read up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this guy wearing read up
+there and he's he he's he's thinks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and he's he he's he's thinks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and he's he he's he's thinks that
+I'm actually paying attention to him but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually paying attention to him but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually paying attention to him but
+but I'm not actually there's I because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not actually there's I because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not actually there's I because
+of Acuity limitations I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Acuity limitations I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Acuity limitations I have no idea
+what I'm paying attention to here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm paying attention to here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm paying attention to here but
+but I think it's a woman person and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's a woman person and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's a woman person and I
+think she just moved um oh yeah look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think she just moved um oh yeah look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think she just moved um oh yeah look it
+is a woman person um the I can move my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a woman person um the I can move my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a woman person um the I can move my
+attention away from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention away from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention away from the point of
+fixation and I can move my attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation and I can move my attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation and I can move my attention
+much more rapidly than I can move my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more rapidly than I can move my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more rapidly than I can move my
+um uh my eyes now these are just to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh my eyes now these are just to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh my eyes now these are just to so
+the find the red thing among green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find the red thing among green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the find the red thing among green
+things is a case where the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is a case where the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is a case where the property of
+the target is one of these basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target is one of these basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target is one of these basic
+features and immediately gets your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and immediately gets your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and immediately gets your
+attention the uh find the two among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention the uh find the two among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention the uh find the two among
+fives of the T among L's is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives of the T among L's is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives of the T among L's is a case where
+everything in the relevant display is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the relevant display is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the relevant display is
+essentially the same as far as the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as far as the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as far as the early
+visual system is concerned T's among L's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system is concerned T's among L's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system is concerned T's among L's
+you know it's a vertical and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a vertical and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a vertical and a
+horizontal line among other vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line among other vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line among other vertical and
+horizontal lines there's nothing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal lines there's nothing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal lines there's nothing in this
+early processing that tells those apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early processing that tells those apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early processing that tells those apart
+it turns out most real world searches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out most real world searches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out most real world searches
+are not like that in most real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not like that in most real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not like that in most real world
+searches oh let's see um what do I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches oh let's see um what do I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches oh let's see um what do I feel
+like uh looking for I'll look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh looking for I'll look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh looking for I'll look for
+glasses um you know if I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses um you know if I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses um you know if I'm looking for
+eyeglasses um you know I I there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses um you know I I there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses um you know I I there there's
+some right there and there's some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some right there and there's some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some right there and there's some more
+um I don't just search R there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't just search R there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't just search R there there's
+there's no process early in my visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no process early in my visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no process early in my visual
+system some you know some huge chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system some you know some huge chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system some you know some huge chunk of
+Cortex devoted to eyeglass detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex devoted to eyeglass detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex devoted to eyeglass detection
+does doesn't happen um at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does doesn't happen um at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does doesn't happen um at the same time
+I don't search around randomly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't search around randomly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't search around randomly you know
+no glasses there no glasses there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no glasses there no glasses there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no glasses there no glasses there no
+glasses there no glasses there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses there no glasses there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses there no glasses there I'm
+searching in an intelligent fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching in an intelligent fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching in an intelligent fashion
+here's how you do that let's do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you do that let's do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how you do that let's do one more
+basic search what you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic search what you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic search what you're looking for
+here is a red horizontal line tell me as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a red horizontal line tell me as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a red horizontal line tell me as
+fast as you can whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as you can whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as you can whether it's
+present now how you do that is not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present now how you do that is not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present now how you do that is not by
+having having a chunk of your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having a chunk of your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having a chunk of your brain
+devoted specifically to Red horizontals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted specifically to Red horizontals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted specifically to Red horizontals
+O remind me later I got to check whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O remind me later I got to check whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O remind me later I got to check whether
+you still have a Mulla effect speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a Mulla effect speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a Mulla effect speaking
+of red horizontals we'll check that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red horizontals we'll check that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red horizontals we'll check that out
+later the way you do that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the way you do that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the way you do that is you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+those uh 12 to 18 basic features to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh 12 to 18 basic features to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh 12 to 18 basic features to
+guide your attention around in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your attention around in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your attention around in an
+intelligent fashion so if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent fashion so if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent fashion so if you're looking
+for red horizontals you've got something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for red horizontals you've got something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for red horizontals you've got something
+that's can do red you know give me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's can do red you know give me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's can do red you know give me all
+the red things you've got something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red things you've got something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red things you've got something that
+can do vertical was I looking for red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do vertical was I looking for red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do vertical was I looking for red
+horizontals or red verticals well anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontals or red verticals well anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontals or red verticals well anyway
+this is a red vertical um youve got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a red vertical um youve got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a red vertical um youve got
+something that can do vertical so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can do vertical so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can do vertical so I've
+got the red things I've got the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the red things I've got the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the red things I've got the vertical
+things I can do that early on in my in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I can do that early on in my in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I can do that early on in my in
+the system all I need is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system all I need is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system all I need is something that
+will do something like an intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do something like an intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do something like an intersection
+operation and if I were to guide my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and if I were to guide my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and if I were to guide my
+attention to the intersection of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the intersection of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the intersection of the set
+of all red things and the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all red things and the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all red things and the set of all
+vertical things that' be a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical things that' be a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical things that' be a really good
+place to look for red vertical things oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to look for red vertical things oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to look for red vertical things oh
+look there it is so what you do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there it is so what you do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there it is so what you do what
+what what you've got is a front end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you've got is a front end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what you've got is a front end that
+collects information that can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects information that can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects information that can be used to
+control this bottleneck to guide your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this bottleneck to guide your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control this bottleneck to guide your
+attention around to feed sensible things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention around to feed sensible things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention around to feed sensible things
+to the back end of the uh of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back end of the uh of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back end of the uh of of of of
+the system um I think that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system um I think that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system um I think that's sort of
+pictured there and the result is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured there and the result is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured there and the result is that a
+search for something like a a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for something like a a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for something like a a red
+vertical line it's not as easy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line it's not as easy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line it's not as easy as
+finding a red thing among green things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a red thing among green things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a red thing among green things
+but it's pretty easy um it's easy iier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty easy um it's easy iier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty easy um it's easy iier
+than finding a two among uh fives or a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than finding a two among uh fives or a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than finding a two among uh fives or a t
+among L's or anything like that now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among L's or anything like that now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among L's or anything like that now this
+sort of guidance comes in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guidance comes in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guidance comes in two different
+forms or you can think of it as coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or you can think of it as coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms or you can think of it as coming
+in two different forms there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different forms there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different forms there's a
+bottomup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottomup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottomup
+form um that's sort of stimulus driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um that's sort of stimulus driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form um that's sort of stimulus driven
+and then there's a top down form that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a top down form that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a top down form that's
+user driven by your desires let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user driven by your desires let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user driven by your desires let me
+illustrate that with a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that with a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that with a couple more
+searches for a t tell me as fast as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for a t tell me as fast as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches for a t tell me as fast as you
+can whether or not there's there's a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can whether or not there's there's a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can whether or not there's there's a t
+in the next display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready I was pretty crisp how' you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready I was pretty crisp how' you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready I was pretty crisp how' you do
+it well of course yeah that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well of course yeah that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well of course yeah that's what I
+thought um most people probably found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um most people probably found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um most people probably found
+their attention sort of automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their attention sort of automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their attention sort of automatically
+grabbed by this one Oddball which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed by this one Oddball which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed by this one Oddball which
+conveniently enough turned out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently enough turned out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently enough turned out to be the
+T um and so rather than having to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and so rather than having to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um and so rather than having to search
+around your attention was grabbed bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your attention was grabbed bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your attention was grabbed bottom
+up to this um to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this um to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this um to this
+item top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item top
+down is based on what you know or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is based on what you know or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is based on what you know or what
+you've been told or what you know or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been told or what you know or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been told or what you know or or
+or instructions that you've somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or instructions that you've somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or instructions that you've somehow
+given to yourself um so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to yourself um so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to yourself um so I'm going to
+tell you if there's a t in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if there's a t in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you if there's a t in the next
+display it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display it's
+red what happened out there oh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red what happened out there oh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red what happened out there oh that was
+another that that was also grabbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that that was also grabbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that that was also grabbing
+attention it works in the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention it works in the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention it works in the auditory
+domain too if you if we set off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain too if you if we set off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain too if you if we set off an
+explosion unsurprisingly you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion unsurprisingly you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion unsurprisingly you would
+notice um all right you ready is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice um all right you ready is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice um all right you ready is there a
+tea in this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+display whoever said no was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display whoever said no was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display whoever said no was another
+speed accuracy tradeoff try to smoke out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed accuracy tradeoff try to smoke out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed accuracy tradeoff try to smoke out
+the professor who had a yes on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor who had a yes on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor who had a yes on the last
+one and therefore must have a no on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and therefore must have a no on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and therefore must have a no on this
+one look at the display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look at the display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one look at the display
+anyway that's not as easy as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's not as easy as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's not as easy as the
+previous one but um if you searched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one but um if you searched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one but um if you searched
+around you probably noticed that um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you probably noticed that um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you probably noticed that um or
+you may have had the uh you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have had the uh you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have had the uh you may have
+noticed that you were searching through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that you were searching through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that you were searching through
+red items you're not going to bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red items you're not going to bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red items you're not going to bother
+searching through the black items if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching through the black items if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching through the black items if you
+know the t is going to be red right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the t is going to be red right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the t is going to be red right so
+let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us
+suppose suppose we did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose we did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose suppose we did an
+experiment where I that where the the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where I that where the the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where I that where the the T
+could be either black or red and I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either black or red and I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be either black or red and I show
+you a bunch of displays like this I vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of displays like this I vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bunch of displays like this I vary
+the uh the the set size the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the set size the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the set size the number of
+items on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items on the
+screen measure your reaction time let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen measure your reaction time let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen measure your reaction time let's
+suppose that the slope of that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the slope of that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the slope of that function
+was 30 milliseconds an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 milliseconds an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 milliseconds an
+item if that's the case and half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item if that's the case and half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item if that's the case and half the
+items are read in this display uh or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items are read in this display uh or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items are read in this display uh or on
+average half the items are red what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average half the items are red what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average half the items are red what's
+the slope going to look like if I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope going to look like if I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope going to look like if I tell
+you that um the t is always red if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that um the t is always red if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that um the t is always red if it's
+present steep less steep yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present steep less steep yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present steep less steep yeah
+specifically how less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically how less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically how less
+steep very less steep that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep very less steep that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep very less steep that's not
+specific I want a number 15 15 good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific I want a number 15 15 good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific I want a number 15 15 good
+number right if if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eliminate half the items the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate half the items the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate half the items the effective
+rate of search is going to be twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of search is going to be twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of search is going to be twice as
+great so the slope will drop in half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so the slope will drop in half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so the slope will drop in half and
+that's exactly what you get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what you get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what you get in
+experiments like this they work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments like this they work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments like this they work very
+nicely if you have only half the items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely if you have only half the items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely if you have only half the items
+on the screen relevant subjects behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen relevant subjects behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen relevant subjects behave
+as though they are only looking through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though they are only looking through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though they are only looking through
+half of the um items so by now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the um items so by now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the um items so by now I have
+answered the question two what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the question two what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered the question two what what
+escapes the bottleneck of attention well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes the bottleneck of attention well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes the bottleneck of attention well
+there are these basic um you know 12 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these basic um you know 12 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these basic um you know 12 to
+18 basic properties or features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 basic properties or features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 basic properties or features of the
+uh um of the world that we seem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um of the world that we seem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um of the world that we seem that
+seem to escape the bottleneck um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to escape the bottleneck um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to escape the bottleneck um we can
+study this by measuring uh reaction time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this by measuring uh reaction time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this by measuring uh reaction time
+there are other methods too of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other methods too of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other methods too of course
+but but uh I was telling you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but uh I was telling you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but uh I was telling you about the
+reaction time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction time
+um methods oh I see I put an treesan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um methods oh I see I put an treesan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um methods oh I see I put an treesan and
+feature integration theory on there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature integration theory on there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature integration theory on there um
+that's uh don't don't worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh don't don't worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh don't don't worry about the
+feature integration part that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature integration part that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature integration part that that's
+simply to uh allow me to uh give honor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to uh allow me to uh give honor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply to uh allow me to uh give honor
+to Anne tesman who who really founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Anne tesman who who really founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Anne tesman who who really founded
+the modern study of visual attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern study of visual attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern study of visual attention
+after having pioneered an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having pioneered an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after having pioneered an awful lot of
+the auditory things of the what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory things of the what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory things of the what the uh
+auditory demo at the beginning was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory demo at the beginning was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory demo at the beginning was a
+classroom version of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom version of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom version of what's called
+dichotic listening typically what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotic listening typically what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotic listening typically what you do
+is put on a pair of headphones and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put on a pair of headphones and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is put on a pair of headphones and um
+you'd L you'd uh have one stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd L you'd uh have one stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd L you'd uh have one stream of
+speech in one ear and one stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in one ear and one stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in one ear and one stream of
+speech in the other ear and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in the other ear and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech in the other ear and you ask
+questions about if you're attending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about if you're attending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about if you're attending to
+this year what can you pick up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year what can you pick up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year what can you pick up through
+what can you still pick up through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you still pick up through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you still pick up through this
+year um an was doing those things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um an was doing those things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um an was doing those things in the
+late 50s early 60s went on in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 50s early 60s went on in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 50s early 60s went on in the 70s
+and 80s to really invent this field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 80s to really invent this field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 80s to really invent this field of
+of the study of uh visual um visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study of uh visual um visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the study of uh visual um visual
+search and is uh um still doing great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and is uh um still doing great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and is uh um still doing great
+stuff now at uh now at Princeton she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now at uh now at Princeton she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now at uh now at Princeton she was
+not at Princeton When I Was An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at Princeton When I Was An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at Princeton When I Was An
+undergraduate there but uh but she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate there but uh but she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate there but uh but she's
+there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now
+um all right so I answered question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so I answered question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so I answered question
+three and question four I answered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and question four I answered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and question four I answered by
+saying oh a conjunction search uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh a conjunction search uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh a conjunction search uh that
+search for a red vertical thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for a red vertical thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for a red vertical thing is a
+conjunction of two basic features it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction of two basic features it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction of two basic features it's
+not adequate to know that it's red it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adequate to know that it's red it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adequate to know that it's red it's
+not adequate to know that it's vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adequate to know that it's vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adequate to know that it's vertical
+the conjunction of those two sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjunction of those two sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjunction of those two sources of
+information is um is adequate is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is um is adequate is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is um is adequate is is is
+what defines the the target um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what defines the the target um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what defines the the target um and you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+use this basic feature your information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this basic feature your information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this basic feature your information
+the basic attributes of the stimulus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic attributes of the stimulus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic attributes of the stimulus to
+guide your attention around in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your attention around in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide your attention around in an
+intelligent fashion so that guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent fashion so that guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent fashion so that guidance
+comes in two forms it can be bottom up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in two forms it can be bottom up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in two forms it can be bottom up
+stimulus driven or top- down um user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus driven or top- down um user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus driven or top- down um user
+user driven all right so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user driven all right so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user driven all right so what is that
+attention actually doing why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention actually doing why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention actually doing why is it that
+you need um to uh to have this um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need um to uh to have this um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need um to uh to have this um what
+what what is attention making possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is attention making possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is attention making possible
+here that wasn't possible before oh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that wasn't possible before oh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that wasn't possible before oh look
+it says that right there um or what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that right there um or what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that right there um or what were
+those features doing before attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those features doing before attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those features doing before attention
+shows up um well here is uh here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up um well here is uh here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up um well here is uh here's an
+answer to that the answer is that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that the answer is that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that the answer is that you've
+got all those features um and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all those features um and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all those features um and in fact
+early processes in the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early processes in the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early processes in the visual system
+seem to cut the scene up into what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to cut the scene up into what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to cut the scene up into what you
+might consider to be Proto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider to be Proto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider to be Proto
+OBS um but those features are just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OBS um but those features are just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OBS um but those features are just sort
+of bundled together with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bundled together with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bundled together with with the
+um w w with an object um so before your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um w w with an object um so before your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um w w with an object um so before your
+attention arrives something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention arrives something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention arrives something like this
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be red and green and vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be red and green and vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be red and green and vertical and
+horizontal and it's got points on it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and it's got points on it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and it's got points on it or
+something what attention does is to bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what attention does is to bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what attention does is to bind
+those features together in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those features together in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those features together in a way that
+makes it possible for you to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it possible for you to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it possible for you to know that
+the greenness goes with the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenness goes with the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenness goes with the vertical
+here and the redness goes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the redness goes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the redness goes with the
+horizontal and those points are arrang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and those points are arrang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and those points are arrang
+the whole thing is arranged into a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing is arranged into a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing is arranged into a plus
+the argument is that okay I have to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that okay I have to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that okay I have to um
+uh I need attention in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need attention in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I need attention in order to
+recognize any given individual before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize any given individual before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize any given individual before
+attention arrives on that individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention arrives on that individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention arrives on that individual
+that person isn't you know a black hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person isn't you know a black hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person isn't you know a black hole
+in space that person is a loose bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space that person is a loose bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space that person is a loose bundle
+of features that attention allows me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features that attention allows me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features that attention allows me to
+bind those features together in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind those features together in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind those features together in a way
+that allows me to understand how they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows me to understand how they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows me to understand how they um
+how they interact and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interact and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interact and what that
+recognizable feature might be so oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable feature might be so oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable feature might be so oh
+there's Kristen hey Kristen stand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Kristen hey Kristen stand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Kristen hey Kristen stand up and
+wave no really I I was plugging you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave no really I I was plugging you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave no really I I was plugging you
+before so so if you want to be a if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so so if you want to be a if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so so if you want to be a if if
+you want to do this for 10 bucks an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do this for 10 bucks an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do this for 10 bucks an hour
+go find Kristen so all right the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go find Kristen so all right the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go find Kristen so all right the good
+examp now now we can make fun of Kristen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp now now we can make fun of Kristen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp now now we can make fun of Kristen
+um so before Kristen arri no before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so before Kristen arri no before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so before Kristen arri no before
+Kristen arrived she was not visible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristen arrived she was not visible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristen arrived she was not visible um
+before I attended to Kristen there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I attended to Kristen there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I attended to Kristen there was
+presumably a Proto Christen object out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a Proto Christen object out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably a Proto Christen object out
+there um that was a bundle of christen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um that was a bundle of christen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um that was a bundle of christen
+bits only when I got my attention to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits only when I got my attention to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits only when I got my attention to her
+even though she'd been visible all along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though she'd been visible all along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though she'd been visible all along
+and I'd looked over there a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd looked over there a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd looked over there a bunch of
+times even though she'd been visible all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times even though she'd been visible all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times even though she'd been visible all
+along only when I got my attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along only when I got my attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along only when I got my attention to
+her could I bind those features together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her could I bind those features together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her could I bind those features together
+and make her into a recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make her into a recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make her into a recognizable
+Christen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christen
+um let me see if I can illustrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see if I can illustrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me see if I can illustrate that
+to you with another demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you with another demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you with another demo
+here um and the way that's going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and the way that's going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and the way that's going to work
+is okay so what you want to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so what you want to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so what you want to do in the
+next uh slide is to look for red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh slide is to look for red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh slide is to look for red
+verticals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verticals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verticals
+again um you ready so tell me tell me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um you ready so tell me tell me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um you ready so tell me tell me if
+you find a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertical yeah in fact you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical yeah in fact you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical yeah in fact you might have
+noticed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed there
+are two of them very easy what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of them very easy what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of them very easy what's the
+point well this is a standard guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well this is a standard guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well this is a standard guided
+search kind of thing give me all the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search kind of thing give me all the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search kind of thing give me all the red
+things give me all the vertical things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things give me all the vertical things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things give me all the vertical things
+look at the intersection of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the intersection of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the intersection of those two
+sets and oh lookie there's two red vert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and oh lookie there's two red vert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and oh lookie there's two red vert
+up there now what I'm going to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there now what I'm going to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there now what I'm going to do is to
+Simply take the vertical the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply take the vertical the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simply take the vertical the horizontal
+bit here and jump it up to the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here and jump it up to the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here and jump it up to the middle of
+the vertical bit that's why this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical bit that's why this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical bit that's why this is this
+sort of odd Arrangement I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of odd Arrangement I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of odd Arrangement I'm going to
+jump it up here so I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump it up here so I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump it up here so I'm going to make a
+plus right like those pluses that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus right like those pluses that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus right like those pluses that we
+just saw um the the reason for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw um the the reason for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw um the the reason for doing
+this is I'm going to keep all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm going to keep all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm going to keep all the same
+pixels on the screen right I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels on the screen right I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels on the screen right I'm just
+going to rearrange where the Reds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rearrange where the Reds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rearrange where the Reds and
+greens are um and of course I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens are um and of course I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens are um and of course I'm going to
+change the location of the red vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the location of the red vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the location of the red vertical
+because it's really boring if I keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really boring if I keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's really boring if I keep it
+in the same place but you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place but you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place but you're looking for
+red vertical again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready who said no I said whoo oh whoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready who said no I said whoo oh whoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready who said no I said whoo oh whoo
+okay whoo's good whoo's good the uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whoo's good whoo's good the uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whoo's good whoo's good the uh any
+particularly by the time it says find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly by the time it says find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly by the time it says find
+the two red vertical lines um anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two red vertical lines um anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two red vertical lines um anyway so
+if you didn't find you should have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't find you should have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't find you should have found
+both of them let's let's check intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them let's let's check intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them let's let's check intuition
+here is your intu how how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your intu how how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your intu how how many people
+vote that it was easier to find the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote that it was easier to find the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote that it was easier to find the red
+verticals when they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verticals when they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verticals when they were in
+pluses how many vote that it was easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses how many vote that it was easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses how many vote that it was easier
+when they were ripped apart that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were ripped apart that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were ripped apart that is that
+is the correct intuition actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct intuition actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the correct intuition actually I
+think I put the data I put I I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I put the data I put I I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I put the data I put I I think I
+realized earlier that I put half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized earlier that I put half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized earlier that I put half the
+data on a slide this is the data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on a slide this is the data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on a slide this is the data for
+looking for the pluses quite steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the pluses quite steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for the pluses quite steep
+slopes of about 50 milliseconds an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of about 50 milliseconds an item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes of about 50 milliseconds an item
+here and about 140 here um just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and about 140 here um just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and about 140 here um just looking
+for the red verticals when they were dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the red verticals when they were dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the red verticals when they were dis
+in the dissociated pluses would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dissociated pluses would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dissociated pluses would have
+been down here with a slope of about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been down here with a slope of about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been down here with a slope of about 10
+so but I somehow left it off the left it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I somehow left it off the left it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but I somehow left it off the left it
+off the slide why is this why why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the slide why is this why why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the slide why is this why why are
+the pluses so much more difficult um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pluses so much more difficult um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pluses so much more difficult um the
+answer is that before attention arrives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that before attention arrives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that before attention arrives
+on the object these two pluses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object these two pluses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object these two pluses are
+essentially the same thing they are red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing they are red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing they are red
+and green and vertical and horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green and vertical and horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green and vertical and horizontal
+and without attention you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without attention you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without attention you just don't
+know the um the difference between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the um the difference between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the um the difference between them
+um this thing you know this square has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing you know this square has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing you know this square has
+red and green and vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green and vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green and vertical and
+horizontal in it but it's in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal in it but it's in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal in it but it's in two
+objects and so since you direct your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so since you direct your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so since you direct your
+attention to objects to things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to objects to things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to objects to things that are
+objects I got too many twos in there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects I got too many twos in there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects I got too many twos in there um
+this is not a problem in the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a problem in the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a problem in the way that
+these guys are a problem in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are a problem in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are a problem in fact
+anything that you do to I I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you do to I I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you do to I I don't think
+I brought the demo but anything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought the demo but anything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought the demo but anything that you
+do to make this less like a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make this less like a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to make this less like a single
+object makes the task easier so if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object makes the task easier so if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object makes the task easier so if I was
+to put a little Shadow on here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little Shadow on here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little Shadow on here so that
+it would look like this thing was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like this thing was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like this thing was the
+the the vertical piece was sticking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vertical piece was sticking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vertical piece was sticking out
+in front of the horizontal piece um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the horizontal piece um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the horizontal piece um it
+would get easier um because now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get easier um because now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get easier um because now you
+could direct your attention separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could direct your attention separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could direct your attention separately
+to different uh different planes in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different uh different planes in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different uh different planes in in
+depth so attention is directed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so attention is directed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so attention is directed to
+objects and objects are available ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and objects are available ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and objects are available ahead
+of time as just sort of these loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as just sort of these loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as just sort of these loose
+configuration you know constellations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration you know constellations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration you know constellations of
+of features once attention gets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features once attention gets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of features once attention gets there
+they get uh glued together into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get uh glued together into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get uh glued together into
+recognizable objects all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable objects all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable objects all right
+so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+happens when you move away from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you move away from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you move away from an
+attended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended
+object that's a that that's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's a that that's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's a that that's not an
+unreasonable um question in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable um question in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable um question in this in this
+framework so let's see I need a Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so let's see I need a Rachel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework so let's see I need a Rachel
+there's Rachel I thought I recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Rachel I thought I recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Rachel I thought I recognized
+her all right I have now recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her all right I have now recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her all right I have now recognized
+Rachel limited number of people who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel limited number of people who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel limited number of people who I
+actually recognize by name in here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recognize by name in here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recognize by name in here um
+and they come to regret it um but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come to regret it um but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come to regret it um but anyway
+all right so she was here all along I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so she was here all along I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so she was here all along I I
+happened to have attended to her and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to have attended to her and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to have attended to her and and
+and bound Rachel into a recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bound Rachel into a recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bound Rachel into a recognizable
+Rachel object I now without moving my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel object I now without moving my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel object I now without moving my
+eyes in fact um I'm I'm attending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes in fact um I'm I'm attending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes in fact um I'm I'm attending
+elsewhere and somebody's up there again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and somebody's up there again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and somebody's up there again
+I'm my peripheral vision is lousy but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm my peripheral vision is lousy but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm my peripheral vision is lousy but I
+can see that somebody was moving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that somebody was moving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that somebody was moving up
+there they waved a piece of white paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they waved a piece of white paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they waved a piece of white paper
+a moment ago the question is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment ago the question is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment ago the question is when I
+moved my attention elsewhere what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved my attention elsewhere what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved my attention elsewhere what
+happened to Rachel did she remain bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Rachel did she remain bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Rachel did she remain bound
+or did she collapse into Rachel bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did she collapse into Rachel bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did she collapse into Rachel bits
+again what is that she collapsed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is that she collapsed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what is that she collapsed into
+Rachel bits how could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tell well this that that's why I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell well this that that's why I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell well this that that's why I was
+deliberately still looking at her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately still looking at her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately still looking at her to
+avoid the the the issues of of of blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the the the issues of of of blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the the the issues of of of blur
+but let's let's let me the way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's let's let me the way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's let's let me the way to do
+this is is not to continue picking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is not to continue picking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is not to continue picking on
+Rachel but to switch to dancing chickens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel but to switch to dancing chickens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel but to switch to dancing chickens
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um so there we have you can tell we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there we have you can tell we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there we have you can tell we're
+back in the realm of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the realm of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the realm of my
+artwork um o I like this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork um o I like this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork um o I like this with the
+chickens on three screens this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good anyway I like those a lot um now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good anyway I like those a lot um now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good anyway I like those a lot um now so
+you you know you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you know what you're
+looking at here you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here you're looking at a
+bunch of chickens right and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of chickens right and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of chickens right and and and and
+they're they're they're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're doing this
+little leggy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little leggy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little leggy thing
+um you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you would
+think that having recognized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having recognized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that having recognized that
+there's a bunch of chickens there who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of chickens there who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of chickens there who
+are doing this little dance that if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this little dance that if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this little dance that if one
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+chickens fell apart into chicken bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens fell apart into chicken bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens fell apart into chicken bits
+that you would notice right seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would notice right seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would notice right seems
+reasonable how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noticed ooh ooh very slow group here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed ooh ooh very slow group here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed ooh ooh very slow group here it
+should be how many chickens are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be how many chickens are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be how many chickens are there
+here about 20 it should be about one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about 20 it should be about one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about 20 it should be about one and
+20 of you happen to be you have all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 of you happen to be you have all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 of you happen to be you have all seen
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the
+uh so one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so one of these
+chickens fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens fell
+apart well if you think I mean quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart well if you think I mean quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart well if you think I mean quite
+apart from the fact that the artwork is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the fact that the artwork is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the fact that the artwork is
+a little lame um the implications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little lame um the implications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little lame um the implications are
+non-lame the implication is all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lame the implication is all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-lame the implication is all right
+I'm looking at you guys I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at you guys I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at you guys I think I'm
+looking at a bunch of humanoid life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a bunch of humanoid life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a bunch of humanoid life
+forms um that that the they're moving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um that that the they're moving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms um that that the they're moving a
+little bit and stuff like that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and stuff like that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and stuff like that and and
+and you would think that if one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would think that if one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would think that if one of you
+just went to Pieces here that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went to Pieces here that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went to Pieces here that I would
+notice the data strongly suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the data strongly suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the data strongly suggest that
+that's not the case that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case that I would
+eventually notice you know as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually notice you know as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually notice you know as my
+attention roves around the room if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention roves around the room if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention roves around the room if it
+turned out that oh my God not only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that oh my God not only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that oh my God not only has
+that person not dozed off but her head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person not dozed off but her head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person not dozed off but her head
+fell off you know I would notice that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off you know I would notice that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell off you know I would notice that um
+and and and react with a cording shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and react with a cording shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and react with a cording shock
+and amusement um the way this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amusement um the way this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amusement um the way this experiment
+is actually done is something like is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually done is something like is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually done is something like is is
+not with the D you know it's not with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with the D you know it's not with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with the D you know it's not with a
+cute little dancing bits you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute little dancing bits you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute little dancing bits you'd be
+looking at a screen like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a screen like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a screen like
+this and um you'd hear beep and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um you'd hear beep and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um you'd hear beep and the
+question would be is there a destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chicken yeah it's there right beep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken yeah it's there right beep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken yeah it's there right beep
+whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+beep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep
+beep beep and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep beep and so on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep beep and so on um
+you can do it it's not a difficult task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it it's not a difficult task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it it's not a difficult task
+at all particularly with a few big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all particularly with a few big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all particularly with a few big
+chickens um but uh but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens um but uh but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens um but uh but you have to
+search you have to search through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you have to search through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search you have to search through the
+chickens each time and you're no better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens each time and you're no better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens each time and you're no better
+with a display that's got the same fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a display that's got the same fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a display that's got the same fixed
+number of chickens up there all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chickens up there all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chickens up there all the time
+compared to a a display which has denovo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a a display which has denovo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a a display which has denovo
+chickens popping up out of nothingness e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens popping up out of nothingness e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens popping up out of nothingness e
+each time that's a little oh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time that's a little oh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time that's a little oh the the
+feet are moving around for the demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet are moving around for the demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet are moving around for the demo
+right why are the the feet doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why are the the feet doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why are the the feet doing this
+little chicken dance um remember I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chicken dance um remember I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chicken dance um remember I said
+that motion is one of these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion is one of these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion is one of these things that
+you can pick up automatically if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up automatically if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick up automatically if you
+don't pick up the if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pick up the if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pick up the if you don't
+um have something like the little moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have something like the little moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have something like the little moving
+feet then when you have a chicken fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet then when you have a chicken fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet then when you have a chicken fall
+apart boink the movement of the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart boink the movement of the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart boink the movement of the Contour
+compared to all the ones that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to all the ones that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to all the ones that aren't
+moving at all tips you off that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at all tips you off that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at all tips you off that there's
+something there and that's you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there and that's you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there and that's you know that
+that tells you that motion's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that motion's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that motion's important
+but it doesn't tell you the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't tell you the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't tell you the interesting
+fact that you're not aware when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're not aware when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're not aware when an
+otherwise coherent object um Falls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise coherent object um Falls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise coherent object um Falls to
+bits um by the way uh it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits um by the way uh it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits um by the way uh it turns out
+you're also not aware when previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also not aware when previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also not aware when previously
+incoherent material coheres into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent material coheres into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent material coheres into a
+chicken we did the classic chicken soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken we did the classic chicken soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken we did the classic chicken soup
+experiment we had a a screen full of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we had a a screen full of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we had a a screen full of of
+chicken bits like this and at you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken bits like this and at you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken bits like this and at you heard
+beep and you had to figure out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep and you had to figure out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep and you had to figure out whether
+or not there was now a chicken present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not there was now a chicken present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not there was now a chicken present
+and you had to search for that too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to search for that too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to search for that too so
+chickens emerging from the chicken soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens emerging from the chicken soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens emerging from the chicken soup
+which you might think would be striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might think would be striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might think would be striking
+don't turn up not to be striking either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn up not to be striking either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't turn up not to be striking either
+um all right well yeah the chickens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right well yeah the chickens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right well yeah the chickens are
+kind of ugly and and and complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ugly and and and complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ugly and and and complicated
+let's how bad is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's how bad is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's how bad is this
+problem so let's get basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's get basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's get basic
+here um no more no more trying to fool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um no more no more trying to fool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um no more no more trying to fool
+you well of course I'm trying to fool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well of course I'm trying to fool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well of course I'm trying to fool
+you no no more you know dancing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no no more you know dancing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no no more you know dancing around
+chickens and then oh did you see after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens and then oh did you see after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chickens and then oh did you see after
+the fact I asked you whether you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact I asked you whether you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact I asked you whether you saw
+something that fell apart um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that fell apart um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that fell apart um these are
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+red and green dots you can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green dots you can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green dots you can if you
+weren't sure about that it says so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure about that it says so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure about that it says so at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+top right all I'm going to do um is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right all I'm going to do um is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right all I'm going to do um is I'm
+going to cue one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cue one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cue one
+dot yeah I don't care about any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot yeah I don't care about any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot yeah I don't care about any of the
+other dots all I want to know is did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dots all I want to know is did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dots all I want to know is did
+that one dot change color say say yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one dot change color say say yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one dot change color say say yes or
+no whoops where'd it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+well uh the the answer turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no this is such a this is such a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is such a this is such a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is such a this is such a great
+exercise in applied statistics right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in applied statistics right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise in applied statistics right you
+know how many he can't really be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many he can't really be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many he can't really be you
+know there he said no to last answer no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there he said no to last answer no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there he said no to last answer no
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right oh yeah but they can't possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh yeah but they can't possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh yeah but they can't possibly be
+doing three in a row right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing three in a row right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing three in a row right
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that does turn out to be a no then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that does turn out to be a no then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that does turn out to be a no then
+look you could hear people going both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you could hear people going both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you could hear people going both
+ways people are terrible at this they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways people are terrible at this they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways people are terrible at this they're
+just barely above chance and the barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely above chance and the barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely above chance and the barely
+above chance is consistent with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above chance is consistent with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above chance is consistent with them
+sort of sitting on two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sitting on two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sitting on two or three
+dots and keeping because you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and keeping because you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and keeping because you're you're
+not just doing a couple of these you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just doing a couple of these you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just doing a couple of these you're
+doing hundreds of these for $10 an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hundreds of these for $10 an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hundreds of these for $10 an hour
+um yeah so you're you're sit you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so you're you're sit you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so you're you're sit you you can
+sit on a couple of them and say if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on a couple of them and say if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on a couple of them and say if I get
+really lucky and he cues the one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lucky and he cues the one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lucky and he cues the one I'm
+looking at I'm going to get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at I'm going to get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at I'm going to get this right
+and if he doesn't I'm clueless I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he doesn't I'm clueless I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if he doesn't I'm clueless I mean
+it's red and green it doesn't get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's red and green it doesn't get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's red and green it doesn't get more
+basic than that um yep I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic than that um yep I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic than that um yep I have a question
+do people's like reaction times or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people's like reaction times or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people's like reaction times or what
+do they change like cuz like red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they change like cuz like red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they change like cuz like red and
+green are like they have the same after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green are like they have the same after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green are like they have the same after
+color or after image I mean like you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or after image I mean like you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or after image I mean like you get
+they better not have the same they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they better not have the same they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they better not have the same they have
+the opposite yes but like the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite yes but like the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite yes but like the opposite
+of red is green and opposite of green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red is green and opposite of green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of red is green and opposite of green is
+red so like if you do like yellow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so like if you do like yellow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red so like if you do like yellow and
+blue or something else like yell yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or something else like yell yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or something else like yell yellow
+and blue are also opposite in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue are also opposite in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue are also opposite in the same
+sense but it doesn't matter it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but it doesn't matter it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but it doesn't matter it does the
+color does not matter in fact we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color does not matter in fact we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color does not matter in fact we can do
+another one with different colors look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one with different colors look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one with different colors look
+at this okay more cool colors but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this okay more cool colors but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this okay more cool colors but but
+but but maybe the problem you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but maybe the problem you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but maybe the problem you know maybe
+I was just being nasty to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just being nasty to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just being nasty to you because
+there were a lot of dots up there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of dots up there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of dots up there for
+you to choose among so I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to choose among so I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to choose among so I'll tell you the
+the relevant dots what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant dots what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant dots what I'm going to do
+here is I'll ask you about the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I'll ask you about the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I'll ask you about the color of
+specific dots I won't change them I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific dots I won't change them I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific dots I won't change them I'll
+just put them up there and ask you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them up there and ask you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them up there and ask you about
+particular dots and what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular dots and what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular dots and what I want you to
+do is tell me the color so she you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is tell me the color so she you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is tell me the color so she you know
+so like if I say what color is that dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if I say what color is that dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if I say what color is that dot
+the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+is good that's if I happen to cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good that's if I happen to cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good that's if I happen to cover it
+up with a black blob tell me what color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a black blob tell me what color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a black blob tell me what color
+it was before I covered it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was before I covered it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was before I covered it up
+okay ready all right here we go you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready all right here we go you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready all right here we go you'll
+see how this works well what where' it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this works well what where' it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this works well what where' it
+go oh there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go oh there we go
+red yellow blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red yellow blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red yellow blue
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+good see you're not I mean I I I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good see you're not I mean I I I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good see you're not I mean I I I put
+this in because you at this point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in because you at this point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in because you at this point you
+might be sitting there saying I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sitting there saying I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sitting there saying I'm so
+hopeless and I wanted to prove to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless and I wanted to prove to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless and I wanted to prove to you
+that you're not well you are but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not well you are but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not well you are but not
+that hopeless um all right ready purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hopeless um all right ready purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hopeless um all right ready purple
+red blue yellow red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blue yellow red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blue yellow red
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+yellow oh a few people actually got it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow oh a few people actually got it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow oh a few people actually got it a
+bunch of people did the um but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people did the um but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people did the um but yes
+indeed that was yellow it it was cued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that was yellow it it was cued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that was yellow it it was cued
+before so we know you paid attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we know you paid attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we know you paid attention to
+it but it was cued about five items back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it was cued about five items back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it was cued about five items back
+and already so you'd paid attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already so you'd paid attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and already so you'd paid attention to
+it it didn't take much binding to say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it didn't take much binding to say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it didn't take much binding to say oh
+that's yellow you'd already done all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yellow you'd already done all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yellow you'd already done all the
+work on it you know you five blobs later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it you know you five blobs later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it you know you five blobs later
+by the time your attention is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time your attention is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time your attention is somewhere
+else it didn't it wasn't invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it didn't it wasn't invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it didn't it wasn't invisible
+during that time right you're you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time right you're you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time right you're you don't
+really know what it is all right try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this o o o i there couple of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this o o o i there couple of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this o o o i there couple of people
+caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught
+on oo o he changed it this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oo o he changed it this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oo o he changed it this is what
+happened here whoops not that way go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here whoops not that way go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here whoops not that way go
+back okay so this makes a useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so this makes a useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so this makes a useful and
+important point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point so
+red while your attention was diverted I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red while your attention was diverted I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red while your attention was diverted I
+changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color why is that important what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color why is that important what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color why is that important what that
+tells you with a very basic sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you with a very basic sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you with a very basic sort of
+stimulus is that the following ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus is that the following ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus is that the following ought to
+be true I attend to Rachel I attend away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true I attend to Rachel I attend away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true I attend to Rachel I attend away
+while I've attended away Rachel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I've attended away Rachel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I've attended away Rachel is
+replaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by a
+kangaroo I am now asked what was there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kangaroo I am now asked what was there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kangaroo I am now asked what was there I
+say you know it was Rachel the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know it was Rachel the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know it was Rachel the fact that
+even even though you know still visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even though you know still visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even though you know still visible
+in the visual field and everything until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual field and everything until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the visual field and everything until
+I attend back I would simply not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attend back I would simply not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I attend back I would simply not know
+that something had changed there so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something had changed there so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something had changed there so you
+know in fact if you're worried that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in fact if you're worried that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in fact if you're worried that that
+you know the the trick here obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the trick here obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the trick here obviously
+since there are 300 of you or so is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are 300 of you or so is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there are 300 of you or so is you
+want to convince me that that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convince me that that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convince me that that you're
+paying attention in this class you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention in this class you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention in this class you draw
+my attention early in the class um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attention early in the class um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attention early in the class um and
+then you subtly sneak out and presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you subtly sneak out and presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you subtly sneak out and presumably
+I think you're here attending the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're here attending the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're here attending the whole
+time because how how often do I get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because how how often do I get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because how how often do I get back
+to each individual person well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each individual person well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each individual person well actually
+it's not that good because at 30 to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that good because at 30 to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that good because at 30 to 40
+people per second I can get back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per second I can get back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per second I can get back to you
+pretty quickly so forget it but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly so forget it but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty quickly so forget it but don't
+forget the basic Point here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the basic Point here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the basic Point here which is
+that you're only aware you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're only aware you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're only aware you're only
+updating your knowledge about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating your knowledge about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating your knowledge about the world
+through this narrow bottleneck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this narrow bottleneck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this narrow bottleneck of
+attention um at you know for the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention um at you know for the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention um at you know for the current
+object of attention everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of attention everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of attention everything else
+um you're basically working on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're basically working on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're basically working on your
+hypothesis based on the last time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis based on the last time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis based on the last time you
+checked up on it um so here's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked up on it um so here's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked up on it um so here's actually
+what the data for an experiment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the data for an experiment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the data for an experiment like
+this look like um so if you didn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like um so if you didn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this look like um so if you didn't pay
+attention to the color dot right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the color dot right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the color dot right if I
+never asked about it at all here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never asked about it at all here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never asked about it at all here's
+chance 50% in this particular experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance 50% in this particular experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance 50% in this particular experiment
+because it's a two-color version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a two-color version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a two-color version of it
+you know is it red or is it green you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it red or is it green you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is it red or is it green you
+got about a 50/50 chance of getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about a 50/50 chance of getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about a 50/50 chance of getting it
+you do a little bit better than that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a little bit better than that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a little bit better than that if
+it was recently CED if I just asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was recently CED if I just asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was recently CED if I just asked you
+whether it was red or green you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was red or green you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was red or green you do
+pretty well but as soon as it's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but as soon as it's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but as soon as it's four
+items ago or eight or 12 ago you're back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items ago or eight or 12 ago you're back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items ago or eight or 12 ago you're back
+to being pretty pathetic so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being pretty pathetic so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being pretty pathetic so you don't
+keep a good record of this you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a good record of this you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a good record of this you're only
+updating in the uh um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating in the uh um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating in the uh um the the
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+um the current object of attention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the current object of attention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the current object of attention this
+suggests that your memory is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that your memory is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that your memory is pretty
+small here we'll talk about memory more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small here we'll talk about memory more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small here we'll talk about memory more
+extensively later but let me illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively later but let me illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively later but let me illustrate
+that your memory is actually fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your memory is actually fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your memory is actually fairly
+small um here what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um here what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um here what we're going to do is
+I want you to remember these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to remember these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to remember these guys
+um and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and got
+them okay take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay take them
+away uh are these the same no okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh are these the same no okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh are these the same no okay well
+your memory isn't that small that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory isn't that small that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory isn't that small that's good
+how about these guys no no no no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about these guys no no no no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about these guys no no no no this is
+a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bo I whoops I sadly I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo I whoops I sadly I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bo I whoops I sadly I can't
+remember remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember
+these they look the same don't they yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they look the same don't they yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they look the same don't they yeah
+okay um so oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so oh well
+H or how about these no no I this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H or how about these no no I this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H or how about these no no I this is a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set yes something changed yeah so so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set yes something changed yeah so so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set yes something changed yeah so so I I
+this time I I I transposed the the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I I I transposed the the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I I I transposed the the red
+and the yellow that's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow that's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow that's a little more
+difficult cuz I didn't introduce a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult cuz I didn't introduce a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult cuz I didn't introduce a new
+color um how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color um how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color um how about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+yeah well you know people aren't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you know people aren't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you know people aren't quite
+sure you're not going to the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're not going to the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're not going to the answer is
+that the capacity of this sort of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the capacity of this sort of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the capacity of this sort of memory
+is about four um is about four um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about four um is about four um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about four um is about four um and
+and so you know some of you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know some of you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know some of you will have
+gotten the fact that there was a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the fact that there was a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the fact that there was a there's
+another transposition right of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another transposition right of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another transposition right of like the
+yellow and the whoops the yellows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and the whoops the yellows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and the whoops the yellows and
+the greens yeah the yellow and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greens yeah the yellow and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greens yeah the yellow and green
+guys are are whoops switching there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are are whoops switching there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are are whoops switching there um
+some of you will have gotten and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you will have gotten and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you will have gotten and some of
+you will have not gotten it because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have not gotten it because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have not gotten it because some
+of you were sitting on the right four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were sitting on the right four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you were sitting on the right four
+and some of you were sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you were sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of you were sitting on the
+wrong four but it's only about four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong four but it's only about four four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong four but it's only about four four
+what it turns out to be four objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it turns out to be four objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it turns out to be four objects
+look at this tell me if anything changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this tell me if anything changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this tell me if anything changes
+so here we have at least color shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have at least color shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have at least color shape and
+orientation going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation going
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+on yeah most people will know here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah most people will know here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on yeah most people will know here that
+the red thing flipped from uh pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red thing flipped from uh pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red thing flipped from uh pointing
+up to pointing down um that would seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to pointing down um that would seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to pointing down um that would seem
+to suggest that you can keep track of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest that you can keep track of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest that you can keep track of 12
+things because there are four colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because there are four colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because there are four colors
+four shapes and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four shapes and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four shapes and four
+orientations um but if I spread those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations um but if I spread those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations um but if I spread those
+out across 12 objects you'd be very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out across 12 objects you'd be very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out across 12 objects you'd be very bad
+it's that you can keep track of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that you can keep track of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that you can keep track of about
+four objects you can keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four objects you can keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four objects you can keep track of
+multiple features of each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple features of each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple features of each of those
+objects but it's only about four objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but it's only about four objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects but it's only about four objects
+that you can um keep track of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um keep track of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um keep track of um
+now let's see how are we doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see how are we doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see how are we doing in
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+land okay so the answer is to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land okay so the answer is to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land okay so the answer is to question
+six at least to the first part about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six at least to the first part about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six at least to the first part about it
+is that the objects don't seem to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the objects don't seem to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the objects don't seem to stay
+bound that you need need to continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that you need need to continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that you need need to continuously
+update this the visual World in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update this the visual World in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update this the visual World in order to
+have some idea of what's you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea of what's you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some idea of what's you know what
+its current state is and that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current state is and that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current state is and that you're
+only updating the current object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only updating the current object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only updating the current object of
+attention um after a brief break we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention um after a brief break we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention um after a brief break we will
+establish what uh the cinee chapel has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish what uh the cinee chapel has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish what uh the cinee chapel has
+to tell us about that fact but uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us about that fact but uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us about that fact but uh those
+of you who wish may study this image for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who wish may study this image for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who wish may study this image for
+the next second or that next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next second or that next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next second or that next couple of
+minutes or so and then uh everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so and then uh everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or so and then uh everybody else
+can just sort of stretch and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just sort of stretch and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just sort of stretch and then we'll
+will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come
+back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and
+uh while I apologize to Rachel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while I apologize to Rachel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while I apologize to Rachel for
+picking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking on
+her you're not traumatized for life or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her you're not traumatized for life or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her you're not traumatized for life or
+anything okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you seen this video they have where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen this video they have where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen this video they have where
+it's like a bunch of people bouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a bunch of people bouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a bunch of people bouncing
+balls to each other yes sure yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls to each other yes sure yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls to each other yes sure yeah yeah
+um that's that's now gotten to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's now gotten to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's now gotten to be so
+common that I I I I'm not using it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that I I I I'm not using it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common that I I I I'm not using it right
+um yeah Amy here is Amy here the TA I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah Amy here is Amy here the TA I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah Amy here is Amy here the TA I
+know Amy are you oh Amy are you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Amy are you oh Amy are you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Amy are you oh Amy are you here
+still yeah Amy's here there's Amy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still yeah Amy's here there's Amy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still yeah Amy's here there's Amy you
+know who did that uh yes Dan Simons then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who did that uh yes Dan Simons then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who did that uh yes Dan Simons then
+at Harvard now at at uh okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard now at at uh okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard now at at uh okay thank you
+um now now at University of Illinois um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now now at University of Illinois um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now now at University of Illinois um
+I'll tell I I will describe a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell I I will describe a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell I I will describe a different
+Dan Simon's experiment in a minute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Simon's experiment in a minute okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Simon's experiment in a minute okay
+let's get back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me to briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to briefly
+review the story I have been developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the story I have been developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the story I have been developing
+thus far is that even though you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus far is that even though you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus far is that even though you are
+you're looking at this scene from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this scene from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at this scene from the
+cine chapel and this is the expulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine chapel and this is the expulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine chapel and this is the expulsion
+from Eden you know there's Adam and Eve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Eden you know there's Adam and Eve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Eden you know there's Adam and Eve
+and and this very cool snake um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this very cool snake um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this very cool snake um and you
+know there's Adam and Eve getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's Adam and Eve getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's Adam and Eve getting
+chucked out with the poking him in head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chucked out with the poking him in head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chucked out with the poking him in head
+and stuff like that even though you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that even though you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that even though you are
+looking at this you know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this you know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this you know what you're
+looking at um that at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at um that at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at um that at any given
+moment the um you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the um you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment the um you are
+only the only thing that's really coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only thing that's really coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the only thing that's really coming
+through from the world to recognition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through from the world to recognition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through from the world to recognition is
+whatever is currently being th fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is currently being th fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is currently being th fed
+through the bottleneck the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bottleneck the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bottleneck the current
+object of attention and that maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of attention and that maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of attention and that maybe three
+or four objects um the you the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four objects um the you the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four objects um the you the recent
+status of the the three of four object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of the the three of four object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of the the three of four object
+is is is currently held in this visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is currently held in this visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is currently held in this visual
+short-term memory the implication here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory the implication here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term memory the implication here
+is that I could change this scene um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I could change this scene um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I could change this scene um and
+you wouldn't notice so let's find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't notice so let's find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't notice so let's find out
+what did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+change yeah I need a hand or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah I need a hand or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah I need a hand or two
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+here yeah sure right cover Leaf oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah sure right cover Leaf oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah sure right cover Leaf oh the
+Fig Leaf the Fig Leaf yes this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fig Leaf the Fig Leaf yes this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fig Leaf the Fig Leaf yes this is the
+the originator of change blindness which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originator of change blindness which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originator of change blindness which
+is what this phenomenon is known as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this phenomenon is known as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what this phenomenon is known as um
+is Ron renzin now at the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ron renzin now at the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ron renzin now at the University of
+British Colombia um and he refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Colombia um and he refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Colombia um and he refers to
+what he calls areas of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls areas of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he calls areas of interest
+um if you change something that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you change something that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you change something that people
+are paying attention to um they notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying attention to um they notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are paying attention to um they notice
+that but of course I knew that and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but of course I knew that and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but of course I knew that and uh so
+how many people picked up the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people picked up the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people picked up the other
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes oh well some we have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes oh well some we have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes oh well some we have a few
+people who picked what what' you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who picked what what' you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who picked what what' you
+get I can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I can't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I can't hear
+you the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the stick
+thing and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and what
+sorry top something showed up at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry top something showed up at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry top something showed up at the top
+that's funny the stick thing moved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny the stick thing moved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny the stick thing moved and
+something showed up at the top that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something showed up at the top that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something showed up at the top that's
+funny so now with that information we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny so now with that information we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny so now with that information we
+can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go
+whoops oops right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops oops right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops oops right
+there you got to stick see the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you got to stick see the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you got to stick see the reason
+for the blank is the same as the mov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blank is the same as the mov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the blank is the same as the mov
+moving uh chicken legs which is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving uh chicken legs which is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving uh chicken legs which is that you
+don't want to uh um have motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to uh um have motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to uh um have motion
+transients giving stuff away but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients giving stuff away but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients giving stuff away but if you
+have motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have motion
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+transients you would think that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients you would think that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients you would think that if you
+were in the Garden of Eden and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the Garden of Eden and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the Garden of Eden and the
+branches were moving from tree to tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches were moving from tree to tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches were moving from tree to tree
+or for whoops or for that matter um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for whoops or for that matter um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for whoops or for that matter um you
+know Eve's foot was moving to Adam's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Eve's foot was moving to Adam's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Eve's foot was moving to Adam's
+Body um you would notice but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Body um you would notice but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Body um you would notice but if you're
+not attending to it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attending to it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attending to it you don't
+notice um this leads so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice um this leads so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice um this leads so this is this is
+uh part of a large set of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of a large set of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh part of a large set of um uh
+phenomena that come under the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that come under the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that come under the general
+heading of change blindness uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of change blindness uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of change blindness uh at the
+break somebody was reminding me of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break somebody was reminding me of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break somebody was reminding me of one
+that you may have seen because it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen because it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen because it's made
+it onto uh you know Nova and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it onto uh you know Nova and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it onto uh you know Nova and things like
+that uh done by Dan Simons where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh done by Dan Simons where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh done by Dan Simons where you're
+uh watching people play apparently play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh watching people play apparently play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh watching people play apparently play
+a weird game of basketball in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weird game of basketball in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weird game of basketball in front of
+the elevators it turns out in the psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevators it turns out in the psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevators it turns out in the psych
+department at at uh at Harvard um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at at uh at Harvard um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at at uh at Harvard um and
+while you're doing that a guy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing that a guy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're doing that a guy in a
+gorilla suit actually Dan reminded me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla suit actually Dan reminded me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla suit actually Dan reminded me a
+woman in a gorilla suit it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in a gorilla suit it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in a gorilla suit it's hard to
+tell she's in a gorilla suit walks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell she's in a gorilla suit walks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell she's in a gorilla suit walks in
+walks into the middle of the game waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into the middle of the game waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into the middle of the game waves
+walks out and then afterwards you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks out and then afterwards you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks out and then afterwards you ask
+you know oh these and you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oh these and you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oh these and you're doing a
+demanding task you're supposed to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding task you're supposed to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding task you're supposed to count
+how many P passes there are um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many P passes there are um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many P passes there are um or
+something like that you uh and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you uh and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you uh and you're
+you're asked did you notice the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asked did you notice the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asked did you notice the person
+in the gorilla suit but first you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gorilla suit but first you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gorilla suit but first you're
+asked you notice anything weird very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you notice anything weird very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you notice anything weird very
+boring notice the person in the gorilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring notice the person in the gorilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring notice the person in the gorilla
+suit yeah right what person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit yeah right what person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit yeah right what person in the
+gorilla suit show him the video again oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla suit show him the video again oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorilla suit show him the video again oh
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+like another great Dan Simons experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another great Dan Simons experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another great Dan Simons experiment
+was done when he was at Cornell actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done when he was at Cornell actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done when he was at Cornell actually
+you're on the street in itha New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the street in itha New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the street in itha New York
+and uh some some guy walks up to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh some some guy walks up to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh some some guy walks up to you and
+asks you for directions actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you for directions actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you for directions actually it's
+Dan Simons walks up and ask you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Simons walks up and ask you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Simons walks up and ask you for
+directions and so since you are a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and so since you are a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and so since you are a nice
+person you start giving Dan directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you start giving Dan directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you start giving Dan directions
+now you're standing there on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're standing there on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're standing there on the street
+and who knows why but these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows why but these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who knows why but these two guys
+with a door are carrying a door down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a door are carrying a door down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a door are carrying a door down the
+street and they like walk between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and they like walk between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and they like walk between you
+and Dan which is which is kind of rude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dan which is which is kind of rude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dan which is which is kind of rude
+um and and when then they're they're off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and when then they're they're off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and when then they're they're off
+down the street somewhere and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the street somewhere and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the street somewhere and the
+question is do you continue to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do you continue to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do you continue to give
+directions once uh once you see Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions once uh once you see Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions once uh once you see Dan
+again well the real question is did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again well the real question is did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again well the real question is did you
+notice that when the door went by Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when the door went by Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when the door went by Dan
+Simons ducked down and left with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simons ducked down and left with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simons ducked down and left with the
+door and his then student Dan Levan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and his then student Dan Levan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and his then student Dan Levan
+popped up in his place and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped up in his place and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped up in his place and it's a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy 50% of the subjects in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy 50% of the subjects in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy 50% of the subjects in this
+study kept on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talking a surprisingly large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a surprisingly large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a surprisingly large number of
+these on being debriefed later claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on being debriefed later claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these on being debriefed later claimed
+to have noticed a change which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have noticed a change which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have noticed a change which is a
+little strange right I'm talking to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange right I'm talking to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strange right I'm talking to this
+guy and the Thor and now I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and the Thor and now I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and the Thor and now I'm talking
+there's another guy here but what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another guy here but what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another guy here but what the
+heck he probably wants the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck he probably wants the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck he probably wants the answer to the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+question I don't know what that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know what that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't know what that's about
+but the the the important finding there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the important finding there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the important finding there
+is that 50% of the people behaved as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 50% of the people behaved as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that 50% of the people behaved as
+though they hadn't notice the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they hadn't notice the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they hadn't notice the change
+from one person to another who they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one person to another who they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one person to another who they were
+talking to what's going on here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to what's going on here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to what's going on here now
+people aren't completely stupid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't completely stupid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't completely stupid the
+experiment has not been done but we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment has not been done but we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment has not been done but we kind
+of absolutely know that if you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolutely know that if you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolutely know that if you know I'm
+talking to Dan Simon short white guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Dan Simon short white guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Dan Simon short white guy and
+now the door goes through and a tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the door goes through and a tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the door goes through and a tall
+black woman is standing there H you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black woman is standing there H you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black woman is standing there H you
+know probably that that's again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably that that's again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know probably that that's again you know
+this sort of frontend stuff that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of frontend stuff that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of frontend stuff that people
+tend to pick up on but you know if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to pick up on but you know if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to pick up on but you know if what
+you're doing is yeah I don't notice guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is yeah I don't notice guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is yeah I don't notice guy
+but I've got a sort of a model of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've got a sort of a model of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've got a sort of a model of this
+guy I'm talking to kind of a short white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I'm talking to kind of a short white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy I'm talking to kind of a short white
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+person I'm still talking to a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I'm still talking to a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I'm still talking to a short
+white guy person it's not the same one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white guy person it's not the same one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white guy person it's not the same one
+apparently but it doesn't it that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently but it doesn't it that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently but it doesn't it that turns
+out not to be a problem this has given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be a problem this has given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out not to be a problem this has given
+rise this has given rise to um a notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise this has given rise to um a notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise this has given rise to um a notion
+that Vision that perception um is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vision that perception um is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vision that perception um is uh
+what what Kevin oan has called a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what Kevin oan has called a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what Kevin oan has called a grand
+illusion that the only thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion that the only thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion that the only thing that you
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+see is um the current object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is um the current object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is um the current object of
+attention that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention that I
+think I'm seeing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm seeing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm seeing all of
+you but all I'm really doing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but all I'm really doing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but all I'm really doing at the
+moment is paying attention to the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is paying attention to the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is paying attention to the guy
+with the gray stripe on up there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gray stripe on up there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gray stripe on up there and and
+and yeah there he is and now that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah there he is and now that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah there he is and now that he's
+riveted my attention by waving at me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riveted my attention by waving at me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riveted my attention by waving at me the
+rest of you are just not there you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you are just not there you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of you are just not there you are
+just some sort of Grand Illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some sort of Grand Illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some sort of Grand Illusion
+floating around um in my head now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around um in my head now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around um in my head now in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+sense that's correct that what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's correct that what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that's correct that what you are
+seeing is is a create that the burden of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is is a create that the burden of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is is a create that the burden of
+of of the lecture next time will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the lecture next time will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the lecture next time will be to
+say that you're always seeing a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're always seeing a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you're always seeing a theory
+about the world you're not seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world you're not seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world you're not seeing the
+world directly um you're always making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world directly um you're always making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world directly um you're always making
+an interpretation your best guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretation your best guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretation your best guess about
+what the the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the stimulus
+means and all the evidence I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and all the evidence I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and all the evidence I've been
+showing you for the past hour or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you for the past hour or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you for the past hour or so
+suggests that you're only updating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that you're only updating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that you're only updating that
+theory through this very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory through this very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory through this very uh
+narrow bottleneck so in some sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow bottleneck so in some sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow bottleneck so in some sense you
+are only seeing this you you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only seeing this you you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only seeing this you you you're
+you're seeing this creation of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing this creation of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing this creation of your mind
+and the only object that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only object that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only object that you are
+currently updating is the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently updating is the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently updating is the one that you
+are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are
+currently attending to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently attending to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently attending to um
+but to call the whole thing an illusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to call the whole thing an illusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to call the whole thing an illusion
+um it seems to me misses an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to me misses an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to me misses an important
+aspect of the experience look when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the experience look when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the experience look when you
+look you don't have the feel well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you don't have the feel well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you don't have the feel well let's
+let's take actually let's take a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take actually let's take a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take actually let's take a very
+old example um the French philosopher of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old example um the French philosopher of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old example um the French philosopher of
+the I'm thinking early 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm thinking early 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm thinking early 18th
+century whose name I will now proceed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century whose name I will now proceed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century whose name I will now proceed to
+misspell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+con does that look any any good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con does that look any any good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con does that look any any good
+philosopher sour is that about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher sour is that about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher sour is that about right
+kiac I believe is how you pronounce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiac I believe is how you pronounce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiac I believe is how you pronounce it
+properly but anyway uh um kiac has wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly but anyway uh um kiac has wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly but anyway uh um kiac has wrote
+a number of very interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of very interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of very interesting things
+about sensation and perception um he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sensation and perception um he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sensation and perception um he's
+most famous for his statue his statue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous for his statue his statue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous for his statue his statue
+that he proposed um with that as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he proposed um with that as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he proposed um with that as a as a
+uh an entity with no Senses at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an entity with no Senses at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an entity with no Senses at all
+and he asked what would the mental life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he asked what would the mental life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he asked what would the mental life
+of this statue be and argued that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this statue be and argued that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this statue be and argued that in the
+absence of any sensory input there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of any sensory input there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of any sensory input there would
+be no mental life and now he said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no mental life and now he said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no mental life and now he said let's
+imagine opening up I think he opens up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine opening up I think he opens up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine opening up I think he opens up
+the the statue's nostrils and argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the statue's nostrils and argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the statue's nostrils and argues
+that the entire mental life of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire mental life of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the entire mental life of this
+statue is now the smell whatever you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statue is now the smell whatever you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statue is now the smell whatever you I
+think he waves a rose under it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he waves a rose under it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he waves a rose under it or
+something like that but the example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but the example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but the example the
+a little further on he has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little further on he has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little further on he has a different
+example where he says imagine you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where he says imagine you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where he says imagine you're in
+a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark
+a dark Chateau I believe um and um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark Chateau I believe um and um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dark Chateau I believe um and um it's
+completely pitch black because of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely pitch black because of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely pitch black because of is
+heavy curtains and it's morning and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy curtains and it's morning and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy curtains and it's morning and you
+throw open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw open the
+curtains if it were the case this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtains if it were the case this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtains if it were the case this is not
+what he's saying but if it were the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's saying but if it were the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's saying but if it were the case
+that all of vision was nothing but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of vision was nothing but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of vision was nothing but a
+Grand Illusion you only saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Illusion you only saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Illusion you only saw the
+spotlight of attention you know this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlight of attention you know this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlight of attention you know this one
+thing that you're attending to at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're attending to at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're attending to at any
+one moment your experience of this brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moment your experience of this brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one moment your experience of this brand
+new scene ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new scene ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new scene ought to
+be uh like like like a a sort of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh like like like a a sort of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh like like like a a sort of a weird
+paintbrush you know initially I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush you know initially I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush you know initially I don't
+see nothing cuz I don't know I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see nothing cuz I don't know I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see nothing cuz I don't know I haven't
+attended to anything now I attend to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended to anything now I attend to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attended to anything now I attend to an
+object there's you know and and and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object there's you know and and and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object there's you know and and and now
+this this person object is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this person object is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this person object is the only
+thing in the scene and boom boom boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the scene and boom boom boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the scene and boom boom boom
+boom and I I slowly fill you in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom and I I slowly fill you in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom and I I slowly fill you in that's
+not the impression you get Ever when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the impression you get Ever when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the impression you get Ever when you
+see a new scene you may not know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a new scene you may not know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a new scene you may not know what
+you're looking at but you see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at but you see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at but you see something
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+instantly um and the grand delusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly um and the grand delusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly um and the grand delusion
+thing misses the fact that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing misses the fact that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing misses the fact that you're
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+sensing something about the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing something about the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing something about the entire
+visual field all at once let me offer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field all at once let me offer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field all at once let me offer a
+uh a a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a way
+of understanding that that will then tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding that that will then tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding that that will then tie
+back to the visual physiology that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the visual physiology that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the visual physiology that I was
+talking about in the last lecture here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the last lecture here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the last lecture here's
+the idea early in your visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea early in your visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea early in your visual system
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+um uh processes that sort of a big River
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh processes that sort of a big River
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh processes that sort of a big River
+of information that that that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that that that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that that that tells you
+about those 12 to 18 um features or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those 12 to 18 um features or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those 12 to 18 um features or
+attributes that you can get out every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that you can get out every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that you can get out every
+these are eyes you can this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eyes you can this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are eyes you can this is my
+drawing again right so from your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing again right so from your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing again right so from your eyes
+you got this big flow of information up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this big flow of information up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this big flow of information up
+into your brain um and at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your brain um and at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your brain um and at some point it
+hits this uh bottleneck that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this uh bottleneck that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this uh bottleneck that's that
+that's taken care of by attention um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taken care of by attention um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's taken care of by attention um
+object recognition the ability to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition the ability to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition the ability to tell
+that that's a branch that that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a branch that that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a branch that that's a a
+snake and so on only one object at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake and so on only one object at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake and so on only one object at a
+time can go in and come out and rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+and and and uh big and moving and so on
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+ align:start position:0%
+and and and uh big and moving and so on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um and and so the the object the
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+current object of attention gets to um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+current object of attention gets to um
+rise to awareness and you and you know
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+ align:start position:0%
+rise to awareness and you and you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to awareness and you and you know
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+ align:start position:0%
+what you're you're looking at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're you're looking at
+um that's the story that I've told you
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+an illusion but look when I was doing
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+
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+an illusion but look when I was doing
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+
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+that red and green dot thing it wasn't
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+
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+that you didn't see the other red and
+green dots they were there you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green dots they were there you just
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+
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+green dots they were there you just
+somehow had a very impoverished uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow had a very impoverished uh
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+
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+somehow had a very impoverished uh
+ability to tell me anything about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to tell me anything about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to tell me anything about them
+and the a way to think about that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a way to think about that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the a way to think about that is to
+propose that there's another pathway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose that there's another pathway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose that there's another pathway um
+another big fat River of of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big fat River of of information
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big fat River of of information
+about say these 12 to 18 attributes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about say these 12 to 18 attributes that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about say these 12 to 18 attributes that
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+ align:start position:0%
+isn't limited by the bottleneck but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't limited by the bottleneck but that
+it doesn't let you you it's it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't let you you it's it's not a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't let you you it's it's not a
+cheat this doesn't now let you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat this doesn't now let you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat this doesn't now let you go and
+recognize objects everywhere all at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize objects everywhere all at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize objects everywhere all at once
+it can only do a few things um it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only do a few things um it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only do a few things um it can
+sort of give you the statistics of the
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+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you the statistics of the
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+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you the statistics of the
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+world you know I'm looking out at you
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+purple um and that sort of impression of
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+
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+purple um and that sort of impression of
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
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+of purpleness of a tilted plane um is
+
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+of purpleness of a tilted plane um is
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+
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+the sort of thing that you might get out
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+of there out of this big broad
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrestricted non selective as it's
+labeled on their pathway um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled on their pathway um there's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled on their pathway um there's
+evidence that you can get a little bit
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+evidence that you can get a little bit
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that you can get a little bit
+of semantic information semantic means
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+ align:start position:0%
+of semantic information semantic means
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semantic information semantic means
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of the in when you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of the in when you're
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+ align:start position:0%
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+talking about language it's the meaning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utterance let's say when you're
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the utterance let's say when you're
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+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Vision it's the meaning of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Vision it's the meaning of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of of the uh of the stimulus so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of of the uh of the stimulus so I
+get the notion that I'm in an enclosed
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+get the notion that I'm in an enclosed
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the notion that I'm in an enclosed
+space I this pathway by itself is not
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+ align:start position:0%
+space I this pathway by itself is not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I this pathway by itself is not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell me what enclosed space I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell me what enclosed space I'm
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+ align:start position:0%
+in but I'm in a space there's a tilted
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+surface there and so on but this is
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+
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+surface there and so on but this is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+going to give me this feeling that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me this feeling that
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+ align:start position:0%
+there's something happening
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and this pathway is going to
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+
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+tell me what's happening specifically
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what's happening specifically
+here
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+ align:start position:0%
+here
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+now and between the two of them I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and between the two of them I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and between the two of them I can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up an idea in my head um of oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+you know in 10250 I'm talking to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in 10250 I'm talking to this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in 10250 I'm talking to this
+bunch of people some of whom I know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people some of whom I know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people some of whom I know by
+name some of whom I I I recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name some of whom I I I recognize
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+name some of whom I I I recognize
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've been here before and so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've been here before and so
+on um and I can keep updating that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and I can keep updating that you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um and I can keep updating that you
+know 20 30 times a second through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 30 times a second through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 20 30 times a second through this
+this pathway and I can keep experiencing
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+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway and I can keep experiencing
+ 
+
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+this pathway and I can keep experiencing
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+
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+something you know a sort of a wallpaper
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+
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+of the world effect through this other
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+back to things that we talked about
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+
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+back to things that we talked about
+before if you remember the idea that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you remember the idea that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you remember the idea that you
+can broadly cut visual processing visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can broadly cut visual processing visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can broadly cut visual processing visual
+cortical processing into two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical processing into two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical processing into two big
+Pathways a what and a where pathway a
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+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways a what and a where pathway a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways a what and a where pathway a
+what pathway going down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pathway going down into the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what pathway going down into the
+temporal lobe and a where pathway going
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+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe and a where pathway going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal lobe and a where pathway going
+up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the
+parietal lobe this selective pathway
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+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe this selective pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe this selective pathway
+this thing that only does one object at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that only does one object at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that only does one object at
+a time would then be mapped on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time would then be mapped on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time would then be mapped on to the
+what PA pathway what am I looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PA pathway what am I looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PA pathway what am I looking at
+what am I attending to right now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I attending to right now if you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I attending to right now if you
+were to leion that if you were to leion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to leion that if you were to leion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to leion that if you were to leion
+it um or you were to have a a damage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um or you were to have a a damage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um or you were to have a a damage to
+the temporal lobe of your your brain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal lobe of your your brain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal lobe of your your brain you
+might well end up with an agnosia that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well end up with an agnosia that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well end up with an agnosia that's
+not a term that ended up on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a term that ended up on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a term that ended up on the handout
+so you want to write that one down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to write that one down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to write that one down um
+the uh an agnosia is a a a failure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh an agnosia is a a a failure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh an agnosia is a a a failure to
+know if you like to know what something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you like to know what something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you like to know what something
+is so an agnosis if you have a a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so an agnosis if you have a a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so an agnosis if you have a a person
+with a a fairly Global agnosia visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a fairly Global agnosia visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a fairly Global agnosia visual
+agnosia they would be able to say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnosia they would be able to say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnosia they would be able to say yeah
+I'm looking at a bunch of objects here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at a bunch of objects here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at a bunch of objects here
+but I don't know what they are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know what they are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know what they are you know
+here's this here's this object it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's this object it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this here's this object it's sort
+of orange it's it's got orange and brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orange it's it's got orange and brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orange it's it's got orange and brown
+and white blobs on it and it it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white blobs on it and it it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white blobs on it and it it's got
+this very long part and there these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very long part and there these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very long part and there these four
+pointy things coming off the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy things coming off the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointy things coming off the bottom of
+it I got no idea what that maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I got no idea what that maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I got no idea what that maybe it's
+Furniture of some sort or anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture of some sort or anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furniture of some sort or anyway you
+know you'd look at it say that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'd look at it say that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'd look at it say that's a
+giraffe an agnosic would be able to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffe an agnosic would be able to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffe an agnosic would be able to tell
+you about it but not know that it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about it but not know that it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about it but not know that it was a
+giraffe there are very spec smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffe there are very spec smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffe there are very spec smaller
+Legions produce rather specific agnosia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legions produce rather specific agnosia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legions produce rather specific agnosia
+there are reports in the literature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reports in the literature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reports in the literature of
+agnosia specific to say um fruits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnosia specific to say um fruits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agnosia specific to say um fruits and
+vegetables um there are more common is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables um there are more common is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables um there are more common is
+is a form of agnosia called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+proo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proo
+pag NOA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pag NOA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pag NOA
+which is a specific inability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a specific inability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a specific inability to
+recognize faces you know that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces you know that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize faces you know that it's a
+face it's got two eyes it's got a nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's got two eyes it's got a nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's got two eyes it's got a nose
+and a mouth you don't know who it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mouth you don't know who it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mouth you don't know who it is um
+small small lesions down in that pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small lesions down in that pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small small lesions down in that pathway
+will will produce can can produce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will produce can can produce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will produce can can produce that
+sort of damage that would suggest then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of damage that would suggest then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of damage that would suggest then
+that the other pathway ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other pathway ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other pathway ought to be
+mapped on to the wear pathway and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped on to the wear pathway and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped on to the wear pathway and if you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+damage to bilateral damage for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to bilateral damage for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to bilateral damage for instance
+to the parietal lobe you can end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parietal lobe you can end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parietal lobe you can end up with
+a disorder known as balance syndrome um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disorder known as balance syndrome um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disorder known as balance syndrome um
+might as well write the word on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well write the word on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well write the word on here
+named after balent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that has as one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that has as one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that has as one of its
+properties what's called a simultagnosia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties what's called a simultagnosia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties what's called a simultagnosia
+this is a situation where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation where you can
+recognize an object if you can get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize an object if you can get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize an object if you can get your
+attention on it but you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on it but you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on it but you can only
+recognize that that's the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that that's the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that that's the only thing you
+can uh respond to in some sense is as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh respond to in some sense is as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh respond to in some sense is as if
+you can only see it is as if the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only see it is as if the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only see it is as if the the
+Grand Illusion theory was really right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Illusion theory was really right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Illusion theory was really right
+that you could only see the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could only see the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could only see the current
+object of attention so you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of attention so you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of attention so you do something
+like this with a simult tagn noic say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with a simult tagn noic say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with a simult tagn noic say
+what's that you know draws attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that you know draws attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that you know draws attention to
+it that's a book um okay what else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's a book um okay what else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's a book um okay what else we
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+here okay what's that that's a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay what's that that's a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay what's that that's a cell
+phone what's that that's a cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone what's that that's a cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone what's that that's a cell phone
+anything else no what's that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else no what's that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else no what's that that's a
+book what's that it is a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book what's that it is a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book what's that it is a book
+anything else no so one object at a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else no so one object at a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else no so one object at a um
+at a time as if the the the wear of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time as if the the the wear of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time as if the the the wear of the
+world had disappeared if you get damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had disappeared if you get damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had disappeared if you get damaged
+we'll talk about this more later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this more later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this more later in the
+in in the term um but if you get damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the term um but if you get damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the term um but if you get damaged
+to just one the parietal lobon one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just one the parietal lobon one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just one the parietal lobon one side
+particularly on on the right side what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on on the right side what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly on on the right side what
+you can end up with is a disorder known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can end up with is a disorder known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can end up with is a disorder known
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+neglect comes in a variety of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect comes in a variety of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect comes in a variety of of of
+flavors again depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors again depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors again depending on the
+particular ular lesion but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ular lesion but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ular lesion but the
+characteristic is you ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is you ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is you ignore the
+contralateral the other side now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contralateral the other side now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contralateral the other side now that
+can be the other side of space so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the other side of space so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be the other side of space so that
+if I'm a patient with a right hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm a patient with a right hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm a patient with a right hemisphere
+parietal lesion and I'm looking at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lesion and I'm looking at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lesion and I'm looking at MIT
+volleyball here um everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volleyball here um everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volleyball here um everything in the
+left visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left visual
+field um I would simply ignore I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um I would simply ignore I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um I would simply ignore I would
+behave as though it did not exist if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as though it did not exist if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as though it did not exist if I
+took away everything else and put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took away everything else and put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took away everything else and put a
+stimulus in my left visual field I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus in my left visual field I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus in my left visual field I could
+show that the patient could still see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the patient could still see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the patient could still see it
+but um with a full visual field he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um with a full visual field he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um with a full visual field he
+behaves as though there's nothing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as though there's nothing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves as though there's nothing there
+um nothing there at all patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nothing there at all patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nothing there at all patients with
+neglect will do weird things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect will do weird things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect will do weird things like
+they're in the hospital typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the hospital typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the hospital typically
+because they've had a stroke they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've had a stroke they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've had a stroke they give
+them their dinner they eat everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them their dinner they eat everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them their dinner they eat everything on
+the right side of the plate and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the plate and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of the plate and leave
+everything on the left side of the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left side of the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left side of the plate
+why CU they didn't like the mashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why CU they didn't like the mashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why CU they didn't like the mashed
+potatoes no if you rotate the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes no if you rotate the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes no if you rotate the plate
+they'll eat the stuff on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll eat the stuff on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll eat the stuff on the other side
+of the plate it's as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plate it's as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plate it's as if they
+didn't as if it just didn't exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't as if it just didn't exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't as if it just didn't exist in
+some fashion now you'll remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion now you'll remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fashion now you'll remember that
+parietal lobe is also where you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe is also where you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parietal lobe is also where you get the
+representation of the body surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the body surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the body surface and
+stuff like that so neglect patients can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so neglect patients can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so neglect patients can
+also be patients who neglect one half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be patients who neglect one half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be patients who neglect one half of
+their body and deny that part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their body and deny that part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their body and deny that part of their
+body is is theirs this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is is theirs this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is is theirs this is a little
+easier to understand if you figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand if you figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand if you figure that
+the stroke might well have also knocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stroke might well have also knocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stroke might well have also knocked
+out the ability to control that side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the ability to control that side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the ability to control that side of
+your body so a stroke on the right might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body so a stroke on the right might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body so a stroke on the right might
+leave you paralyzed on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you paralyzed on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you paralyzed on the left
+but you can end up with uh situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can end up with uh situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can end up with uh situations
+like one described I think by Oliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one described I think by Oliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one described I think by Oliver
+saxs in one of his books where a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxs in one of his books where a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxs in one of his books where a patient
+is saying this is a cheap hospital this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying this is a cheap hospital this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying this is a cheap hospital this
+is a really cheap lousy Hospital how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really cheap lousy Hospital how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really cheap lousy Hospital how do
+you know it's a cheap lousy hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a cheap lousy hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a cheap lousy hospital
+because they're doubling up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're doubling up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're doubling up on
+beds how what do you mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds how what do you mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds how what do you mean they're
+doubling up on beds he says look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling up on beds he says look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling up on beds he says look at that
+leg who's that's not my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg who's that's not my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg who's that's not my
+leg so you can get so this is somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg so you can get so this is somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg so you can get so this is somebody
+looking at their own leg and and denying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at their own leg and and denying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at their own leg and and denying
+that that leg belongs um belongs to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that leg belongs um belongs to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that leg belongs um belongs to them
+that's a that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's another
+aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of
+um of neglect okay what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of neglect okay what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of neglect okay what I'm going to do
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+time is to talk about the uh the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is to talk about the uh the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is to talk about the uh the way in
+which you make hypotheses about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you make hypotheses about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you make hypotheses about the
+world
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jq0jsHapHH0.txt b/jq0jsHapHH0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b2bcb42545e12c4de841619711a4ac673fef7b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jq0jsHapHH0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Hello everyone!
+
+We want to say THANK YOU
+
+for helping us reach
+
+1 million subscribers.
+
+We couldn't have done this
+
+without you.
+
+So far, our videos have received
+
+more than 91 million views.
+
+Dang.
+
+But we want to let you know
+
+there's a lot more to come!
+
+Thank you, again.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kJu5qVfSphw.txt b/kJu5qVfSphw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f43041c03b30542d91d6c2ce97cc37739da46337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kJu5qVfSphw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to do a quick review of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do a quick review of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do a quick review of all the
+photon interactions because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon interactions because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon interactions because I've
+released problem set five for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released problem set five for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released problem set five for you guys
+it involves your banana data so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves your banana data so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves your banana data so we're
+gonna be taking a second look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be taking a second look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be taking a second look at all the
+banana data and the problem statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana data and the problem statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana data and the problem statement
+for the lab part is simple identify all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lab part is simple identify all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the lab part is simple identify all
+the peaks tell me where they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks tell me where they came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peaks tell me where they came from
+and tell me all the peaks that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me all the peaks that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me all the peaks that should be
+there that you don't see and why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you don't see and why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you don't see and why and
+that's like a quarter of the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a quarter of the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a quarter of the problem set
+or something so just to review the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so just to review the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so just to review the three
+effects that we talked about sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we talked about sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we talked about sort of in
+order of what energies they're important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of what energies they're important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of what energies they're important
+in like my spelling I'm sure will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like my spelling I'm sure will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like my spelling I'm sure will be
+slower than usual today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than usual today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than usual today
+spent yeah totally spent like three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent yeah totally spent like three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent yeah totally spent like three and
+a half days listening to Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half days listening to Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half days listening to Russian
+presentations with an English translator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations with an English translator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations with an English translator
+microphone Russian England I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone Russian England I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone Russian England I'm sorry
+Russian scientific presentation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian scientific presentation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian scientific presentation is
+really similar to English all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar to English all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar to English all the
+technical words are the same but as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical words are the same but as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical words are the same but as soon
+as you start trying to talk to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start trying to talk to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you start trying to talk to a
+two-year-old you're just lost but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old you're just lost but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-year-old you're just lost but it's
+pretty cool doing over the photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool doing over the photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool doing over the photoelectric
+effect Compton scattering and pear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Compton scattering and pear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Compton scattering and pear
+production and so in addition to knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and so in addition to knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and so in addition to knowing
+what these three mechanisms actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these three mechanisms actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these three mechanisms actually are
+and how to tell what they would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to tell what they would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to tell what they would look
+like on a given detector spectrum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a given detector spectrum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on a given detector spectrum the
+other two important things we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two important things we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two important things we wanted to
+remember are one of the cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember are one of the cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember are one of the cross sections
+so what are the relative probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the relative probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the relative probabilities
+of each happening as a function of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each happening as a function of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each happening as a function of their
+energy of the photon and the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon and the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon and the material
+that they're going in and then filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going in and then filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going in and then filling
+in this map of if you have energy and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this map of if you have energy and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this map of if you have energy and Z
+where are these effects most prevalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these effects most prevalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these effects most prevalent
+so as anyone want to kick me off does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as anyone want to kick me off does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as anyone want to kick me off does
+anyone remember the general form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember the general form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember the general form of the
+cross sections for any of these effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections for any of these effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections for any of these effects
+or does anyone remember what this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does anyone remember what this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or does anyone remember what this map
+looks like yeah Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like yeah Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like yeah Chris
+indeed that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that's right
+so pair production think we gave it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pair production think we gave it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pair production think we gave it the
+symbol Kappa to go along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol Kappa to go along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol Kappa to go along with the
+reading that you guys have was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that you guys have was around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that you guys have was around
+here that's because it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's because it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's because it's not going to
+happen below 1.0 to 2 MeV because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen below 1.0 to 2 MeV because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen below 1.0 to 2 MeV because you
+need the energy to make the positron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the energy to make the positron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the energy to make the positron
+electron pair and indeed the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pair and indeed the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pair and indeed the more
+electrons there are in each atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there are in each atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons there are in each atom the
+more likely pair production is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely pair production is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely pair production is because
+this happens when the photon gets near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens when the photon gets near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens when the photon gets near
+the nucleus which is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus which is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus which is going to have a
+higher charge for higher Z and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher charge for higher Z and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher charge for higher Z and so on and
+so a pair production it was proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a pair production it was proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a pair production it was proportional
+to you don't need to know that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you don't need to know that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you don't need to know that you'll
+never need to know the exact things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never need to know the exact things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never need to know the exact things that
+the cross-sections that's what books are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sections that's what books are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-sections that's what books are
+for but it was proportional to let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but it was proportional to let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but it was proportional to let's see
+I think it was like Z to the 3rd or 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was like Z to the 3rd or 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was like Z to the 3rd or 4th
+pretty strong like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strong like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strong like that
+what about Compton scattering where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Compton scattering where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about Compton scattering where does
+that lie on this map yup Heisey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lie on this map yup Heisey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lie on this map yup Heisey
+low-energy so in this general region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy so in this general region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-energy so in this general region
+we'll just give it a key for Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just give it a key for Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just give it a key for Compton
+scattering and in that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and in that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and in that one the
+cross-section was proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section was proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section was proportional to
+something like 1 over the energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1 over the energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1 over the energy or
+h-bar Omega in your reading that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar Omega in your reading that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar Omega in your reading that's the
+same thing as saying photon energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as saying photon energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as saying photon energy and
+then what about photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about photoelectric effect
+well that's the only place there is left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the only place there is left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the only place there is left
+right we'll give it the symbol tau so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll give it the symbol tau so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll give it the symbol tau so
+I'll put these up here they don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put these up here they don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put these up here they don't quite
+know why they chose those symbols but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why they chose those symbols but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why they chose those symbols but
+I'll just stick to the notation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just stick to the notation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just stick to the notation in the
+reading and then the idea here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and then the idea here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and then the idea here is this
+was proportional to something like Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proportional to something like Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proportional to something like Z to
+the fifth over what is it energy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth over what is it energy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth over what is it energy to the
+like seven halves so significantly low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven halves so significantly low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like seven halves so significantly low
+energy significantly high Z and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy significantly high Z and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy significantly high Z and does
+anyone remember at what energy does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember at what energy does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember at what energy does the
+photoelectric effects start to kick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very close to zero so here the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to zero so here the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to zero so here the energy
+has got to be greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to be greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got to be greater than or equal to
+well what is the photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is the photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is the photoelectric effect
+physically mm-hmm yep a gamma gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically mm-hmm yep a gamma gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically mm-hmm yep a gamma gets
+absorbed or any photon gets absorbed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed or any photon gets absorbed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed or any photon gets absorbed and
+knocks out an electron so how energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks out an electron so how energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks out an electron so how energetic
+is I have to be to knock out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have to be to knock out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have to be to knock out the
+electron yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron yeah
+the binding energy of the lowest bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy of the lowest bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy of the lowest bound
+electron which we give that symbol fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which we give that symbol fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron which we give that symbol fee
+or the work function the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the work function the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the work function the idea here is
+that as soon as you have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as soon as you have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as soon as you have enough energy
+to eject the outermost electron which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eject the outermost electron which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eject the outermost electron which is
+super low for the alkali metals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super low for the alkali metals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super low for the alkali metals like
+sodium potassium cesium then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium cesium then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium cesium then you can
+exceed the work function and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the work function and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the work function and get the
+photoelectric effect going and for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect going and for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect going and for this
+one we said the energy here has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we said the energy here has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we said the energy here has to be
+greater than or equal to two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two times the
+rest mass of the electron C squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of the electron C squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest mass of the electron C squared
+better known as 1.0 to 2 MeV is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as 1.0 to 2 MeV is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as 1.0 to 2 MeV is there a
+minimum energy for Compton scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons can scatter they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons can scatter they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons can scatter they don't have to
+have any energy to scatter certainly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any energy to scatter certainly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any energy to scatter certainly and
+let's see the two interesting bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the two interesting bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the two interesting bits of
+technology we talked about related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we talked about related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we talked about related to
+these one was called a Compton camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these one was called a Compton camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these one was called a Compton camera or
+you could actually use two detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually use two detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually use two detectors
+let's say you're looking for a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're looking for a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're looking for a tiny
+source in a big box somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source in a big box somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source in a big box somewhere
+you can have one detector and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have one detector and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have one detector and you can
+have a second detector so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second detector so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second detector so that this
+source is sending out gammas in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is sending out gammas in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is sending out gammas in all
+directions and let's say one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and let's say one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and let's say one of them
+interacts with detector one bounces off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with detector one bounces off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with detector one bounces off
+and interacts in detector 2 at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interacts in detector 2 at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and interacts in detector 2 at that
+point you've constrained sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you've constrained sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you've constrained sort of the
+angle between these detectors so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between these detectors so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between these detectors so that
+you know what energy that gamma came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what energy that gamma came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what energy that gamma came
+from and you know generally where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and you know generally where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and you know generally where it
+came from physically which is a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from physically which is a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from physically which is a cool
+piece of a cool piece of equipment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a cool piece of equipment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a cool piece of equipment I
+want to try to find pictures of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to find pictures of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to find pictures of one of
+these actual things because I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actual things because I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actual things because I actually
+haven't seen one myself I've just heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen one myself I've just heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen one myself I've just heard
+it described physically and it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it described physically and it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it described physically and it seems to
+make sense and the second one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense and the second one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense and the second one that we
+touched upon at the very end of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched upon at the very end of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched upon at the very end of last
+class had to do with this thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class had to do with this thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class had to do with this thing right
+here does anyone remember thermionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anyone remember thermionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here does anyone remember thermionic
+devices well the work function for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices well the work function for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices well the work function for some
+materials like for cz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials like for cz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials like for cz
+the work function is a little less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function is a little less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function is a little less than
+an Eevee it's like 0.7 electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Eevee it's like 0.7 electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Eevee it's like 0.7 electron volts
+which means when you get things up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means when you get things up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means when you get things up to
+about 2,000 Celsius or so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2,000 Celsius or so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2,000 Celsius or so the
+temperature of the atoms themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the atoms themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the atoms themselves
+exceeds the work function and the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the work function and the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the work function and the outer
+electrons just boil off so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons just boil off so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons just boil off so if you have
+two pieces of material probably in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of material probably in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of material probably in a
+vacuum and one of them's like 2000 C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and one of them's like 2000 C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and one of them's like 2000 C and
+one of them is let's say room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is let's say room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is let's say room
+temperature you end up with this net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you end up with this net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you end up with this net
+flux of electrons boiling off the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of electrons boiling off the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of electrons boiling off the hot
+one - the cold one and this has been one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one - the cold one and this has been one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one - the cold one and this has been one
+of the methods proposed to directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the methods proposed to directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the methods proposed to directly
+convert heat to electricity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert heat to electricity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert heat to electricity for
+ultra-high temperature applications like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra-high temperature applications like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra-high temperature applications like
+space reactors or other things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space reactors or other things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space reactors or other things that can
+get super crazy hot so it's at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get super crazy hot so it's at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get super crazy hot so it's at one of
+those energy conversion mechanisms did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy conversion mechanisms did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy conversion mechanisms did
+anyone ever hear about this one in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever hear about this one in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever hear about this one in high
+school I highly highly doubt that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I highly highly doubt that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I highly highly doubt that it
+would ever be mentioned one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever be mentioned one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever be mentioned one of the
+professors in our department Elias gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors in our department Elias gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors in our department Elias gift
+topless is one of the folks that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topless is one of the folks that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topless is one of the folks that came up
+with this whole idea and in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this whole idea and in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this whole idea and in my in my
+freshman know in my senior design course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman know in my senior design course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman know in my senior design course
+we actually designed a space reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually designed a space reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually designed a space reactor
+that uses their my onyx and he showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses their my onyx and he showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uses their my onyx and he showed up
+in the audience by surprise and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience by surprise and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience by surprise and that's
+probably the dumbest I've ever looked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the dumbest I've ever looked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the dumbest I've ever looked in
+a presentation explaining something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a presentation explaining something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a presentation explaining something that
+someone invented to them they knew every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone invented to them they knew every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone invented to them they knew every
+single mistake and everything that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mistake and everything that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mistake and everything that was
+wrong so since then I've kind of boned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so since then I've kind of boned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so since then I've kind of boned
+up on there my onyx knowledge but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on there my onyx knowledge but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on there my onyx knowledge but that's
+enough for the photon stuff now we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for the photon stuff now we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for the photon stuff now we want
+to start getting into ion nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start getting into ion nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start getting into ion nuclear
+interactions and in today's reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and in today's reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and in today's reading it
+started off I think the first paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off I think the first paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off I think the first paragraph
+went something like the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went something like the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went something like the formula for
+stopping power can be expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power can be expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power can be expressed as
+follows squared times log of B squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows squared times log of B squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows squared times log of B squared
+over mean ionization energy and I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mean ionization energy and I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over mean ionization energy and I find
+this explanation to be unsatisfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explanation to be unsatisfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explanation to be unsatisfactory
+I'm not a fan of the kind of books that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a fan of the kind of books that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a fan of the kind of books that
+just say here's a formula for practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say here's a formula for practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say here's a formula for practice
+plug things in and use them so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug things in and use them so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug things in and use them so instead
+I'm gonna skip ahead to a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip ahead to a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna skip ahead to a little bit of
+next week's reading or the yep reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week's reading or the yep reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week's reading or the yep reading
+and actually derive it so a for and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually derive it so a for and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually derive it so a for and I
+just throw up a formula like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw up a formula like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw up a formula like this it's
+like how the hell do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how the hell do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how the hell do you remember that
+right now well it's going to make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now well it's going to make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now well it's going to make a lot
+more sense once we actually derive it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense once we actually derive it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense once we actually derive it so
+let's set up this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set up this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set up this problem
+you have a charged particle with charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a charged particle with charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a charged particle with charge
+little Z times e little Z will say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z times e little Z will say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z times e little Z will say is
+the number of protons in this nucleus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of protons in this nucleus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of protons in this nucleus or
+the charge on an electron if you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on an electron if you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on an electron if you want it
+times the unit charge of an electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the unit charge of an electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the unit charge of an electron and
+it's firing at some other electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's firing at some other electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's firing at some other electrons
+somewhere else in the material so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the material so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the material so the
+basis of any sort of ion electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of any sort of ion electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of any sort of ion electron
+interaction who has to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction who has to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction who has to start with the
+ion being either struck or repelled I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion being either struck or repelled I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion being either struck or repelled I'm
+sorry with the electron being struck or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry with the electron being struck or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry with the electron being struck or
+repelled by the ion and so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by the ion and so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repelled by the ion and so let's say
+that this ion exists will draw kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ion exists will draw kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this ion exists will draw kind of a
+unit cylinder around this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cylinder around this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cylinder around this physical
+situation and if we draw this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and if we draw this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and if we draw this distance
+right here it's one of those rare cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it's one of those rare cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here it's one of those rare cases
+where this the nomenclature is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this the nomenclature is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this the nomenclature is the same
+in pretty much every reading there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pretty much every reading there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pretty much every reading there's
+this distance B which we call the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance B which we call the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance B which we call the impact
+parameter it's kind of a funny name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's kind of a funny name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's kind of a funny name for
+it but it just means by how close does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it just means by how close does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it just means by how close does
+your particle get to that electron when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particle get to that electron when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particle get to that electron when
+it undergoes this single interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes this single interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes this single interaction and
+so this particle is moving quite fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particle is moving quite fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particle is moving quite fast
+with some speed V towards and then away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some speed V towards and then away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some speed V towards and then away
+from this electron and what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this electron and what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this electron and what's going to
+happen is there's going to be some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is there's going to be some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is there's going to be some sort
+of a Coulomb force between this charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Coulomb force between this charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Coulomb force between this charged
+particle and this electron so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and this electron so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and this electron so let's say
+you're firing an electron and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're firing an electron and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're firing an electron and an
+electron there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there's going to be some
+negative repulsion or if you're firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative repulsion or if you're firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative repulsion or if you're firing
+an ion at an electron there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion at an electron there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion at an electron there might be
+some positive attraction but at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive attraction but at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive attraction but at any rate
+there's gonna be some deflection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be some deflection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be some deflection so
+let's just say it's a negatively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's a negatively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say it's a negatively charged
+particle if we draw it's actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if we draw it's actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if we draw it's actual
+trajectory it's actually going to go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory it's actually going to go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory it's actually going to go off
+kind of barely in that direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of barely in that direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of barely in that direction right
+two charges passing in the night they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two charges passing in the night they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two charges passing in the night they
+know each other's there and they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other's there and they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other's there and they kind of
+repel each other so what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel each other so what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel each other so what we want to do
+is figure out what is the total amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out what is the total amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figure out what is the total amount
+of force and the X in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force and the X in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force and the X in the Y direction
+let's just define our axes to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just define our axes to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just define our axes to make sure
+we're all on the same page and can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on the same page and can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on the same page and can we
+resolve that into a total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that into a total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that into a total amount of
+energy lost per unit distance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lost per unit distance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lost per unit distance this
+quantity right here which we referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity right here which we referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity right here which we referred to
+as stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we launch into it does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we launch into it does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we launch into it does anyone
+know why I put a negative sign on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I put a negative sign on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I put a negative sign on this
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly yep if you're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep if you're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yep if you're changing the
+energy and the particle unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the particle unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the particle unless it's
+let's say following it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say following it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say following it to some
+gravitational field which we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field which we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field which we're not
+covering today or ever then it's all any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering today or ever then it's all any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering today or ever then it's all any
+sort of interaction is going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interaction is going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interaction is going to cause
+the particle to lose some energy so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle to lose some energy so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle to lose some energy so this
+quantity right here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity right here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity right here is going to be
+negative and so this quantity right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so this quantity right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and so this quantity right here
+is got to be positive we stick a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is got to be positive we stick a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is got to be positive we stick a minus
+sign in front of it but let's get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in front of it but let's get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in front of it but let's get back
+to the basics then what is the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the basics then what is the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the basics then what is the force
+between this charged particle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this charged particle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this charged particle and the
+electron from 802 this Coulomb force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a constant just call it K not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant just call it K not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant just call it K not
+because the reading calls it K not yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reading calls it K not yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reading calls it K not yep
+so this is like your q1 and your q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like your q1 and your q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like your q1 and your q2
+right you're a charged one in charge two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're a charged one in charge two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're a charged one in charge two
+over the distance squared let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the distance squared let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the distance squared let's call
+that the distance between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distance between the two
+particles and so now we can say if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so now we can say if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and so now we can say if this
+is the distance away in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance away in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance away in the X direction
+then we know that R is root x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that R is root x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that R is root x squared
+plus B squared so we can stick that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B squared so we can stick that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B squared so we can stick that in
+there and we know that our Coulomb force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would then be this K naught little ze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be this K naught little ze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be this K naught little ze
+squared over a root I'm sorry not square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a root I'm sorry not square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over a root I'm sorry not square
+root just x squared plus B squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root just x squared plus B squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root just x squared plus B squared so
+like we've done with everything so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done with everything so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done with everything so far
+in the class we really it's kind of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class we really it's kind of dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class we really it's kind of dark
+in the back like we've done ever with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back like we've done ever with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back like we've done ever with
+everything in the class let's split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the class let's split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the class let's split this
+up into x and y forces so if we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into x and y forces so if we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into x and y forces so if we assume
+that the electron basically doesn't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron basically doesn't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron basically doesn't move
+what's the net amount of force in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the net amount of force in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the net amount of force in the X
+direction that this particle is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that this particle is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that this particle is gonna
+feel so when it goes from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel so when it goes from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel so when it goes from minus infinity
+so over here to plus infinity like over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here to plus infinity like over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here to plus infinity like over
+here zero why do you say that exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero why do you say that exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero why do you say that exactly
+whatever force it feels repelling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever force it feels repelling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever force it feels repelling it
+from here as soon as it hits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here as soon as it hits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here as soon as it hits this
+midpoint it gets that same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint it gets that same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint it gets that same amount of
+repulsion in the other direction so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion in the other direction so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion in the other direction so your
+net force if you integrate from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net force if you integrate from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net force if you integrate from minus
+infinity to infinity of your X force as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity of your X force as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity of your X force as
+a function of T that comes out to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of T that comes out to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of T that comes out to zero
+which makes our life a lot easier all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes our life a lot easier all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes our life a lot easier all we
+have to worry about is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about is the total
+integral of the Y force to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the Y force to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the Y force to figure out
+how much net deflection do we get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much net deflection do we get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much net deflection do we get in
+that direction this integral is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction this integral is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction this integral is also
+better known as a momentum anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as a momentum anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better known as a momentum anyone
+recognize where this comes from if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize where this comes from if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize where this comes from if you
+take the integral of a force it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral of a force it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral of a force it's like
+the integral of a mass times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of a mass times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of a mass times an
+acceleration which is like mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration which is like mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration which is like mass times
+the integral of acceleration which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of acceleration which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of acceleration which is
+like MV which is a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like MV which is a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like MV which is a momentum
+this is where some of our particle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where some of our particle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where some of our particle wave
+stuff is going to get funky because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is going to get funky because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is going to get funky because
+we're gonna start throwing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start throwing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start throwing in
+expressions for particle Momentum's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for particle Momentum's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions for particle Momentum's in
+wave equations when we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations when we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations when we start to
+determine well if this is really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine well if this is really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine well if this is really an
+electron there's some limitations on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there's some limitations on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there's some limitations on how
+we can treat it or it kind of loses its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can treat it or it kind of loses its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can treat it or it kind of loses its
+character as a particle so I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character as a particle so I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character as a particle so I just want
+to warn you that that's coming up so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn you that that's coming up so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to warn you that that's coming up so now
+let's make an expression for the Y force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make an expression for the Y force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make an expression for the Y force
+if we were to say what is the Y momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to say what is the Y momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to say what is the Y momentum
+imparted which is an integral of the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted which is an integral of the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted which is an integral of the Y
+component of the force DT we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force DT we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force DT we already
+have the expression for the force like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the expression for the force like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the expression for the force like
+you guys derived k naught times little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys derived k naught times little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys derived k naught times little
+ze times e over R squared which is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ze times e over R squared which is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ze times e over R squared which is x
+squared plus V squared and then how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus V squared and then how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus V squared and then how do
+we get the Y component of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we've got to define an angle let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got to define an angle let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got to define an angle let's
+our angle theta what's the Y component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our angle theta what's the Y component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our angle theta what's the Y component
+of that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's just times cosine theta DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just times cosine theta DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's just times cosine theta DT
+what's the expression for cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expression for cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expression for cosine theta
+in this physical situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close be over our and in this case our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close be over our and in this case our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close be over our and in this case our
+is root x squared plus B squared and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is root x squared plus B squared and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is root x squared plus B squared and the
+last thing we want is because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing we want is because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing we want is because we have
+things in terms of X and B B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of X and B B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of X and B B is a
+constant X is a variable T's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant X is a variable T's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant X is a variable T's kind of the
+wrong variable so we can do a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong variable so we can do a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong variable so we can do a variable
+change and say this is equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and say this is equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and say this is equivalent to the
+velocity of the particle over I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the particle over I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the particle over I'm sorry
+to DX over V we're just using this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DX over V we're just using this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DX over V we're just using this whole
+like velocity equals what is it distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like velocity equals what is it distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like velocity equals what is it distance
+times time so our whole what is it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank You distance equals velocity times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You distance equals velocity times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You distance equals velocity times
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+thanks Russia okay anyway yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks Russia okay anyway yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks Russia okay anyway yeah so
+luckily I had the expression right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily I had the expression right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily I had the expression right in
+the explanation wrong so thank you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation wrong so thank you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation wrong so thank you was
+that Luke or Jared's voice awesome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Luke or Jared's voice awesome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Luke or Jared's voice awesome okay
+so let's put this whole expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put this whole expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put this whole expression in
+keep that little embarrassment behind us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that little embarrassment behind us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that little embarrassment behind us
+we have the integral from negative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the integral from negative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the integral from negative to
+plus infinity of K not little z e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity of K not little z e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity of K not little z e
+squared times B over x squared plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times B over x squared plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times B over x squared plus B
+squared times the square root of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the square root of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the square root of itself
+so let's just say x squared plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just say x squared plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just say x squared plus b
+squared to the three-halves and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the three-halves and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the three-halves and there's
+a V on the bottom DX this is finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V on the bottom DX this is finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V on the bottom DX this is finally
+evaluable so we're getting closer let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluable so we're getting closer let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluable so we're getting closer let's
+take all the constants and shove them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the constants and shove them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the constants and shove them
+outside the integral so we have a K not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the integral so we have a K not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the integral so we have a K not
+Z squared EB over V squared B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z squared EB over V squared B over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z squared EB over V squared B over
+velocity times the integral of just 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times the integral of just 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times the integral of just 1
+over x squared plus B squared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x squared plus B squared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x squared plus B squared to the
+three-halves DX not remembering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves DX not remembering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves DX not remembering the
+formula off the top of my head I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's that's our we'll call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's that's our we'll call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's that's our we'll call it a
+crude derivation but if we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude derivation but if we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude derivation but if we're assuming
+that the electron basically doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron basically doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron basically doesn't
+change position that it changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change position that it changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change position that it changes so
+little then we're going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little then we're going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little then we're going to assume that
+also the velocity basically doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the velocity basically doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the velocity basically doesn't
+change that one collision for a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that one collision for a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that one collision for a high
+enough velocity doesn't lose that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough velocity doesn't lose that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough velocity doesn't lose that much
+energy so that's that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so that's that's what we're going
+with for now and we'll actually be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for now and we'll actually be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for now and we'll actually be able
+to compare this kind of crude derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare this kind of crude derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare this kind of crude derivation
+to one done from quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one done from quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one done from quantum mechanics and
+they look pretty similar there's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look pretty similar there's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look pretty similar there's like an
+extra factor of two or something but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor of two or something but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor of two or something but as
+I showed you guys in preparing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you guys in preparing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you guys in preparing for the
+test when I said nine equals about ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test when I said nine equals about ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test when I said nine equals about ten
+therefore follows that one equals about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore follows that one equals about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore follows that one equals about
+two and as long as we get the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and as long as we get the constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and as long as we get the constants
+in orders of magnitude right we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orders of magnitude right we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orders of magnitude right we're gonna
+gain the physical intuition for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the physical intuition for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the physical intuition for what
+we're looking at I'll leave it up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at I'll leave it up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at I'll leave it up there
+that's fine anyway evaluated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine anyway evaluated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine anyway evaluated this
+integral and it came out to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and it came out to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and it came out to something
+like two over B squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two over B squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two over B squared
+so this just comes out to K naught Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just comes out to K naught Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this just comes out to K naught Z
+squared B with a two over two VB squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared B with a two over two VB squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared B with a two over two VB squared
+cancel the B's I don't know where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the B's I don't know where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the B's I don't know where that
+two came from whatever and yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two came from whatever and yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two came from whatever and yeah that's
+what we have for the stopping power for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have for the stopping power for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have for the stopping power for
+this sort of one particle hitting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of one particle hitting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of one particle hitting one
+electron now we have the oh sorry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now we have the oh sorry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now we have the oh sorry that's
+the momentum equation but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum equation but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum equation but we're
+interested in the change in energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the change in energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the change in energy so
+what's that equation we've used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that equation we've used before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that equation we've used before
+to go for momentum to energy our kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for momentum to energy our kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for momentum to energy our kinetic
+energy T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the way around so let's do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around so let's do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around so let's do it that
+way right so P equals root 2 MT right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so P equals root 2 MT right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so P equals root 2 MT right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so square both sides yeah you got it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so square both sides yeah you got it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so square both sides yeah you got it and
+we have our energy T is P squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our energy T is P squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our energy T is P squared over
+2m so let's take this small little mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m so let's take this small little mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m so let's take this small little mess
+stick it in here and then we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in here and then we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in here and then we end up with
+4 K naught squared little Z squared e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 K naught squared little Z squared e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 K naught squared little Z squared e to
+the fourth over 2m v squared B cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth over 2m v squared B cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth over 2m v squared B cool and
+so this gives us the little differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us the little differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives us the little differential
+energy change from one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change from one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change from one electron
+collision yeah I think we cancel one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision yeah I think we cancel one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision yeah I think we cancel one of
+those right oh yeah you're right thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right oh yeah you're right thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right oh yeah you're right thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+comes back B squared B squared yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back B squared B squared yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back B squared B squared yep
+you're right thank you so now we've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right thank you so now we've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right thank you so now we've only
+accounted for the ion hitting a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for the ion hitting a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for the ion hitting a single
+electron as it moves through this hollow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as it moves through this hollow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as it moves through this hollow
+cylinder of whatever medium it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder of whatever medium it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder of whatever medium it's going
+through so this is when we can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so this is when we can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so this is when we can kind of
+take things back from abstract to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take things back from abstract to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take things back from abstract to
+reality and say alright it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and say alright it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and say alright it's moving
+through some actual material and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some actual material and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some actual material and we have
+to describe its electron density in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe its electron density in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe its electron density in this
+cylindrical shell so the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical shell so the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical shell so the electron
+density in the cylindrical shell depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the cylindrical shell depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the cylindrical shell depends
+on well the number density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well the number density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well the number density of the
+material itself just how many atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material itself just how many atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material itself just how many atoms are
+there times big Z the number of protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there times big Z the number of protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there times big Z the number of protons
+in that nucleus and therefore the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that nucleus and therefore the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that nucleus and therefore the number
+of electrons in each nucleus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in each nucleus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in each nucleus and the
+volume of this cylindrical shell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of this cylindrical shell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of this cylindrical shell so
+what's the expression for the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expression for the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expression for the volume of
+the cylindrical shell in differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylindrical shell in differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylindrical shell in differential
+form yeah I started hearing I heard it -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form yeah I started hearing I heard it -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form yeah I started hearing I heard it -
+that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct
+keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well two pi B gives us the circumference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two pi B gives us the circumference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two pi B gives us the circumference
+of this circle on the outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this circle on the outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this circle on the outside of the
+cylinder and if we add a little DB there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and if we add a little DB there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder and if we add a little DB there
+some differential thickness element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some differential thickness element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some differential thickness element and
+we add on a little DX for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add on a little DX for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add on a little DX for some
+differential distance down this cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential distance down this cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential distance down this cylinder
+we end up with two pi B DB DX multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with two pi B DB DX multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with two pi B DB DX multiplied
+by this stuff and we get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this stuff and we get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this stuff and we get some
+differential change in energy scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential change in energy scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential change in energy scales
+like let's say there's a 4 and a 2 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say there's a 4 and a 2 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's say there's a 4 and a 2 there
+so we end up with 4 that's not a 4 pi K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with 4 that's not a 4 pi K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with 4 that's not a 4 pi K
+naught squared little Z squared big z e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared little Z squared big z e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught squared little Z squared big z e
+to the fourth b DV DX over m v squared b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth b DV DX over m v squared b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth b DV DX over m v squared b
+squared now those other B's cancel we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now those other B's cancel we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared now those other B's cancel we
+can divide everything by DX and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide everything by DX and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide everything by DX and we've
+already almost got our stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already almost got our stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already almost got our stopping power
+expression we're getting pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we're getting pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression we're getting pretty close
+let anyone see some similarities between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let anyone see some similarities between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let anyone see some similarities between
+the one I just threw out of my head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I just threw out of my head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I just threw out of my head and
+what we've got so far we've almost got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got so far we've almost got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got so far we've almost got
+the makings of it so now if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the makings of it so now if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the makings of it so now if we want to
+account for the fact that our charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that our charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that our charge
+particle is probably not shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is probably not shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is probably not shooting
+through the center of a perfect hollow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of a perfect hollow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of a perfect hollow
+cylinder but we're just firing it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder but we're just firing it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder but we're just firing it into
+like actual matter we have to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actual matter we have to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actual matter we have to account
+for every possible impact parameter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every possible impact parameter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every possible impact parameter in
+every possible cylindrical shell that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible cylindrical shell that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible cylindrical shell that it
+would be moving through so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be moving through so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be moving through so in this case
+we can integrate this we've already got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate this we've already got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can integrate this we've already got
+our DB right there that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our DB right there that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our DB right there that's our
+integrating variable and now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating variable and now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating variable and now here's
+where things get a little Trixie can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things get a little Trixie can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where things get a little Trixie can we
+actually integrate this from an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrate this from an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrate this from an impact
+parameter of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is not an easy question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not an easy question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not an easy question
+actually so what do you guys think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so what do you guys think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so what do you guys think so
+Luke says no why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we actually have an over B we have a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have an over B we have a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have an over B we have a V
+squared but that's not our integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but that's not our integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but that's not our integrating
+variable yeah so we have like a 1 over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable yeah so we have like a 1 over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable yeah so we have like a 1 over B
+looking hmm yeah that's fine that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking hmm yeah that's fine that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking hmm yeah that's fine that's true
+there's another there's another more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another there's another more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another there's another more
+physical reason though but you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reason though but you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical reason though but you're right
+mathematically can you know precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically can you know precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically can you know precisely
+the location of an electron ever now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of an electron ever now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of an electron ever now I
+see a lot of people saying no why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of people saying no why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of people saying no why do you
+say that that's right there's this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that's right there's this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that's right there's this thing
+the debroglie uncertainty principle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debroglie uncertainty principle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debroglie uncertainty principle it's
+kind of the kind of a punchline of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the kind of a punchline of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the kind of a punchline of a lot
+of quantum mechanic jokes you never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanic jokes you never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanic jokes you never know
+where something's gonna be or where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something's gonna be or where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something's gonna be or where it's
+going we used to say this about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going we used to say this about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going we used to say this about some of
+the older professors in this department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older professors in this department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the older professors in this department
+if you call them and say I'm on my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you call them and say I'm on my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you call them and say I'm on my way
+I'm getting there as fast as I can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting there as fast as I can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting there as fast as I can they
+could be anywhere in the world and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anywhere in the world and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anywhere in the world and if
+they say don't worry I'm three miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say don't worry I'm three miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say don't worry I'm three miles
+away you don't know how long it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you don't know how long it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you don't know how long it's gonna
+take him to get here same thing with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take him to get here same thing with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take him to get here same thing with me
+and getting here although I was I was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting here although I was I was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting here although I was I was on
+MIT Standard Time which means five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Standard Time which means five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Standard Time which means five
+minutes late not bad so in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes late not bad so in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes late not bad so in this case we
+have to ascribe the electron some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ascribe the electron some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ascribe the electron some sort
+of a wavelength so in this case we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wavelength so in this case we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wavelength so in this case we can't
+just treat the electron like a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just treat the electron like a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just treat the electron like a particle
+whose position we know we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose position we know we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose position we know we're gonna go
+with our original equation for a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our original equation for a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our original equation for a photon
+energy which looks like HC over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which looks like HC over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which looks like HC over lambda
+rearrange that so that we'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange that so that we'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange that so that we'll have some
+lambda wavelength equals H C over e I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda wavelength equals H C over e I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda wavelength equals H C over e I'm
+sorry this is a momentum thing not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a momentum thing not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a momentum thing not an
+energy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's the momentum of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the classical definition there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the classical definition there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the classical definition there's
+just mass times velocity right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mass times velocity right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mass times velocity right yeah so
+we'll just stick in a mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just stick in a mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just stick in a mass of the
+electron times the velocity right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times the velocity right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times the velocity right there
+and this wavelength right here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this wavelength right here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this wavelength right here the
+debroglie wavelength of the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debroglie wavelength of the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debroglie wavelength of the electron is
+as close as we can specify that impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as we can specify that impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as we can specify that impact
+parameter and it turns out to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and it turns out to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and it turns out to be you
+know pretty significant like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty significant like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty significant like on the
+order of 0.1 two point two angstroms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 0.1 two point two angstroms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 0.1 two point two angstroms you
+can't tell where an electron is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell where an electron is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell where an electron is gonna be
+finer than that so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer than that so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer than that so we're going to have
+this be minimum I'll just write that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be minimum I'll just write that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be minimum I'll just write that in
+there and some be maximum where R be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and some be maximum where R be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and some be maximum where R be
+minimum is the same as our de Broglie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is the same as our de Broglie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is the same as our de Broglie
+wavelength of the electron because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the electron because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the electron because we
+can't define its position any better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't define its position any better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't define its position any better
+than that which is just Planck's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that which is just Planck's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that which is just Planck's
+constant over its mass times velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for B max it comes out to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B max it comes out to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for B max it comes out to something like
+HV over this quantity I bar what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV over this quantity I bar what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV over this quantity I bar what's
+called the mean ionization potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this quantity physically represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this quantity physically represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this quantity physically represents
+is that if your impact parameter is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if your impact parameter is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if your impact parameter is too
+large then the electron will or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then the electron will or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then the electron will or the
+charge particle will feel so little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle will feel so little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge particle will feel so little
+force that it won't eject an electron it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that it won't eject an electron it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that it won't eject an electron it
+won't really be deflected and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't really be deflected and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't really be deflected and the
+farthest away it can be corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest away it can be corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farthest away it can be corresponds to
+the minimum amount of energy to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum amount of energy to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum amount of energy to create
+an average ionization in the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average ionization in the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average ionization in the material
+and this mean ionization potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this mean ionization potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this mean ionization potential
+scales with something like this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales with something like this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales with something like this constant
+K times Z where K is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K times Z where K is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K times Z where K is on the order of
+like 30 to 35 I think it's like evey but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30 to 35 I think it's like evey but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 30 to 35 I think it's like evey but
+remarkably tight constant so picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably tight constant so picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably tight constant so picking a
+mean value like that is no problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value like that is no problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value like that is no problem and
+there we have our B min and B max those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have our B min and B max those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have our B min and B max those
+are our limits of integration I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our limits of integration I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our limits of integration I think
+that plan is just to fill up the boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plan is just to fill up the boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plan is just to fill up the boards
+today so let's write out the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so let's write out the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so let's write out the final
+integral that we have and see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have and see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we have and see what we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+so we have our stopping power should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our stopping power should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our stopping power should be
+integral from B min H over MV to B max H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from B min H over MV to B max H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from B min H over MV to B max H
+V over I bar of let's say 4 pi K naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over I bar of let's say 4 pi K naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V over I bar of let's say 4 pi K naught
+squared little Z squared big z e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared little Z squared big z e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared little Z squared big z e to the
+fourth over MV squared B DB and like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth over MV squared B DB and like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth over MV squared B DB and like I
+think Sarah it was it's our that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Sarah it was it's our that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Sarah it was it's our that you
+mentioned that we could have a we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we could have a we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we could have a we'd have
+a log I forget who's mentioned it sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log I forget who's mentioned it sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log I forget who's mentioned it sorry
+I was Luke okay you're right so it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was Luke okay you're right so it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was Luke okay you're right so it ends
+up just being a natural log it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just being a natural log it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just being a natural log it's like
+all this junk on the outside times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this junk on the outside times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this junk on the outside times the
+integral of 1 over B so this just comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 1 over B so this just comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 1 over B so this just comes
+out to 4 pi K naught squared little Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to 4 pi K naught squared little Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to 4 pi K naught squared little Z
+squared big z e to the fourth over MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared big z e to the fourth over MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared big z e to the fourth over MV
+squared times the natural log of the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the natural log of the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the natural log of the B
+max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max
+over demon see the H is canceled we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over demon see the H is canceled we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over demon see the H is canceled we get
+a V squared and so all this stuff inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V squared and so all this stuff inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V squared and so all this stuff inside
+just becomes the natural log of MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes the natural log of MV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just becomes the natural log of MV
+squared over mean ionization potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over mean ionization potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over mean ionization potential
+and we've arrived basically at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've arrived basically at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've arrived basically at the same
+equation that we have over there that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we have over there that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we have over there that I
+took the care to memorize on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the care to memorize on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the care to memorize on the plane
+so great that we've gone here through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great that we've gone here through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great that we've gone here through
+the math let's actually see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math let's actually see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math let's actually see what this
+means and we're gonna go into some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and we're gonna go into some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and we're gonna go into some of
+the limits of validity like Luke was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of validity like Luke was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of validity like Luke was
+saying where you can't have a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where you can't have a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying where you can't have a natural
+log of zero so the stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of zero so the stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of zero so the stopping power
+formula isn't quite going to work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula isn't quite going to work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula isn't quite going to work at
+zero nor will it work at super low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nor will it work at super low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nor will it work at super low
+energies so if you want to write what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if you want to write what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if you want to write what
+this should be proportional to I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be proportional to I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be proportional to I kind of
+see some constants here that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some constants here that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some constants here that we don't
+really care they don't vary at all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care they don't vary at all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care they don't vary at all but
+this is looks kind of like a kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is looks kind of like a kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is looks kind of like a kinetic
+energy term doesn't it like a kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy term doesn't it like a kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy term doesn't it like a kinetic
+energy term so it's kind of proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy term so it's kind of proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy term so it's kind of proportional
+to this function 1 over T times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function 1 over T times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function 1 over T times the
+natural log of T when you get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of T when you get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of T when you get rid of all
+the constants and just express it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants and just express it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constants and just express it in
+terms of the variables it looks a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the variables it looks a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the variables it looks a whole
+lot simpler and so let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler and so let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot simpler and so let's see what this
+would look like if we started to graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if we started to graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like if we started to graph
+it out and this is pretty universal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and this is pretty universal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and this is pretty universal for
+any charge particle stopping power so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any charge particle stopping power so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any charge particle stopping power so if
+this was the kinetic energy T and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the kinetic energy T and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the kinetic energy T and this
+was our stopping power we've got this 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our stopping power we've got this 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our stopping power we've got this 1
+over T term that's gonna look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T term that's gonna look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T term that's gonna look something
+like this and we have this natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we have this natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and we have this natural log
+of T term which is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T term which is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T term which is going to look
+something like this and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and that actually
+goes down to infinity so like Luke was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down to infinity so like Luke was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down to infinity so like Luke was
+saying if these two are multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if these two are multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if these two are multiplied by
+each other we're not gonna have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other we're not gonna have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other we're not gonna have negative
+infinity as a stopping power which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity as a stopping power which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity as a stopping power which would
+physically mean that once the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically mean that once the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically mean that once the particle
+hits zero energy it speeds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits zero energy it speeds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits zero energy it speeds up to
+infinite speed and that doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite speed and that doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite speed and that doesn't make any
+sense but we can start to draw what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but we can start to draw what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but we can start to draw what the
+curve would look like with this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would look like with this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve would look like with this general
+envelope and so at low energies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and so at low energies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and so at low energies the
+stopping power kind of scales like 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power kind of scales like 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power kind of scales like 1
+over E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over E
+let's now start drawing another graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now start drawing another graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now start drawing another graph
+with a little more physical intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little more physical intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little more physical intuition
+the range of the particle so while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of the particle so while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of the particle so while
+stopping power might be kind of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power might be kind of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power might be kind of a new
+quantity that represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that represents the
+differential amount of energy loss as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential amount of energy loss as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential amount of energy loss as a
+function of distance that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance that's kind of a
+mouthful the range is pretty simple just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful the range is pretty simple just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouthful the range is pretty simple just
+how far it goes so to get the range from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far it goes so to get the range from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far it goes so to get the range from
+the stopping power you can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stopping power you can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stopping power you can integrate
+let's say you fire a particle into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you fire a particle into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you fire a particle into a
+bunch of matter at some energy T so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of matter at some energy T so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of matter at some energy T so you
+start off at energy T and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off at energy T and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off at energy T and you want to
+see how far it gets at distance 0 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how far it gets at distance 0 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how far it gets at distance 0 well
+you can just integrate the stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just integrate the stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just integrate the stopping
+power as a function of T or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as a function of T or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as a function of T or you can
+switch your limits of integration let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch your limits of integration let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch your limits of integration let's
+see I'm sorry I'm not gonna switch those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm sorry I'm not gonna switch those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'm sorry I'm not gonna switch those
+limits of integration yet which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration yet which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of integration yet which is like
+saying from zero to T of DT DX DT which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying from zero to T of DT DX DT which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying from zero to T of DT DX DT which
+is like saying from zero to T of DT DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like saying from zero to T of DT DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like saying from zero to T of DT DX
+to the minus 1 DX much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1 DX much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1 DX much simpler
+expression and when you forget all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and when you forget all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and when you forget all the
+crazy constants and you just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy constants and you just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy constants and you just take this
+kind of form as the red the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of form as the red the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of form as the red the variable
+part of the expression for stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression for stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression for stopping
+power for unless your energy is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for unless your energy is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power for unless your energy is really
+high and if natural log counts at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and if natural log counts at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and if natural log counts at all
+your range kind of scales like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range kind of scales like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range kind of scales like the
+integral of just 1 over T I'm sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of just 1 over T I'm sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of just 1 over T I'm sorry that
+to the minus 1 which is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1 which is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1 which is like the
+integral of T which is like T squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of T which is like T squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of T which is like T squared
+which means that this is because you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this is because you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that this is because you a
+pretty interesting intuitive result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting intuitive result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting intuitive result that
+the range of the particle increases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of the particle increases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of the particle increases with
+the square of its energy so this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of its energy so this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of its energy so this gives
+you a good hint to say if I increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good hint to say if I increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a good hint to say if I increase the
+particle by a certain amount I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle by a certain amount I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle by a certain amount I'll
+increase the range by the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the range by the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the range by the square root of
+that increase so anyway let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increase so anyway let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increase so anyway let's start
+drawing this range curve as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this range curve as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this range curve as a function
+of X what this says right here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what this says right here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X what this says right here is that
+if we start our particle at some high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start our particle at some high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we start our particle at some high
+energy right and we're firing it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and we're firing it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and we're firing it into
+the material and it's losing energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material and it's losing energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material and it's losing energy as
+it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes
+and we track this value of the stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we track this value of the stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we track this value of the stopping
+power to figure out how far it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to figure out how far it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to figure out how far it's going
+to go let me change that in a second for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go let me change that in a second for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go let me change that in a second for
+the first little while as this particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first little while as this particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first little while as this particle
+loses more and more energy its stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses more and more energy its stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses more and more energy its stopping
+power stays mostly constant and it loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power stays mostly constant and it loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power stays mostly constant and it loses
+a pretty constant amount of energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty constant amount of energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty constant amount of energy as a
+function of time as its energy gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time as its energy gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time as its energy gets
+lower and lower it loses more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and lower it loses more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower and lower it loses more and more
+as a function of position what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of position what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of position what this
+actually means is that as the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means is that as the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means is that as the velocity
+goes down or as the particles energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down or as the particles energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down or as the particles energy
+goes down it spends more time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down it spends more time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down it spends more time in the
+vicinity of the electron and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of the electron and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinity of the electron and gets
+deflected more it's just that kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected more it's just that kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected more it's just that kind of a
+simple argument like the more time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple argument like the more time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple argument like the more time it
+spends near this electron the more it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends near this electron the more it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends near this electron the more it
+feels to push and so it will lose more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels to push and so it will lose more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels to push and so it will lose more
+and more energy as its energy gets lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more energy as its energy gets lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more energy as its energy gets lower
+and lower until you hit the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower until you hit the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower until you hit the point where
+this curve breaks down where do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve breaks down where do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve breaks down where do you guys
+think that is even mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is even mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is even mathematically
+speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what happens if your natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if your natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens if your natural
+long-term is negative here right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term is negative here right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term is negative here right then
+you get a negative stopping power which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a negative stopping power which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a negative stopping power which
+would be like the particle picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the particle picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the particle picks up
+energy that's not quite physical at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's not quite physical at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's not quite physical at all
+so in reality we know that some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in reality we know that some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in reality we know that some point
+it's gonna taper off and the stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna taper off and the stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna taper off and the stopping
+power at 0 should be 0 this maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at 0 should be 0 this maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power at 0 should be 0 this maximum
+right here occurs around 500 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here occurs around 500 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here occurs around 500 times the
+mean ionization potential which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean ionization potential which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean ionization potential which is a
+pretty low energy but what this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low energy but what this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low energy but what this actually
+says is that when the particle is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that when the particle is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that when the particle is moving
+really slow it's moving so slow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow it's moving so slow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow it's moving so slow that
+once in a while it will capture one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while it will capture one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a while it will capture one of
+those electrons like if you fire in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons like if you fire in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons like if you fire in a
+proton or a heavy a positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or a heavy a positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton or a heavy a positively charged
+heavy ion if it's moving so slow that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy ion if it's moving so slow that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy ion if it's moving so slow that it
+can feel the pole it will just partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel the pole it will just partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel the pole it will just partially
+neutralize and that becomes the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize and that becomes the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralize and that becomes the next
+mechanism of energy loss and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of energy loss and so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism of energy loss and so if we
+keep following this curve once we hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep following this curve once we hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep following this curve once we hit
+some sort of a maximum then it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a maximum then it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a maximum then it's gonna
+lose less and less and less energy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose less and less and less energy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose less and less and less energy do
+less and less damage and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less damage and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and less damage and you end up with
+the same curve this kind of Bragg peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same curve this kind of Bragg peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same curve this kind of Bragg peak
+curve that we did together when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that we did together when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that we did together when we use
+this RIM code did we did I go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RIM code did we did I go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RIM code did we did I go through
+the stopping range of ions and matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stopping range of ions and matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stopping range of ions and matter
+with you guys or did I show you this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you guys or did I show you this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you guys or did I show you this on
+the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen
+remember the curve of the that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the curve of the that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the curve of the that's a
+damage events per distance or a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage events per distance or a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage events per distance or a number
+of implanted ions as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implanted ions as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of implanted ions as a function of
+distance you end up with the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you end up with the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you end up with the exact same
+thing that's what the SR stands for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's what the SR stands for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's what the SR stands for and
+swim is stopping was it what's stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swim is stopping was it what's stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swim is stopping was it what's stopping
+power and range or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it the stopping power and range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the stopping power and range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the stopping power and range of
+ions in matter I don't know but salsa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions in matter I don't know but salsa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions in matter I don't know but salsa
+rim is is a gigantic stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim is is a gigantic stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rim is is a gigantic stopping power
+database and a big Monte Carlo engine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and a big Monte Carlo engine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and a big Monte Carlo engine so
+it takes an equation just like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an equation just like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an equation just like this one
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just like this one or that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just like this one or that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just like this one or that one
+whichever one you want and decides full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one you want and decides full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one you want and decides full
+how often is the particle going to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often is the particle going to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often is the particle going to lose
+how much energy depending on where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy depending on where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy depending on where it
+happens to be and that's all there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be and that's all there is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be and that's all there is to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+this point here we would call the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here we would call the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here we would call the range
+or like the average range at which well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the average range at which well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the average range at which well
+that's not quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there'd be some average range around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some average range around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be some average range around
+here where the particles actually stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the particles actually stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the particles actually stop
+when their energy goes to zero and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their energy goes to zero and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their energy goes to zero and in
+reality because every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality because every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality because every one of these
+processes is random in nature the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is random in nature the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is random in nature the impact
+parameter is going to be kind of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is going to be kind of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is going to be kind of random
+not every particle will stop at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every particle will stop at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every particle will stop at the same
+place because all the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because all the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because all the electrons are
+moving around in the atoms so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around in the atoms so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around in the atoms so there's
+going to be some sort of a a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some sort of a a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some sort of a a range of
+ranges which we call straggling which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges which we call straggling which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges which we call straggling which is
+to say that not all of the particles end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that not all of the particles end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that not all of the particles end
+up at the exact same range but they end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the exact same range but they end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the exact same range but they end
+up pretty close I think I want to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pretty close I think I want to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pretty close I think I want to pause
+here for a second see if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a second see if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a second see if there's any
+questions from this for board derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from this for board derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from this for board derivation
+or any intuition questions that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any intuition questions that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any intuition questions that you guys
+might have yeah oh yeah where'd that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have yeah oh yeah where'd that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have yeah oh yeah where'd that go
+let's trace this through let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah let's see ah so the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah let's see ah so the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah let's see ah so the change in
+energy should have been a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should have been a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should have been a negative
+change in energy so if we oh my god it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in energy so if we oh my god it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in energy so if we oh my god it
+went missing there so there we go that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went missing there so there we go that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went missing there so there we go that's
+the only other place it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only other place it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only other place it seems to be
+missing okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing okay great
+cool then if you want to start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool then if you want to start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool then if you want to start looking
+at the number of damage events that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number of damage events that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number of damage events that this
+particle will incur we'll call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle will incur we'll call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle will incur we'll call this the
+number of ion pairs which might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ion pairs which might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ion pairs which might look
+suspiciously familiar if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspiciously familiar if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspiciously familiar if you guys
+remember the Chadwick paper he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Chadwick paper he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the Chadwick paper he was
+talking about this proton of this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this proton of this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this proton of this energy
+should make this many ion pairs at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make this many ion pairs at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make this many ion pairs at this
+distance now you guys actually have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance now you guys actually have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance now you guys actually have the
+tools to find out what that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to find out what that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to find out what that number
+should be because it's gonna be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be because it's gonna be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be because it's gonna be one over
+some ion pair energy usually around 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ion pair energy usually around 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ion pair energy usually around 30
+to 35 easy depending on the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 35 easy depending on the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 35 easy depending on the material
+times DT DX which is to say when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DT DX which is to say when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DT DX which is to say when the
+stopping power is higher you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power is higher you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power is higher you're going to
+have more ion pairs produced as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more ion pairs produced as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more ion pairs produced as a
+function of distance so the real label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance so the real label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of distance so the real label
+for this y-axis here should be like ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this y-axis here should be like ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this y-axis here should be like ion
+pairs or damage or defects or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs or damage or defects or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs or damage or defects or anything
+like that that refers to the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that refers to the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that refers to the same kind
+of thing as damage to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing as damage to the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing as damage to the material
+either by ionization or even by similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by ionization or even by similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by ionization or even by similar
+nuclear processes and so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear processes and so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear processes and so that's what
+results in those rim curves that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in those rim curves that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in those rim curves that we
+showed from before where you have let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed from before where you have let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed from before where you have let's
+say a bunch of protons entering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a bunch of protons entering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a bunch of protons entering a
+material here at some high energy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here at some high energy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here at some high energy they
+don't lose very much energy when they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose very much energy when they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't lose very much energy when they go
+in but as soon as they get to a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but as soon as they get to a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but as soon as they get to a low
+enough energy where they're stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy where they're stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy where they're stopping
+power reaches a maximum they dump most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power reaches a maximum they dump most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power reaches a maximum they dump most
+of their energy in there and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their energy in there and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their energy in there and this is the
+basis behind proton cancer therapy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis behind proton cancer therapy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis behind proton cancer therapy which
+I mentioned to you guys on the first or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned to you guys on the first or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned to you guys on the first or
+second day of class now that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second day of class now that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second day of class now that we know
+both exponential attenuation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both exponential attenuation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both exponential attenuation and
+stopping power we can explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power we can explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power we can explain
+theoretically why proton therapy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically why proton therapy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically why proton therapy is a
+more effective treatment so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective treatment so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective treatment so let's say
+this is the person can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the person can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the person can
+is a tumor say it's right there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tumor say it's right there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tumor say it's right there and you
+have a choice between firing in an x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice between firing in an x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a choice between firing in an x-ray
+or firing in a proton what is the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or firing in a proton what is the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or firing in a proton what is the dose
+of this person not just to the tumor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this person not just to the tumor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this person not just to the tumor but
+through the whole person going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole person going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole person going to look
+like for x-rays right so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for x-rays right so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for x-rays right so if we look at
+the number of ion pairs and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ion pairs and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ion pairs and let's say
+this is the thickness of the person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thickness of the person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thickness of the person and
+the tumor is in this range and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor is in this range and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor is in this range and if you
+send in your x-rays or you send in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in your x-rays or you send in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in your x-rays or you send in your
+protons what is a number of ion pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons what is a number of ion pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons what is a number of ion pairs
+produced from x-ray or from proton going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from x-ray or from proton going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from x-ray or from proton going
+to look like an either case so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like an either case so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like an either case so first of
+all who wants do the x-ray one or tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all who wants do the x-ray one or tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all who wants do the x-ray one or tell
+me what it'll be you guys yeah Luke it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what it'll be you guys yeah Luke it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what it'll be you guys yeah Luke it
+would be fairly flat but there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fairly flat but there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fairly flat but there would be
+some decay to it so let's say we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some decay to it so let's say we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some decay to it so let's say we define
+some initial intensity x-rays just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial intensity x-rays just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial intensity x-rays just get
+attenuated exponentially so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated exponentially so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuated exponentially so you're going
+to do a whole lot of damage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a whole lot of damage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a whole lot of damage to the
+person before the x-rays reach the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person before the x-rays reach the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person before the x-rays reach the tumor
+which is why when you do x-ray therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why when you do x-ray therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why when you do x-ray therapy
+you have to send in x-rays from a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to send in x-rays from a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to send in x-rays from a bunch
+of different locations so that the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different locations so that the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different locations so that the tumor
+gets out the most and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets out the most and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets out the most and the rest of the
+person and any location doesn't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and any location doesn't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and any location doesn't get that
+much dose for proton therapy it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dose for proton therapy it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dose for proton therapy it's quite
+different it looks just like this so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it looks just like this so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it looks just like this so you
+might do a little bit of damage as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do a little bit of damage as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do a little bit of damage as you
+go in and you tune the energy of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and you tune the energy of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and you tune the energy of those
+protons so that they do all the damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons so that they do all the damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons so that they do all the damage
+in the tumor and then they stop in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tumor and then they stop in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tumor and then they stop in the
+tumor or just beyond it so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor or just beyond it so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor or just beyond it so that they
+don't do any more damage to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do any more damage to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do any more damage to the rest of
+the person and they do very little going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and they do very little going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person and they do very little going
+in and so that's why proton therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so that's why proton therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and so that's why proton therapy
+centers are popping up all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers are popping up all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers are popping up all over the
+world because it's a more effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because it's a more effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because it's a more effective
+treatment it's also more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment it's also more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment it's also more expensive
+because you need a proton accelerator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need a proton accelerator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need a proton accelerator so
+then here's a question for you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's a question for you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here's a question for you this is
+something they actually do in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they actually do in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they actually do in the lab
+say here's your human there's your tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's your human there's your tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's your human there's your tumor
+there's your proton gun at a fixed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your proton gun at a fixed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your proton gun at a fixed to
+fifty MeV firing protons out how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty MeV firing protons out how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty MeV firing protons out how do you
+change the range of those protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the range of those protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the range of those protons
+without changing their energy is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing their energy is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing their energy is what
+the distance an ounce of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance an ounce of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance an ounce of trouble
+specifically I mean if it's really if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically I mean if it's really if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically I mean if it's really if
+they travel in a vacuum do they lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel in a vacuum do they lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel in a vacuum do they lose
+energy no so what can you do you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy no so what can you do you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy no so what can you do you could
+change you could deflect them and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you could deflect them and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you could deflect them and change
+their direction but as well get into on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their direction but as well get into on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their direction but as well get into on
+Tuesday if you deflect them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday if you deflect them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday if you deflect them they're
+going to emit lots of x-rays in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to emit lots of x-rays in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to emit lots of x-rays in the form
+of bremsstrahlung so that's probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bremsstrahlung so that's probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bremsstrahlung so that's probably not
+what we want to do you can put stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do you can put stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do you can put stuff and
+I can't be any more specific than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be any more specific than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't be any more specific than that
+in between the proton beam and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the proton beam and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the proton beam and the
+patient because if the stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient because if the stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient because if the stopping power
+four to fifty MeV protons and fifty MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to fifty MeV protons and fifty MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to fifty MeV protons and fifty MeV
+protons basically doesn't change then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons basically doesn't change then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons basically doesn't change then
+you just put things in the way so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put things in the way so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put things in the way so let's
+say this is the thickness of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just put some tissue equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put some tissue equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put some tissue equivalent
+stuff or what they'll call a phantom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or what they'll call a phantom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff or what they'll call a phantom
+so some tissue equivalent gel or water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some tissue equivalent gel or water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some tissue equivalent gel or water
+or some other stuff to lower the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other stuff to lower the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some other stuff to lower the proton
+energy without deflecting the beam that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy without deflecting the beam that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy without deflecting the beam that
+much so as you guys saw in the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so as you guys saw in the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so as you guys saw in the string
+simulation if you track the 3d positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation if you track the 3d positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation if you track the 3d positions
+of these protons as they enter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these protons as they enter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these protons as they enter into the
+material they all go pretty straight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they all go pretty straight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they all go pretty straight and
+then they start getting funny life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they start getting funny life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they start getting funny life
+computer can fly the ions faster than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can fly the ions faster than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can fly the ions faster than I
+can but no matter what it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but no matter what it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but no matter what it goes through
+here while the protons have high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here while the protons have high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here while the protons have high energy
+they don't get deflected much they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get deflected much they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get deflected much they don't
+lose that much energy and you could very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that much energy and you could very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that much energy and you could very
+finely tune the amount of stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finely tune the amount of stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finely tune the amount of stuff in the
+way this would be the stuff session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this would be the stuff session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this would be the stuff session
+before entering the person so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before entering the person so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before entering the person so this is
+why it's so useful so let me check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's so useful so let me check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's so useful so let me check the
+time because I haven't checked at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I haven't checked at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because I haven't checked at all
+the clocks broken oh it's like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clocks broken oh it's like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clocks broken oh it's like we have
+like ten minutes so now is a good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ten minutes so now is a good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ten minutes so now is a good time
+to stop for questions and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop for questions and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop for questions and see if you
+guys have any questions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions from the
+derivation or the sort of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation or the sort of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation or the sort of physical
+meaning of stopping power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes the NZ n is the number density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of atoms so if you're traveling through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms so if you're traveling through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms so if you're traveling through
+some actual block of matter it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual block of matter it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some actual block of matter it depends
+how many atoms are in the way so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many atoms are in the way so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many atoms are in the way so if the
+stopping power the total stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power the total stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power the total stopping power
+decreases with decreasing density like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with decreasing density like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with decreasing density like
+if you have if you're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have if you're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have if you're going through
+tungsten but it happens to be a tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten but it happens to be a tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten but it happens to be a tungsten
+gas that tungsten gas will not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that tungsten gas will not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that tungsten gas will not have
+nearly as much stopping power as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as much stopping power as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as much stopping power as
+tungsten metal because there's just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten metal because there's just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten metal because there's just more
+tungsten than the way or less I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten than the way or less I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tungsten than the way or less I'm sorry
+and the Z right here is the charge per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z right here is the charge per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z right here is the charge per
+atom to say if you're firing electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to say if you're firing electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to say if you're firing electrons
+into something the strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something the strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something the strength of the
+Coulomb force that they'll feel or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb force that they'll feel or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coulomb force that they'll feel or let's
+say the number of electrons that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the number of electrons that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the number of electrons that they
+can smack into is the same as the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can smack into is the same as the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can smack into is the same as the number
+of protons in that nucleus if we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons in that nucleus if we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protons in that nucleus if we're not
+using ionized materials and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ionized materials and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ionized materials and we're
+typically not firing anything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not firing anything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically not firing anything into
+ionized materials it's just Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized materials it's just Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized materials it's just Newton
+normal neutral matter does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal neutral matter does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal neutral matter does that make
+more sense cool yeah Luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it should have been there thank you pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have been there thank you pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have been there thank you pie
+and should absolutely be there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should absolutely be there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should absolutely be there so
+anything else yeah Danny okay the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah Danny okay the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else yeah Danny okay the charge
+per atom is Big Z the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per atom is Big Z the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per atom is Big Z the charge on the
+particle is little Z because both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is little Z because both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is little Z because both of
+them actually matter so little Z tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually matter so little Z tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually matter so little Z tells
+you the strength of the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the strength of the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the strength of the interaction
+between the particle and each electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the particle and each electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the particle and each electron
+Big Z tells you how many electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Z tells you how many electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Z tells you how many electrons are
+there per atom big n tells you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there per atom big n tells you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there per atom big n tells you how many
+atoms are in the way and in that way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are in the way and in that way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are in the way and in that way you
+have a complete description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complete description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complete description of the
+material curious that the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material curious that the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material curious that the mass of the
+charged particle is absent from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle is absent from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle is absent from this
+formula isn't it yeah the mass doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula isn't it yeah the mass doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula isn't it yeah the mass doesn't
+matter you will certainly change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you will certainly change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you will certainly change the
+momentum of let's say a charged particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of let's say a charged particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of let's say a charged particle
+less but in the end it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but in the end it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but in the end it's just
+non-contact Coulomb forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-contact Coulomb forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-contact Coulomb forces that
+determine the energy transfer between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the energy transfer between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the energy transfer between
+the electrons and there and the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and there and the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons and there and the charged
+particles slowing down in the medium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles slowing down in the medium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles slowing down in the medium so
+that is a curious thing to look at but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a curious thing to look at but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a curious thing to look at but
+it is intentional for the case of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is intentional for the case of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is intentional for the case of this
+ionization or electronic stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization or electronic stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization or electronic stopping power
+the mass does not enter into it least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass does not enter into it least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass does not enter into it least in
+this formula there's another version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula there's another version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula there's another version
+derived that's in your reading that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that's in your reading that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that's in your reading that just
+they kind of plop it in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of plop it in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of plop it in front of you
+that's got the mass somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got the mass somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got the mass somewhere in the
+natural long term somewhere where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural long term somewhere where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural long term somewhere where it
+really doesn't change much at all except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't change much at all except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't change much at all except
+for really high energies so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really high energies so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for really high energies so if you want
+to think about like well what do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about like well what do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about like well what do I want
+you to know I would want you to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know I would want you to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know I would want you to be able
+to go through this derivation again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this derivation again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this derivation again so
+that I can know you can go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can know you can go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can know you can go from a
+intuitive example to an actual equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive example to an actual equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive example to an actual equation
+you can use graph what that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use graph what that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use graph what that equation
+should look like and talk about where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like and talk about where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look like and talk about where it
+really matters and where it breaks down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters and where it breaks down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters and where it breaks down
+like mathematically speaking if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mathematically speaking if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mathematically speaking if this
+natural log term is negative you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log term is negative you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log term is negative you're not
+going to have a negative stopping power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a negative stopping power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a negative stopping power
+something else has got to occur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else has got to occur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else has got to occur and
+what's happening here is neutralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's why the stopping power curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the stopping power curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why the stopping power curve
+diverges for really low energies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges for really low energies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges for really low energies because
+sometimes electrons get captured and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes electrons get captured and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes electrons get captured and the
+other questions on stopping power cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on stopping power cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on stopping power cool
+this is a good place to stop for now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kakFvp_WsvI.txt b/kakFvp_WsvI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5275b6c0f74ec431b6ff686622b26e48b72c454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kakFvp_WsvI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what I'd like to do is uh maybe talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'd like to do is uh maybe talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'd like to do is uh maybe talk
+a little bit about uh the world into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about uh the world into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about uh the world into
+which uh the world that Darwin was part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the world that Darwin was part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the world that Darwin was part
+of some of the background and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the background and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the background and some of
+the uh things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh things that were
+happening that help us understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that help us understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening that help us understand and
+frame the work of of Darwin. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the work of of Darwin. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame the work of of Darwin. We've
+already looked at some very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at some very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at some very important
+books. Uh I mean we just finished with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. Uh I mean we just finished with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books. Uh I mean we just finished with
+Mouthys and Mouthys was definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouthys and Mouthys was definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouthys and Mouthys was definitely a
+figure that Darwin was familiar with. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that Darwin was familiar with. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that Darwin was familiar with. I
+wouldn't say Mouthys gave Darwin his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say Mouthys gave Darwin his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say Mouthys gave Darwin his
+arguments, but Mouthys was part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments, but Mouthys was part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments, but Mouthys was part of a
+general intellectual background that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general intellectual background that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general intellectual background that uh
+Darwin was familiar with and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin was familiar with and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin was familiar with and and uh
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um had read carefully but uh he had read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had read carefully but uh he had read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um had read carefully but uh he had read
+many other figures carefully too. He was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other figures carefully too. He was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other figures carefully too. He was
+a very very careful man. He read things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very careful man. He read things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very careful man. He read things
+uh he pondered them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he pondered them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he pondered them and
+he was probably one of the most widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was probably one of the most widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was probably one of the most widely
+read individuals of his time. Uh he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read individuals of his time. Uh he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read individuals of his time. Uh he was
+also a person who was hugely curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a person who was hugely curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a person who was hugely curious
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+u all things related to the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u all things related to the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u all things related to the natural
+world. He had a passion for the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. He had a passion for the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. He had a passion for the natural
+world. Uh he was very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Uh he was very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Uh he was very interested in
+domestic breeding. He knew about horses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic breeding. He knew about horses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic breeding. He knew about horses
+and all sorts of things that had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of things that had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of things that had to do
+with the breeding of uh special forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the breeding of uh special forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the breeding of uh special forms
+and the fact that humans were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that humans were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that humans were pretty
+good breeders. They knew how to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good breeders. They knew how to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good breeders. They knew how to take
+animals and shape them through selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and shape them through selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and shape them through selective
+breeding over a period of time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding over a period of time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding over a period of time. And
+Darwin was fascinated with this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin was fascinated with this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin was fascinated with this whole
+problem. And he had correspondence, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And he had correspondence, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And he had correspondence, a
+huge correspondence with people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge correspondence with people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge correspondence with people who were
+breeders. He had grown up himself in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeders. He had grown up himself in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeders. He had grown up himself in a
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+small city, but that was in the that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small city, but that was in the that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small city, but that was in the that was
+in a kind of very agricultural area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of very agricultural area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of very agricultural area of
+England in in the northwest uh part uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England in in the northwest uh part uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England in in the northwest uh part uh
+Shrewsbury. And so uh he was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrewsbury. And so uh he was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shrewsbury. And so uh he was quite
+familiar with uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with uh you know the
+countryside a little different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside a little different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside a little different than
+living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in
+London. Okay. So uh and as as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London. Okay. So uh and as as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London. Okay. So uh and as as we've
+already looked at we've already looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at we've already looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at we've already looked
+at Adam Smith I mean people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Adam Smith I mean people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Adam Smith I mean people were
+promulgating ideas of the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgating ideas of the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgating ideas of the way in which
+the economy worked the world so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy worked the world so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy worked the world so there
+was a lot of thinking of the style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of thinking of the style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of thinking of the style
+that that relates very closely to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that relates very closely to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that relates very closely to the
+thinking style of Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking style of Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking style of Charles
+Darwin and so u you know just in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin and so u you know just in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin and so u you know just in general
+there were there there was a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were there there was a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were there there was a massive
+curiosity about the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity about the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity about the physical
+world, how astronomy, I mean the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, how astronomy, I mean the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, how astronomy, I mean the new
+astronomy of the Hersels, uh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy of the Hersels, uh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomy of the Hersels, uh there was
+the geology and the work of geologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geology and the work of geologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geology and the work of geologists
+uh like Hutton and Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like Hutton and Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like Hutton and Charles
+Lyel and so and then there was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyel and so and then there was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyel and so and then there was uh
+tremendous interest in in uh botany and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous interest in in uh botany and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous interest in in uh botany and
+identifying the various organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the various organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the various organisms
+uh and and and uh not just identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and uh not just identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and uh not just identifying
+them but classifying them in orderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but classifying them in orderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but classifying them in orderly
+fashion. So all this was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion. So all this was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion. So all this was part of the
+world that Darwin was uh born into. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that Darwin was uh born into. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that Darwin was uh born into. And
+so if we're looking for the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're looking for the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're looking for the person who
+uh influenced and and and uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh influenced and and and uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh influenced and and and uh sort of
+inspired Darwin, we'd have to say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired Darwin, we'd have to say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired Darwin, we'd have to say there
+were lots of things. He was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lots of things. He was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lots of things. He was just a
+naturally curious individual. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally curious individual. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally curious individual. And so
+that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what
+we're what we're focusing on here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what we're focusing on here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what we're focusing on here at the
+start. So there's the great voyage, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start. So there's the great voyage, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start. So there's the great voyage, the
+voyage of the beagle which took place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voyage of the beagle which took place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voyage of the beagle which took place uh
+over uh an extended period and Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh an extended period and Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh an extended period and Darwin
+was part of that. So it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of that. So it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of that. So it's a great
+subject. There's a tremendous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. There's a tremendous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject. There's a tremendous amount
+going on in this book and it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this book and it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this book and it's a big
+book and it reads a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and it reads a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and it reads a little different
+from the way a textbook would read or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way a textbook would read or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the way a textbook would read or
+indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a
+paper. So, uh this is sort of Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. So, uh this is sort of Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. So, uh this is sort of Darwin's
+synthesis of his ideas and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of his ideas and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of his ideas and he
+synthesized this in a big book. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized this in a big book. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized this in a big book. He
+called it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it an
+abstract. Did you pick up on that? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract. Did you pick up on that? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract. Did you pick up on that? This
+is this is uh this whole work is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is uh this whole work is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is uh this whole work is is a
+kind of a summary of a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a summary of a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a summary of a much bigger
+concept he has. So here's somebody 1859
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept he has. So here's somebody 1859
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept he has. So here's somebody 1859
+when it was published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was published
+um who is uh has been working in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who is uh has been working in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who is uh has been working in this
+field for uh you know many many years. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field for uh you know many many years. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field for uh you know many many years. I
+mean, at least if we date it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, at least if we date it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, at least if we date it from the
+time he went out on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he went out on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he went out on his
+voyage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voyage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voyage.
+Um, we've got more than 25 years of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we've got more than 25 years of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we've got more than 25 years of work
+here. So, Darwin was somebody who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, Darwin was somebody who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, Darwin was somebody who was
+very deliberate and who thought deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deliberate and who thought deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deliberate and who thought deeply
+about his subjects and didn't rush out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his subjects and didn't rush out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his subjects and didn't rush out
+to publish. He was trying to clarify for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish. He was trying to clarify for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish. He was trying to clarify for
+himself what he thought. And he had many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself what he thought. And he had many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself what he thought. And he had many
+earlier versions of uh these arguments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier versions of uh these arguments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier versions of uh these arguments.
+This was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was
+This was his first large organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was his first large organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was his first large organized
+public statement about the phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public statement about the phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public statement about the phenomenon of
+uh evolution or origin of species. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evolution or origin of species. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evolution or origin of species. Yeah.
+Claire, if like Casey said there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claire, if like Casey said there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claire, if like Casey said there was
+somebody else working on a similar idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else working on a similar idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else working on a similar idea
+at the same time, do we know if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time, do we know if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time, do we know if all of
+his ideas were original or Oh, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ideas were original or Oh, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his ideas were original or Oh, yeah.
+Yeah. he uh there there were so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. he uh there there were so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. he uh there there were so let me
+say a little bit about what what uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about what what uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit about what what uh some
+of the things uh at Darwin's time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things uh at Darwin's time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things uh at Darwin's time okay
+so Darwin of course uh the famous voyage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Darwin of course uh the famous voyage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Darwin of course uh the famous voyage
+of the beagle which uh took place over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beagle which uh took place over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beagle which uh took place over a
+period of uh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of uh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of uh five
+uh plus years and um this was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus years and um this was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus years and um this was something
+that u Darwin recorded in some detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that u Darwin recorded in some detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that u Darwin recorded in some detail in
+his journal of researches which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his journal of researches which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his journal of researches which was the
+original title of the voyage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original title of the voyage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original title of the voyage of the
+beagle and uh He had taken this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beagle and uh He had taken this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beagle and uh He had taken this uh this
+tremendous voyage around the world as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous voyage around the world as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous voyage around the world as a
+young man and he was able to at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young man and he was able to at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young man and he was able to at this
+time uh learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh learn
+about the kind of global perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of global perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kind of global perspective of
+uh the geology and biology that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the geology and biology that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the geology and biology that he was
+interested in. So it uh it gave him uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. So it uh it gave him uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in. So it uh it gave him uh a
+tremendously rich experience to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously rich experience to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously rich experience to think
+with and indeed this this voyage was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and indeed this this voyage was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and indeed this this voyage was uh
+a profound part of uh Charles Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profound part of uh Charles Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profound part of uh Charles Darwin's
+thinking for uh the rest of his life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for uh the rest of his life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for uh the rest of his life and
+he made many observations. You can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made many observations. You can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made many observations. You can just
+see from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the uh
+uh from the quotes I've included here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the quotes I've included here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the quotes I've included here
+from chapter 17 what sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter 17 what sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from chapter 17 what sorts of things
+were on Darwin's mind. Uh the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on Darwin's mind. Uh the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on Darwin's mind. Uh the natural
+history of these islands is eminently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of these islands is eminently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of these islands is eminently
+curious. Most of the organic productions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious. Most of the organic productions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious. Most of the organic productions
+are Aboriginal creations found nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Aboriginal creations found nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Aboriginal creations found nowhere
+else. It's talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. It's talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. It's talking about the
+Galapagos. So these kind of islands,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galapagos. So these kind of islands,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galapagos. So these kind of islands,
+somebody was mentioning last class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was mentioning last class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was mentioning last class of
+the class before the fact that islands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class before the fact that islands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class before the fact that islands
+sometimes help you think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes help you think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes help you think about things
+because they put boundaries on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they put boundaries on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they put boundaries on things
+and in some ways the Galapagos is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some ways the Galapagos is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some ways the Galapagos is is a
+boundary and it's got its own set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and it's got its own set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and it's got its own set of uh
+organisms uh and it allows you to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh and it allows you to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh and it allows you to see a
+difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference.
+Darwin could also see patterns that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin could also see patterns that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin could also see patterns that he
+could associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could associate with
+uh other forms on the mainland but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other forms on the mainland but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other forms on the mainland but no
+longer the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the same
+species. So did this island just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. So did this island just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. So did this island just for
+some miraculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some miraculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some miraculous
+reason get organisms created just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason get organisms created just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason get organisms created just for
+itself or what's you know how did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or what's you know how did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or what's you know how did this
+all happen? uh how did this come to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all happen? uh how did this come to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all happen? uh how did this come to be
+that there were these aboriginal forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were these aboriginal forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were these aboriginal forms a
+aboriginal creations he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboriginal creations he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboriginal creations he calls
+them. So uh seeing every height crowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So uh seeing every height crowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So uh seeing every height crowned
+with its crater and the boundaries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its crater and the boundaries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its crater and the boundaries of
+most of the lava stream still distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lava stream still distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lava stream still distinct
+we are led to believe that within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are led to believe that within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are led to believe that within a
+period geologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recent and geologically recent could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent and geologically recent could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent and geologically recent could be
+a long time. I mean it's not just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time. I mean it's not just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time. I mean it's not just a few
+thousand years because he's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years because he's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years because he's already
+thinking in terms I'll show you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms I'll show you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in terms I'll show you some of
+Charles Lyle's work u but uh Darwin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Lyle's work u but uh Darwin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Lyle's work u but uh Darwin was
+a follower of Lyall's work a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follower of Lyall's work a close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follower of Lyall's work a close
+follower of Charles Lyle's work and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follower of Charles Lyle's work and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follower of Charles Lyle's work and he
+was familiar with the work of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was familiar with the work of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was familiar with the work of other
+geologists of the day and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists of the day and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists of the day and they had
+discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+uh a whole range of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a whole range of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a whole range of things
+including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+uh fact that the Earth was incalculably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fact that the Earth was incalculably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fact that the Earth was incalculably
+older than most people thought, more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older than most people thought, more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older than most people thought, more in
+the millions of years. And so, uh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the millions of years. And so, uh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the millions of years. And so, uh, you
+know, Darwin had this time framework now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Darwin had this time framework now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, Darwin had this time framework now
+in the background. He was aware of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background. He was aware of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background. He was aware of this
+concept of we might call deep time that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of we might call deep time that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of we might call deep time that,
+you know, the age of the earth was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the age of the earth was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the age of the earth was was
+vast and so there was lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast and so there was lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast and so there was lots and lots of
+time for things to change. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for things to change. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for things to change. So
+incrementalism doesn't mean a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementalism doesn't mean a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementalism doesn't mean a whole lot
+if you're talking about a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about a very short
+period of time. But if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time. But if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time. But if you're talking
+about vast periods of times, little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vast periods of times, little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vast periods of times, little tiny
+incremental changes over millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes over millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental changes over millions of
+years can amount to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years can amount to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years can amount to
+tremendous. Okay. So uh differences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous. Okay. So uh differences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous. Okay. So uh differences uh
+um most of the lava streams are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of the lava streams are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most of the lava streams are still
+distinct. We are led to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct. We are led to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct. We are led to believe that
+within a period geologically recent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a period geologically recent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a period geologically recent the
+unbroken ocean was here spread out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken ocean was here spread out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken ocean was here spread out.
+Hence, both in space and time, we seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hence, both in space and time, we seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hence, both in space and time, we seem
+to be brought somewhat near to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be brought somewhat near to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be brought somewhat near to that
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+fact, that mystery of mysteries, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, that mystery of mysteries, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, that mystery of mysteries, the
+first appearance of new beings on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first appearance of new beings on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first appearance of new beings on this
+earth. What's what do you make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. What's what do you make of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. What's what do you make of
+that? This is uh this is from his voyage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? This is uh this is from his voyage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? This is uh this is from his voyage
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+Beagle. Do you think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beagle. Do you think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beagle. Do you think he's
+uh what's he referring to here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's he referring to here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's he referring to here?
+What I take from chapter 17 is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I take from chapter 17 is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I take from chapter 17 is that if
+you've got a common ancestor living on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a common ancestor living on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a common ancestor living on
+some piece of land, then for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some piece of land, then for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some piece of land, then for some reason
+the environment changes, whether by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment changes, whether by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment changes, whether by
+separation of land or whatever, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of land or whatever, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of land or whatever, you've
+now got the same species or group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now got the same species or group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now got the same species or group of
+animals on two different two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals on two different two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals on two different two different
+in two different environments. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different environments. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different environments. And that
+based upon all the stuff he's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon all the stuff he's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon all the stuff he's already
+introduced us to when you se put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced us to when you se put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced us to when you se put the
+same animal in two very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same animal in two very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same animal in two very different
+environments over many many periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments over many many periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments over many many periods of
+times those two animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those two animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those two animals
+will totally separate and become two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will totally separate and become two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will totally separate and become two new
+things. So when it says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So when it says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So when it says that the
+appearance of new be the new first new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of new be the new first new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of new be the new first new
+whatever the new beings on this earth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the new beings on this earth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the new beings on this earth I
+I that's the image I get of what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's the image I get of what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's the image I get of what he's
+talking about is separation and then re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is separation and then re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is separation and then re
+like readapting to the new environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like readapting to the new environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like readapting to the new environment
+and then change for the good. He seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then change for the good. He seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then change for the good. He seems
+to be Yes, this is this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Yes, this is this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Yes, this is this is the the
+notion that seems to be uh referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that seems to be uh referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that seems to be uh referred to
+here. He's not quite clear back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. He's not quite clear back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. He's not quite clear back in the
+30s exactly how this happens, but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s exactly how this happens, but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s exactly how this happens, but he
+knows something is happening and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows something is happening and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows something is happening and that
+they they are coming from uh the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are coming from uh the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are coming from uh the these
+aboriginal forms, these new forms have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboriginal forms, these new forms have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aboriginal forms, these new forms have
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ancestral origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral origin.
+very likely in the forms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely in the forms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely in the forms of the
+mainland and somehow they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainland and somehow they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainland and somehow they have uh
+expressed and and developed themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed and and developed themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed and and developed themselves
+in uh a new way in these isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a new way in these isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a new way in these isolated
+environments where they are in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments where they are in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments where they are in some
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+sequestered. So this is a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered. So this is a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestered. So this is a really big
+idea and this this idea is uh uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and this this idea is uh uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and this this idea is uh uh one of
+the one of the often referred to in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the often referred to in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the often referred to in in
+the journal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal of
+researches.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researches.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researches.
+Um so in fact uh part of what Darwin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in fact uh part of what Darwin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in fact uh part of what Darwin was
+discovering here is that u there were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering here is that u there were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering here is that u there were uh
+I mean he didn't have this full I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he didn't have this full I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he didn't have this full I'm
+jumping ahead here because he he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping ahead here because he he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping ahead here because he he didn't
+have this all worked out at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this all worked out at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this all worked out at this time
+but he he had a sense that these finches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he had a sense that these finches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he had a sense that these finches
+Darwin's finches are famous because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's finches are famous because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's finches are famous because uh
+he found Anybody know about Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found Anybody know about Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found Anybody know about Darwin's
+finches? Anything you've come across it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches? Anything you've come across it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches? Anything you've come across it
+in your reading? Yeah. I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your reading? Yeah. I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your reading? Yeah. I think what
+happened was he found a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was he found a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was he found a whole bunch of
+finches on the different islands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches on the different islands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches on the different islands that
+had that were each like had very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that were each like had very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that were each like had very
+different adaptations from each other,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adaptations from each other,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adaptations from each other,
+but they were all still finches. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were all still finches. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were all still finches. I think
+one of them uh was very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them uh was very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them uh was very good at
+eating soft like nonshelled bugs and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating soft like nonshelled bugs and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating soft like nonshelled bugs and one
+of them could like only eat fruits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them could like only eat fruits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them could like only eat fruits and
+different could only eat like nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different could only eat like nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different could only eat like nuts
+something. They had all these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. They had all these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. They had all these very
+specific beak adaptations that allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific beak adaptations that allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific beak adaptations that allowed
+them to fill this one that fill this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to fill this one that fill this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to fill this one that fill this one
+purpose but didn't really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose but didn't really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose but didn't really work
+well for anything else. Yeah. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for anything else. Yeah. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for anything else. Yeah. So they
+they have specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have specialized
+and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were
+finches. So what kind what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches. So what kind what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches. So what kind what kind of
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here? What is the phrase adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? What is the phrase adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? What is the phrase adaptive
+radiation suggest? It's not a phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation suggest? It's not a phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation suggest? It's not a phrase
+Darwin used, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's an example of what we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of what we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of what we were just
+talking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking.
+You got one one finch, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You got one one finch, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You got one one finch, you know,
+floating around and you've got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around and you've got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around and you've got all these
+different islands each with slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different islands each with slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different islands each with slightly
+different terrains, landscapes, and food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terrains, landscapes, and food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terrains, landscapes, and food
+available for the finches that should,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the finches that should,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the finches that should,
+you know, they'll adapt to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they'll adapt to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they'll adapt to the
+environment of the island that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the island that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of the island that they're
+on. So they and they they specialize,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So they and they they specialize,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So they and they they specialize,
+right? So this is a, if you will,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is a, if you will,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this is a, if you will,
+division version of division of labor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division version of division of labor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division version of division of labor.
+In other words, uh I mean not quite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, uh I mean not quite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, uh I mean not quite but
+but uh you know they have specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know they have specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know they have specialized
+into their various in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their various in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their various in in the in the
+framework of this environment and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of this environment and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of this environment and what
+it has to offer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to offer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to offer.
+What sorts of forces drive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What sorts of forces drive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What sorts of forces drive this
+specialization?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization?
+Charles, we have um Darren talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles, we have um Darren talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles, we have um Darren talks about
+the variation like how things can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation like how things can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation like how things can vary
+and that like doesn't always come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that like doesn't always come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that like doesn't always come from
+like they'll be slightly different. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll be slightly different. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll be slightly different. And
+so you take um given that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take um given that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take um given that and the
+limitation of resources and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of resources and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of resources and like the
+powers of natural selection like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of natural selection like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of natural selection like things
+not not every finch that was born is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not every finch that was born is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not every finch that was born is
+going to live. Um and some have to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to live. Um and some have to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to live. Um and some have to die
+and the ones that will die are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ones that will die are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ones that will die are the ones
+that can't utilize the resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't utilize the resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't utilize the resources that
+they can find. So maybe some of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find. So maybe some of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can find. So maybe some of a
+specific beak they find something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific beak they find something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific beak they find something and
+they survive and they pass on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they survive and they pass on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they survive and they pass on your
+trait. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um it actually just hit for me. I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it actually just hit for me. I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it actually just hit for me. I'm a
+little slow but uh this is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow but uh this is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slow but uh this is very similar
+to how humans take up different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how humans take up different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how humans take up different
+um like jobs and specializations. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like jobs and specializations. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like jobs and specializations. Um,
+like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how
+Smith was talking about like it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith was talking about like it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smith was talking about like it's it's
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+efficiency and progress and the finch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and progress and the finch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and progress and the finch
+species is trying to propagate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is trying to propagate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is trying to propagate by
+reproduction and so forth. Um, in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and so forth. Um, in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction and so forth. Um, in many
+ways just like humans are specializing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways just like humans are specializing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways just like humans are specializing
+um to help ourselves as a race to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to help ourselves as a race to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to help ourselves as a race to
+Interesting. Yes, that's a good that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting. Yes, that's a good that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting. Yes, that's a good that's a
+that's a very helpful parallel. U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very helpful parallel. U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very helpful parallel. U the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+is there there's one key difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there there's one key difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there there's one key difference
+here. I mean I mean it's it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I mean I mean it's it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I mean I mean it's it's it's it's
+an excellent parallel to think with. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excellent parallel to think with. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excellent parallel to think with. Um
+what is the key difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the key difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the key difference between the
+way that humans do it and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that humans do it and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that humans do it and the way that
+it happens with finches?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry. Well, for the finches, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Well, for the finches, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Well, for the finches, I don't
+know if they have some kind of plot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they have some kind of plot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they have some kind of plot to
+take over the world, the finch species,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over the world, the finch species,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over the world, the finch species,
+but with humans, often times there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with humans, often times there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with humans, often times there's
+like some kind of drive or motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some kind of drive or motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some kind of drive or motivation
+like if oh, if we can populate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if oh, if we can populate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if oh, if we can populate this
+space, do something here, then like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, do something here, then like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, do something here, then like this
+will lead to so and so. And with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to so and so. And with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to so and so. And with the
+finches, I don't know necessarily that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches, I don't know necessarily that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches, I don't know necessarily that
+their goal was to propagate about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal was to propagate about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their goal was to propagate about the
+islands. Do they have a finch conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands. Do they have a finch conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islands. Do they have a finch conference
+where they exactly gather here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they exactly gather here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they exactly gather here and
+specialize? It was more that they maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize? It was more that they maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize? It was more that they maybe
+had too many finches in one place. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had too many finches in one place. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had too many finches in one place. So
+then one winter one group migrated to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one winter one group migrated to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one winter one group migrated to a
+different island per se and they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different island per se and they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different island per se and they came
+across different types of food and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different types of food and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different types of food and those
+that happen to have a beak that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to have a beak that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to have a beak that would
+allow them to eat that food more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to eat that food more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow them to eat that food more
+efficiently than the others. But they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently than the others. But they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently than the others. But they I
+mean they wouldn't have to migrate. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they wouldn't have to migrate. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they wouldn't have to migrate. They
+they could just stay where they are. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just stay where they are. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just stay where they are. But
+cross the Yeah. or they if they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the Yeah. or they if they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the Yeah. or they if they just
+crossed the stream and went to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed the stream and went to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed the stream and went to the next
+place and they found some type of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they found some type of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they found some type of new
+food, then they would just have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food, then they would just have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food, then they would just have that
+adaptation would take place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation would take place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation would take place.
+Correct. Also like it shows up like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. Also like it shows up like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correct. Also like it shows up like in
+humans much much quicker. So like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans much much quicker. So like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans much much quicker. So like we're
+saying all humans start out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying all humans start out the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying all humans start out the same
+generally for the first 12 years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for the first 12 years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally for the first 12 years or so
+and then that that those first 12 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that that those first 12 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that that those first 12 years
+represents you know a couple hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents you know a couple hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents you know a couple hundred
+generations in the bird before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations in the bird before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations in the bird before they
+start to specialize. So it's really sped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to specialize. So it's really sped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to specialize. So it's really sped
+up in the human course. Okay. Humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the human course. Okay. Humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the human course. Okay. Humans
+Humans diversify through intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humans diversify through intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humans diversify through intentional
+strategies. There's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies. There's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies. There's some kind of
+prethought to it. I mean, yeah, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prethought to it. I mean, yeah, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prethought to it. I mean, yeah, let's
+let's create a new product or let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's create a new product or let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's create a new product or let's
+let's do this new innovative thing or,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this new innovative thing or,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this new innovative thing or,
+you know, so human culture works through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so human culture works through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so human culture works through
+a conscious process. Purposeful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conscious process. Purposeful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conscious process. Purposeful is
+purposeful. There's there's a purpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful. There's there's a purpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeful. There's there's a purpose.
+Maybe the purpose doesn't work all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe the purpose doesn't work all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe the purpose doesn't work all the
+time, but you know, there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but you know, there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but you know, there's some kind of
+uh intentionality behind it. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intentionality behind it. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh intentionality behind it. These
+finches, this is a problem for Dar, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches, this is a problem for Dar, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finches, this is a problem for Dar, you
+know, why I mean, you know, how how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, why I mean, you know, how how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, why I mean, you know, how how is
+this kind of radiation? What what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of radiation? What what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of radiation? What what's
+driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+it? And he's not quite sure. I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? And he's not quite sure. I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? And he's not quite sure. I mean, you
+know, he's nobody quite knows exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, he's nobody quite knows exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, he's nobody quite knows exactly
+what Darwin thought at exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Darwin thought at exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Darwin thought at exactly what
+moment, but he wrote things out and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment, but he wrote things out and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment, but he wrote things out and so
+forth. And it's it's clear he's groping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. And it's it's clear he's groping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. And it's it's clear he's groping
+toward a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a mechanism
+here. And that mechanism is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And that mechanism is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And that mechanism is going to
+ultimately be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately be the
+core of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of his
+book titled The Origin of Species. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book titled The Origin of Species. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book titled The Origin of Species. And
+the mechanism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So how does natural selection relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does natural selection relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does natural selection relate
+relate to this? Not that he has a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to this? Not that he has a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to this? Not that he has a full
+developed theory at this point with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed theory at this point with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed theory at this point with
+these finches. Later he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finches. Later he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these finches. Later he
+does. So how does natural selection work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. So how does natural selection work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. So how does natural selection work
+in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast
+to you know change in human cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know change in human cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know change in human cultures
+that is driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is driven by
+intentional efforts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional efforts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional efforts.
+Yeah, Chris, it could have been that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, Chris, it could have been that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, Chris, it could have been that the
+birds specialized in that manner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds specialized in that manner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds specialized in that manner in
+order to gain an advantage over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to gain an advantage over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to gain an advantage over
+competing organisms in their space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing organisms in their space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing organisms in their space.
+Okay. How do they how do they get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How do they how do they get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How do they how do they get the
+advantage? By by specializing in does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage? By by specializing in does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage? By by specializing in does a
+specialization change them or does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization change them or does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization change them or does the
+specialization result from some change?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Very important to think directionally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important to think directionally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very important to think directionally.
+Yes. just like random mutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. just like random mutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. just like random mutations that
+occur among the species like one day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur among the species like one day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur among the species like one day one
+of the birds is born with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the birds is born with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the birds is born with a different
+shaped beak and that turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped beak and that turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped beak and that turns out to be
+useful and then helps it survive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and then helps it survive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and then helps it survive and
+since that one can survive better it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that one can survive better it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that one can survive better it
+produces more offspring which also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces more offspring which also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces more offspring which also have
+mutation. Yeah. So uh variation uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. Yeah. So uh variation uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. Yeah. So uh variation uh in
+nature chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature chapter
+two things change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things change
+uh you look even at things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look even at things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you look even at things like the
+gangly of an insect and you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangly of an insect and you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangly of an insect and you can find
+variations from individual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations from individual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations from individual to
+individual. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual. This is the
+material this is the material of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this is the material of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this is the material of
+adaptation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation.
+So yes, so uh uh uh part of this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yes, so uh uh uh part of this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yes, so uh uh uh part of this uh this
+work of Darwin and uh and and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Darwin and uh and and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Darwin and uh and and part of
+his interest in going on his voyage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his interest in going on his voyage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his interest in going on his voyage uh
+was to study geology. Darwin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to study geology. Darwin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to study geology. Darwin was
+fascinated with the geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with the geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with the geological
+innovations of his time and uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations of his time and uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations of his time and uh there
+were a number of people who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a number of people who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a number of people who uh
+contributed to the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the development of
+geology uh much much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology uh much much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geology uh much much more complicated
+than I can go into here. But uh the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can go into here. But uh the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can go into here. But uh the fact
+is is Darwin was quite aware of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Darwin was quite aware of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Darwin was quite aware of the the
+emergence of the science of geology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of the science of geology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of the science of geology in
+his time and how advanced and develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time and how advanced and develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his time and how advanced and develop
+rapidly developing it was. U one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly developing it was. U one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly developing it was. U one of his
+close friends turned out to be uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friends turned out to be uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close friends turned out to be uh one of
+his very very closest friends was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his very very closest friends was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his very very closest friends was
+Charles Lyall and Lyall had published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Lyall and Lyall had published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Lyall and Lyall had published
+his principles of geology in 1830 to32.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his principles of geology in 1830 to32.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his principles of geology in 1830 to32.
+Uh Darren was familiar with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Darren was familiar with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Darren was familiar with the first
+volume and indeed uh got hold of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and indeed uh got hold of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and indeed uh got hold of the
+second volume on his voyage. Um and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second volume on his voyage. Um and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second volume on his voyage. Um and he
+was uh fascinated with this effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh fascinated with this effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh fascinated with this effort to
+try to understand the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand the earth
+through understanding the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through understanding the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through understanding the structure of
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+geological makeup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological makeup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological makeup.
+And at the heart of this was a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at the heart of this was a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at the heart of this was a kind of a
+discipline of uh strategraphy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline of uh strategraphy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline of uh strategraphy of
+understanding time related phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding time related phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding time related phenomena
+through careful understanding of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through careful understanding of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through careful understanding of the way
+in which uh various layers of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh various layers of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh various layers of the earth
+had been formed in time. And so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been formed in time. And so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been formed in time. And so uh this
+was very much a subject of uh Lyall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much a subject of uh Lyall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much a subject of uh Lyall and
+many many earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many earlier
+uh thinkers as well including Huntton.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinkers as well including Huntton.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinkers as well including Huntton.
+Um and so Charles Iel himself used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so Charles Iel himself used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so Charles Iel himself used
+strategraphy to uh develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategraphy to uh develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategraphy to uh develop a
+system for figuring out the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for figuring out the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for figuring out the time of
+certain layers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain layers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain layers of the
+earth through calculating the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth through calculating the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth through calculating the percentage
+of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of small
+mollisks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mollisks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mollisks
+remaining that existed in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining that existed in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining that existed in the current
+time. So as he went further and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So as he went further and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So as he went further and further
+down through certain strata, he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through certain strata, he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down through certain strata, he found
+fewer and fewer modern forms of mollocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer and fewer modern forms of mollocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer and fewer modern forms of mollocks
+and more and more ancient forms. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and more ancient forms. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and more ancient forms. And you
+can see some of the forms that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see some of the forms that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see some of the forms that was
+working with down there. You can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with down there. You can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with down there. You can see how
+this interest in understanding vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest in understanding vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interest in understanding vast
+portions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of the
+earth was, you know, you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth was, you know, you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth was, you know, you can see the
+scale of it. We were now talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of it. We were now talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of it. We were now talking
+about a whole new framework of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a whole new framework of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a whole new framework of thinking
+about the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the physical
+environment. I mean this was I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. I mean this was I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. I mean this was I mean we
+think of Hume as somebody who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Hume as somebody who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Hume as somebody who was
+anticipating certain types but nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating certain types but nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating certain types but nothing
+like this. This is massive new field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. This is massive new field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. This is massive new field of
+geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological
+science and uh it was developing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and uh it was developing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and uh it was developing around
+a whole series of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole series of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole series of ways of
+measuring and figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring and figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring and figuring out
+um u the the the age of various layers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um u the the the age of various layers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um u the the the age of various layers.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+um as I sent in this slide that I sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I sent in this slide that I sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I sent in this slide that I sent
+out to you, I don't know if you had time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to you, I don't know if you had time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to you, I don't know if you had time
+to read it. I hope you do. So it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it. I hope you do. So it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read it. I hope you do. So it gives
+you a little bit of uh background. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of uh background. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little bit of uh background. Um
+and out of this emerged a doctrine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of this emerged a doctrine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of this emerged a doctrine that
+is sometimes referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes referred to as
+uniformitarianism. Has anybody ever come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformitarianism. Has anybody ever come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformitarianism. Has anybody ever come
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+that concept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doctrine? It's part of this naturalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine? It's part of this naturalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine? It's part of this naturalism
+that I've been talking about. This this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about. This this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been talking about. This this
+naturalistic thinking. It's it it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalistic thinking. It's it it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalistic thinking. It's it it fits
+into a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a kind of a
+philosophical framework of naturalism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical framework of naturalism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical framework of naturalism.
+What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is
+uniformitarianism? It's defined we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformitarianism? It's defined we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformitarianism? It's defined we could
+we could call it the uh formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it the uh formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call it the uh formation of
+geological phenomena by forces still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological phenomena by forces still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological phenomena by forces still in
+action. What does that mean? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are what's what's what's new or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's what's what's new or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what's what's what's new or
+different about this approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about this approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about this approach to
+thinking? This was a whole new notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking? This was a whole new notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking? This was a whole new notion
+that the features of the earth, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the features of the earth, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the features of the earth, even
+even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the
+mountains and the deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains and the deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains and the deep
+oceans had all been formed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans had all been formed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans had all been formed through
+forces that were in operation right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that were in operation right now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that were in operation right now.
+There's nothing new.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing new.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing new.
+And these forces right now are still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these forces right now are still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these forces right now are still in
+operation and these changes are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and these changes are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and these changes are still
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+place. Why hasn't anybody figured this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Why hasn't anybody figured this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Why hasn't anybody figured this
+out or come up with a theory about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or come up with a theory about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or come up with a theory about this
+before?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Chris, they they've accepted that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris, they they've accepted that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris, they they've accepted that such
+designs and variations in nature have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and variations in nature have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs and variations in nature have
+occurred from some intelligent designer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred from some intelligent designer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred from some intelligent designer.
+Okay, that's one. Yes, there's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's one. Yes, there's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's one. Yes, there's uh
+there's always the you know, oh somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the you know, oh somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the you know, oh somebody
+things are the way they were made by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the way they were made by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the way they were made by you
+know the creator. I mean that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the creator. I mean that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the creator. I mean that's always
+you know one way of of of putting it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one way of of of putting it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one way of of of putting it.
+Uh but the problem partially of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but the problem partially of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but the problem partially of
+identifying these forces is humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying these forces is humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying these forces is humans
+live very short time span in geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live very short time span in geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live very short time span in geological
+terms do they not? I mean, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms do they not? I mean, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms do they not? I mean, it's not
+something you just sort of sit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just sort of sit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just sort of sit and
+watch, you know, the cliffs of Dover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch, you know, the cliffs of Dover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch, you know, the cliffs of Dover
+slowly rise hundreds of feet in the air.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly rise hundreds of feet in the air.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly rise hundreds of feet in the air.
+I mean, you'd have to live thousands, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you'd have to live thousands, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you'd have to live thousands, if
+not millions of years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you could show that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you could show that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you could show that they are
+rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising
+incrementally a quarter of an inch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally a quarter of an inch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally a quarter of an inch a
+year or sinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or sinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or sinking
+incrementally a quarter of an inch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year in in uniformitarian theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in in uniformitarian theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in in uniformitarian theory that
+would be profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be profoundly
+important because just think if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because just think if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because just think if you have
+a million years to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million years to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million years to work
+that you know a million times a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a million times a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a million times a quarter
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+inch starts adding up to real real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch starts adding up to real real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch starts adding up to real real
+change. So this was the sort of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. So this was the sort of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. So this was the sort of thinking
+that uh was being introduced by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh was being introduced by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh was being introduced by these
+geologists that all these features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists that all these features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists that all these features of
+the land and indeed that the land masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land and indeed that the land masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land and indeed that the land masses
+themselves most of them had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves most of them had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves most of them had been
+underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the
+ocean. How did the chalk cliffs of Dover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean. How did the chalk cliffs of Dover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean. How did the chalk cliffs of Dover
+and many of these different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of these different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of these different uh
+formations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations
+which h how did those form? Where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which h how did those form? Where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which h how did those form? Where did
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form? What's what's the origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form? What's what's the origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form? What's what's the origin of the
+chalk? How did it form?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Think it was birds who ate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think it was birds who ate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think it was birds who ate it
+and dropped their droppings over period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dropped their droppings over period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dropped their droppings over period
+of time or you know where does the chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time or you know where does the chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time or you know where does the chalk
+come from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anybody know what chalk is made up of?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxide shells of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide shells of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide shells of
+tell us of uh sea organisms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us of uh sea organisms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us of uh sea organisms.
+So where do the chalks where where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where do the chalks where where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where do the chalks where where do
+the cliffs of do which are famous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cliffs of do which are famous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cliffs of do which are famous for
+their chalk formations? Where do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chalk formations? Where do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their chalk formations? Where do they
+come from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from?
+They come from the ocean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They come from the ocean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They come from the ocean.
+How did they get into the I mean from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did they get into the I mean from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did they get into the I mean from
+what ocean? Where? Yes. When they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ocean? Where? Yes. When they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ocean? Where? Yes. When they were
+underground in per year for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground in per year for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground in per year for many many
+years. All right. Yes. So it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. All right. Yes. So it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. All right. Yes. So it became
+clear that many many formations at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that many many formations at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that many many formations at and
+some of them at the very highest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them at the very highest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them at the very highest level
+at very very high up in the had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very very high up in the had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very very high up in the had been
+formed under under the ocean. These were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed under under the ocean. These were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed under under the ocean. These were
+land masses that at one time existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land masses that at one time existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land masses that at one time existed
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+oceans and some of them are thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans and some of them are thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans and some of them are thousands of
+feet high now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet high now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet high now.
+So the new geology was beginning to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the new geology was beginning to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the new geology was beginning to come
+up with ideas and theories about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ideas and theories about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with ideas and theories about how
+these things could have risen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things could have risen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things could have risen.
+And the concept of the changing land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the concept of the changing land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the concept of the changing land
+masses became part of that whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses became part of that whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses became part of that whole set of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+deliberations and it became widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberations and it became widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberations and it became widely
+understood that uh England uh many parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that uh England uh many parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that uh England uh many parts
+of England had been under the ocean more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of England had been under the ocean more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of England had been under the ocean more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+once. So uh these were these were things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. So uh these were these were things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. So uh these were these were things
+that uh were astounding to people. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh were astounding to people. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh were astounding to people. The
+idea that you know where you exist, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you know where you exist, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you know where you exist, what
+you walk on, you think of a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk on, you think of a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk on, you think of a solid
+ground, it had indeed been under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground, it had indeed been under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground, it had indeed been under the
+ocean at some period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. Okay. So this this came up uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So this this came up uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So this this came up uh this
+gave rise to a uh a kind of style of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave rise to a uh a kind of style of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave rise to a uh a kind of style of
+thinking about earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about earth
+phenomena that was called uh Lyel called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that was called uh Lyel called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena that was called uh Lyel called
+it uniformitarianism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uniformitarianism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uniformitarianism.
+It's a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a form of
+incrementalism and it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementalism and it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementalism and it's also a
+methodological approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodological approach to
+understanding the phenomena that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the phenomena that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the phenomena that you're
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+geologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologically
+and you have this vast period of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this vast period of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this vast period of time to
+work with now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in his principles of geology um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in his principles of geology um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in his principles of geology um
+uh Charles Iel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Charles Iel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Charles Iel
+started in the front piece. He had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the front piece. He had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in the front piece. He had the
+uh this uh temple of Saraphas and u so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh temple of Saraphas and u so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh temple of Saraphas and u so
+this was a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a uh
+uh this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a
+temple this was uh uh in Italy. This was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple this was uh uh in Italy. This was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple this was uh uh in Italy. This was
+a temple in Italy that had all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temple in Italy that had all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temple in Italy that had all these
+little right in the right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little right in the right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little right in the right in the
+midsection. You can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midsection. You can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midsection. You can see these
+deformationations. This area of and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformationations. This area of and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformationations. This area of and uh
+these were the results of places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the results of places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the results of places where
+little mollisks had attached themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mollisks had attached themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mollisks had attached themselves
+and kind of through ages and ages etched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of through ages and ages etched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of through ages and ages etched
+out little kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out little kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out little kind of uh
+chunks of the stone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of the stone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of the stone.
+And here they were at this temple that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here they were at this temple that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here they were at this temple that's
+raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised
+above the ocean level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ocean level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ocean level
+here. So this suggested to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this suggested to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So this suggested to
+Lyel that even in human history, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyel that even in human history, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyel that even in human history, you
+know, these things have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these things have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these things have actually
+happened in human history. This thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in human history. This thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in human history. This thing
+has been under the water at some time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been under the water at some time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been under the water at some time in
+its in its long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its in its long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its in its long
+history. And now here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. And now here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history. And now here it is
+uh uh above the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh above the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh above the water and
+This was kind of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was kind of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was kind of his
+illustration right in the front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration right in the front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration right in the front of
+that's that's the first photograph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the first photograph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the first photograph the
+first uh the first uh graphic in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh the first uh graphic in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh the first uh graphic in this
+work. It's not a photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. It's not a photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. It's not a photograph
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh it introduced this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it introduced this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it introduced this notion of
+incrementalism of uniformitarianism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can never uh pass up this this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never uh pass up this this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never uh pass up this this you can
+get this as a chart from uh the uh USGS,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this as a chart from uh the uh USGS,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this as a chart from uh the uh USGS,
+United States government service u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States government service u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States government service u
+geological service. Uh this is a poster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological service. Uh this is a poster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological service. Uh this is a poster
+but it sort of shows this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of shows this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of shows this whole
+succession of time but this this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of time but this this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of time but this this notion
+of time as being something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as being something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as being something that is
+vast and goes way way beyond what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast and goes way way beyond what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast and goes way way beyond what does
+that happen to the individual human? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to the individual human? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen to the individual human? How
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+these characters like Darwin and Lyall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters like Darwin and Lyall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters like Darwin and Lyall
+sitting in the 19th century trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the 19th century trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in the 19th century trying to
+place themselves in this world? How does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place themselves in this world? How does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place themselves in this world? How does
+this change the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+humans? Where do you think humans exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans? Where do you think humans exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans? Where do you think humans exist
+on this this cartwheel, this spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this this cartwheel, this spiral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this this cartwheel, this spiral
+here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?
+This makes each of us as individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This makes each of us as individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This makes each of us as individuals
+seem really trivial. Like but I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem really trivial. Like but I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem really trivial. Like but I guess
+for me the amazing thing is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me the amazing thing is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me the amazing thing is the fact
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Darwin one individual contributed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin one individual contributed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin one individual contributed so
+much to like coming up with this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to like coming up with this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to like coming up with this idea
+and explaining like how time had passed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explaining like how time had passed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explaining like how time had passed.
+So then that kind of counters the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then that kind of counters the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then that kind of counters the idea
+that none of us really matter in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of us really matter in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of us really matter in this
+like grand scale because maybe the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grand scale because maybe the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grand scale because maybe the fact
+that he could come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he could come up with an
+explanation for such a long period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for such a long period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for such a long period of
+time says that we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time says that we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time says that we can make
+this we like you know why some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we like you know why some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we like you know why some people
+like I mean you know it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean you know it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean you know it's it's it's
+fascinating to understand these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating to understand these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating to understand these things
+but yeah I mean the section in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I mean the section in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah I mean the section in which
+humans exist is just a little tiny uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans exist is just a little tiny uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans exist is just a little tiny uh
+fingernail slice case at the end here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernail slice case at the end here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernail slice case at the end here in
+time. So, you know, for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So, you know, for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So, you know, for some people
+that's it's a lot to kind of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a lot to kind of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a lot to kind of try to
+comprehend. Just easier to say, "Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend. Just easier to say, "Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend. Just easier to say, "Hey,
+make this go away and I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this go away and I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this go away and I don't I don't
+really believe it. So, let's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe it. So, let's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe it. So, let's just not
+believe it." It's like it's it's belief.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it." It's like it's it's belief.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it." It's like it's it's belief.
+We're going to put it up to I either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to put it up to I either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to put it up to I either
+believe it or I don't believe it. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or I don't believe it. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or I don't believe it. Well,
+you know, this vast enterprise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this vast enterprise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this vast enterprise of
+science has delivered us to this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science has delivered us to this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science has delivered us to this stage
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+the existence that we're part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence that we're part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence that we're part
+of. I'm sure most people in this room at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. I'm sure most people in this room at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. I'm sure most people in this room at
+least would say, "Hey, I'll take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least would say, "Hey, I'll take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least would say, "Hey, I'll take this
+understanding over the bliss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding over the bliss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding over the bliss of
+thinking, well, I'm the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, well, I'm the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, well, I'm the most important
+thing in the universe." And I I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the universe." And I I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the universe." And I I mean it
+it was thrilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was thrilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was thrilling
+for the people who were studying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who were studying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the people who were studying and
+learning about this and for the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about this and for the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about this and for the people
+who could follow them and ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could follow them and ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could follow them and ultimately
+larger and larger numbers of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger numbers of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger numbers of people in
+the 19th century began to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century began to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century began to understand
+that you know yeah there's there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know yeah there's there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know yeah there's there's this
+tremendous period of time that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous period of time that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous period of time that we are
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+of but it really precedes us by knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but it really precedes us by knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but it really precedes us by knowing
+millions and millions of years. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of years. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of years. And that
+in itself was fascinating. And as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself was fascinating. And as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself was fascinating. And as people
+quarry these things, uh many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarry these things, uh many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarry these things, uh many of these
+these sediments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sediments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sediments
+uh reveal all kinds of weird structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reveal all kinds of weird structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reveal all kinds of weird structures
+that nobody knows how to explain. One of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody knows how to explain. One of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody knows how to explain. One of
+the famous ones was uh Dr. Hoffman's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous ones was uh Dr. Hoffman's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous ones was uh Dr. Hoffman's uh
+uh Mosasaurus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mosasaurus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mosasaurus.
+This was kind of a primitive crocodilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was kind of a primitive crocodilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was kind of a primitive crocodilian
+form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that
+uh they discovered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this was a form that was discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was a form that was discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was a form that was discovered
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1770 and then it was found in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1770 and then it was found in many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1770 and then it was found in many other
+many other locations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here's one of the early Here's an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's one of the early Here's an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's one of the early Here's an early
+version. This is actually in a Kansas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version. This is actually in a Kansas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version. This is actually in a Kansas.
+Uh, but you can see what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but you can see what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but you can see what they were
+finding in some of these quaries. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding in some of these quaries. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding in some of these quaries. They
+were actually finding stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually finding stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually finding stuff
+that nobody it it didn't rep it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody it it didn't rep it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody it it didn't rep it didn't
+represent resemble anything that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent resemble anything that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent resemble anything that anybody
+was familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was familiar
+with. And so, uh, you know, people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. And so, uh, you know, people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. And so, uh, you know, people were
+scratching their heads. They were trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching their heads. They were trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching their heads. They were trying
+to understand, well, maybe these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand, well, maybe these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand, well, maybe these were
+just quote monsters that I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quote monsters that I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quote monsters that I don't know
+came and existed from some other era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and existed from some other era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and existed from some other era
+that nobody understands anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody understands anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody understands anything
+about. But if you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But if you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. But if you are a
+systematist and you're like uh like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematist and you're like uh like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematist and you're like uh like uh
+the comparative anatomist Kovier who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparative anatomist Kovier who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparative anatomist Kovier who
+we've talked about in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about in a couple
+occasions, you say, "Hey, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions, you say, "Hey, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasions, you say, "Hey, this is
+interesting. Where does this fit into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Where does this fit into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Where does this fit into my
+chart?" you know, it looks different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart?" you know, it looks different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart?" you know, it looks different
+from anything I've seen that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything I've seen that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anything I've seen that I've
+dissected live, but you know, yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissected live, but you know, yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissected live, but you know, yeah, I
+see those teeth. I can recognize, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those teeth. I can recognize, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those teeth. I can recognize, you
+know, so there were many people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, so there were many people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, so there were many people who
+began to think, well, how can we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to think, well, how can we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to think, well, how can we bring
+this into the system that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into the system that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into the system that we
+understand? I mean, this is going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand? I mean, this is going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand? I mean, this is going back
+to this this principle of, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this principle of, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this principle of, you know, we
+explain the unknown through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the unknown through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the unknown through the
+principles of the known. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of the known. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of the known. And so
+this effort was taking place too. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effort was taking place too. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effort was taking place too. And so
+Moses was just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sorry. Okay. So uh and there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Okay. So uh and there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Okay. So uh and there were many
+people like Kovier was a the comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Kovier was a the comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Kovier was a the comparative
+anatomist. Uh William Buckland, Gideon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomist. Uh William Buckland, Gideon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomist. Uh William Buckland, Gideon
+Mantel. These were all people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mantel. These were all people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mantel. These were all people who
+specialized in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized in thinking about
+prehistoric era and the fossils that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistoric era and the fossils that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistoric era and the fossils that
+emerged and how to how to put these into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged and how to how to put these into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged and how to how to put these into
+some kind of orderly connection with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of orderly connection with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of orderly connection with the
+things we know now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we know now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we know now.
+And they had various I mean none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had various I mean none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they had various I mean none of
+these people was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people was
+a evolutionist in the sense of Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a evolutionist in the sense of Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a evolutionist in the sense of Charles
+Darwin. But they all had a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin. But they all had a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin. But they all had a sense that
+you know these organisms were part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these organisms were part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these organisms were part of a
+past that we only imperfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that we only imperfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that we only imperfectly
+understand. And you know this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. And you know this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. And you know this this
+phenomenon was quite extensive. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon was quite extensive. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon was quite extensive. There
+were many many people studying fossils.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many many people studying fossils.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many many people studying fossils.
+fossils became quite popular among just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossils became quite popular among just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossils became quite popular among just
+you know people who were fascinated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who were fascinated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people who were fascinated with
+going out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out into
+nature. There was a whole sense of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. There was a whole sense of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. There was a whole sense of uh uh
+that you know things had changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know things had changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know things had changed
+dramatically on the on the land that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically on the on the land that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically on the on the land that
+people existed on. Here here's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people existed on. Here here's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people existed on. Here here's a uh
+here's a um painting by Henry de La who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a um painting by Henry de La who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a um painting by Henry de La who
+was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a
+geologist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologist and
+um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's
+called a more uh more ancient Dorset. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a more uh more ancient Dorset. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a more uh more ancient Dorset. So
+Dorset is an area of England and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorset is an area of England and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorset is an area of England and you
+know many of these fossils were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many of these fossils were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many of these fossils were
+discovered. Mary Anning was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered. Mary Anning was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered. Mary Anning was a very
+famous fossil finder. she went out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous fossil finder. she went out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous fossil finder. she went out and
+she she knew more about fossils and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she knew more about fossils and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she knew more about fossils and in
+the field and how to find them and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and how to find them and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and how to find them and how
+to present them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present them and
+uh most of these uh uh university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of these uh uh university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of these uh uh university
+people. So they actually went to her for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So they actually went to her for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So they actually went to her for
+supplies and things of that sort. She
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and things of that sort. She
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and things of that sort. She
+was uh she was a formidable fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh she was a formidable fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh she was a formidable fossil
+finder and you know they'd find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder and you know they'd find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finder and you know they'd find all
+these ancient forms. So the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ancient forms. So the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ancient forms. So the fact that
+you know the place you lived in existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the place you lived in existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the place you lived in existed
+in other shapes and forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other shapes and forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other shapes and forms
+uh there were a lot of evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a lot of evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a lot of evolutionary
+theories before Darwin. Um most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories before Darwin. Um most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories before Darwin. Um most of them
+were teological that is purpose- driven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were teological that is purpose- driven.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were teological that is purpose- driven.
+There was some purpose being sought.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was some purpose being sought.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was some purpose being sought.
+Darwin's is non teological.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Kuvier the comparative anatomist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kuvier the comparative anatomist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Kuvier the comparative anatomist uh
+he he was not receptive to evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he was not receptive to evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he was not receptive to evolutionary
+uh the the concept that the forms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the concept that the forms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the concept that the forms that
+he studied so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he studied so
+brilliantly had arrived through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly had arrived through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly had arrived through
+evolution but uh he did as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution but uh he did as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution but uh he did as much as
+anybody to prepare materials that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to prepare materials that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody to prepare materials that people
+who wanted to think about evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to think about evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to think about evolution
+could use. He showed all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use. He showed all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use. He showed all these different
+forms. Darwin Buffon uh uh who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms. Darwin Buffon uh uh who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms. Darwin Buffon uh uh who was
+another Frenchman who he had a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Frenchman who he had a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Frenchman who he had a sort of
+uh he wrote a large collection of works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he wrote a large collection of works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he wrote a large collection of works
+on the organic world which he showed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the organic world which he showed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the organic world which he showed all
+the different forms. Irasmouth Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different forms. Irasmouth Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different forms. Irasmouth Darwin
+who was the grandfather of Charles had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was the grandfather of Charles had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was the grandfather of Charles had a
+whole progressive theory of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole progressive theory of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole progressive theory of biological
+change. Uh Lamar was probably the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Uh Lamar was probably the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Uh Lamar was probably the key
+person before Darwin. Uh although he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person before Darwin. Uh although he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person before Darwin. Uh although he was
+not well wellreceived in his own time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well wellreceived in his own time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well wellreceived in his own time.
+Uh he believed in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh he believed in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh he believed in you know
+purpose-driven adaptation things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose-driven adaptation things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose-driven adaptation things in
+order to become more successful would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to become more successful would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to become more successful would
+adapt. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt. The
+giraffe was an example he used. Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffe was an example he used. Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraffe was an example he used. Many
+others. All this gets us to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. All this gets us to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. All this gets us to the the
+grand work itself uh which we will of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand work itself uh which we will of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand work itself uh which we will of
+course explore in more detail next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course explore in more detail next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course explore in more detail next time
+but um as uh uh as we have already heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um as uh uh as we have already heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um as uh uh as we have already heard
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+u there's a pattern here uh Darwin had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u there's a pattern here uh Darwin had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u there's a pattern here uh Darwin had
+noticed that u there's tremendous kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that u there's tremendous kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that u there's tremendous kind
+of variation that takes place under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation that takes place under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation that takes place under
+domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic
+domestication and these forms you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestication and these forms you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestication and these forms you know
+he looked at these uh pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked at these uh pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked at these uh pigeons
+And these primitive sunflowers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these primitive sunflowers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these primitive sunflowers on the
+left and then the modern sunflower to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then the modern sunflower to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then the modern sunflower to
+the right after it had been ollie showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right after it had been ollie showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right after it had been ollie showed
+an incredible change in native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible change in native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible change in native
+stocks. So he says in in this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks. So he says in in this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks. So he says in in this first
+chapter breeders so before I uh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter breeders so before I uh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter breeders so before I uh what are
+the two things that drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that drive the
+change in domestic organisms? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in domestic organisms? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in domestic organisms? What are
+humans trying to achieve? Why do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans trying to achieve? Why do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans trying to achieve? Why do they
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+them? Why do they selectively breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? Why do they selectively breed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? Why do they selectively breed
+them? For what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purposes? It's usually either for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes? It's usually either for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes? It's usually either for
+utility or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility or for
+aesthetic. And utility is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic. And utility is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic. And utility is an example of
+the sunflower. It, you know, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sunflower. It, you know, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sunflower. It, you know, as you
+selectively breed, you get a larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively breed, you get a larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively breed, you get a larger and
+larger flower. You get more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger flower. You get more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger flower. You get more and more
+seeds. you get more and more oil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds. you get more and more oil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds. you get more and more oil and
+nutrients and so on and so forth. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients and so on and so forth. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients and so on and so forth. That's
+generally the way that agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the way that agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the way that agricultural
+selection has gone for thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection has gone for thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection has gone for thousands and
+thousands of years. When did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years. When did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years. When did this
+start? When does Darwin think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start? When does Darwin think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start? When does Darwin think this
+started?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In historical time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's been going on for thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been going on for thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been going on for thousands of
+years. He doesn't know when. Nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. He doesn't know when. Nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. He doesn't know when. Nobody
+knows when. I mean, you know, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows when. I mean, you know, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows when. I mean, you know, these
+forms have been I mean, today we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms have been I mean, today we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms have been I mean, today we can
+kind of nail down periods because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nail down periods because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nail down periods because we
+know more anthropologically and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more anthropologically and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more anthropologically and we can
+go study and we can carbon date and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go study and we can carbon date and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go study and we can carbon date and we
+can do all these different things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these different things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these different things for
+certain types of implements and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of implements and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of implements and so on.
+But uh Darwin didn't know. He just knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh Darwin didn't know. He just knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh Darwin didn't know. He just knew
+that uh domestication had been taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh domestication had been taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh domestication had been taking
+place for thousands of years. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for thousands of years. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for thousands of years. It was
+prehistoric and nobody wrote a book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistoric and nobody wrote a book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prehistoric and nobody wrote a book and
+said, "Well, here's how you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, here's how you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, here's how you can do this
+and you should go out and improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should go out and improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should go out and improve your
+your herd of sheep and so on." Uh, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your herd of sheep and so on." Uh, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your herd of sheep and so on." Uh, it's
+just been done by a process that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been done by a process that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been done by a process that he
+calls unconscious selection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls unconscious selection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls unconscious selection.
+people just do it because they know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just do it because they know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just do it because they know they
+get, you know, if they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get, you know, if they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get, you know, if they've got
+a just it's it's it's very logical. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just it's it's it's very logical. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just it's it's it's very logical. If
+if you have a a uh you know, a goat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a a uh you know, a goat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a a uh you know, a goat that
+gives a lot of milk and is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a lot of milk and is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a lot of milk and is very very
+unusual and strong, hey, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual and strong, hey, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual and strong, hey, you want
+another one. So, you know, and you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one. So, you know, and you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one. So, you know, and you got a
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+uh strong animal that you can breed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strong animal that you can breed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strong animal that you can breed with
+it, it's kind of a no-brainer. You just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it's kind of a no-brainer. You just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it's kind of a no-brainer. You just
+you just try to control the breeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try to control the breeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try to control the breeding
+process and uh you know you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh you know you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh you know you get
+offspring and maybe you know of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring and maybe you know of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring and maybe you know of the
+three offspring you get one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three offspring you get one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three offspring you get one of them is
+really really great and the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really great and the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really great and the other two
+which ones do you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones do you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones do you end up
+eating? You eat the ones that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating? You eat the ones that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating? You eat the ones that are not
+producing as well as the others. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing as well as the others. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing as well as the others. You
+keep you keep your finest stock for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you keep your finest stock for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you keep your finest stock for
+breeding. That's just the way it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding. That's just the way it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding. That's just the way it's been
+done. And the same thing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. And the same thing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. And the same thing something
+similar to that goes for plants. You get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that goes for plants. You get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that goes for plants. You get
+a big strong plant that gives a lot. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big strong plant that gives a lot. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big strong plant that gives a lot. You
+save some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save some of those
+seeds. Which seed do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds. Which seed do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds. Which seed do you
+eat? Eat the seed of the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat? Eat the seed of the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat? Eat the seed of the you know the
+average. You try to take the seeds from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. You try to take the seeds from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average. You try to take the seeds from.
+So it's just a natural process. So he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's just a natural process. So he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's just a natural process. So he
+says breeders habitually speak of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says breeders habitually speak of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says breeders habitually speak of an
+animal's organization as something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal's organization as something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal's organization as something quite
+plastic which they can model almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic which they can model almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic which they can model almost as
+they please. Uitt who is a breeder who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they please. Uitt who is a breeder who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they please. Uitt who is a breeder who
+is probably better acquainted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably better acquainted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably better acquainted with the
+works of agriculturalists than almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of agriculturalists than almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of agriculturalists than almost
+any other individual speaks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other individual speaks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other individual speaks of the
+principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of
+selection. This is artificial selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. This is artificial selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. This is artificial selection
+as quote that which enables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quote that which enables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quote that which enables the
+agriculturalist not only to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculturalist not only to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculturalist not only to modify the
+character of his stock but to change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of his stock but to change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of his stock but to change it
+altogether. It is the magician's wand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether. It is the magician's wand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether. It is the magician's wand by
+means of which he may summon into life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of which he may summon into life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of which he may summon into life
+whatever form and mold he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever form and mold he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever form and mold he
+pleases. Well, that's a little over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleases. Well, that's a little over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleases. Well, that's a little over the
+top but uh you know it's It's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but uh you know it's It's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top but uh you know it's It's definitely
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+principle and you know this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and you know this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and you know this has
+been so you know nobody's going to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so you know nobody's going to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so you know nobody's going to argue
+with this. I mean who would even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this. I mean who would even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this. I mean who would even if you
+don't know any science if if if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know any science if if if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know any science if if if you know
+anything about farms and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about farms and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about farms and this is just
+the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it
+works. Domestic breeds um the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Domestic breeds um the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Domestic breeds um the the whole
+unconscious uh selection is visual. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious uh selection is visual. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious uh selection is visual. It's
+it's purposeive in a sense that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's purposeive in a sense that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's purposeive in a sense that there's
+a there's something behind it, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's something behind it, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's something behind it, but it's
+not self-consciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not self-consciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not self-consciously
+purposeive. And so Darwin refers to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeive. And so Darwin refers to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposeive. And so Darwin refers to a
+lots of early versions that uh uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of early versions that uh uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of early versions that uh uh it's
+it's a visual process. You select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a visual process. You select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a visual process. You select
+through the information you get visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the information you get visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the information you get visually
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+uh inspecting your herd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inspecting your herd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inspecting your herd.
+Um, okay. What happens to these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. What happens to these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. What happens to these uh
+highly selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly selected
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+breeds when they go back to nature?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He has this he has this term in here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He has this he has this term in here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He has this he has this term in here he
+uses reversion. What is reversion?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses reversion. What is reversion?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses reversion. What is reversion?
+Well, I mean not necessarily. there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean not necessarily. there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean not necessarily. there's
+the possibility that they would revert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility that they would revert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility that they would revert
+back to their original state just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their original state just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their original state just
+because again maybe like their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again maybe like their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again maybe like their new
+traits wouldn't do well in nature and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits wouldn't do well in nature and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits wouldn't do well in nature and so
+then the ones that had some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ones that had some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the ones that had some kind of
+trace of what they'd had before would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of what they'd had before would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of what they'd had before would
+persist and then those would breed. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist and then those would breed. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist and then those would breed. Then
+there's a chance that like the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chance that like the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chance that like the human
+changes that had been imposed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that had been imposed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that had been imposed on the
+species might have be beneficial. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species might have be beneficial. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species might have be beneficial. So
+then they wouldn't revert and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wouldn't revert and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they wouldn't revert and they would
+propagate and the other ones would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and the other ones would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate and the other ones would be
+wiped out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out.
+Uh that's an interesting question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's an interesting question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh that's an interesting question you
+raise. uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. uh in
+Darwin's framework in his day he had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's framework in his day he had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's framework in his day he had no
+examples of that they all reverted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that they all reverted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that they all reverted but
+in our day we know that you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our day we know that you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our day we know that you know people
+are worried about you know changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worried about you know changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worried about you know changes that
+we make that are hardwired into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that are hardwired into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that are hardwired into the
+genome and you know maybe they won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and you know maybe they won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and you know maybe they won't go
+away maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know the theory has been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the theory has been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the theory has been sort of
+well if this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if this highly
+uh altered stuff gets out into the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh altered stuff gets out into the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh altered stuff gets out into the wild
+it'll just die because it can't compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just die because it can't compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just die because it can't compete
+with the original forms which are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the original forms which are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the original forms which are uh
+adapted at a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted at a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted at a very high
+level and in Darwin's day that was true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and in Darwin's day that was true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and in Darwin's day that was true.
+the bone once bred by humans who adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone once bred by humans who adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone once bred by humans who adapted
+to the barnyard. Yeah, exactly. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the barnyard. Yeah, exactly. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the barnyard. Yeah, exactly. And you
+know, the minute they get out uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the minute they get out uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the minute they get out uh the
+inner breeding process and so forth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner breeding process and so forth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner breeding process and so forth,
+they go back to the uh the form that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back to the uh the form that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go back to the uh the form that's
+closer to the ancestral form, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the ancestral form, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the ancestral form, the the
+naturally selected form. So reversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally selected form. So reversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally selected form. So reversion is
+a very important principle and it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important principle and it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important principle and it shows
+that these forms revert and reemerge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these forms revert and reemerge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these forms revert and reemerge,
+get reabsorbed. So the plast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reabsorbed. So the plast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reabsorbed. So the plast the
+principle of plasticity the plasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of plasticity the plasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of plasticity the plasticity
+isn't in the lifetime of the form it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't in the lifetime of the form it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't in the lifetime of the form it's
+across a series of forms and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a series of forms and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a series of forms and that's why
+some people get have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people get have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people get have a hard time
+understanding somebody wants to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding somebody wants to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding somebody wants to say well
+when you show me how a monkey turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you show me how a monkey turns into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you show me how a monkey turns into
+a human I'll believe in evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human I'll believe in evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human I'll believe in evolution and
+that's just totally weird uh way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just totally weird uh way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just totally weird uh way of
+putting it but you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it but you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it but you know you can
+understand how people they don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how people they don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how people they don't see
+transmission within the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission within the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission within the individual
+organism they don't really believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism they don't really believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism they don't really believe the
+change. But you know, if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. But you know, if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. But you know, if you look
+through the pattern of change over time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pattern of change over time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pattern of change over time,
+it gets added up into very impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets added up into very impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets added up into very impressive
+things and you get things like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you get things like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and you get things like these
+pigeons which are absolutely beautiful,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons which are absolutely beautiful,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons which are absolutely beautiful,
+but they have no function in nature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have no function in nature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have no function in nature.
+They're totally bred for aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're totally bred for aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're totally bred for aesthetic
+purposes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes.
+U this is called the Victoria crowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is called the Victoria crowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is called the Victoria crowned
+pigeon. And pigeon breeders were uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon. And pigeon breeders were uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon. And pigeon breeders were uh you
+know very pigeon breeding was a popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very pigeon breeding was a popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very pigeon breeding was a popular
+thing in Darwin State. It's it still is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in Darwin State. It's it still is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in Darwin State. It's it still is.
+A lot of people still breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pigeons. Okay. Then variation under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons. Okay. Then variation under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons. Okay. Then variation under
+nature. So he moves in. I just had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. So he moves in. I just had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. So he moves in. I just had you
+read a snippet of this chapter, but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a snippet of this chapter, but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a snippet of this chapter, but uh
+it builds on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it builds on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it builds on the last
+chapter. So what's he saying here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. So what's he saying here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter. So what's he saying here?
+variation in their nature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Like each like if you take each fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like each like if you take each fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like each like if you take each fly
+between them, the nervous system is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them, the nervous system is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them, the nervous system is way
+different. Even though the the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Even though the the base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Even though the the base of
+it is the same, each individual one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same, each individual one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same, each individual one's
+way different. Something as as uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way different. Something as as uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way different. Something as as uniform
+as an insect form actually shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an insect form actually shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an insect form actually shows
+variation at the level of uh of the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation at the level of uh of the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation at the level of uh of the fine
+anatomy anatomical. And that variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy anatomical. And that variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy anatomical. And that variation
+is the substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the substance
+That is the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is the material
+available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for
+selection. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. Why
+is variation under nature so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is variation under nature so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is variation under nature so much more
+powerful? Variation and selection under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful? Variation and selection under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful? Variation and selection under
+nature so much more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so much more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so much more powerful
+than artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than artificial
+domesticated selection. artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated selection. artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated selection. artificial
+selection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We can't really control what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can't really control what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can't really control what happens
+within the genome. We can only take what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the genome. We can only take what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the genome. We can only take what
+we have to work with and modify those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to work with and modify those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to work with and modify those
+traits. rise in nature something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits. rise in nature something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits. rise in nature something
+completely random could come up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random could come up you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random could come up you know
+like I don't know could sprout a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know could sprout a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know could sprout a third
+eye be able to have like okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye be able to have like okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye be able to have like okay that's
+vision whereas we can't select for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision whereas we can't select for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision whereas we can't select for that
+and say like oh well this one has an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say like oh well this one has an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say like oh well this one has an eye
+in the front this one has an eye in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front this one has an eye in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front this one has an eye in the
+back so we can add them together like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so we can add them together like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so we can add them together like it
+just doesn't work that way what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't work that way what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't work that way what is
+selection based on the selection process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection based on the selection process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection based on the selection process
+what is the material available for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the material available for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the material available for uh
+giving cues to selection under domestic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving cues to selection under domestic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving cues to selection under domestic
+forms and And how does that differ for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and And how does that differ for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and And how does that differ for
+what is available for change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is available for change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is available for change in
+selection in natural selection?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I was just going to say like artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to say like artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just going to say like artificial
+selection is just based on like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is just based on like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is just based on like the
+surface and exterior traits but natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and exterior traits but natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and exterior traits but natural
+selection is based on like everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is based on like everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is based on like everything.
+It could be, you know, the PhD level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be, you know, the PhD level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be, you know, the PhD level of
+your blood or something or, you know, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood or something or, you know, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood or something or, you know, it
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+be it's everything natural selection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's everything natural selection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's everything natural selection.
+Everything in the organism is up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything in the organism is up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything in the organism is up for
+variation and everything is up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and everything is up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and everything is up for
+selection and that could be things quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and that could be things quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and that could be things quite
+invisible and quite removed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible and quite removed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible and quite removed from
+anybody's awareness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's awareness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's awareness.
+So natural selection is just it's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So natural selection is just it's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So natural selection is just it's a much
+more powerful process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more powerful process.
+Yeah, one thing I might add to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, one thing I might add to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, one thing I might add to that is
+that natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that natural
+selection allows you to have potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection allows you to have potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection allows you to have potentially
+positive changes that are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive changes that are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive changes that are completely
+cannot be predicted or expected for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be predicted or expected for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be predicted or expected for
+because whenever you are trying to, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever you are trying to, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever you are trying to, you
+know, cure or move forward, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, cure or move forward, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, cure or move forward, you know,
+generations of dogs or cattle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of dogs or cattle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations of dogs or cattle or
+whatever, you can only breed for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, you can only breed for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, you can only breed for what
+you've already seen, deemed to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen, deemed to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen, deemed to be useful
+or worthy. But should mutations turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worthy. But should mutations turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worthy. But should mutations turn out
+that you can't expect you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't expect you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't expect you know that's
+one that's a real benefit there is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a real benefit there is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a real benefit there is you
+know suddenly amazing things can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suddenly amazing things can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suddenly amazing things can happen
+that you you know you shouldn't be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know you shouldn't be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you know you shouldn't be so
+arrogant as to think you know exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant as to think you know exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant as to think you know exactly.
+No absolutely and and the trimming force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No absolutely and and the trimming force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No absolutely and and the trimming force
+of of survival will find it because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of survival will find it because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of survival will find it because the
+thing that can last for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can last for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that can last for
+uh n plus as opposed to just n amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n plus as opposed to just n amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n plus as opposed to just n amount of
+time lives to breed and transmit. Also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time lives to breed and transmit. Also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time lives to breed and transmit. Also,
+the pool is just so much bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pool is just so much bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pool is just so much bigger and
+natural. So, you're going to get so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural. So, you're going to get so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural. So, you're going to get so many
+more variations that some really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variations that some really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variations that some really good
+ones are going to come up rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are going to come up rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are going to come up rather than
+domestic. It's a lot smaller pool. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic. It's a lot smaller pool. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic. It's a lot smaller pool. Yeah.
+Yeah. Absolutely. Okay. We have to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Absolutely. Okay. We have to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Absolutely. Okay. We have to we
+have to finish here. So, next time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to finish here. So, next time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to finish here. So, next time I'm
+going to uh start with uh chapter three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh start with uh chapter three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh start with uh chapter three,
+struggle for existence. But, uh we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle for existence. But, uh we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle for existence. But, uh we've
+we've captured some of the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've captured some of the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've captured some of the introductory
+elements here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lLcDbHI5KGU.txt b/lLcDbHI5KGU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76791f0ec4081e166c62f06f4209f67eb2446b98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lLcDbHI5KGU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good well why don't we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good well why don't we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good well why don't we go
+ahead and get started we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get started we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get started we're going to be
+discussing uh photoal take efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh photoal take efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh photoal take efficiency
+make measurement and theoretical limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make measurement and theoretical limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make measurement and theoretical limits
+and there'll be plenty of natural breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be plenty of natural breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be plenty of natural breaks
+over the course of today's presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of today's presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of today's presentation
+for us to have our debate um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to have our debate um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to have our debate um this is
+kind of fun uh fun lecture because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun uh fun lecture because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fun uh fun lecture because we
+start out by talking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by talking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by talking about how to
+measure solar cell device efficiency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure solar cell device efficiency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure solar cell device efficiency uh
+later we will discuss the theoretical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will discuss the theoretical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will discuss the theoretical uh
+efficiency limits of solar cells um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limits of solar cells um why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limits of solar cells um why
+do we focus an entire lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we focus an entire lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we focus an entire lecture on
+efficiency well first as we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency well first as we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency well first as we discussed
+previously efficiency is a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously efficiency is a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously efficiency is a very strong
+determining factor for cost uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining factor for cost uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining factor for cost uh the
+rationale again is that if you have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale again is that if you have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale again is that if you have low
+efficiency you're going to need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you're going to need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency you're going to need more
+commodity materials to make a given Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity materials to make a given Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity materials to make a given Watt
+peak uh that means you'll need a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak uh that means you'll need a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak uh that means you'll need a larger
+area of solar cell to uh solar module to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of solar cell to uh solar module to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of solar cell to uh solar module to
+make a certain amount of power which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a certain amount of power which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a certain amount of power which
+means you'll need more glass en capsulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll need more glass en capsulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you'll need more glass en capsulin
+and so forth so efficiency is a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so efficiency is a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth so efficiency is a strong
+lever determining cost uh of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever determining cost uh of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever determining cost uh of all
+Downstream components except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream components except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream components except for the
+area independent factors like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area independent factors like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area independent factors like the
+inverter uh secondly efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter uh secondly efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter uh secondly efficiency is
+tricky to measure accurately that is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to measure accurately that is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to measure accurately that is why
+there are only a few Laboratories around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only a few Laboratories around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only a few Laboratories around
+the world uh handful that are certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world uh handful that are certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world uh handful that are certified
+to measure solar cell efficiencies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure solar cell efficiencies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure solar cell efficiencies um
+these are the efficiencies that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the efficiencies that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the efficiencies that could be
+reported and say the uh efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported and say the uh efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported and say the uh efficiency
+compendiums that uh an example of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compendiums that uh an example of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compendiums that uh an example of which
+you've just picked up here as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just picked up here as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just picked up here as one of the
+readings um the reality is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings um the reality is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings um the reality is that we can
+measure efficiency or or get a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure efficiency or or get a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure efficiency or or get a pretty
+close value for an efficiency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close value for an efficiency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close value for an efficiency of a
+device uh within our own Laboratories uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh within our own Laboratories uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh within our own Laboratories uh
+but there are a number of possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a number of possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a number of possible uh
+errors that can creep up and nip Us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that can creep up and nip Us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that can creep up and nip Us in
+the heel if we're not careful and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heel if we're not careful and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heel if we're not careful and that's
+why uh we spend some time in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh we spend some time in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh we spend some time in today's
+lecture discussing those potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture discussing those potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture discussing those potential
+pitfalls and thirdly there are new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls and thirdly there are new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfalls and thirdly there are new
+technologies that are being promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are being promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are being promised
+right and left to overcome some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and left to overcome some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and left to overcome some of the
+fundamental limits of traditional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limits of traditional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental limits of traditional uh
+solar cell devices like this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell devices like this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell devices like this one right
+here uh and we have to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and we have to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and we have to understand what
+those limits are so that we can design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits are so that we can design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits are so that we can design
+better ways uh to overcome them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ways uh to overcome them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ways uh to overcome them so
+learning objectives uh bit of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objectives uh bit of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objectives uh bit of a small
+font here but the idea is uh very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font here but the idea is uh very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font here but the idea is uh very first
+point is to identify the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to identify the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to identify the sources of
+record solar cell efficiencies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record solar cell efficiencies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record solar cell efficiencies to
+understand where one goes to look them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where one goes to look them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where one goes to look them
+up uh how do you find uh the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh how do you find uh the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh how do you find uh the record
+efficiency of say a silicon device or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of say a silicon device or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of say a silicon device or a
+Sig device eventually we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sig device eventually we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sig device eventually we'll talk about
+uh measurement of solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measurement of solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measurement of solar cell
+efficiencies and finally uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and finally uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and finally uh the um
+theoretical or fundamental limits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical or fundamental limits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical or fundamental limits to
+solar cell efficiencies so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiencies so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiencies so the key
+concepts for uh learning objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts for uh learning objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts for uh learning objective
+number one to identify a source for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one to identify a source for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one to identify a source for
+record efficiencies my go-to place is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiencies my go-to place is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiencies my go-to place is uh
+progress in photov voltaics it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in photov voltaics it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress in photov voltaics it's a
+journal in the in the PB field and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal in the in the PB field and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal in the in the PB field and every
+six months uh pip Al progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months uh pip Al progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months uh pip Al progress and
+photable takes pip comes out with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photable takes pip comes out with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photable takes pip comes out with a
+solar cell efficiency tables uh led by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiency tables uh led by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiency tables uh led by
+one of their editors Martin green uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their editors Martin green uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their editors Martin green uh
+professor at University of New South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at University of New South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at University of New South
+Wales in Australia the latest edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wales in Australia the latest edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wales in Australia the latest edition
+that I could find was version 38 um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could find was version 38 um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could find was version 38 um I
+believe this was from July or June the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this was from July or June the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this was from July or June the
+summer um and every six months or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer um and every six months or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer um and every six months or so
+they come out with a new version and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out with a new version and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out with a new version and
+what you'll find inside of that paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll find inside of that paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll find inside of that paper uh
+this is one of the uh four handouts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the uh four handouts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the uh four handouts that
+you have today one of the three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have today one of the three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have today one of the three uh
+articles that you have what you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles that you have what you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles that you have what you'll find
+inside of a tip typical uh Martin green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a tip typical uh Martin green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a tip typical uh Martin green
+solar cell efficiency table is a listing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiency table is a listing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell efficiency table is a listing
+of um in table one a listing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um in table one a listing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um in table one a listing of
+individual cells and table two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cells and table two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cells and table two of
+modules and within the cells any new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and within the cells any new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and within the cells any new
+record efficiency will be shown in bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiency will be shown in bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiency will be shown in bold
+uh so this uh over the the six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this uh over the the six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this uh over the the six months
+preceding the release of of the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding the release of of the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding the release of of the latest
+version uh there were indeed four uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh there were indeed four uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh there were indeed four uh
+record efficiencies that had uh been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiencies that had uh been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiencies that had uh been
+made and that's a pretty impressive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that's a pretty impressive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that's a pretty impressive uh
+Advance um note one thing which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance um note one thing which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance um note one thing which will
+come back to later note the plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to later note the plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to later note the plus minus
+appearing here after the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here after the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing here after the efficiency
+number is anybody surprised at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is anybody surprised at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is anybody surprised at that
+number Ashley did you expect it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Ashley did you expect it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Ashley did you expect it to be
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+big no not that big not that big right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big no not that big not that big right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big no not that big not that big right
+yeah but say the record efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but say the record efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but say the record efficiency
+Crystal and silicon device 25% plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon device 25% plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon device 25% plus or
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+0.5 it's pretty pretty large Delta um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 it's pretty pretty large Delta um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 it's pretty pretty large Delta um
+we'll explain some of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain some of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain some of the reasons why
+that uh that error bar is so large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that error bar is so large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that error bar is so large
+another thing to keep in mind uh look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to keep in mind uh look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to keep in mind uh look at
+G Maronite at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Maronite at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Maronite at
+28.1% uh just uh achieved by Ala devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28.1% uh just uh achieved by Ala devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28.1% uh just uh achieved by Ala devices
+uh in March um keep that number 28.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in March um keep that number 28.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in March um keep that number 28.1
+plus or minus 8% in your mind at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 8% in your mind at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 8% in your mind at least
+the first one 28.1 we'll march on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one 28.1 we'll march on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one 28.1 we'll march on to the
+module efficiency tables right here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module efficiency tables right here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module efficiency tables right here um
+so now the G Maronite uh uh module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the G Maronite uh uh module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the G Maronite uh uh module
+efficiency record um for uh for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency record um for uh for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency record um for uh for for for
+the the efficiency tables right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the efficiency tables right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the efficiency tables right here is
+21% or 21.1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21% or 21.1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21% or 21.1%
+uh Crystal and silicon has dropped from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Crystal and silicon has dropped from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Crystal and silicon has dropped from
+25 to 23 and so forth and and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 to 23 and so forth and and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 to 23 and so forth and and this is uh
+fairly typical that record module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly typical that record module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly typical that record module
+efficiencies are in the order of 2 to 7%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies are in the order of 2 to 7%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies are in the order of 2 to 7%
+lower uh than record efficiency cells um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh than record efficiency cells um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower uh than record efficiency cells um
+can anybody guess why that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+mix y you have a mix of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix y you have a mix of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix y you have a mix of different
+performers um and when you connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers um and when you connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers um and when you connect them
+in series and in parallel uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series and in parallel uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series and in parallel uh you're
+going to be limited by the uh lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited by the uh lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be limited by the uh lowest
+voltage or uh current uh resp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage or uh current uh resp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage or uh current uh resp
+effectively um did I get that right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um did I get that right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um did I get that right yes
+okay so uh certainly there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh certainly there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh certainly there are there are
+mismatches between the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatches between the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatches between the individual
+devices inside of a module uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices inside of a module uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices inside of a module uh that's
+where the majority of that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the majority of that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the majority of that comes from
+for uh say crystal and silicon or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh say crystal and silicon or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh say crystal and silicon or uh
+discrete monolithic Wafers but how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete monolithic Wafers but how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete monolithic Wafers but how about
+for some of these thin film devices um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these thin film devices um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of these thin film devices um
+they're deposited using uh these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're deposited using uh these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're deposited using uh these large
+uh chemical vapor deposition reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical vapor deposition reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chemical vapor deposition reactors
+for example or PVD reactors and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or PVD reactors and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or PVD reactors and you
+deposit a uniform thin film over a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit a uniform thin film over a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit a uniform thin film over a large
+area use lasers to cut little trenches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area use lasers to cut little trenches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area use lasers to cut little trenches
+in the films and discretize the devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the films and discretize the devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the films and discretize the devices
+uh that way so there how come there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way so there how come there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way so there how come there are
+differences between record cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between record cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between record cell and
+record module for a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film inhomogeneties exactly so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film inhomogeneties exactly so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film inhomogeneties exactly so if you
+have inhomogeneities in thickness or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inhomogeneities in thickness or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inhomogeneities in thickness or in
+composition or even in surface quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition or even in surface quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition or even in surface quality
+uh from region to region in that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from region to region in that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from region to region in that large
+area uh you're likely to uh reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh you're likely to uh reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh you're likely to uh reduce your
+performance one analogy since I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance one analogy since I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance one analogy since I know
+many of you are mechanical engineers one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you are mechanical engineers one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you are mechanical engineers one
+analogy to this is when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to this is when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to this is when you're doing
+tensil tests with Ceramics or brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensil tests with Ceramics or brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensil tests with Ceramics or brittle
+specimens at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens at room
+temperature and you pull on uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you pull on uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you pull on uh your
+specimen and you obtain a certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen and you obtain a certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen and you obtain a certain uh
+fracture stress uh you then take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture stress uh you then take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture stress uh you then take that
+smaller piece pull again now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller piece pull again now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller piece pull again now the
+fracture stress is higher pull on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture stress is higher pull on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture stress is higher pull on that
+smaller piece that broke off yet again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller piece that broke off yet again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller piece that broke off yet again
+and now the fracture stress is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the fracture stress is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the fracture stress is even
+higher in other words uh in that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in other words uh in that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher in other words uh in that large
+specimen there was one point that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen there was one point that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimen there was one point that was
+extremely weak another point that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely weak another point that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely weak another point that was
+sort of weak and another point that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of weak and another point that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of weak and another point that was
+mildly weak right and as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly weak right and as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly weak right and as you as you
+increase the size of your specimen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of your specimen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the size of your specimen the
+likelihood of having one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of having one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of having one of these uh
+failure points increases that's an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure points increases that's an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure points increases that's an an
+analogy let's say to a large area module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy let's say to a large area module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy let's say to a large area module
+as well that we could have pin holes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that we could have pin holes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well that we could have pin holes or
+other uh manufacturing defects inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh manufacturing defects inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh manufacturing defects inside of
+a large area module that could reduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large area module that could reduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large area module that could reduce a
+performance locally and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance locally and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance locally and because
+everything is interconnected uh it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is interconnected uh it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is interconnected uh it tends
+to drop the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop the performance
+overall so we have uh the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall so we have uh the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall so we have uh the record
+laboratory efficiencies this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory efficiencies this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory efficiencies this is another
+uh reference source um I am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reference source um I am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reference source um I am not
+personally aware where Larry kazmerski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally aware where Larry kazmerski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally aware where Larry kazmerski
+publishes this on a regular basis I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes this on a regular basis I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes this on a regular basis I know
+he maintains this table uh and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he maintains this table uh and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he maintains this table uh and if you
+email him very nicely uh he'll email you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email him very nicely uh he'll email you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email him very nicely uh he'll email you
+back with the most updated version uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with the most updated version uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with the most updated version uh
+but I'm not aware of uh any publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not aware of uh any publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not aware of uh any publication
+Outlet uh where this is regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet uh where this is regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet uh where this is regularly
+appearing um but nevertheless it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing um but nevertheless it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing um but nevertheless it it
+captures the record efficiencies versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the record efficiencies versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the record efficiencies versus
+time uh the same way that you too could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the same way that you too could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh the same way that you too could
+do if you went to the Martin green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you went to the Martin green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you went to the Martin green
+records and I believe we're at what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and I believe we're at what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records and I believe we're at what was
+it number 39 now uh 38 we're at version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it number 39 now uh 38 we're at version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it number 39 now uh 38 we're at version
+38 and if you went back in time to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 and if you went back in time to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 and if you went back in time to all
+of the different tables and tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different tables and tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different tables and tabulated
+the results versus time you would get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results versus time you would get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results versus time you would get a
+plot that looked very similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that looked very similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that looked very similar to this
+for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+technology okay so uh next up we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay so uh next up we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay so uh next up we're
+going to identify the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to identify the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to identify the sources of
+standard solar Spectra so we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard solar Spectra so we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard solar Spectra so we know the
+record efficiencies we're taking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiencies we're taking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiencies we're taking their
+word for it right now that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it right now that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it right now that they did
+everything right now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right now we're going to
+learn what that everything is uh and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what that everything is uh and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what that everything is uh and how
+to do it right or at least some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right or at least some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it right or at least some of the
+pieces of doing it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of doing it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of doing it right
+um we're going to identify first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to identify first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to identify first of all
+the the sources of standard solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sources of standard solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sources of standard solar
+Spectrum so in in one scenario you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so in in one scenario you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so in in one scenario you could
+say well let me just go outside and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well let me just go outside and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well let me just go outside and and
+measure the solar Spectrum if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the solar Spectrum if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the solar Spectrum if you go
+outside today it's kind of Cloudy um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside today it's kind of Cloudy um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside today it's kind of Cloudy um the
+Spectrum would look very different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum would look very different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum would look very different than
+tomorrow and so it' be very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and so it' be very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and so it' be very difficult
+for you to compare the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to compare the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to compare the performance of
+your device against somebody who might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device against somebody who might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device against somebody who might
+be in Germany or somebody who might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Germany or somebody who might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in Germany or somebody who might be
+in Finland or somebody who might be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Finland or somebody who might be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Finland or somebody who might be in
+Brazil uh so that's why we come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil uh so that's why we come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil uh so that's why we come up with
+a standard reference solar spectrum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard reference solar spectrum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard reference solar spectrum and
+uh it's shown right here the uhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's shown right here the uhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's shown right here the uhm
+standard uh uh reference spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh uh reference spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh uh reference spectrum is
+shown U on the nice enl website for air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown U on the nice enl website for air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown U on the nice enl website for air
+mass Zer that's uh in the outer reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass Zer that's uh in the outer reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass Zer that's uh in the outer reaches
+of our Earth's atmosphere and aass 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Earth's atmosphere and aass 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Earth's atmosphere and aass 1.5
+which is assumed to be a standard in say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is assumed to be a standard in say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is assumed to be a standard in say
+temperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperate
+climates so uh there have been numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climates so uh there have been numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climates so uh there have been numerous
+revisions to the uh standard you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisions to the uh standard you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisions to the uh standard you might
+want to use the latest one uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the latest one uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the latest one uh just to
+make sure that uh everything is up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that uh everything is up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that uh everything is up to
+proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+spec um the latest standard uh here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec um the latest standard uh here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec um the latest standard uh here uh
+the essentially they they in in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially they they in in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essentially they they in in very
+pedantic detail walk through all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic detail walk through all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic detail walk through all of the
+possible scattering mechanisms in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible scattering mechanisms in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible scattering mechanisms in the uh
+atmosphere and this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and this is their
+justification for uh the specific solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for uh the specific solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for uh the specific solar
+Spectrum uh that they are measuring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh that they are measuring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh that they are measuring and
+so you have a nice um explanation in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a nice um explanation in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a nice um explanation in in
+in much detail um let me uh just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much detail um let me uh just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much detail um let me uh just show
+you once again the standard Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you once again the standard Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you once again the standard Spectrum
+you've seen this before you've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this before you've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen this before you've worked
+with it in homework number believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in homework number believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in homework number believe it
+was one or two and uh we see am0 am1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one or two and uh we see am0 am1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one or two and uh we see am0 am1.5
+direct and am 1.5 global am1.5 global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and am 1.5 global am1.5 global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct and am 1.5 global am1.5 global
+being the uh capture of sunlight from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the uh capture of sunlight from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the uh capture of sunlight from a
+full hemisphere direct being looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full hemisphere direct being looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full hemisphere direct being looking
+very closely in in a very small solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely in in a very small solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely in in a very small solid
+angle directly at the sun on a sunny day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle directly at the sun on a sunny day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle directly at the sun on a sunny day
+uh given these atmospheric conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given these atmospheric conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given these atmospheric conditions
+with a small amount of scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small amount of scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small amount of scatter
+atmospheric scattering uh obtaining uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric scattering uh obtaining uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric scattering uh obtaining uh
+an integrated power uh density watts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrated power uh density watts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integrated power uh density watts per
+square meter if you integrate overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meter if you integrate overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meter if you integrate overall
+wavelengths that's about 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that's about 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that's about 90% of the
+global um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global um
+full hemisphere uh measurement any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full hemisphere uh measurement any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full hemisphere uh measurement any
+questions so far about this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far about this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far about this okay so
+that's pretty straightforward and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty straightforward and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty straightforward and the
+measurement devices for the uh Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement devices for the uh Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement devices for the uh Global
+and direct measurement uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and direct measurement uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and direct measurement uh today
+obviously we didn't have those uh fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we didn't have those uh fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we didn't have those uh fancy
+Contraptions uh I would say uh 60 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contraptions uh I would say uh 60 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contraptions uh I would say uh 60 70
+years ago in quite the same way with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in quite the same way with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in quite the same way with the
+same materials and the same design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same materials and the same design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same materials and the same design and
+the same quality of glass U but we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quality of glass U but we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quality of glass U but we had
+other um uh measurement devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um uh measurement devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um uh measurement devices and
+you'll see in a few slides how the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in a few slides how the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in a few slides how the uh
+solar constant has been verying as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar constant has been verying as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar constant has been verying as a
+function of time granted the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time granted the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time granted the solar
+output also varies but our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output also varies but our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output also varies but our ability to
+measure the solar output varies as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the solar output varies as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the solar output varies as well
+um so if you look at the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you look at the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you look at the evolution of
+the solar constant versus time uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar constant versus time uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar constant versus time uh this
+is the number of watts per meter squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of watts per meter squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of watts per meter squared
+uh in the outer reaches of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the outer reaches of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the outer reaches of our
+atmosphere so am zero uh and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere so am zero uh and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere so am zero uh and you can see
+that our values have um have changed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our values have um have changed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our values have um have changed so
+it's uh if you were to ask is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh if you were to ask is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh if you were to ask is this
+because of the change of our measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the change of our measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the change of our measurement
+uh capabilities or because of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capabilities or because of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capabilities or because of uh the
+change of the solar output uh the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the solar output uh the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the solar output uh the people
+who study the sun will tell you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who study the sun will tell you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who study the sun will tell you that the
+variation in solar output uh is expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in solar output uh is expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in solar output uh is expected
+to be rather small um and so the likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rather small um and so the likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rather small um and so the likely
+origin of this large fluctuation uh pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of this large fluctuation uh pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of this large fluctuation uh pre
+1960 uh is U most likely due to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 uh is U most likely due to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 uh is U most likely due to our
+ability to measure uh the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to measure uh the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to measure uh the Spectrum
+accurately so uh next we'll describe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so uh next we'll describe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so uh next we'll describe how
+to simulate the solar Spectrum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate the solar Spectrum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate the solar Spectrum in the
+laboratory and we'll describe how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and we'll describe how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory and we'll describe how a
+solar simulator works so uh great we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator works so uh great we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator works so uh great we
+have an idealized uh solar Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idealized uh solar Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idealized uh solar Spectrum
+right here um how do we recreate this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um how do we recreate this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um how do we recreate this in
+a laboratory environment how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laboratory environment how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laboratory environment how do we
+obtain uh a light source that follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain uh a light source that follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain uh a light source that follows
+this profile exactly well barring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profile exactly well barring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profile exactly well barring the
+ability to recreate uh a small uh Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to recreate uh a small uh Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to recreate uh a small uh Fusion
+Source in the laboratory and the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source in the laboratory and the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source in the laboratory and the ability
+to uh introduce exactly the uh right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh introduce exactly the uh right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh introduce exactly the uh right uh
+fronhofer lines uh into our Spectrum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronhofer lines uh into our Spectrum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronhofer lines uh into our Spectrum uh
+we are not going to be able to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to be able to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to be able to reproduce
+that exactly but we have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly but we have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly but we have several
+techniques that come fairly close so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that come fairly close so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that come fairly close so uh
+the solar simulator uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar simulator uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar simulator uh this is a
+a schematic coming off of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic coming off of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic coming off of the the
+Newport website um many of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newport website um many of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newport website um many of the solar
+simulators in the Laboratories here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators in the Laboratories here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators in the Laboratories here at
+MIT as you'll see as you walk around U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT as you'll see as you walk around U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT as you'll see as you walk around U
+be Newport oral or related Brands um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Newport oral or related Brands um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Newport oral or related Brands um we
+have the light source back here uh note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the light source back here uh note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the light source back here uh note
+the type of the lamp right here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of the lamp right here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of the lamp right here it's a
+Xenon Arc lamp uh mirrors uh essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xenon Arc lamp uh mirrors uh essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xenon Arc lamp uh mirrors uh essentially
+a series of of um uh of of Optics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of of um uh of of Optics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of of um uh of of Optics to
+create the right form factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the right form factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the right form factor of the
+light uh and ultimately work up worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh and ultimately work up worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh and ultimately work up worked
+our way toward a planer uh incoming beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way toward a planer uh incoming beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way toward a planer uh incoming beam
+and the what's called spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what's called spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what's called spectral
+correction filter uh which is right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction filter uh which is right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction filter uh which is right in
+the middle of the Optics train um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the Optics train um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the Optics train um and
+that's essentially to correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially to correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially to correct for
+variances between the emission of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances between the emission of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances between the emission of the
+Xenon Arc lamp and the ASM uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xenon Arc lamp and the ASM uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xenon Arc lamp and the ASM uh solar
+Spectrum as defined right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum as defined right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum as defined right
+here okay and uh we have a shutter as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and uh we have a shutter as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and uh we have a shutter as
+well to uh block the light and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to uh block the light and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to uh block the light and for
+example if your uh device or or or cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if your uh device or or or cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if your uh device or or or cell
+or material is is photosensitive um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or material is is photosensitive um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or material is is photosensitive um you
+might want to uh not expose it for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to uh not expose it for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to uh not expose it for long
+periods of time um there's also uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time um there's also uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time um there's also uh when
+I say photosensitive I don't mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say photosensitive I don't mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say photosensitive I don't mean uh
+that the device will uh uh stop working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the device will uh uh stop working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the device will uh uh stop working
+under light but that the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under light but that the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under light but that the performance
+will change uh there are materials for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change uh there are materials for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change uh there are materials for
+example morphos silicon that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example morphos silicon that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example morphos silicon that we
+discussed where the performance does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed where the performance does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed where the performance does
+change as a function of Illumination uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a function of Illumination uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a function of Illumination uh
+accumulative illumination intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulative illumination intensity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulative illumination intensity so
+uh another interesting thing to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another interesting thing to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another interesting thing to note
+here is that we have uh quasi PL light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we have uh quasi PL light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we have uh quasi PL light
+coming in at the end of this um at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at the end of this um at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in at the end of this um at the
+end of this Optics train but if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this Optics train but if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this Optics train but if we're
+going to be measuring for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measuring for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be measuring for example uh
+concentrating solar cell apparatus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating solar cell apparatus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating solar cell apparatus uh
+it's much more important to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more important to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more important to have a
+higher degree of of plenity uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree of of plenity uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree of of plenity uh of the
+incoming light uh and then other Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light uh and then other Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light uh and then other Optics
+would be used uh one might Envision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be used uh one might Envision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be used uh one might Envision for
+instance increasing uh the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance increasing uh the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance increasing uh the distance
+between the light source and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the light source and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the light source and the actual
+sample or the optical path length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample or the optical path length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample or the optical path length
+between the uh between the cating mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh between the cating mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh between the cating mirror
+and the U and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the U and the
+sample okay so now that we have light um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so now that we have light um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so now that we have light um
+approaching our our sample right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching our our sample right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching our our sample right here so
+light is incoming on the sample uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is incoming on the sample uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is incoming on the sample uh we
+have three things broadly that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three things broadly that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three things broadly that we have
+to worry about we have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about we have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about we have to worry about
+uniformity of the light the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity of the light the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity of the light the uh
+uniformity from small region to region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity from small region to region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity from small region to region
+of the illuminated area we need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the illuminated area we need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the illuminated area we need to worry
+about spectral Fidelity that means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectral Fidelity that means uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectral Fidelity that means uh
+how closely does the spectrum of our um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how closely does the spectrum of our um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how closely does the spectrum of our um
+of our lamp match the ASM uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lamp match the ASM uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lamp match the ASM uh standard
+solar spectrum and thirdly temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum and thirdly temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum and thirdly temporal
+stability that means if I turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability that means if I turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability that means if I turn on the
+lamp uh this morning and want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp uh this morning and want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp uh this morning and want to take a
+measurement immediately uh is it stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement immediately uh is it stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement immediately uh is it stable
+yet okay let me wait a half hour for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay let me wait a half hour for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay let me wait a half hour for
+things to uh for example the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to uh for example the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to uh for example the the the
+thermal loads inside of the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal loads inside of the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal loads inside of the system to
+reach equilibrium with the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach equilibrium with the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach equilibrium with the environment
+um now I'm going to measure it uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I'm going to measure it uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I'm going to measure it uh what
+if I come back in an hour and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come back in an hour and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come back in an hour and a half
+will I still get the same result what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I still get the same result what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I still get the same result what if
+I come back tomorrow or next month um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back tomorrow or next month um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come back tomorrow or next month um
+temporal stability is another uh major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal stability is another uh major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal stability is another uh major
+concern for uh solar simulators um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for uh solar simulators um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for uh solar simulators um on
+the right hand side is just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side is just an example
+of the uh Radiance versus wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Radiance versus wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Radiance versus wavelength of
+a light source um uh versus time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light source um uh versus time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light source um uh versus time and you
+can see there's a new lamp and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's a new lamp and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's a new lamp and then
+after uh a certain uh work in Period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh a certain uh work in Period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after uh a certain uh work in Period of
+1,200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,200
+hours um so we have um non-ideal matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours um so we have um non-ideal matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours um so we have um non-ideal matches
+several examples of uh light sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several examples of uh light sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several examples of uh light sources
+that yeah don't quite get it right or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah don't quite get it right or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah don't quite get it right or um
+have several spikes um in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several spikes um in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several spikes um in the output
+Spectrum so in all cases here the am1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so in all cases here the am1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum so in all cases here the am1
+direct spectrum is shown uh in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct spectrum is shown uh in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct spectrum is shown uh in this uh
+Dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dash
+doline uh and different light sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doline uh and different light sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doline uh and different light sources
+are shown either solid or or Dash lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown either solid or or Dash lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown either solid or or Dash lines
+so not great and then finally we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not great and then finally we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not great and then finally we reach
+our Xenon Arc lamp with air mass filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Xenon Arc lamp with air mass filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Xenon Arc lamp with air mass filters
+and the filters are to suppress um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the filters are to suppress um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the filters are to suppress um
+certain Peaks and certain portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Peaks and certain portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Peaks and certain portion
+General portions of the spectrum so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General portions of the spectrum so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General portions of the spectrum so that
+we have an approximation uh of our estm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an approximation uh of our estm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an approximation uh of our estm
+uh standard reference spectrum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standard reference spectrum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standard reference spectrum and you
+notice that it's not perfect you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's not perfect you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's not perfect you notice
+that there are uh spikes in in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are uh spikes in in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are uh spikes in in the uh
+output of the the Xenon Arc lamp as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the the Xenon Arc lamp as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the the Xenon Arc lamp as you
+might expect um from the uh the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect um from the uh the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect um from the uh the physics
+involved in the light source uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the light source uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the light source uh this is
+of some concern if your device is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some concern if your device is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some concern if your device is
+particularly sensitive to a region a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitive to a region a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitive to a region a
+spectral region where uh those might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral region where uh those might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral region where uh those might be
+present so it's not a bad idea to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so it's not a bad idea to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so it's not a bad idea to take
+um to take a measurement of your light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to take a measurement of your light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to take a measurement of your light
+source and actually understand how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and actually understand how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and actually understand how it
+Compares how it matches up against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares how it matches up against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares how it matches up against the
+ASM standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM standard
+Spectrum in terms of Standards or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum in terms of Standards or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum in terms of Standards or
+ranking uh different types of uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking uh different types of uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking uh different types of uh solar
+simulators there are uh three classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators there are uh three classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators there are uh three classes
+according to the IC standards uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the IC standards uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the IC standards uh there
+are as well uh other common standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as well uh other common standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are as well uh other common standards
+there's a standard used in Japan um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard used in Japan um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard used in Japan um and
+the ASM standards as well uh but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ASM standards as well uh but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ASM standards as well uh but let's
+focus on the the IEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the the IEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the the IEC
+9049 um these are the requirements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9049 um these are the requirements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9049 um these are the requirements for
+solar simulators measuring Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulators measuring Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulators measuring Crystal and
+silicon single Junction devices so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon single Junction devices so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon single Junction devices so it's
+very specific uh uh uh standard and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific uh uh uh standard and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific uh uh uh standard and in a
+few slides we'll explain what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides we'll explain what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few slides we'll explain what the
+potential differences are when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences are when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences are when you're
+measuring other types of solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring other types of solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring other types of solar cell
+materials um we have the spectral match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um we have the spectral match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um we have the spectral match
+or spectral Fidelity we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spectral Fidelity we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spectral Fidelity we have the
+non-uniformity and the temporal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity and the temporal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformity and the temporal uh
+instability in this case uh since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability in this case uh since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability in this case uh since we're
+uh defining a relatively small parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defining a relatively small parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defining a relatively small parameter
+uh class a solar simulators have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class a solar simulators have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh class a solar simulators have
+relatively tight specs but you'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively tight specs but you'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively tight specs but you'll still
+notice here that the non-uniformity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here that the non-uniformity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here that the non-uniformity of
+the radiance plus or minus 2% the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiance plus or minus 2% the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiance plus or minus 2% the
+temporal and stability plus or minus 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal and stability plus or minus 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal and stability plus or minus 2%
+this is where you start to see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you start to see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you start to see some of
+those error bars on the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those error bars on the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those error bars on the record
+efficiency measurements right so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency measurements right so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency measurements right so if a
+laboratory has a very good handle on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory has a very good handle on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory has a very good handle on its
+uh standardized or its uh reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standardized or its uh reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh standardized or its uh reference
+solar simulator it will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator it will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator it will be able to
+calculate these effects and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these effects and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these effects and estimate
+what their impact is on the actual solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their impact is on the actual solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their impact is on the actual solar
+cell efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency
+measurement um note that the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement um note that the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement um note that the temporal
+instability for the Japanese standard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability for the Japanese standard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability for the Japanese standard is
+a little bit more stringent than the IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more stringent than the IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more stringent than the IC
+test Minor Detail but uh depending on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test Minor Detail but uh depending on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test Minor Detail but uh depending on on
+who your collaborators are uh where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who your collaborators are uh where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who your collaborators are uh where they
+are in the world they might be using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the world they might be using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the world they might be using uh
+a different uh standard than you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different uh standard than you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different uh standard than you just
+keep that in mind the uh solar simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind the uh solar simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind the uh solar simulator
+downstairs in in uh in building 35 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs in in uh in building 35 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs in in uh in building 35 in
+the laboratory that several of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory that several of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory that several of you have
+seen yesterday when you did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yesterday when you did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yesterday when you did the
+phosphorus diffusions I poked my head in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus diffusions I poked my head in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus diffusions I poked my head in
+and and saw everybody there um so about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and saw everybody there um so about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and saw everybody there um so about
+a dozen of you might have walked past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dozen of you might have walked past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dozen of you might have walked past
+the solar simulator in laboratory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar simulator in laboratory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar simulator in laboratory that's
+a large area as in the illuminated area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large area as in the illuminated area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large area as in the illuminated area
+uh at the working plane is around 20 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the working plane is around 20 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the working plane is around 20 x
+20 cm uh squared and uh it is a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 cm uh squared and uh it is a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 cm uh squared and uh it is a class
+aab solar simulator um so believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aab solar simulator um so believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aab solar simulator um so believe that
+would be um spectral match um non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um spectral match um non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be um spectral match um non
+uniformity and then temporal stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity and then temporal stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity and then temporal stability
+so it's uh you you'll typically see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh you you'll typically see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh you you'll typically see
+solar simulators rated in this way uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulators rated in this way uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulators rated in this way uh a
+AA AAA or Class B solar simulator or aab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA AAA or Class B solar simulator or aab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA AAA or Class B solar simulator or aab
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+forth so again note the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so again note the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so again note the significant
+figures that's where that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that's where that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures that's where that comes from
+it's pretty straightforward um next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward um next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty straightforward um next uh
+we're going to describe how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to describe how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to describe how to
+accurately measure and Report cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately measure and Report cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately measure and Report cell
+efficiency and some common pitfalls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and some common pitfalls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and some common pitfalls to
+avoid when actually measuring the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid when actually measuring the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid when actually measuring the cells
+uh so this is really directed toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is really directed toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is really directed toward the
+people who are doing active research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing active research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are doing active research
+right now in the field of PV uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in the field of PV uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in the field of PV uh for
+those who aren't um enjoy uh and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who aren't um enjoy uh and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who aren't um enjoy uh and we'll
+come back as soon as this little section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back as soon as this little section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back as soon as this little section
+is over to the debate and finally some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over to the debate and finally some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over to the debate and finally some
+topics of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics of general
+interest so uh this is just a a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so uh this is just a a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so uh this is just a a small
+subset of things to keep in mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of things to keep in mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of things to keep in mind when
+you're measuring an actual solar cell um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring an actual solar cell um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring an actual solar cell um
+this is by no means a comprehensive list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by no means a comprehensive list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by no means a comprehensive list
+uh there are indeed people who spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are indeed people who spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are indeed people who spend
+their entire lives uh optimizing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their entire lives uh optimizing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their entire lives uh optimizing and
+perfecting the art of measuring uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfecting the art of measuring uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfecting the art of measuring uh solar
+cells so the very first thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so the very first thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so the very first thing that you
+might want to do is is uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is is uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do is is uh have a
+reference solar cell encapsulated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference solar cell encapsulated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference solar cell encapsulated and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh uh and then uh uh mailed to you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and then uh uh mailed to you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and then uh uh mailed to you uh
+after the after a measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the after a measurement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the after a measurement is
+performed at a certification laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed at a certification laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed at a certification laboratory
+so this is an example of a very small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a very small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example of a very small uh
+Crystal and silicon solar cell device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon solar cell device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon solar cell device
+inside of a an encapsulated uh frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a an encapsulated uh frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a an encapsulated uh frame and
+uh the encapsulation is meant to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the encapsulation is meant to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the encapsulation is meant to prevent
+any degradation uh to the solar cell as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any degradation uh to the solar cell as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any degradation uh to the solar cell as
+well as damage that might incur during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as damage that might incur during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as damage that might incur during
+accidental use and this um uh cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental use and this um uh cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental use and this um uh cell is
+called a reference cell it was tested at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a reference cell it was tested at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a reference cell it was tested at
+enr the current voltage uh the the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enr the current voltage uh the the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enr the current voltage uh the the short
+circuit current open circuit voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit current open circuit voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit current open circuit voltage and
+fill factors uh or fill factor of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill factors uh or fill factor of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill factors uh or fill factor of that
+device is is well known and reported and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is is well known and reported and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is is well known and reported and
+uh it is essentially sent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is essentially sent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is essentially sent with that
+device back to our laboratory now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device back to our laboratory now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device back to our laboratory now
+whenever we want to make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we want to make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we want to make a new
+measurement uh on our uh on any cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement uh on our uh on any cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement uh on our uh on any cell
+that we want to measure inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to measure inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to measure inside the
+laboratory we'll measure the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory we'll measure the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory we'll measure the reference
+cell first just to make sure that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell first just to make sure that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell first just to make sure that our
+solar simulator is well behaved um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator is well behaved um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator is well behaved um when
+I say well- behaved what could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say well- behaved what could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say well- behaved what could happen
+well one of the many things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the many things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the many things that could
+happen is that the uh lamp uh intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the uh lamp uh intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the uh lamp uh intensity
+decreases that's probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases that's probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases that's probably the most
+common thing that can happen um you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common thing that can happen um you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common thing that can happen um you'll
+just have an overall reduction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an overall reduction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have an overall reduction in the
+output of your lamp in which case you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of your lamp in which case you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of your lamp in which case you'll
+notice a reduction in what cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a reduction in what cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a reduction in what cell
+parameter current voltage or fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter current voltage or fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter current voltage or fill
+Factor current right so light intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor current right so light intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor current right so light intensity
+decreases you'll have a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases you'll have a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases you'll have a reduction
+primarily in your current uh logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily in your current uh logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily in your current uh logarithmic
+reduction in voltage right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in voltage right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in voltage right so you have
+um your uh you have your your standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your uh you have your your standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your uh you have your your standard
+uh calibrated reference cell uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calibrated reference cell uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calibrated reference cell uh this is
+definitely something that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that each
+laboratory that is going to be serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory that is going to be serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory that is going to be serious
+about measuring efficiencies should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring efficiencies should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring efficiencies should have
+uh this is also an apparatus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is also an apparatus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is also an apparatus that
+doesn't leave our laboratory except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't leave our laboratory except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't leave our laboratory except for
+class purposes um it's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class purposes um it's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class purposes um it's something we
+treat very carefully since I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat very carefully since I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat very carefully since I think the
+the cost ran in the few uh hundreds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost ran in the few uh hundreds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost ran in the few uh hundreds or
+thousands of dollars um avoid extren EXT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars um avoid extren EXT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars um avoid extren EXT
+basically avoid light from coming in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically avoid light from coming in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically avoid light from coming in uh
+from outside of your solar simulator U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of your solar simulator U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of your solar simulator U
+it is often shown or the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is often shown or the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is often shown or the solar
+simulators are often shown in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators are often shown in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators are often shown in this
+manner right here where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner right here where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner right here where you have
+everything out in the open that's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out in the open that's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out in the open that's to
+show you what's going on inside when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what's going on inside when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what's going on inside when you
+actually take the measurement typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the measurement typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the measurement typically
+you have a small black curtain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a small black curtain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a small black curtain that's
+light tight uh around your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light tight uh around your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light tight uh around your your
+apparatus or maybe even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus or maybe even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus or maybe even a
+box ensure 25° see measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box ensure 25° see measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box ensure 25° see measurement
+conditions uh remember that the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh remember that the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh remember that the open
+circuit voltage can change depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit voltage can change depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit voltage can change depending on
+the band Gap uh the larger the band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap uh the larger the band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap uh the larger the band Gap
+the smaller this effect the smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller this effect the smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller this effect the smaller the
+band Gap the larger this effect um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap the larger this effect um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap the larger this effect um the
+vocc can change as the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocc can change as the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocc can change as the temperature
+changes and so it's important uh to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so it's important uh to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so it's important uh to have
+a good handle of your temperature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good handle of your temperature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good handle of your temperature that
+means uh that you might for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh that you might for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh that you might for instance
+have active Heating and Cooling on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have active Heating and Cooling on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have active Heating and Cooling on on
+your Chuck uh and you'll also at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chuck uh and you'll also at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chuck uh and you'll also at the
+minimum be measuring the temperature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum be measuring the temperature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum be measuring the temperature uh
+on top of uh the Chuck where this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of uh the Chuck where this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of uh the Chuck where this the
+actual solar cell will sit um not far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual solar cell will sit um not far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual solar cell will sit um not far
+away or removed through some layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or removed through some layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or removed through some layers of
+insulation uh away from the Chuck even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation uh away from the Chuck even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation uh away from the Chuck even
+if your temperature is not precisely at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your temperature is not precisely at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your temperature is not precisely at
+25 de C if you know the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 de C if you know the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 de C if you know the temperature
+dependence of your solar cell you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of your solar cell you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of your solar cell you can
+correct for it or account for it uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for it or account for it uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for it or account for it uh to
+pull it back to 25°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it back to 25°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it back to 25°
+C next uh choose your probe locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C next uh choose your probe locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C next uh choose your probe locations
+judiciously to avoid series resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judiciously to avoid series resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judiciously to avoid series resistance
+losses uh let's think that through for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses uh let's think that through for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses uh let's think that through for a
+second so if we have our solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so if we have our solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so if we have our solar cell
+device right here and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right here and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right here and we're going to be
+measuring its cell efficiency if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring its cell efficiency if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring its cell efficiency if I put
+one little probe right here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little probe right here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little probe right here in the
+corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner
+then the current has the current that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the current has the current that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the current has the current that's
+being generated over here has to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated over here has to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated over here has to travel
+very large distance through a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large distance through a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large distance through a lot of
+metal to reach that point but if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to reach that point but if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to reach that point but if I have
+probes that essentially will uh consist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that essentially will uh consist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that essentially will uh consist
+of many different individual metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many different individual metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many different individual metal
+points and they come down on either bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they come down on either bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and they come down on either bus
+bar uh like shown right here um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar uh like shown right here um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar uh like shown right here um where
+you see the green right here and off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the green right here and off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the green right here and off of
+the green are are many little probe tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green are are many little probe tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green are are many little probe tips
+individual probe tips that will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probe tips that will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual probe tips that will make
+contact with the bus bar so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the bus bar so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the bus bar so you have
+essentially one coming down right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one coming down right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one coming down right here
+another coming down right here uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coming down right here uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coming down right here uh your
+series resistance losses will be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance losses will be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance losses will be much
+much uh less but one thing to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh less but one thing to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh less but one thing to keep in
+mind is that when you do have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that when you do have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that when you do have these
+probes sticking on top of your solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes sticking on top of your solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes sticking on top of your solar
+cell device they will scatter some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device they will scatter some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device they will scatter some of
+the light as well uh so there are best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light as well uh so there are best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light as well uh so there are best
+practices in terms of what color they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in terms of what color they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in terms of what color they
+should be uh and and U and how tall uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh and and U and how tall uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh and and U and how tall uh
+they should be as well so uh choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be as well so uh choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be as well so uh choosing
+the probe location is is a large step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe location is is a large step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe location is is a large step
+toward achieving High efficiencies um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward achieving High efficiencies um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward achieving High efficiencies um I
+I I don't want to uh underemphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want to uh underemphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't want to uh underemphasize that
+point it really does make a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it really does make a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it really does make a huge
+difference where you put your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference where you put your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference where you put your uh your
+your probe tips um especially for cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probe tips um especially for cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probe tips um especially for cells
+with High series resistance which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with High series resistance which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with High series resistance which can be
+several of the the new materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of the the new materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of the the new materials that
+are being developed um account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being developed um account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being developed um account for
+spectral mismatch between calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral mismatch between calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral mismatch between calibration
+cell and your cell let me drive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and your cell let me drive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and your cell let me drive that
+point home so I have a crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point home so I have a crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point home so I have a crystal and
+silicon uh calibration cell right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh calibration cell right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh calibration cell right here
+uh I know its spectral response I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I know its spectral response I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I know its spectral response I know
+at what wavelengths it responds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what wavelengths it responds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what wavelengths it responds the
+strongest and so it will detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest and so it will detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest and so it will detect
+any mismatch between the ASM stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mismatch between the ASM stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mismatch between the ASM stand
+and the actual light source there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual light source there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual light source there where
+it responds most strongly now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds most strongly now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds most strongly now let's
+imagine let's imagine that I'm designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine let's imagine that I'm designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine let's imagine that I'm designing
+a new organic material that responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new organic material that responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new organic material that responds
+really well pick something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well pick something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well pick something in the
+infrared right and so now um silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared right and so now um silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared right and so now um silicon
+will stop responding let's say at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop responding let's say at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stop responding let's say at around
+1100 NM so anything beyond here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100 NM so anything beyond here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100 NM so anything beyond here uh
+silicon won't be able to detect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon won't be able to detect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon won't be able to detect but
+let's say my device is very sensitive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my device is very sensitive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my device is very sensitive in
+that spectral region uh my silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spectral region uh my silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spectral region uh my silicon
+calibration cell says go ahead take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration cell says go ahead take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration cell says go ahead take your
+measurement everything's fine it matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement everything's fine it matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement everything's fine it matches
+yourm standard but then when I stick my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourm standard but then when I stick my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourm standard but then when I stick my
+cell in there all of a sudden I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in there all of a sudden I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in there all of a sudden I'm
+getting a super high efficiency I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a super high efficiency I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a super high efficiency I just
+made an organic device and my efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an organic device and my efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an organic device and my efficiency
+is 11% which would be a world record um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 11% which would be a world record um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 11% which would be a world record um
+I'm ecstatic I'm really happy uh until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ecstatic I'm really happy uh until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm ecstatic I'm really happy uh until I
+do the quantum efficiency of both the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the quantum efficiency of both the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the quantum efficiency of both the uh
+uh uh standard calibration cell and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh standard calibration cell and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh standard calibration cell and my
+new cell and I realize wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cell and I realize wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cell and I realize wait a second
+they're they're nowhere near each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're nowhere near each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're nowhere near each other
+in terms of their uh responsivity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their uh responsivity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of their uh responsivity uh
+what region of the solar spectrum they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what region of the solar spectrum they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what region of the solar spectrum they
+can respond well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can respond well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can respond well at
+and um the reason I'm I'm I'm bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the reason I'm I'm I'm bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the reason I'm I'm I'm bringing
+that up is uh you know again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up is uh you know again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up is uh you know again to
+emphasize we have say for example an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize we have say for example an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize we have say for example an a
+morphicon device a gall maride device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphicon device a gall maride device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphicon device a gall maride device
+over here a sigs device showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here a sigs device showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here a sigs device showing the
+different regions of the solar Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions of the solar Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions of the solar Spectrum
+the solar Spectrum shown in this dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Spectrum shown in this dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Spectrum shown in this dark
+orange in the background right here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange in the background right here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange in the background right here uh
+peing around around 550 um we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peing around around 550 um we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peing around around 550 um we can see
+that the different materials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the different materials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the different materials are
+responding in different regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in different regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in different regions of the
+solar spectrum and Crystal and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum and Crystal and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum and Crystal and silicon
+would be in between uh the amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in between uh the amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in between uh the amorphous
+silicon actually would be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon actually would be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon actually would be a little
+further over it be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further over it be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further over it be uh
+starting up at around between 1200 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting up at around between 1200 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting up at around between 1200 and
+1100 nanometers so we can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100 nanometers so we can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1100 nanometers so we can see how
+different materials are more sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials are more sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials are more sensitive
+to different regions of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different regions of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different regions of the solar
+spectrum and there's even a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and there's even a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and there's even a standard
+test method for determining the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test method for determining the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test method for determining the spectral
+mismatch parameter between your device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch parameter between your device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch parameter between your device
+and a reference cell uh an asdm standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a reference cell uh an asdm standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a reference cell uh an asdm standard
+for it and the typical way to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and the typical way to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and the typical way to account
+for this is to measure the spectr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is to measure the spectr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is to measure the spectr
+radiance as a function of wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiance as a function of wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiance as a function of wavelength of
+your light source measure the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your light source measure the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your light source measure the quantum
+efficiency meaning the responsivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency meaning the responsivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency meaning the responsivity
+versus wavelength of your device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus wavelength of your device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus wavelength of your device and
+then measure your caliber ation cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measure your caliber ation cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then measure your caliber ation cell and
+using that math you can really begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that math you can really begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that math you can really begin to
+normalize for these uh extraneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize for these uh extraneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize for these uh extraneous
+effects why do I bring that up I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects why do I bring that up I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects why do I bring that up I bring
+that up because um there was an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up because um there was an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up because um there was an example
+several examples of folks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several examples of folks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several examples of folks in the
+literature I've taken off their names so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature I've taken off their names so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature I've taken off their names so
+you protecting the innocent here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you protecting the innocent here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you protecting the innocent here um
+folks in the literature who report very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the literature who report very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the literature who report very
+high efficiency devices or at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high efficiency devices or at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high efficiency devices or at the time
+was was a new record efficiency uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was a new record efficiency uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was a new record efficiency uh um
+device what they showed were the QE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device what they showed were the QE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device what they showed were the QE
+curves of their devices and then the IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of their devices and then the IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of their devices and then the IV
+curves of their devices and you guys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of their devices and you guys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves of their devices and you guys in
+your homeworks calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homeworks calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homeworks calculated the
+shortcircuit current which is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcircuit current which is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcircuit current which is shown here
+essentially The Intercept with the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially The Intercept with the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially The Intercept with the y
+axis you calculated the shortcircuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you calculated the shortcircuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you calculated the shortcircuit
+current from the QE so you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from the QE so you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from the QE so you know how to
+perform that calculation well guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that calculation well guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that calculation well guess what
+Folks at enr also know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Folks at enr also know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Folks at enr also know how to do that
+calculation and a whole lot more um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and a whole lot more um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and a whole lot more um so
+the folks at enal did that and said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folks at enal did that and said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folks at enal did that and said well
+wait a second um when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second um when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second um when I do the
+integration of your QE I'm not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of your QE I'm not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of your QE I'm not getting
+the short circuit currents over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short circuit currents over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short circuit currents over here I
+suspect what happened was uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect what happened was uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect what happened was uh in your
+solar simulator you were using a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator you were using a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar simulator you were using a silicon
+reference cell but your cells were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference cell but your cells were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference cell but your cells were more
+sensitive to a different region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to a different region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to a different region of the
+solar Spectrum uh in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar Spectrum uh in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar Spectrum uh in this particular
+case there were more sensitive to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there were more sensitive to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there were more sensitive to the uh
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter
+wavelengths and you didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and you didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and you didn't have a
+properly calibrated solar simulator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated solar simulator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly calibrated solar simulator so
+you're overreporting your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overreporting your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overreporting your current
+outputs and of course that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and of course that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs and of course that's very
+embarrassing uh for a group um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing uh for a group um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing uh for a group um in this
+particular case uh there were merits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case uh there were merits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case uh there were merits on
+both sides um there was a rebuttal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides um there was a rebuttal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides um there was a rebuttal to
+the rebuttal um so it's it's not a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rebuttal um so it's it's not a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rebuttal um so it's it's not a a
+simple black and white case uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple black and white case uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple black and white case uh for for
+this particular story uh although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular story uh although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular story uh although the
+logic does does fall more strongly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic does does fall more strongly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic does does fall more strongly on
+one side um so this is uh to say avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side um so this is uh to say avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side um so this is uh to say avoid
+the sort of controversy right uh perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of controversy right uh perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of controversy right uh perform
+your measurements properly uh don't over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurements properly uh don't over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your measurements properly uh don't over
+report your efficiencies and when in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report your efficiencies and when in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report your efficiencies and when in
+doubt uh you can always ship your cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt uh you can always ship your cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt uh you can always ship your cell
+to enal or to frer e or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enal or to frer e or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enal or to frer e or another
+certified testing center and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified testing center and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified testing center and get a
+certified cell efficiency then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified cell efficiency then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified cell efficiency then you can
+place your IV curve inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place your IV curve inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place your IV curve inside of your
+publication and in the little corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication and in the little corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication and in the little corner
+over here it'll have the figure of enal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it'll have the figure of enal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it'll have the figure of enal
+or e um and the the properly certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or e um and the the properly certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or e um and the the properly certified
+information now that can be rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now that can be rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information now that can be rather
+complicated if you're for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated if you're for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated if you're for example
+growing organic materials that degrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing organic materials that degrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing organic materials that degrade
+quickly um somehow you have to transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um somehow you have to transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly um somehow you have to transport
+it over there without degrading uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over there without degrading uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over there without degrading uh and
+that's where um uh arranging in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where um uh arranging in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where um uh arranging in advance
+uh the transfer of the materials um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transfer of the materials um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the transfer of the materials um and
+perhaps even looking into what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even looking into what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even looking into what sort of
+transfer chamber you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer chamber you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer chamber you're going to
+encapsulate your device in uh could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate your device in uh could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate your device in uh could be
+of interest uh but at the very least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest uh but at the very least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest uh but at the very least uh
+please please please uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please please uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please please uh remember
+spectral response mismatch uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral response mismatch uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral response mismatch uh when
+you're doing efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing efficiency
+measurements any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far so yeah does enr also make uh non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so yeah does enr also make uh non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so yeah does enr also make uh non
+silicon reference cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon reference cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon reference cells that are
+avilable so enr actually doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avilable so enr actually doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avilable so enr actually doesn't make
+these cells uh there are local companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells uh there are local companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells uh there are local companies
+that live right around enal that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live right around enal that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live right around enal that are
+manufacturing these and putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing these and putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing these and putting them
+together together um enr will test those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together together um enr will test those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together together um enr will test those
+cells since it takes a few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells since it takes a few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells since it takes a few months
+typically to get turnaround on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically to get turnaround on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically to get turnaround on a on a
+cell efficiency measurement unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency measurement unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell efficiency measurement unless
+you're fast-tracked in because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fast-tracked in because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fast-tracked in because your
+device is degrading or you've arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is degrading or you've arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is degrading or you've arranged
+it in advance and kind of put your place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in advance and kind of put your place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in advance and kind of put your place
+in line um because it takes a few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line um because it takes a few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line um because it takes a few months
+turnaround uh there's actually a premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround uh there's actually a premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnaround uh there's actually a premium
+on inventory and so these companies will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inventory and so these companies will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inventory and so these companies will
+manufacture the devices send them in get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture the devices send them in get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture the devices send them in get
+them tested and calibrated or get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tested and calibrated or get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tested and calibrated or get the
+calibrated measurements performed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated measurements performed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated measurements performed to
+enal and then bring them back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enal and then bring them back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enal and then bring them back to the
+company put them on the Shelf until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company put them on the Shelf until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company put them on the Shelf until you
+pick up the phone and call them and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the phone and call them and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the phone and call them and say
+I'd like uh a certified cell you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like uh a certified cell you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like uh a certified cell you can
+actually make your own too if you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make your own too if you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make your own too if you follow
+uh a set of standard protocols that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of standard protocols that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a set of standard protocols that you
+can receive from the folks at enal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can receive from the folks at enal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can receive from the folks at enal I
+believe Keith Emory might be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe Keith Emory might be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe Keith Emory might be a good
+point contact uh first um there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point contact uh first um there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point contact uh first um there are a
+very specific set of protocols that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific set of protocols that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific set of protocols that you
+should follow if you want to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should follow if you want to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should follow if you want to make your
+own in the lab um in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in the lab um in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in the lab um in other words you
+have to design the context a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design the context a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to design the context a certain way
+um the encapsule in a certain way make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the encapsule in a certain way make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the encapsule in a certain way make
+sure that there uh is is um uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there uh is is um uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there uh is is um uh the the
+materials comprising the remainder black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials comprising the remainder black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials comprising the remainder black
+so that they don't reflect the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they don't reflect the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they don't reflect the light
+black in um little details that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black in um little details that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black in um little details that that are
+are are only gathered by experience if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are only gathered by experience if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are only gathered by experience if
+you follow all of those parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow all of those parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow all of those parameters and
+and the folks over there Keith Emery or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the folks over there Keith Emery or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the folks over there Keith Emery or
+Paul chesek look at it and inspect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul chesek look at it and inspect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul chesek look at it and inspect it
+and say yeah yeah looks good um then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yeah yeah looks good um then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yeah yeah looks good um then you
+can get that tested and and serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get that tested and and serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get that tested and and serve as a
+calibration cell as well so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration cell as well so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration cell as well so you can
+circumvent some of the uh cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumvent some of the uh cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumvent some of the uh cost
+associated with buying uh a certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with buying uh a certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with buying uh a certified
+cell from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell from a a
+company but there is a premium uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but there is a premium uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but there is a premium uh to
+them they they tend to be they they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they they tend to be they they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they they tend to be they they tend
+to be particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cheap um so yeah if you if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um so yeah if you if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um so yeah if you if you have
+another material and you'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another material and you'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another material and you'd like to have
+it calibrated um you can make your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calibrated um you can make your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it calibrated um you can make your own
+calibration reference standard as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration reference standard as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration reference standard as long
+as it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it doesn't
+degrade Yeah question is putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade Yeah question is putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade Yeah question is putting the
+multiple contact fingers while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple contact fingers while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple contact fingers while you're
+measuring the efficiency is that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the efficiency is that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the efficiency is that very
+representative of how the device would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of how the device would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of how the device would
+actually work in the field y so um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work in the field y so um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work in the field y so um there
+are a lot of things let let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things let let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things let let me let me
+spend a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a minute
+waxing poetic about the discrepancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waxing poetic about the discrepancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waxing poetic about the discrepancies
+between these cell efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these cell efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these cell efficiency
+measurements and what actual cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and what actual cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and what actual cells
+experience in the field we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the field we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the field we understand
+the logic behind cell efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic behind cell efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic behind cell efficiency
+measurements we understand that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we understand that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we understand that we have
+to have a universal way of comparing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a universal way of comparing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a universal way of comparing a
+cell in Japan in in Boston uh in in fber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in Japan in in Boston uh in in fber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in Japan in in Boston uh in in fber
+Germany so we we understand that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany so we we understand that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany so we we understand that we need
+some standard method of of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard method of of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard method of of cell
+measurement um this cell measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement um this cell measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement um this cell measurement
+proves very useful uh when you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves very useful uh when you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves very useful uh when you measure
+the output in terms of peak Watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in terms of peak Watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in terms of peak Watts
+because then you can multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can multiply by the
+number of peak out of sunlight per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of peak out of sunlight per day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of peak out of sunlight per day
+and estimate the energy output as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and estimate the energy output as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and estimate the energy output as a
+function of location on the earth so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of location on the earth so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of location on the earth so it
+has its uses now as to its drawbacks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its uses now as to its drawbacks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its uses now as to its drawbacks uh
+we're measuring at 25° C these cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring at 25° C these cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring at 25° C these cells are
+typically operating around 60 uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically operating around 60 uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically operating around 60 uh we know
+that there's a voltage drop uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a voltage drop uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a voltage drop uh uh
+primarily voltage drop with increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily voltage drop with increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily voltage drop with increasing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+temperature okay that's point one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay that's point one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay that's point one point
+number two um the contacting scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two um the contacting scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two um the contacting scheme
+typically on these devices in a module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on these devices in a module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically on these devices in a module
+uh you'll have uh soldered uh contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll have uh soldered uh contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll have uh soldered uh contacts
+and in the front and so they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the front and so they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the front and so they make
+contact with the entire bus bar uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the entire bus bar uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the entire bus bar uh but
+really uh you know depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh you know depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh you know depending on your
+soldering machine only in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering machine only in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldering machine only in a few
+locations where there's really a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where there's really a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations where there's really a good
+electrical contact um and and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact um and and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact um and and on the
+back uh in three locations so yes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh in three locations so yes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh in three locations so yes there
+are differences in how the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences in how the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences in how the cell is
+contacted in real life could be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted in real life could be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted in real life could be one of
+the reasons for discrepancies between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons for discrepancies between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons for discrepancies between
+module and cell efficiency I'll be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and cell efficiency I'll be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and cell efficiency I'll be it
+probably one of the minor ones compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the minor ones compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the minor ones compared
+to in homogenates why don't we um take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in homogenates why don't we um take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in homogenates why don't we um take a
+quick little pause right here um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick little pause right here um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick little pause right here um before
+we dive into describing the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dive into describing the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dive into describing the efficiency
+limitations of a typical cell and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of a typical cell and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of a typical cell and get
+into some cool demos at the very end um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some cool demos at the very end um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some cool demos at the very end um
+what we're going to do is have ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is have ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is have ourselves
+a quick debate um so I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick debate um so I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick debate um so I would like to
+call uh forward uh to the front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh forward uh to the front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh forward uh to the front of the
+room the representatives of uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room the representatives of uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room the representatives of uh the the
+the two teams one of which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two teams one of which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two teams one of which is going to
+debate in favor of the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate in favor of the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate in favor of the development of
+Novel materials for solar cells uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novel materials for solar cells uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novel materials for solar cells uh let
+me give you an example of one material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an example of one material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you an example of one material
+that's attracted uh quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attracted uh quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attracted uh quite a bit of
+attention which is pyite I can pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention which is pyite I can pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention which is pyite I can pass this
+around as folks um uh are uh coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as folks um uh are uh coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as folks um uh are uh coming up
+to the front uh here's an example uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front uh here's an example uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front uh here's an example uh of
+an iron sulfide based mineral which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron sulfide based mineral which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron sulfide based mineral which is
+purported uh to have a very high uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purported uh to have a very high uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purported uh to have a very high uh uh
+degree of of manufacturability because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of of manufacturability because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of of manufacturability because
+of the large resource abundance and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the large resource abundance and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the large resource abundance and also
+the large refining capacity uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large refining capacity uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large refining capacity uh for the
+respective Elemental constituents um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective Elemental constituents um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective Elemental constituents um
+there is a gap between the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a gap between the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a gap between the performance
+of current pyate cells and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current pyate cells and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of current pyate cells and their
+um theoretical record efficiencies quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theoretical record efficiencies quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theoretical record efficiencies quite
+substantial the record efficiency being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial the record efficiency being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial the record efficiency being
+uh up uh closer to 20% the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up uh closer to 20% the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up uh closer to 20% the actual
+efficiency being down at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency being down at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency being down at around
+two um that is not unlike for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um that is not unlike for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um that is not unlike for example
+tin sulfide or other uh related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin sulfide or other uh related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin sulfide or other uh related
+materials let's say copper zinc tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials let's say copper zinc tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials let's say copper zinc tin
+sulfide is probably the most advanced at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide is probably the most advanced at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide is probably the most advanced at
+around 10% but still about half of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10% but still about half of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 10% but still about half of its
+theoretical limit and so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit and so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit and so the big
+question that we're going to debate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're going to debate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're going to debate is
+um does it make sense to invest a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it make sense to invest a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does it make sense to invest a lot of
+funds to come up with these Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds to come up with these Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds to come up with these Earth
+abundant alternatives for our existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant alternatives for our existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant alternatives for our existing
+solar cell materials our cadel our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell materials our cadel our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell materials our cadel our
+copper indium Gallum diselenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper indium Gallum diselenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper indium Gallum diselenide
+cognizant that the supply of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant that the supply of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant that the supply of some of
+these heavier elements torium and indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these heavier elements torium and indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these heavier elements torium and indium
+is limited and we may not have enough of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited and we may not have enough of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is limited and we may not have enough of
+these elements in the Earth's crust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements in the Earth's crust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements in the Earth's crust to
+scale up to the terawatts level and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up to the terawatts level and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up to the terawatts level and so
+we'll hear uh two points of view uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hear uh two points of view uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hear uh two points of view uh one
+in favor of development of new materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of development of new materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of development of new materials
+uh and one against and just to situate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one against and just to situate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one against and just to situate
+ourselves in a position or a location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in a position or a location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves in a position or a location
+where these debates actually happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these debates actually happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these debates actually happen you
+can imagine yourself for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine yourself for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine yourself for example in the
+office of Science and Technology policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office of Science and Technology policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office of Science and Technology policy
+which reports directly to Barack Obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reports directly to Barack Obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reports directly to Barack Obama
+uh these are about 50 phds uh who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are about 50 phds uh who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are about 50 phds uh who are
+all uh in an office uh under uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh in an office uh under uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh in an office uh under uh the
+direction of a director uh thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a director uh thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a director uh thinking
+about thinking deeply about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking deeply about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thinking deeply about some of the
+scientific challenges that our nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific challenges that our nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific challenges that our nation
+faces and uh the proper scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and uh the proper scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and uh the proper scientific
+response coordinating amongst many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response coordinating amongst many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response coordinating amongst many
+agencies including the dod doe NSF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies including the dod doe NSF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies including the dod doe NSF and
+so forth and so you can picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and so you can picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and so you can picture
+yourselves in a debate in a lively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves in a debate in a lively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves in a debate in a lively
+discussion all friendly but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion all friendly but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion all friendly but um but
+really uh with the potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh with the potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh with the potential to
+influence National policy do we direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence National policy do we direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence National policy do we direct
+resource funds to develop these novel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource funds to develop these novel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource funds to develop these novel uh
+Earth abundant Alternatives that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth abundant Alternatives that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth abundant Alternatives that we
+might need in 10 years time or do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need in 10 years time or do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need in 10 years time or do we
+focus and allocate resources elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and allocate resources elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus and allocate resources elsewhere
+so I'll welcome the two participants up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll welcome the two participants up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll welcome the two participants up
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front so folks want some uh insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so folks want some uh insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so folks want some uh insight into
+where uh the office of Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the office of Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the office of Science and
+Technology policy actually decided to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology policy actually decided to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology policy actually decided to go
+um uh a uh gentleman who took a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a uh gentleman who took a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a uh gentleman who took a version
+of this course in Berkeley in 200 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course in Berkeley in 200 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course in Berkeley in 200 three
+I think it was uh his name is Cyrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was uh his name is Cyrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was uh his name is Cyrus
+wadia uh graduated with his PhD from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wadia uh graduated with his PhD from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wadia uh graduated with his PhD from
+Berkeley and actually went off to join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and actually went off to join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley and actually went off to join
+office of Science and Technology policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office of Science and Technology policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office of Science and Technology policy
+he took his class project for the PB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took his class project for the PB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took his class project for the PB
+course which was analyzing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which was analyzing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course which was analyzing uh
+alternative materials and uh had a Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative materials and uh had a Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative materials and uh had a Well
+published that paper that you read uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published that paper that you read uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published that paper that you read uh by
+Cyrus wadia on resource abundance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cyrus wadia on resource abundance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cyrus wadia on resource abundance uh
+that was published in 2009 for that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was published in 2009 for that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was published in 2009 for that work
+uh earned himself a tr35 award from tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh earned himself a tr35 award from tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh earned himself a tr35 award from tech
+review uh and then uh joined um uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review uh and then uh joined um uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review uh and then uh joined um uh the
+Obama uh administration's ostp uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama uh administration's ostp uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama uh administration's ostp uh and
+has been developing the materials Genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been developing the materials Genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been developing the materials Genome
+Project uh within ostp uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project uh within ostp uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project uh within ostp uh the first
+solicitation for um for proposals was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solicitation for um for proposals was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solicitation for um for proposals was
+issued I believe a week and a half ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued I believe a week and a half ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued I believe a week and a half ago
+um so that's uh funneled through the NSF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's uh funneled through the NSF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's uh funneled through the NSF
+but it's a larger effort uh to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a larger effort uh to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a larger effort uh to develop
+some of these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these materials
+uh involving NSF doe DOD and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involving NSF doe DOD and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involving NSF doe DOD and so forth so
+it actually did um come to fruition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually did um come to fruition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually did um come to fruition uh
+through uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh through
+ostp um budgeting is always the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostp um budgeting is always the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostp um budgeting is always the the big
+question though because that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though because that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question though because that of course
+gets done through uh through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done through uh through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done through uh through the
+Committees in in in Congress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committees in in in Congress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committees in in in Congress and
+ultimately uh reconciled uh between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh reconciled uh between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh reconciled uh between the
+the house and the Senate and has to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house and the Senate and has to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house and the Senate and has to make
+it through om and finally uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through om and finally uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through om and finally uh to the
+individual uh directorates that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh directorates that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh directorates that's how
+things actually get done um but it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually get done um but it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually get done um but it takes
+the vision of of ostp sometimes to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision of of ostp sometimes to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision of of ostp sometimes to drive
+these larger projects forward so we wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these larger projects forward so we wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these larger projects forward so we wish
+him the best um we're going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the best um we're going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him the best um we're going to describe
+the efficiency limitations of a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency limitations of a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency limitations of a typical
+solar cell now and uh what I'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell now and uh what I'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell now and uh what I'll do is
+I'll pass around some of these uh books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pass around some of these uh books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pass around some of these uh books
+um just to again situate ourselves did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to again situate ourselves did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to again situate ourselves did I
+grab Jenny Nelson on the way out thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab Jenny Nelson on the way out thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab Jenny Nelson on the way out thought
+I did H okay well Peter rles and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did H okay well Peter rles and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did H okay well Peter rles and oh
+there it is yes absolutely so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is yes absolutely so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is yes absolutely so there's
+two books that are um entitled um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two books that are um entitled um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two books that are um entitled um
+physics of solar cells you can is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of solar cells you can is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of solar cells you can is a very
+popular uh topic and one is the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular uh topic and one is the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular uh topic and one is the photo
+handbook um all refer to some aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook um all refer to some aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbook um all refer to some aspect of
+efficiency limits um and as you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limits um and as you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limits um and as you look
+through your uh your sheets you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your uh your sheets you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your uh your sheets you'll
+you'll see at the bottom uh typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see at the bottom uh typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see at the bottom uh typically
+the uh different uh pages of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh different uh pages of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh different uh pages of each of the
+books listed here so the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books listed here so the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books listed here so the very first
+thing that we should consider um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we should consider um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we should consider um before
+we get into PV technology uh we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into PV technology uh we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into PV technology uh we just
+have some solar device looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some solar device looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some solar device looking at the
+sun and the Sun is radiating at it uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and the Sun is radiating at it uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and the Sun is radiating at it uh at
+six 1,000 Kelvin 5,800 Kelvin and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six 1,000 Kelvin 5,800 Kelvin and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six 1,000 Kelvin 5,800 Kelvin and uh it
+the solar Contraption on the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Contraption on the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Contraption on the surface of
+the Earth is radiating back at the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth is radiating back at the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earth is radiating back at the sun
+with black body radiation at 300 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with black body radiation at 300 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with black body radiation at 300 Kelvin
+so much lower uh Power from stepan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much lower uh Power from stepan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much lower uh Power from stepan
+boltzman's law we know exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltzman's law we know exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltzman's law we know exactly the
+amount of power being emitted by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power being emitted by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power being emitted by that
+device so the two are radiating at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so the two are radiating at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so the two are radiating at each
+other and they're in equilibrium um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're in equilibrium um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're in equilibrium um and
+that results in uh the very first uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in uh the very first uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in uh the very first uh say
+we'll call it black body efficiency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it black body efficiency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it black body efficiency or
+maximum solar heat engine efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum solar heat engine efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum solar heat engine efficiency
+which would be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be around
+86% so that's our uh First Fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86% so that's our uh First Fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+86% so that's our uh First Fundamental
+cut off now that 86% is averaged over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off now that 86% is averaged over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off now that 86% is averaged over
+all wavelengths um there tends to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wavelengths um there tends to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wavelengths um there tends to be a
+wavelength dependence to uh this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength dependence to uh this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength dependence to uh this as
+well so uh The Next Step was to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so uh The Next Step was to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so uh The Next Step was to say okay
+well we know that uh we can't do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that uh we can't do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that uh we can't do better
+than the theoretical uh thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the theoretical uh thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the theoretical uh thermodynamic
+limit of uh one object looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of uh one object looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of uh one object looking at
+another um we uh but what is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um we uh but what is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um we uh but what is the actual
+limit of a solar cell and this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a solar cell and this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a solar cell and this was a
+question that the first developers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that the first developers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that the first developers of
+the solar cell asked themselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell asked themselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell asked themselves so
+Prince was one of the three uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince was one of the three uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince was one of the three uh of the
+team that 1954 published on the Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that 1954 published on the Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team that 1954 published on the Crystal
+and silicon solar cell device and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon solar cell device and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon solar cell device and very
+quickly followed it up with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly followed it up with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly followed it up with another
+article here in JP focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here in JP focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here in JP focused on the
+theoretical efficiency limit and uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical efficiency limit and uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical efficiency limit and uh a
+curve was proposed uh looking much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve was proposed uh looking much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve was proposed uh looking much like
+this with two data points for geranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with two data points for geranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with two data points for geranium
+and silicon uh theoretical limits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon uh theoretical limits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon uh theoretical limits that
+is uh and power density uh so not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and power density uh so not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and power density uh so not a
+conversion efficiency per se but a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency per se but a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency per se but a a
+power density and of course uh assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power density and of course uh assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power density and of course uh assuming
+a certain input power density one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain input power density one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain input power density one can
+calculate an efficiency from there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an efficiency from there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an efficiency from there and
+uh Along Came um well uh at this time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Along Came um well uh at this time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Along Came um well uh at this time uh
+HJ quiser uh had just moved over from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HJ quiser uh had just moved over from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HJ quiser uh had just moved over from
+Germany uh to uh Palo Alto to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany uh to uh Palo Alto to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany uh to uh Palo Alto to the
+apricot barn and uh and working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apricot barn and uh and working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apricot barn and uh and working with
+shley uh the uh esteemed shley at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shley uh the uh esteemed shley at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shley uh the uh esteemed shley at the
+time um to develop a detailed balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um to develop a detailed balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um to develop a detailed balance
+model for describing how a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for describing how a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for describing how a solar cell
+perform or what its ultimate theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform or what its ultimate theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform or what its ultimate theoretical
+efficiency limit could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limit could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limit could be
+now what a detailed balance model does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what a detailed balance model does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what a detailed balance model does
+is just basically accounting accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just basically accounting accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just basically accounting accounting
+for all of the uh photons coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the uh photons coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the uh photons coming in and
+out of the device um through the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the device um through the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the device um through the photons
+the electron whole pairs are generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron whole pairs are generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron whole pairs are generated
+this is assuming a very high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is assuming a very high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is assuming a very high quality
+material uh that uh does not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh that uh does not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh that uh does not have any
+form of recombination other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of recombination other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of recombination other than
+radiative recombination right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative recombination right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative recombination right so we
+talked about the different methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the different methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the different methods of
+limiting lifetime radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting lifetime radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting lifetime radiative
+recombination is is the uh is is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination is is the uh is is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination is is the uh is is one of
+the methods of of limiting performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods of of limiting performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods of of limiting performance
+um that occurs in high quality materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that occurs in high quality materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that occurs in high quality materials
+if you have a poor quality material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a poor quality material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a poor quality material
+you'll have non-radiative recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have non-radiative recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have non-radiative recombination
+say shly R Hall Rec combination um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say shly R Hall Rec combination um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say shly R Hall Rec combination um but
+in the detailed balance model only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the detailed balance model only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the detailed balance model only
+radiative recombination was assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative recombination was assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative recombination was assumed that
+way you can count number of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can count number of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can count number of photons
+coming in and number of photons going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and number of photons going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and number of photons going
+out of your device furthermore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your device furthermore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your device furthermore they
+assumed that the mobility of carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the mobility of carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the mobility of carriers
+was infinite inside of their uh material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was infinite inside of their uh material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was infinite inside of their uh material
+a few Labs over here coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few Labs over here coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few Labs over here coming from the
+folks who are working on organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who are working on organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who are working on organic
+materials but it's true they assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but it's true they assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but it's true they assume that
+the uh the mobility was infinite such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the mobility was infinite such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the mobility was infinite such
+that the separation of the quasif firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the separation of the quasif firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the separation of the quasif firmy
+energies throughout the entire device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies throughout the entire device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies throughout the entire device
+was equal right so if you had a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal right so if you had a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was equal right so if you had a limited
+Mobility if you had a certain higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility if you had a certain higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility if you had a certain higher
+density of carriers in the front than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of carriers in the front than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of carriers in the front than
+toward the back you would have a a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the back you would have a a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the back you would have a a a a
+difference in the chemical potential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the chemical potential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the chemical potential uh
+through the thickness of your device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the thickness of your device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the thickness of your device
+they assumed infinite uh Mobility so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assumed infinite uh Mobility so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they assumed infinite uh Mobility so it
+was a very uh simple yet elegantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very uh simple yet elegantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very uh simple yet elegantly
+insightful model that upon first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful model that upon first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful model that upon first
+submission was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission was
+rejected so the first time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected so the first time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected so the first time they
+submitted this model for publication it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted this model for publication it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted this model for publication it
+was rejected outright and it took them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rejected outright and it took them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was rejected outright and it took them
+uh another several months of edits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another several months of edits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another several months of edits
+probably about a year uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about a year uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about a year uh and they
+resubmitted it and then it became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resubmitted it and then it became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resubmitted it and then it became a
+sleeper paper it wasn't cited that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeper paper it wasn't cited that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeper paper it wasn't cited that much
+if you go to the web of science for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the web of science for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the web of science for
+example and look up this manuscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and look up this manuscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and look up this manuscript
+you'll see that the number of citations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the number of citations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that the number of citations
+in the early years was rather limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early years was rather limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early years was rather limited
+nowadays there isn't a talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there isn't a talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there isn't a talk about the
+fundamental efficiency of a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental efficiency of a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental efficiency of a solar cell
+without mentioning the Shak quy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mentioning the Shak quy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without mentioning the Shak quy
+efficiency limit that's coming directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limit that's coming directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency limit that's coming directly
+from this paper right here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper right here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper right here and that
+serves as a motivational story for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as a motivational story for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as a motivational story for you
+if your paper is rejected just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your paper is rejected just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your paper is rejected just remember
+that now you're along with some several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you're along with some several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now you're along with some several
+esteemed individuals uh who have set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteemed individuals uh who have set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteemed individuals uh who have set
+precedent in the field of photovoltaics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedent in the field of photovoltaics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedent in the field of photovoltaics
+and are Nobel uh worthy so um that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are Nobel uh worthy so um that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are Nobel uh worthy so um that's my
+personal opinion uh if you fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal opinion uh if you fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal opinion uh if you fall into
+that category don't feel discouraged uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that category don't feel discouraged uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that category don't feel discouraged uh
+regroup and uh find a way to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regroup and uh find a way to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regroup and uh find a way to make your
+paper better you have a copy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper better you have a copy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper better you have a copy of this
+manuscript right here by the way in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript right here by the way in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript right here by the way in your
+uh handouts for today and interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh handouts for today and interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh handouts for today and interestingly
+through their detailed balance model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their detailed balance model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their detailed balance model
+they obtained an ultimate efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they obtained an ultimate efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they obtained an ultimate efficiency
+versus uh versus wavelength um or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh versus wavelength um or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh versus wavelength um or or
+energy in this case um uh curve that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this case um uh curve that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this case um uh curve that uh
+looks very similar to the curve that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to the curve that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to the curve that you
+derived in your earlier homeworks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived in your earlier homeworks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived in your earlier homeworks where
+you just assumed two loss mechanisms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just assumed two loss mechanisms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just assumed two loss mechanisms one
+was non-absorption of light and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was non-absorption of light and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was non-absorption of light and the
+other was thermalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was thermalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was thermalization of
+carriers so the the detail balance model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so the the detail balance model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so the the detail balance model
+um the the way they reached this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the way they reached this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the way they reached this point
+is different fundamentally different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different fundamentally different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different fundamentally different the
+physics that was assumed um is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that was assumed um is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that was assumed um is is
+basically listed out right here um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically listed out right here um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically listed out right here um but
+the end result is fairly similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is fairly similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is fairly similar to the
+rough back of the envelope calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough back of the envelope calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough back of the envelope calculation
+that you performed in an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you performed in an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you performed in an earlier
+homework so again just to go up um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so again just to go up um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework so again just to go up um they
+assume that the photons with energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the photons with energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the photons with energies
+greater than the band Gap are absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the band Gap are absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the band Gap are absorbed
+create one electron whole pair um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one electron whole pair um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one electron whole pair um they
+assume thermalization so these were your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume thermalization so these were your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume thermalization so these were your
+two assumptions that you did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two assumptions that you did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two assumptions that you did in the
+homework then they do a few addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework then they do a few addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework then they do a few addition
+things they assume that radiative losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they assume that radiative losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they assume that radiative losses
+occur within the material that not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur within the material that not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur within the material that not every
+carrier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is
+collected that's important um so they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected that's important um so they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected that's important um so they uh
+you have radiative losses in your device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have radiative losses in your device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have radiative losses in your device
+uh so um that reduces the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um that reduces the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um that reduces the performance
+and then they assume further that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they assume further that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they assume further that there
+is a uh thermodynamic loss in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh thermodynamic loss in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh thermodynamic loss in their
+device in other words that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in other words that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device in other words that you don't
+extract the full band gap of energy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the full band gap of energy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the full band gap of energy but
+that there's a thermodynamic loss as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a thermodynamic loss as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a thermodynamic loss as you
+go from band to band which would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from band to band which would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from band to band which would be the
+band Gap energy to the difference or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap energy to the difference or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap energy to the difference or
+separation of the Quasi fmy energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the Quasi fmy energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the Quasi fmy energies
+which is this Delta Mu here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this Delta Mu here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this Delta Mu here which is the
+change in the chemical potential from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the chemical potential from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the chemical potential from
+the front side to the back side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front side to the back side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front side to the back side of the
+device so there were some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so there were some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so there were some additional
+loss terms that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss terms that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss terms that were
+included for a full description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included for a full description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included for a full description of the
+detailed balance limit and all the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed balance limit and all the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed balance limit and all the math
+I definitely encourage you to go to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I definitely encourage you to go to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I definitely encourage you to go to uh
+this website as well Peter verle's text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this website as well Peter verle's text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this website as well Peter verle's text
+uh does a wonderful job um describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does a wonderful job um describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does a wonderful job um describing
+this and of course you can you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course you can you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course you can you have your
+paper here you can read through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here you can read through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here you can read through the
+original paper yourself or perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper yourself or perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper yourself or perhaps
+suggested at an upcoming Journal meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested at an upcoming Journal meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested at an upcoming Journal meeting
+uh for your group here is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for your group here is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for your group here is the uh
+calculation of the detailed balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the detailed balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the detailed balance
+limit for am0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for am0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for am0 and
+am1.5 uh for uh essentially as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am1.5 uh for uh essentially as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am1.5 uh for uh essentially as a
+function of band Gap coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of band Gap coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of band Gap coming from the
+pvcd ROM and you can see how silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pvcd ROM and you can see how silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pvcd ROM and you can see how silicon and
+Gallum aride are pretty close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallum aride are pretty close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallum aride are pretty close to the
+theoretical maximum uh in terms of um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical maximum uh in terms of um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical maximum uh in terms of um in
+terms of the theoretical maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the theoretical maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the theoretical maximum
+efficiency for a single band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for a single band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency for a single band Gap
+semiconductor material um so this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material um so this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material um so this curve
+right here again is just representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here again is just representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here again is just representing
+one bandap material a single bandap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bandap material a single bandap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bandap material a single bandap
+material so let's take it from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so let's take it from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so let's take it from here and
+Venture forward into some more realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture forward into some more realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture forward into some more realistic
+um performance reduction effects uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um performance reduction effects uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um performance reduction effects uh we
+can for instance take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for instance take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for instance take into account
+recombination mechanisms that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination mechanisms that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination mechanisms that aren't
+only um for example that aren't only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um for example that aren't only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um for example that aren't only uh
+uh radiative we can take o Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiative we can take o Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiative we can take o Rec
+combination we can take shly Reed Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we can take shly Reed Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we can take shly Reed Hall
+Rec combination to account we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rec combination to account we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rec combination to account we can also
+take what's called Photon recycling into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take what's called Photon recycling into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take what's called Photon recycling into
+account so what is Photon recycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so what is Photon recycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account so what is Photon recycling
+Photon recycling is when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon recycling is when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon recycling is when you have a
+radiative recombination event and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative recombination event and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative recombination event and that
+Photon gets trapped within the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon gets trapped within the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon gets trapped within the material
+it's not allowed to escape but it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not allowed to escape but it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not allowed to escape but it gets
+trapped because for example off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped because for example off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped because for example off the top
+there's a an index of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an index of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a an index of refraction
+mismatch or the angle at which it tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch or the angle at which it tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch or the angle at which it tries
+to exit is um is is too oblique and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exit is um is is too oblique and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exit is um is is too oblique and so
+you have total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have total internal reflection
+within your device and you eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your device and you eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your device and you eventually
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+reabsorption so that's called Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reabsorption so that's called Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reabsorption so that's called Photon
+recycling because you have a radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling because you have a radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling because you have a radiative
+recombination event it emits a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination event it emits a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination event it emits a photon
+inside of your solar cell device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your solar cell device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of your solar cell device and
+that Photon bounces around a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Photon bounces around a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Photon bounces around a few more
+times until it's reabsorbed generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times until it's reabsorbed generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times until it's reabsorbed generating
+another electron hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electron hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electron hole
+pair and that is uh the essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and that is uh the essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and that is uh the essentially the
+the major boost in some of these ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major boost in some of these ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major boost in some of these ultra
+thin high performance solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin high performance solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin high performance solar cell
+materials such as the Ala devices uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials such as the Ala devices uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials such as the Ala devices uh
+record efficiency 28% Gallum Maronite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiency 28% Gallum Maronite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record efficiency 28% Gallum Maronite
+cell has the ability to do this Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell has the ability to do this Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell has the ability to do this Photon
+recycling okay um now uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling okay um now uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling okay um now uh how do you
+modify the detailed balance limit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the detailed balance limit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the detailed balance limit to
+account for finite Mobility I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for finite Mobility I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for finite Mobility I suspect
+this corner of the room is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner of the room is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corner of the room is is going to
+want to hear this um there a a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear this um there a a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear this um there a a beautiful
+uh piece of work done by Maes uh his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh piece of work done by Maes uh his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh piece of work done by Maes uh his PhD
+thesis uh or sorry the PHD thesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis uh or sorry the PHD thesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis uh or sorry the PHD thesis is
+even more uh insightful than than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more uh insightful than than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more uh insightful than than the
+manuscript in terms of actually breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript in terms of actually breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript in terms of actually breaking
+down each individual component a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each individual component a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down each individual component a great
+deal of modeling went into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of modeling went into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of modeling went into this
+including Photon recycling including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Photon recycling including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Photon recycling including
+some things that are very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are very difficult to
+model and the effect of finite Mobility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the effect of finite Mobility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the effect of finite Mobility
+was calculated uh on the on a modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calculated uh on the on a modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calculated uh on the on a modified
+detail balance limit model um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance limit model um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail balance limit model um and you
+can see uh the uh let's see number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see uh the uh let's see number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see uh the uh let's see number one
+that curve that's starting here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve that's starting here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve that's starting here at the
+the 20 that is for a um a Mobility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 that is for a um a Mobility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 that is for a um a Mobility that
+is is close to the optimal if you drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is close to the optimal if you drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is close to the optimal if you drop
+by an order of magnitude or two orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an order of magnitude or two orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an order of magnitude or two orders
+of magnitude relative to the uh to the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude relative to the uh to the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude relative to the uh to the U
+say the the maximum Mobility inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the maximum Mobility inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the maximum Mobility inside of
+your material your performance begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material your performance begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material your performance begins to
+degrade considerably and now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade considerably and now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade considerably and now you can
+understand why silicon or Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why silicon or Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why silicon or Crystal and
+silicon which has uh say electron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which has uh say electron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which has uh say electron or
+whole mobilities somewhere in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mobilities somewhere in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mobilities somewhere in the range
+of a few hundreds of centime uh centime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few hundreds of centime uh centime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few hundreds of centime uh centime
+squ per volt second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ per volt second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ per volt second
+um so keep that number in your mind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so keep that number in your mind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so keep that number in your mind in
+the order of hundreds of cim Square per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of hundreds of cim Square per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of hundreds of cim Square per
+volt second whole Mobility now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt second whole Mobility now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt second whole Mobility now you
+compare to amorphous silicon which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to amorphous silicon which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to amorphous silicon which has
+something in the range of 10us 3 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the range of 10us 3 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the range of 10us 3 to 10
+theus1 cm squ per Vol second and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 cm squ per Vol second and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus1 cm squ per Vol second and you can
+begin to see why those materials with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see why those materials with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see why those materials with
+poor mobilities are really impacted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor mobilities are really impacted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor mobilities are really impacted in
+terms of their performance um there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their performance um there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their performance um there is a
+method to calculate the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to calculate the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to calculate the impact of
+limited Mobility on device performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited Mobility on device performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited Mobility on device performance
+and if that intrigues you uh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that intrigues you uh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that intrigues you uh I would
+definitely uh refer you to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh refer you to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh refer you to this
+manuscript um one very simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript um one very simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript um one very simple way to
+think about it is at least for a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is at least for a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is at least for a band
+conductor you would have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor you would have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor you would have a certain
+diffusion length at least the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion length at least the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion length at least the first
+order um would be the diffusivity times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um would be the diffusivity times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um would be the diffusivity times
+the lifetime and the diffusivity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime and the diffusivity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime and the diffusivity would
+be uh related to the mobility inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh related to the mobility inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh related to the mobility inside of
+your material so your Mobility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material so your Mobility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material so your Mobility is
+factoring into your diffusion length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring into your diffusion length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring into your diffusion length and
+the diffusion length is affecting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion length is affecting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion length is affecting how
+many charge carriers are collected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many charge carriers are collected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many charge carriers are collected so
+that's a a simple way to uh to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a simple way to uh to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a a simple way to uh to think
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+problem a similar related approach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a similar related approach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a similar related approach that
+uh kind of pulls all of this together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of pulls all of this together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of pulls all of this together in
+a graphical form is at the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graphical form is at the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graphical form is at the very last
+page Pages uh some of the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page Pages uh some of the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page Pages uh some of the very last
+pages of Peter vel's text um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of Peter vel's text um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of Peter vel's text um and this is
+going through the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the efficiency
+calculations that we just saw starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that we just saw starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that we just saw starting
+from a certain amount of light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a certain amount of light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a certain amount of light that's
+not absorbed uh the light that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absorbed uh the light that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absorbed uh the light that is
+absorbed so that's that's efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed so that's that's efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed so that's that's efficiency
+loss mechanism number one and for a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss mechanism number one and for a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss mechanism number one and for a thin
+device let's say light trapping isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device let's say light trapping isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device let's say light trapping isn't
+perfect we're at around 74% efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect we're at around 74% efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect we're at around 74% efficiency
+of light trapping of absorption of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light trapping of absorption of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light trapping of absorption of light
+let's say now that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say now that we have a
+thermalization uh event that uh results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization uh event that uh results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization uh event that uh results
+in about a 33% loss so we're down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about a 33% loss so we're down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about a 33% loss so we're down to
+67% efficiency for the thermalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67% efficiency for the thermalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67% efficiency for the thermalization of
+charge carriers just the step so now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carriers just the step so now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carriers just the step so now our
+combined efficiency is going to be the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined efficiency is going to be the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined efficiency is going to be the M
+multiplicative product of those two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative product of those two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative product of those two so
+just the thermalization of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the thermalization of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the thermalization of charge
+carriers um results in a 33% drop of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers um results in a 33% drop of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers um results in a 33% drop of an
+efficiency now there's a Delta between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency now there's a Delta between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency now there's a Delta between
+say the band to band and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the band to band and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the band to band and the actual
+chemical potential inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential inside of our
+material once we consider The Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material once we consider The Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material once we consider The Ensemble
+of carriers not just those free carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carriers not just those free carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carriers not just those free carriers
+but the Ensemble of carriers which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Ensemble of carriers which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Ensemble of carriers which is
+going to dictate the um the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dictate the um the ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to dictate the um the ultimate
+potential so we have some carriers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so we have some carriers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so we have some carriers that
+are excited and others that aren't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are excited and others that aren't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are excited and others that aren't um
+these thermodynamic losses result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermodynamic losses result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermodynamic losses result in
+another uh 36% drop um and finally Phil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh 36% drop um and finally Phil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh 36% drop um and finally Phil
+Factor losses which represent the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor losses which represent the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor losses which represent the solar
+cell in Practical operation when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in Practical operation when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in Practical operation when we have
+series resistance and so forth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance and so forth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance and so forth uh
+another 11% so if we multiply these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 11% so if we multiply these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 11% so if we multiply these four
+numbers together we drop down to 28 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers together we drop down to 28 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers together we drop down to 28 and
+the beauty of doing breaking things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of doing breaking things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of doing breaking things out
+like this and and what Peter verle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and what Peter verle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and and what Peter verle
+doeses very nicely is dives into each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doeses very nicely is dives into each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doeses very nicely is dives into each of
+these in great detail and explains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in great detail and explains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in great detail and explains to
+you exactly how those numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly how those numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly how those numbers are
+derived um the beauty of doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived um the beauty of doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived um the beauty of doing something
+like this is you can pick the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is you can pick the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is you can pick the lowest
+number say 64 and 67 and say I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number say 64 and 67 and say I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number say 64 and 67 and say I want to
+work on those I want to make my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on those I want to make my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on those I want to make my PhD
+thesis about those parameters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis about those parameters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis about those parameters because
+that has the biggest impact and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the biggest impact and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the biggest impact and that's
+what um you can do with a an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um you can do with a an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um you can do with a an analysis
+like this now you can take this further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now you can take this further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now you can take this further
+you can say well these are only four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well these are only four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well these are only four of
+the many parameters that impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many parameters that impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many parameters that impact
+performance I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I would like to
+I would like to look at many many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to look at many many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to look at many many more
+and that's what um uh one has done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what um uh one has done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what um uh one has done for
+Crystal and silicon which is arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon which is arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon which is arguably
+the most uh researched in and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh researched in and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most uh researched in and from the
+point of view of uh physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of uh physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of uh physical
+understanding Advanced solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding Advanced solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding Advanced solar cell
+technology um we can see a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um we can see a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um we can see a variety of
+performance loss mechanisms that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance loss mechanisms that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance loss mechanisms that have
+been taken into account inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken into account inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taken into account inside of the
+crystal silicon devices uh this was a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal silicon devices uh this was a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal silicon devices uh this was a uh
+an invited talk by uh dick Swanson the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invited talk by uh dick Swanson the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invited talk by uh dick Swanson the
+founder of sunpow former professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder of sunpow former professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder of sunpow former professor at
+Stanford who uh pulled this together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford who uh pulled this together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford who uh pulled this together um
+a very nice presentation uh he speaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice presentation uh he speaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice presentation uh he speaks
+with authority because sunow produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with authority because sunow produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with authority because sunow produces a
+highest efficiency Crystal and silic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest efficiency Crystal and silic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest efficiency Crystal and silic and
+solar cell device commercially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device commercially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device commercially and
+interestingly um right here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly um right here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly um right here this is the
+uh thermodynamic limit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thermodynamic limit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thermodynamic limit and the
+calculated limit efficiency versus time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated limit efficiency versus time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated limit efficiency versus time
+so we start from Prince that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from Prince that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from Prince that was the
+very first one and we have shockly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first one and we have shockly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first one and we have shockly
+quiser up there and so forth so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiser up there and so forth so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiser up there and so forth so the the
+theoretical limit of solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit of solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical limit of solar cell
+performance has also changed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance has also changed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance has also changed with
+time and their calculations vary so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and their calculations vary so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and their calculations vary so it's
+important to be able to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to understand this
+as well as you go into it um and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as you go into it um and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as you go into it um and here is
+the actual best laboratory performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual best laboratory performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual best laboratory performance
+so if we had for example the 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we had for example the 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we had for example the 25%
+efficient uh cell over there um it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh cell over there um it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh cell over there um it would
+already be higher than some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already be higher than some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already be higher than some of the
+earlier efficiency calculations for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier efficiency calculations for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier efficiency calculations for a
+crystal and silicon what dick Swanson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and silicon what dick Swanson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and silicon what dick Swanson
+thinks is the Practical limit is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks is the Practical limit is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks is the Practical limit is right
+there that's the Swanson prediction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the Swanson prediction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the Swanson prediction uh
+that we won't get much above 26%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't get much above 26%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't get much above 26%
+for Chris and silicon so loss mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Chris and silicon so loss mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Chris and silicon so loss mechanisms
+visualized right here um and several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized right here um and several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized right here um and several
+good readings on efficiency limits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good readings on efficiency limits um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good readings on efficiency limits um
+what I'm going to do is pause here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is pause here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is pause here there
+is still some material in your text um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still some material in your text um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still some material in your text um
+and some really cool demos uh that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some really cool demos uh that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some really cool demos uh that we're
+going to have to wait until next week to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to wait until next week to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to wait until next week to
+see
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lPCoJJHhFP4.txt b/lPCoJJHhFP4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..203312c6900d12bbe16d692108d556353b4e35ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lPCoJJHhFP4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to explore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to explore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to explore this
+basic trade-off between big versus small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trade-off between big versus small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic trade-off between big versus small
+as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you
+uh from an economic point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from an economic point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from an economic point of view
+uh in this short presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this short presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this short presentation
+and it's all based on an old analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all based on an old analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all based on an old analysis
+from a simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a simple case
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the real situation is more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real situation is more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real situation is more complex
+but this analysis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this analysis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this analysis um
+leads you to some simple and intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you to some simple and intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you to some simple and intuitive
+understanding of the trade-offs which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the trade-offs which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the trade-offs which is
+what i want to use and by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to use and by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to use and by the way this
+was built upon uh the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built upon uh the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built upon uh the experience of
+building steel plants in india uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building steel plants in india uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building steel plants in india uh back
+oh well in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well in uh
+half a century ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the picture what it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the picture what it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the picture what it all comes
+out to let me explain the picture first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to let me explain the picture first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to let me explain the picture first
+then let's talk about the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's talk about the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's talk about the implications
+so i have on the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have on the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have on the horizontal axis
+is this alpha which i've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this alpha which i've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this alpha which i've been talking
+about and he ran the numbers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and he ran the numbers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and he ran the numbers because
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh
+simple analysis actually which i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analysis actually which i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analysis actually which i'm not
+going to repeat you can you can look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat you can you can look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to repeat you can you can look it
+up but it's not crucial to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but it's not crucial to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but it's not crucial to the
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+from our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our purposes
+the economy the scale factors is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy the scale factors is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy the scale factors is in the
+range between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range between
+0.6 and 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 and 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6 and 100
+and so this is the economies of scale on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the economies of scale on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is the economies of scale on
+the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal axis
+on the vertical axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis is
+this how often if you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how often if you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how often if you're going to have
+modules how often should we repeat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules how often should we repeat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules how often should we repeat them
+to be efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be efficient
+and it's based upon the simple analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's based upon the simple analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's based upon the simple analysis
+that it's an it's a linear growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an it's a linear growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's an it's a linear growth
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+uh having made that analysis it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having made that analysis it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having made that analysis it gives
+you the trade-offs which i'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the trade-offs which i'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the trade-offs which i'm going to be
+looking for so here is the cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so here is the cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so here is the cycle time
+which also translates in the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also translates in the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also translates in the size
+because if you have 10 growth a year if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have 10 growth a year if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have 10 growth a year if
+you're supposed to build it every eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to build it every eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to build it every eight
+years it's talking about 80 growth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's talking about 80 growth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it's talking about 80 growth so
+the size of the plan of the module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the plan of the module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the plan of the module
+basically is in this way and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is in this way and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is in this way and this is the
+economy scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy scale
+and it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+all right so let me just that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me just that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me just that's the
+setup for it and now let me explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for it and now let me explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for it and now let me explain it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what's happening the same graph as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening the same graph as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening the same graph as
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so it says if i have higher discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says if i have higher discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says if i have higher discount
+rates so this is from 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so this is from 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so this is from 10
+to 5 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 15
+higher discount rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher discount rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher discount rates
+sorry higher discount rates mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry higher discount rates mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry higher discount rates mean that
+you ought to build smaller which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to build smaller which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ought to build smaller which says
+again that uh in fact if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that uh in fact if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that uh in fact if you're looking
+at it from here to here you go from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it from here to here you go from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it from here to here you go from uh
+at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+say 70 percent a factor for economies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 70 percent a factor for economies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 70 percent a factor for economies of
+scale you go from about seven down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you go from about seven down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale you go from about seven down to
+about four and a bit so you make it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four and a bit so you make it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four and a bit so you make it um
+basically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+40 smaller is your size of your module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 smaller is your size of your module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 smaller is your size of your module
+and on the other hand if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand if you have
+greater economies of scale you build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater economies of scale you build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater economies of scale you build it
+large you have no economy at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you have no economy at scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you have no economy at scale
+there's no benefit to building it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no benefit to building it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no benefit to building it more
+than existing demand so that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than existing demand so that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than existing demand so that you have
+the two factors that it's a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two factors that it's a trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two factors that it's a trade-off
+between economy the scale and discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between economy the scale and discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between economy the scale and discount
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+greater discount rate builds smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater discount rate builds smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater discount rate builds smaller
+greater economies of scale sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater economies of scale sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater economies of scale sorry
+greater economies of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater economies of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater economies of scale
+which means smaller numbers here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means smaller numbers here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means smaller numbers here there's
+a little bit of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of uh
+cognitive dissonance smaller numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive dissonance smaller numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive dissonance smaller numbers
+mean greater economies of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean greater economies of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean greater economies of scale
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you build larger that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build larger that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build larger that's the basic
+trade-off which i was trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off which i was trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off which i was trying to uh
+express earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express earlier
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+is a graphical representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graphical representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graphical representation of the
+kind of thing that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that can happen
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's another so you say well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another so you say well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another so you say well how
+sensitive all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive all this
+so here's the kind of thing that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the kind of thing that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the kind of thing that that
+happens so here is now the total cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here is now the total cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here is now the total cost of
+a of the plant and the cycle time is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of the plant and the cycle time is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of the plant and the cycle time is how
+big you make it uh considering a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you make it uh considering a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big you make it uh considering a common
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+growth per year if i go from four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth per year if i go from four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth per year if i go from four to
+eight i double the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight i double the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight i double the size
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+response is the observation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is the observation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is the observation is the
+optimum is flat what do i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum is flat what do i mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimum is flat what do i mean by that
+is that here if we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here if we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here if we're here
+since we these things can't be predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we these things can't be predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we these things can't be predicted
+that precisely that going from say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precisely that going from say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precisely that going from say a
+size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of
+based on four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on four
+times the growth rate to up to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the growth rate to up to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the growth rate to up to about
+here about 10 or 12 times the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about 10 or 12 times the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about 10 or 12 times the growth
+rate is it doesn't make that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is it doesn't make that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is it doesn't make that much
+difference so it makes a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so it makes a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so it makes a great deal of
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that you want to build sometime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to build sometime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to build sometime in
+advance but the optimal is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but the optimal is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but the optimal is not that
+that not that significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not that significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not that significant
+but you don't want to be building for 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to be building for 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to be building for 15
+or 20 years in advance because then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years in advance because then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 years in advance because then it
+really starts uh hitting you now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really starts uh hitting you now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really starts uh hitting you now this
+was calculated for a particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calculated for a particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was calculated for a particular set of
+values and it changes if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and it changes if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and it changes if you do
+it at other times but the notion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at other times but the notion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at other times but the notion is
+well if you if you look at a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you if you look at a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you if you look at a relatively
+sm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm
+small units you can have it better not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small units you can have it better not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small units you can have it better not
+for 15 years not for 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15 years not for 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15 years not for 20 years
+so the implications here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the implications here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the implications here
+are which i want to bring out through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which i want to bring out through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which i want to bring out through
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+for industries with economies of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for industries with economies of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for industries with economies of scale
+such as electric power chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as electric power chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as electric power chemical
+processes and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and so forth
+and assuming that you have a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assuming that you have a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assuming that you have a steady
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth
+indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+small plants as very small ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plants as very small ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plants as very small ones are
+uneconomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneconomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uneconomical
+the optimal size associated with growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal size associated with growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal size associated with growth
+from between about five and ten years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from between about five and ten years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from between about five and ten years of
+growth um and they're not especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth um and they're not especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth um and they're not especially
+sensitive to the higher end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the higher end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the higher end
+because and that's good because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and that's good because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and that's good because the
+forecasts are not accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts are not accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts are not accurate
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+modest size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest size
+but now this analysis assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this analysis assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this analysis assumed that
+growth is going to continue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is going to continue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is going to continue on
+indefinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinitely
+but what happens is if the growth stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens is if the growth stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens is if the growth stops
+decreases what's the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases what's the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases what's the risk
+well you risk building capacity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you risk building capacity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you risk building capacity that's
+not needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not needed
+what can you do about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do about it
+well you build smaller so there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you build smaller so there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you build smaller so there's less
+reliance on the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliance on the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliance on the future
+this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like
+similar but not the same as ali's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but not the same as ali's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but not the same as ali's
+comments that the oil company i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that the oil company i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that the oil company i think it
+was that he was working with built two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he was working with built two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he was working with built two
+plants as so it's not to be vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants as so it's not to be vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants as so it's not to be vulnerable
+in case something happened in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case something happened in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case something happened in this case
+not that the capacity would stop but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the capacity would stop but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the capacity would stop but
+because they wanted to be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to be able to be
+assured that they could meet their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that they could meet their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that they could meet their
+clients needs or their market share and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients needs or their market share and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients needs or their market share and
+therefore wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore wanted
+to have them smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them smaller
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the trade-offs that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs that we're talking about
+here is between the higher cost per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is between the higher cost per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is between the higher cost per
+units for small plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units for small plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units for small plans
+when operating capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when operating capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when operating capacity
+versus saving by not paying for extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus saving by not paying for extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus saving by not paying for extra
+capacity so there's a trade-off here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so there's a trade-off here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so there's a trade-off here
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+that you need to think about very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to think about very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to think about very
+particular to the specifics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to the specifics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to the specifics of
+your situation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your situation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your situation between
+taking advantage of economies of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of economies of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of economies of scale
+which is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a typical
+driving force behind uh planning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force behind uh planning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force behind uh planning for
+a lot of industry versus uh building it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of industry versus uh building it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of industry versus uh building it
+incrementally and smaller which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally and smaller which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementally and smaller which gives
+you advantages uh of it and i will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you advantages uh of it and i will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you advantages uh of it and i will be
+talking later on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking later on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking later on about
+uh the uh a case about doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh a case about doing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh a case about doing this in
+south australia where uh they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south australia where uh they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south australia where uh they are
+building not only uh they built a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building not only uh they built a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building not only uh they built a water
+water supply plant which was built at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water supply plant which was built at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water supply plant which was built at a
+terrific size for economy of scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific size for economy of scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific size for economy of scale and
+they were thinking about doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were thinking about doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were thinking about doing the same
+thing for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for an
+lng plant and it illustrates that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lng plant and it illustrates that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lng plant and it illustrates that the
+advantages but of that trade-offs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages but of that trade-offs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages but of that trade-offs and
+how you want to modulate between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to modulate between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to modulate between the
+size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+of the capacity and when you implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacity and when you implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacity and when you implement
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+takeaways from the discussion so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways from the discussion so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways from the discussion so far
+is if there's no economy at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there's no economy at scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there's no economy at scale
+don't build an anticipation demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't build an anticipation demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't build an anticipation demand
+expand as needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand as needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand as needed
+if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may
+you might want to build somewhat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to build somewhat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to build somewhat in the
+future but not aggressively in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but not aggressively in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future but not aggressively in the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+the more uncertainty they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more uncertainty they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more uncertainty they are the
+smaller the increments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the increments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the increments
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+big capacity is not fully used or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big capacity is not fully used or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big capacity is not fully used or even
+needed that is the risk of not needing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed that is the risk of not needing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed that is the risk of not needing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+for whatever reason is a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason is a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reason is a risk
+as a reason not to build as big big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reason not to build as big big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reason not to build as big big as
+it might as the engineering might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might as the engineering might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might as the engineering might like
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i want to now add in the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to now add in the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to now add in the effect of
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+uh which i mentioned has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i mentioned has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i mentioned has the
+emphasizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes the
+uh effect of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effect of um
+the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is the tail end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the tail end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the tail end of the
+man's analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's analysis
+basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um
+uh so i've taken it from 0.6 to 0.95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i've taken it from 0.6 to 0.95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i've taken it from 0.6 to 0.95
+this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically
+uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+discrete representation that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete representation that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete representation that's why
+they're bumps in these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bumps in these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bumps in these curves
+and with no learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with no learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with no learning
+and at different interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at different interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at different interest rates
+and i'm comparing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm comparing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm comparing this
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+another case with learning and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case with learning and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case with learning and you have
+no learning which is up here and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no learning which is up here and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no learning which is up here and if you
+have higher amounts of learning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher amounts of learning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher amounts of learning it
+really decreases it so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really decreases it so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really decreases it so it's a
+i intend by this as an illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i intend by this as an illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i intend by this as an illustration of
+the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+adds on to the effect of discount rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds on to the effect of discount rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds on to the effect of discount rates
+in terms of arguing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of arguing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of arguing against
+larger ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger ones
+larger plans which is all in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger plans which is all in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger plans which is all in the context
+that it's nice to have modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's nice to have modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's nice to have modules
+as a way of dealing with uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the summary here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the summary here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the summary here is
+uncertainty is a main driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is a main driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty is a main driver
+against are the pervasive economies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against are the pervasive economies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against are the pervasive economies of
+scale that impel designs for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that impel designs for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that impel designs for large
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+and four are the discount rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four are the discount rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four are the discount rate and the
+learning in addition to the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the big picture i want to leave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big picture i want to leave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the big picture i want to leave you
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+is that economies of scale are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that economies of scale are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that economies of scale are
+widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread
+and in that way they have been a mantra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that way they have been a mantra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that way they have been a mantra
+for engineering design to build big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for engineering design to build big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for engineering design to build big
+plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+and you see this very easily in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electric power industry where this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power industry where this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric power industry where this has
+been the norm for bigger plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the norm for bigger plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the norm for bigger plants
+as opposed to smaller plants which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to smaller plants which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to smaller plants which you
+can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then
+distribute around the landscape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute around the landscape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute around the landscape and
+don't have the same distribution cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the same distribution cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the same distribution cost
+and it's also been the pattern of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also been the pattern of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also been the pattern of uh
+oil uh platforms of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil uh platforms of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil uh platforms of being
+large has been more efficient and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large has been more efficient and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large has been more efficient and so on
+as opposed to smaller ones which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to smaller ones which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to smaller ones which
+uh reduce the uh risks or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduce the uh risks or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduce the uh risks or the
+uncertainties associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties associated with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the performance of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the field
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in that context that smaller units may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context that smaller units may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context that smaller units may
+be better so there's an argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better so there's an argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better so there's an argument for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+investigation of smaller units and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of smaller units and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of smaller units and our
+work with bp and subsequently um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with bp and subsequently um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with bp and subsequently um with
+all the one we did with ollie deveck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the one we did with ollie deveck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the one we did with ollie deveck in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+really interesting with bp because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting with bp because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting with bp because it
+was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so
+uh against the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh against the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh against the idea of
+looking at smaller units um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at smaller units um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at smaller units um
+but is proven uh actually uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is proven uh actually uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is proven uh actually uh quite
+productive for them
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lvp4NfED6K4.txt b/lvp4NfED6K4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bd104b3f4074d31b1748c582da5864a5fa30224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lvp4NfED6K4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6144 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get started so today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started so today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started so today's lecture
+will be super short we've got a 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be super short we've got a 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be super short we've got a 45
+minute quiz on uh objectoriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute quiz on uh objectoriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute quiz on uh objectoriented
+programming classes that kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming classes that kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming classes that kind of stuff
+so I wanted to give you guys an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to give you guys an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to give you guys an extra
+bit of time to work through three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time to work through three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time to work through three
+programming problems um but uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problems um but uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problems um but uh the the
+the the actual lecture part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual lecture part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual lecture part
+um we're going to switch gears a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to switch gears a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to switch gears a little
+bit and we're going to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we're going to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we're going to start talking
+about um something more theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um something more theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um something more theoretical
+which is how to figure out whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how to figure out whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how to figure out whether the
+programs we write are efficient and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs we write are efficient and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs we write are efficient and how
+efficient are they okay so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient are they okay so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient are they okay so we're going
+to do that today using uh uh the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that today using uh uh the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that today using uh uh the idea of
+timing our programs and then counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing our programs and then counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing our programs and then counting
+number of operations as I'll describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations as I'll describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operations as I'll describe it
+in a little bit but first of all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit but first of all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit but first of all a
+little bit of motivation so um why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of motivation so um why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of motivation so um why do we
+actually care about this topic it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about this topic it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about this topic it's a
+topic that's uh uh High research area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's uh uh High research area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that's uh uh High research area in
+computer science um so far in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science um so far in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science um so far in this class
+though we've emphasized correctness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we've emphasized correctness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we've emphasized correctness
+right in problem sets the unit tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in problem sets the unit tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in problem sets the unit tests
+check for the whether uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for the whether uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for the whether uh that the
+programs you wrote were correct in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs you wrote were correct in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs you wrote were correct in
+quizzes we basically look at how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes we basically look at how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes we basically look at how many
+test cases you pass right and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cases you pass right and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cases you pass right and to
+determine the grade but you know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the grade but you know the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the grade but you know the uh
+these days we actually have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days we actually have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days we actually have a whole
+bunch of data coming at us right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data coming at us right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data coming at us right so we
+have a lot of data that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of data that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of data that we need to
+analyze we need to read we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze we need to read we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze we need to read we need to
+visualize um we need to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize um we need to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize um we need to make sense of
+and so the programs that we write yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the programs that we write yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the programs that we write yes
+they have to be correct which is a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be correct which is a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be correct which is a large
+part of it but they also have to be fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but they also have to be fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it but they also have to be fast
+right so if it takes a year to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it takes a year to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it takes a year to analyze
+you know the a bunch of uh information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the a bunch of uh information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the a bunch of uh information
+on YouTube videos nobody's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube videos nobody's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube videos nobody's going to
+really want to wait that long right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to wait that long right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to wait that long right and
+so we're going to emphasize uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to emphasize uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to emphasize uh in the
+the next three or four lectures I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three or four lectures I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three or four lectures I forget
+exactly how many but the next little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many but the next little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many but the next little
+section in this class um the idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in this class um the idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in this class um the idea of how
+to determine the efficiency of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine the efficiency of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine the efficiency of our
+programs okay so when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs okay so when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs okay so when we're talking
+about efficiency we can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about efficiency we can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about efficiency we can talk about the
+time efficiency of programs and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time efficiency of programs and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time efficiency of programs and also the
+space efficiency of programs and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space efficiency of programs and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space efficiency of programs and usually
+there's going to be a trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a trade-off between
+these two so very rarely these days can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two so very rarely these days can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two so very rarely these days can
+you come up with an algorithm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with an algorithm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with an algorithm that's
+both efficient in time and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both efficient in time and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both efficient in time and space
+compared to algorithms that are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to algorithms that are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to algorithms that are already
+out there um so usually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there um so usually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there um so usually there's a
+trade-off and the most uh the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off and the most uh the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off and the most uh the best
+example is the one that we saw with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the one that we saw with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the one that we saw with
+Fibonacci so we saw an uh code that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci so we saw an uh code that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci so we saw an uh code that was
+recursive to calculate Fibonacci so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive to calculate Fibonacci so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive to calculate Fibonacci so
+Fibonacci of n was Fibonacci of n minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n was Fibonacci of n minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci of n was Fibonacci of n minus1
+plus Fibonacci of n minus 2 right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Fibonacci of n minus 2 right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Fibonacci of n minus 2 right that
+was our recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our recursive
+step um that program uh that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um that program uh that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um that program uh that that was
+recursive took something like 30 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive took something like 30 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive took something like 30 million
+steps to calculate Fibonacci of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to calculate Fibonacci of 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to calculate Fibonacci of 30
+something right it was 30 million uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it was 30 million uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it was 30 million uh
+recursive calls which was pretty slow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls which was pretty slow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive calls which was pretty slow it
+took a couple seconds for it to run but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a couple seconds for it to run but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a couple seconds for it to run but
+then we saw a version with memorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we saw a version with memorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we saw a version with memorization
+no there's no R missing there it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no R missing there it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no R missing there it's just
+me memorization the sort of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me memorization the sort of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me memorization the sort of the process
+of keeping a memo through a dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping a memo through a dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping a memo through a dictionary
+in that particular case and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular case and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that particular case and the
+memorization idea was that we would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization idea was that we would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization idea was that we would take
+uh some values that we calculate and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some values that we calculate and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some values that we calculate and as
+we calculate them store them in the memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate them store them in the memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate them store them in the memo
+so in the memorization example we had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the memorization example we had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the memorization example we had um
+we had given up some of our memory right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had given up some of our memory right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had given up some of our memory right
+to store these values so that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store these values so that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store these values so that we didn't
+have to compute them and in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute them and in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compute them and in the process
+of doing so we had a program that ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing so we had a program that ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing so we had a program that ran
+really really quick right much quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really quick right much quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really quick right much quicker
+than the plain recursive version that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the plain recursive version that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the plain recursive version that we
+had originally seen so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had originally seen so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had originally seen so there's this
+trade-off right where you have a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off right where you have a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off right where you have a program
+that's fast but might store some values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fast but might store some values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fast but might store some values
+and take up more memory or a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take up more memory or a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take up more memory or a program
+that doesn't store anything but then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't store anything but then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't store anything but then is
+not going to be as fast it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be as fast it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be as fast it's going to be
+slower because it needs to keep uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower because it needs to keep uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower because it needs to keep uh uh
+Computing a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing a bunch of different
+values so what we're going to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so what we're going to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so what we're going to do in this
+lecture is kind of show you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is kind of show you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is kind of show you a very
+simple way of of figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of of figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of of figuring out how
+efficient our programs are which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient our programs are which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient our programs are which is
+we're just going to time them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to time them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to time them and then
+we're going to count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to count the number of
+operations that these programs take but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that these programs take but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that these programs take but
+we're going to do so sort of with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so sort of with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so sort of with the
+idea in the back of our mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the back of our mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the back of our mind that
+there's going to be some a better way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some a better way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some a better way to
+to figure out the efficiency of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the efficiency of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the efficiency of these
+programs and ultimately we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and ultimately we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and ultimately we don't really
+want to figure out the efficiency of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out the efficiency of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out the efficiency of an
+implementation right an implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation right an implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation right an implementation
+means you know you implement uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know you implement uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you know you implement uh a a
+program that you know finds a sum using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that you know finds a sum using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that you know finds a sum using
+a while loop I implement the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while loop I implement the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while loop I implement the program
+find to find a sum using a for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find to find a sum using a for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find to find a sum using a for Loop
+right those are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are two different
+implementations but at their core the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations but at their core the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations but at their core the
+algorithms or behind the scenes is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or behind the scenes is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms or behind the scenes is going
+to be the same and so what we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same and so what we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same and so what we what we
+want to do is to try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to try to figure out how
+to evaluate algorithms as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate algorithms as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate algorithms as opposed to
+these different implementations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different implementations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different implementations right
+because each one of you is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one of you is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one of you is going to come
+up with a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a completely different
+implementation for today's quiz right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation for today's quiz right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation for today's quiz right
+but I don't want to evaluate that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to evaluate that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to evaluate that I
+would like to evaluate sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to evaluate sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to evaluate sort of the
+algorithms behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms behind the
+scenes okay so we're going to do like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes okay so we're going to do like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes okay so we're going to do like I
+mentioned we're going to today look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we're going to today look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we're going to today look at
+uh measuring uh how long our program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measuring uh how long our program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measuring uh how long our program
+takes with an actual timer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes with an actual timer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes with an actual timer and then
+we're going going to also count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going going to also count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going going to also count how many
+operations our program t uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations our program t uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations our program t uh
+takes um and then we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes um and then we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes um and then we're not going to
+look at this other abstract notion we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this other abstract notion we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this other abstract notion we're
+going to look at that next lecture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at that next lecture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at that next lecture okay
+so today's lecture we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture we're going to use
+another module we've been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another module we've been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another module we've been looking at
+modules so uh in the past couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules so uh in the past couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules so uh in the past couple
+lectures already right we've seen um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures already right we've seen um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures already right we've seen um the
+random module which helps us deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random module which helps us deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random module which helps us deal with
+random numbers we've seen the uh date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers we've seen the uh date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers we've seen the uh date
+time module which helps us deal with or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time module which helps us deal with or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time module which helps us deal with or
+was it dat you till something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it dat you till something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it dat you till something like that
+which helps us deal with um datetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which helps us deal with um datetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which helps us deal with um datetime
+objects and uh converting dates into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and uh converting dates into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and uh converting dates into
+objects that were nicely usable today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that were nicely usable today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that were nicely usable today
+we're going to use the time module right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the time module right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the time module right
+here which will help us uh deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which will help us uh deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which will help us uh deal with the
+system clock okay so if we're timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system clock okay so if we're timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system clock okay so if we're timing
+functions that we run we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we run we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we run we're going to
+want to access the system clock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access the system clock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access the system clock to
+figure out exactly what time we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what time we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what time we started
+this function and what time we ended the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and what time we ended the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and what time we ended the
+function so just a little uh thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so just a little uh thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so just a little uh thing on
+you probably already know this how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably already know this how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably already know this how to
+call uh these functions Within These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh these functions Within These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh these functions Within These
+modules so the modules basically bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules so the modules basically bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules so the modules basically bring
+in a whole bunch of functions and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole bunch of functions and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole bunch of functions and maybe
+objects and things like that related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and things like that related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and things like that related to
+one topic one subject into your code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one topic one subject into your code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one topic one subject into your code and
+then to run the uh the um the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to run the uh the um the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to run the uh the um the functions
+in your code you just use this Donn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your code you just use this Donn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your code you just use this Donn
+notation on the module name so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation on the module name so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation on the module name so if I
+wanted to use the sign function from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use the sign function from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use the sign function from the
+math uh math module I would just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math uh math module I would just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math uh math module I would just say
+math. sign and then I have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. sign and then I have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. sign and then I have access to
+that sign function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sign function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sign function
+right okay so let's start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's start looking at
+timing a program okay the simplest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing a program okay the simplest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing a program okay the simplest way
+to figure out how fast the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how fast the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how fast the program
+runs so we're going to use the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so we're going to use the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so we're going to use the time
+module so I'm importing it here and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module so I'm importing it here and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module so I'm importing it here and when
+I do that python is going to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that python is going to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that python is going to bring in
+all of these functions related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these functions related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these functions related to the
+time now we're going to look in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now we're going to look in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now we're going to look in this
+particular lecture at three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture at three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture at three different
+functions and we're going to time them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we're going to time them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we're going to time them
+each of them next lecture we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them next lecture we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them next lecture we're going to
+look at a whole bunch more functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a whole bunch more functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a whole bunch more functions
+just to give you a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a little bit more
+practice with timing and Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with timing and Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with timing and Counting
+operations and then we'll introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and then we'll introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and then we'll introduce a
+more abstract notion of this order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract notion of this order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract notion of this order of
+growth so the three functions we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so the three functions we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so the three functions we're
+going to look at are these ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at are these ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at are these ones so
+Celsius to Fahrenheit my sum and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit my sum and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit my sum and square
+so Celsius to Fahrenheit pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Celsius to Fahrenheit pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Celsius to Fahrenheit pretty
+self-explanatory it takes in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory it takes in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory it takes in one
+parameter the number for a Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter the number for a Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter the number for a Celsius
+temperature and converts it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and converts it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and converts it to
+Fahrenheit so we did this lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit so we did this lecture one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit so we did this lecture one
+just using the formula this function my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the formula this function my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using the formula this function my
+sum will take in a number X so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum will take in a number X so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum will take in a number X so you know
+seven or 10 or 100 whatever it is and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 10 or 100 whatever it is and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 10 or 100 whatever it is and it
+uses a loop Loop right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a loop Loop right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a loop Loop right so
+computationally uses this Loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally uses this Loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally uses this Loop that
+iterates through each number from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterates through each number from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterates through each number from zero
+all the way up to including X and keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to including X and keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to including X and keeps
+a running total right so it adds I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running total right so it adds I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running total right so it adds I to
+itself to the total and returns it so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to the total and returns it so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to the total and returns it so of
+course we could have Rewritten this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we could have Rewritten this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we could have Rewritten this in a
+more efficient way by using the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way by using the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient way by using the the
+formula right to to calculate the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right to to calculate the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right to to calculate the sum
+what is n n * n plus 1 over two but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n n * n plus 1 over two but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is n n * n plus 1 over two but here
+we're just doing it using this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing it using this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing it using this for
+Loop and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lastly um is this function called square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly um is this function called square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly um is this function called square
+and this one's going to be even more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one's going to be even more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one's going to be even more um
+inefficient we're going to calculate N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient we're going to calculate N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient we're going to calculate N
+squared so the parameter here n will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the parameter here n will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so the parameter here n will be
+squared but we're not doing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but we're not doing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but we're not doing you know
+return n * n or return NS star star two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return n * n or return NS star star two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return n * n or return NS star star two
+we're not doing any of that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing any of that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not doing any of that we're
+actually going to use two nested Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to use two nested Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to use two nested Loops
+right so I've got an outer for Loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I've got an outer for Loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I've got an outer for Loop that
+goes through the numberers 0 to n not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the numberers 0 to n not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through the numberers 0 to n not
+including an inner for Loop that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including an inner for Loop that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including an inner for Loop that goes
+through numbers 0 to n not including and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through numbers 0 to n not including and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through numbers 0 to n not including and
+this Square sum here adds one to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square sum here adds one to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square sum here adds one to itself
+every time so effectively we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time so effectively we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time so effectively we're going
+through and adding one to that sum n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and adding one to that sum n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and adding one to that sum n
+squar times all right so super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar times all right so super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar times all right so super
+inefficient but this is where we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient but this is where we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient but this is where we're at
+and so how do we actually time these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we actually time these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how do we actually time these
+functions so here's the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so here's the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so here's the this is
+basically you know one uh some lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know one uh some lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know one uh some lines of
+code in a file so I've got the time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in a file so I've got the time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in a file so I've got the time uh
+module imported here I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module imported here I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module imported here I've got the
+function here I'm going to call the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here I'm going to call the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here I'm going to call the time
+module and the time function within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and the time function within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and the time function within the
+time module so this tells me the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time module so this tells me the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time module so this tells me the number
+of seconds that have passed since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds that have passed since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds that have passed since
+January 1st 1970 that's called the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st 1970 that's called the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st 1970 that's called the um
+the epoch okay so the beginning of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epoch okay so the beginning of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epoch okay so the beginning of time
+and computer speak so if I grab how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer speak so if I grab how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer speak so if I grab how many
+seconds have uh have passed since that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds have uh have passed since that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds have uh have passed since that
+time then T start towards that number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then T start towards that number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then T start towards that number of
+seconds then I'm going to run my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds then I'm going to run my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds then I'm going to run my
+function Celsius to Fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Celsius to Fahrenheit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Celsius to Fahrenheit
+37 and then I'm going to get the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and then I'm going to get the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and then I'm going to get the time
+again down here and subtract the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again down here and subtract the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again down here and subtract the time
+right now after the function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now after the function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now after the function has
+finished minus the time it was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished minus the time it was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished minus the time it was right
+before I started my function okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I started my function okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I started my function okay so
+that gives me the the DT and then I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the the DT and then I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the the DT and then I just
+print that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print that
+out so we can run it together the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we can run it together the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so we can run it together the way
+I'm going to run it is by actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run it is by actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run it is by actually uh
+doing a little bit of modularization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little bit of modularization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little bit of modularization to
+this code so I'm have this function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code so I'm have this function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code so I'm have this function and
+this is the only function I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only function I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only function I'm actually
+going to run down here it's my I I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run down here it's my I I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run down here it's my I I call
+it a Time wrapper it's a wrapper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a Time wrapper it's a wrapper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a Time wrapper it's a wrapper
+function and it takes in two parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it takes in two parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it takes in two parameters
+the first is the actual function I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the actual function I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the actual function I want
+to run so I'll show you down here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run so I'll show you down here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run so I'll show you down here you
+can see I'm running the time wrapper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see I'm running the time wrapper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see I'm running the time wrapper
+with the name literally the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the name literally the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the name literally the name of the
+function I want to run this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want to run this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want to run this is not a
+function call it's just the name of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call it's just the name of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call it's just the name of my
+function so that's the first parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's the first parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's the first parameter
+and the second parameter is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second parameter is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second parameter is a whole
+bunch of different inputs I want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different inputs I want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different inputs I want to run
+the function with so this Ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function with so this Ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function with so this Ln
+is created up here and it just makes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created up here and it just makes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created up here and it just makes for
+me the list of all of these inputs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the list of all of these inputs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the list of all of these inputs so
+I'm going to run uh Celsius to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run uh Celsius to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run uh Celsius to
+Fahrenheit with a number one Celsius to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit with a number one Celsius to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit with a number one Celsius to
+Fahrenheit with a number 10 Celsius to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit with a number 10 Celsius to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit with a number 10 Celsius to
+Fahrenheit with 100 and so on so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit with 100 and so on so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit with 100 and so on so these
+will be all my inputs to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and so when I call this wrapper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so when I call this wrapper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so when I call this wrapper
+Python's just going to replace f with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's just going to replace f with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python's just going to replace f with
+the function that I'm actually running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that I'm actually running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function that I'm actually running
+so Celsius to fahid or myum or Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Celsius to fahid or myum or Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Celsius to fahid or myum or Square
+and you can see here for each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here for each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here for each one of the
+different inputs I'm going to grab gra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inputs I'm going to grab gra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different inputs I'm going to grab gra
+the time run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time run the
+function grab the time again to grab get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function grab the time again to grab get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function grab the time again to grab get
+the DT and then print how long it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DT and then print how long it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DT and then print how long it took
+so I'll show you what that looks like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll show you what that looks like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll show you what that looks like so
+here I ran Celsius to Fahrenheit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I ran Celsius to Fahrenheit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I ran Celsius to Fahrenheit with
+inputs 1 10 100 1,00 10,000 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it was really
+fast okay it took zero seconds every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay it took zero seconds every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay it took zero seconds every
+single time so no matter what the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time so no matter what the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time so no matter what the input
+zero seconds so fast that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero seconds so fast that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero seconds so fast that you know
+python didn't even tell me exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python didn't even tell me exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python didn't even tell me exactly how
+how slow it was and know you know 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how slow it was and know you know 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how slow it was and know you know 10 to
+the9 or whatever it's just 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the9 or whatever it's just 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the9 or whatever it's just 0
+seconds and that's in part to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and that's in part to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and that's in part to the time
+function but we'll leave it at that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we'll leave it at that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but we'll leave it at that it's
+just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very
+fast okay how about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay how about the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay how about the next
+function let's do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's do my
+sum so my sum is not just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so my sum is not just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so my sum is not just doing
+calculations it has a loop right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations it has a loop right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations it has a loop right that's
+a function of the input so our input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the input so our input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the input so our input
+changes and you might have noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and you might have noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and you might have noticed that
+as our input got bigger we actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our input got bigger we actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our input got bigger we actually had
+to wait a little while for this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait a little while for this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait a little while for this result
+to come come by so we see down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come come by so we see down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come come by so we see down here
+right or up here when the input's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or up here when the input's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or up here when the input's pretty
+small yes it took zero seconds it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small yes it took zero seconds it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small yes it took zero seconds it's so
+fast that it didn't even register it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast that it didn't even register it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast that it didn't even register it but
+at some point we started to get actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point we started to get actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point we started to get actual
+numbers so with a 10,000 it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so with a 10,000 it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so with a 10,000 it took
+099 seconds with 100,000 it took 0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+099 seconds with 100,000 it took 0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+099 seconds with 100,000 it took 0.01
+with uh uh uh what is this a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh uh what is this a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh uh what is this a million
+yeah with a million it took 05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with a million it took 05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with a million it took 05
+seconds so we can actually see a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so we can actually see a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so we can actually see a little
+pattern right if we stare at it long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right if we stare at it long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right if we stare at it long
+enough um especially for the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um especially for the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um especially for the bigger
+numbers right so down here right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right so down here right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right so down here right these
+first two are iffy but when we get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two are iffy but when we get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two are iffy but when we get to a
+big number like a million we say it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number like a million we say it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number like a million we say it took
+0.005 seconds when we increase the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 seconds when we increase the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 seconds when we increase the input
+by 10 to 10 million the input took 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 to 10 million the input took 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 to 10 million the input took 0.5
+seconds and when we increased the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and when we increased the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and when we increased the input
+by 10 again it took five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 again it took five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 again it took five
+seconds so we we could guess that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so we we could guess that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so we we could guess that when
+we increase the input again by 10 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the input again by 10 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase the input again by 10 it
+will take about 50 seconds to run right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take about 50 seconds to run right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take about 50 seconds to run right
+and you can even try that out if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can even try that out if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can even try that out if you'd
+like to wait for 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right that's the my sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right that's the my sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right that's the my sum
+function now what about the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now what about the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now what about the square
+remember the square had the two nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the square had the two nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the square had the two nested
+for Loops four four and then just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loops four four and then just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loops four four and then just a
+regular addition in there so let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular addition in there so let's run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular addition in there so let's run
+that all right pretty fast pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right pretty fast pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right pretty fast pretty fast
+square of a th000 is already taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a th000 is already taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a th000 is already taking
+0.05 or 006 seconds square of 10,000 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 or 006 seconds square of 10,000 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 or 006 seconds square of 10,000 is
+now taking 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice with one more round if we waited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice with one more round if we waited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice with one more round if we waited
+for square of 100,000 we might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for square of 100,000 we might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for square of 100,000 we might be able
+to see a pattern or we can guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a pattern or we can guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a pattern or we can guess the
+pattern does anyone want wager a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern does anyone want wager a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern does anyone want wager a guess
+what the next number should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next number should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next number should be
+here can you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about 600 yeah about 600 right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 600 yeah about 600 right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 600 yeah about 600 right we're
+going from 006 to maybe about six so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 006 to maybe about six so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 006 to maybe about six so I
+don't know we could say about 600 I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we could say about 600 I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we could say about 600 I'm
+certainly not going to wait for 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not going to wait for 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not going to wait for 600
+seconds and I'm actually not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and I'm actually not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and I'm actually not going to
+make my computer do that just in case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my computer do that just in case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my computer do that just in case it
+crashes um but yeah it we could guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes um but yeah it we could guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes um but yeah it we could guess
+something like you know on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know on the order of
+some hundreds right 600 something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hundreds right 600 something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hundreds right 600 something like
+that so that's one thing to notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's one thing to notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's one thing to notice the
+other thing to notice is that already at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to notice is that already at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to notice is that already at
+10,000 right where the input is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 right where the input is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 right where the input is just
+10,000 this took 5 Seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 this took 5 Seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 this took 5 Seconds
+already in the previous uh function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the previous uh function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the previous uh function here
+my sum we got uh we had to get to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sum we got uh we had to get to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sum we got uh we had to get to 100
+million as my input to run for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million as my input to run for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million as my input to run for five
+seconds right so that's also a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so that's also a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds right so that's also a big
+difference here already this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here already this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here already this program
+square is taking a really long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is taking a really long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is taking a really long time to
+run when the input is not very big okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run when the input is not very big okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run when the input is not very big okay
+okay all right so some things to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so some things to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so some things to notice
+about timing and as I said we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about timing and as I said we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about timing and as I said we're going
+to look at some more programs next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some more programs next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at some more programs next
+lecture I just wanted to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I just wanted to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I just wanted to give you a
+general sense of timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sense of timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general sense of timing
+programs first of all the green check is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs first of all the green check is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs first of all the green check is
+good we want all these to be green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we want all these to be green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we want all these to be green
+checks the green check is good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks the green check is good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks the green check is good because
+if we have different algorithms they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have different algorithms they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have different algorithms they're
+going to take a different amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a different amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a different amount of time
+right the time that it takes for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the time that it takes for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the time that it takes for these
+algorithms to run will be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to run will be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to run will be different
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+good but if we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but if we have different
+implementations for the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations for the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations for the same sort of
+program for the same algorithm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for the same algorithm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program for the same algorithm that's
+also going to give us different timings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to give us different timings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to give us different timings
+and really in the long run I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really in the long run I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really in the long run I don't
+really care about that what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about that what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about that what I would
+really like to evaluate is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to evaluate is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to evaluate is just the
+algorithm itself because when when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm itself because when when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm itself because when when we're
+talking about algorithms there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about algorithms there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about algorithms there's
+probably only a handful of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably only a handful of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably only a handful of algorithms
+out there in the world right that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world right that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in the world right that we can
+apply to a given problem whereas there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to a given problem whereas there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to a given problem whereas there's
+probably thousands of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thousands of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thousands of different
+implementations we can apply to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations we can apply to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations we can apply to a
+problem so for example you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so for example you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so for example you could have a
+for Loop versus a y Loop right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop versus a y Loop right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop versus a y Loop right you could
+have um creating intermediate variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um creating intermediate variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um creating intermediate variables
+as an implementation or you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an implementation or you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an implementation or you could have a
+list comprehension version of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list comprehension version of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list comprehension version of an
+implementation but underlying all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation but underlying all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation but underlying all that
+is going to be just some algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just some algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be just some algorithm that
+you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to
+implement okay so the running time will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement okay so the running time will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement okay so the running time will
+vary between different implementations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary between different implementations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary between different implementations
+which is not really something I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not really something I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not really something I want the
+running time will also vary between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time will also vary between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time will also vary between
+computers if I ran the same programs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers if I ran the same programs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers if I ran the same programs on
+a older computer it's probably not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a older computer it's probably not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a older computer it's probably not going
+to take 5 Seconds right to run with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take 5 Seconds right to run with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take 5 Seconds right to run with an
+put of 100 million it might take 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put of 100 million it might take 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put of 100 million it might take 10 or
+it might take 11 right so the timing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take 11 right so the timing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take 11 right so the timing is
+also going to differ between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to differ between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to differ between different
+computers it will also differ between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers it will also differ between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers it will also differ between
+different languages right so jav Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages right so jav Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages right so jav Java
+versus python versus C if you know C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus python versus C if you know C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus python versus C if you know C is
+very efficient at memory uh management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient at memory uh management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient at memory uh management
+it's going to run very fast whereas if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to run very fast whereas if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to run very fast whereas if
+you know if Python's a little bit slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if Python's a little bit slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if Python's a little bit slower
+it's going to run slower so again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to run slower so again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to run slower so again we're
+actually capturing the timing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually capturing the timing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually capturing the timing is
+capturing Implement uh uh variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing Implement uh uh variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing Implement uh uh variations
+between languages and the timing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between languages and the timing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between languages and the timing is not
+very predictable for small inputs so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very predictable for small inputs so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very predictable for small inputs so if
+for some reason right when I was running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason right when I was running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason right when I was running
+this Square function here with one I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square function here with one I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square function here with one I was
+also running Netflix in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also running Netflix in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also running Netflix in the background
+or my computer decided to update you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my computer decided to update you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my computer decided to update you
+know something and it decided to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something and it decided to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something and it decided to just
+dedicate resources to doing that task at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate resources to doing that task at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate resources to doing that task at
+that moment when I'm trying to run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment when I'm trying to run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moment when I'm trying to run this
+square of one this 0.0 seconds might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of one this 0.0 seconds might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of one this 0.0 seconds might not
+be 0.0 seconds it might take away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0.0 seconds it might take away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0.0 seconds it might take away from
+the time it takes uh the time that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it takes uh the time that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it takes uh the time that it
+allocates to running my Square program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates to running my Square program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates to running my Square program
+and then what we'll see is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we'll see is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we'll see is that this
+will no longer be 0.0 it might be 0.1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will no longer be 0.0 it might be 0.1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will no longer be 0.0 it might be 0.1 or
+something like that so timing programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so timing programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so timing programs
+is not very good it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very good it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very good it's not very
+consistent uh with sort of our goal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent uh with sort of our goal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent uh with sort of our goal here
+which is to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to evaluate
+algorithms all right let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms all right let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms all right let's see if we can
+do better with the idea of counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better with the idea of counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better with the idea of counting the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+operations so rather than focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so rather than focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so rather than focusing on
+describing our program in terms of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing our program in terms of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing our program in terms of human
+time right one second 05 seconds things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right one second 05 seconds things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right one second 05 seconds things
+like that let's come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that let's come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that let's come up with some
+operations in Python that take onetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in Python that take onetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in Python that take onetime
+unit right and we're going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit right and we're going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit right and we're going to say that
+all of these really basic operations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these really basic operations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these really basic operations we
+can say that they take the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that they take the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that they take the same amount
+of time I don't care if they're like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time I don't care if they're like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time I don't care if they're like 10
+to the9 seconds or two times 10^ the9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the9 seconds or two times 10^ the9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the9 seconds or two times 10^ the9
+seconds I don't care about that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I don't care about that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds I don't care about that I just
+know that they're really fast and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're really fast and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're really fast and if
+they're really fast I can say that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really fast I can say that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really fast I can say that each
+of them just take one unit of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them just take one unit of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them just take one unit of time so
+I'll just count them all as one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just count them all as one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just count them all as one unit of
+time so the uh examples of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the uh examples of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the uh examples of those are
+mathematical operations right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operations right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical operations right they're
+pretty fast so no matter whether I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast so no matter whether I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast so no matter whether I'm
+multiplying dividing adding subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying dividing adding subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying dividing adding subtracting
+taking something to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something to the power of
+something else I'm going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I'm going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I'm going to say that
+each one of those takes one unit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those takes one unit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those takes one unit of time
+right um comparing something so a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um comparing something so a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um comparing something so a less
+than b three greater than four things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b three greater than four things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than b three greater than four things
+like that equality also super fast to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that equality also super fast to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that equality also super fast to do
+also takes one unit of time assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also takes one unit of time assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also takes one unit of time assigning
+something so a is equal to three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so a is equal to three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so a is equal to three that
+assignment statement right there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment statement right there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment statement right there also
+pretty fast to do takes one unit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast to do takes one unit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast to do takes one unit of time
+and then accessing objects in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then accessing objects in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then accessing objects in memory
+right also pretty fast takes one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right also pretty fast takes one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right also pretty fast takes one you
+know one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one unit of
+time so with this new definition of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so with this new definition of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so with this new definition of time
+quote unquote right where we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote right where we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote right where we have these
+units of time let's figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of time let's figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of time let's figure out what
+these functions actually uh how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions actually uh how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions actually uh how long
+these functions actually take so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions actually take so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions actually take so our
+Celsius to Fahrenheit function has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit function has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit function has three
+operations in it right I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in it right I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in it right I got a
+multiplication a division and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication a division and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication a division and an
+addition I don't care s of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition I don't care s of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition I don't care s of the little
+variations that each one of these take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that each one of these take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that each one of these take
+to actually do inside computer memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do inside computer memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do inside computer memory
+I'm going to say that the Celsius to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say that the Celsius to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say that the Celsius to
+Fahrenheit program takes three units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit program takes three units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fahrenheit program takes three units of
+time okay so no matter what the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so no matter what the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so no matter what the input is
+if I'm converting 0o Celsius or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm converting 0o Celsius or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm converting 0o Celsius or a
+million Celsius the uh the program will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Celsius the uh the program will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Celsius the uh the program will
+still just take three units of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just take three units of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still just take three units of time to
+complete how about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete how about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete how about my
+sum so we'll go through step by step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so we'll go through step by step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so we'll go through step by step so
+in my sum I've got one assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sum I've got one assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sum I've got one assignment
+statement here so that's going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here so that's going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here so that's going to be one
+operation the for Loop here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the for Loop here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the for Loop here is going to
+take I and assign it to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I and assign it to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I and assign it to one of the
+values in the range right that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the range right that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the range right that's just
+internally what it does so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally what it does so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally what it does so that's going
+to be one operation each time through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one operation each time through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one operation each time through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+loop and then total plus equals I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and then total plus equals I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and then total plus equals I is
+going to be two operations because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two operations because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be two operations because I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+total plus I on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total plus I on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total plus I on the right hand side
+that's one operation and then assigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one operation and then assigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one operation and then assigning
+that back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back to
+total is my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total is my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total is my second
+operation okay so that's two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay so that's two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay so that's two operations
+there and that's it but notice our for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's it but notice our for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's it but notice our for
+Loop these three operations here the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop these three operations here the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop these three operations here the one
+for assigning I to be a value here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assigning I to be a value here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assigning I to be a value here and
+these two operations here repeat X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations here repeat X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operations here repeat X plus
+one times right zero all the way up to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times right zero all the way up to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times right zero all the way up to X
+that's X plus one total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X plus one total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X plus one total
+times so how uh um how how long does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so how uh um how how long does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so how uh um how how long does
+this program actually take well we count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program actually take well we count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program actually take well we count
+all that up so the one for the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that up so the one for the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that up so the one for the total
+equals zero plus and we're multiplying x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero plus and we're multiplying x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero plus and we're multiplying x
++ 1 time what the 1 + the 2 which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 time what the 1 + the 2 which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 time what the 1 + the 2 which gives
+us 3x + 4 total operations so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 3x + 4 total operations so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 3x + 4 total operations so now we're
+noting this in terms of the input which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting this in terms of the input which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noting this in terms of the input which
+is kind of cool right so now I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of cool right so now I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of cool right so now I have this
+nice little formula where if I know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little formula where if I know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little formula where if I know my
+input is 10 I can actually tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is 10 I can actually tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is 10 I can actually tell you how
+many quote unquote units of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many quote unquote units of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many quote unquote units of time
+this program will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program will
+take all right how about the square it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all right how about the square it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all right how about the square it's
+going to be very similar so I've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very similar so I've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very similar so I've got one
+operation for assignment here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for assignment here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation for assignment here this is
+one operation for putting grabbing the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operation for putting grabbing the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one operation for putting grabbing the I
+and making it one of the values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making it one of the values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making it one of the values in the
+range similarly for the inner loop one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range similarly for the inner loop one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range similarly for the inner loop one
+operation there and then Square sum plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation there and then Square sum plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation there and then Square sum plus
+equals one for the same reason as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one for the same reason as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one for the same reason as this
+is two operations right one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two operations right one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two operations right one for the
+right hand side doing the addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side doing the addition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side doing the addition and
+two for making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for making the
+assignment let's not forget our for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment let's not forget our for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment let's not forget our for Loop
+Loop right we've got two for Loops here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop right we've got two for Loops here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop right we've got two for Loops here
+so the inner one will repeat n times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inner one will repeat n times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the inner one will repeat n times and
+for each one of those uh outer n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of those uh outer n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one of those uh outer n times
+we do the inner n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the inner n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the inner n
+times right this led for Loop situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right this led for Loop situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times right this led for Loop situation
+here so the total number of uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the total number of uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the total number of uh time
+units that this Square will take is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that this Square will take is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that this Square will take is the
+one over here for this Square sum equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here for this Square sum equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over here for this Square sum equals
+zero plus and then I've got these nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus and then I've got these nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus and then I've got these nested
+for Loops so the outer one goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loops so the outer one goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loops so the outer one goes through
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+times sorry n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sorry n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sorry n times
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+operation multiplied by the inner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation multiplied by the inner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation multiplied by the inner for
+Loop also n times times what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop also n times times what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop also n times times what is the
+operations done in the inner for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations done in the inner for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations done in the inner for Loop
+well it's this one plus these two so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's this one plus these two so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's this one plus these two so the
+one plus the two so in total 3 n^2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus the two so in total 3 n^2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus the two so in total 3 n^2 plus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+okay so let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's run
+this and now that we're counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now that we're counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now that we're counting
+operations we should be able to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we should be able to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations we should be able to see a
+more uh a better pattern so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh a better pattern so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh a better pattern so here's my
+Celsius to Fahrenheit my sum and square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit my sum and square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit my sum and square
+slightly changed because I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly changed because I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly changed because I've got this
+little counter variable within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counter variable within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counter variable within each
+function that is going to increment each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is going to increment each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is going to increment each
+time I see an operation so obviously for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I see an operation so obviously for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I see an operation so obviously for
+Celsius to Fahrenheit it's always three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit it's always three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius to Fahrenheit it's always three
+right so when I do my return I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when I do my return I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when I do my return I'm just
+going to return the counter variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return the counter variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return the counter variable and
+then the regular thing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the regular thing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the regular thing that this
+function should return as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should return as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should return as a
+tle for my sum this counter = 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tle for my sum this counter = 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tle for my sum this counter = 1 is
+stands for this assignment statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for this assignment statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for this assignment statement and
+then each time through the loop I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each time through the loop I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then each time through the loop I'm
+going to increment my counter for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increment my counter for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increment my counter for the
+three operations right assigning the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three operations right assigning the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three operations right assigning the I
+to be one of the Val values in the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of the Val values in the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of the Val values in the range
+and then two more for the this total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two more for the this total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then two more for the this total
+plus equals I so that's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equals I so that's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus equals I so that's going to get
+incremented each time through the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented each time through the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented each time through the loop
+and then the square similarly so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the square similarly so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the square similarly so here's
+my counter equals one for this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my counter equals one for this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my counter equals one for this uh
+statement here counter plus equals 1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here counter plus equals 1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here counter plus equals 1 for
+grabbing the I as one of these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the I as one of these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the I as one of these values
+and then counter plus equals 3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then counter plus equals 3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then counter plus equals 3 for
+grabbing the J to be one of these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the J to be one of these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the J to be one of these values
+and incrementing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incrementing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incrementing this
+my so because of where I've placed these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my so because of where I've placed these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my so because of where I've placed these
+counters python will automatically count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters python will automatically count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counters python will automatically count
+it all up each for no matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all up each for no matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all up each for no matter how many
+Loops I've got so here's my wrapper for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops I've got so here's my wrapper for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops I've got so here's my wrapper for
+counting slightly different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting slightly different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting slightly different than the
+timing one because now I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing one because now I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing one because now I'm actually
+going to also keep track of how much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to also keep track of how much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to also keep track of how much uh
+how many more operations I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many more operations I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many more operations I've done
+compared to the previous input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the previous input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the previous input
+okay so let me show you what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me show you what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me show you what that means
+let's run Celsius to Fahrenheit with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run Celsius to Fahrenheit with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run Celsius to Fahrenheit with the
+following inputs so I'm first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following inputs so I'm first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following inputs so I'm first of all
+reporting the total number of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the total number of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the total number of operations
+just like I did with timing so always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I did with timing so always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I did with timing so always
+three operations no surprise there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three operations no surprise there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three operations no surprise there
+that's what we coded up basically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we coded up basically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we coded up basically but
+then I'm also reporting here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm also reporting here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm also reporting here and that's
+done inside the wrapper function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done inside the wrapper function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done inside the wrapper function the
+count wrapper how many more time how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count wrapper how many more time how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count wrapper how many more time how
+many more operations is this based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more operations is this based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more operations is this based on
+the previous one so the first one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one so the first one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one so the first one's a
+little weird but when my input put is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird but when my input put is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little weird but when my input put is 10
+times more right I went from 100 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more right I went from 100 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more right I went from 100 to a
+thousand I've done one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I've done one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand I've done one more
+operation no change obviously right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation no change obviously right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation no change obviously right
+because it's always three operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's always three operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's always three operations
+done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in
+total okay so just for comption sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total okay so just for comption sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total okay so just for comption sake
+right this is the slide so no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the slide so no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the slide so no matter
+what happens to the uh to the input here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the uh to the input here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the uh to the input here
+the number of operations in these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of operations in these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of operations in these sort
+of units of time which we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of units of time which we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of units of time which we're just
+counting number of operations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting number of operations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting number of operations is
+three what about the sum so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what about the sum so remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what about the sum so remember the
+sum had that for Loop in it let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum had that for Loop in it let's run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum had that for Loop in it let's run
+that and see how many operations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see how many operations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see how many operations are
+here okay so first I'm going to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so first I'm going to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so first I'm going to report
+the number of operations so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of operations so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of operations so when the
+input is 100 it's 304 when the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is 100 it's 304 when the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is 100 it's 304 when the input is
+a th000 it's 3,004 when the inputs 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 it's 3,004 when the inputs 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 it's 3,004 when the inputs 10
+10,000 it's 30,4 so that matches up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 it's 30,4 so that matches up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 it's 30,4 so that matches up the
+formula we came up with right 3x + 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we came up with right 3x + 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we came up with right 3x + 4 so
+that's pretty cool and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool and then you can see
+now here I'm reporting how many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I'm reporting how many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I'm reporting how many more
+operations is this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is this line
+based on the previous line so it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the previous line so it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the previous line so it's about
+9.8 times more right so when my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.8 times more right so when my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.8 times more right so when my input
+increases by 10 from 100 to 1 th000 I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by 10 from 100 to 1 th000 I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by 10 from 100 to 1 th000 I am
+doing approximately 9.88 times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing approximately 9.88 times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing approximately 9.88 times more
+operations when my input increases from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations when my input increases from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations when my input increases from
+a th000 to 10,000 Again by 10 I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 to 10,000 Again by 10 I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 to 10,000 Again by 10 I'm doing
+9988 times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9988 times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9988 times more
+operations okay so we see sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations okay so we see sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations okay so we see sort of like a
+nice little Ste State going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little Ste State going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice little Ste State going on here
+right where when my input get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where when my input get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where when my input get really
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+big it looks like I'm approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it looks like I'm approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big it looks like I'm approaching
+approximately 10 times as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 10 times as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 10 times as many
+operations right when my input is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations right when my input is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations right when my input is 10
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+more this is obviously more apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is obviously more apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this is obviously more apparent
+when the input is Big because the tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input is Big because the tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input is Big because the tiny
+variations in my formula right the plus4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in my formula right the plus4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in my formula right the plus4
+specifically makes less of an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically makes less of an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically makes less of an impact
+when my input is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my input is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when my input is really
+large and this is kind of going in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and this is kind of going in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and this is kind of going in line
+with our motivation when the input data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our motivation when the input data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our motivation when the input data
+is really really big what I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really big what I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really big what I'd like to
+report is sort of the algorithm and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is sort of the algorithm and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is sort of the algorithm and how
+long it takes I don't care that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes I don't care that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it takes I don't care that the
+algorithm takes 3x + 4 or 3x you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm takes 3x + 4 or 3x you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm takes 3x + 4 or 3x you know
+times uh 3x as uh uh uh operations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh 3x as uh uh uh operations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh 3x as uh uh uh operations right
+when the input is really big all I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input is really big all I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the input is really big all I care
+is that it's sort of on the order of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's sort of on the order of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's sort of on the order of X
+right and that's something we'll get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's something we'll get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's something we'll get at
+uh next lecture but this is the big idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next lecture but this is the big idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next lecture but this is the big idea
+here when the input increases by 10 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when the input increases by 10 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when the input increases by 10 it
+seems like at steady state uh our number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like at steady state uh our number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like at steady state uh our number
+of operations increases by 10 as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations increases by 10 as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations increases by 10 as well so
+it's sort of this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of this linear
+relationship all right what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship all right what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship all right what about the
+last function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last function the
+square so I'm doing something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so I'm doing something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so I'm doing something a little
+special here I have two different inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special here I have two different inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special here I have two different inputs
+I'm going to run the square with so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run the square with so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run the square with so the
+first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is
+l2a so I'm going to run square with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2a so I'm going to run square with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2a so I'm going to run square with
+input 128 256 5 12 10 24 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input 128 256 5 12 10 24 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input 128 256 5 12 10 24 so I'm
+basically uh increasing my input by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh increasing my input by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh increasing my input by two
+right I'm multiplying my input by two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm multiplying my input by two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm multiplying my input by two um
+each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each
+time and then I'm going to run it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then I'm going to run it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then I'm going to run it with
+l2b where my input increases by 10 each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2b where my input increases by 10 each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2b where my input increases by 10 each
+time so we're going to see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we're going to see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we're going to see if we can
+figure out a relationship between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a relationship between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a relationship between these
+for the square because that one was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the square because that one was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the square because that one was a
+little hard to figure out in just pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to figure out in just pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to figure out in just pure
+timing without actually waiting for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing without actually waiting for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing without actually waiting for you
+know minutes or or days or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know minutes or or days or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know minutes or or days or
+you okay so we got something to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so we got something to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so we got something to work
+with here so here I've got my Square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here so here I've got my Square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here so here I've got my Square so
+this first bit here is when my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first bit here is when my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first bit here is when my input
+increased by two and down here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by two and down here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by two and down here just
+finished is when my input increases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished is when my input increases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished is when my input increases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number of operations when my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number of operations when my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number of operations when my input
+increases by two are not so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by two are not so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by two are not so important
+yes they're big but what I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they're big but what I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they're big but what I'm really
+interested in just like what we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just like what we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in just like what we saw in
+the my suum example is what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my suum example is what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the my suum example is what happens to
+this steady state as the input gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this steady state as the input gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this steady state as the input gets
+really big right how many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big right how many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big right how many more
+operations are we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are we doing
+and what we can see is that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can see is that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we can see is that the number
+of operations as the input gets really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations as the input gets really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations as the input gets really
+big is approximately 10 times sorry four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is approximately 10 times sorry four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big is approximately 10 times sorry four
+times more in the case where I increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more in the case where I increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more in the case where I increase
+my input by two every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+round okay so when I increase my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round okay so when I increase my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round okay so when I increase my input
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two the number of operations are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the number of operations are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the number of operations are going
+to be four times more well what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be four times more well what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be four times more well what about
+when I increase my input by 10 right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I increase my input by 10 right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I increase my input by 10 right one
+10 100 a th000 and so on again I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 100 a th000 and so on again I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 100 a th000 and so on again I'm not
+so interest much interested in number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interest much interested in number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interest much interested in number of
+operations but what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations but what happens to the
+steady state with very few operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state with very few operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state with very few operations
+it's hard to tell but as we increase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell but as we increase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell but as we increase it
+we see that it goes towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that it goes towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that it goes towards
+approximately 100 right so when my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 100 right so when my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 100 right so when my input
+increases by 10 that takes me to about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by 10 that takes me to about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by 10 that takes me to about a
+hundredfold increase in the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations so now do you guys can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so now do you guys can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so now do you guys can you
+guys see the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see the relationship between the
+input for the square and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for the square and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input for the square and the number of
+operations you can right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you can right so it's
+approximately a sort of an N N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a sort of an N N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a sort of an N N squared
+relationship right when my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship right when my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship right when my input
+increases by you know some by when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by you know some by when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by you know some by when my
+input is n the number of operations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is n the number of operations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is n the number of operations is
+going to be on the order of n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more so counting uh operations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so counting uh operations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so counting uh operations is
+actually a lot better than timing as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot better than timing as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a lot better than timing as we
+can see right we've eliminated a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see right we've eliminated a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see right we've eliminated a bunch
+of those red X's right we no long longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those red X's right we no long longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those red X's right we no long longer
+uh we don't longer have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't longer have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't longer have to deal with
+variations between computers because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations between computers because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations between computers because if
+we're counting this on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're counting this on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're counting this on the computer
+that's slow or fast we're still counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's slow or fast we're still counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's slow or fast we're still counting
+the same amount of stuff uh languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of stuff uh languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of stuff uh languages
+again it's not going to matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not going to matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not going to matter because
+you'll implement it in the similar way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll implement it in the similar way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll implement it in the similar way
+uh small inputs is still sort of iffy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh small inputs is still sort of iffy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh small inputs is still sort of iffy
+right we saw the square was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw the square was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw the square was a little bit
+unpredictable when the input was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable when the input was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable when the input was pretty
+small right down here um you know 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right down here um you know 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right down here um you know 60
+then straight up to 90 but we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then straight up to 90 but we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then straight up to 90 but we didn't
+take long to see the stady state so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take long to see the stady state so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take long to see the stady state so it's
+actually better than before better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better than before better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually better than before better than
+timing it's not zero at least um but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing it's not zero at least um but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing it's not zero at least um but now
+the problem becomes sort of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem becomes sort of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem becomes sort of what's the
+definition of which operations to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of which operations to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of which operations to count
+notice our functions have a return value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice our functions have a return value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice our functions have a return value
+do we count the return as an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we count the return as an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we count the return as an operation
+technically you should right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically you should right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically you should right that's a
+value that's being passed between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's being passed between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's being passed between
+functions so that's going to take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that's going to take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that's going to take some
+time to run but we didn't actually count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to run but we didn't actually count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to run but we didn't actually count
+it in in our example right but you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in our example right but you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in in our example right but you you
+could if you wanted to so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you wanted to so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could if you wanted to so that's where
+we stand right we've got timing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stand right we've got timing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stand right we've got timing and
+Counting just as a an initial um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting just as a an initial um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting just as a an initial um uh
+initial examples next lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial examples next lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial examples next lecture we're
+going to look at a few more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a few more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at a few more examples
+with lists and things like that uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lists and things like that uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lists and things like that uh just
+again timing and Counting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again timing and Counting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again timing and Counting those
+functions but again the big idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but again the big idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but again the big idea here is
+that we're trying to get at evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to get at evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to get at evaluating
+just a handful of different algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a handful of different algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a handful of different algorithms
+sort of what's the order uh of growth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's the order uh of growth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what's the order uh of growth as
+the input becomes really really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input becomes really really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input becomes really really big
+right because all we're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because all we're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because all we're interested in is
+how scalable are these programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how scalable are these programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how scalable are these programs that
+we're running when the input is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running when the input is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running when the input is really
+big right when we're dealing with big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right when we're dealing with big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right when we're dealing with big
+data and so that's what uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so that's what uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so that's what uh we're going
+to start talking about next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mCxtdohSJZQ.txt b/mCxtdohSJZQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..773bf8ee25c473a2291544c01463c981a0e3dca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mCxtdohSJZQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me quick do a wrap-up of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me quick do a wrap-up of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me quick do a wrap-up of where we
+are just so we remember our contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so we remember our contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so we remember our contexts
+class one was really all about growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one was really all about growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one was really all about growth
+economics as you all know when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as you all know when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics as you all know when we talked
+about the contributions that solo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the contributions that solo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the contributions that solo and
+Romer made and they they really forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romer made and they they really forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romer made and they they really forced
+us to look at what we could call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to look at what we could call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to look at what we could call to
+direct innovation factors what solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct innovation factors what solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct innovation factors what solo
+called technological and related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called technological and related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called technological and related
+innovation we can sort of translate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation we can sort of translate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation we can sort of translate that
+as Rd and Romer the talent base human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Rd and Romer the talent base human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Rd and Romer the talent base human
+capital engagement research was his key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital engagement research was his key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital engagement research was his key
+term we read Dale Jorgenson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we read Dale Jorgenson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we read Dale Jorgenson and
+Jorgenson showed us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jorgenson showed us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jorgenson showed us that
+technology-based innovation really was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology-based innovation really was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology-based innovation really was
+the driving causative factor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving causative factor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driving causative factor in the
+great growth spurt of the 1990s that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great growth spurt of the 1990s that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great growth spurt of the 1990s that was
+the innovation wave around the IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation wave around the IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation wave around the IT
+revolution as you remember and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution as you remember and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution as you remember and we talked
+about how there were direct innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how there were direct innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how there were direct innovation
+factors so Romer contributed those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so Romer contributed those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so Romer contributed those
+arguably and others but there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably and others but there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably and others but there are also
+many indirect factors right so less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many indirect factors right so less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many indirect factors right so less
+critical factors but this is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical factors but this is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical factors but this is a complex
+ecosystem of innovation and Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem of innovation and Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem of innovation and Richard
+Nelson gives us a third innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nelson gives us a third innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nelson gives us a third innovation
+factor looking at innovation as a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor looking at innovation as a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor looking at innovation as a system
+and the organizational elements within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the organizational elements within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the organizational elements within
+it and the connectedness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the connectedness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the connectedness of the
+different actors and the strengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors and the strengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different actors and the strengths of
+the different actors so that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different actors so that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different actors so that gives us a
+system's way of evaluating an innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's way of evaluating an innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's way of evaluating an innovation
+system whether it's national or regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whether it's national or regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whether it's national or regional
+or local Nelson gives us a perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or local Nelson gives us a perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or local Nelson gives us a perspective
+on how to look at that system Atkinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to look at that system Atkinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to look at that system Atkinson
+and others contributed on innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others contributed on innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others contributed on innovation
+wave theory the way in which economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave theory the way in which economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave theory the way in which economies
+grow is that they bring these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow is that they bring these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow is that they bring these new
+innovation waves on and scale them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation waves on and scale them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation waves on and scale them up
+over an extended period of time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an extended period of time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an extended period of time they
+started very gradually finally reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started very gradually finally reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started very gradually finally reach a
+point where they can scale quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where they can scale quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where they can scale quickly
+there's always a bust and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a bust and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a bust and then they
+scale more gradually that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale more gradually that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale more gradually that's kind of the
+stage as we've talked about we're now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage as we've talked about we're now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage as we've talked about we're now in
+with the IT revolution Charles Schultz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the IT revolution Charles Schultz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the IT revolution Charles Schultz
+taught us to kind of be aware of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us to kind of be aware of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us to kind of be aware of of
+Industrial Policy and that we talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Policy and that we talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Policy and that we talk a lot
+about the governmental role here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the governmental role here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the governmental role here but
+that's a cautionary tale of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cautionary tale of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cautionary tale of some of the
+problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic
+Esper aspects of a governmental role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esper aspects of a governmental role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esper aspects of a governmental role
+classes three and four were really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes three and four were really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes three and four were really about
+advanced manufacturing which we did as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing which we did as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing which we did as
+our first kind of big case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first kind of big case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first kind of big case study
+obviously we'll have another big case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we'll have another big case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we'll have another big case
+study today we had health last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study today we had health last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study today we had health last week
+class five was on innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class five was on innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class five was on innovation
+organization and we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and we talked about the
+different models that kind of govern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models that kind of govern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different models that kind of govern the
+ideology of innovation in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology of innovation in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideology of innovation in this country
+the Association Allah smaadahl which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Association Allah smaadahl which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Association Allah smaadahl which we
+could call the public-private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call the public-private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call the public-private
+partnership kind of model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership kind of model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership kind of model the
+conservative model which is governmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative model which is governmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative model which is governmental
+intervention government should stay away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention government should stay away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention government should stay away
+from intervention including into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from intervention including into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from intervention including into the
+innovation system accepted the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system accepted the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system accepted the most
+basic kind of levels versus a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kind of levels versus a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic kind of levels versus a national
+security model which justifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security model which justifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security model which justifies
+intervention in any stage if the need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in any stage if the need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in any stage if the need is
+related to national security and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to national security and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to national security and these
+debates go on there's a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates go on there's a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debates go on there's a couple of other
+models but those are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but those are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but those are the ones that
+really represent the core debates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent the core debates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent the core debates that
+still go on we talked about fortin's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go on we talked about fortin's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go on we talked about fortin's of
+looking at innovation from both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at innovation from both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at innovation from both the
+institutional in the personal level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional in the personal level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional in the personal level so
+people innovate institutions don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people innovate institutions don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people innovate institutions don't you
+need to understand how the institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand how the institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand how the institutions
+interact but in the end people own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact but in the end people own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact but in the end people own
+particular innovations and bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular innovations and bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular innovations and bring them
+about so you've got to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you've got to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you've got to understand
+innovation at that personal level as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at that personal level as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation at that personal level as
+well we talked about donald stokes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talked about donald stokes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talked about donald stokes and
+the core issue in the u.s. system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core issue in the u.s. system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core issue in the u.s. system it's
+disconnected model the fact that we tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected model the fact that we tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected model the fact that we tend
+to focus on early-stage research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on early-stage research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on early-stage research and
+have less focus on the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less focus on the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less focus on the implementation
+stages further along and that creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages further along and that creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages further along and that creates a
+significant tech transition problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant tech transition problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant tech transition problem
+in the u.s. system class six was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. system class six was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. system class six was about
+that how to get across this quote valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how to get across this quote valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how to get across this quote valley
+of death which has been the major policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death which has been the major policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death which has been the major policy
+preoccupation of us science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation of us science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation of us science and
+technology policy for the last say 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology policy for the last say 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology policy for the last say 25
+years and in contrast we read vernon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and in contrast we read vernon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and in contrast we read vernon
+Rutten another growth economist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutten another growth economist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutten another growth economist who
+taught us that by the way there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us that by the way there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us that by the way there's a
+whole parallel system out there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole parallel system out there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole parallel system out there there's
+a parallel universe and the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel universe and the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel universe and the way in which
+the US R&D system is organized there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US R&D system is organized there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US R&D system is organized there's a
+highly connected defense innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly connected defense innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly connected defense innovation
+system that's very different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's very different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's very different than
+somewhat disconnected civilian side R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat disconnected civilian side R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat disconnected civilian side R&D
+system class seven was great group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system class seven was great group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system class seven was great group
+theory what his innovation looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory what his innovation looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory what his innovation looked like
+at the face-to-face level innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the face-to-face level innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the face-to-face level innovation
+again as people it's not institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as people it's not institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as people it's not institutions
+and what are the rule sets that tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the rule sets that tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the rule sets that tend to
+govern the win which teams and groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the win which teams and groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the win which teams and groups of
+people working on complex innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on complex innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on complex innovations
+how they come together how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they come together how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they come together how do they
+assemble how do they organize what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble how do they organize what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble how do they organize what are
+their rules so that's all about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rules so that's all about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their rules so that's all about a third
+direct innovation factor innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct innovation factor innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct innovation factor innovation
+organization and both the face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and both the face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and both the face-to-face
+and institutional levels class eight was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and institutional levels class eight was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and institutional levels class eight was
+around DARPA as a very different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around DARPA as a very different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around DARPA as a very different kind of
+model that attempts to do both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that attempts to do both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that attempts to do both a
+connected model and innovation through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected model and innovation through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected model and innovation through a
+connected model at the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected model at the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected model at the institutional
+level but it also operates in creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but it also operates in creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but it also operates in creating
+great groups in a very conscious kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups in a very conscious kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups in a very conscious kind of
+way and we explored the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we explored the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we explored the whole idea
+revolution role the DARPA played class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution role the DARPA played class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution role the DARPA played class
+nine last week it's really about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine last week it's really about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine last week it's really about the
+challenges in the health innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in the health innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in the health innovation
+system it's a early stage research basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's a early stage research basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's a early stage research basic
+research focused system is a quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research focused system is a quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research focused system is a quite
+disconnected model big organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected model big organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected model big organizational
+challenges through the 27 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges through the 27 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges through the 27 different
+institutes and centers at the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes and centers at the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes and centers at the National
+Institutes of Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutes of Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutes of Health
+getting cross-cutting science going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cross-cutting science going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cross-cutting science going
+between those institutes is hard yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those institutes is hard yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those institutes is hard yet
+we're now at a stage where a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now at a stage where a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now at a stage where a new
+revolution is coming along which some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution is coming along which some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution is coming along which some
+term the convergence revolution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the convergence revolution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the convergence revolution that's
+going to mandate much more cross-cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mandate much more cross-cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mandate much more cross-cutting
+science and yet we've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and yet we've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and yet we've got an
+institutional organizational problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional organizational problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional organizational problem
+that's not adapted to handling the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not adapted to handling the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not adapted to handling the kind
+of next generation of breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next generation of breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next generation of breakthrough
+territories and now energy so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and now energy so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories and now energy so we're
+gonna really bring to bear here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna really bring to bear here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna really bring to bear here the
+legacy sector analysis model that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector analysis model that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector analysis model that we've
+been touching on at several points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been touching on at several points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been touching on at several points but
+today it really comes into focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it really comes into focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it really comes into focus
+obviously be touched on it last week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously be touched on it last week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously be touched on it last week in
+the context of NIH but it really comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of NIH but it really comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of NIH but it really comes
+to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bear
+and the issue of innovating and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue of innovating and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue of innovating and complex
+established sectors is a big problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established sectors is a big problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established sectors is a big problem for
+us it's a problem for everybody it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's a problem for everybody it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us it's a problem for everybody it's a
+particular problem here if we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem here if we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem here if we could get
+around and tackle this problem we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and tackle this problem we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and tackle this problem we can
+address a lot of issues since there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a lot of issues since there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a lot of issues since there are
+80% of the economy is in these legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of the economy is in these legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of the economy is in these legacy
+sectors we limit our growth rate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors we limit our growth rate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors we limit our growth rate by
+essentially doing a new frontier kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing a new frontier kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially doing a new frontier kind of
+innovation model of looking at standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation model of looking at standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation model of looking at standing
+up the next big thing we lose track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the next big thing we lose track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the next big thing we lose track of
+what we've done in the past we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done in the past we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done in the past we tend to
+focus on innovation on standing up new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on innovation on standing up new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on innovation on standing up new
+territories that affects our growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories that affects our growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories that affects our growth rate
+right so they the whole IT sector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they the whole IT sector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they the whole IT sector in the
+United States as huge as it is is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States as huge as it is is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States as huge as it is is still
+measured as only about four point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured as only about four point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured as only about four point six
+percent of the US economy that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the US economy that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the US economy that includes
+copper wire telephones and hardbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper wire telephones and hardbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper wire telephones and hardbound
+books to write in that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books to write in that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books to write in that information
+technology sector so it's you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sector so it's you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology sector so it's you know it's
+a challenging issue of how to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenging issue of how to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a challenging issue of how to bring
+innovation of the other sectors if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of the other sectors if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of the other sectors if we
+could figure out a better way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out a better way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could figure out a better way to do it
+if innovation is the dominant cause it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if innovation is the dominant cause it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if innovation is the dominant cause it
+effect or growth then we could start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or growth then we could start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or growth then we could start to
+think about our affecting our growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our affecting our growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our affecting our growth
+rate in a new kind of way so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in a new kind of way so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in a new kind of way so that's why
+this case study I think is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case study I think is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case study I think is particularly
+significant not only for energy itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant not only for energy itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant not only for energy itself
+which is obviously very important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously very important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obviously very important but
+for its implications of how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its implications of how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for its implications of how do we
+innovate in legacy sectors so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in legacy sectors so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in legacy sectors so we'll
+start with Sokolow and Pacala and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Sokolow and Pacala and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Sokolow and Pacala and who's
+got cyclone column that you alright I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cyclone column that you alright I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cyclone column that you alright I'll
+just briefly summarize their work as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly summarize their work as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly summarize their work as you
+know both Princeton experts they helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both Princeton experts they helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both Princeton experts they helped
+give us a conceptual framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a conceptual framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a conceptual framework for
+thinking about challenge coming up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about challenge coming up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about challenge coming up in
+energy technology and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technology and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technology and you know the
+community have been doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community have been doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community have been doing a lot of
+fairly sloppy thinking about everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly sloppy thinking about everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly sloppy thinking about everybody
+had their favorite Silver Bullet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their favorite Silver Bullet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their favorite Silver Bullet that
+was going to solve all problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to solve all problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to solve all problems and
+cyclin Pacala got us thinking that gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin Pacala got us thinking that gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin Pacala got us thinking that gee
+there's not going to be a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not going to be a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not going to be a thing
+solar will that there's gonna be a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar will that there's gonna be a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar will that there's gonna be a whole
+series of things that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of things that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of things that need to be
+undertaken if we're going to tackle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken if we're going to tackle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken if we're going to tackle the
+energy technology challenge and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technology challenge and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technology challenge and so they
+developed something which is now widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed something which is now widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed something which is now widely
+known as wedges theory and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as wedges theory and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as wedges theory and when they
+were writing you know if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were writing you know if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were writing you know if we just
+stabilized Co TM greenhouse gases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized Co TM greenhouse gases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized Co TM greenhouse gases that
+probably at the time they were writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at the time they were writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at the time they were writing
+that would have been enough we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been enough we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been enough we now know
+that we've got to go much more deeply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got to go much more deeply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got to go much more deeply so
+it complicates this wedges story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complicates this wedges story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complicates this wedges story
+significantly but when they were writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly but when they were writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly but when they were writing
+as you can see their assumption was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see their assumption was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see their assumption was that
+if we that would be the growth curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we that would be the growth curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we that would be the growth curve of
+greenhouse gases and because simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases and because simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gases and because simply
+stabilized by introducing these wedges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized by introducing these wedges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized by introducing these wedges
+that could tackle the problem and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could tackle the problem and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could tackle the problem and they
+when they put this out in 2004 it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they put this out in 2004 it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they put this out in 2004 it really
+gave every get a new kind of picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave every get a new kind of picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave every get a new kind of picture a
+new kind of intellectual framework to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of intellectual framework to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of intellectual framework to
+help think about this big energy problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help think about this big energy problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help think about this big energy problem
+they picked 15 different energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked 15 different energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they picked 15 different energy
+initiatives they argued that if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives they argued that if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives they argued that if you did
+any seven of them you could grow them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any seven of them you could grow them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any seven of them you could grow them in
+a reasonable time frame into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable time frame into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable time frame into a
+multi-decade time frame into large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-decade time frame into large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-decade time frame into large
+enough wedges of energy supply that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough wedges of energy supply that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough wedges of energy supply that you
+could bring emissions down over a over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bring emissions down over a over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bring emissions down over a over a
+five decade period to a stabilized 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five decade period to a stabilized 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five decade period to a stabilized 2005
+level so we now know we've got like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so we now know we've got like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so we now know we've got like an
+80 percent reduction not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent reduction not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent reduction not just
+stabilization but the concept is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization but the concept is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization but the concept is still
+with us now some of these wedges were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us now some of these wedges were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us now some of these wedges were
+clearly within the range of adoption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly within the range of adoption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly within the range of adoption and
+with a concerted effort they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a concerted effort they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a concerted effort they could be
+scaled up in a timely kind of way others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled up in a timely kind of way others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled up in a timely kind of way others
+were just plain really hard even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just plain really hard even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just plain really hard even think
+about implementing for example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implementing for example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implementing for example they
+called for massive deforestation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called for massive deforestation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called for massive deforestation
+deforestation a big challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation a big challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation a big challenge in
+countries where that would need to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where that would need to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where that would need to occur
+they called for a 50% reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called for a 50% reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called for a 50% reduction in
+driving by two billion vehicles yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving by two billion vehicles yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving by two billion vehicles yeah
+good luck you know massive adoption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck you know massive adoption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck you know massive adoption of
+conservation tillage I mean all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation tillage I mean all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation tillage I mean all these
+are conceivable right but some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conceivable right but some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are conceivable right but some are
+harder than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder than others
+and they take not only changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take not only changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take not only changes in
+government directed policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government directed policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government directed policy and
+technology advanced they require very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advanced they require very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advanced they require very
+significant behavioral challenges as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant behavioral challenges as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant behavioral challenges as
+well which is particularly difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which is particularly difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which is particularly difficult to
+impose and others like carbon capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose and others like carbon capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose and others like carbon capture
+and sequestration technology are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sequestration technology are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sequestration technology are still
+to this day a considerable time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day a considerable time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day a considerable time period
+away from practical implementation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from practical implementation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from practical implementation we
+don't have the right technologies yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the right technologies yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the right technologies yet
+and then there's a whole period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a whole period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a whole period of
+development and demonstration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and demonstration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and demonstration that
+really needs to be ongoing before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs to be ongoing before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs to be ongoing before we can
+really implement those those approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really implement those those approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really implement those those approaches
+we just don't know what the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know what the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know what the best
+practices are particularly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices are particularly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices are particularly in the
+sequestration side so that's some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration side so that's some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequestration side so that's some of the
+challenges here interestingly Sokolow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges here interestingly Sokolow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges here interestingly Sokolow
+and bacala's work got taken up by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bacala's work got taken up by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bacala's work got taken up by the
+contending communities battling over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contending communities battling over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contending communities battling over
+climate change at that time so Sokolow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change at that time so Sokolow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change at that time so Sokolow
+and Pacala again they're only battling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pacala again they're only battling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pacala again they're only battling
+for a 50% reduction I mean excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 50% reduction I mean excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 50% reduction I mean excuse me
+they're they're battling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're battling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're battling for
+stabilization not at 50 or 80 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization not at 50 or 80 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilization not at 50 or 80 percent
+reduction they argued that we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction they argued that we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction they argued that we could get
+their wedges without doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wedges without doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wedges without doing a lot of
+breakthrough work right that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough work right that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough work right that the
+solutions were at hand so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions were at hand so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions were at hand so the
+environmental community was facing a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental community was facing a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental community was facing a big
+battle with industry and nervously was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle with industry and nervously was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle with industry and nervously was
+saying sure you know we'll do climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sure you know we'll do climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying sure you know we'll do climate
+change see in 20 years we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change see in 20 years we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change see in 20 years we're gonna do
+some R&D and you know we should have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some R&D and you know we should have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some R&D and you know we should have it
+done with it at least 20 year period no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with it at least 20 year period no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with it at least 20 year period no
+problem right so that was obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so that was obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so that was obviously
+unacceptable to the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable to the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable to the environmental
+community they used Sokolow and Pacala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community they used Sokolow and Pacala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community they used Sokolow and Pacala
+to argue wait a minute we don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue wait a minute we don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue wait a minute we don't need to
+do these fundamental breakthroughs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these fundamental breakthroughs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these fundamental breakthroughs the
+solutions are at hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are at hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are at hand
+so in effect it pulled both sides off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in effect it pulled both sides off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in effect it pulled both sides off of
+technology development right in a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology development right in a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology development right in a period
+of time where we actually really needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time where we actually really needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time where we actually really needed
+to do a lot of technology at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of technology at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a lot of technology at home
+because that I would argue with you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that I would argue with you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that I would argue with you that
+if we're gonna get to the levels of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're gonna get to the levels of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're gonna get to the levels of co2
+reductions that we need to reach there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions that we need to reach there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions that we need to reach there
+is a lot of technology advanced it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of technology advanced it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of technology advanced it needs
+to go on and this kind of pulled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on and this kind of pulled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on and this kind of pulled the
+debate out of that climate it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate out of that climate it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate out of that climate it's not
+their fault that's not what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fault that's not what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fault that's not what they
+intended at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended at all
+but it's you know it created a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know it created a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know it created a kind of
+kind of positive agenda for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of positive agenda for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of positive agenda for the
+environmental community that I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental community that I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental community that I think in
+the end was misleading to them as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end was misleading to them as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end was misleading to them as well
+as to others so that was the dilemma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to others so that was the dilemma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to others so that was the dilemma and
+what they proposed but nonetheless this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they proposed but nonetheless this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they proposed but nonetheless this
+wedges concept presents a picture of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges concept presents a picture of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges concept presents a picture of how
+we're gonna go after this problem them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go after this problem them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go after this problem them
+remains extremely important Matt it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains extremely important Matt it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains extremely important Matt it's
+all yours great well the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yours great well the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yours great well the first thing I
+wanted to talk about was Sokolow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about was Sokolow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about was Sokolow and
+Parkman seems to be writing to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkman seems to be writing to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkman seems to be writing to the world
+they talked about global emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talked about global emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talked about global emissions and
+here they are publishing in Scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are publishing in Scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are publishing in Scientific
+American to popular science readers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American to popular science readers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American to popular science readers in
+the US I think a few people also caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US I think a few people also caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US I think a few people also caught
+on on this somewhere in the article they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this somewhere in the article they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on this somewhere in the article they
+mentioned that richer economies tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that richer economies tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that richer economies tend to
+become less energy because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become less energy because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become less energy because you're not
+like making steel or doing this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making steel or doing this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making steel or doing this highly
+advocate intense activities so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate intense activities so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate intense activities so I think
+it's important that to talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that to talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that to talk about you
+know whose responsibility is it to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whose responsibility is it to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whose responsibility is it to pick
+up these wedges and you know is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these wedges and you know is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these wedges and you know is there a
+way to optimize it so that we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to optimize it so that we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to optimize it so that we we don't
+keep developing economies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep developing economies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep developing economies from
+developing in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh actually - I kind of disagree at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh actually - I kind of disagree at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh actually - I kind of disagree at
+least with the the notion that the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least with the the notion that the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least with the the notion that the more
+developed a comment so use energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a comment so use energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a comment so use energy as
+much because I mean for at least that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because I mean for at least that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because I mean for at least that
+they don't pollute as much because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't pollute as much because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't pollute as much because at
+least the United States they pollute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the United States they pollute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the United States they pollute
+what is it the second most world yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it the second most world yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it the second most world yes
+yeah we have like twenty five percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have like twenty five percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we have like twenty five percent of
+the world solution is we just here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world solution is we just here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world solution is we just here you
+know works and they develop so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know works and they develop so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know works and they develop so I don't
+know if we can put a lot of the slam on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we can put a lot of the slam on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we can put a lot of the slam on
+developing countries feel a good pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries feel a good pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries feel a good pot
+calling the kettle black they're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the kettle black they're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the kettle black they're on the
+other hand I guess pollution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I guess pollution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I guess pollution is
+something we can we can manage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can we can manage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can we can manage and
+reduce without happy that take as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce without happy that take as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce without happy that take as much
+of it for our economy as like Tony and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for our economy as like Tony and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it for our economy as like Tony and
+developing country to stop produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country to stop produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country to stop produces
+steel there's a potential for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel there's a potential for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel there's a potential for more
+developed countries to take a smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries to take a smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries to take a smarter
+approach to have a manufactured but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to have a manufactured but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to have a manufactured but I
+agree be like that simply really me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree be like that simply really me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree be like that simply really me
+out because it almost like it implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because it almost like it implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because it almost like it implied
+the wealthier that you get as a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealthier that you get as a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealthier that you get as a country
+the less you need to manufacture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you need to manufacture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less you need to manufacture of the
+juice I don't know if I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice I don't know if I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice I don't know if I'm really
+misunderstanding what that point was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding what that point was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding what that point was but
+I think the point that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the point that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the point that you're
+referencing is on page 56 this report on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing is on page 56 this report on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing is on page 56 this report on
+some they talk about how energy for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some they talk about how energy for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some they talk about how energy for how
+manufactures are increasingly improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactures are increasingly improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactures are increasingly improving
+their energy efficiency they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy efficiency they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy efficiency they don't
+necessarily say that it's no longer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily say that it's no longer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily say that it's no longer but
+the impetus is no longer on you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impetus is no longer on you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impetus is no longer on you know the
+developing world or that richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world or that richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing world or that richer
+countries have to take on energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have to take on energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have to take on energy
+reductions but specifically that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions but specifically that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions but specifically that energy
+efficiency is improving and thus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is improving and thus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is improving and thus there
+is a hope at least in developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hope at least in developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hope at least in developed
+countries to take up some of that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to take up some of that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to take up some of that I
+guess a increase in the developing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a increase in the developing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a increase in the developing world
+in manufacturing specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the point that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the point that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the point that they were
+referencing specifically is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing specifically is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing specifically is a bit
+earlier when they say that like heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when they say that like heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier when they say that like heavy
+industries like steel and manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries like steel and manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries like steel and manufacturing
+trying to move out of the more developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move out of the more developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move out of the more developed
+countries to less developed countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to less developed countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries to less developed countries
+and my little confusion with that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my little confusion with that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my little confusion with that was
+that's it seems like they're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it seems like they're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it seems like they're saying that
+that was going to like reduce emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going to like reduce emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was going to like reduce emissions
+which like yes it will reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like yes it will reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like yes it will reduce the
+emissions in the US and developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in the US and developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions in the US and developed
+countries but it's just like moving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but it's just like moving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but it's just like moving them
+to a new place so I was confused as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new place so I was confused as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new place so I was confused as to
+like why that is something that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why that is something that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why that is something that they're
+commenting on it at all on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on it at all on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting on it at all on this
+discussion because it's just moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion because it's just moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion because it's just moving
+emissions around it's not changing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry that's on page 52 they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry that's on page 52 they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry that's on page 52 they write
+two long-term trends really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two long-term trends really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two long-term trends really important
+first is society's get richer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is society's get richer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is society's get richer the
+services sector grows an importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services sector grows an importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services sector grows an importance
+relative to energy intensive activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to energy intensive activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to energy intensive activities
+such as steel production so second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as steel production so second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as steel production so second
+deeply ingrained in the patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply ingrained in the patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply ingrained in the patterns
+technology evolution is a substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology evolution is a substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology evolution is a substitution
+of cleverness for energy which is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cleverness for energy which is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cleverness for energy which is their
+point about energy efficiency yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about energy efficiency yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about energy efficiency yeah and
+as we know from the manufacturing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know from the manufacturing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know from the manufacturing you
+know case study earlier the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know case study earlier the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know case study earlier the semester
+this semester you know that turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester you know that turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester you know that turned out
+to be a problematic view largely from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a problematic view largely from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a problematic view largely from
+economists about the nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists about the nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists about the nature and
+importance and significant of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and significant of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and significant of production
+systems you know in developed economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know in developed economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you know in developed economies
+as well as less developed economies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as less developed economies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as less developed economies so
+but it is a widespread set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a widespread set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a widespread set of
+assumptions that economists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that economists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that economists were
+pressing at the time that as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing at the time that as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing at the time that as though
+there was a natural evolution that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a natural evolution that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a natural evolution that you
+would an economy would naturally evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would an economy would naturally evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would an economy would naturally evolved
+into more service sector activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more service sector activities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more service sector activities and
+forego the need for a production sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forego the need for a production sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forego the need for a production sector
+the problem was that that evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was that that evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem was that that evolution
+which certainly took place in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which certainly took place in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which certainly took place in the United
+States did not necessarily forego the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States did not necessarily forego the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States did not necessarily forego the
+need for a strong production sector as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for a strong production sector as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for a strong production sector as
+well as we discussed back in classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we discussed back in classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as we discussed back in classes
+four and five because it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five because it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and five because it turns out that
+the production sector is so deeply tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production sector is so deeply tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production sector is so deeply tied
+to your innovation system itself sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your innovation system itself sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your innovation system itself sorry
+for the recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think yes it was now that kind of I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yes it was now that kind of I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think yes it was now that kind of I'm
+thinking about this is changing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is changing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this is changing and you
+know maybe we don't want just services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe we don't want just services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe we don't want just services
+focused by sector or industry do we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused by sector or industry do we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused by sector or industry do we and
+we bring back manufacturing does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring back manufacturing does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring back manufacturing does that
+mess up kind of what buckle and popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up kind of what buckle and popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up kind of what buckle and popular
+are presenting here where where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are presenting here where where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are presenting here where where that's
+something you know in their motto that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know in their motto that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know in their motto that's
+something that will help us in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will help us in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that will help us in the long
+run sanity yeah so so talking apocalypse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run sanity yeah so so talking apocalypse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run sanity yeah so so talking apocalypse
+saying you know as countries become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know as countries become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know as countries become more
+developed in the average economies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the average economies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the average economies they
+kind of move towards disservice heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move towards disservice heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move towards disservice heavy
+economy and that in the long run helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and that in the long run helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and that in the long run helps
+decrease that ways that countries carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease that ways that countries carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease that ways that countries carbon
+emission but now that you know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission but now that you know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission but now that you know we've
+been rethinking is and manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rethinking is and manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rethinking is and manufacturing
+something we want back here the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want back here the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want back here the events
+it is that that paradigm changes and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that that paradigm changes and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that that paradigm changes and how
+much does that deserve a kind of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does that deserve a kind of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does that deserve a kind of their
+presentation of this pipe spirit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of this pipe spirit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of this pipe spirit so
+actually I have emissions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have emissions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have emissions from the
+United States decrease in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States decrease in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States decrease in the past
+thirty years we actually have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty years we actually have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty years we actually have been
+decreasing emissions particularly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing emissions particularly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing emissions particularly in the
+last seven years and a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last seven years and a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last seven years and a fairly
+significant rate and you know again well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant rate and you know again well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant rate and you know again well
+more analysis needs to be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analysis needs to be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more analysis needs to be done and
+Martha you probably have insights right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha you probably have insights right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martha you probably have insights right
+so we've gone through a whole technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've gone through a whole technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've gone through a whole technology
+revolution led by fracking and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution led by fracking and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution led by fracking and then
+another factor here is that frankly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor here is that frankly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor here is that frankly the
+US has been d industrializing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US has been d industrializing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US has been d industrializing right so
+when we reduced manufacturing employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we reduced manufacturing employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we reduced manufacturing employment
+by one-third that turns out not to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one-third that turns out not to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one-third that turns out not to have
+been primarily productivity gains that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been primarily productivity gains that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been primarily productivity gains that
+turns out to be a real hollowing out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a real hollowing out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a real hollowing out of
+that sector so we shut down sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sector so we shut down sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sector so we shut down sixty
+thousand factories as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand factories as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand factories as we talked about
+class for you know between 2000 and 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for you know between 2000 and 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for you know between 2000 and 2010
+so to some extent these are unintended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to some extent these are unintended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to some extent these are unintended
+consequences of some problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of some problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of some problematic
+you know developments in our economy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know developments in our economy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know developments in our economy but
+the big one I think Martha's put us on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one I think Martha's put us on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one I think Martha's put us on
+to is fracking revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on the emissions production our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the emissions production our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the emissions production our
+results take into account like how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results take into account like how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results take into account like how much
+emissions you do by creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions you do by creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions you do by creating the
+products so I'm thinking like solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I'm thinking like solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I'm thinking like solar
+panels would be the emissions to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels would be the emissions to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels would be the emissions to create
+the solar panels and like produce them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panels and like produce them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar panels and like produce them
+because that would affect the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would affect the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would affect the measure
+yeah so I don't you know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I don't you know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I don't you know the answer to
+that I'm guessing it doesn't include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm guessing it doesn't include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm guessing it doesn't include
+what goes into right and that's a tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes into right and that's a tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes into right and that's a tricky
+process you know what is the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know what is the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you know what is the net
+emissions of a new technology including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions of a new technology including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions of a new technology including
+its own production and installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own production and installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own production and installation
+systems making those estimates is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems making those estimates is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems making those estimates is not
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about one more question that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about one more question that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about one more question that another
+question generally what do people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question generally what do people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question generally what do people think
+about the seven wedges theory so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the seven wedges theory so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the seven wedges theory so I
+thought some people had had questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought some people had had questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought some people had had questions
+about it and I did too in terms of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I did too in terms of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I did too in terms of yeah
+each wedge seeing from some of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wedge seeing from some of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wedge seeing from some of the ones
+you see really hard but some of the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see really hard but some of the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see really hard but some of the ones
+you see me manageable and on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see me manageable and on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see me manageable and on their own
+but once you start putting all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you start putting all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you start putting all of them
+together you know even just from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know even just from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know even just from a
+financial perspective the marginal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial perspective the marginal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial perspective the marginal it
+becomes more doing more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more doing more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more doing more difficult to
+take the diverse watch and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the diverse watch and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the diverse watch and they don't
+actually often seem like exclusive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually often seem like exclusive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually often seem like exclusive so if
+you look at power generation you raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at power generation you raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at power generation you raised
+the efficiency at 1600 mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency at 1600 mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency at 1600 mark
+a large coal-fired plants for forty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large coal-fired plants for forty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large coal-fired plants for forty to
+sixty percent then another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty percent then another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty percent then another one is
+replaced 1400 large coal-fired plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced 1400 large coal-fired plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced 1400 large coal-fired plants
+with gas-fired plants and does trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gas-fired plants and does trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gas-fired plants and does trying to
+do one wedge you know cause another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one wedge you know cause another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one wedge you know cause another
+wedge to shrink it and you look yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge to shrink it and you look yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedge to shrink it and you look yeah
+adding up a lot more I mean I thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up a lot more I mean I thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up a lot more I mean I thought it
+was a helpful you know for popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a helpful you know for popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a helpful you know for popular
+science I said that was a helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I said that was a helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I said that was a helpful
+framework by just one day there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework by just one day there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework by just one day there were
+some shortcomings that people had issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortcomings that people had issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortcomings that people had issues
+like I was a little surprised by how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was a little surprised by how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I was a little surprised by how
+like fossil cool focused it was it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fossil cool focused it was it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fossil cool focused it was it still
+rump like one of their big solutions was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rump like one of their big solutions was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rump like one of their big solutions was
+carbon capture and like he said like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon capture and like he said like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon capture and like he said like not
+like one of the options is to keep using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the options is to keep using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the options is to keep using
+coal but to just make it more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal but to just make it more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal but to just make it more efficient
+so I I mean I understand the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I mean I understand the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I mean I understand the reality
+that we probably will be reliant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we probably will be reliant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we probably will be reliant on
+fossil fuels for a while but I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels for a while but I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels for a while but I thought
+that this is a an interesting approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a an interesting approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a an interesting approach
+to continue in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more I thought I knew you thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I thought I knew you thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I thought I knew you thought about
+that question well I guess the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question well I guess the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question well I guess the only
+thought I'm having is well this carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'm having is well this carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'm having is well this carbon
+capture and storage that's totally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and storage that's totally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and storage that's totally not
+handout you have to be anything close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you have to be anything close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you have to be anything close to
+economic and right on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and right on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and right on the other hand the
+possibilities that a purely renewables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that a purely renewables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that a purely renewables
+approach it's gonna be doable you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it's gonna be doable you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach it's gonna be doable you know
+yeah I think that's problematic as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think that's problematic as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think that's problematic as well
+because these are not base load power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are not base load power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are not base load power
+systems I think for me I found the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I think for me I found the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I think for me I found the most
+problematic pieces to be kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic pieces to be kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic pieces to be kind of as
+we're commenting it did seem sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're commenting it did seem sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're commenting it did seem sort of
+arbitrary but I should have sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but I should have sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but I should have sort of just
+kind of picking whatever those ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picking whatever those ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picking whatever those ones that
+they pick then came down to I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick then came down to I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick then came down to I don't know
+if I would necessarily kind of start if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I would necessarily kind of start if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I would necessarily kind of start if
+I was saying that these are the 15 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying that these are the 15 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying that these are the 15 that
+are gonna be the most feasible ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be the most feasible ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be the most feasible ways to
+get us of these wedges and I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us of these wedges and I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us of these wedges and I'm like
+particularly looking at like stop all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly looking at like stop all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly looking at like stop all
+deforestation right yeah you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation right yeah you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation right yeah you know I
+don't know if you might need to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you might need to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you might need to do some
+more reading in deforestation that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reading in deforestation that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reading in deforestation that seems
+to me like a very globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like a very globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like a very globally
+interconnected kind of big issue there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected kind of big issue there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected kind of big issue there I
+feel like there was a lot more an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there was a lot more an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there was a lot more an
+agriculture and forestry of what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and forestry of what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture and forestry of what could
+have things before like Italy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things before like Italy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have things before like Italy just
+softball deforestation and yes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softball deforestation and yes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softball deforestation and yes I think
+within each sector that could probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each sector that could probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each sector that could probably a
+more meticulous approach to kind of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meticulous approach to kind of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meticulous approach to kind of make
+them exclusive so you don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them exclusive so you don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them exclusive so you don't have this
+sort of overlapping power generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overlapping power generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overlapping power generation
+between coal fire plants and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between coal fire plants and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between coal fire plants and things like
+that but that was my may actually with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that was my may actually with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that was my may actually with
+the wedges I thought it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wedges I thought it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wedges I thought it was a very
+academic paper I think it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic paper I think it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic paper I think it's a really
+good lens to look at the problem but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lens to look at the problem but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lens to look at the problem but in
+terms of practicality I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of practicality I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of practicality I don't think it's
+very practical and it's it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical and it's it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very practical and it's it seems like
+it's a kind of idealized like outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of idealized like outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of idealized like outside
+reality like the way I wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality like the way I wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality like the way I wouldn't be a
+present would have taken but this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present would have taken but this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present would have taken but this paper
+was to look at their assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to look at their assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to look at their assumptions and
+then go out and to like the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go out and to like the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go out and to like the market and
+like talk to factories and people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talk to factories and people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talk to factories and people were
+using these technologies and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these technologies and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these technologies and figure out
+how they think about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they think about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they think about these things
+because they want to be like oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to be like oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to be like oh that's
+not gonna happen so I think it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna happen so I think it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna happen so I think it's a good
+lens but I wouldn't I don't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but I wouldn't I don't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but I wouldn't I don't see any
+practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical
+oh I just looked about chuckle who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I just looked about chuckle who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I just looked about chuckle who
+actually wrote a follow-up article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote a follow-up article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote a follow-up article in
+2011 called wedges reaffirmed in climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 called wedges reaffirmed in climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 called wedges reaffirmed in climate
+central to talk about the reception not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to talk about the reception not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to talk about the reception not
+only from the general public but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from the general public but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from the general public but also
+friend to site to the community from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend to site to the community from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend to site to the community from the
+policymaking community and he seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policymaking community and he seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policymaking community and he seems to
+sort of be of the opinion that he they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be of the opinion that he they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be of the opinion that he they
+not only overshot the science of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only overshot the science of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only overshot the science of carbon
+capture but also really we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture but also really we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture but also really we're trying to
+pander to the core core general American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pander to the core core general American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pander to the core core general American
+and were not very we're not as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were not very we're not as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and were not very we're not as sort of
+hardening with the solutions that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening with the solutions that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening with the solutions that they
+could have proposed and the magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have proposed and the magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have proposed and the magazine
+article and in particular talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and in particular talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article and in particular talked about
+how people commented on the concessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people commented on the concessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people commented on the concessions
+and lead that they made leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lead that they made leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lead that they made leading to
+benign outcomes on that fossil fuels as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign outcomes on that fossil fuels as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign outcomes on that fossil fuels as
+you're saying that and that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that and that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that and that they would
+foster complacency and he says that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster complacency and he says that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster complacency and he says that he
+doesn't understand that clear because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't understand that clear because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't understand that clear because
+when he tells someone that we could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he tells someone that we could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he tells someone that we could be
+lucky to figure out the technology then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky to figure out the technology then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky to figure out the technology then
+the listener completes the sentence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the listener completes the sentence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the listener completes the sentence and
+says or we could be unlucky so he seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says or we could be unlucky so he seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says or we could be unlucky so he seems
+to say that you know we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you know we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you know we're kind of
+between a rock and a hard place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a rock and a hard place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a rock and a hard place
+on trying to convince people to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to convince people to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on trying to convince people to create a
+framework for you know energy reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for you know energy reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for you know energy reduction
+while also you know sort of maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also you know sort of maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also you know sort of maintaining
+our standard of living and also caring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard of living and also caring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard of living and also caring
+about the environment second since we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environment second since we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the environment second since we've
+gotten a lot of backlash that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a lot of backlash that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a lot of backlash that he
+reflected on you know for some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on you know for some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on you know for some time
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+both of these folks are very shrewd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these folks are very shrewd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these folks are very shrewd
+talented people and very perceptive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented people and very perceptive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented people and very perceptive and
+you know part of the story here was what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know part of the story here was what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know part of the story here was what
+we thought was the case in 2004 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought was the case in 2004 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought was the case in 2004 2005
+which is just stabilization at 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just stabilization at 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just stabilization at 2005
+levels would do it if we've got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels would do it if we've got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels would do it if we've got to get
+you know a much deeper set of reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a much deeper set of reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a much deeper set of reductions
+into place you know right so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place you know right so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into place you know right so they were
+aimed at a 50-year period they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at a 50-year period they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at a 50-year period they
+recognized that in that in that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that in that in that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that in that in that later
+period that would really have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that would really have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that would really have to be
+breakthroughs but they avoided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthroughs but they avoided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthroughs but they avoided the
+breakthrough problem and the 50-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough problem and the 50-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough problem and the 50-year
+period but it's now on us right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but it's now on us right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but it's now on us right we're
+gonna have to have a level of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have a level of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have a level of technology
+advanced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced that
+was past what they were and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was past what they were and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was past what they were and what
+policymakers in general were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policymakers in general were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policymakers in general were thinking
+about that time that's a good closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that time that's a good closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that time that's a good closing
+flawed man anything else to add on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed man anything else to add on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed man anything else to add on them
+yeah I think it's generally a good fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's generally a good fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it's generally a good fan
+if I was a good first article it aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was a good first article it aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was a good first article it aside
+away but fight which is you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but fight which is you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but fight which is you know in a
+nation high five there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation high five there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation high five there's a lot more
+complexity because I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because I mean you know
+that's a good comparison yeah thanks man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good comparison yeah thanks man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good comparison yeah thanks man
+alright so we're now gonna dive into you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we're now gonna dive into you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we're now gonna dive into you
+know Chuck Weiss and I in affected a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Chuck Weiss and I in affected a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Chuck Weiss and I in affected a
+whole book on this this is just a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole book on this this is just a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole book on this this is just a you
+know kind of snapshot but the idea we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of snapshot but the idea we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of snapshot but the idea we
+tried to get across here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to get across here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to get across here is that the
+challenge is big enough that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is big enough that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge is big enough that we're gonna
+have to get inside the kind of black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get inside the kind of black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get inside the kind of black box
+of innovation innovation policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation innovation policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation innovation policy
+innovation organization so there'd been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organization so there'd been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organization so there'd been
+a lot of articles around the time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of articles around the time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of articles around the time we
+worked on this 2009 timetable you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this 2009 timetable you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this 2009 timetable you know a
+lot of major studies and the studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of major studies and the studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of major studies and the studies
+always said and you know we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always said and you know we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always said and you know we're gonna
+need some technology advances let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some technology advances let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some technology advances let's do a
+lot of R&D right and that's kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of R&D right and that's kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of R&D right and that's kind of as
+far as they went and you know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as they went and you know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as they went and you know what we
+were attempting to do in the book as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attempting to do in the book as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attempting to do in the book as
+well as pieces that came out of it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as pieces that came out of it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as pieces that came out of it like
+the one I had you all read was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dig into how that innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig into how that innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig into how that innovation system
+worked and understand it in a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and understand it in a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and understand it in a you know
+more coherent and real kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coherent and real kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coherent and real kind of way
+getting us into that black box of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us into that black box of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us into that black box of
+innovation policy and figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation policy and figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation policy and figure out what
+can be done just as a few background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done just as a few background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done just as a few background
+points historically the government has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points historically the government has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points historically the government has
+been much more interventionist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much more interventionist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much more interventionist in the
+energy sector than most other sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sector than most other sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sector than most other sectors
+right government is historically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right government is historically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right government is historically very
+integrated interventionist in the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated interventionist in the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated interventionist in the health
+sector it's been very interventionist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector it's been very interventionist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector it's been very interventionist in
+the energy sector as well and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy sector as well and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy sector as well and the
+political parties tend to have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties tend to have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political parties tend to have their
+favorite technologies right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite technologies right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite technologies right which
+complicates the political agenda here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates the political agenda here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates the political agenda here
+for for a technology agenda it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a technology agenda it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a technology agenda it will
+complicated for the next several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for the next several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for the next several years
+for sure were already seeing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure were already seeing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure were already seeing some of
+those signs and then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those signs and then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those signs and then there's another
+reality here which is we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality here which is we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality here which is we don't have the
+technologies we need at hand yet there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we need at hand yet there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we need at hand yet there's
+still a very significant technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very significant technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a very significant technology
+development effort that needs to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development effort that needs to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development effort that needs to go on
+in a series of these really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a series of these really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a series of these really important
+strands we can see what the pathways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands we can see what the pathways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands we can see what the pathways are
+but a lot of the technologies we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the technologies we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the technologies we're
+going to need are still not technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need are still not technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need are still not technology
+already much less being economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much less being economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already much less being economically
+ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready
+in other words ready for market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words ready for market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words ready for market
+introduction so that complicates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction so that complicates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction so that complicates this
+challenge very significantly energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge very significantly energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge very significantly energy is
+scale right it is a gigantic sector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right it is a gigantic sector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right it is a gigantic sector and
+you can't consider energy policy unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't consider energy policy unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't consider energy policy unless
+you're considering scale there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're considering scale there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're considering scale there is a
+technological economic political social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological economic political social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological economic political social
+paradigm that creates barriers to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm that creates barriers to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm that creates barriers to change
+in the energy sector that are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sector that are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sector that are quite
+significant private sector R&D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant private sector R&D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant private sector R&D and
+obviously this is private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is private sector
+technology the government is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the government is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the government is not in
+control of this technology to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of this technology to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of this technology to say the
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+private sector R&D is discouraged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector R&D is discouraged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector R&D is discouraged by
+wild price oscillations in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild price oscillations in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild price oscillations in energy
+markets we'll look at some of those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we'll look at some of those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets we'll look at some of those in
+just a minute you know $20 a barrel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute you know $20 a barrel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a minute you know $20 a barrel in
+1998 140 dollars in barrel in 2008 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 140 dollars in barrel in 2008 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 140 dollars in barrel in 2008 and
+$35 a barrel in 2016 that's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$35 a barrel in 2016 that's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$35 a barrel in 2016 that's not it's
+very hard to do Rd against those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do Rd against those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to do Rd against those kinds
+of price disruptions the public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price disruptions the public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of price disruptions the public sector
+has been working on energy R&D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been working on energy R&D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been working on energy R&D and
+comparatively few technologies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively few technologies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively few technologies of
+transition again fracking frankly is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition again fracking frankly is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition again fracking frankly is the
+major technology development that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major technology development that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major technology development that really
+has transitioned and you've got to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has transitioned and you've got to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has transitioned and you've got to think
+about parallel and supporting policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parallel and supporting policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parallel and supporting policies
+not only on technology but also on price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only on technology but also on price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only on technology but also on price
+right so it's technology surprise supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's technology surprise supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's technology surprise supply
+but that's dramatically affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's dramatically affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's dramatically affected by
+pricing so very large and scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing so very large and scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing so very large and scale and
+scope the problem the of energy as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope the problem the of energy as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope the problem the of energy as I
+said before really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before really
+the problem of scale you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of scale you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of scale you can think about
+a large-scale kind of activity like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large-scale kind of activity like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large-scale kind of activity like an
+Apollo type project for pursuing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo type project for pursuing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo type project for pursuing this
+but you would not have an Apollo type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would not have an Apollo type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you would not have an Apollo type
+project that's government contract led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that's government contract led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that's government contract led
+right we're not gonna solve this except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not gonna solve this except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not gonna solve this except
+in the private sector which makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector which makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector which makes the
+effort considerably more complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort considerably more complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort considerably more complicated and
+as Sakhalin Pacala suggested to us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Sakhalin Pacala suggested to us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Sakhalin Pacala suggested to us in
+the reading we just discussed this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading we just discussed this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading we just discussed this is a
+50-year project so the United States has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-year project so the United States has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-year project so the United States has
+never done a 50-year technology project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never done a 50-year technology project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never done a 50-year technology project
+you know we're lucky if we do three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're lucky if we do three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're lucky if we do three or
+technology projects the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology projects the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology projects the United States
+Apollo is a nine year project right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo is a nine year project right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo is a nine year project right
+that's about as long as weeds can stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about as long as weeds can stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about as long as weeds can stand
+much less a multi-decade problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less a multi-decade problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less a multi-decade problem and
+then with a multi-decade problem you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with a multi-decade problem you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with a multi-decade problem you run
+the problem of locking in prematurely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of locking in prematurely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of locking in prematurely
+two wrong technologies right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wrong technologies right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wrong technologies right so that's
+the fundamental problem with corn based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental problem with corn based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental problem with corn based
+ethanol which you know 1970's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol which you know 1970's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol which you know 1970's already
+thought great corn based ethanol what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought great corn based ethanol what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought great corn based ethanol what
+could be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be better
+farmers get rich they grow our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers get rich they grow our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers get rich they grow our energy
+for us how nice but it turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us how nice but it turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us how nice but it turned out to be
+you know not as significant emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not as significant emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not as significant emissions
+reduction if anything maybe the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction if anything maybe the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction if anything maybe the opposite
+so locking in you know where now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so locking in you know where now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so locking in you know where now
+everybody's addicted to corn as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's addicted to corn as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's addicted to corn as we are
+at the oil and locking in prematurely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the oil and locking in prematurely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the oil and locking in prematurely on
+that technology is a big problem how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology is a big problem how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology is a big problem how do
+you maintain a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maintain a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you maintain a certain amount of
+technology neutrality over a 40-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology neutrality over a 40-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology neutrality over a 40-year
+period we have never tried anything as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we have never tried anything as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we have never tried anything as
+complicated as that before and arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as that before and arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as that before and arguably
+you need to organize around barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to organize around barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to organize around barriers to
+market launch not just throw R&D money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market launch not just throw R&D money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market launch not just throw R&D money
+at the problem so we'll get into all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the problem so we'll get into all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the problem so we'll get into all of
+that but energy arguably requires a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but energy arguably requires a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but energy arguably requires a new
+unified theory of innovation because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theory of innovation because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theory of innovation because it
+is such a complex project you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a complex project you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a complex project you can't just
+do a pipeline model you can't just do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a pipeline model you can't just do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a pipeline model you can't just do in
+an induced innovation model you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an induced innovation model you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an induced innovation model you can't
+just do a manufacturing led innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a manufacturing led innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a manufacturing led innovation
+model you've got to think much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you've got to think much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you've got to think much more
+deeply about how you bring all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply about how you bring all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply about how you bring all these
+models to bear using an innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to bear using an innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to bear using an innovation
+organization approach there's kind of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization approach there's kind of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization approach there's kind of no
+way of getting out of that box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting out of that box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting out of that box
+in the energy sector of my team is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sector of my team is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy sector of my team is there
+a paper that's looking to pass energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper that's looking to pass energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper that's looking to pass energy
+revolutions and like figured out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions and like figured out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions and like figured out like
+the main pushers well we went on too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main pushers well we went on too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main pushers well we went on too
+many right so I don't have how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many right so I don't have how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many right so I don't have how many
+million years it took but we did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years it took but we did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years it took but we did you
+know would fire you know we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would fire you know we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would fire you know we did that
+that was big and then you know then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was big and then you know then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was big and then you know then from
+wood we did coal and Ernie Moniz tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood we did coal and Ernie Moniz tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood we did coal and Ernie Moniz tells
+the story that William Barton Rogers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that William Barton Rogers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story that William Barton Rogers the
+esteemed first president and frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteemed first president and frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esteemed first president and frankly
+genius behind the manufacturing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius behind the manufacturing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius behind the manufacturing I'm
+behind the MIT model you know he died on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the MIT model you know he died on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the MIT model you know he died on
+the podium during an MIT graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the podium during an MIT graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the podium during an MIT graduation
+choking on the terms bituminous coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choking on the terms bituminous coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choking on the terms bituminous coal
+revolutions that was the big revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions that was the big revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions that was the big revolution
+in that era we moved from wood to coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that era we moved from wood to coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that era we moved from wood to coal
+right so that's how slow it is we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how slow it is we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how slow it is we're in
+a remarkably quick period of time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkably quick period of time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remarkably quick period of time you
+know 6070 years we actually moved to oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 6070 years we actually moved to oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 6070 years we actually moved to oil
+right that was that was remarkably quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was that was remarkably quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was that was remarkably quick
+and you know we've been on that fossil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we've been on that fossil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we've been on that fossil
+fuel revolution ever since and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel revolution ever since and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel revolution ever since and it's not
+easy to shift these so these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to shift these so these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to shift these so these are very
+long-term projects and you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term projects and you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term projects and you really have
+to think about time and scale over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about time and scale over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about time and scale over and
+over again when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again when we think about
+undertaking energy technology change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking energy technology change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking energy technology change so
+we talked about some of the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about some of the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about some of the models
+previously just to remind you we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously just to remind you we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously just to remind you we know
+the pipeline model well for sure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline model well for sure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline model well for sure there's
+going to be a profound need here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a profound need here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a profound need here for
+breakthrough research you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough research you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough research you know there's a
+big valley of death problem in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big valley of death problem in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big valley of death problem in that
+pipeline model that we've got to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline model that we've got to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline model that we've got to think
+very hard about but that's not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard about but that's not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard about but that's not the only
+problem we've got induced innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we've got induced innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we've got induced innovation
+here in other words industry is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in other words industry is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in other words industry is gonna
+have to take responsibility for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take responsibility for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take responsibility for a lot of
+these particularly incremental advances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particularly incremental advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particularly incremental advances
+but how do you encourage that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you encourage that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you encourage that when
+industry is locked into a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is locked into a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is locked into a set of
+technologies that you want to mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that you want to mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that you want to mitigate
+right that really complicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that really complicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that really complicates the
+induced innovation model well it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced innovation model well it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced innovation model well it wasn't
+in the article you know Chuck and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the article you know Chuck and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the article you know Chuck and I did
+thinking since then is you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking since then is you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking since then is you know from the
+book there's an extended pipeline model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book there's an extended pipeline model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book there's an extended pipeline model
+the whole defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole defense
+their model well the government engages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their model well the government engages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their model well the government engages
+not just at the upfront stages but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just at the upfront stages but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just at the upfront stages but the
+later stages through implementation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later stages through implementation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later stages through implementation as
+well what can we use in that model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can we use in that model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what can we use in that model and
+that's a Defense Department on model by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Defense Department on model by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Defense Department on model by
+and large and we'll talk later when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large and we'll talk later when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large and we'll talk later when we
+talk about Dorothy robe I'm reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Dorothy robe I'm reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Dorothy robe I'm reading
+about whether that's applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that's applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that's applied
+Manufacturing lead in other words we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing lead in other words we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing lead in other words we're
+not gonna have carbon pricing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna have carbon pricing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna have carbon pricing for a
+significant period of time so unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant period of time so unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant period of time so unless you
+drive the price down these technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the price down these technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the price down these technologies
+will never enter so the way you dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never enter so the way you dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never enter so the way you dry
+price down is through manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price down is through manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price down is through manufacturing
+advances and process advances and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances and process advances and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances and process advances and that
+becomes very much part of what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very much part of what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very much part of what you've
+got to consider in an energy innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to consider in an energy innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to consider in an energy innovation
+model as well so innovation organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as well so innovation organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model as well so innovation organization
+how do you put these complex pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put these complex pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put these complex pieces
+together for a new model is really at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a new model is really at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a new model is really at
+the core of this so just to summarize so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of this so just to summarize so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of this so just to summarize so
+far is a problem of scale we're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is a problem of scale we're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is a problem of scale we're up
+against a technological economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a technological economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a technological economic
+political social paradigm we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political social paradigm we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political social paradigm we'll talk
+about that in a minute in a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a minute in a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a minute in a very complex
+established legacy sector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established legacy sector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established legacy sector and
+maintaining technology neutrality over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining technology neutrality over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining technology neutrality over a
+50-year period really critical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-year period really critical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-year period really critical problem
+which needs a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needs a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needs a tremendous amount of
+thought and organizing around and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and organizing around and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and organizing around and then
+we've got to undertake the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to undertake the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to undertake the integration
+of the different models by which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different models by which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different models by which the
+dynamics of innovation get played out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of innovation get played out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of innovation get played out
+right you can't just do pipeline here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't just do pipeline here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can't just do pipeline here
+you can't just do extended pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do extended pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do extended pipeline
+you've got to really bring all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to really bring all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to really bring all of these
+to bear because they're all part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bear because they're all part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bear because they're all part of the
+solution so an innovation organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so an innovation organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so an innovation organization
+becomes central here to an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes central here to an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes central here to an energy
+technology revolution let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution let's look at
+investments in energy so US federal R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in energy so US federal R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in energy so US federal R&D
+spending on new energy technology when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on new energy technology when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on new energy technology when
+we wrote this piece was about half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote this piece was about half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote this piece was about half of
+what it was in actual dollars as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was in actual dollars as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was in actual dollars as it was
+in 1980 so the blue is public sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1980 so the blue is public sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1980 so the blue is public sector
+investment you can see the high-water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you can see the high-water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you can see the high-water
+mark about 1980 and it's come down since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark about 1980 and it's come down since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark about 1980 and it's come down since
+then the gray line is private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the gray line is private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the gray line is private sector
+investment levels you can again see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment levels you can again see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment levels you can again see that
+that's basically through this 2005 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically through this 2005 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically through this 2005 time
+period and it hasn't gotten much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it hasn't gotten much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and it hasn't gotten much better
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+that that basically fell in half as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that basically fell in half as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that basically fell in half as well
+right so this is not the picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is not the picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is not the picture you
+want to have if you're gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have if you're gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have if you're gonna do a
+technology revolution all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution all right let's
+look at the way in which innovating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way in which innovating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way in which innovating
+industries how do they spend when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries how do they spend when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries how do they spend when
+they're trying to do major technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do major technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to do major technology
+implementations so the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations so the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations so the semiconductor
+industry invests 16 percent on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry invests 16 percent on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry invests 16 percent on an
+average of annual revenues in R&D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of annual revenues in R&D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of annual revenues in R&D and
+you know they've got to stay on Moore's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they've got to stay on Moore's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they've got to stay on Moore's
+law or Moore's law and may have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law or Moore's law and may have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law or Moore's law and may have just
+ended but that was a long term project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended but that was a long term project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended but that was a long term project
+for them and they had to keep investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and they had to keep investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and they had to keep investing
+in R&D to do it the pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R&D to do it the pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R&D to do it the pharmaceutical
+sector invests eighteen percent they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector invests eighteen percent they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector invests eighteen percent they
+only because their drug terms keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because their drug terms keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because their drug terms keep
+running up they've got to stay on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running up they've got to stay on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running up they've got to stay on top of
+the R&D side the biotech sector invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D side the biotech sector invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D side the biotech sector invest
+thirty-nine percent that may be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty-nine percent that may be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty-nine percent that may be a little
+unfair comparison because a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair comparison because a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair comparison because a lot of the
+biotech industry has no revenues at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech industry has no revenues at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech industry has no revenues at all
+so it may skew the numbers a bit but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it may skew the numbers a bit but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it may skew the numbers a bit but the
+other two are probably pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two are probably pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two are probably pretty good
+signals establish industry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals establish industry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals establish industry the
+electronics industry eight percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics industry eight percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics industry eight percent of
+sales the auto industry at least before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales the auto industry at least before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales the auto industry at least before
+the Great Recession was around three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Recession was around three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Recession was around three
+three to three-and-a-half percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to three-and-a-half percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to three-and-a-half percent of
+annual revenues and R&D those are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual revenues and R&D those are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual revenues and R&D those are you
+know pretty mature sectors average are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty mature sectors average are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty mature sectors average are
+indeed two annual revenues for all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed two annual revenues for all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed two annual revenues for all of us
+industry is 2.6 that includes like dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is 2.6 that includes like dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is 2.6 that includes like dry
+cleaners right that's everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaners right that's everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaners right that's everybody
+that's all in private energy R&D as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all in private energy R&D as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all in private energy R&D as a
+percentage of Rd are in R&D as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Rd are in R&D as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Rd are in R&D as a
+percentage of annual revenues it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of annual revenues it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of annual revenues it's less
+than 1% how we're gonna do this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1% how we're gonna do this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1% how we're gonna do this and that
+is this does not this is not good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this does not this is not good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this does not this is not good right
+now why is it so low in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it so low in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is it so low in the energy
+sector well part of the story is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector well part of the story is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector well part of the story is that
+the revenues are so enormous right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues are so enormous right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenues are so enormous right this
+is this is a powerful revenue generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a powerful revenue generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a powerful revenue generating
+sector so that's part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector so that's part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector so that's part of it
+but it's not a full explanation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a full explanation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a full explanation this is
+a sector that's got an economic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sector that's got an economic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sector that's got an economic model
+and it's sustaining that model and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sustaining that model and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sustaining that model and it's
+not all that interested in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that interested in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that interested in big
+diversification from what's an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification from what's an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification from what's an extremely
+successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful
+set of approaches now let's say we up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of approaches now let's say we up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of approaches now let's say we up
+the federal Rd right to kind of offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal Rd right to kind of offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal Rd right to kind of offset
+not a terribly pretty picture on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a terribly pretty picture on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a terribly pretty picture on the
+private sector Rd side you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector Rd side you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector Rd side you know what
+does that where did that when the feds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that where did that when the feds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that where did that when the feds
+really want to do something big what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do something big what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do something big what
+kind of money do they spend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of money do they spend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of money do they spend on the
+Apollo program over nine years now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo program over nine years now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo program over nine years now this
+is both R&D and implementation that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both R&D and implementation that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is both R&D and implementation that was
+one hundred eighty five billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred eighty five billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundred eighty five billion dollars
+in 2002 dollars over that nine year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 dollars over that nine year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 dollars over that nine year
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+Carter Reagan defense build-up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter Reagan defense build-up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter Reagan defense build-up right
+I've got us you know all the stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got us you know all the stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got us you know all the stuff we
+read about in DARPA you know precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about in DARPA you know precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about in DARPA you know precision
+stealth the UAVs submarines that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth the UAVs submarines that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth the UAVs submarines that nobody
+likes to talk about you know a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to talk about you know a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to talk about you know a bunch of
+fancy stuff that was 445 billion over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff that was 445 billion over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy stuff that was 445 billion over
+eight years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight years
+doubling NIH was 138 billion over five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling NIH was 138 billion over five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling NIH was 138 billion over five
+years the ballistic missile defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the ballistic missile defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years the ballistic missile defense
+program which for toll fairly recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which for toll fairly recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which for toll fairly recently
+was the largest technology initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the largest technology initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the largest technology initiative
+the government had going its first six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government had going its first six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government had going its first six
+years 145 billion dollars that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 145 billion dollars that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 145 billion dollars that's what
+the government spends when it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government spends when it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government spends when it really
+wants to get technology done it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get technology done it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to get technology done it's not
+spending this on energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending this on energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending this on energy okay
+we're not at those levels interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not at those levels interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not at those levels interestingly
+this is the and this is energy R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the and this is energy R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the and this is energy R&D
+spending compared to the price of crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending compared to the price of crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending compared to the price of crude
+oil and you can see the remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and you can see the remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and you can see the remarkable
+similarities in these lines right price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities in these lines right price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities in these lines right price
+of oil goes up let's throw some R&D at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil goes up let's throw some R&D at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil goes up let's throw some R&D at
+it price of oil goes down pull that R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it price of oil goes down pull that R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it price of oil goes down pull that R&D
+back right you can't run an R&D program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right you can't run an R&D program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right you can't run an R&D program
+with sustained results on kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sustained results on kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sustained results on kind of a
+roller coaster model it just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coaster model it just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller coaster model it just doesn't
+work this story is not just true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this story is not just true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this story is not just true for the
+United States these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States these are all the
+developed countries the OECD countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries the OECD countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed countries the OECD countries
+you can see a high-water mark about 1980
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a high-water mark about 1980
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a high-water mark about 1980
+and similarly coming down to less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly coming down to less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly coming down to less than
+half of that the black line is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that the black line is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that the black line is the one
+to look at what the International Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at what the International Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at what the International Energy
+Agency which is the energy arm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agency which is the energy arm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agency which is the energy arm of the
+OECD countries the highly respected data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OECD countries the highly respected data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OECD countries the highly respected data
+collection energy analytical crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection energy analytical crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection energy analytical crew
+in 2008 they did a major study and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2008 they did a major study and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2008 they did a major study and they
+concluded that reducing emissions to 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that reducing emissions to 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that reducing emissions to 50%
+below 2005 levels when they added up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 2005 levels when they added up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 2005 levels when they added up the
+Rd as well as the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd as well as the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd as well as the technology
+implementation that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation that need to be
+undertaken they estimated that at a 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken they estimated that at a 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken they estimated that at a 45
+trillion dollar project over a 50-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollar project over a 50-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion dollar project over a 50-year
+period about 1.1 trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period about 1.1 trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period about 1.1 trillion
+worldwide 1.1 trillion per year you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide 1.1 trillion per year you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide 1.1 trillion per year you know
+our Indian implementation so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Indian implementation so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Indian implementation so you know
+that number may be way off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number may be way off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number may be way off
+they were guesstimating we got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were guesstimating we got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were guesstimating we got to do
+this much Solar we got to do this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much Solar we got to do this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much Solar we got to do this much
+win we have to do this much advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win we have to do this much advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win we have to do this much advanced
+nuclear that we have to have this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear that we have to have this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear that we have to have this much
+carbon capture and sequestration they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon capture and sequestration they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon capture and sequestration they
+were kind of adding up what the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of adding up what the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of adding up what the bill
+might look like so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like so it could be
+significantly off but by the way even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly off but by the way even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly off but by the way even if
+it's off by a whole lot we're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off by a whole lot we're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off by a whole lot we're not in
+range so so far we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so so far we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so so far we've been talking about
+this as though it was a problem we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as though it was a problem we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as though it was a problem we could
+just shovel money at right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shovel money at right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shovel money at right that's what
+we've been talking about for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about for the last
+five minutes but everybody in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes but everybody in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes but everybody in this class
+knows that innovation in a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that innovation in a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that innovation in a complex
+legacy sector like energy it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector like energy it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector like energy it's much more
+complicated than just throwing money at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just throwing money at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just throwing money at
+the problem so you've seen these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so you've seen these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem so you've seen these slides
+before the u.s. is a covered wagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the u.s. is a covered wagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the u.s. is a covered wagon
+technology culture right we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology culture right we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology culture right we like to
+leave our old neighborhoods behind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave our old neighborhoods behind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave our old neighborhoods behind and
+move new technology into open field new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move new technology into open field new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move new technology into open field new
+frontier kind of innovation we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier kind of innovation we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier kind of innovation we take our
+covered wagons west we go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered wagons west we go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered wagons west we go over the
+mountain we settle new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain we settle new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain we settle new technology
+territories that's we're pretty good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories that's we're pretty good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories that's we're pretty good at
+we like to do that we're not good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to do that we're not good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to do that we're not good at
+this problem right bringing technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem right bringing technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem right bringing technology
+advanced back into established sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced back into established sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced back into established sectors
+we don't do this and that technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do this and that technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't do this and that technology is
+we've discussed before it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed before it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed before it has to
+parachute in and by the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute in and by the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute in and by the way the
+incumbents are going to shoot at it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are going to shoot at it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are going to shoot at it on
+the way down so it's not just a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down so it's not just a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down so it's not just a matter
+of throwing R&D money at this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throwing R&D money at this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of throwing R&D money at this problem
+got a much bigger problem right max good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a much bigger problem right max good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a much bigger problem right max good
+question you said we're not very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you said we're not very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you said we're not very good at
+going covered wagons East you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going covered wagons East you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going covered wagons East you know
+developing countries that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries that don't have
+mature legacy sectors tend to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature legacy sectors tend to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature legacy sectors tend to be able to
+innovate in many many areas so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in many many areas so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in many many areas so that is
+the story of the stunning growth numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of the stunning growth numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of the stunning growth numbers
+that China has built over the last 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that China has built over the last 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that China has built over the last 30
+years right because there wasn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right because there wasn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right because there wasn't much
+there so they didn't have to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so they didn't have to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so they didn't have to overcome
+these legacy sectors they were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sectors they were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sectors they were working
+in innovating in every sector so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in innovating in every sector so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in innovating in every sector so they
+build this remarkable 10% a year growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this remarkable 10% a year growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this remarkable 10% a year growth
+rate no it's finally you know they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate no it's finally you know they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate no it's finally you know they've
+now built out a lot of that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now built out a lot of that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now built out a lot of that so the
+growth rate is gonna finally come down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate is gonna finally come down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate is gonna finally come down a
+bit and it's starting to do so but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and it's starting to do so but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and it's starting to do so but that
+gives you a signal of the kind of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a signal of the kind of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a signal of the kind of growth
+rate you could have if you were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you could have if you were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you could have if you were able to
+innovate across the board not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate across the board not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate across the board not just in
+frontier areas yeah I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier areas yeah I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier areas yeah I mean this
+organizational issues like that too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational issues like that too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational issues like that too but
+you know you can look at Korea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can look at Korea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can look at Korea you
+looking with Taiwan you know you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking with Taiwan you know you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking with Taiwan you know you can and
+you can look at the IT economy in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the IT economy in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the IT economy in India
+right another staggering success story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another staggering success story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right another staggering success story
+right of stunning rates of advanced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of stunning rates of advanced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of stunning rates of advanced the
+government had kind of fenced off most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government had kind of fenced off most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government had kind of fenced off most
+of hard industries into a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard industries into a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard industries into a fairly
+socialist kind of system and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist kind of system and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist kind of system and pretty
+inefficient they hadn't fenced off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient they hadn't fenced off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient they hadn't fenced off the
+IT sector and that's a that was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT sector and that's a that was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT sector and that's a that was not a
+heavy governmental hand that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy governmental hand that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy governmental hand that was just
+take off right and it's a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off right and it's a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off right and it's a remarkable
+story so it's not always the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so it's not always the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story so it's not always the way you
+don't always need that governmental hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always need that governmental hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always need that governmental hand
+but it's an important point so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an important point so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an important point so you know
+the u.s. just doesn't do this very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. just doesn't do this very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. just doesn't do this very well
+the example on the on the slide is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example on the on the slide is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example on the on the slide is you
+know we don't go back and fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't go back and fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't go back and fix the
+healthcare delivery system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare delivery system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare delivery system you know
+we've been fighting over them for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been fighting over them for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been fighting over them for about
+15 years we are pretty good at doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years we are pretty good at doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years we are pretty good at doing
+biotech right that worked but taking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech right that worked but taking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotech right that worked but taking on
+the whole healthcare delivery system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole healthcare delivery system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole healthcare delivery system has
+proved elusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved elusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved elusive
+say the least the hospitals in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the least the hospitals in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the least the hospitals in the whole
+service side of healthcare and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service side of healthcare and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service side of healthcare and this
+technology tied to that of course too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology tied to that of course too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology tied to that of course too so
+a complex established sector is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex established sector is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex established sector is not a
+level playing field right one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level playing field right one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level playing field right one of the
+advantages of interview technology stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of interview technology stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of interview technology stand
+up and a frontier is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and a frontier is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and a frontier is there's no
+incumbent you just do it right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent you just do it right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbent you just do it right that's
+the India story right that's the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the India story right that's the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the India story right that's the story
+the IT revolution in the u.s. right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT revolution in the u.s. right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT revolution in the u.s. right
+there wasn't anything really quite like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't anything really quite like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't anything really quite like
+computing before computing it just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing before computing it just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing before computing it just you
+know there was nobody in the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was nobody in the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was nobody in the way you
+know similarly you know biotech didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know similarly you know biotech didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know similarly you know biotech didn't
+really have anybody in the way whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have anybody in the way whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have anybody in the way whereas
+these health care delivery or energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these health care delivery or energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these health care delivery or energy
+problems are much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are much more complicated
+because you're up against established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're up against established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're up against established
+incumbents and these incumbents have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents and these incumbents have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents and these incumbents have
+strong technology models and systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong technology models and systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong technology models and systems
+often with vast infrastructure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with vast infrastructure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often with vast infrastructure right
+think about gas stations and gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about gas stations and gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about gas stations and gas
+pipeline systems they have an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline systems they have an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline systems they have an economic
+model and they've driven down the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and they've driven down the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and they've driven down the cost
+curve so it's a remarkably efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so it's a remarkably efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so it's a remarkably efficient
+system with remarkably low energy prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with remarkably low energy prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with remarkably low energy prices
+in the u.s. there's a massive political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. there's a massive political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. there's a massive political
+support system right these are strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support system right these are strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support system right these are strong
+regional employers and important parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional employers and important parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional employers and important parts
+of local and regional economies they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local and regional economies they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local and regional economies they are
+very strong politically and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong politically and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong politically and there's a
+whole social support system all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole social support system all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole social support system all right
+for many decades you know chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many decades you know chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many decades you know chemical
+engineering departments were essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering departments were essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering departments were essentially
+at every unit major University we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every unit major University we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every unit major University we're
+essentially part of the fossil fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially part of the fossil fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially part of the fossil fuel
+system right that's obviously changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right that's obviously changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right that's obviously changed
+but there was a whole set of academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a whole set of academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was a whole set of academic
+social support systems that are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social support systems that are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social support systems that are there
+and look the US public has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look the US public has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look the US public has an
+expectation that we get cheap energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that we get cheap energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that we get cheap energy
+prices right try taking that one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right try taking that one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices right try taking that one on
+politically right that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically right that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically right that's one of the
+political problems with trying to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political problems with trying to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political problems with trying to impose
+a carbon tax you know what a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon tax you know what a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon tax you know what a wonderful
+message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message
+hey all your energy prices are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey all your energy prices are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey all your energy prices are going to
+go up you know it's not a terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up you know it's not a terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up you know it's not a terribly
+attractive political message so and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive political message so and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive political message so and part
+of the problem here is that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem here is that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem here is that the new
+energy technologies have got to be price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technologies have got to be price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technologies have got to be price
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+the moment they arrived in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment they arrived in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment they arrived in the
+marketplace so we'll get to that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so we'll get to that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so we'll get to that problem
+in a minute a carbon charge was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute a carbon charge was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute a carbon charge was going to
+be a way to adjust this in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a way to adjust this in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a way to adjust this in other words
+it would bring the fossil fuel prices up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would bring the fossil fuel prices up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would bring the fossil fuel prices up
+and therefore the new technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the new technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the new technologies
+didn't have to drive down nearly as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to drive down nearly as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to drive down nearly as much
+down the cost curve it would be easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the cost curve it would be easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the cost curve it would be easy to
+introduce them they'd in effect have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce them they'd in effect have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce them they'd in effect have a
+significant incentive we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant incentive we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant incentive we're not going to
+do that at least for the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that at least for the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that at least for the significant
+period of time so what do we do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so what do we do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time so what do we do some
+things we've talked about already we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've talked about already we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've talked about already we've
+got to have a large program that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a large program that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have a large program that's
+sizeable in scope it's in the u.s. it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizeable in scope it's in the u.s. it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizeable in scope it's in the u.s. it's
+gonna have to be private sector-led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to be private sector-led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to be private sector-led
+because that's where all the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where all the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where all the technology
+and infrastructure is the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infrastructure is the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infrastructure is the government
+doesn't control it except in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't control it except in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't control it except in certain
+ways that means a public-private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that means a public-private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that means a public-private
+partnership kind of model is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership kind of model is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership kind of model is going to be
+needed we've got this problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed we've got this problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed we've got this problem of
+technology neutrality and avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology neutrality and avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology neutrality and avoiding
+technology lock-in and again we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology lock-in and again we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology lock-in and again we're gonna
+have to think about organizing this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about organizing this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about organizing this one
+I'm getting into now around the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting into now around the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting into now around the launch
+pathways so we came up with a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so we came up with a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so we came up with a kind of a
+four step way of looking at launching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four step way of looking at launching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four step way of looking at launching
+technologies so there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies so there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies so there's lots of
+literature on R&D and you've read now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on R&D and you've read now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on R&D and you've read now a
+fair amount of it by the time we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of it by the time we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount of it by the time we reach
+class 10 here but there's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 10 here but there's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 10 here but there's very little
+literature on market launch it just is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on market launch it just is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on market launch it just is
+not a topic that has been taken up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a topic that has been taken up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a topic that has been taken up by
+the Science and Technology Policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Science and Technology Policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Science and Technology Policy
+literature so the essentially idea it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature so the essentially idea it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature so the essentially idea it
+was think about launch pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was think about launch pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was think about launch pathways
+different technology is going to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technology is going to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technology is going to launch
+in different ways you know launching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways you know launching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways you know launching
+batteries into an automotive sector is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries into an automotive sector is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries into an automotive sector is a
+really different project than launching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know biofuels into the transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know biofuels into the transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know biofuels into the transport
+sector but figure out the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector but figure out the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector but figure out the launch
+pathways and figure out there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and figure out there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and figure out there's some
+common launch pathways that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common launch pathways that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common launch pathways that certain
+kinds of technologies have and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of technologies have and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of technologies have and we'll get
+to that in a second then step 2 is tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second then step 2 is tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that in a second then step 2 is tie
+those launch pathways to whatever means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those launch pathways to whatever means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those launch pathways to whatever means
+of policy support you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policy support you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policy support you can
+put to get put to those launch pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to get put to those launch pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put to get put to those launch pathways
+right do a gap analysis the innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do a gap analysis the innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do a gap analysis the innovation
+system both front end and back in back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system both front end and back in back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system both front end and back in back
+end and then work on filling the gaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and then work on filling the gaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and then work on filling the gaps in
+that innovation system so a four step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innovation system so a four step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that innovation system so a four step
+process we'll take these apart for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we'll take these apart for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we'll take these apart for a
+minute the US has never tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the US has never tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the US has never tried to do
+anything this tough right I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything this tough right I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything this tough right I think there
+have been technology challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been technology challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been technology challenges
+themselves that are harder than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that are harder than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that are harder than this
+right because we can kind of see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we can kind of see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we can kind of see the
+strands that we're gonna get over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands that we're gonna get over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands that we're gonna get over the
+next 25 or 30 years to kind of out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 25 or 30 years to kind of out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 25 or 30 years to kind of out there
+we kind of know what Seoul is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of know what Seoul is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of know what Seoul is gonna be
+like we kind of know and when it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we kind of know and when it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we kind of know and when it's gonna
+be like we can see what's gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like we can see what's gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like we can see what's gonna happen
+in storage to some extent we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in storage to some extent we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in storage to some extent we kind of
+know what the paths are gonna be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the paths are gonna be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the paths are gonna be and
+these are not you know this is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not you know this is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not you know this is not like
+the Manhattan Project that was a tougher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project that was a tougher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project that was a tougher
+technology problem but this is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology problem but this is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology problem but this is such a
+tough implementation task we have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough implementation task we have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough implementation task we have never
+ever tried to do anything as complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever tried to do anything as complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever tried to do anything as complicated
+as this before so it's it's a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this before so it's it's a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this before so it's it's a challenge
+worthy of your careers it is the big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of your careers it is the big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of your careers it is the big one
+my team scene focuses policy why ceases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my team scene focuses policy why ceases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my team scene focuses policy why ceases
+government because yeah Chuck was a cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government because yeah Chuck was a cop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government because yeah Chuck was a cop
+he and I taught at Georgetown and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and I taught at Georgetown and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and I taught at Georgetown and he was
+chairman of the department so he he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of the department so he he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman of the department so he he was
+the one who kicked me into teaching some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who kicked me into teaching some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who kicked me into teaching some
+years back and and then you know we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years back and and then you know we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years back and and then you know we just
+got to know each other and decided let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know each other and decided let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know each other and decided let's
+take this book on cuz we saw that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this book on cuz we saw that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this book on cuz we saw that the
+Science and Technology Policy world had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Technology Policy world had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and Technology Policy world had
+just not really thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not really thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not really thought about the
+details of a technology policy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of a technology policy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of a technology policy for
+energy obviously there's a lotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy obviously there's a lotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy obviously there's a lotta
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+those are gonna be interesting if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are gonna be interesting if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are gonna be interesting if you
+like how to at the Sloan strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to at the Sloan strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to at the Sloan strategy
+professor like a federal strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor like a federal strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor like a federal strategy
+because like they would have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like they would have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like they would have some
+insights it's al you it's like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights it's al you it's like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights it's al you it's like it's not
+intuitive usually business infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive usually business infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive usually business infinite
+strategy especially the complex sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy especially the complex sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy especially the complex sectors
+but it definitely is a way of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it definitely is a way of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it definitely is a way of doing it
+you usually you focus on a very niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually you focus on a very niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you usually you focus on a very niche
+market that you know like no one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that you know like no one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that you know like no one would
+try to fight you at the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fight you at the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fight you at the beginning and
+are you growing and so and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you growing and so and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you growing and so and we're gonna
+get into exactly that point to my team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into exactly that point to my team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into exactly that point to my team
+cuz that's a very key stand up strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's a very key stand up strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's a very key stand up strategy
+for a lot of these technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of these technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of these technologies and
+another thing another reason to scuzz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing another reason to scuzz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing another reason to scuzz
+it's not simple since it's complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simple since it's complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simple since it's complex
+you'll need different business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need different business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need different business models
+for different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different kinds
+products so I feel like they could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I feel like they could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I feel like they could make
+like a matrix that might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a matrix that might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a matrix that might be really
+useful especially like MIT Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful especially like MIT Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful especially like MIT Energy
+Initiative because they'll be like oh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initiative because they'll be like oh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initiative because they'll be like oh if
+you have this kind of strategy this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of strategy this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this kind of strategy this is a
+test this is how I would go about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this is how I would go about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this is how I would go about going
+in and like MIT especially like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and like MIT especially like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and like MIT especially like you have
+mentors that are gonna be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors that are gonna be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors that are gonna be there
+right and look I mean a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and look I mean a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and look I mean a lot of this
+thinking I did was because I got pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I did was because I got pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I did was because I got pulled
+into the MIT Energy Initiative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the MIT Energy Initiative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the MIT Energy Initiative in
+various ways and had to think with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways and had to think with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways and had to think with the
+faculty teams that are developing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty teams that are developing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty teams that are developing these
+amazing reports that might he did over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing reports that might he did over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing reports that might he did over
+the years I had to understand those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years I had to understand those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years I had to understand those
+reports because I had to help those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports because I had to help those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports because I had to help those
+communities bring their reports to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities bring their reports to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities bring their reports to the
+policy world so I had to read in pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy world so I had to read in pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy world so I had to read in pretty
+deeply so a lot of what I'm stumbling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply so a lot of what I'm stumbling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply so a lot of what I'm stumbling
+onto in the article you read but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto in the article you read but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto in the article you read but also
+the book that is a larger statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book that is a larger statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book that is a larger statement of
+it really comes out of my MIT experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really comes out of my MIT experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really comes out of my MIT experience
+and of course Sloan was pretty deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course Sloan was pretty deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course Sloan was pretty deeply
+involved in each one of those which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in each one of those which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in each one of those which was
+part of what made them powerful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what made them powerful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what made them powerful but
+Martine when I do the next edition I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine when I do the next edition I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine when I do the next edition I'm
+gonna get you to do the business side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get you to do the business side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get you to do the business side so
+let's goes back to step one we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's goes back to step one we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's goes back to step one we'll do a
+little more detail here so you get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail here so you get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail here so you get what
+I'm talking about let's categorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about let's categorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about let's categorize the
+launch categories right so we know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch categories right so we know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch categories right so we know we've
+got to do a bunch of wedges attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do a bunch of wedges attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do a bunch of wedges attack
+different technology is often embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technology is often embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different technology is often embedded
+in each different wedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each different wedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each different wedge
+how do we look at launch pathways this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we look at launch pathways this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we look at launch pathways this
+is a way of looking at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of looking at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of looking at the different
+launch pathways and energy and seeing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch pathways and energy and seeing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch pathways and energy and seeing if
+some are similar then you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are similar then you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are similar then you can kind of
+aggregate the policy support mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate the policy support mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate the policy support mechanisms
+around those so some technologies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around those so some technologies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around those so some technologies are
+experimental and it's just gonna require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental and it's just gonna require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental and it's just gonna require
+long term research so max that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term research so max that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term research so max that's your
+paper right Fusion is still long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right Fusion is still long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right Fusion is still long term
+incredible potential if we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible potential if we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible potential if we could get
+there we're not really ready for much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're not really ready for much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're not really ready for much
+more beyond R&D and some demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beyond R&D and some demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beyond R&D and some demonstration
+commitments at this stage so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments at this stage so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments at this stage so that's
+that's a federal R&D role you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a federal R&D role you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a federal R&D role you know
+hydrogen fuel cells a similar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen fuel cells a similar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen fuel cells a similar kind of
+problem so that's experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's experimental
+technologies that's one category just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that's one category just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that's one category just do
+R&D for those folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D for those folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D for those folks
+the second category would be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second category would be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second category would be but
+actually disruptive innovations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually disruptive innovations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually disruptive innovations that
+could be launched in you guessed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be launched in you guessed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be launched in you guessed it
+Martine in each Marcus right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine in each Marcus right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martine in each Marcus right so that's
+typically how induced innovation works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically how induced innovation works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically how induced innovation works
+in the private sector private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector private sector
+company will identify a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company will identify a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company will identify a market
+opportunity to put in each market take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to put in each market take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to put in each market take
+that market move into it and start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market move into it and start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market move into it and start to
+scale up a new technology advance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up a new technology advance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up a new technology advance that's
+the led story a remarkable success story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the led story a remarkable success story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the led story a remarkable success story
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+they found niche markets that couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found niche markets that couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found niche markets that couldn't
+be dealt with by either of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealt with by either of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealt with by either of their
+incandescent or fluorescent technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent or fluorescent technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent or fluorescent technology
+competitors they found niche markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors they found niche markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors they found niche markets
+where LEDs were so much better so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where LEDs were so much better so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where LEDs were so much better so much
+better answer than the competitors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answer than the competitors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better answer than the competitors and
+then they scaled into those niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they scaled into those niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they scaled into those niche
+markets and they used that opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and they used that opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and they used that opportunity
+to drive the price down so that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive the price down so that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive the price down so that when the
+time came they could actually compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time came they could actually compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time came they could actually compete
+over that extended time period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that extended time period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that extended time period and
+driving the cost down compete with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the cost down compete with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the cost down compete with the
+other suckers so that's that's a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other suckers so that's that's a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other suckers so that's that's a classic
+example of launching into a niche market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of launching into a niche market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of launching into a niche market
+solar PV has had some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar PV has had some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar PV has had some of that
+opportunity as well that's been launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity as well that's been launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity as well that's been launched
+into a bunch of niche markets but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of niche markets but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of niche markets but then
+there's a more complicated category and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more complicated category and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more complicated category and
+these are we'll call them secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are we'll call them secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are we'll call them secondary
+innovations or component innovations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations or component innovations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations or component innovations and
+this is a lot of what energy is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of what energy is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of what energy is so
+secondary innovations are components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary innovations are components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary innovations are components in
+larger systems that face immediate price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger systems that face immediate price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger systems that face immediate price
+competition based on price but they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition based on price but they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition based on price but they can
+launch in an uncontested way if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch in an uncontested way if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch in an uncontested way if the
+owner of that larger system wants them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of that larger system wants them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of that larger system wants them
+right if that technology is acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if that technology is acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if that technology is acceptable
+to that system owner operator then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that system owner operator then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that system owner operator then they
+can be accepted so all they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accepted so all they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accepted so all they have to do
+is try price down and then they can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try price down and then they can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try price down and then they can come
+in right so batteries for plug-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right so batteries for plug-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right so batteries for plug-in
+hybrids that's that's a great example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids that's that's a great example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids that's that's a great example
+right the auto sector you know they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the auto sector you know they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the auto sector you know they've
+been burned so many times by fossil fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been burned so many times by fossil fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been burned so many times by fossil fuel
+prices that's complete rectum we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that's complete rectum we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices that's complete rectum we're on
+time number three now that they're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time number three now that they're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time number three now that they're happy
+to have a much larger share of hybrids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a much larger share of hybrids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a much larger share of hybrids
+or indeed electrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or indeed electrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or indeed electrics
+in there you know Auto portfolio so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you know Auto portfolio so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you know Auto portfolio so this
+this would not be a contested launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would not be a contested launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would not be a contested launch
+they're willing to take this stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to take this stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're willing to take this stuff but
+you've got to get the price down which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to get the price down which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to get the price down which
+we still haven't been able to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still haven't been able to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still haven't been able to achieve
+yet for really widespread introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet for really widespread introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet for really widespread introduction
+but that would be an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be an example of a
+secondary innovation with an uncontested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary innovation with an uncontested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary innovation with an uncontested
+launch the hard stuff is secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the hard stuff is secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the hard stuff is secondary
+innovations with a contested lon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations with a contested lon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations with a contested lon
+that's carbon capture and sequestration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carbon capture and sequestration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's carbon capture and sequestration
+so the message to a utility company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the message to a utility company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the message to a utility company in
+that situation is high we want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation is high we want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation is high we want you to do
+carbon capture and sequestration this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon capture and sequestration this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon capture and sequestration this is
+going to reduce the efficiency of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce the efficiency of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce the efficiency of your
+plant by 40% and add 50% to your costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant by 40% and add 50% to your costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant by 40% and add 50% to your costs
+or numbers someone like those is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or numbers someone like those is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or numbers someone like those is that
+ballpark numbers Martha said yeah what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark numbers Martha said yeah what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark numbers Martha said yeah what's
+what's the benefit here you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the benefit here you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the benefit here you know and
+finance it to you finance it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance it to you finance it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance it to you finance it right and
+nail your utility customers right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail your utility customers right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail your utility customers right good
+luck right that's what you call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck right that's what you call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck right that's what you call a
+contested launch the only way these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested launch the only way these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contested launch the only way these
+people are going to do this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to do this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to do this is if you
+tell them you know they're gonna violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them you know they're gonna violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them you know they're gonna violate
+criminal laws unless they do it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal laws unless they do it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal laws unless they do it I mean
+that's about all you can do here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about all you can do here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about all you can do here you
+have to regulate these right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to regulate these right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to regulate these right there's no
+other move I mean there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other move I mean there's some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other move I mean there's some other
+categories here too that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories here too that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories here too that we need
+conservation and a new sufficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and a new sufficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and a new sufficiency
+always needs work and advances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always needs work and advances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always needs work and advances in
+manufacturing tails technologies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing tails technologies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing tails technologies for
+scale-up those are important as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-up those are important as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale-up those are important as well but
+these are the four major territories the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the four major territories the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the four major territories the
+four major kind of launch pathways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four major kind of launch pathways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four major kind of launch pathways we
+have and then we've got a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then we've got a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then we've got a whole set of
+policy packages right so for front-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy packages right so for front-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy packages right so for front-end
+support right we do R&D and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right we do R&D and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right we do R&D and you know
+would be great to grow some of that R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great to grow some of that R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be great to grow some of that R&D
+that'll help us with experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help us with experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help us with experimental
+that'll help us in all four categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help us in all four categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help us in all four categories
+because all these technologies need work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these technologies need work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these technologies need work
+back end incentives to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end incentives to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end incentives to encourage
+technology deployment right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology deployment right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology deployment right that's
+really needed for secondary or component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needed for secondary or component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needed for secondary or component
+technologies particularly when they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies particularly when they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies particularly when they've
+got an annuity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an annuity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an annuity for
+contestant and uncontested but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant and uncontested but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contestant and uncontested but you could
+really use these incentives to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use these incentives to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use these incentives to encourage
+and we've done it lower prices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've done it lower prices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've done it lower prices of
+automobiles that happen to be hybrids or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles that happen to be hybrids or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles that happen to be hybrids or
+electrics right so we've done those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics right so we've done those you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrics right so we've done those you
+can see what I'm talking about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what I'm talking about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what I'm talking about here
+tax credits loan guarantees price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax credits loan guarantees price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax credits loan guarantees price
+guarantees government procurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees government procurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees government procurement
+programs new product buy down programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs new product buy down programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs new product buy down programs
+we've tried a whole series of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tried a whole series of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tried a whole series of these and
+Congress just renewed a lot of the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress just renewed a lot of the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress just renewed a lot of the tax
+incentives they've been so important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives they've been so important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives they've been so important to
+win in solar for a multi-year period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win in solar for a multi-year period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win in solar for a multi-year period
+last year so those are gonna remain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year so those are gonna remain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year so those are gonna remain in
+place for a while but front-end R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for a while but front-end R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for a while but front-end R&D
+support back in incentives carrots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support back in incentives carrots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support back in incentives carrots
+typically for uncontested launch niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for uncontested launch niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically for uncontested launch niche
+remember the industry if it can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the industry if it can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the industry if it can find a
+market niche you don't have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market niche you don't have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market niche you don't have to do this
+stuff I mean they're gonna need help on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I mean they're gonna need help on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I mean they're gonna need help on
+the front end or indeed probably but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end or indeed probably but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end or indeed probably but if
+you can launch into a market niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can launch into a market niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can launch into a market niche
+that's why it's so attractive to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so attractive to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so attractive to try and
+find a market niche where you can launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a market niche where you can launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a market niche where you can launch
+these technologies all right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies all right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these technologies all right because
+that's a way of starting to scale up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of starting to scale up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of starting to scale up and
+then buying yourself time to drive down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then buying yourself time to drive down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then buying yourself time to drive down
+the price curve the hard one is sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price curve the hard one is sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price curve the hard one is sticks
+right so for secondary technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for secondary technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for secondary technologies
+where you gonna have a contested launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you gonna have a contested launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you gonna have a contested launch
+the industry sector doesn't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry sector doesn't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry sector doesn't want it
+you're gonna have to use regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to use regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to use regulatory
+requirements and mandates to require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and mandates to require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and mandates to require
+this to occur right and carbon carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to occur right and carbon carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to occur right and carbon carbon
+tax is a form of this it's organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is a form of this it's organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax is a form of this it's organized
+around a financial and creating a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a financial and creating a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a financial and creating a new
+kind of financial reality for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of financial reality for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of financial reality for these
+kinds of firms so pick your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of firms so pick your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of firms so pick your energy
+technology see if you can group it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology see if you can group it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology see if you can group it into
+a launch category and then step to tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a launch category and then step to tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a launch category and then step to tie
+your incentive package to those launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your incentive package to those launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your incentive package to those launch
+pathways follow me so far okay step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways follow me so far okay step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways follow me so far okay step
+three you're familiar with this by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you're familiar with this by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you're familiar with this by now
+look at the gaps in the innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gaps in the innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gaps in the innovation
+system and you've got to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you've got to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you've got to look at the
+gaps on the front end and you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps on the front end and you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps on the front end and you got to
+look at the gaps in the back end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gaps in the back end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gaps in the back end of the
+innovation system and then step four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system and then step four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system and then step four to
+fill the gaps right in that innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the gaps right in that innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the gaps right in that innovation
+pipeline and that moves from every stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and that moves from every stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline and that moves from every stage
+from research and development all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from research and development all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from research and development all the
+way through prototype and demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through prototype and demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through prototype and demonstration
+and test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test
+and deployment into a commercial market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deployment into a commercial market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deployment into a commercial market
+you've got to look at all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to look at all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to look at all of those
+stages right and the production phase -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages right and the production phase -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages right and the production phase -
+as we've talked about so we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about so we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about so we've talked
+about identifying the gaps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identifying the gaps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about identifying the gaps in the
+innovation system I'm going to skip this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system I'm going to skip this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system I'm going to skip this
+some mechanisms that we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanisms that we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanisms that we'll talk about in
+this class for filling some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for filling some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for filling some of those
+gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps
+RPE arguably and we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPE arguably and we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPE arguably and we'll talk about this
+in the bed fill the gap in the US energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bed fill the gap in the US energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bed fill the gap in the US energy
+R&D system for kind of breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D system for kind of breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D system for kind of breakthrough
+technology advances maybe we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advances maybe we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advances maybe we need a
+better government mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better government mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better government mechanism for
+large-scale testing and deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale testing and deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale testing and deployment
+there's a soar need in carbon capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a soar need in carbon capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a soar need in carbon capture
+and sequestration and we lack kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sequestration and we lack kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sequestration and we lack kind of a
+government corporation that can conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government corporation that can conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government corporation that can conduct
+this kind of demonstration level that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of demonstration level that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of demonstration level that's
+part of the reason why we just haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason why we just haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason why we just haven't
+been able to get there in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to get there in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to get there in terms of
+demonstration that technology those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that technology those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that technology those are
+some gaps standards test beds are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gaps standards test beds are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gaps standards test beds are part
+of the gaps in energy there is this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gaps in energy there is this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gaps in energy there is this big
+problem of new functionality okay it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of new functionality okay it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of new functionality okay it's a
+kind of a technology problem you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a technology problem you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a technology problem you need to
+understand an energy IT created new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand an energy IT created new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand an energy IT created new
+functionality from the outset so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality from the outset so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality from the outset so you've
+heard me tell this story before I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard me tell this story before I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard me tell this story before I was
+happy to spend a ridiculous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to spend a ridiculous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to spend a ridiculous amount of
+money on my apple 2e because it did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on my apple 2e because it did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on my apple 2e because it did all
+kinds of stuff for me that I couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff for me that I couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff for me that I couldn't do
+before right that would be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right that would be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right that would be new
+functionality spreadsheets all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality spreadsheets all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality spreadsheets all kinds of
+stuff like that right energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that right energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that right energy
+technologies first generation by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies first generation by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies first generation by and
+large don't give you new functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large don't give you new functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large don't give you new functionality
+right so the nice thing about new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the nice thing about new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the nice thing about new
+functionality is that people are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality is that people are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality is that people are willing
+to pay a premium if they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a premium if they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a premium if they can do
+something entirely new but I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something entirely new but I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something entirely new but I don't know
+whether my laptop is plugged into coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether my laptop is plugged into coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether my laptop is plugged into coal
+or nuclear power or hydro or the Sun I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nuclear power or hydro or the Sun I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nuclear power or hydro or the Sun I
+have no idea right there's no product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea right there's no product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea right there's no product
+differentiation for me in the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation for me in the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation for me in the way in
+which I got electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I got electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I got electricity
+now some utilities Connecticut is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some utilities Connecticut is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some utilities Connecticut is an
+interesting example are attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example are attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example are attempting to
+create that background knowledge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that background knowledge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that background knowledge for
+consumers so they can actually pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers so they can actually pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers so they can actually pick
+technologies that are interested in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are interested in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are interested in but
+that's it's not a widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's not a widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's not a widespread
+Molly yet so there's not not much new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly yet so there's not not much new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly yet so there's not not much new
+functionality and electricity they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality and electricity they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality and electricity they're
+all still electrons there's no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still electrons there's no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all still electrons there's no it's
+tough to do project product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to do project product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough to do project product
+differentiation cars right I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation cars right I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation cars right I mean there
+is a difference between a Tesla and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference between a Tesla and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference between a Tesla and a
+and the thing I drive right because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing I drive right because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing I drive right because if
+you happen to be into rapid torque and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to be into rapid torque and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to be into rapid torque and
+acceleration Tesla does provide you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration Tesla does provide you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration Tesla does provide you you
+know some new functionality but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some new functionality but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some new functionality but that's
+kind of about it in most driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of about it in most driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of about it in most driving
+circumstances just not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances just not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances just not all that
+different and a hybrid certainly is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and a hybrid certainly is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and a hybrid certainly is not
+all that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that different
+Tesla brilliantly figured out as did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla brilliantly figured out as did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla brilliantly figured out as did
+Prius brand differentiation in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius brand differentiation in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prius brand differentiation in their
+market launch they figured out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market launch they figured out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market launch they figured out how to
+create a really cool vehicle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a really cool vehicle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a really cool vehicle and you
+could sell it one your image of yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sell it one your image of yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sell it one your image of yourself
+is being cool for buying a Tesla right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being cool for buying a Tesla right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being cool for buying a Tesla right
+then work very well in California and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then work very well in California and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then work very well in California and
+still does right and Prius did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does right and Prius did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still does right and Prius did something
+similar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar right
+you're not just driving a car you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not just driving a car you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not just driving a car you're
+bragging about your environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragging about your environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragging about your environmental
+outlook in the world right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlook in the world right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlook in the world right so this is a
+way of kind of getting around the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of kind of getting around the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of kind of getting around the fact
+that there isn't that much product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there isn't that much product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there isn't that much product
+differentiation there's not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation there's not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation there's not that much
+new functionality the energy sector I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new functionality the energy sector I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new functionality the energy sector I
+think there will be you know I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there will be you know I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there will be you know I'd like to
+LEDs are quite neat and you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs are quite neat and you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LEDs are quite neat and you know you can
+have like a light wall or a light floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a light wall or a light floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a light wall or a light floor
+and I'd pay for that I mean that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd pay for that I mean that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd pay for that I mean that would
+be cool right as opposed to a light bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cool right as opposed to a light bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cool right as opposed to a light bulb
+hanging over a head that would be that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging over a head that would be that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging over a head that would be that's
+that's new functionality so I'd pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new functionality so I'd pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new functionality so I'd pay for
+that but that's not first generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's not first generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's not first generation of
+energy technologies that's not happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technologies that's not happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy technologies that's not happening
+yet so it's harder to create product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so it's harder to create product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so it's harder to create product
+differentiation and new functionality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and new functionality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation and new functionality in
+the first generation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first generation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first generation of energy
+technologies which underscores how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which underscores how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies which underscores how
+complicated the market launches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not the consumer than for the people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the consumer than for the people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the consumer than for the people or
+paper like the utility one example would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper like the utility one example would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper like the utility one example would
+be well you produce lots of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well you produce lots of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well you produce lots of your
+thoughts you can use that to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you can use that to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts you can use that to get rid of
+different ways to do that right so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do that right so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do that right so yes
+that that may be the solar bullet we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that may be the solar bullet we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that may be the solar bullet we're
+just still a while away from it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just still a while away from it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just still a while away from it and the
+problem for the utility companies is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the utility companies is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for the utility companies is to
+adopt the new technologies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt the new technologies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt the new technologies they
+generally speaking have to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking have to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking have to pay more
+right although we're working on driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right although we're working on driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right although we're working on driving
+those costs now we made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those costs now we made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those costs now we made a lot of
+progress where you produce it when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress where you produce it when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress where you produce it when it
+gets over what dissipates so figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets over what dissipates so figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets over what dissipates so figuring
+out how the supply chain is watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how the supply chain is watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how the supply chain is watts
+and creating like products that fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating like products that fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creating like products that fix the
+supply chain it's a lot better and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain it's a lot better and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain it's a lot better and they
+don't have those process by the way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have those process by the way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have those process by the way like
+that's the product right like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the product right like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the product right like this
+system is broken I fix the system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is broken I fix the system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is broken I fix the system with
+this product and so because like energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product and so because like energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product and so because like energy
+is going to come out either way the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come out either way the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come out either way the same
+way right and you can think about smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right and you can think about smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right and you can think about smart
+grid options to do create kind of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid options to do create kind of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid options to do create kind of new
+functionalities as well transport long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalities as well transport long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalities as well transport long
+ways and like especially for disrupting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and like especially for disrupting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and like especially for disrupting
+like big companies they spend so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big companies they spend so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like big companies they spend so much
+money on like putting the lines and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on like putting the lines and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on like putting the lines and they
+have to pay for regulations and it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay for regulations and it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay for regulations and it like
+slows them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows them down
+so like a new mover could do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like a new mover could do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like a new mover could do something
+like that and they've constructed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and they've constructed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and they've constructed right
+so finding those market niches is a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finding those market niches is a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finding those market niches is a task
+that is now upon us because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now upon us because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now upon us because we're not
+going to do a carbon tax so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a carbon tax so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a carbon tax so let me just
+recap for a minute you have to apply all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap for a minute you have to apply all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap for a minute you have to apply all
+the innovation models pipeline induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation models pipeline induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation models pipeline induced
+extended manufacturing lead innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended manufacturing lead innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended manufacturing lead innovation
+organization you got to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you got to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you got to think about this
+and a man by looking at all the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a man by looking at all the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a man by looking at all the dynamics
+of innovation and how to organize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation and how to organize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation and how to organize them
+and we need the four step process here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need the four step process here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need the four step process here
+figure out the launch categories group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the launch categories group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the launch categories group
+them with similar technologies apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with similar technologies apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with similar technologies apply the
+right incentive package to that category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right incentive package to that category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right incentive package to that category
+look at the gaps in the innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gaps in the innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gaps in the innovation
+system and work on filling those gaps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and work on filling those gaps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and work on filling those gaps so
+that's the kind of four-step process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of four-step process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of four-step process
+we've got so far that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got so far that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got so far that's enough
+why don't we do some Q&A here sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do some Q&A here sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do some Q&A here sorry for
+that extended rap but you basically now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extended rap but you basically now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extended rap but you basically now
+know everything I know who's got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything I know who's got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything I know who's got this
+one all right Matt all yours you managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right Matt all yours you managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right Matt all yours you managed
+to be more thorough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's because there was a book behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because there was a book behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because there was a book behind
+it yeah I don't want to make you buy two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I don't want to make you buy two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I don't want to make you buy two
+of my books and one is enough I guess my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my books and one is enough I guess my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my books and one is enough I guess my
+main rising wasn't very similar to Max's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main rising wasn't very similar to Max's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main rising wasn't very similar to Max's
+like I think a lot of the other readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think a lot of the other readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think a lot of the other readings
+for this week you know look at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this week you know look at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this week you know look at things
+that the u.s. is trying but I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the u.s. is trying but I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the u.s. is trying but I think it
+would be really interesting to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really interesting to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really interesting to talk
+about learning opportunities I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning opportunities I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning opportunities I mean you
+mentioned China and it still seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned China and it still seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned China and it still seems like
+that's maybe not to me it's like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not to me it's like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe not to me it's like not
+going back east as much as going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back east as much as going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back east as much as going into
+the centralization yeah sure yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centralization yeah sure yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centralization yeah sure yeah and
+and just like not making the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like not making the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like not making the same
+mistakes that we gave kind of setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that we gave kind of setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that we gave kind of setting up
+first well they are standing up 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well they are standing up 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well they are standing up 2000
+megawatt coal-fired power plants a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt coal-fired power plants a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt coal-fired power plants a week
+still so you know so are there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so you know so are there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still so you know so are there are there
+like true examples of you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like true examples of you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like true examples of you know really
+where you already have a wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know when we read that reading on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we read that reading on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we read that reading on
+DARPA a couple of classes ago as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA a couple of classes ago as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA a couple of classes ago as we
+talked about at the time the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the time the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the time the defense
+sector it's a legacy sector right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector it's a legacy sector right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector it's a legacy sector right it's
+very locked into its technologies into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very locked into its technologies into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very locked into its technologies into
+its social organization into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its social organization into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its social organization into its
+economic and budgeting models it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and budgeting models it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and budgeting models it's very
+hard to innovate there you're up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to innovate there you're up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to innovate there you're up against
+a lot of established systems there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of established systems there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of established systems there yet
+DoD has been able to bring on a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DoD has been able to bring on a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DoD has been able to bring on a whole
+set of very interesting advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of very interesting advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of very interesting advanced
+technologies over the last 25 or 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies over the last 25 or 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies over the last 25 or 30
+years so it it does tell you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so it it does tell you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so it it does tell you that this
+is not mission impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not mission impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not mission impossible
+and there are organizational lessons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are organizational lessons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are organizational lessons you
+know as you've read in the textbook that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as you've read in the textbook that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as you've read in the textbook that
+we can pull out of out of DoD part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pull out of out of DoD part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pull out of out of DoD part of it
+has to do with you know some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with you know some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with you know some of the
+rules that we've talked about previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we've talked about previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we've talked about previously
+part of it has to do with finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it has to do with finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it has to do with finding a
+community of change agents and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of change agents and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of change agents and that's
+very very critical so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very critical so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very critical so you need to
+develop the new technologies you use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the new technologies you use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the new technologies you use an
+island bridge model to attempt to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island bridge model to attempt to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island bridge model to attempt to get
+the decision-maker community to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision-maker community to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision-maker community to kind of
+force your approach on the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force your approach on the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force your approach on the overall
+system and then to do that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then to do that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then to do that it's going to
+require community of change agents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require community of change agents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require community of change agents and
+you know there are communities of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are communities of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there are communities of change
+agents that we're starting to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents that we're starting to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents that we're starting to see in
+energy I do think that we are entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I do think that we are entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I do think that we are entering
+into a very significant energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a very significant energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a very significant energy
+innovation wave and we can already start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation wave and we can already start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation wave and we can already start
+to see some of the outlines you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some of the outlines you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some of the outlines you know
+we've seen a fracking revolution United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a fracking revolution United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen a fracking revolution United
+States that has completely changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that has completely changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that has completely changed the
+landscape of US energy dependency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of US energy dependency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape of US energy dependency and
+it's very dramatic I mean the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very dramatic I mean the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very dramatic I mean the entire
+energy supply cyst in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supply cyst in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supply cyst in the United States
+had been turned upside down something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been turned upside down something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been turned upside down something
+which nobody ever thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nobody ever thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which nobody ever thought was
+conceivable right and that is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable right and that is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable right and that is a set of
+technology advances that were originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advances that were originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advances that were originally
+pushed by several of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed by several of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed by several of the energy
+laboratories developed that core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories developed that core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories developed that core
+technologies behind fracking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies behind fracking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies behind fracking and
+proceeded to it was implemented over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded to it was implemented over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded to it was implemented over
+about a 15-year period something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 15-year period something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a 15-year period something
+by a wildcat maverick community in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a wildcat maverick community in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a wildcat maverick community in the
+natural gas that took these technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas that took these technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas that took these technologies
+up and worked on implementing them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and worked on implementing them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and worked on implementing them and
+it really changed things and the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really changed things and the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really changed things and the United
+States leads that technology revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States leads that technology revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States leads that technology revolution
+so we have a hundred thousand now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a hundred thousand now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a hundred thousand now
+there's a lot of debate about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of debate about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of debate about a lot of
+those operations in the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operations in the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those operations in the environmental
+consequences of them we have about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of them we have about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of them we have about a
+hundred thousand roughly net fracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand roughly net fracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand roughly net fracking
+operations ongoing now in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations ongoing now in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations ongoing now in the United
+States the country closest to us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the country closest to us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States the country closest to us is
+China it has about 6,000 right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China it has about 6,000 right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China it has about 6,000 right so we
+have a big lead on that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big lead on that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big lead on that energy
+technology revolution we have we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution we have we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology revolution we have we can see
+solar and wind now which are now scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind now which are now scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and wind now which are now scaling
+up to trillion dollar worldwide energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to trillion dollar worldwide energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to trillion dollar worldwide energy
+sectors they are going to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors they are going to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors they are going to be very very
+big right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big right
+so this revolution is now starting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this revolution is now starting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this revolution is now starting right
+the real question for us and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real question for us and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real question for us and we'll talk
+about this more later it's whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this more later it's whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this more later it's whether it's
+gonna play right whether it's gonna ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna play right whether it's gonna ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna play right whether it's gonna ride
+this wave yeah definitely seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave yeah definitely seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave yeah definitely seems like a
+theme of the class darker words that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the class darker words that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the class darker words that's
+right but it's a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's a more complicated
+process and just having a DARPA DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and just having a DARPA DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and just having a DARPA DARPA
+can be a change agent but you got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a change agent but you got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a change agent but you got to get
+these steps down to right when you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps down to right when you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps down to right when you work
+on the implementation so there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the implementation so there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the implementation so there's like
+five billion really okay three billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five billion really okay three billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five billion really okay three billion
+whereas arpa-e is a budget of what maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas arpa-e is a budget of what maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas arpa-e is a budget of what maybe
+three in a million yeah sorry oh six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in a million yeah sorry oh six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in a million yeah sorry oh six
+more to notice we can expect then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to notice we can expect then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to notice we can expect then I want
+to say exactly that question for our art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say exactly that question for our art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say exactly that question for our art
+to eat piece is that okay would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat piece is that okay would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat piece is that okay would you
+forgive me but bring it back all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me but bring it back all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me but bring it back all right
+how about it what else we got you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about it what else we got you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about it what else we got you know
+beyond energy like this is a framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond energy like this is a framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond energy like this is a framework
+that can be spur and he like this he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be spur and he like this he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be spur and he like this he's
+acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting
+I think a lot of our papers are applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a lot of our papers are applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a lot of our papers are applying
+the framework is interested in seeing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework is interested in seeing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework is interested in seeing if
+there were any insights into how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were any insights into how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were any insights into how it
+becomes like specific to whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes like specific to whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes like specific to whatever
+industry yeah I don't know I'm married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry yeah I don't know I'm married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry yeah I don't know I'm married
+you know that's it's it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's it's it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's it's it's a very good
+question and that the purpose of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that the purpose of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that the purpose of our
+textbook was really to kind of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook was really to kind of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook was really to kind of take
+lessons that we had thought about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that we had thought about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons that we had thought about an
+energy with the realization oh we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with the realization oh we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy with the realization oh we knew
+energy was a legacy sector then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was a legacy sector then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy was a legacy sector then we
+realized oh wait a minute most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized oh wait a minute most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized oh wait a minute most of the
+economy is a legacy circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is a legacy circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy is a legacy circuit
+oh we came up with this four step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we came up with this four step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we came up with this four step
+process energy maybe we could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process energy maybe we could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process energy maybe we could think
+about that four step process for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that four step process for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that four step process for a lot
+of other stuff too right that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other stuff too right that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other stuff too right that was
+frankly it was a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly it was a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly it was a little more
+sophisticated than that but that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than that but that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than that but that was the
+essence of our conceptual realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of our conceptual realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence of our conceptual realization
+process so you know I do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you know I do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you know I do think that
+these steps here are steps that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps here are steps that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps here are steps that you've
+got to think through when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think through when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think through when you're
+innovating in a legacy sector you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating in a legacy sector you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating in a legacy sector you've got
+to think about the different innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the different innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the different innovation
+models you've got and how to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you've got and how to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you've got and how to organize
+those and new ways because all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and new ways because all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and new ways because all of them
+are going to require in the legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to require in the legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to require in the legacy
+secretary but you also have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary but you also have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary but you also have to think
+about what are your launch categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are your launch categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are your launch categories
+what are the barriers to launch how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the barriers to launch how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the barriers to launch how are
+you going to overcome those barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to overcome those barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to overcome those barriers
+what's the right incentive package and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right incentive package and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right incentive package and
+support system can you do niche launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support system can you do niche launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support system can you do niche launch
+which gets you out of this whole box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets you out of this whole box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets you out of this whole box
+what are the gaps in your innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the gaps in your innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the gaps in your innovation
+system I think you've got to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I think you've got to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I think you've got to go through
+all of those when you think about legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those when you think about legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those when you think about legacy
+sector innovation in general and we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector innovation in general and we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector innovation in general and we do a
+little of that in the healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of that in the healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of that in the healthcare
+discussion last week computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion last week computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion last week computer science
+like what if I got like the best like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what if I got like the best like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what if I got like the best like
+product right and then try so through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right and then try so through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right and then try so through
+the framework and see how out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework and see how out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework and see how out
+I would pen it out so say like Fugit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would pen it out so say like Fugit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would pen it out so say like Fugit
+right how would it work out and like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how would it work out and like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how would it work out and like how
+is a system structure to help great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a system structure to help great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a system structure to help great
+innovation so like an ideal innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation so like an ideal innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation so like an ideal innovation
+how about how would it work and how will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about how would it work and how will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about how would it work and how will
+be dynamics we then also like a horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dynamics we then also like a horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dynamics we then also like a horrible
+innovation right what's really not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right what's really not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right what's really not even
+innovation I think Tesla got caught on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation I think Tesla got caught on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation I think Tesla got caught on
+is that they were doing the same battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they were doing the same battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they were doing the same battery
+technology that our buddy to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that our buddy to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that our buddy to figure it
+out and they're trying to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they're trying to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they're trying to look up
+incentives and go through and so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and go through and so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and go through and so like
+that way you can figure out oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can figure out oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can figure out oh this is
+really not innovating but they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not innovating but they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not innovating but they're trying
+to use these resources so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these resources so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use these resources so I think that
+was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really
+dressing thing to maybe try to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing thing to maybe try to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing thing to maybe try to do in the
+future like different types because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future like different types because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future like different types because
+there's all the categories of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all the categories of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all the categories of energy
+technologies like what if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies like what if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies like what if you try to
+figure out the ideal solution and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the ideal solution and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the ideal solution and try to
+push them through the framework how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them through the framework how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them through the framework how
+would they be able to function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be able to function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be able to function because
+that way you could also find like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you could also find like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you could also find like
+organizational gaps like the politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational gaps like the politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational gaps like the politics
+would not allow it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mi-pl3_fIfc.txt b/mi-pl3_fIfc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..150cd21ffdbc77e36de12dea179c68f9c208142c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mi-pl3_fIfc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+We next discuss
+interventions suggested
+
+by the model developed for
+the Framingham Heart Study.
+
+The first intervention
+has to do with drugs
+
+to lower blood pressure.
+
+In FDR's time,
+hypertension drugs
+
+were too toxic
+for practical use.
+
+But in the 1950s, the diuretic
+chlorothiazide was developed,
+
+and the Framingham Heart
+Study gave Ed Freis
+
+the evidence needed to argue
+for testing effects for blood
+
+pressure drugs.
+
+In fact, the Veterans
+Administration Trial
+
+was conducted.
+
+This was a randomized,
+double blind clinical trial,
+
+that found decreased risk
+of coronary heart disease.
+
+Now, the market for
+diuretics worldwide
+
+is more than a billion dollars.
+
+Another intervention had to do
+with-- to lower cholesterol.
+
+Despite the Framingham results,
+early cholesterol drugs
+
+were too toxic
+for practical use.
+
+But in the 1970s, the first
+statins were developed.
+
+The study of 4,444
+patients with CHD
+
+revealed that statins
+cause a 37% risk
+
+reduction of a
+second heart attack.
+
+Furthermore, a study of 6,595
+men with high cholesterol
+
+revealed that statins cause a
+32% risk reduction in deaths.
+
+Now, the market for
+statins worldwide
+
+is more than $20 billion.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/n98ilenWoak.txt b/n98ilenWoak.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea788a008dbed5908a3f2cb446056261b08b0c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/n98ilenWoak.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh we're coming to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're coming to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're coming to the point where
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+matrices that's the point when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's the point when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's the point when we have
+several diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several diff
+equations several differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations several differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations several differential equations
+instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just
+one and it's a matrix that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's a matrix that does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's a matrix that does that
+coupling so can I this won't be a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling so can I this won't be a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling so can I this won't be a full
+course in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in linear
+algebra that would be available you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that would be available you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that would be available you may
+know on open course sare for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on open course sare for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on open course sare for
+18.06 that's the linear algebra course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.06 that's the linear algebra course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.06 that's the linear algebra course
+but Al facts and why not just say them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Al facts and why not just say them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Al facts and why not just say them
+here in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a few
+minutes so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so I have a
+matrix well there's a m that's a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well there's a m that's a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix well there's a m that's a 3X3
+Matrix and first I want to ask how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and first I want to ask how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and first I want to ask how does
+it multiply a vector so there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiply a vector so there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiply a vector so there it is
+multiplying a vector V1 V2 V3 and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a vector V1 V2 V3 and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a vector V1 V2 V3 and what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+result key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result key
+idea it takes the the answer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it takes the the answer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it takes the the answer on the
+right hand side is this number V1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is this number V1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is this number V1 times
+that column plus this number that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column plus this number that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column plus this number that number
+times the second column plus the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second column plus the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second column plus the third
+number the third number times the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the third number times the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the third number times the third
+column combination of The Columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column combination of The Columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column combination of The Columns of a
+that's what a * V is that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a * V is that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a * V is that's what the
+notation of matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation of matrix multiplication
+produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's really basic to see it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really basic to see it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's really basic to see it as
+a combination of columns now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of columns now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of columns now I want to
+build on that that's one particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on that that's one particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on that that's one particular if
+you give me V1 V2 and V3 I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me V1 V2 and V3 I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me V1 V2 and V3 I know how to
+multiply I take that combination now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I take that combination now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I take that combination now I
+would like you to think about the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like you to think about the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like you to think about the result
+from all V1 V2 and V3 if I take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all V1 V2 and V3 if I take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all V1 V2 and V3 if I take all
+those numbers then I get a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers then I get a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers then I get a whole lot of
+answers they're they're all vectors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers they're they're all vectors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers they're they're all vectors the
+result of a * V is another Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a * V is another Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a * V is another Vector
+AV and I want to think about AV those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV and I want to think about AV those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AV and I want to think about AV those
+outputs for all inputs V so I take V1 V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs for all inputs V so I take V1 V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs for all inputs V so I take V1 V2
+V3 to be numbers and I get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 to be numbers and I get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 to be numbers and I get all
+combinations of those three columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those three columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those three columns and
+usually usually I would get the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually usually I would get the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually usually I would get the whole
+three-dimensional space usually I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space usually I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space usually I can
+produce any Vector any out put B1 B2 B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce any Vector any out put B1 B2 B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce any Vector any out put B1 B2 B3
+from a * V but not for this Matrix not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a * V but not for this Matrix not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a * V but not for this Matrix not
+for this Matrix because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Matrix because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Matrix because this
+Matrix uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh
+is has a is you could say deficient that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has a is you could say deficient that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has a is you could say deficient that
+third column there 233 is obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column there 233 is obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column there 233 is obviously the
+sum of columns 1 and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of columns 1 and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of columns 1 and column
+two so this V3 times that third column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this V3 times that third column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this V3 times that third column
+just produces thing that I could already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just produces thing that I could already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just produces thing that I could already
+get from column one and column two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from column one and column two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from column one and column two that
+V3 * column that column 3 I could X out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 * column that column 3 I could X out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 * column that column 3 I could X out
+that's the same as column 1 plus column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as column 1 plus column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as column 1 plus column
+2 for this Matrix not usually and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for this Matrix not usually and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for this Matrix not usually and then
+so I only really have a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I only really have a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I only really have a combination of
+two columns it's a combination of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns it's a combination of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns it's a combination of three
+but the third one was dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the third one was dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the third one was dependent on the
+others and it's really a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and it's really a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and it's really a combination of
+two columns so combinations of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns so combinations of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two columns so combinations of two
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+two vectors in three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors in three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors in three-dimensional space
+produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a
+plane I only get a plane now I don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I only get a plane now I don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane I only get a plane now I don't get
+all of threedimensional space only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of threedimensional space only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of threedimensional space only a
+plane and I call that plane the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and I call that plane the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and I call that plane the column
+space so the column space of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the column space of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the column space of the Matrix
+so if I G if you gave me a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I G if you gave me a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I G if you gave me a different
+Matrix if you change this this three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if you change this this three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if you change this this three to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+11 probably the column space now changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 probably the column space now changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 probably the column space now changes
+to in this for that Matrix I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this for that Matrix I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this for that Matrix I think the
+column space would be the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space would be the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space would be the whole
+three-dimensional space I get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space I get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space I get everything
+but when this third column is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when this third column is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when this third column is the sum of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+columns it's not giving me anything new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it's not giving me anything new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it's not giving me anything new
+and the column space is only a plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column space is only a plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column space is only a plane and
+you could think of a matrix where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of a matrix where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of a matrix where the
+column space is only a line just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space is only a line just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space is only a line just one
+independent column okay so so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent column okay so so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent column okay so so that we
+thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is all combinations of the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all combinations of the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all combinations of the columns
+in other words it's all the results all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's all the results all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it's all the results all
+the outputs from a * V it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs from a * V it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs from a * V it's all the
+outputs for from a * V those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs for from a * V those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs for from a * V those are the
+combinations of the columns so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns so we can
+answer the most basic question of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the most basic question of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the most basic question of linear
+algebra when does AV equal B have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra when does AV equal B have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra when does AV equal B have
+a when is there a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when is there a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when is there a v
+so that I can solve this when is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can solve this when is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can solve this when is there a
+v that solves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v that solves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v that solves this
+equation so it's a question about B what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so it's a question about B what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so it's a question about B what
+is it about B that must be true if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about B that must be true if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about B that must be true if this
+can be solved well this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved well this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be solved well this says that
+equation is saying B is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is saying B is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is saying B is a combination of
+The Columns of a so this has a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns of a so this has a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns of a so this has a solution
+when B is me must be shall I say must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for that
+example only B's that we could we where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example only B's that we could we where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example only B's that we could we where
+we can get a solution be that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a solution be that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a solution be that are
+combinations of the first two problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the first two problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the first two problems
+because having the third column at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because having the third column at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because having the third column at our
+disposal gives us no help doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal gives us no help doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal gives us no help doesn't give
+us anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new it would be solvable if b equal 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it would be solvable if b equal 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it would be solvable if b equal 111
+that's a combination of the column or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a combination of the column or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a combination of the column or if
+b equal 122 that's another simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equal 122 that's another simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equal 122 that's another simple
+combination of the columns or if B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns or if B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the columns or if B
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+233 but I'm only I'm staying on a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 but I'm only I'm staying on a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 but I'm only I'm staying on a plane
+there and most B's are off that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and most B's are off that plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and most B's are off that plane
+now when there's a solution all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a second key idea of linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a second key idea of linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a second key idea of linear algebra
+can we do it in this short video I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do it in this short video I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do it in this short video I want
+to know about the equ V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about the equ V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about the equ V equals
+z so now I'm setting the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so now I'm setting the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so now I'm setting the right hand side
+to be zero that's the zero Vector 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero that's the zero Vector 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero that's the zero Vector 0 0
+0 does it have a solution does it have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 does it have a solution does it have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 does it have a solution does it have a
+solution let's take this example 1 1 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let's take this example 1 1 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let's take this example 1 1 1 1
+2 2 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 2 2 3
+3 now I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the solutions when the right side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the solutions when the right side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the solutions when the right side is
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+zero does that have a solution is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does that have a solution is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does that have a solution is there
+a combination of those three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of those three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of those three columns
+that gives zero well there is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives zero well there is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives zero well there is always
+one I could take zero zero and zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I could take zero zero and zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I could take zero zero and zero I
+could take nothing zero of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take nothing zero of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take nothing zero of everything
+zero of this column zero of that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of this column zero of that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of this column zero of that column
+zero of the third column would give me Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the third column would give me Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the third column would give me Z
+the zero that solution's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero that solution's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero that solution's always
+available the big question is is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available the big question is is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available the big question is is there
+another solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution and
+here for this deficient singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this deficient singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this deficient singular
+non-invertible Matrix there is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invertible Matrix there is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-invertible Matrix there is there is
+another solution let me just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution let me just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another solution let me just write it
+down let me put it in there what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let me put it in there what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let me put it in there what do you
+see what the solution is column is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the solution is column is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the solution is column is the
+sum of those two so if I want one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two so if I want one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those two so if I want one of
+that I I should take minus one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I should take minus one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I should take minus one other
+columns so that is minus this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so that is minus this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so that is minus this column
+minus this column plus this column gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this column plus this column gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this column plus this column gives
+me the zero column that is a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the zero column that is a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the zero column that is a vector in
+the full space that's a solution to a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full space that's a solution to a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full space that's a solution to a v
+n so the null space is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the null space is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so the null space is all
+solutions to a v equal Z it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to a v equal Z it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to a v equal Z it's all the
+v's the null space is a bunch of V's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's the null space is a bunch of V's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v's the null space is a bunch of V's the
+column space was a bunch of B's going I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space was a bunch of B's going I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space was a bunch of B's going I
+just emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize that
+difference I was looking at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B I wasn't paying attention to what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I wasn't paying attention to what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I wasn't paying attention to what that
+solution was just is there a is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was just is there a is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was just is there a is there a
+solution then that b is in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then that b is in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then that b is in the column
+space I take b equals z I fixed that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I take b equals z I fixed that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I take b equals z I fixed that s
+that all important B and I now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all important B and I now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all important B and I now I'm
+looking at the solutions and here I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the solutions and here I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the solutions and here I find
+one can you find any more solutions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can you find any more solutions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can you find any more solutions I
+think - 10 - 10 and 10 would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think - 10 - 10 and 10 would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think - 10 - 10 and 10 would be another
+solution it's times as much and 00 Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's times as much and 00 Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's times as much and 00 Z is
+a solution I think line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution I think line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution I think line of
+solutions we had a plane for the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we had a plane for the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions we had a plane for the column
+space but we have a line for the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we have a line for the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we have a line for the null
+space isn't that neat one's a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space isn't that neat one's a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space isn't that neat one's a plane
+one's a line Dimension two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a line Dimension two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's a line Dimension two plus
+Dimension One Two for the plane one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension One Two for the plane one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension One Two for the plane one for
+the line adds to Dimension three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line adds to Dimension three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line adds to Dimension three the
+dimension of the whole Space okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the whole Space okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the whole Space okay that's
+a little going in all right now now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little going in all right now now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little going in all right now now I
+ask what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what are all
+solutions the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to a v equals well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a v equals well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a v equals well let me
+choose some right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some right hand side
+that where there is a solution let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where there is a solution let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where there is a solution let me
+choose a side say if I add that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a side say if I add that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a side say if I add that column
+and that column I'll get a or maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that column I'll get a or maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that column I'll get a or maybe I'll
+take two of that column plus one of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two of that column plus one of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two of that column plus one of that
+column two of the First Column plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two of the First Column plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two of the First Column plus one
+of the second would be c 2 plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second would be c 2 plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second would be c 2 plus that
+would be a four 2 plus that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a four 2 plus that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a four 2 plus that would be
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+four okay that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B it's a combination of columns you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's a combination of columns you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's a combination of columns you saw
+me created from the first two columns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me created from the first two columns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me created from the first two columns so
+now I ask what are all the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I ask what are all the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I ask what are all the solutions
+it's in the column space it's two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the column space it's two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the column space it's two times
+the First Column plus the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column plus the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column plus the second
+column but there may be other Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but there may be other Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but there may be other Solutions
+so all solutions a complete solution V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete is here's the key idea and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is here's the key idea and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is here's the key idea and the
+point is that it's the same that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that it's the same that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that it's the same that we know
+from differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus
+any null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any null
+solution plus all you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus all you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus all you could say
+all V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all V
+null particular plus null solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null particular plus null solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null particular plus null solution and
+it's such an important concept we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such an important concept we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such an important concept we wanted
+we just want to see it again one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to see it again one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to see it again one
+particular solution with that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution with that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution with that thing
+would be particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be particular
+V particular could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V particular could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V particular could be
+two so what was the how did we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so what was the how did we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so what was the how did we produce
+that out of two of these plus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of two of these plus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of two of these plus one of
+these plus zero of that so V particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plus zero of that so V particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plus zero of that so V particular
+could be 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be 2 1
+0 it works for that particular B two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it works for that particular B two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it works for that particular B two of
+the First Column one of the second now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column one of the second now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column one of the second now
+then we could add in anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could add in anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could add in anything in the
+nul so we have infinitely many solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nul so we have infinitely many solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nul so we have infinitely many solutions
+here we've got got one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got got one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we've got got one solution
+plus added to that a whole line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus added to that a whole line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus added to that a whole line of
+solutions this all the n space would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this all the n space would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this all the n space would be
+all vectors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vectors like
+that okay that's the picture that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's the picture that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's the picture that we've
+seen for differential equations and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen for differential equations and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen for differential equations and I
+just want to bring it out again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to bring it out again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to bring it out again for
+Matrix equations using the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix equations using the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix equations using the language of
+linear algebra that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra that's what I'm
+introducing here I have one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing here I have one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing here I have one particular
+solution plus any in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus any in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution plus any in the
+nul space of vectors that is the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nul space of vectors that is the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nul space of vectors that is the heart
+of the algebra thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nlKV2hX1AZs.txt b/nlKV2hX1AZs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a115ab1e3dde53507452292bfc159aa3aea0f6f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nlKV2hX1AZs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+Okay, one more cache design decision to make,
+then we're done!
+
+How should we handle memory writes in the
+cache?
+
+Ultimately we'll need update main memory with
+the new data, but when should that happen?
+
+The most obvious choice is to perform the
+write immediately.
+
+In other words, whenever the CPU sends a write
+request to the cache, the cache then performs
+
+the same write to main memory.
+
+This is called "write-through".
+
+That way main memory always has the most up-to-date
+value for all locations.
+
+But this can be slow if the CPU has to wait
+for a DRAM write access - writes could become
+
+a real bottleneck!
+
+And what if the program is constantly writing
+a particular memory location, e.g., updating
+
+the value of a local variable in the current
+stack frame?
+
+In the end we only need to write the last
+value to main memory.
+
+Writing all the earlier values is waste of
+memory bandwidth.
+
+Suppose we let the CPU continue execution
+while the cache waits for the write to main
+
+memory to complete - this is called "write-behind".
+
+This will overlap execution of the program
+with the slow writes to main memory.
+
+Of course, if there's another cache miss while
+the write is still pending, everything will
+
+have to wait at that point until both the
+write and subsequent refill read finish, since
+
+the CPU can't proceed until the cache miss
+is resolved.
+
+The best strategy is called "write-back" where
+the contents of the cache are updated and
+
+the CPU continues execution immediately.
+
+The updated cache value is only written to
+main memory when the cache line is chosen
+
+as the replacement line for a cache miss.
+
+This strategy minimizes the number of accesses
+to main memory, preserving the memory bandwidth
+
+for other operations.
+
+This is the strategy used by most modern processors.
+
+Write-back is easy to implement.
+
+Returning to our original cache recipe, we
+simply eliminate the start of the write to
+
+main memory when there's a write request to
+the cache.
+
+We just update the cache contents and leave
+it at that.
+
+However, replacing a cache line becomes a
+more complex operation, since we can't reuse
+
+the cache line without first writing its contents
+back to main memory in case they had been
+
+modified by an earlier write access.
+
+Hmm.
+
+Seems like this does a write-back of all replaced
+cache lines whether or not they've been written
+
+to.
+
+We can avoid unnecessary write-backs by adding
+another state bit to each cache line: the
+
+"dirty" bit.
+
+The dirty bit is set to 0 when a cache line
+is filled during a cache miss.
+
+If a subsequent write operation changes the
+data in a cache line, the dirty bit is set
+
+to 1, indicating that value in the cache now
+differs from the value in main memory.
+
+When a cache line is selected for replacement,
+we only need to write its data back to main
+
+memory if its dirty bit is 1.
+
+So a write-back strategy with a dirty bit
+gives an elegant solution that minimizes the
+
+number of writes to main memory and only delays
+the CPU on a cache miss if a dirty cache line
+
+needs to be written back to memory.
+
+That concludes our discussion of caches, which
+was motivated by our desire to minimize the
+
+average memory access time by building a hierarchical
+memory system that had both low latency and
+
+high capacity.
+
+There were a number of strategies we employed
+to achieve our goal.
+
+Increasing the number of cache lines decreases
+AMAT by decreasing the miss ratio.
+
+Increasing the block size of the cache let
+us take advantage of the fast column accesses
+
+in a DRAM to efficiently load a whole block
+of data on a cache miss.
+
+The expectation was that this would improve
+AMAT by increasing the number of hits in the
+
+future as accesses were made to nearby locations.
+
+Increasing the number of ways in the cache
+reduced the possibility of cache line conflicts,
+
+lowering the miss ratio.
+
+Choosing the least-recently used cache line
+for replacement minimized the impact of replacement
+
+on the hit ratio.
+
+And, finally, we chose to handle writes using
+a write-back strategy with dirty bits.
+
+How do we make the tradeoffs among all these
+architectural choices?
+
+As usual, we'll simulate different cache organizations
+and chose the architectural mix that provides
+
+the best performance on our benchmark programs.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/odj5VnTI490.txt b/odj5VnTI490.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d08703785f1ec1e5dbc5799da701106837e23051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/odj5VnTI490.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu to this point we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu to this point we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu to this point we've talked
+about individual users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about individual users
+innovating we had a brief Excursion into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating we had a brief Excursion into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating we had a brief Excursion into
+communities which I'll remind you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today the big news really is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the big news really is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the big news really is that
+communities and users innovating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and users innovating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities and users innovating
+collaboratively are really what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively are really what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboratively are really what's going
+to drive uh producers out of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive uh producers out of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive uh producers out of innovation
+in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many
+fields this is this is sort of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields this is this is sort of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields this is this is sort of the major
+the major the major uh uh sort of shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major the major uh uh sort of shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major the major uh uh sort of shift
+and focus now you remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus now you remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus now you remember I
+think that I talked to you about uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I talked to you about uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I talked to you about uh in
+individual user innovators and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual user innovators and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual user innovators and so you
+may remember John Hasam Gibbon as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember John Hasam Gibbon as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember John Hasam Gibbon as an
+individual user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual user
+innovator now the economics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator now the economics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator now the economics of this
+story are that John hasham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story are that John hasham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story are that John hasham
+Gibbon could only innovate up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbon could only innovate up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbon could only innovate up to the
+point where his design costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where his design costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where his design costs
+matched his potential benefit as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched his potential benefit as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched his potential benefit as an
+innovator from in his case the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator from in his case the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator from in his case the heart
+lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
+machine if the project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine if the project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine if the project was
+bigger as design costs went out further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger as design costs went out further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger as design costs went out further
+then basically the producer in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically the producer in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically the producer in the old
+days would have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days would have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days would have to take
+over because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because the
+producer could spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer could spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer could spread
+costs from his Innovation across many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs from his Innovation across many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs from his Innovation across many
+potential customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential customers
+so we showed you earlier that well still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we showed you earlier that well still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we showed you earlier that well still
+people like John hasham Gibbon would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like John hasham Gibbon would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like John hasham Gibbon would
+innovate because producers wouldn't at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate because producers wouldn't at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate because producers wouldn't at
+the beginning of a market that was small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a market that was small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a market that was small
+and uncertain so they had to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncertain so they had to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncertain so they had to do what
+they could and then in the days before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could and then in the days before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could and then in the days before
+the internet it typically was the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet it typically was the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet it typically was the case
+that individual users who cared a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual users who cared a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual users who cared a lot
+about something would tend to innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something would tend to innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something would tend to innovate
+on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their
+own couldn't find others who shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own couldn't find others who shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own couldn't find others who shared
+their interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interests
+now with the evolution of the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the evolution of the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with the evolution of the internet
+what we've gotten is the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've gotten is the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've gotten is the equivalent of
+low communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low communication
+costs John hasham Gibbon as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs John hasham Gibbon as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs John hasham Gibbon as an
+individual user innovator did not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual user innovator did not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual user innovator did not have
+to communicate with anybody else because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate with anybody else because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate with anybody else because
+he was just working on his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just working on his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just working on his own
+communication costs were irrelevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication costs were irrelevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication costs were irrelevant to
+him but still the internet has brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but still the internet has brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but still the internet has brought
+communication costs down to a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication costs down to a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication costs down to a great
+extent and as a result all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and as a result all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and as a result all of a sudden
+people can communicate with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can communicate with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can communicate with each
+other and collaboratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and collaboratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and collaboratively
+innovate and that allows them each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and that allows them each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate and that allows them each of
+these boxes now is each what each user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes now is each what each user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes now is each what each user
+can afford to do on an innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to do on an innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to do on an innovation
+project that's larger than any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that's larger than any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that's larger than any one of
+them can afford like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can afford like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can afford like
+Linux now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux now
+prior prior to the internet there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior prior to the internet there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior prior to the internet there were
+times and places where users got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and places where users got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and places where users got
+together for some reason and were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for some reason and were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for some reason and were able
+to innovate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate as a
+group often it was in sports where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group often it was in sports where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group often it was in sports where you
+know you had another reason for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you had another reason for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you had another reason for getting
+together namely you were at a meet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together namely you were at a meet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together namely you were at a meet and
+so physically you were together and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically you were together and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically you were together and when
+you saw that you saw the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw that you saw the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw that you saw the same kind of
+collaboration going on that you now see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration going on that you now see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration going on that you now see
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+broadly via the Internet so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly via the Internet so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly via the Internet so I'm going to
+show you a cool video uh to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a cool video uh to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a cool video uh to give you a
+sense for that pre-internet time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for that pre-internet time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for that pre-internet time and the
+interactions uh that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh that happened
+there so this is 5 minutes and it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is 5 minutes and it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is 5 minutes and it's from
+Dogtown and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dogtown and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dogtown and z
+boys and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys and that was a
+movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+about where this kind of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where this kind of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where this kind of um uh
+skateboarding that was that you see Tony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboarding that was that you see Tony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboarding that was that you see Tony
+Hawks and people doing you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks and people doing you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hawks and people doing you know that's
+on these half pipes these wooden half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these half pipes these wooden half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these half pipes these wooden half
+pipes you've seen that as an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes you've seen that as an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipes you've seen that as an extreme
+sport right well basically before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport right well basically before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport right well basically before
+that what people did when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what people did when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what people did when they were
+skateboarding was go down Hills perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboarding was go down Hills perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboarding was go down Hills perhaps
+or you know sort of go on the flat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know sort of go on the flat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know sort of go on the flat but
+it had nothing to do with this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had nothing to do with this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had nothing to do with this sort of
+3D kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D kind of
+activity and so what you'll see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so what you'll see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so what you'll see here is
+how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that
+evolved and if you look at it carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved and if you look at it carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved and if you look at it carefully
+what you will see is lots of instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see is lots of instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see is lots of instances
+of collaboration in a very informal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collaboration in a very informal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collaboration in a very informal way
+people are watching each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are watching each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are watching each other and
+saying wow that's cool and in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying wow that's cool and in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying wow that's cool and in that way
+in reinforcing sort of a good direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reinforcing sort of a good direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reinforcing sort of a good direction
+to go in they're giving each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in they're giving each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in they're giving each other
+feedback and they're all collaborating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and they're all collaborating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and they're all collaborating
+on building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on building the
+idea so at the same time of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so at the same time of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so at the same time of course in
+this particular instance they're busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular instance they're busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular instance they're busy
+breaking the law but that's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the law but that's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the law but that's a separate
+matter and let's look at the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and let's look at the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and let's look at the video and
+see about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so that was prior to the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was prior to the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was prior to the internet
+and what you can see going on there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see going on there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see going on there is
+this interaction right so in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interaction right so in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interaction right so in the case
+of something like a game or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something like a game or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something like a game or something
+that is done interactively then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is done interactively then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is done interactively then what you
+really need is the full context in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need is the full context in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need is the full context in order
+actually to develop this thing I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to develop this thing I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to develop this thing I mean
+it' be hard for an individual to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be hard for an individual to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be hard for an individual to develop
+a basketball game right because it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basketball game right because it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basketball game right because it's in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative
+now again what you saw there uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again what you saw there uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again what you saw there uh was
+quite local and and uh didn't emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite local and and uh didn't emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite local and and uh didn't emerge
+into sort of the the public press for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of the the public press for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of the the public press for
+quite a long time so so uh the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time so so uh the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long time so so uh the internet
+does two things one is it it it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does two things one is it it it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does two things one is it it it allows
+people to get together the other is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get together the other is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to get together the other is that
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+basically uh um publicizes them to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh um publicizes them to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh um publicizes them to some
+degree which will be helpful for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree which will be helpful for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree which will be helpful for you
+when you want to understand who does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to understand who does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to understand who does
+these Innovations and where they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Innovations and where they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Innovations and where they come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+now I showed you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I showed you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I showed you this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um in the first uh in the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the first uh in the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the first uh in the first uh
+lecture if you recall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture if you recall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture if you recall this
+example this was post internet and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this was post internet and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this was post internet and it
+also shows a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shows a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shows a direct
+competition between producers and users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between producers and users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between producers and users
+so the story if you remember was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the story if you remember was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the story if you remember was that
+kite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kite
+surfing very like uh this case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing very like uh this case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing very like uh this case of
+skateboarding kite surfing was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboarding kite surfing was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboarding kite surfing was developed
+by users entirely uh they figured it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by users entirely uh they figured it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by users entirely uh they figured it out
+they figured out you know Sky it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out you know Sky it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured out you know Sky it
+involves the these small boards and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the these small boards and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the these small boards and it
+it involves sort of several control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves sort of several control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves sort of several control
+wires and large kites which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and large kites which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and large kites which actually
+lift you out of the water and where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift you out of the water and where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift you out of the water and where you
+can do tricks once you're up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do tricks once you're up in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do tricks once you're up in the air
+so they're being used for all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're being used for all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're being used for all sorts of
+things like mountain boarding that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like mountain boarding that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like mountain boarding that is
+going up mountains and sort of along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up mountains and sort of along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up mountains and sort of along the
+beaches and carts and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaches and carts and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaches and carts and so on and so forth
+lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+stuff now that was developed it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now that was developed it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff now that was developed it's an
+individual sport but people did get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual sport but people did get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual sport but people did get
+together but it's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but it's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but it's something that you
+play in part on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in part on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in part on your own
+what then happened was it became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then happened was it became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then happened was it became a
+popular sport and so manufacturers came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular sport and so manufacturers came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular sport and so manufacturers came
+in and started to in fact provide people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and started to in fact provide people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and started to in fact provide people
+with new designs for boards they sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with new designs for boards they sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with new designs for boards they sold
+this stuff about $2500 a copy instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff about $2500 a copy instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff about $2500 a copy instead of
+people making their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people making their
+own and they each had two engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and they each had two engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and they each had two engineers and
+the attitude of these little companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attitude of these little companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attitude of these little companies
+was okay get out of the way the big boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay get out of the way the big boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay get out of the way the big boys
+have arrived production has come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrived production has come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have arrived production has come
+and there was a guy at MIT who had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a guy at MIT who had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a guy at MIT who had been
+involved in um um uh kite surfing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in um um uh kite surfing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in um um uh kite surfing from
+the beginning and he didn't like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and he didn't like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning and he didn't like that
+idea much and he did something very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea much and he did something very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea much and he did something very very
+simple which you can now do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple which you can now do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple which you can now do in the
+internet age so here were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet age so here were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet age so here were these
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+people and he simply put up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and he simply put up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and he simply put up a
+website and the website he put up said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the website he put up said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and the website he put up said
+if you want to post a design feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to post a design feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to post a design feel
+free and so people began to post it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and so people began to post it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and so people began to post it all
+over the world so all of a sudden now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world so all of a sudden now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world so all of a sudden now
+you can get from all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from all over the world
+contributions to this thing it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to this thing it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to this thing it's not
+just a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a local
+area and here's Sebastian in Argentina a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and here's Sebastian in Argentina a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and here's Sebastian in Argentina a
+super high aspect ratio inflatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high aspect ratio inflatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high aspect ratio inflatable
+design for mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for mountain
+boarding and he behind this sheet what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding and he behind this sheet what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boarding and he behind this sheet what
+he has is designs he has his design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has is designs he has his design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has is designs he has his design and
+what he thinks of it and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks of it and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks of it and so on and so
+forth so there patterns for the kite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so there patterns for the kite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so there patterns for the kite and
+as you may remember from last time or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may remember from last time or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may remember from last time or a
+few times ago uh initially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times ago uh initially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times ago uh initially these
+patterns which are kites which are 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns which are kites which are 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns which are kites which are 3D
+objects made of cloth are made from Flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects made of cloth are made from Flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects made of cloth are made from Flat
+panels of cloth and one can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels of cloth and one can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels of cloth and one can sort of
+replicate a design by cutting out flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate a design by cutting out flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate a design by cutting out flat
+panels of identical sizes to the one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels of identical sizes to the one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels of identical sizes to the one who
+designed it this is now done via CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it this is now done via CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it this is now done via CAD
+files were exchanged and which are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files were exchanged and which are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files were exchanged and which are now
+made on on uh um um sail Loft floors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on on uh um um sail Loft floors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on on uh um um sail Loft floors so
+the result is nowadays what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is nowadays what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is nowadays what you can do
+is you can all over the world exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can all over the world exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can all over the world exchange
+the same design make it locally test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same design make it locally test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same design make it locally test it
+out comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out comment
+modify hugely different than the than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify hugely different than the than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify hugely different than the than
+the sort of the sort of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the sort of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the sort of uh uh
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+situation and what happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and what happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and what happened in this
+particular case is that many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case is that many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case is that many people
+joined this who had really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined this who had really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined this who had really good
+aerodynamic skills aerody damic is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic skills aerody damic is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamic skills aerody damic is from
+the from the top departments around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the top departments around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the top departments around
+universities aerodynamicist from NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities aerodynamicist from NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities aerodynamicist from NASA
+joined this thing and they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined this thing and they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined this thing and they were all
+sharing and they brought along tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and they brought along tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing and they brought along tools
+like these kind of Vortex and analyzers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kind of Vortex and analyzers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kind of Vortex and analyzers
+and so on and basically what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and basically what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and basically what happened
+was this collaborative effort blew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this collaborative effort blew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this collaborative effort blew the
+standard effort by two engineers in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard effort by two engineers in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard effort by two engineers in each
+company out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company out of the
+water so what happened was the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so what happened was the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so what happened was the companies
+then said in effect well we might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then said in effect well we might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then said in effect well we might as
+well adopt this Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well adopt this Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well adopt this Innovation
+from The Producers rather than try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Producers rather than try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Producers rather than try to do
+it ourselves okay so this is what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ourselves okay so this is what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ourselves okay so this is what I mean
+by communities being the big shift here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by communities being the big shift here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by communities being the big shift here
+that are really taking the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really taking the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really taking the sort of the
+Reign away from producers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reign away from producers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reign away from producers in
+Innovation now one last slide from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation now one last slide from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation now one last slide from
+earlier what you see here then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what you see here then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what you see here then is that
+what are the advantages of users many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the advantages of users many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the advantages of users many
+users can cover much more of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users can cover much more of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users can cover much more of the design
+space for whatever it is and producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for whatever it is and producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for whatever it is and producers
+you heard from Andrew last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard from Andrew last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard from Andrew last time
+producers sort of tend to want to patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers sort of tend to want to patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers sort of tend to want to patent
+things hide them keep them secret and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things hide them keep them secret and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things hide them keep them secret and so
+producers really cannot take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers really cannot take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers really cannot take the
+Innovations of other producers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations of other producers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations of other producers to
+produce an Optimum solution they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an Optimum solution they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an Optimum solution they're sort
+of stuck there with what they what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuck there with what they what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuck there with what they what they
+have okay so now if you go back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so now if you go back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so now if you go back a
+bit what we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit what we start to
+see in our research is that within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in our research is that within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in our research is that within each
+kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an
+area that seems exotic and narrow there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that seems exotic and narrow there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that seems exotic and narrow there
+in fact are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact are many
+innovators they were invisible they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators they were invisible they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators they were invisible they
+didn't get together but now they do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get together but now they do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get together but now they do and
+what you see here is different areas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is different areas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is different areas is
+you see printed circuit CAD you see pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see printed circuit CAD you see pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see printed circuit CAD you see pipe
+hanger Hardware pipe hanger Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanger Hardware pipe hanger Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanger Hardware pipe hanger Hardware
+yeah that's the stuff you use to hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the stuff you use to hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's the stuff you use to hang
+you you've seen when you walk down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've seen when you walk down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've seen when you walk down these
+halls in a big building pipes often are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halls in a big building pipes often are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halls in a big building pipes often are
+hanging from the ceiling that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging from the ceiling that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging from the ceiling that's what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is there are people collaborating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are people collaborating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there are people collaborating on
+that which is quite amazing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is quite amazing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is quite amazing a lot of
+people many more people is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people many more people is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people many more people is the point
+than are within the firms R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than are within the firms R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than are within the firms R&D
+departments right so it really funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments right so it really funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments right so it really funny
+each of you probably think when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you probably think when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of you probably think when you
+think about your own particular area oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your own particular area oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your own particular area oh
+my God nobody will care about that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God nobody will care about that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my God nobody will care about that right
+people care about the damnedest things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about the damnedest things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about the damnedest things
+you know there's they're enthusiasts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's they're enthusiasts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's they're enthusiasts for
+sobs of all things can you imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sobs of all things can you imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sobs of all things can you imagine that
+they're enthusiasts for lawn tractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're enthusiasts for lawn tractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're enthusiasts for lawn tractors
+they're enthusiasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're enthusiasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're enthusiasts
+for wait for it mailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wait for it mailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wait for it mailing
+machines hacking mailing machines so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines hacking mailing machines so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines hacking mailing machines so you
+know you should not assume that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should not assume that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you should not assume that there
+aren't a lot of people out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't a lot of people out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't a lot of people out there
+innovating in an area that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating in an area that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating in an area that you might
+care about so here's Library it systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about so here's Library it systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about so here's Library it systems
+you know when you go into a library it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you go into a library it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you go into a library it's
+those systems that you use to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems that you use to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those systems that you use to get your
+books lots of libraries innovating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books lots of libraries innovating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books lots of libraries innovating on
+how to do that software security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that software security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that software security
+features Surgical equipment Outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features Surgical equipment Outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features Surgical equipment Outdoor
+Products now this Outdoor Products one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Products now this Outdoor Products one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Products now this Outdoor Products one
+is quite an interesting one that one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite an interesting one that one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite an interesting one that one has
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+99.8% response rate but that is a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.8% response rate but that is a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.8% response rate but that is a sample
+of the people on the mailing list from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people on the mailing list from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people on the mailing list from
+the German equivalent of the llbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German equivalent of the llbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German equivalent of the llbean
+catalog so if you think to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog so if you think to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog so if you think to yourself
+these are ordinary outdoor products like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ordinary outdoor products like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ordinary outdoor products like
+like sleeping bags and and boots and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sleeping bags and and boots and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sleeping bags and and boots and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and when you see that 10% of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you see that 10% of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you see that 10% of the people
+who buy those things are innovating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who buy those things are innovating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who buy those things are innovating on
+them that's huge that's got to be a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's huge that's got to be a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's huge that's got to be a 100
+million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people
+worldwide which is so much more than all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide which is so much more than all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide which is so much more than all
+the R&D people in all the outdoor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D people in all the outdoor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D people in all the outdoor
+sporting equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporting equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporting equipment
+areas you know in this or any parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you know in this or any parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you know in this or any parallel
+universe I mean it's just huge yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe I mean it's just huge yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe I mean it's just huge yes you
+that % of people are innovating on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that % of people are innovating on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that % of people are innovating on them
+is it Innovation that goes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Innovation that goes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Innovation that goes back to the
+design of the product I they innovate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the product I they innovate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the product I they innovate on
+them and then the manufacturers release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then the manufacturers release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then the manufacturers release
+the the product with the Innovation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product with the Innovation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the product with the Innovation or
+is it that they just try something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that they just try something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that they just try something and
+keep keep it for themselves the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep it for themselves the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep it for themselves the back
+yeah so that's very insightful the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's very insightful the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's very insightful the idea
+here is that users innovate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that users innovate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that users innovate and
+manufacturers don't necessarily pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers don't necessarily pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers don't necessarily pick it
+up and users don't necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and users don't necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and users don't necessarily have
+incentive to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to tell
+them the thing about users is they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the thing about users is they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the thing about users is they are
+innovating for their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating for their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating for their own
+sake and so they don't have a necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake and so they don't have a necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake and so they don't have a necessary
+incentive to diffuse so what companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to diffuse so what companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to diffuse so what companies
+have to do is figure out a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is figure out a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is figure out a way to get
+this information okay yeah is this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information okay yeah is this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information okay yeah is this also
+true about services and prodes or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true about services and prodes or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true about services and prodes or or
+just for product it's also true Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for product it's also true Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for product it's also true Services
+I mean when we looked at uh services for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when we looked at uh services for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when we looked at uh services for
+example in uh in in banking you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in uh in in banking you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in uh in in banking you know
+retail banking Commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail banking Commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail banking Commercial
+Banking uh the users again lead it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banking uh the users again lead it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Banking uh the users again lead it's
+it's quite remarkable um You probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite remarkable um You probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite remarkable um You probably
+have a you know a bank and the bank used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know a bank and the bank used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know a bank and the bank used
+to send you you know account statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send you you know account statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send you you know account statements
+and if you had five accounts in the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had five accounts in the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had five accounts in the bank
+it might send you five statements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might send you five statements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might send you five statements but
+certainly each bank would send you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly each bank would send you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly each bank would send you a
+statement so whoever you dealt with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so whoever you dealt with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so whoever you dealt with and
+people typically deal with three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically deal with three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically deal with three or four
+of these things what you ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things what you ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things what you ended up with
+was separate statements that you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was separate statements that you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was separate statements that you had to
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+together so it was users who first came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it was users who first came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so it was users who first came
+along and developed the system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and developed the system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and developed the system for
+contacting each Bank in turn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting each Bank in turn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacting each Bank in turn and
+electronically populating a spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically populating a spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically populating a spreadsheet
+with all that and making a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that and making a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that and making a summary
+statement for themselves and Banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for themselves and Banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for themselves and Banks
+followed it's really interesting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed it's really interesting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed it's really interesting yeah
+you know I mean I'm I'm just amazed too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean I'm I'm just amazed too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I mean I'm I'm just amazed too
+but anyway yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway yeah
+Outdoor Products Innovation because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoor Products Innovation because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outdoor Products Innovation because when
+I buy a Four Seasons tent everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I buy a Four Seasons tent everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I buy a Four Seasons tent everybody
+knows the first thing you do with Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the first thing you do with Four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the first thing you do with Four
+Seasons tent is you add like dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seasons tent is you add like dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seasons tent is you add like dynamic
+rope onto each of the four corners so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope onto each of the four corners so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope onto each of the four corners so
+you can TI to trees and you add rope on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can TI to trees and you add rope on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can TI to trees and you add rope on
+the inside so you can hang flashlights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside so you can hang flashlights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside so you can hang flashlights
+and you add stuff to the inside but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add stuff to the inside but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add stuff to the inside but I
+don't know if that really counts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that really counts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that really counts as
+Innovation because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation because that's
+just so do you think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so do you think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so do you think it would be
+convenient for you if the manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient for you if the manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient for you if the manufacturer
+did it for you yeah maybe yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it for you yeah maybe yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it for you yeah maybe yeah maybe
+yeah I don't know if any more BR is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know if any more BR is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know if any more BR is like
+okay you might pay two bucks for it huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might pay two bucks for it huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might pay two bucks for it huh
+okay so yeah I mean the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I mean the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah I mean the definition of
+innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation is
+not anything to do with how important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anything to do with how important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anything to do with how important it
+is it's whether it gets out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's whether it gets out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's whether it gets out into the
+marketplace and has some value so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and has some value so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and has some value so it's
+different than the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the definition of
+invention which has to meet some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention which has to meet some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention which has to meet some
+threshold so yeah those are Innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so yeah those are Innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so yeah those are Innovations
+and the manufacturer can say well do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manufacturer can say well do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manufacturer can say well do we
+want to add it or not you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add it or not you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add it or not you know but
+sure yeah there was somebody else yes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah there was somebody else yes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah there was somebody else yes to
+that point I have a quick example I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I have a quick example I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point I have a quick example I mean
+I belong to an extreme sort of Back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I belong to an extreme sort of Back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I belong to an extreme sort of Back
+Country sking kind of group and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country sking kind of group and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country sking kind of group and one of
+the innovations that they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovations that they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovations that they came up with
+many years ago was this airbag system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago was this airbag system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago was this airbag system of
+backpacks that could be used in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpacks that could be used in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpacks that could be used in an
+avalanche and recently yesterday I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avalanche and recently yesterday I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avalanche and recently yesterday I think
+a couple days ago there was a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple days ago there was a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple days ago there was a situation
+in Washington state where three extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Washington state where three extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Washington state where three extreme
+scills were killed in an avalanche but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scills were killed in an avalanche but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scills were killed in an avalanche but
+that one no manufacturer want to pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one no manufacturer want to pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one no manufacturer want to pick it
+up early on and as it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up early on and as it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up early on and as it turns out the
+German sporting equipment company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German sporting equipment company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German sporting equipment company that
+picked it up and actually designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked it up and actually designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked it up and actually designed
+backpacks that could be deployed in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpacks that could be deployed in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpacks that could be deployed in an
+avalanche situation where it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avalanche situation where it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avalanche situation where it has a
+essentially it's an advanced airbag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's an advanced airbag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's an advanced airbag
+system with that was completely used of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with that was completely used of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with that was completely used of
+driven innovation no one manufacturer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven innovation no one manufacturer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven innovation no one manufacturer in
+the MJ area they use Technologies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MJ area they use Technologies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MJ area they use Technologies from
+different kinds of Industries to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Industries to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of Industries to put it
+together and there are not I think two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and there are not I think two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and there are not I think two
+or three manufacturers in the world who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three manufacturers in the world who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three manufacturers in the world who
+make those yeah that's fabulous so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those yeah that's fabulous so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those yeah that's fabulous so what
+it does is it gives the person enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it gives the person enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it gives the person enough
+flotation to actually move to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flotation to actually move to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flotation to actually move to the top
+keepes them surface on the surface it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keepes them surface on the surface it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keepes them surface on the surface it
+essentially keeps them on the top 2 or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially keeps them on the top 2 or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially keeps them on the top 2 or 3
+ft of the snow pile as they're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft of the snow pile as they're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft of the snow pile as they're coming
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+yeah yeah that's it works that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's it works that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's it works that's
+fabulous and it seems quite lightweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous and it seems quite lightweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous and it seems quite lightweight
+too yeah yeah that's fabulous no users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too yeah yeah that's fabulous no users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too yeah yeah that's fabulous no users
+do it I mean that's that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I mean that's that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it I mean that's that's really the
+the bottom lesson here but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom lesson here but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom lesson here but now
+okay so lot of users innovating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lot of users innovating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lot of users innovating
+then and there's that Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and there's that Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and there's that Community
+effect now why do so many users develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect now why do so many users develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect now why do so many users develop
+products for themselves because many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products for themselves because many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products for themselves because many
+have custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have custom
+needs if you look look at what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs if you look look at what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs if you look look at what a
+manufacturer does when a manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer does when a manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer does when a manufacturer
+makes a calculation what a manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a calculation what a manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a calculation what a manufacturer
+tries to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do is to
+economize on the number of models he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economize on the number of models he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economize on the number of models he has
+to deal with and so what a manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with and so what a manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with and so what a manufacturer
+tries to do is do a cluster analysis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do is do a cluster analysis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to do is do a cluster analysis or
+something and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and find out
+which sort of customers fit in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of customers fit in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of customers fit in which
+major cluster and then they will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major cluster and then they will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major cluster and then they will make
+something like a uh uh a sports car that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a uh uh a sports car that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a uh uh a sports car that
+sort of fits most people or a luxury car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fits most people or a luxury car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fits most people or a luxury car
+that fits most people and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits most people and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits most people and the
+fascinating thing there is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating thing there is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating thing there is that when you
+analyze those cluster analyses what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze those cluster analyses what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze those cluster analyses what you
+find is that the people within them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the people within them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the people within them are
+not so homogeneous in their needs after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so homogeneous in their needs after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so homogeneous in their needs after
+all it turns out that a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it turns out that a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it turns out that a lot of people
+aren't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't so
+happy but the producer only needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but the producer only needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but the producer only needs to
+have them happy enough to buy that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them happy enough to buy that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them happy enough to buy that car
+versus another one you know you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another one you know you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another one you know you've all
+gone to the store and you've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to the store and you've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to the store and you've sort of
+thought about buying this car versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about buying this car versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about buying this car versus
+that car and you wanted a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that car and you wanted a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that car and you wanted a particular
+feature of a different car perhaps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of a different car perhaps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of a different car perhaps and
+you're forced to satisfice you're forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to satisfice you're forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to satisfice you're forced
+to say to yourself well okay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to yourself well okay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to yourself well okay you know
+none of these cars makes me perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these cars makes me perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these cars makes me perfectly
+happy but I'll go with this one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but I'll go with this one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but I'll go with this one okay
+that's the Dilemma that the manufa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Dilemma that the manufa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Dilemma that the manufa
+ufacturer puts us all in and it suits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ufacturer puts us all in and it suits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ufacturer puts us all in and it suits
+the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics of
+manufacturing but within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing but within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing but within those
+communities there are some people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities there are some people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities there are some people who
+just can't put up with it and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't put up with it and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't put up with it and so those
+are the people who then start modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people who then start modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people who then start modifying
+their cars or coming up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cars or coming up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their cars or coming up with something
+from scratch and interestingly enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and interestingly enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scratch and interestingly enough
+again manufacturers are searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+homogeneity so they are not sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity so they are not sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity so they are not sensitive
+to the heterogeneity that in fact is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heterogeneity that in fact is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the heterogeneity that in fact is out
+there but that's what's driving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that's what's driving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that's what's driving this
+massive user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Innovation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what do you do about it okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do you do about it okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do you do about it okay which
+was somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point what do you what do you do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what do you what do you do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what do you what do you do about
+it if you're a manufacturer there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you're a manufacturer there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you're a manufacturer there was
+this case uh where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was a it was a a company it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a it was a a company it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a it was a a company it was in
+Germany and it was an auto company it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and it was an auto company it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and it was an auto company it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+presenting um sort of their Five-Year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting um sort of their Five-Year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting um sort of their Five-Year
+Plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plan
+and what happened was that the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was that the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was that the audience
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restless and what then happened was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restless and what then happened was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restless and what then happened was
+somebody raised his hand and said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody raised his hand and said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody raised his hand and said you
+know what everything you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what everything you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what everything you're talking
+about doing we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+and the manufacturer representative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manufacturer representative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manufacturer representative the
+engineer said no you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer said no you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer said no you have
+not which had a certain entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not which had a certain entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not which had a certain entertaining
+quality and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality and he
+said the obnoxious person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the obnoxious person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the obnoxious person in the
+audience yes we have come out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience yes we have come out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience yes we have come out to the
+parking lot and see we've built them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot and see we've built them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot and see we've built them
+into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our
+cars and the engineer approved up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and the engineer approved up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and the engineer approved up to the
+task and he crossed his arms again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and he crossed his arms again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task and he crossed his arms again and
+he said no you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said no you have not
+because that's not what we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not what we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not what we had in
+mind so the manufacturer isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so the manufacturer isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so the manufacturer isn't
+necessarily interested in picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily interested in picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily interested in picking up
+what the user has done but if the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the user has done but if the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the user has done but if the user
+in fact can out compete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact can out compete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact can out compete the
+manufacturer and if in fact that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and if in fact that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and if in fact that is
+where the major Innovations come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the major Innovations come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the major Innovations come from
+then the manufacturer has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the manufacturer has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the manufacturer has to do
+something about it so previously we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it so previously we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it so previously we saw
+lead user search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user search
+and that was going out to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was going out to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was going out to find an
+innovation in this case what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in this case what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in this case what you are
+trying to do is something slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is something slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is something slightly
+different you're trying to attract users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you're trying to attract users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you're trying to attract users
+with modifications to you so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modifications to you so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modifications to you so that you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+see what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they're
+doing okay now here's an example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay now here's an example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay now here's an example from
+Lego and uh this shows both the surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego and uh this shows both the surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego and uh this shows both the surprise
+of the company's response and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company's response and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company's response and their
+eventual sort of reaction that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual sort of reaction that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual sort of reaction that was
+helpful and there's a general principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and there's a general principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and there's a general principle
+that I'll then bring out on how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll then bring out on how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll then bring out on how these
+kinds of systems should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of systems should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of systems should
+work so this is um mind storms and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this is um mind storms and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this is um mind storms and do
+you do you know mind storms many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you know mind storms many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you know mind storms many of you
+do you know that yeah so Mindstorms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that yeah so Mindstorms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that yeah so Mindstorms is
+is like Lego blocks but within each Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Lego blocks but within each Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Lego blocks but within each Lego
+block they have or some of the Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block they have or some of the Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block they have or some of the Lego
+blocks they have uh sort of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks they have uh sort of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks they have uh sort of components
+electronic components Motors or a CPU or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components Motors or a CPU or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components Motors or a CPU or
+something else so that this thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so that this thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so that this thing can
+actually move around and sense things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move around and sense things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually move around and sense things
+and you can build things like robots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can build things like robots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can build things like robots on
+it and it was an idea from Lego and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it was an idea from Lego and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it was an idea from Lego and it
+was done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done with
+MIT uh working on the language that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh working on the language that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh working on the language that was
+used and eventually they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and eventually they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and eventually they came up with
+something quite nice and took them seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quite nice and took them seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something quite nice and took them seven
+years to do it and it was uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to do it and it was uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to do it and it was uh the
+Mindstorms product which had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mindstorms product which had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mindstorms product which had a
+programming language and so forth and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language and so forth and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language and so forth and it
+was perfect and it sold for 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was perfect and it sold for 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was perfect and it sold for 200
+bucks and what Lego then did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks and what Lego then did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks and what Lego then did
+is they put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now
+Legos have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legos have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legos have
+always been hacked in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been hacked in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been hacked in the sense that
+what they are is blocks to build stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are is blocks to build stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are is blocks to build stuff
+but in this case something very visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case something very visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case something very visible
+happened it being the internet agent all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it being the internet agent all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it being the internet agent all
+and what happened was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened was that
+within a very few months a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a very few months a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a very few months a thousand
+hackers were working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers were working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers were working on
+it now they had had seven years working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now they had had seven years working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now they had had seven years working
+on it in house with about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it in house with about seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it in house with about seven
+Engineers a thousand hackers is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers a thousand hackers is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers a thousand hackers is a lot
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+seven math being what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven math being what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven math being what it
+is and what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what happened
+then was that the hackers quickly made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then was that the hackers quickly made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then was that the hackers quickly made
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+better the hackers sort of improved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the hackers sort of improved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the hackers sort of improved it
+this is now what you do with this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now what you do with this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now what you do with this thing
+among the things you can do with it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the things you can do with it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the things you can do with it is
+you can put tape on the floor and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put tape on the floor and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put tape on the floor and you
+can actually have this thing run around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually have this thing run around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually have this thing run around
+what is becomes a race course because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is becomes a race course because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is becomes a race course because
+you can sort of see the thing optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see the thing optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see the thing optically
+consense where that tape is and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consense where that tape is and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consense where that tape is and go
+around and you can actually run contests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you can actually run contests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you can actually run contests
+so they began to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they began to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they began to run
+contests comparing Lego's 7-year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contests comparing Lego's 7-year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contests comparing Lego's 7-year in
+development firmware with their 3- we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development firmware with their 3- we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development firmware with their 3- we in
+development user hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development user hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development user hand
+and they found as you can see they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found as you can see they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found as you can see they were
+running these contests you can found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running these contests you can found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running these contests you can found
+that they see you know that they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they see you know that they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they see you know that they do it
+twice as fast okay so they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as fast okay so they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as fast okay so they're they're
+sort of embarrassing Lego you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of embarrassing Lego you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of embarrassing Lego you know
+they're sort of saying and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of saying and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of saying and the and the
+Lego Engineers you know are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego Engineers you know are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego Engineers you know are saying
+what now what happened was it became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now what happened was it became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now what happened was it became a
+craze and they in fact were somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craze and they in fact were somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craze and they in fact were somewhat
+soothed by the fact that they uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soothed by the fact that they uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soothed by the fact that they uh this
+became the most popular and profitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the most popular and profitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the most popular and profitable
+product they'd ever had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they'd ever had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they'd ever had
+and uh MIT I don't know if it still does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh MIT I don't know if it still does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh MIT I don't know if it still does
+and other major universities built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other major universities built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other major universities built
+curricula around Legos where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula around Legos where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula around Legos where you can
+sort of sort of figure out Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sort of figure out Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sort of figure out Advanced
+robotics using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics using that
+Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware
+um became a craze among techy adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um became a craze among techy adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um became a craze among techy adults
+Silicon Valley firms forced to ban Legos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon Valley firms forced to ban Legos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon Valley firms forced to ban Legos
+at work that's how serious it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work that's how serious it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work that's how serious it
+was so what did the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so what did the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so what did the firm
+do the firm wasn't sure what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the firm wasn't sure what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the firm wasn't sure what to do
+very much like that engineer I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like that engineer I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like that engineer I told you
+about in the auto company they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the auto company they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the auto company they thought
+maybe we should sue these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should sue these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should sue these
+people which was the path that Sony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which was the path that Sony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which was the path that Sony
+supposedly took with something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly took with something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly took with something called
+the IBO dog the IBO dog was a robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IBO dog the IBO dog was a robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IBO dog the IBO dog was a robotic
+dog and the somebody taught the robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and the somebody taught the robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog and the somebody taught the robotic
+dog he hacked the code and taught the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog he hacked the code and taught the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog he hacked the code and taught the
+dog to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog to
+dance and Sony rather than thinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance and Sony rather than thinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance and Sony rather than thinking this
+was an improvement to the dog promptly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an improvement to the dog promptly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an improvement to the dog promptly
+saw sued the guy you know I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw sued the guy you know I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw sued the guy you know I mean that's
+how you treat your customers and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you treat your customers and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you treat your customers and in this
+case they didn't know what to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they didn't know what to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they didn't know what to do but
+they decided not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided not to
+sue now when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside the Lego company and you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the Lego company and you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the Lego company and you try to
+wonder where a thousand people came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder where a thousand people came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder where a thousand people came from
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+nowhere what you see is something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere what you see is something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere what you see is something very
+interesting and at that time Lego had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and at that time Lego had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and at that time Lego had
+not had much to do with it but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not had much to do with it but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not had much to do with it but it was a
+self-organized user community Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organized user community Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organized user community Community
+quite elaborate not just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite elaborate not just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite elaborate not just a bunch of
+people hanging around a swimming pool it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hanging around a swimming pool it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hanging around a swimming pool it
+was organized around 25,000 people now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was organized around 25,000 people now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was organized around 25,000 people now
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+40,000 organized around different areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 organized around different areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 organized around different areas
+of Interest like trains and castles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest like trains and castles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest like trains and castles and
+space so what happened was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so what happened was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so what happened was that
+basically when this thing came out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when this thing came out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when this thing came out there
+were lots of people in contact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lots of people in contact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lots of people in contact with each
+other who sort of went and did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other who sort of went and did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other who sort of went and did something
+about it they began to say this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it they began to say this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it they began to say this is quite
+interesting now Lego's only interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now Lego's only interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now Lego's only interaction
+with this com with this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this com with this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this com with this sort of
+phenomenon previously that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon previously that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon previously that you can see
+is called luget which is Lego users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called luget which is Lego users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called luget which is Lego users
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+net and uh they had before called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and uh they had before called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net and uh they had before called
+themselves something at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves something at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves something at the beginning
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+Lego users group or something but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego users group or something but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego users group or something but the
+Lego legal people got in touch with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego legal people got in touch with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego legal people got in touch with them
+and said you can't do that so the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you can't do that so the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said you can't do that so the prior
+contact was something like you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact was something like you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact was something like you can't do
+that anyway here it is and what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway here it is and what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway here it is and what happens
+next is they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is they say
+okay let's think about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about how to
+systematically link to these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically link to these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically link to these people
+let's think about what to do about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what to do about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what to do about it
+and so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what they
+did was they set up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they set up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they set up an
+interface right so here's all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right so here's all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface right so here's all this
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+and companies historically like Ford for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies historically like Ford for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies historically like Ford for
+example when there's a Mustang group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when there's a Mustang group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when there's a Mustang group and
+all sorts of people doing all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of people doing all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of people doing all sorts of
+mods they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mods they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mods they don't want to
+know you can't see it unless somehow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't see it unless somehow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't see it unless somehow or
+other you can attract it or do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can attract it or do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you can attract it or do something
+so what this was was an attractor sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this was was an attractor sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this was was an attractor sort
+of a sticky binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sticky binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sticky binding
+surface that would attract people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that would attract people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that would attract people to
+interact with each other on your site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other on your site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other on your site
+and so this was called Lego Factory at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was called Lego Factory at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was called Lego Factory at
+the time and what it was you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and what it was you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and what it was you can see is
+you can post your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can post your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can post your
+design now you know all of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design now you know all of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design now you know all of you who have
+ever built Lego kits you know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever built Lego kits you know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever built Lego kits you know that in
+fact you know you have one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know you have one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you know you have one of these
+little books you know this instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little books you know this instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little books you know this instruction
+manual thing but those can be generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual thing but those can be generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual thing but those can be generated
+in an automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an automated
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+and what a user could do was post his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what a user could do was post his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what a user could do was post his
+design like that bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a
+kit Lego could put the bricks that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit Lego could put the bricks that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kit Lego could put the bricks that were
+required for each of these kits into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for each of these kits into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for each of these kits into a
+package you could design your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package you could design your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package you could design your own
+box and you could sell it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you could sell it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you could sell it on the
+website so now what is this what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so now what is this what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so now what is this what this is
+is a way to attract people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to attract people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to attract people who are
+innovating to your site so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating to your site so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating to your site so now you can
+see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them
+but what it also is is a way of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it also is is a way of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it also is is a way of finding
+out which one of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which one of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which one of these things are
+popular right because you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular right because you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular right because you can see the
+sales so it's not only a system for user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales so it's not only a system for user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales so it's not only a system for user
+Innovation collection in some sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation collection in some sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation collection in some sense it's
+also a system whereby the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a system whereby the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a system whereby the users
+themselves by their behavior are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves by their behavior are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves by their behavior are
+providing you with market research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing you with market research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing you with market research
+the critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point
+here is that what Lego is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that what Lego is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that what Lego is doing
+is also keeping something for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also keeping something for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also keeping something for themselves
+right so in effect what they've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in effect what they've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in effect what they've done is
+they can give away the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can give away the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can give away the design
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+process but what then do they keep for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but what then do they keep for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but what then do they keep for
+themselves well they have the Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves well they have the Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves well they have the Lego
+brick they have the brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick they have the brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick they have the brand
+and so when you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you think about this
+companies tend to think I need IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies tend to think I need IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies tend to think I need IP
+intellectual property over everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property over everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property over everything I
+sell but actually the thing is you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell but actually the thing is you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell but actually the thing is you only
+need something to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something to be
+proprietary and if people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and if people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and if people are going to
+develop for you other things that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop for you other things that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop for you other things that would
+otherwise cost you money that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise cost you money that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise cost you money that what you
+really would like is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would like is to have
+them do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do that
+okay now by the way there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now by the way there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now by the way there's sort of a
+fascinating thing about Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating thing about Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating thing about Lego
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um because you would think I mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you would think I mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you would think I mean these
+communities have norms and so on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities have norms and so on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities have norms and so on and you
+would think to yourself that maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think to yourself that maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think to yourself that maybe what
+they might want to do because the brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might want to do because the brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might want to do because the brick
+itself is no longer under patent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is no longer under patent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is no longer under patent that
+what they might want to do is by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they might want to do is by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they might want to do is by some
+other compatible brick like mega block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other compatible brick like mega block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other compatible brick like mega block
+or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever
+but it's sort of fascinating for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of fascinating for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of fascinating for some
+reason the members of these communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the members of these communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the members of these communities
+are really loyal to Lego so a lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really loyal to Lego so a lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really loyal to Lego so a lesson
+that we will see as we go on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will see as we go on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will see as we go on a little
+bit is that you have to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is that you have to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is that you have to be sort of
+respectful to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful to your
+community in order to get them to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in order to get them to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in order to get them to treat
+you pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pretty well
+back okay so it's not that you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so it's not that you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so it's not that you can just
+steal what they do it is instead that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal what they do it is instead that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal what they do it is instead that
+you sort of work with them respectfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of work with them respectfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of work with them respectfully
+and you end up rewarding them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up rewarding them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up rewarding them in some
+way so if Lego in fact chooses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if Lego in fact chooses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if Lego in fact chooses to
+produce one of these things they give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce one of these things they give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce one of these things they give a
+royalty back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty back to the
+developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers
+okay now here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example and what you'll begin to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and what you'll begin to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and what you'll begin to see
+here is the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the common
+thread this this is stata any of you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread this this is stata any of you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread this this is stata any of you use
+stata software in your work any it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stata software in your work any it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stata software in your work any it's a
+statistical software package any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software package any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software package any of you
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+R yeah some of you okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R yeah some of you okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R yeah some of you okay so it's a
+statistical software package and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software package and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software package and um
+prior to it you know there are all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to it you know there are all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to it you know there are all sorts
+of business models in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business models in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business models in that
+field another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field another one is
+SPSS SAS and that tends to be a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPSS SAS and that tends to be a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPSS SAS and that tends to be a closed
+system in other words you use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in other words you use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in other words you use their
+tests what stata decided was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests what stata decided was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests what stata decided was you know
+what we realize that we are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we realize that we are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we realize that we are not the
+developers of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers of statistical
+tests our users are epidemiologists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests our users are epidemiologists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests our users are epidemiologists and
+so on and so what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so what we are going to
+do is we are going to make a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we are going to make a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we are going to make a core
+product and the core product is like mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the core product is like mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the core product is like mat
+lab or something like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab or something like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab or something like that it's
+something that has a lot of hooks on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a lot of hooks on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a lot of hooks on it
+so that users in fact can attach modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that users in fact can attach modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that users in fact can attach modules
+to do what they want to do we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what they want to do we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what they want to do we'll give
+them tools to develop modules they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tools to develop modules they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tools to develop modules they can
+attach them to our proprietary closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach them to our proprietary closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach them to our proprietary closed
+core that'll do the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core that'll do the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core that'll do the common
+processing and that way we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and that way we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and that way we'll have
+something we'll have the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll have the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll have the equivalent of
+the Lego brick and brand but the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lego brick and brand but the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lego brick and brand but the users
+will be developing for us what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be developing for us what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be developing for us what we need
+okay it's a systematic way to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a systematic way to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a systematic way to do what
+users are doing anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are doing anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are doing anyway
+now what do users do users then set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do users do users then set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do users do users then set up
+websites the company first set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites the company first set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites the company first set up
+websites for them but the users thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites for them but the users thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites for them but the users thought
+well nah we'll set up our own so Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well nah we'll set up our own so Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well nah we'll set up our own so Harvard
+and a couple other places have websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple other places have websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple other places have websites
+where people put modules they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people put modules they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people put modules they have
+developed and they share them openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and they share them openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed and they share them openly
+okay so I have a test as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have a test as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have a test as an
+epidemiologist you have a test as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiologist you have a test as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiologist you have a test as an
+x-ray guy or whatever and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray guy or whatever and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray guy or whatever and and you know
+we post this stuff and people comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we post this stuff and people comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we post this stuff and people comment
+and so on very much like the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on very much like the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on very much like the website
+that I showed you in the case of kite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you in the case of kite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you in the case of kite
+surfing what happens then just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing what happens then just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfing what happens then just like in
+the case of Lego stata watches to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Lego stata watches to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Lego stata watches to see
+which ones attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones attract
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest now what does stata do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest now what does stata do next
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out when I develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out when I develop a
+statistical test for myself what I do is
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+statistical test for myself what I do is
+ 
+
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+statistical test for myself what I do is
+develop it so it's serving my purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it so it's serving my purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it so it's serving my purpose
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things statistical tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things statistical tests
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they might blow up when there's or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they might blow up when there's or
+or give bad results when they're used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give bad results when they're used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give bad results when they're used in
+a regime that you did not intend as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime that you did not intend as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regime that you did not intend as you
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+designer so what stata then does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer so what stata then does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer so what stata then does is it
+takes the test from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the test from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the test from the
+user and does quality control and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and does quality control and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and does quality control and what
+they call test validation they rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call test validation they rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call test validation they rewrite
+the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user
+code they put this thing they test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code they put this thing they test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code they put this thing they test it
+across a range they sort of integrate it
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+ align:start position:0%
+across a range they sort of integrate it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a range they sort of integrate it
+into the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the core
+product so what's happened is they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so what's happened is they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so what's happened is they have
+taken something that the user developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken something that the user developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken something that the user developed
+and they've taken it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've taken it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've taken it
+over and they've Rewritten it so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and they've Rewritten it so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and they've Rewritten it so they
+own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own the
+copyright and they put it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and they put it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and they put it into the
+product they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product they
+sell now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell now you could
+think that the writers of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the writers of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the writers of these things
+The Originators might be mad at this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Originators might be mad at this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Originators might be mad at this but
+a colleague of mine in Germany actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colleague of mine in Germany actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a colleague of mine in Germany actually
+did a survey of these users and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a survey of these users and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a survey of these users and said
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+think and they said this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and they said this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and they said this is
+fabulous why is it fabulous it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous why is it fabulous it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous why is it fabulous it's
+fabulous because they acknowledge me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous because they acknowledge me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous because they acknowledge me
+this becomes like a publication for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes like a publication for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes like a publication for me
+they clean up what I have done and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they clean up what I have done and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they clean up what I have done and they
+call it Joe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Joe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Joe's
+test okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test okay
+notice now in other words this again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now in other words this again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now in other words this again is
+a symbiotic relationship between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbiotic relationship between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbiotic relationship between this
+particular population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular population of
+customers and the company it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and the company it's a
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+
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+customers and the company it's a
+different transaction that goes on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transaction that goes on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transaction that goes on with
+the Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lego
+community so what you have to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so what you have to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so what you have to do is you
+have to figure out what your community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what your community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out what your community
+wants and make a transaction setup for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants and make a transaction setup for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants and make a transaction setup for
+them that is like the one that will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that is like the one that will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that is like the one that will make
+both sides happy okay yes if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides happy okay yes if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides happy okay yes if there is
+not one Central website but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one Central website but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one Central website but different
+websites how do they keep track of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites how do they keep track of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites how do they keep track of it
+how how do they make sure that they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do they make sure that they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do they make sure that they know
+how much user interest is on each repite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much user interest is on each repite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much user interest is on each repite
+yeah so they visit these sites there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they visit these sites there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they visit these sites there
+there there are a only a few important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a only a few important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are a only a few important
+ones and then you know they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and then you know they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and then you know they sort of
+aggregate and the people inside are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate and the people inside are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate and the people inside are
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+knowledgeable and they you know sort of
+ 
+
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+knowledgeable and they you know sort of
+have a sense for what I think it was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense for what I think it was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sense for what I think it was was
+it Esther who said or was it Sarah who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Esther who said or was it Sarah who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Esther who said or was it Sarah who
+said you know how do they how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know how do they how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know how do they how do they
+know uh uh that there's that there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh uh that there's that there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh uh that there's that there you
+know that the mass will want it so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the mass will want it so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the mass will want it so again
+they've got to figure that out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to figure that out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got to figure that out you know
+but yeah it's it's it's very doable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's it's it's very doable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah it's it's it's very doable yeah
+yeah I just wonder about the economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just wonder about the economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just wonder about the economics
+of all this because data and Lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this because data and Lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all this because data and Lego
+develop the Innovations themselves what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the Innovations themselves what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the Innovations themselves what
+they pay is a few salaries for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay is a few salaries for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay is a few salaries for a few
+Engineers whereas this seems and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers whereas this seems and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers whereas this seems and and
+it's possible that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that they have to
+recognize the contribution of user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the contribution of user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the contribution of user
+naration but that a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naration but that a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naration but that a lot of times
+translates into royalty which at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates into royalty which at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates into royalty which at the end
+end up being a lot of more money right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being a lot of more money right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being a lot of more money right
+so you're wondering is it worth it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're wondering is it worth it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're wondering is it worth it to
+them to do it I'm guessing that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do it I'm guessing that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do it I'm guessing that there's
+a balance because this will produce for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance because this will produce for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance because this will produce for
+them a lot more Revenue as well so so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot more Revenue as well so so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a lot more Revenue as well so so is
+there any chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any chance to
+understand you know the trade there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know the trade there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you know the trade there the
+so that's a good Insight the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good Insight the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a good Insight the thing
+is that the producers don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the producers don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the producers don't know what
+the users want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users want
+so what I told you earlier is that users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I told you earlier is that users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I told you earlier is that users
+tend to make the functionally new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make the functionally new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make the functionally new
+things the producer no matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the producer no matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the producer no matter how many
+Engineers he has doesn't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers he has doesn't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers he has doesn't know what they
+want right because I'm off there doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right because I'm off there doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right because I'm off there doing
+something kind of exotic and I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of exotic and I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something kind of exotic and I know what
+I need and I'm struggling with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need and I'm struggling with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need and I'm struggling with it but
+I'm sort of lost amongst a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of lost amongst a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of lost amongst a lot of
+users and just like in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and just like in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users and just like in the case of the
+lead user you know that that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user you know that that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead user you know that that turns out
+to be where the important stuff comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be where the important stuff comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be where the important stuff comes
+from and what the producers do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and what the producers do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and what the producers do is they
+make dimension of Merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make dimension of Merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make dimension of Merit
+improvements to those things so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements to those things so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements to those things so once
+I've established that I want a dam for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've established that I want a dam for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've established that I want a dam for
+my computer Intel will or whoever makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer Intel will or whoever makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my computer Intel will or whoever makes
+memory chips nowadays will make the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory chips nowadays will make the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory chips nowadays will make the more
+efficient dams right and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient dams right and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient dams right and what you see
+here is exactly that split what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is exactly that split what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is exactly that split what you see
+is the user pioneering what the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the user pioneering what the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the user pioneering what the test
+will be which the company cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be which the company cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be which the company cannot
+do and the company using its employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the company using its employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the company using its employees
+to clean it up to do quality control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean it up to do quality control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean it up to do quality control
+okay so yeah that's the huge value they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah that's the huge value they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah that's the huge value they
+don't know what to do that's why you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to do that's why you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to do that's why you saw
+in the case of the lead user study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the lead user study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the lead user study that
+I showed you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you of
+3M that the major new Innovations came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3M that the major new Innovations came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3M that the major new Innovations came
+from users lead users and incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from users lead users and incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from users lead users and incremental
+Innovations came from inside they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations came from inside they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations came from inside they just
+don't know what to do yes I wonder if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to do yes I wonder if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to do yes I wonder if
+there's a meure in the user Community a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a meure in the user Community a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a meure in the user Community a
+mixture of individuals and companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of individuals and companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of individuals and companies
+kind of are there companies Consulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of are there companies Consulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of are there companies Consulting
+using sta as a as a software and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sta as a as a software and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sta as a as a software and it
+create additional modules that they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create additional modules that they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create additional modules that they sell
+to their client and how does it change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their client and how does it change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their client and how does it change
+dynamics of kind of user Community not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of kind of user Community not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of kind of user Community not
+being just purely individuals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being just purely individuals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being just purely individuals but
+companies in there yeah so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in there yeah so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in there yeah so what you see
+is for instance um if the user is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for instance um if the user is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for instance um if the user is a
+company you know I mean it's an employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know I mean it's an employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know I mean it's an employee
+in a company or something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a company or something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a company or something like that you
+will see a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a company
+engaged you will often see like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged you will often see like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged you will often see like in the
+case of Linux there are many many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Linux there are many many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of Linux there are many many people
+as you know from companies like IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know from companies like IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know from companies like IBM
+working on it and so on what you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it and so on what you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it and so on what you'll see
+is that those people contribute things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those people contribute things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those people contribute things
+that IBM wants to interface it to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that IBM wants to interface it to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that IBM wants to interface it to to
+their needs right so whoever is active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their needs right so whoever is active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their needs right so whoever is active
+in this you know for instance if as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you know for instance if as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this you know for instance if as you
+say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a
+consultant they will be doing what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant they will be doing what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultant they will be doing what they
+need for their purposes they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for their purposes they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for their purposes they're not
+necessarily insightful into what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily insightful into what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily insightful into what their
+clients need but for instance they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients need but for instance they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients need but for instance they would
+do things like easier installation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like easier installation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like easier installation and
+so on if that's what they're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if that's what they're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if that's what they're supposed to
+be doing it's quite interesting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing it's quite interesting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing it's quite interesting you know
+when you look at at Innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at at Innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at at Innovations
+um even in wheelchairs for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even in wheelchairs for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even in wheelchairs for example I
+mean this is how specific this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is how specific this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is how specific this is
+wheelchair Innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair Innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair Innovations
+were you know these racing Wheelchairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know these racing Wheelchairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know these racing Wheelchairs
+and so on that you see now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that you see now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that you see now for the
+Special Olympics and so on they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Special Olympics and so on they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Special Olympics and so on they were all
+developed by the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves entirely by the patients not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves entirely by the patients not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves entirely by the patients not
+by the company it's like no wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the company it's like no wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the company it's like no wait a
+minute we get sued we can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we get sued we can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we get sued we can't do that
+forget it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it right
+entirely but the athletes who were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but the athletes who were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but the athletes who were in
+the chair was not were not pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair was not were not pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chair was not were not pushing the
+chair so the handles by which you push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair so the handles by which you push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair so the handles by which you push
+those things are designed by the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are designed by the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are designed by the people
+have to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to push
+them so it's really interesting when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's really interesting when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's really interesting when you
+trace back these Innovations how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back these Innovations how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back these Innovations how
+specific it is to the particular issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it is to the particular issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it is to the particular issue
+that's affecting you okay yes how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's affecting you okay yes how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's affecting you okay yes how much
+would you think uh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think uh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think uh is it
+important for a company to have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a company to have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a company to have a good
+image like everyone lost Lego I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image like everyone lost Lego I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image like everyone lost Lego I guess
+from from their childhood and it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from their childhood and it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from their childhood and it's easy
+to contribute that on the contrary a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute that on the contrary a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contribute that on the contrary a
+company like Microsoft for example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like Microsoft for example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company like Microsoft for example which
+which was quite not disliked in the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was quite not disliked in the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was quite not disliked in the user
+Community would they be able to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community would they be able to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community would they be able to set up
+something like a website and and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a website and and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a website and and have
+success with that or would they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success with that or would they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success with that or would they have to
+work on on the image for five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on on the image for five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on on the image for five years
+until yeah that's a very good insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until yeah that's a very good insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until yeah that's a very good insight
+and and we'll get to the matter of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll get to the matter of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll get to the matter of how
+you deal with your user Community let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with your user Community let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with your user Community let's
+let's go on so now but prior to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on so now but prior to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on so now but prior to that
+think to yourself that two lessons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself that two lessons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself that two lessons here
+from both this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both this thing
+and this thing the commonality is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing the commonality is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing the commonality is that
+you hold something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hold something that's
+proprietary and you try to enable your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and you try to enable your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary and you try to enable your
+users then to innovate in areas where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users then to innovate in areas where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users then to innovate in areas where
+they know more now there's a fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know more now there's a fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know more now there's a fascinating
+Coral era here we don't know how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral era here we don't know how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral era here we don't know how far
+this is going to go as users get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to go as users get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to go as users get better
+and better there's a fascinating Coral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better there's a fascinating Coral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better there's a fascinating Coral
+area here which is in this field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here which is in this field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here which is in this field of
+statistical software development there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software development there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical software development there's
+also a project called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a project called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a project called
+r r is entirely open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r is entirely open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r is entirely open
+source now one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source now one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source now one of the things that
+happens you remember I told you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you remember I told you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you remember I told you in the
+case of stata that there's a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of stata that there's a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of stata that there's a core
+product that they keep closed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that they keep closed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that they keep closed because
+that's their proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their proprietary
+Advantage now that works fine for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage now that works fine for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage now that works fine for many
+users but some users to do what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users but some users to do what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users but some users to do what they
+want to do have to reach into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do have to reach into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do have to reach into the
+core and static can't l let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and static can't l let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and static can't l let
+them so they get mad and they go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they get mad and they go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so they get mad and they go away
+and they work with something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work with something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work with something that's
+completely open called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open called
+R which is a totally open- source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is a totally open- source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is a totally open- source
+project which doesn't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which doesn't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which doesn't have this
+requirement in order to maintain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in order to maintain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in order to maintain a
+profit of having a proprietary component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit of having a proprietary component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit of having a proprietary component
+of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some
+sort and so what's happening now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and so what's happening now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and so what's happening now is that
+the energy and The Innovation level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and The Innovation level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy and The Innovation level
+within the r community is exceeding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the r community is exceeding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the r community is exceeding that
+within the stata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the stata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the stata
+community so it's not clear over time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so it's not clear over time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so it's not clear over time we
+are in a case now or in a position where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a case now or in a position where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a case now or in a position where
+this whole area of user Innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area of user Innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area of user Innovation and
+the roles that companies play in it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles that companies play in it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roles that companies play in it is
+evolving and it's not clear what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and it's not clear what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and it's not clear what the
+stable positions are you know so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable positions are you know so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable positions are you know so so
+we'll just have to see now this is yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just have to see now this is yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just have to see now this is yet
+another example of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of the same
+thing same pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing same pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing same pattern
+users came along there were games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users came along there were games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users came along there were games that
+were developed by producers video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed by producers video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were developed by producers video games
+same pattern they developed it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pattern they developed it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pattern they developed it as a
+monolithic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolithic
+product what happened was users hacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what happened was users hacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what happened was users hacked
+it they didn't like it the way it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they didn't like it the way it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they didn't like it the way it was so
+the first one to be hacked I think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to be hacked I think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to be hacked I think was
+Castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle
+Wolfenstein a game which they hacked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfenstein a game which they hacked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfenstein a game which they hacked and
+became Castle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became Castle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became Castle
+smurfin instead of these dangerous kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smurfin instead of these dangerous kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smurfin instead of these dangerous kind
+of people they had wonderful little blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they had wonderful little blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people they had wonderful little blue
+Smurfs wandering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smurfs wandering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smurfs wandering
+around the company was most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the company was most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the company was most
+annoyed but then as they hacked one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed but then as they hacked one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoyed but then as they hacked one
+company finally said in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company finally said in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company finally said in the case of
+something called Counter Strike you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Counter Strike you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called Counter Strike you know
+what these users are not only hacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these users are not only hacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these users are not only hacking
+they're starting to publish hacking kits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to publish hacking kits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starting to publish hacking kits
+so that others can hack our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that others can hack our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that others can hack our
+stuff maybe what we ought to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff maybe what we ought to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff maybe what we ought to do is we
+ought to get with the program here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to get with the program here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to get with the program here and
+so what they did was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they
+separated their games into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated their games into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated their games into two
+components one component was the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one component was the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one component was the story
+component in effect where you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in effect where you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in effect where you decide
+whether what is going on there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether what is going on there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether what is going on there is that
+it's a space game or a game among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a space game or a game among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a space game or a game among
+children on Earth or whatever it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children on Earth or whatever it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children on Earth or whatever it might
+be and the other is sort of the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and the other is sort of the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and the other is sort of the engine
+the physics engine the thing that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics engine the thing that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics engine the thing that says
+that when you throw an object whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you throw an object whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you throw an object whether
+it's a ball or whether it's a spear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ball or whether it's a spear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ball or whether it's a spear or
+whether it's a spaceship it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a spaceship it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a spaceship it has some
+sort of a Arc to it when you move or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Arc to it when you move or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a Arc to it when you move or
+walk here's how you move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk here's how you move that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk here's how you move that
+stuff and so then what they said was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and so then what they said was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and so then what they said was we
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+games the top module plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games the top module plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games the top module plus the
+engine and then if people want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and then if people want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and then if people want to play
+by putting new mods on top they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting new mods on top they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting new mods on top they will
+have to buy our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to buy our
+engine so what happens in the end is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so what happens in the end is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine so what happens in the end is it
+enhances the value and the longevity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances the value and the longevity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhances the value and the longevity of
+the engine because people are doing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine because people are doing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine because people are doing new
+things with it so again that's you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with it so again that's you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with it so again that's you see
+this Common Thread here it's that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Common Thread here it's that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Common Thread here it's that the
+companies own the engine now in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies own the engine now in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies own the engine now in that
+area it's quite interesting there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's quite interesting there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's quite interesting there have
+been open-source efforts to make engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been open-source efforts to make engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been open-source efforts to make engines
+but the field is moving quite rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the field is moving quite rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the field is moving quite rapidly
+because you need a new engine every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need a new engine every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need a new engine every
+every time you have a new generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have a new generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you have a new generation of
+of of of processors and and and Graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of processors and and and Graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of processors and and and Graphics
+chips and so on so somehow or other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and so on so somehow or other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips and so on so somehow or other the
+companies are hanging on with these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are hanging on with these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are hanging on with these sort
+of Base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Base
+modules uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules uh you can
+actually have your users do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have your users do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have your users do things like
+assist with product support one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist with product support one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assist with product support one of the
+things that producers are very concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that producers are very concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that producers are very concerned
+about is they say well we have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is they say well we have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is they say well we have to make a
+homogeneous product and if we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous product and if we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous product and if we end up
+Prov providing a range of options or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov providing a range of options or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov providing a range of options or
+allowing users to do so how on Earth are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing users to do so how on Earth are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing users to do so how on Earth are
+we going to maintain this thing how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to maintain this thing how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to maintain this thing how are
+we going to provide customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to provide customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to provide customer
+service the fascinating thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the fascinating thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service the fascinating thing is that
+these communities tend to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these communities tend to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these communities tend to provide
+service on their own they tend to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service on their own they tend to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service on their own they tend to help
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other so you can sort of say well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you can sort of say well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you can sort of say well this
+is my part of the system I provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my part of the system I provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my part of the system I provide
+service on that and then basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service on that and then basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service on that and then basically the
+users themselves provide the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users themselves provide the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users themselves provide the service
+for the stuff that they develop it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stuff that they develop it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stuff that they develop it's
+really an interesting new world now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an interesting new world now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an interesting new world now to
+your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point
+Michael and to the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael and to the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael and to the point of
+others you have to understand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you have to understand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others you have to understand that the
+interests of a host Community or a host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of a host Community or a host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of a host Community or a host
+manufacturer and the user Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the user Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and the user Innovation
+community may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community may not be
+aligned okay so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned okay so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned okay so this is where
+the ability to sort of have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to sort of have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to sort of have a good
+relationship with these people starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with these people starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with these people starts to
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+in one really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one really good
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+BMW because it turns out that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMW because it turns out that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BMW because it turns out that people
+race BMWs as of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race BMWs as of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race BMWs as of course you
+know and what BMW does is they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and what BMW does is they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and what BMW does is they have
+engine chips just as does every car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine chips just as does every car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine chips just as does every car and
+the engine chips have things in it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine chips have things in it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine chips have things in it like
+speed limiters you know engine rev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limiters you know engine rev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed limiters you know engine rev
+limiters and they have engine rev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiters and they have engine rev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiters and they have engine rev
+limitter so you won't blow up the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitter so you won't blow up the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitter so you won't blow up the engine
+well if you're trying to race you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're trying to race you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're trying to race you really
+don't want to be in that safe Zone you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be in that safe Zone you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be in that safe Zone you'd
+really much rather be sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much rather be sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much rather be sort of in the
+edge of blowing up right because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of blowing up right because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of blowing up right because then
+hey you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you might
+win so what users were doing was putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so what users were doing was putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so what users were doing was putting
+in their own chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own chips
+which got rid of the rev limiter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got rid of the rev limiter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got rid of the rev limiter and
+racing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing like
+hell and occasionally blowing up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell and occasionally blowing up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell and occasionally blowing up the
+engine and then what they would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and then what they would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and then what they would do is
+they would put back in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would put back in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would put back in the old
+chip and they'd bring it to the dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and they'd bring it to the dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and they'd bring it to the dealer
+and they'd say I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd say I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'd say I don't know what
+happened you know I was driving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you know I was driving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you know I was driving to the
+supermarket and the blew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket and the blew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket and the blew
+up yeah actually did this with my you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah actually did this with my you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah actually did this with my you
+did it I had a separate engine control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it I had a separate engine control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it I had a separate engine control
+unit in the trunk that I would swap I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit in the trunk that I would swap I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit in the trunk that I would swap I
+went to the dealer and I learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the dealer and I learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the dealer and I learned from
+the Audi World Forum there's a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Audi World Forum there's a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Audi World Forum there's a specific
+way that you can start up the car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can start up the car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you can start up the car and
+run the fan cycle a few times so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the fan cycle a few times so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the fan cycle a few times so that it
+doesn't cause any fault codes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cause any fault codes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cause any fault codes in the
+onboard diagnostic because back in 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboard diagnostic because back in 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onboard diagnostic because back in 2001
+the OBD sensors weren't quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OBD sensors weren't quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OBD sensors weren't quite as
+sophisticated as they are now the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as they are now the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated as they are now the car
+wouldn't know whether you swapped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know whether you swapped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know whether you swapped out
+the ECU or not uhhuh and now why were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ECU or not uhhuh and now why were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ECU or not uhhuh and now why were
+you doing all that secretive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing all that secretive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing all that secretive
+stuff I increased the horsepower by like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I increased the horsepower by like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I increased the horsepower by like
+90 horsepower the right and why were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 horsepower the right and why were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 horsepower the right and why were you
+not wanting Audi to know they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wanting Audi to know they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wanting Audi to know they would
+avoid my yes there you go so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid my yes there you go so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid my yes there you go so your
+interests were not aligned with shall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests were not aligned with shall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests were not aligned with shall we
+say Audi right in that instance now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Audi right in that instance now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Audi right in that instance now this
+often happens and so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often happens and so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often happens and so the question is
+what to do about it right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experimented and they've sort of learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented and they've sort of learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented and they've sort of learned
+by experience that it doesn't pay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by experience that it doesn't pay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by experience that it doesn't pay to
+fight with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight with your
+users okay I mean it's fascinating but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users okay I mean it's fascinating but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users okay I mean it's fascinating but
+it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't
+pay there seem to be people that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay there seem to be people that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay there seem to be people that you're
+trying to sell to are your users oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell to are your users oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell to are your users oh
+oddly enough and it also seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly enough and it also seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly enough and it also seems like
+they're more of them than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more of them than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more of them than
+you and so a wonderful example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so a wonderful example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and so a wonderful example of this
+was that was sort of a object lesson to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was sort of a object lesson to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was sort of a object lesson to
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to
+companies I don't know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies I don't know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies I don't know about the
+Microsoft lesson I'm not sure about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft lesson I'm not sure about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft lesson I'm not sure about that
+but the the lesson to companies was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the lesson to companies was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the lesson to companies was um
+AT&T one of the things that people found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T one of the things that people found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T one of the things that people found
+were phone freakers have you ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were phone freakers have you ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were phone freakers have you ever heard
+of phone freakers phone freakers was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phone freakers phone freakers was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phone freakers phone freakers was
+pre-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-
+internet and what phone freakers was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and what phone freakers was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and what phone freakers was was
+the company AT&T introduced those tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company AT&T introduced those tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company AT&T introduced those tones
+you now have push buttons before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have push buttons before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have push buttons before that
+you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the
+dial and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial and the
+tones told the tone the told the toll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones told the tone the told the toll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones told the tone the told the toll
+operator things like you've paid your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator things like you've paid your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator things like you've paid your
+toll so if you figured out the tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll so if you figured out the tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll so if you figured out the tones
+that would say Hey listen I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would say Hey listen I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would say Hey listen I just put
+some money in then the thing would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money in then the thing would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money in then the thing would go
+ahead and let you make a call to Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and let you make a call to Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and let you make a call to Brazil
+or whatever you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you were trying to
+do and it turned out that a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it turned out that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it turned out that a particular
+tone namely a tone 24 2400 Hertz I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone namely a tone 24 2400 Hertz I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone namely a tone 24 2400 Hertz I think
+it was that was produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was that was produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was that was produced
+by a whistle that was sold in Captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a whistle that was sold in Captain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a whistle that was sold in Captain
+Crunch cereal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crunch cereal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crunch cereal
+was perfect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was perfect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was perfect for
+that now Steve Jobs and his friends went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now Steve Jobs and his friends went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now Steve Jobs and his friends went
+further they they made what we call Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further they they made what we call Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further they they made what we call Blue
+Boxes where you actually could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boxes where you actually could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boxes where you actually could you know
+do a lot of things but anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of things but anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of things but anyway the
+Captain Crunch whistle was really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Captain Crunch whistle was really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Captain Crunch whistle was really good
+for for saying I just put in a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for saying I just put in a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for saying I just put in a quarter
+for God's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for God's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for God's
+sakes and what they would do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakes and what they would do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sakes and what they would do is they
+sent set up the almost the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent set up the almost the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent set up the almost the equivalent of
+a primitive internet what you had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a primitive internet what you had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a primitive internet what you had was
+party lines or or or conference calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party lines or or or conference calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party lines or or or conference calls
+that could last for days you you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could last for days you you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could last for days you you just
+set it up and everybody knew it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up and everybody knew it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up and everybody knew it was
+there and everybody would get on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and everybody would get on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and everybody would get on and
+interact and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and so on and so forth
+AT&T got really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T got really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T got really
+upset so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset so
+AT&T started to try to track down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T started to try to track down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T started to try to track down and
+attack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the
+hackers the hackers found this had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers the hackers found this had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hackers the hackers found this had
+enormous entertainment value and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous entertainment value and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous entertainment value and they
+therefore turned from trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore turned from trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore turned from trying to
+understand the phone system and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the phone system and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the phone system and play
+with it to trying to attack AT&T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it to trying to attack AT&T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it to trying to attack AT&T
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+AT&T learned to deeply regret it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T learned to deeply regret it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AT&T learned to deeply regret it you
+know they thought this was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they thought this was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they thought this was a really
+really not a good idea and people learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a good idea and people learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a good idea and people learn
+from that you know so the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you know so the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that you know so the thing that you
+want to do is you want to make it easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to make it easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is you want to make it easy
+for people to do the things that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to do the things that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to do the things that are in
+your and their joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your and their joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your and their joint
+interest you want to provide them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest you want to provide them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest you want to provide them with
+tools that both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that both sides
+find of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find of
+interest and then fascinatingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and then fascinatingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and then fascinatingly
+enough the community will support you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the community will support you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough the community will support you
+and protect your interests it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protect your interests it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protect your interests it
+appears an interesting example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears an interesting example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears an interesting example of that
+by a guy uh was written up by a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a guy uh was written up by a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a guy uh was written up by a student
+of mine who's now a professor in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine who's now a professor in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mine who's now a professor in in
+Wharton uh was the example of the too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wharton uh was the example of the too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wharton uh was the example of the too
+community and as he explains it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and as he explains it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and as he explains it you know
+to you you know toos are are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you know toos are are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you know toos are are these
+things things that record programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things that record programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things things that record programs and
+and time shift and so on they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time shift and so on they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time shift and so on they they're
+basically big discs and the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically big discs and the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically big discs and the way they
+make their money is that they for $10 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their money is that they for $10 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their money is that they for $10 a
+month or whatever it is they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or whatever it is they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month or whatever it is they sell
+you information on what show is on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you information on what show is on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you information on what show is on what
+Channel now they're pretty nice to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel now they're pretty nice to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel now they're pretty nice to their
+user community and they've designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user community and they've designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user community and they've designed
+their system so that you can put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system so that you can put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system so that you can put in
+bigger discs and do all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger discs and do all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger discs and do all sorts of things
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that and they there's a user community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they there's a user community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they there's a user community
+and the user community of likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the user community of likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the user community of likes
+them which is fortunate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them which is fortunate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them which is fortunate because
+everybody knows that you could find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that you could find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that you could find the
+same information they are charging you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information they are charging you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information they are charging you
+10 bucks a month for on the web for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bucks a month for on the web for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 bucks a month for on the web for
+free so basically if the user Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so basically if the user Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so basically if the user Community
+wanted to they could bankrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to they could bankrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to they could bankrupt
+too but what the community site does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but what the community site does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but what the community site does is
+it doesn't allow those hacks on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't allow those hacks on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't allow those hacks on the
+site it's actually actively protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site it's actually actively protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site it's actually actively protecting
+sort of this shared interest and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this shared interest and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this shared interest and that's
+where you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to get
+to right there will be Divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right there will be Divergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to right there will be Divergent
+interests but what you want to get to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests but what you want to get to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests but what you want to get to is
+the idea that we're in this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're in this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we're in this together
+we're kind of helping you you're helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of helping you you're helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of helping you you're helping
+us that's why when I talked about stata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's why when I talked about stata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that's why when I talked about stata
+and the fact that they attributed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that they attributed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that they attributed the
+tests and that when we interviewed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and that when we interviewed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and that when we interviewed the
+users or my colleague in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users or my colleague in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users or my colleague in Germany
+interviewed the users the users did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed the users the users did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed the users the users did not
+feel ripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel ripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel ripped
+off that's where you want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's where you want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that's where you want to get to
+nowadays a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays a lot of
+companies basically do sort of rip off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies basically do sort of rip off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies basically do sort of rip off
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+community and the first thing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and the first thing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and the first thing that they
+do when they come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when they come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when they come up with an
+innovation they the users that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation they the users that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation they the users that the
+company wants the company takes it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wants the company takes it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company wants the company takes it and
+doesn't acknowledge that the users did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't acknowledge that the users did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't acknowledge that the users did
+it there's no reason for that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's no reason for that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's no reason for that you know
+it is convenient vent because somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is convenient vent because somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is convenient vent because somebody
+worries inside oh well maybe we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries inside oh well maybe we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries inside oh well maybe we're going
+to have our IP challenged or oh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our IP challenged or oh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have our IP challenged or oh maybe
+people will think that I'm not doing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will think that I'm not doing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will think that I'm not doing my
+job as an engineer if I in fact admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job as an engineer if I in fact admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job as an engineer if I in fact admit
+that it came from somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it came from somewhere else
+regularly when I talk with companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly when I talk with companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly when I talk with companies
+they will say oh yes this and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say oh yes this and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will say oh yes this and that and
+the other thing came from users and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing came from users and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing came from users and then
+you will ask them did they ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will ask them did they ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will ask them did they ever
+acknowledge it and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge it and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge it and the answer is
+uniformly no no no we wouldn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly no no no we wouldn't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly no no no we wouldn't do that
+well we got to learn to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we got to learn to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we got to learn to do
+that now Innovation communities don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now Innovation communities don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now Innovation communities don't
+need your help to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your help to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your help to become
+active does your product have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active does your product have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active does your product have an
+innovating user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating user
+Community check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community check the
+web right check the web you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web right check the web you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web right check the web you know when
+you Google Mustang Ford forums Lots come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Google Mustang Ford forums Lots come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Google Mustang Ford forums Lots come
+up lots of moding and so on when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up lots of moding and so on when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up lots of moding and so on when you
+Google things that you wouldn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google things that you wouldn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google things that you wouldn't think
+anybody would care about like John Deere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would care about like John Deere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody would care about like John Deere
+lawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tractors clubs all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors clubs all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors clubs all over the
+place right and look what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right and look what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place right and look what they're doing
+again they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they are
+protecting John Deer and themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting John Deer and themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting John Deer and themselves
+discussions on bypassing safety switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions on bypassing safety switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions on bypassing safety switches
+of the operation of equipment in unsafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operation of equipment in unsafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operation of equipment in unsafe
+manner or condition including but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner or condition including but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner or condition including but not
+limited to bypass switches overriding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to bypass switches overriding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to bypass switches overriding
+the governor or lack of shields are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the governor or lack of shields are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the governor or lack of shields are not
+permitted on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group isn't that interesting I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group isn't that interesting I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group isn't that interesting I mean this
+is independent of John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of John
+Deere so now when you look what you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deere so now when you look what you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deere so now when you look what you find
+is that they're messing around and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're messing around and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're messing around and there
+was a particular engineer in John Deer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a particular engineer in John Deer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a particular engineer in John Deer
+who was saying you know we're I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was saying you know we're I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was saying you know we're I don't
+know if I mentioned this to you but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I mentioned this to you but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I mentioned this to you but they
+were saying um you know got this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying um you know got this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying um you know got this really
+Advanced thing that we're doing we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced thing that we're doing we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced thing that we're doing we are
+developing GPS guidance for lawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing GPS guidance for lawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing GPS guidance for lawn
+tractors so they'll mow the lawn for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors so they'll mow the lawn for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors so they'll mow the lawn for you
+and sort of not run over the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of not run over the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of not run over the children
+and not run over the dogs and not run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not run over the dogs and not run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not run over the dogs and not run
+over the plants and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the plants and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the plants and things like
+that so I urged him to look on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I urged him to look on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I urged him to look on the web
+because in fact experts are not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact experts are not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact experts are not in your
+company as well we all go home at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as well we all go home at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as well we all go home at night
+and we're all pretty good at what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're all pretty good at what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're all pretty good at what we do
+and there were half a dozen clubs who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were half a dozen clubs who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were half a dozen clubs who
+had projects exactly on that top topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had projects exactly on that top topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had projects exactly on that top topic
+okay so why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why not
+link okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link okay so
+now happening all over you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now happening all over you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now happening all over you remember the
+Microsoft Connect controller do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Connect controller do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Connect controller do you
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+that it's so cool I mean these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's so cool I mean these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's so cool I mean these were
+these were were these are depth cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were were these are depth cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were were these are depth cameras
+as you know and and they're used with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know and and they're used with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know and and they're used with uh
+the the Xbox and so on uh to to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Xbox and so on uh to to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Xbox and so on uh to to pick up
+gestures and people if you go over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and people if you go over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures and people if you go over to
+the media lab there dozens and dozens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media lab there dozens and dozens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the media lab there dozens and dozens of
+of them in there being used for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in there being used for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in there being used for all
+sorts of things well once they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things well once they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things well once they were
+posted you know once they started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted you know once they started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted you know once they started to
+sell this thing a couple of days later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell this thing a couple of days later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell this thing a couple of days later
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+posted a reward for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted a reward for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted a reward for the first
+hack to open it up and do stuff with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack to open it up and do stuff with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack to open it up and do stuff with
+it and immediately people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and immediately people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and immediately people did
+it okay what happened next on the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay what happened next on the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay what happened next on the day
+went to S on sale the more free of adaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to S on sale the more free of adaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to S on sale the more free of adaf
+fruit she's an open source uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit she's an open source uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit she's an open source uh uh uh
+maker of Open Source Hardware announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker of Open Source Hardware announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker of Open Source Hardware announced
+a $3,000 cash Bounty for anyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $3,000 cash Bounty for anyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a $3,000 cash Bounty for anyone who
+creates and releases free software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates and releases free software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates and releases free software
+allowing the connect to be used with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the connect to be used with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the connect to be used with
+computer instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer instead of an
+Xbox Microsoft said we do not condone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xbox Microsoft said we do not condone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xbox Microsoft said we do not condone
+this we will work closely with law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enforcement which didn't bother anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement which didn't bother anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement which didn't bother anybody
+at all and then um Microsoft changed its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and then um Microsoft changed its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and then um Microsoft changed its
+mind very quickly anytime there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind very quickly anytime there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind very quickly anytime there's
+engagement excitement around technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement excitement around technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement excitement around technology
+we see is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see is a good
+thing it's naive to think that any new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's naive to think that any new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's naive to think that any new
+technology comes out won't have a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology comes out won't have a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology comes out won't have a group
+that Tinkers with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tinkers with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Tinkers with it
+so what you have to do now and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do now and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do now and let's
+just have a discussion in the last very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a discussion in the last very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a discussion in the last very
+few minutes what you have to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes what you have to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes what you have to do is you
+have to think about your products how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about your products how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about your products how
+you can hook up with communities it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hook up with communities it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hook up with communities it's
+not that you have to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you have to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that you have to build the
+communities the communities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities the communities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities the communities are
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+there but what you see from what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but what you see from what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but what you see from what I've
+told you in these examples is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you in these examples is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you in these examples is that the
+communities can be linked to in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities can be linked to in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities can be linked to in ways
+that are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mutually
+beneficial companies can then allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial companies can then allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial companies can then allocate
+some of their R&D effort in effect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their R&D effort in effect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their R&D effort in effect to
+the communities because the communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities because the communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the communities because the communities
+can do it better and companies can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it better and companies can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it better and companies can do
+what they do better on their side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do better on their side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do better on their side and
+that's really the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the solution
+to this thing that I showed you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this thing that I showed you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this thing that I showed you in the
+case of the kite surfing example where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the kite surfing example where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the kite surfing example where I
+said that the users were driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the users were driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that the users were driving the
+producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers
+out don't try to do what the users do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out don't try to do what the users do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out don't try to do what the users do
+try to work with them and in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work with them and in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to work with them and in a way that
+rewards them so that they'll continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards them so that they'll continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards them so that they'll continue to
+treat you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat you
+nicely okay so I'm going to give you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely okay so I'm going to give you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely okay so I'm going to give you now
+like five minutes to talk with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five minutes to talk with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five minutes to talk with each
+other about how this might work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about how this might work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about how this might work in the
+case of your company or the company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of your company or the company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of your company or the company you
+used to work for okay think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work for okay think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work for okay think about
+whether there is a user Community think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is a user Community think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there is a user Community think
+about what you could open up versus keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you could open up versus keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you could open up versus keep
+private and try to think if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private and try to think if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private and try to think if this thing
+would work go ahead say hello to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work go ahead say hello to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work go ahead say hello to your
+neighbor once again get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/osyKjTQuwlk.txt b/osyKjTQuwlk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..250fe59e0b416ff6ea7d01953b84267deeb4e5f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osyKjTQuwlk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. What I thought I would do is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What I thought I would do is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What I thought I would do is go
+I'm going to go quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go quickly
+through the problems that were assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the problems that were assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the problems that were assigned
+for practice. There's seven or eight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for practice. There's seven or eight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for practice. There's seven or eight of
+them and I'm not going to do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I'm not going to do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I'm not going to do all of
+them. I'm going to go through and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. I'm going to go through and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. I'm going to go through and kind
+of talk about sort of some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk about sort of some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk about sort of some of the key
+issues are with each problem. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are with each problem. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are with each problem. And so the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh you know maybe make some points about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe make some points about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe make some points about
+identifying how you do problems not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying how you do problems not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying how you do problems not
+necessarily specifically focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily specifically focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily specifically focus on the
+exact question that was asked here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact question that was asked here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact question that was asked here. So
+here was this first this was a quiz from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was this first this was a quiz from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was this first this was a quiz from
+last year and uh you are asked to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year and uh you are asked to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year and uh you are asked to find
+an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation of
+motion for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for this
+thing and it's it can be a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's it can be a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's it can be a bit of a
+puzzling problem. So how many degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling problem. So how many degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzling problem. So how many degrees of
+freedom? What are the constraints? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom? What are the constraints? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom? What are the constraints? What
+equation should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation should you
+use? So first of all I look at a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use? So first of all I look at a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use? So first of all I look at a problem
+like this is it planer motion or not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is it planer motion or not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is it planer motion or not?
+Okay so maximum three degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so maximum three degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so maximum three degrees of
+freedom. What are the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. What are the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. What are the what are the
+constraints though?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So g is r over two from the center. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So g is r over two from the center. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So g is r over two from the center. So
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+true. And so it's what you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. And so it's what you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. And so it's what you're really
+saying is it's fixed in radial motion,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's fixed in radial motion,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is it's fixed in radial motion,
+right? Then you're right. That's one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Then you're right. That's one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Then you're right. That's one. So
+that's one constraint. What's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one constraint. What's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one constraint. What's another
+constraint in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem? How many do we all how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? How many do we all how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? How many do we all how many
+degrees of freedom do you expect to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom do you expect to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom do you expect to end
+up with? How many equ how many equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with? How many equ how many equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with? How many equ how many equations
+do you need? How many coordinates? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need? How many coordinates? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need? How many coordinates? I
+one, right? So how do we articulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? So how do we articulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? So how do we articulate the
+other constraint?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, it can't move radially. We figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it can't move radially. We figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it can't move radially. We figured
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out. So, this is this is actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So, this is this is actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So, this is this is actually kind
+of an important point in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an important point in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an important point in this problem
+because if you get this down then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you get this down then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you get this down then the
+problem becomes very simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So talk to a neighbor. What's how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So talk to a neighbor. What's how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So talk to a neighbor. What's how would
+you describe the other constraints here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe the other constraints here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe the other constraints here?
+I'm going to give you wait give you hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you wait give you hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you wait give you hold
+it a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a second.
+Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+Well, there is gravity. Yes, but gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there is gravity. Yes, but gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there is gravity. Yes, but gravity
+is not a constraint. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a constraint. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a constraint. So this is a
+pendulum actually of sorts, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum actually of sorts, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum actually of sorts, but
+describing. So talk to a neighbor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing. So talk to a neighbor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing. So talk to a neighbor and
+what how would you describe the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how would you describe the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how would you describe the other
+constraint?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. How would you describe it? What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How would you describe it? What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How would you describe it? What's
+the other what's the other constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other what's the other constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other what's the other constraint
+here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So sometimes if you have sometimes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sometimes if you have sometimes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sometimes if you have sometimes if
+something's pinned, we say, well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's pinned, we say, well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's pinned, we say, well then
+it's fixed in X and Y and that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in X and Y and that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in X and Y and that's two
+constraints. It's only left to rotate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. It's only left to rotate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints. It's only left to rotate.
+But this one doesn't seem to it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this one doesn't seem to it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this one doesn't seem to it's kind
+of hard to understand where this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to understand where this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to understand where this one's
+pinned. You know this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned. You know this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned. You know this thing is
+constrained in X and Y because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in X and Y because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in X and Y because you want
+to use theta for the coordinate, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use theta for the coordinate, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use theta for the coordinate, right?
+But how do you say that it's constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how do you say that it's constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how do you say that it's constrained
+in that other thing? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, he's saying that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, he's saying that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, he's saying that you can
+define X and Y in terms of R and theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define X and Y in terms of R and theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define X and Y in terms of R and theta.
+And that's that's true. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's that's true. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's that's true. And I'm going to
+say it slightly differently. So, the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it slightly differently. So, the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it slightly differently. So, the way
+I think about this problem is we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about this problem is we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about this problem is we've said
+that it's constrained in the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's constrained in the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's constrained in the radial
+direction. So, that's one. It can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So, that's one. It can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So, that's one. It can move
+in the tangential direction, right? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tangential direction, right? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tangential direction, right? This
+problem is really exactly the same as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is really exactly the same as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is really exactly the same as a
+skateboard problem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboard problem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboard problem in a
+bowl. Okay, it just you you shorten that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl. Okay, it just you you shorten that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowl. Okay, it just you you shorten that
+thing a little bit and looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a little bit and looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a little bit and looks like a
+skateboard. And we're ignoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboard. And we're ignoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skateboard. And we're ignoring the
+inertia of the wheel. So it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia of the wheel. So it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia of the wheel. So it's just a
+stick sliding up and down. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick sliding up and down. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick sliding up and down. So what's the
+relationship between the tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the tangential
+motion and theta? Is is it a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and theta? Is is it a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and theta? Is is it a fixed
+relationship? So how far does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship? So how far does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship? So how far does it
+move in the theta in a if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the theta in a if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the theta in a if you have a
+little motion delta theta? How far does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motion delta theta? How far does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little motion delta theta? How far does
+it move tangentially?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move tangentially?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move tangentially?
+R delta theta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R delta theta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R delta theta,
+right? Is the uh you know the delta r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Is the uh you know the delta r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Is the uh you know the delta r
+tangential the distance it's moves. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential the distance it's moves. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential the distance it's moves. So
+this this is a way to say the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a way to say the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a way to say the other
+constraint is is if you know the theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is is if you know the theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is is if you know the theta
+you know how far it's moved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how far it's moved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how far it's moved in the
+radial in the tangential direction. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial in the tangential direction. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial in the tangential direction. So
+that's a way of saying that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of saying that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way of saying that other
+constraint. Okay. Then we can say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. Okay. Then we can say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint. Okay. Then we can say we
+completely describe this problem by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely describe this problem by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely describe this problem by one
+one coordinate and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coordinate and that's
+theta. And the second you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And the second you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And the second you can do that
+this problem then has a center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem then has a center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem then has a center of
+rotation right right in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation right right in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation right right in the center of
+the circle. And anytime you have a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle. And anytime you have a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle. And anytime you have a body
+which rotates around a central point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rotates around a central point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which rotates around a central point
+then you know that you can describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know that you can describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know that you can describe the
+angular momentum of the body as some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the body as some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the body as some I
+with respect to a times and it's planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a times and it's planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a times and it's planer
+motion. So then it's just omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. So then it's just omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. So then it's just omega
+z right as long as this is a principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z right as long as this is a principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z right as long as this is a principle
+long as you're use just you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're use just you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you're use just you have the
+mass moments of inertia in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moments of inertia in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moments of inertia in terms of
+principal axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes
+here and it's nice when you can write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's nice when you can write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's nice when you can write it
+that simply right as soon the second you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply right as soon the second you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply right as soon the second you
+can identify a fixed point about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify a fixed point about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify a fixed point about which
+something rotates then the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotates then the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotates then the angular
+momentum simplifies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum simplifies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum simplifies to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then this problem, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then this problem, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then this problem, of course,
+the sum of the torqus with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the torqus with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the torqus with respect to
+the center here, that's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center here, that's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center here, that's got to be
+d h with respect to a dt plus vao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d h with respect to a dt plus vao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d h with respect to a dt plus vao
+cross. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross. But this
+is what's the velocity at point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the velocity at point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the velocity at point
+a zero. So that you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero. So that you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero. So that you don't have to worry
+about this term and it is it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term and it is it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term and it is it's just that
+and you know that the uh the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that the uh the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that the uh the sum of the
+external torqus in this problem comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from gravity. So you put in the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gravity. So you put in the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from gravity. So you put in the gravity
+term and compute the torqus about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and compute the torqus about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and compute the torqus about the
+center.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center.
+Uh so our object really looks like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so our object really looks like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so our object really looks like that.
+And here's G. And in the problem the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's G. And in the problem the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's G. And in the problem the way
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posed the theta is drawn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed the theta is drawn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed the theta is drawn from this
+line. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. So this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+theta. So what's the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So what's the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So what's the moment
+arm? Looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm? Looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm? Looks
+like whatever this distance is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever this distance is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever this distance is which is
+r / 2. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r / 2. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r / 2. It's
+given r /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given r /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given r /
+2 cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 cossine
+theta is the length of this side. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the length of this side. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the length of this side. So the
+moment that gravity makes is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mg and that's going to be equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg and that's going to be equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg and that's going to be equal to some
+i zz about a theta dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i zz about a theta dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i zz about a theta dot.
+Okay, good. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh take a look at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take a look at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take a look at the next
+problem. And now, so my intention here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And now, so my intention here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And now, so my intention here,
+I'm going to go kind of quickly one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go kind of quickly one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go kind of quickly one by
+another and I'm just trying to hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and I'm just trying to hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and I'm just trying to hit the
+important concepts. So if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts. So if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts. So if you have a
+question about the concepts, ask. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the concepts, ask. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the concepts, ask. You
+know, if I've left you wondering this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if I've left you wondering this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if I've left you wondering this is
+I'm really want this to be kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really want this to be kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really want this to be kind of a
+conversation here. So that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation here. So that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation here. So that's the whole
+point of giving you the essence of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of giving you the essence of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of giving you the essence of what
+these pro what makes these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pro what makes these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pro what makes these problems
+work. Okay, this one uh we just find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay, this one uh we just find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay, this one uh we just find a
+location of the center of mass. You're I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the center of mass. You're I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the center of mass. You're I
+think you're pretty good at that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're pretty good at that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're pretty good at that sort of
+thing with respect. Well, remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with respect. Well, remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with respect. Well, remember
+there's a couple points about center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple points about center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple points about center of
+mass. This one it says find it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. This one it says find it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. This one it says find it and
+you're given the two objects. Important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the two objects. Important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given the two objects. Important
+point is that you can pick any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that you can pick any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that you can pick any
+coordinate at all with in order to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate at all with in order to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate at all with in order to use
+it to compute the center of mass. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to compute the center of mass. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to compute the center of mass. So I
+pick S here, the M1 and some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick S here, the M1 and some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick S here, the M1 and some distance
+down here is where the center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here is where the center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here is where the center of mass is
+that we're looking for. And so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking for. And so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking for. And so this is
+the G we're looking for. So M1 plus M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G we're looking for. So M1 plus M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G we're looking for. So M1 plus M2
+is the total mass times the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total mass times the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total mass times the position of
+G of G. I guess it ought to be a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of G. I guess it ought to be a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of G. I guess it ought to be a capital
+SG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SG
+here. Must be equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Must be equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Must be equal to the sum of the
+parts times their positions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts times their positions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts times their positions.
+m1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1
+sg1 plus m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sg1 plus m2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sg1 plus m2
+sg2 and you can solve for sg and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sg2 and you can solve for sg and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sg2 and you can solve for sg and that
+tells you where you're at. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where you're at. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you where you're at. So you can
+pick any coordinate at all to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any coordinate at all to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick any coordinate at all to calculate
+it and once you find it, you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and once you find it, you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and once you find it, you know where
+it is. Okay, so you just solve here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. Okay, so you just solve here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. Okay, so you just solve here for
+SG. It's that divided by the total mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SG. It's that divided by the total mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SG. It's that divided by the total mass
+obviously.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously.
+Okay. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The
+um the next question was draw principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next question was draw principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next question was draw principal
+axes. So is this does this object have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes. So is this does this object have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes. So is this does this object have a
+does have some planes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some planes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have some planes of
+symmetry? Tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry? Tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry? Tell me
+one slice down through it this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slice down through it this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slice down through it this way.
+Okay. And that means you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that means you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And that means you have a
+principal axis where perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axis where perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axis where perpendicular to
+every plane of symmetry. So you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every plane of symmetry. So you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every plane of symmetry. So you have a
+principal axis coming out of the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axis coming out of the board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axis coming out of the board.
+That's one. And do you have any give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one. And do you have any give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one. And do you have any give me
+another plane of symmetry? Yep. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane of symmetry? Yep. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane of symmetry? Yep. This
+one. So that means you got a plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that means you got a plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So that means you got a plane of
+axis principal axis going that way. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis principal axis going that way. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis principal axis going that way. And
+so then the third one has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the third one has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the third one has to be
+perpendicular to that. So you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that. So you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to that. So you have one
+this way, this way and this way. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for so if this is G then principal axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so if this is G then principal axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so if this is G then principal axes
+with respect to G one there one coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to G one there one coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to G one there one coming
+out of the board and one going up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So what is it? Let's remind oursel what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is it? Let's remind oursel what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is it? Let's remind oursel what
+it means for to be a principal axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means for to be a principal axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means for to be a principal axis.
+So if you have if you know the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have if you know the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have if you know the principal
+axes of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes of an
+object, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object, if you
+rotate a and you've chosen them that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate a and you've chosen them that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate a and you've chosen them that go
+through G, do they have to go through G?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G, do they have to go through G?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G, do they have to go through G?
+Do all principal axes have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do all principal axes have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do all principal axes have to go through
+G? No, not at all. The principal axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G? No, not at all. The principal axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G? No, not at all. The principal axes
+just have to give you when you work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to give you when you work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to give you when you work it
+out a diagonal inertia matrix, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, but what does it mean for to have be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but what does it mean for to have be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, but what does it mean for to have be
+have body coordinates that we know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have body coordinates that we know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have body coordinates that we know are
+principal axes? Well, one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes? Well, one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axes? Well, one of the things
+we know that if you rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if you rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that if you rotate
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+G, rotate about a principal axis passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G, rotate about a principal axis passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G, rotate about a principal axis passing
+through G, if you rotate about any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G, if you rotate about any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G, if you rotate about any one
+of them, is it dynamically balanced?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guaranteed. It must rotate about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed. It must rotate about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed. It must rotate about the
+principal axis though. If you Now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axis though. If you Now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal axis though. If you Now I'll
+ask you a second question. If you rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a second question. If you rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a second question. If you rotate
+about any axis passing through G, is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any axis passing through G, is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any axis passing through G, is it
+statically balanced? Right? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically balanced? Right? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically balanced? Right? If you
+rotate about any axis passing through G,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about any axis passing through G,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about any axis passing through G,
+is it dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it dynamically
+balanced? Maybe. Right? Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Maybe. Right? Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Maybe. Right? Not
+necessarily. It might be dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. It might be dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily. It might be dynamically
+balanced. If you pass through G and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a principal axis, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a principal axis, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a principal axis, right?
+Okay. Can you pass through a principle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Can you pass through a principle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Can you pass through a principle?
+Can you have a principal axis not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you have a principal axis not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you have a principal axis not going
+through G and rotate about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G and rotate about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through G and rotate about that
+axis and have it be dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and have it be dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and have it be dynamically
+balanced? Yeah. Okay. So, we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Yeah. Okay. So, we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Yeah. Okay. So, we'll we'll
+we'll talk about an example in a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about an example in a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about an example in a second.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I think there the second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think there the second question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think there the second question
+here said okay we want to rotate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here said okay we want to rotate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here said okay we want to rotate this
+about this point G2 now G2 is right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point G2 now G2 is right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point G2 now G2 is right in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+middle of this this body that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this this body that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of this this body that's where
+its center of mass and there's a G1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center of mass and there's a G1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center of mass and there's a G1 up
+here that's the center of mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the center of mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the center of mass of the
+upper body and there's a composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper body and there's a composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper body and there's a composite
+center of mass right here which we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass right here which we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass right here which we just
+computed what it was and that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed what it was and that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed what it was and that we want
+which there's going to be an axis passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's going to be an axis passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's going to be an axis passed
+through axis of rotation passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through axis of rotation passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through axis of rotation passing through
+G2 and we're rotating this body around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 and we're rotating this body around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 and we're rotating this body around
+it. So first question is this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So first question is this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So first question is this axis
+coming through G2 is it a principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through G2 is it a principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through G2 is it a principal
+axis? Yes. If uh we rotate about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis? Yes. If uh we rotate about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis? Yes. If uh we rotate about that
+axis only do you expect it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis only do you expect it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis only do you expect it to be
+dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically
+balanced? Right. Do you expect it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Right. Do you expect it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Right. Do you expect it to be
+statically balanced? No. And let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we're spinning it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J2. It's going like that around G2 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2. It's going like that around G2 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2. It's going like that around G2 at
+some omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some omega
+Z. We know that this is G2. We know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. We know that this is G2. We know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. We know that this is G2. We know that
+G for the object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G for the object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G for the object is
+here. That's the center of mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. That's the center of mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. That's the center of mass of the
+whole thing. So there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing. So there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing. So there's some
+distance between those two, which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between those two, which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between those two, which I
+don't know, but we can figure it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, but we can figure it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, but we can figure it out.
+We'll call it E. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call it E. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call it E. So what's the
+force required at this pin that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required at this pin that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required at this pin that it's
+axle is going around? What's the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle is going around? What's the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle is going around? What's the force
+required to allow this thing to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to allow this thing to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to allow this thing to spin
+around to hold it essentially the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to hold it essentially the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to hold it essentially the force
+required to hold it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to hold it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to hold it in
+place? And you intuitively have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place? And you intuitively have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place? And you intuitively have an idea
+of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it
+is. Why is there a force to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Why is there a force to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Why is there a force to this thing
+to spin around this central axle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spin around this central axle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spin around this central axle?
+There's a force required to keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a force required to keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a force required to keep that
+thing from moving away. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it? I hear centrifugal. Okay. So, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? I hear centrifugal. Okay. So, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? I hear centrifugal. Okay. So, you're
+accelerating the center of mass of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating the center of mass of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating the center of mass of that
+thing. You're making it go in a circle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You're making it go in a circle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You're making it go in a circle.
+Mass times acceleration is a force. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass times acceleration is a force. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass times acceleration is a force. And
+you know, that's the tension in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that's the tension in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that's the tension in the
+string when you're swinging the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string when you're swinging the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string when you're swinging the ball
+around. This is no different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. This is no different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. This is no different from
+swinging the ball on a string. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging the ball on a string. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging the ball on a string. And
+you're essentially calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially calculating the
+tension required to keep that thing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension required to keep that thing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension required to keep that thing from
+going flying off. And we could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going flying off. And we could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going flying off. And we could probably
+just guess, we can almost guess what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just guess, we can almost guess what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just guess, we can almost guess what it
+is, you know, minus the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+acceleration, which is inward. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, which is inward. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, which is inward. That's
+where the minus comes from. And what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+Louder. Omega squ. I hear an omega z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louder. Omega squ. I hear an omega z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louder. Omega squ. I hear an omega z
+squ. We need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. We need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. We need something
+else. Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. Pardon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else. Pardon?
+Yeah, the R and the R is this little E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the R and the R is this little E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the R and the R is this little E
+here. It's called the eccentricity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's called the eccentricity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's called the eccentricity when
+you have something unbalanced. E omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something unbalanced. E omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something unbalanced. E omega
+squar and it's in the R hat direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and it's in the R hat direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and it's in the R hat direction,
+we'll call it inwards and the inwards is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it inwards and the inwards is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it inwards and the inwards is
+the minus. So that's the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus. So that's the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus. So that's the acceleration
+mass times acceleration is the force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration is the force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration is the force.
+This is also you could compute this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is also you could compute this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is also you could compute this by
+computing d by dt of p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing d by dt of p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing d by dt of p of
+g with respect to o. And you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g with respect to o. And you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g with respect to o. And you if you
+that's then m1 plus m_sub_2 * v of g and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then m1 plus m_sub_2 * v of g and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then m1 plus m_sub_2 * v of g and
+you have to take the d by dt of it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take the d by dt of it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take the d by dt of it you
+and that gives you that which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you that which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you that which is the
+acceleration. So the forces you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. So the forces you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. So the forces you get
+directly from computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from computing
+dpdt if you need to remember a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpdt if you need to remember a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpdt if you need to remember a way to do
+that. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So, conceptually, I'm going to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, conceptually, I'm going to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, conceptually, I'm going to if
+I don't know what E is, I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what E is, I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what E is, I don't want to
+have to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure it
+out. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Can
+I? So, I'm going to describe to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I? So, I'm going to describe to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I? So, I'm going to describe to you a
+way in which you could get directly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you could get directly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you could get directly at
+this answer, which reminds us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer, which reminds us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer, which reminds us something
+about uh angular momentum and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh angular momentum and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh angular momentum and these
+bodies. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. This
+object is made up of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects and we're spinning at about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and we're spinning at about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and we're spinning at about the
+center of one of them. So let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of one of them. So let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of one of them. So let's take
+them one at a time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one at a time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one at a time.
+How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much force is required to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force is required to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much force is required to keep
+this spinning about that axle that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spinning about that axle that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spinning about that axle that goes
+right through its ma center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through its ma center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through its ma center of
+mass? None. Why? Right? Because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass? None. Why? Right? Because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass? None. Why? Right? Because there's
+no r omega squar. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no r omega squar. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no r omega squar. There's no
+acceleration. You're not making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. You're not making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. You're not making the
+center of mass of this object go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of this object go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of this object go in a
+circle. So this piece of the doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So this piece of the doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So this piece of the doesn't
+enter into the solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the solution.
+the actual force, the mass, this mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual force, the mass, this mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual force, the mass, this mass
+here, is it m2 in the problem? M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, is it m2 in the problem? M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, is it m2 in the problem? M2
+doesn't actually have anything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually have anything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually have anything to do
+with the answer because it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the answer because it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the answer because it's perfectly
+statically balanced around that point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically balanced around that point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically balanced around that point.
+All of this force making a thing go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All of this force making a thing go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All of this force making a thing go in a
+circle is making this piece go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is making this piece go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is making this piece go in the
+circle. So, in fact, this force up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So, in fact, this force up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So, in fact, this force up here
+is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus
+m1. And now we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1. And now we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1. And now we need the
+distance from the axis of rotation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the axis of rotation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the axis of rotation to
+its center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center of
+mass. Call that some R. We need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. Call that some R. We need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. Call that some R. We need to know
+what that R is. And I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that R is. And I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that R is. And I think that's
+basically this was L over two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this was L over two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this was L over two and this
+was B. So plus B over two. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was B. So plus B over two. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was B. So plus B over two. So the
+distance from this rotation point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from this rotation point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from this rotation point to
+that center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L /2 + V /2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L /2 + V /2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L /2 + V /2
+omega Z^ 2 mass. This is acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z^ 2 mass. This is acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega Z^ 2 mass. This is acceleration
+and it's inwards and that's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inwards and that's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's inwards and that's the total
+force. Okay. All right. Let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Okay. All right. Let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Okay. All right. Let's look at
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem. Jenti, can you pull up the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Jenti, can you pull up the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Jenti, can you pull up the next
+one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this problem, this problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this problem, this problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this problem, this problem and the
+next are rather similar. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next are rather similar. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next are rather similar. This is the
+elevator problem with a pendulum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elevator. There's a couple subtleties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator. There's a couple subtleties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator. There's a couple subtleties
+here. the elevator it's you're told that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. the elevator it's you're told that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. the elevator it's you're told that
+it's moving upwards at some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving upwards at some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's moving upwards at some particular
+rate of acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of acceleration
+some y dot that's given. So how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some y dot that's given. So how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some y dot that's given. So how many
+degrees of freedom does this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have? Yeah. Okay. Two or one? I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Yeah. Okay. Two or one? I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Yeah. Okay. Two or one? I hear
+one. I see a two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. I see a two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. I see a two.
+How many coordinates is it going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many coordinates is it going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many coordinates is it going to take
+to completely describe the motion? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completely describe the motion? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to completely describe the motion? Or
+how many equations of motion do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many equations of motion do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many equations of motion do you
+think you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need? I see ones and two. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need? I see ones and two. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need? I see ones and two. So there's
+little not little two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. If we know the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If we know the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If we know the acceleration of the
+thing and we you know start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we you know start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we you know start with some
+initial conditions at time zero, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions at time zero, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions at time zero, it's
+sitting on the ground at y equals z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the ground at y equals z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the ground at y equals z and
+now it takes off from the first floor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it takes off from the first floor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it takes off from the first floor.
+We know for all time its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know for all time its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know for all time its
+position. So that's actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So that's actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So that's actually that's
+actually a given. It's a specified thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a given. It's a specified thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a given. It's a specified thing
+and we don't have to write a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have to write a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't have to write a separate
+equation of motion for that to that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for that to that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for that to that we
+then will have to solve. Right? So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then will have to solve. Right? So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then will have to solve. Right? So it's
+actually it's a given. So the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a given. So the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a given. So the actual
+only dynamic equation of motion we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dynamic equation of motion we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dynamic equation of motion we have
+to write is about the pendulum. Now will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write is about the pendulum. Now will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write is about the pendulum. Now will
+it involve y dot? Absolutely. But it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involve y dot? Absolutely. But it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involve y dot? Absolutely. But it's a
+given number. It's just a number you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given number. It's just a number you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given number. It's just a number you're
+given. You don't have to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. You don't have to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. You don't have to write a
+separate equation of motion. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate equation of motion. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate equation of motion. So this is
+actually you got just one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you got just one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you got just one degree of
+freedom. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. Yeah.
+Okay. So you want to put up put up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you want to put up put up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you want to put up put up the
+next problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next problem?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next problem?
+That one. So this problem has how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That one. So this problem has how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That one. So this problem has how many
+degrees of freedom? This is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom? This is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom? This is definitely
+two because you don't know is the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because you don't know is the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because you don't know is the motion
+in up and down the of the mass in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in up and down the of the mass in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in up and down the of the mass in the
+slider with a spring on it is unknown.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider with a spring on it is unknown.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider with a spring on it is unknown.
+you're gonna have to write an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to write an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to write an equation
+of motion that which would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion that which would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion that which would have to be
+solved to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved to get
+it. So just so a distinction a subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So just so a distinction a subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So just so a distinction a subtlety
+that can trip you up when you're spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can trip you up when you're spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can trip you up when you're spec
+when the motion is actually specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the motion is actually specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the motion is actually specified
+and you know what it is for all time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what it is for all time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what it is for all time.
+You don't need an separate equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't need an separate equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't need an separate equation for
+that. So this problem requires two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this problem requires two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So this problem requires two the
+behavior of the pendulum part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the pendulum part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the pendulum part is
+essentially the same in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same in in
+both when you write the equation. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both when you write the equation. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both when you write the equation. Well,
+let's talk about how will we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how will we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how will we go about
+solving this problem. We need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem. We need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem. We need two
+equations, two coordinates. What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, two coordinates. What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, two coordinates. What would
+you pick for your coordinates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and then a coordinate. This one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then a coordinate. This one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then a coordinate. This one I
+guess it's called y. So y for the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's called y. So y for the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's called y. So y for the square
+block sliding up and down and a theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block sliding up and down and a theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block sliding up and down and a theta
+for the pendulum. Right? Two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pendulum. Right? Two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pendulum. Right? Two equations
+of motion. And to get the y equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion. And to get the y equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion. And to get the y equation of
+motion, you would use we're not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion, you would use we're not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion, you would use we're not using
+lrange here. We're going to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange here. We're going to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange here. We're going to do a little
+review of direct method. What how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of direct method. What how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of direct method. What how would
+you write the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write the equation of
+motion using up there I kind of wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion using up there I kind of wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion using up there I kind of wrote
+the that's the key to everything that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the key to everything that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the key to everything that we
+do with the direct method. Some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the direct method. Some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the direct method. Some of the
+forces, some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces, some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces, some of the
+torqus. Every rigid body has at max how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus. Every rigid body has at max how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus. Every rigid body has at max how
+many degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom? Six. For rigid body completer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom? Six. For rigid body completer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom? Six. For rigid body completer
+motion, this reduces three. But every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion, this reduces three. But every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion, this reduces three. But every
+rigid body in in 3D space has six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body in in 3D space has six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body in in 3D space has six
+degrees of freedom. Three positions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom. Three positions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom. Three positions,
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+rotations. So you write sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations. So you write sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations. So you write sum of the
+forces on the body. That is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the body. That is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the body. That is equal to the
+mass times acceleration. That gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration. That gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times acceleration. That gives you
+three equations, one in each vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations, one in each vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations, one in each vector
+component direction. You write the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component direction. You write the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component direction. You write the sum
+of the torqus. That's also a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torqus. That's also a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the torqus. That's also a vector
+equation. You can get as many as three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. You can get as many as three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. You can get as many as three
+equations out of it if you need it. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations out of it if you need it. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations out of it if you need it. Then
+we keep reducing down how many equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep reducing down how many equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep reducing down how many equations
+we need to get by figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get by figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get by figuring out the
+constraints until we get down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints until we get down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints until we get down to the
+number of actual degrees of freedom. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of actual degrees of freedom. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of actual degrees of freedom. And
+that's that's the remaining equations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the remaining equations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the remaining equations,
+the number of equations you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of equations you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of equations you actually
+need. So this one is requires two. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So this one is requires two. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. So this one is requires two. And
+if you're going to write an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to write an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to write an equation of
+motion about the main that mass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion about the main that mass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion about the main that mass that
+slides up and down, what law would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides up and down, what law would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides up and down, what law would you
+use? Yeah, sum of the forces equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use? Yeah, sum of the forces equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use? Yeah, sum of the forces equal to
+the mass times the acceleration. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass times the acceleration. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass times the acceleration. Then we
+need to get another equation. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get another equation. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get another equation. What's the
+what law would you use for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what law would you use for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what law would you use for the second
+one? Torque about where?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? Torque about where?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? Torque about where?
+Torque about a. Okay, so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torque about a. Okay, so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torque about a. Okay, so let's look at
+that. So that's the second equation up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that's the second equation up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So that's the second equation up
+there. torque about A is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. torque about A is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. torque about A is the time
+derivative of the angular momentum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the angular momentum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the angular momentum with
+respect to A plus that VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A plus that VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to A plus that VA
+cross momentum term which gets to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross momentum term which gets to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross momentum term which gets to be
+which is a little annoying to work out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little annoying to work out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little annoying to work out.
+So the simpler version is the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the simpler version is the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the simpler version is the third
+equation. It's a pretty quick derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. It's a pretty quick derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. It's a pretty quick derivation
+to go from that second equation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from that second equation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from that second equation to the
+third. And it it uh it's much less work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. And it it uh it's much less work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. And it it uh it's much less work
+generally to get that mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally to get that mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally to get that mass times
+acceleration term. A lot less work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term. A lot less work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term. A lot less work
+actually. And if I've got time, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. And if I've got time, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. And if I've got time, I'll
+work out I'll go back and we'll work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out I'll go back and we'll work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out I'll go back and we'll work out
+a problem like this and we'll we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like this and we'll we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like this and we'll we'll do
+that part. But let's go on to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part. But let's go on to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part. But let's go on to the other
+questions. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. Okay, this
+problem. Two rigid bodies. Is it planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Two rigid bodies. Is it planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Two rigid bodies. Is it planer
+motion? Right. How many possible degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion? Right. How many possible degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion? Right. How many possible degrees
+of freedom for each rigid body times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom for each rigid body times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom for each rigid body times
+two? Six. Now, how many constraints? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two? Six. Now, how many constraints? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two? Six. Now, how many constraints? So,
+let's take them one rigid body at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take them one rigid body at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take them one rigid body at a
+time. The big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. The big
+roller. Pardon? No. No, she says. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller. Pardon? No. No, she says. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller. Pardon? No. No, she says. Okay,
+that's one constraint in it. Two left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one constraint in it. Two left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one constraint in it. Two left.
+Two possible things left. No slip. Ah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two possible things left. No slip. Ah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two possible things left. No slip. Ah,
+so I think this one's no slip. So how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this one's no slip. So how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this one's no slip. So how is
+what how does no slip then give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how does no slip then give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how does no slip then give you a
+constraint? So x= r omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint? So x= r omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint? So x= r omega
+right? So r there's an r x= r theta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So r there's an r x= r theta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So r there's an r x= r theta or
+minus r theta depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r theta depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r theta depending on how you
+define the theta right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the theta right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the theta right so
+there x is not independent of theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there x is not independent of theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there x is not independent of theta and
+that's a second constraint. So you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a second constraint. So you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a second constraint. So you only
+need one equation, one generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one equation, one generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one equation, one generalized
+coordinate to describe the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to describe the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to describe the motion of the
+wheel. And what would you use?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, theta. You could use theta or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, theta. You could use theta or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, theta. You could use theta or you
+could use x. All right. And now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use x. All right. And now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use x. All right. And now the
+other object, how many constraints does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other object, how many constraints does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other object, how many constraints does
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+have? What are they? What are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? What are they? What are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? What are they? What are the
+constraints on the t bar?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can I translate y? Okay, he says that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I translate y? Okay, he says that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I translate y? Okay, he says that's
+true. Let me give you a little hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Let me give you a little hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Let me give you a little hint
+about how how I process this when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how I process this when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how I process this when I'm
+looking at it. Remember when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it. Remember when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it. Remember when you're
+trying to when you're picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to when you're picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to when you're picking
+generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+coordinates, they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, they need to be
+independent, right? And independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent, right? And independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent, right? And independent
+means if you freeze all but one, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you freeze all but one, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you freeze all but one, that
+last one can still move. Okay, so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one can still move. Okay, so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one can still move. Okay, so we've
+picked one. You said theta or x. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked one. You said theta or x. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked one. You said theta or x. Let's
+freeze it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze it.
+What motion is left of that T- bar?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What motion is left of that T- bar?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What motion is left of that T- bar?
+It can only it can only rotate, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can only it can only rotate, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It can only it can only rotate, right?
+And that means it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means it has a
+pin that point about which it rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin that point about which it rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin that point about which it rotates
+which you have just fixed. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have just fixed. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have just fixed. So it's
+constrained that pin constrains it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained that pin constrains it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained that pin constrains it in
+how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+directions? Two. Right off the bat, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions? Two. Right off the bat, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions? Two. Right off the bat, you
+have the two constraints right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two constraints right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the two constraints right at the
+pin. But it's not so obvious until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin. But it's not so obvious until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin. But it's not so obvious until you
+say, let's freeze that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, let's freeze that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, let's freeze that other
+coordinates. And then we see that ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. And then we see that ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. And then we see that ah
+there's only one possible motion left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one possible motion left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one possible motion left
+the rotation. Okay. So we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation. Okay. So we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation. Okay. So we have a
+rotation and a translation or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and a translation or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and a translation or two
+rotations. That's the way we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations. That's the way we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations. That's the way we could write
+equations of motion. Uh if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion. Uh if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion. Uh if we did
+translation of the main disc, what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of the main disc, what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of the main disc, what what
+equation would you use to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would you use to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would you use to write the
+equation of motion for the main disc?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Force. Yeah. Newton second law. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force. Yeah. Newton second law. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force. Yeah. Newton second law. Right.
+Sum of the forces in what direction?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can only move in horizontal. Yep. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only move in horizontal. Yep. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only move in horizontal. Yep. So,
+sum of the forces in the x direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces in the x direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces in the x direction,
+sum of external forces in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of external forces in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of external forces in the x
+direction equals mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction equals mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction equals mass times
+acceleration. Now, this though has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. Now, this though has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. Now, this though has some
+problematic external forces, right? Come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic external forces, right? Come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic external forces, right? Come
+from what are they? The difficult ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what are they? The difficult ones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what are they? The difficult ones.
+Well, friction. There's a friction force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and there's also the internal forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's also the internal forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's also the internal forces
+at the pin, right? So you got you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pin, right? So you got you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pin, right? So you got you have
+to sort out figure how to work your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out figure how to work your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort out figure how to work your way
+through that. So you don't want to mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that. So you don't want to mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that. So you don't want to mess
+with the external forces at the pin. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the external forces at the pin. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the external forces at the pin. You
+have to do some you got to sum rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some you got to sum rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some you got to sum rotations
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So this this problem is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this this problem is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this this problem is no
+escaping something messy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I would say so let's say we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would say so let's say we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would say so let's say we're going
+to do hor the one equation will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do hor the one equation will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do hor the one equation will be the
+sum of the forces on that main roller in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces on that main roller in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces on that main roller in
+the horizontal direction and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal direction and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal direction and that's
+going to force us to deal with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force us to deal with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to force us to deal with a
+friction force and an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force and an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force and an internal
+uh two reaction forces at the pin. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two reaction forces at the pin. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two reaction forces at the pin. Well,
+you just write them down. then go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write them down. then go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write them down. then go and
+write the uh same expression but sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the uh same expression but sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the uh same expression but sum of
+the forces on the other object and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces on the other object and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forces on the other object and it'll
+also show up with those two internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show up with those two internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show up with those two internal
+forces. You add those two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. You add those two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces. You add those two equations
+together, those forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, those forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, those forces
+cancel. Okay? And that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. Okay? And that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. Okay? And that gives you the
+first equation and it'll involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation and it'll involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation and it'll involve
+acceleration of both masses and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of both masses and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of both masses and you'll
+have to figure out the acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out the acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out the acceleration of
+that second mass around its own. But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second mass around its own. But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second mass around its own. But you
+know how to do that. That's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that. That's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that. That's just
+kinematics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then you got to do the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you got to do the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you got to do the torque
+equation. And you'd probably do it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And you'd probably do it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. And you'd probably do it about
+A. And this does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. And this does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. And this does this
+involve what about the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve what about the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve what about the velocity of
+A in this problem? Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A in this problem? Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A in this problem? Is it
+zero? No. And so you may have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? No. And so you may have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? No. And so you may have to deal
+with that second term. And again, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that second term. And again, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that second term. And again, I
+would go use the third expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go use the third expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go use the third expression
+because you you need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you need to find the
+accelerations anyway. And I would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations anyway. And I would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations anyway. And I would use
+that. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Yeah.
+about some of the talks about then D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the talks about then D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the talks about then D is
+the point of contact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. And you would get at mainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And you would get at mainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And you would get at mainly the
+that would give you a way of getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you a way of getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you a way of getting at
+I think an equation of motion mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think an equation of motion mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think an equation of motion mostly
+describes the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roller. I I don't know. I've never in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller. I I don't know. I've never in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller. I I don't know. I've never in
+terms of the other one. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the other one. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the other one. I'm not
+something that then talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that then talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that then talking about the
+second rigid body I don't think I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second rigid body I don't think I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second rigid body I don't think I would
+do it get it gets a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it get it gets a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it get it gets a little complicated
+but it's interesting it might be worth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting it might be worth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting it might be worth a
+try okay I'd probably do it about a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay I'd probably do it about a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try okay I'd probably do it about a is
+the point I would choose and deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I would choose and deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point I would choose and deal with
+the fact that you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you need to know the
+acceleration of a but in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a but in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of a but in this problem
+that's that's is pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's is pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's is pretty straightforward
+what's the acceleration of point A in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the acceleration of point A in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the acceleration of point A in
+terms and let's say our horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and let's say our horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and let's say our horizontal
+coordinate is is x what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is is x what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is is x what's the
+acceleration of point Okay, next double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of point Okay, next double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of point Okay, next double
+dot in the I direction. Pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in the I direction. Pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot in the I direction. Pretty easy to
+stick that in this third expression up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that in this third expression up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that in this third expression up
+here. And you know RG with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And you know RG with respect to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And you know RG with respect to A
+is just the half is just the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the half is just the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the half is just the length of
+the the distance down to the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance down to the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the distance down to the center of
+mass of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of that
+T. So that term is pretty easy to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. So that term is pretty easy to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. So that term is pretty easy to figure
+out. And then lead term is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And then lead term is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. And then lead term is just
+everything with respect to G. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with respect to G. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with respect to G. And that's
+pretty straightforward. Okay, good. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward. Okay, good. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward. Okay, good. Uh
+how are we doing on time? Not a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing on time? Not a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing on time? Not a lot
+left. And is that the last problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. And is that the last problem?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. And is that the last problem?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+We don't need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't need to worry about
+uh if it was slipping. Yeah. Is friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it was slipping. Yeah. Is friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it was slipping. Yeah. Is friction
+ultimately will friction ultimately end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately will friction ultimately end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately will friction ultimately end
+up in this in the answer to this one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this in the answer to this one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this in the answer to this one?
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, in speaking in lrangee terms, does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in speaking in lrangee terms, does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in speaking in lrangee terms, does
+it do any work? Well, no, but I know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do any work? Well, no, but I know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do any work? Well, no, but I know,
+but you know about it now, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know about it now, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know about it now, right?
+Constraints that do no work if usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constraints that do no work if usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constraints that do no work if usually
+don't end up in the in the final answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I don't have a simple way of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I don't have a simple way of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I don't have a simple way of just
+explaining why it doesn't but if in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why it doesn't but if in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why it doesn't but if in the
+first case instead of doing sum of mats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case instead of doing sum of mats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case instead of doing sum of mats
+the Newton's law on the first one we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newton's law on the first one we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newton's law on the first one we had
+done torqus about d it would have given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done torqus about d it would have given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done torqus about d it would have given
+us an equation of motion for the roller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an equation of motion for the roller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an equation of motion for the roller
+and then you could have done torqus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could have done torqus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could have done torqus
+about a a different equation and would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a a different equation and would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a a different equation and would
+have got equation motion largely dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got equation motion largely dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got equation motion largely dealing
+with P you still have some internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P you still have some internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with P you still have some internal
+forces and torques that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and torques that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and torques that you're going to
+have to eliminate. So this is not not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to eliminate. So this is not not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to eliminate. So this is not not a
+simple it's not a simple problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's not a simple problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it's not a simple problem but
+straightforward if you know what laws to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you know what laws to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward if you know what laws to
+apply. So some of the forces some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply. So some of the forces some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply. So some of the forces some of the
+torqus and be careful with the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus and be careful with the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus and be careful with the extra
+term th this if this object were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term th this if this object were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term th this if this object were just
+given an initial deflection you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an initial deflection you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an initial deflection you like
+that tea bar has picked up and let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tea bar has picked up and let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tea bar has picked up and let it go
+and it sits there and it's just done its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sits there and it's just done its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sits there and it's just done its
+thing. What can you say about the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. What can you say about the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. What can you say about the center
+of mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system? Well, doesn't not it not that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Well, doesn't not it not that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Well, doesn't not it not that it
+doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move, but it doesn't Well, what if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, but it doesn't Well, what if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, but it doesn't Well, what if in
+Well, let's put it this way. What if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's put it this way. What if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's put it this way. What if I
+gave this thing a push to start with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave this thing a push to start with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave this thing a push to start with and
+now it's going to roll along?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to roll along?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to roll along?
+Huh? Okay. the the center if that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh? Okay. the the center if that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh? Okay. the the center if that in
+that case you're saying that the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you're saying that the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you're saying that the center
+of mass moves with constant velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass moves with constant velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass moves with constant velocity and
+Newton would agree with you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because once it gets rolling is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once it gets rolling is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once it gets rolling is there
+any friction force so you got to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any friction force so you got to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any friction force so you got to draw
+the free radioraph gra and decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free radioraph gra and decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free radioraph gra and decide
+whether or not there are any forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there are any forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there are any forces on
+the system if there are no external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system if there are no external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system if there are no external
+forces on the system Newton says no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the system Newton says no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the system Newton says no
+acceleration no change in momentum them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration no change in momentum them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration no change in momentum them.
+So once you get it rolling, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So once you get it rolling, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So once you get it rolling, there's
+actually no friction force because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no friction force because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no friction force because it
+isn't trying to either speed up or slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't trying to either speed up or slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't trying to either speed up or slow
+down the rolling. So it goes actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the rolling. So it goes actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the rolling. So it goes actually to
+zero. Is there slip? No, it still isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Is there slip? No, it still isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Is there slip? No, it still isn't
+slipping, but it just happily rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping, but it just happily rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping, but it just happily rolling
+along. There are no external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. There are no external forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. There are no external forces
+acting on it. Means the mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on it. Means the mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on it. Means the mass times the
+acceleration of the center of mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the center of mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the center of mass of
+the system is zero. So the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is zero. So the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is zero. So the center of
+mass does not accelerate. It means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass does not accelerate. It means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass does not accelerate. It means it
+has constant velocity. Now, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant velocity. Now, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant velocity. Now, if I
+contrive to have the initial velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrive to have the initial velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrive to have the initial velocity of
+the center of mass be zero and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass be zero and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass be zero and just
+cause that thing to swing back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that thing to swing back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that thing to swing back and
+forth, what would you see the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, what would you see the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, what would you see the center of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+do? Has no net has no linear momentum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Has no net has no linear momentum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Has no net has no linear momentum.
+And linear momentum of the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And linear momentum of the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And linear momentum of the system is
+zero. So, it's the center of mass sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So, it's the center of mass sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So, it's the center of mass sits
+still doesn't its velocity now is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doesn't its velocity now is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doesn't its velocity now is zero.
+There's still no acceleration. It just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's still no acceleration. It just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's still no acceleration. It just
+this t bar is rocking back and forth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this t bar is rocking back and forth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this t bar is rocking back and forth,
+right? So what must the roller be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what must the roller be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what must the roller be
+doing? So the roller has to move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? So the roller has to move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? So the roller has to move to the
+left when the T bar is going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when the T bar is going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left when the T bar is going to the
+right. And so the two things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And so the two things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And so the two things are going
+like this. And the center mass wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And the center mass wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. And the center mass wherever
+it is is just sitting still. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is just sitting still. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is just sitting still. Okay. All
+right. Is there a last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is there a last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is there a last
+problem? This is a pretty this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? This is a pretty this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? This is a pretty this is this
+forces you to go back to the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you to go back to the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you to go back to the fundamental
+definition of you know angular momentum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of you know angular momentum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of you know angular momentum.
+you know it's uh r cross this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's uh r cross this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's uh r cross this little
+summation of each r i cross pi and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of each r i cross pi and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation of each r i cross pi and add
+them up and you get the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and you get the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and you get the angular momentum
+with respect to the rotational point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the rotational point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the rotational point uh
+one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree of
+freedom has a center of mass where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom has a center of mass where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom has a center of mass where is
+the center of mass of the system can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of the system can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of the system can you
+describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right somewhere in between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somewhere in between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somewhere in between the two
+masses right the two point masses center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses right the two point masses center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses right the two point masses center
+mass has to be someplace in between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has to be someplace in between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass has to be someplace in between so
+once you figure out where that is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you figure out where that is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you figure out where that is then
+you can concentrate all the mass there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can concentrate all the mass there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can concentrate all the mass there
+and and go from there. Does this have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and go from there. Does this have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and go from there. Does this have
+mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia? Does can you write is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia? Does can you write is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia? Does can you write is the
+equation of motion? Is this a pendulum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion? Is this a pendulum?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion? Is this a pendulum?
+Can you write I about a theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you write I about a theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you write I about a theta
+dot equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equals minus
+mg something sin theta. there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg something sin theta. there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg something sin theta. there if you
+this is a pendulum you restoring torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pendulum you restoring torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pendulum you restoring torque
+on it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it comes from
+gravity and you and you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and you and you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and you and you have to be
+you'll end up with an expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with an expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with an expression that
+looks like some I with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like some I with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like some I with respect to the
+point of rotation so basically you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of rotation so basically you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of rotation so basically you just
+need to figure out what is I with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out what is I with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out what is I with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+A and it is they're particles so is each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and it is they're particles so is each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and it is they're particles so is each
+particle has an I with respect to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has an I with respect to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has an I with respect to its
+center of mass it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass it's equal to
+for a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particle
+concentrated ated point mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated ated point mass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated ated point mass.
+Yeah, but there's no R. So I about a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but there's no R. So I about a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but there's no R. So I about a I
+for a particle about its center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particle about its center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a particle about its center of mass
+is zero is the Okay, so this only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero is the Okay, so this only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero is the Okay, so this only has
+parallel axis theorem components. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem components. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem components. It has
+M1 * this distance squared from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 * this distance squared from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 * this distance squared from the
+center plus M2 * this distance isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center plus M2 * this distance isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center plus M2 * this distance isn't
+squared from the center and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from the center and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from the center and that's the
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ICZ. So then you can write it out. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICZ. So then you can write it out. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ICZ. So then you can write it out. Okay,
+so um I think we're run out of time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pGqJkKxpBl0.txt b/pGqJkKxpBl0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8291c7404ea38d325ba447c2334838f00c950f90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pGqJkKxpBl0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when students give their oral exams they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when students give their oral exams they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when students give their oral exams they
+are presenting the results of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are presenting the results of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are presenting the results of their
+experiment to their faculty member their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to their faculty member their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to their faculty member their
+professor for that section and typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor for that section and typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor for that section and typically
+also for the TA and so they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the TA and so they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the TA and so they have an
+audience of about two people not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience of about two people not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience of about two people not very
+big and in that oral exam they give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and in that oral exam they give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and in that oral exam they give the
+presentation pretty much straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation pretty much straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation pretty much straight
+without interruption then they get a QA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without interruption then they get a QA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without interruption then they get a QA
+session from the professor in the TA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session from the professor in the TA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session from the professor in the TA and
+then they may also typically get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they may also typically get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they may also typically get a lot
+of immediate feedback from the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediate feedback from the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediate feedback from the professor
+about sort of how well it went and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of how well it went and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of how well it went and and
+some suggestions for how to do that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some suggestions for how to do that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some suggestions for how to do that or
+next time in the moment it can be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time in the moment it can be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time in the moment it can be hard
+for them to process all of that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to process all of that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to process all of that some
+little time following that they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time following that they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time following that they will
+make an appointment with me and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an appointment with me and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an appointment with me and we will
+sit down and watch the digital video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down and watch the digital video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down and watch the digital video
+that was produced when they gave their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was produced when they gave their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was produced when they gave their
+talk and typically on another monitor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and typically on another monitor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk and typically on another monitor we
+will have the actual slides that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the actual slides that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the actual slides that they
+use to give the presentation so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to give the presentation so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to give the presentation so we can
+really sink that up this gives them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sink that up this gives them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sink that up this gives them the
+opportunity to look at their video in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to look at their video in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to look at their video in a
+more objective way it's not immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more objective way it's not immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more objective way it's not immediately
+afterwards they've had some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards they've had some time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards they've had some time to
+think and process they have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and process they have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and process they have a chance to
+think about the comments of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the comments of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the comments of their
+instructor through this new lens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor through this new lens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor through this new lens if
+somebody who's actually watching their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's actually watching their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's actually watching their
+own work we ask them to reflect on sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work we ask them to reflect on sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own work we ask them to reflect on sort
+of what their experience was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their experience was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their experience was in the
+moment and then we sit down and watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and then we sit down and watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and then we sit down and watch
+the video and we'll typically stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video and we'll typically stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video and we'll typically stop and
+sort of do you brief a little bit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do you brief a little bit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do you brief a little bit as
+when we notice things and I'll ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we notice things and I'll ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we notice things and I'll ask them
+to talk about what they notice and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what they notice and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what they notice and I'll
+tell them what I notice and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what I notice and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what I notice and then when
+we're done watching the video we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done watching the video we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're done watching the video we might
+go over some of the individual slides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over some of the individual slides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over some of the individual slides in
+some more detail and then we brainstorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more detail and then we brainstorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more detail and then we brainstorm
+together about things that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together about things that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together about things that they would
+want to focus on for next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on for next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on for next time
+particular issues that they might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues that they might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issues that they might have
+had ways that they can strategize about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ways that they can strategize about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ways that they can strategize about
+improving that for the next round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving that for the next round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving that for the next round of
+presentations so this all happens after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations so this all happens after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations so this all happens after
+the first ungraded oral exam under one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ungraded oral exam under one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ungraded oral exam under one
+of their practice experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their practice experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their practice experiments
+but the process of giving the oral exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process of giving the oral exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the process of giving the oral exams
+continues throughout the semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues throughout the semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues throughout the semester and
+some of them choose to meet optionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them choose to meet optionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them choose to meet optionally
+with me before their presentations if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me before their presentations if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me before their presentations if
+they want to do a dry run or rehearsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do a dry run or rehearsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to do a dry run or rehearsal
+some of them will choose to meet with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will choose to meet with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will choose to meet with me
+immediately afterwards but the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately afterwards but the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately afterwards but the next
+thing that's actually built into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's actually built into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's actually built into the
+schedule comes much closer to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule comes much closer to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule comes much closer to the end of
+the semester at this point they've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester at this point they've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester at this point they've given
+their three oral exams and they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their three oral exams and they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their three oral exams and they get to
+choose their favorite one to present for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose their favorite one to present for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose their favorite one to present for
+a larger audience and once they've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger audience and once they've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger audience and once they've made
+that choice they meet with me and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice they meet with me and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice they meet with me and we do
+pretty much the same thing we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same thing we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same thing we look at
+the video we look at the slides only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video we look at the slides only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video we look at the slides only
+this time it's with an eye towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time it's with an eye towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time it's with an eye towards
+revising it for public consumption and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising it for public consumption and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising it for public consumption and a
+bigger audience
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/peZLMv1Qk8A.txt b/peZLMv1Qk8A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf4f55d49f50a37a71f2d8625b5a7f875242a924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/peZLMv1Qk8A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1240 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about
+viruses which is our main focus in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses which is our main focus in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses which is our main focus in these
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+so viruses are very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so viruses are very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so viruses are very different from
+bacteria because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria because
+they are pathogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are pathogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are pathogens
+which infect the cells of your body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which infect the cells of your body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which infect the cells of your body and
+so they themselves are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they themselves are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they themselves are not
+large cellular organisms but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cellular organisms but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cellular organisms but in fact
+have a different biology so they consist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different biology so they consist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different biology so they consist
+of virions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of virions
+which are a capsid form of the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a capsid form of the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a capsid form of the virus
+which contains a strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains a strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contains a strand
+of rna which is some genetic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rna which is some genetic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rna which is some genetic material
+that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when
+this capsid is then integrated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capsid is then integrated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capsid is then integrated into the
+host cell the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host cell the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host cell the rna
+can basically activate to infect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically activate to infect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically activate to infect that
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+and also replicate itself and make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also replicate itself and make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also replicate itself and make some
+more virions which can spread out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more virions which can spread out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more virions which can spread out and
+affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect
+additional cells so the basic entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cells so the basic entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cells so the basic entity
+that we're worried about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're worried about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're worried about here
+is really a small object which is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a small object which is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a small object which is often
+shaped like a sphere or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped like a sphere or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped like a sphere or maybe
+an ellipsoid the virion and it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ellipsoid the virion and it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ellipsoid the virion and it's much
+much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller
+so the typical size is really on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the typical size is really on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the typical size is really on the
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+the radius let's say is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius let's say is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius let's say is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers so that is 0.1 micron or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers so that is 0.1 micron or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers so that is 0.1 micron or less
+so much smaller than even the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much smaller than even the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much smaller than even the smallest
+aerosol droplets that we can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets that we can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol droplets that we can easily
+observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+so they're extremely tiny there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're extremely tiny there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're extremely tiny there's a
+couple examples we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples we can think about
+which are famous examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are famous examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are famous examples so
+one class of viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class of viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class of viruses
+uh cause the disease uh measles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cause the disease uh measles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cause the disease uh measles
+and measles has a virus uh shape as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measles has a virus uh shape as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measles has a virus uh shape as you
+can see here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here which
+is not quite spherical but usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite spherical but usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite spherical but usually a
+little bit uh elongated like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh elongated like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh elongated like an
+ellipsoid and is a typical size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid and is a typical size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid and is a typical size of a
+hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred
+to 300 nanometers in diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 300 nanometers in diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 300 nanometers in diameter
+so measles is still a very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so measles is still a very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so measles is still a very active
+disease which we have been controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which we have been controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease which we have been controlling
+for a long time with vaccinations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time with vaccinations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time with vaccinations but
+despite that there are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that there are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that there are still
+in 2018 114 000 deaths worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2018 114 000 deaths worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2018 114 000 deaths worldwide
+from measles and it's estimated that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from measles and it's estimated that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from measles and it's estimated that in
+the eight years before that or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight years before that or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight years before that or actually
+the 20 years before that excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 years before that excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 years before that excuse me
+that the vaccine has saved around 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vaccine has saved around 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vaccine has saved around 23
+million lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million lives
+that would be lost otherwise if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be lost otherwise if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be lost otherwise if this
+virus were allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus were allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus were allowed to
+to propagate and measles it is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate and measles it is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate and measles it is known
+to be airborne so this is the classy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be airborne so this is the classy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be airborne so this is the classy
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+of an airborne transmission it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an airborne transmission it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an airborne transmission it's been
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+by for example riley in the 1970s who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by for example riley in the 1970s who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by for example riley in the 1970s who
+demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated
+measles transmission in schools and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measles transmission in schools and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measles transmission in schools and in
+other settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings
+and from our perspective in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from our perspective in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from our perspective in this lecture
+it's not surprising these viruses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising these viruses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising these viruses are
+varions are so small they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varions are so small they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varions are so small they can be
+contained in the smallest droplets which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the smallest droplets which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in the smallest droplets which
+are easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easily
+present in the air for hours and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the air for hours and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the air for hours and so they
+are not settling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not settling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not settling out
+so what's a much more interest to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a much more interest to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a much more interest to us
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+is the family of coronaviruses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the family of coronaviruses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the family of coronaviruses so
+chronoviruses look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronoviruses look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronoviruses look
+very similar to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to this one
+but they have these sort of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have these sort of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have these sort of proteins
+that stick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stick out
+which you've all seen that look a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you've all seen that look a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you've all seen that look a bit
+like a crown or a corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a crown or a corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a crown or a corona
+and they still have an rna on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's lots of different human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of different human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's lots of different human
+coronaviruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronaviruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronaviruses
+so there are the standard human corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the standard human corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are the standard human corona
+viruses which cause the common cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are four typical human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are four typical human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are four typical human
+coronaviruses that cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronaviruses that cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronaviruses that cause
+common colds that we all experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common colds that we all experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common colds that we all experience and
+more serious pneumonias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious pneumonias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious pneumonias
+but generally not life-threatening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally not life-threatening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally not life-threatening
+illnesses but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illnesses but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illnesses but there are
+variations of the coronavirus mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the coronavirus mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of the coronavirus mutations
+which are constantly coming into contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are constantly coming into contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are constantly coming into contact
+with humans and can cause much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans and can cause much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with humans and can cause much more
+serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious
+diseases so in recent memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases so in recent memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases so in recent memory
+we've had the severe acute respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the severe acute respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had the severe acute respiratory
+syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome
+coronavirus and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus and this was
+there was a big outbreak a reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big outbreak a reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big outbreak a reasonably
+big outbreak around 2003 that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big outbreak around 2003 that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big outbreak around 2003 that started
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+in china and infected around 8 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and infected around 8 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china and infected around 8 000
+people and about 800 died so as a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and about 800 died so as a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and about 800 died so as a fairly
+lethal disease about 10 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal disease about 10 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethal disease about 10 percent
+mortality but fortunately didn't spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality but fortunately didn't spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality but fortunately didn't spread
+uh too widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too widely
+more recently there's the middle east
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently there's the middle east
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently there's the middle east
+respiratory syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory syndrome
+coronavirus uh which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus uh which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus uh which was
+in 2012 and this led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2012 and this led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2012 and this led to
+over the couple of years after that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the couple of years after that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the couple of years after that as
+well to around 2500 cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to around 2500 cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to around 2500 cases
+and around 850 deaths so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around 850 deaths so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around 850 deaths so
+again an outbreak that was potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an outbreak that was potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again an outbreak that was potentially
+very serious but remained controlled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious but remained controlled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very serious but remained controlled and
+was primarily in saudi arabia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was primarily in saudi arabia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was primarily in saudi arabia
+and then we come to sars cove ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we come to sars cove ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we come to sars cove ii
+which we all know the story so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we all know the story so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we all know the story so this is
+the novel coronavirus which appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novel coronavirus which appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the novel coronavirus which appeared in
+wuhan china in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wuhan china in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wuhan china in
+december 2019 and then led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december 2019 and then led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december 2019 and then led to the
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+global pandemic which so far has claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global pandemic which so far has claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global pandemic which so far has claimed
+uh almost a million deaths uh says of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost a million deaths uh says of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost a million deaths uh says of
+today were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today were uh
+which is september 24 it's around 976
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is september 24 it's around 976
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is september 24 it's around 976
+000 deaths worldwide and the confirmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 deaths worldwide and the confirmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 deaths worldwide and the confirmed
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+are currently at about 3.8 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently at about 3.8 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently at about 3.8 million
+which is a reasonable fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a reasonable fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a reasonable fraction of the
+world's population around 7 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's population around 7 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's population around 7 billion
+so what we can understand from all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can understand from all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we can understand from all this
+is that these are very small objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are very small objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these are very small objects
+they cannot swim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot swim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot swim
+and so they are just sort of floating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are just sort of floating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are just sort of floating in
+droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+and so of course they can be in small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course they can be in small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so of course they can be in small
+droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+and as we'll discuss nests you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll discuss nests you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll discuss nests you can
+imagine that they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they're actually
+more infectious in those small droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more infectious in those small droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more infectious in those small droplets
+because they can more easily get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can more easily get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can more easily get out
+and reach host cells when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reach host cells when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reach host cells when they're
+transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted
+moreover small droplets are much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover small droplets are much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover small droplets are much easier
+to get deep into your respiratory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get deep into your respiratory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get deep into your respiratory system
+into the smallest cavities of your lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the smallest cavities of your lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the smallest cavities of your lungs
+where there's a high surface area for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a high surface area for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a high surface area for
+that interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction
+to take place
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/prCwfSiWuq0.txt b/prCwfSiWuq0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e659e32c0f6f5666e0605e8af502e6bf0045d879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prCwfSiWuq0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we'd like to discuss angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'd like to discuss angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'd like to discuss angular
+acceleration for circular motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration for circular motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration for circular motion so
+suppose we have our angle theta radius R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have our angle theta radius R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have our angle theta radius R
+and our hat and theta hat recall that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our hat and theta hat recall that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our hat and theta hat recall that we
+described the angular velocity as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the angular velocity as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the angular velocity as the
+derivative of D theta DT and we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of D theta DT and we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of D theta DT and we made
+this perpendicular to our right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perpendicular to our right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perpendicular to our right-handed
+coordinate system Direction K now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system Direction K now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system Direction K now let's
+differentiate that to get our concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that to get our concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate that to get our concept of
+angular acceleration so alpha is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration so alpha is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration so alpha is the
+second derivative d theta DT squared K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative d theta DT squared K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative d theta DT squared K
+hat and this quantity is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this quantity is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and this quantity is what we call
+angular acceleration now we'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration now we'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration now we'll describe
+the component alpha Z as d squared theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component alpha Z as d squared theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component alpha Z as d squared theta
+DT squared so it's the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT squared so it's the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT squared so it's the second derivative
+of the angle and also if we wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angle and also if we wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angle and also if we wrote this
+as Omega Z K hat we can write that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Omega Z K hat we can write that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Omega Z K hat we can write that as
+the derivative D Omega Z DT as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative D Omega Z DT as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative D Omega Z DT as well so
+this is the component and now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the component and now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the component and now in
+circular motion the quantities of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion the quantities of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular motion the quantities of Omega
+and alpha Z are very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha Z are very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha Z are very much like the
+linear quantities of the X component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear quantities of the X component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear quantities of the X component of
+the velocity in the X component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity in the X component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity in the X component of the
+acceleration and again when we've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and again when we've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and again when we've chosen
+a reference frame let's look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference frame let's look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reference frame let's look at what
+various components mean let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various components mean let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various components mean let's begin with
+the case one where Omega Z is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case one where Omega Z is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case one where Omega Z is positive
+so when Omega Z is positive that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Omega Z is positive that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Omega Z is positive that tells
+us that the angle d theta/dt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the angle d theta/dt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the angle d theta/dt is
+increasing and that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and that corresponds to
+counter clockwise motion now given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter clockwise motion now given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter clockwise motion now given that
+case let's look at what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's look at what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's look at what happens when
+alpha Z is positive remember that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z is positive remember that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z is positive remember that's the
+statement that D Omega DT is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that D Omega DT is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that D Omega DT is positive
+that Omega Z is increasing so if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega Z is increasing so if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega Z is increasing so if an
+object is moving with the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving with the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving with the positive
+component of Omega Z and the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of Omega Z and the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of Omega Z and the angular
+acceleration component is positive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration component is positive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration component is positive that
+corresponds to increasing the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to increasing the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to increasing the linear
+example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if
+had one dimensional motion I had you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one dimensional motion I had you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one dimensional motion I had you had
+VX positive and a X positive corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX positive and a X positive corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX positive and a X positive corresponds
+to an object increasing in the its speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an object increasing in the its speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an object increasing in the its speed
+in the X direction that's our first case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction that's our first case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction that's our first case
+now let's look at the second example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the second example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the second example
+when alpha Z is less than zero so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when alpha Z is less than zero so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when alpha Z is less than zero so now
+the derivative of D Omega Z DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of D Omega Z DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of D Omega Z DT is
+negative what that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative what that corresponds to
+remember Omega Z is the Z component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Omega Z is the Z component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Omega Z is the Z component of
+the angular speed and if that's slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular speed and if that's slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular speed and if that's slowing
+down then with alpha Z less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then with alpha Z less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then with alpha Z less than zero
+the object is slowing down so in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is slowing down so in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is slowing down so in our
+linear case if we had a X less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case if we had a X less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case if we had a X less than zero
+this is the classic example of braking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the classic example of braking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the classic example of braking
+the object is moving in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is moving in the X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is moving in the X direction
+and slowing down now let's look at case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowing down now let's look at case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slowing down now let's look at case
+two where this is always a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where this is always a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where this is always a little bit
+complicated for circular motion where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for circular motion where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for circular motion where
+Omega Z is less than zero in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z is less than zero in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z is less than zero in that case
+the object is moving in the clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is moving in the clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is moving in the clockwise
+direction because the angle theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because the angle theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because the angle theta is
+decreasing corresponding to clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing corresponding to clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing corresponding to clockwise
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+so in that case once again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case once again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case once again let's
+consider the two examples well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the two examples well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the two examples well the first
+example is a positive component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a positive component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a positive component of
+angular acceleration now this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration now this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration now this is the one
+that can be a little bit confusing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be a little bit confusing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be a little bit confusing the
+object is moving clockwise but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving clockwise but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is moving clockwise but it has a
+positive alpha Z which will correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive alpha Z which will correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive alpha Z which will correspond
+to slowing the object down and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slowing the object down and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slowing the object down and if the
+Alpha Z remains positive it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Z remains positive it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Z remains positive it will
+actually come to rest and then reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come to rest and then reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come to rest and then reverse
+its motion and start to speed up so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its motion and start to speed up so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its motion and start to speed up so this
+is the case where D Omega is DZ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case where D Omega is DZ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case where D Omega is DZ is
+increasing and that's our first case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and that's our first case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and that's our first case so
+something like that could correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that could correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that could correspond to
+if we plotted Omega Z and we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plotted Omega Z and we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plotted Omega Z and we had an
+object that starts off with a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that starts off with a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that starts off with a negative
+Omega Z and increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z and increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z and increases
+notice that the slope here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the slope here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the slope here which is
+alpha z+ corresponds to a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha z+ corresponds to a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha z+ corresponds to a positive
+angular acceleration component and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration component and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration component and the
+object slows down as Omega gets closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object slows down as Omega gets closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object slows down as Omega gets closer
+to zero stops and now has a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero stops and now has a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero stops and now has a positive
+Omega Z corresponding to motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z corresponding to motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z corresponding to motion in
+counterclockwise direction for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise direction for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise direction for our
+linear case this corresponds to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case this corresponds to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case this corresponds to again
+with I hat our object moving to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I hat our object moving to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I hat our object moving to the left
+the X negative and if a X is positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X negative and if a X is positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X negative and if a X is positive it
+breaks in this direction which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks in this direction which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks in this direction which means
+it's slowing down and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slowing down and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slowing down and then eventually
+give it alpha X a X stays positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it alpha X a X stays positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it alpha X a X stays positive it
+continues in that direction now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues in that direction now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues in that direction now our
+final case and I'll put it down here B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final case and I'll put it down here B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final case and I'll put it down here B
+is this is again where Omega Z negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is again where Omega Z negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is again where Omega Z negative
+and alpha Z negative it's always helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha Z negative it's always helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha Z negative it's always helpful
+to see this immediately with the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this immediately with the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see this immediately with the graph
+Omega Z is negative here alpha Z which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z is negative here alpha Z which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Z is negative here alpha Z which
+is the slope is also negative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slope is also negative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the slope is also negative this
+corresponds to an object moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an object moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an object moving in the
+clockwise direction and actually its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise direction and actually its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise direction and actually its
+speed is increasing because alpha Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is increasing because alpha Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed is increasing because alpha Z is
+negative so it's going faster and faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it's going faster and faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so it's going faster and faster
+in the clockwise direction even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clockwise direction even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clockwise direction even though
+alpha Z is negative and for our linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z is negative and for our linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Z is negative and for our linear
+case again this corresponds to an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case again this corresponds to an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case again this corresponds to an object
+moving in the negative x direction and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the negative x direction and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving in the negative x direction and a
+X is negative it's moving faster in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is negative it's moving faster in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is negative it's moving faster in the
+negative x direction and so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x direction and so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative x direction and so these are
+the cases of how we analyze the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases of how we analyze the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases of how we analyze the various
+component the various cases for angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the various cases for angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component the various cases for angular
+acceleration and angular velocity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/puGDVckzFK8.txt b/puGDVckzFK8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89d6a532d25c4bc3f5483562834dd3698a0a58b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/puGDVckzFK8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9320 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today um going be a little bit boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um going be a little bit boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um going be a little bit boring
+for people on the on watching later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people on the on watching later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people on the on watching later and
+stuff because we're going to mostly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because we're going to mostly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff because we're going to mostly um
+be flipping things around so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flipping things around so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flipping things around so we're going
+to use this time for quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this time for quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this time for quite a lot of
+inclass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclass
+work um and you might need the chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and you might need the chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um and you might need the chair
+there and um try to get things um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and um try to get things um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and um try to get things um uh
+getting ready for later and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for later and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ready for later and having
+videos online um for some of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos online um for some of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos online um for some of the new
+topics that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that are coming
+up um before we get to to this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um before we get to to this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um before we get to to this is the
+fifth week of the semester um first are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth week of the semester um first are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth week of the semester um first are
+there any questions so far on problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions so far on problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions so far on problem
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+four Adam so optic you would want to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Adam so optic you would want to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Adam so optic you would want to two
+list at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list at the
+same um let me see would I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they no not necessarily what's what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they no not necessarily what's what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they no not necessarily what's what's a
+part what let's let's think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what let's let's think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what let's let's think through
+again optic O is just out it out octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again optic O is just out it out octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again optic O is just out it out octave
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+t transposition good I inversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t transposition good I inversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t transposition good I inversion and
+C one of those um is very important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C one of those um is very important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C one of those um is very important that
+you test well all of them is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test well all of them is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test well all of them is important
+that you test with uh different length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you test with uh different length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you test with uh different length
+sets but what's one of the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets but what's one of the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets but what's one of the ones that
+might um might sometimes return uh true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might um might sometimes return uh true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might um might sometimes return uh true
+if if the two um that the two pitch sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the two um that the two pitch sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the two um that the two pitch sets
+are equivalent if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent if you have this
+equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence
+class cality cardinality yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class cality cardinality yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class cality cardinality yeah so
+cardinality equivalence I it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality equivalence I it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardinality equivalence I it's kind of a
+odd thing isn't it because it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd thing isn't it because it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd thing isn't it because it's not it's
+kind of the backwards one is isn't it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the backwards one is isn't it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the backwards one is isn't it it
+should be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be like
+oped um duplication or something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oped um duplication or something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oped um duplication or something because
+is specifically not saying that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specifically not saying that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specifically not saying that things
+are equivalent if their cardinality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent if their cardinality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent if their cardinality is
+the same it is saying two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it is saying two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same it is saying two things are
+equivalent if you if their what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if you if their what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if you if their what do you
+want to I suppose cardinality is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I suppose cardinality is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I suppose cardinality is is that
+if duplicates are removed um good so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if duplicates are removed um good so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if duplicates are removed um good so so
+yeah there will be cases where um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there will be cases where um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there will be cases where um where
+two pit sets will have different lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pit sets will have different lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pit sets will have different lengths
+and um and of of things and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and of of things and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and of of things and be
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+um uh oh one important thing uh um I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh oh one important thing uh um I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh oh one important thing uh um I'll
+I'll do the one that I forgot to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the one that I forgot to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the one that I forgot to do um
+that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on
+inversion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and
+inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion
+is one of these things probably like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these things probably like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these things probably like
+mode or something like that that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode or something like that that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode or something like that that we used
+way too often in music to mean too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too often in music to mean too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too often in music to mean too many
+related but different things so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but different things so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but different things so I'm just
+going to move that more to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move that more to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move that more to the center
+um so what the two places that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what the two places that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what the two places that we've
+been talking about inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about inversion
+are in sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in sort of this
+um do you remember this circle from C C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you remember this circle from C C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you remember this circle from C C
+sharp d flat if spelling doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp d flat if spelling doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp d flat if spelling doesn't matter
+D am I getting there about right yep E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D am I getting there about right yep E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D am I getting there about right yep E
+flat E F now somehow I've well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat E F now somehow I've well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat E F now somehow I've well because
+my circle is more of an egg um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circle is more of an egg um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circle is more of an egg um you know
+so on and sorry I'm uh blanking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and sorry I'm uh blanking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and sorry I'm uh blanking
+on it's been a long time since I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's been a long time since I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's been a long time since I've
+written a circle of notes that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a circle of notes that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a circle of notes that is not
+the circle of fifths on the board right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of fifths on the board right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of fifths on the board right
+okay got that in order and we've thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got that in order and we've thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay got that in order and we've thought
+about this sort of axis of inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of axis of inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this sort of axis of inversion
+that you can have do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have do you remember that
+um that can Define um ways that pitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can Define um ways that pitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that can Define um ways that pitches
+can invert to each other we also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invert to each other we also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invert to each other we also use
+inversion and so this is prime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and so this is prime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and so this is prime the
+primary one that deit tachko is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary one that deit tachko is talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary one that deit tachko is talking
+about we also use inversion to mean sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we also use inversion to mean sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we also use inversion to mean sign
+we called tonal inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called tonal inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we called tonal inversion
+which is to say oh yeah we did this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say oh yeah we did this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say oh yeah we did this in
+class for a second right that this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for a second right that this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for a second right that this can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+inverted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this even though so because here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even though so because here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even though so because here we go
+up a step here we go down a step here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a step here we go down a step here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a step here we go down a step here we
+go up another step we go down a step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up another step we go down a step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up another step we go down a step up
+a step down a step but even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step down a step but even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step down a step but even though the
+steps are different sizes right so F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are different sizes right so F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are different sizes right so F to
+G is what kind of Step whole step next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is what kind of Step whole step next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is what kind of Step whole step next
+one whole step half and this one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whole step half and this one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whole step half and this one half
+whole whole so but so in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole so but so in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole whole so but so in the in the
+strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly
+enharmonic context of inversion they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enharmonic context of inversion they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enharmonic context of inversion they
+would not be the same which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be the same which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be the same which is the
+context that Demitri Tranco is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that Demitri Tranco is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that Demitri Tranco is mostly
+talking about in the tonal context they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the tonal context they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the tonal context they
+would um they would be the same though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would um they would be the same though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would um they would be the same though
+right but then there's this third part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then there's this third part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then there's this third part
+this third very common use of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third very common use of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third very common use of the word
+inversion in music that is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion in music that is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion in music that is not what
+we're talking about in any way on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about in any way on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about in any way on this
+problem set when John you know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set when John you know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set when John you know what that
+is Chord inv chord inversion chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Chord inv chord inversion chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Chord inv chord inversion chord
+inversion so right so if I have a chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion so right so if I have a chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion so right so if I have a chord
+let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+major what is the base if I am in second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inversion e great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion e great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion e great
+so you might have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have something like
+that now here's so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now here's so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now here's so that's the
+explanation part that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation part that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation part that's the
+clarification part and now the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification part and now the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification part and now the the
+critical thinking thing chord inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thinking thing chord inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thinking thing chord inversion
+in this sense has to do with what letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sense has to do with what letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sense has to do with what letter
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic
+p and there's another one so P we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and there's another one so P we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and there's another one so P we could
+say that a c Shar e is the same as e e c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a c Shar e is the same as e e c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that a c Shar e is the same as e e c
+a but there's something else we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but there's something else we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but there's something else we need
+yeah oh so we need that this o is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh so we need that this o is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh so we need that this o is
+equivalent to this o that this octave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this o that this octave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this o that this octave is
+the same as this octave I see everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this octave I see everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this octave I see everybody
+shivering it's really cold in here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shivering it's really cold in here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shivering it's really cold in here today
+isn't it right okay no I maybe it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right okay no I maybe it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it right okay no I maybe it's just
+me you're cold other people are cold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're cold other people are cold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're cold other people are cold and
+I'm like up here here okay so o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like up here here okay so o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like up here here okay so o
+and octave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and octave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and octave and
+permutation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation um
+if you have an augmented Triad there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an augmented Triad there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an augmented Triad there's
+an interesting here let's just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting here let's just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting here let's just keep
+playing we'll make a simpler augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing we'll make a simpler augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing we'll make a simpler augmented
+Triad that you might have thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad that you might have thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad that you might have thought of
+before then the different inversions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then the different inversions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before then the different inversions
+have to do with you can think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with you can think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with you can think of them as
+o and P but specifically for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and P but specifically for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o and P but specifically for the
+augmented Triad there's another um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented Triad there's another um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented Triad there's another um
+letter that comes into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get the sound of the augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get the sound of the augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get the sound of the augmented
+Triad into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad into our
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ears what's a way that we can do let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears what's a way that we can do let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears what's a way that we can do let's
+say a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a first
+inversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion of
+this augmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this augmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this augmented
+Triad yeah uh actually no just calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad yeah uh actually no just calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad yeah uh actually no just calling
+out somebody go uh I I let's see yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out somebody go uh I I let's see yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out somebody go uh I I let's see yes
+because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can
+invert around this this point and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert around this this point and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invert around this this point and what
+are the two intervals from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two intervals from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two intervals from here to here
+the same they the they are the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same they the they are the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same they the they are the same um
+uh yes but what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes but what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes but what what are
+they go major major third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go major major third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go major major third
+and and major third because you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and major third because you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and major third because you already
+said the same good sorry sometimes I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the same good sorry sometimes I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the same good sorry sometimes I I
+for I forget that was prefaced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I forget that was prefaced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I forget that was prefaced with
+something that we that required me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we that required me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we that required me to
+use the C operator to um to map major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the C operator to um to map major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the C operator to um to map major
+third to Major third major third right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third to Major third major third right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third to Major third major third right
+good so it can be inversion there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it can be inversion there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it can be inversion there's
+another way you can think of it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can think of it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can think of it yeah
+Jason position transposition so if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason position transposition so if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason position transposition so if we go
+up what do we have to go up a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what do we have to go up a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what do we have to go up a major
+third so C goes up to e e goes up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so C goes up to e e goes up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so C goes up to e e goes up a
+major third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+to g d g sharp and then G Shar goes up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to g d g sharp and then G Shar goes up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to g d g sharp and then G Shar goes up a
+major third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major third
+to C C first it goes up a major third to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C C first it goes up a major third to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C C first it goes up a major third to
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+sharp and then what other operate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and then what other operate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and then what other operate what
+other letter are we thinking of s s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other letter are we thinking of s s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other letter are we thinking of s s
+spelling so that the the uh what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling so that the the uh what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling so that the the uh what do you
+call it the E BP goes to C natural you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the E BP goes to C natural you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the E BP goes to C natural you
+can think of all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of all of these different
+letters and different equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and different equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and different equivalence
+classes as quite often depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as quite often depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as quite often depending on your
+context different ways of getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context different ways of getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context different ways of getting to the
+same answer um the hard part on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer um the hard part on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer um the hard part on the
+problem set though is sometimes figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set though is sometimes figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set though is sometimes figuring
+out if you're giv given multiple um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you're giv given multiple um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you're giv given multiple um if
+you're given multiple of these letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given multiple of these letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given multiple of these letters
+together you're saying that you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you're saying that you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you're saying that you have the
+um o and P set um can you apply o and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um o and P set um can you apply o and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um o and P set um can you apply o and
+then p and is that the same as applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then p and is that the same as applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then p and is that the same as applying
+p and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and then
+o sometimes it will be sometimes it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o sometimes it will be sometimes it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o sometimes it will be sometimes it or
+some of these combinations of letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these combinations of letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these combinations of letters
+the order won't matter and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order won't matter and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order won't matter and some of the
+combinations of letters will open up new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of letters will open up new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of letters will open up new
+possibilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that
+chaining one and then the other will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining one and then the other will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining one and then the other will um
+will not be sufficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be sufficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be sufficient for
+anybody far enough on the pet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody far enough on the pet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody far enough on the pet to
+encounter any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those some of you have some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some of you have some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those some of you have some people have
+turned them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned them
+in do you remember any of the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do you remember any of the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do you remember any of the ones that
+were like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like that
+um like years ago um yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like years ago um yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like years ago um yeah I think
+like octave permutation didn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like octave permutation didn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like octave permutation didn't matter
+octave and permutation didn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave and permutation didn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave and permutation didn't matter
+which one you did I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you did I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one you did I think
+that's I think that's correct yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think that's correct yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I think that's correct yeah yep
+see I I I should be thinking there's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I I I should be thinking there's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I I I should be thinking there's how
+many combinations of there's what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many combinations of there's what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many combinations of there's what do you
+what do you call it there's uh n Cho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call it there's uh n Cho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call it there's uh n Cho
+five choose two right there's or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five choose two right there's or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five choose two right there's or five
+factorial combinations but um or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial combinations but um or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial combinations but um or just
+two no two to the 5ifth combinations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two no two to the 5ifth combinations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two no two to the 5ifth combinations uh
+with optic but um some of a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with optic but um some of a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with optic but um some of a lot of them
+them are never used you would never use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are never used you would never use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are never used you would never use
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know
+um card what's something you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um card what's something you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um card what's something you wouldn't
+use inversion without permutation quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use inversion without permutation quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use inversion without permutation quite
+often or something like that yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often or something like that yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often or something like that yeah great
+or inversion and permutation without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inversion and permutation without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inversion and permutation without
+octave equivalence or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave equivalence or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave equivalence or something
+fantastic I want to introduce you to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I want to introduce you to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I want to introduce you to um
+another friend we're going to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another friend we're going to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another friend we're going to have more
+as class goes on these little uh one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as class goes on these little uh one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as class goes on these little uh one to
+two minute guest speakers and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minute guest speakers and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minute guest speakers and here is
+somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who
+uh went through this class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you hi I'm Sophia and I work with Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hi I'm Sophia and I work with Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hi I'm Sophia and I work with Mike
+with music 21 in like 2016 2017 we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with music 21 in like 2016 2017 we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with music 21 in like 2016 2017 we wrote
+this paper called emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper called emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper called emotion
+planning called emotion painting lyric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning called emotion painting lyric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning called emotion painting lyric
+affect musical relationship in a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect musical relationship in a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect musical relationship in a large
+scale Lei Corpus and then idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Lei Corpus and then idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Lei Corpus and then idea is
+there's this concept called word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this concept called word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this concept called word
+painting in classical music where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting in classical music where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting in classical music where the
+music sort of reflects what the lyrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music sort of reflects what the lyrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music sort of reflects what the lyrics
+says so rise you will sing like rise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so rise you will sing like rise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so rise you will sing like rise or
+fall you will sing fall and then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall you will sing fall and then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall you will sing fall and then we want
+to see how prevalent that is in say folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how prevalent that is in say folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how prevalent that is in say folk
+or popular music we had this Corpus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or popular music we had this Corpus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or popular music we had this Corpus of
+around 1900 songs of folk music or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1900 songs of folk music or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1900 songs of folk music or
+popular music and then we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular music and then we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular music and then we're able to
+analyze it with music 21 what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it with music 21 what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it with music 21 what we did is
+we used the natural language toolkit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used the natural language toolkit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used the natural language toolkit and
+analyzed the emotion conveyed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the emotion conveyed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the emotion conveyed by the
+lyrics and then looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyrics and then looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyrics and then looked at the
+corresponding notes in the music um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding notes in the music um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding notes in the music um we
+found a bunch of interesting things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a bunch of interesting things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a bunch of interesting things like
+more emotive words that convey an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more emotive words that convey an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more emotive words that convey an
+emotion are more likely to fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion are more likely to fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion are more likely to fall on
+strong beat strengths like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong beat strengths like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong beat strengths like the first
+beat or like the third beat on beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat or like the third beat on beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat or like the third beat on beat
+whereas uh words that doesn't convey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh words that doesn't convey of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh words that doesn't convey of
+emotion like is and um will fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion like is and um will fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion like is and um will fall on
+weaker beat strengthes and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker beat strengthes and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker beat strengthes and also
+interesting things like words with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things like words with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things like words with
+strong negative emotions like anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong negative emotions like anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong negative emotions like anger
+disgust or fear tend to fall on shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgust or fear tend to fall on shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgust or fear tend to fall on shorter
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did so we're going to be moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so we're going to be moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did so we're going to be moving on to
+the concept of um Corpus and corpora um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of um Corpus and corpora um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of um Corpus and corpora um
+it's a little bit and so what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit and so what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit and so what do we do
+and statistics because the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics because the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statistics because the only reason
+to look at a huge number of pieces is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a huge number of pieces is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a huge number of pieces is to
+come up with some kind of statistical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some kind of statistical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some kind of statistical um
+sort of summary or extraction or to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summary or extraction or to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summary or extraction or to find
+things that are outliers within it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are outliers within it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are outliers within it and
+even if you're thinking you know oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're thinking you know oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you're thinking you know oh yeah
+or to do deep learning stuff and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to do deep learning stuff and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to do deep learning stuff and you
+those who have taken artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have taken artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who have taken artificial
+intelligence and deep learning classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and deep learning classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and deep learning classes
+you'll know that um at its heart these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that um at its heart these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that um at its heart these
+are all just statistics right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all just statistics right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all just statistics right this is
+all just a whole bunch of numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just a whole bunch of numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just a whole bunch of numbers that
+are being trained and extracted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being trained and extracted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being trained and extracted from
+things um the Corpus I was hoping for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um the Corpus I was hoping for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um the Corpus I was hoping for us
+to work with today I haven't been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with today I haven't been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with today I haven't been able
+to get it working well enough to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it working well enough to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it working well enough to not
+crash and um on my system and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash and um on my system and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash and um on my system and that's my
+U my bad for uh not having this up um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U my bad for uh not having this up um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U my bad for uh not having this up um um
+but I want to point out to you we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to point out to you we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to point out to you we're
+going to be talking about uh more it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about uh more it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about uh more it's a
+collection of um I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of um I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of um I think uh
+2000 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 um
+encoded uh leads a art song songs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded uh leads a art song songs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded uh leads a art song songs that
+are sung in concerts and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sung in concerts and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sung in concerts and things
+primarily by um women and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily by um women and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily by um women and uh and and
+black and other minority composers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and other minority composers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and other minority composers um
+you'll see that there are some people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there are some people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that there are some people in
+here beIN who are don't fit in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here beIN who are don't fit in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here beIN who are don't fit in any of
+those categories and that was in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those categories and that was in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those categories and that was in order
+to have a comparison set in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a comparison set in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a comparison set in there
+um I don't know I'll have to ask Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I'll have to ask Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I'll have to ask Mark
+Gotham the great researcher who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gotham the great researcher who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gotham the great researcher who was
+doing this I think also he had really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this I think also he had really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this I think also he had really
+hoped to get 2,000 and had a certain day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped to get 2,000 and had a certain day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped to get 2,000 and had a certain day
+and found that he already had some bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found that he already had some bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and found that he already had some bin
+lying around or something but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying around or something but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying around or something but it's a
+really amazing uh Corpus and I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing uh Corpus and I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing uh Corpus and I hope that
+we're going to be able to work with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to work with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to work with it
+later in uh the year um today being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in uh the year um today being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in uh the year um today being
+International women's day I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International women's day I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International women's day I thought that
+would be a particularly good day to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a particularly good day to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a particularly good day to work
+with it but last things don't often hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but last things don't often hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it but last things don't often hit
+um our deadlines and we can uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our deadlines and we can uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our deadlines and we can uh we can
+jump back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump back to that
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+uh the second one that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second one that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the second one that we're going to be
+working with and the reason why you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and the reason why you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with and the reason why you have
+your laptops out today uh that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptops out today uh that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptops out today uh that we're
+going to be working with together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working with together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be working with together in
+class is um part of this uh Essen folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is um part of this uh Essen folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is um part of this uh Essen folk
+um music data set um and it's we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um music data set um and it's we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um music data set um and it's we're
+going to be looking at the an Irish folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at the an Irish folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at the an Irish folk
+music Corpus uh there's a lot of Irish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Corpus uh there's a lot of Irish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music Corpus uh there's a lot of Irish
+FK folk music corpora online and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK folk music corpora online and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK folk music corpora online and we'll
+be uh looking at that then just to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh looking at that then just to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh looking at that then just to sum
+up then we'll be looking at probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then we'll be looking at probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then we'll be looking at probably the
+most overlooked at Corpus of all time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most overlooked at Corpus of all time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most overlooked at Corpus of all time um
+but the one that's um there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that's um there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that's um there's a lot of
+written about it and that is Johan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it and that is Johan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about it and that is Johan
+Sebastian box uh Corrals um the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian box uh Corrals um the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian box uh Corrals um the ones
+that you've already been working with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've already been working with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've already been working with a
+couple of them we're going to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them we're going to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them we're going to see what
+happens when we work with all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we work with all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we work with all of them
+one of the things I'm going to be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I'm going to be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I'm going to be asking
+you to look at is one uh over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at is one uh over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at is one uh over the next
+by next class if you can um is to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by next class if you can um is to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by next class if you can um is to start
+reading an article um by Brett Arden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading an article um by Brett Arden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading an article um by Brett Arden and
+David hon uh which is as you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David hon uh which is as you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David hon uh which is as you can kind of
+see from the uh from the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the uh from the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the uh from the quality of the
+of the scans a little bit of an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scans a little bit of an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scans a little bit of an old
+article I think it's about 20 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I think it's about 20 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I think it's about 20 years old
+now but it was one of the first ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it was one of the first ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but it was one of the first ones to
+see what happens when you take musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you take musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you take musical
+features and compare them to geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and compare them to geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and compare them to geographic
+features so like looking at um a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so like looking at um a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so like looking at um a density
+contour map of melodies wherea most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour map of melodies wherea most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour map of melodies wherea most
+phrases end on the tonic we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases end on the tonic we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases end on the tonic we can see that
+there's a huge change from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge change from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge change from here to here
+in that's Denmark up here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's Denmark up here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's Denmark up here this is
+Germany uh right where the Alps began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany uh right where the Alps began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany uh right where the Alps began
+and so we can see how um how geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can see how um how geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can see how um how geographic
+features might change um yeah might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features might change um yeah might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features might change um yeah might
+might change how how music goes so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change how how music goes so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change how how music goes so um
+I'm going to blank that for a second I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to blank that for a second I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to blank that for a second I'm
+going to open up a Jupiter notebook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open up a Jupiter notebook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open up a Jupiter notebook and
+we're also going to unlock a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to unlock a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to unlock a few things
+along the way so so hoping that we'll um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way so so hoping that we'll um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way so so hoping that we'll um
+get through some of these music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through some of these music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through some of these music 21
+topics as we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics as we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics as we as we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+so we'll start by um importing an artic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start by um importing an artic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start by um importing an artic
+of something that we've already unlocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that we've already unlocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something that we've already unlocked
+from music 21 import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from music 21 import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from music 21 import
+Corpus and we'll call IRL abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus and we'll call IRL abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus and we'll call IRL abbreviation
+for Ireland Corpus parse um we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ireland Corpus parse um we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Ireland Corpus parse um we'll be
+safe SN Essen f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe SN Essen f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe SN Essen f
+song SL IRL see how close I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song SL IRL see how close I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song SL IRL see how close I can get this
+to me so I'm still looking at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+this topic five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so everybody give me a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so everybody give me a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so everybody give me a quick
+thumbs up if we're at this place awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbs up if we're at this place awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbs up if we're at this place awesome
+super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay um
+one of the things you can do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can do anything
+that you get from the Corpus just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from the Corpus just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from the Corpus just in
+case you ever need to um look at it oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you ever need to um look at it oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you ever need to um look at it oops
+sorry have an old thing um is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry have an old thing um is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry have an old thing um is look at
+where it is in um on your hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is in um on your hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is in um on your hard
+drive okay now somebody can hack my hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive okay now somebody can hack my hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive okay now somebody can hack my hard
+drive um and um and so on U what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive um and um and so on U what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive um and um and so on U what kind of
+thing would you expect IRL to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would you expect IRL to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would you expect IRL to be what
+kind of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an INT who votes for INT no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an INT who votes for INT no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an INT who votes for INT no
+float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a you think it's string no you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think what what what usually are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what what usually are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what what what usually are we
+working with in music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with in music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with in music
+21 stream great well kind of a stream do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 stream great well kind of a stream do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 stream great well kind of a stream do
+we think is score score score would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is score score score would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is score score score would be
+most logical right in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most logical right in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most logical right in this case we're
+working this is our first time working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this is our first time working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working this is our first time working
+with something bigger than a score uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something bigger than a score uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something bigger than a score uh
+something called an opus so a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called an opus so a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called an opus so a collection
+of scores and so um what we can do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scores and so um what we can do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scores and so um what we can do is we
+can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at at how many scores are in here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at how many scores are in here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at how many scores are in here so
+this is a pretty small Corpus but big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty small Corpus but big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty small Corpus but big
+enough to start doing some um statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to start doing some um statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to start doing some um statistics
+on so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we can do
+like IRL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like IRL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like IRL
+docor z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and good deterministic it's still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good deterministic it's still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and good deterministic it's still the
+same one that I thought it would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one that I thought it would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one that I thought it would be um
+and see this one of the things you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see this one of the things you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see this one of the things you'll
+find if you're really interested in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if you're really interested in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find if you're really interested in um
+in being efficient is instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in being efficient is instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in being efficient is instead of doing
+um inte into z uh what do you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inte into z uh what do you call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inte into z uh what do you call it
+square bracket zero and most on music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket zero and most on music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket zero and most on music 21
+scores once you've done all your fil uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores once you've done all your fil uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores once you've done all your fil uh
+streams once you've done all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams once you've done all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams once you've done all your
+filtering you can do first and last and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering you can do first and last and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering you can do first and last and
+all they are is um o of one um or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they are is um o of one um or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they are is um o of one um or that
+that they stop finding all the scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they stop finding all the scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they stop finding all the scores
+once they found the first one so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they found the first one so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they found the first one so it's a
+little bit if you're into um algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you're into um algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit if you're into um algorithmic
+optimization it can sometimes be quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it can sometimes be quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization it can sometimes be quite a
+bit faster for very long notes Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster for very long notes Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster for very long notes Okay so
+what I want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to know is
+um this is interesting it's in 3 four um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is interesting it's in 3 four um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is interesting it's in 3 four um
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+up good it does some of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up good it does some of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up good it does some of the things that
+we expect um uh tunel pieces from folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect um uh tunel pieces from folk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect um uh tunel pieces from folk
+era to do if you begin with um what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era to do if you begin with um what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era to do if you begin with um what is
+it a dotted eighth a dotted quarter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a dotted eighth a dotted quarter um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a dotted eighth a dotted quarter um
+missing at the beginning or added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing at the beginning or added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing at the beginning or added to the
+pickup measure at the beginning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup measure at the beginning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup measure at the beginning you
+expect that at the very end you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that at the very end you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that at the very end you also
+have that so that the pickup measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so that the pickup measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that so that the pickup measure and
+the ending measure um usually represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending measure um usually represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ending measure um usually represent
+one oh is everything okay yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh is everything okay yeah go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh is everything okay yeah go ahead
+you sure of course always glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure of course always glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure of course always glad
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+so do we get it that yeah the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we get it that yeah the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we get it that yeah the piece
+looks a little bit different the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit different the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit different the piece
+looks a little bit different on yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit different on yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit different on yours
+um hugely terribly different like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hugely terribly different like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hugely terribly different like
+now just just a little little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just just a little little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just just a little little bit
+different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay
+um yeah it's I mean depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's I mean depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it's I mean depending on your
+version uh here's here's what it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh here's here's what it looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version uh here's here's what it looked
+like a couple years ago so it's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a couple years ago so it's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a couple years ago so it's quite a
+bit smaller back then and things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit smaller back then and things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit smaller back then and things but
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in
+34 is that common for Irish folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music what would you what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music what would you what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music what would you what do you think
+who has who has heard Irish musicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has who has heard Irish musicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has who has heard Irish musicians
+play in their life for Irish music not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in their life for Irish music not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in their life for Irish music not
+very many uh keep your hand up if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many uh keep your hand up if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many uh keep your hand up if you're
+also over 21 no just kidding um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also over 21 no just kidding um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also over 21 no just kidding um because
+they do usually play uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do usually play uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do usually play uh one of the
+places you can hear quite often uh Irish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you can hear quite often uh Irish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you can hear quite often uh Irish
+folk musicians play in Boston is in pubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk musicians play in Boston is in pubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk musicians play in Boston is in pubs
+and things but um so rest so of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things but um so rest so of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things but um so rest so of people
+who have heard or people who think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have heard or people who think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have heard or people who think they
+might know this or um what's what's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know this or um what's what's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know this or um what's what's a a
+time signature that you think would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature that you think would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature that you think would be
+common Adam two four two4 shy 68 68 John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Adam two four two4 shy 68 68 John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Adam two four two4 shy 68 68 John
+68 Al or I was going to say 68 68 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 Al or I was going to say 68 68 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 Al or I was going to say 68 68 well
+one of this is one of those cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this is one of those cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this is one of those cool
+questions where where if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where where if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where where if you have the
+same answer as somebody else who still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer as somebody else who still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer as somebody else who still
+want to hear because that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear because that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear because that starts
+building up consensus somebody give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up consensus somebody give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up consensus somebody give me a
+time signature you you don't expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature you you don't expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature you you don't expect to
+be the highest uh the most commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the highest uh the most commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the highest uh the most commonly used
+time signature yeah Jason 74 74 good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature yeah Jason 74 74 good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature yeah Jason 74 74 good
+good okay so we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so we have some
+hypothesis what we're going to do is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis what we're going to do is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis what we're going to do is try
+to figure out what's the most commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's the most commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's the most commonly
+used time signature uh in this Irish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used time signature uh in this Irish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used time signature uh in this Irish
+folk thing and always start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk thing and always start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk thing and always start with a
+hypothesis because the number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis because the number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis because the number of times
+I've seen people go ahead and um publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen people go ahead and um publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen people go ahead and um publish
+things that don't um where they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't um where they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that don't um where they don't
+have a a hypothesis and then they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a hypothesis and then they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a hypothesis and then they don't
+realize like oh uh I printed out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize like oh uh I printed out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize like oh uh I printed out the
+measure number divided by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure number divided by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure number divided by the number of
+notes not uh you know not the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes not uh you know not the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes not uh you know not the time
+signature um and therefore you know 137
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature um and therefore you know 137
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature um and therefore you know 137
+over 14,000 probably wasn't the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 14,000 probably wasn't the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 14,000 probably wasn't the most
+common time signature so let's start um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common time signature so let's start um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common time signature so let's start um
+this was a question that came up at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a question that came up at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a question that came up at some
+point um uh can you use are anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um uh can you use are anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um uh can you use are anything in
+the normal python Library unlocked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal python Library unlocked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal python Library unlocked in
+this class yes so let's import the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class yes so let's import the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class yes so let's import the
+counter who's has who's seen counter not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter who's has who's seen counter not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter who's has who's seen counter not
+everybody okay some people some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay some people some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody okay some people some people
+haven't counter is just it's a very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't counter is just it's a very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't counter is just it's a very cool
+um little it's just a dictionary but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little it's just a dictionary but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um little it's just a dictionary but um
+it starts off at zero when something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts off at zero when something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts off at zero when something's
+not there so you don't have to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there so you don't have to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there so you don't have to say uh
+when you're adding things up you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're adding things up you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're adding things up you can
+just uh you start from from that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you start from from that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you start from from that so you
+can you can you can just start adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you can just start adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you can just start adding
+one to things um so I kind of like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to things um so I kind of like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to things um so I kind of like that
+so let say for song in the Irish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let say for song in the Irish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let say for song in the Irish
+Corpus um we can do we're going want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus um we can do we're going want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus um we can do we're going want to
+get the time signature so I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the time signature so I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the time signature so I want you to
+song.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something oops pull that up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oops pull that up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oops pull that up a little bit
+and fill out the rest or maybe song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill out the rest or maybe song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill out the rest or maybe song
+Maybe we don't even need to dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe we don't even need to dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe we don't even need to dot
+something I don't know song is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know song is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know song is probably
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and you we did put um IRL scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you we did put um IRL scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you we did put um IRL scores
+first up there so you know you can test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first up there so you know you can test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first up there so you know you can test
+this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one let's let's say we're only get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's let's say we're only get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's let's say we're only get for
+Simplicity sake we're only going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity sake we're only going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity sake we're only going to be
+counting the first time signature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the first time signature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the first time signature in
+each song and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each song and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each song and um
+and that most of the songs in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that most of the songs in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that most of the songs in this
+collection I think all of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I think all of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection I think all of them are
+monophonic so uh you're only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophonic so uh you're only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophonic so uh you're only going to
+have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+part where are some words you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where are some words you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where are some words you're
+typing um get element by class good get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing um get element by class good get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing um get element by class good get
+element by class or get uh there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by class or get uh there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element by class or get uh there's one
+one little typle get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little typle get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little typle get
+elements plural yeah so unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements plural yeah so unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements plural yeah so unfortunately
+there isn't a get first element thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a get first element thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a get first element thing
+great anybody else having other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great anybody else having other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great anybody else having other words
+that you're typing that you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're typing that you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're typing that you'd like
+everyone else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know you're all unless I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're all unless I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're all unless I tell you
+otherwise like the midterm or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise like the midterm or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise like the midterm or something
+you're generally allowed to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generally allowed to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generally allowed to talk to
+people around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you Joe what's word that you've typed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just okay
+cool yeah what's um I guess we can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yeah what's um I guess we can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yeah what's um I guess we can like
+yeah use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah use
+meter. okay meter. typ yeah so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter. okay meter. typ yeah so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter. okay meter. typ yeah so you'll
+probably want to import meter sorry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to import meter sorry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to import meter sorry uh
+if I didn't do that you can import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I didn't do that you can import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I didn't do that you can import
+anything that's unlocked always so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's unlocked always so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's unlocked always so from
+music 21 import meter and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 import meter and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 import meter and what's the
+word that you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that you said
+meter dot time signature that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter dot time signature that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter dot time signature that that one
+might be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody else have any words that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else have any words that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else have any words that you've
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typing fine I'm I'm going to type a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing fine I'm I'm going to type a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing fine I'm I'm going to type a
+Word my word is recurse anybody type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Word my word is recurse anybody type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Word my word is recurse anybody type
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+no or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no or
+flatten anybody type that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm I'm only asking for this this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm only asking for this this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm only asking for this this line
+so go I'm I'm just trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go I'm I'm just trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go I'm I'm just trying to figure out
+has who has gotten a time signature out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has who has gotten a time signature out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has who has gotten a time signature out
+okay so some some people have uh Vincent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some some people have uh Vincent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so some some people have uh Vincent
+what you what' you type to get your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what' you type to get your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what' you type to get your time
+suggestion so recurse El okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recurse do get Elements by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse do get Elements by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurse do get Elements by
+class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and
+anybody help what's the next thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody help what's the next thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody help what's the next thing I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+type meter. time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type meter. time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type meter. time
+signature great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature great
+um anything else that I should be typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else that I should be typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anything else that I should be typing
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is that is this correct will TS now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is this correct will TS now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is this correct will TS now
+be a meter. time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature okay let's let's try let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature okay let's let's try let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature okay let's let's try let's try
+this on one song since I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on one song since I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on one song since I don't know if
+we have this at all so we'll call we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this at all so we'll call we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this at all so we'll call we'll
+go back to the IRL do scores. first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the IRL do scores. first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the IRL do scores. first and
+um what do we what was that name of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we what was that name of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do we what was that name of that
+song A lady Fair we'll call it lady um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song A lady Fair we'll call it lady um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song A lady Fair we'll call it lady um
+equals IRL s scores at first um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals IRL s scores at first um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals IRL s scores at first um now
+we'll try this lady. recurse doget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try this lady. recurse doget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try this lady. recurse doget
+Elements by class meter. time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signature who votes this is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature who votes this is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature who votes this is going to get
+me a time signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a time signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a time signature
+who votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who votes
+not okay not sure not sure but not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay not sure not sure but not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay not sure not sure but not a
+time signature you had your hand up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature you had your hand up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature you had your hand up on
+not a time signature good anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a time signature good anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a time signature good anybody else
+Vanessa you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa you look at your
+function it's a what I it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a what I it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a what I it's a
+get yeah something that will'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what oops do I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oops do I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oops do I not
+have oh sorry yes that won't return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oh sorry yes that won't return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oh sorry yes that won't return
+anything if I don't put the um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I don't put the um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if I don't put the um if I
+don't put these brackets uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put these brackets uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put these brackets uh right
+because I was trying to do it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was trying to do it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was trying to do it on a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and or oh this comes up by the way um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or oh this comes up by the way um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or oh this comes up by the way um in
+your in um uh what you in problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in um uh what you in problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in um uh what you in problem sets
+sometimes in answers the order matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in answers the order matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in answers the order matters
+right I hadn't run the music 21 import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I hadn't run the music 21 import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I hadn't run the music 21 import
+meter yet um just just something to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter yet um just just something to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter yet um just just something to keep
+in mind always make sure when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind always make sure when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind always make sure when you're
+done when you think your problem set's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done when you think your problem set's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done when you think your problem set's
+done hit restart and run all and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done hit restart and run all and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done hit restart and run all and see if
+it gets to the end because you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to the end because you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to the end because you might
+have been solving a problem along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been solving a problem along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been solving a problem along the
+way and then have oh you know in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then have oh you know in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then have oh you know in order
+to solve question two I imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve question two I imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve question two I imported
+something from question three but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from question three but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from question three but then
+it's not ready when I run it so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not ready when I run it so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not ready when I run it so yeah so
+now that we have this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have this what
+is here something called a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here something called a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here something called a recursive
+iterator so is not a time signature how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterator so is not a time signature how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterator so is not a time signature how
+do I get the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get the time
+signature from this we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from this we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from this we have this
+anybody Hannah can index zero index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Hannah can index zero index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Hannah can index zero index
+zero perfect it's um kind of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero perfect it's um kind of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero perfect it's um kind of like what
+we did here indexing zero on a iterator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here indexing zero on a iterator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here indexing zero on a iterator
+over scores but now we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over scores but now we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over scores but now we have something
+that's indexing over the time signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's indexing over the time signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's indexing over the time signature
+so we should be able to do this with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should be able to do this with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should be able to do this with if
+I remember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember my
+parentheses I do get used to an IDE that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses I do get used to an IDE that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses I do get used to an IDE that
+fills in my parentheses for me uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills in my parentheses for me uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills in my parentheses for me uh which
+I'm not using and I can do index zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not using and I can do index zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not using and I can do index zero or
+I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do
+first um either one this is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um either one this is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um either one this is a particular
+case where first will save you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where first will save you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where first will save you a lot of
+time because you're pretty sure the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you're pretty sure the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because you're pretty sure the time
+signature should be at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature should be at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature should be at the beginning of
+the score so once you hit one stop don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the score so once you hit one stop don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the score so once you hit one stop don't
+go through the whole rest of the score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the whole rest of the score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the whole rest of the score
+looking for more time signatures if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for more time signatures if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for more time signatures if you
+only want the first one good so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want the first one good so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want the first one good so we have
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+signature now what we can do is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature now what we can do is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature now what we can do is this is
+something we haven't seen the ratio of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we haven't seen the ratio of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we haven't seen the ratio of a
+time signature the three for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature the three for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signature the three for something
+is in its ratio string there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in its ratio string there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in its ratio string there's also a
+numerator denominator but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator denominator but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator denominator but this is the
+one that's pretty helpful um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's pretty helpful um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's pretty helpful um and then
+meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+counter ratio which I be doing now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter ratio which I be doing now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter ratio which I be doing now if I
+want to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them plus equals one good and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them plus equals one good and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them plus equals one good and then at
+the very end let's see our meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counter so we have had hypotheses of 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter so we have had hypotheses of 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter so we have had hypotheses of 34
+and 68 uh I put my money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 68 uh I put my money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 68 uh I put my money on
+68 and oops what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forget oh uh IRL that scores thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget oh uh IRL that scores thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget oh uh IRL that scores thank
+you IRL scores because the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you IRL scores because the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you IRL scores because the first thing
+there was a metadata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's our winner 3 four 34 our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's our winner 3 four 34 our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's our winner 3 four 34 our
+runner up 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner up 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runner up 44
+44 and then then 68 at least 68 was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 and then then 68 at least 68 was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44 and then then 68 at least 68 was on
+those of us were 68 the 68 crew we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us were 68 the 68 crew we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us were 68 the 68 crew we we
+did okay on there but yeah I might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay on there but yeah I might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay on there but yeah I might have
+the difference between this being sung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this being sung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this being sung
+music versus fiddle music I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music versus fiddle music I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music versus fiddle music I don't know
+we can try uh some of the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try uh some of the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try uh some of the other things
+in there by the way with with a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there by the way with with a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there by the way with with a counter
+you can also do things like meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do things like meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do things like meter
+counter. most common three most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter. most common three most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter. most common three most common
+and see what they are in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what they are in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what they are in that
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+cool so that's one of the things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's one of the things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's one of the things we can
+do with um with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with um with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with um with this
+Corpus let's um let's jump over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus let's um let's jump over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus let's um let's jump over to the
+bach Corpus for now uh for a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bach Corpus for now uh for a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bach Corpus for now uh for a little bit
+are there questions about this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about this I mean
+that's just the tiniest little thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the tiniest little thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the tiniest little thing we
+can figure out um all the think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out um all the think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out um all the think
+questions that we had before with it oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we had before with it oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we had before with it oh
+um here let's let's actually let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here let's let's actually let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here let's let's actually let's do
+this um let's do with the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um let's do with the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um let's do with the type of
+experiment that um that Sophia sun was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that um that Sophia sun was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that um that Sophia sun was
+talking about uh with position on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh with position on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh with position on the
+beat or whatever um let's look at where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat or whatever um let's look at where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat or whatever um let's look at where
+notes with accidentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes with accidentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes with accidentals
+up are they most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up are they most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up are they most
+commonly so sort of in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly so sort of in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly so sort of in this little
+passing position in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing position in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing position in the middle of the
+bar or are they more often contradicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or are they more often contradicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or are they more often contradicting
+right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat
+hypothesis who votes for accidentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis who votes for accidentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis who votes for accidentals
+more in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar good seven eight and four on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar good seven eight and four on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar good seven eight and four on the
+downbeat good uh who's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat good uh who's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat good uh who's not
+participating that didn't addap one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating that didn't addap one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating that didn't addap one more
+time at in the at the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at in the at the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at in the at the middle of the
+bar or downbeat couple down good I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or downbeat couple down good I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or downbeat couple down good I don't
+know what the answer to this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the answer to this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the answer to this is always
+just be thinking about these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be thinking about these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be thinking about these these
+things um so let's let's do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so let's let's do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so let's let's do the same
+type of thing we can um we'll create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing we can um we'll create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of thing we can um we'll create
+another counter and we'll we'll unlock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another counter and we'll we'll unlock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another counter and we'll we'll unlock
+another little thing for you um so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little thing for you um so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little thing for you um so we'll
+call this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this what
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+accidental we're not counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental we're not counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental we're not counting
+accidentals so maybe just accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentals so maybe just accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentals so maybe just accidental
+positions and but maybe we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and but maybe we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and but maybe we don't even
+want to do a counter maybe let's just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a counter maybe let's just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a counter maybe let's just do
+a a list so so we can run averages on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a list so so we can run averages on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a list so so we can run averages on
+it um now we be fair to compare um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um now we be fair to compare um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um now we be fair to compare um well
+I don't know uh where in the measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know uh where in the measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know uh where in the measure it
+is maybe we want to just say we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe we want to just say we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe we want to just say we'll just
+look at the 21341 so that all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the 21341 so that all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the 21341 so that all of our
+measures are the same length except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures are the same length except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures are the same length except for
+um hopefully the pickup measure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully the pickup measure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hopefully the pickup measure and the
+end measure are rounding errors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end measure are rounding errors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end measure are rounding errors but
+maybe not you know you know because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not you know you know because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not you know you know because they
+don't have the same length so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the same length so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the same length so what we
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+is again copy and paste probably if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again copy and paste probably if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again copy and paste probably if
+we're doing this more we can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this more we can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing this more we can get this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+instead we want to get look at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we want to get look at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we want to get look at every
+note so there's something called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so there's something called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note so there's something called uh
+notes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on
+this or actually actually we'll we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or actually actually we'll we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or actually actually we'll we'll do
+it even better we haven't imported note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even better we haven't imported note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even better we haven't imported note
+yet right from music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right from music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right from music 21
+import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import
+note um because of a bad decision I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um because of a bad decision I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note um because of a bad decision I made
+a while back um notes also will get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while back um notes also will get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while back um notes also will get you
+chords if there are any chords in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords if there are any chords in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords if there are any chords in here
+and chords we will get to soon they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chords we will get to soon they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chords we will get to soon they have
+to be dealt with separately so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealt with separately so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealt with separately so we want
+to say. recourse. get Elements by class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say. recourse. get Elements by class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say. recourse. get Elements by class
+note. note but there's another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note. note but there's another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note. note but there's another way to do
+that anyone remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyone remember
+what's the shortcut for recurse get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shortcut for recurse get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shortcut for recurse get
+Elements by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by
+class yeah go ahead yeah you use like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah go ahead yeah you use like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class yeah go ahead yeah you use like
+the bracket the class good so we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket the class good so we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket the class good so we'll put
+the bracket for n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket for n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket for n in
+song note. note so that will get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song note. note so that will get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song note. note so that will get us
+every note there and how do we filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note there and how do we filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every note there and how do we filter
+out ones with ACD without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ones with ACD without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out ones with ACD without
+accidentals so try that yourself try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentals so try that yourself try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentals so try that yourself try to
+figure out pretty sure that this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out pretty sure that this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out pretty sure that this this is
+right for now yep we got a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for now yep we got a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for now yep we got a whole bunch
+of notes we want to filter out once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes we want to filter out once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notes we want to filter out once
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+accidentals oh why do we have a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentals oh why do we have a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentals oh why do we have a five
+space thing that bothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space thing that bothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space thing that bothers
+me filter out no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accidentals we're going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we might not get to the buck example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might not get to the buck example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might not get to the buck example
+because I came up with this one and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I came up with this one and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I came up with this one and it's
+a neat little twist I had forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat little twist I had forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat little twist I had forgotten
+about go ahead interrupt the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about go ahead interrupt the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about go ahead interrupt the class and
+let's and ask ask that for everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and ask ask that for everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and ask ask that for everybody in
+a loud voice what of people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loud voice what of people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loud voice what of people think about
+um accidentals and the qy signature are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um accidentals and the qy signature are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um accidentals and the qy signature are
+we counting those as accidentals no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we counting those as accidentals no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we counting those as accidentals no no
+no okay good so we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay good so we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay good so we're going to have to
+do some that was the wrinkle that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some that was the wrinkle that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some that was the wrinkle that I
+thought of one of the ways you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of one of the ways you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of one of the ways you could do
+is you could say oh shoot okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could say oh shoot okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could say oh shoot okay we're
+just going to look at uh ones with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to look at uh ones with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to look at uh ones with in
+with with C major so we can do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with C major so we can do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with C major so we can do it but
+presumably sometimes you can filter down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably sometimes you can filter down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably sometimes you can filter down
+your Corpus to get rid of some Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Corpus to get rid of some Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Corpus to get rid of some Corner
+cases that might be a little bit too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that might be a little bit too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that might be a little bit too
+hard to to deal with at least in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to deal with at least in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to to deal with at least in the
+first run but getting rid of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first run but getting rid of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first run but getting rid of everything
+but C major is probably not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but C major is probably not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but C major is probably not going to
+leave us with enough of a corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave us with enough of a corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave us with enough of a corpus
+so let's temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's temporarily
+unlock a second module from music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock a second module from music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock a second module from music 21
+import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+key and first let's get the first key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and first let's get the first key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and first let's get the first key
+signature for each um thing so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature for each um thing so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature for each um thing so we can
+do uh what do how do we get the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh what do how do we get the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh what do how do we get the first
+key signature in the piece let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key signature in the piece let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key signature in the piece let's assume
+that for now that it doesn't switch key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signatures song. recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures song. recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures song. recurse
+parentheses song. recurse parenthesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses song. recurse parenthesis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses song. recurse parenthesis.
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+Elements by class or what's the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by class or what's the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by class or what's the simpler
+way square bracket square bracket key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way square bracket square bracket key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way square bracket square bracket key
+dot I'll tell you it's key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I'll tell you it's key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I'll tell you it's key
+signature do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first so first let's filter out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so first let's filter out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so first let's filter out
+everything that um so now let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that um so now let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that um so now let me let me
+make a little instruction man I wish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little instruction man I wish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little instruction man I wish I
+could edit at this part so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could edit at this part so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could edit at this part so let's let's
+go back always work through one score so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back always work through one score so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back always work through one score so
+we have the lady score and we'll get KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the lady score and we'll get KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the lady score and we'll get KS
+equals lady uh was it my lady Fair um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lady uh was it my lady Fair um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lady uh was it my lady Fair um
+lady key I didn't I didn't import key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady key I didn't I didn't import key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady key I didn't I didn't import key
+yet from music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+21 let's pause for a little bit and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 let's pause for a little bit and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 let's pause for a little bit and help
+help me help get me get caught up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me help get me get caught up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me help get me get caught up and so
+that anybody watching this later can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody watching this later can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody watching this later can get
+CAU can you all come with me for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAU can you all come with me for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAU can you all come with me for a
+second and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and I
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+second thanks um Can can somebody tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thanks um Can can somebody tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thanks um Can can somebody tell
+me what I should be putting here what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what I should be putting here what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what I should be putting here what um
+I think we're mostly at about this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're mostly at about this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're mostly at about this line
+together so uh who have I not heard from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so uh who have I not heard from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so uh who have I not heard from
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+Angelica okay so M doesn't work but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angelica okay so M doesn't work but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angelica okay so M doesn't work but I
+tried to like say if the if end. pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to like say if the if end. pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to like say if the if end. pitch
+accidental and if the KE signature docid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and if the KE signature docid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and if the KE signature docid
+uh and then and name and sorry and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and name and sorry and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then and name and sorry and um
+ks. accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks. accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ks. accidental
+bystep n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name good that's a pretty good start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name good that's a pretty good start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name good that's a pretty good start uh
+I might change one thing on it anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might change one thing on it anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might change one thing on it anybody
+else anyone have a suggestion of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else anyone have a suggestion of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else anyone have a suggestion of one
+thing to change on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to change on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to change on
+that so we're looking to see there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're looking to see there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're looking to see there is an
+accidental and there is an accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and there is an accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and there is an accidental
+yeah oh change name to step change name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh change name to step change name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh change name to step change name
+to step so the difference between name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step so the difference between name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step so the difference between name
+and step accidental by step expects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step accidental by step expects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and step accidental by step expects a
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+C's name is c c step is start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's name is c c step is start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's name is c c step is start it
+out nobody knows total mystery C good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step I know you knew that but just we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I know you knew that but just we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I know you knew that but just we'll
+keep keep that going good so so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep that going good so so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep that going good so so what's
+the this logic if the note pitch has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this logic if the note pitch has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this logic if the note pitch has an
+accidental and there is an accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and there is an accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and there is an accidental
+there then what um anybody feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then what um anybody feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then what um anybody feel
+confident that they can code the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that they can code the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that they can code the next
+line of this even if you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of this even if you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of this even if you didn't have
+this then or or even just logically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then or or even just logically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then or or even just logically what
+do we have what do we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if they're the same uhuh we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if they're the same uhuh we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if they're the same uhuh we don't
+add one okay if they're the same we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one okay if they're the same we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one okay if they're the same we
+don't add one good uh if n. pitch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add one good uh if n. pitch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add one good uh if n. pitch.
+accidental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and
+equals ks. accidental by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals ks. accidental by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals ks. accidental by
+step and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step uh what is it something plus equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh what is it something plus equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh what is it something plus equals
+zero we won't do anything no we can pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we won't do anything no we can pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we won't do anything no we can pass
+um since we want to do something at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since we want to do something at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um since we want to do something at this
+point what how can we flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what how can we flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what how can we flip
+those how can we flip it so we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those how can we flip it so we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those how can we flip it so we can add
+this don't worry we'll we we'll improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't worry we'll we we'll improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't worry we'll we we'll improve
+um some of the redund see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second if it's like this we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if it's like this we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if it's like this we don't want
+to do anything if it's not like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything if it's not like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything if it's not like this
+what do we want to do add one so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to do add one so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we want to do add one so how can
+we how can we save ourselves I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how can we save ourselves I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we how can we save ourselves I suppose
+we can put else something plus equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put else something plus equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can put else something plus equals
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+but I can do a a not not equal if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can do a a not not equal if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can do a a not not equal if these
+are not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equal
+equal then we can do that so that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then we can do that so that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal then we can do that so that could
+work what's another another thing I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what's another another thing I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what's another another thing I can
+um probably save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um probably save
+some save some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some save some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some save some
+redundancy let's store these things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy let's store these things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy let's store these things at
+ACC equals n. pitch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC equals n. pitch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC equals n. pitch.
+accidental K uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental K uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental K uh
+ksx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ksx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ksx
+equals this when you find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this when you find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals this when you find yourself
+writing something twice in two Lin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing something twice in two Lin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing something twice in two Lin
+you will probably continue to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and so we can do this we might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we can do this we might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so we can do this we might even
+be able to reduce this further because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reduce this further because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reduce this further because
+python will allow you to um compare none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will allow you to um compare none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will allow you to um compare none
+not equal to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to something else
+but good does that cover all the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good does that cover all the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but good does that cover all the cases
+we have an accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an accidental
+we have the um axol in the key and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the um axol in the key and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the um axol in the key and by
+the way that was great thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that was great thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that was great thank you for
+getting us going on the right path um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us going on the right path um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us going on the right path um
+and we have something that's uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have something that's uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have something that's uh and we
+have a key signature accidental and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a key signature accidental and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a key signature accidental and so
+we have an accidental on the note we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an accidental on the note we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an accidental on the note we
+have a key signature accidental and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a key signature accidental and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a key signature accidental and the
+two are not equal to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not equal to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not equal to each other so
+therefore we we're going to add one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we we're going to add one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we we're going to add one to
+something we'll figure out what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll figure out what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll figure out what we're
+going to add something but we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add something but we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add something but we care about
+that note right any other notes we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that note right any other notes we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that note right any other notes we care
+about yeah what about notes where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah what about notes where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah what about notes where the
+key signature has them sharped or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key signature has them sharped or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key signature has them sharped or
+flatted but then we natural them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatted but then we natural them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatted but then we natural them okay
+good good and the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good and the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good and the problem with the
+natural is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural is
+what technically it's not an accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what technically it's not an accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what technically it's not an accidental
+technically it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's not an
+accidental this is a thing that I did to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental this is a thing that I did to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental this is a thing that I did to
+speed up so that there would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up so that there would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up so that there would be one
+fewer object creation back in 2004 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer object creation back in 2004 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer object creation back in 2004 2005
+when object creation was still something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when object creation was still something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when object creation was still something
+that was slow in Python do I regret not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was slow in Python do I regret not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was slow in Python do I regret not
+putting an accidental of natural on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an accidental of natural on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an accidental of natural on
+every single note now yes I do regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single note now yes I do regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single note now yes I do regret
+that here's a a trick that uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's a a trick that uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's a a trick that uh I've
+started to do a lot since I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to do a lot since I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to do a lot since I don't really
+care we'll import pitch for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care we'll import pitch for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care we'll import pitch for a
+second music 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second music 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second music 21
+import pitch and we'll just make one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import pitch and we'll just make one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import pitch and we'll just make one um
+g u natural and I'll put it in all caps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g u natural and I'll put it in all caps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g u natural and I'll put it in all caps
+because that means to me that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means to me that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means to me that I'm going
+to try as much as possible never to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try as much as possible never to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try as much as possible never to
+mutate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the things we could do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we could do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things we could do now
+is since none returns falsy so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since none returns falsy so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is since none returns falsy so therefore
+we continue in the or we can say The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue in the or we can say The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue in the or we can say The
+Accidental is this one or natural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental is this one or natural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental is this one or natural and
+this one is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is or
+natural now we are always comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural now we are always comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural now we are always comparing
+apples to or Apples to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Apples so this is just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples so this is just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples so this is just a little
+programming trick and um in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming trick and um in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming trick and um in case you
+really care about the runtime I only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the runtime I only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care about the runtime I only had
+to create one extra accidental object I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create one extra accidental object I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create one extra accidental object I
+think that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that should
+work I see some confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I see some confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I see some confusing
+yeah why can't we just have the equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why can't we just have the equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why can't we just have the equal
+sign there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there's
+object not compare sorry can you say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object not compare sorry can you say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object not compare sorry can you say a
+little bit louder both for me and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit louder both for me and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit louder both for me and others
+yeah like uh once we have The Accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like uh once we have The Accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like uh once we have The Accidental
+and signature yep um why do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signature yep um why do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signature yep um why do we need to
+have the or natural like if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the or natural like if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the or natural like if we're
+comparing the not equals in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the not equals in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the not equals in the next
+line will that not work with uh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will that not work with uh yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will that not work with uh yeah so
+so for what one of the reasons might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for what one of the reasons might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for what one of the reasons might be
+um yeah it's true we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't wait no no then then we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait no no then then we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't wait no no then then we get to
+Matthew's case what what case does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew's case what what case does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew's case what what case does this
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+cover I don't see a case that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover I don't see a case that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover I don't see a case that this
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+cover great um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover great um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover great um
+so here's the case that doesn't cover um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the case that doesn't cover um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the case that doesn't cover um
+KS again is our D major thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS again is our D major thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS again is our D major thing
+accidental by step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental by step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental by step of
+G is none right um n equals note. note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is none right um n equals note. note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is none right um n equals note. note
+gsh gar 4 great next n equals note. note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gsh gar 4 great next n equals note. note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gsh gar 4 great next n equals note. note
+G4 when I generate this it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G4 when I generate this it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G4 when I generate this it's going to
+get an accidental because it needs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an accidental because it needs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an accidental because it needs uh
+something so you're going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you're going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so you're going to end up with
+n do next. pitch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n do next. pitch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n do next. pitch.
+accidental um oops pitch. accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental um oops pitch. accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental um oops pitch. accidental
+equals pitch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pitch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pitch.
+accidental natural because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental natural because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental natural because it will
+actually have a natural sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a natural sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a natural sign and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+then then this line up here next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then this line up here next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then this line up here next
+n. pitch. accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tool does it equal KS accidental by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool does it equal KS accidental by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool does it equal KS accidental by step
+G oops what I forget didn't I import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G oops what I forget didn't I import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G oops what I forget didn't I import
+pitch or did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch or did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch or did
+I I never ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I never ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I never ran
+that I typed that but I forgot to run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I typed that but I forgot to run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I typed that but I forgot to run it
+false because this is a natural an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because this is a natural an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false because this is a natural an
+explicit accidental of natural and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit accidental of natural and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit accidental of natural and this
+is a none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a none
+not a none like the ones that where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a none like the ones that where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a none like the ones that where the
+habits and go around but n o n e so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits and go around but n o n e so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits and go around but n o n e so
+that's that's the particular case now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the particular case now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the particular case now
+one of the things we never talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we never talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we never talked about
+is do pitch how do accidentals compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do pitch how do accidentals compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do pitch how do accidentals compare
+first we want to make sure does one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we want to make sure does one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we want to make sure does one
+accidental flat equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental flat equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental flat equals
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental
+flat yes they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat yes they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat yes they do
+so that's that's the reason why I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the reason why I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the reason why I put in
+these um or uh where' they go or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um or uh where' they go or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um or uh where' they go or
+natural so that I'm always comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural so that I'm always comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural so that I'm always comparing
+Apples to Apples great idea yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples to Apples great idea yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apples to Apples great idea yeah
+duse how the example didn't we want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duse how the example didn't we want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duse how the example didn't we want it
+to be false didn't we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be false didn't we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be false didn't we want it to be
+false like in in the extra thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false like in in the extra thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false like in in the extra thing you
+just wrote in the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote in the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote in the extra
+thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+we want this one to be false because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this one to be false because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this one to be false because
+we're in we're in D Major right G's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in we're in D Major right G's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in we're in D Major right G's um
+accidental on G is none right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental on G is none right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental on G is none right so this is
+none and this is a natural but the note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and this is a natural but the note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and this is a natural but the note
+is still going to be a g natural it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still going to be a g natural it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still going to be a g natural it's
+just one of them is represented with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them is represented with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them is represented with no
+accidental and the other is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and the other is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental and the other is represented
+with The Accidental of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with The Accidental of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with The Accidental of
+natural so oh you're saying having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural so oh you're saying having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural so oh you're saying having the
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+sign so by putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so by putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so by putting the
+natural so I've defined this now um ACC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural so I've defined this now um ACC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural so I've defined this now um ACC
+equals next ends pitch. accidental or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals next ends pitch. accidental or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals next ends pitch. accidental or
+natural what's ACC now it's a natural um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural what's ACC now it's a natural um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural what's ACC now it's a natural um
+KS key signature is accidental equals KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS key signature is accidental equals KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS key signature is accidental equals KS
+accidental by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental by step
+G or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural KS accidental is now also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural KS accidental is now also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural KS accidental is now also a
+natural ACC equals KS accidental is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ACC equals KS accidental is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural ACC equals KS accidental is now
+true the notion that um that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the notion that um that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the notion that um that you don't
+care about the difference between a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the difference between a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the difference between a g
+that has no accidental and a g that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no accidental and a g that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no accidental and a g that has
+an accidental of natural right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accidental of natural right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accidental of natural right in this
+case we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we do
+not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so
+um does that does that start to clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does that does that start to clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does that does that start to clarify
+things okay here here's some here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay here here's some here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay here here's some here some
+notes let's let's always go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes let's let's always go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes let's let's always go back to
+actual music that's how this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual music that's how this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual music that's how this that's
+that's why we're confused we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're confused we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're confused we haven't
+looked at some actual music in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at some actual music in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at some actual music in a little
+while so we're in D Major here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so we're in D Major here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so we're in D Major here we have
+two sharps uh Let's ignore the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sharps uh Let's ignore the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sharps uh Let's ignore the time
+signature for now and now we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature for now and now we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature for now and now we have um
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many how many notes Here contradict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many notes Here contradict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many notes Here contradict
+the K the um key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K the um key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K the um key
+signature if we look at this one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature if we look at this one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature if we look at this one one
+which one dot dot that g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one dot dot that g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one dot dot that g
+Shar but this hasn't what is the The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar but this hasn't what is the The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar but this hasn't what is the The
+Accidental on this note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental on this note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accidental on this note is
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+none The Accidental on this note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none The Accidental on this note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none The Accidental on this note is
+almost certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural and the key signatures give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the key signatures give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the key signatures give me
+another color the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another color the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another color the
+chos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chos
+of would go right here The Accidental by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of would go right here The Accidental by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of would go right here The Accidental by
+step for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step for
+G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+none so in this case these two would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so in this case these two would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so in this case these two would
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+equal but these two would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not not a very good instructor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not a very good instructor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not a very good instructor of
+software engineering today sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineering today sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineering today sorry about
+that but I'll try to get better any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'll try to get better any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'll try to get better any
+other questions again we have about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions again we have about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions again we have about four
+or five minutes I'd love to um try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five minutes I'd love to um try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five minutes I'd love to um try to
+get a little bit further in this so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit further in this so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit further in this so I'm
+going to jump back oh we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump back oh we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump back oh we have something
+I never did let's just let's just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never did let's just let's just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never did let's just let's just make
+it um in interest of time we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in interest of time we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um in interest of time we'll we'll
+say We'll create a counter and just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say We'll create a counter and just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say We'll create a counter and just keep
+track of downbeat versus non-d downbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of downbeat versus non-d downbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of downbeat versus non-d downbeat
+um so what we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what we'll say
+is if the accidental is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the accidental is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the accidental is not the same as
+the key signature accidental then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key signature accidental then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key signature accidental then we
+want then it's an interesting note so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then it's an interesting note so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want then it's an interesting note so
+then we want to know if it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to know if it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to know if it's on the
+downbeat or off the downbeat what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat or off the downbeat what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat or off the downbeat what what
+do y all use to figure out if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do y all use to figure out if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do y all use to figure out if something
+was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the
+downbeat what' you say off offset right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat what' you say off offset right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat what' you say off offset right
+so if the note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the note
+offset and here is where recurse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset and here is where recurse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset and here is where recurse and
+flat are going to be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat are going to be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat are going to be very different
+right because recurses offset is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because recurses offset is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because recurses offset is with
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+what the measure the measure and flatten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the measure the measure and flatten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the measure the measure and flatten
+offset is with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset is with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset is with respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+what the start the start of the score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the start the start of the score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the start the start of the score
+yep start of the piece start score start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep start of the piece start score start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep start of the piece start score start
+yep of of whatever it is so this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep of of whatever it is so this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep of of whatever it is so this one we
+want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this
+here if the offset is in 1.0 we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the offset is in 1.0 we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the offset is in 1.0 we can say
+accidental positions I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental positions I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidental positions I'm going to do
+that for I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for I don't know
+downbeat plus equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat plus equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downbeat plus equals 1
+else accidental did I somehow not type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else accidental did I somehow not type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else accidental did I somehow not type
+properly there we go dental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly there we go dental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly there we go dental
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+offbeat plus equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeat plus equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offbeat plus equals
+1 oh the other thing um that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 oh the other thing um that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 oh the other thing um that we might
+want to do is eventually normalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is eventually normalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is eventually normalize this
+for how many notes are on the downbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many notes are on the downbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many notes are on the downbeat
+versus how many notes are on the offbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how many notes are on the offbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how many notes are on the offbeat
+you all know about normalization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about normalization right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know about normalization right
+you want to figure out how much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out how much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out how much more
+likely is it no but but I can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is it no but but I can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely is it no but but I can look at
+the time and see we're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and see we're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and see we're not going to be
+able to do all that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do all that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do all that so
+um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so
+let's I think this might work I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I think this might work I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I think this might work I'm
+so let's look at the accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the accidental
+positions and I'm only looking at 3 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and I'm only looking at 3 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and I'm only looking at 3 four
+ones you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be anybody get something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anybody get something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anybody get something like that
+Hannah you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah you had some
+results oh I did it a little differ but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results oh I did it a little differ but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results oh I did it a little differ but
+I had a completely different output yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a completely different output yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a completely different output yep
+but what but did it's it's kind of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what but did it's it's kind of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what but did it's it's kind of great
+when we have two different people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have two different people doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have two different people doing
+different way so you have a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way so you have a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way so you have a slightly
+different output did you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different output did you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different output did you find that
+something like this in your result or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in your result or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in your result or um
+I took the average the average like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the average the average like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took the average the average like
+where it appears in the meure guess uhuh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it appears in the meure guess uhuh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it appears in the meure guess uhuh
+so I guess the I got was like closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the I got was like closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the I got was like closer to
+the down be I think you got it it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down be I think you got it it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down be I think you got it it was a
+little bit closer to the down be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer to the down be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer to the down be great
+actually no it's like closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no it's like closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no it's like closer to the
+middle closer to the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle closer to the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle closer to the middle
+fantastic I'll give you one um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I'll give you one um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic I'll give you one um one
+little thing as as we do it that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing as as we do it that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing as as we do it that might
+be interesting going forward um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting going forward um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting going forward um when
+have time to implement this but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to implement this but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to implement this but I will
+be un locking this for you right now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be un locking this for you right now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be un locking this for you right now for
+n in let's just look at lady note.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in let's just look at lady note.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in let's just look at lady note.
+note print n and n's beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note print n and n's beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note print n and n's beat
+strength we'll look at this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength we'll look at this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength we'll look at this a little bit
+and this tells you um here do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells you um here do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells you um here do we have
+the I think somewhere I have the score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think somewhere I have the score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think somewhere I have the score
+again sorry I wish I could split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sorry I wish I could split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sorry I wish I could split this
+here so the first D is on the downbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the first D is on the downbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the first D is on the downbeat
+and then we're going to go up to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go up to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go up to F
+natural and the D C natural and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the D C natural and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and the D C natural and when we
+look at this oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later we can see we have the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we can see we have the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we can see we have the three
+pickup notes and then we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup notes and then we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickup notes and then we have something
+on the downbeat and then we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the downbeat and then we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the downbeat and then we have a bunch
+of offbeat things yep beat strength um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of offbeat things yep beat strength um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of offbeat things yep beat strength um
+is just a really really hacky thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a really really hacky thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a really really hacky thing I
+threw together in probably about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw together in probably about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw together in probably about the
+same amount of time as this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of time as this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of time as this thing is
+here that tries to measure as a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that tries to measure as a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that tries to measure as a number
+between Epsilon and one there is no beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Epsilon and one there is no beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Epsilon and one there is no beat
+strength of zero but um how strong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of zero but um how strong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of zero but um how strong the
+position of the note within its measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the note within its measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the note within its measure
+is I cannot believe how many times I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I cannot believe how many times I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I cannot believe how many times I've
+seen it referenced in papers now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it referenced in papers now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it referenced in papers now I've
+used it in papers and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it in papers and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it in papers and things like that
+and I uh you know now the world knows uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I uh you know now the world knows uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I uh you know now the world knows uh
+that this was this terrible hack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was this terrible hack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was this terrible hack that
+could probably be done much much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably be done much much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably be done much much much
+better as you will realize when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as you will realize when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better as you will realize when you do
+beat strengths on triplets and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat strengths on triplets and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat strengths on triplets and things
+because you can kind of see I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can kind of see I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can kind of see I'm doing
+something about the log two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the log two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the log two of the
+proportion through the measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion through the measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion through the measure and
+therefore triplets won't work as well or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore triplets won't work as well or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore triplets won't work as well or
+anything so I think we do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I think we do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so I think we do something
+separate for 68 so it works but um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate for 68 so it works but um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate for 68 so it works but um this
+could be used to give you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used to give you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used to give you a little bit
+more of a sense of the kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a sense of the kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a sense of the kind of problem
+that Sophia sun was talking about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sophia sun was talking about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sophia sun was talking about in the
+video at the beginning of the class are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video at the beginning of the class are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video at the beginning of the class are
+certain things happen more on strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things happen more on strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things happen more on strong
+places versus others okay can you um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places versus others okay can you um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places versus others okay can you um can
+you close what you're working on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you close what you're working on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you close what you're working on for
+just a second and that's also the cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second and that's also the cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second and that's also the cue
+that I'm going to let you go just so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to let you go just so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to let you go just so I
+can have uh some eyes and things so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have uh some eyes and things so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have uh some eyes and things so what
+your the next problem set you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the next problem set you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the next problem set you're working
+on this one but just just don't pck up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one but just just don't pck up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one but just just don't pck up
+for one second is going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one second is going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one second is going to be looking
+trying to find yourself an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find yourself an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find yourself an interesting
+Corpus um whether or not you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus um whether or not you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corpus um whether or not you decide to
+end working on a corpus study at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end working on a corpus study at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end working on a corpus study at the end
+of the semester or not it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester or not it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semester or not it's probably
+good to know that we do not want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know that we do not want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know that we do not want to just
+continue working with the bach Corrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue working with the bach Corrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue working with the bach Corrals
+and the Irish folk songs and the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Irish folk songs and the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Irish folk songs and the Chinese
+folk songs these three data sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk songs these three data sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folk songs these three data sets are
+everywhere for the rest of our lives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for the rest of our lives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for the rest of our lives so
+we want to have that out you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have that out you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have that out you're going to
+be asked to do that and to write up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked to do that and to write up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked to do that and to write up what
+you find about something and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find about something and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find about something and you're
+going to be asked to do it in teams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asked to do it in teams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asked to do it in teams of
+two your only um condition is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two your only um condition is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two your only um condition is that you
+cannot be on a team with somebody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be on a team with somebody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be on a team with somebody that
+you did the last group problem set with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did the last group problem set with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did the last group problem set with
+so find somebody who was not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find somebody who was not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so find somebody who was not in that
+problem set and do that and I I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and do that and I I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and do that and I I wanted
+to give you some extra time for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some extra time for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some extra time for that
+great um it's a little bit more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um it's a little bit more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um it's a little bit more on the
+Sophia sun and my article online that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophia sun and my article online that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophia sun and my article online that
+you can watch today or in the canvas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch today or in the canvas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch today or in the canvas or
+later and thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qb1U3_Q-7o8.txt b/qb1U3_Q-7o8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d4938b6c4f1f04d60e88c76a086ddd53a599df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qb1U3_Q-7o8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now my mic is on that has an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my mic is on that has an effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my mic is on that has an effect on
+my voice I'm being Amplified right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my voice I'm being Amplified right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my voice I'm being Amplified right
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+so it'll be easy for you to tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be easy for you to tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be easy for you to tell whether
+I'm got my mic on or not uh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm got my mic on or not uh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm got my mic on or not uh okay so
+here's another assimilation rule we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another assimilation rule we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another assimilation rule we said
+in Arabic there's an assimilation rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arabic there's an assimilation rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arabic there's an assimilation rule
+wow I'm really being Amplified uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I'm really being Amplified uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow I'm really being Amplified uh in
+Arabic there's an assimilation rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic there's an assimilation rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic there's an assimilation rule that
+creates or causes two consonants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates or causes two consonants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates or causes two consonants to be
+identical to each other this one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to each other this one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to each other this one is not
+that the consonant at the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the consonant at the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the consonant at the end of that
+prefix is always nasal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix is always nasal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix is always nasal
+um it just assimilates in place to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just assimilates in place to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just assimilates in place to the
+following consonants you get impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following consonants you get impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following consonants you get impossible
+and incredible where you get a Velar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incredible where you get a Velar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incredible where you get a Velar
+nasal version of in it's not incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal version of in it's not incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasal version of in it's not incredible
+at least unless you're speaking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least unless you're speaking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least unless you're speaking very
+carefully does that sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully does that sound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully does that sound right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while we're talking about assimilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're talking about assimilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're talking about assimilation
+rules I want to talk about show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I want to talk about show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I want to talk about show you
+another example of all Harmony we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of all Harmony we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of all Harmony we looked
+at one example of L Harmony before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one example of L Harmony before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one example of L Harmony before which
+was from Turkish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from Turkish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from Turkish
+and it was the observation that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was the observation that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was the observation that the the
+Turkish uh plural suffix is sometimes LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkish uh plural suffix is sometimes LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkish uh plural suffix is sometimes LA
+and sometimes Leia right and it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes Leia right and it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes Leia right and it depends
+on the vowels that are in the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vowels that are in the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vowels that are in the noun
+that's being made plural so lions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being made plural so lions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being made plural so lions
+I cannot spell all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot spell all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot spell all of a sudden
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+roses I think was good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses I think was good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roses I think was good uh
+see the Roses or flowers I forget which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the Roses or flowers I forget which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the Roses or flowers I forget which
+oh we have a native speaker do you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we have a native speaker do you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we have a native speaker do you what
+does this mean Guru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean Guru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this mean Guru
+is it Rose or Rose okay good uh cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Rose or Rose okay good uh cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Rose or Rose okay good uh cool
+um so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah
+why well because this we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because this we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because this we were going to
+say is harmonizing with the vowels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is harmonizing with the vowels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is harmonizing with the vowels that
+are in the noun in question so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the noun in question so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the noun in question so in
+particular it's deciding whether to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's deciding whether to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's deciding whether to be
+back or front depending on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or front depending on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back or front depending on whether the
+vowels in the uh the noun or back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in the uh the noun or back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in the uh the noun or back or
+front so I want to show you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so I want to show you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so I want to show you another
+example of bell Harmony and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of bell Harmony and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of bell Harmony and we'll talk
+about it a little bit more but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a little bit more but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a little bit more but that's
+what Val Harmony was and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Val Harmony was and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Val Harmony was and as you can see
+it's a kind of assimilation rule right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of assimilation rule right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of assimilation rule right
+so uh here's a vowel and it's deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here's a vowel and it's deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here's a vowel and it's deciding
+whether to be it's sort of gaining its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to be it's sort of gaining its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to be it's sort of gaining its
+front or back property for it's becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front or back property for it's becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front or back property for it's becoming
+the same as the the valves that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the the valves that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the the valves that are in
+the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun
+so let's talk about another Val Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about another Val Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about another Val Harmony
+case this is from Finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is from Finnish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is from Finnish
+so here are the finished vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the finished vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the finished vowels
+uh you can see it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see it has
+what does it have eight of them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it have eight of them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it have eight of them and they
+can all be long or short but long or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all be long or short but long or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all be long or short but long or
+short for this just means you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short for this just means you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short for this just means you know how
+long you hold them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you hold them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you hold them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I since we're talking about finish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I since we're talking about finish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I since we're talking about finish I
+have to tell you my favorite Finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you my favorite Finnish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you my favorite Finnish
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I was taught that word by a linguist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was taught that word by a linguist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was taught that word by a linguist
+who specialized in Finnish Erica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who specialized in Finnish Erica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who specialized in Finnish Erica
+Mitchell uh it's the only Finnish word I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell uh it's the only Finnish word I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell uh it's the only Finnish word I
+know uh uh hi I figure it'll come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh uh hi I figure it'll come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh uh hi I figure it'll come in
+conversation uh at some point if I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation uh at some point if I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation uh at some point if I ever
+get back to Finland it means wedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to Finland it means wedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to Finland it means wedding
+night intention so I'm not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night intention so I'm not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night intention so I'm not sure what
+kind of conversation that will be but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conversation that will be but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of conversation that will be but I
+have to work on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work on that
+um so there's the Finnish follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's the Finnish follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's the Finnish follow
+inventory one of the things you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory one of the things you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory one of the things you can see
+about this inventory uh it's got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this inventory uh it's got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this inventory uh it's got uh
+front vowels and back vowels the vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front vowels and back vowels the vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front vowels and back vowels the vowels
+can be higher mid or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be higher mid or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be higher mid or low
+and um it is like English in that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it is like English in that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it is like English in that it's
+back vowels are rounded if they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back vowels are rounded if they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back vowels are rounded if they are not
+low right so the back vowels are ooh o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low right so the back vowels are ooh o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low right so the back vowels are ooh o
+and ah yeah and uh so it has a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ah yeah and uh so it has a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ah yeah and uh so it has a high
+backgrounded vowel for example but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounded vowel for example but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounded vowel for example but it
+doesn't have a high back unrounded vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a high back unrounded vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a high back unrounded vowel
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah so far so much like English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so far so much like English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so far so much like English
+difference from English is that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from English is that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from English is that uh it
+also has front rounded vowels so front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has front rounded vowels so front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has front rounded vowels so front
+High rounded vowel front mid rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High rounded vowel front mid rounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High rounded vowel front mid rounded
+vowel yeah so English doesn't have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel yeah so English doesn't have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel yeah so English doesn't have those
+uh but Finnish does on the other hand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but Finnish does on the other hand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but Finnish does on the other hand it
+also has front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has front
+high and mid unrounded valves E and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and mid unrounded valves E and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and mid unrounded valves E and A
+so repairs evolves there in front so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so repairs evolves there in front so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so repairs evolves there in front so I'm
+going to erase my favorite finish word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to erase my favorite finish word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to erase my favorite finish word
+just so as not to confuse later classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so as not to confuse later classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so as not to confuse later classes
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+okay so that's the finished Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the finished Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the finished Bell
+inventory now finish has um Bell Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory now finish has um Bell Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory now finish has um Bell Harmony
+like Turkish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Turkish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Turkish
+uh it has a lot of suffixes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a lot of suffixes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a lot of suffixes that
+harmonize uh with the with the noun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonize uh with the with the noun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonize uh with the with the noun and
+in particular Finnish is kind of famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular Finnish is kind of famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular Finnish is kind of famous
+among linguists for having a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among linguists for having a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among linguists for having a lot of
+suffixes on nouns that are thought of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes on nouns that are thought of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes on nouns that are thought of as
+cases so you know if you study languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so you know if you study languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so you know if you study languages
+like Latin or Russian or I bet Ukrainian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Latin or Russian or I bet Ukrainian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Latin or Russian or I bet Ukrainian
+you need to learn that nouns come in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to learn that nouns come in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to learn that nouns come in a
+bunch of different forms depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different forms depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different forms depending on
+how they're being used in the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're being used in the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're being used in the sentence
+you know the nominal liver accusative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the nominal liver accusative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the nominal liver accusative
+they get little markers on them saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get little markers on them saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get little markers on them saying
+whether the subject or the object or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the subject or the object or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the subject or the object or the
+indirect object or whatever this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect object or whatever this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect object or whatever this is what
+we call the case of a noun finish uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the case of a noun finish uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the case of a noun finish uh you
+know languages that have case they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know languages that have case they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know languages that have case they often
+have two cases or three or five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two cases or three or five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two cases or three or five or six
+finish depending on how you count it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish depending on how you count it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish depending on how you count it has
+something like 12 or 13. it's just nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 12 or 13. it's just nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 12 or 13. it's just nuts
+um and that's partly because it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's partly because it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's partly because it has a
+bunch of case suffixes that in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of case suffixes that in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of case suffixes that in English
+would be uh prepositions so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh prepositions so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh prepositions so it has a
+case suffix that means on this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case suffix that means on this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case suffix that means on this is the
+case suffix it means on and it is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case suffix it means on and it is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case suffix it means on and it is either
+pronounced LA or LA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced LA or LA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced LA or LA
+depending on the noun so the word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the noun so the word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the noun so the word for
+table is perida and on the table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is perida and on the table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is perida and on the table is
+Perry that'll laugh the word for street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perry that'll laugh the word for street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perry that'll laugh the word for street
+is kadu and uh on the street is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I should be careful saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should be careful saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should be careful saying things
+like the word for street is kadu I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the word for street is kadu I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the word for street is kadu I think
+the word for street is actually KATU but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for street is actually KATU but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for street is actually KATU but
+if you have it by itself but if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have it by itself but if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have it by itself but if you add
+the LA it changes the T to a d something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LA it changes the T to a d something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LA it changes the T to a d something
+like that there are all kinds of sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are all kinds of sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are all kinds of sneaky
+things that happened in Finnish that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened in Finnish that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happened in Finnish that I
+forget when you add them but anyway if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget when you add them but anyway if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget when you add them but anyway if
+you add a lot to Street you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a lot to Street you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a lot to Street you end up with
+if you add LA to a table you get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add LA to a table you get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add LA to a table you get paid
+Allah and the change in the vowel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah and the change in the vowel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah and the change in the vowel is
+sort of conditioned by the uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conditioned by the uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conditioned by the uh by the
+vowel of the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel of the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel of the noun
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now I've kind of color coded the vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've kind of color coded the vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've kind of color coded the vowels
+here you can see there are some front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see there are some front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see there are some front
+vowels that are red and some back vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels that are red and some back vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels that are red and some back vowels
+that are blue and if you have a noun uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are blue and if you have a noun uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are blue and if you have a noun uh
+where all the vowels are red like table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the vowels are red like table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the vowels are red like table
+then the vowel of the suffix is also red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vowel of the suffix is also red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vowel of the suffix is also red
+if you have a vowel where all the sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vowel where all the sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a vowel where all the sorry
+a word where all the vowels are blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word where all the vowels are blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word where all the vowels are blue
+then the suffix is also blue so if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the suffix is also blue so if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the suffix is also blue so if all
+the the vowels in the noun are back like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vowels in the noun are back like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vowels in the noun are back like
+in streets then the suffix gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in streets then the suffix gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in streets then the suffix gets a
+backfell if they're all front then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfell if they're all front then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backfell if they're all front then the
+suffix gets a friend fell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix gets a friend fell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix gets a friend fell okay
+tomorrow so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the thing
+there are also the green vowels why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also the green vowels why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also the green vowels why do I
+have green vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have green vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have green vowels
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the red vowels all have the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red vowels all have the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red vowels all have the property
+that there is a blue vowel so a back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a blue vowel so a back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a blue vowel so a back
+vowel that is identical to the red vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that is identical to the red vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that is identical to the red vowel
+in every way except that it's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every way except that it's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every way except that it's back
+instead of front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of front
+so the red Vel U for example the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red Vel U for example the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red Vel U for example the front
+High rounded vowel has a corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High rounded vowel has a corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High rounded vowel has a corresponding
+blue vowel that is uh high and rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue vowel that is uh high and rounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue vowel that is uh high and rounded
+and different only in that it's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different only in that it's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different only in that it's back
+that's ooh yeah and similarly there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ooh yeah and similarly there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ooh yeah and similarly there is a
+front mid rounded belt and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front mid rounded belt and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front mid rounded belt and there is
+another vowel that is identical to it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vowel that is identical to it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vowel that is identical to it in
+every way except that it's back instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way except that it's back instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every way except that it's back instead
+of being front that's oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being front that's oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being front that's oh yeah
+but the green vowels don't have any such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the green vowels don't have any such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the green vowels don't have any such
+correspondence so e the front High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence so e the front High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence so e the front High
+unrounded vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrounded vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrounded vowel
+there is no vowel which is identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no vowel which is identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no vowel which is identical to
+that vowel in every way except that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vowel in every way except that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vowel in every way except that it's
+back yeah there isn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah there isn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah there isn't an
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+so the red belts and the blue vowels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red belts and the blue vowels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red belts and the blue vowels are
+identical in every way except for front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in every way except for front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in every way except for front
+versus back the green vowels don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus back the green vowels don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus back the green vowels don't have
+a corresponding back vowel that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding back vowel that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corresponding back vowel that's
+identical to them in their area except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to them in their area except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to them in their area except
+being back yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it would be let's see it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it would be let's see it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it would be let's see it would be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's not a popular vowel but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a popular vowel but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a popular vowel but there are
+languages that have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have it
+it's uh the IPA symbol for it I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh the IPA symbol for it I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh the IPA symbol for it I think is
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+um yeah so it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so it exists
+we haven't talked about a language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about a language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about a language that
+has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll erase it quickly before it upsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll erase it quickly before it upsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll erase it quickly before it upsets
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+okay so it's physically possible to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's physically possible to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's physically possible to make
+these vowels in their languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vowels in their languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vowels in their languages that
+have them but Finnish doesn't have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them but Finnish doesn't have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them but Finnish doesn't have them
+okay and so the question is what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the question is what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the question is what do you
+do when you add a suffix to a noun that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you add a suffix to a noun that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you add a suffix to a noun that
+has these vowels and the answer is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these vowels and the answer is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these vowels and the answer is that
+these vowels are just invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vowels are just invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vowels are just invisible
+basically so at the station is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so at the station is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so at the station is sort of
+the less interesting case you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less interesting case you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less interesting case you have a
+couple of front vowels that do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of front vowels that do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of front vowels that do have
+corresponding back vowels uh e and ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding back vowels uh e and ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding back vowels uh e and ah
+and then you have this e which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this e which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this e which doesn't
+have a corresponding back vowel you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a corresponding back vowel you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a corresponding back vowel you have
+two red vowels and a green vowel and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red vowels and a green vowel and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red vowels and a green vowel and you
+get a red vowel in the suffix so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a red vowel in the suffix so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a red vowel in the suffix so you get
+pusakila for at the station yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pusakila for at the station yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pusakila for at the station yeah
+but for on the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you have a blue vowel that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have a blue vowel that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have a blue vowel that is uh
+back low vowel ah and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back low vowel ah and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back low vowel ah and then you have a
+green vowel which is front but the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green vowel which is front but the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green vowel which is front but the green
+vowel doesn't have a corresponding back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel doesn't have a corresponding back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel doesn't have a corresponding back
+vowel and so it's like it doesn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel and so it's like it doesn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel and so it's like it doesn't count
+the green vowels can can go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green vowels can can go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green vowels can can go with
+anything so you have vowel Harmony for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so you have vowel Harmony for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so you have vowel Harmony for
+the vowels that have corresponding front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowels that have corresponding front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowels that have corresponding front
+and back reversions but for the vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back reversions but for the vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back reversions but for the vowels
+that don't have corresponding front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have corresponding front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have corresponding front and
+back versions it's like you you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back versions it's like you you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back versions it's like you you get to
+ignore them they're not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them they're not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them they're not there
+is that clear does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear does that make sense so
+there are I mean it's you you it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are I mean it's you you it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are I mean it's you you it's as
+though you can say as long as you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you can say as long as you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you can say as long as you only
+look at blue and red vowels all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at blue and red vowels all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at blue and red vowels all the
+vowels in word must be blue or red yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in word must be blue or red yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in word must be blue or red yeah
+but you don't look at green velts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't look at green velts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't look at green velts you
+don't look at vowels that don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at vowels that don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at vowels that don't have a
+corresponding back vowel that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding back vowel that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding back vowel that is
+identical in every way except for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in every way except for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in every way except for being
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+so you get La for on the child yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get La for on the child yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get La for on the child yeah
+there are also words in which all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also words in which all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also words in which all the
+vowels are green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels are green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels are green
+like at so family uh and the the fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at so family uh and the the fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at so family uh and the the fact is
+that you get uh for suffixes you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get uh for suffixes you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get uh for suffixes you get
+front vowels uh corresponding to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front vowels uh corresponding to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front vowels uh corresponding to those
+and the green vowels are a front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green vowels are a front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the green vowels are a front
+um which is itself kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is itself kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is itself kind of interesting
+so at the family is Perth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the family is Perth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the family is Perth
+um you get laugh for that one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get laugh for that one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get laugh for that one okay
+is this clear that's that's the Finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this clear that's that's the Finnish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this clear that's that's the Finnish
+system if any of you ever want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if any of you ever want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if any of you ever want to go
+learn Finnish you're now all set up does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Finnish you're now all set up does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Finnish you're now all set up does
+anybody speak Finnish here I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody speak Finnish here I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody speak Finnish here I am
+pretending to speak Finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending to speak Finnish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending to speak Finnish
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah so just to summarize that again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so just to summarize that again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so just to summarize that again if
+a vowel is not round and not low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than it is front yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is front yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is front yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one way to think about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about what's going
+on in these in these suffix versions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in these in these suffix versions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in these in these suffix versions at
+the bottom is to say there's a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is to say there's a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is to say there's a rule
+saying give all the vowels in the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying give all the vowels in the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying give all the vowels in the word
+the same value for back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value for back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value for back
+oh except don't create vowels that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh except don't create vowels that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh except don't create vowels that don't
+exist in Finnish so uh when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in Finnish so uh when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in Finnish so uh when you're doing
+on the child you know it would be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the child you know it would be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the child you know it would be nice
+if all the fact is that you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the fact is that you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the fact is that you've got a
+back vowel and then a front vowel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back vowel and then a front vowel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back vowel and then a front vowel and
+then a back vowel yeah but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a back vowel yeah but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a back vowel yeah but there's
+nothing you can do about the front vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can do about the front vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can do about the front vowel
+a there isn't a corresponding back vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there isn't a corresponding back vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there isn't a corresponding back vowel
+in Finnish right so it's like the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Finnish right so it's like the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Finnish right so it's like the rules
+are first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first of all
+remember optimality Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember optimality Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember optimality Theory
+which so so yeah it's as though the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so so yeah it's as though the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so so yeah it's as though the the
+generalization goes give all the vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization goes give all the vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization goes give all the vowels
+in the word the same value for back but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the word the same value for back but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the word the same value for back but
+don't create non-finished vowels don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't create non-finished vowels don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't create non-finished vowels don't
+create back vowels that are not round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create back vowels that are not round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create back vowels that are not round
+and not low yeah don't create ooh or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not low yeah don't create ooh or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not low yeah don't create ooh or uh
+there's that symbol you were wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that symbol you were wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that symbol you were wondering
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+if we want to talk about this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to talk about this in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to talk about this in terms
+of optimality theory what we say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimality theory what we say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimality theory what we say is the
+most important thing is don't create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is don't create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is don't create
+back non-low unrounded vowels don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back non-low unrounded vowels don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back non-low unrounded vowels don't
+create finish doesn't have those vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create finish doesn't have those vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create finish doesn't have those vowels
+don't do that but as long as you do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that but as long as you do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that but as long as you do so
+that's the most important priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most important priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the most important priority
+that's the highest ranking constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest ranking constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest ranking constraint
+but as long as you don't do that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as you don't do that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as you don't do that make
+sure all the vowels have the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all the vowels have the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all the vowels have the same value
+for back they're all either back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for back they're all either back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for back they're all either back or
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+it's one way to talk about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one way to talk about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one way to talk about what's going
+on in Finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now there's a popular approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a popular approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a popular approach to
+phenomena like Bell Harmony that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like Bell Harmony that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena like Bell Harmony that I just
+wanted to introduce you to partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to introduce you to partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to introduce you to partly
+because a version of it will float up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a version of it will float up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a version of it will float up
+again when we talk about syntax I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we talk about syntax I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we talk about syntax I think
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which involves saying it's as though and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves saying it's as though and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves saying it's as though and
+actually semantics as well it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually semantics as well it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually semantics as well it's as
+though uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh
+uh we want to talk as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to talk as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to talk as though
+features of sounds can sometimes show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of sounds can sometimes show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of sounds can sometimes show up
+in multiple places so here's the Finnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multiple places so here's the Finnish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in multiple places so here's the Finnish
+word for on the table again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for on the table again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for on the table again
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if you were listing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were listing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were listing all of the
+properties of all of those vowels that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of all of those vowels that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of all of those vowels that's
+what I've done here uh and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here uh and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here uh and I just
+haven't listed the consonants just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't listed the consonants just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't listed the consonants just
+because there sort of wasn't room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there sort of wasn't room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there sort of wasn't room and
+I'm not good at graphic design but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not good at graphic design but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not good at graphic design but you
+know the first of all is round and mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first of all is round and mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the first of all is round and mid
+and uh uh not back that is front yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh not back that is front yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh not back that is front yeah
+and the second vowel is round and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second vowel is round and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second vowel is round and high
+and not back that is front yeah and ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not back that is front yeah and ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not back that is front yeah and ah
+is not round and is low and is not back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not round and is low and is not back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not round and is low and is not back
+that is its front yeah this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is its front yeah this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is its front yeah this is just a
+little list of all the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little list of all the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little list of all the properties of
+each of those vowels yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those vowels yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those vowels yeah
+and so you could specify all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could specify all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could specify all of these
+properties of this vowels this way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this vowels this way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this vowels this way yeah
+but there's a popular thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a popular thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a popular thought about
+what's going on here which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here which is to say
+it's as though Finnish wants the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as though Finnish wants the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as though Finnish wants the value
+of back to be kind of shared among all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back to be kind of shared among all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back to be kind of shared among all
+the vowels that is you're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowels that is you're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowels that is you're just going to
+State it once this is a word in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State it once this is a word in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State it once this is a word in which
+all the vowels are front right or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vowels are front right or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vowels are front right or all
+the vowels are back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowels are back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vowels are back
+um so you you say somewhere finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you you say somewhere finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you you say somewhere finish
+doesn't allow you to State over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't allow you to State over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't allow you to State over and over
+again this vowel is friends and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this vowel is friends and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this vowel is friends and this
+vowel is front and this fell was friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel is front and this fell was friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel is front and this fell was friend
+and this fellas friend you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fellas friend you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fellas friend you just have to
+say once for the whole word these vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say once for the whole word these vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say once for the whole word these vowels
+are friends and then there's this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are friends and then there's this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are friends and then there's this thing
+about oh and I don't like certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh and I don't like certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh and I don't like certain kinds
+of vowels so those vowels get to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vowels so those vowels get to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vowels so those vowels get to be
+specified yeah but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified yeah but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified yeah but uh
+words just specify whether they're front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words just specify whether they're front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words just specify whether they're front
+words or backwards you don't specify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words or backwards you don't specify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words or backwards you don't specify it
+over and over again from from one vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again from from one vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again from from one vowel
+to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next
+um this is one popular way of talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one popular way of talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is one popular way of talking
+about how we want to do vowel Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so though there's only one back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so though there's only one back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so though there's only one back
+feature in the word and all the vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in the word and all the vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in the word and all the vowels
+that can share it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a name for this it's called Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for this it's called Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for this it's called Auto
+segmental representation this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental representation this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental representation this is the
+kind of moment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of moment where
+I think I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm I'm
+swimming against the stream of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming against the stream of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming against the stream of your
+normal instincts for classes this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal instincts for classes this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal instincts for classes this is a
+class in which there aren't quizzes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in which there aren't quizzes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in which there aren't quizzes or
+exams so putting something like that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams so putting something like that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams so putting something like that up
+on the on the slide is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the slide is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the slide is sort of
+triggering all your instincts to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering all your instincts to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering all your instincts to write
+that down and memorize it right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down and memorize it right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down and memorize it right because
+you figure it'll come up on the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure it'll come up on the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure it'll come up on the test
+right but there is no test yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there is no test yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there is no test yeah so you
+know memorize that if you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know memorize that if you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know memorize that if you would like to
+it is you know if you want to impress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you know if you want to impress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you know if you want to impress
+linguists at parties if you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists at parties if you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguists at parties if you want to make
+your ta happy um but uh there won't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta happy um but uh there won't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta happy um but uh there won't be a
+test so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so
+will never be counted off on the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never be counted off on the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never be counted off on the paper
+for failing to use the phrase Auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for failing to use the phrase Auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for failing to use the phrase Auto
+segmental representation on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental representation on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental representation on the other
+hand it is a way to impress people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it is a way to impress people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it is a way to impress people at
+parties yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one form of Harmony it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one form of Harmony it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one form of Harmony it's
+called vowel Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called vowel Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called vowel Harmony
+um we've seen it now in Turkish and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've seen it now in Turkish and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've seen it now in Turkish and in
+Finnish those are not related languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finnish those are not related languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finnish those are not related languages
+uh Vell Harmony is cross-linguistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vell Harmony is cross-linguistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Vell Harmony is cross-linguistically
+not you know it's not hugely common but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know it's not hugely common but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know it's not hugely common but
+it's not rare either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rare either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rare either
+um it's popular in the turkic family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's popular in the turkic family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's popular in the turkic family
+there's very large uh family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very large uh family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very large uh family of
+languages that are related to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are related to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that are related to each other
+and they all have various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all have various kinds of
+Harmony there's lots of interesting work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony there's lots of interesting work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony there's lots of interesting work
+on exactly what kinds of Harmony you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly what kinds of Harmony you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly what kinds of Harmony you get
+in which languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which languages
+I want to show you another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you another kind of
+Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony
+uh which is a lot rarer this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is a lot rarer this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is a lot rarer this is from a
+language from the Navajo language which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language from the Navajo language which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language from the Navajo language which
+is uh indigenous language of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh indigenous language of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh indigenous language of the
+American southwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American southwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American southwest
+um here are a bunch of verbs in Navajo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are a bunch of verbs in Navajo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are a bunch of verbs in Navajo
+uh in what we could think of as the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in what we could think of as the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in what we could think of as the past
+tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense
+um and uh you can see that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you can see that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you can see that all of these
+verbs so what I've done is uh bold-faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs so what I've done is uh bold-faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs so what I've done is uh bold-faced
+a part of the verb that you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the verb that you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the verb that you can think of
+as the part of the verb that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the part of the verb that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the part of the verb that tells you
+who the subject is so there's a morpheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the subject is so there's a morpheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the subject is so there's a morpheme
+that's showing up uh in the first three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing up uh in the first three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing up uh in the first three
+verbs uh which tells you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs uh which tells you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs uh which tells you that the
+subject is I yeah and there's a morpheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is I yeah and there's a morpheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is I yeah and there's a morpheme
+Sydney in the next Trio verbs that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sydney in the next Trio verbs that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sydney in the next Trio verbs that tells
+you that the subject is you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the subject is you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the subject is you and then
+there's a morpheme soul in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a morpheme soul in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a morpheme soul in the last
+three verbs it tells you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three verbs it tells you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three verbs it tells you that the
+subject is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is uh
+is U2 that's you dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U2 that's you dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U2 that's you dual
+um to say that this is a single perfume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to say that this is a single perfume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to say that this is a single perfume
+is a little bit misleading the S at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit misleading the S at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit misleading the S at the
+beginning of this morpheme is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this morpheme is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this morpheme is probably
+partly a marker of what I'm translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly a marker of what I'm translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly a marker of what I'm translating
+here as past tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as past tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as past tense
+Navajo verbs are extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo verbs are extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo verbs are extraordinarily
+complicated uh so um these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh so um these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated uh so um these these
+particular verbs are in a class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular verbs are in a class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular verbs are in a class that
+takes this s version of the past tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this s version of the past tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this s version of the past tense
+they're they're what are called s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're what are called s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're what are called s
+perfectives they're also y perfectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectives they're also y perfectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectives they're also y perfectives
+there are other kinds of perspectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other kinds of perspectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other kinds of perspectives
+but anyway this class of verbs takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway this class of verbs takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway this class of verbs takes
+these past tense morphemes and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these past tense morphemes and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these past tense morphemes and this is
+what they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like
+um are there any questions about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are there any questions about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are there any questions about any of
+this Navajo has tone that's what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Navajo has tone that's what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Navajo has tone that's what those
+markers are on the vowels so the markers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers are on the vowels so the markers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers are on the vowels so the markers
+Mark High tone there's another marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark High tone there's another marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark High tone there's another marker
+that you're seeing uh underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're seeing uh underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're seeing uh underneath the
+vowel in the verb for stand that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in the verb for stand that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in the verb for stand that's a
+marker of nasalization so uh I stood is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker of nasalization so uh I stood is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker of nasalization so uh I stood is
+something like uh cesing so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh cesing so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh cesing so you have to
+nasalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasalized
+say that okay here's some Navajo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's some more Navajo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some more Navajo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some more Navajo
+I boiled it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I boiled it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I boiled it is uh
+you boil this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boil this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boil this
+beige and YouTube oil did this show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beige and YouTube oil did this show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beige and YouTube oil did this show
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you can see in the three verbs that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see in the three verbs that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see in the three verbs that I
+had on the previous slide and that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on the previous slide and that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on the previous slide and that are
+still up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still up here
+there are these three morphemes and soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these three morphemes and soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these three morphemes and soul
+but for Boyle the morphemes are yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sibilant Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilant Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilant Harmony
+what's going on here and here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here and here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here and here's another
+example of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of it
+um uh you get in Soul for played and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you get in Soul for played and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you get in Soul for played and
+stood and crawled around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood and crawled around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood and crawled around but
+for boiled and worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for boiled and worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for boiled and worked
+and the relevant difference between boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevant difference between boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relevant difference between boil
+and work on the one hand and play crawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work on the one hand and play crawl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work on the one hand and play crawl
+around and stand on the other is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and stand on the other is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and stand on the other is that
+boil and work have in the verb a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil and work have in the verb a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil and work have in the verb a
+sibilant which is post alveolar so boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilant which is post alveolar so boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilant which is post alveolar so boil
+the stem you can think of as spege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stem you can think of as spege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stem you can think of as spege
+and work its niche as the the verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work its niche as the the verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work its niche as the the verbs
+demolition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demolition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demolition
+uh so they that Boyle has a in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they that Boyle has a in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they that Boyle has a in it and
+work has a sh in it whereas play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has a sh in it whereas play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has a sh in it whereas play and
+crawl around and stand either don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawl around and stand either don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawl around and stand either don't have
+sibilance in them at all or in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilance in them at all or in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilance in them at all or in the case
+of stand it has a sibilant but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stand it has a sibilant but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stand it has a sibilant but it's not
+a post alveolar supplements noveolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post alveolar supplements noveolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post alveolar supplements noveolar
+supplements it's a z yeah this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplements it's a z yeah this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplements it's a z yeah this is called
+sibilant Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilant Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibilant Harmony
+um or I think we've also called these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I think we've also called these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I think we've also called these
+stridents I'm sorry that's the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stridents I'm sorry that's the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stridents I'm sorry that's the term
+you're familiar with so this phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with so this phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with so this phenomenon
+is called sibilant Harmony uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called sibilant Harmony uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called sibilant Harmony uh
+unfortunate yeah so sibilant is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate yeah so sibilant is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate yeah so sibilant is another
+name for strident sorry uh so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for strident sorry uh so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for strident sorry uh so let me
+just say all that again there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say all that again there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say all that again there are these
+post alveolar uh stridents in boil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post alveolar uh stridents in boil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post alveolar uh stridents in boil and
+work and those are triggering the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and those are triggering the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and those are triggering the post
+alveolar versions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar versions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alveolar versions of these
+morphemesho uh instead of cesole yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemesho uh instead of cesole yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemesho uh instead of cesole yeah
+I started this by saying Val Herman he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started this by saying Val Herman he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started this by saying Val Herman he
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+pretty common there's a lot of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common there's a lot of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common there's a lot of work on
+Bell Harmony because you find it in lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Harmony because you find it in lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Harmony because you find it in lots
+of unrelated languages civil and Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unrelated languages civil and Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unrelated languages civil and Harmony
+is quite rare uh Navajo has a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite rare uh Navajo has a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite rare uh Navajo has a few other
+languages that have it but it's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have it but it's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have it but it's uh you
+know similar in the sense that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know similar in the sense that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know similar in the sense that it looks
+as though over you know if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though over you know if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though over you know if you have a
+sibling oh there's there are morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling oh there's there are morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling oh there's there are morphemes
+in these prefixes whose form is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these prefixes whose form is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these prefixes whose form is being
+conditioned by uh uh corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned by uh uh corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned by uh uh corresponding
+sounds in the verb stem so for vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in the verb stem so for vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds in the verb stem so for vowel
+Harmony it's the vowels for civil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony it's the vowels for civil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony it's the vowels for civil and
+Harmony it's these these stridents so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony it's these these stridents so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony it's these these stridents so if
+there's a strident or sibilant an s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strident or sibilant an s z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a strident or sibilant an s z
+those are the Navajo sibilance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the Navajo sibilance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the Navajo sibilance in the
+verb stem than any of the sibilants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb stem than any of the sibilants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb stem than any of the sibilants and
+the subject prefix have to patch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject prefix have to patch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject prefix have to patch it
+getting the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yep so uh Bell Harmony and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep so uh Bell Harmony and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep so uh Bell Harmony and maybe
+this idea of sharing a feature across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of sharing a feature across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of sharing a feature across
+sounds uh it's not just Prevail Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh it's not just Prevail Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds uh it's not just Prevail Harmony
+maybe it's for assimilation kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's for assimilation kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's for assimilation kind of
+generally there might be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there might be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there might be some other
+kinds of Harmony we'd want to apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Harmony we'd want to apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Harmony we'd want to apply it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+okay I wanted to show you another bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I wanted to show you another bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I wanted to show you another bit of
+Navajo before we leave Navajo behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo before we leave Navajo behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo before we leave Navajo behind
+um here's how you say you are playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's how you say you are playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's how you say you are playing
+and Navajo so we're switching tenses now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Navajo so we're switching tenses now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Navajo so we're switching tenses now
+we're going to get away from simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get away from simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get away from simple and
+Harmony this is sort of the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony this is sort of the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony this is sort of the present
+tense uh the imperfective aspect people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense uh the imperfective aspect people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense uh the imperfective aspect people
+call it when they work on Navajo is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it when they work on Navajo is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it when they work on Navajo is it's
+not exactly tense so this is how you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly tense so this is how you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly tense so this is how you say
+you were playing in Navajo it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this verb has three morphemes in it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this verb has three morphemes in it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this verb has three morphemes in it uh
+you can think of the net at the end as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the net at the end as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the net at the end as
+the part that really means play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that really means play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that really means play
+uh there's a morpheme at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a morpheme at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a morpheme at the beginning
+nah uh which is a prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah uh which is a prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah uh which is a prefix
+um it uh we sort of don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it uh we sort of don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it uh we sort of don't have to worry
+for this about what it means it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this about what it means it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this about what it means it's a
+marker of a certain class of verbs what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker of a certain class of verbs what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker of a certain class of verbs what
+are called atelic verbs these are verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called atelic verbs these are verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called atelic verbs these are verbs
+in which you can continue doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can continue doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can continue doing
+something and there is no natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and there is no natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and there is no natural
+endpoint to what you do so uh if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint to what you do so uh if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint to what you do so uh if you you
+compare something like walking around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare something like walking around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare something like walking around to
+walking to work if you walk to work then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking to work if you walk to work then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking to work if you walk to work then
+when you get to work you stop and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to work you stop and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to work you stop and if you
+interrupt me and while I'm in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt me and while I'm in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt me and while I'm in the middle
+of walking to work then I did not walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking to work then I did not walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking to work then I did not walk
+to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work
+where that's uh that's a telik predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's uh that's a telik predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's uh that's a telik predicate
+as opposed to walking around if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to walking around if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to walking around if I'm
+walking around for an hour and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around for an hour and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking around for an hour and then you
+stop me while I still walked around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me while I still walked around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me while I still walked around for
+a while yeah so that's 80 like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while yeah so that's 80 like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while yeah so that's 80 like it
+doesn't have a natural end point some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a natural end point some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a natural end point some
+something you're trying to achieve so na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're trying to achieve so na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you're trying to achieve so na
+is a marker of atelic verbs like play or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a marker of atelic verbs like play or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a marker of atelic verbs like play or
+walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around
+feel free to ignore all that if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ignore all that if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ignore all that if you want
+to so there's a na at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so there's a na at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so there's a na at the beginning of
+this verb there's a net at the end which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this verb there's a net at the end which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this verb there's a net at the end which
+is the part that really means play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part that really means play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part that really means play and
+then in between them there's a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in between them there's a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in between them there's a an
+agreement morpheme something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement morpheme something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement morpheme something that's
+telling you what the subject is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what the subject is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what the subject is and that
+morpheme is knit is for you and it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme is knit is for you and it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme is knit is for you and it's for
+I uh and it's O for U2 and it's e or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh and it's O for U2 and it's e or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh and it's O for U2 and it's e or we
+too so you get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for those forms of the verb okay so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those forms of the verb okay so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those forms of the verb okay so far
+here's a bunch of Navajo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bunch of Navajo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a bunch of Navajo
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um oh one thing I have to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh one thing I have to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh one thing I have to ask you to
+believe me about because it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me about because it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me about because it would be
+hard to demonstrate is that the e in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to demonstrate is that the e in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to demonstrate is that the e in we
+two are playing is underlyingly so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are playing is underlyingly so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are playing is underlyingly so that
+apostrophe there this is now the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe there this is now the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe there this is now the whole
+orthography it represents a glottal stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthography it represents a glottal stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthography it represents a glottal stop
+um but that glottal stuff is originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that glottal stuff is originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that glottal stuff is originally
+a d I'll just ask you to trust me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d I'll just ask you to trust me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d I'll just ask you to trust me about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for the next little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next little while
+now uh I started with play which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I started with play which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh I started with play which is a
+comparatively simple verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively simple verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively simple verb
+um uh the verb really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the verb really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the verb really is
+but there are some other verbs that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some other verbs that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some other verbs that we
+can talk about you've seen versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about you've seen versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about you've seen versions of
+them in the preceding slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the preceding slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the preceding slides
+work and investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and investigate
+um that I now want to turn to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I now want to turn to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I now want to turn to work and
+investigate we can think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate we can think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate we can think of them as
+starting with clusters of consonants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with clusters of consonants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with clusters of consonants so
+you are working uh you've got the knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are working uh you've got the knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are working uh you've got the knee
+that we have up above and then the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have up above and then the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have up above and then the verb
+stem ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem ish
+people who work on Navajo really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work on Navajo really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work on Navajo really think
+that that L is a separate morpheme uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that L is a separate morpheme uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that L is a separate morpheme uh
+they they call it the classifier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they call it the classifier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they call it the classifier uh
+really for our purposes all that amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for our purposes all that amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for our purposes all that amounts
+to is that there are a bunch of verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is that there are a bunch of verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is that there are a bunch of verbs
+that start with L and then the L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with L and then the L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with L and then the L is
+followed by another consonant we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another consonant we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another consonant we don't
+have to worry too much about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry too much about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry too much about what that
+alley is uh so okay for our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley is uh so okay for our purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley is uh so okay for our purposes
+working starts with two consonants on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working starts with two consonants on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working starts with two consonants on
+niche and investigating also starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche and investigating also starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+niche and investigating also starts with
+two consonants the first one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two consonants the first one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two consonants the first one is a
+voiceless l so this is uh as you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless l so this is uh as you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless l so this is uh as you are
+investigating it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why am I telling you all this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling you all this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I telling you all this this is
+where the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the action is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is the prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the prefix
+uh for U singular and it ends with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for U singular and it ends with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for U singular and it ends with a
+vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel
+but if we switch to the other prefixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we switch to the other prefixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we switch to the other prefixes
+which all end in consonants then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all end in consonants then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all end in consonants then some
+interesting things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things happen
+so I am playing we saw that the prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I am playing we saw that the prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I am playing we saw that the prefix
+the subject agreement prefix for I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject agreement prefix for I is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject agreement prefix for I is a
+Shu yeah so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shu yeah so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shu yeah so you get
+the subject agreement prefix should if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject agreement prefix should if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject agreement prefix should if
+you put it before Niche you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it before Niche you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it before Niche you might have
+expected that to be National Niche but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that to be National Niche but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected that to be National Niche but
+it isn't it's Nash Niche so the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't it's Nash Niche so the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't it's Nash Niche so the L
+vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes
+similarly for uh investigate we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for uh investigate we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for uh investigate we've
+decided that investigators so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that investigators so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that investigators so it starts
+with two consonants voiceless L and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two consonants voiceless L and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two consonants voiceless L and then
+a k if you also have a show before all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k if you also have a show before all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a k if you also have a show before all
+that well you get rid of the voiceless l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you get rid of the voiceless l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you get rid of the voiceless l
+so you get noshka is I'm investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get noshka is I'm investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get noshka is I'm investigating
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we go the reason I'm doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go the reason I'm doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go the reason I'm doing these
+particular prefixes is that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular prefixes is that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular prefixes is that you can see
+different things with the different ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things with the different ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things with the different ones
+so if you add all uh what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you add all uh what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you add all uh what happens is
+that the H goes away but the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the H goes away but the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the H goes away but the distinction
+between the voiced l in work and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voiced l in work and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voiced l in work and the
+voiceless L and investigate also goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless L and investigate also goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless L and investigate also goes
+away so work we decided looking at U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so work we decided looking at U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so work we decided looking at U
+starts with a voiced L it's ulnish yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a voiced L it's ulnish yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a voiced L it's ulnish yeah
+but you two are working ishnish so the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you two are working ishnish so the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you two are working ishnish so the H
+is gone but that voiced L has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone but that voiced L has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone but that voiced L has become
+voiceless right it's now barred now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless right it's now barred now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceless right it's now barred now
+estimation and we're getting a voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and we're getting a voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and we're getting a voiceless
+L down there and you two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L down there and you two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L down there and you two are
+investigating it too it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the thing that I said is underlying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that I said is underlying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that I said is underlying the
+Eid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eid
+well the D is gone but the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the D is gone but the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the D is gone but the distinction
+between the voiced L and the voiceless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voiced L and the voiceless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the voiced L and the voiceless
+cell is gone in the other direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is gone in the other direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is gone in the other direction so
+now they're both voiced so we two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're both voiced so we two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're both voiced so we two are
+working is now nail and Nish and we two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is now nail and Nish and we two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working is now nail and Nish and we two
+are investigating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investigating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investigating this
+do you remember when I said that Navajo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember when I said that Navajo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember when I said that Navajo
+verbs are extraordinarily complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs are extraordinarily complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs are extraordinarily complicated
+Navajo verbs are extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo verbs are extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo verbs are extraordinarily
+complicated there are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated there are all these
+morphemes but they they're not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes but they they're not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes but they they're not they
+don't coexist peacefully you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't coexist peacefully you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't coexist peacefully you know it's
+not a this is when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a this is when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a this is when we were talking about
+agglutinative languages in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agglutinative languages in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agglutinative languages in which you
+have a whole bunch of morphemes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of morphemes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of morphemes and
+they're easy to separate from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easy to separate from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're easy to separate from each other
+and there's nothing very spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing very spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing very spectacular
+that happens you just attach them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you just attach them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens you just attach them to
+each other this is the natural enemy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other this is the natural enemy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other this is the natural enemy of
+that kind of language yeah it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of language yeah it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of language yeah it's the
+opposite here we have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite here we have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite here we have a bunch of
+morphemes and you put them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes and you put them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes and you put them together and
+there's like open Warfare between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like open Warfare between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like open Warfare between them
+there's all kinds of strange stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of strange stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of strange stuff that
+happens as they interact with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as they interact with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as they interact with each other
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me summarize what we've just seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me summarize what we've just seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me summarize what we've just seen
+if you have the Sha followed by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the Sha followed by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the Sha followed by two
+consonants like if you're going to say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants like if you're going to say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants like if you're going to say I
+am investigating it so sh is the I thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am investigating it so sh is the I thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am investigating it so sh is the I thing
+and investigating we decided it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investigating we decided it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and investigating we decided it starts
+with and then K uh you uh get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then K uh you uh get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then K uh you uh get rid of the
+first consonant but so you get right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you have an H followed by two consonants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an H followed by two consonants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an H followed by two consonants
+uh like in uh we too are working so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like in uh we too are working so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like in uh we too are working so
+where you've got an O followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got an O followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got an O followed by
+al-nish well the H goes away but the l d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al-nish well the H goes away but the l d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+al-nish well the H goes away but the l d
+voices yeah so instead of I'm now Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices yeah so instead of I'm now Niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices yeah so instead of I'm now Niche
+we get nourish Nish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nourish Nish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nourish Nish
+and if you have a d before two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a d before two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a d before two
+consonants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants
+well the D goes away but the L that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the D goes away but the L that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the D goes away but the L that's in
+the first consonant uh will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first consonant uh will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first consonant uh will become
+voiced so it changes from nade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced so it changes from nade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiced so it changes from nade
+so you two are investigating it to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um do these rules remind you of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other than the Navajo that we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the Navajo that we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the Navajo that we've just
+gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through
+so we have one rule that says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one rule that says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one rule that says if you
+have a sh followed by two consonants get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sh followed by two consonants get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sh followed by two consonants get
+rid of the first consonant and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the first consonant and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the first consonant and another
+rule that says if you have an H followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that says if you have an H followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that says if you have an H followed
+by two consonants get rid of the H but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two consonants get rid of the H but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two consonants get rid of the H but
+the voice the first consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice the first consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voice the first consonant
+and then another rule that says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another rule that says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another rule that says if you
+have a d followed by two consonants get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a d followed by two consonants get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a d followed by two consonants get
+rid of the d o but voice the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the d o but voice the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the d o but voice the first
+consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was indeed you're not barking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was indeed you're not barking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was indeed you're not barking up
+the wrong tree we're barking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong tree we're barking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong tree we're barking up the
+correct tree it's not something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct tree it's not something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct tree it's not something I've
+ever had to say before but it's true you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had to say before but it's true you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever had to say before but it's true you
+are barking up the yellow money tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are barking up the yellow money tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are barking up the yellow money tree
+right so we were talking about yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we were talking about yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we were talking about yellow
+money before and for yawal money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money before and for yawal money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money before and for yawal money
+similarly we had a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we had a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we had a whole bunch of
+phonological phenomena right and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological phenomena right and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological phenomena right and we said
+we could write rules to handle all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write rules to handle all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write rules to handle all of
+these facts and maybe we should right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these facts and maybe we should right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these facts and maybe we should right uh
+in yellow money it was like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow money it was like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow money it was like if you have
+three consonants in a row and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three consonants in a row and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three consonants in a row and one of
+them is an H get rid of the H right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is an H get rid of the H right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is an H get rid of the H right if
+you have three consonants in a row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three consonants in a row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three consonants in a row and
+none of them is an H you insert a vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them is an H you insert a vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them is an H you insert a vowel
+there are various things that yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various things that yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various things that yellow
+money does to avoid having three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money does to avoid having three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money does to avoid having three
+consonants in a row Navajo is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants in a row Navajo is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants in a row Navajo is doing the
+same thing you're right yeah so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you're right yeah so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you're right yeah so uh the
+same thing in the sense that Navajo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in the sense that Navajo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in the sense that Navajo and
+yawalani both dislike sequences of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yawalani both dislike sequences of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yawalani both dislike sequences of three
+consonants in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants in a row
+none of these rules would handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these rules would handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these rules would handle
+anything in yalnani so this is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in yalnani so this is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in yalnani so this is not what
+yellow money does to deal with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow money does to deal with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow money does to deal with three
+constants in a row but if we're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in a row but if we're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in a row but if we're willing
+to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh we're willing to think of phonology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're willing to think of phonology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're willing to think of phonology
+the way I've been sort of advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've been sort of advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've been sort of advertising
+which is languages have certain problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is languages have certain problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is languages have certain problems
+and then they have means to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have means to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have means to deal with
+the problems then we can see yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems then we can see yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems then we can see yellow
+money and Navajo is having something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and Navajo is having something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and Navajo is having something in
+common they have a kind of problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common they have a kind of problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common they have a kind of problem that
+they both care about they don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both care about they don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both care about they don't like
+sequences of three consonants they deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of three consonants they deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of three consonants they deal
+with it in different ways yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in different ways yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it in different ways yeah
+but we can see them as having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can see them as having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can see them as having that
+property in common yes is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in common yes is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in common yes is this a
+property that's been observed in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's been observed in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's been observed in other
+indigenous languages of the Americas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous languages of the Americas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous languages of the Americas
+I think it's not specific to indigenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not specific to indigenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not specific to indigenous
+languages of the Americas I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages of the Americas I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages of the Americas I think it's
+across linguistically not uncommon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across linguistically not uncommon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across linguistically not uncommon for
+languages to dislike sequences of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to dislike sequences of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages to dislike sequences of three
+consonants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants
+um uh and you we talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and you we talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and you we talked a little bit
+earlier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier on
+about the fact that some of your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that some of your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that some of your best
+cues for the value of a consonant is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues for the value of a consonant is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues for the value of a consonant is its
+effects on The Following on the nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on The Following on the nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on The Following on the nearby
+vowel right so I think I played Pro we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel right so I think I played Pro we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel right so I think I played Pro we
+played around with Pratt that showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with Pratt that showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with Pratt that showed you
+some spectrograms from you saying bab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spectrograms from you saying bab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some spectrograms from you saying bab
+and Dad and gag I showed you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dad and gag I showed you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dad and gag I showed you that you
+know during the stop itself you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know during the stop itself you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know during the stop itself you can't
+hear a whole lot of it's what the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a whole lot of it's what the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a whole lot of it's what the stop
+does to develop it's nearby if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to develop it's nearby if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to develop it's nearby if you have
+three consonants in a row then at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three consonants in a row then at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three consonants in a row then at least
+the one in the middle is not next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in the middle is not next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in the middle is not next to a
+vowel and so that could be a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel and so that could be a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel and so that could be a reason why
+it's bad to have three consonants in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad to have three consonants in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad to have three consonants in a
+row it's you know it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it's you know it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row it's you know it's perfectly
+possible there are languages out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there are languages out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there are languages out there
+that are fine with three consonants in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fine with three consonants in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fine with three consonants in a
+row English is one of them for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row English is one of them for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row English is one of them for example
+right so you have words like strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have words like strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have words like strengths
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+long strings of consonants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long strings of consonants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long strings of consonants
+um plenty of other languages like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plenty of other languages like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plenty of other languages like that
+but yeah this is a kind of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah this is a kind of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah this is a kind of thing that
+languages do and we're seeing it in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages do and we're seeing it in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages do and we're seeing it in yeah
+okay so this is one virtue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one virtue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one virtue of the
+approach to phenology that I was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to phenology that I was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to phenology that I was sort of
+advertising before where we say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising before where we say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising before where we say yeah
+languages have things they dislike and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages have things they dislike and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages have things they dislike and
+then on the other hand they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other hand they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the other hand they have
+techniques for dealing with what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for dealing with what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for dealing with what they
+dislike uh yawamani and Navajo have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike uh yawamani and Navajo have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike uh yawamani and Navajo have a
+property in common namely the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in common namely the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in common namely the property
+of disliking three consonants in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disliking three consonants in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disliking three consonants in a row
+they deal with that problem in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deal with that problem in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deal with that problem in different
+ways but they have that property in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but they have that property in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but they have that property in
+common at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common at least
+um and uh so there's some some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so there's some some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh so there's some some kind of
+insight that we're gaining by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight that we're gaining by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight that we're gaining by being
+willing to think about phonology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to think about phonology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to think about phonology that
+way if we didn't think about phonology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if we didn't think about phonology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if we didn't think about phonology
+that way if we just made these rules uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way if we just made these rules uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way if we just made these rules uh
+Navajo and uh yellow money would seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo and uh yellow money would seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navajo and uh yellow money would seem
+not to have any properties in common at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have any properties in common at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have any properties in common at
+all we'd sort of obscure that fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we'd sort of obscure that fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we'd sort of obscure that fact about
+them make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yep yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep yep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what have we done today we've looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we done today we've looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we done today we've looked
+at a variety of phenomena I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a variety of phenomena I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a variety of phenomena I tried to
+introduce you to the idea of audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the idea of audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the idea of audio
+segmental representation this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental representation this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segmental representation this idea that
+a single feature can get sort of spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single feature can get sort of spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single feature can get sort of spread
+across different places in a word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different places in a word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different places in a word and
+we've just gone back to talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just gone back to talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just gone back to talking about
+this idea of what are called ranked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of what are called ranked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of what are called ranked
+constraints this idea that languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints this idea that languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints this idea that languages
+might have a number of goals in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a number of goals in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a number of goals in life
+and the way to talk about differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to talk about differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to talk about differences
+between languages might just be in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between languages might just be in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between languages might just be in terms
+of how they prioritize their different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they prioritize their different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they prioritize their different
+goals so that was an important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so that was an important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so that was an important part of
+how we talked about Finnish where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we talked about Finnish where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we talked about Finnish where the
+rules seem to be do vowel Harmony o but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules seem to be do vowel Harmony o but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules seem to be do vowel Harmony o but
+don't create non-finnish vowels right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't create non-finnish vowels right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't create non-finnish vowels right so
+the most important thing is don't create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing is don't create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing is don't create
+vowels that finish doesn't have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels that finish doesn't have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels that finish doesn't have but
+modulo that make all your vowels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo that make all your vowels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo that make all your vowels the
+same for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for for
+whether they're front or back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're front or back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're front or back and
+similarly we we just convinced ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we we just convinced ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we we just convinced ourselves
+that Navajo Manila they look different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Navajo Manila they look different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Navajo Manila they look different
+in lots of other ways might have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of other ways might have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of other ways might have a high
+ranking constraint in common namely you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking constraint in common namely you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking constraint in common namely you
+don't have three consonants in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have three consonants in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have three consonants in a row
+so what I want to do now is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do now is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do now is uh
+show you another domain in which people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you another domain in which people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you another domain in which people
+have fruitfully made use of this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fruitfully made use of this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fruitfully made use of this idea of
+ranked constraints that is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked constraints that is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked constraints that is of
+um uh languages having a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh languages having a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh languages having a bunch of
+comparatively simple conditions on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively simple conditions on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively simple conditions on what
+makes a makes a word a well-formed word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a makes a word a well-formed word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a makes a word a well-formed word
+that interact with each other to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interact with each other to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interact with each other to give
+behaviors which can be can be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors which can be can be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors which can be can be quite
+complicated and this all has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and this all has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and this all has to do with
+stress so we've already talked something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so we've already talked something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so we've already talked something
+about stress it was part of the flapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stress it was part of the flapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stress it was part of the flapping
+rule so when we were dealing with how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so when we were dealing with how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so when we were dealing with how to
+deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the
+uh the difference in the pronunciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference in the pronunciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference in the pronunciation
+of the T in these two words Adam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T in these two words Adam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T in these two words Adam and
+atomic we said the rule that converts T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic we said the rule that converts T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic we said the rule that converts T
+to a flap needs to be sensitive to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a flap needs to be sensitive to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a flap needs to be sensitive to where
+stress is so it only happens after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is so it only happens after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is so it only happens after
+stress doesn't happen before stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress doesn't happen before stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress doesn't happen before stress
+and that's why we get it in atom but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we get it in atom but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we get it in atom but not
+in an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an atomic
+stress often has effects on bowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress often has effects on bowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress often has effects on bowel
+quality so if I were actually writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so if I were actually writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality so if I were actually writing
+Adam and atomic it would look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and atomic it would look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam and atomic it would look something
+like that you can see that uh atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can see that uh atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can see that uh atom and
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic
+the if we ignore the ick atom and atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we ignore the ick atom and atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if we ignore the ick atom and atomic
+have almost nothing in common apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost nothing in common apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have almost nothing in common apart from
+an M right so the two vowels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M right so the two vowels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M right so the two vowels are
+different and the the sound that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the the sound that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the the sound that's
+spelled with a t is different in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled with a t is different in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled with a t is different in the two
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+um I think I referred to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I referred to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I referred to things like
+this when I was talking about the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I was talking about the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I was talking about the one
+good thing about English spelling which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about English spelling which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about English spelling which
+is that a given morpheme is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a given morpheme is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a given morpheme is typically
+spelled more or less the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled more or less the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled more or less the same way
+even if it's pronounced quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's pronounced quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's pronounced quite
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stress is also important for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is also important for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is also important for for
+intonation we won't have time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intonation we won't have time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intonation we won't have time to talk
+seriously about intonation in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously about intonation in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously about intonation in this class
+yeah we probably won't have time to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we probably won't have time to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we probably won't have time to talk
+about it at all intonation is the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at all intonation is the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at all intonation is the study
+of the rules for how the pitch of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules for how the pitch of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules for how the pitch of your
+voice Rises and Falls as you speak which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice Rises and Falls as you speak which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice Rises and Falls as you speak which
+is as you can imagine is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you can imagine is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you can imagine is a really
+complicated topic and it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated topic and it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated topic and it's uh it's
+really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting
+um one kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one kind of thing
+for which you know there's a here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you know there's a here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you know there's a here's a
+quick and easy example of stress being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and easy example of stress being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and easy example of stress being
+important for intonation there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for intonation there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for intonation there's um
+there's a kind of uh it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of uh it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of uh it's called
+evocative chant it's used in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocative chant it's used in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocative chant it's used in various
+circumstances but one is when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances but one is when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances but one is when you are
+calling I especially think of it as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling I especially think of it as when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling I especially think of it as when
+you're calling a child like you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling a child like you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling a child like you're a
+parent trying to get the children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent trying to get the children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent trying to get the children to
+come home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come home
+um you say things like you say their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you say things like you say their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you say things like you say their
+name and you say Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and you say Laura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and you say Laura
+there's sort of a tune to that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a tune to that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a tune to that yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if I were putting the tune here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were putting the tune here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were putting the tune here you
+might say yeah there's a higher note law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say yeah there's a higher note law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say yeah there's a higher note law
+and a lower note bra that's the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lower note bra that's the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lower note bra that's the way to
+call Laura's name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Laura's name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Laura's name
+you use that when you're calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that when you're calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that when you're calling
+children you use it when you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children you use it when you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children you use it when you're selling
+hot dogs so if you're in the ballpark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dogs so if you're in the ballpark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot dogs so if you're in the ballpark
+you say hot dogs popcorn pea nuts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hot dogs popcorn pea nuts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hot dogs popcorn pea nuts yeah
+there's this high low tune that you sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this high low tune that you sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this high low tune that you sing
+when you're doing things like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing things like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing things like that yeah
+um how do you call Pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre
+it isn't pee air yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't pee air yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't pee air yeah
+it's Pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Pierre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Pierre
+so it's high goes here and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's high goes here and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's high goes here and then maybe
+also a low yeah and over here there's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a low yeah and over here there's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a low yeah and over here there's I
+don't know a low yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the difference between Laura and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between Laura and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between Laura and
+Pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre
+I mean Laura is a girl and Pierre is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Laura is a girl and Pierre is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Laura is a girl and Pierre is a
+boy but what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the high we're just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the high we're just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the high we're just talking
+about how you do the rocket Edition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you do the rocket Edition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you do the rocket Edition the
+high is on the first syllable Laura high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is on the first syllable Laura high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is on the first syllable Laura high
+is on the second syllable Pierre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the second syllable Pierre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the second syllable Pierre
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's Chance some other names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+longer names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Genevieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve
+Genevieve is that right Genevieve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve is that right Genevieve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve is that right Genevieve I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe this is the low here at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is the low here at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is the low here at the end
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+selling vegetables at the Ballpark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling vegetables at the Ballpark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling vegetables at the Ballpark
+along with hot dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asparagus I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is low
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+cucumbers think is it wait is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumbers think is it wait is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumbers think is it wait is it
+cucumbers or is it cucumbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cucumbers yeah so this is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumbers yeah so this is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumbers yeah so this is high
+and this is low yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do one more
+I suppose you're selling jalapenos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jalapenos here's the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jalapenos here's the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jalapenos here's the high
+uh forget about the lows for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where does the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the high
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+the stressed syllable yeah so it goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stressed syllable yeah so it goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stressed syllable yeah so it goes on
+Genevieve Lara Pierre yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve Lara Pierre yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve Lara Pierre yeah
+cucumbers asparagus and jalapenos that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumbers asparagus and jalapenos that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumbers asparagus and jalapenos that's
+where the high starts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the high starts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the high starts yeah
+yeah and before that high you have lows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and before that high you have lows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and before that high you have lows
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like where
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Genevieve and asparagus no asparagus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve and asparagus no asparagus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve and asparagus no asparagus
+yeah so for those who just got an L at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for those who just got an L at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for those who just got an L at
+the end and it's high until that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and it's high until that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and it's high until that maybe
+in all of these you get an L at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these you get an L at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these you get an L at the end
+right even in Pierre where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even in Pierre where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even in Pierre where there's a
+high at the end there's also a low I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high at the end there's also a low I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high at the end there's also a low I
+think you don't say Pierre right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you don't say Pierre right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you don't say Pierre right it's
+Pierre you have to go back down to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre you have to go back down to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierre you have to go back down to low
+so evocative chant goes put a high on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so evocative chant goes put a high on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so evocative chant goes put a high on
+the stressed syllable put a low at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stressed syllable put a low at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stressed syllable put a low at the
+end yeah and then what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah and then what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah and then what's the difference
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+cucumbers and asparagus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or between
+Genevieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genevieve
+wait do we want Genevieve no we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait do we want Genevieve no we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait do we want Genevieve no we don't
+want Genevieve sorry Genevieve my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Genevieve sorry Genevieve my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Genevieve sorry Genevieve my
+sister's name is Genevieve nobody told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister's name is Genevieve nobody told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister's name is Genevieve nobody told
+her that I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her that I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her that I said that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the difference between
+cucumbers and asparagus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have this part of that second syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this part of that second syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this part of that second syllable
+yep yep that's probably right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+yeah that's probably right yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's probably right yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's probably right yeah yeah
+that's probably true does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh gosh
+uh you're high until you hit an obstrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man
+let me try to think of some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to think of some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to think of some more
+examples that can't possibly be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that can't possibly be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that can't possibly be right
+but it covers the data that we've got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it covers the data that we've got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it covers the data that we've got so
+far yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the last one has to be low yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last one has to be low yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last one has to be low yeah so
+the last one has to be low that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one has to be low that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one has to be low that's right
+and the high goes on the stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high goes on the stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high goes on the stressed
+syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable
+and then you stay high maybe so far for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you stay high maybe so far for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you stay high maybe so far for
+most of these what happens is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these what happens is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these what happens is that you
+stay high until you hit a low right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay high until you hit a low right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay high until you hit a low right so
+it's Genevieve the Vive is at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Genevieve the Vive is at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Genevieve the Vive is at the end
+right or it's asparagus or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or it's asparagus or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or it's asparagus or it's
+jalapenos yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jalapenos yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jalapenos yeah
+um uh and these are low so you're low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and these are low so you're low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and these are low so you're low
+before you get to the high and the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to the high and the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get to the high and the real
+question is what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's the difference
+between cucumbers and asparagus where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cucumbers and asparagus where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cucumbers and asparagus where
+this High spreads and this High just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this High spreads and this High just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this High spreads and this High just
+stays here why why is this low not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays here why why is this low not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays here why why is this low not just
+why is there a low not just here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there a low not just here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there a low not just here but
+also here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here
+and I think that's true right we agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's true right we agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's true right we agreed
+that it is cucumbers it isn't cucumbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me try to think of another word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+endocrinology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrinology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrinology
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what's a better word that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's a better word that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's a better word that's a good
+word I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I'm sorry
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh trying to think of another word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to think of another word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to think of another word that
+has the property that I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that I'm looking for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interdisciplinary interdisciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary interdisciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary interdisciplinary
+interdisciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary
+interdisciplinary yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary yeah
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+interdisciplinary so suppose I'm selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary so suppose I'm selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary so suppose I'm selling
+interdisciplinary uh or suppose I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary uh or suppose I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary uh or suppose I've
+named my child interdisciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named my child interdisciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named my child interdisciplinary
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+interdisciplinary is that right yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary is that right yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary is that right yeah I
+think that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my
+that's no nice name for a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no nice name for a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no nice name for a child
+I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean uh
+enter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this
+low here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low here yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+man so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man so
+let me tell you what I think is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you what I think is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you what I think is going on
+we've talked about words as though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about words as though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about words as though they
+only have one stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one stress
+cucumber asparagus Genevieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumber asparagus Genevieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cucumber asparagus Genevieve
+let's take interdisciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take interdisciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take interdisciplinary
+how many stresses are there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many stresses are there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many stresses are there in
+interdisciplinary where's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary where's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary where's the main
+stress in interdisciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in interdisciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress in interdisciplinary
+yeah it's this it's here where the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's this it's here where the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's this it's here where the high
+is you know so the high goes on the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know so the high goes on the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know so the high goes on the mean
+stress what other syllables in this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress what other syllables in this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress what other syllables in this are
+stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed
+Nary there's another stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nary there's another stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nary there's another stress
+and maybe maybe here I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's something like that or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's something like that or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's something like that or so
+it's high and it stays High until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high and it stays High until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high and it stays High until you
+get to the next stressed syllable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next stressed syllable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next stressed syllable the
+next stress syllable is where the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stress syllable is where the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stress syllable is where the low
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+and there's always a low at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always a low at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always a low at the end
+so for the difference between cucumbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the difference between cucumbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the difference between cucumbers
+and asparagus I think is that cucumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asparagus I think is that cucumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asparagus I think is that cucumber
+has a secondary stress on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a secondary stress on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a secondary stress on the second
+syllable whereas asparagus is only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable whereas asparagus is only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable whereas asparagus is only has
+one stress it's here yeah and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stress it's here yeah and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stress it's here yeah and that might
+be related to your observation this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to your observation this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related to your observation this has
+a closed syllable here and closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed syllable here and closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed syllable here and closed
+syllables are often associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables are often associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables are often associated with
+stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress
+this will not be on the final exam there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not be on the final exam there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will not be on the final exam there
+is no final exam but uh here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no final exam but uh here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no final exam but uh here's an
+example of stress being useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of stress being useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of stress being useful for
+understanding a phenomenon in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a phenomenon in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a phenomenon in this case
+the phenomenon of the vocative chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon of the vocative chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomenon of the vocative chance
+all of you are about to be invited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you are about to be invited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you are about to be invited to
+come up with a research topic something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a research topic something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a research topic something
+to work on this is something you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on this is something you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on this is something you could
+try working on with the person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try working on with the person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try working on with the person that
+you're working with ask them how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with ask them how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with ask them how they
+call their children right and also how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call their children right and also how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call their children right and also how
+they sell things and find out whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell things and find out whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sell things and find out whether
+there's a special tune for that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special tune for that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special tune for that because
+in many languages there is it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many languages there is it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many languages there is it'd be
+interesting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so so yeah this was all an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so yeah this was all an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so yeah this was all an attempt to
+convince you that it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you that it might be
+interesting to think about stress it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about stress it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to think about stress it's
+relevant for various types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for various types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for various types of
+phonological phenomena it was relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological phenomena it was relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological phenomena it was relevant
+for the for the flapping rule in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the flapping rule in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the flapping rule in English
+we've just seen it's relevant for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just seen it's relevant for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just seen it's relevant for uh the
+rules for evocative chant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for evocative chant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for evocative chant
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I'm going to leave those on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave those on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave those on the board
+just so future classes can wonder what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so future classes can wonder what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so future classes can wonder what
+the heck we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck we were doing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in languages where words have one fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in languages where words have one fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in languages where words have one fixed
+position for stress uh so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for stress uh so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for stress uh so there are
+languages out there where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages out there where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages out there where the
+positioning of stress is is always fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning of stress is is always fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioning of stress is is always fixed
+these are data from a database called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are data from a database called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are data from a database called
+walls the the world atlas of language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls the the world atlas of language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls the the world atlas of language
+structures uh which uh is free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh which uh is free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh which uh is free and
+accessible recommend going and having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible recommend going and having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible recommend going and having a
+look at it uh when I got these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it uh when I got these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it uh when I got these data
+there were 282 languages described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 282 languages described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 282 languages described in
+the walls database the walls database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls database the walls database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls database the walls database
+describes languages with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes languages with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes languages with respect to a
+variety of phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of phenomena
+not always accurately I have to say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always accurately I have to say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always accurately I have to say so
+uh you know if you have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know if you have a particular
+language you're interested in you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you're interested in you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you're interested in you should
+double check but it's a nice first pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check but it's a nice first pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check but it's a nice first pass
+looking at a bunch of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a bunch of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a bunch of data
+in that database you can see there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that database you can see there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that database you can see there are
+in among languages that have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in among languages that have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in among languages that have just one
+place where stress always goes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where stress always goes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where stress always goes there are
+languages uh where that one place is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh where that one place is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh where that one place is the
+first syllable that's pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable that's pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable that's pretty common
+about a third of the languages like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the languages like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of the languages like that
+that do that the the most common type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do that the the most common type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do that the the most common type of
+stress for a language like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress for a language like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress for a language like that is
+penultimate stress languages like Zulu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate stress languages like Zulu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate stress languages like Zulu
+and polish have stress on the next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polish have stress on the next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polish have stress on the next to
+last syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable
+and then you can see there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can see there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can see there are some
+other patterns that are less common so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other patterns that are less common so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other patterns that are less common so
+the last syllable is you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last syllable is you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last syllable is you know not
+uncommon uh and then there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon uh and then there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon uh and then there are some
+really weird systems like Ho-Chunk which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird systems like Ho-Chunk which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird systems like Ho-Chunk which
+is a Native American language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Native American language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Native American language
+has stress on its third syllable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has stress on its third syllable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has stress on its third syllable that's
+quite rare there are some languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite rare there are some languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite rare there are some languages that
+have stress on the antimonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stress on the antimonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have stress on the antimonial
+anti-penultimate syllable anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-penultimate syllable anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-penultimate syllable anti
+penultimate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penultimate yeah
+um and some languages that have stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some languages that have stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some languages that have stress
+on the second syllable so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second syllable so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the second syllable so these are all
+patterns that you find as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that you find as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that you find as you can see
+these are patterns that are best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are patterns that are best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are patterns that are best
+described as uh stressing a syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as uh stressing a syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as uh stressing a syllable
+that is counted either from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is counted either from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is counted either from the left
+Edge or the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge or the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge or the right
+of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are other systems that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other systems that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other systems that are not
+hard to imagine but that don't exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine but that don't exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine but that don't exist and
+so people who are developing theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who are developing theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who are developing theories of
+stress typology one of their goals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress typology one of their goals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress typology one of their goals for
+example is to have a theory that rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to have a theory that rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to have a theory that rules
+out languages with the rule stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out languages with the rule stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out languages with the rule stress the
+syllable that's closest to the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable that's closest to the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable that's closest to the middle of
+the word word it's distressingly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word word it's distressingly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word word it's distressingly easy to
+come up with a theory that predicts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a theory that predicts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a theory that predicts the
+existence of languages like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of languages like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of languages like that and
+they don't exist so you want your theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't exist so you want your theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't exist so you want your theory
+to not not capture languages like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one way to describe this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way to describe this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way to describe this kind of
+pattern is to have constraints you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is to have constraints you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is to have constraints you know
+like the constraints that say things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the constraints that say things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the constraints that say things
+like don't have three consonants in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like don't have three consonants in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like don't have three consonants in a
+row uh constraints that say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh constraints that say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row uh constraints that say things like
+put stress as far to the left or as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stress as far to the left or as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stress as far to the left or as far
+to the right in the word as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right in the word as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right in the word as possible and
+then have that constraint interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have that constraint interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have that constraint interact with
+other constraints that say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constraints that say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constraints that say things like
+don't stress the last syllable or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stress the last syllable or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stress the last syllable or don't
+stress the first syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first syllable
+so for example the quite common pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the quite common pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the quite common pattern
+that you get in Zulu and polish where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get in Zulu and polish where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get in Zulu and polish where
+you stress the next to last syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stress the next to last syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stress the next to last syllable
+that's one that says put stress is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one that says put stress is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one that says put stress is far
+to the right in the word as you can oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right in the word as you can oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right in the word as you can oh
+but don't stress the last syllable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't stress the last syllable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't stress the last syllable yeah
+so don't stress the last syllable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't stress the last syllable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't stress the last syllable that's
+the most important thing but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing but you know
+putting aside that put stress as far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting aside that put stress as far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting aside that put stress as far to
+the right as you can that means put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right as you can that means put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right as you can that means put
+stress on the next last syllable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress on the next last syllable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress on the next last syllable that's
+one way of describing that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of describing that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of describing that kind of
+stress system yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there are languages we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are languages we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there are languages we looked at
+this in Laredo that just don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in Laredo that just don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in Laredo that just don't like
+words of only one syllable they ruled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of only one syllable they ruled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words of only one syllable they ruled
+them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out
+um uh but you're absolutely right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but you're absolutely right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but you're absolutely right so
+languages that have systems like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have systems like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have systems like these
+typically it's like stress the next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's like stress the next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's like stress the next to
+last syllable if there is one so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable if there is one so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable if there is one so in a
+monosyllabic word you stress the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosyllabic word you stress the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosyllabic word you stress the one
+syllable that you've got yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable that you've got yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable that you've got yeah that's a
+very good point that's a that's a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point that's a that's a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point that's a that's a thing
+that you find in these languages yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in these languages yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in these languages yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be nice
+if there were some correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were some correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were some correlation between
+having a stress system that wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a stress system that wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a stress system that wanted to
+avoid final stress let's say and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid final stress let's say and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid final stress let's say and being
+like lairdel and not liking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lairdel and not liking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lairdel and not liking
+monosyllables right you know it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosyllables right you know it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monosyllables right you know it would be
+nice if the world worked that way as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if the world worked that way as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if the world worked that way as far
+as I know it doesn't so it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know it doesn't so it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know it doesn't so it doesn't seem
+as though the condition that says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though the condition that says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though the condition that says it
+would be better for your words to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better for your words to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better for your words to be at
+least two syllables long it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two syllables long it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two syllables long it doesn't seem
+to be motivated by these considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be motivated by these considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be motivated by these considerations
+I sort of wish that it was because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of wish that it was because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of wish that it was because it
+would be nice if there then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice if there then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice if there then we would
+have an explanation for for part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an explanation for for part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an explanation for for part of that
+but it's not clear to me that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not clear to me that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not clear to me that there is
+any connection between those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any connection between those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any connection between those things
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now those we were just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now those we were just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now those we were just talking about
+languages in which stress is only in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in which stress is only in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in which stress is only in one
+place but uh as we actually saw as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but uh as we actually saw as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place but uh as we actually saw as we
+were looking at the bucket of chant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the bucket of chant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the bucket of chant it's
+possible for a language to have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a language to have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a language to have multiple
+stresses in a single word English does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses in a single word English does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses in a single word English does
+that all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time
+and there are languages out there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are languages out there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are languages out there uh
+that have patterns where you stress more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have patterns where you stress more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have patterns where you stress more
+than one syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one syllable
+here are some examples from pintupe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some examples from pintupe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some examples from pintupe
+which is a Aboriginal language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a Aboriginal language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a Aboriginal language of
+Australia in which the basic rule is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia in which the basic rule is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia in which the basic rule is uh
+stress the odd numbered syllables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the odd numbered syllables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the odd numbered syllables so
+stress but put stress on the first third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress but put stress on the first third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress but put stress on the first third
+fifth seventh etcetera syllables of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth seventh etcetera syllables of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth seventh etcetera syllables of the
+word you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you know
+so again you could think of that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you could think of that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you could think of that as a
+little pile of constraints stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pile of constraints stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pile of constraints stress the
+first syllable don't stress the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable don't stress the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable don't stress the last
+syllable and don't allow yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable and don't allow yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable and don't allow yourself to
+have two syllables in a row that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two syllables in a row that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two syllables in a row that are the
+same that is are both stressed or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that is are both stressed or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that is are both stressed or both
+unstressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstressed
+so again you don't always succeed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you don't always succeed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you don't always succeed in
+doing all of these things in a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of these things in a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of these things in a language
+like this whenever you have uh an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this whenever you have uh an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this whenever you have uh an odd
+number of syllables in your word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of syllables in your word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of syllables in your word
+you can achieve the first two stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve the first two stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve the first two stress the
+first syllable don't stress the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable don't stress the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable don't stress the last
+syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable
+and actually the the next one don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the the next one don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually the the next one don't
+allow two stressed syllables in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow two stressed syllables in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow two stressed syllables in a row
+but the last one don't allow two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last one don't allow two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last one don't allow two
+unstressed syllables in a row you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstressed syllables in a row you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstressed syllables in a row you
+achieve that in the words that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that in the words that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that in the words that have
+an even number of syllables no yeah an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even number of syllables no yeah an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even number of syllables no yeah an
+even number of syllables but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of syllables but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even number of syllables but not the
+ones that have an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have an odd number of
+syllables there's an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables there's an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables there's an odd number of
+syllables like in the second word there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables like in the second word there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables like in the second word there
+that has three syllables you only stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three syllables you only stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three syllables you only stress
+the first syllable and you put up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first syllable and you put up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first syllable and you put up with
+the fact that it ends in two unstressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it ends in two unstressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it ends in two unstressed
+syllables but because there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables but because there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables but because there's no way to
+avoid that while also satisfying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that while also satisfying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that while also satisfying these
+higher ranking constraints like don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher ranking constraints like don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher ranking constraints like don't
+stress the last syllable and don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the last syllable and don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the last syllable and don't have
+two stressed syllables in a row yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four different rules as opposed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different rules as opposed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different rules as opposed to just
+declaring stress every other syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring stress every other syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring stress every other syllable
+stress every other syllable starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress every other syllable starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress every other syllable starting
+from the left Edge yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left Edge yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left Edge yeah
+um why am I trying to decompose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why am I trying to decompose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why am I trying to decompose this
+into into constraints like this I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into constraints like this I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into constraints like this I guess
+in part it's an attempt to constrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part it's an attempt to constrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part it's an attempt to constrain the
+kinds of syllable of stress systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of syllable of stress systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of syllable of stress systems that
+we could find right so if we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could find right so if we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could find right so if we let
+ourselves say things like stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves say things like stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves say things like stress the
+outnumbered syllables I mean first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outnumbered syllables I mean first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outnumbered syllables I mean first
+stress the odd numbered syllables by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the odd numbered syllables by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the odd numbered syllables by
+itself doesn't actually cover this even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself doesn't actually cover this even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself doesn't actually cover this even
+though it's what I said so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's what I said so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's what I said so it's really
+stress the odd numbered syllables unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the odd numbered syllables unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the odd numbered syllables unless
+you're going to stress the last syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stress the last syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stress the last syllable
+don't stress the last syllable so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stress the last syllable so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stress the last syllable so even
+just saying that you that what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that you that what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that you that what I just
+said is best stated in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is best stated in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is best stated in terms of
+conflicting constraints it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting constraints it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicting constraints it's like the
+most important thing is don't stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is don't stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing is don't stress the
+last syllable and then underneath that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable and then underneath that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable and then underneath that
+there's stress the odd numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stress the odd numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stress the odd numbered
+syllables yeah and then by decomposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables yeah and then by decomposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables yeah and then by decomposing
+stress the outnumbered syllables into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the outnumbered syllables into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the outnumbered syllables into
+stress the first syllable uh don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first syllable uh don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first syllable uh don't have
+two stressed syllables in a row don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stressed syllables in a row don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stressed syllables in a row don't
+have two unstressed syllables in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two unstressed syllables in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two unstressed syllables in a row
+um we sort of constrain the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of constrain the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we sort of constrain the kinds of
+stress systems that we could find uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress systems that we could find uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress systems that we could find uh so
+there aren't stress systems that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't stress systems that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't stress systems that say
+stress the uh Prime numbered syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the uh Prime numbered syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the uh Prime numbered syllables
+or stress the powers of two right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stress the powers of two right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stress the powers of two right there
+are certain kinds of constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain kinds of constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain kinds of constraints that
+you use for stress systems and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for stress systems and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for stress systems and not
+others it's one of the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it's one of the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others it's one of the kinds of things
+we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get
+good question other questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question other questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question other questions yeah
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+um you split that into uh three rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you split that into uh three rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you split that into uh three rules
+here right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes yes that I see what you mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes that I see what you mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yes that I see what you mean so
+we could ask ourselves what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could ask ourselves what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could ask ourselves what would happen
+if you had and this is either a virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had and this is either a virtue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had and this is either a virtue
+or a flaw of this way of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a flaw of this way of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a flaw of this way of talking about
+it what would happen if the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would happen if the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would happen if the second thing
+there don't stress the last syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there don't stress the last syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there don't stress the last syllable
+were the first constraint or if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first constraint or if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first constraint or if it were
+the third constraint or if it were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third constraint or if it were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third constraint or if it were the
+last constraint we get to ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last constraint we get to ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last constraint we get to ask ourselves
+do we get different systems if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get different systems if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get different systems if we if we
+mess with the constraints that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with the constraints that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with the constraints that way and
+this is indeed the kind of thing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the kind of thing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is indeed the kind of thing people
+do when they're doing this kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when they're doing this kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when they're doing this kind of this
+kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here's another stress system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another stress system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another stress system
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality
+uh in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in which
+the rules go stress the first syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules go stress the first syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules go stress the first syllable
+don't stress the last syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stress the last syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stress the last syllable
+those are the most important things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the most important things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the most important things you
+can see that those are true in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that those are true in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that those are true in all of
+these examples yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples yeah
+and don't allow two unstressed syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't allow two unstressed syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't allow two unstressed syllables
+in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row
+and then down at the bottom of the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down at the bottom of the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down at the bottom of the list
+is don't allow two stressed syllables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't allow two stressed syllables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is don't allow two stressed syllables in
+row and it's at the bottom because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and it's at the bottom because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and it's at the bottom because well
+possible quality has two stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible quality has two stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible quality has two stressed
+syllables in a row all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impressionistically what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressionistically what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressionistically what's going on in
+custom quality is you stress the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom quality is you stress the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+custom quality is you stress the first
+syllable and you stress every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable and you stress every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable and you stress every other
+syllable counting backwards from the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable counting backwards from the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable counting backwards from the end
+of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word
+so uh dirt is and then in the dirt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh dirt is and then in the dirt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh dirt is and then in the dirt is
+yeah so you get stress on the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you get stress on the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you get stress on the first two
+syllables more stress actually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables more stress actually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables more stress actually on the
+second one than than uh than on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one than than uh than on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one than than uh than on the
+first uh I I wish that this were not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh I I wish that this were not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh I I wish that this were not the
+passing quality stress system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing quality stress system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing quality stress system because
+I'm trying to learn passenger and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to learn passenger and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to learn passenger and uh it
+means that if you're trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're trying to say
+something like let's walk around on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like let's walk around on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like let's walk around on top
+uh you have to ask yourself okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to ask yourself okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to ask yourself okay is
+there an odd number of syllables in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an odd number of syllables in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an odd number of syllables in that
+word or an even number because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or an even number because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word or an even number because that's
+how you know whether to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with stress mean stress on the next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stress mean stress on the next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stress mean stress on the next to
+last syllable with two two stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable with two two stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable with two two stressed
+syllables at the beginning uh or uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables at the beginning uh or uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables at the beginning uh or uh or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+yeah so it's a it's a pain yeah yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's a it's a pain yeah yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's a it's a pain yeah yep
+uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or
+stanya where again we could decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanya where again we could decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanya where again we could decompose
+this uh this is not unlike passing quadi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is not unlike passing quadi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is not unlike passing quadi
+except uh you're stressing the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except uh you're stressing the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except uh you're stressing the first
+syllable and uh you are stressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable and uh you are stressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable and uh you are stressing the
+last syllable and then you are stressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable and then you are stressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable and then you are stressing
+every other syllable counting backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other syllable counting backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other syllable counting backwards
+from the end so you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end so you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end so you end up with
+bisyllables having two stresses unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisyllables having two stresses unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisyllables having two stresses unlike
+investment quality where there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment quality where there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment quality where there's only
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's one kind of stress system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's one kind of stress system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's one kind of stress system
+these kinds of stress systems where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of stress systems where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of stress systems where you
+have repeated stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have repeated stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have repeated stresses
+it's another kind of stress system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another kind of stress system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another kind of stress system uh
+that's going to have to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have to include
+constraints that make reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that make reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that make reference to
+particular morphemes so I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular morphemes so I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular morphemes so I want to give
+you an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of that
+um the the classic example that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the classic example that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the classic example that I know
+of is from Russian so I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is from Russian so I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is from Russian so I'm going to show
+you some Russian data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some Russian data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some Russian data
+English has examples like this too we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has examples like this too we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has examples like this too we've
+talked about it before the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it before the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it before the fact that
+electric has stress on its second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric has stress on its second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric has stress on its second
+syllable but that when you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable but that when you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable but that when you add the
+suffix IDI you do various interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix IDI you do various interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix IDI you do various interesting
+things you change the k sound at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you change the k sound at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you change the k sound at the end
+of electric to an S you get electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electric to an S you get electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electric to an S you get electricity
+but also you shift the stress so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you shift the stress so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you shift the stress so it's
+not electricity it's electricity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not electricity it's electricity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not electricity it's electricity with
+stress on on what was an Ick and is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress on on what was an Ick and is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress on on what was an Ick and is now
+an is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an is
+for Russian the basic stress rule goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Russian the basic stress rule goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Russian the basic stress rule goes
+something like this Russian morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this Russian morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this Russian morphemes
+get to indicate whether they want stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to indicate whether they want stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to indicate whether they want stress
+or not and where they want the stress to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and where they want the stress to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and where they want the stress to
+be and the basic rule goes stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and the basic rule goes stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and the basic rule goes stress the
+first lexically accented syllable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lexically accented syllable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lexically accented syllable that
+is the first syllable that is marked as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first syllable that is marked as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first syllable that is marked as
+saying hey I need stress if there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey I need stress if there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey I need stress if there aren't
+any lexically accented syllables then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any lexically accented syllables then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any lexically accented syllables then
+you stress the first syllable of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stress the first syllable of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stress the first syllable of the
+word Russian stress is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Russian stress is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Russian stress is quite
+intimidating if you're trying to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidating if you're trying to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidating if you're trying to learn
+Russian so if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian so if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian so if you're interested in
+trying to learn Russian please try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn Russian please try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to learn Russian please try to
+remember this rule that will save you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this rule that will save you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this rule that will save you a
+lot of Heartache so here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Heartache so here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Heartache so here are some
+examples the word for Town gored is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the word for Town gored is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the word for Town gored is an
+unaccented word and that means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccented word and that means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccented word and that means that it
+has stress on the first syllable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has stress on the first syllable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has stress on the first syllable because
+the rule is stress the first syllable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is stress the first syllable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is stress the first syllable if
+there aren't any lexically accents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any lexically accents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any lexically accents and
+syllables and the date of singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables and the date of singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables and the date of singular
+suffix ooh that's showing up for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix ooh that's showing up for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix ooh that's showing up for this
+class of nouns is also lexically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of nouns is also lexically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of nouns is also lexically
+unaccented so it doesn't do anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccented so it doesn't do anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccented so it doesn't do anything to
+distress so go to this the word for Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress so go to this the word for Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distress so go to this the word for Town
+and gorodu is the date of singular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gorodu is the date of singular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gorodu is the date of singular and
+again don't worry about what data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't worry about what data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again don't worry about what data
+singular means it's a it's a thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular means it's a it's a thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular means it's a it's a thing it's
+a marker you can put on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the dative plural suffix putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the dative plural suffix putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the dative plural suffix putting it
+in a different form is a lexically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different form is a lexically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different form is a lexically
+accented stress uh uh it does require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accented stress uh uh it does require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accented stress uh uh it does require
+stress and so stress shifts to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and so stress shifts to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and so stress shifts to that
+particular suffix so you get initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular suffix so you get initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular suffix so you get initial
+stress because there's no lexical accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress because there's no lexical accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress because there's no lexical accent
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+but if you add the Native Floral suffix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you add the Native Floral suffix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you add the Native Floral suffix
+you get garadam with the stress shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get garadam with the stress shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get garadam with the stress shifting
+to the end because this is a suffix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end because this is a suffix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end because this is a suffix that
+demands stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands stress
+there are also nouns that want stress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also nouns that want stress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also nouns that want stress on
+a particular syllable so the word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular syllable so the word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular syllable so the word for
+nut which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lexical Accent on its second syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical Accent on its second syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical Accent on its second syllable
+and that means that no matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that no matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that no matter what you
+add to that noun the the stress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to that noun the the stress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to that noun the the stress is
+not going to shift so the word for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to shift so the word for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to shift so the word for not
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and if it's dative singular if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's dative singular if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's dative singular if it's
+dative plural you still get stress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative plural you still get stress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative plural you still get stress on
+that second syllable because the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second syllable because the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second syllable because the basic
+rule is stress the first lexically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is stress the first lexically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is stress the first lexically
+accented Soul so in the last example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accented Soul so in the last example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accented Soul so in the last example the
+dative plural of nut the stress is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative plural of nut the stress is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dative plural of nut the stress is still
+on that second syllable even though as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that second syllable even though as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that second syllable even though as
+we've seen um attracts stress to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen um attracts stress to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen um attracts stress to itself
+it only attracts stress to itself from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only attracts stress to itself from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only attracts stress to itself from
+nouns that don't themselves have lexical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns that don't themselves have lexical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns that don't themselves have lexical
+accent yeah there now you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent yeah there now you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent yeah there now you know more
+about I tried years ago to try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I tried years ago to try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I tried years ago to try to learn
+Russian and uh this was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian and uh this was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian and uh this was one of the
+things that made me give up I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that made me give up I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that made me give up I was like
+the stress just doesn't make sense to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress just doesn't make sense to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress just doesn't make sense to me
+I don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't understand
+um but now you know so and I do too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now you know so and I do too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now you know so and I do too I
+should go try to learn it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go try to learn it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go try to learn it again
+um so one way to think about this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one way to think about this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one way to think about this is you
+say a Russian morpheme can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a Russian morpheme can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a Russian morpheme can have a
+lexical accent as part of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical accent as part of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical accent as part of its
+specification it can have a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification it can have a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification it can have a little uh
+note saying Hey I want stress to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note saying Hey I want stress to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note saying Hey I want stress to be here
+and then we need constraints that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need constraints that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need constraints that say
+things like there's only one stress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like there's only one stress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like there's only one stress and
+word uh you want to stress lexical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh you want to stress lexical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word uh you want to stress lexical
+accents and you should put your stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents and you should put your stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents and you should put your stress
+as far to the left as possible so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far to the left as possible so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far to the left as possible so in a
+word like uh town there aren't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like uh town there aren't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like uh town there aren't any
+lexical accents and so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical accents and so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical accents and so the only
+relevance uh constraints I guess are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance uh constraints I guess are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance uh constraints I guess are the
+first and the third there should be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the third there should be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the third there should be one
+stress and it should be as far left as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and it should be as far left as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and it should be as far left as
+possible so it's at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so it's at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so it's at the beginning
+for garadam the dative plural of town uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for garadam the dative plural of town uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for garadam the dative plural of town uh
+there can only be one stress you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can only be one stress you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can only be one stress you want it
+to be as far left as possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as far left as possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as far left as possible but
+there's a lexical Accent on dative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lexical Accent on dative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lexical Accent on dative
+floral suffix and so you put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floral suffix and so you put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floral suffix and so you put it on
+that's as far left as you can go yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far left as you can go yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as far left as you can go yeah so
+the last constraint doesn't get to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last constraint doesn't get to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last constraint doesn't get to do
+very much and then for nut there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much and then for nut there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much and then for nut there's
+lexical Accent on the on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical Accent on the on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical Accent on the on the second
+syllable of the noun and because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable of the noun and because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable of the noun and because you're
+putting stress as far left as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting stress as far left as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting stress as far left as possible
+that's where the stress is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the stress is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the stress is always going
+to go no matter what suffixes you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go no matter what suffixes you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go no matter what suffixes you add
+the basic picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um we will do a little bit of kashmiri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will do a little bit of kashmiri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we will do a little bit of kashmiri
+and then we'll stop I think for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll stop I think for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll stop I think for today
+this actually came up when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually came up when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually came up when we were
+talking about cucumbers there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cucumbers there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about cucumbers there are
+languages that have stress systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have stress systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have stress systems that
+care about what's called syllable weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what's called syllable weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what's called syllable weight
+that is they care about whether vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they care about whether vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they care about whether vowels
+are long or short and also about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long or short and also about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long or short and also about how
+many consonants there are after vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many consonants there are after vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many consonants there are after vowels
+and kashmiri is a classic example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kashmiri is a classic example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kashmiri is a classic example of
+this and I'll show you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll show you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'll show you a little bit of
+this and we'll see whether we can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll see whether we can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we'll see whether we can find a
+good stopping place somewhere somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stopping place somewhere somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stopping place somewhere somewhere
+in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+um here are some customary words there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are some customary words there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are some customary words there
+are lots of kashmiri words that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of kashmiri words that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of kashmiri words that have
+initial stress anybody here speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial stress anybody here speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial stress anybody here speak
+kashmiri it's language of Kashmir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so lots of words have initial stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so lots of words have initial stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so lots of words have initial stress
+basically initial stress is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically initial stress is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically initial stress is what you get
+if nothing else is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing else is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing else is happening
+um but if there's a long vowel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if there's a long vowel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if there's a long vowel in the
+word even if it's not the first syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word even if it's not the first syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word even if it's not the first syllable
+of the word then the the long vowel will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word then the the long vowel will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word then the the long vowel will
+get stressed uh so that verb to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stressed uh so that verb to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stressed uh so that verb to finish
+has a long vowel as its third vowel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a long vowel as its third vowel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a long vowel as its third vowel and
+that's where the stress goes in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the stress goes in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the stress goes in that
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+long vowel stress except when it's final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowel stress except when it's final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowel stress except when it's final
+so uh uh if it's the last vowel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh if it's the last vowel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh if it's the last vowel in the
+word it doesn't get stressed so the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it doesn't get stressed so the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word it doesn't get stressed so the word
+for book has two syllables and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for book has two syllables and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for book has two syllables and the
+second syllable has a long vowel but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second syllable has a long vowel but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second syllable has a long vowel but the
+first syllable gets the stress uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable gets the stress uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable gets the stress uh
+because kashmiri like several other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because kashmiri like several other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because kashmiri like several other
+languages we've looked at doesn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages we've looked at doesn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages we've looked at doesn't like
+stressing final syllables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing final syllables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing final syllables
+if they're two long vowels then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're two long vowels then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're two long vowels then you
+stress the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first one
+and another kind of thing that attracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another kind of thing that attracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another kind of thing that attracts
+stress is a vowel that's followed by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is a vowel that's followed by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is a vowel that's followed by two
+consonants so here's the word for Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants so here's the word for Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants so here's the word for Friday
+uh where the second vowel is followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the second vowel is followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the second vowel is followed by
+an r and a v so it's the first example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an r and a v so it's the first example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an r and a v so it's the first example I
+guess that we've had of a vowel that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that we've had of a vowel that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that we've had of a vowel that's
+followed by two consonants and a vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by two consonants and a vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by two consonants and a vowel
+that's followed by two consonants also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's followed by two consonants also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's followed by two consonants also
+preferentially gets stress it acts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially gets stress it acts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially gets stress it acts like
+a long vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long vowel
+if you have both a long vowel and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have both a long vowel and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have both a long vowel and a
+vowel that's followed by two consonants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that's followed by two consonants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel that's followed by two consonants
+then you prefer the long vowel so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you prefer the long vowel so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you prefer the long vowel so uh uh
+you're getting that in here in door in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting that in here in door in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting that in here in door in
+Friday you're not getting stressed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you're not getting stressed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you're not getting stressed on
+the long vowel that's because the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long vowel that's because the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long vowel that's because the long
+vowel is the last syllable of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel is the last syllable of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel is the last syllable of the word
+and more important thing is don't stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more important thing is don't stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more important thing is don't stress
+the last syllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last syllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last syllable
+so we can fruitfully think of kashmiri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can fruitfully think of kashmiri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can fruitfully think of kashmiri
+stress as a bunch of ranked constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress as a bunch of ranked constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress as a bunch of ranked constraints
+again which go which say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which go which say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which go which say things like
+don't have more than one stress don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have more than one stress don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have more than one stress don't
+stress the final syllable stress your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the final syllable stress your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the final syllable stress your
+long vowels stress your vowels that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowels stress your vowels that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowels stress your vowels that have
+multiple consonants after them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after them and then
+put stress as far to the left in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stress as far to the left in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stress as far to the left in the
+word as possible so stress long vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word as possible so stress long vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word as possible so stress long vowels
+we got that in in that word that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got that in in that word that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got that in in that word that had
+along well as its third vowel but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along well as its third vowel but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along well as its third vowel but we
+also saw that outranking stress lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw that outranking stress lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw that outranking stress lung
+vowels is a constraint that says don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels is a constraint that says don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels is a constraint that says don't
+stress the final syllable so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the final syllable so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the final syllable so in this
+word for book there's a long vowel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for book there's a long vowel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for book there's a long vowel in
+the final syllable but you don't stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final syllable but you don't stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final syllable but you don't stress
+it because it's final and avoiding final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's final and avoiding final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's final and avoiding final
+stress is more important than stressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is more important than stressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress is more important than stressing
+long vowels yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowels yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vowels yeah
+um there's a rule that says don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a rule that says don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a rule that says don't have
+more than one stress so you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one stress so you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one stress so you like
+stressing among vowels uh but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing among vowels uh but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing among vowels uh but if you
+have a word that has multiple lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a word that has multiple lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a word that has multiple lung
+vowels in it you only get one stress you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in it you only get one stress you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in it you only get one stress you
+don't get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and the general rule is put stress as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the general rule is put stress as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the general rule is put stress as
+far to the left in the word as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far to the left in the word as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far to the left in the word as possible
+so when you have two long vowels you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have two long vowels you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have two long vowels you
+stress the first one you can't stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first one you can't stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the first one you can't stress
+them both you also don't stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both you also don't stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both you also don't stress the
+second one you stress the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one you stress the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one you stress the first one
+because you want stress to be as far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want stress to be as far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want stress to be as far to
+the left as as possible that's also why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left as as possible that's also why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left as as possible that's also why
+when there are no long vowels and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are no long vowels and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there are no long vowels and no
+vowels with multiple consonants after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels with multiple consonants after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels with multiple consonants after
+them you get initial stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get initial stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get initial stress
+and then finally stress vowels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally stress vowels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally stress vowels with
+multiple consonants after them uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after them uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after them uh that's
+got to be in there somewhere and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be in there somewhere and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be in there somewhere and it's
+got to be below stress long vowels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be below stress long vowels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be below stress long vowels
+because when you have both a vowel with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have both a vowel with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have both a vowel with
+multiple consonants after it and a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after it and a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after it and a long
+vowel you stress the long well and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel you stress the long well and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel you stress the long well and not
+the whole with multiple consonants after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole with multiple consonants after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole with multiple consonants after
+it so here's another place where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here's another place where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here's another place where you
+know it's possible to describe kashmiri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's possible to describe kashmiri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's possible to describe kashmiri
+stress you know uh in several paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you know uh in several paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you know uh in several paragraphs
+of prose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prose
+which you say things like well kashmiri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you say things like well kashmiri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you say things like well kashmiri
+stress it's on the first syllable unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress it's on the first syllable unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress it's on the first syllable unless
+there are long vowels or vowels from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are long vowels or vowels from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are long vowels or vowels from
+multiple consonants after them except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after them except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple consonants after them except
+when those are final or on a Tuesday uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those are final or on a Tuesday uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those are final or on a Tuesday uh
+in the month beginning with m you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the month beginning with m you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the month beginning with m you know
+this would be quite long and complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be quite long and complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be quite long and complicated
+if we describe kashmiri stress this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we describe kashmiri stress this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we describe kashmiri stress this way
+in terms of ranked constraints the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of ranked constraints the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of ranked constraints the
+constraints themselves can all be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints themselves can all be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints themselves can all be pretty
+simple they can be things like stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple they can be things like stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple they can be things like stress
+your long vowels that's a pretty natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long vowels that's a pretty natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your long vowels that's a pretty natural
+thing to do or avoid final stress or put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do or avoid final stress or put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do or avoid final stress or put
+your stress as far to the left in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stress as far to the left in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stress as far to the left in the
+word as possible and all of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word as possible and all of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word as possible and all of the action
+is figuring out you know what order are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figuring out you know what order are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is figuring out you know what order are
+these constraints in which are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constraints in which are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constraints in which are the most
+important ones and which are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones and which are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones and which are less
+important and by ranking them that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and by ranking them that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and by ranking them that way
+you end up with this you know quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with this you know quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with this you know quite
+complicated array of data which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated array of data which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated array of data which we've
+now gone through quite quickly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gone through quite quickly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now gone through quite quickly but
+you'll have the slides uh so you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the slides uh so you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the slides uh so you'll have
+a chance to go through this in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to go through this in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance to go through this in your own
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+are there questions about kashmiri since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about kashmiri since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about kashmiri since
+we have a few more seconds here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few more seconds here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few more seconds here we can
+talk about Kashmir in more depth if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Kashmir in more depth if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Kashmir in more depth if
+people would like or anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would like or anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would like or anything else
+as I said at the beginning I could hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said at the beginning I could hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said at the beginning I could hear
+people talking about the problem said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about the problem said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about the problem said if
+people have questions about the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions about the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions about the problems
+that we can talk about them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+so yeah here I am talking about stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah here I am talking about stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah here I am talking about stress
+systems and you know I've talked to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you know I've talked to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you know I've talked to you
+about uh kashmiri and I've talked to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh kashmiri and I've talked to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh kashmiri and I've talked to you
+about I've talked about various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I've talked about various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I've talked about various
+languages Russian uh and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages Russian uh and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages Russian uh and I've
+strenuously avoided talking to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strenuously avoided talking to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strenuously avoided talking to you about
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English
+um English stress is quite complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English stress is quite complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um English stress is quite complicated
+and messy uh there are books about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and messy uh there are books about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and messy uh there are books about it
+um it's partly like so much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's partly like so much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's partly like so much about
+English the product of uh several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English the product of uh several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English the product of uh several
+different languages with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages with different
+stress systems interacting with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress systems interacting with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress systems interacting with each
+other uh so you know there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh so you know there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh so you know there was a
+Germanic stress system that's English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic stress system that's English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germanic stress system that's English
+inhabit inherited from its Germanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabit inherited from its Germanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhabit inherited from its Germanic
+substrate and then the French invaded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and then the French invaded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and then the French invaded it
+in 1066 bringing their own stress system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1066 bringing their own stress system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1066 bringing their own stress system
+and uh one of the results of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one of the results of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one of the results of that is
+that English stress is the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that English stress is the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that English stress is the kind of thing
+you can write books about yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write books about yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write books about yeah so
+there's a reason I haven't tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason I haven't tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason I haven't tried to do
+English stress on the slide you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English stress on the slide you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English stress on the slide you think
+kashmiri is complicated yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kashmiri is complicated yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kashmiri is complicated yeah
+it's uh yeah it's it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh yeah it's it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh yeah it's it's complicated
+um It's Complicated in interesting ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um It's Complicated in interesting ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um It's Complicated in interesting ways
+we have various places for example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various places for example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various places for example where
+the difference between a verb and a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a verb and a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between a verb and a noun
+has to do with stress so we have verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with stress so we have verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with stress so we have verbs
+like permit and nouns like permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like permit and nouns like permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like permit and nouns like permit
+um right get a permit to do something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right get a permit to do something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right get a permit to do something uh
+and that's uh there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh there are a number of
+pairs like that which is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs like that which is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs like that which is one of the
+kinds of things that's interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that's interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that's interesting to
+think about that's not something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that's not something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that's not something that we
+inherited and so when people are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited and so when people are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited and so when people are trying
+to figure out uh how we talked earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out uh how we talked earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out uh how we talked earlier
+about the the possibility that nouns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the possibility that nouns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the possibility that nouns and
+verbs could have different phonologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs could have different phonologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs could have different phonologies
+and there are times when something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are times when something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are times when something like
+that seems to be happening like in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be happening like in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to be happening like in that
+kind of example so when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example so when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of example so when you when you
+write your book on English stress that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your book on English stress that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your book on English stress that's
+one of the chapters you have to write is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the chapters you have to write is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the chapters you have to write is
+the difference between permit and permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between permit and permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between permit and permit
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what you want to do is sort of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is sort of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is sort of look
+systematically at each vowel here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically at each vowel here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically at each vowel here's what
+I would do in your in your shoes look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do in your in your shoes look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do in your in your shoes look
+systematically at each vowel and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically at each vowel and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically at each vowel and make
+yourself notes for each vowel about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself notes for each vowel about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself notes for each vowel about the
+environments that they show up in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments that they show up in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments that they show up in you
+know so uh you know say you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so uh you know say you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so uh you know say you start with
+the Bell uh uh make yourself notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell uh uh make yourself notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell uh uh make yourself notice
+about all of the things that are around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the things that are around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of the things that are around
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um maybe you could start with the hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe you could start with the hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe you could start with the hope
+that the relevant things are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the relevant things are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the relevant things are the
+consonants on either side of it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants on either side of it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants on either side of it or
+whether it's at the beginning or the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's at the beginning or the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's at the beginning or the end
+or the first syllable or the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the first syllable or the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the first syllable or the second
+syllable or whatever you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable or whatever you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable or whatever you know make
+yourself notes uh for each each word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself notes uh for each each word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself notes uh for each each word
+that has an i in it where the I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an i in it where the I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an i in it where the I is
+showing up and then look at your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up and then look at your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up and then look at your notes
+and hope that something jumps out at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hope that something jumps out at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hope that something jumps out at you
+that's the only thing I can think of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing I can think of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing I can think of to
+suggest sorry that's probably what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest sorry that's probably what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest sorry that's probably what
+you're doing but that's if that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing but that's if that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing but that's if that's what
+you're doing you're doing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing you're doing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing you're doing well
+there are questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are questions
+okay all right so I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I'll see you on
+Thursday when we will start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday when we will start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday when we will start talking
+about syntax
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qyBuzeUYs2M.txt b/qyBuzeUYs2M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83b7d342cb0635eca946959720d4a635cbb220bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qyBuzeUYs2M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+mathematicians like to model uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like to model uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians like to model uncertainty
+about a particular circumstance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular circumstance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a particular circumstance by
+introducing the concept of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the concept of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the concept of a random
+variable for our application will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for our application will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for our application will always
+be dealing with circumstances where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with circumstances where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with circumstances where
+there are a finite number n of distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a finite number n of distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a finite number n of distinct
+choices so we'll be using a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so we'll be using a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so we'll be using a discrete
+random variable that can take on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that can take on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that can take on one of
+n possible values X sub 1 X sub 2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n possible values X sub 1 X sub 2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n possible values X sub 1 X sub 2 and so
+on up to X sub n the probability that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on up to X sub n the probability that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on up to X sub n the probability that X
+will take on the value x sub 1 is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take on the value x sub 1 is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take on the value x sub 1 is given
+by the probability P sub 1 the value X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the probability P sub 1 the value X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the probability P sub 1 the value X
+sub 2 by the probability P sub 2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 by the probability P sub 2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 by the probability P sub 2 and so
+on the smaller the probability the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the smaller the probability the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the smaller the probability the more
+uncertain it is that X will take on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain it is that X will take on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain it is that X will take on that
+particular value Claude Shannon in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value Claude Shannon in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value Claude Shannon in his
+seminal work on the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal work on the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal work on the theory of
+information to find the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to find the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to find the information
+received when learning that X had taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received when learning that X had taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received when learning that X had taken
+on the value X sub I as the log base 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the value X sub I as the log base 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the value X sub I as the log base 2
+of 1 over P sub I note that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over P sub I note that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over P sub I note that the
+uncertainty of a choice is inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of a choice is inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of a choice is inversely
+proportional to its probability so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its probability so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to its probability so the
+term inside of the log is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term inside of the log is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term inside of the log is basically the
+uncertainty of that particular choice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of that particular choice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of that particular choice we
+use the log base 2 to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the log base 2 to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the log base 2 to measure the
+magnitude of the uncertainty in bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the uncertainty in bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the uncertainty in bits
+where a bit as a quantity that can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a bit as a quantity that can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a bit as a quantity that can take
+on the value 0 1 think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the value 0 1 think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the value 0 1 think of the
+information content as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information content as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information content as the number of
+bits we would require to encode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits we would require to encode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits we would require to encode this
+choice suppose the data we receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice suppose the data we receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice suppose the data we receive
+doesn't resolve all the uncertainty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't resolve all the uncertainty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't resolve all the uncertainty for
+example when earlier we received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when earlier we received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when earlier we received the
+data that the card was a heart some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that the card was a heart some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that the card was a heart some of
+the uncertainty has been resolved since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty has been resolved since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty has been resolved since
+we know more about the card than we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know more about the card than we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know more about the card than we did
+before receiving the data but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before receiving the data but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before receiving the data but we don't
+yet know the exact card so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet know the exact card so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet know the exact card so some
+uncertainty still remains we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty still remains we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty still remains we can still
+use the formula for information content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the formula for information content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the formula for information content
+from the previous slide using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous slide using the
+probability of the data we receive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the data we receive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the data we receive to
+compute the information content in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the information content in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the information content in our
+example the probability of learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the probability of learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the probability of learning that
+a card chosen randomly from a fifty-two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a card chosen randomly from a fifty-two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a card chosen randomly from a fifty-two
+card deck is a heart is 13 over 52 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card deck is a heart is 13 over 52 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card deck is a heart is 13 over 52 the
+number of hearts over the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hearts over the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hearts over the total number
+of choices so piece of data is 13 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices so piece of data is 13 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choices so piece of data is 13 over
+52 or 1/4 and the information content is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 or 1/4 and the information content is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 or 1/4 and the information content is
+computed as log base 2 of 1 over 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as log base 2 of 1 over 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed as log base 2 of 1 over 1/4
+which figures out to be 2 bits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which figures out to be 2 bits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which figures out to be 2 bits this
+example is one we encounter often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one we encounter often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is one we encounter often we
+receive partial information about n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive partial information about n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive partial information about n
+equally probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally probable
+choices each choice having probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices each choice having probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices each choice having probability 1
+over N that narrows the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N that narrows the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N that narrows the number of
+choices down to M the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices down to M the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices down to M the probability of
+receiving such information is M times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving such information is M times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving such information is M times 1
+over n so the information received is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so the information received is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n so the information received is
+log base 2 of n over m bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of n over m bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base 2 of n over m bits
+let's look at some examples if we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples if we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some examples if we learn
+the result heads or tails of a flip of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result heads or tails of a flip of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result heads or tails of a flip of a
+fair coin we go from 2 choices to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin we go from 2 choices to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair coin we go from 2 choices to a
+single choice so the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single choice so the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single choice so the information
+received is log base 2 of 2 over 1 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received is log base 2 of 2 over 1 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received is log base 2 of 2 over 1 or a
+single bit this makes sense it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit this makes sense it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit this makes sense it would
+take us one bit to encode which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us one bit to encode which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take us one bit to encode which of the
+two possibilities actually happened say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities actually happened say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities actually happened say
+one for heads and 0 for tails reviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for heads and 0 for tails reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for heads and 0 for tails reviewing
+the example from the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example from the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example from the previous slide
+learning that a card drawn from a fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that a card drawn from a fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that a card drawn from a fresh
+deck as a heart gives us log base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck as a heart gives us log base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck as a heart gives us log base 2 of
+52 over 13 or 2 bits of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 over 13 or 2 bits of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 over 13 or 2 bits of information
+again this makes sense it would take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this makes sense it would take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this makes sense it would take us
+2 bits to encode which of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 bits to encode which of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 bits to encode which of the four
+possible card suits had turned up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible card suits had turned up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible card suits had turned up
+finally consider what information we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally consider what information we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally consider what information we get
+from rolling two dice one red and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rolling two dice one red and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rolling two dice one red and one
+green each die has 6 faces so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green each die has 6 faces so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green each die has 6 faces so there are
+36 possible combinations once we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 possible combinations once we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 possible combinations once we learn
+the exact outcome of the roll we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact outcome of the roll we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact outcome of the roll we've
+received log base 2 of 36 over 1 or 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received log base 2 of 36 over 1 or 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received log base 2 of 36 over 1 or 5
+point 1 7 bits of information hmm what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 7 bits of information hmm what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 7 bits of information hmm what
+do those fractional bits mean our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those fractional bits mean our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those fractional bits mean our
+circuitry will only deal with whole bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry will only deal with whole bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry will only deal with whole bits
+so to include a single outcome we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to include a single outcome we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to include a single outcome we need
+to use 6 bits but suppose we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use 6 bits but suppose we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use 6 bits but suppose we wanted to
+record the outcome of 10 successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the outcome of 10 successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the outcome of 10 successive
+rules at 6 bits per roll we would need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules at 6 bits per roll we would need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules at 6 bits per roll we would need a
+total of 60 bits what this formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 60 bits what this formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of 60 bits what this formula is
+telling us is that we need not 60 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us is that we need not 60 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us is that we need not 60 bits
+but only 52 bits to unambiguously encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only 52 bits to unambiguously encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only 52 bits to unambiguously encode
+the results whether we can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results whether we can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results whether we can come up with
+a Nakota ng that achieves this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nakota ng that achieves this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nakota ng that achieves this lower
+bound is an interesting question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is an interesting question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is an interesting question which
+we'll take up later in this chapter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take up later in this chapter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take up later in this chapter to
+wrap up let's return to our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up let's return to our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up let's return to our initial
+example here's a table showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a table showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a table showing the
+different choices for the data received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices for the data received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices for the data received
+along with the probability of that event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the probability of that event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the probability of that event
+and the computed information content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computed information content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computed information content
+we've already talked about learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about learning that
+the card was a heart the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card was a heart the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card was a heart the probability of
+this event is 13 over 52 with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event is 13 over 52 with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event is 13 over 52 with an
+information content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information content of
+two bits learning that the card is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits learning that the card is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits learning that the card is not
+the ace of spades is quite likely since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ace of spades is quite likely since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ace of spades is quite likely since
+there's only one chance in 52 that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one chance in 52 that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one chance in 52 that it is
+the ace of spades so we only get a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ace of spades so we only get a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ace of spades so we only get a small
+amount of information from this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information from this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of information from this event
+0.02 8 bits there are 12 face cards in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 8 bits there are 12 face cards in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.02 8 bits there are 12 face cards in a
+card deck so the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card deck so the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card deck so the probability of this
+event is 12 over 52 and we receive two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is 12 over 52 and we receive two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is 12 over 52 and we receive two
+point 1 1 5 bits a bit more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 1 5 bits a bit more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 1 1 5 bits a bit more information
+than learning about the card suit since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than learning about the card suit since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than learning about the card suit since
+there is slightly less residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is slightly less residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is slightly less residual
+uncertainty finally we get the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty finally we get the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty finally we get the most
+information when all uncertainty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information when all uncertainty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information when all uncertainty is
+eliminated a bit more than 5.7 bits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated a bit more than 5.7 bits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated a bit more than 5.7 bits the
+results line up nicely with our and mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results line up nicely with our and mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results line up nicely with our and mr.
+blues intuition the more uncertainty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues intuition the more uncertainty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues intuition the more uncertainty is
+resolved the more information we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved the more information we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved the more information we have
+received now try your hand at computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received now try your hand at computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received now try your hand at computing
+the information content for a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information content for a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information content for a few more
+examples in the following exercises
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ro07evEWbCE.txt b/ro07evEWbCE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05ab12de2ef366cc089d9b01187c954b87d2affa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ro07evEWbCE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13274 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Today's uh topic is factor modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's uh topic is factor modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today's uh topic is factor modeling and
+the uh subject here is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh subject here is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh subject here is basically
+exploits multivariate analysis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits multivariate analysis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploits multivariate analysis in
+statistics to uh financial markets where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics to uh financial markets where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics to uh financial markets where
+our concern is using factors to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concern is using factors to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concern is using factors to model
+returns and variances coariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and variances coariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and variances coariances
+correlations and with these models there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and with these models there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and with these models there
+are two basic cases. There's one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two basic cases. There's one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two basic cases. There's one where
+the factors are observable. Those can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors are observable. Those can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors are observable. Those can be
+macroeconomic factors. They can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic factors. They can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic factors. They can be uh
+fundamental factors on assets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental factors on assets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental factors on assets or
+securities that might explain returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities that might explain returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities that might explain returns
+and coariances. A second class of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coariances. A second class of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coariances. A second class of models
+uh is where th these factors are hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is where th these factors are hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is where th these factors are hidden
+or latent and statistical factor models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or latent and statistical factor models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or latent and statistical factor models
+are then used to uh specify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then used to uh specify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are then used to uh specify these
+models. Uh and in particular there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Uh and in particular there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Uh and in particular there are
+two methodologies. There's factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methodologies. There's factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methodologies. There's factor
+analysis and principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and principal components
+analysis which we'll get into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which we'll get into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which we'll get into some
+detail during the lecture. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail during the lecture. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail during the lecture. So let's
+proceed to talk about the setup for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to talk about the setup for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to talk about the setup for a
+linear factor model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor model.
+uh we have M assets or instruments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have M assets or instruments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have M assets or instruments or
+indexes uh whose values are correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes uh whose values are correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexes uh whose values are correspond
+to a multivariate stochcastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multivariate stochcastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a multivariate stochcastic process
+we're modeling and we have n time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're modeling and we have n time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're modeling and we have n time
+periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+and with the factor model we model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the factor model we model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the factor model we model the
+teeth value for the i uh object whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth value for the i uh object whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth value for the i uh object whether
+it's a stock price futures price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a stock price futures price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a stock price futures price
+currency as a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency as a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency as a linear function
+of fun of factors f_sub_1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun of factors f_sub_1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun of factors f_sub_1 through
+fk. So there's basically like a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fk. So there's basically like a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fk. So there's basically like a state
+space model for the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space model for the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space model for the value of the
+stochastic process as it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process as it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process as it depends on
+these underlying factors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying factors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying factors and the
+dependence uh is given by coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence uh is given by coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence uh is given by coefficients
+beta 1 through beta k uh which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 through beta k uh which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 through beta k uh which are
+depending upon i the asset. So we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon i the asset. So we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon i the asset. So we allow
+each asset say if we're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each asset say if we're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each asset say if we're thinking of
+stocks to depend on factors in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks to depend on factors in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks to depend on factors in different
+ways. If a certain underlying factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. If a certain underlying factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. If a certain underlying factor
+changes in value u the beta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in value u the beta uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in value u the beta uh
+corresponds to the inc the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the inc the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the inc the impact of
+that underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underlying
+factor. So uh we have common factors now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. So uh we have common factors now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. So uh we have common factors now
+uh the ffs now these common factors f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ffs now these common factors f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ffs now these common factors f
+this is really going to be a nice model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really going to be a nice model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really going to be a nice model
+if the number of factors that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of factors that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of factors that we're
+using is relatively small. So the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is relatively small. So the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using is relatively small. So the number
+k of common factors is generally very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of common factors is generally very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k of common factors is generally very
+very small relative to m. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small relative to m. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small relative to m. And if you
+think about modeling say asset equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about modeling say asset equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about modeling say asset equity
+asset returns in a market there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset returns in a market there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset returns in a market there can be
+hundreds and thousands of securities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and thousands of securities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and thousands of securities.
+And so in terms of modeling those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in terms of modeling those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in terms of modeling those
+returns and co-ariances what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and co-ariances what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and co-ariances what we're
+trying to do is characterize those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is characterize those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is characterize those in
+terms of a modest number of underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a modest number of underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a modest number of underlying
+factors which simplifies the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors which simplifies the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors which simplifies the problem
+greatly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly.
+the uh okay the vectors beta i uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh okay the vectors beta i uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh okay the vectors beta i uh are
+termed the factor loadings of an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed the factor loadings of an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termed the factor loadings of an asset
+and the epsilon it ts are specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the epsilon it ts are specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the epsilon it ts are specific
+factor of asset i period t. So uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of asset i period t. So uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of asset i period t. So uh in
+factor modeling we talk about there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor modeling we talk about there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor modeling we talk about there
+being common factors affecting the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being common factors affecting the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being common factors affecting the uh
+dynamics of the system and the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the system and the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the system and the factor
+associated with particular uh cases um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with particular uh cases um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with particular uh cases um
+are the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the specific
+factors. So this this setup is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. So this this setup is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. So this this setup is really
+very familiar. It just looks like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar. It just looks like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar. It just looks like you
+know a standard sort of regression type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a standard sort of regression type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a standard sort of regression type
+model that we we've seen before. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we we've seen before. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we we've seen before. Um, and
+so let's see how this can be set up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how this can be set up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how this can be set up as a
+set of cross-sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cross-sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cross-sectional
+regressions. So now we're going to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions. So now we're going to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions. So now we're going to fix
+the uh period t the time t and consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh period t the time t and consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh period t the time t and consider
+the mv variant x variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mv variant x variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mv variant x variable
+um as satisfying a regression model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as satisfying a regression model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as satisfying a regression model with
+intercept given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept given by
+alphas. Um and then in the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas. Um and then in the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas. Um and then in the so
+independent variables matrix is B given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables matrix is B given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables matrix is B given
+by the coefficients of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coefficients of the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the coefficients of the factor
+loadings and then we have the residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings and then we have the residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings and then we have the residuals
+epsilon T uh for the M assets. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon T uh for the M assets. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon T uh for the M assets. So the
+cross-sectional terminology means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional terminology means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional terminology means we're
+fixing time and looking across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing time and looking across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing time and looking across all the
+assets for one fixed time and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets for one fixed time and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets for one fixed time and we're
+trying to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain
+how say the returns of assets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how say the returns of assets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how say the returns of assets are
+varying depending upon the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying depending upon the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying depending upon the underlying
+factors and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and so the
+uh well okay what's random in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay what's random in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well okay what's random in this
+process? Um well certainly the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process? Um well certainly the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process? Um well certainly the residual
+term is considered to be random. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is considered to be random. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is considered to be random. That's
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+uh going to be assumed to be white noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to be assumed to be white noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to be assumed to be white noise
+with mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean
+zero. There's going to be possibly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. There's going to be possibly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. There's going to be possibly uh
+let's see or a coariance matrix SI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see or a coariance matrix SI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see or a coariance matrix SI and
+it's going to be uncorrelated across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be uncorrelated across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be uncorrelated across
+different uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh time
+cross-sections. See if I can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections. See if I can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections. See if I can move the
+mouse if this is what's causing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse if this is what's causing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse if this is what's causing a
+problem down here. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem down here. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem down here. So in this
+model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have the realizations on the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the realizations on the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the realizations on the underlying
+factors being random variables. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors being random variables. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors being random variables. Okay,
+the returns and the answers depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns and the answers depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the returns and the answers depend on
+the underlying factors. Those are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying factors. Those are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying factors. Those are going
+to be assumed to have uh some mean muf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be assumed to have uh some mean muf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be assumed to have uh some mean muf
+and some coariance matrix and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some coariance matrix and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some coariance matrix and uh
+basically the dimension of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the dimension of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the dimension of that
+coariance matrix omega f is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix omega f is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix omega f is going to be
+k by k. So in terms of modeling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k by k. So in terms of modeling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k by k. So in terms of modeling this
+problem, we go from an M byM sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, we go from an M byM sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, we go from an M byM sort of
+system of coariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of coariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of coariances
+correlations to focusing initially on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations to focusing initially on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations to focusing initially on a
+K by K system of cor coariances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K by K system of cor coariances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K by K system of cor coariances and
+correlations between the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations between the underlying
+factors. SI is a diagonal matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. SI is a diagonal matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. SI is a diagonal matrix with
+the specific variances of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific variances of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific variances of the underlying
+assets. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. So we have
+uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon the coariance matrix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon the coariance matrix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon the coariance matrix of the
+epsilons is a diagonal matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons is a diagonal matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons is a diagonal matrix and the
+coariance matrix of f is given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix of f is given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix of f is given by this
+omega f. Well, with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f. Well, with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega f. Well, with those
+specifications, we can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications, we can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications, we can get the
+covariance for the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh vector of uh the stochast the mvari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vector of uh the stochast the mvari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vector of uh the stochast the mvari
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+process and we have this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and we have this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and we have this model
+here for the conditional moments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the conditional moments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the conditional moments.
+Basically the conditional expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically the conditional expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically the conditional expectation of
+the process given the underlying factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process given the underlying factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process given the underlying factors
+is this linear model in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this linear model in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this linear model in terms of the
+underlying factors f and the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors f and the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors f and the coariance
+matrix is the s matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal. Um and the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. Um and the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal. Um and the unconditional
+moments are obtained by just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are obtained by just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are obtained by just taking the
+expectations of these. Well, actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of these. Well, actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of these. Well, actually
+the expectation the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation the unconditional
+expectation of X is this. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is this. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is this. The
+unconditional co-variance of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional co-variance of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional co-variance of X is
+actually equal to the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to the expectation of
+this plus the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus the variance of the
+conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+expectation or the coariance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation or the coariance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation or the coariance of the
+conditional expectation. So uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation. So uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation. So uh one of
+the formulas that's important to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas that's important to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas that's important to realize
+here is that if we're considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that if we're considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that if we're considering the
+covariance of xt which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of xt which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance of xt which is equal to
+coariance of b ft plus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance of b ft plus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance of b ft plus epsilon
+t. Okay, that's equal to the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Okay, that's equal to the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Okay, that's equal to the coariance
+of B FT plus the coariance of epsilon T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B FT plus the coariance of epsilon T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B FT plus the coariance of epsilon T
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice the coariance between this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the coariance between this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the coariance between this term
+and this but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this but those are
+uncorrelated and so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and so this is equal to
+B coariance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B coariance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B coariance of
+FT branspose plus S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, with with M assets, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, with with M assets, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, with with M assets, how many
+parameters are in the coariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are in the coariance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are in the coariance matrix
+if there's no constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no constraints on the
+coariance matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many parameters? Right? So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many parameters? Right? So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many parameters? Right? So this is
+sigma. So sort of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma. So sort of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma. So sort of the number of
+parameters in sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m plus what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is a a uh square matrix m by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is a a uh square matrix m by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is a a uh square matrix m by
+m. So there's possibly m squared, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. So there's possibly m squared, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. So there's possibly m squared, but
+it's symmetric. So we're have double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric. So we're have double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric. So we're have double
+counting off the diagonal. So it's m * m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting off the diagonal. So it's m * m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting off the diagonal. So it's m * m
++ one over two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one over two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one over two.
+Um okay how many parameters do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay how many parameters do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay how many parameters do we have
+with the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model? So if we think of uh let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? So if we think of uh let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? So if we think of uh let's call
+this sigma star the number of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sigma star the number of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sigma star the number of parameters
+in sigma star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what? Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Well
+B is an M by K matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is m by k. So we have possibly m *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is m by k. So we have possibly m *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is m by k. So we have possibly m *
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values.
+Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fx is
+uh or the the coariance of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ft is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft is
+the coariance matrix the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coariance matrix the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coariance matrix the number of
+elements in the coarience matrix of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the coarience matrix of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the coarience matrix of f
+which is k by k and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is k by k and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is k by k and then we have
+s which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is
+um of dimen diagonal of dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of dimen diagonal of dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of dimen diagonal of dimension
+m. So depending on how we structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. So depending on how we structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m. So depending on how we structure
+things we can maybe have many many fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can maybe have many many fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can maybe have many many fewer
+parameters in this factor model than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in this factor model than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in this factor model than in
+the unconstrained case. And we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconstrained case. And we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconstrained case. And we're going
+to see that we can actually reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that we can actually reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that we can actually reduce this
+number in uh the coarience matrix of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in uh the coarience matrix of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in uh the coarience matrix of f
+uh dramatically because of flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatically because of flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatically because of flexibility
+in choosing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in choosing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in choosing those
+factors. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Well, let's uh also look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Well, let's uh also look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Well, let's uh also look at the
+interpretation of the factor model as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the factor model as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the factor model as a
+series of time series regressions. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of time series regressions. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of time series regressions. You
+remember when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we talked about
+multivariate regression few lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate regression few lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate regression few lectures ago
+uh we talked about cross-sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about cross-sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about cross-sectional
+regressions and time series regressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and time series regressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and time series regressions
+um and uh looking at the uh collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh looking at the uh collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh looking at the uh collection
+of all the regressions in a multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the regressions in a multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the regressions in a multivariate
+regression setting here we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression setting here we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression setting here we can do the
+same thing you know in contrast to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you know in contrast to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing you know in contrast to the
+cross-sectional regression where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional regression where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional regression where we're
+fixing time and looking at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing time and looking at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing time and looking at all the
+assets here we're looking at fixing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets here we're looking at fixing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets here we're looking at fixing the
+asset I and the regression over time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset I and the regression over time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset I and the regression over time for
+that single asset. So the values of XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single asset. So the values of XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single asset. So the values of XI
+ranging from time 1 up to time capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from time 1 up to time capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from time 1 up to time capital
+T you know basically follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you know basically follows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you know basically follows a
+regression model that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model that's equal to the
+intercept alpha I plus this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept alpha I plus this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept alpha I plus this matrix
+F times beta I where beta I corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F times beta I where beta I corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F times beta I where beta I corresponds
+to the regression parameters in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the regression parameters in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the regression parameters in this
+regression but they are the factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but they are the factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but they are the factors
+corresponding ing to asset I on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ing to asset I on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ing to asset I on the
+different K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors. And in this setting, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. And in this setting, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. And in this setting, the
+coarience matrix of the epsilon I vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarience matrix of the epsilon I vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarience matrix of the epsilon I vector
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+diagonal matrix sigma squar times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix sigma squar times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix sigma squar times the
+identity. And so this is uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. And so this is uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. And so this is uh sort of the
+classic Gaus Markov assumptions for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Gaus Markov assumptions for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic Gaus Markov assumptions for a
+single uh linear regression model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, as we did previously, we can group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as we did previously, we can group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, as we did previously, we can group
+together all of these time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all of these time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all of these time series
+regressions for all the M assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions for all the M assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions for all the M assets
+together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by
+simply, you know, putting them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply, you know, putting them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply, you know, putting them all
+together. So, we start off with XI equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So, we start off with XI equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So, we start off with XI equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um basically F beta I plus epsilon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically F beta I plus epsilon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically F beta I plus epsilon I
+And um we can basically consider x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um we can basically consider x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um we can basically consider x1
+x2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 up to
+xn. So we have a t by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. So we have a t by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn. So we have a t by
+matrix for the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for the m
+assets and that's equal to a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and that's equal to a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and that's equal to a regression
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+uh given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by basically what's what's on what's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically what's what's on what's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically what's what's on what's on
+the slides here. So basically we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides here. So basically we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides here. So basically we're able
+to group everything together and uh deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group everything together and uh deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group everything together and uh deal
+with everything all at once which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything all at once which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything all at once which
+computationally is uh is applied in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally is uh is applied in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally is uh is applied in in
+fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. All
+right. Let's look at um the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Let's look at um the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Let's look at um the simplest
+example of a factor model. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a factor model. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a factor model. This is the
+single factor model of sharp. Okay. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single factor model of sharp. Okay. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single factor model of sharp. Okay. We
+went through the capital asset pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the capital asset pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the capital asset pricing
+model. how returns on assets on stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. how returns on assets on stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. how returns on assets on stocks
+are basically uh or the excess return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically uh or the excess return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically uh or the excess return on
+stock can be modeled in terms as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock can be modeled in terms as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock can be modeled in terms as a
+linear regression of on the uh excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression of on the uh excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression of on the uh excess
+return of the market and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of the market and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return of the market and the uh
+regression parameter beta i corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameter beta i corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameter beta i corresponds
+to sort of the level of risk associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the level of risk associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the level of risk associated
+with the asset and all we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the asset and all we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the asset and all we're doing in
+this model is uh by choosing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is uh by choosing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is uh by choosing different
+assets we're choosing assets with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets we're choosing assets with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets we're choosing assets with
+different levels of risk scaled by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of risk scaled by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of risk scaled by uh
+the beta i and they may have returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta i and they may have returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta i and they may have returns
+that vary across assets given by alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vary across assets given by alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vary across assets given by alpha
+i. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i. Uh the
+uh covariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covariance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh covariance matrix
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+assets has the unconditional coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets has the unconditional coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets has the unconditional coariance
+matrix has this structure is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has this structure is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has this structure is basically
+equal to the variance of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the variance of the market
+times beta beta prime plus pi. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta beta prime plus pi. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta beta prime plus pi. And so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+equation is really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple. Right? It's sort of self-evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Right? It's sort of self-evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Right? It's sort of self-evident
+from what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've
+discussed. But let me just highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed. But let me just highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed. But let me just highlight
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+is. Sigma squar beta beta transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus s. And that's equal to sigma^ squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s. And that's equal to sigma^ squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus s. And that's equal to sigma^ squar
+times basically a column vector of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times basically a column vector of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times basically a column vector of all
+the betas beta 1 down to beta m times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the betas beta 1 down to beta m times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the betas beta 1 down to beta m times
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+transpose plus a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix with its sigh. So this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with its sigh. So this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with its sigh. So this is really
+a very very simple structure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very simple structure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very simple structure for the
+covariance and you know if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and you know if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance and you know if you had
+wanted to apply this model to thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply this model to thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply this model to thousands
+of securities it's basically no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of securities it's basically no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of securities it's basically no problem
+you can construct the coariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct the coariance matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can construct the coariance matrix
+and if if this were appropriate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if this were appropriate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if this were appropriate for a
+large collection of securities then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large collection of securities then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large collection of securities then the
+amount the sort of reduction in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount the sort of reduction in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount the sort of reduction in terms of
+what you're estimating is is enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're estimating is is enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're estimating is is enormous
+you rather than estimating each cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather than estimating each cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather than estimating each cross
+correl correlation and coariance of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correl correlation and coariance of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correl correlation and coariance of all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+assets. The factor model tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. The factor model tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets. The factor model tells us what
+those co cross coariances are. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those co cross coariances are. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those co cross coariances are. So uh
+that's really where the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really where the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really where the power of the
+model comes in. And in terms of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model comes in. And in terms of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model comes in. And in terms of you know
+why is this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this so
+useful? Well in portfolio management you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful? Well in portfolio management you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful? Well in portfolio management you
+know one of the key drivers of asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the key drivers of asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the key drivers of asset
+allocation is the coariance matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is the coariance matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is the coariance matrix of
+the assets. So if you have an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets. So if you have an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets. So if you have an effective
+model for among the coariance then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for among the coariance then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for among the coariance then that
+simplifies the portfolio allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the portfolio allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies the portfolio allocation
+problem because you can specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you can specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you can specify a
+coariance matrix that that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix that that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix that that you are
+confident with and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident with and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident with and um the
+uh also in risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also in risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh also in risk management
+um you know effective models of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know effective models of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know effective models of risk
+management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+uh deal with you know how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deal with you know how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deal with you know how do we
+anticipate what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what would happen if
+different scenarios occur. in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios occur. in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios occur. in the
+market. Well, the different scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. Well, the different scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. Well, the different scenarios
+that can occur can be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can occur can be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can occur can be associated with
+what's happening to underlying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to underlying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening to underlying uh
+factors that affect the system. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that affect the system. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that affect the system. And so
+uh we can consider risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can consider risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can consider risk management
+approaches that vary these underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that vary these underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that vary these underlying
+factors and look at how that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and look at how that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and look at how that has an
+impact on the coariance matrix very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directly. All right. Now, estimation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly. All right. Now, estimation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly. All right. Now, estimation of
+Sharp's single index model. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp's single index model. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp's single index model. Um, you
+know, we went through before how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we went through before how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we went through before how we
+estimate the alphas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the alphas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the alphas and the
+betas in terms of estimating the sigas,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas in terms of estimating the sigas,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas in terms of estimating the sigas,
+the specific variances. Um, basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific variances. Um, basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific variances. Um, basically,
+you know, that comes from the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that comes from the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that comes from the simple
+regression as well. Basically, the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression as well. Basically, the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression as well. Basically, the uh
+sum of squared estimated residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared estimated residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared estimated residuals
+divided by t minus2. Here we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by t minus2. Here we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by t minus2. Here we're assuming
+unbiasedness because we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiasedness because we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiasedness because we have two
+parameters estimated sort of per model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters estimated sort of per model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters estimated sort of per model.
+Then for the uh market portfolio um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then for the uh market portfolio um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then for the uh market portfolio um that
+basically you know has a simple estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know has a simple estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know has a simple estimate
+as well. The psi hat uh matrix will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. The psi hat uh matrix will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. The psi hat uh matrix will just
+be the diagonal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the diagonal of the uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diagonal of the uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the diagonal of the uh specific
+variances and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and then the
+unconditional coariance matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional coariance matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional coariance matrix is
+estimated by simply plugging in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated by simply plugging in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated by simply plugging in these
+these parameter estimates. So very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple and effective if that single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and effective if that single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and effective if that single
+factor model is appropriate. Now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor model is appropriate. Now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor model is appropriate. Now um
+needless to say a single factor model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needless to say a single factor model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needless to say a single factor model
+you know it doesn't uh characterize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't uh characterize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't uh characterize uh
+uh the structure of of the coariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the structure of of the coariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the structure of of the coariances
+andor the returns typically uh and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andor the returns typically uh and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andor the returns typically uh and so we
+want to consider more general models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider more general models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider more general models
+multiffactor models and the first set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiffactor models and the first set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiffactor models and the first set of
+models we're going to talk about are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we're going to talk about are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we're going to talk about are uh
+common factor variables that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor variables that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor variables that can
+actually be observed um these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be observed um these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be observed um these uh
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+any factor that you can observe is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any factor that you can observe is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any factor that you can observe is sort
+of a potential candidate for being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a potential candidate for being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a potential candidate for being a
+relevant factor in a linear factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant factor in a linear factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant factor in a linear factor
+model. The effectiveness of a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. The effectiveness of a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. The effectiveness of a potential
+factor is determined by fitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is determined by fitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is determined by fitting the
+model and seeing how much contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and seeing how much contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and seeing how much contribution
+that factor uh makes to the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor uh makes to the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor uh makes to the explanation
+of the returns and the coarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the returns and the coarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the returns and the coarian
+structure. Um let's see Chen Ross and Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Um let's see Chen Ross and Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. Um let's see Chen Ross and Ro
+wrote a classic paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a classic paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a classic paper in
+1986. Um now Ross is actually here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986. Um now Ross is actually here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986. Um now Ross is actually here at
+MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.
+Um and uh with with uh their paper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and uh with with uh their paper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and uh with with uh their paper they
+looked at um modeling uh uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um modeling uh uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at um modeling uh uh basically
+the un or they looked rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the un or they looked rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the un or they looked rather than
+looking at these factors directly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these factors directly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these factors directly as
+including those in the model they looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those in the model they looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those in the model they looked
+at um transforming these factors into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um transforming these factors into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um transforming these factors into
+surprise factors. So uh rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise factors. So uh rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise factors. So uh rather than
+having sort of interest rates just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of interest rates just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having sort of interest rates just as a
+simple factor directly plugged into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple factor directly plugged into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple factor directly plugged into the
+model, it would be the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, it would be the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model, it would be the change in
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+rates and additionally not only just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and additionally not only just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and additionally not only just the
+change in interest rate but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in interest rate but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in interest rate but the
+unanticipated change in interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated change in interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated change in interest rates
+given market information. So uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given market information. So uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given market information. So uh their
+paper goes through uh modeling different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper goes through uh modeling different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper goes through uh modeling different
+macroeconomic variables with vector auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic variables with vector auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic variables with vector auto
+reggression models and then using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggression models and then using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reggression models and then using those
+to specify unanticipated changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify unanticipated changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify unanticipated changes in
+these underlying factors. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying factors. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying factors. And so that's
+where uh you know the power comes in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you know the power comes in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh you know the power comes in.
+That highlights how when you're applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That highlights how when you're applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That highlights how when you're applying
+these models, you know, it's uh it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models, you know, it's uh it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models, you know, it's uh it does
+involve some creativity to get the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve some creativity to get the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve some creativity to get the most
+bang for the buck with your models. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang for the buck with your models. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang for the buck with your models. And
+you know, the idea they had of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the idea they had of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the idea they had of
+incorporating unanticipated changes was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating unanticipated changes was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating unanticipated changes was
+really a very good one and it's applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very good one and it's applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a very good one and it's applied
+quite widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, with now with this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one basically if one has empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one basically if one has empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one basically if one has empirical
+data over you know times one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data over you know times one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data over you know times one through
+capital T then one has if one wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T then one has if one wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T then one has if one wants to
+specify these models one has their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify these models one has their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify these models one has their
+observations on the XI process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on the XI process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations on the XI process you
+basically have observed all the returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have observed all the returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have observed all the returns
+historically. Um we also because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically. Um we also because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically. Um we also because the
+factors are observable have the f matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are observable have the f matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are observable have the f matrix
+as a set of observed variables. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a set of observed variables. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a set of observed variables. So we
+can basically use those to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically use those to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically use those to estimate the
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+eyes and also estimate the variances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and also estimate the variances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and also estimate the variances of
+the residual terms with simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual terms with simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual terms with simple
+regression methods. Um so implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression methods. Um so implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression methods. Um so implementing
+these is is is quite uh feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is is is quite uh feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is is is quite uh feasible and
+basically applies methods that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically applies methods that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically applies methods that we have
+from before. So what I've what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before. So what I've what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before. So what I've what this
+slide now discusses is how we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide now discusses is how we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide now discusses is how we basically
+estimate the underlying parameters. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the underlying parameters. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the underlying parameters. We
+need to be a little bit careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a little bit careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a little bit careful about
+the Gaus Markov assumptions. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaus Markov assumptions. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaus Markov assumptions. You'll
+remember that if we have a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if we have a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if we have a regression
+model where the residual terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where the residual terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where the residual terms are
+uncorrelated and constant variance then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and constant variance then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and constant variance then
+sort of the simple linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the simple linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the simple linear regression
+estimates are the best ones. If there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are the best ones. If there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are the best ones. If there is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+unequal cov variances of the residuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal cov variances of the residuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal cov variances of the residuals
+and maybe even coariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even coariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even coariances
+um then we need to use generalized le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we need to use generalized le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we need to use generalized le
+squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares.
+So the notes go through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the notes go through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the notes go through those
+computations and the formulas which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and the formulas which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and the formulas which are
+just simple extensions of our regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple extensions of our regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple extensions of our regression
+model uh theory that we had in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh theory that we had in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh theory that we had in previous
+lectures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. Okay. with with common factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Okay. with with common factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Okay. with with common factor
+variables that are uh using either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are uh using either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are uh using either
+fundamental or asset specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental or asset specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental or asset specific
+attributes. Um there's the approach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes. Um there's the approach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes. Um there's the approach of
+uh well it's called the bar approach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it's called the bar approach.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well it's called the bar approach.
+This is from Bar Rosenberg. Um he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is from Bar Rosenberg. Um he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is from Bar Rosenberg. Um he uh
+actually I have to say he was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have to say he was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I have to say he was one of the
+sort of the inspirations to me for going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the inspirations to me for going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the inspirations to me for going
+into uh uh sort of statistical modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh uh sort of statistical modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh uh sort of statistical modeling
+and finance. He was a professor out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finance. He was a professor out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finance. He was a professor out at
+UC Berkeley who left academics very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UC Berkeley who left academics very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UC Berkeley who left academics very
+early to basically apply models and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early to basically apply models and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early to basically apply models and uh
+invest in trade money. Um you know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in trade money. Um you know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in trade money. Um you know as a
+an anecdote um his current situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anecdote um his current situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anecdote um his current situation is
+a little different. I'll let you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different. I'll let you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different. I'll let you look
+that up. But um the uh anyway th this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up. But um the uh anyway th this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up. But um the uh anyway th this
+approach uh you know basically provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh you know basically provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh you know basically provided
+uh the barra approach for uh factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the barra approach for uh factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the barra approach for uh factor
+modeling and and risk analysis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and and risk analysis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and and risk analysis which is
+still used extensively today. Um so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used extensively today. Um so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used extensively today. Um so with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with so with uh common factor variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so with uh common factor variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so with uh common factor variables
+uh using asset specific attributes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using asset specific attributes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using asset specific attributes in
+fact um it's sort of it's the the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um it's sort of it's the the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um it's sort of it's the the factor
+realizations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations are
+unobserved but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved but are
+estimated in the uh application of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated in the uh application of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated in the uh application of these
+models. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. So let's
+see how that goes. Oh okay. Uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that goes. Oh okay. Uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that goes. Oh okay. Uh let me
+this slide talks about the FMA French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide talks about the FMA French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide talks about the FMA French
+approach which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which
+um concerns okay FMA and French f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concerns okay FMA and French f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concerns okay FMA and French f of
+course we talked about him in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we talked about him in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we talked about him in the last
+lecture. He got the Nobel Prize for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. He got the Nobel Prize for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. He got the Nobel Prize for his
+work in uh modeling uh asset price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in uh modeling uh asset price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in uh modeling uh asset price
+returns and market efficiency. um fman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and market efficiency. um fman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and market efficiency. um fman
+French uh found that there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh found that there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French uh found that there were some
+sort very important factors affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort very important factors affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort very important factors affecting
+asset returns and equities uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset returns and equities uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset returns and equities uh basically
+returns tended to uh vary depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns tended to uh vary depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns tended to uh vary depending upon
+the size of firms. So if you uh consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of firms. So if you uh consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of firms. So if you uh consider
+small firms versus large firms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small firms versus large firms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small firms versus large firms there
+small firms tended to have returns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small firms tended to have returns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small firms tended to have returns that
+were more similar to each other large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more similar to each other large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more similar to each other large
+firms tended to have returns that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms tended to have returns that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms tended to have returns that were
+more similar to each other. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar to each other. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar to each other. So there's
+basically a big versus small factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a big versus small factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a big versus small factor that
+is operating in the market. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operating in the market. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operating in the market. Sometimes
+the market prefers small stocks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market prefers small stocks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market prefers small stocks,
+sometimes it prefers large stocks. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it prefers large stocks. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it prefers large stocks. And
+um the uh similarly uh there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh similarly uh there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh similarly uh there's another
+factor which is uh value versus growth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is uh value versus growth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is uh value versus growth.
+Um the uh basically stocks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the uh basically stocks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the uh basically stocks that are
+considered good values are stocks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered good values are stocks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered good values are stocks which
+are cheap. basically for what they have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheap. basically for what they have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cheap. basically for what they have.
+So, you know, you're basically getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you're basically getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you're basically getting a
+stock at a discount if you're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock at a discount if you're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock at a discount if you're getting a
+a good value. Uh, and value stocks can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good value. Uh, and value stocks can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good value. Uh, and value stocks can
+be measured by looking at the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measured by looking at the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be measured by looking at the sort of
+price to book equity. If that's low,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to book equity. If that's low,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to book equity. If that's low,
+then the price you're paying for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the price you're paying for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the price you're paying for that
+equity in the firm is low and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity in the firm is low and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity in the firm is low and it's
+cheap. And uh that compares with stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap. And uh that compares with stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap. And uh that compares with stocks
+for which the price relative to book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the price relative to book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the price relative to book
+value is very very high. Why are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is very very high. Why are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is very very high. Why are people
+willing to pay a lot for stocks uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay a lot for stocks uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay a lot for stocks uh in
+that case? Well, it's because the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case? Well, it's because the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case? Well, it's because the growth
+prospects of those stocks is is high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects of those stocks is is high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospects of those stocks is is high and
+there's an anticipation basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an anticipation basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an anticipation basically that
+uh uh the current price is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the current price is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the current price is just
+reflecting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting an
+anjection of how much growth potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anjection of how much growth potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anjection of how much growth potential
+there is. Um now the FMA French approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is. Um now the FMA French approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is. Um now the FMA French approach
+is for each of these factors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of these factors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for each of these factors to
+basically rank order all the stocks by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rank order all the stocks by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rank order all the stocks by
+this factor and divide them up into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor and divide them up into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor and divide them up into uh
+deciles or quintiles. So you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciles or quintiles. So you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciles or quintiles. So you basically
+have say say say say say say say say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say say say say say say say say say
+say say say this is market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say say this is market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say say this is market
+cap we can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap we can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap we can sort
+of divide up all the stocks in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide up all the stocks in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide up all the stocks in you know
+basically consider I don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consider I don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consider I don't know a
+histogram or whatever of of of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram or whatever of of of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram or whatever of of of all the
+market caps of all the stocks in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market caps of all the stocks in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market caps of all the stocks in our
+universe and then divide it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and then divide it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and then divide it up into
+basically the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the bottom
+fifth the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth the next
+fifth and then probably needs to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth and then probably needs to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth and then probably needs to go up
+the top fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the FMA French approach says, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the FMA French approach says, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the FMA French approach says, well,
+let's look at an equal weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an equal weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an equal weighted average
+of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top
+fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+and basically buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically buy
+that and sell the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and sell the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and sell the bottom
+fifth. And so that would be the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth. And so that would be the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth. And so that would be the sort of
+big versus small market factor of F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big versus small market factor of F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big versus small market factor of F and
+French. Now if you look at their work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French. Now if you look at their work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French. Now if you look at their work um
+they actually do the bottom minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do the bottom minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do the bottom minus the
+top because the value tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because the value tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top because the value tends to
+outperform the other. So they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the other. So they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the other. So they they have
+a factor who's where positive values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor who's where positive values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor who's where positive values
+associated more generally with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated more generally with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated more generally with positive
+returns. Um but that factor uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. Um but that factor uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. Um but that factor uh you know
+can be applied and used to uh correlate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied and used to uh correlate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied and used to uh correlate
+with u individual asset returns as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well. Okay. you know with the barra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Okay. you know with the barra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Okay. you know with the barra
+industry factor. This is now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry factor. This is now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry factor. This is now just
+getting back to the bar approach. Um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the bar approach. Um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to the bar approach. Um if
+we uh I the simplest case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh I the simplest case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh I the simplest case of
+understanding the bar industry factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the bar industry factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the bar industry factor
+models is to consider looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is to consider looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is to consider looking at
+dividing stocks up into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing stocks up into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing stocks up into different
+industry groups. So we might expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry groups. So we might expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry groups. So we might expect that
+um uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh say
+uh say uh oil stocks um you know will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say uh oil stocks um you know will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say uh oil stocks um you know will
+tend to move together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to move together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to move together
+uh and have greater variability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and have greater variability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and have greater variability or
+common variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common variability
+uh and that could be very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that could be very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that could be very different from
+utility stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility stocks
+um which uh tend to actually be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh tend to actually be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh tend to actually be quite
+low risk stocks. Uh utilities uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low risk stocks. Uh utilities uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low risk stocks. Uh utilities uh are
+stocks are utility companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks are utility companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks are utility companies are
+companies which are very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies which are very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies which are very highly
+regulated. Um and the uh profitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated. Um and the uh profitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated. Um and the uh profitability
+of those firms is uh on the basically o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those firms is uh on the basically o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those firms is uh on the basically o
+overlooked by the regulators. They don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlooked by the regulators. They don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlooked by the regulators. They don't
+want uh uh the utilities to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh uh the utilities to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh uh the utilities to sort of
+gouge consumers and make too much profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gouge consumers and make too much profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gouge consumers and make too much profit
+from delivering uh power to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from delivering uh power to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from delivering uh power to to
+customers. So utilities uh tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers. So utilities uh tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers. So utilities uh tend to have
+fairly low volatility but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly low volatility but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly low volatility but very
+consistent returns um which are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent returns um which are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent returns um which are based on
+uh sort of reasonable from a regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of reasonable from a regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of reasonable from a regulatory
+standpoint levels of profitability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint levels of profitability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint levels of profitability for
+those companies. Well uh with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies. Well uh with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those companies. Well uh with an
+industry factor model what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry factor model what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry factor model what we can do is
+uh associate factor loadings which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associate factor loadings which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh associate factor loadings which
+basically are loading each asset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are loading each asset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are loading each asset in
+terms of which industry group it's in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of which industry group it's in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of which industry group it's in.
+So we actually know the beta values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we actually know the beta values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we actually know the beta values for
+these stocks but we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stocks but we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stocks but we don't know the
+underlying sort of factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sort of factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying sort of factor
+realizations for these stocks. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations for these stocks. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations for these stocks. But in
+terms of the betas with these factors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the betas with these factors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the betas with these factors we
+you can basically get a well- definfined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically get a well- definfined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically get a well- definfined
+beta vectors and B matrix for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta vectors and B matrix for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta vectors and B matrix for all the
+stocks. And the problem then is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks. And the problem then is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks. And the problem then is how do
+we uh specify the realization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh specify the realization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh specify the realization of the
+underlying factors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors.
+Well the realization of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well the realization of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well the realization of the underlying
+factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+uh basically is just estimated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically is just estimated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically is just estimated with a
+regression model. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model. And
+so if we have all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assets XI for different times T, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets XI for different times T, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets XI for different times T, those
+would have uh basically a model given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh basically a model given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have uh basically a model given by
+factor realizations corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor realizations corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor realizations corresponding to the
+K industry groups with known beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K industry groups with known beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K industry groups with known beta
+I J values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the estimation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the estimation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the estimation of
+these we basically have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we basically have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we basically have a simple
+regression model where the realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model where the realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model where the realizations
+of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the factor
+uh returns ft are given by essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh returns ft are given by essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh returns ft are given by essentially a
+regression coefficient in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficient in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficient in this
+regression where we have the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression where we have the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression where we have the asset
+returns XT the known basically factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns XT the known basically factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns XT the known basically factor
+loadings B the unknown factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings B the unknown factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings B the unknown factor
+realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations
+FT and just plugging into uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FT and just plugging into uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FT and just plugging into uh the
+regression if we do it very simply we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression if we do it very simply we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression if we do it very simply we
+get this expression for fhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this expression for fhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this expression for fhat
+t which is the simple linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t which is the simple linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t which is the simple linear regression
+model estimating those realizations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model estimating those realizations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model estimating those realizations.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+um this particular estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this particular estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this particular estimate of the
+factor realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor realizations
+um is assuming that the variability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is assuming that the variability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is assuming that the variability of
+the components of X have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components of X have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components of X have the same
+variance. you know sort of like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance. you know sort of like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance. you know sort of like this is
+like the linear regression estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the linear regression estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the linear regression estimates
+under normal Gaus Markov assumptions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under normal Gaus Markov assumptions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under normal Gaus Markov assumptions but
+it's uh basically the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh basically the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh basically the sort of the
+epsilon eyes will vary across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon eyes will vary across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon eyes will vary across the
+different assets you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assets you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different assets you know different
+assets have different variabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets have different variabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets have different variabilities
+different specific variances so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specific variances so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specific variances so that's
+actually going to be uh there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be uh there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be uh there's going to
+be heteroscadasticity in these models so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heteroscadasticity in these models so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be heteroscadasticity in these models so
+so this particular vector of industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular vector of industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular vector of industry
+averages should actually be extended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages should actually be extended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages should actually be extended to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to accommodate for that. Um all right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate for that. Um all right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate for that. Um all right.
+So we have the estimation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the estimation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have the estimation of the
+coariance matrix of the factors um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix of the factors um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix of the factors um can
+then uh be estimated using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh be estimated using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh be estimated using these
+estimates of the realizations and our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the realizations and our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the realizations and our uh
+res estimation of the residual coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res estimation of the residual coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+res estimation of the residual coariance
+matrix can then be estimated. So um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix can then be estimated. So um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix can then be estimated. So um so I
+guess an initial estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess an initial estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess an initial estimate of the
+coariance matrix sigma hat is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix sigma hat is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix sigma hat is given by
+this known matrix B times our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this known matrix B times our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this known matrix B times our sample
+estimate of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the factor
+realizations plus a diagonal matrix C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations plus a diagonal matrix C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations plus a diagonal matrix C
+hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat.
+And basically a second step in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And basically a second step in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And basically a second step in this
+process can incorporate the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can incorporate the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process can incorporate the information
+about there being heteroscadasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there being heteroscadasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there being heteroscadasticity
+along the diagonal of the size to adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the diagonal of the size to adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the diagonal of the size to adjust
+the regression estimates. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression estimates. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression estimates. So we
+basically get a refinement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get a refinement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get a refinement of the
+estimates that does account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates that does account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates that does account for the
+non-constant variability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constant variability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-constant variability.
+Now this uh property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this uh property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this uh property of
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+heteroscadasticity versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscadasticity versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscadasticity versus
+homoscadasticity in estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homoscadasticity in estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homoscadasticity in estimating the
+regression parameters. um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters. um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression parameters. um you know
+that's it may seem like this is a nicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it may seem like this is a nicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it may seem like this is a nicity
+of the statistical theory that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistical theory that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistical theory that we just
+have to worry you know have to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry you know have to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry you know have to try and
+check but it's not too big a deal but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but it's not too big a deal but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but it's not too big a deal but um
+let me highlight you know sort of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me highlight you know sort of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me highlight you know sort of where
+this issue you know comes up sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue you know comes up sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue you know comes up sort of
+again and again with with portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again with with portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again with with portfolio
+optimization we went through last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we went through last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we went through last time
+of you know for mean variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know for mean variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know for mean variance
+optimization we want to consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we want to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we want to consider a
+waiting of assets that basically weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting of assets that basically weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting of assets that basically weights
+the assets by the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets by the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets by the expected
+returns premultiplied by the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns premultiplied by the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns premultiplied by the inverse of
+the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coariance
+matrix. And so we basically in portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And so we basically in portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And so we basically in portfolio
+allocation want to allocate to assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation want to allocate to assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation want to allocate to assets
+with high return but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high return but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high return but we're going to
+penalize those with high variance. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize those with high variance. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize those with high variance. And
+uh so this the sort of impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this the sort of impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this the sort of impact
+of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of
+discounting values with high variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting values with high variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting values with high variability
+arises in asset allocation and it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in asset allocation and it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises in asset allocation and it of
+course arises in statistical estimation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course arises in statistical estimation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course arises in statistical estimation.
+You know that you know basically with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know that you know basically with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know that you know basically with
+with signals with high noise you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with signals with high noise you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with signals with high noise you want to
+normalize by the level of noise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize by the level of noise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize by the level of noise uh
+before you incorporate the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you incorporate the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you incorporate the impact of
+that uh variable on the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh variable on the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh variable on the particular
+model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so here just some notes about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here just some notes about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here just some notes about the
+inefficiency of estimates due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of estimates due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency of estimates due to
+heteroscadasticity. We can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscadasticity. We can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscadasticity. We can apply
+generalized le squares. Um a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized le squares. Um a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized le squares. Um a second
+bullet here is that factor realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet here is that factor realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet here is that factor realizations
+can be rescaled to represent factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be rescaled to represent factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be rescaled to represent factor
+mimicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking
+portfolios. Um now with uh the FMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios. Um now with uh the FMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios. Um now with uh the FMA
+French factors where we have say big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French factors where we have say big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French factors where we have say big
+versus small stocks or value versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus small stocks or value versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus small stocks or value versus
+growth stocks it would be nice to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth stocks it would be nice to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth stocks it would be nice to know
+well what's the real value of trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the real value of trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the real value of trading
+that factor you know if you sort of were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor you know if you sort of were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor you know if you sort of were
+to sort of have unit weight to trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of have unit weight to trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of have unit weight to trading
+that factor you know would you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor you know would you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that factor you know would you make
+money or not or under what periods would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or not or under what periods would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or not or under what periods would
+you make money um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make money um and
+uh the notion of factor mimicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the notion of factor mimicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the notion of factor mimicking
+portfolios is important important. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios is important important. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios is important important. Let's
+go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back
+to the specification of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specification of the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specification of the factor
+realizations here. Basically, fhat t the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations here. Basically, fhat t the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations here. Basically, fhat t the
+t3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t3
+realization of the factors their k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the factors their k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization of the factors their k
+factors is given by essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is given by essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is given by essentially the
+regression estimate of those factors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression estimate of those factors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression estimate of those factors on
+from the realizations of the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the realizations of the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the realizations of the asset
+returns. And if we're doing it this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. And if we're doing it this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns. And if we're doing it this in
+the proper way, we'd be correcting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper way, we'd be correcting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper way, we'd be correcting for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+heteroscadasticity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscadasticity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heteroscadasticity.
+Well, this realization of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this realization of the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this realization of the factor
+returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a weighted average or a weighted sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weighted average or a weighted sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a weighted average or a weighted sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+dxt. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxt. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxt. So we have
+basically f_t is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+xt where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xt where this is
+b prime minus one b prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+our kd dimensional uh realizations let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kd dimensional uh realizations let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kd dimensional uh realizations let's
+see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they say k by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one each of these k factors is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each of these k factors is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each of these k factors is a
+weighted sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of these
+x's now the x's if these are returns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's now the x's if these are returns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's now the x's if these are returns on
+the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying
+assets then we can consider normalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets then we can consider normalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets then we can consider normalizing
+these factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically normalizing this matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically normalizing this matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically normalizing this matrix here
+so that the sort of row weights sum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sort of row weights sum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sort of row weights sum to
+one say for a unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say for a unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one say for a unit of
+capital. So if we were to invest a a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital. So if we were to invest a a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital. So if we were to invest a a net
+unit of one uh capital unit in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of one uh capital unit in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of one uh capital unit in these
+assets then this factor realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets then this factor realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets then this factor realization
+would give us the return on a portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us the return on a portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us the return on a portfolio
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+assets that is perfectly correlate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that is perfectly correlate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets that is perfectly correlate with
+the factor realization. So factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor realization. So factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor realization. So factor
+mimicking portfolios have are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking portfolios have are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicking portfolios have are you know
+can be defined that way and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined that way and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined that way and and they
+have a good interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good interpretation
+uh in terms of the realization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the realization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of the realization of
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, the next subject is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, the next subject is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, the next subject is
+statistical factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor
+models. This is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. This is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. This is the case
+where we begin the analysis with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we begin the analysis with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we begin the analysis with just
+our collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our collection
+of outcomes for the process XT. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes for the process XT. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes for the process XT. So
+basically our our time series of asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our our time series of asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our our time series of asset
+returns for M assets over uh basically t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns for M assets over uh basically t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns for M assets over uh basically t
+time units and we have no clue initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time units and we have no clue initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time units and we have no clue initially
+what the the underlying factors are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the underlying factors are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the underlying factors are but
+we hypothesize that there are factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hypothesize that there are factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hypothesize that there are factors
+that do characterize the returns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do characterize the returns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do characterize the returns and
+factor analysis and principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor analysis and principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor analysis and principal components
+analysis provide ways of uncovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis provide ways of uncovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis provide ways of uncovering
+those underlying factors and defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those underlying factors and defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those underlying factors and defining
+them in terms of the data themselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so we'll first talk about factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we'll first talk about factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we'll first talk about factor
+analysis then we'll turn to principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis then we'll turn to principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis then we'll turn to principal
+components analysis. Uh both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis. Uh both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis. Uh both of these
+methods are efforts to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are efforts to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are efforts to model the
+coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance
+matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and
+uh the underlying co-variance matrix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the underlying co-variance matrix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the underlying co-variance matrix for
+the assets X can be estimated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets X can be estimated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets X can be estimated with
+sample data in terms of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample data in terms of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample data in terms of the sample
+coariance matrix. So here I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix. So here I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix. So here I've just
+written out in matrix form how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out in matrix form how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out in matrix form how that
+would be computed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be computed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be computed.
+And so with this M byt matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so with this M byt matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so with this M byt matrix
+X we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we basically
+uh take that matrix take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take that matrix take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take that matrix take out the
+means by computing the means with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by computing the means with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by computing the means with
+multiplying by this matrix and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this matrix and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this matrix and then take
+the sum of deviations about the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of deviations about the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of deviations about the means
+for all the M assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the M assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the M assets
+uh individually and across each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individually and across each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individually and across each other
+and divide that by capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T. Now the setup for statistical factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Now the setup for statistical factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Now the setup for statistical factor
+models is exactly the same as before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is exactly the same as before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models is exactly the same as before.
+except the only thing that we observe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the only thing that we observe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the only thing that we observe is
+XT. So we're hypothesizing a model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT. So we're hypothesizing a model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT. So we're hypothesizing a model where
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+is basically a vector of uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a vector of uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a vector of uh that that
+that is basically the mean vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically the mean vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically the mean vector of
+mean returns of the individual assets. B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean returns of the individual assets. B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean returns of the individual assets. B
+is a matrix of factor loadings on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix of factor loadings on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix of factor loadings on K
+factors FT and epsilon T is white noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors FT and epsilon T is white noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors FT and epsilon T is white noise
+with mean zero co-variance matrix given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean zero co-variance matrix given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mean zero co-variance matrix given
+by the diagonal. So, so the setup here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the diagonal. So, so the setup here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the diagonal. So, so the setup here
+is the same basic setup as before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same basic setup as before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same basic setup as before,
+but we don't have the uh matrix B or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have the uh matrix B or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have the uh matrix B or the
+M or the vector FT. Okay. Um or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M or the vector FT. Okay. Um or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M or the vector FT. Okay. Um or of
+course alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now in this setup it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in this setup it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in this setup it's important that
+uh there is an indeterminacy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is an indeterminacy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is an indeterminacy of this
+model because for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because for any given
+specification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the
+matrix uh uh B or the the factors F we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh uh B or the the factors F we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix uh uh B or the the factors F we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+actually transform those by a K by K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform those by a K by K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transform those by a K by K
+invertible matrix H. So for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible matrix H. So for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible matrix H. So for a given
+specification of this model, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of this model, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of this model, if we
+transform the underlying factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the underlying factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the underlying factor
+realizations F by the matrix H which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations F by the matrix H which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations F by the matrix H which is
+K by K, then if we transform the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K by K, then if we transform the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K by K, then if we transform the factor
+loadings B by H inverse, we get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings B by H inverse, we get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings B by H inverse, we get the same
+model. So there is an indeterminacy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. So there is an indeterminacy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. So there is an indeterminacy here
+or a fle okay there's an indeterminacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fle okay there's an indeterminacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a fle okay there's an indeterminacy
+of these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particular
+uh variables but there's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variables but there's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variables but there's basically
+flexibility in how we define the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in how we define the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in how we define the factor
+model. So in trying to uncover a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. So in trying to uncover a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. So in trying to uncover a factor
+model with statistical factor analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with statistical factor analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with statistical factor analysis
+there's some flexibility in defining our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some flexibility in defining our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some flexibility in defining our
+factors. We can arbitrarily transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. We can arbitrarily transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. We can arbitrarily transform
+the factors by an invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors by an invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factors by an invertible
+transformation in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and one of the things I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and one of the things I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and one of the things I guess it's
+important to note that you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note that you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note that you know what
+changes when we do that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when we do that transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when we do that transformation
+um okay well the linear function stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well the linear function stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well the linear function stays
+the same in terms of the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in terms of the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in terms of the coariance
+matrix of the underlying factors. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of the underlying factors. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of the underlying factors. Well,
+if we have a coariance matrix for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a coariance matrix for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a coariance matrix for those
+underlying factors, we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors, we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors, we need to
+accommodate the matrix transformation H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the matrix transformation H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the matrix transformation H
+in that. So, so that has an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that. So, so that has an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that. So, so that has an impact
+there. But, um, one of the things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But, um, one of the things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But, um, one of the things we can
+do is consider trying to define a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is consider trying to define a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is consider trying to define a matrix
+H that diagonalizes the factors. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that diagonalizes the factors. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that diagonalizes the factors. So in
+some settings it's useful to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some settings it's useful to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some settings it's useful to consider
+factor models where you have independ or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor models where you have independ or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor models where you have independ or
+uncorrelated factor components and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated factor components and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated factor components and it's
+possible to define uh linear factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to define uh linear factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to define uh linear factor
+models with uncorrelated factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models with uncorrelated factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models with uncorrelated factor
+components by a choice of h. So with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components by a choice of h. So with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components by a choice of h. So with any
+linear factor model in fact we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor model in fact we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor model in fact we can get
+we can have uh uncorrelated factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have uh uncorrelated factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have uh uncorrelated factor
+components if that's useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this
+uh bullet first bullet highlights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bullet first bullet highlights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bullet first bullet highlights that
+point that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we can
+uh get orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get orthonormal
+factors. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. Um and
+uh we can also have zero mean factors by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can also have zero mean factors by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can also have zero mean factors by
+adjusting the data to incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the data to incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting the data to incorporate
+incorporate uh the mean of the of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors. And with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. And with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. And with
+If we make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we make these
+particular assumptions then then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular assumptions then then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular assumptions then then the
+model does simplify to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model does simplify to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model does simplify to just
+being the uh coariance matrix sigma x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the uh coariance matrix sigma x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the uh coariance matrix sigma x is
+the factor loadings b times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor loadings b times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor loadings b times its
+transpose plus a diagonal matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose plus a diagonal matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose plus a diagonal matrix.
+And just to reiterate, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just to reiterate, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just to reiterate, you know, the
+power of this is, you know, basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this is, you know, basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this is, you know, basically
+we're no matter how large M is as M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're no matter how large M is as M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're no matter how large M is as M
+increases, well, the B matrix just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, well, the B matrix just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, well, the B matrix just
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+by K for every increment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K for every increment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K for every increment in
+M. And we also have an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. And we also have an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. And we also have an additional
+dientally long SI. So as we add more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dientally long SI. So as we add more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dientally long SI. So as we add more and
+more variables to our model or more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variables to our model or more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more variables to our model or more and
+more assets say to to our modeling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more assets say to to our modeling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more assets say to to our modeling uh
+the complexity basically doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity basically doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity basically doesn't
+increase very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much. Okay. With with all the with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Okay. With with all the with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. Okay. With with all the with all
+with all of our statistical models the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of our statistical models the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of our statistical models the
+question one of the questions is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one of the questions is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one of the questions is you
+know okay how do we specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay how do we specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay how do we specify the
+particular parameters?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parameters?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular parameters?
+um maximum likelihood estimation is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maximum likelihood estimation is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maximum likelihood estimation is is
+the first thing to go through. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to go through. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing to go through. Um and uh
+with sort of normal uh linear factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of normal uh linear factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of normal uh linear factor
+models, we have normal distributions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, we have normal distributions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, we have normal distributions for
+all the underlying uh random variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the underlying uh random variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the underlying uh random variables.
+So the residuals epsilon t are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the residuals epsilon t are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the residuals epsilon t are
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+multivariate normal dimension m with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate normal dimension m with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate normal dimension m with
+diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix
+s given by the individual elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s given by the individual elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s given by the individual elements
+variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances
+ft the realization of the factors the kd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft the realization of the factors the kd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft the realization of the factors the kd
+dimensional factors can have mean zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional factors can have mean zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional factors can have mean zero
+and just have the identity covariance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just have the identity covariance we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just have the identity covariance we
+can scale them and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale them and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can scale them and make them
+uncorrelated and then XT uh will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and then XT uh will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and then XT uh will be
+normally distributed with mean alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed with mean alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally distributed with mean alpha and
+coariance matrix sigma x given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix sigma x given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix sigma x given by the
+formulas in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slide. Okay, with with these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide. Okay, with with these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide. Okay, with with these assumptions
+we can write down the model likelihood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down the model likelihood.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write down the model likelihood.
+Uh the model likelihood is the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the model likelihood is the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the model likelihood is the joint
+density of our data given the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters and the standard setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the standard setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and the standard setup
+actually for uh statistical uh factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for uh statistical uh factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for uh statistical uh factor
+modeling is to assume independence over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is to assume independence over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is to assume independence over
+time. Now we know that there can be time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Now we know that there can be time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Now we know that there can be time
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+dependence. We won't deal with that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence. We won't deal with that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence. We won't deal with that at
+this point. Let's just assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. Let's just assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. Let's just assume that
+they're they are independent across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they are independent across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they are independent across
+time. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Then
+uh we can consider this as simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can consider this as simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can consider this as simply the
+product of the conditional density of XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the conditional density of XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the conditional density of XT
+given alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given alpha and
+sigma which has this form. This this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma which has this form. This this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma which has this form. This this
+form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for the
+density of the density function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the density function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the density function of a
+multivariate normal should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate normal should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate normal should be very
+familiar to you at this point. um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you at this point. um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you at this point. um you
+know it's basically the extension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's basically the extension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's basically the extension of the
+univariat normal distribution to mv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariat normal distribution to mv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+univariat normal distribution to mv
+variant. So we have one over the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant. So we have one over the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant. So we have one over the square
+root of pi to the m power. there are m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of pi to the m power. there are m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of pi to the m power. there are m
+components and then the uh we divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then the uh we divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and then the uh we divide by
+the square root of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the individual
+variance or the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or the determinant of the
+coariance matrix and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariance matrix and then the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+of this term here which is uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term here which is uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term here which is uh something
+which is for each for the teeth case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for each for the teeth case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for each for the teeth case is
+quadratic form in the x's. So you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in the x's. So you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic form in the x's. So you know
+this multivariant normal X we take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multivariant normal X we take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multivariant normal X we take off
+its mean and look at the quadratic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean and look at the quadratic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean and look at the quadratic form
+of that with the inverse of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that with the inverse of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that with the inverse of its
+coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix. So there's the log likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So there's the log likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So there's the log likelihood
+function. It reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. It reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. It reduces
+uh to this form here. and maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to this form here. and maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to this form here. and maximum
+likelihood estimation methods can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation methods can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood estimation methods can be
+applied to specify all the uh parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to specify all the uh parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to specify all the uh parameters
+in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B
+MSI and the there's an EM algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MSI and the there's an EM algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MSI and the there's an EM algorithm
+uh which is applied in this case I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is applied in this case I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is applied in this case I think
+I may have highlighted it before but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have highlighted it before but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have highlighted it before but the
+EM algorithm is a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EM algorithm is a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EM algorithm is a very powerful
+estimation methodology for maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation methodology for maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation methodology for maximum
+likelihood in in statistics um when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood in in statistics um when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood in in statistics um when one
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+uh very complicated models which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very complicated models which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very complicated models which can be
+simplified. Well, models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified. Well, models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified. Well, models that are
+complicated by the fact that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by the fact that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by the fact that we have
+hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+variables. Basically, the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Basically, the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. Basically, the hidden
+variables lead to very complex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables lead to very complex uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables lead to very complex uh
+likelihood functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood functions.
+Um a simplification of the EM algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a simplification of the EM algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a simplification of the EM algorithm
+is that if we could observe some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we could observe some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if we could observe some of the
+hidden variables then our likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden variables then our likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden variables then our likelihood
+functions are very simple and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are very simple and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are very simple and can be
+computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed
+directly and the EM algorithm alternates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and the EM algorithm alternates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and the EM algorithm alternates
+sort of estimating the hidden variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of estimating the hidden variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of estimating the hidden variables
+assuming the hidden variables are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the hidden variables are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the hidden variables are known
+doing the simple estimates with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the simple estimates with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the simple estimates with the
+observed hidden variables and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed hidden variables and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed hidden variables and then
+estimating the hidden variables again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the hidden variables again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the hidden variables again
+and just iterating that process again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just iterating that process again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just iterating that process again
+and again and it converges and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and it converges and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and it converges and their
+paper demonstrates that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper demonstrates that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper demonstrates that this this
+applies in in many many different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies in in many many different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies in in many many different uh
+application settings and it's a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application settings and it's a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application settings and it's a just a
+very very powerful estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful estimation
+methodology that is applied here with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that is applied here with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology that is applied here with uh
+statistical factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor
+analysis. Um let's see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Um let's see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Um let's see I
+uh indicated that you know for now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicated that you know for now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicated that you know for now we
+could just assume independence over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just assume independence over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just assume independence over time
+of the data points and computing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data points and computing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data points and computing it
+likelihood. You recall our discussion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood. You recall our discussion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood. You recall our discussion a
+couple of lectures back about the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures back about the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures back about the state
+space models, linear state space models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space models, linear state space models.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space models, linear state space models.
+Essentially that linear state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially that linear state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially that linear state space
+model framework can be applied here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model framework can be applied here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model framework can be applied here as
+well to incorporate time dependence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to incorporate time dependence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to incorporate time dependence uh
+in in the data as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the data as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the data as well.
+So so that simplification is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so that simplification is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so that simplification is is not
+uh binding in terms of holding us up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh binding in terms of holding us up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh binding in terms of holding us up
+with estimating these models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. Well, okay. Just uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Well, okay. Just uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Well, okay. Just uh let
+me go back here just Okay. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go back here just Okay. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go back here just Okay. So, the
+maximum likelihood estimation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum likelihood estimation process
+will give us estimates of the B matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us estimates of the B matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us estimates of the B matrix
+and the PI matrix. So, applying this EM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PI matrix. So, applying this EM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PI matrix. So, applying this EM
+algorithm, a good computer, uh we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, a good computer, uh we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm, a good computer, uh we can we
+can actually get estimates of B and SI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the underlying alpha of course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the underlying alpha of course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the underlying alpha of course.
+Now from these we can estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now from these we can estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now from these we can estimate the
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations
+FT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FT
+and these can be estimated by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be estimated by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these can be estimated by simply
+this regression formula using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression formula using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression formula using our
+estimates for the factor loadings B hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates for the factor loadings B hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates for the factor loadings B hat
+our estimates of alpha uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimates of alpha uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimates of alpha uh we can
+actually estimate the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually estimate the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually estimate the factor
+realizations. So with statistical factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations. So with statistical factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations. So with statistical factor
+analysis you know we use the EM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know we use the EM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know we use the EM
+algorithm to estimate the coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to estimate the coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to estimate the coariance
+matrix parameters then the next step uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix parameters then the next step uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix parameters then the next step uh
+we can estimate the factor realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate the factor realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate the factor realizations
+microphone. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microphone. Thank you.
+So as as the output from factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as as the output from factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as as the output from factor
+analysis, we we can work with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, we we can work with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, we we can work with these
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+realizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations
+and those realizations or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those realizations or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those realizations or those
+estimates of the realizations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the realizations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the realizations of the
+factors can then be used to uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors can then be used to uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors can then be used to uh basically
+for risk modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for risk modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for risk modeling
+um as well. So uh you know we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well. So uh you know we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well. So uh you know we could do
+a statistical factor analysis of returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statistical factor analysis of returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statistical factor analysis of returns
+in say the uh commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say the uh commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say the uh commodities
+markets and identify you know basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and identify you know basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and identify you know basically
+what factors are driving returns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what factors are driving returns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what factors are driving returns and
+coariances in commodity markets. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariances in commodity markets. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coariances in commodity markets. We can
+then get estimates of those underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get estimates of those underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get estimates of those underlying
+factors from the methodology. We could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors from the methodology. We could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors from the methodology. We could
+then use those as inputs to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those as inputs to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use those as inputs to other
+models. You know, certain stocks may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. You know, certain stocks may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. You know, certain stocks may
+depend on significant factors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on significant factors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on significant factors in the
+commodity markets and what they depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity markets and what they depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity markets and what they depend
+on. Well, we can use statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Well, we can use statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Well, we can use statistical
+modeling to to identify uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to to identify uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling to to identify uh where the
+dependencies are. So getting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies are. So getting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies are. So getting these
+realizations of the statistical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of the statistical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of the statistical uh
+factors is is very useful uh not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is is very useful uh not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors is is very useful uh not only to
+understand sort of what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of what happened in the
+past with the process and how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past with the process and how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past with the process and how these
+underlying factors vary but you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors vary but you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors vary but you can also
+use those as inputs to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. Finally, um let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Finally, um let's see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Finally, um let's see the
+there's a lot of there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there was a lot of
+interest with statistical factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest with statistical factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest with statistical factor
+analysis on the interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on the interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on the interpretation of the
+underlying factors. Of course, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors. Of course, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying factors. Of course, you know,
+it's in terms of using any model. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in terms of using any model. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in terms of using any model. It
+it's it's uh one's confidence rises when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh one's confidence rises when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's uh one's confidence rises when
+you have highly interpretable results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have highly interpretable results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have highly interpretable results.
+uh one of the initial applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the initial applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the initial applications of
+statistical factor analysis was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor analysis was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor analysis was in
+measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+IQ and uh you know how many people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ and uh you know how many people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ and uh you know how many people in
+here have taken an IQ test? Probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have taken an IQ test? Probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have taken an IQ test? Probably
+everybody or almost everybody. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or almost everybody. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or almost everybody. Well,
+actually if you if you want to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you if you want to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you if you want to work for
+some hedge funds, you'll have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hedge funds, you'll have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hedge funds, you'll have to take
+some IQ test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some IQ test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some IQ test.
+Uh but basically that you you in an IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but basically that you you in an IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but basically that you you in an IQ
+test there are 20 30 40 questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test there are 20 30 40 questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test there are 20 30 40 questions and
+they're trying to measure different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to measure different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to measure different
+aspects of your ability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of your ability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of your ability and
+uh statistical factor analysis um has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statistical factor analysis um has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statistical factor analysis um has
+been used to try and understand what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used to try and understand what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used to try and understand what are
+the underlying dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying dimensions of
+intelligence and uh one can uh one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and uh one can uh one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and uh one can uh one has
+the flexibility of considering different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility of considering different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility of considering different
+transformations of the underlying of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of the underlying of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of the underlying of any
+given set of estimated factors by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given set of estimated factors by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given set of estimated factors by you
+know this H matrix for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this H matrix for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this H matrix for the
+transformation and and so uh there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and and so uh there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and and so uh there has
+been work in statistical factor analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been work in statistical factor analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been work in statistical factor analysis
+to find rotations of the factor loadings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find rotations of the factor loadings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find rotations of the factor loadings
+that make the loadings the factors more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make the loadings the factors more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make the loadings the factors more
+interpretable. So uh I just raised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable. So uh I just raised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable. So uh I just raised that
+as sort of a a there's potential to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a a there's potential to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a a there's potential to get
+insight into these underlying factors if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into these underlying factors if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into these underlying factors if
+that's appropriate. In the IQ setting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate. In the IQ setting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate. In the IQ setting uh
+the effort was actually to try and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort was actually to try and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort was actually to try and find
+you know what are the interpretations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the interpretations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the interpretations of
+different dimensions of intelligence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay we previously talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay we previously talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay we previously talked about
+factor mimicking portfolios. the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor mimicking portfolios. the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor mimicking portfolios. the same
+thing applies. Um, one final thing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing applies. Um, one final thing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing applies. Um, one final thing is uh
+with likelihood ratio uh tests, one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with likelihood ratio uh tests, one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with likelihood ratio uh tests, one can
+test for whether the factor linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for whether the factor linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for whether the factor linear
+factor model is a good description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor model is a good description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor model is a good description of
+the data. And so with uh likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data. And so with uh likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data. And so with uh likelihood
+ratio tests, we compare the likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio tests, we compare the likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio tests, we compare the likelihood
+of the data where we fit our unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data where we fit our unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data where we fit our unknown
+parameters, the mean vector alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, the mean vector alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, the mean vector alpha and
+coarience matrix sigma without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarience matrix sigma without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarience matrix sigma without any
+constraints and then we compare that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and then we compare that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and then we compare that to
+the likelihood function under the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood function under the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood function under the factor
+model with say k factors and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with say k factors and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with say k factors and uh the
+likelihood ratio u tests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood ratio u tests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood ratio u tests are
+uh computed by looking at twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computed by looking at twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computed by looking at twice the
+difference in log likelihoods. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in log likelihoods. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in log likelihoods. If you
+take an advanced course in statistics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an advanced course in statistics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an advanced course in statistics,
+uh you'll see that basically this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll see that basically this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll see that basically this uh
+difference in the likelihood functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the likelihood functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the likelihood functions
+under many conditions is approximately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under many conditions is approximately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under many conditions is approximately a
+kai squared random variable with degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai squared random variable with degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kai squared random variable with degrees
+of freedom equal to the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom equal to the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom equal to the difference in
+parameters under the two models. So u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters under the two models. So u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters under the two models. So u
+that's why it's it's specified this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's it's specified this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's it's specified this way.
+Um but anyway one can test uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but anyway one can test uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but anyway one can test uh for the
+dimensionality of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model. Let's see before going into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Let's see before going into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Let's see before going into an
+example of factor modeling I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of factor modeling I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of factor modeling I want to
+cover uh principal components analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh principal components analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh principal components analysis.
+uh actually principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually principal components
+analysis that comes up in factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that comes up in factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that comes up in factor
+modeling but it's also uh a methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling but it's also uh a methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling but it's also uh a methodology
+that's appropriate for basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate for basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's appropriate for basically
+modeling multivariate data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling multivariate data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling multivariate data and
+considering sort of dimensionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering sort of dimensionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering sort of dimensionality
+reduction. You're dealing with data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. You're dealing with data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. You're dealing with data in
+very many dimensions. You're wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many dimensions. You're wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many dimensions. You're wondering
+where basically is there sort of a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically is there sort of a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically is there sort of a uh a
+simple characterization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple characterization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple characterization of the
+multivaried structure that that lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivaried structure that that lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivaried structure that that lies in
+a smaller dimensional space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller dimensional space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller dimensional space and
+principal components analysis gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis gives us
+that the theoretical framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theoretical framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theoretical framework for
+principal components analysis is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis is to
+consider an MV random variable. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider an MV random variable. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider an MV random variable. So this
+is like a single realization of asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a single realization of asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a single realization of asset
+returns at a given time which has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns at a given time which has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns at a given time which has some
+mean and covariance matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigma. The principal components analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma. The principal components analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma. The principal components analysis
+is going to exploit the igen values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to exploit the igen values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to exploit the igen values and
+igen vectors of the covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors of the covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors of the covariance
+matrix. Now we went through chung went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Now we went through chung went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Now we went through chung went
+through uh values and singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh values and singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh values and singular value
+decompositions. So here we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions. So here we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions. So here we basically
+have the igen value igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the igen value igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the igen value igen vector
+decomposition of our coarience matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of our coarience matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of our coarience matrix
+sigma which is the scalar igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma which is the scalar igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma which is the scalar igen values
+times the vectors the igen vector gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vectors the igen vector gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the vectors the igen vector gamma
+i times its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i times its
+transpose. Uh so we actually are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose. Uh so we actually are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose. Uh so we actually are able to
+decompose our covariance matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose our covariance matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose our covariance matrix with
+igen by igen vectors. The principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen by igen vectors. The principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen by igen vectors. The principal
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider taking away the mean from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider taking away the mean from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider taking away the mean from the
+random vector X alpha and then consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random vector X alpha and then consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random vector X alpha and then consider
+the weights the weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights the weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights the weighted average of
+those demeaned X's given by the Egen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those demeaned X's given by the Egen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those demeaned X's given by the Egen
+vector. So these are going to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So these are going to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So these are going to be called
+the principal component variables where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal component variables where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal component variables where
+gamma one is the first one corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma one is the first one corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma one is the first one corresponding
+to the largest value. Gamma m is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the largest value. Gamma m is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the largest value. Gamma m is going
+to be the m or last corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smallest. The properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principal component
+variables is that well they have mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is that well they have mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is that well they have mean
+zero and their covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and their covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and their covariance
+matrix is given by the diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is given by the diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is given by the diagonal matrix
+of igen values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of igen values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of igen values.
+So the principal component variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the principal component variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the principal component variables are
+a very simple sort of aphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple sort of aphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple sort of aphine
+transformation of the original variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the original variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the original variable
+x. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. We
+translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate
+x to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to a new
+origin by basically to to the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin by basically to to the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin by basically to to the zero
+origin by subtracting the means off it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin by subtracting the means off it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin by subtracting the means off it.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+then we multiply that demean x value by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we multiply that demean x value by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we multiply that demean x value by
+an orthogonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+prime. And what does that do? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. And what does that do? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. And what does that do? That
+simply rotates the coordinate axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotates the coordinate axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotates the coordinate axis.
+So what we're doing is creating a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're doing is creating a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're doing is creating a new
+coordinate system for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system for our
+data which hasn't changed the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which hasn't changed the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which hasn't changed the relative
+position of the data or the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the data or the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the data or the random
+variable at all in the space. Um it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable at all in the space. Um it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable at all in the space. Um it it
+basically just is using a new coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just is using a new coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just is using a new coordinate
+system with no change in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with no change in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with no change in the overall
+variability of what we're working with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form we can express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can express this
+uh principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principal component
+variables P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's consider partitioning P into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's consider partitioning P into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's consider partitioning P into the
+first K elements and the last M minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K elements and the last M minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first K elements and the last M minus K
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+P2. Then our original random vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2. Then our original random vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2. Then our original random vector
+X has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decomposition and we can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and we can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and we can think of this
+as being approximately a linear factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model. Um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Um we can
+consider from principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider from principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider from principal components
+analysis essentially if P1 the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis essentially if P1 the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis essentially if P1 the principal
+component variables correspond to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables correspond to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables correspond to our
+factors then our linear factor model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors then our linear factor model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors then our linear factor model
+would have B is given by gamma 1 F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have B is given by gamma 1 F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have B is given by gamma 1 F is
+given by P1 and our epsilon vector would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by P1 and our epsilon vector would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by P1 and our epsilon vector would
+be given by gamma 2 P2. So the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by gamma 2 P2. So the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by gamma 2 P2. So the principal
+components decomposition is almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components decomposition is almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components decomposition is almost a
+linear factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor
+model. The only issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. The only issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. The only issue is
+um this gamma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this gamma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this gamma 2
+p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p2
+is an m vector but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an m vector but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an m vector but it
+may not have sort of a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have sort of a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have sort of a diagonal
+coarience matrix. You know under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarience matrix. You know under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarience matrix. You know under the
+linear factor model with a given uh set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor model with a given uh set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear factor model with a given uh set
+of factors k less than m we always are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors k less than m we always are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors k less than m we always are
+assuming that the residual vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the residual vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the residual vector is
+just a has a coarience matrix to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a has a coarience matrix to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a has a coarience matrix to to a
+diagonal with a principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal with a principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal with a principal components
+analysis that may or may not be true. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that may or may not be true. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that may or may not be true. Um
+so this is like an approximate factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like an approximate factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like an approximate factor
+model. Uh but that's why this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Uh but that's why this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Uh but that's why this is called
+principal components analysis. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis. It's not
+called principal uh factor analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Well, let's see the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Well, let's see the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Well, let's see the empirical
+principal components analysis. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis. Now,
+okay, we've gone through just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, we've gone through just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, we've gone through just a
+description of sort of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of sort of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of sort of theoretical
+principal components where if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components where if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components where if we have a
+mean vector alpha, coarience matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean vector alpha, coarience matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean vector alpha, coarience matrix
+sigma, how we would define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma, how we would define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma, how we would define these
+principal component variables. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables. If we
+just have uh sample data, then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have uh sample data, then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have uh sample data, then this
+slide goes through the computations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide goes through the computations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide goes through the computations of
+the empirical principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empirical principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empirical principal components
+result. So all we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. So all we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. So all we're doing is
+substituting in estimates of the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in estimates of the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in estimates of the means
+and covariance matrix and computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and covariance matrix and computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and covariance matrix and computing the
+igen value vector decomposition of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value vector decomposition of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value vector decomposition of that
+and we get sample principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get sample principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get sample principal component
+variables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which
+are we basically compute x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we basically compute x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we basically compute x the
+demean vector of uh realization matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demean vector of uh realization matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demean vector of uh realization matrix
+of realizations and premultiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of realizations and premultiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of realizations and premultiply that by
+gamma hat prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat prime
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+the matrix of Igen vectors corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of Igen vectors corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of Igen vectors corresponding
+to the igen value igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the igen value igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the igen value igen vector
+decomposition of the sample coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix. Let's see this slide goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Let's see this slide goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Let's see this slide goes
+through the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the singular value
+decomposition. Um you don't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition. Um you don't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition. Um you don't have to go
+through and compute variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and compute variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and compute variances
+co-variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variances
+to derive estimates of the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive estimates of the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive estimates of the principal
+component variables. you can work simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables. you can work simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables. you can work simply
+with the singular value decomposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the singular value decomposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the singular value decomposition.
+I'll let you go through that on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you go through that on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you go through that on your
+own. There's an alternate definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own. There's an alternate definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own. There's an alternate definition of
+their principal component variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their principal component variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their principal component variables
+though that's very important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we
+consider a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a linear combination of
+our comp uh the components of x x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our comp uh the components of x x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our comp uh the components of x x1
+through xm given by w. If we consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xm given by w. If we consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xm given by w. If we consider a
+linear combination of that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of that which
+maximizes the variability of that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes the variability of that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes the variability of that linear
+combination subject to the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination subject to the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination subject to the norm of the
+uh coefficients w equals 1 then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficients w equals 1 then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coefficients w equals 1 then this is
+the first principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first principal component
+variable. So if we have in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensions say x1 and x2 if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions say x1 and x2 if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions say x1 and x2 if we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that sort of look like an ellipsoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of look like an ellipsoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of look like an ellipsoid
+ellypoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoidal
+distribution. You know this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. You know this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. You know this would
+correspond to having sort of alpha one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to having sort of alpha one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to having sort of alpha one
+there, alpha 2 there, a certain degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, alpha 2 there, a certain degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, alpha 2 there, a certain degree
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+variability. The uh principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability. The uh principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability. The uh principal components
+analysis says let's shift to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis says let's shift to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis says let's shift to the origin
+being at alpha 1 alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at alpha 1 alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at alpha 1 alpha
+2 and then let's rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then let's rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then let's rotate the
+axes to align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes to align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes to align
+with the igen vectors. Well, basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the igen vectors. Well, basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the igen vectors. Well, basically
+the first principal component variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first principal component variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first principal component variable
+finds the dimension at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the dimension at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the dimension at which
+the basically the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the coordinate
+axis at which the variability is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis at which the variability is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis at which the variability is a
+maximum and basically along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and basically along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and basically along this
+dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension
+here. This is where the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is where the variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is where the variability
+would be the maximum and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the maximum and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the maximum and that's the
+first principal component variable. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal component variable. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal component variable. So
+this principal components analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principal components analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principal components analysis is
+identifying essentially where's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying essentially where's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying essentially where's there
+the most variability in the data where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most variability in the data where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most variability in the data where
+it's the most variability without doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the most variability without doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the most variability without doing
+any change in the scaling of the data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in the scaling of the data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in the scaling of the data.
+All we're doing is shifting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All we're doing is shifting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All we're doing is shifting and
+rotating. Then the second principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating. Then the second principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating. Then the second principal
+component variable is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variable is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variable is basically the
+direction which is orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is orthogonal to the
+first which has the maximum variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first which has the maximum variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first which has the maximum variance and
+continuing that process uh to define all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing that process uh to define all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing that process uh to define all
+uh m principal component variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's see. In principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's see. In principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's see. In principal components
+analysis, there's discussions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, there's discussions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, there's discussions of the
+total variability of the data and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variability of the data and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total variability of the data and how
+well that's explained by principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's explained by principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's explained by principal
+components. If we have a coariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. If we have a coariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. If we have a coariance
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+sigma, the uh total variance can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma, the uh total variance can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma, the uh total variance can be
+defined and is defined as basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and is defined as basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined and is defined as basically the
+sum of the diagonal entries. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the diagonal entries. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the diagonal entries. So, it's
+the trace of a coariance matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of a coariance matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of a coariance matrix.
+We'll call that the total variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call that the total variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call that the total variance of
+this multi-variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multi-variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multi-variant
+X. Okay, that is equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Okay, that is equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Okay, that is equal to the sum of the
+igen values as well. So we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values as well. So we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values as well. So we have a
+decomposition of the total variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the total variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the total variability
+into the variability of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the variability of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the variability of different
+principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component
+variables and the principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the principal component
+variables themselves are uncorrelated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables themselves are uncorrelated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables themselves are uncorrelated.
+You remember the coariance matrix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You remember the coariance matrix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You remember the coariance matrix of the
+principal component variables was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables was the
+lambda the vector uh the matrix diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the vector uh the matrix diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the vector uh the matrix diagonal
+matrix of igen values. So the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of igen values. So the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of igen values. So the off
+diagonal entries are zero. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entries are zero. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entries are zero. So the
+principal component variables are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables are are
+uncorrelated and have variability lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and have variability lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated and have variability lambda
+k and basically decompose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and basically decompose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k and basically decompose the
+variability. So principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability. So principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability. So principal components
+analysis provides this very nice sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis provides this very nice sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis provides this very nice sort of
+decomposition of the data into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the data into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of the data into different
+dimensions with you know highest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions with you know highest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions with you know highest to
+lowest sort of information content uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest sort of information content uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest sort of information content uh as
+given by the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values. Okay, I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through a case study here of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a case study here of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a case study here of doing
+factor modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor modeling
+with the US Treasury yields. Um, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the US Treasury yields. Um, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the US Treasury yields. Um, all
+right. I loaded in data uh into R which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I loaded in data uh into R which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I loaded in data uh into R which
+ranged from the beginning of 2000 to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranged from the beginning of 2000 to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranged from the beginning of 2000 to,
+you know, the end of May 2013. And here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the end of May 2013. And here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the end of May 2013. And here
+are the yields on constant maturity US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the yields on constant maturity US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the yields on constant maturity US
+treasury securities ranging from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury securities ranging from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury securities ranging from three
+month six month up to 20 years. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month six month up to 20 years. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month six month up to 20 years. So this
+is essentially the term structure of US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the term structure of US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the term structure of US
+government interest rates of varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government interest rates of varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government interest rates of varying
+levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk. Here's a plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. Here's a plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. Here's a plot of
+data. over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starting we can see this you know rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting we can see this you know rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting we can see this you know rather
+dramatic evolution of of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic evolution of of the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic evolution of of the term
+structure over this entire period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure over this entire period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure over this entire period.
+If we wanted to fit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we wanted to fit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we wanted to fit a
+uh analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this, if we wanted to do a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if we wanted to do a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, if we wanted to do a crystal
+components analysis of this, well, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis of this, well, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components analysis of this, well, if we
+did the entire period, we'd be measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the entire period, we'd be measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the entire period, we'd be measuring
+variability of all kinds of things, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of all kinds of things, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability of all kinds of things, you
+know, when things go down, up, down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, when things go down, up, down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, when things go down, up, down.
+What I've just done in this uh note is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I've just done in this uh note is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I've just done in this uh note is
+just initially to look at the uh period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just initially to look at the uh period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just initially to look at the uh period
+from 2001 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2001 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2001 up
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+2005. So we have uh five years of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005. So we have uh five years of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005. So we have uh five years of data
+on basically the early part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on basically the early part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on basically the early part of this
+period that I want to focus on and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that I want to focus on and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that I want to focus on and do a
+principal components analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components analysis of the
+yields on on this data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+basically the s this the series over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the s this the series over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the s this the series over
+that five-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period. Okay, is a beginning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Okay, is a beginning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. Okay, is a beginning of this
+analysis. Okay, this analysis is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Okay, this analysis is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. Okay, this analysis is on the
+actual yield changes. So just as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual yield changes. So just as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual yield changes. So just as we
+might be modeling say asset prices over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be modeling say asset prices over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be modeling say asset prices over
+time and then doing an analysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then doing an analysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then doing an analysis of the
+changes the returns here we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the returns here we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the returns here we're looking
+at yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at yield
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+changes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So first you can see there's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first you can see there's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first you can see there's basically
+the average daily value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average daily value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average daily value for the
+different yield tenders ranging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yield tenders ranging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yield tenders ranging from
+three months up to 20. Those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months up to 20. Those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months up to 20. Those are all
+actually all negative. That corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all negative. That corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all negative. That corresponds
+to the time series over that 5-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time series over that 5-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the time series over that 5-year
+period. This the time series are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. This the time series are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. This the time series are all
+lowering um at lower levels from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering um at lower levels from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering um at lower levels from
+beginning to end on average. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end on average. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end on average. Uh the
+daily volatility is the daily standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily volatility is the daily standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily volatility is the daily standard
+deviation. Uh those vary from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Uh those vary from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Uh those vary from
+0.0384 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0384 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0384 up to
+0.0698 for uh let's see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0698 for uh let's see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0698 for uh let's see is that the
+three-year? Yeah. And uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year? Yeah. And uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-year? Yeah. And uh this is the
+standard deviation of daily yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of daily yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of daily yield
+changes where one is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes where one is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes where one is like
+1% and um so uh basically it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% and um so uh basically it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% and um so uh basically it's like
+between three and six basis points a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between three and six basis points a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between three and six basis points a day
+are the variation in the yield changes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the variation in the yield changes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the variation in the yield changes.
+So that's something that's reasonable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's something that's reasonable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's something that's reasonable.
+you know when you look in the uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you look in the uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you look in the uh at the
+news or newspaper and see you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news or newspaper and see you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news or newspaper and see you know how
+interest rates change from one day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates change from one day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates change from one day to
+the next it's generally a few basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next it's generally a few basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next it's generally a few basis
+points from one day to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next. Okay this uh next matrix is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. Okay this uh next matrix is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next. Okay this uh next matrix is the
+correlation matrix of the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix of the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix of the yield
+changes. Um if you look at this closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. Um if you look at this closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. Um if you look at this closely
+which you can you know when you download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can you know when you download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can you know when you download
+the the these these results um you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the these these results um you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the these these results um you'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+that near the diagonal the values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that near the diagonal the values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that near the diagonal the values are
+very high like above 90% for correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high like above 90% for correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high like above 90% for correlation
+and as you move across away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move across away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move across away from the
+diagonal the correlations get lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal the correlations get lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal the correlations get lower and
+lower.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, mathematically you know that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, mathematically you know that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, mathematically you know that is
+what is happening. Uh we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening. Uh we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening. Uh we can look at
+these things graphically which I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things graphically which I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things graphically which I always
+like to do. Here's just a graph bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do. Here's just a graph bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do. Here's just a graph bar
+chart of the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart of the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart of the yield
+changes and the standard deviations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and the standard deviations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and the standard deviations of
+the yield changes daily volatilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield changes daily volatilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yield changes daily volatilities
+ranging from very short yields to long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from very short yields to long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from very short yields to long
+tenor yields up to 20 years.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there's variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and then okay here is a pairs plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then okay here is a pairs plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then okay here is a pairs plot
+of the data. So what I've done is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data. So what I've done is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data. So what I've done is just
+looked at well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at well
+um basically for every single uh tenor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically for every single uh tenor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically for every single uh tenor
+this is say the fiveyear, sevenyear, 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is say the fiveyear, sevenyear, 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is say the fiveyear, sevenyear, 10
+year, 20 year um basically plotted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, 20 year um basically plotted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, 20 year um basically plotted the
+yield changes of each of those against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield changes of each of those against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield changes of each of those against
+each other. We could do this with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. We could do this with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. We could do this with um
+basically all nine different teners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all nine different teners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all nine different teners.
+We'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'd have
+a very dense uh page of a pairs plot. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very dense uh page of a pairs plot. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very dense uh page of a pairs plot. So
+I split it up into looking at just the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I split it up into looking at just the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I split it up into looking at just the u
+top and bottom block diagonals. But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and bottom block diagonals. But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and bottom block diagonals. But you
+can see basically how the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see basically how the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see basically how the correlation
+between these yield changes sort of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these yield changes sort of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these yield changes sort of is
+very tight and then gets less tight as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight and then gets less tight as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight and then gets less tight as
+you move further away with the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move further away with the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move further away with the long
+teners. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's there. Let's see the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there. Let's see the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there. Let's see the short
+teners. Uh uh up one one more here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teners. Uh uh up one one more here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teners. Uh uh up one one more here are
+the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short
+tenders ranging from three year, two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenders ranging from three year, two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenders ranging from three year, two
+year, one year, six month and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, one year, six month and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year, one year, six month and so forth.
+So here you can see how it gets less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you can see how it gets less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here you can see how it gets less and
+less correlated as you move away from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less correlated as you move away from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less correlated as you move away from a
+given tenor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given tenor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given tenor.
+Well, the principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us if you if you fit conduct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if you if you fit conduct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if you if you fit conduct the
+principal components. Um, basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components. Um, basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components. Um, basically the
+standard output is first a table of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard output is first a table of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard output is first a table of how
+the variability of the series is broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability of the series is broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variability of the series is broken
+down across the different principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down across the different principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down across the different principal
+component variables. And uh so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables. And uh so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables. And uh so there's
+basically importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically importance of
+components for each of the nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components for each of the nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components for each of the nine
+principal component variables where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables where it's
+measured in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in terms of
+uh well the relative squared standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the relative squared standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the relative squared standard
+deviations of these variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations of these variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations of these variables
+uh relative to the sum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative to the sum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh relative to the sum and the
+proportion of variance explained by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of variance explained by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of variance explained by the
+first principal component variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal component variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal component variable is
+0849. So basically 85% of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0849. So basically 85% of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0849. So basically 85% of the total
+variability is explained by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability is explained by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability is explained by the first
+principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component
+variable. Looking at the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. Looking at the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. Looking at the second row
+second in 00919 that's uh the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in 00919 that's uh the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second in 00919 that's uh the percentage
+of total variability explained by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total variability explained by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total variability explained by the
+second principal component variable. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second principal component variable. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second principal component variable. So
+9%. And then for third it's 3% and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9%. And then for third it's 3% and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9%. And then for third it's 3% and it
+just goes down close to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go one page. Okay. There's a scree plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one page. Okay. There's a scree plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go one page. Okay. There's a scree plot
+for principal components analysis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for principal components analysis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for principal components analysis which
+is just a plot of the var abilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a plot of the var abilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a plot of the var abilities of
+the different principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different principal component
+variables. So you can see sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So you can see sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. So you can see sort of you
+know where whether the uh whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where whether the uh whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where whether the uh whether the
+principal components is explaining much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components is explaining much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components is explaining much
+variability in the first few components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the first few components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the first few components
+or not. Here we you know there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. Here we you know there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. Here we you know there's a huge
+amount of variability explained by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of variability explained by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of variability explained by the
+first principal component variable. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal component variable. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principal component variable. I've
+plotted here the standard deviations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here the standard deviations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted here the standard deviations of
+the original yield changes in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original yield changes in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original yield changes in green
+versus the standard deviations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the standard deviations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the standard deviations of the
+principal component variables in blue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables in blue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables in blue.
+So we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are modeling with principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modeling with principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modeling with principal component
+variables most of the variability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables most of the variability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables most of the variability in the
+first few principal components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few principal components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few principal components.
+Now let's look at the interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's look at the interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's look at the interpretation of
+the principal component variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal component variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal component variables.
+There's the loadings matrix which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the loadings matrix which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the loadings matrix which is the
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+matrix for the principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for the principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for the principal components
+variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables.
+Um looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um looking at
+numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is
+less informative for me than looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less informative for me than looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less informative for me than looking at
+graphs. Here's a plot of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. Here's a plot of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. Here's a plot of the the
+loadings on the different yield changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings on the different yield changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loadings on the different yield changes
+for the first principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first principal component
+variable. So the first principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. So the first principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. So the first principal
+component variable is a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variable is a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variable is a weighted average
+of all the yield changes giving greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the yield changes giving greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the yield changes giving greatest
+weight to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight to like the
+fiveyear. What's that? Well, that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveyear. What's that? Well, that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiveyear. What's that? Well, that's just
+a measure of like a level shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of like a level shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of like a level shift in the
+yield curve is like what's the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield curve is like what's the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield curve is like what's the average
+yield change across the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield change across the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield change across the whole
+range. So that's what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. So that's what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. So that's what the first
+principal component variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variable is
+measuring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring.
+The second principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second principal component
+variable gives positive weight to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable gives positive weight to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable gives positive weight to the
+long teners, negative weight to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long teners, negative weight to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long teners, negative weight to the
+short teners. So it's looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short teners. So it's looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short teners. So it's looking at the
+difference between the yield changes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the yield changes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the yield changes on
+the long teners versus the yield change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long teners versus the yield change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long teners versus the yield change
+on the short teners. So that's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the short teners. So that's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the short teners. So that's looking
+at how the spread in yields is changing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then the third yield change or the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the third yield change or the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the third yield change or the third
+principal component variable has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variable has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variable has
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+structure and this structure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and this structure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and this structure for the
+weights is like a double difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights is like a double difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights is like a double difference.
+It's looking at the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's looking at the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's looking at the difference between
+the longterm long tenor and medium tenor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longterm long tenor and medium tenor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longterm long tenor and medium tenor
+minus the medium tenor minus the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the medium tenor minus the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the medium tenor minus the short
+tenor. So that's giving us a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenor. So that's giving us a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenor. So that's giving us a measure of
+the curvature of the term structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of the term structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature of the term structure and
+how that's changing over time. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's changing over time. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's changing over time. So these
+principal component variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variables are
+measuring like the level shift for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring like the level shift for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring like the level shift for the
+first, the spread for the second, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, the spread for the second, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, the spread for the second, and
+the curvature for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature for the
+third. With principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. With principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third. With principal components
+analysis, many times I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, many times I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis, many times I think people
+focus just on the first few principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus just on the first few principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus just on the first few principal
+component variables and then say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables and then say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component variables and then say they're
+done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done.
+The last principal component variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last principal component variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last principal component variable
+and the last few can be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last few can be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last few can be very very
+interesting as well because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as well because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as well because these are
+the variables of the original uh scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables of the original uh scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables of the original uh scales
+the linear uh combinations which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear uh combinations which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear uh combinations which have
+the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least
+variability. And if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability. And if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability. And if you look at the
+ninth principal component variable there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth principal component variable there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth principal component variable there
+are nine yield changes here. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nine yield changes here. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nine yield changes here. It's
+basically looking at a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at a weighted average
+of the five and 20 five and 10 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the five and 20 five and 10 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the five and 20 five and 10 year
+minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+sevenyear. So this is like the hedge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevenyear. So this is like the hedge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevenyear. So this is like the hedge of
+the seven-year yield with the five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven-year yield with the five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven-year yield with the five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year. So that uh basically difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. So that uh basically difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. So that uh basically difference in
+yield change is uh that combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield change is uh that combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield change is uh that combination of
+yield changes is going to have the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield changes is going to have the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield changes is going to have the least
+variability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability.
+Um, okay. The principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. The principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. The principal component
+variables have zero correlation. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have zero correlation. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have zero correlation. Um,
+here's just a pairs plot of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a pairs plot of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a pairs plot of the first
+three principal component variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three principal component variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three principal component variables in
+the ninth. And you can see that those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ninth. And you can see that those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ninth. And you can see that those uh
+have been transformed to have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been transformed to have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been transformed to have sort of
+zero correlations with each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlations with each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlations with each other.
+One can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One can plot
+the cumulative principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cumulative principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cumulative principal component
+variables over time to see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables over time to see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables over time to see how the
+evolution of these underlying factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of these underlying factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of these underlying factors
+has changed over the time period. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed over the time period. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed over the time period. And
+you'll recall that we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall that we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall that we talked about the
+first being the level shift. Basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first being the level shift. Basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first being the level shift. Basically
+from 2001 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2001 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2001 to
+2005 basically the overall level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 basically the overall level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 basically the overall level of the
+interest rates went down and then went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates went down and then went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates went down and then went
+up. And this is captured by this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. And this is captured by this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. And this is captured by this first
+principal component variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal component variable
+accumulating from zero down to minus 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating from zero down to minus 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating from zero down to minus 8
+back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. Um and and the scale of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Um and and the scale of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Um and and the scale of this
+change from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from 0 to
+minus8 is sort of that sort of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus8 is sort of that sort of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus8 is sort of that sort of is the
+amount of greatest variability. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of greatest variability. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of greatest variability. The
+second principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second principal component
+variable accumulates from zero up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable accumulates from zero up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable accumulates from zero up to
+less than six back down to zero. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than six back down to zero. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than six back down to zero. So this
+is a measure of the spread between long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of the spread between long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of the spread between long
+and short rates. So the spread increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and short rates. So the spread increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and short rates. So the spread increased
+and then it decreased over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curvature it varies from zero down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it varies from zero down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature it varies from zero down to
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+1.5 back up to zero. So the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 back up to zero. So the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 back up to zero. So the amount of
+cur how the curvature changed over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cur how the curvature changed over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cur how the curvature changed over this
+entire period was much much less which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire period was much much less which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire period was much much less which
+is you know perhaps you know as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know perhaps you know as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know perhaps you know as it
+should be but but uh but these graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be but but uh but these graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be but but uh but these graphs
+indicate basically how these underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate basically how these underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate basically how these underlying
+factors evolved over over the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors evolved over over the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors evolved over over the time
+period. In the case note, um I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. In the case note, um I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. In the case note, um I go
+through and fit a factor analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and fit a factor analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and fit a factor analysis
+statistical factor analysis model uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor analysis model uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical factor analysis model uh to
+these same data and look at identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same data and look at identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same data and look at identifying
+the number of factors and also comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of factors and also comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of factors and also comparing
+the results over this five-year period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results over this five-year period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results over this five-year period
+with the period from 2009 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the period from 2009 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the period from 2009 to
+2013 and comparing those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 and comparing those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2013 and comparing those different
+results. uh well they are different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. uh well they are different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. uh well they are different and
+so you know it really matters over what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it really matters over what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it really matters over what
+period one specifies these molds to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period one specifies these molds to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period one specifies these molds to and
+uh you know fitting these models is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know fitting these models is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know fitting these models is
+really just a starting point where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a starting point where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a starting point where uh
+you want to ultimately model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ultimately model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to ultimately model the
+dynamics in these factors and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in these factors and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in these factors and their
+structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural
+relationships. So we'll finish there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/s1DFa1dCss0.txt b/s1DFa1dCss0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87dee789289793e5eb37af80fa1ce3d6ec3a8885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s1DFa1dCss0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, our lesson today is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, our lesson today is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, our lesson today is going to be
+concerned with looking at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with looking at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with looking at some of the
+ramifications of what it means for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications of what it means for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications of what it means for a
+complex valued function to be analytic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued function to be analytic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued function to be analytic.
+And one of the side results, I hope, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the side results, I hope, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the side results, I hope, of
+today's lesson will be to show why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson will be to show why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lesson will be to show why if
+the complex numbers had never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex numbers had never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex numbers had never been
+invented up until this point, they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented up until this point, they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented up until this point, they would
+have been invented most likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been invented most likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been invented most likely to
+discuss mappings of the XY plane into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss mappings of the XY plane into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss mappings of the XY plane into
+the UV plane. Well, I hope to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV plane. Well, I hope to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV plane. Well, I hope to make that
+clearer as we go along. For the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer as we go along. For the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer as we go along. For the time
+being, let's simply entitle today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being, let's simply entitle today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being, let's simply entitle today's
+lesson conformal mappings. And by way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson conformal mappings. And by way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson conformal mappings. And by way of
+review and what I want to do here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and what I want to do here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review and what I want to do here you
+see is emphasize the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is emphasize the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is emphasize the real part of
+complex variable theory. Suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variable theory. Suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variable theory. Suppose I have
+the usual mapping from the xy plane into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual mapping from the xy plane into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual mapping from the xy plane into
+the uv plane given by u is some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uv plane given by u is some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uv plane given by u is some function
+of x and y and v is some function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y and v is some function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y and v is some function of x
+and y. And you may recall this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y. And you may recall this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y. And you may recall this is uh
+back much earlier in our co course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back much earlier in our co course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back much earlier in our co course in
+block four block three where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block four block three where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block four block three where we were
+labeling this as fbar of x comma y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling this as fbar of x comma y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling this as fbar of x comma y
+equals u comma v. No necessity here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals u comma v. No necessity here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals u comma v. No necessity here of
+talking about complex variables. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about complex variables. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about complex variables. We're
+mapping two space into two space the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping two space into two space the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping two space into two space the XY
+plane into the UV plane by the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane into the UV plane by the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane into the UV plane by the mapping
+Fbar defined by U and V being these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fbar defined by U and V being these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fbar defined by U and V being these
+functions of X and Y. And what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X and Y. And what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X and Y. And what we saw
+was that this particular mapping was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that this particular mapping was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that this particular mapping was at
+least locally meaning in a neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least locally meaning in a neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least locally meaning in a neighborhood
+of a given point invertible provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given point invertible provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a given point invertible provided
+that the determinant of the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the determinant of the Jacobian
+matrix was not zero. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was not zero. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was not zero. In other words,
+that u subx v suby minus u sububy v subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that u subx v suby minus u sububy v subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that u subx v suby minus u sububy v subx
+was not equal to zero. And again, what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not equal to zero. And again, what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not equal to zero. And again, what I
+want you to see is that up until this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see is that up until this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to see is that up until this
+point, there is absolutely no knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, there is absolutely no knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, there is absolutely no knowledge
+that we need of complex variables. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need of complex variables. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need of complex variables. Now,
+what is interesting is this. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is interesting is this. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is interesting is this. Remember
+that when we introduced the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we introduced the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we introduced the complex
+numbers, we said that graphically their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, we said that graphically their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, we said that graphically their
+domain would be the xy plane and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain would be the xy plane and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain would be the xy plane and that
+would be called the argon diagram. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called the argon diagram. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called the argon diagram. Now
+you see coming back to this little aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coming back to this little aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see coming back to this little aside
+that we were making over here. If I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were making over here. If I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were making over here. If I now
+view the XY plane as being the Agon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the XY plane as being the Agon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view the XY plane as being the Agon
+diagram, then what we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, then what we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, then what we're saying is that
+X comma Y names the complex number Z, U,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X comma Y names the complex number Z, U,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X comma Y names the complex number Z, U,
+comm, V names the complex number W,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm, V names the complex number W,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm, V names the complex number W,
+namely U + I V. And since we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely U + I V. And since we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely U + I V. And since we're talking
+now about mapping complex numbers into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about mapping complex numbers into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about mapping complex numbers into
+complex numbers, Fbar simply becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers, Fbar simply becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers, Fbar simply becomes
+some function F. Now the question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function F. Now the question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function F. Now the question that's
+more important is why would one want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important is why would one want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important is why would one want
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+interpretation? You see what particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? You see what particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? You see what particular
+interpretation? The particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? The particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation? The particular
+interpretation that I have in mind is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that I have in mind is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation that I have in mind is to
+simply observe that whenever I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply observe that whenever I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply observe that whenever I have a
+change of variables say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables say
+two variables in two two equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables in two two equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables in two two equations and
+two unknowns u equals some function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns u equals some function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns u equals some function of x
+and y v equals some function of x and y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y v equals some function of x and y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y v equals some function of x and y.
+What I'm saying is I can always view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm saying is I can always view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm saying is I can always view
+this pair of equations as the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of equations as the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of equations as the single
+complex variable equation that f of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variable equation that f of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variable equation that f of z
+equals u plus iv. That mechanically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals u plus iv. That mechanically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals u plus iv. That mechanically by
+letting u be the real part and v be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting u be the real part and v be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting u be the real part and v be the
+imaginary part, I can invent the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part, I can invent the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part, I can invent the complex
+valued function u plus iv. By the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function u plus iv. By the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function u plus iv. By the way,
+this is in much the same spirit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in much the same spirit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in much the same spirit that
+when one talks about curves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one talks about curves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one talks about curves in the
+plane, one does not have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, one does not have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, one does not have to know
+anything about vectors. I can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about vectors. I can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about vectors. I can talk about
+the curve x= x of t y= y of t and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve x= x of t y= y of t and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve x= x of t y= y of t and then
+say okay let's introduce the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's introduce the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay let's introduce the radius
+vector r and then write that r is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector r and then write that r is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector r and then write that r is equal
+to x i + yj and this allows me to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x i + yj and this allows me to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x i + yj and this allows me to take
+two scala equations and write them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scala equations and write them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two scala equations and write them as
+one vector equation. So I can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector equation. So I can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector equation. So I can certainly
+take two scala two real functions of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two scala two real functions of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two scala two real functions of two
+real variables and write them in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variables and write them in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variables and write them in terms
+of the language of complex functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language of complex functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language of complex functions.
+The question of course is why would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question of course is why would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question of course is why would I
+want to do this? We have already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this? We have already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this? We have already seen
+this in our very first lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in our very first lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in our very first lecture on
+complex variables. For example, we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variables. For example, we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variables. For example, we knew
+how to handle things like cosine m theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to handle things like cosine m theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to handle things like cosine m theta
+without ever having to have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever having to have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever having to have heard of
+complex variables. Yet we found that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variables. Yet we found that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex variables. Yet we found that by
+such things as the Marav's theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as the Marav's theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as the Marav's theorem that
+there was some very nice enlightenment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some very nice enlightenment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some very nice enlightenment
+that the structure of complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the structure of complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the structure of complex numbers
+brought to real numbers. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to real numbers. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to real numbers. In other words,
+then perhaps by taking this pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then perhaps by taking this pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then perhaps by taking this pair of
+equations and writing them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and writing them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and writing them in the
+language of complex variables, I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of complex variables, I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of complex variables, I might
+from the vantage point of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vantage point of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vantage point of the complex
+number system be able to look down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system be able to look down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number system be able to look down at
+the real number system and see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real number system and see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real number system and see some
+things very elegantly from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very elegantly from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things very elegantly from a
+computational point of view, from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational point of view, from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational point of view, from a
+philosophical point of view that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical point of view that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical point of view that I might
+not have been able to notice otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been able to notice otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been able to notice otherwise.
+Now, because this is becoming sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, because this is becoming sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, because this is becoming sort of a
+herang, let's get on with the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herang, let's get on with the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herang, let's get on with the specific
+details and see if this doesn't become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and see if this doesn't become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and see if this doesn't become
+clear as we go along. What we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as we go along. What we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as we go along. What we've already
+said is we can view this change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is we can view this change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is we can view this change of
+variables as being the real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as being the real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as being the real and
+imaginary parts of the complex function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts of the complex function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary parts of the complex function
+f of z. In other words, let's invent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of z. In other words, let's invent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of z. In other words, let's invent the
+function f of z to be u plus iv. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of z to be u plus iv. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of z to be u plus iv. Now,
+the point is let's assume for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is let's assume for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is let's assume for the sake
+of argument that f of z happens to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument that f of z happens to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of argument that f of z happens to be an
+analytic function. What does it mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function. What does it mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function. What does it mean to
+say that f of z is analytic? It means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that f of z is analytic? It means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that f of z is analytic? It means
+that fprime exists. In particular, from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fprime exists. In particular, from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fprime exists. In particular, from
+our lecture of last time, not only does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture of last time, not only does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture of last time, not only does
+fprime exist, but if we want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime exist, but if we want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime exist, but if we want to write
+this quite simply, it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quite simply, it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quite simply, it turns out to be
+the partial of u respect to x plus i *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of u respect to x plus i *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of u respect to x plus i *
+the partial of v with respect to x. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of v with respect to x. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of v with respect to x. In
+particular, the koshi reman conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, the koshi reman conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, the koshi reman conditions
+hold which means that u subx= v suby and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold which means that u subx= v suby and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold which means that u subx= v suby and
+u subyals minus v subx. And by the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u subyals minus v subx. And by the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u subyals minus v subx. And by the way,
+to reinforce what I was just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reinforce what I was just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reinforce what I was just saying
+before, please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, please
+observe that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that this particular
+relationship does not necessitate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship does not necessitate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship does not necessitate my
+knowing anything about complex numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing anything about complex numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing anything about complex numbers.
+Given two functions u and v, functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given two functions u and v, functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given two functions u and v, functions
+of x and y, I can compute the partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y, I can compute the partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and y, I can compute the partial of
+u with respect to x. I can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u with respect to x. I can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u with respect to x. I can compute the
+partial of v with respect to y, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of v with respect to y, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of v with respect to y, the
+partial of u with respect to y, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of u with respect to y, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of u with respect to y, the
+partial of v with respect to x, and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of v with respect to x, and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of v with respect to x, and see
+if these conditions hold. At any rate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conditions hold. At any rate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conditions hold. At any rate,
+if these conditions do hold and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conditions do hold and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conditions do hold and notice
+how nicely the language of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how nicely the language of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how nicely the language of complex
+variables allows me to say that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables allows me to say that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables allows me to say that these
+conditions hold. Namely, all I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions hold. Namely, all I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions hold. Namely, all I have to
+say is that f of z is analytic. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that f of z is analytic. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that f of z is analytic. Then
+coming back to what the jacobian meant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to what the jacobian meant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to what the jacobian meant.
+Remember what the jacobian meant. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember what the jacobian meant. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember what the jacobian meant. It was
+u subx v suby minus u suby v subx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u subx v suby minus u suby v subx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u subx v suby minus u suby v subx.
+Coming back to this, I can now compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coming back to this, I can now compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coming back to this, I can now compute
+this very simply. simply by observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simply. simply by observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simply. simply by observing
+that another way of saying v suby is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another way of saying v suby is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another way of saying v suby is to
+replace it by u subx and if I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by u subx and if I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by u subx and if I do that
+this term becomes u subx^2. If I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term becomes u subx^2. If I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term becomes u subx^2. If I now
+replace u suby by minus v subx, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace u suby by minus v subx, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace u suby by minus v subx, this
+becomes v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes v
+subx^2. And so the condition that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2. And so the condition that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2. And so the condition that this
+this expression becomes u subx^2 + v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression becomes u subx^2 + v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression becomes u subx^2 + v
+subx^2. And if we now look here, notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2. And if we now look here, notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2. And if we now look here, notice
+that since the magnitude of a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since the magnitude of a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since the magnitude of a complex
+number is just the positive square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is just the positive square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is just the positive square root
+of the sum of the squares of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum of the squares of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum of the squares of the real
+and the imaginary parts, this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imaginary parts, this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imaginary parts, this expression
+here is precisely the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is precisely the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is precisely the square of the
+magnitude of frime of z. Now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of frime of z. Now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of frime of z. Now look at the
+only way that this can be zero then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that this can be zero then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that this can be zero then is
+if this is zero. The only way this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is zero. The only way this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is zero. The only way this can
+be zero is if frime of z is itself zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero is if frime of z is itself zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero is if frime of z is itself zero.
+because the only complex number whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only complex number whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only complex number whose
+magnitude is zero is zero itself. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is zero is zero itself. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is zero is zero itself. Now
+what does this tell me? Therefore, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this tell me? Therefore, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this tell me? Therefore, this
+tells me that the system of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the system of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the system of real
+equations u = u ofxy v = v ofxy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations u = u ofxy v = v ofxy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations u = u ofxy v = v ofxy is
+invertible if when we write the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if when we write the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if when we write the complex
+function u + iv and call that f if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function u + iv and call that f if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function u + iv and call that f if f is
+analytic and f prime of z is not zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic and f prime of z is not zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic and f prime of z is not zero.
+Again, notice I could have stated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, notice I could have stated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, notice I could have stated that
+without the language of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the language of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the language of complex
+variables at all. I could have said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at all. I could have said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at all. I could have said look
+at suppose the partial of u with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at suppose the partial of u with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at suppose the partial of u with respect
+to x equals the partial of u with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x equals the partial of u with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x equals the partial of u with
+respect to y and the partial of u with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y and the partial of u with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y and the partial of u with
+respect to y is minus the partial of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y is minus the partial of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y is minus the partial of u
+with respect to x and suppose that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x and suppose that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x and suppose that u
+subx^2 + v subx^2 is not zero then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2 + v subx^2 is not zero then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2 + v subx^2 is not zero then this
+will be invertible now the trouble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be invertible now the trouble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be invertible now the trouble is
+notice that there are an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there are an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that there are an awful lot of
+invertible functions I shouldn't say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible functions I shouldn't say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible functions I shouldn't say the
+trouble is but one of the properties is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is but one of the properties is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is but one of the properties is
+that there are a lot of invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a lot of invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a lot of invertible
+functions which do not obey these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which do not obey these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which do not obey these
+stringent conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent conditions
+Consequently, one would like to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, one would like to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, one would like to believe
+that if we're going to introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we're going to introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we're going to introduce the
+language of complex variables that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of complex variables that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of complex variables that we
+would like to get much more out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get much more out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to get much more out of this
+than just the fact that f of z maps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just the fact that f of z maps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just the fact that f of z maps the
+xy plane into the uv plane in an in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy plane into the uv plane in an in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy plane into the uv plane in an in a
+onetoone onto ma manner as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetoone onto ma manner as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetoone onto ma manner as long as
+fprime is not zero. Let me point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime is not zero. Let me point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime is not zero. Let me point out
+that some invertible mappings are nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some invertible mappings are nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some invertible mappings are nicer
+than others. Now what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others. Now what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others. Now what do I mean by
+nicer? Well, let's make up a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer? Well, let's make up a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer? Well, let's make up a definition
+here. An invertible mapping is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. An invertible mapping is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. An invertible mapping is called
+conformal. And maybe you can guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal. And maybe you can guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal. And maybe you can guess what
+this is going to mean. If it preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to mean. If it preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to mean. If it preserves
+angles. Now, what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles. Now, what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles. Now, what do I mean by
+preserving angles? What I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving angles? What I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving angles? What I'm saying is
+let's suppose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose two
+curves meet at a certain angle in the xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves meet at a certain angle in the xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves meet at a certain angle in the xy
+plane. When I map the xy plane into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. When I map the xy plane into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. When I map the xy plane into the
+UV plane in a onetoone fashion, the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV plane in a onetoone fashion, the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV plane in a onetoone fashion, the two
+curves in the xy plane have images in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves in the xy plane have images in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves in the xy plane have images in
+the UV plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV plane.
+The question that comes up is will the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question that comes up is will the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The question that comes up is will the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+curves intersect at the same angle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves intersect at the same angle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves intersect at the same angle in
+the xy plane that their images intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xy plane that their images intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xy plane that their images intersect
+in the UV plane? Well, heck, maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane? Well, heck, maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane? Well, heck, maybe it's
+easier to do by means of an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do by means of an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do by means of an example.
+Let's look at the usual linear mappings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at the usual linear mappings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at the usual linear mappings
+that we were talking about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about when we
+introduced the Jacobian in double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the Jacobian in double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the Jacobian in double
+integration. Remember, one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. Remember, one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration. Remember, one of the
+problems that we tackled was looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we tackled was looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we tackled was looking to
+see how we map, say, a parallelogram R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we map, say, a parallelogram R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we map, say, a parallelogram R
+onto the unit square S by a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the unit square S by a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the unit square S by a linear
+mapping of the form U= AX + B Y, V= CX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the form U= AX + B Y, V= CX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the form U= AX + B Y, V= CX
+plus DY. Notice that even though this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DY. Notice that even though this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DY. Notice that even though this
+map was linear, even though it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map was linear, even though it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map was linear, even though it was
+invertible, it obviously is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible, it obviously is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible, it obviously is not
+conformal. Why isn't it conformal? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal. Why isn't it conformal? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal. Why isn't it conformal? Well,
+the image of the line of the vector O A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of the line of the vector O A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image of the line of the vector O A
+in the XY plane is O prime A prime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane is O prime A prime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane is O prime A prime in
+the U plane UV plane. The image of OB in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U plane UV plane. The image of OB in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U plane UV plane. The image of OB in
+the XY plane is given by O prime B prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane is given by O prime B prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane is given by O prime B prime
+in the UV plane. Notice that in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane. Notice that in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane. Notice that in the XY
+plane the vectors O A and O B meet at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the vectors O A and O B meet at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the vectors O A and O B meet at an
+angle theta which clearly is not 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta which clearly is not 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta which clearly is not 90°
+whereas their images intersect at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas their images intersect at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas their images intersect at a
+right angle. In other words, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle. In other words, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle. In other words, this
+mapping did not preserve angles that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping did not preserve angles that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping did not preserve angles that the
+image of an angle in the XY plane did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of an angle in the XY plane did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of an angle in the XY plane did
+not have to be the angle of the image in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be the angle of the image in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be the angle of the image in
+the UV plane. Now, why for example would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV plane. Now, why for example would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UV plane. Now, why for example would
+it be important to want to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be important to want to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be important to want to preserve
+angles? Well, among other things, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles? Well, among other things, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles? Well, among other things, when
+we change variables, we sometimes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change variables, we sometimes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change variables, we sometimes don't
+want to change the physical significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the physical significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to change the physical significance
+of a problem. In other words, we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem. In other words, we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a problem. In other words, we may be
+trying to solve a problem in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve a problem in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve a problem in the XY
+plane. For convenience, we map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. For convenience, we map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. For convenience, we map the
+problem into the UV plane. Well, it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into the UV plane. Well, it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into the UV plane. Well, it may
+happen that certain physical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that certain physical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that certain physical properties
+are present in the XY plane. We may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in the XY plane. We may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are present in the XY plane. We may be
+talking about potential and force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about potential and force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about potential and force and
+maybe one family of lines intersects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one family of lines intersects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one family of lines intersects
+another family of lines at right angles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another family of lines at right angles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another family of lines at right angles.
+We'd like to believe that we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'd like to believe that we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'd like to believe that we could have
+a mapping into the UV plane where if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping into the UV plane where if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping into the UV plane where if the
+two lines met at right angles in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines met at right angles in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines met at right angles in the XY
+plane, their images would meet in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, their images would meet in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, their images would meet in the X
+in at right angles in the UV plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at right angles in the UV plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at right angles in the UV plane.
+Well, let's not worry about that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's not worry about that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's not worry about that right
+now. Let's simply emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Let's simply emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Let's simply emphasize the
+mathematics of a situation. A conformal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of a situation. A conformal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of a situation. A conformal
+mapping is one which preserves angles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is one which preserves angles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping is one which preserves angles.
+And I now claim the very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I now claim the very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I now claim the very interesting
+thing. Namely, if the mapping U is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Namely, if the mapping U is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Namely, if the mapping U is some
+function of X and Y, V is some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y, V is some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y, V is some function
+of X and Y. Given that mapping, suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y. Given that mapping, suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y. Given that mapping, suppose
+I form the complex function U plus I V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I form the complex function U plus I V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I form the complex function U plus I V
+equals F. And suppose that that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F. And suppose that that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F. And suppose that that function
+turns out to be analytic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be analytic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be analytic and the
+derivative is not zero. We just saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is not zero. We just saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is not zero. We just saw that
+that guaranteed that the mapping would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guaranteed that the mapping would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guaranteed that the mapping would
+be invertible. I now claim that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invertible. I now claim that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be invertible. I now claim that in this
+special case this mapping is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case this mapping is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case this mapping is also
+conformal. That's a very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal. That's a very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal. That's a very beautiful
+result. In other words, the mapping u= u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. In other words, the mapping u= u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. In other words, the mapping u= u
+ofxy v = v ofxy is conformal as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxy v = v ofxy is conformal as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofxy v = v ofxy is conformal as soon as
+we can be sure that the function f given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be sure that the function f given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be sure that the function f given
+by u + iv is analytic and that fprime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by u + iv is analytic and that fprime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by u + iv is analytic and that fprime is
+not zero. Now why is this mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. Now why is this mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. Now why is this mapping
+conformal? And again the arithmetic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal? And again the arithmetic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal? And again the arithmetic of
+complex numbers comes in in a very handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers comes in in a very handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers comes in in a very handy
+way over here. Namely let's look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way over here. Namely let's look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way over here. Namely let's look to see
+what happens under the mapping. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens under the mapping. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens under the mapping. All
+we're going to do now is change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now is change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do now is change the
+language not from the xy plane and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language not from the xy plane and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language not from the xy plane and the
+uv plane but we are now going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv plane but we are now going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv plane but we are now going to look at
+the xy plane as the argon diagram where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xy plane as the argon diagram where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xy plane as the argon diagram where
+the point x0 comma y 0 is represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point x0 comma y 0 is represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point x0 comma y 0 is represented by
+the complex number z. What I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex number z. What I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex number z. What I'm going to
+assume now is this. Let's take the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now is this. Let's take the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now is this. Let's take the point
+z and let's take two nearby points z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and let's take two nearby points z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and let's take two nearby points z1
+and z2. Now z0 has some image under f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z2. Now z0 has some image under f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z2. Now z0 has some image under f.
+Let's call it w0. Z1 has an image we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call it w0. Z1 has an image we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's call it w0. Z1 has an image we'll
+call it W1 in the UV plane and Z2 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it W1 in the UV plane and Z2 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it W1 in the UV plane and Z2 has
+some image which we'll call W2. Now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some image which we'll call W2. Now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some image which we'll call W2. Now what
+we would like to do is the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to do is the following.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to do is the following.
+Let's take the straight lines that join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's take the straight lines that join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's take the straight lines that join
+Z0 to Z1, Z0 to Z2. Let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z0 to Z1, Z0 to Z2. Let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z0 to Z1, Z0 to Z2. Let's take the
+straight lines that join W0 to W1 and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines that join W0 to W1 and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines that join W0 to W1 and W
+to W2. This is a vector. We'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W2. This is a vector. We'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W2. This is a vector. We'll call that
+delta W1. This is a vector. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta W1. This is a vector. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta W1. This is a vector. In other
+words, can be viewed as a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, can be viewed as a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, can be viewed as a complex
+number. It's w2 minus w0 is delta w2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. It's w2 minus w0 is delta w2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. It's w2 minus w0 is delta w2.
+This we'll call delta z1 for reference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This we'll call delta z1 for reference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This we'll call delta z1 for reference.
+And this vector we'll call delta z2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this vector we'll call delta z2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this vector we'll call delta z2 for
+reference. Now remember how one divides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. Now remember how one divides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. Now remember how one divides
+two complex numbers. We divide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex numbers. We divide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complex numbers. We divide the
+magnitudes and we subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes and we subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes and we subtract the
+arguments. Consequently, if I let theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments. Consequently, if I let theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments. Consequently, if I let theta
+be the angle in reference here, notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the angle in reference here, notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the angle in reference here, notice
+that theta is the angle obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta is the angle obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theta is the angle obtained by
+dividing delta z2 by delta z1. Namely,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing delta z2 by delta z1. Namely,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing delta z2 by delta z1. Namely,
+if I divide delta z2 by delta z1, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I divide delta z2 by delta z1, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I divide delta z2 by delta z1, I
+subtract the angles. If I take the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the angles. If I take the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the angles. If I take the angle
+that delta z2 makes with the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta z2 makes with the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta z2 makes with the positive
+x-axis, subtract from that the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis, subtract from that the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis, subtract from that the angle
+that delta z1 makes with the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta z1 makes with the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta z1 makes with the positive
+x-axis, what's left is is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis, what's left is is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis, what's left is is the angle
+theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+Similarly, notice that fe this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, notice that fe this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, notice that fe this angle
+over here is the argument of delta w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the argument of delta w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is the argument of delta w2
+divided by delta w1. Namely, I simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by delta w1. Namely, I simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by delta w1. Namely, I simply
+subtract the angle that delta w2 makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the angle that delta w2 makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the angle that delta w2 makes
+with the positive u axis. I I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the positive u axis. I I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the positive u axis. I I subtract
+from that angle the angle that delta w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that angle the angle that delta w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that angle the angle that delta w1
+makes with the axis. And that result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes with the axis. And that result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes with the axis. And that result is
+fe. Okay? Because to divide two complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe. Okay? Because to divide two complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fe. Okay? Because to divide two complex
+numbers we divide the magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we divide the magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we divide the magnitudes
+subtract the arguments. What I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the arguments. What I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the arguments. What I want to
+show is that if the complex valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that if the complex valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that if the complex valued
+function f is analytic and fprime is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f is analytic and fprime is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f is analytic and fprime is not
+zero I want to show that theta equals v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I want to show that theta equals v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I want to show that theta equals v.
+Now the way I'm going to do this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the way I'm going to do this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the way I'm going to do this is I
+will assume that we're in a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that we're in a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume that we're in a very small
+neighborhood here. So that what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood here. So that what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood here. So that what I'm
+saying is what what does it mean to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is what what does it mean to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is what what does it mean to say
+that fprime exists? Remember fprime was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fprime exists? Remember fprime was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fprime exists? Remember fprime was
+the quotient delta w divided by delta z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotient delta w divided by delta z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotient delta w divided by delta z.
+So for small values of delta z, delta w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for small values of delta z, delta w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for small values of delta z, delta w
+divided by delta z must be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by delta z must be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by delta z must be approximately
+frime of z0. Okay, we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frime of z0. Okay, we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frime of z0. Okay, we talked about that
+last time. In particular then delta w2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. In particular then delta w2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. In particular then delta w2 /
+delta z2 is one such ratio. Delta w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta z2 is one such ratio. Delta w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta z2 is one such ratio. Delta w1
+divided by delta z1 is another such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by delta z1 is another such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by delta z1 is another such
+ratio. So for small changes in Z these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. So for small changes in Z these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. So for small changes in Z these
+two ratios should be approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ratios should be approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ratios should be approximately equal
+meaning that the error is negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the error is negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the error is negligible
+when we go to the limit and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the limit and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we go to the limit and that that
+approximate ratio is frime of Z0. Now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate ratio is frime of Z0. Now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate ratio is frime of Z0. Now in
+not inverting but looking at this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inverting but looking at this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inverting but looking at this ratio
+the fact that these are approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these are approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these are approximately
+equal says that delta Z2 / delta Z1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal says that delta Z2 / delta Z1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal says that delta Z2 / delta Z1 is
+approximately equal to delta W2 / delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to delta W2 / delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to delta W2 / delta
+W1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1.
+Noticing by the way that if fprime was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noticing by the way that if fprime was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noticing by the way that if fprime was
+zero, delta w1 and delta w2 would both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, delta w1 and delta w2 would both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, delta w1 and delta w2 would both
+be zero. And that would give me a 0 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero. And that would give me a 0 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero. And that would give me a 0 /
+zero form which is indeterminant from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero form which is indeterminant from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero form which is indeterminant from a
+geometric point of view. Notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric point of view. Notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric point of view. Notice that
+fprime of z0 is a vector in the uv may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime of z0 is a vector in the uv may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime of z0 is a vector in the uv may
+be viewed as a vector in the uv plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be viewed as a vector in the uv plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be viewed as a vector in the uv plane.
+It has a magnitude and has a direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a magnitude and has a direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a magnitude and has a direction.
+If fprime is zero, that vector is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If fprime is zero, that vector is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If fprime is zero, that vector is just a
+point. And a point does not determine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And a point does not determine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. And a point does not determine a
+magnitude or a direction. when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude or a direction. when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude or a direction. when you're
+talking about this type of ratios at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this type of ratios at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this type of ratios at
+least it doesn't determine a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it doesn't determine a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it doesn't determine a direction
+it may determine a magnitude zero but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may determine a magnitude zero but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may determine a magnitude zero but at
+any rate all we're saying is is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate all we're saying is is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate all we're saying is is that by
+the analyticness of f we now know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analyticness of f we now know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analyticness of f we now know this
+property here but since these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here but since these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here but since these two
+numbers are approximately equal their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are approximately equal their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are approximately equal their
+arguments must be approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments must be approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments must be approximately equal
+and that says that theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that says that theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that says that theta is
+approximately equal to fee where again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to fee where again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to fee where again I
+want to emphasize when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize when I say
+approximately equal I mean they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal I mean they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal I mean they are
+equal up to errors of second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal up to errors of second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal up to errors of second order
+infinite decimals and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decimals and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite decimals and those are the
+terms that go to zero so fast that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that go to zero so fast that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that go to zero so fast that in
+the limit they don't appear that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit they don't appear that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit they don't appear that this
+does not mean that these are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that these are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that these are almost
+equal it means in the limit they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal it means in the limit they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal it means in the limit they are
+equal the usual way that I'm using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the usual way that I'm using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the usual way that I'm using uh
+approximations whenever I've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations whenever I've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations whenever I've talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+linearity now one application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity now one application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity now one application of
+conformal mappings came up or comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal mappings came up or comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal mappings came up or comes up
+when we discussed the problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discussed the problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discussed the problem that we
+introduced in our discussion of green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in our discussion of green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in our discussion of green's
+theorem about boundary valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem about boundary valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem about boundary valued
+steadystate temperature remember We were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadystate temperature remember We were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steadystate temperature remember We were
+talking about a region R enclosed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a region R enclosed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a region R enclosed by
+some curve C. And I had a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some curve C. And I had a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some curve C. And I had a temperature
+distribution on C and inside R. I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on C and inside R. I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on C and inside R. I knew
+that the temperature satisfied Lelass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the temperature satisfied Lelass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the temperature satisfied Lelass's
+equation in R. That was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in R. That was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in R. That was called the
+steady state condition. Namely, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state condition. Namely, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state condition. Namely, the
+second partial of T with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of T with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of T with respect to X
+plus the second partial of T with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second partial of T with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the second partial of T with
+respect to Y was zero in R. I knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y was zero in R. I knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y was zero in R. I knew what
+T looked like on the boundary of R,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T looked like on the boundary of R,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T looked like on the boundary of R,
+namely on C. And now what we said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely on C. And now what we said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely on C. And now what we said was
+back in our study of Green's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in our study of Green's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in our study of Green's theorem
+that this determined a unique function T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this determined a unique function T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this determined a unique function T
+of XY defined in this entire region R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY defined in this entire region R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY defined in this entire region R.
+And the problem is how do you determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the problem is how do you determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the problem is how do you determine
+what T looks like in the entire region R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what T looks like in the entire region R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what T looks like in the entire region R
+just from this information alone. Notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this information alone. Notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from this information alone. Notice
+again at this point I would never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at this point I would never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at this point I would never have
+had to have heard of complex variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have heard of complex variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have heard of complex variables
+to understand this problem. How can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this problem. How can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this problem. How can I
+prove that? Hopefully in our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that? Hopefully in our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that? Hopefully in our discussion
+of Green's theorem in the exercises, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Green's theorem in the exercises, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Green's theorem in the exercises, you
+understood this problem. Otherwise, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood this problem. Otherwise, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood this problem. Otherwise, you
+couldn't have done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have done the
+exercise. Well, at that stage, we hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. Well, at that stage, we hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise. Well, at that stage, we hadn't
+talked about analytic functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about analytic functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about analytic functions.
+Consequently, that's all the proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, that's all the proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, that's all the proof that
+we need that this problem makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need that this problem makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need that this problem makes
+perfectly good sense without complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good sense without complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good sense without complex
+variables. This is a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. This is a real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. This is a real problem
+defined in terms of real variables in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of real variables in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of real variables in a
+real world situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world situation.
+The key point and that's what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The key point and that's what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The key point and that's what's going to
+be the rest of this lecture is to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the rest of this lecture is to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the rest of this lecture is to prove
+that key point. The key point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that key point. The key point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that key point. The key point is the
+following. Let's suppose I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. Let's suppose I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. Let's suppose I take a
+regular mapping. See what happens is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular mapping. See what happens is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular mapping. See what happens is I
+don't like the problem the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the problem the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the problem the way it's
+stated over here. So I say okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated over here. So I say okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated over here. So I say okay let me
+make a change of variables the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change of variables the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a change of variables the same way
+as I make a change of variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I make a change of variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I make a change of variables in
+solving definite integrals in ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving definite integrals in ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving definite integrals in ordinary
+calculus of a single real variable. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single real variable. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of a single real variable. I
+make the change of variables hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the change of variables hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the change of variables hopefully
+to arrive at an integrant that is easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrive at an integrant that is easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrive at an integrant that is easier
+for me to handle. There's no guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to handle. There's no guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to handle. There's no guarantee
+that the new integrant will be any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the new integrant will be any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the new integrant will be any more
+palatable than the old. But the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palatable than the old. But the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palatable than the old. But the idea is
+I say, okay, let me map R from the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say, okay, let me map R from the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say, okay, let me map R from the XY
+plane into the UV plane by some mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane into the UV plane by some mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane into the UV plane by some mapping
+Fbar that maps E2 into E2. Two space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fbar that maps E2 into E2. Two space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fbar that maps E2 into E2. Two space
+into two space. In terms of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two space. In terms of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two space. In terms of the language
+of complex variables, all I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex variables, all I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex variables, all I'm saying is
+I can view that mapping as a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can view that mapping as a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can view that mapping as a complex
+valued function of a complex variable. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function of a complex variable. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued function of a complex variable. I
+replace Fbar by F. as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace Fbar by F. as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace Fbar by F. as I mentioned
+earlier in the lecture. Well, the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the lecture. Well, the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the lecture. Well, the idea
+is regardless of how I want to do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regardless of how I want to do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regardless of how I want to do that,
+suppose I now map R into some region S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I now map R into some region S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I now map R into some region S
+in the UV plane with a new boundary, say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane with a new boundary, say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane with a new boundary, say
+C prime. That translates my problem from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C prime. That translates my problem from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C prime. That translates my problem from
+the U the XY plane into the UV plane. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U the XY plane into the UV plane. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U the XY plane into the UV plane. If
+it happens that I can solve that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens that I can solve that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens that I can solve that problem
+in the UV plane, the inverse mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane, the inverse mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the UV plane, the inverse mapping
+then comes back to give me the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back to give me the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes back to give me the solution
+in the XY plane. Now the big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane. Now the big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane. Now the big problem
+that comes up is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up is that in
+general invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general invertible
+transformations do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations do not
+preserve statements made in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve statements made in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve statements made in terms of a
+coordinate system. In other words, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. In other words, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. In other words, for
+example, if u is some function of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if u is some function of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, if u is some function of x and
+y and v is some function of x and y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and v is some function of x and y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and v is some function of x and y and
+that's gives me an invertible mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gives me an invertible mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gives me an invertible mapping
+that maps the region R into a unit S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps the region R into a unit S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps the region R into a unit S
+into a region S. There is no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a region S. There is no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a region S. There is no reason to
+assume that just because this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that just because this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that just because this equation
+is obeyed in R that T subu plus T subV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obeyed in R that T subu plus T subV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obeyed in R that T subu plus T subV
+will equal zero in S. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will equal zero in S. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will equal zero in S. In other words,
+this is a statement that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a statement that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a statement that depends on the
+coordinate system. It's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. It's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. It's sort of like
+saying that when you wanted to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that when you wanted to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that when you wanted to compute
+the magnitude of a vector, you just took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a vector, you just took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of a vector, you just took
+the square root of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sum of the
+squares of the components. That was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the components. That was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the components. That was only
+true if you were using cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you were using cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you were using cartisian
+coordinates. If you use polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. If you use polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. If you use polar
+coordinates, you had to use a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, you had to use a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates, you had to use a more
+elaborate computational recipe for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate computational recipe for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate computational recipe for a
+distance fun distance function. See, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance fun distance function. See, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance fun distance function. See, the
+trouble is I can map this into the UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is I can map this into the UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble is I can map this into the UV
+plane, but it may happen that lelass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, but it may happen that lelass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, but it may happen that lelass's
+equation is not obeyed on the new region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is not obeyed on the new region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is not obeyed on the new region
+S. But the key amazing point is this. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. But the key amazing point is this. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. But the key amazing point is this. If
+I now view take the mapping induced by U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now view take the mapping induced by U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now view take the mapping induced by U
+and V and call that again U plus I V,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V and call that again U plus I V,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V and call that again U plus I V,
+call that function F. In other words, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that function F. In other words, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that function F. In other words, if
+f maps the region R in the argon diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f maps the region R in the argon diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f maps the region R in the argon diagram
+interpretation of the XY plane into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the XY plane into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the XY plane into the
+region S in the UV plane where F is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region S in the UV plane where F is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region S in the UV plane where F is U
+plus IV and F is analytic and F prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus IV and F is analytic and F prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus IV and F is analytic and F prime is
+not zero. Then the amazing thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. Then the amazing thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. Then the amazing thing is that
+this is equal to zero in R if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero in R if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero in R if and only
+if I might as well put this in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I might as well put this in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I might as well put this in here
+because it does go both ways by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does go both ways by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does go both ways by
+invertability. This is obeyed in S. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertability. This is obeyed in S. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertability. This is obeyed in S. In
+other words, an analytic function, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, an analytic function, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, an analytic function, a
+conformal mapping preserves lelass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal mapping preserves lelass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal mapping preserves lelass's
+equation. See, what does that mean? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. See, what does that mean? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. See, what does that mean? It
+means this. Let's suppose that f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this. Let's suppose that f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this. Let's suppose that f is a
+conformal mapping. Namely, it's analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal mapping. Namely, it's analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal mapping. Namely, it's analytic
+and its derivative is never zero. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its derivative is never zero. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its derivative is never zero. I'm
+given that t equals t sub0 of xy on c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that t equals t sub0 of xy on c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that t equals t sub0 of xy on c
+and that it satisfies lelass's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it satisfies lelass's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it satisfies lelass's equation
+in R. I now make the mapping f. Since f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R. I now make the mapping f. Since f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R. I now make the mapping f. Since f
+is invertible, it carries the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible, it carries the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible, it carries the closed
+curve c into a closed curve c prime. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve c into a closed curve c prime. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve c into a closed curve c prime. And
+the interior of c is carried into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior of c is carried into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior of c is carried into the
+interior of c prime, which is s. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of c prime, which is s. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior of c prime, which is s. And
+that gives me a new problem, namely t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a new problem, namely t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a new problem, namely t is
+some function of u and v in the uv plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of u and v in the uv plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of u and v in the uv plane
+on c prime. And it still satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on c prime. And it still satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on c prime. And it still satisfies
+lelass's equation. Suppose it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lelass's equation. Suppose it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lelass's equation. Suppose it happens
+that because of the ge geometry here, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the ge geometry here, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the ge geometry here, I
+can solve this problem in the UV plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this problem in the UV plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this problem in the UV plane.
+If I can do that, I simply find what t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I can do that, I simply find what t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I can do that, I simply find what t
+of uv looks like in s remembering that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uv looks like in s remembering that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uv looks like in s remembering that u
+is u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is u of
+xy. V is v of xy. I plug this in. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy. V is v of xy. I plug this in. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy. V is v of xy. I plug this in. This
+gives me t in terms of x and y. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me t in terms of x and y. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me t in terms of x and y. And that
+will be a solution in the region R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a solution in the region R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a solution in the region R
+because you see Lelass's equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see Lelass's equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see Lelass's equation is
+obeyed. You see the key point is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeyed. You see the key point is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeyed. You see the key point is what
+that conformal mappings preserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conformal mappings preserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that conformal mappings preserve the
+solution of lelass's equation and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of lelass's equation and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of lelass's equation and that
+is one of the very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the very important
+applications of conformal mappings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of conformal mappings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of conformal mappings in
+the study of the real world and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of the real world and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of the real world and again
+notice I could have defined conformal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I could have defined conformal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice I could have defined conformal
+without any reference to complex numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any reference to complex numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any reference to complex numbers
+just in terms of preserving angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of preserving angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in terms of preserving angles and
+then have invented what I mean by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have invented what I mean by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have invented what I mean by an
+analytic function by studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function by studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function by studying the
+geometry inventing the agon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry inventing the agon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry inventing the agon
+etc but why not take advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but why not take advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but why not take advantage of the
+structure which already exists. Well, at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which already exists. Well, at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which already exists. Well, at
+any rate, what I would like to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate, what I would like to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate, what I would like to do for
+the finale for today's lesson is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finale for today's lesson is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finale for today's lesson is to
+prove this particular result. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this particular result. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this particular result. And the
+reason I would like to prove that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I would like to prove that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I would like to prove that is
+that once and for all, this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once and for all, this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once and for all, this should
+review the chain rule for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the chain rule for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the chain rule for real
+variables. It should show you how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. It should show you how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables. It should show you how the
+chain rule is used and what happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule is used and what happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule is used and what happens with
+ordinary transformations from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary transformations from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary transformations from an
+algebraic point of view. And finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic point of view. And finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic point of view. And finally,
+because the proof never makes use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the proof never makes use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the proof never makes use of
+complex numbers directly, but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers directly, but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers directly, but only
+properties of U and V, where U and V are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of U and V, where U and V are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of U and V, where U and V are
+the real and imaginary parts of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary parts of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary parts of a
+complex function. I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex function. I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex function. I think that this
+should psychologically eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should psychologically eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should psychologically eliminate the
+traumatic experience that complex valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatic experience that complex valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatic experience that complex valued
+functions have no real application. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have no real application. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have no real application. You
+see, the thing I want to do is this. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, the thing I want to do is this. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, the thing I want to do is this. I
+want to compute t subxx plus t suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute t subxx plus t suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute t subxx plus t suby
+yy given the transformation that u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yy given the transformation that u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yy given the transformation that u is
+some function of x and y and v is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of x and y and v is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of x and y and v is some
+function of x and y. No assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x and y. No assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of x and y. No assumptions
+about the mapping being invertible yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mapping being invertible yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mapping being invertible yet.
+All I'm going to assume is that u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I'm going to assume is that u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I'm going to assume is that u and v
+are differentiable continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differentiable continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differentiable continuously
+differentiable functions of x and y. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions of x and y. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable functions of x and y. So
+I can make whatever manipulations I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make whatever manipulations I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make whatever manipulations I want
+with these. And what I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these. And what I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these. And what I would like to do
+is now compute the leloian t subxx plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now compute the leloian t subxx plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now compute the leloian t subxx plus
+t sub y y as it would look in terms of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub y y as it would look in terms of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub y y as it would look in terms of u
+and v. And the first thing I point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v. And the first thing I point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v. And the first thing I point out
+quite simply by the chain rule is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simply by the chain rule is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simply by the chain rule is to
+take the partial of t with respect to x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of t with respect to x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the partial of t with respect to x.
+I simply do what? Take the partial of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simply do what? Take the partial of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I simply do what? Take the partial of t
+with respect to u * the partial of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to u * the partial of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to u * the partial of u
+with respect to x plus the partial of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x plus the partial of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x plus the partial of t
+with respect to v times the partial of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to v times the partial of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to v times the partial of v
+with respect to x. It's as if the u's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x. It's as if the u's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x. It's as if the u's
+and the v's can cancel. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the v's can cancel. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the v's can cancel. This is the
+contribution of t subx due to u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of t subx due to u.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of t subx due to u.
+Contribution of t subx due to v. I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contribution of t subx due to v. I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contribution of t subx due to v. I add
+them up because u and v are independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up because u and v are independent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up because u and v are independent.
+I hope by now you remember this almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope by now you remember this almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope by now you remember this almost
+automatically. Then I want the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically. Then I want the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically. Then I want the partial
+of this with respect to x. That means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this with respect to x. That means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this with respect to x. That means I
+want the partial of this expression with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the partial of this expression with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the partial of this expression with
+respect to x. The partial of a sum is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x. The partial of a sum is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to x. The partial of a sum is a
+sum of the partials that brings me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the partials that brings me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the partials that brings me from
+here to here. The each of these is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here. The each of these is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here. The each of these is a
+product. The partial of a product I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. The partial of a product I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. The partial of a product I have
+to use the product rule for that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the product rule for that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the product rule for that's what
+the first times the partial of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first times the partial of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first times the partial of the
+second with respect to x plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second with respect to x plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second with respect to x plus the
+partial of the first t subu with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of the first t subu with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of the first t subu with respect
+to x times the second similarly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x times the second similarly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x times the second similarly this
+term here becomes this right the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here becomes this right the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here becomes this right the first
+time the partial of the second plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the partial of the second plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the partial of the second plus the
+partial of the first times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of the first times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of the first times the second
+and the key point is that I put these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key point is that I put these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key point is that I put these in
+parenthesis here to emphasize the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis here to emphasize the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis here to emphasize the fact
+that these are still single functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are still single functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are still single functions
+Consequently, what I can now do is apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, what I can now do is apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, what I can now do is apply
+the chain rule to each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule to each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule to each of these
+expressions. Again, don't be thrown off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions. Again, don't be thrown off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions. Again, don't be thrown off
+by the subscripts u and v. Think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the subscripts u and v. Think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the subscripts u and v. Think of the
+whole thing in parenthesis as being some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in parenthesis as being some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in parenthesis as being some
+function of u and v. To take the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of u and v. To take the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of u and v. To take the partial
+of what's in parentheses with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's in parentheses with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's in parentheses with respect to
+x, I take the partial first with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, I take the partial first with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, I take the partial first with respect
+to u times the partial of u with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u times the partial of u with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u times the partial of u with respect
+to x. Then the partial with respect to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x. Then the partial with respect to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x. Then the partial with respect to v
+times the partial of v with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the partial of v with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the partial of v with respect to
+x. In other words, leaving the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. In other words, leaving the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. In other words, leaving the details
+again for you to review. This expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for you to review. This expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for you to review. This expression
+here becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here becomes
+this. This expression is what? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This expression is what? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This expression is what? The
+partial of this with respect to u time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to u time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to u time
+the partial of u with respect to x. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of u with respect to x. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of u with respect to x. The
+partial of this with respect to v times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to v times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to v times
+the partial of v with respect to x. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of v with respect to x. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of v with respect to x. And
+now taking these expressions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taking these expressions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taking these expressions and
+replacing these by this in our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing these by this in our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing these by this in our previous
+expression and again leaving the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and again leaving the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and again leaving the details
+to you. I wind up with the fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you. I wind up with the fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you. I wind up with the fairly
+complicated result that in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated result that in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated result that in terms of the
+partials with respect to u and v t subxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials with respect to u and v t subxx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials with respect to u and v t subxx
+is this fairly messy expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this fairly messy expression.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this fairly messy expression.
+Okay. By the way, I do not have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. By the way, I do not have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. By the way, I do not have to do
+this whole thing over again to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing over again to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing over again to find the
+second partial of t with respect to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of t with respect to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second partial of t with respect to y
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this derivation is symmetric in x and y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivation is symmetric in x and y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivation is symmetric in x and y.
+And if you don't believe this, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you don't believe this, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you don't believe this, you can
+do the thing over as an exercise and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the thing over as an exercise and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the thing over as an exercise and see
+what does happen. I claim all I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does happen. I claim all I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does happen. I claim all I have to
+do now to get what the second partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now to get what the second partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now to get what the second partial of
+t with respect to y looks like is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with respect to y looks like is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with respect to y looks like is to go
+through this result and every place I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this result and every place I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this result and every place I
+see an x, I replace it by a y because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an x, I replace it by a y because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an x, I replace it by a y because
+I'm just taking partials with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking partials with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking partials with respect to
+y rather than respect to x. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y rather than respect to x. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y rather than respect to x. Everything
+else stays the same. So I now wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else stays the same. So I now wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else stays the same. So I now wind up
+with this expression here. And now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expression here. And now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this expression here. And now the
+interesting thing happens. I just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing happens. I just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing happens. I just add
+these two expressions and I get well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two expressions and I get well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two expressions and I get well I
+guess the technical word for it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the technical word for it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the technical word for it is a
+mess. I get t subxx plus t sub y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess. I get t subxx plus t sub y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess. I get t subxx plus t sub y y
+actually involves five different terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves five different terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves five different terms.
+There's a second partial of t with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a second partial of t with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a second partial of t with
+respect to u and the coefficient of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to u and the coefficient of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to u and the coefficient of that
+you see would be what? It's u subx^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see would be what? It's u subx^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see would be what? It's u subx^2
+here. It's u sub y^2 here. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's u sub y^2 here. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's u sub y^2 here. So the
+coefficient of that is u subx^2 + u sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of that is u subx^2 + u sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of that is u subx^2 + u sub
+y^2. Again without going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2. Again without going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2. Again without going through the
+details I get a second partial of t with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I get a second partial of t with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I get a second partial of t with
+respect to v term and that multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to v term and that multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to v term and that multiplied by
+v subx^2 + v suby^ 2. Observing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v subx^2 + v suby^ 2. Observing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v subx^2 + v suby^ 2. Observing that the
+mixed partials are equal by continuity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed partials are equal by continuity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed partials are equal by continuity,
+I can combine the t subuv terms and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can combine the t subuv terms and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can combine the t subuv terms and get
+that the coefficient is twice u subx v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coefficient is twice u subx v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the coefficient is twice u subx v
+subx plus u suby v suby. There's a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx plus u suby v suby. There's a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx plus u suby v suby. There's a term
+involving t subu whose coefficient is u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving t subu whose coefficient is u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving t subu whose coefficient is u
+subxx plus u subub yy and a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx plus u subub yy and a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx plus u subub yy and a term
+involving t subv the partial of t with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving t subv the partial of t with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving t subv the partial of t with
+respect to v whose coefficient is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to v whose coefficient is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to v whose coefficient is v
+subxx plus v suby y and in general see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx plus v suby y and in general see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subxx plus v suby y and in general see
+so far I've imposed no conditions on u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I've imposed no conditions on u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far I've imposed no conditions on u
+and v other than that u and v were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v other than that u and v were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v other than that u and v were
+continuously differentiable functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously differentiable functions of
+x and y and I hope that what this proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y and I hope that what this proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y and I hope that what this proves
+to you conclusively is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you conclusively is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you conclusively is that when you
+translate lelass's equation into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate lelass's equation into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate lelass's equation into an
+arbitrary UV coordinate system, you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary UV coordinate system, you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary UV coordinate system, you do
+not get just a T subuu and T subV term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get just a T subuu and T subV term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get just a T subuu and T subV term.
+There are five terms. And if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are five terms. And if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are five terms. And if you're
+lucky, some of them happen to drop out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky, some of them happen to drop out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky, some of them happen to drop out.
+And by the way, one hint here is is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by the way, one hint here is is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by the way, one hint here is is you
+may remember from our lecture of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember from our lecture of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may remember from our lecture of last
+time, it happened that if U and V were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, it happened that if U and V were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, it happened that if U and V were
+the real and the imaginary parts of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and the imaginary parts of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and the imaginary parts of an
+analytic function or without using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function or without using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic function or without using the
+language of analytic functions, if u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of analytic functions, if u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of analytic functions, if u
+subx equal v suby and u suby was minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx equal v suby and u suby was minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx equal v suby and u suby was minus v
+subx. It turned out that u subxx plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx. It turned out that u subxx plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx. It turned out that u subxx plus u
+subub yy was zero and v subxx plus v sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subub yy was zero and v subxx plus v sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subub yy was zero and v subxx plus v sub
+yy is zero. So in that special case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yy is zero. So in that special case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yy is zero. So in that special case,
+notice that we have the good luck that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we have the good luck that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we have the good luck that
+both of these two terms would vanish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these two terms would vanish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these two terms would vanish.
+But in general, it's not true that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in general, it's not true that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in general, it's not true that for
+arbitrary functions u and v that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions u and v that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary functions u and v that they
+satisfy the koshi reman conditions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the koshi reman conditions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the koshi reman conditions. So
+now we're going to invoke what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to invoke what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to invoke what we know
+about conformal mappings. Now we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conformal mappings. Now we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conformal mappings. Now we say
+look at let's form the complex valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at let's form the complex valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at let's form the complex valued
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+u plus iv where u and v are is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus iv where u and v are is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u plus iv where u and v are is given
+over here. If it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. If it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. If it turns out that the
+function f defined by u plus iv is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f defined by u plus iv is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f defined by u plus iv is
+analytic. Then what do we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic. Then what do we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic. Then what do we already know
+from before? We know from before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before? We know from before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before? We know from before that
+fprime is u subx plus i v subx. That u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime is u subx plus i v subx. That u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fprime is u subx plus i v subx. That u
+subx is v suby. That u suby is minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is v suby. That u suby is minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx is v suby. That u suby is minus v
+subx. We know that the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx. We know that the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx. We know that the square of the
+magnitude of fprime is u subx^2 + v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of fprime is u subx^2 + v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of fprime is u subx^2 + v
+subx^2. By the way, since v subx is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2. By the way, since v subx is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx^2. By the way, since v subx is just
+the negative of u suby, v subx^2 is u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of u suby, v subx^2 is u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of u suby, v subx^2 is u
+suby^2. So this can be written in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby^2. So this can be written in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby^2. So this can be written in this
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+form. Similarly, since u subx is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Similarly, since u subx is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Similarly, since u subx is equal
+to v suby, u subx^2 is equal to v sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v suby, u subx^2 is equal to v sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v suby, u subx^2 is equal to v sub
+y^2. So these are three different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2. So these are three different forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2. So these are three different forms
+for expressing the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expressing the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expressing the square of the
+magnitude of fprime. We also knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of fprime. We also knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of fprime. We also knew that
+if this was analytic that u subxx plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was analytic that u subxx plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was analytic that u subxx plus u
+suby y and v subxx plus v sub yy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby y and v subxx plus v sub yy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby y and v subxx plus v sub yy is
+zero. By the way, notice that what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. By the way, notice that what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. By the way, notice that what this
+does is that this is giving us a hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is that this is giving us a hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is that this is giving us a hold on
+all of the coefficients that we had over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the coefficients that we had over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the coefficients that we had over
+here. In fact, it seems that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. In fact, it seems that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. In fact, it seems that the only
+thing left to worry about is what is u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing left to worry about is what is u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing left to worry about is what is u
+subx v subx plus u suby v suby? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx v subx plus u suby v suby? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx v subx plus u suby v suby? Well,
+look it u subx v subx plus u suby v suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it u subx v subx plus u suby v suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it u subx v subx plus u suby v suby
+is simply this. Notice that another name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply this. Notice that another name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply this. Notice that another name
+for u subx is v suby and another name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u subx is v suby and another name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u subx is v suby and another name
+for u suby is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u suby is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for u suby is
+minus v subx. Consequently this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v subx. Consequently this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v subx. Consequently this
+expression is just v suby v subx minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is just v suby v subx minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is just v suby v subx minus v
+subx v suby. These are numbers so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx v suby. These are numbers so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx v suby. These are numbers so it's
+commutive here. In other words this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutive here. In other words this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutive here. In other words this is
+just this. So when you subtract them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this. So when you subtract them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this. So when you subtract them the
+result is zero. That means by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is zero. That means by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is zero. That means by the way
+that under the assumption that u plus i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under the assumption that u plus i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under the assumption that u plus i
+v is analytic. Then we can say that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is analytic. Then we can say that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is analytic. Then we can say that u
+subx v subx plus u suby v suby is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx v subx plus u suby v suby is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx v subx plus u suby v suby is zero.
+So the t subuv term drops out. To make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the t subuv term drops out. To make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the t subuv term drops out. To make a
+long story short, all of our terms drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story short, all of our terms drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story short, all of our terms drop
+out except for the terms that involve t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out except for the terms that involve t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out except for the terms that involve t
+subu and t subvv where what we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subu and t subvv where what we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subu and t subvv where what we showed
+was that their coefficients were simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that their coefficients were simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that their coefficients were simply
+the square of the magnitude of frime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the magnitude of frime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the magnitude of frime of
+z. So in the special case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. So in the special case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z. So in the special case that the
+mapping U plus IV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping U plus IV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping U plus IV is
+conformal, we have the remarkable result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal, we have the remarkable result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal, we have the remarkable result
+that the leloian is changed only by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the leloian is changed only by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the leloian is changed only by a
+non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative
+factor as we go from the XY plane to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor as we go from the XY plane to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor as we go from the XY plane to the
+UV plane. In particular, assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV plane. In particular, assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV plane. In particular, assuming that
+FP prime of Z is not zero. And notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP prime of Z is not zero. And notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP prime of Z is not zero. And notice
+that that's the condition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the condition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the condition for the
+mapping to be conformal. If frime of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping to be conformal. If frime of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping to be conformal. If frime of z
+is not zero. Notice that if this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not zero. Notice that if this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not zero. Notice that if this is not
+zero, this expression can be zero if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, this expression can be zero if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, this expression can be zero if and
+only if this expression is zero. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this expression is zero. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this expression is zero. And
+that's precisely the result that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's precisely the result that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's precisely the result that we
+needed to talk about uh uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to talk about uh uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to talk about uh uh when we
+talked about the fact that the lelass's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fact that the lelass's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fact that the lelass's
+equation was preserved by a conformal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was preserved by a conformal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was preserved by a conformal
+mapping. And that is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping. And that is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping. And that is one of the most
+important reasons as to why many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reasons as to why many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reasons as to why many
+branches of physics for example use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of physics for example use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of physics for example use the
+theory of complex variables. It's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of complex variables. It's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of complex variables. It's that
+the derivative in terms of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative in terms of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative in terms of complex
+variables gives us a very nice language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables gives us a very nice language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables gives us a very nice language
+and some very nice computational holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some very nice computational holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some very nice computational holds
+that technically speaking we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technically speaking we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technically speaking we could
+have done without. We could technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done without. We could technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done without. We could technically
+have speaking have done this all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have speaking have done this all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have speaking have done this all in
+terms of the language of real valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the language of real valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the language of real valued
+functions and constructed a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and constructed a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and constructed a very
+artificial language a very unnatural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language a very unnatural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language a very unnatural
+language. But notice that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. But notice that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. But notice that because the
+calculus of complex variables mimics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of complex variables mimics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus of complex variables mimics
+that of real variables, we wind up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of real variables, we wind up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of real variables, we wind up with
+a very natural language from which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very natural language from which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very natural language from which we
+can operate. And this gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate. And this gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can operate. And this gives us a
+tremendous vantage point over the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous vantage point over the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous vantage point over the real
+world. In other words, the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. In other words, the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. In other words, the complex
+numbers are not only real, but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are not only real, but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are not only real, but they are
+an advantage point over the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advantage point over the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advantage point over the so-called
+real number world. At any rate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number world. At any rate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number world. At any rate,
+hopefully the exercises in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the exercises in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the exercises in today's
+assignment will help clarify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment will help clarify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment will help clarify this
+further. Next time we will look at still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. Next time we will look at still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. Next time we will look at still
+another aspect of the value of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of the value of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of the value of complex
+variables in the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the study of
+real variable theory. But at any rate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variable theory. But at any rate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real variable theory. But at any rate,
+until next time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time,
+goodbye. Funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye. Funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye. Funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriel
+Ella and Paul Rosenbomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ella and Paul Rosenbomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ella and Paul Rosenbomb
+Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at ocw.mit.ed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a donation at ocw.mit.ed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a donation at ocw.mit.ed.
+edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sBYrp3zssWE.txt b/sBYrp3zssWE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01186f3a45eecf223d138e998d7b3ceafe6b7817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sBYrp3zssWE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+let's go now to storyboard 36 starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go now to storyboard 36 starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go now to storyboard 36 starting
+with panel a regulation of metabolism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with panel a regulation of metabolism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with panel a regulation of metabolism so
+far in 507 we have looked at metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in 507 we have looked at metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in 507 we have looked at metabolic
+pathways from the perspective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways from the perspective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways from the perspective of the
+cell in organelles within the cell using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in organelles within the cell using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in organelles within the cell using
+physiological scenarios I tried to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological scenarios I tried to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological scenarios I tried to show
+you how pathways within the cell respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how pathways within the cell respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how pathways within the cell respond
+to a change in the environment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a change in the environment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a change in the environment for
+example by running away from a stressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by running away from a stressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by running away from a stressor
+such as a dog or dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a dog or dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as a dog or dealing with the
+problems of starvation or diabetes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of starvation or diabetes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of starvation or diabetes we
+have looked a little bit at the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked a little bit at the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked a little bit at the ways
+that individual steps and pathways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual steps and pathways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that individual steps and pathways are
+regulated with not however looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated with not however looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated with not however looked at the
+ways that individual pathways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that individual pathways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that individual pathways and
+individual organs coordinate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual organs coordinate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual organs coordinate the
+respective activities in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective activities in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respective activities in order to
+accommodate the needs of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the needs of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the needs of the entire
+organism coordinated pathway networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism coordinated pathway networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism coordinated pathway networking
+is the focus of this lecture let's turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the focus of this lecture let's turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the focus of this lecture let's turn
+to panel B I'm going to start out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to panel B I'm going to start out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to panel B I'm going to start out by
+talking a little bit about the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a little bit about the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking a little bit about the seven
+pathways that we've studied in detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that we've studied in detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that we've studied in detail in
+507 and look at how they're regulated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+507 and look at how they're regulated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+507 and look at how they're regulated as
+I've said before typically pathways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said before typically pathways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said before typically pathways are
+regulated at their rate determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated at their rate determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated at their rate determining
+steps that is the step at which you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that is the step at which you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that is the step at which you'll
+find an enzyme that has a large free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an enzyme that has a large free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an enzyme that has a large free
+energy change associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change associated with the
+conversion of substrates to products in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of substrates to products in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of substrates to products in
+the first pathway we studied glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pathway we studied glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first pathway we studied glycolysis
+there are three irreversible steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three irreversible steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three irreversible steps
+specifically the glucokinase slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the glucokinase slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the glucokinase slash
+hexokinase step secondly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase step secondly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexokinase step secondly the
+phosphofructokinase one-step and thirdly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one-step and thirdly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one-step and thirdly
+the last step pyruvate kinase these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step pyruvate kinase these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last step pyruvate kinase these are
+all sites of pathway regulation our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sites of pathway regulation our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sites of pathway regulation our
+second pathway the tricarboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pathway the tricarboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pathway the tricarboxylic acid
+cycle or Krebs cycle was regulated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or Krebs cycle was regulated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or Krebs cycle was regulated at
+every step at which NADH is produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step at which NADH is produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step at which NADH is produced
+that is citrate dehydrogenase alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is citrate dehydrogenase alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is citrate dehydrogenase alpha
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and malate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and malate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and malate
+dehydrogenase while pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase while pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase while pyruvate
+dehydrogenase is not formally part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase is not formally part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase is not formally part of
+the TCA cycle I'll point out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle I'll point out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCA cycle I'll point out here
+that it is also regulated by NADH in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is also regulated by NADH in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is also regulated by NADH in all
+four cases NADH feedback inhibits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cases NADH feedback inhibits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cases NADH feedback inhibits the
+enzymes that produce it under conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that produce it under conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that produce it under conditions
+of excessive TCA cycle activity you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excessive TCA cycle activity you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excessive TCA cycle activity you'll
+find that NADH levels will drop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that NADH levels will drop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that NADH levels will drop and
+accordingly NAD+ levels will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly NAD+ levels will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly NAD+ levels will increase
+the reduction in NADH will result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction in NADH will result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction in NADH will result in
+activation of the pathway in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the pathway in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the pathway in other words
+the disappearance of NADH results in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disappearance of NADH results in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disappearance of NADH results in the
+uninhibited a our third pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninhibited a our third pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninhibited a our third pathway
+gluconeogenesis is regulated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis is regulated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis is regulated at the
+pyruvate carboxylase step at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase step at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate carboxylase step at the
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate a step and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate a step and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate a step and at
+the glycogen synthase / glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycogen synthase / glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycogen synthase / glycogen
+phosphorylase steps we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase steps we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase steps we're going to be
+looking at this pathway in some detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this pathway in some detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this pathway in some detail
+in a little while our fourth pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little while our fourth pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little while our fourth pathway
+fatty acid catabolism is regulated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid catabolism is regulated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid catabolism is regulated at
+the cat or carnitine acyl transferase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat or carnitine acyl transferase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cat or carnitine acyl transferase
+step which is inhibited by malonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which is inhibited by malonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which is inhibited by malonyl
+coenzyme a melon Eelco a is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a melon Eelco a is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a melon Eelco a is one of the
+key precursors for fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key precursors for fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key precursors for fatty acid
+biosynthesis it makes sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis it makes sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis it makes sense that the
+concentration of malonyl coenzyme a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of malonyl coenzyme a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of malonyl coenzyme a if
+high would inhibit the uptake of fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high would inhibit the uptake of fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high would inhibit the uptake of fatty
+acids into the mitochondrial matrix keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids into the mitochondrial matrix keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids into the mitochondrial matrix keep
+in mind that uptake into the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that uptake into the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that uptake into the matrix is
+the job of cat one shutting down cat one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of cat one shutting down cat one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of cat one shutting down cat one
+by the high concentration of Millenial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the high concentration of Millenial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the high concentration of Millenial
+co a prevents entry of fatty acids into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a prevents entry of fatty acids into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co a prevents entry of fatty acids into
+the mitochondrial matrix where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial matrix where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitochondrial matrix where they
+otherwise would be subjected to beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would be subjected to beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would be subjected to beta
+oxidation by turning off cat one malonyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation by turning off cat one malonyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation by turning off cat one malonyl
+coenzyme a prevents the futile cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a prevents the futile cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coenzyme a prevents the futile cycle of
+simultaneous fatty acid degradation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous fatty acid degradation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous fatty acid degradation and
+biosynthesis the fifth pathway is fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis the fifth pathway is fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis the fifth pathway is fatty
+acid biosynthesis acetyl co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid biosynthesis acetyl co a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid biosynthesis acetyl co a
+carboxylase or acc is the enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase or acc is the enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylase or acc is the enzyme that
+makes millennial coenzyme a out of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes millennial coenzyme a out of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes millennial coenzyme a out of its
+precursor acetyl coenzyme a this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor acetyl coenzyme a this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor acetyl coenzyme a this enzyme
+acc is activated by insulin as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acc is activated by insulin as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acc is activated by insulin as we've
+seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before
+insulin detects the fed state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin detects the fed state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin detects the fed state in the
+organism hence following a meal insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism hence following a meal insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism hence following a meal insulin
+levels rise and that's the signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels rise and that's the signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels rise and that's the signal that
+tells the cells of the body to take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the cells of the body to take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the cells of the body to take up
+nutrients that's just one example after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients that's just one example after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients that's just one example after
+a meal glucose levels will rise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meal glucose levels will rise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a meal glucose levels will rise in the
+butt insulin will be released and drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt insulin will be released and drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butt insulin will be released and drive
+the glucose into the cell the cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose into the cell the cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose into the cell the cell will
+then activate pathways by which the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then activate pathways by which the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then activate pathways by which the blue
+is converted to acetyl co a then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converted to acetyl co a then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converted to acetyl co a then the
+acetyl co a will be converted into fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a will be converted into fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetyl co a will be converted into fatty
+acids and then ultimately into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and then ultimately into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and then ultimately into
+triacylglycerols for energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerols for energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triacylglycerols for energy storage
+our sixth regulated pathway is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sixth regulated pathway is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sixth regulated pathway is the
+pentose phosphate pathway glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate pathway glucose
+6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the first
+step in the pathway and as we often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the pathway and as we often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the pathway and as we often see
+an early or committed step is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early or committed step is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early or committed step is where
+regulation happens one of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation happens one of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation happens one of the products
+of the pentose phosphate pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pentose phosphate pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pentose phosphate pathway is
+NADPH if the cell has used a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH if the cell has used a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH if the cell has used a lot of
+NADPH for example for biosynthesis its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH for example for biosynthesis its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH for example for biosynthesis its
+levels will drop coordinate Li there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels will drop coordinate Li there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels will drop coordinate Li there
+will be an increase in nadp+ in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an increase in nadp+ in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an increase in nadp+ in the case
+of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase we
+find that nadp+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that nadp+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that nadp+
+which is the product of excessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the product of excessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the product of excessive
+reductive biosynthesis as well as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive biosynthesis as well as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive biosynthesis as well as other
+activities such as combating oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities such as combating oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities such as combating oxidative
+stress activates the dehydrogenase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress activates the dehydrogenase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress activates the dehydrogenase in
+order to enable the synthesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to enable the synthesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to enable the synthesis of
+additional NADPH in order to sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional NADPH in order to sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional NADPH in order to sustain
+biosynthesis the last pathway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis the last pathway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis the last pathway the
+seventh is electron transport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh is electron transport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh is electron transport and
+oxidative phosphorylation this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative phosphorylation this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative phosphorylation this is our
+most robust pathway for the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most robust pathway for the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most robust pathway for the production
+of ATP when there's a lot of demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP when there's a lot of demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP when there's a lot of demand for
+ATP ADP levels will rise in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP ADP levels will rise in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP ADP levels will rise in the cell and
+it's ultimately the level of ADP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ultimately the level of ADP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ultimately the level of ADP that
+regulates electron transport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates electron transport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates electron transport and
+oxidative phosphorylation more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative phosphorylation more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative phosphorylation more about
+that in a few minutes let's now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a few minutes let's now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a few minutes let's now look at
+panel si organs communicate with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel si organs communicate with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel si organs communicate with one
+another by the nervous system of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another by the nervous system of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another by the nervous system of course
+but also by hormones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also by hormones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also by hormones
+small molecules that are secreted by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules that are secreted by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules that are secreted by one
+organ that will have an effect at one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ that will have an effect at one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ that will have an effect at one or
+more organs distal to the first organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more organs distal to the first organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more organs distal to the first organ
+changes in our environment are detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in our environment are detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in our environment are detected
+by the brain with input from our sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the brain with input from our sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the brain with input from our sensory
+organs our internal organs such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs our internal organs such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs our internal organs such as the
+liver pancreas kidneys adrenal glands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver pancreas kidneys adrenal glands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver pancreas kidneys adrenal glands
+and muscles will detect signals either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and muscles will detect signals either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and muscles will detect signals either
+independently of the brain or after an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the brain or after an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the brain or after an
+instruction set is received from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set is received from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction set is received from the
+brain the resulting signal network will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the resulting signal network will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the resulting signal network will
+allow the entire organism to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the entire organism to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the entire organism to be able to
+adapt to the new environment be it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to the new environment be it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapt to the new environment be it one
+of stress for example being chased by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stress for example being chased by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stress for example being chased by a
+dog or one oh for example hunger we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog or one oh for example hunger we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog or one oh for example hunger we'll
+talk later about the adrenal glands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later about the adrenal glands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later about the adrenal glands
+which are going to respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to respond to
+signals that come in from sensory organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that come in from sensory organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals that come in from sensory organs
+though tell our muscles to start running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though tell our muscles to start running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though tell our muscles to start running
+and to tell the liver to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to tell the liver to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to tell the liver to start to
+provide the muscles with the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the muscles with the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the muscles with the glucose
+they need in order to sustain running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need in order to sustain running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need in order to sustain running
+later we'll be looking in some detail at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we'll be looking in some detail at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we'll be looking in some detail at
+the adrenal produced hormone epinephrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adrenal produced hormone epinephrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adrenal produced hormone epinephrine
+also called adrenaline adrenaline will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called adrenaline adrenaline will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called adrenaline adrenaline will
+have a profound impact both in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a profound impact both in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a profound impact both in the
+muscles and in the liver to allow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and in the liver to allow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and in the liver to allow these
+organs to do the respective jobs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs to do the respective jobs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs to do the respective jobs the
+pancreas is a very important organ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas is a very important organ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas is a very important organ in
+that it provides exocrine functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it provides exocrine functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it provides exocrine functions that
+help with it with digestion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with it with digestion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with it with digestion and
+endocrine functions that enable us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrine functions that enable us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrine functions that enable us to
+regulate or balance fuel metabolism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate or balance fuel metabolism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate or balance fuel metabolism the
+alpha cells of the pancreas produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha cells of the pancreas produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha cells of the pancreas produce
+glucagon the alpha cells sense hunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucagon the alpha cells sense hunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucagon the alpha cells sense hunger
+they secrete glucagon into the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they secrete glucagon into the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they secrete glucagon into the blood
+which travels to organs that represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which travels to organs that represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which travels to organs that represent
+our fuel depots and fuel from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fuel depots and fuel from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fuel depots and fuel from those
+depots for example fatty acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depots for example fatty acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depots for example fatty acids and
+glucose will then be supplied to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose will then be supplied to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose will then be supplied to other
+tissues of the body that are in need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues of the body that are in need of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues of the body that are in need of
+nutrition the beta cells of the pancreas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition the beta cells of the pancreas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition the beta cells of the pancreas
+since what we call the fed state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since what we call the fed state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since what we call the fed state and
+they produce insulin insulin instructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce insulin insulin instructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce insulin insulin instructs
+the various organs of the body to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various organs of the body to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various organs of the body to take
+up fuel in the wake of us having eaten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up fuel in the wake of us having eaten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up fuel in the wake of us having eaten a
+meal now let's look at panel D there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal now let's look at panel D there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal now let's look at panel D there are
+three general paradigms by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three general paradigms by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three general paradigms by which
+pathways are regulated the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are regulated the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways are regulated the three
+hormones that I've just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones that I've just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones that I've just mentioned
+typically will cause the activation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically will cause the activation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically will cause the activation of a
+kinase that will phosphorylate a target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase that will phosphorylate a target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase that will phosphorylate a target
+protein resulting in either increased or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein resulting in either increased or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein resulting in either increased or
+decreased activity of that protein we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased activity of that protein we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased activity of that protein we
+call this hormonal or bar properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this hormonal or bar properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this hormonal or bar properly
+covalent control because there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent control because there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent control because there will be a
+covalent modification of a protein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent modification of a protein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent modification of a protein that
+will be responsible for pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be responsible for pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be responsible for pathway
+regulation the second major paradigm by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation the second major paradigm by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation the second major paradigm by
+which pathways are controlled is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pathways are controlled is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pathways are controlled is
+allosteric regulation earlier in 507
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric regulation earlier in 507
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric regulation earlier in 507
+joanne stubby showed us how hemoglobin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joanne stubby showed us how hemoglobin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joanne stubby showed us how hemoglobin
+the molecule that carries oxygen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule that carries oxygen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule that carries oxygen in the
+blood is controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood is controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood is controlled by
+bisphosphoglycerate and protons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate and protons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphoglycerate and protons which
+act as allosteric effectors similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as allosteric effectors similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as allosteric effectors similarly
+other small molecule effectors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other small molecule effectors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other small molecule effectors will
+control the major pathways of metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the major pathways of metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the major pathways of metabolism
+we're going to be looking at phosphoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at phosphoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be looking at phosphoric
+Co kinase 1 is our prime example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co kinase 1 is our prime example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co kinase 1 is our prime example the
+third strategy of regulation is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third strategy of regulation is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third strategy of regulation is what I
+call acceptor control this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call acceptor control this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call acceptor control this is the way
+that electron transport and oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron transport and oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron transport and oxidative
+phosphorylation are regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation are regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation are regulated
+to the right side of panel D is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right side of panel D is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right side of panel D is an
+abbreviated metabolic pathway that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated metabolic pathway that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated metabolic pathway that I'm
+going to use to describe each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use to describe each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use to describe each of these
+three paradigms at the upper left is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three paradigms at the upper left is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three paradigms at the upper left is a
+box that contains glycogen synthase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that contains glycogen synthase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box that contains glycogen synthase and
+glycogen phosphorylase earlier in 507 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen phosphorylase earlier in 507 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen phosphorylase earlier in 507 I
+told you how phosphorylation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you how phosphorylation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you how phosphorylation of a
+specific serine residue on glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific serine residue on glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific serine residue on glycogen
+phosphorylase results in a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase results in a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase results in a dramatic
+increase in the activity of that enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the activity of that enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the activity of that enzyme
+a little later we'll see that covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later we'll see that covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later we'll see that covalent
+modification again by serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification again by serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification again by serine
+phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
+results in a decrease in activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a decrease in activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a decrease in activity of
+that enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enzyme
+hence covalent modification of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence covalent modification of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence covalent modification of these two
+proteins enables in one case activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins enables in one case activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins enables in one case activation
+of the enzyme and in the other case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzyme and in the other case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzyme and in the other case
+inhibition of the enzyme the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition of the enzyme the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition of the enzyme the reciprocal
+control prevents futile cycling now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control prevents futile cycling now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control prevents futile cycling now
+let's look at the box in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the box in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the box in the center of
+this abbreviated metabolic pathway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abbreviated metabolic pathway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abbreviated metabolic pathway the
+glycolytic enzyme PF k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolytic enzyme PF k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolytic enzyme PF k1
+phosphofructokinase one converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one converts
+fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate we're going to see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate we're going to see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate we're going to see that a
+small molecule derivative of fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule derivative of fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule derivative of fructose
+6-phosphate specifically fructose 2 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate specifically fructose 2 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate specifically fructose 2 6
+bisphosphate will act as a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate will act as a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate will act as a powerful
+allosteric stimulator of pfk 1 I'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of pfk 1 I'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of pfk 1 I'll also
+point out that a.m. P adenosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that a.m. P adenosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that a.m. P adenosine
+monophosphate will also stimulate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate will also stimulate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monophosphate will also stimulate this
+enzyme I'll also point out here that pfk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme I'll also point out here that pfk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme I'll also point out here that pfk
+one is a tetra mer often times as Joanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a tetra mer often times as Joanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a tetra mer often times as Joanne
+taught us proteins that are multimers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us proteins that are multimers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught us proteins that are multimers
+are the ones that are subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that are subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that are subject to
+allosteric regulation our third paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric regulation our third paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric regulation our third paradigm
+of regulation is acceptor control shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulation is acceptor control shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulation is acceptor control shown
+in the box at the bottom of panel D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box at the bottom of panel D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the box at the bottom of panel D
+during periods of intense physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during periods of intense physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during periods of intense physical
+activity ATP is consumed and converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity ATP is consumed and converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity ATP is consumed and converted
+to ATP and NADH is converted to nad plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ATP and NADH is converted to nad plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ATP and NADH is converted to nad plus
+rising levels of ADP in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising levels of ADP in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising levels of ADP in the
+mitochondrial matrix activate the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix activate the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitochondrial matrix activate the proton
+translocating ATP synthase as more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocating ATP synthase as more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocating ATP synthase as more
+protons flow through the synthase more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons flow through the synthase more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons flow through the synthase more
+ATP is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is made
+they call this acceptor control because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call this acceptor control because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call this acceptor control because
+the regulatory molecule is adp which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory molecule is adp which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory molecule is adp which is
+the quote-unquote acceptor of phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote-unquote acceptor of phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quote-unquote acceptor of phosphate
+in the synthesis of ATP because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the synthesis of ATP because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the synthesis of ATP because we
+covered acceptor control in some detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered acceptor control in some detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered acceptor control in some detail
+in the lecture on on electron transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture on on electron transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture on on electron transport
+and oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidative
+to phosphorylation I'm going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phosphorylation I'm going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phosphorylation I'm going to leave
+that topic for now and focus on covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic for now and focus on covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic for now and focus on covalent
+control and allosteric control let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and allosteric control let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and allosteric control let's
+turn now to storyboard 37 starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn now to storyboard 37 starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn now to storyboard 37 starting with
+panel a with regard to the paradigm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a with regard to the paradigm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel a with regard to the paradigm of
+covalent control I'm going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent control I'm going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent control I'm going to focus on
+the pair of enzymes glycogen synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair of enzymes glycogen synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair of enzymes glycogen synthase
+and glycogen phosphorylase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glycogen phosphorylase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glycogen phosphorylase which
+reciprocally regulate glycogen synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocally regulate glycogen synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocally regulate glycogen synthesis
+and glycogenolysis let's consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glycogenolysis let's consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glycogenolysis let's consider a
+scenario in which there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario in which there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario in which there's some kind of
+stressor the muscles have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressor the muscles have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressor the muscles have to be
+activated in order to be able to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated in order to be able to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated in order to be able to deal
+with the stress and the liver has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stress and the liver has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the stress and the liver has to be
+able to provide the resources to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to provide the resources to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to provide the resources to the
+muscles that will allow the muscles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that will allow the muscles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles that will allow the muscles to
+continue intense physical activity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue intense physical activity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue intense physical activity now
+let's look at panel B in our scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel B in our scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at panel B in our scenario
+you've just seen something frightening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just seen something frightening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just seen something frightening
+your brain then sends an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain then sends an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain then sends an electrical
+signal to the adrenal glands which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the adrenal glands which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the adrenal glands which then
+send a chemical signal specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a chemical signal specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a chemical signal specifically
+adrenaline to the liver and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline to the liver and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline to the liver and to the
+muscles at the top part of this response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles at the top part of this response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles at the top part of this response
+scenario both the liver and muscles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario both the liver and muscles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario both the liver and muscles are
+going to be responding in a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be responding in a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be responding in a very similar
+way however at the bottom part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way however at the bottom part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way however at the bottom part of the
+response scenario the liver and muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response scenario the liver and muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response scenario the liver and muscles
+are going to be activating very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be activating very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be activating very
+different pathways specifically we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pathways specifically we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pathways specifically we're
+going to see that muscles will strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that muscles will strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that muscles will strongly
+activate glycolytic pathways in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate glycolytic pathways in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate glycolytic pathways in order to
+enable the production of ATP to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable the production of ATP to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable the production of ATP to keep the
+muscles running the liver by contrast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles running the liver by contrast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles running the liver by contrast is
+going to be activating pathways that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be activating pathways that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be activating pathways that are
+more like those of gluconeogenesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like those of gluconeogenesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like those of gluconeogenesis that
+is spilling out fuel from the liver to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spilling out fuel from the liver to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spilling out fuel from the liver to
+provide the muscles with the energy rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the muscles with the energy rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the muscles with the energy rich
+resources that it needs to keep us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that it needs to keep us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that it needs to keep us
+running away from our stressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running away from our stressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running away from our stressor
+adrenaline or epinephrine travels from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline or epinephrine travels from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline or epinephrine travels from
+the adrenal glands through the blood it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adrenal glands through the blood it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adrenal glands through the blood it
+takes only a second or two for this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes only a second or two for this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes only a second or two for this to
+happen it's received by the liver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's received by the liver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's received by the liver and
+the muscles at the beta-adrenergic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles at the beta-adrenergic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles at the beta-adrenergic
+receptor the blood concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the blood concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor the blood concentration of
+epinephrine is very low something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine is very low something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine is very low something of the
+order of 10 to the minus 10 molar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to the minus 10 molar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to the minus 10 molar at
+this point there's going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point there's going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point there's going to be a very
+substantial signal amplification as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial signal amplification as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial signal amplification as we
+move ahead keep in mind for later that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move ahead keep in mind for later that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move ahead keep in mind for later that
+the initial triggering signal is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial triggering signal is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial triggering signal is in the
+10 to the minus 10 molar range the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 10 molar range the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 10 molar range the
+arrival of epinephrine at the receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of epinephrine at the receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of epinephrine at the receptor
+results in structural changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in structural changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in structural changes in the
+transmembrane domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane domain of
+beta-adrenergic receptor the signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-adrenergic receptor the signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-adrenergic receptor the signal is
+received by a hetero trimeric g-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received by a hetero trimeric g-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received by a hetero trimeric g-protein
+shown as the circle with alpha beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as the circle with alpha beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as the circle with alpha beta and
+gamma subunits this g-protein in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma subunits this g-protein in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma subunits this g-protein in its
+inactive state has a bound molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive state has a bound molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive state has a bound molecule of
+GDP that is guanosine diphosphate upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP that is guanosine diphosphate upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP that is guanosine diphosphate upon
+receipt of the signal from the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt of the signal from the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receipt of the signal from the beta
+adrenergic receptor the hetero trimeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenergic receptor the hetero trimeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenergic receptor the hetero trimeric
+g-protein ejects the beta and gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein ejects the beta and gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein ejects the beta and gamma
+subunits and the gdp molecule which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits and the gdp molecule which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits and the gdp molecule which is
+non killed covalently bound is released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non killed covalently bound is released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non killed covalently bound is released
+the gdp is replaced by a GTP guanosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gdp is replaced by a GTP guanosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gdp is replaced by a GTP guanosine
+triphosphate this replacement results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate this replacement results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate this replacement results in
+the formation of the alpha subunit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the alpha subunit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of the alpha subunit with
+a non covalently bound GTP this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non covalently bound GTP this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non covalently bound GTP this is the
+active form of the enzyme it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active form of the enzyme it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active form of the enzyme it
+translocates along the inner surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocates along the inner surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocates along the inner surface of
+the membrane until it encounters AC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane until it encounters AC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane until it encounters AC or
+ad neill cyclase the GTP bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad neill cyclase the GTP bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad neill cyclase the GTP bound
+g-protein activates adenyl cyclase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein activates adenyl cyclase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein activates adenyl cyclase the
+activated AC dynamically starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated AC dynamically starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated AC dynamically starts
+converting ATP which is very abundant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting ATP which is very abundant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting ATP which is very abundant in
+the cell into cyclic a MP we call cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell into cyclic a MP we call cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell into cyclic a MP we call cyclic
+a MP the second messenger in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP the second messenger in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP the second messenger in our
+scenario the first messenger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario the first messenger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario the first messenger is
+epinephrine which interacted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine which interacted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine which interacted with the
+beta adrenergic receptor the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta adrenergic receptor the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta adrenergic receptor the second
+messenger of cyclic a MP which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger of cyclic a MP which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger of cyclic a MP which is
+produced by the activation of adenyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the activation of adenyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the activation of adenyl
+cyclase which is asymmetrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclase which is asymmetrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclase which is asymmetrically
+associated with the inner surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the inner surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the inner surface of the
+cell's membrane let's turn now to panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell's membrane let's turn now to panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell's membrane let's turn now to panel
+C and the upper left of panel C you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the upper left of panel C you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the upper left of panel C you'll
+see a box this box depicts the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a box this box depicts the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a box this box depicts the chemical
+mechanism leading to the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism leading to the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism leading to the production of
+cyclic GMP let's now look at the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic GMP let's now look at the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic GMP let's now look at the main
+part of the panel in a very short period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the panel in a very short period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the panel in a very short period
+of time a matter of seconds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time a matter of seconds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time a matter of seconds the
+concentration of cyclic AMP e within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cyclic AMP e within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cyclic AMP e within the
+cell goes from about 1 micromolar up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell goes from about 1 micromolar up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell goes from about 1 micromolar up to
+about 5 micro molar so the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 micro molar so the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 micro molar so the presence of
+epinephrine at the 10 to the minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine at the 10 to the minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epinephrine at the 10 to the minus 10
+molar concentration outside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar concentration outside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar concentration outside the cell
+results in a perturbation of cyclic A&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a perturbation of cyclic A&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a perturbation of cyclic A&P
+concentrations inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations inside the cell
+bringing cyclic a.m. P concentration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing cyclic a.m. P concentration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing cyclic a.m. P concentration to
+about 10 to the minus 6 molar this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the minus 6 molar this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 to the minus 6 molar this is a
+very substantial increase in signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very substantial increase in signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very substantial increase in signal
+which an engineer would call gain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which an engineer would call gain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which an engineer would call gain the
+increasing cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing cyclic
+a MP concentration is going to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP concentration is going to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP concentration is going to activate
+a kinase cascade in the initial kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinase cascade in the initial kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinase cascade in the initial kinase
+that's going to be activated called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be activated called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be activated called
+protein kinase a or PKA which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinase a or PKA which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein kinase a or PKA which is
+represented symbolically as a C with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented symbolically as a C with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented symbolically as a C with a
+circle around it in my drawing in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around it in my drawing in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle around it in my drawing in its
+inactive state protein kinase a is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive state protein kinase a is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive state protein kinase a is in a
+complex involving two molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex involving two molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex involving two molecules of
+itself and two molecules of a regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and two molecules of a regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and two molecules of a regulatory
+protein which I've indicated as an R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which I've indicated as an R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which I've indicated as an R in
+the middle of a circle cyclic a and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a circle cyclic a and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of a circle cyclic a and P
+forms a tight complex with r this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a tight complex with r this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a tight complex with r this
+basically causes our to dissociate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically causes our to dissociate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically causes our to dissociate from
+the active subunit C that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active subunit C that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active subunit C that is the
+catalytic portion of protein kinase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic portion of protein kinase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic portion of protein kinase a
+the catalytic portion of protein kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalytic portion of protein kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalytic portion of protein kinase
+a is now free to act as a kinase to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is now free to act as a kinase to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is now free to act as a kinase to
+phosphorylate the next kinase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the next kinase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the next kinase in the
+Cascade which is called spk or synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade which is called spk or synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade which is called spk or synthase
+phosphorylase kinase a serine residue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase kinase a serine residue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase kinase a serine residue on
+SP k is phosphorylated and that event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP k is phosphorylated and that event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP k is phosphorylated and that event
+converts this kinase into its active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts this kinase into its active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts this kinase into its active
+form I'll also point out that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'll also point out that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'll also point out that one of the
+subunits the Delta subunit of SP K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits the Delta subunit of SP K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits the Delta subunit of SP K is
+the calcium binding protein calmodulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calcium binding protein calmodulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calcium binding protein calmodulin
+which gives a second level of regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives a second level of regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives a second level of regulation
+to this enzyme specifically this enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this enzyme specifically this enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this enzyme specifically this enzyme
+is regulated not only by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regulated not only by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is regulated not only by the
+concentration of cyclic GMP but also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cyclic GMP but also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of cyclic GMP but also by
+the levels of calcium within the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of calcium within the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels of calcium within the cell
+the activated SP K or synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated SP K or synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activated SP K or synthase
+phosphorylase kinase is now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase kinase is now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase kinase is now going to
+phosphorylate to other proteins glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate to other proteins glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate to other proteins glycogen
+phosphorylase and glycogen synthase as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase and glycogen synthase as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase and glycogen synthase as I
+mentioned earlier phosphorylation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier phosphorylation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier phosphorylation of
+glycogen phosphorylase results in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen phosphorylase results in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen phosphorylase results in the
+enzyme becoming more active that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme becoming more active that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme becoming more active that is it
+starts breaking down glycogen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts breaking down glycogen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts breaking down glycogen by
+phosphor alysus to produce glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor alysus to produce glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor alysus to produce glucose
+1-phosphate which will then be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-phosphate which will then be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-phosphate which will then be available
+for further metabolic processing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for further metabolic processing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for further metabolic processing in the
+muscle glucose 1-phosphate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle glucose 1-phosphate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle glucose 1-phosphate will be
+converted by phosphoglucomutase into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted by phosphoglucomutase into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted by phosphoglucomutase into
+glucose 6-phosphate which will then be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate which will then be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate which will then be a
+substrate to initiate glycolysis with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate to initiate glycolysis with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate to initiate glycolysis with
+the ultimate generation of lots of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate generation of lots of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimate generation of lots of ATP
+for the muscle in the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the muscle in the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the muscle in the liver
+phosphoglucomutase will convert glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglucomutase will convert glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphoglucomutase will convert glucose
+1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate but
+in this case gluconeogenesis will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case gluconeogenesis will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case gluconeogenesis will be
+activated glucose-6-phosphatase will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated glucose-6-phosphatase will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated glucose-6-phosphatase will
+remove the phosphate from glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the phosphate from glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the phosphate from glucose
+6-phosphate converting it to glue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate converting it to glue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate converting it to glue
+the glucose will then be secreted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose will then be secreted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose will then be secreted from
+the liver go out into the blood and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver go out into the blood and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver go out into the blood and then
+go to the muscle to help the muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the muscle to help the muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the muscle to help the muscle
+carry out glycolysis now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out glycolysis now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out glycolysis now let's look at
+the other target of spk synthase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other target of spk synthase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other target of spk synthase
+phosphorylase kinase specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase kinase specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase kinase specifically
+glycogen synthase in this case glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase in this case glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen synthase in this case glycogen
+synthase phosphorylation results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase phosphorylation results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthase phosphorylation results in a
+less active protein and hence glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less active protein and hence glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less active protein and hence glycogen
+synthesis will cease this makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis will cease this makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis will cease this makes sense
+because the cell under stress would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cell under stress would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cell under stress would not
+want to be making glycogen it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be making glycogen it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be making glycogen it wants to
+be using energy and not storing fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using energy and not storing fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using energy and not storing fuel
+let's step back and look at the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back and look at the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step back and look at the big
+picture at this point the interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture at this point the interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture at this point the interaction of
+a hormone resulted in the covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hormone resulted in the covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hormone resulted in the covalent
+modification of proteins one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of proteins one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of proteins one of those
+phosphorylated proteins glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated proteins glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated proteins glycogen
+phosphorylase triggered glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase triggered glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylase triggered glycogen
+breakdown phosphorylation of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown phosphorylation of a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown phosphorylation of a second
+protein glycogen synthase turned it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein glycogen synthase turned it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein glycogen synthase turned it off
+turning off glycogen synthase helped us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off glycogen synthase helped us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning off glycogen synthase helped us
+avoid the otherwise futile simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the otherwise futile simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the otherwise futile simultaneous
+synthesis and breakdown of glycogen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and breakdown of glycogen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and breakdown of glycogen so
+overall this is an example of a hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall this is an example of a hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall this is an example of a hormone
+causing covalent modification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing covalent modification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing covalent modification of
+proteins in such a way that it altered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in such a way that it altered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in such a way that it altered
+the activity of those proteins in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of those proteins in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of those proteins in a
+manner that made sense given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner that made sense given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner that made sense given the
+physiological challenges to the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological challenges to the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological challenges to the organism
+next let's turn to storyboard 38 panel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's turn to storyboard 38 panel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's turn to storyboard 38 panel a
+our next regulatory paradigm will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next regulatory paradigm will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our next regulatory paradigm will be the
+use of allosteric effectors to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of allosteric effectors to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of allosteric effectors to regulate
+a pathway as before I'm going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway as before I'm going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway as before I'm going to use the
+physiological scenario of stress but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological scenario of stress but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological scenario of stress but in
+this case I'm going to show how stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm going to show how stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'm going to show how stress
+will cause the production of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause the production of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cause the production of small
+molecule allosteric effectors that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule allosteric effectors that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule allosteric effectors that will
+activate glycolysis in the muscle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate glycolysis in the muscle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate glycolysis in the muscle and
+activate gluconeogenesis in the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate gluconeogenesis in the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate gluconeogenesis in the liver
+our focal point is going to be pfk one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our focal point is going to be pfk one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our focal point is going to be pfk one
+phosphofructokinase one of glycolysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one of glycolysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase one of glycolysis of
+central importance is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central importance is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central importance is going to be a
+small molecule fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+which we'll see is going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll see is going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll see is going to be a very
+powerful allosteric stimulant of pfk 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful allosteric stimulant of pfk 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful allosteric stimulant of pfk 1
+fructose 2 6 bisphosphate is made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 2 6 bisphosphate is made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 2 6 bisphosphate is made by the
+enzyme PF k2 phosphofructokinase 2 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme PF k2 phosphofructokinase 2 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme PF k2 phosphofructokinase 2 let's
+start out by looking at the very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by looking at the very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out by looking at the very short
+biochemical pathway shown in panel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical pathway shown in panel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical pathway shown in panel a
+we seek glucose converted by hexokinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seek glucose converted by hexokinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we seek glucose converted by hexokinase
+or glucokinase to glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glucokinase to glucose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glucokinase to glucose 6-phosphate
+and then some equilibrium steps up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some equilibrium steps up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some equilibrium steps up until
+we get fructose 6-phosphate ordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get fructose 6-phosphate ordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get fructose 6-phosphate ordinarily
+we think of fructose 6-phosphate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of fructose 6-phosphate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of fructose 6-phosphate as
+continuing in the glycolytic pathway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing in the glycolytic pathway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing in the glycolytic pathway but
+let's not think of it that way right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not think of it that way right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not think of it that way right now
+the chemical structure of fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical structure of fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical structure of fructose
+6-phosphate is shown slightly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is shown slightly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is shown slightly to the
+right note that fructose 6-phosphate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right note that fructose 6-phosphate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right note that fructose 6-phosphate has
+a phosphate on the six hydroxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphate on the six hydroxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphate on the six hydroxyl group
+and that the one hydroxyl functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the one hydroxyl functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the one hydroxyl functionality
+has only a hydrogen this is the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only a hydrogen this is the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only a hydrogen this is the Alpha
+anamur of fructose as evidenced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anamur of fructose as evidenced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anamur of fructose as evidenced by the
+fact that the hydroxyl group on carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the hydroxyl group on carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the hydroxyl group on carbon
+to the anomeric position is down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the anomeric position is down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the anomeric position is down or
+under the furanose ring with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the furanose ring with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the furanose ring with a little
+bit of electron pushing you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of electron pushing you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of electron pushing you can change
+the stereochemistry at the two carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry at the two carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stereochemistry at the two carbon
+such that the hydroxyl group would be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the hydroxyl group would be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the hydroxyl group would be up
+or in the beta configuration in the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the beta configuration in the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the beta configuration in the beta
+configuration the hydroxy methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration the hydroxy methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration the hydroxy methyl group
+of fructose 6-phosphate which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fructose 6-phosphate which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fructose 6-phosphate which includes
+its one carbon would be down the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its one carbon would be down the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its one carbon would be down the beta
+and alpha an immersive fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha an immersive fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha an immersive fructose
+6-phosphate are in equilibrium that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate are in equilibrium that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate are in equilibrium that is
+they both exist at the same time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both exist at the same time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both exist at the same time the
+kinase fossil Forktail kinase two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase fossil Forktail kinase two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase fossil Forktail kinase two
+catches the beta anomer of fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catches the beta anomer of fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catches the beta anomer of fructose
+6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate
+and phosphorylates it producing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphorylates it producing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphorylates it producing the
+molecule at the lower right of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule at the lower right of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule at the lower right of this
+panel that's the actual structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel that's the actual structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel that's the actual structure of
+fructose 2 6 bisphosphate this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 2 6 bisphosphate this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 2 6 bisphosphate this is the
+molecule that's going to serve as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's going to serve as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's going to serve as the
+allosteric effector of the glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric effector of the glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric effector of the glycolysis
+pathway the PF k 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the PF k 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the PF k 2 or
+phosphofructokinase two enzyme is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase two enzyme is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase two enzyme is shown
+to the left it's a complex enzyme having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left it's a complex enzyme having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left it's a complex enzyme having
+lots of different functionalities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different functionalities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different functionalities the
+hatched circle within the larger circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched circle within the larger circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatched circle within the larger circle
+at the top represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top represents the
+phosphofructokinase domain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase domain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase domain which
+converts fructose 6-phosphate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts fructose 6-phosphate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts fructose 6-phosphate to
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate that is the
+structure at the lower right the hatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at the lower right the hatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at the lower right the hatch
+domain at the bottom is the fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain at the bottom is the fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain at the bottom is the fructose
+bisphosphate a's domain this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate a's domain this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate a's domain this is an
+unusual enzyme in the top domain it acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual enzyme in the top domain it acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual enzyme in the top domain it acts
+as a kinase in the bottom domain acts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kinase in the bottom domain acts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kinase in the bottom domain acts as
+a phosphatase PF k2 has two hydroxylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphatase PF k2 has two hydroxylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphatase PF k2 has two hydroxylated
+amino acids 100 about 3 o'clock has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids 100 about 3 o'clock has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids 100 about 3 o'clock has
+drawn and the other at about 6 o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn and the other at about 6 o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn and the other at about 6 o'clock
+when the hydroxyl group at the bottom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hydroxyl group at the bottom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hydroxyl group at the bottom is
+present as a pure unmodified hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as a pure unmodified hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as a pure unmodified hydroxyl
+group the protein acts as a kinase when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the protein acts as a kinase when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the protein acts as a kinase when
+the six o'clock domain is phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six o'clock domain is phosphorylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six o'clock domain is phosphorylated
+the enzyme acts as a phosphatase protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme acts as a phosphatase protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme acts as a phosphatase protein
+kinase a or PKA from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase a or PKA from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase a or PKA from the previous
+storyboard where we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard where we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard where we talked about
+hormonal regulation is the kinase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal regulation is the kinase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormonal regulation is the kinase that
+phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylates the hydroxyl group at six
+o'clock on the protein as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock on the protein as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock on the protein as we'll see
+later the hydroxyl group at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the hydroxyl group at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the hydroxyl group at three
+o'clock is targeted by a kinase called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock is targeted by a kinase called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock is targeted by a kinase called a
+MP kinase in the muscle before we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP kinase in the muscle before we go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP kinase in the muscle before we go on
+I want you to look carefully at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to look carefully at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to look carefully at the
+structure of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+at the bottom right of panel a compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom right of panel a compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom right of panel a compare
+that structure with the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure with the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure with the structure of
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate at the right
+in panel B if you squint and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel B if you squint and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in panel B if you squint and look at
+these two molecules you'll see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two molecules you'll see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two molecules you'll see that they
+look remarkably alike in both cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look remarkably alike in both cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look remarkably alike in both cases the
+phosphate group is above the plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group is above the plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group is above the plane of
+the furanose sugar however in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furanose sugar however in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furanose sugar however in the case
+of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate the
+phosphate is on the two carbon whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is on the two carbon whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is on the two carbon whereas
+with fructose 1 6 bisphosphate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fructose 1 6 bisphosphate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fructose 1 6 bisphosphate the
+phosphate is on the 1 carbon the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is on the 1 carbon the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is on the 1 carbon the way
+these molecules look will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules look will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules look will become
+important in a few minutes now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a few minutes now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in a few minutes now let's
+take a look at the pathway of shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the pathway of shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the pathway of shown in
+panel B panel b reflects the liver in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel B panel b reflects the liver in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel B panel b reflects the liver in
+its normal that is non stress state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normal that is non stress state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normal that is non stress state so
+this is just the liver doing everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the liver doing everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just the liver doing everyday
+liver business glucokinase of the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver business glucokinase of the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver business glucokinase of the liver
+is converting glucose to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converting glucose to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is converting glucose to glucose
+6-phosphate the Alpha anamur of fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate the Alpha anamur of fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate the Alpha anamur of fructose
+6-phosphate is produced most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is produced most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is produced most of the
+fructose 6-phosphate is converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate is converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate is converted to
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate in the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate in the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate in the liver
+cell at this time there's probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell at this time there's probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell at this time there's probably some
+low level of glycolytic activity going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low level of glycolytic activity going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low level of glycolytic activity going
+on however because of natural anamur is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on however because of natural anamur is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on however because of natural anamur is
+a ssin some of the alpha fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ssin some of the alpha fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ssin some of the alpha fructose
+6-phosphate is converted to its beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is converted to its beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate is converted to its beta
+anamur phosphofructokinase 2 or pfk 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anamur phosphofructokinase 2 or pfk 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anamur phosphofructokinase 2 or pfk 2 is
+shown to the lower left and it's active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to the lower left and it's active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to the lower left and it's active
+note that neither of its hydroxyl groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that neither of its hydroxyl groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that neither of its hydroxyl groups
+at this point are phosphorylated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point are phosphorylated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point are phosphorylated and
+it's kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kinase
+we'll be converting the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be converting the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be converting the beta
+fructose-6-phosphate anamur to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphate anamur to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose-6-phosphate anamur to its
+phosphorylated form that is beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated form that is beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated form that is beta
+fructose - 6 bisphosphate which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose - 6 bisphosphate which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose - 6 bisphosphate which has the
+structure shown at the bottom right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure shown at the bottom right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure shown at the bottom right of
+the previous panel fructose - 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous panel fructose - 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous panel fructose - 6
+bisphosphate is a positive allosteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate is a positive allosteric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate is a positive allosteric
+effector of phosphofructokinase 1 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effector of phosphofructokinase 1 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effector of phosphofructokinase 1 so it
+facilitates the glycolytic pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates the glycolytic pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates the glycolytic pathway that
+is enabling net flux from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enabling net flux from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enabling net flux from left to right
+in the pathway as shown in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway as shown in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway as shown in addition to
+stimulating glycolysis fructose to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating glycolysis fructose to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating glycolysis fructose to 6
+bisphosphate strongly inhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate strongly inhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate strongly inhibits
+gluconeogenesis it does this by binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis it does this by binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis it does this by binding
+at the active site of fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the active site of fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the active site of fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate a's the gluconeogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate a's the gluconeogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate a's the gluconeogenic
+enzyme clogging up the active site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme clogging up the active site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme clogging up the active site and
+thus disabling the gluconeogenic pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus disabling the gluconeogenic pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus disabling the gluconeogenic pathway
+the reason that it's such a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it's such a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that it's such a good
+inhibitor of gluconeogenesis stems from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor of gluconeogenesis stems from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor of gluconeogenesis stems from
+an examination once again of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an examination once again of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an examination once again of the
+structures of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+in the bottom right of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom right of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom right of the previous
+panel and fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel and fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel and fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+shown to the right on this panel keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to the right on this panel keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to the right on this panel keep in
+mind that fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
+while it's the product in glycolysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's the product in glycolysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's the product in glycolysis is
+the substrate for the gluconeogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate for the gluconeogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate for the gluconeogenic
+reaction if the active site of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if the active site of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if the active site of the
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate ace is clogged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate ace is clogged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate ace is clogged
+by fructose 2 6 bisphosphate then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fructose 2 6 bisphosphate then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fructose 2 6 bisphosphate then it's
+not going to be able to process the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to process the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to process the
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 1 6 bisphosphate in the
+gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluconeogenesis is strongly inhibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis is strongly inhibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis is strongly inhibited
+all of the above shows us that fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the above shows us that fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the above shows us that fructose
+2 6 bisphosphate is really important it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 6 bisphosphate is really important it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 6 bisphosphate is really important it
+stimulates the forward direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates the forward direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulates the forward direction in the
+liver that is causing glycolysis to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver that is causing glycolysis to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver that is causing glycolysis to have
+a net flux from left to right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net flux from left to right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a net flux from left to right and in
+addition it strongly inhibits the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition it strongly inhibits the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition it strongly inhibits the back
+reaction that is the reaction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that is the reaction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that is the reaction in the
+gluconeogenic direction turn at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic direction turn at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenic direction turn at this
+point to panel C now let's ramp up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to panel C now let's ramp up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to panel C now let's ramp up the
+scenario and think about a situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and think about a situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and think about a situation in
+which you're being chased by a dog you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're being chased by a dog you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're being chased by a dog you
+want to be able to generate glucose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to generate glucose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to generate glucose in
+the liver and then export that glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver and then export that glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver and then export that glucose
+to the muscles so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscles so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscles so the
+you can run away from your phone this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run away from your phone this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run away from your phone this is
+a situation in which you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which you would like to
+have your liver stop doing glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your liver stop doing glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your liver stop doing glycolysis
+you want the liver to strongly turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the liver to strongly turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the liver to strongly turn to
+gluconeogenesis in order to manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis in order to manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis in order to manufacture
+glucose for the muscle at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose for the muscle at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose for the muscle at this point
+refer back to the storyboard that dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to the storyboard that dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to the storyboard that dealt
+with covalent control where protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with covalent control where protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with covalent control where protein
+kinase a was activated recall the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase a was activated recall the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase a was activated recall the part
+of the lecture when I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture when I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture when I talked about
+covalent control and we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent control and we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent control and we were talking
+about the glycogen phosphorylase step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the glycogen phosphorylase step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the glycogen phosphorylase step in
+the liver in the liver we generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver in the liver we generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver in the liver we generated
+first glucose one phosphate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first glucose one phosphate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first glucose one phosphate and then
+glucose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6-phosphate
+and then the phosphate was lopped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the phosphate was lopped off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the phosphate was lopped off
+the glucose 6-phosphate to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose 6-phosphate to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose 6-phosphate to produce
+glucose that went out into the blood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that went out into the blood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that went out into the blood in
+the present case we're looking at a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present case we're looking at a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present case we're looking at a step
+that's further down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's further down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's further down in the
+gluconeogenesis pathway specifically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis pathway specifically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis pathway specifically we
+want to activate the fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to activate the fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to activate the fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate a's in order to push even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate a's in order to push even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate a's in order to push even
+more carbohydrate toward the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carbohydrate toward the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carbohydrate toward the production
+of glucose so in panel C we see stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose so in panel C we see stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose so in panel C we see stress
+inducing the cyclic ANP cascade that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing the cyclic ANP cascade that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing the cyclic ANP cascade that
+results in activation of protein kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in activation of protein kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in activation of protein kinase
+a and protein kinase a is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and protein kinase a is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and protein kinase a is going to
+phosphorylate the southern most that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the southern most that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the southern most that is
+six o'clock domain on the PF k2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six o'clock domain on the PF k2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six o'clock domain on the PF k2 or
+phosphofructokinase to protein as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase to protein as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphofructokinase to protein as i
+indicated earlier phosphorylation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated earlier phosphorylation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated earlier phosphorylation of the
+six o'clock domain results in conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six o'clock domain results in conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six o'clock domain results in conversion
+of phosphofructokinase to from a kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phosphofructokinase to from a kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phosphofructokinase to from a kinase
+into a phosphatase the phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a phosphatase the phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a phosphatase the phosphatase
+produced from PF k2 will act upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from PF k2 will act upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced from PF k2 will act upon the
+pool of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool of fructose 2 6 bisphosphate and
+convert that pool to fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that pool to fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that pool to fructose
+6-phosphate that is the 2 phosphate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate that is the 2 phosphate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6-phosphate that is the 2 phosphate will
+be locked off of the fructose 2 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be locked off of the fructose 2 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be locked off of the fructose 2 6
+bisphosphate molecule by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate molecule by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate molecule by doing this
+biochemistry in the liver we've done two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry in the liver we've done two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry in the liver we've done two
+things first we destroyed the fructose 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first we destroyed the fructose 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first we destroyed the fructose 2
+6 bisphosphate pool hence this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate pool hence this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 bisphosphate pool hence this molecule
+is no longer available to act as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer available to act as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer available to act as an
+allosteric stimulator of PF k1 secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of PF k1 secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of PF k1 secondly
+removing fructose 2 6 bisphosphate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing fructose 2 6 bisphosphate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing fructose 2 6 bisphosphate from
+the pool has resulted in removal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pool has resulted in removal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pool has resulted in removal of the
+active site inhibitor of fructose 1 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site inhibitor of fructose 1 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site inhibitor of fructose 1 6
+bisphosphate ace this enzyme therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate ace this enzyme therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate ace this enzyme therefore
+becomes active and is able to push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes active and is able to push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes active and is able to push the
+net flux of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flux of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net flux of carbon
+from right to left in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from right to left in the direction of
+gluconeogenesis producing glucose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis producing glucose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis producing glucose that
+will then spill out into the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then spill out into the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then spill out into the blood
+please turn now to panel D we just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please turn now to panel D we just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please turn now to panel D we just saw
+that the liver post dress produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the liver post dress produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the liver post dress produces
+glucose now we're going to take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose now we're going to take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose now we're going to take a look
+at the muscle which of course is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the muscle which of course is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the muscle which of course is going
+to be using that glucose in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using that glucose in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using that glucose in response to
+the stress State the muscle is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress State the muscle is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress State the muscle is going to
+activate an enzyme called the a MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate an enzyme called the a MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate an enzyme called the a MP
+dependent protein kinase or a MP kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent protein kinase or a MP kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent protein kinase or a MP kinase
+also known as a and piqué and piqué
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as a and piqué and piqué
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as a and piqué and piqué
+activates metabolic pathways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates metabolic pathways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates metabolic pathways that
+generate ATP the three o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ATP the three o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ATP the three o'clock
+phosphorylated pfk to proves to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated pfk to proves to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated pfk to proves to be an
+exceptionally competent enzyme for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally competent enzyme for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally competent enzyme for
+converting fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting fructose 6-phosphate
+into fructose to 6 bisphosphate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fructose to 6 bisphosphate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fructose to 6 bisphosphate this
+increases further the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases further the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases further the concentration of
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate in the muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate in the muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate in the muscle
+cytoplasmic pool and keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic pool and keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic pool and keep in mind that
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate itself is a
+powerful allosteric stimulator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful allosteric stimulator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful allosteric stimulator of
+glycolysis by its effect on PF k1 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis by its effect on PF k1 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis by its effect on PF k1 so in
+the muscle cell we're able to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscle cell we're able to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscle cell we're able to achieve
+extraordinarily high concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily high concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily high concentrations of
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate thus favoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate thus favoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate thus favoring
+glycolysis let's turn now to storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis let's turn now to storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis let's turn now to storyboard
+39 let's start with panel a the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 let's start with panel a the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+39 let's start with panel a the way that
+a MP kinase stimulates glycolysis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP kinase stimulates glycolysis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MP kinase stimulates glycolysis in the
+muscle post stress is illustrated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle post stress is illustrated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle post stress is illustrated in
+this abbreviated metabolic pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abbreviated metabolic pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abbreviated metabolic pathway
+starting at the lower left the stressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the lower left the stressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the lower left the stressor
+has created the cyclic a MP cascade that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has created the cyclic a MP cascade that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has created the cyclic a MP cascade that
+activates a and P kinase a and P kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates a and P kinase a and P kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates a and P kinase a and P kinase
+phosphorylates the three o'clock domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylates the three o'clock domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylates the three o'clock domain
+on pfk 2 converting it to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pfk 2 converting it to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pfk 2 converting it to its
+phosphorylated derivative that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated derivative that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated derivative that shows
+powerful kinase activity to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful kinase activity to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful kinase activity to convert
+fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate
+into fructose to 6 bisphosphate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fructose to 6 bisphosphate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into fructose to 6 bisphosphate this
+enhanced pool of fructose to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced pool of fructose to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced pool of fructose to 6
+bisphosphate will now act as a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate will now act as a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate will now act as a powerful
+allosteric stimulator of PF k1 to favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of PF k1 to favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of PF k1 to favor
+glycolysis i want to point out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis i want to point out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis i want to point out that
+muscles do not do gluconeogenesis only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles do not do gluconeogenesis only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles do not do gluconeogenesis only
+the liver and Riedl cortex do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver and Riedl cortex do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver and Riedl cortex do this
+pathway so muscles do not have fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so muscles do not have fructose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so muscles do not have fructose
+1 6 bisphosphate ace the gluconeogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6 bisphosphate ace the gluconeogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 6 bisphosphate ace the gluconeogenic
+Enza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enza
+accordingly in muscles we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly in muscles we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly in muscles we don't have to
+worry about gluconeogenesis being turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about gluconeogenesis being turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about gluconeogenesis being turned
+on to some extent and thus dampening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some extent and thus dampening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some extent and thus dampening the
+glycolytic effect in the muscle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolytic effect in the muscle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolytic effect in the muscle that's
+needed in order for the muscle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in order for the muscle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in order for the muscle to
+generate the ATP needed to outrun your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the ATP needed to outrun your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the ATP needed to outrun your
+foe on this panel we also see that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foe on this panel we also see that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foe on this panel we also see that there
+are several other effectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several other effectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several other effectors that
+influence the activity of pfk 1 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the activity of pfk 1 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the activity of pfk 1 1 is
+citrate another is ATP another one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate another is ATP another one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citrate another is ATP another one is a
+MP or adenosine monophosphate I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP or adenosine monophosphate I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP or adenosine monophosphate I want to
+say a couple of words about a MP in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple of words about a MP in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple of words about a MP in this
+regard let's look at panel B a MP is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard let's look at panel B a MP is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard let's look at panel B a MP is not
+as powerful an allosteric effector on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as powerful an allosteric effector on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as powerful an allosteric effector on
+pfk 1 as is fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk 1 as is fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk 1 as is fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+but we know a lot about its activity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know a lot about its activity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know a lot about its activity as
+an allosteric effector because it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allosteric effector because it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an allosteric effector because it's been
+studied quite thoroughly pfk one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied quite thoroughly pfk one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied quite thoroughly pfk one is a
+tetra mer and its activity is regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetra mer and its activity is regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetra mer and its activity is regulated
+by cooperativity this graph shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cooperativity this graph shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cooperativity this graph shows the
+activity of PF k1 as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of PF k1 as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of PF k1 as a function of the
+concentration of one of its substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of one of its substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of one of its substrates
+fructose 6-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6-phosphate
+when there's no ATP present which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's no ATP present which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's no ATP present which is not
+a realistic situation you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic situation you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic situation you see the
+regulatory pattern following that of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory pattern following that of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory pattern following that of a
+rectangular hyperbola that's scenario a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular hyperbola that's scenario a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular hyperbola that's scenario a
+scenario B shows what would happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario B shows what would happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario B shows what would happen to
+the activity of the enzyme when ATP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of the enzyme when ATP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity of the enzyme when ATP is
+present at a concentration of about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at a concentration of about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present at a concentration of about 1
+millimolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimolar
+which is quite realistic and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite realistic and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite realistic and what you
+see is suppressed activity when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is suppressed activity when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is suppressed activity when the
+heterotopic allosteric effector a and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterotopic allosteric effector a and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterotopic allosteric effector a and P
+is added you see the curve shift to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is added you see the curve shift to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is added you see the curve shift to the
+left that is you get enhanced activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that is you get enhanced activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that is you get enhanced activity
+at a given substrate concentration my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given substrate concentration my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given substrate concentration my
+guess is that fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is that fructose 2 6 bisphosphate
+would push the curb even further to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would push the curb even further to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would push the curb even further to the
+left let's now look at panel C I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left let's now look at panel C I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left let's now look at panel C I think
+it's useful to use a and P to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to use a and P to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to use a and P to help us
+construct a model for what fructose 2 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a model for what fructose 2 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a model for what fructose 2 6
+bisphosphate might be doing as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate might be doing as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate might be doing as an
+allosteric stimulator of the pfk one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of the pfk one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allosteric stimulator of the pfk one
+enzyme the equilibrium diagram that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme the equilibrium diagram that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme the equilibrium diagram that I've
+drawn shows the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn shows the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn shows the relationship between the
+relaxed that is more active state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed that is more active state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed that is more active state of the
+pfk one tetramer and the tents that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk one tetramer and the tents that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfk one tetramer and the tents that is
+more inactive state of the enzyme when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inactive state of the enzyme when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inactive state of the enzyme when
+ATP is abundant within a cell it binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is abundant within a cell it binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is abundant within a cell it binds
+more strongly to the tent state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly to the tent state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strongly to the tent state and
+hence ATP in activates pfk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence ATP in activates pfk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence ATP in activates pfk
+one this makes sense because if ATP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this makes sense because if ATP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this makes sense because if ATP is
+abundant you do not want to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant you do not want to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant you do not want to be doing
+glycolysis to make even more ATP however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis to make even more ATP however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis to make even more ATP however
+when the ATP pool of a cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the ATP pool of a cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the ATP pool of a cell is
+challenged by doing heavy work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by doing heavy work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by doing heavy work or
+biosynthesis the AAP is going to bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis the AAP is going to bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis the AAP is going to bind
+more tightly to the our state of PF k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tightly to the our state of PF k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tightly to the our state of PF k1
+and that's going to help convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to help convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to help convert the
+enzyme into its more active state that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme into its more active state that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme into its more active state that's
+a little snapshot of how a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little snapshot of how a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little snapshot of how a small
+molecule in this case a MP or perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in this case a MP or perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in this case a MP or perhaps
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose to 6 bisphosphate can
+dramatically regulate the activity of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically regulate the activity of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically regulate the activity of an
+enzyme at a specific step in metabolism
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/s_2w1gY1K4M.txt b/s_2w1gY1K4M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94ab38474a644cb201161f3607de65213618dae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s_2w1gY1K4M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's mostly to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's mostly to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's mostly to get you
+get you set up you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you set up you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you set up you know how
+how stellar works how you set up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how stellar works how you set up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how stellar works how you set up your
+own website you know make sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own website you know make sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own website you know make sure you have
+a camera that you can use make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera that you can use make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera that you can use make sure you
+have a way to transfer your images to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way to transfer your images to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way to transfer your images to
+your program and as i said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program and as i said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program and as i said it's
+completely up to you what environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely up to you what environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely up to you what environment
+you want to use you want to use java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use you want to use java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use you want to use java
+flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash
+c plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c plus plus
+photoshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop
+basic japanese whatever language you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic japanese whatever language you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic japanese whatever language you
+want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use
+for your programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your programming
+is perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly fine
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+make sure you show me your own images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you show me your own images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you show me your own images
+not images captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not images captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not images captured
+from somebody else or from the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody else or from the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody else or from the internet
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+something that you have taken yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have taken yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you have taken yourself
+some photos you have taken yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions about assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about assignment
+and so we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll have
+uh for the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the graduate
+for 531 we have four assignments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 531 we have four assignments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 531 we have four assignments so
+three more after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more after this
+and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+for 131 we have two more assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 131 we have two more assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 131 we have two more assignments
+after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this is getting set up uh i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is getting set up uh i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is getting set up uh i'm just
+passing around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing around a
+uh uv uh flight demo who has it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uv uh flight demo who has it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uv uh flight demo who has it right
+now oh yeah okay good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh yeah okay good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh yeah okay good yeah
+so why don't you why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you why don't you
+demonstrate the concept to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the concept to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the concept to everybody
+first so when it goes around they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so when it goes around they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so when it goes around they know
+what to look for okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to look for okay
+so you have to show the magic trick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to show the magic trick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to show the magic trick you
+want to show it's white first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show it's white first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show it's white first
+sorry so you see so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so you see so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so you see so you see
+almost nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nothing
+and then we light it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are actually a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually a lot of things that
+do this too my driver's license you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this too my driver's license you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this too my driver's license you know
+masters driver's license has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters driver's license has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masters driver's license has the
+massachusetts stay sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts stay sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts stay sealed
+in it is that visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was a graph paper in uh 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a graph paper in uh 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a graph paper in uh 2007
+on how to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to create
+uh ultraviolet things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ultraviolet things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ultraviolet things
+rings that respond to ultraviolet light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that respond to ultraviolet light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that respond to ultraviolet light
+um that have color yeah definitely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that have color yeah definitely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that have color yeah definitely the
+car technologies are older but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car technologies are older but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car technologies are older but um
+yeah you actually see in many passports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you actually see in many passports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you actually see in many passports
+and visas in particular especially of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visas in particular especially of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visas in particular especially of
+the smaller the country is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller the country is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smaller the country is the more
+colorful the uv image of the visa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful the uv image of the visa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorful the uv image of the visa is
+the law that i observe but you sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law that i observe but you sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law that i observe but you sometimes
+see red and green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see red and green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see red and green and
+sort of purplish colors but i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of purplish colors but i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of purplish colors but i've
+actually never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually never seen
+never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen
+basically a full color thing like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a full color thing like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a full color thing like this
+before yeah that's pretty neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah that's pretty neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before yeah that's pretty neat
+and also you know your your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know your your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know your your uh
+if you if you go to a club you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you go to a club you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you go to a club you know you
+a lot of them use uv light so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them use uv light so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them use uv light so if you
+don't use the right detergent on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use the right detergent on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use the right detergent on your
+clothing or if you have a stain that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing or if you have a stain that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing or if you have a stain that you
+think it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it doesn't
+look in the visible light but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the visible light but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in the visible light but
+you go to go to a place where you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to go to a place where you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to go to a place where you want
+to be hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i actually have a uv light led on my key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually have a uv light led on my key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i actually have a uv light led on my key
+oh so before you go in the you stand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so before you go in the you stand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so before you go in the you stand in
+the line you you check yourself yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line you you check yourself yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line you you check yourself yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah you're cool you're cool for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're cool you're cool for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're cool you're cool for this
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you know
+if you're if you uh if you if you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you uh if you if you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you uh if you if you become
+expert at uh playing it with ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert at uh playing it with ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert at uh playing it with ultraviolet
+light and you like to have this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you like to have this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you like to have this in your
+in your hand all the time you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hand all the time you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hand all the time you know the
+lots of jobs you could be the guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of jobs you could be the guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of jobs you could be the guy who
+checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks
+uh you know at the entry of the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know at the entry of the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know at the entry of the at the
+airport at the security line you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport at the security line you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport at the security line you know
+he's taking your card or you could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taking your card or you could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's taking your card or you could be a
+bouncer without some level opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncer without some level opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncer without some level opportunities
+or a banker right a lot of the dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a banker right a lot of the dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a banker right a lot of the dollar
+bills that's like 20 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills that's like 20 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills that's like 20 billion
+have a uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uv
+strip exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip exactly
+so the theme for today is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the theme for today is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the theme for today is going to be
+lighting and different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting and different kind of
+illumination and hopefully it will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and hopefully it will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and hopefully it will make
+you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+with uh today the budget is i think less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh today the budget is i think less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh today the budget is i think less
+than five thousand dollars uh unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five thousand dollars uh unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five thousand dollars uh unlike
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+uh i think it was well over 60k last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think it was well over 60k last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think it was well over 60k last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and we'll show you interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll show you interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll show you interesting things
+you can do with uh with illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with uh with illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with uh with illumination
+as soon as now reboots and comes back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh why is this getting set up again let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is this getting set up again let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is this getting set up again let
+me show you some other toys so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you some other toys so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you some other toys so uh
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+collaborator and rohit if you just hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator and rohit if you just hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator and rohit if you just hold
+the book and show it to everybody this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and show it to everybody this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book and show it to everybody this
+is the book that i and my co-author jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the book that i and my co-author jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the book that i and my co-author jack
+tumblin we are coming out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblin we are coming out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumblin we are coming out with
+called computational photography and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computational photography and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computational photography and uh
+the way jack likes to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way jack likes to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way jack likes to describe the
+scenario today for for um cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario today for for um cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario today for for um cameras and
+photography is uh you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is uh you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography is uh you know it's a
+it's a lion who's been shackled for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lion who's been shackled for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lion who's been shackled for a
+long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time
+and you know if you just put this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you just put this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you just put this line
+out of the cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cage
+uh it doesn't know what to do it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't know what to do it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't know what to do it just
+stands there and just looks around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands there and just looks around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands there and just looks around you
+know even an unshackled lion doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even an unshackled lion doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know even an unshackled lion doesn't
+know how to exploit the freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to exploit the freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to exploit the freedom
+um and uh i think it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh i think it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh i think it's the same
+situation with with photography today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with with photography today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with with photography today
+you know we have gone from film to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have gone from film to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have gone from film to
+digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+but even today when we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even today when we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even today when we think about
+cameras they're trying to mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras they're trying to mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras they're trying to mimic
+how this camera will look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this camera will look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this camera will look like a
+traditional film camera a digital camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional film camera a digital camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional film camera a digital camera
+even cell phone makers who have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cell phone makers who have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cell phone makers who have complete
+freedom on how to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom on how to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom on how to create
+uh how to create cameras and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to create cameras and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to create cameras and form
+factors that trying to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that trying to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that trying to create an
+experience are somewhat similar to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience are somewhat similar to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience are somewhat similar to a
+film camera you know like they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film camera you know like they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film camera you know like they have a
+they have a shutter at the same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a shutter at the same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a shutter at the same location
+and expect you to hold it with two hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expect you to hold it with two hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expect you to hold it with two hands
+uh and so on like very few of them allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on like very few of them allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on like very few of them allow
+with single-handed interaction you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with single-handed interaction you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with single-handed interaction you know
+i just want a camera that i can squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want a camera that i can squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want a camera that i can squeeze
+or i can tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i can tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i can tap
+uh or i can shake and then after five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or i can shake and then after five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or i can shake and then after five
+seconds just take a photo you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds just take a photo you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds just take a photo you know it
+can do all these other things but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these other things but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these other things but they
+still want us to do this two-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want us to do this two-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want us to do this two-handed
+interaction but everything is stable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but everything is stable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction but everything is stable the
+button is off-center so you cannot even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button is off-center so you cannot even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button is off-center so you cannot even
+hold it with one hand you have to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it with one hand you have to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it with one hand you have to hold
+with two hands so you can you know press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two hands so you can you know press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two hands so you can you know press
+the shutter and so on so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter and so on so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter and so on so this is how
+world works you know you always are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world works you know you always are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world works you know you always are uh
+dealing with with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with the with the
+with the legacy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the legacy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the legacy of
+what came before and really a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what came before and really a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what came before and really a classic
+example something that makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something that makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something that makes me
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+really squirm is look at this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really squirm is look at this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really squirm is look at this beautiful
+camera that came out from nikon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that came out from nikon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that came out from nikon
+in mid 90s and this was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mid 90s and this was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mid 90s and this was one of the first
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+uh digital camera that professionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital camera that professionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital camera that professionals
+thought it's okay to to be seen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's okay to to be seen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's okay to to be seen with
+uh because you know they had this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you know they had this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you know they had this whole
+debate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate about
+you know our digital it will never catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our digital it will never catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know our digital it will never catch
+up with the resolution of the film these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the resolution of the film these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the resolution of the film these
+are the same people who still hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same people who still hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same people who still hold on to
+the lp saying cds are digital and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp saying cds are digital and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lp saying cds are digital and they
+don't sound the same as lp records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sound the same as lp records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sound the same as lp records
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+this camera which is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this camera which is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this camera which is supposed to be
+digital if you cut it open what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital if you cut it open what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital if you cut it open what you
+realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+is there is still place this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is still place this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is still place this is a
+digital camera there's still place for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera there's still place for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera there's still place for a
+film cartridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film cartridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film cartridge
+okay all they did was they removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all they did was they removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all they did was they removed
+the part where the film cartridges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where the film cartridges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where the film cartridges and
+where the film slips slapped on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the film slips slapped on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the film slips slapped on a
+digital sensor built extra electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sensor built extra electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital sensor built extra electronics
+at the bottom added some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom added some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom added some you know
+electronic connectors but why bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic connectors but why bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic connectors but why bother
+because you know people still like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know people still like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know people still like the
+same form factor and all that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form factor and all that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form factor and all that there's
+still place fulfillment in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still place fulfillment in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still place fulfillment in there
+it's just mind-blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just mind-blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just mind-blowing
+and this is how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how it works
+and uh so a lot of concern people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so a lot of concern people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so a lot of concern people say
+wow you know billion people have cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you know billion people have cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow you know billion people have cameras
+and what is going to change about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is going to change about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is going to change about it
+uh hopefully through this class you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hopefully through this class you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hopefully through this class you'll
+realize it's it's so it's a it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it's it's so it's a it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it's it's so it's a it's a it's
+a it's just a wide wide open world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's just a wide wide open world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's just a wide wide open world
+there are certain fields that peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain fields that peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain fields that peak
+there's a lot of innovation and research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of innovation and research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of innovation and research
+and then they mature and there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they mature and there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they mature and there's not
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more
+exciting about those fields uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting about those fields uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting about those fields uh but the
+certain fields that just continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fields that just continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain fields that just continue to
+grow and uh imaging is just one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just look for the the space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just look for the the space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just look for the the space for
+cartridge here and if you look sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridge here and if you look sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridge here and if you look sideways
+you know this is where the film uh wraps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is where the film uh wraps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is where the film uh wraps
+around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can take pictures of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just going to spend the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to spend the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to spend the first few
+minutes going through uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes going through uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes going through uh some of the
+some of the fast forward preview items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fast forward preview items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the fast forward preview items
+we didn't get to cover last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get to cover last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get to cover last time and
+then come back and talk about today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and talk about today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back and talk about today's
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we were here somewhere last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we were here somewhere last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we were here somewhere last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where you can create these cameras where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can create these cameras where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can create these cameras where
+instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh instead of having an auto focus blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of having an auto focus blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of having an auto focus blur
+that extends like a disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extends like a disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extends like a disk
+uh you can create lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can create lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can create lenses
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+when it goes out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes out of focus
+the the point square function actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point square function actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point square function actually
+rotates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates
+which is the rotational point function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the rotational point function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the rotational point function
+and again this is just a teaser so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is just a teaser so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is just a teaser so we
+will study this into detail and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will study this into detail and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will study this into detail and this is
+very powerful whether it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful whether it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful whether it's for
+photography or for scientific imaging or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or for scientific imaging or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography or for scientific imaging or
+for real time and ci applications and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real time and ci applications and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real time and ci applications and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we discussed about the duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discussed about the duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we discussed about the duality
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and
+waves we will be discussing that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves we will be discussing that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves we will be discussing that a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about this
+new types of cameras that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new types of cameras that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new types of cameras that are being
+designed where you can create a 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed where you can create a 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed where you can create a 35
+millimeter lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter lens
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+including the sensor uh the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the sensor uh the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the sensor uh the whole
+package can be built with the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package can be built with the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package can be built with the thickness
+of just about five millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just about five millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just about five millimeters
+uh and so they're building this lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they're building this lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so they're building this lenses
+where uh light comes in from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh light comes in from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh light comes in from the the
+analysts around uh the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts around uh the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysts around uh the edges
+of the of the of the lens and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the of the lens and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the of the lens and light
+actually reflects around and the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reflects around and the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reflects around and the image
+is formed uh in the center and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed uh in the center and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed uh in the center and this is
+how many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of the
+uh the sony um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sony um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sony um
+what's the sony brand for cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cybershock yes uh works as well where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybershock yes uh works as well where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybershock yes uh works as well where
+the the sensors is actually in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensors is actually in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensors is actually in in the
+for the sony cameras the the lens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sony cameras the the lens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sony cameras the the lens is
+over here but the sensor is actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but the sensor is actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but the sensor is actually all
+the way back in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back in the bottom
+so light reflects around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light reflects around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light reflects around
+and the image is captured at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image is captured at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image is captured at the bottom
+that's why the cameras are so thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the dream of a flat camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dream of a flat camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dream of a flat camera is
+something we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll be
+looking for and again by making flat i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and again by making flat i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and again by making flat i
+mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the
+the new ipod nano is what point 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new ipod nano is what point 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new ipod nano is what point 25
+inches thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches thick
+it still has a camera and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still has a camera and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still has a camera and that's because
+they're using crappier and crappier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using crappier and crappier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using crappier and crappier
+lenses you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses you know
+so instead of just creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of just creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of just creating a
+straightforward design where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward design where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward design where you have a
+lens and behind that you have a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and behind that you have a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and behind that you have a sensor
+if you have a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a lens
+where with addition of this concentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where with addition of this concentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where with addition of this concentric
+reflectors and images found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors and images found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectors and images found in the
+middle then effectively you have a 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle then effectively you have a 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle then effectively you have a 35
+millimeter lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter lens
+with optical parts that's for data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with optical parts that's for data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with optical parts that's for data so
+we'll be looking at a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be looking at a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be looking at a lot of these
+interesting designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting designs
+that i'm sure you will see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm sure you will see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm sure you will see in
+in products coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and then we look at again some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we look at again some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we look at again some really
+interesting lenses so a traditional lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lenses so a traditional lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lenses so a traditional lens
+is you know some form of a convex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know some form of a convex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know some form of a convex or
+concave lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave lens
+but the new lenses are just flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the new lenses are just flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the new lenses are just flat
+their front and back profile is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their front and back profile is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their front and back profile is just
+flat so it's very easy to stack them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so it's very easy to stack them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so it's very easy to stack them
+very easy to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to put them
+in modern devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modern devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modern devices
+and they work the way they work is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work the way they work is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work the way they work is not
+by changing the thickness of glass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the thickness of glass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the thickness of glass but
+by changing the reflective index so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the reflective index so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the reflective index so
+refractive index is high in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is high in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is high in the center
+and very low uh in the edges so by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very low uh in the edges so by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very low uh in the edges so by doing
+that they're effectively creating a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're effectively creating a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're effectively creating a lens
+and that's actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually how
+a lot of flatbed scanners are built as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of flatbed scanners are built as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of flatbed scanners are built as
+well so we will be studying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we will be studying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so we will be studying that
+uh very briefly photonic crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very briefly photonic crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very briefly photonic crystals
+uh and how they will change imaging uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and how they will change imaging uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and how they will change imaging uh
+schlieren photography uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schlieren photography uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schlieren photography uh
+we saw the picture uh last time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the picture uh last time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the picture uh last time we'll
+study how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study how
+uh student photography can be uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh student photography can be uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh student photography can be uh can be
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+polarization underwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there is really interesting cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is really interesting cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is really interesting cameras
+that are coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming up
+uh i can see if the lights can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can see if the lights can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can see if the lights can play
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+yeah slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are
+polarization cameras where instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization cameras where instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization cameras where instead of
+adding a polarizing filter uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a polarizing filter uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a polarizing filter uh in the
+front of the lens the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the lens the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the lens the polarization
+filters are actually on the bare mosaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters are actually on the bare mosaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters are actually on the bare mosaic
+so a typical camera as you will study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical camera as you will study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical camera as you will study
+will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have
+very tiny rgb filters in front of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny rgb filters in front of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny rgb filters in front of each
+pixel so every alternate pixel has red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel so every alternate pixel has red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel so every alternate pixel has red
+green and blue filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and blue filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and blue filter
+and here actually they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here actually they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here actually they have
+different orientations of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientations of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orientations of polarization
+vertical orientation horizon horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical orientation horizon horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical orientation horizon horizontal
+orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation
+plus 45 and minus 45 degree orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 45 and minus 45 degree orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 45 and minus 45 degree orientation
+for polarization and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polarization and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polarization and from that
+it turns out under certain lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out under certain lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out under certain lighting
+conditions such as sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such as sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions such as sunlight
+light that's reflected from vehicles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's reflected from vehicles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's reflected from vehicles or
+from faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from faces
+is partially polarized and they can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partially polarized and they can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is partially polarized and they can look
+at how the light is polarized in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how the light is polarized in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how the light is polarized in all
+these four different directions and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four different directions and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four different directions and from
+that estimate the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that estimate the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that estimate the orientation of the
+surface or the surface model and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or the surface model and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface or the surface model and from
+that they can create a 3d model so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can create a 3d model so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can create a 3d model so it's
+pretty exciting they're getting a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty exciting they're getting a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty exciting they're getting a lot of
+money from from the government for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from from the government for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from from the government for
+detecting vehicles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting vehicles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting vehicles in
+you know in complex uh complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in complex uh complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in complex uh complex
+backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds
+so this might come in a you know photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might come in a you know photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might come in a you know photo
+in a consumer camera it might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a consumer camera it might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a consumer camera it might come
+for scientific imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scientific imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scientific imaging
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and there's some really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some really interesting
+sensors i think we've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors i think we've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors i think we've talked about this
+very briefly last time uh congress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly last time uh congress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly last time uh congress is
+sensing this we'll spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing this we'll spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing this we'll spend a lot of time
+discussing uh comprehensive sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh comprehensive sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh comprehensive sensing
+there's a lot of hype about it we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of hype about it we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of hype about it we'll try
+to understand where it works where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand where it works where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand where it works where it
+fails and what's the what's the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and what's the what's the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and what's the what's the power of
+composite sensing and where it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite sensing and where it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite sensing and where it can be
+exploited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh some other bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some other bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some other bizarre
+photos you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos you may have seen
+are near a photo finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are near a photo finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are near a photo finish
+in sports photography so this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sports photography so this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sports photography so this photo
+looks like an ordinary a picture uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an ordinary a picture uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an ordinary a picture uh he
+is the winner of this i believe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the winner of this i believe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the winner of this i believe uh
+100 meter dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 meter dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 meter dash
+but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at
+people behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people behind
+they have really strange anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have really strange anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have really strange anatomy
+look down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look down here
+anybody has a guess what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's another one with even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one with even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one with even more
+distortions look at the leg of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions look at the leg of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions look at the leg of this uh
+and that's the finish line this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the finish line this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the finish line this is the
+photo finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo finish
+uh picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh picture
+in sports photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sports photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sports photography
+look at the lights here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because the
+sensor is scanning the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is scanning the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is scanning the line
+exactly the whole photo is not taken at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the whole photo is not taken at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the whole photo is not taken at
+a single instant and the photo is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single instant and the photo is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single instant and the photo is taken
+actually one line at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one line at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one line at a time
+uh as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you can see
+uh all the athletes when they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the athletes when they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the athletes when they try to
+finish because the shoulder the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish because the shoulder the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish because the shoulder the the
+moment you cross the shoulders matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you cross the shoulders matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you cross the shoulders matters
+so as you can see when the finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see when the finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you can see when the finish
+they all have their body uh leaned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have their body uh leaned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have their body uh leaned
+forward right uh so clearly not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right uh so clearly not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right uh so clearly not all of
+them are finishing at the same instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are finishing at the same instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are finishing at the same instant
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+so this particular line for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular line for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular line for example
+capture first and then the next one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture first and then the next one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture first and then the next one and
+the next one the next one so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one the next one so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one the next one so this whole
+picture was captured over a whole second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture was captured over a whole second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture was captured over a whole second
+but it's actually running at 2 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually running at 2 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually running at 2 000
+frames per second so in one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames per second so in one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames per second so in one second
+you're capturing 2000 lines and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're capturing 2000 lines and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're capturing 2000 lines and they're
+simply placed together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply placed together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply placed together
+to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+and this is very useful because uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very useful because uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very useful because uh for
+the judges for the referees they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judges for the referees they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judges for the referees they can
+just look at this picture and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this picture and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this picture and figure out
+exactly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when
+every player had crossed the finish line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every player had crossed the finish line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every player had crossed the finish line
+and it's a nice summary of the finish of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a nice summary of the finish of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a nice summary of the finish of
+the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the race
+but not finished at any given instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not finished at any given instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not finished at any given instant
+but finish off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but finish off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but finish off
+every instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every instant
+and so if you look in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look in the background
+you'll see that you know there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that you know there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that you know there are no
+vehicles there are no big signs uh same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles there are no big signs uh same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles there are no big signs uh same
+with the uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the uh with the
+the track here and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track here and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track here and that's because
+we're capturing the same exact line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're capturing the same exact line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're capturing the same exact line in
+the camera and just capturing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and just capturing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and just capturing the same
+one again so imagine taking a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again so imagine taking a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again so imagine taking a photo
+throwing away all the pixels except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away all the pixels except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing away all the pixels except the
+center line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center line
+taking another picture after one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking another picture after one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking another picture after one by one
+two thousandth of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousandth of a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousandth of a second
+again just keeping the center line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just keeping the center line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just keeping the center line and
+just putting it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting it together
+so so very interesting photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so very interesting photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so very interesting photography
+and i believe i saw a product on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe i saw a product on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i believe i saw a product on um
+uh maybe it was an iphone app or one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe it was an iphone app or one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe it was an iphone app or one of
+the mobile phone cameras where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile phone cameras where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobile phone cameras where they're
+creating this new kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this new kind of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this new kind of fun
+photography where instead of taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography where instead of taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography where instead of taking a
+photo in a single instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo in a single instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo in a single instant
+you release the shutter and it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you release the shutter and it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you release the shutter and it actually
+does a very slow rolling shutter so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a very slow rolling shutter so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a very slow rolling shutter so it's
+actually a video camera that exposes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a video camera that exposes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a video camera that exposes the
+the first line then the second line then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line then the second line then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line then the second line then
+the third line and so on for every frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third line and so on for every frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third line and so on for every frame
+so i can i can release the picture and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can i can release the picture and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can i can release the picture and i
+can simply turn in front of it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simply turn in front of it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simply turn in front of it and what
+you will see is the top of the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is the top of the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is the top of the picture
+my forehead is being seen in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my forehead is being seen in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my forehead is being seen in the middle
+is side of my my my face and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is side of my my my face and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is side of my my my face and at the
+bottom you know it's the back of my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you know it's the back of my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom you know it's the back of my head
+so it's this very beautiful pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this very beautiful pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this very beautiful pictures
+that can be created with this but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be created with this but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be created with this but you
+know in this class maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this class maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in this class maybe you can
+convert a video camera into some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a video camera into some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a video camera into some other
+interesting projection of this xyt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting projection of this xyt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting projection of this xyt
+volume right because a video camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume right because a video camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume right because a video camera is
+xy pixels and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy pixels and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xy pixels and uh
+we're capturing it over time so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're capturing it over time so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're capturing it over time so it's a
+three-dimensional data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional data set
+and a final photo is actually some 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a final photo is actually some 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a final photo is actually some 2d
+projection of that and this is one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of that and this is one type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of that and this is one type
+of project one way of projecting it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project one way of projecting it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of project one way of projecting it but
+we'll study how there's some other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll study how there's some other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll study how there's some other ways
+either for scientific imaging or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for scientific imaging or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either for scientific imaging or for
+artistic photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they usually use standard lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they usually use standard lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they usually use standard lenses
+uh because they still have to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they still have to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they still have to create
+if you're looking at a very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at a very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at a very narrow
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+line of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of uh
+view direction you still have to form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view direction you still have to form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view direction you still have to form an
+extremely high quality image so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high quality image so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high quality image so you
+cannot use a cylindrical lens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use a cylindrical lens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot use a cylindrical lens or
+anything like that so they still use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so they still use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so they still use a
+traditional lens for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional lens for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional lens for that
+is this main uh difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this main uh difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this main uh difference between a
+video camera and standard cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and standard cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and standard cameras
+um in terms of its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of its uh
+i mean there are several differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean there are several differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean there are several differences in
+when it comes to electronics of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to electronics of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to electronics of course
+so uh for example a camera like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for example a camera like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh for example a camera like this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and for on a cheap device is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for on a cheap device is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for on a cheap device is actually a
+video camera and when you release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and when you release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and when you release the
+shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter
+uh or any cheap digital camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or any cheap digital camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or any cheap digital camera is
+actually still camera is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still camera is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still camera is actually a
+video camera and when you release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and when you release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and when you release the
+shutter it takes the next frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter it takes the next frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter it takes the next frame and
+captures that as a real photo and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures that as a real photo and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures that as a real photo and gives
+it to you but it's constantly running as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you but it's constantly running as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you but it's constantly running as
+a video camera and that's why on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video camera and that's why on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video camera and that's why on the on
+the viewfinder you can see the video of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viewfinder you can see the video of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viewfinder you can see the video of
+what's being captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being captured
+so so even if they're selling it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so even if they're selling it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so even if they're selling it as a
+digital still camera and even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still camera and even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still camera and even if they
+don't have a video mode it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a video mode it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a video mode it's actually a
+video camera and then there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and then there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video camera and then there are more
+purists uh who build you know slrs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purists uh who build you know slrs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purists uh who build you know slrs and
+so on and they said no it's it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and they said no it's it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and they said no it's it is a
+digital still camera you must see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still camera you must see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still camera you must see
+through an optical viewfinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an optical viewfinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an optical viewfinder
+and but you know just like the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know just like the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know just like the people
+who make uh the camera we saw those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make uh the camera we saw those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who make uh the camera we saw those
+those people are a minority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are a minority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are a minority and
+uh all this snobbishness about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all this snobbishness about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all this snobbishness about
+when you have an slr camera you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an slr camera you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an slr camera you must
+have a mirror is also gone uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mirror is also gone uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mirror is also gone uh
+fortunately uh so that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately uh so that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately uh so that's kind of the
+fundamental difference between uh still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference between uh still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference between uh still
+camera and and video camera but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and and video camera but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and and video camera but there's
+still an issue of bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an issue of bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an issue of bandwidth
+and that comes to storage and processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes to storage and processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes to storage and processing
+how quickly you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly you can
+capture even if you're exposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture even if you're exposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture even if you're exposing the
+whole sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sensor
+uh so typically you might have a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so typically you might have a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so typically you might have a digital
+skill camera that's six megapixel but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill camera that's six megapixel but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill camera that's six megapixel but
+the video is only less than a megapixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video is only less than a megapixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video is only less than a megapixel
+and that's mainly because of bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mainly because of bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mainly because of bandwidth
+and storage and so on so but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and storage and so on so but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and storage and so on so but it's not
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+it's just an electronic station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an electronic station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an electronic station
+so there's no there's no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no there's no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no there's no reason to
+uh in the future to be all infused into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the future to be all infused into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the future to be all infused into
+once the bandwidth and storage issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the bandwidth and storage issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the bandwidth and storage issues
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+uh not so critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not so critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not so critical
+they're just used into one single device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just used into one single device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just used into one single device
+there are already cameras i believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are already cameras i believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are already cameras i believe that
+when is the shutter you could be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is the shutter you could be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is the shutter you could be in the
+video mode and then you release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video mode and then you release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video mode and then you release the
+shutter it just stores some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter it just stores some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter it just stores some of the
+streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams
+so that's a straightforward so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a straightforward so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a straightforward so in terms
+of optics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optics and
+and image formation there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image formation there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and image formation there's no
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+there's some other differences of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other differences of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other differences of course
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+noise so if you you know that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so if you you know that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so if you you know that for a
+digital still camera when you release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still camera when you release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still camera when you release
+the shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter
+uh you know usually a mechanical chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know usually a mechanical chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know usually a mechanical chart
+opens and closes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens and closes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens and closes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+you know integrate the light for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integrate the light for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integrate the light for a
+finite duration but clearly for a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite duration but clearly for a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite duration but clearly for a video
+camera there's no mechanical shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera there's no mechanical shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera there's no mechanical shutter
+opening and closing for each frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and closing for each frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and closing for each frame
+so why don't they just do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't they just do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't they just do that for
+digital still cameras you know why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still cameras you know why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital still cameras you know why not
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+you know why not get into the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why not get into the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why not get into the mechanical
+shutter altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter altogether
+uh and just do an electronic shutter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just do an electronic shutter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just do an electronic shutter and
+again purists want that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there is absolutely no reason to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is absolutely no reason to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is absolutely no reason to do
+that and nowadays it's true that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and nowadays it's true that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and nowadays it's true that a lot
+of cameras have focal plane shutters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cameras have focal plane shutters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cameras have focal plane shutters
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um sometimes are mechanical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes are mechanical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes are mechanical and
+sometimes are just electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are just electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes are just electronic
+is there absolutely no reason to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there absolutely no reason to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there absolutely no reason to have a
+mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+exactly so sometimes you have issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so sometimes you have issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so sometimes you have issues
+like um uh just thermal noise so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh just thermal noise so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um uh just thermal noise so if
+you're taking a picture that's 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking a picture that's 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking a picture that's 15
+seconds long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds long
+uh then you don't know how the camera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you don't know how the camera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you don't know how the camera is
+going to behave how much noise is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to behave how much noise is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to behave how much noise is going
+to collect over 15 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect over 15 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect over 15 seconds
+so a camera maker has a very good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a camera maker has a very good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a camera maker has a very good model
+of what the noise will be if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the noise will be if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the noise will be if you take a
+very short exposure photo like under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short exposure photo like under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short exposure photo like under a
+second but it's 15 second long exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but it's 15 second long exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but it's 15 second long exposure
+depending on what conditions you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what conditions you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what conditions you're in
+how warm your hand is you know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how warm your hand is you know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how warm your hand is you know all these
+things are going to change the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to change the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to change the noise
+properties on the on the sensor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties on the on the sensor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties on the on the sensor so
+typically they'll take two pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they'll take two pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they'll take two pictures
+they'll take a 50 second long picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take a 50 second long picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take a 50 second long picture uh
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you know the shutter open and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the shutter open and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the shutter open and then they
+will take a 15 second long exposure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a 15 second long exposure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a 15 second long exposure with
+the shutter closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutter closed
+and then subtract the two images to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subtract the two images to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then subtract the two images to get
+rid of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the noise
+because there could be noise that varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there could be noise that varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there could be noise that varies
+over the the frame of the sensor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the frame of the sensor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the the frame of the sensor so
+every once in a while you have to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while you have to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while you have to it's
+good to have a completely dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have a completely dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to have a completely dark
+conditions created mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions created mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions created mechanically
+but again that that will change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again that that will change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again that that will change over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+i'm sure they'll come with solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure they'll come with solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure they'll come with solutions
+where you don't have to do this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have to do this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have to do this extra
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+to figure out the noise in the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the noise in the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out the noise in the system of
+doing the subtraction i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the subtraction i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the subtraction i mean
+communication work right i mean you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication work right i mean you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication work right i mean you have
+to deal with noise all the time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with noise all the time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with noise all the time and you
+don't always transmit the rate twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always transmit the rate twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always transmit the rate twice
+uh so i'm sure we can come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm sure we can come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm sure we can come up with some
+intelligent encoding maybe every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent encoding maybe every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent encoding maybe every
+every 50 pixel is being used for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 50 pixel is being used for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 50 pixel is being used for machine
+noise and other pixels are being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and other pixels are being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and other pixels are being used
+for capturing four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for capturing four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for capturing four
+so there will be some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there will be some interesting
+encoding mechanisms there i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding mechanisms there i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding mechanisms there i would
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the city block project that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city block project that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city block project that's uh
+he was my intern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was my intern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was my intern
+and this was the project that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was the project that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was the project that started
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+augusto his last name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augusto his last name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augusto his last name
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+and they started this project when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started this project when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started this project when they
+were grad student uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were grad student uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were grad student uh at
+stanford uh did an internship at google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford uh did an internship at google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford uh did an internship at google
+uh where they came with an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where they came with an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where they came with an idea of
+mounting a camera uh in a truck and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting a camera uh in a truck and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting a camera uh in a truck and just
+you know driving in paul auto and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know driving in paul auto and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know driving in paul auto and uh
+again using a very similar idea of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using a very similar idea of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using a very similar idea of just
+taking the center pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the center pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the center pixel
+of every video frame so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every video frame so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every video frame so if you can
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+you take thousands of pictures and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take thousands of pictures and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take thousands of pictures and take
+on the center column of each image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the center column of each image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the center column of each image and
+just put it together then you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it together then you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it together then you basically
+created this orthographic camera it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this orthographic camera it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this orthographic camera it's a
+panorama that just goes on and on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panorama that just goes on and on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panorama that just goes on and on for a
+facade of a street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade of a street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade of a street
+and they applied some other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they applied some other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they applied some other interesting
+algorithm because uh if you have streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because uh if you have streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm because uh if you have streets
+or people or cars that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people or cars that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people or cars that are
+moving or in front of the part that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving or in front of the part that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving or in front of the part that you
+care about then because of the parallax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about then because of the parallax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about then because of the parallax
+between multiple views you can eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between multiple views you can eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between multiple views you can eliminate
+them as well so they put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as well so they put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as well so they put all these
+things together that was their city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that was their city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together that was their city
+block project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block project
+and you know you get very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you get very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you get very interesting
+distortion artifacts and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion artifacts and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion artifacts and so on
+but it looks beautiful and what augusto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks beautiful and what augusto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks beautiful and what augusto
+tells me is that this is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me is that this is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me is that this is what they
+pitched for google street view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched for google street view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched for google street view
+as as a representation because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a representation because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a representation because right now
+it's all discrete right you jump between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all discrete right you jump between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all discrete right you jump between
+one bubble to the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bubble to the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bubble to the next level
+and what he tells me is that the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he tells me is that the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he tells me is that the reason
+why they didn't choose what he did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they didn't choose what he did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they didn't choose what he did in
+his thesis and they went for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his thesis and they went for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his thesis and they went for this
+traditional bubble model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional bubble model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional bubble model
+is apparently in user studies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apparently in user studies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is apparently in user studies they
+realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that
+people get really confused when you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get really confused when you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get really confused when you show
+when you show them pictures like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you show them pictures like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you show them pictures like this
+people are more comfortable with jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more comfortable with jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are more comfortable with jumping
+to the next bubble and then looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next bubble and then looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next bubble and then looking
+around and then jumping to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then jumping to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then jumping to the next
+bubble looking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble looking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble looking around
+it's kind of odd to me because i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of odd to me because i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of odd to me because i would
+be more comfortable looking at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more comfortable looking at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more comfortable looking at something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+but this is what i have right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what i have right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what i have right now
+of course the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the new
+google street view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google street view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google street view
+system actually has a lot of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually has a lot of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually has a lot of additional
+sensors they have gps they have compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors they have gps they have compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors they have gps they have compass
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+a lidar that's actually taking 3d images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lidar that's actually taking 3d images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lidar that's actually taking 3d images
+of all the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the cities
+so if a google truck is going by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a google truck is going by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a google truck is going by you
+know cover your eyes because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cover your eyes because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cover your eyes because you're
+shooting lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting lasers
+i'm just kidding uh it's eyesafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just kidding uh it's eyesafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just kidding uh it's eyesafe
+uh but they have 3d models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they have 3d models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but they have 3d models
+and the reason why the 3d models are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why the 3d models are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why the 3d models are not
+available to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us
+uh as on on the browser uh is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as on on the browser uh is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as on on the browser uh is because
+they haven't figured out how to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't figured out how to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't figured out how to use this
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+teratera petabytes of data and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teratera petabytes of data and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teratera petabytes of data and how to
+transfer that and make it available uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that and make it available uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that and make it available uh
+in a streaming fashion but again when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a streaming fashion but again when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a streaming fashion but again when
+that problem is solved we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem is solved we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem is solved we will see
+um you know 3d models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know 3d models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know 3d models
+that are exploited for all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exploited for all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exploited for all kinds of
+interesting purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting purposes
+and this year i was on the c graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this year i was on the c graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this year i was on the c graph
+committee and there were just a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and there were just a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee and there were just a ton of
+papers on what you can do with street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on what you can do with street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on what you can do with street
+level image rule because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level image rule because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level image rule because this is
+becoming a very hot topic right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a very hot topic right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a very hot topic right now
+which is good and bad if it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good and bad if it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good and bad if it's already
+hard it's probably not worth pursuing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's probably not worth pursuing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's probably not worth pursuing it
+because there are too many people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are too many people doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are too many people doing
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but for course project it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for course project it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for course project it's perfectly
+fine to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to do and
+you might be able to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to come up with a
+great idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great idea for
+for a secret paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we'll be studying a lot about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll be studying a lot about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll be studying a lot about uh
+motion deploying this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion deploying this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion deploying this is actually a
+picture we took in kendall square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we took in kendall square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we took in kendall square
+um and we have cameras now that can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have cameras now that can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have cameras now that can take
+highly blurred images motion blur images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly blurred images motion blur images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly blurred images motion blur images
+and recover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recover a
+sharp photo in post capture so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp photo in post capture so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp photo in post capture so last time
+we saw focus tutoring uh this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw focus tutoring uh this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw focus tutoring uh this is uh
+motion deploying uh and the way it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion deploying uh and the way it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion deploying uh and the way it works
+and here's another example where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another example where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another example where you
+might have you know an aerial imagery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you know an aerial imagery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have you know an aerial imagery
+scenario an aircraft that's flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario an aircraft that's flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario an aircraft that's flying
+sufficient below and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient below and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient below and
+with a long sufficiently long exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a long sufficiently long exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a long sufficiently long exposure
+you'll get a blurred photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but again using this technique i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again using this technique i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again using this technique i'm going
+to describe in the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe in the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe in the next slide
+you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do
+motion deployment things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion deployment things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion deployment things for
+cars and the basic idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and the basic idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and the basic idea was
+instead of taking a photo where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking a photo where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking a photo where
+when you release the shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you release the shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you release the shutter
+you open the shutter and keep it open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the shutter and keep it open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the shutter and keep it open
+for say 100 milliseconds and close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say 100 milliseconds and close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for say 100 milliseconds and close the
+shutter and get one photo instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter and get one photo instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter and get one photo instead of
+that you release the shutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you release the shutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you release the shutter
+and then you open and close it multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you open and close it multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you open and close it multiple
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+and at the end you still get one photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end you still get one photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end you still get one photo
+but you have stopped and start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have stopped and start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have stopped and start the
+integration of light multiple times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of light multiple times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of light multiple times in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+okay and of course if you do that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course if you do that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course if you do that with a
+mechanical shutter you'll probably avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical shutter you'll probably avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical shutter you'll probably avoid
+the warranty and the camera will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the warranty and the camera will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the warranty and the camera will be
+unusable uh very quickly so instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusable uh very quickly so instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusable uh very quickly so instead of a
+mechanical opening and closing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical opening and closing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical opening and closing of the
+shutter we used an lcd actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter we used an lcd actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutter we used an lcd actually a
+ferroelectric lcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferroelectric lcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferroelectric lcd
+that becomes transparent or opaque so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes transparent or opaque so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes transparent or opaque so
+when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's
+when the lcd is of course opaque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lcd is of course opaque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lcd is of course opaque
+you block the transmission of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you block the transmission of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you block the transmission of light and
+then it's transparent the light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's transparent the light goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's transparent the light goes
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+and that encores the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that encores the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that encores the motion of the
+object so if you have a point light with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if you have a point light with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if you have a point light with
+a traditional camera if i move the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional camera if i move the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional camera if i move the light
+very fast you will see a streak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast you will see a streak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast you will see a streak
+in the photo but with this camera you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photo but with this camera you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the photo but with this camera you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+uh like a uh like a ham code you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a uh like a ham code you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a uh like a ham code you say
+dash dot dot dash dot uh in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash dot dot dash dot uh in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash dot dot dash dot uh in the in this
+in the screen and that will preserve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the screen and that will preserve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the screen and that will preserve uh
+high frequency information in the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency information in the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency information in the scene
+and as we'll study later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll study later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll study later
+it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to
+reconstruct the original image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the original image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the original image and
+recover the sharp features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the sharp features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover the sharp features
+and we'll study this in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll study this in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll study this in the frequency
+domain we'll study this using a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we'll study this using a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we'll study this using a linear
+algebra and we'll also study this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and we'll also study this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and we'll also study this using
+pure intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure intuition
+so those of you with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those of you with different
+backgrounds hopefully will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds hopefully will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds hopefully will be very
+comfortable with many of these concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with many of these concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with many of these concepts
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is something this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something this is a very
+worrying trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying trend
+uh for sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sensors
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+1994 pixels were about nine microns wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 pixels were about nine microns wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 pixels were about nine microns wide
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh a human hair is about 50 microns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a human hair is about 50 microns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a human hair is about 50 microns so
+it's in a one-fifth of the width of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a one-fifth of the width of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a one-fifth of the width of a
+human hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the the way you sense the color is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way you sense the color is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way you sense the color is you
+put a filter green blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a filter green blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a filter green blue
+uh green red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh green red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh green red
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and that's the bare mosaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the bare mosaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the bare mosaic
+and this is later again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is later again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is later again
+but over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over time
+the size of this pixel is shrinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this pixel is shrinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of this pixel is shrinking
+because if you want to buy a phone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want to buy a phone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want to buy a phone that
+has 5 megapixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 5 megapixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 5 megapixel
+but it has really tiny uh uh focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has really tiny uh uh focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has really tiny uh uh focal
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+and uh that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's fine
+so you know the sensor is shrinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the sensor is shrinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the sensor is shrinking and
+the camera makers want to produce a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera makers want to produce a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera makers want to produce a lot
+of sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensors
+from a given wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a given wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a given wafer
+so you have a wafer of a certain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a wafer of a certain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a wafer of a certain size
+you want to slice slice it and dice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to slice slice it and dice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to slice slice it and dice it
+and then put it into each of the cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it into each of the cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put it into each of the cameras
+the more you slice it the more pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you slice it the more pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you slice it the more pieces
+you will get of course and so the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get of course and so the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get of course and so the logic
+is if you keep shrinking these pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you keep shrinking these pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you keep shrinking these pixels
+you can keep shrinking the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep shrinking the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep shrinking the size of the
+overall image sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall image sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall image sensor
+so right now we are down to 2 micron 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we are down to 2 micron 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now we are down to 2 micron 1.5
+micron i just saw a paper from sony uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron i just saw a paper from sony uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron i just saw a paper from sony uh
+yesterday where they're claiming 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where they're claiming 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where they're claiming 0.9
+microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+and what's the wavelength of visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the wavelength of visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the wavelength of visible
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.4 to 0.7 microns so let's write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 to 0.7 microns so let's write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 to 0.7 microns so let's write this
+down because we will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is 50 micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 50 micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 50 micron
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+without your air this is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without your air this is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without your air this is 10
+micron uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron uh
+one micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one micron
+and consuming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+500 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+1 times 10 to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 10 to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 10 to minus
+uh 500 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 500 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 500 nanometers
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+blue is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is here
+the green is here of the antlers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green is here of the antlers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green is here of the antlers here
+or 400 xl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 400 xl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 400 xl
+so the depth of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the depth of variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the depth of variable
+all the way down here now the pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down here now the pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down here now the pixel
+itself is 0.9 micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is 0.9 micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is 0.9 micron
+right and the relevant of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the relevant of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the relevant of light is
+in very simple words really really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very simple words really really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very simple words really really close
+and this is a challenge and as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a challenge and as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a challenge and as we'll
+study later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study later
+because of the limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the limitations of
+diffraction and other laws of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction and other laws of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction and other laws of physics
+it's getting very challenging to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting very challenging to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting very challenging to do this
+naval imagery with its this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naval imagery with its this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naval imagery with its this type of
+sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors
+and again we'll study how people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we'll study how people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we'll study how people are
+thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this
+in a very traditional way and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very traditional way and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very traditional way and some other
+teams are actually trying to exploit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams are actually trying to exploit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams are actually trying to exploit uh
+these uh sensors in uh completely unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sensors in uh completely unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sensors in uh completely unique
+ways now there's a there's a new design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways now there's a there's a new design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways now there's a there's a new design
+where people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are
+claiming uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming uh that
+by using a pixel that's less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a pixel that's less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a pixel that's less than one
+micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron
+by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+compared to this pixel let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this pixel let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this pixel let's say this is
+10 microns and this is one micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns and this is one micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 microns and this is one micron
+the amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light
+one pixel will capture is reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pixel will capture is reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pixel will capture is reduced by
+what factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what factor
+by a factor of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor of 100
+right so with my phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with my phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with my phone
+in 1994 if everything was the same if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 if everything was the same if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 if everything was the same if i
+could take a picture in 100 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a picture in 100 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take a picture in 100 milliseconds
+now how long will be my exposure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how long will be my exposure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how long will be my exposure time
+it'll be 10 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 10 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 10 seconds
+right but clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but clearly
+over the last 10 years the exposure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years the exposure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years the exposure time
+of a typical photo hasn't changed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical photo hasn't changed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a typical photo hasn't changed in
+other words you'll have a otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you'll have a otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you'll have a otherwise
+you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a
+camera shake because of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera shake because of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera shake because of you know
+because the jitter in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the jitter in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the jitter in your
+in your device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your device
+so clearly the technology has improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly the technology has improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly the technology has improved
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the pixels have 100 times less area to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixels have 100 times less area to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixels have 100 times less area to
+capture light and still we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture light and still we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture light and still we're able to
+get photos with roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get photos with roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get photos with roughly the same
+exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure
+so in a way the light gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way the light gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way the light gathering
+capability has improved by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability has improved by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability has improved by a factor of
+100 not really but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 not really but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 not really but
+it's it's about that order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's about that order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's about that order of magnitude
+and a lot of software tricks that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of software tricks that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of software tricks that are
+being played to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being played to
+kind of compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of compensate for
+for the noise uh in such 90 sensors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the noise uh in such 90 sensors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the noise uh in such 90 sensors so
+we'll study this issue quite a bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll study this issue quite a bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll study this issue quite a bit uh
+one common theme throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common theme throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common theme throughout
+imaging is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging is
+the two things you need you need a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things you need you need a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things you need you need a lot
+of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+you're always you always want a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always you always want a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always you always want a lot of
+photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons
+to take a good picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a good picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a good picture
+and number two is you would like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number two is you would like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number two is you would like to have
+a negative light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative light
+and this may sound strange but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this may sound strange but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this may sound strange but people
+who work in in radio and other fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in in radio and other fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in in radio and other fields
+they're blessed with negative energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blessed with negative energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're blessed with negative energy
+and people who work in optics always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who work in optics always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who work in optics always
+have to worry about creating negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about creating negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about creating negative
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+and as as we'll go through the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as we'll go through the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as we'll go through the class
+you'll realize that if somebody somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize that if somebody somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize that if somebody somebody
+invents negative energy for light uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invents negative energy for light uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invents negative energy for light uh
+you know it's like an invention of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like an invention of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like an invention of zero
+so to just represent nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative light
+yeah a photon that has negative energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea
+think about it very hard yeah you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it very hard yeah you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it very hard yeah you'll get
+multiple nobel prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and then there's some really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some really interesting
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+biological creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological creatures
+that uh we'll be studying uh animal eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we'll be studying uh animal eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we'll be studying uh animal eyes
+so a dragonfly or a krill has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a dragonfly or a krill has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a dragonfly or a krill has
+you know this compound eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this compound eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this compound eyes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+this is the simulation of what this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simulation of what this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simulation of what this guy
+is looking at you know it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at you know it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looking at you know it's probably
+creating thousands of images probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating thousands of images probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating thousands of images probably
+not of that good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of that good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of that good quality
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+they're used for a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for a very interesting
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+so so we'll study that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we'll study that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we'll study that as well
+uh so there's a project called tombow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's a project called tombow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's a project called tombow
+uh in japan which i believe stands for i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in japan which i believe stands for i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in japan which i believe stands for i
+mean it stands for thin observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it stands for thin observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it stands for thin observation
+module by bound optics but the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module by bound optics but the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module by bound optics but the word
+combo means shrimp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combo means shrimp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combo means shrimp
+in japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does the word tombow mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the word tombow mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the word tombow mean
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+dragon flowers like a dragonfly so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon flowers like a dragonfly so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragon flowers like a dragonfly so it's
+a it's a nice play on uh on the dragon i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a nice play on uh on the dragon i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a nice play on uh on the dragon i
+should remember this right on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember this right on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember this right on the side
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so again you have a single sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again you have a single sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so again you have a single sensor
+and you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have uh
+multiple tiny lenses and this is placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple tiny lenses and this is placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple tiny lenses and this is placed
+really really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really close
+uh to the sensor and the idea is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the sensor and the idea is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the sensor and the idea is that if
+you have an object and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an object and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an object and you have
+plenty of tiny sensors right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of tiny sensors right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of tiny sensors right next to the
+plenty of tiny lenses next to the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of tiny lenses next to the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of tiny lenses next to the sensor
+then again you'll form thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you'll form thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you'll form thousands of
+images and from that you may be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and from that you may be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and from that you may be able to
+do something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something interesting
+we'll also look at timer flight cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also look at timer flight cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also look at timer flight cameras
+we saw last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+3db cameras that uses time of flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3db cameras that uses time of flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3db cameras that uses time of flight
+to compute depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute depth
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how fast does light travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 times 10 to the eight meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 times 10 to the eight meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 times 10 to the eight meters per
+second but what did what we see last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but what did what we see last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but what did what we see last
+what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean
+one foot per nanosecond and uh sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one foot per nanosecond and uh sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one foot per nanosecond and uh sound
+one minute one foot per millisecond okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minute one foot per millisecond okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minute one foot per millisecond okay
+just good numbers remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just good numbers remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just good numbers remember
+and so these cameras will study how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these cameras will study how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these cameras will study how they
+work and it's quite possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's quite possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it's quite possible that
+these type of cameras will be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of cameras will be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of cameras will be available
+in really cheap devices i'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really cheap devices i'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really cheap devices i'm talking
+about devices that are less than 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about devices that are less than 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about devices that are less than 100
+so microsoft natal is uh is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so microsoft natal is uh is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so microsoft natal is uh is likely to
+have a 3d deaf sensing camera very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 3d deaf sensing camera very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 3d deaf sensing camera very soon
+and uh sony i toy is also likely to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sony i toy is also likely to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sony i toy is also likely to have
+one in fact sony itoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact sony itoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in fact sony itoy
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+richard marx marks who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard marx marks who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard marx marks who's
+the kind of spiritual leader of uh itoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of spiritual leader of uh itoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of spiritual leader of uh itoy
+has told me multiple times that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has told me multiple times that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has told me multiple times that they
+will come out with a 3d camera anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out with a 3d camera anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out with a 3d camera anytime
+and they're testing it they just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're testing it they just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're testing it they just want to
+make sure the cost is low enough to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the cost is low enough to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the cost is low enough to to
+make it happen so this is very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen so this is very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen so this is very exciting
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+for for imaging and those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for imaging and those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for imaging and those of you who
+think we already have a billion cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we already have a billion cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we already have a billion cameras
+how much is it going to change uh you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is it going to change uh you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is it going to change uh you'll
+be extremely surprised uh what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely surprised uh what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be extremely surprised uh what what you
+will see just in the next two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and these years cameras are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these years cameras are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these years cameras are also
+being used in tv studios where you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in tv studios where you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in tv studios where you may
+want to insert uh some virtual objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insert uh some virtual objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to insert uh some virtual objects
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the scene so a traditional mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene so a traditional mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scene so a traditional mapping
+you just replace what's the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just replace what's the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just replace what's the background
+you know maybe you have a blue screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you have a blue screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you have a blue screen
+and you replace the background but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you replace the background but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you replace the background but here
+you can put something in front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put something in front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put something in front and
+behind the person with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the person with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the person with the right
+occlusion order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occlusion order
+so we'll study these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll study these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll study these things
+we'll be spending a lot of time about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be spending a lot of time about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be spending a lot of time about
+cameras for a human computer interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras for a human computer interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras for a human computer interaction
+this is this is the topic of always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the topic of always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is the topic of always a
+lot of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interest
+and you know we look at different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we look at different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we look at different types
+of cameras camera looking at people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cameras camera looking at people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cameras camera looking at people
+camera looking fingers such as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera looking fingers such as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera looking fingers such as the uh
+frustrated total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated total internal reflection
+ft ir uh how optical mouse works anato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft ir uh how optical mouse works anato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft ir uh how optical mouse works anato
+pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen
+and so on different types of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on different types of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on different types of motion
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+uh v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+and we'll also look at what are the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also look at what are the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also look at what are the type
+of uh camera based hcr projects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh camera based hcr projects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh camera based hcr projects that are
+interesting and some of them are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and some of them are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and some of them are just
+very 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very 20th century
+okay and uh and this is this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and this is this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and this is this is this is
+very interesting because if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting because if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting because if you go to
+places like uh siggraph emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like uh siggraph emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like uh siggraph emerging
+technologies where people are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where people are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where people are really
+combining the latest generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the latest generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the latest generation of
+algorithms and hardware uh you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and hardware uh you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and hardware uh you'll see
+over time which projects are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time which projects are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time which projects are interesting
+and which projects are just stupid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which projects are just stupid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which projects are just stupid and
+boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring
+right and is there's some really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and is there's some really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and is there's some really really
+common ones and uh those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ones and uh those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ones and uh those of you who are
+doing this for projects is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this for projects is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this for projects is perfectly
+fine but if you're thinking about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if you're thinking about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if you're thinking about using
+it for research then you know think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for research then you know think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for research then you know think
+about it this is this is something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is this is something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this is this is something you
+should avoid because it's been done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should avoid because it's been done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should avoid because it's been done to
+death the most common one i have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death the most common one i have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death the most common one i have to say
+is where something moves and the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where something moves and the music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where something moves and the music
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+just get out of that business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get out of that business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get out of that business
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+you're going to write some let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write some let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write some let's say
+application where it's going to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application where it's going to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application where it's going to depend
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+detecting you know some skin color or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting you know some skin color or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting you know some skin color or
+something something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something
+it's not going to work okay you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to work okay you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to work okay you might be
+able to show it as a demo but as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show it as a demo but as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show it as a demo but as a
+research it's not going to work when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research it's not going to work when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research it's not going to work when the
+lighting changes or the orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting changes or the orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting changes or the orientation
+changes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so on
+another very common excitement is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very common excitement is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very common excitement is i'm
+going to take a light and put a stereo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a light and put a stereo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a light and put a stereo
+camera and track it and create a 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and track it and create a 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and track it and create a 3d
+path of it done to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of it done to death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of it done to death
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+there are things you can buy for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can buy for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things you can buy for a
+hundred dollars that will do it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars that will do it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars that will do it for you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and when there's a product that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when there's a product that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when there's a product that's not
+worth doing research on the same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth doing research on the same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth doing research on the same same
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+again segment a finger or a face by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again segment a finger or a face by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again segment a finger or a face by you
+know putting some kind of a glow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting some kind of a glow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know putting some kind of a glow or
+something for for segmentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for for segmentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for for segmentation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some artistic interactive displays uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some artistic interactive displays uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some artistic interactive displays uh
+you know i can wave by hand and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can wave by hand and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can wave by hand and change
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+don't worry about it a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it a lot of people
+know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+the the problem with a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problem with a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the problem with a lot of these
+demos as you'll see is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos as you'll see is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos as you'll see is that you can
+build this demo and you'll be you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this demo and you'll be you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this demo and you'll be you'll be
+able to get some people excited about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get some people excited about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get some people excited about it
+and that will give you this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give you this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will give you this positive
+reinforcement oh this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement oh this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement oh this is the kind of
+stuff i should be doing because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff i should be doing because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff i should be doing because you know
+you can impress some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can impress some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can impress some people
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+and you can impress all the people for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can impress all the people for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can impress all the people for
+some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+but not all the people all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all the people all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not all the people all the time and
+of course the world was not impressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the world was not impressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the world was not impressed in
+the original quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original quote
+uh and just remember that so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just remember that so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just remember that so uh
+there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem
+let's see let me fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let me fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see let me fix it
+so what we're going to do in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in this class
+is the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the solution
+yeah exactly exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly exactly
+you have to attend the whole uh semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to attend the whole uh semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to attend the whole uh semester
+to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen
+to a quick question on the flooring hci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a quick question on the flooring hci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a quick question on the flooring hci
+uh camera event right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh camera event right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh camera event right um
+what's the current status of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the current status of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the current status of like the
+gays estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gays estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gays estimation
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we'll talk about that as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll talk about that as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll talk about that as well in
+the class and there are some really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and there are some really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and there are some really good
+good solutions but i think it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good solutions but i think it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good solutions but i think it's still
+the gate tracking is still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate tracking is still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate tracking is still pretty
+challenging problem so that i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging problem so that i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging problem so that i think
+that's worth still exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth still exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth still exploring
+um and again this is not an offense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again this is not an offense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again this is not an offense to
+anybody if you're doing it as a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody if you're doing it as a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody if you're doing it as a class
+project it's perfectly fine but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's perfectly fine but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it's perfectly fine but you know
+just let's just be honest you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let's just be honest you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let's just be honest you know it's
+it's uh when you're when you are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh when you're when you are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh when you're when you are an
+acquaintance we praise each other's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintance we praise each other's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintance we praise each other's work
+and when you're friends we you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're friends we you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're friends we you know we
+criticize and you know we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize and you know we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize and you know we're just going
+to be very very honest about it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very honest about it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very honest about it and see
+what we can learn and and what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can learn and and what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can learn and and what we can do
+next right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next right
+so the solution is you have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution is you have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the solution is you have to change
+the game you want to try to build things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game you want to try to build things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game you want to try to build things
+that are robust they do kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are robust they do kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are robust they do kind of things
+that nobody else can do and they allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody else can do and they allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody else can do and they allow
+you to do things that are not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do things that are not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do things that are not possible
+with two discounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two discounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two discounts
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so we just want you smarter sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just want you smarter sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just want you smarter sensors
+motor processing and what you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor processing and what you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor processing and what you create
+should be just magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just magic
+not in terms of its application but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in terms of its application but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in terms of its application but in
+terms of its basic building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its basic building blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its basic building blocks
+and hopefully through this class you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully through this class you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully through this class you'll
+realize there are hundreds and hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize there are hundreds and hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize there are hundreds and hundreds
+of solutions that you could be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions that you could be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions that you could be using
+instead of using some cheap camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using some cheap camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using some cheap camera
+that's available and just because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available and just because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available and just because you
+have the sdk for it or just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sdk for it or just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sdk for it or just because the
+device is available you're using it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is available you're using it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is available you're using it you
+know let's get away from that and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's get away from that and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's get away from that and let's
+try to build something that's unique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build something that's unique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build something that's unique and
+new okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay
+any questions on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so if you want to build stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if you want to build stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if you want to build stuff like
+using a new camera or building like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a new camera or building like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a new camera or building like
+changing the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the motion
+of the shuttle and stuff like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shuttle and stuff like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shuttle and stuff like this so
+what other components are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other components are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other components are available
+that's a great question that's it so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question that's it so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question that's it so let
+me just repeat uh dina's question if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just repeat uh dina's question if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just repeat uh dina's question if you
+really want to do all these things what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do all these things what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do all these things what
+are the components that are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the components that are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the components that are available
+can i just snap slap together a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i just snap slap together a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i just snap slap together a sensor
+and a light source and all this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a light source and all this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a light source and all this uh
+electronics uh the answer is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics uh the answer is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics uh the answer is it's not
+always that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always that easy
+unfortunately it's not you know i wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's not you know i wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's not you know i wish
+canon would just come out with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canon would just come out with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canon would just come out with you know
+a lego for cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lego for cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lego for cameras
+and and you know just just sell that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know just just sell that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know just just sell that and
+i'm sure they'll sell you know millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure they'll sell you know millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure they'll sell you know millions
+of those uh but because then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh but because then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh but because then you can
+create your own things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create your own things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create your own things
+uh but unfortunately it's not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but unfortunately it's not available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but unfortunately it's not available
+at the same time what i've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time what i've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time what i've seen
+especially at media lab our people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at media lab our people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at media lab our people are
+extremely innovative and they go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely innovative and they go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely innovative and they go and
+pick pieces from different places i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick pieces from different places i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick pieces from different places i
+think dan has been looking into that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think dan has been looking into that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think dan has been looking into that the
+other and sparkfun has been has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and sparkfun has been has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and sparkfun has been has been
+very supportive um in in they can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very supportive um in in they can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very supportive um in in they can they
+sell camera models for three to nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell camera models for three to nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell camera models for three to nine
+dollars now you can buy a full-fledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars now you can buy a full-fledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars now you can buy a full-fledged
+camera for three dollars unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera for three dollars unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera for three dollars unfortunately
+there's not much you can change about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much you can change about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much you can change about it
+but then you can go to companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you can go to companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you can go to companies like
+point grey and buy a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point grey and buy a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point grey and buy a little bit more
+expensive solution maybe 500 to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive solution maybe 500 to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive solution maybe 500 to a
+thousand dollars and they'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and they'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars and they'll give you
+more uh access to it so i mean all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh access to it so i mean all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh access to it so i mean all the
+projects that we do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that we do here
+we are not building our own sensors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not building our own sensors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not building our own sensors we
+are not building our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not building our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not building our own
+uh chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chip
+processing chip we are putting pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing chip we are putting pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing chip we are putting pieces
+together from different places and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together from different places and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together from different places and uh
+you know we are definitely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we are definitely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we are definitely on the
+bleeding edge so if you want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding edge so if you want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding edge so if you want to build
+something unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unique
+there is no solution available you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no solution available you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no solution available you can
+just buy a kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just buy a kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just buy a kit
+right now to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now to do it
+i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know
+jb has been interested in building a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jb has been interested in building a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jb has been interested in building a uh
+what do you call it what kind of cam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call it what kind of cam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you call it what kind of cam
+open source camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's not this small module that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not this small module that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not this small module that
+you can program in wireless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can program in wireless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can program in wireless and
+everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then stanford professor mark lavoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stanford professor mark lavoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stanford professor mark lavoy
+and his group has been also proposing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his group has been also proposing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his group has been also proposing an
+open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source
+camera architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera architecture
+and they also ran into the same issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also ran into the same issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also ran into the same issue of
+how can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can they
+get some of the chip makers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of the chip makers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of the chip makers and
+and lensmakers and all that excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lensmakers and all that excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lensmakers and all that excited to
+put this together so they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this together so they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this together so they're just
+getting started and i hope that movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting started and i hope that movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting started and i hope that movement
+will will continue we have a lot of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will continue we have a lot of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will continue we have a lot of our
+own plans here uh which we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own plans here uh which we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own plans here uh which we'll be
+disclosing in in coming weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing in in coming weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosing in in coming weeks
+and it should be possible to and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be possible to and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it should be possible to and there
+was a time uh when it was very cool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time uh when it was very cool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time uh when it was very cool to
+hack around with your car right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack around with your car right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hack around with your car right in the
+70s and 80s like you're a cool guy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and 80s like you're a cool guy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s and 80s like you're a cool guy if
+you fix your car and put new things now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix your car and put new things now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fix your car and put new things now
+people say okay and then there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say okay and then there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say okay and then there was a
+time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when
+it was very cool to build electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very cool to build electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very cool to build electronics
+you know with cool electronics do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with cool electronics do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with cool electronics do
+something with robots and people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with robots and people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with robots and people say
+that's okay i can just back it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay i can just back it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay i can just back it and
+what's going to happen now is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen now is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen now is we're
+going to get into the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into the physics
+of these things uh not just the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things uh not just the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things uh not just the you know
+the chemical engines and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical engines and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical engines and and the
+electronic hardware but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic hardware but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic hardware but we're going to
+get into the physics of it whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the physics of it whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the physics of it whether it's
+in a uv light whether it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uv light whether it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uv light whether it's you know
+chemical elements or whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements or whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements or whether it's the
+sensor and the next generation of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and the next generation of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and the next generation of kids
+who want to be cool are going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to be cool are going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who want to be cool are going to build
+things that just create magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that just create magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that just create magic
+so i'm really excited about this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm really excited about this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm really excited about this whole
+uh whole area in fact there's a group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whole area in fact there's a group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whole area in fact there's a group at
+columbia university um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia university um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia university um
+uh professor sri nair and he's putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh professor sri nair and he's putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh professor sri nair and he's putting
+together a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a um
+i forget the name of the project but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forget the name of the project but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i forget the name of the project but
+it's also kind of a lego for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also kind of a lego for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also kind of a lego for for for
+cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+um and uh that's not a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh that's not a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh that's not a lot of fun
+they're trying to create a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to create a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to create a whole
+high school curriculum based on canvas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school curriculum based on canvas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school curriculum based on canvas
+so it's very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know we look at how uh jeff hans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we look at how uh jeff hans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we look at how uh jeff hans
+project uh was developed uh and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh was developed uh and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh was developed uh and remember
+his paper came out only in 2005.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his paper came out only in 2005.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his paper came out only in 2005.
+uh that's the very first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the very first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the very first time
+he he disclosed it and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he disclosed it and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he disclosed it and and uh
+after that as you know very well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that as you know very well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that as you know very well it's
+everywhere john king is using it on cnn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere john king is using it on cnn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere john king is using it on cnn
+to see how obama is doing versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how obama is doing versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how obama is doing versus
+mccain and it's just everywhere a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccain and it's just everywhere a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mccain and it's just everywhere a
+beautiful piece of technology a very old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful piece of technology a very old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful piece of technology a very old
+idea that's used in lots of other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that's used in lots of other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that's used in lots of other uh
+environments uh and we'll study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know can i ask you a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know can i ask you a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know can i ask you a quick
+question yeah yeah so if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah yeah so if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah yeah so if this is a
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+or sort of all touchscreen displays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of all touchscreen displays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of all touchscreen displays
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+that's a great question that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question that's a great
+question so this one in a way is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this one in a way is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this one in a way is still
+using a traditional camera you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a traditional camera you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a traditional camera you know when
+john king is playing on cnn with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john king is playing on cnn with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john king is playing on cnn with all
+that thing what you don't realize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing what you don't realize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing what you don't realize is
+that behind him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind him
+he requires a lot of space to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he requires a lot of space to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he requires a lot of space to put a
+camera and a real projection screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and a real projection screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and a real projection screen
+right it's not just looking walking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just looking walking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not just looking walking up
+to some thin lcd and playing with it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some thin lcd and playing with it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some thin lcd and playing with it i
+mean so if i have two pieces of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if i have two pieces of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if i have two pieces of glass
+that i'm pressing on right now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm pressing on right now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm pressing on right now i'm
+detecting you know which which wires are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting you know which which wires are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting you know which which wires are
+actually touching each other right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually touching each other right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually touching each other right
+i've never thought of that as a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never thought of that as a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never thought of that as a camera
+before so i'm i'm thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so i'm i'm thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so i'm i'm thinking about it
+right now maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now maybe
+certainly that's the way you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that's the way you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly that's the way you should be
+thinking a camera is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a camera is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking a camera is not a
+two-dimensional sensor it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional sensor it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional sensor it's zero
+dimensional which is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional which is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional which is the point
+one-dimensional a line or curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional a line or curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional a line or curve
+two-dimensional three-dimensional we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional three-dimensional we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional three-dimensional we'll
+see eight-dimensional sensors but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see eight-dimensional sensors but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see eight-dimensional sensors but we
+usually think of cameras as sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of cameras as sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually think of cameras as sensing
+light not sensing you know pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light not sensing you know pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light not sensing you know pressure
+but you can convert pressure into light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can convert pressure into light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can convert pressure into light
+so chemo ironif is here he'll come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chemo ironif is here he'll come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chemo ironif is here he'll come and
+give a talk about how his device work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk about how his device work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a talk about how his device work
+and what they basically do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they basically do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they basically do is
+they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a
+they have created this surface it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have created this surface it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have created this surface it looks
+like jello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jello
+and um and they have built some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and they have built some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and they have built some really
+really beautiful demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really beautiful demos
+i think i believe it's going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i believe it's going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i believe it's going to come in
+a couple of weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and show this and what this uh jello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show this and what this uh jello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show this and what this uh jello
+like device does is i can put my finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like device does is i can put my finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like device does is i can put my finger
+on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+and it transfers that into a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it transfers that into a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it transfers that into a highly
+visible impression and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible impression and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible impression and then
+in very simple words system takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very simple words system takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very simple words system takes a
+photo of that with changing lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo of that with changing lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo of that with changing lighting
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+uh and they can create this very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they can create this very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they can create this very you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+millimeter or micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter or micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter or micro
+multi micrometer scale objects and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi micrometer scale objects and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi micrometer scale objects and then
+take photos of that so yeah you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take photos of that so yeah you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take photos of that so yeah you know you
+always need a transducer a camera is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need a transducer a camera is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need a transducer a camera is uh
+converting photons into electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting photons into electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting photons into electrons
+but you could have other transducers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could have other transducers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could have other transducers you
+know pressure into electrons or pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pressure into electrons or pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pressure into electrons or pressure
+into photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we sometimes think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sometimes think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sometimes think of
+any kind of sensor that that can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of sensor that that can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of sensor that that can give
+rich information as a camera right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich information as a camera right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich information as a camera right
+maybe the other way to phrase is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the other way to phrase is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the other way to phrase is that
+what is uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is uh what
+sensors can give you visual information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors can give you visual information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors can give you visual information
+and then yes whether it's a resistive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yes whether it's a resistive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then yes whether it's a resistive or
+capacitive or inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive or inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive or inductive
+it still could give you some geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still could give you some geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still could give you some geometric
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+so but although we won't be studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but although we won't be studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but although we won't be studying
+them as such we'll be spreading more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as such we'll be spreading more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as such we'll be spreading more
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+whatever happens to photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens to photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens to photons
+uh but then you know going beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then you know going beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then you know going beyond that
+how can you create something out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you create something out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you create something out of a
+thin screen and this is uh matt hirsch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin screen and this is uh matt hirsch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin screen and this is uh matt hirsch
+that was his class project last year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his class project last year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his class project last year in
+this class and he started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and he started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and he started thinking about
+it in the class and he built an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the class and he built an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the class and he built an initial
+prototype for his final project and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype for his final project and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype for his final project and this
+of course however now has become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course however now has become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course however now has become a
+cigarette paper part of his master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette paper part of his master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette paper part of his master's
+thesis he won the student research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis he won the student research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis he won the student research
+competition this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition this year
+just out of this class from from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just out of this class from from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just out of this class from from last
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+and we will study how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then we'll study things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll study things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll study things like this
+another pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pen
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+has a grid of dots that are slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a grid of dots that are slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a grid of dots that are slightly
+misplaced with respect to the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misplaced with respect to the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misplaced with respect to the center of
+uh its its position and every block of i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its its position and every block of i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh its its position and every block of i
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe
+uh six by six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six by six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh six by six
+is unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unique
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+just with this grid of six plus six they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this grid of six plus six they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with this grid of six plus six they
+can create sufficiently unique codes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create sufficiently unique codes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create sufficiently unique codes so
+that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you
+create paper with this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create paper with this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create paper with this code
+and just laid out it will cover half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just laid out it will cover half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just laid out it will cover half
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+land area of the us so they can print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land area of the us so they can print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land area of the us so they can print
+many many many papers with this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many papers with this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many papers with this course
+printed on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed on them
+and a pen has a camera that looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pen has a camera that looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pen has a camera that looks at
+this 6x6 code and figures out its unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 6x6 code and figures out its unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 6x6 code and figures out its unique
+location in a coordinate system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in a coordinate system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location in a coordinate system that
+could span you know 1600 kilometers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could span you know 1600 kilometers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could span you know 1600 kilometers by
+1600 kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know it's really unique uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's really unique uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's really unique uh and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this way you know where the pen was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you know where the pen was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way you know where the pen was on
+which page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which page
+and which export ornament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which export ornament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which export ornament
+uh and this is a way to basically record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is a way to basically record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is a way to basically record
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the strokes that you were trying yes jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strokes that you were trying yes jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strokes that you were trying yes jim
+it's also i work with this company there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also i work with this company there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also i work with this company there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+200 people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 people and
+more than half our lawyers there are 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than half our lawyers there are 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than half our lawyers there are 250
+patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents
+so it's interesting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's interesting to see
+the context of this so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of this so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of this so it's very
+difficult actually to hack it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult actually to hack it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult actually to hack it
+to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+go beyond the sdk or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+especially in terms of hardware right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in terms of hardware right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in terms of hardware right
+beyond what they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh you have one oh excellent do you mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you have one oh excellent do you mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you have one oh excellent do you mind
+passing it around no yeah just pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it around no yeah just pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing it around no yeah just pass it
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+all right uh and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh and then we'll talk about
+both words which is a project with ankit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both words which is a project with ankit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both words which is a project with ankit
+mohan grace wu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mohan grace wu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mohan grace wu
+queen here and professor hebera who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen here and professor hebera who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen here and professor hebera who was
+here last year and the idea is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last year and the idea is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last year and the idea is you know
+how can we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we create
+uh how can we exploit properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how can we exploit properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how can we exploit properties of
+cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+for objects that are very far away how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for objects that are very far away how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for objects that are very far away how
+can we add intelligence to the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we add intelligence to the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we add intelligence to the world so
+that the world is more compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world is more compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world is more compatible with
+billions of cameras people are carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of cameras people are carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of cameras people are carrying
+and i won't go into the detail but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't go into the detail but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't go into the detail but the
+basic idea is to convert a point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea is to convert a point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea is to convert a point uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in sharp focus looks like something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sharp focus looks like something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sharp focus looks like something that
+are the size of three millimeters by 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the size of three millimeters by 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the size of three millimeters by 5
+millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters
+and take an auto focus photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and convert a circle of confusion into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert a circle of confusion into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert a circle of confusion into
+circle of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll look at motion capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at motion capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at motion capture
+solutions for fci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for fci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for fci
+uh some other solutions we have built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some other solutions we have built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some other solutions we have built
+here for kind of inverse optical motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for kind of inverse optical motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for kind of inverse optical motion
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+um and some other hci devices so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some other hci devices so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some other hci devices so we'll
+spend a lot of time on on that so uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on on that so uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on on that so uh an
+announcement here uh sharam izabe who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement here uh sharam izabe who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement here uh sharam izabe who is
+one of the one of the leaders in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the leaders in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the leaders in uh
+using kangaroos for at ci is giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kangaroos for at ci is giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using kangaroos for at ci is giving a
+talk actually on monday this changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk actually on monday this changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk actually on monday this changed
+on monday at 4 pm um i believe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday at 4 pm um i believe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday at 4 pm um i believe in the
+roth room and he's the inventor of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roth room and he's the inventor of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roth room and he's the inventor of um
+if you're familiar with microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're familiar with microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're familiar with microsoft
+surface which has which is a tabletop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which has which is a tabletop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which has which is a tabletop
+surface with a projector and camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with a projector and camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with a projector and camera
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+he built a version that's a variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he built a version that's a variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he built a version that's a variant of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+they put a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put a screen
+uh the screen is actually not diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the screen is actually not diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the screen is actually not diffused
+but it's switchable it switches between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's switchable it switches between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's switchable it switches between
+a diffuse screen and a transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diffuse screen and a transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diffuse screen and a transparent
+screen electronically so in one frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen electronically so in one frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen electronically so in one frame
+you're projecting an image on it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're projecting an image on it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're projecting an image on it and you
+can see it on the tabletop in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it on the tabletop in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it on the tabletop in the next
+frame it switches to become completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it switches to become completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it switches to become completely
+transparent and the camera underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and the camera underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and the camera underneath
+can see the world through this diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the world through this diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the world through this diffusion
+through the screen and you can do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the screen and you can do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the screen and you can do some
+gestures on top and again in the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures on top and again in the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures on top and again in the odd
+frame it goes back to being a diffuser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it goes back to being a diffuser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame it goes back to being a diffuser
+so he'll be talking about that uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll be talking about that uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll be talking about that uh he
+just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh
+uh received the tier 35 award from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh received the tier 35 award from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh received the tier 35 award from
+technology review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology review
+so he's here in town for that and he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's here in town for that and he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's here in town for that and he'll
+give this presentation uh on monday at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this presentation uh on monday at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this presentation uh on monday at
+4pm i'll i believe i'll send out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4pm i'll i believe i'll send out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4pm i'll i believe i'll send out an
+announcement but i'll send out one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement but i'll send out one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement but i'll send out one more
+and our own uh proven mystery uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our own uh proven mystery uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our own uh proven mystery uh who
+built this really beautiful sixth sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this really beautiful sixth sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built this really beautiful sixth sense
+uh display also 35 award so those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh display also 35 award so those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh display also 35 award so those of you
+who are not familiar with his work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not familiar with his work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not familiar with his work you
+know really great uh hci projects can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really great uh hci projects can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really great uh hci projects can
+lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+tier 35 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right then we'll spend quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then we'll spend quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then we'll spend quite a bit
+of time talking about a scientific image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about a scientific image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time talking about a scientific image
+and computational imaging in sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computational imaging in sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computational imaging in sciences
+and uh this is something that i've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is something that i've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is something that i've heard
+a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times
+you know new instruments lead to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know new instruments lead to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know new instruments lead to new
+discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries
+and in the 20th century the most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the 20th century the most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the 20th century the most the
+most important instrument was a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important instrument was a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important instrument was a computer
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we might see in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we might see in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we might see in the future
+you know in my biased opinion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in my biased opinion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in my biased opinion is the
+most important device will have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important device will have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important device will have is a
+really important imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important imaging
+mechanism we don't know what it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we don't know what it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we don't know what it will be
+but it could be you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be you know some
+permutation of a combination of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of a combination of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of a combination of what we
+are studying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studying here
+so computational imaging has led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so computational imaging has led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so computational imaging has led to
+you know it has just transformed uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has just transformed uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has just transformed uh our
+our world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world uh
+unlike a lot of fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike a lot of fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike a lot of fields in
+we know which are really important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know which are really important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know which are really important uh
+uh i mean if you think about nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i mean if you think about nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i mean if you think about nobel
+prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+you know my background is in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my background is in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my background is in computer
+vision and graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and graphics
+and there have been no nobel prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have been no nobel prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there have been no nobel prizes
+in computer vision graphics and not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer vision graphics and not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in computer vision graphics and not even
+tuning awards in computer vision or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning awards in computer vision or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning awards in computer vision or
+graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics
+pretty sad but if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sad but if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sad but if you think about
+imaging there have been tons of nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging there have been tons of nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging there have been tons of nobel
+prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes
+in just purely imaging mechanisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just purely imaging mechanisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just purely imaging mechanisms and
+we'll be studying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be studying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be studying them
+uh phase contrast microscopy a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase contrast microscopy a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phase contrast microscopy a lot of uh
+ct scanning and mri and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct scanning and mri and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct scanning and mri and so on so
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+i don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why
+important feels like graphics and vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feels like graphics and vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feels like graphics and vision
+are not getting as much attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not getting as much attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not getting as much attention
+because they are solving very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are solving very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are solving very important
+problems as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as well
+but maybe it's not being pitched right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's not being pitched right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe it's not being pitched right
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+there's something more there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something more there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something more there
+anyway so we'll study computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we'll study computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we'll study computational
+imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging
+uh in terms of medical imaging astronomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of medical imaging astronomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of medical imaging astronomy
+applied physics and biology and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied physics and biology and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied physics and biology and a lot of
+these ideas um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas um are
+said applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said applicable
+across different fields whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different fields whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different fields whether it's
+photography hci computer vision and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography hci computer vision and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography hci computer vision and so
+on so study for tomography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so study for tomography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so study for tomography
+convocal microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convocal microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convocal microscopy
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+all right so let me switch over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me switch over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me switch over to
+today's topic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/saVE7pMhaxk.txt b/saVE7pMhaxk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45fb62e3871cb46bae4e1369d78a52080ee167e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/saVE7pMhaxk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu. Good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Good morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu. Good morning
+everyone wherever you are. I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone wherever you are. I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone wherever you are. I'd like to
+welcome you to this short course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you to this short course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you to this short course
+entitled Understanding Lasers and Fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled Understanding Lasers and Fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitled Understanding Lasers and Fiber
+Optics. And before I do anything, I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics. And before I do anything, I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics. And before I do anything, I'd
+like to tell you what sort of topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell you what sort of topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell you what sort of topics
+I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be
+covering. I will start with the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering. I will start with the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering. I will start with the many
+reasons why we're all interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we're all interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we're all interested in
+lasers today. Then I would like to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers today. Then I would like to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers today. Then I would like to talk
+about the key properties of lasers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the key properties of lasers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the key properties of lasers that
+make all these applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all these applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all these applications
+possible. Then once we understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Then once we understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Then once we understand these
+key properties then I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key properties then I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key properties then I would like to
+discuss how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how these
+properties excuse me come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties excuse me come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties excuse me come
+about and then we'll go describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then we'll go describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then we'll go describing the
+operation of a simple laser and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of a simple laser and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of a simple laser and even
+show you a demonstration how a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a demonstration how a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a demonstration how a simple
+laser works what you need to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser works what you need to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser works what you need to make things
+happen and then we'll look at variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and then we'll look at variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and then we'll look at variety of
+properties of this uh simple laser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this uh simple laser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this uh simple laser.
+Then we go look at other issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we go look at other issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we go look at other issues and
+problems to do with uh with lasers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to do with uh with lasers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to do with uh with lasers.
+Lasers are not perfect and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lasers are not perfect and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lasers are not perfect and if you don't
+treat them right, you know, they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them right, you know, they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them right, you know, they can
+give you give you some problems and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you give you some problems and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you give you some problems and uh
+in some cases you can get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you can get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases you can get rid of these
+problems. In some cases, well, you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. In some cases, well, you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. In some cases, well, you try
+to minimize them. Then I will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize them. Then I will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize them. Then I will discuss
+the the variety of lasers and what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variety of lasers and what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variety of lasers and what makes
+them tick. uh because we have all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tick. uh because we have all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tick. uh because we have all kinds
+of lasers today and it's nice to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers today and it's nice to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers today and it's nice to get a
+feel for uh the variety of them and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for uh the variety of them and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for uh the variety of them and how
+they work, how they get pumped and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work, how they get pumped and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work, how they get pumped and so
+on. Then I'm going to change topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Then I'm going to change topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Then I'm going to change topics and
+I will uh switch to the basics of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will uh switch to the basics of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will uh switch to the basics of uh
+fiber optics and to to familiarize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics and to to familiarize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics and to to familiarize you
+with what's going on in fiber optics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's going on in fiber optics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's going on in fiber optics.
+What are the issues and but mainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the issues and but mainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the issues and but mainly the
+emphasis on on on basics and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on on on basics and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on on on basics and then
+finally I'll have a few words to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'll have a few words to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I'll have a few words to say
+about future developments in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about future developments in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about future developments in uh in
+lasers and uh fiber optics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and uh fiber optics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers and uh fiber optics.
+Now the uh how will I present uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the uh how will I present uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the uh how will I present uh the
+material? Well, I will be using a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material? Well, I will be using a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material? Well, I will be using a very
+simplified treatment and uh the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified treatment and uh the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified treatment and uh the reason
+is so that people without specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that people without specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that people without specialized
+background can uh can follow. uh I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background can uh can follow. uh I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background can uh can follow. uh I will
+emphasize only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize only
+fundamentals and uh not uh not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals and uh not uh not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals and uh not uh not the
+details so that uh the the understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so that uh the the understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so that uh the the understanding
+can be made uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made uh very
+easy and I will use very little math. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and I will use very little math. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and I will use very little math. I
+will certainly not emphasize mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly not emphasize mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly not emphasize mathematics
+because I would like to make it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would like to make it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would like to make it very
+understandable and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable and I don't want to
+switch people off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch people off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch people off.
+And most important, I'll be using lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And most important, I'll be using lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And most important, I'll be using lots
+of demonstrations to to illustrate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstrations to to illustrate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstrations to to illustrate some
+of the fundamental phenomena in lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental phenomena in lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental phenomena in lasers
+and also in uh in fiber optics. So now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in uh in fiber optics. So now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in uh in fiber optics. So now I
+think we're ready to to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're ready to to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're ready to to start the
+course. And the uh the first topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. And the uh the first topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. And the uh the first topic that
+I had is why is there so much interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had is why is there so much interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had is why is there so much interest
+in uh in lasers?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in lasers?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in lasers?
+Well, the uh the reason why there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the uh the reason why there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the uh the reason why there's so
+much interest is because lasers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much interest is because lasers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much interest is because lasers have
+these unique properties that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unique properties that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unique properties that we're going
+to discuss and it and it's these unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss and it and it's these unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss and it and it's these unique
+properties that make all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that make all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that make all these
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+happen. Now, these properties have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Now, these properties have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. Now, these properties have
+created all sorts of new devices. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created all sorts of new devices. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created all sorts of new devices. We'll
+mention a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a few of them
+briefly and also have improved many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and also have improved many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and also have improved many
+existing devices. So the laser has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing devices. So the laser has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing devices. So the laser has been
+very nice in in lots of lots of fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice in in lots of lots of fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice in in lots of lots of fields.
+Just to give you some example of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just to give you some example of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just to give you some example of of uh
+just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few
+applications. Well, let's just just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Well, let's just just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Well, let's just just look
+at them just briefly. The barcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them just briefly. The barcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them just briefly. The barcode
+readers. Everybody's familiar today with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers. Everybody's familiar today with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers. Everybody's familiar today with
+barcode readers. Now lasers certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode readers. Now lasers certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode readers. Now lasers certainly
+make that possible. And of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that possible. And of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that possible. And of course the
+compact discs, computer printers, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact discs, computer printers, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact discs, computer printers, the
+laser color copers, all these depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser color copers, all these depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser color copers, all these depend on
+on some of these properties of lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of these properties of lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of these properties of lasers
+that we'll be discussing. Then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll be discussing. Then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll be discussing. Then of course
+you've seen the laser shows and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the laser shows and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen the laser shows and that
+certainly uses a specific laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uses a specific laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uses a specific laser
+property. Then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Then there is
+holography. That's the 3D imaging. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holography. That's the 3D imaging. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holography. That's the 3D imaging. The
+hologram that you see on uh on credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram that you see on uh on credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram that you see on uh on credit
+cards. Uh that's all due to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. Uh that's all due to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. Uh that's all due to uh uh
+lasers. Then lasers are also used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. Then lasers are also used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. Then lasers are also used for
+precise control of position and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise control of position and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise control of position and uh and
+motion. Uh for example uh sensors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Uh for example uh sensors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Uh for example uh sensors.
+Lasers today can measure all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lasers today can measure all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lasers today can measure all kinds of
+things uh with fiber optics, without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh with fiber optics, without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh with fiber optics, without
+fiber optics uh or what have you. The uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics uh or what have you. The uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics uh or what have you. The uh
+the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big
+area of today and the future is fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of today and the future is fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of today and the future is fiber
+optic communication. And again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic communication. And again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic communication. And again it
+involves not only fiber optics but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves not only fiber optics but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves not only fiber optics but also
+lasers. So we'll see how the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. So we'll see how the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. So we'll see how the properties
+of lasers are used for fiber optic commu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers are used for fiber optic commu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lasers are used for fiber optic commu
+comm communication. Then we have topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm communication. Then we have topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm communication. Then we have topics
+like materials processing like cutting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like materials processing like cutting,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like materials processing like cutting,
+drilling, welding and so on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling, welding and so on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilling, welding and so on in
+materials. There is a whole slew of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. There is a whole slew of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. There is a whole slew of uh
+techniques for non-destructive testing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for non-destructive testing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for non-destructive testing.
+This is the destruct the testing of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the destruct the testing of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the destruct the testing of of
+systems without without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems without without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems without without having to
+destroy them and lasers are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy them and lasers are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy them and lasers are quite
+sensitive and they can do that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and they can do that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and they can do that without
+the need to damage the uh the systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need to damage the uh the systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need to damage the uh the systems.
+Then we go to spectroscopy and a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we go to spectroscopy and a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we go to spectroscopy and a variety
+of spectroscopic techniques have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectroscopic techniques have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectroscopic techniques have been
+opened up by uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened up by uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened up by uh by the
+laser chemical processing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser chemical processing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser chemical processing.
+Uh then we get to the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then we get to the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then we get to the military
+application, military systems and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, military systems and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application, military systems and we
+hear a lot about uh laser uh the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot about uh laser uh the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot about uh laser uh the use of
+lasers in uh in the military. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers in uh in the military. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers in uh in the military. And
+finally, least last but not least, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, least last but not least, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, least last but not least, we
+have medical procedures, medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have medical procedures, medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have medical procedures, medical
+diagnostics using uh using lasers. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics using uh using lasers. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostics using uh using lasers. And
+all these applications come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these applications come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these applications come about
+because of very few unique properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of very few unique properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of very few unique properties of
+lasers. And certainly in this course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. And certainly in this course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. And certainly in this course we
+want to make sure that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that that we
+understand those and how they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those and how they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand those and how they come
+about. In fact the we find lasers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. In fact the we find lasers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. In fact the we find lasers all
+over the place today. We find them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place today. We find them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place today. We find them in
+the home in the factory in hospitals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home in the factory in hospitals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home in the factory in hospitals in
+laboratory in the the military wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory in the the military wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory in the the military wherever
+it is in even in space in the ocean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in even in space in the ocean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in even in space in the ocean and
+even in the in the theater. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the in the theater. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the in the theater. So you can
+see lasers are playing a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lasers are playing a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see lasers are playing a very important
+role in our lives today. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in our lives today. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in our lives today. All right. So
+now I would like to go and to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to go and to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to go and to the next
+uh to the next topic and that is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the next topic and that is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the next topic and that is the the
+unique properties of uh of lasers. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique properties of uh of lasers. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique properties of uh of lasers. All
+right. So what are these unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what are these unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what are these unique
+properties? Well, let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties? Well, let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties? Well, let's start with
+property number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property number
+one. Now some people refer to it as high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Now some people refer to it as high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Now some people refer to it as high
+monochromaticity. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromaticity. What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromaticity. What is
+monochromaticity? Well, that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromaticity? Well, that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromaticity? Well, that means it's
+one color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color.
+And we have to see what what people mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have to see what what people mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have to see what what people mean
+by that. Others refer to it as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that. Others refer to it as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that. Others refer to it as as a
+source of light that has very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of light that has very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of light that has very narrow
+spectral width. Again, we want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral width. Again, we want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral width. Again, we want to see
+what what what it means and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what it means and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what it means and uh and and
+others may refer to this property as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others may refer to this property as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others may refer to this property as
+high as as something that has a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as as something that has a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as as something that has a high
+temporal coherence. And we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal coherence. And we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal coherence. And we want to
+understand uh what all what the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what all what the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh what all what the meaning
+of all these things are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these things are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these things are.
+So let's start first with with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start first with with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start first with with uh with
+the narrow spectral width or the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrow spectral width or the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrow spectral width or the single
+color here. What I have and I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color here. What I have and I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color here. What I have and I hope you
+can see it the colors of the spectrum. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it the colors of the spectrum. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it the colors of the spectrum. I
+did the coloring myself and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the coloring myself and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the coloring myself and it's pretty
+close to to the spectrum with whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to to the spectrum with whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to to the spectrum with whatever
+colors uh I had. Now the the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh I had. Now the the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh I had. Now the the visible
+range as we all know extends from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as we all know extends from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range as we all know extends from about
+4,500 angstroms to about 6,500 anstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,500 angstroms to about 6,500 anstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,500 angstroms to about 6,500 anstroms
+in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the
+red which is about what 2,000 anstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red which is about what 2,000 anstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red which is about what 2,000 anstroms
+or so and that's that's the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and that's that's the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and that's that's the visible
+essentially that's the visible range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's the visible range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's the visible range.
+Now when we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now when we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now when we compare
+uh light sources to this to this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light sources to this to this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light sources to this to this range
+for example the spectral lamp that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the spectral lamp that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the spectral lamp that has a
+very narrow uh line width or spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow uh line width or spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow uh line width or spectral
+width here it is here's the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width here it is here's the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width here it is here's the typical
+output of a spectral lamp let's say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a spectral lamp let's say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of a spectral lamp let's say here
+in the yellow and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yellow and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the yellow and the
+width over which there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width over which there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width over which there's there's
+radiation could be as low as one/10enth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation could be as low as one/10enth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation could be as low as one/10enth
+of an angstrom okay 0.1 anstroms or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an angstrom okay 0.1 anstroms or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an angstrom okay 0.1 anstroms or in
+terms of uh frequency it's uh 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh frequency it's uh 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh frequency it's uh 10 10
+gigahertz and then you can get uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz and then you can get uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz and then you can get uh some
+lamps that have smaller line widths or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps that have smaller line widths or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps that have smaller line widths or
+you can even get them with broader line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even get them with broader line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even get them with broader line
+widths depending on on the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths depending on on the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths depending on on the conditions of
+of the discharge and so on. Now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discharge and so on. Now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discharge and so on. Now when
+when we come to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come to to
+lasers the line width is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers the line width is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers the line width is extremely
+narrow the spectral width is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow the spectral width is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow the spectral width is extremely
+narrow and it can be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow and it can be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow and it can be in the
+megahertz but can also be in the micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz but can also be in the micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz but can also be in the micro
+hertz. Now remember this is 10 theus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz. Now remember this is 10 theus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz. Now remember this is 10 theus 6
+hertz or even smaller. So the laser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz or even smaller. So the laser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz or even smaller. So the laser is
+an incredible kind of divi device when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible kind of divi device when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible kind of divi device when
+it comes to the spectral width. It the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to the spectral width. It the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to the spectral width. It the
+line width can be extremely narrow. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width can be extremely narrow. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width can be extremely narrow. Now
+I know in practice that's not what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know in practice that's not what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know in practice that's not what one
+measures but but if you get rid of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures but but if you get rid of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures but but if you get rid of some
+of the effects we'll talk about external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effects we'll talk about external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the effects we'll talk about external
+effects then you should be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects then you should be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects then you should be able to see
+line widths as narrow as narrow as that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line widths as narrow as narrow as that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line widths as narrow as narrow as that.
+All right. So so the laser then is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So so the laser then is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So so the laser then is is
+extremely extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely extremely
+narrow. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow. The
+u let's see how now let's see how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u let's see how now let's see how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u let's see how now let's see how you
+might uh uh measure the uh the spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh uh measure the uh the spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might uh uh measure the uh the spectral
+width. So you don't have to take my word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. So you don't have to take my word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. So you don't have to take my word
+for it. Let's see how you might measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. Let's see how you might measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. Let's see how you might measure
+it. Well, if you took a t typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Well, if you took a t typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Well, if you took a t typical
+spectral lamp here and then collect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lamp here and then collect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lamp here and then collect some
+of the light from it and put it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light from it and put it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light from it and put it into a
+spectrometer or some other device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer or some other device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer or some other device that
+device that measures the spectrum, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that measures the spectrum, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that measures the spectrum, then
+what you get, you get a plot like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get, you get a plot like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get, you get a plot like this,
+intensity versus wavelength. And here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity versus wavelength. And here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity versus wavelength. And here
+you can either plot wavelength or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either plot wavelength or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either plot wavelength or you
+can plot frequency depending on the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot frequency depending on the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot frequency depending on the kind
+of work you do. And then you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work you do. And then you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work you do. And then you'll see some
+blob like this and it has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob like this and it has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob like this and it has a certain
+width over which the the uh the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width over which the the uh the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width over which the the uh the source
+uh radiates and we call it either delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiates and we call it either delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiates and we call it either delta
+lambda for the width or or delta f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda for the width or or delta f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda for the width or or delta f.
+Now when we compare it with a uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now when we compare it with a uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now when we compare it with a uh with a
+laser again we'll do the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser again we'll do the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser again we'll do the same thing.
+We'll take the laser and feed it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll take the laser and feed it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll take the laser and feed it into a
+spectrometer or some other device. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer or some other device. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer or some other device. The
+width here can be very narrow and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width here can be very narrow and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width here can be very narrow and just
+like I said before can be uh even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said before can be uh even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said before can be uh even as
+narrow as microtz but these are only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow as microtz but these are only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow as microtz but these are only on
+the special conditions but even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special conditions but even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special conditions but even if it's
+uh megahertz or tens of mehertz it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh megahertz or tens of mehertz it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh megahertz or tens of mehertz it's way
+narrower than you get from from a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower than you get from from a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower than you get from from a uh
+from a lamp. So again if you're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lamp. So again if you're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lamp. So again if you're not sure
+then you have to do the experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to do the experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to do the experiment and
+check indeed that the laser does give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check indeed that the laser does give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check indeed that the laser does give
+you an extremely narrow uh narrow line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an extremely narrow uh narrow line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an extremely narrow uh narrow line
+width. All right. So that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. All right. So that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. All right. So that's basically
+then the the the line width of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the the line width of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the the line width of the of
+the laser. Now the next thing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser. Now the next thing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser. Now the next thing is what
+about high temporal coherence? What has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high temporal coherence? What has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high temporal coherence? What has
+that got to do with the line width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got to do with the line width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got to do with the line width of
+the laser? All right. So now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser? All right. So now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser? All right. So now we need to
+explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that
+topic. Now let's start first with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic. Now let's start first with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic. Now let's start first with with a
+wave with a sine wave. Okay. Now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave with a sine wave. Okay. Now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave with a sine wave. Okay. Now this
+sine wave let's say starts from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave let's say starts from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave let's say starts from minus
+infinity in terms of time and goes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in terms of time and goes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in terms of time and goes all
+the way to plus infinity completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to plus infinity completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to plus infinity completely
+uninterrupted a pure sine wave. Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted a pure sine wave. Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted a pure sine wave. Now if
+you had a wave like this that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a wave like this that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a wave like this that has a
+constant frequency and a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant frequency and a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant frequency and a constant
+amplitude then when you look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude then when you look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude then when you look at its
+spectrum on the in the fre on the fre in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum on the in the fre on the fre in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum on the in the fre on the fre in
+the frequency domain what you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain what you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain what you see you
+see something that's let's say centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that's let's say centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that's let's say centered
+at at f0 f sub0 with a width delta f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at f0 f sub0 with a width delta f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at f0 f sub0 with a width delta f
+here very close to to zero. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very close to to zero. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very close to to zero. All right.
+Now, this is a source of radiation. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is a source of radiation. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is a source of radiation. It's
+like a sine wave like this that has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sine wave like this that has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sine wave like this that has that
+has what we call perfect temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what we call perfect temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what we call perfect temporal
+coherence or time coherence. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence or time coherence. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence or time coherence. And that's
+the best essentially the best that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best essentially the best that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best essentially the best that uh
+what can happen. Now in in in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen. Now in in in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen. Now in in in practice
+uh light sources uh do not radiate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light sources uh do not radiate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light sources uh do not radiate for
+such a long for long time without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a long for long time without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a long for long time without any
+phase interruption. So let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase interruption. So let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase interruption. So let's say we have
+a light source like this that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light source like this that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a light source like this that that
+radiates only for a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates only for a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates only for a time
+tao and then shuts off for example. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tao and then shuts off for example. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tao and then shuts off for example. Now
+this one because it's it only radiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because it's it only radiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one because it's it only radiates
+for a time towel. It's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a time towel. It's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a time towel. It's going to have a
+line width in the frequency domain. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width in the frequency domain. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width in the frequency domain. It's
+going it's not going to be a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it's not going to be a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it's not going to be a delta
+function that we had before. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we had before. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we had before. And this
+width if you do the calculation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width if you do the calculation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width if you do the calculation this
+width in terms of frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width in terms of frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width in terms of frequency is
+proportional to one over the the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to one over the the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to one over the the length
+of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this wave
+ta again I put approximate so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta again I put approximate so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta again I put approximate so I don't
+get into trouble about the exact numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into trouble about the exact numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into trouble about the exact numbers
+but it's very close to delta f is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very close to delta f is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very close to delta f is 1 over
+to so that if toao is very long if toao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that if toao is very long if toao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that if toao is very long if toao
+is very long then delta f is small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very long then delta f is small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very long then delta f is small as
+we've shown you before but if toao is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown you before but if toao is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown you before but if toao is
+short then the line width here will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short then the line width here will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short then the line width here will will
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+Now atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now atoms
+uh for example because this is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example because this is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example because this is where we
+get our radiation from from atoms they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our radiation from from atoms they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our radiation from from atoms they
+radiate in bursts bursts like like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate in bursts bursts like like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate in bursts bursts like like this.
+Now if they radiate in bursts like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if they radiate in bursts like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if they radiate in bursts like this
+then then toao can be sometimes can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then toao can be sometimes can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then toao can be sometimes can be
+quite short which means that the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite short which means that the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite short which means that the width
+of the radiation will be will be uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radiation will be will be uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the radiation will be will be uh uh
+broader. So the shorter this is then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader. So the shorter this is then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader. So the shorter this is then the
+broader this this width. And here I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader this this width. And here I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader this this width. And here I show
+bursts from other atoms. And and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts from other atoms. And and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts from other atoms. And and when
+you put them all together, essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them all together, essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them all together, essentially
+that's what you get. You get a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get. You get a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get. You get a uh a
+certain width that's characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain width that's characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain width that's characteristic of
+the time of the uninterrupted radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the uninterrupted radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the uninterrupted radiation
+of of atom. And here we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of atom. And here we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of atom. And here we get an
+interruption. Therefore, the towel then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption. Therefore, the towel then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption. Therefore, the towel then
+is only when the wave is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only when the wave is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only when the wave is is
+uninterrupted. Now some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted. Now some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted. Now some other
+atoms will radiate in in decaying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms will radiate in in decaying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms will radiate in in decaying uh
+sinosoids exponentially decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinosoids exponentially decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinosoids exponentially decaying
+sinosoid. It doesn't matter. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinosoid. It doesn't matter. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinosoid. It doesn't matter. The
+calculation is a little bit uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is a little bit uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is a little bit uh uh uh
+trickier but again you get a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier but again you get a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier but again you get a sort of
+width and for the purpose of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and for the purpose of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and for the purpose of this course
+uh all I'm after is is the uh is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all I'm after is is the uh is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all I'm after is is the uh is the uh
+the dominant width. And I'm not worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant width. And I'm not worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant width. And I'm not worried
+about the sidebands down here just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sidebands down here just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sidebands down here just just
+the width. And again you can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width. And again you can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width. And again you can say that
+the width here is of the order of 1 / t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width here is of the order of 1 / t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width here is of the order of 1 / t
+to whether it's exponentially decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether it's exponentially decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether it's exponentially decaying
+or it's looks like this or what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's looks like this or what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's looks like this or what have
+you. All right. Then then to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. All right. Then then to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. All right. Then then to summarize
+now high temporal coherence means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now high temporal coherence means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now high temporal coherence means that
+the radiation time of the atoms without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation time of the atoms without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation time of the atoms without
+phase interruption is very long because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase interruption is very long because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase interruption is very long because
+the line width is 1 over 10 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line width is 1 over 10 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line width is 1 over 10 would be
+very small. And when you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small. And when you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small. And when you have uh
+something that has a high temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a high temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a high temporal
+coherence which means very long it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence which means very long it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence which means very long it means
+that you can predict the amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can predict the amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can predict the amplitude and
+the phase of the wave at uh at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of the wave at uh at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase of the wave at uh at any time
+any time because it's a pure wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time because it's a pure wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time because it's a pure wave in
+fact if I go back to to this uh plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I go back to to this uh plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I go back to to this uh plot
+over here. So this is where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So this is where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So this is where you have
+infinite uh uh coherence. It means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite uh uh coherence. It means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite uh uh coherence. It means that
+if I know the amplitude and phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the amplitude and phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know the amplitude and phase of the
+wave at this time, I can only with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave at this time, I can only with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave at this time, I can only with using
+a clock I can predict exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock I can predict exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock I can predict exactly what the
+amplitude and phase of the wave would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and phase of the wave would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and phase of the wave would be
+at some other time later. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other time later. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other time later. And the
+separation in the time can be can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation in the time can be can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation in the time can be can be
+very long. when when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long. when when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long. when when we get to
+uh when we get into into sources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we get into into sources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we get into into sources that
+radiate like this then obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate like this then obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate like this then obviously
+within this time I can predict uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this time I can predict uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this time I can predict uh the
+the amplitude and phase of the wave. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude and phase of the wave. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude and phase of the wave. If
+I stretch the time a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stretch the time a little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stretch the time a little further
+bigger than than this towel, then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than than this towel, then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than than this towel, then I
+cannot predict anymore the amplitude in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot predict anymore the amplitude in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot predict anymore the amplitude in
+the phase because this is like another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase because this is like another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase because this is like another
+another uh waveform that is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh waveform that is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh waveform that is completely
+uncorrelated with the first one. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with the first one. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with the first one. So what
+we call the coherence time now is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the coherence time now is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the coherence time now is going
+to be limited only to this time during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be limited only to this time during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be limited only to this time during
+which the the uh the uh the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the the uh the uh the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the the uh the uh the wave is
+uninterrupted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted.
+Then you might ask well what are typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you might ask well what are typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you might ask well what are typical
+applications of uh of of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of uh of of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of uh of of this of this
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+property. Well the uh the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Well the uh the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Well the uh the fact that it
+has narrow line width can be used in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has narrow line width can be used in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has narrow line width can be used in uh
+in communication certainly that's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in communication certainly that's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in communication certainly that's a key
+key property here in spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key property here in spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key property here in spectroscopy
+especially in high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in high resolution
+spectroscopy in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy in uh
+interpherometry uh holography and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpherometry uh holography and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpherometry uh holography and a
+variety of sensors. So that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of sensors. So that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of sensors. So that's a that's a
+key property for for many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key property for for many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key property for for many many
+applications. Now what I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Now what I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. Now what I'd like to do is
+discuss the second what I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the second what I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the second what I call the
+second unique property of uh of lasers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second unique property of uh of lasers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second unique property of uh of lasers.
+Now here it is. There are many ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here it is. There are many ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now here it is. There are many ways of
+of of describing it. One way is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of describing it. One way is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of describing it. One way is uh that
+the laser is has a highly columnated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser is has a highly columnated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser is has a highly columnated
+beam and we've seen that in laser shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and we've seen that in laser shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and we've seen that in laser shows
+and what have you that the laser has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what have you that the laser has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what have you that the laser has a
+highly columnated beam. Other people may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly columnated beam. Other people may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly columnated beam. Other people may
+use more better scientific language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more better scientific language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more better scientific language and
+would call it defraction limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it defraction limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call it defraction limited
+columnation and we want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnation and we want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnation and we want to know what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+means. To some the fact that the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. To some the fact that the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. To some the fact that the laser
+has a very small focus spot is a is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very small focus spot is a is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very small focus spot is a is this
+meaning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of this
+property and others may call it again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and others may call it again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and others may call it again in
+a better scientific language it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better scientific language it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better scientific language it's a
+diffraction limited focusing. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limited focusing. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limited focusing. All right.
+So whether it's defraction limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whether it's defraction limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whether it's defraction limited
+cumation defraction limited focusing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation defraction limited focusing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation defraction limited focusing or
+even as others might call it a laser has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as others might call it a laser has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as others might call it a laser has
+high spatial coherence they all mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spatial coherence they all mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spatial coherence they all mean
+essentially the same thing. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing. And let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing. And let's
+find out now what uh what we mean by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out now what uh what we mean by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out now what uh what we mean by uh
+by all these uh words. All right, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all these uh words. All right, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all these uh words. All right, let's
+go back and look at a uh a typical uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look at a uh a typical uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and look at a uh a typical uh a
+typical light source. Let's say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical light source. Let's say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical light source. Let's say let's
+spectral lamp. We have uh electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lamp. We have uh electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lamp. We have uh electrodes
+here plus and minus. We have an arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus and minus. We have an arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus and minus. We have an arc
+here. And then we collect the light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then we collect the light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then we collect the light from
+the arc with a lens and that's placed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc with a lens and that's placed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc with a lens and that's placed at
+the at the focus of the lens here. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the focus of the lens here. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the focus of the lens here. This
+distance here f is the focal length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here f is the focal length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here f is the focal length of
+the lens. So now we try to cumate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens. So now we try to cumate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens. So now we try to cumate this
+uh this light source. Well, what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this light source. Well, what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this light source. Well, what sort of
+cumation do we get? You can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation do we get? You can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation do we get? You can see here
+that this point this one end of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point this one end of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point this one end of the of
+the uh of the uh discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the uh discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the uh discharge
+uh is you you collect these two rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is you you collect these two rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is you you collect these two rays
+from here and you create a columnated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and you create a columnated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and you create a columnated
+beam in this direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam in this direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam in this direction.
+uh the other end of this uh arc uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other end of this uh arc uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other end of this uh arc uh for
+example the other extreme will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the other extreme will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the other extreme will give you
+a columnated beam in this direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a columnated beam in this direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a columnated beam in this direction and
+when you put them together you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them together you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put them together you have this
+this widely uh diverging beam. Now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this widely uh diverging beam. Now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this widely uh diverging beam. Now you
+can easily estimate the angle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily estimate the angle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily estimate the angle of this
+beam. In fact the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam. In fact the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam. In fact the angle of the
+divergence of this beam theta is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of this beam theta is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of this beam theta is given
+by h which is half the uh the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by h which is half the uh the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by h which is half the uh the size of
+the source here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source here.
+In this case, it's an arc. It could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, it's an arc. It could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, it's an arc. It could be
+discharge lamp or whatever. Half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge lamp or whatever. Half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge lamp or whatever. Half the
+size of the of the source divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the of the source divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the of the source divided by the
+focal length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length of the
+lens. And so, so the so if if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. And so, so the so if if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. And so, so the so if if you don't
+like if this angle is too big, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if this angle is too big, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if this angle is too big, then the
+only thing you can do is either reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you can do is either reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you can do is either reduce
+the size of the source or increase uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the source or increase uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the source or increase uh
+the uh focal length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh focal length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh focal length of the
+lens. Now, if you let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. Now, if you let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. Now, if you let's look at the
+increasing the focal length of the lens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the focal length of the lens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the focal length of the lens.
+If you increase the focal length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you increase the focal length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you increase the focal length of the
+lens, it means you've got to put it way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens, it means you've got to put it way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens, it means you've got to put it way
+far from from the source. If you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from from the source. If you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from from the source. If you do
+that, you're going to lose a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you're going to lose a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you're going to lose a lot of
+light. So, you may get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. So, you may get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. So, you may get a better
+cumation, but there's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation, but there's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation, but there's not going to be
+much light in it. The other thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much light in it. The other thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much light in it. The other thing to
+work on is h the size of of the source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on is h the size of of the source.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on is h the size of of the source.
+And clearly, if you make it smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And clearly, if you make it smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And clearly, if you make it smaller and
+smaller, then the cumation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller, then the cumation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller, then the cumation will be
+better and better. And that's how pre-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better. And that's how pre-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better. And that's how pre-
+laser days that's how one got uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser days that's how one got uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser days that's how one got uh uh
+columnated beams with a lot of light in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beams with a lot of light in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beams with a lot of light in
+them because you try to generate sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you try to generate sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because you try to generate sources
+that have the very small size. Now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the very small size. Now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the very small size. Now let's
+see what's the best one can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's the best one can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's the best one can do
+here. Well, the best one can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Well, the best one can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Well, the best one can do is
+called defraction limited cumation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called defraction limited cumation. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called defraction limited cumation. And
+here if you do the the uh physics of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you do the the uh physics of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you do the the uh physics of it
+uh if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a
+beam that's of diameter D then the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that's of diameter D then the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that's of diameter D then the best
+you can do this is now a perfect optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this is now a perfect optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this is now a perfect optical
+beam light beam or what have you beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam light beam or what have you beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam light beam or what have you beam
+electromagnetic radiation of diameter D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation of diameter D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic radiation of diameter D
+I don't care whether it's microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care whether it's microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care whether it's microwave
+optical UV or whatever whatever then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical UV or whatever whatever then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical UV or whatever whatever then the
+best you can do in terms of divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do in terms of divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do in terms of divergence
+angle is lambda divide by d lambda being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is lambda divide by d lambda being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is lambda divide by d lambda being
+the wavelength of the light dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the light dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of the light dividing by
+d as simple as that and I make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d as simple as that and I make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d as simple as that and I make it
+approximate here because it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate here because it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate here because it's just a
+small factor here which I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small factor here which I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small factor here which I'm not going to
+worry about in this in this course. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about in this in this course. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about in this in this course. The
+critical thing it depends on the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing it depends on the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical thing it depends on the ratio
+of lambda the wavelength over d. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda the wavelength over d. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda the wavelength over d. The
+shorter the lambda the better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter the lambda the better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter the lambda the better the
+columnation. The larger d the better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnation. The larger d the better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnation. The larger d the better the
+cumation or this the smaller is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation or this the smaller is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation or this the smaller is the
+divergence angle and it doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence angle and it doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence angle and it doesn't depend
+on any source size or anything because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any source size or anything because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any source size or anything because
+this is this is due to basic physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is due to basic physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is due to basic physics of
+uh of electromagnetic radiation. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of electromagnetic radiation. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of electromagnetic radiation. That's
+what we call the defraction uh limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the defraction uh limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the defraction uh limited
+columation. That's the best you can do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columation. That's the best you can do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columation. That's the best you can do.
+So keep that keep that in mind. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So keep that keep that in mind. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So keep that keep that in mind. Now
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+compare the uh the output of a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the uh the output of a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the uh the output of a laser
+with this uh with this diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh with this diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh with this diffraction
+limited beam. Here's a laser source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited beam. Here's a laser source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited beam. Here's a laser source and
+with some optics and what have you, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some optics and what have you, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some optics and what have you, I
+can create a beam that's diamond at D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a beam that's diamond at D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create a beam that's diamond at D.
+And if I go check this its size further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I go check this its size further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I go check this its size further
+down, I indeed see that the angle here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, I indeed see that the angle here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, I indeed see that the angle here,
+the angle of divergence is very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of divergence is very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of divergence is very close to
+lambda over D, just like the the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over D, just like the the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over D, just like the the perfect
+light source that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source that we talked about
+before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+So you can say that laser is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can say that laser is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can say that laser is indeed
+diffraction limited and and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limited and and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limited and and again the
+divergence is just limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence is just limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence is just limited by the
+wavelength divided by D. While in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength divided by D. While in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength divided by D. While in the
+case of the light source we had to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the light source we had to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the light source we had to worry
+about the size of the source. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of the source. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of the source. And then
+the other important thing here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing here is that
+all the laser light all the laser light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the laser light all the laser light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the laser light all the laser light
+can be put into into that beam. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be put into into that beam. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be put into into that beam. So we
+don't need to lose any any light because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to lose any any light because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to lose any any light because
+we're not collecting enough. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not collecting enough. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not collecting enough. So it's
+another fantastic kind of uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fantastic kind of uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fantastic kind of uh kind of
+property. Now the applications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Now the applications of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Now the applications of this
+of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh
+property. Uh let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Uh let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Uh let's start with the
+cumation part. The the high degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation part. The the high degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation part. The the high degree of
+cumation can be used of course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation can be used of course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumation can be used of course for
+alignment. You can do go large distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment. You can do go large distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment. You can do go large distances
+without the beam expanding too much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the beam expanding too much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the beam expanding too much.
+Certainly you see these barcode with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly you see these barcode with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly you see these barcode with the
+lights flashing. If if there was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights flashing. If if there was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights flashing. If if there was too
+much divergence, you wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much divergence, you wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much divergence, you wouldn't be able to
+to uh uh scan the bars because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh scan the bars because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh uh scan the bars because the
+spacing is very small between them. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is very small between them. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing is very small between them. And
+certainly if you want to do longd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you want to do longd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly if you want to do longd
+distance communication, especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance communication, especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance communication, especially in
+space, radar and what have you, uh high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, radar and what have you, uh high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, radar and what have you, uh high
+degree of cumation is uh is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of cumation is uh is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of cumation is uh is very very
+important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+Now the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the uh the
+next thing here is that I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing here is that I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing here is that I mentioned
+before is the very small focus spot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is the very small focus spot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is the very small focus spot or
+the defraction limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction limited
+focusing. Now where does that where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing. Now where does that where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing. Now where does that where does
+that come from and and how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from and and how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from and and how does it
+compare with what we can do without uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with what we can do without uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with what we can do without uh
+lasers? Well, let's go back to basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers? Well, let's go back to basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers? Well, let's go back to basics
+back to our arc lamp here and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our arc lamp here and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our arc lamp here and then we
+collect the light as we did before. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the light as we did before. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the light as we did before. But
+now instead of just columnating, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of just columnating, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of just columnating, let's
+put another lens and focus it down. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put another lens and focus it down. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put another lens and focus it down. And
+that's normally how we get intense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's normally how we get intense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's normally how we get intense uh
+spots, high intensity uh focus spots by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots, high intensity uh focus spots by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots, high intensity uh focus spots by
+again taking light from a source and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again taking light from a source and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again taking light from a source and and
+refocusing. Now, it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocusing. Now, it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocusing. Now, it turns out that
+because the source has a certain size,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the source has a certain size,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the source has a certain size,
+you're not going to be able to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to create
+anything here that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here that's going to be
+brighter than the source. And again, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the source. And again, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the source. And again, if
+you don't believe me, you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't believe me, you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't believe me, you have to go
+look up basic physics. And uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up basic physics. And uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up basic physics. And uh and it
+sort of makes sense that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense that it's very
+difficult. It's impossible to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. It's impossible to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. It's impossible to make this
+brighter than here. So you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than here. So you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than here. So you cannot
+increase the brightness uh uh as uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the brightness uh uh as uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the brightness uh uh as uh as
+dictated by uh by the source. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by uh by the source. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by uh by the source. All right.
+Now, what about lasers? All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what about lasers? All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what about lasers? All right.
+Before we get to lasers, what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before we get to lasers, what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Before we get to lasers, what's the best
+one can do? Let's go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can do? Let's go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can do? Let's go back to our
+columnated beam of diameter D. that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beam of diameter D. that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated beam of diameter D. that uh
+that was our perfect ideal beam. Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our perfect ideal beam. Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our perfect ideal beam. Now if
+we take that and put a lens here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that and put a lens here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take that and put a lens here with a
+focal length f and focus it down it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length f and focus it down it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length f and focus it down it'll
+focus down to a very small spot. Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus down to a very small spot. Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus down to a very small spot. Now the
+this is the smallest spot that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the smallest spot that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the smallest spot that you can
+get and the spot size is given by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and the spot size is given by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and the spot size is given by our
+lambda over d which we remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over d which we remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over d which we remember from
+before multiplied by f the focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before multiplied by f the focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before multiplied by f the focal length
+of the lens. Now if f is approximately d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens. Now if f is approximately d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens. Now if f is approximately d
+if you can choose f approximately d then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can choose f approximately d then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can choose f approximately d then
+we have a spot size here that's of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spot size here that's of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spot size here that's of the
+order of the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of the wavelength of
+light. So again without having to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. So again without having to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. So again without having to study
+hard or remember hard then we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or remember hard then we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or remember hard then we have two
+things. The cumation is just given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. The cumation is just given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. The cumation is just given the
+best columnation you can get is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best columnation you can get is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best columnation you can get is lambda
+over d and the focus spot size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over d and the focus spot size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over d and the focus spot size is
+lambda and this is then assumes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and this is then assumes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and this is then assumes that
+it's a perfect a perfect light source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect a perfect light source.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a perfect a perfect light source.
+All right. So that now let's compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that now let's compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that now let's compare
+with with what the laser with with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what the laser with with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what the laser with with what
+the laser can do. All right. So now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser can do. All right. So now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser can do. All right. So now we
+bring the laser up. So here's our laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the laser up. So here's our laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the laser up. So here's our laser
+giving us a beam columnated beam of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a beam columnated beam of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a beam columnated beam of
+diameter at D. Put a lens here. Focus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter at D. Put a lens here. Focus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter at D. Put a lens here. Focus it
+down. And I go measure the spot size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And I go measure the spot size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And I go measure the spot size.
+And it turns out that the spot size, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turns out that the spot size, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it turns out that the spot size, if
+I'm careful, is very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm careful, is very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm careful, is very close to the
+wavelength of the of the light. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the of the light. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the of the light. So this
+means that the the laser beam is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the the laser beam is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the the laser beam is as
+ideal and as close to perfect as one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal and as close to perfect as one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal and as close to perfect as one can
+get both in cumation as well as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get both in cumation as well as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get both in cumation as well as in
+focusing. While with a while with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing. While with a while with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing. While with a while with a
+light source it was difficult to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source it was difficult to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source it was difficult to to get
+something that is that is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is that is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is that is extremely
+bright. You can make this of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright. You can make this of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright. You can make this of course the
+spot size small here by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size small here by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size small here by putting
+apertures by putting apertures here. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures by putting apertures here. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apertures by putting apertures here. You
+can make this spot size small, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this spot size small, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this spot size small, but you
+cannot have a small spot size with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a small spot size with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a small spot size with with
+very high intensity like you can here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high intensity like you can here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high intensity like you can here.
+In this case, you can put all that laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, you can put all that laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, you can put all that laser
+light and we'll talk about all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and we'll talk about all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and we'll talk about all kinds of
+outputs uh very soon. And you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs uh very soon. And you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs uh very soon. And you can put
+all that into this tiny spot and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that into this tiny spot and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that into this tiny spot and that's
+how you can get these huge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can get these huge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can get these huge uh
+intensities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities.
+Well, you might say, what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you might say, what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you might say, what are the
+applications of some of these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of some of these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of some of these small
+focus spots with high intensities? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus spots with high intensities? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus spots with high intensities? Well,
+there are all kinds of applications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of applications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all kinds of applications.
+There's compact discs for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's compact discs for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's compact discs for example that
+rely on a on a tiny uh small spot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on a on a tiny uh small spot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on a on a tiny uh small spot for
+the for the resolution certainly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the resolution certainly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the resolution certainly for
+laser printers and again for materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printers and again for materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printers and again for materials
+processing as I say for cutting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing as I say for cutting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing as I say for cutting and
+welding and uh uh drilling and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding and uh uh drilling and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding and uh uh drilling and so on and
+also in medical surgery where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in medical surgery where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in medical surgery where the the
+spot size you know for cutting and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size you know for cutting and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size you know for cutting and what
+have you has to be has to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you has to be has to be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you has to be has to be pretty
+small you don't want to make a huge huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you don't want to make a huge huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you don't want to make a huge huge
+cut and also uh because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and also uh because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and also uh because you have to
+deliver so much intensity you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver so much intensity you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver so much intensity you need the
+uh spot size to be to be small. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spot size to be to be small. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spot size to be to be small. Okay?
+Especially like for example, look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Especially like for example, look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Especially like for example, look at the
+example of retinal uh surgery, retinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of retinal uh surgery, retinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of retinal uh surgery, retinal
+welding where you try to weld the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding where you try to weld the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding where you try to weld the
+retina. The spot size is a key is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina. The spot size is a key is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina. The spot size is a key is a key
+issue because you can almost get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because you can almost get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because you can almost get any
+light source to to spot weld the retina.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source to to spot weld the retina.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source to to spot weld the retina.
+The only problem is it it spot welds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only problem is it it spot welds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only problem is it it spot welds the
+entire retina. But here with a tiny with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire retina. But here with a tiny with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire retina. But here with a tiny with
+a tiny beam, tiny focused beam, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny beam, tiny focused beam, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny beam, tiny focused beam, you can
+you can only weld just just small areas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only weld just just small areas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only weld just just small areas.
+Of course, they're damaged areas and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, they're damaged areas and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, they're damaged areas and you
+hopefully you can still see with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can still see with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can still see with the
+rest of the retina. So the the the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the retina. So the the the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the retina. So the the the small
+spot size is is a key thing to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size is is a key thing to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot size is is a key thing to a lot of
+these applications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications.
+Now uh I mentioned earlier that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh I mentioned earlier that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh I mentioned earlier that uh that
+some people refer to this property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people refer to this property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people refer to this property of
+high cumation or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cumation or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high cumation or or
+or small focus spot to high spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small focus spot to high spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small focus spot to high spatial
+coherence. So let's see what uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence. So let's see what uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence. So let's see what uh what is
+meant by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by uh by
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+uh here is uh high spatial coherence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is uh high spatial coherence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is uh high spatial coherence and
+and the and the what we mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the what we mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the what we mean by that is
+that the wave is well behaved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave is well behaved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave is well behaved in
+space. Now before we talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Now before we talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Now before we talked about uh
+waves that are well behaved with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that are well behaved with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that are well behaved with respect
+to time. Remember we showed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time. Remember we showed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time. Remember we showed that the
+wave continues uninterrupted for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave continues uninterrupted for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave continues uninterrupted for for
+long periods of time. That's very well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long periods of time. That's very well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long periods of time. That's very well-
+behaved wave in in time. Now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved wave in in time. Now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved wave in in time. Now we're
+talking about a well- behaved wave in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a well- behaved wave in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a well- behaved wave in in
+space which means that we can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which means that we can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which means that we can predict
+its amplitude and phase at any position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amplitude and phase at any position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amplitude and phase at any position
+at a given time. While before it was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given time. While before it was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given time. While before it was at
+the same position at a different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same position at a different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same position at a different time
+but here at any at any position now any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here at any at any position now any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here at any at any position now any
+spatial position uh as a function uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial position uh as a function uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial position uh as a function uh of
+time and also of course of space. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and also of course of space. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and also of course of space. So
+let's look at it. Now an ideal point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it. Now an ideal point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it. Now an ideal point
+source of radiation is over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of radiation is over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of radiation is over here and
+then it puts out you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it puts out you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it puts out you know these
+spherical waves that we're probably used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical waves that we're probably used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical waves that we're probably used
+to seeing. If the source is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seeing. If the source is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seeing. If the source is is very
+small then you have perfect sp spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then you have perfect sp spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then you have perfect sp spherical
+waves. If uh I don't like a diverging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. If uh I don't like a diverging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. If uh I don't like a diverging
+beam and I put a lens here then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and I put a lens here then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and I put a lens here then I can
+make this into a columnated beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this into a columnated beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this into a columnated beam and
+this will be perfectly columnated beam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be perfectly columnated beam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be perfectly columnated beam.
+Which means that uh for for what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means that uh for for what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which means that uh for for what we call
+high spatial coherence means that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spatial coherence means that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high spatial coherence means that if I
+know the amplitude and phase of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amplitude and phase of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amplitude and phase of the wave
+here in this position in space, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this position in space, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this position in space, I can
+also predict the amplitude and phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also predict the amplitude and phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also predict the amplitude and phase of
+the wave in another uh position in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave in another uh position in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave in another uh position in uh in
+space and uh and and uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh and and uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and uh and and uh and that's
+great. So whether it's a diverging beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. So whether it's a diverging beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. So whether it's a diverging beam
+or a columnated beam or so on, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a columnated beam or so on, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a columnated beam or so on, if you
+tell me what the amplitude and phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the amplitude and phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the amplitude and phase of
+the wave here, I can tell it I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave here, I can tell it I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave here, I can tell it I can tell
+you what it's going to be over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it's going to be over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it's going to be over here
+because the wavelength is is stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wavelength is is stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wavelength is is stable and
+the the spatial behavior is stable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the spatial behavior is stable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the spatial behavior is stable.
+Well, if this doesn't mean much to you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if this doesn't mean much to you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if this doesn't mean much to you,
+let's look at what a what a light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what a what a light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what a what a light source
+uh puts out. And it's back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh puts out. And it's back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh puts out. And it's back to our
+spectral lamp here or an arc lamp. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lamp here or an arc lamp. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral lamp here or an arc lamp. Now
+because we have so many atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have so many atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have so many atoms in the
+source here that's they're radiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source here that's they're radiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source here that's they're radiating
+that we get a mess of a waveform that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a mess of a waveform that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a mess of a waveform that's
+uh that's coming out. So even so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's coming out. So even so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's coming out. So even so if I
+know the amplitude and phase over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amplitude and phase over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amplitude and phase over here
+it's uh pretty impossible for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh pretty impossible for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh pretty impossible for me to
+predict what the amplitude and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what the amplitude and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what the amplitude and phase
+going to be at a different location uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at a different location uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at a different location uh
+in space and even as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and even as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space and even as a function of time
+because I really have no control over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I really have no control over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I really have no control over uh
+these light sources over here. While in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these light sources over here. While in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these light sources over here. While in
+the in the case of the laser, I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the case of the laser, I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the case of the laser, I can get
+uh pretty close to perfect uh prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty close to perfect uh prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pretty close to perfect uh prediction
+anywhere I want in space, but in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I want in space, but in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere I want in space, but in a in a
+in a non- laser light source, it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non- laser light source, it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a non- laser light source, it's very
+difficult. Now, I can improve things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Now, I can improve things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Now, I can improve things by
+making the light source very small. As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the light source very small. As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the light source very small. As
+we showed you before, I take lenses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you before, I take lenses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you before, I take lenses and
+focus them down, put small apertures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus them down, put small apertures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus them down, put small apertures,
+and can sort of create a tiny uh focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can sort of create a tiny uh focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can sort of create a tiny uh focus
+spot. The only problem is there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. The only problem is there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. The only problem is there's not
+much light by the time I do that. While
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much light by the time I do that. While
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much light by the time I do that. While
+the laser you can put all the laser uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser you can put all the laser uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser you can put all the laser uh
+light into let's say columnated beam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into let's say columnated beam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into let's say columnated beam or
+diverging beam that has perfect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging beam that has perfect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging beam that has perfect uh
+spatial spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial spatial
+coherence. All right. So these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence. All right. So these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence. All right. So these are two
+very key uh properties. Now what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very key uh properties. Now what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very key uh properties. Now what I'd
+like to do is uh is talk about few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is uh is talk about few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is uh is talk about few more
+uh few more properties. All right. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few more properties. All right. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh few more properties. All right. Now
+here is the next one which is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the next one which is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the next one which is high
+power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power.
+uh the laser as we know lasers have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laser as we know lasers have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laser as we know lasers have uh
+incredible power. All right. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible power. All right. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible power. All right. So let's
+let's see where that where that uh comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where that where that uh comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where that where that uh comes
+from. Here's again a picture of a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Here's again a picture of a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Here's again a picture of a laser
+and putting out a beam of light. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting out a beam of light. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting out a beam of light. Now
+there are two kinds of uh lasers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of uh lasers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of uh lasers.
+There's what we call CW or continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's what we call CW or continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's what we call CW or continuous
+wave laser and there's also pulse. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave laser and there's also pulse. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave laser and there's also pulse. So if
+the output is not continuous and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is not continuous and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is not continuous and it's
+pulse we call it pulse laser. Some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse we call it pulse laser. Some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse we call it pulse laser. Some of
+them can be very short and and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be very short and and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can be very short and and so on.
+All right. Now, let's see what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, let's see what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, let's see what sort of
+power levels uh that we can get from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels uh that we can get from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels uh that we can get from uh
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+lasers. And these these numbers, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. And these these numbers, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. And these these numbers, if
+you're not familiar with them, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not familiar with them, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not familiar with them, they're
+going to really open your eyes out to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really open your eyes out to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really open your eyes out to to
+what's going on. Now, in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. Now, in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. Now, in terms of
+continuous lasers, well, we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous lasers, well, we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous lasers, well, we're all
+familiar, I suppose, with the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar, I suppose, with the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar, I suppose, with the helium
+neon laser or semiconductor lasers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon laser or semiconductor lasers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon laser or semiconductor lasers that
+put out few millatts. All right? Some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out few millatts. All right? Some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out few millatts. All right? Some of
+us work with bigger lasers that put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us work with bigger lasers that put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us work with bigger lasers that put out
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+watts and uh not that many people uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts and uh not that many people uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts and uh not that many people uh uh
+work with kilowatt lasers. Today these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with kilowatt lasers. Today these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with kilowatt lasers. Today these
+are you can buy these lasers for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can buy these lasers for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you can buy these lasers for all
+kinds of applications and uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of applications and uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of applications and uh you can
+also generate even megawws of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also generate even megawws of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also generate even megawws of of
+continuous lasers. That's 10 to the^ six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous lasers. That's 10 to the^ six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous lasers. That's 10 to the^ six
+watts. That's huge huge uh uh continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts. That's huge huge uh uh continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts. That's huge huge uh uh continuous
+power that comes out from these lasers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that comes out from these lasers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that comes out from these lasers.
+Now in terms of pulse lasers, wow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in terms of pulse lasers, wow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in terms of pulse lasers, wow the
+numbers get really very big. Uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers get really very big. Uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers get really very big. Uh here
+we're talking about in continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about in continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about in continuous
+talking 10 to the 6 watts. Here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking 10 to the 6 watts. Here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking 10 to the 6 watts. Here we're
+talking about anywhere from 10^ the 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about anywhere from 10^ the 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about anywhere from 10^ the 9
+watts which is a or gigawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts which is a or gigawatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts which is a or gigawatt
+depending where you come from. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending where you come from. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending where you come from. And then
+we also have can produce pulse lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have can produce pulse lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have can produce pulse lasers
+with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with
+uh peak pulse power of 10^ the 12 watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peak pulse power of 10^ the 12 watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peak pulse power of 10^ the 12 watts
+terowatts and even 10^ the 15 watts. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terowatts and even 10^ the 15 watts. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terowatts and even 10^ the 15 watts. And
+I don't know if you've heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you've heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you've heard of this
+word here, pedawatt. And pedawatt means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word here, pedawatt. And pedawatt means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word here, pedawatt. And pedawatt means
+10^ the 15 this case 10 the 15 watts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10^ the 15 this case 10 the 15 watts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10^ the 15 this case 10 the 15 watts.
+And also recently we read that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also recently we read that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also recently we read that some
+people have produced xawatt uh peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have produced xawatt uh peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have produced xawatt uh peak
+power which is 10 to the 10^ the 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is 10 to the 10^ the 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power which is 10 to the 10^ the 18
+watts and these fantastic fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts and these fantastic fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts and these fantastic fantastic
+power levels. And we'll see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels. And we'll see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels. And we'll see how they
+generated soon and and what we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated soon and and what we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated soon and and what we can use
+them for. But for here I'll just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for. But for here I'll just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for. But for here I'll just mention
+just a few applications of of these peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few applications of of these peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few applications of of these peak
+powers. Certainly in materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers. Certainly in materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers. Certainly in materials
+processing where you want to do welding,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing where you want to do welding,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing where you want to do welding,
+cutting and what have you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting and what have you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting and what have you.
+uh for uh fusion today as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh fusion today as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh fusion today as we know
+there's a big fusion program uh for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big fusion program uh for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big fusion program uh for many
+years now uh that uses that's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now uh that uses that's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now uh that uses that's based on
+uh on lasers called laser fusion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on lasers called laser fusion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on lasers called laser fusion and the
+military of course would love to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military of course would love to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military of course would love to use
+these uh high power lasers whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh high power lasers whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh high power lasers whether
+pulseed or or CW and certainly a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulseed or or CW and certainly a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulseed or or CW and certainly a lot of
+nonlinear optics application uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optics application uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear optics application uh are
+based on uh the fact that we have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh the fact that we have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh the fact that we have uh a
+lot of uh a lot of power in these uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh a lot of power in these uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh a lot of power in these uh in
+these lasers because it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lasers because it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lasers because it depends on the
+on the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the intensity
+Now the next property that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the next property that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the next property that I want to
+mention is the tuning range of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is the tuning range of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention is the tuning range of uh of
+lasers. Uh lasers again are sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. Uh lasers again are sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers. Uh lasers again are sources of
+uh radiation and can have incredible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiation and can have incredible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radiation and can have incredible uh
+uh tuning range. Now let's see over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tuning range. Now let's see over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tuning range. Now let's see over this
+spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
+where lasers are. First of all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where lasers are. First of all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where lasers are. First of all we have
+the visible lasers. you know the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible lasers. you know the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible lasers. you know the ones we
+we we see are basically basically over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we see are basically basically over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we see are basically basically over
+here and uh and you they may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh and you they may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh and you they may have a
+certain tuning uh let's say from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain tuning uh let's say from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain tuning uh let's say from here to
+here and uh and and we'll discuss them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh and and we'll discuss them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh and and we'll discuss them
+later. I mean here this is just in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. I mean here this is just in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. I mean here this is just in a
+pictorial form. I want to show you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial form. I want to show you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial form. I want to show you where
+the lasers are and then maybe as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lasers are and then maybe as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lasers are and then maybe as we get
+into the infrared there may be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the infrared there may be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the infrared there may be other
+lasers like this one here some laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers like this one here some laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers like this one here some laser
+here let's say over here is in the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say over here is in the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say over here is in the far
+getting close to the far infrared some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to the far infrared some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to the far infrared some
+lasers that have large large tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers that have large large tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers that have large large tuning
+range you we go from the visible we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you we go from the visible we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you we go from the visible we can
+go to the ultraviolet or even to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the ultraviolet or even to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the ultraviolet or even to the
+vacuum ultraviolet and today we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum ultraviolet and today we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum ultraviolet and today we've gone
+all the way to to x-rays so lasers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to to x-rays so lasers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to to x-rays so lasers are
+found all over the spectrum all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found all over the spectrum all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found all over the spectrum all over the
+electromagnetic spectrum but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum but their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum but their
+tuning range or their widths over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning range or their widths over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning range or their widths over the
+width the spectrum or the spectral width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the spectrum or the spectral width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width the spectrum or the spectral width
+of the lasers or the the tuning range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lasers or the the tuning range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lasers or the the tuning range of
+the lasers can be can be quite broad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lasers can be can be quite broad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lasers can be can be quite broad and
+and then we'll discuss them later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll discuss them later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll discuss them later but
+today we have lasers all over the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have lasers all over the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have lasers all over the the
+electromagnetic spectrum sure we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum sure we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum sure we may
+have some gaps here and there but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some gaps here and there but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some gaps here and there but there
+are techniques of filling these gaps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are techniques of filling these gaps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are techniques of filling these gaps by
+by mixing techniques and so on that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing techniques and so on that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing techniques and so on that will
+fill these gaps and today we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill these gaps and today we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill these gaps and today we really have
+no excuse to say that I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excuse to say that I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no excuse to say that I don't have a
+laser at a specific uh wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser at a specific uh wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser at a specific uh wavelength
+because there are all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are all sorts of
+techniques to uh to create lasers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to uh to create lasers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to uh to create lasers there
+if there aren't any lasers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there aren't any lasers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there aren't any lasers there
+already. Now the applications of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. Now the applications of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. Now the applications of uh of
+uh wide tuning range could be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wide tuning range could be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wide tuning range could be in the
+interaction with specific atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with specific atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with specific atoms and
+molecules where you need to tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules where you need to tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules where you need to tune the
+light sources to be able to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources to be able to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources to be able to interact
+with specific atoms and molecules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific atoms and molecules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with specific atoms and molecules to
+reach their resonances and so on. in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach their resonances and so on. in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach their resonances and so on. in uh
+in studying structure of atoms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studying structure of atoms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in studying structure of atoms,
+molecules, solids and so on, you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules, solids and so on, you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules, solids and so on, you need a
+widely tunable source in the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely tunable source in the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely tunable source in the area of
+spectroscopy. And then for propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy. And then for propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy. And then for propagation
+uh sometimes uh you know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes uh you know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes uh you know if you want to
+dodge certain molecules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodge certain molecules in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodge certain molecules in the
+atmosphere or the water and so on, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere or the water and so on, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere or the water and so on, you
+need to tune the laser away from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tune the laser away from uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tune the laser away from uh the
+absorption of these uh molecules or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of these uh molecules or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption of these uh molecules or
+atoms. And in in uh in medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. And in in uh in medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. And in in uh in medical
+applications, sometimes you need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, sometimes you need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, sometimes you need to uh
+to tune the laser so that it's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the laser so that it's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tune the laser so that it's at the
+right wavelength for interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wavelength for interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wavelength for interacting with
+tissue or or what have you. Uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue or or what have you. Uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue or or what have you. Uh and uh
+and it's nice to have lasers that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's nice to have lasers that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's nice to have lasers that are uh
+that are tunable. Now, I have one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tunable. Now, I have one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tunable. Now, I have one more
+key property and that's it. It's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key property and that's it. It's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key property and that's it. It's going
+to be just the fifth one. And and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just the fifth one. And and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just the fifth one. And and here
+it is that lasers can produce very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that lasers can produce very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that lasers can produce very short
+pulse width.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse width.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse width.
+Now these these are incredibly short uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now these these are incredibly short uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now these these are incredibly short uh
+pulse width much shorter than any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse width much shorter than any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse width much shorter than any any
+electronic uh circuit can uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh circuit can uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh circuit can uh can
+generate. And here we are. Here's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate. And here we are. Here's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate. And here we are. Here's a uh
+laser pulse that one can generate. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pulse that one can generate. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pulse that one can generate. And
+the pulse width can be well this is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse width can be well this is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse width can be well this is big
+10 the minus 9 seconds. It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the minus 9 seconds. It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the minus 9 seconds. It's called
+nancond. Uh certainly we can prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nancond. Uh certainly we can prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nancond. Uh certainly we can prod
+produce these on a routine basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce these on a routine basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce these on a routine basis
+picosconds or 10 theus 12 seconds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picosconds or 10 theus 12 seconds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picosconds or 10 theus 12 seconds and
+today we're very close the record is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're very close the record is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're very close the record is
+that we're very close to 10 the minus15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very close to 10 the minus15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very close to 10 the minus15
+seconds excuse me which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds excuse me which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds excuse me which is a
+phentoc that's incredible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phentoc that's incredible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phentoc that's incredible because
+because even 10us 12 seconds very diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even 10us 12 seconds very diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even 10us 12 seconds very diff
+it's impossible to reach with electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to reach with electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to reach with electronic
+sources. So already from from below 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources. So already from from below 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources. So already from from below 10
+the minus 12 let's say 10 - 11 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 12 let's say 10 - 11 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 12 let's say 10 - 11 or so
+this is all in lasers because you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all in lasers because you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all in lasers because you can do
+it uh electronically. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh electronically. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh electronically. All right. So
+again this this is fantastic property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this this is fantastic property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this this is fantastic property of
+uh of lasers and and let's mention at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of lasers and and let's mention at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of lasers and and let's mention at
+this stage what are some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage what are some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage what are some some
+applications of very short pulses. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of very short pulses. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of very short pulses. We
+can certainly use them to study very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly use them to study very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly use them to study very
+fast phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast phenomena
+uh where the let's say the relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the let's say the relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the let's say the relaxation
+time is so fast that normal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is so fast that normal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is so fast that normal uh
+techniques don't work. They cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques don't work. They cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques don't work. They cannot be
+used to observe them because they're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to observe them because they're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to observe them because they're too
+they're too long. All right. So so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too long. All right. So so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too long. All right. So so in
+order to study fast phenomena you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to study fast phenomena you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to study fast phenomena you need
+very short uh pulse lasers. Then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short uh pulse lasers. Then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short uh pulse lasers. Then of
+course the exciting thing about optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the exciting thing about optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the exciting thing about optical
+computers if they will ever come about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers if they will ever come about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers if they will ever come about
+is to take advantage of these very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take advantage of these very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take advantage of these very short
+pulses. So you can have can have faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses. So you can have can have faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses. So you can have can have faster
+clocks and uh and so on. And for high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and uh and so on. And for high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks and uh and so on. And for high
+resolution radar and imaging these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution radar and imaging these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution radar and imaging these very
+short pulses can give you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulses can give you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulses can give you again
+incredible uh uh resolution. And so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh uh resolution. And so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh uh resolution. And so so
+there are lots of applications of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of applications of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of applications of these
+short pulses and we'll have uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulses and we'll have uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pulses and we'll have uh something
+to say about them uh later. Now I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about them uh later. Now I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about them uh later. Now I would
+like to to switch to to the my my next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to to switch to to the my my next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to to switch to to the my my next
+topic which is how these properties how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is how these properties how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is how these properties how
+these properties uh come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties uh come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties uh come
+about and uh and again we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and uh and again we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and uh and again we'll start with
+uh with the first uh with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the first uh with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the first uh with the first
+property which is this monochromaticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is this monochromaticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is this monochromaticity
+uh narrow spectral width and the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh narrow spectral width and the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh narrow spectral width and the high
+temple coherence which I hope you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple coherence which I hope you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple coherence which I hope you still
+remember from from earlier. The question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from from earlier. The question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from from earlier. The question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+how does this property where does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this property where does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this property where does this
+property come from? Okay. So the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property come from? Okay. So the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property come from? Okay. So the answer
+is that the laser is an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the laser is an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the laser is an optical
+oscillator. And uh so some people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator. And uh so some people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator. And uh so some people might
+say well what's an optical oscillator? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what's an optical oscillator? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what's an optical oscillator? I
+know it comes out like a sine wave but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it comes out like a sine wave but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it comes out like a sine wave but
+what's an optical oscillator?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an optical oscillator?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an optical oscillator?
+Well, the uh what's an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the uh what's an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the uh what's an optical
+oscillator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is
+uh the first in order to understand an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first in order to understand an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first in order to understand an
+optical oscillator, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical oscillator, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical oscillator, you have to
+understand what an oscillator is. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what an oscillator is. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what an oscillator is. So now
+we're ready to talk about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to talk about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to talk about uh the
+properties of a of an oscillator and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a of an oscillator and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a of an oscillator and we
+hope then we can extend it to an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope then we can extend it to an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope then we can extend it to an optical
+oscillator and then we can appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and then we can appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and then we can appreciate
+where that first property of lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that first property of lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that first property of lasers
+comes from. So here we are. Let's review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from. So here we are. Let's review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from. So here we are. Let's review
+the basic properties of of oscillators.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic properties of of oscillators.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic properties of of oscillators.
+I know a lot of you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know a lot of you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know a lot of you know about
+oscillators but I have to start at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators but I have to start at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators but I have to start at some
+level. So I'm going to start right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. So I'm going to start right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. So I'm going to start right here.
+So if we have here a black box that puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have here a black box that puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have here a black box that puts
+out this sinosoidal oscillation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this sinosoidal oscillation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this sinosoidal oscillation this
+perfect sinosoidal oscillation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sinosoidal oscillation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sinosoidal oscillation where the
+length of this wave train as we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this wave train as we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this wave train as we've seen
+before goes all the way from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before goes all the way from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before goes all the way from minus
+infinity to plus infinity very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity very long
+uninterrupted constant amplitude. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted constant amplitude. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninterrupted constant amplitude. Then
+in in the frequency domain that as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the frequency domain that as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the frequency domain that as we've
+done before that is that delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before that is that delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before that is that delta function
+centered at some frequency here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at some frequency here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at some frequency here that
+depends on the wavelength of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the wavelength of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the wavelength of this of
+this this radiation source. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this radiation source. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this radiation source. All right.
+So that's what we generally call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what we generally call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what we generally call an
+oscillator and especially electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and especially electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and especially electrical
+oscillators we see them on on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators we see them on on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators we see them on on an
+oscilloscope. We see this beautiful sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. We see this beautiful sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. We see this beautiful sine
+wave on on on the oscilloscope and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave on on on the oscilloscope and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave on on on the oscilloscope and uh
+and the the the the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the source of the
+oscillation. Well, we'll have to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. Well, we'll have to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. Well, we'll have to see how
+that comes about in the case of lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes about in the case of lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes about in the case of lasers
+and and the spectral width is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the spectral width is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the spectral width is is
+extremely narrow and we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely narrow and we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely narrow and we see that
+electrical oscillators all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical oscillators all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical oscillators all the time and
+we don't even think about it. Now, now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even think about it. Now, now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even think about it. Now, now I
+would like to tell you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to tell you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to tell you a little bit
+about how an oscillator is made and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how an oscillator is made and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how an oscillator is made and once
+we understand oscillator is made then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand oscillator is made then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand oscillator is made then we
+can extend it to to the optical domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extend it to to the optical domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extend it to to the optical domain
+and and then be able to explain how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then be able to explain how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then be able to explain how a
+laser works. Okay. So let's review some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser works. Okay. So let's review some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser works. Okay. So let's review some
+background here in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillators. Well, there are all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators. Well, there are all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators. Well, there are all kinds
+of uh oscillators. I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh oscillators. I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh oscillators. I'm going to start
+with with a pendulum. Here's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with a pendulum. Here's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with a pendulum. Here's a simple
+pendulum length length d. And I let it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum length length d. And I let it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum length length d. And I let it I
+let it swing. Uh what does it do when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it swing. Uh what does it do when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it swing. Uh what does it do when I
+let it swing? Well, it'll go backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it swing? Well, it'll go backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it swing? Well, it'll go backwards
+and forwards just like this. It generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards just like this. It generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards just like this. It generate
+an oscillation here of the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oscillation here of the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oscillation here of the pendulum
+which will die down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will die down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will die down.
+And the frequency of this oscillation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the frequency of this oscillation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the frequency of this oscillation is
+given by 1 / 2 pi the square root of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by 1 / 2 pi the square root of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by 1 / 2 pi the square root of uh
+g the acceleration of gravity divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g the acceleration of gravity divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g the acceleration of gravity divided by
+d the length of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the length of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the length of the of the
+pendulum. Now the uh so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum. Now the uh so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum. Now the uh so the the the
+longer d is the the smaller the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer d is the the smaller the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer d is the the smaller the the
+frequency of oscillation. But but as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation. But but as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of oscillation. But but as we
+can see this oscillation dies down. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this oscillation dies down. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this oscillation dies down. And
+the question why does it die down? Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question why does it die down? Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question why does it die down? Well
+why does it die down? because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it die down? because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it die down? because there are
+some losses and the losses for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some losses and the losses for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some losses and the losses for example
+come in this pivot here it comes pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in this pivot here it comes pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in this pivot here it comes pushing
+air around and so on but basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air around and so on but basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air around and so on but basically it
+will die down because it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die down because it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die down because it's difficult to
+get rid of uh all these losses so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of uh all these losses so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of uh all these losses so we
+don't have that constant oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that constant oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that constant oscillation
+that I showed you before now we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before now we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you before now we go to
+the frequency domain reminding you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain reminding you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain reminding you what
+we did before because I have a a dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before because I have a a dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before because I have a a dying
+oscillation like this then if the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation like this then if the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation like this then if the time
+constant is is tow then the line width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is is tow then the line width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is is tow then the line width
+is going to be approximately uh delta f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be approximately uh delta f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be approximately uh delta f
+which is approximately one over towo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is approximately one over towo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is approximately one over towo and
+and that is proportional directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is proportional directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is proportional directly
+proportional to the losses. The higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the losses. The higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the losses. The higher
+the losses, the larger larger is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losses, the larger larger is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the losses, the larger larger is the
+line width and the shorter is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width and the shorter is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line width and the shorter is the uh the
+uh the decay time. All right? So that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the decay time. All right? So that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the decay time. All right? So that uh
+if I improve the losses, if I reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I improve the losses, if I reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I improve the losses, if I reduce the
+losses, then I can get this to narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses, then I can get this to narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses, then I can get this to narrow
+down and I can get this to last to last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I can get this to last to last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I can get this to last to last
+uh longer. Now the um uh if I as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh longer. Now the um uh if I as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh longer. Now the um uh if I as I just
+mentioned just now this is in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned just now this is in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned just now this is in in
+pictorial form. If I reduce the losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial form. If I reduce the losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial form. If I reduce the losses
+if I'm clever in reducing the friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm clever in reducing the friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm clever in reducing the friction
+in this pivot and so on I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pivot and so on I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pivot and so on I can make the
+wave last longer and this width gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave last longer and this width gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave last longer and this width gets uh
+gets narrower. But in order to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets narrower. But in order to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets narrower. But in order to make it
+constant amplitude I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amplitude I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amplitude I have to do
+something else. All right this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. All right this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. All right this is what I
+have to do. I have to call on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do. I have to call on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do. I have to call on this
+fellow here to to push on this pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow here to to push on this pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow here to to push on this pendulum
+to push on this pendulum so that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push on this pendulum so that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push on this pendulum so that uh it
+stops it from from uh dying down. In a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops it from from uh dying down. In a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops it from from uh dying down. In a
+way, what this fellow is doing by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, what this fellow is doing by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, what this fellow is doing by doing
+he's pushing at the right time, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's pushing at the right time, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's pushing at the right time, it's
+really overcoming the losses whether at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really overcoming the losses whether at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really overcoming the losses whether at
+the at the pivot here or pushing air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the pivot here or pushing air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the pivot here or pushing air
+around and and so on. So in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and and so on. So in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and and so on. So in order
+instead of having just this dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having just this dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having just this dying
+oscillation like this what I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation like this what I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation like this what I end up with
+a constant amplitude because if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant amplitude because if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant amplitude because if this
+fellow here is putting energy into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow here is putting energy into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow here is putting energy into this
+system and compensating for so as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and compensating for so as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and compensating for so as the
+amplitude here go becomes becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude here go becomes becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude here go becomes becomes
+constant then the line width here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then the line width here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then the line width here uh
+starts to delta f starts to shrink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to delta f starts to shrink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to delta f starts to shrink and
+goes close to zero. So in this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes close to zero. So in this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes close to zero. So in this way I
+produce a an oscillator and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a an oscillator and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a an oscillator and in this case
+of course it's a it's a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a it's a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a it's a pendulum
+oscillator that's used like a clock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator that's used like a clock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator that's used like a clock and
+uh and so on. But I do need this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on. But I do need this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so on. But I do need this energy
+source this person here to overcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source this person here to overcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source this person here to overcome to
+overcome the losses. Now this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the losses. Now this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the losses. Now this is not the
+only type of uh of oscillator. I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only type of uh of oscillator. I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only type of uh of oscillator. I have
+all kinds u let's say I have a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds u let's say I have a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds u let's say I have a mass
+spring system. I can make that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring system. I can make that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring system. I can make that into
+oscillator. Let's say here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator. Let's say here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator. Let's say here I have a
+spring and there's a mass connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and there's a mass connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and there's a mass connected to
+it. And then if I pull the mass away,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then if I pull the mass away,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then if I pull the mass away,
+it's going to wobble backwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to wobble backwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to wobble backwards and
+forward. It's going to oscillate. Again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. It's going to oscillate. Again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward. It's going to oscillate. Again,
+it's going to be a dying oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a dying oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a dying oscillation
+like this because of well friction. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because of well friction. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because of well friction. The
+mass frict has a friction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass frict has a friction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass frict has a friction between the
+friction between the mass and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction between the mass and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction between the mass and and the
+stable and losses in the spring and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and losses in the spring and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and losses in the spring and so
+on. The frequency here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The frequency here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. The frequency here will be
+determined by the uh square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the uh square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the uh square root of the
+of the spring constant K and divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spring constant K and divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spring constant K and divided by
+the mass. If I change the mass, I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass. If I change the mass, I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass. If I change the mass, I change
+the frequency and and so on. And so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and and so on. And so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency and and so on. And so so
+again, just like in the pendulum, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, just like in the pendulum, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, just like in the pendulum, it's a
+dying oscillation and has a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying oscillation and has a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying oscillation and has a in the
+frequency domain has a certain width and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain has a certain width and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain has a certain width and
+the width is proportional to uh one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width is proportional to uh one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width is proportional to uh one over
+uh one over towa and that's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over towa and that's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over towa and that's again
+proportional to losses. If I look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to losses. If I look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to losses. If I look at a
+stretch string here, stretch string, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch string here, stretch string, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch string here, stretch string, if
+I hit it, then it it it bobs up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit it, then it it it bobs up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit it, then it it it bobs up and down
+here in the middle and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle and then the
+frequency will be determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will be determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will be determined by the
+speed of sound in the material divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound in the material divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of sound in the material divided
+by by twice the separation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by twice the separation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by twice the separation between the
+ends and again it dies down. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and again it dies down. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and again it dies down. Okay, this
+bobbing up and down will die down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bobbing up and down will die down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bobbing up and down will die down uh
+because again of losses and also we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again of losses and also we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again of losses and also we'll
+have will have a width. And then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have will have a width. And then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have will have a width. And then finally
+here if I have an LC circuit inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I have an LC circuit inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I have an LC circuit inductor
+and a capacitor again if I if I inject a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a capacitor again if I if I inject a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a capacitor again if I if I inject a
+pulse into it I see that again I get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse into it I see that again I get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse into it I see that again I get an
+oscillation. If I look let's say at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. If I look let's say at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. If I look let's say at a
+voltage across the capacitor here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the capacitor here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the capacitor here I have
+this oscillation that dies down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation that dies down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation that dies down and the
+frequency is given by in this case by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is given by in this case by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is given by in this case by
+the square root of 1 / LC L being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 1 / LC L being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 1 / LC L being the
+inductor C is the is the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor C is the is the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor C is the is the value of the
+capacitance and the this decay is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance and the this decay is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance and the this decay is due to
+losses. Now in electrical circuit where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. Now in electrical circuit where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. Now in electrical circuit where
+are the losses come from? Well they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the losses come from? Well they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the losses come from? Well they come
+from omic losses essentially dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from omic losses essentially dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from omic losses essentially dissipation
+in the in the wires according to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the wires according to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the wires according to uh
+Ohm's law. So that uh uh the all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohm's law. So that uh uh the all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ohm's law. So that uh uh the all these
+kinds of oscillators whether pendulum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of oscillators whether pendulum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of oscillators whether pendulum or
+or mass spring a vibrating string or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mass spring a vibrating string or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mass spring a vibrating string or
+electrical oscillator they essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical oscillator they essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical oscillator they essentially
+they all have specific frequencies. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have specific frequencies. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have specific frequencies. All
+right, they oscillate at and uh but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, they oscillate at and uh but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, they oscillate at and uh but they
+all have losses and to make them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have losses and to make them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have losses and to make them into
+into an oscillator you have to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an oscillator you have to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an oscillator you have to overcome
+these losses and as we as we saw that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these losses and as we as we saw that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these losses and as we as we saw that in
+the in the case of the pendulum you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the case of the pendulum you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the case of the pendulum you need
+somebody to push here you may also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to push here you may also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to push here you may also need
+somebody to push over here you again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to push over here you again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody to push over here you again you
+you have to uh you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to uh you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to uh you have to keep
+vibrating the things to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating the things to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating the things to maintain
+oscillation and of course in electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and of course in electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and of course in electrical
+one we add a uh an amplifier to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we add a uh an amplifier to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we add a uh an amplifier to overcome
+uh to overcome the velocities Now to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to overcome the velocities Now to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to overcome the velocities Now to uh
+to then then summarize then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then then summarize then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then then summarize then we need to
+make an oscillator then we need a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an oscillator then we need a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an oscillator then we need a uh a
+resonator that will determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator that will determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator that will determine the
+frequency for us and we need a means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for us and we need a means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for us and we need a means of
+overcoming uh the loss. So if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming uh the loss. So if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcoming uh the loss. So if we have
+that then we can uh then we can uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we can uh then we can uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we can uh then we can uh get
+this uh oscillation this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh oscillation this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh oscillation this nice
+oscillation that uh that comes out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that uh that comes out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that uh that comes out from
+that black box I showed you earlier. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that black box I showed you earlier. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that black box I showed you earlier. Now
+what about the laser? Okay, how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the laser? Okay, how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the laser? Okay, how does the
+laser work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser work?
+Well, in in uh in lasers because laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in in uh in lasers because laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, in in uh in lasers because laser
+is is an oscillator, we need a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an oscillator, we need a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an oscillator, we need a a
+resonator first of all. So, let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator first of all. So, let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator first of all. So, let's look
+at how we can create electromagnetic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how we can create electromagnetic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how we can create electromagnetic uh
+resonator. Well, just like this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator. Well, just like this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator. Well, just like this is very
+similar to the to the stretch string, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the to the stretch string, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the to the stretch string, we
+need uh we need two ends. We need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh we need two ends. We need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh we need two ends. We need two
+nodes. And here we have uh to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes. And here we have uh to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes. And here we have uh to create
+this we have two mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have two mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have two mirrors
+uh here the two mirrors M and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here the two mirrors M and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here the two mirrors M and they're
+spaced a certain distance L apart. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced a certain distance L apart. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced a certain distance L apart. Now
+the the lowest frequency that can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lowest frequency that can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lowest frequency that can fit
+between these two modes and oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two modes and oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two modes and oscillate
+backwards and forwards between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forwards between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and forwards between these two
+modes is the one where half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes is the one where half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes is the one where half the
+wavelength where L is half half this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength where L is half half this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength where L is half half this
+wavelength because the wave would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength because the wave would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength because the wave would be
+would be about this size. Now such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be about this size. Now such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be about this size. Now such a
+wave would be able to bounce backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave would be able to bounce backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave would be able to bounce backwards
+and forwards between the two mirrors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards between the two mirrors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards between the two mirrors and
+uh and will be at that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and will be at that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and will be at that frequency
+determined by in this case will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by in this case will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by in this case will be
+determined by uh f= c over 2 l because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by uh f= c over 2 l because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by uh f= c over 2 l because
+uh lambda time uh times the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lambda time uh times the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lambda time uh times the frequency
+equals the velocity of of light. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the velocity of of light. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the velocity of of light. So
+either that the the wavelength is 2 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that the the wavelength is 2 L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that the the wavelength is 2 L
+all right or its frequency is just C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right or its frequency is just C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right or its frequency is just C
+over 2L. Okay. So this is then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2L. Okay. So this is then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2L. Okay. So this is then the the
+the lowest uh frequency that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest uh frequency that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest uh frequency that will be
+supported in this kind of structure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported in this kind of structure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported in this kind of structure with
+two reflectors or two nodes at the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reflectors or two nodes at the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reflectors or two nodes at the ends
+just like in the vibrating string. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the vibrating string. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the vibrating string. Now
+this oscillation will die down if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation will die down if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oscillation will die down if I
+injected some light in here and I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected some light in here and I get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injected some light in here and I get it
+to to to oscillate like this. It will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to oscillate like this. It will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to oscillate like this. It will
+die down because of losses and again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die down because of losses and again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die down because of losses and again in
+the frequency domain this will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain this will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain this will have a
+width. Question is what uh where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. Question is what uh where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width. Question is what uh where are the
+losses in this case? Well, the losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in this case? Well, the losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in this case? Well, the losses
+come from the reflection in the uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the reflection in the uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the reflection in the uh in
+the mirrors. If the reflectivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirrors. If the reflectivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirrors. If the reflectivity of the
+mirror is not perfect, then then every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is not perfect, then then every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is not perfect, then then every
+time the light bounces from one mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the light bounces from one mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the light bounces from one mirror
+to the other, then the amplitude will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other, then the amplitude will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other, then the amplitude will go
+down and very quickly it will die down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and very quickly it will die down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and very quickly it will die down
+altogether. So in order to to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether. So in order to to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether. So in order to to make this
+then oscillate or essentially lays we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oscillate or essentially lays we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oscillate or essentially lays we
+need to overcome uh these losses. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to overcome uh these losses. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to overcome uh these losses. But
+before I get to this, I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get to this, I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get to this, I want to talk
+about uh other other uh modes in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh other other uh modes in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh other other uh modes in in this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+resonator. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator. The
+uh so far I've talked about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so far I've talked about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so far I've talked about this one
+where only half the wavelength fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where only half the wavelength fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where only half the wavelength fits
+between the two mirrors. But I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two mirrors. But I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two mirrors. But I can also
+get a condition where a full wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a condition where a full wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a condition where a full wavelength
+foots fits between the two mirrors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foots fits between the two mirrors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foots fits between the two mirrors.
+These are sort of normal modes uh of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are sort of normal modes uh of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are sort of normal modes uh of uh
+of these uh resonators. Now where lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh resonators. Now where lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh resonators. Now where lambda
+1 was here was equal to 2 L and F1 was C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 was here was equal to 2 L and F1 was C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 was here was equal to 2 L and F1 was C
+over 2L. In this case lambda 2 is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2L. In this case lambda 2 is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2L. In this case lambda 2 is is
+essentially L or I like to write it as 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially L or I like to write it as 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially L or I like to write it as 2
+L over two but I can cancel to the twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over two but I can cancel to the twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over two but I can cancel to the twos
+and I get L. And the frequency is just 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get L. And the frequency is just 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get L. And the frequency is just 2
+C over 2L. So here we had 1 * C over 2L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over 2L. So here we had 1 * C over 2L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over 2L. So here we had 1 * C over 2L.
+Here is 2 C over 2L. And and so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is 2 C over 2L. And and so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is 2 C over 2L. And and so here I'm
+spacing it along in in the frequency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing it along in in the frequency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing it along in in the frequency uh
+along the frequency scale. Here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the frequency scale. Here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the frequency scale. Here's my
+f_sub_1 and here's f_sub_2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_1 and here's f_sub_2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_1 and here's f_sub_2 and the
+separation is c over2 l and each one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is c over2 l and each one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is c over2 l and each one has
+a width because of the of the losses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a width because of the of the losses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a width because of the of the losses.
+Now we can go a little further here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can go a little further here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can go a little further here and
+consider few more of these oscillations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider few more of these oscillations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider few more of these oscillations.
+In this case, uh I have one and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, uh I have one and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, uh I have one and a half
+waves that will fit between the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that will fit between the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that will fit between the the uh
+cavity uh between the two mirrors and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity uh between the two mirrors and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity uh between the two mirrors and or
+within the cavity. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cavity. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cavity. And then the
+wavelength will be 2 L over 3 instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength will be 2 L over 3 instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength will be 2 L over 3 instead of
+2 L over2. Uh and the frequency will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 L over2. Uh and the frequency will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 L over2. Uh and the frequency will be
+3 C over 2L instead of 2 C over 2L here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 C over 2L instead of 2 C over 2L here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 C over 2L instead of 2 C over 2L here.
+So now again you can see I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now again you can see I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now again you can see I'm going to
+stack them up F1, F2, M3. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack them up F1, F2, M3. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack them up F1, F2, M3. And the
+separation is equal between them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is equal between them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is equal between them which
+is C over 2L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C over 2L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C over 2L.
+And uh we can uh go to many more and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we can uh go to many more and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh we can uh go to many more and I'm
+jumping here to to the what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping here to to the what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping here to to the what we call the
+Q mode lambda sub q and just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q mode lambda sub q and just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q mode lambda sub q and just because the
+way I was doing it uh previously you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I was doing it uh previously you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I was doing it uh previously you can
+see that the wavelength will be 2 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the wavelength will be 2 L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the wavelength will be 2 L
+divided by Q this is the the Q number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Q this is the the Q number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Q this is the the Q number
+just like in here this was 3 2 1 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in here this was 3 2 1 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in here this was 3 2 1 and now
+in this case will be the Q the Q mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case will be the Q the Q mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case will be the Q the Q mode
+and the frequency will be just QC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency will be just QC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency will be just QC over
+2L just like Here we had 3 C over2 L 2 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2L just like Here we had 3 C over2 L 2 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2L just like Here we had 3 C over2 L 2 C
+over2 L and so on. So on the on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 L and so on. So on the on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 L and so on. So on the on the on
+the frequency scale then we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency scale then we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency scale then we have all
+these resonances that come from that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resonances that come from that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these resonances that come from that I
+can excite in in one resonator and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can excite in in one resonator and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can excite in in one resonator and can
+we can be as high as uh as you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be as high as uh as you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be as high as uh as you want it
+and the width each one will have a width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width each one will have a width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width each one will have a width
+because of the losses. Now not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the losses. Now not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the losses. Now not all the
+widths will be the same because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths will be the same because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widths will be the same because uh
+because not all the losses will some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not all the losses will some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not all the losses will some
+losses will depend on the wavelength or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses will depend on the wavelength or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses will depend on the wavelength or
+the frequency you're at. So uh since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency you're at. So uh since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency you're at. So uh since the
+mirrors can have loss but the loss can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors can have loss but the loss can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors can have loss but the loss can
+depend on the wavelength and so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the wavelength and so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the wavelength and so uh so
+the these widths can uh can vary. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these widths can uh can vary. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these widths can uh can vary. So now
+this explains the the uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explains the the uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explains the the uh the uh
+resonator and uh and and just uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator and uh and and just uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator and uh and and just uh let me
+summarize the uh the uh information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the uh the uh information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the uh the uh information
+here. We have uh a typical now a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have uh a typical now a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have uh a typical now a laser
+uh cavity which is again two mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cavity which is again two mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cavity which is again two mirrors
+spaced by L. In this case I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by L. In this case I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by L. In this case I'm going to
+take L as 100 centimeters or 1 meter. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take L as 100 centimeters or 1 meter. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take L as 100 centimeters or 1 meter. If
+I choose for the wavelength to be half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose for the wavelength to be half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose for the wavelength to be half a
+micron or 5 * 10 - 5 cm then Q comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron or 5 * 10 - 5 cm then Q comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron or 5 * 10 - 5 cm then Q comes out
+to be this Q this integer we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this Q this integer we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this Q this integer we talked
+about comes out to be uh 2 L over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about comes out to be uh 2 L over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about comes out to be uh 2 L over lambda
+from from the uh from this formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the uh from this formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from the uh from this formula here
+and is 200 / 5 * 10 - 5 which comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is 200 / 5 * 10 - 5 which comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is 200 / 5 * 10 - 5 which comes out
+to be about four * 10 6 which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about four * 10 6 which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about four * 10 6 which means that
+Q has the value of few million all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q has the value of few million all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q has the value of few million all right
+which means there are lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there are lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there are lots of little
+waves in here in a in a cavity of 100 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in here in a in a cavity of 100 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in here in a in a cavity of 100 cm
+mmters uh separation the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmters uh separation the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmters uh separation the frequency
+associated with that is against f subq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that is against f subq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that is against f subq
+from here uh is uh 6 * comes out to be 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here uh is uh 6 * comes out to be 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here uh is uh 6 * comes out to be 6
+* 10 14 hertz and the width will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 14 hertz and the width will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 14 hertz and the width will depend
+on the losses uh which are uh mainly due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the losses uh which are uh mainly due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the losses uh which are uh mainly due
+to let's say mirror losses and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's say mirror losses and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's say mirror losses and and so on
+which we'll get into into later. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get into into later. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get into into later. So, so
+the uh so then to make a an optical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh so then to make a an optical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh so then to make a an optical uh
+oscillator or like a laser we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator or like a laser we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator or like a laser we need the
+resonator that we that we have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator that we that we have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator that we that we have talked
+about but it has not just one frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it has not just one frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but it has not just one frequency
+but has many frequencies and it has we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has many frequencies and it has we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has many frequencies and it has we
+have to have a a means of overcoming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a a means of overcoming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a a means of overcoming the
+loss and and that uh is is uh that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and and that uh is is uh that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and and that uh is is uh that comes
+about with with a light with a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with with a light with a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about with with a light with a light
+amplifier. So the the light amplifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. So the the light amplifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. So the the light amplifier is
+the is the key element uh in a las in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the key element uh in a las in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the key element uh in a las in a
+laser because without the amplifier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser because without the amplifier you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser because without the amplifier you
+can have all these cavities empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have all these cavities empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have all these cavities empty
+cavities that do absolutely nothing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities that do absolutely nothing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities that do absolutely nothing for
+you. But in order to to make create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. But in order to to make create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. But in order to to make create
+lasers out of them then you have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers out of them then you have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers out of them then you have to put
+an amplifier. Okay. So here is then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amplifier. Okay. So here is then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amplifier. Okay. So here is then then
+uh the laser here's the cavity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laser here's the cavity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laser here's the cavity that we
+talked about and then we have to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and then we have to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and then we have to insert
+this this amplifier and this amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this amplifier and this amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this amplifier and this amplifier
+which we will talk about uh later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will talk about uh later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will talk about uh later in
+more depth. This amplifier then provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth. This amplifier then provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth. This amplifier then provides
+gain for the light that goes backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain for the light that goes backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain for the light that goes backwards
+and forwards between these two mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards between these two mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forwards between these two mirrors
+to overcome the losses wherever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the losses wherever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the losses wherever the
+losses come from. And the whole idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses come from. And the whole idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses come from. And the whole idea is
+to make the losses as small as possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the losses as small as possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the losses as small as possible.
+So you don't you need to use uh a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you don't you need to use uh a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you don't you need to use uh a big
+amplifier because to in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier because to in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier because to in order to
+generate this gain which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this gain which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this gain which we'll talk
+about later uh it costs a lot of effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later uh it costs a lot of effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later uh it costs a lot of effort
+a lot of money and so on. So so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money and so on. So so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money and so on. So so we want
+to minimize the the uh the gain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the the uh the gain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the the uh the gain that's
+needed but we certainly have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but we certainly have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed but we certainly have to have
+enough gain to overcome uh the losses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gain to overcome uh the losses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough gain to overcome uh the losses.
+And uh and here for example I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh and here for example I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh and here for example I have this
+this amplifier this this gain of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amplifier this this gain of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amplifier this this gain of this
+amplifier located at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier located at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier located at this particular
+frequency and over here I have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and over here I have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and over here I have all the
+modes of of the cavity that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of of the cavity that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of of the cavity that we talked
+about before. But if there is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before. But if there is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before. But if there is one of
+these cavity modes under the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cavity modes under the bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cavity modes under the bandwidth
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+amplifier then if there is enough gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier then if there is enough gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier then if there is enough gain
+to overcome the loss then I can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the loss then I can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the loss then I can get this
+to to oscillate. And in fact here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to oscillate. And in fact here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to oscillate. And in fact here it is
+as we know that this width of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know that this width of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know that this width of the of the
+cavity comes about because of the losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity comes about because of the losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity comes about because of the losses
+in the cavity. But if I have enough gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cavity. But if I have enough gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cavity. But if I have enough gain
+to overcome the losses then I collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the losses then I collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome the losses then I collapse
+this width to this delta function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this width to this delta function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this width to this delta function that
+we had before and and the output that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before and and the output that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before and and the output that
+comes out from this mirror. If I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out from this mirror. If I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out from this mirror. If I put
+some transmission in this mirror here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transmission in this mirror here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transmission in this mirror here I
+leak a little bit of light out. then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak a little bit of light out. then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak a little bit of light out. then
+that light will will have this spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light will will have this spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light will will have this spectrum
+this very narrow spectral width or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very narrow spectral width or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very narrow spectral width or in
+terms of the time domain I have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the time domain I have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the time domain I have a uh
+this this lovely uh oscillation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this lovely uh oscillation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this lovely uh oscillation here
+that has a constant frequency determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a constant frequency determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a constant frequency determined
+by this cavity mode and a and a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this cavity mode and a and a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this cavity mode and a and a constant
+amplitude. So I think uh the uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude. So I think uh the uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude. So I think uh the uh this
+will be a very fitting time to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a very fitting time to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a very fitting time to uh to
+stop for this uh first session because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for this uh first session because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for this uh first session because
+uh because I brought you just to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because I brought you just to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because I brought you just to the
+stage where I think now you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage where I think now you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage where I think now you want to know
+where this uh where this gain comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this uh where this gain comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this uh where this gain comes from
+that makes lasers possible. So when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes lasers possible. So when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes lasers possible. So when we
+come back we'll start exactly with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we'll start exactly with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back we'll start exactly with that
+with that topic.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/siP7IXbPGmw.txt b/siP7IXbPGmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5d37b232716261617a9918e12741ddae32cbcc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/siP7IXbPGmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're gonna get started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna get started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna get started and
+we're going to continue on with folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue on with folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue on with folding
+so we had some introduction last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had some introduction last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had some introduction last time
+about this module and thinking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this module and thinking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this module and thinking about in
+vitro verses and vivo studies and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro verses and vivo studies and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro verses and vivo studies and where
+we're going to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on
+today is discussing molecular chaperones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is discussing molecular chaperones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is discussing molecular chaperones
+and effectively there'll be three course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively there'll be three course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively there'll be three course
+three taste studies over the next two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three taste studies over the next two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three taste studies over the next two to
+two-and-a-half lectures so trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-and-a-half lectures so trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-and-a-half lectures so trigger
+factor grow al girl yes and DNA k che
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor grow al girl yes and DNA k che
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor grow al girl yes and DNA k che
+and so first is some background and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first is some background and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so first is some background and we
+need to talk about what are molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about what are molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about what are molecular
+chaperones and so effectively these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones and so effectively these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones and so effectively these are
+proteins that influence protein folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that influence protein folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that influence protein folding
+within the cell and they can do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell and they can do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell and they can do this by
+a variety of ways so they can help to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of ways so they can help to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of ways so they can help to
+prevent aggregation and intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent aggregation and intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent aggregation and intermolecular
+interactions between polypeptides they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between polypeptides they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions between polypeptides they
+can facilitate folding by limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can facilitate folding by limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can facilitate folding by limiting
+conformational space and preventing side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational space and preventing side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational space and preventing side
+reactions an important point to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions an important point to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions an important point to keep in
+mind throughout this is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind throughout this is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind throughout this is that these
+chaperone proteins bind to proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone proteins bind to proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone proteins bind to proteins
+transiently here what are the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently here what are the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently here what are the types of
+processes they can assist in a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes they can assist in a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes they can assist in a variety
+are listed here and we see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are listed here and we see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are listed here and we see that it's
+quite broad so they can help in de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite broad so they can help in de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite broad so they can help in de novo
+folding so for instance folding of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding so for instance folding of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding so for instance folding of a
+nascent polypeptide chain emerging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nascent polypeptide chain emerging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nascent polypeptide chain emerging from
+the ribosome they can assist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome they can assist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome they can assist in
+refolding so for instance if proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refolding so for instance if proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refolding so for instance if proteins
+have unfolded or become aggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unfolded or become aggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unfolded or become aggregated
+because of stress they can help here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of stress they can help here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of stress they can help here
+they can assist in the Assembly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can assist in the Assembly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can assist in the Assembly of
+oligomeric proteins in protein transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligomeric proteins in protein transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligomeric proteins in protein transport
+and they also assist in proteolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also assist in proteolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also assist in proteolytic
+degradation here and so we can classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation here and so we can classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation here and so we can classify
+these chaperones into three main groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chaperones into three main groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chaperones into three main groups
+depending on how they act and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how they act and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how they act and those are
+listed here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here so we
+have hold aces full bases and unfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hold aces full bases and unfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hold aces full bases and unfold
+aces so something you might want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces so something you might want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces so something you might want to ask
+yourself as we see these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as we see these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as we see these different
+chaperon systems is to ask what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperon systems is to ask what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperon systems is to ask what is the
+role is it one or multiple so hold aces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is it one or multiple so hold aces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is it one or multiple so hold aces
+help to stabilize non-native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to stabilize non-native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to stabilize non-native
+confirmations so effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations so effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations so effectively the
+chaperone will bind a polypeptide in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone will bind a polypeptide in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone will bind a polypeptide in a
+non native conformation and stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non native conformation and stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non native conformation and stabilize
+that for some period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some period of time
+full bases assist in folding of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full bases assist in folding of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full bases assist in folding of a
+polypeptide to its native state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide to its native state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide to its native state and
+unfold aces as the name indicates can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold aces as the name indicates can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold aces as the name indicates can
+help with unfolding protein so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with unfolding protein so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help with unfolding protein so for
+instance if a protein has Mis folded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if a protein has Mis folded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if a protein has Mis folded and
+that needs to be undone or maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be undone or maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be undone or maybe a
+protein needs to be extracted from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein needs to be extracted from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein needs to be extracted from some
+aggregate that's formed of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate that's formed of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate that's formed of multiple
+proteins that's a problem and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that's a problem and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that's a problem and so we're
+going to think about the chaperones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the chaperones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the chaperones in
+the cytoplasm and two main groups for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm and two main groups for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm and two main groups for
+the ones that interact with newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that interact with newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that interact with newly
+synthesized polypeptides so first we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized polypeptides so first we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized polypeptides so first we can
+think about trigger factor which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about trigger factor which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about trigger factor which is a
+chaperone that's associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone that's associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone that's associated with the
+ribosome as we'll see so trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome as we'll see so trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome as we'll see so trigger factor
+is involved in Co translational folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in Co translational folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in Co translational folding
+meaning the polypeptide is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the polypeptide is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning the polypeptide is still
+associated with the ribosome and de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the ribosome and de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the ribosome and de novo
+folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding
+um and then we'll examine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we'll examine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we'll examine some
+downstream situs salak chaperones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream situs salak chaperones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream situs salak chaperones so
+these are chaperones that do not bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are chaperones that do not bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are chaperones that do not bind
+the ribosome I'm Gro Al Groh yes DNA KJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome I'm Gro Al Groh yes DNA KJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome I'm Gro Al Groh yes DNA KJ
+and just as a general overview of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as a general overview of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as a general overview of this
+molecular chaperone concept here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular chaperone concept here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular chaperone concept here so this
+is taken from the required reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken from the required reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken from the required reading
+effectively what's shown in this scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what's shown in this scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what's shown in this scheme
+is a variety of different states a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variety of different states a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a variety of different states a
+polypeptide can find itself in write so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide can find itself in write so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide can find itself in write so
+here we see a partially folded protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see a partially folded protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see a partially folded protein
+this protein may form from an unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein may form from an unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein may form from an unfolded
+protein or maybe a native protein we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or maybe a native protein we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein or maybe a native protein we
+have an aggregate and if we look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an aggregate and if we look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an aggregate and if we look down
+here we're seeing the effect of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're seeing the effect of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're seeing the effect of some
+generalized chaperone okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized chaperone okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized chaperone okay so one
+important point to make from this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point to make from this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point to make from this is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the chaperones not part of this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaperones not part of this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaperones not part of this final
+structure it's just helping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's just helping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's just helping the
+polypeptide get to its native state okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide get to its native state okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide get to its native state okay
+and we can think about different rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about different rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about different rate
+constants whether it be for folding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants whether it be for folding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants whether it be for folding or
+aggregation chaperone binding k on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation chaperone binding k on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation chaperone binding k on
+chaperone dissociation k off so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone dissociation k off so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone dissociation k off so for
+instance if we look here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if we look here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if we look here we have a
+partially folded polypeptide and imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially folded polypeptide and imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially folded polypeptide and imagine
+the chaperone binds that or maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaperone binds that or maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaperone binds that or maybe the
+chaperone binds an unfolded polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone binds an unfolded polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone binds an unfolded polypeptide
+okay it's going to act as a whole day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to act as a whole day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to act as a whole day or
+a full days and what do we see down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full days and what do we see down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full days and what do we see down here
+or in unfold ace what we see down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in unfold ace what we see down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in unfold ace what we see down here
+is an indication of an event that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indication of an event that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indication of an event that's
+driven by ATP hydrolysis and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by ATP hydrolysis and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by ATP hydrolysis and so what
+we'll see and what's known is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see and what's known is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see and what's known is that many
+of the chaperone switch between low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chaperone switch between low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chaperone switch between low and
+high affinity Sates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high affinity Sates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high affinity Sates
+for some substrate polypeptide and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some substrate polypeptide and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some substrate polypeptide and these
+low and high affinity states are somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high affinity states are somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high affinity states are somehow
+regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis
+so here for instance we see on that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here for instance we see on that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here for instance we see on that step
+and imagine a K off getting us back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine a K off getting us back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imagine a K off getting us back into
+this direction here right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction here right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction here right so you can
+begin to ask yourself questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to ask yourself questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to ask yourself questions like
+under what conditions in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what conditions in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under what conditions in terms of these
+rate constants is folding efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constants is folding efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constants is folding efficient
+right when would a chaperone act as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when would a chaperone act as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when would a chaperone act as a
+whole base when would aggregation occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole base when would aggregation occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole base when would aggregation occur
+right so aggregation would occur if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so aggregation would occur if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so aggregation would occur if this
+K egg is much greater than say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K egg is much greater than say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K egg is much greater than say for
+instance K on here to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance K on here to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance K on here to work
+systematically through this scheme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically through this scheme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically through this scheme and
+here are just some points in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just some points in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just some points in words
+related to that speed scheme and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that speed scheme and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that speed scheme and things
+to think about from a broader picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about from a broader picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about from a broader picture so
+in terms of the systems we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the systems we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the systems we're going to
+examine in the cytoplasm this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine in the cytoplasm this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine in the cytoplasm this is the
+overview slide and where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview slide and where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview slide and where we're going to
+begin in this overview is with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin in this overview is with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin in this overview is with the
+ribosome and we see that in red here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and we see that in red here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and we see that in red here we
+have a nascent polypeptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nascent polypeptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nascent polypeptide chain
+emerging okay so what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Skeen indicate what we see is that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skeen indicate what we see is that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skeen indicate what we see is that here
+is the player trigger factor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the player trigger factor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the player trigger factor which is
+involved in Co translational folding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Co translational folding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in Co translational folding and
+we see that about 70% of nascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that about 70% of nascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that about 70% of nascent
+polypeptides interact with trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides interact with trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides interact with trigger
+factor and these can arrive in a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and these can arrive in a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and these can arrive in a native
+confirmations we see there's two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations we see there's two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations we see there's two other
+systems here so on the right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems here so on the right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems here so on the right we have
+grow yes and grow yell so grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yes and grow yell so grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yes and grow yell so grow al
+provides post translational folding we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides post translational folding we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides post translational folding we
+look and see about 10 to 15% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see about 10 to 15% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see about 10 to 15% of
+polypeptides in the cell interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides in the cell interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides in the cell interact with
+grow al grow yes and as we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al grow yes and as we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow al grow yes and as we'll see it
+provides this folding chamber I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides this folding chamber I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides this folding chamber I'm a
+purpose protective space we also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose protective space we also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose protective space we also see
+here that this system uses ATP okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this system uses ATP okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this system uses ATP okay
+and here we have another two players DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have another two players DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have another two players DNA
+K and it's kosher per own DNA J and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and it's kosher per own DNA J and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and it's kosher per own DNA J and we
+see their binding to some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their binding to some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their binding to some sort of
+polypeptide in a manner that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide in a manner that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide in a manner that's different
+than growing escrow EO okay about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than growing escrow EO okay about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than growing escrow EO okay about five
+to 18% of polypeptides come into contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 18% of polypeptides come into contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 18% of polypeptides come into contact
+with these two players we also see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two players we also see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two players we also see this
+system as ATP dependent and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as ATP dependent and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as ATP dependent and there's
+another player grip e which we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another player grip e which we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another player grip e which we'll see
+it's the nucleotide exchange factor I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the nucleotide exchange factor I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the nucleotide exchange factor I'm
+needed here okay so we see that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed here okay so we see that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed here okay so we see that maybe
+there's some crosstalk here and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some crosstalk here and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some crosstalk here and here we
+have some needed native polypeptides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some needed native polypeptides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some needed native polypeptides so
+just some things to keep in mind it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some things to keep in mind it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some things to keep in mind it's
+important to think about concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about concentrations
+and some approximate concentrations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some approximate concentrations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some approximate concentrations are
+listed here if we're thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here if we're thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed here if we're thinking about the
+ribosome DNA KJ grow EO and trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome DNA KJ grow EO and trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome DNA KJ grow EO and trigger
+factor just to note that many chaperones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor just to note that many chaperones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor just to note that many chaperones
+are also called heat shock proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also called heat shock proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also called heat shock proteins and
+this is because their expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because their expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because their expression
+increases with increased temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with increased temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with increased temperature or
+stress so hsp70 HSP 60s i'm that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so hsp70 HSP 60s i'm that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so hsp70 HSP 60s i'm that's for
+heat shock protein so where we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat shock protein so where we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat shock protein so where we're gonna
+begin it with an overview of trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin it with an overview of trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin it with an overview of trigger
+factor yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so proteins are dynamic right we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proteins are dynamic right we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proteins are dynamic right we know
+that they're so native means a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're so native means a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're so native means a native
+fold so a native state of this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold so a native state of this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold so a native state of this protein
+as opposed to the protein being unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the protein being unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the protein being unfolded
+if it's supposed to be gobs globular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's supposed to be gobs globular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's supposed to be gobs globular or
+being some undesirable oligomers a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some undesirable oligomers a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some undesirable oligomers a great
+right so when this polypeptide comes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when this polypeptide comes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when this polypeptide comes off
+the ribosome right that's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome right that's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome right that's a linear
+sequence of amino acids and it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids and it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids and it needs to
+adopt its appropriate conformation to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt its appropriate conformation to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt its appropriate conformation to do
+its job okay and as I said last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its job okay and as I said last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its job okay and as I said last time
+we're not discussing natively unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not discussing natively unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not discussing natively unfolded
+proteins in the context of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes they're dynamic right but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they're dynamic right but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they're dynamic right but there is
+going to be like if you need a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like if you need a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like if you need a beta
+sheet a domain that has beta sheets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet a domain that has beta sheets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet a domain that has beta sheets for
+instance that that needs to fold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that that needs to fold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that that needs to fold and
+form there so we can discuss further if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form there so we can discuss further if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form there so we can discuss further if
+you have more questions about that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more questions about that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more questions about that right
+but think about ubiquitin for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about ubiquitin for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think about ubiquitin for instance
+from recitation week one that had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from recitation week one that had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from recitation week one that had a very
+defined shape right so it's native fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined shape right so it's native fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined shape right so it's native fold
+from looking at that PDB this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at that PDB this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at that PDB this is
+thinking about all the proteins and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all the proteins and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about all the proteins and all
+the peptides okay no this is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptides okay no this is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peptides okay no this is looking at
+proteins and broad terms and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and broad terms and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and broad terms and so what
+we'll see as we move forward is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we move forward is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we move forward is that
+certain types of proteins interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of proteins interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of proteins interact with
+pro al where others don't right trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro al where others don't right trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro al where others don't right trigger
+factor interacts with many many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor interacts with many many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor interacts with many many of them
+because it's associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's associated with the
+ribosome and the ribosomes synthesizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and the ribosomes synthesizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and the ribosomes synthesizing
+all polypeptide chain there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all polypeptide chain there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all polypeptide chain there okay so
+we're gonna start with trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start with trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start with trigger factor
+and the first thing just to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing just to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing just to be aware of
+when thinking about trigger factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about trigger factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about trigger factor and
+where it acts so we saw it sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it acts so we saw it sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it acts so we saw it sitting on
+top of the exit tunnel of the 50s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the exit tunnel of the 50s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the exit tunnel of the 50s and
+the prior slide is that there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior slide is that there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior slide is that there's a lot of
+things happening near the exit tunnel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening near the exit tunnel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening near the exit tunnel of
+the ribosome okay so here we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome okay so here we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome okay so here we have our
+70s ribosome here's the polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s ribosome here's the polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s ribosome here's the polypeptide
+coming out a few proteins are indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out a few proteins are indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out a few proteins are indicated
+in addition to trigger factor just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to trigger factor just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to trigger factor just be
+aware that there's other players here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that there's other players here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that there's other players here
+okay one of these is signal recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of these is signal recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of these is signal recognition
+particle which I mentioned briefly last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which I mentioned briefly last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which I mentioned briefly last
+time this is involved in delivering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is involved in delivering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is involved in delivering
+membrane proteins to their destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins to their destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins to their destination
+we also have enzymes that do work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have enzymes that do work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have enzymes that do work here
+whether it's an enzyme for removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an enzyme for removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an enzyme for removing the
+n-terminal methionine and zaimes fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal methionine and zaimes fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal methionine and zaimes fruit
+the formulation of that and terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulation of that and terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulation of that and terminal
+Masaya mean etc so somehow trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masaya mean etc so somehow trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Masaya mean etc so somehow trigger
+factor needs to work in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor needs to work in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor needs to work in the presence of
+these other constituents there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other constituents there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other constituents there okay so
+when we think about trigger factor what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about trigger factor what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about trigger factor what
+you want to think about is a protein of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about is a protein of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about is a protein of
+about 50 kill it all and that's shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 kill it all and that's shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 kill it all and that's shaped
+like a dragon okay this is ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dragon okay this is ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dragon okay this is ATP
+independent so what I said earlier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what I said earlier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what I said earlier about
+low and high affinity States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high affinity States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high affinity States and
+switching between these states being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching between these states being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching between these states being
+driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis
+that does not apply for trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not apply for trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not apply for trigger factor
+it's the exception and what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exception and what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exception and what will be
+presented in this course and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in this course and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in this course and it's
+associated with the ribosome okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the ribosome okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the ribosome okay and
+what trigger factor does is it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what trigger factor does is it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what trigger factor does is it provides
+a folding cavity or cradled over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a folding cavity or cradled over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a folding cavity or cradled over the
+exit tongue ER tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by doing so it gives this emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing so it gives this emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing so it gives this emerging
+polypeptide a protected space to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide a protected space to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide a protected space to begin
+to fold so reduction of intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold so reduction of intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold so reduction of intermolecular
+interactions so if we take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so if we take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so if we take a look at
+trigger factor one depiction is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor one depiction is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor one depiction is shown
+here and as I said think about a dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and as I said think about a dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and as I said think about a dragon
+and it's actually described as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually described as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually described as having a
+head arms and a tail and so we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head arms and a tail and so we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head arms and a tail and so we can think
+about this also in terms of and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this also in terms of and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this also in terms of and in
+c-terminus the region of trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminus the region of trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c-terminus the region of trigger factor
+that interacts with the ribosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interacts with the ribosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interacts with the ribosome and
+binds the ribosome is down here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds the ribosome is down here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds the ribosome is down here in the
+tail region and so what trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail region and so what trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail region and so what trigger factor
+does and what's indicated by the cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and what's indicated by the cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and what's indicated by the cartoon
+you've already seen is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen is that it
+associates with the translating ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates with the translating ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates with the translating ribosome
+with a one-to-one stoichiometry so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a one-to-one stoichiometry so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a one-to-one stoichiometry so think
+about having one trigger factor over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having one trigger factor over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having one trigger factor over
+that exit tunnel here and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exit tunnel here and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exit tunnel here and as you can see
+these different domains also have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different domains also have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different domains also have some
+additional activities and the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional activities and the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional activities and the main
+chaperone activity is attributed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone activity is attributed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone activity is attributed to the
+C terminal region here color coded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are some characteristics of trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some characteristics of trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some characteristics of trigger
+factor if we look at the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor if we look at the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor if we look at the surface and
+consider where different types of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider where different types of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider where different types of amino
+acids are found so whether they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are found so whether they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids are found so whether they have
+polar or nonpolar residues that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar or nonpolar residues that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar or nonpolar residues that's
+depicted here okay what do we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted here okay what do we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted here okay what do we see in
+this depiction where are these residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depiction where are these residues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this depiction where are these residues
+there's a given type of residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a given type of residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a given type of residue
+clustered in any one spot and I see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered in any one spot and I see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered in any one spot and I see some
+head shaking no no right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head shaking no no right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head shaking no no right there
+distributed all about right we see non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all about right we see non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed all about right we see non
+polar and polar residues distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and polar residues distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and polar residues distributed
+across the surface of trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the surface of trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the surface of trigger factor
+here and so why might this be what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so why might this be what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so why might this be what's
+thought is that effectively trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is that effectively trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is that effectively trigger
+factor uses its entire inner cavity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor uses its entire inner cavity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor uses its entire inner cavity and
+you'll see how that forms in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how that forms in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how that forms in a minute
+for substrate accommodation and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for substrate accommodation and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for substrate accommodation and you can
+imagine that all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that all of these different
+polypeptides emerging from the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides emerging from the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides emerging from the ribosome
+have different amino acid compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different amino acid compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different amino acid compositions
+right so this allows it to be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this allows it to be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this allows it to be relatively
+versatile from that perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile from that perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile from that perspective
+if we take another look at structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take another look at structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take another look at structure and
+think about how trigger factor binds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how trigger factor binds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how trigger factor binds to
+the ribosome what's found here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome what's found here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome what's found here so we're
+looking at structures of trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at structures of trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at structures of trigger factor
+bound in orange and unbound in green to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound in orange and unbound in green to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound in orange and unbound in green to
+the ribosome and the ribosomes are mitad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome and the ribosomes are mitad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome and the ribosomes are mitad
+for clarity there's a helix-loop-helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clarity there's a helix-loop-helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for clarity there's a helix-loop-helix
+region that is involved in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is involved in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is involved in that
+interaction and what's found is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and what's found is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and what's found is that
+when trigger factors bound is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trigger factors bound is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when trigger factors bound is quite
+dynamic and it can swivel around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and it can swivel around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and it can swivel around this
+ribosome binding site by about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome binding site by about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome binding site by about 10
+degrees in every direction so why might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in every direction so why might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in every direction so why might
+that be important one this flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be important one this flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be important one this flexibility
+may allow it to accommodate many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may allow it to accommodate many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may allow it to accommodate many
+different polypeptides that are emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polypeptides that are emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polypeptides that are emerging
+from the ribosome and it may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome and it may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome and it may also
+facilitate its coexistence with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate its coexistence with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate its coexistence with those
+other proteins and enzymes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins and enzymes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins and enzymes that are
+acting by the exit tunnel that we saw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting by the exit tunnel that we saw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting by the exit tunnel that we saw on
+the prior slide okay so here is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior slide okay so here is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior slide okay so here is just a
+model attempting to show the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model attempting to show the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model attempting to show the different
+ways and degrees to which trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and degrees to which trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and degrees to which trigger factor
+can move from various structural studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move from various structural studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move from various structural studies
+when attached to this ribosome here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when attached to this ribosome here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when attached to this ribosome here okay
+so this n terminal domain i have protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this n terminal domain i have protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this n terminal domain i have protein
+l 23 listed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l 23 listed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l 23 listed here
+it also contacts the 23 s ribosomal RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also contacts the 23 s ribosomal RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also contacts the 23 s ribosomal RNA
+i'm in a protein l 29 and what's found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in a protein l 29 and what's found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in a protein l 29 and what's found
+is that some salt bridge interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some salt bridge interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some salt bridge interaction is
+important and we'll see that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here if we look at a depiction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we look at a depiction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we look at a depiction of
+trigger factor actually bound to the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor actually bound to the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor actually bound to the 50s
+so here we have the 50s here's the exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have the 50s here's the exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have the 50s here's the exit
+tunnel and here's our dragon-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and here's our dragon-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and here's our dragon-shaped
+molecule sitting I like to say on top I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule sitting I like to say on top I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule sitting I like to say on top I
+guess it's on bottom here but anyhow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's on bottom here but anyhow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's on bottom here but anyhow the
+polypeptides coming out and it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides coming out and it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides coming out and it has this
+cavity where it's protected from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity where it's protected from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity where it's protected from all of
+the other constituents in the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other constituents in the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other constituents in the cell and
+here's just a rotated view I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a rotated view I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a rotated view I'm showing
+it on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on top
+tail region head and arms okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail region head and arms okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail region head and arms okay so we
+have this cradle over the exit tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this cradle over the exit tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this cradle over the exit tunnel
+it's giving a protecting space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving a protecting space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving a protecting space for
+folding of that nascent polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding of that nascent polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding of that nascent polypeptide
+chain if we just look at a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain if we just look at a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain if we just look at a little more
+detail here what do we see so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here what do we see so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here what do we see so there's a
+salt bridge between an arginine residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt bridge between an arginine residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt bridge between an arginine residue
+arginine 45 of trigger factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine 45 of trigger factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine 45 of trigger factor and
+glutamate glutamate 13 of the ribosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate glutamate 13 of the ribosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate glutamate 13 of the ribosomal
+protein L 23 that forms a salt bridge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein L 23 that forms a salt bridge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein L 23 that forms a salt bridge so
+in this depiction we have trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this depiction we have trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this depiction we have trigger factor
+in red we have L 23 in green okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red we have L 23 in green okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red we have L 23 in green okay and so
+you need to be thinking about the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be thinking about the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be thinking about the amino
+acid side chains here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid side chains here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid side chains here and that's
+something to Joanna and I want to stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to Joanna and I want to stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to Joanna and I want to stress
+a bit after recitation last week is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit after recitation last week is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit after recitation last week is
+really in this course the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in this course the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in this course the importance of
+thinking back to the chemical structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back to the chemical structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back to the chemical structures
+and properties of the molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and properties of the molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and properties of the molecules that
+come up within this course right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up within this course right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up within this course right so
+positive charge negative charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge negative charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge negative charge that
+interaction here for that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here for that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here for that so what
+happens when a polypeptide is emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a polypeptide is emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a polypeptide is emerging
+from the exit tunnel and it encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exit tunnel and it encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the exit tunnel and it encounters
+trigger factor there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor there's many
+possibilities and as I said trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and as I said trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and as I said trigger
+factor if dynamics and an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor if dynamics and an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor if dynamics and an interesting
+point about this protein is that trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about this protein is that trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about this protein is that trigger
+factor can differentiate okay between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor can differentiate okay between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor can differentiate okay between
+Bank bacon and translating ribosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so what's found from in vitro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's found from in vitro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's found from in vitro
+studies is that the binding affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies is that the binding affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies is that the binding affinity
+which I'll describe as a dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll describe as a dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll describe as a dissociation
+constant which is one over the ka a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is one over the ka a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is one over the ka a
+trigger factor for the ribosome varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor for the ribosome varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor for the ribosome varies
+by several orders of magnitude depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by several orders of magnitude depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by several orders of magnitude depending
+on whether or not the ribosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether or not the ribosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether or not the ribosomes
+translating so we have a KD measured on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating so we have a KD measured on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating so we have a KD measured on
+the order of 1 to 2 micro molar if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 1 to 2 micro molar if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 1 to 2 micro molar if the
+ribosome is vacant and a KD of about 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome is vacant and a KD of about 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome is vacant and a KD of about 40
+to 70 nana molar for a translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ribosome okay and just when recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome okay and just when recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome okay and just when recitation
+10 we'll talk about binding studies more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we'll talk about binding studies more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we'll talk about binding studies more
+but just if needed for review right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just if needed for review right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just if needed for review right if
+we're thinking about a plus B going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about a plus B going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about a plus B going to a
+B right we have K on and K off and KD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right we have K on and K off and KD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right we have K on and K off and KD is
+K off over can and KD is 1 over the KA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K off over can and KD is 1 over the KA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K off over can and KD is 1 over the KA
+here so let's look at some aspects of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's look at some aspects of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let's look at some aspects of a
+model for trigger factor dynamics during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for trigger factor dynamics during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for trigger factor dynamics during
+translation so as I said it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so as I said it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so as I said it can
+differentiate the vacant and translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the vacant and translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the vacant and translating
+ribosomes what's been found from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes what's been found from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes what's been found from in
+vitro studies is that the mean residence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro studies is that the mean residence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitro studies is that the mean residence
+time on the ribosome is about 10 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the ribosome is about 10 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the ribosome is about 10 seconds
+so what are the possibilities one T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the possibilities one T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the possibilities one T
+trigger factor can bind to a vacant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor can bind to a vacant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor can bind to a vacant
+ribosome and that's shown here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and that's shown here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome and that's shown here and it
+can bind to a translating ribosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind to a translating ribosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind to a translating ribosome and
+it does this with higher affinity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does this with higher affinity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does this with higher affinity right
+so greater k on so what happens after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so greater k on so what happens after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so greater k on so what happens after
+trigger factor binds to a translating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor binds to a translating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor binds to a translating
+ribosome what we see is that the nascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome what we see is that the nascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome what we see is that the nascent
+polypeptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain
+coming out and in this cartoon what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and in this cartoon what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and in this cartoon what's
+depicted is that it's beginning to fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted is that it's beginning to fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicted is that it's beginning to fold
+in this protected region here made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protected region here made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protected region here made by
+the trigger factor cradle and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigger factor cradle and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigger factor cradle and what we
+see from this point is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this point is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from this point is that there's
+three possibilities so if we look first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possibilities so if we look first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possibilities so if we look first
+on the left what happens trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left what happens trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left what happens trigger factor
+dissociated from that polypeptide that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated from that polypeptide that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociated from that polypeptide that's
+emerging from the ribosome so recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging from the ribosome so recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging from the ribosome so recall the
+chaperones bind and release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones bind and release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones bind and release the
+polypeptides in this case its left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides in this case its left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides in this case its left
+there's some folding that's happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some folding that's happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some folding that's happened and
+this peptide is still associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide is still associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peptide is still associated with
+the ribosome so what might happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome so what might happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome so what might happen next
+maybe this polypeptide has the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this polypeptide has the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this polypeptide has the ability
+to reach its native state without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach its native state without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach its native state without the
+help of trigger factor anymore so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of trigger factor anymore so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of trigger factor anymore so that's
+shown here it's released and it's folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here it's released and it's folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here it's released and it's folded
+maybe some other chaperones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some other chaperones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some other chaperones in the
+cytoplasm helped with that but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm helped with that but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm helped with that but it's not
+shown here alternatively maybe trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here alternatively maybe trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here alternatively maybe trigger
+factor binds again so maybe this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor binds again so maybe this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor binds again so maybe this is one
+domain and then somewhere else there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then somewhere else there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and then somewhere else there's
+some other region that needs some help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other region that needs some help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other region that needs some help
+with folding and we see that here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folding and we see that here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folding and we see that here so it
+can bind and release the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind and release the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bind and release the same
+polypeptide more than once what are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide more than once what are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide more than once what are our
+other options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options
+so maybe trigger factor after being here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe trigger factor after being here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe trigger factor after being here
+remains bound to the ribosome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains bound to the ribosome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains bound to the ribosome and the
+polypeptide is released or look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide is released or look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide is released or look what
+happens here we have trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here we have trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here we have trigger factor
+bound we see release of the polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we see release of the polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we see release of the polypeptide
+with trigger factor bound or here we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trigger factor bound or here we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with trigger factor bound or here we see
+that there's even two trigger factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's even two trigger factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's even two trigger factors
+bound to the same polypeptide emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the same polypeptide emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the same polypeptide emerging
+from the ribosome and I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome and I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome and I mean just
+thinking about this from the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this from the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this from the perspective
+of the number of different polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of different polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of different polypeptides
+that are synthesized by an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are synthesized by an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are synthesized by an organism
+right all different links all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all different links all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all different links all different
+levels of complexity it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of complexity it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of complexity it's not too
+surprising that there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that there's various
+possibilities here so again if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here so again if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here so again if you're
+presented with data you need to ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with data you need to ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with data you need to ask what
+does the data say and what type of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the data say and what type of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the data say and what type of you
+know particular aspect of this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know particular aspect of this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know particular aspect of this model
+does it support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how often is the ribosome vacant yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often is the ribosome vacant yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often is the ribosome vacant yeah I
+don't know how often the ribosome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how often the ribosome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how often the ribosome is
+vacant so in vivo and your test tube you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacant so in vivo and your test tube you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacant so in vivo and your test tube you
+know you can completely control that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can completely control that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can completely control that
+which is what's going to give some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what's going to give some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what's going to give some of
+these data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data here
+Joana do you know no yeah buddy anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joana do you know no yeah buddy anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joana do you know no yeah buddy anybody
+no I don't know right so doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't know right so doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't know right so doesn't make
+sense to have many vacant ribosomes so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have many vacant ribosomes so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have many vacant ribosomes so I
+think that's a can of worms we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a can of worms we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a can of worms we're not
+not gonna go down right now in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna go down right now in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna go down right now in terms of
+where the ribosome is here so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ribosome is here so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ribosome is here so let's look
+at a functional cycle this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a functional cycle this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a functional cycle this is just
+another depiction of a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another depiction of a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another depiction of a potential
+functional cycle right where we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional cycle right where we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional cycle right where we have the
+ribosome bound to mRNA there's a nascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome bound to mRNA there's a nascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome bound to mRNA there's a nascent
+chain here we see several trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain here we see several trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain here we see several trigger
+factors bound and we see options so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors bound and we see options so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors bound and we see options so
+either the native fold or maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the native fold or maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the native fold or maybe there
+needs to be some work of downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be some work of downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be some work of downstream
+chaperones right and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones right and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones right and at some point
+trigger factor will be dissociated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor will be dissociated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor will be dissociated and
+it can come around and refined again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can come around and refined again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can come around and refined again so
+there is some evidence of formation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some evidence of formation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some evidence of formation of a
+trigger factor dimer when it is not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor dimer when it is not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor dimer when it is not with
+the ribosome we don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome we don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome we don't need to worry
+about that detail too much for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that detail too much for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that detail too much for our
+thinking about what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's happening here
+because this is a one-to-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a one-to-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a one-to-one
+stoichiometry so how is trigger factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry so how is trigger factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoichiometry so how is trigger factor
+influencing the folding process alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing the folding process alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing the folding process alright
+if we think about fold a Sun full days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about fold a Sun full days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about fold a Sun full days
+and whole days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these cartoons show right that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these cartoons show right that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these cartoons show right that some
+folding is happening in that cradle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding is happening in that cradle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding is happening in that cradle
+especially the ones we saw before right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the ones we saw before right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the ones we saw before right
+and that's perfectly reasonable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly reasonable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly reasonable that
+somehow trigger factor is allowing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow trigger factor is allowing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow trigger factor is allowing for
+accelerating productive Co translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating productive Co translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating productive Co translational
+folding of that polypeptide so from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding of that polypeptide so from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding of that polypeptide so from that
+perspective it would be a full base is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it would be a full base is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective it would be a full base is
+it possible that it's also a whole base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible that it's also a whole base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible that it's also a whole base
+right and could trigger factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and could trigger factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and could trigger factor in
+certain cases keep nascent chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cases keep nascent chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain cases keep nascent chains
+unfolded right maybe to help prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded right maybe to help prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded right maybe to help prevent
+premature folding that would be an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature folding that would be an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature folding that would be an error
+during polypeptide synthesis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during polypeptide synthesis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during polypeptide synthesis right
+that's another possibility and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another possibility and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another possibility and they're
+not mutually exclusive right so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mutually exclusive right so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mutually exclusive right so again
+it's a question of an individual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a question of an individual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a question of an individual system
+and looking at the data so the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the data so the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at the data so the behavior
+may depend on the circumstance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may depend on the circumstance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may depend on the circumstance and the
+polypeptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so right do we even know so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so right do we even know so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so right do we even know so this is
+something we'll talk more about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk more about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we'll talk more about in the
+context of the chamber Grohe oh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the chamber Grohe oh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the chamber Grohe oh right
+but what are the possibilities right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the possibilities right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the possibilities right one
+is that trigger factor is just providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that trigger factor is just providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that trigger factor is just providing
+a safe place for this polypeptide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safe place for this polypeptide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a safe place for this polypeptide to
+fold to its native conformation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold to its native conformation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold to its native conformation right
+because recall last time we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because recall last time we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because recall last time we discussed
+the primary sequence and how primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sequence and how primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sequence and how primary
+sequence can dictate the fold and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence can dictate the fold and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence can dictate the fold and what's
+thermodynamically most stable right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically most stable right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically most stable right but
+in the cell the cells very crowded right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell the cells very crowded right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell the cells very crowded right
+so trigger factor can protect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trigger factor can protect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trigger factor can protect this
+polypeptide from all those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide from all those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide from all those other
+constituents in the cell that might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents in the cell that might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents in the cell that might you
+know cause unwanted intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cause unwanted intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cause unwanted intermolecular
+interactions for instance and cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions for instance and cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions for instance and cause a
+different folding trajectory is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different folding trajectory is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different folding trajectory is it
+possible that the cavity wall of trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the cavity wall of trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the cavity wall of trigger
+factor could influence that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor could influence that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor could influence that energy
+landscape so that's the other aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape so that's the other aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape so that's the other aspect of
+your question is it an anthem sense cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is it an anthem sense cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question is it an anthem sense cage
+so just allowing folding or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just allowing folding or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just allowing folding or is it
+actually the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact
+the landscape I don't know of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landscape I don't know of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landscape I don't know of work
+suggesting that it influences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that it influences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting that it influences the
+landscape the energy landscape but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape the energy landscape but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape the energy landscape but that
+doesn't mean that literature is not out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that literature is not out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that literature is not out
+there for that so I think that typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that so I think that typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for that so I think that typically
+as as a cradle and as I said we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a cradle and as I said we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a cradle and as I said we'll come
+back to this idea with grow al where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea with grow al where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea with grow al where
+there have been studies and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been studies and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been studies and people
+arguing one one over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so with that we're going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we're going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with that we're going to leave
+trigger factor and move to the macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor and move to the macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor and move to the macro
+molecular machine grow elderly yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so grow al falls into a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so grow al falls into a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so grow al falls into a subset of
+chaperones that are called chaperonins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones that are called chaperonins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones that are called chaperonins
+okay and these are chaperones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are chaperones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and these are chaperones that are
+essential for viability and all tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for viability and all tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for viability and all tested
+cases okay so that tells you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases okay so that tells you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases okay so that tells you this
+machinery is really important for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery is really important for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery is really important for the
+cells and must be involved in folding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and must be involved in folding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and must be involved in folding of
+some important players here so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some important players here so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some important players here so in terms
+of grow al grow yes what do we have can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grow al grow yes what do we have can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grow al grow yes what do we have can
+describe this as bullet-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a bullet-shaped folding machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a bullet-shaped folding machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a bullet-shaped folding machine and
+so grow al is the chaperone and grow es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grow al is the chaperone and grow es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so grow al is the chaperone and grow es
+is the co chaperone and they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the co chaperone and they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the co chaperone and they work
+together and so what we have if we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so what we have if we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so what we have if we draw
+this in cartoon form because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in cartoon form because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in cartoon form because we have
+grow a yes and we can describe grow es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a yes and we can describe grow es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a yes and we can describe grow es
+as the lid of the folding chamber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the lid of the folding chamber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the lid of the folding chamber and
+here we have grow a oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have grow a oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have grow a oh okay
+and what grow al is this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what grow al is this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what grow al is this gives us
+cavities for folding okay and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities for folding okay and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavities for folding okay and we can
+think of it like a barrel and as drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like a barrel and as drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it like a barrel and as drawn
+we see two pieces here and as we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see two pieces here and as we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see two pieces here and as we'll look
+further we'll see that these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we'll see that these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we'll see that these are two
+kept America rings the ring that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept America rings the ring that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept America rings the ring that has the
+lid attached is called the sis ring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid attached is called the sis ring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid attached is called the sis ring and
+our sorry the chamber or heptamer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sorry the chamber or heptamer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sorry the chamber or heptamer with
+the lid attached assists and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid attached assists and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid attached assists and the one
+below is trans and this is huge so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is trans and this is huge so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below is trans and this is huge so this
+whole thing is on the order of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is on the order of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is on the order of a hundred
+and eighty four angstroms just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eighty four angstroms just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eighty four angstroms just to give
+some scale so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the chaperonin and yes is the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we'll do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll do is look at the
+structural characteristics of grow EO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural characteristics of grow EO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural characteristics of grow EO
+and grow es individually and then think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow es individually and then think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grow es individually and then think
+about function here so for grow yo what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about function here so for grow yo what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about function here so for grow yo what
+we have are two heptamer ik rings and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have are two heptamer ik rings and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have are two heptamer ik rings and so
+if we look from the top here okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look from the top here okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look from the top here okay what
+we have are the seven subunits arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have are the seven subunits arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have are the seven subunits arranged
+in this ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what we see is that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we see is that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we see is that there's an
+inner cavity that's about 45 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner cavity that's about 45 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner cavity that's about 45 angstroms
+in diameter okay okay and each subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter okay okay and each subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diameter okay okay and each subunit
+is about 60 killed' Alton's okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 60 killed' Alton's okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 60 killed' Alton's okay which
+is why this is called hsp70 and so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this is called hsp70 and so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this is called hsp70 and so if we
+take a look in this structural depiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look in this structural depiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look in this structural depiction
+here in the middle this is the top view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle this is the top view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle this is the top view
+okay and the different subunits have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the different subunits have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the different subunits have
+been color-coded they're all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been color-coded they're all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been color-coded they're all the same
+polypeptide they're just differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide they're just differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide they're just differentiating
+them here so it's easy to see each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so it's easy to see each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so it's easy to see each one
+and here's that inner cavity okay if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's that inner cavity okay if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's that inner cavity okay if we
+look at the side view again you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the side view again you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the side view again you need to
+consider a little more detail okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a little more detail okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a little more detail okay so
+each one of these is a seven mer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each subunit of Grohe L has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each subunit of Grohe L has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each subunit of Grohe L has three
+domains okay that are organized a i.e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains okay that are organized a i.e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains okay that are organized a i.e
+okay so apical domain intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so apical domain intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so apical domain intermediate
+domain and equatorial domain and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and equatorial domain and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and equatorial domain and then if
+we look at this bottom ring here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this bottom ring here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this bottom ring here they're
+organized like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized like that
+okay so effectively what we have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so effectively what we have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so effectively what we have is a
+back-to-back arrangement okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-to-back arrangement okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-to-back arrangement okay so we have
+14 subunits and chu back-to-back rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bless you here and so if we take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you here and so if we take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bless you here and so if we take a look
+again at this depiction what's been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at this depiction what's been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at this depiction what's been done
+is that in this top seven were ring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in this top seven were ring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in this top seven were ring for
+one of the subunits the three domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the subunits the three domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the subunits the three domains
+have been colored okay so we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been colored okay so we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been colored okay so we see that
+the apical domain is an orange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apical domain is an orange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apical domain is an orange the
+intermediate domain and yellow and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate domain and yellow and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate domain and yellow and this
+equatorial domain in red shown here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial domain in red shown here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial domain in red shown here and
+this is one isolated subunit again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one isolated subunit again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one isolated subunit again with
+this color coding here so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this color coding here so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this color coding here so what happens
+when the lid bonds right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lid bonds right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the lid bonds right so we're
+currently looking at this as just grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently looking at this as just grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently looking at this as just grow a
+yell of the hop tumors but we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell of the hop tumors but we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell of the hop tumors but we need to
+begin to think about grow a yell with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to think about grow a yell with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to think about grow a yell with
+its lid what happens when the lid binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lid what happens when the lid binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its lid what happens when the lid binds
+is that there's a conformational change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so we can I'll just draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll look at this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll look at this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll look at this structure
+okay so imagine that this is one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine that this is one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so imagine that this is one one
+grow L subunit of the seven more ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow L subunit of the seven more ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow L subunit of the seven more ring
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+when grow es binds to that ring what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when grow es binds to that ring what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when grow es binds to that ring what
+happens is that the grow L subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the grow L subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that the grow L subunits
+change from a closed conformation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from a closed conformation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from a closed conformation which
+I'm kind of showing as close just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of showing as close just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm kind of showing as close just
+something just to that's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so effectively it's like opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so effectively it's like opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so effectively it's like opening of
+the hinge okay and so the consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hinge okay and so the consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hinge okay and so the consequence of
+this is that when the lid binds to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that when the lid binds to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that when the lid binds to this
+sis cavity the size of this central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sis cavity the size of this central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sis cavity the size of this central
+cavity expands dramatically so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity expands dramatically so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity expands dramatically so it
+basically doubles and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doubles and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doubles and that's something
+that's not clearly indicated here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not clearly indicated here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not clearly indicated here so we
+can modify the cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah okay so let's take a look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah okay so let's take a look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah okay so let's take a look and
+then talk about why that's important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about why that's important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk about why that's important so
+here are two depictions where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are two depictions where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are two depictions where we have
+grow a oh girl yes and we can look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a oh girl yes and we can look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a oh girl yes and we can look at a
+grow a yellow subunit that does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a yellow subunit that does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a yellow subunit that does not have
+grow a yes bound so the transferring or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a yes bound so the transferring or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a yes bound so the transferring or
+we can look at a growing L sub unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at a growing L sub unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at a growing L sub unit
+where the grow yes lit is bound so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the grow yes lit is bound so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the grow yes lit is bound so in
+the SIS okay and so this is actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SIS okay and so this is actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SIS okay and so this is actual
+structural depiction of what I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural depiction of what I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural depiction of what I tried to
+indicate on the board here where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate on the board here where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate on the board here where we have
+closed and open and so this opening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and open and so this opening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and open and so this opening is
+making this sis ring much larger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this sis ring much larger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this sis ring much larger in
+terms of its central cavity okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its central cavity okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its central cavity okay so
+these are major conformational changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major conformational changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major conformational changes
+and details of which are described here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and details of which are described here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and details of which are described here
+but effectively the two points to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but effectively the two points to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but effectively the two points to keep
+in mind is one the diameter and size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is one the diameter and size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is one the diameter and size of
+this central cavity doubles and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this central cavity doubles and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this central cavity doubles and we can
+think about why that might be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why that might be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why that might be important
+in terms of accommodating a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of accommodating a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of accommodating a larger
+polypeptide as we get towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide as we get towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide as we get towards the
+functional cycle of this and also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional cycle of this and also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional cycle of this and also what
+we'll see as we move forward is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we move forward is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we move forward is that the
+distribution of hydrophobic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of hydrophobic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of hydrophobic and
+hydrophilic residues on the interior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic residues on the interior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic residues on the interior of
+this cavity changes dramatically when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cavity changes dramatically when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cavity changes dramatically when
+grow yes signs here so briefly to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yes signs here so briefly to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yes signs here so briefly to look
+at grow yes what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at grow yes what does that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at grow yes what does that look like
+from a structural perspective so grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a structural perspective so grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a structural perspective so grow
+yes is also a heptamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay each subunit is only about ten ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each subunit is only about ten ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each subunit is only about ten ten
+kilo daltons it's about 30 angstroms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo daltons it's about 30 angstroms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo daltons it's about 30 angstroms in
+height and about seventy five angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and about seventy five angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and about seventy five angstroms
+across here and what we see if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across here and what we see if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across here and what we see if we look
+at the structure of an individual grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of an individual grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of an individual grow
+es subunit so again here what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es subunit so again here what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+es subunit so again here what we see is
+that there's a beta sheet region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a beta sheet region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a beta sheet region and
+there's this region here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this region here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this region here that's
+described as a mobile loop and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a mobile loop and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as a mobile loop and if you
+look the beta sheet regions on top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the beta sheet regions on top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the beta sheet regions on top and
+this mobile loop is down where it binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mobile loop is down where it binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mobile loop is down where it binds
+to grow EO okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow EO okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow EO okay
+so effectively when Gro es doksan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively when Gro es doksan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively when Gro es doksan to
+grow EO these mobile loops bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow EO these mobile loops bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow EO these mobile loops bind to
+hydrophobic peptide binding pockets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic peptide binding pockets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic peptide binding pockets that
+are on the top of this heptamer there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the top of this heptamer there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the top of this heptamer there
+okay here's another depiction so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another depiction so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's another depiction so you're
+seeing the beta sheet parts on top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the beta sheet parts on top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the beta sheet parts on top and
+here are the mobile loops that can bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the mobile loops that can bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the mobile loops that can bind
+to peptide binding groove of Gro EO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the SIS part of Corel is always much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SIS part of Corel is always much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SIS part of Corel is always much
+it's always open or I guess after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always open or I guess after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always open or I guess after it
+Korea's finds and trans is always closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea's finds and trans is always closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea's finds and trans is always closed
+because it looks like I mean just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like I mean just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like I mean just from
+the with it yeah so right this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with it yeah so right this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with it yeah so right this is how
+we've drawn it we've drawn it like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've drawn it we've drawn it like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've drawn it we've drawn it like a
+bullet and so does grow yes bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet and so does grow yes bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet and so does grow yes bind to the
+other side and how do these two chambers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and how do these two chambers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and how do these two chambers
+function okay and as we move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and as we move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and as we move forward
+getting to the functional cycle what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the functional cycle what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the functional cycle what
+we'll see is that both rings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is that both rings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is that both rings are
+functional but they're functional at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional but they're functional at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional but they're functional at
+different points in this cycle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in this cycle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points in this cycle okay so
+Grohe SEF can bind to either one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grohe SEF can bind to either one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grohe SEF can bind to either one but
+it's this bullet type of shape that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this bullet type of shape that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this bullet type of shape that is
+considered to be functional so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be functional so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be functional so you might
+ask like what about a football right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask like what about a football right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask like what about a football right if
+we stick another grower yes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stick another grower yes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we stick another grower yes on the
+bottom and get a football shaped species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and get a football shaped species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and get a football shaped species
+and there are some in vitro studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some in vitro studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some in vitro studies that
+show formation of a football with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show formation of a football with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show formation of a football with two
+growing L rings and to grow es rings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing L rings and to grow es rings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing L rings and to grow es rings but
+those are found at very high ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are found at very high ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are found at very high ATP
+concentrations and so it's thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and so it's thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and so it's thought that
+they may not be significant that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not be significant that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not be significant that there
+are transient species effectively of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transient species effectively of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transient species effectively of
+unknown significance that at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown significance that at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown significance that at least in
+the test tube you can form at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test tube you can form at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test tube you can form at very high
+ATP right it's going to depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP right it's going to depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP right it's going to depend on
+wherever the grow es is okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the grow es is okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the grow es is okay and what
+we'll see as we move forward is we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we move forward is we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see as we move forward is we need
+to think about also how ATP binds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about also how ATP binds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about also how ATP binds and
+ATP binding will also happen and one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP binding will also happen and one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP binding will also happen and one or
+the other depending depending at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other depending depending at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other depending depending at the
+point in the functional cycle here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the functional cycle here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the functional cycle here okay
+so we just want to get the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just want to get the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just want to get the structural
+aspects under control before we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects under control before we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects under control before we look at
+the functional cycle so this is one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional cycle so this is one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional cycle so this is one last
+slide on the structure and so I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on the structure and so I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide on the structure and so I find
+this to be a really beautiful machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be a really beautiful machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be a really beautiful machine
+here we have the bullet-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the bullet-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the bullet-shaped
+to grow yells in one go yes and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow yells in one go yes and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow yells in one go yes and here we
+have the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the different
+domains colored and here what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains colored and here what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains colored and here what we have is
+a cutaway view to look at the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cutaway view to look at the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cutaway view to look at the interior
+of the chambers and so we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chambers and so we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chambers and so we have this this
+chamber on top the trans chamber on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber on top the trans chamber on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber on top the trans chamber on
+bottom and in the color coding here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and in the color coding here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and in the color coding here for
+this cross-section what we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross-section what we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross-section what we have in
+yellow or hydrophobic residues and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow or hydrophobic residues and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow or hydrophobic residues and in
+cyan hydrophilic residues okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan hydrophilic residues okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan hydrophilic residues okay and so
+what's important to do is take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important to do is take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important to do is take a look at
+the system bur and the trans chamber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system bur and the trans chamber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system bur and the trans chamber and
+ask what's going on in the interior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's going on in the interior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's going on in the interior and
+why might that be important so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might that be important so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might that be important so what do
+we see comparing the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see comparing the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see comparing the distribution of
+yellow and cyan or hydrophobic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and cyan or hydrophobic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and cyan or hydrophobic and
+hydrophilic Lindsay right the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic Lindsay right the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic Lindsay right the trans
+Chamber is much more hydrophobic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chamber is much more hydrophobic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chamber is much more hydrophobic in
+terms of that that lining right then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that that lining right then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of that that lining right then the
+sifts so this this chamber as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sifts so this this chamber as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sifts so this this chamber as we'll see
+in a minute is where the polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute is where the polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute is where the polypeptide
+will be folding so a polypeptide will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be folding so a polypeptide will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be folding so a polypeptide will
+end up in the system bur and the lid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the system bur and the lid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the system bur and the lid
+will be on top so why might this be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be on top so why might this be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be on top so why might this be an
+important feature you know not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature you know not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important feature you know not only that
+we need this cavity size to grow but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this cavity size to grow but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need this cavity size to grow but we
+need a change in the lining to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a change in the lining to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a change in the lining to be more
+hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assisting phoning it's likely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting phoning it's likely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting phoning it's likely that the
+hydrophobic residues are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic residues are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic residues are more likely to
+be buried in the center of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be buried in the center of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be buried in the center of the protein
+in a polypeptide so we didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polypeptide so we didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polypeptide so we didn't want to
+facilitate favoring the hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate favoring the hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate favoring the hydrophilic
+residues to be interacting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues to be interacting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues to be interacting on the
+outside the protein you know so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the protein you know so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the protein you know so often
+that's right to think about where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right to think about where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right to think about where do we
+find different types of residues say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find different types of residues say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find different types of residues say in
+a protein with a complex fold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein with a complex fold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein with a complex fold and
+typically we think about hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we think about hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we think about hydrophobic
+residues and the interior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues and the interior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues and the interior and
+hydrophilic residues on the exterior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic residues on the exterior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic residues on the exterior so
+for instance there is a model of folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance there is a model of folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance there is a model of folding
+called hydrophobic collapse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hydrophobic collapse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called hydrophobic collapse and
+effectively you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively you know you have
+hydrophobic interactions and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic interactions and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic interactions and then the
+rest of folding occurs right so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of folding occurs right so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of folding occurs right so you know
+imagine there's a benefit to having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's a benefit to having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's a benefit to having a
+hydrophilic exterior if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic exterior if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic exterior if you want the
+exterior of the protein to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior of the protein to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exterior of the protein to be
+hydrophilic here so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic here so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophilic here so what is the
+functional cycle and in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional cycle and in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional cycle and in thinking about
+this we need to think about a PPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to think about a PPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to think about a PPS and
+ATP hydrolysis and what you'll find as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP hydrolysis and what you'll find as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP hydrolysis and what you'll find as
+you read is that often the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read is that often the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read is that often the model is
+drawn a bit differently depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a bit differently depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a bit differently depending on the
+paper you read and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you read and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you read and that's because
+they're just some uncertainties out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just some uncertainties out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just some uncertainties out
+there so don't get hung up on that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so don't get hung up on that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so don't get hung up on that I
+have two different examples within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different examples within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different examples within the
+lecture slides here okay but if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slides here okay but if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slides here okay but if we just
+think about the functional cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll just draw a little bit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just draw a little bit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll just draw a little bit and then
+we'll go to the board so imagine we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to the board so imagine we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go to the board so imagine we have
+one grow L ring here okay and as drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one grow L ring here okay and as drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one grow L ring here okay and as drawn
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+there's no grow yes there's no peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no grow yes there's no peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no grow yes there's no peptide
+and there's no ATP so imagine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no ATP so imagine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no ATP so imagine some
+peptide comes in that needs to be folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide comes in that needs to be folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide comes in that needs to be folded
+by this machinery and ATP okay on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this machinery and ATP okay on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this machinery and ATP okay on these
+end up inside of the chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we can have our lid come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now this polypeptide is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this polypeptide is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this polypeptide is in this
+protected cavity and ATP can bind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected cavity and ATP can bind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected cavity and ATP can bind in the
+equatorial domain of Grohe Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial domain of Grohe Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equatorial domain of Grohe Oh
+so each grow al monomer will bind one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each grow al monomer will bind one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each grow al monomer will bind one
+ATP so there's seven ATP pal in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so there's seven ATP pal in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so there's seven ATP pal in one
+heptamer if it's in the ATP bound form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heptamer if it's in the ATP bound form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heptamer if it's in the ATP bound form
+okay and so let's take a look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so let's take a look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so let's take a look a little
+more detail so what do we see and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail so what do we see and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail so what do we see and the
+thing to keep in mind as I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind as I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind as I said before
+is that both chambers are active and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that both chambers are active and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that both chambers are active and
+functional they're just functional at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional they're just functional at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional they're just functional at
+different points within this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points within this overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points within this overall
+cycle okay so if we begin here what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay so if we begin here what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay so if we begin here what do
+we see this top grow al heptamer has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this top grow al heptamer has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this top grow al heptamer has no
+cap what we see here is that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap what we see here is that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap what we see here is that we have the
+bottom Gro EO bound to ADP and ro es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom Gro EO bound to ADP and ro es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom Gro EO bound to ADP and ro es
+some unfolded polypeptide comes along it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unfolded polypeptide comes along it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unfolded polypeptide comes along it
+binds so maybe there's some hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds so maybe there's some hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds so maybe there's some hydrophobic
+interaction between the top of Gro al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the top of Gro al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the top of Gro al
+and some region of this polypeptide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some region of this polypeptide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some region of this polypeptide what
+do we see happening the ATP's come in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see happening the ATP's come in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see happening the ATP's come in so
+I indicated them together there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I indicated them together there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I indicated them together there's some
+timing where there's questions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing where there's questions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing where there's questions these
+ADP's from the bottom chamber or ejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADP's from the bottom chamber or ejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADP's from the bottom chamber or ejected
+we see ATP binding so there's seven one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see ATP binding so there's seven one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see ATP binding so there's seven one
+per subunit the polypeptide binds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per subunit the polypeptide binds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per subunit the polypeptide binds and
+here comes Grohe yes okay and so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes Grohe yes okay and so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes Grohe yes okay and so once
+this polypeptide and growth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polypeptide and growth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polypeptide and growth is
+encapsulated in this chamber there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in this chamber there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulated in this chamber there's
+some residency time and this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some residency time and this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some residency time and this is often
+quoted on the order of 10 seconds I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted on the order of 10 seconds I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted on the order of 10 seconds I also
+note here look what happened at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here look what happened at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here look what happened at the
+bottom ring Gro es got ejected okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ring Gro es got ejected okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ring Gro es got ejected okay so
+with grow es binding here there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with grow es binding here there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with grow es binding here there was
+ejection of Gro es from the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection of Gro es from the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejection of Gro es from the bottom and
+loss of these ATP's okay there's ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of these ATP's okay there's ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of these ATP's okay there's ATP
+hydrolysis during this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis during this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis during this time
+the polypeptide is trying to find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polypeptide is trying to find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polypeptide is trying to find its
+fold and then look what happens here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and then look what happens here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and then look what happens here we
+see grow es coming in to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see grow es coming in to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see grow es coming in to the bottom
+again we have release of ADP's release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have release of ADP's release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we have release of ADP's release
+of Gro yes and this polypeptide kicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gro yes and this polypeptide kicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Gro yes and this polypeptide kicked
+out which may or may not be in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which may or may not be in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which may or may not be in its
+native fold okay if we take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native fold okay if we take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native fold okay if we take a look
+showing this as a complete cycle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this as a complete cycle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this as a complete cycle here
+and again I said before there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I said before there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I said before there can be
+some some differences from depiction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some differences from depiction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some differences from depiction to
+depiction but here we are seeing Gro al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction but here we are seeing Gro al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction but here we are seeing Gro al
+we have the top one and the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the top one and the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the top one and the bottom
+heptamer here's some polypeptide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heptamer here's some polypeptide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heptamer here's some polypeptide that
+needs to be folded it's initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be folded it's initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be folded it's initially
+grabbed by the top part of Gro yell ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed by the top part of Gro yell ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbed by the top part of Gro yell ATP
+comes in we have this ATP bound form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in we have this ATP bound form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in we have this ATP bound form
+here comes Gro yes the polypeptide gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes Gro yes the polypeptide gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here comes Gro yes the polypeptide gets
+pushed into this chamber and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into this chamber and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into this chamber and now it's
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+we have ATPase activity so ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ATPase activity so ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have ATPase activity so ATP
+hydrolysis to give the ATP bound form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis to give the ATP bound form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis to give the ATP bound form
+okay and then what happens here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what happens here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then what happens here okay
+what we're seeing now this bottom ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing now this bottom ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing now this bottom ring
+is becoming functional ATP binds another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming functional ATP binds another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming functional ATP binds another
+polypeptide okay and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide okay and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide okay and then we have
+release of Gro es and the polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of Gro es and the polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of Gro es and the polypeptide
+from the top chamber okay and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top chamber okay and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the top chamber okay and then you
+can flip this and work around the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flip this and work around the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flip this and work around the cycle
+again okay so this is a case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so this is a case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so this is a case where we
+can think about the affinities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the affinities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the affinities of the
+ATP and the ADP bound forms of Gro EO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and the ADP bound forms of Gro EO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and the ADP bound forms of Gro EO
+and what that means for grow es binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means for grow es binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means for grow es binding
+here okay and so the ADP bound form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so the ADP bound form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so the ADP bound form of
+Gro al has a lower affinity for grow es
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gro al has a lower affinity for grow es
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gro al has a lower affinity for grow es
+than the ATP bound form here for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the ATP bound form here for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the ATP bound form here for that so
+H grow el heptamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H grow el heptamer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H grow el heptamer
+acts as a single functional unit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a single functional unit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as a single functional unit and
+both rings are active as shown here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rings are active as shown here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rings are active as shown here but
+in different points of the cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different points of the cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different points of the cycle okay
+and so the thinking is that ATP binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the thinking is that ATP binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the thinking is that ATP binding
+and hydrolysis drives unidirectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrolysis drives unidirectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrolysis drives unidirectional
+progression through this cycle with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression through this cycle with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression through this cycle with that
+said there's a lot of questions as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's a lot of questions as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's a lot of questions as to
+how so what is it about this ATP binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so what is it about this ATP binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how so what is it about this ATP binding
+and hydrolysis event that allows this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrolysis event that allows this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrolysis event that allows this
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's a question that I see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a question that I see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a question that I see is
+still pretty open and so I'll close with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty open and so I'll close with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty open and so I'll close with
+that here now I suggest to review this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here now I suggest to review this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here now I suggest to review this
+cycle before next time and what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle before next time and what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle before next time and what we'll
+address on Wednesday is experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address on Wednesday is experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address on Wednesday is experiments that
+have been done to sort out what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done to sort out what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done to sort out what are the
+polypeptide substrates for grow EO grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide substrates for grow EO grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide substrates for grow EO grow
+yes so we know they must be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we know they must be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so we know they must be some
+important players given that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important players given that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important players given that these are
+essential for viability what what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for viability what what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for viability what what are
+they and how is that determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tAmMHp9vk90.txt b/tAmMHp9vk90.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ca0307a8390d8c13658a7bce114824ee690cbfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tAmMHp9vk90.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7043 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we were doing this last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we were doing this last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we were doing this last time
+let me just review it the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just review it the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just review it the correlation
+centers in the midbrain and its motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers in the midbrain and its motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers in the midbrain and its motor
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll
+get to species comparisons which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to species comparisons which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to species comparisons which i
+started with last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with last time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you think of midbrain we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of midbrain we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of midbrain we should
+always think of the midbrain tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think of the midbrain tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always think of the midbrain tectum
+superior inferior colliculi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior inferior colliculi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior inferior colliculi
+the spiritualiculus is the more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spiritualiculus is the more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spiritualiculus is the more complex
+structure because it's multi-modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because it's multi-modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure because it's multi-modal
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+visual inputs occupy the upper layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs occupy the upper layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs occupy the upper layers
+and then the auditory and semi-sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the auditory and semi-sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the auditory and semi-sensory
+inputs come the deeper layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come the deeper layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come the deeper layers
+they're all concerned with orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all concerned with orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all concerned with orientation
+and escape from predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and escape from predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and escape from predators
+we think of usually in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of usually in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of usually in terms of
+orientation that's just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that's just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation that's just because
+scientists have studied that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have studied that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have studied that more
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+anti-predatory things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predatory things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predatory things
+it's also got major modulators it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also got major modulators it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also got major modulators it was
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+in terms of evolution it was an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of evolution it was an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of evolution it was an early
+output of the corpus triada a major one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the corpus triada a major one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the corpus triada a major one
+that came into the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and affects the colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to talk about the
+we'll look at this again the origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at this again the origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at this again the origins of
+these two pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pathways
+if you look uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look uh
+here in this this is all the superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this this is all the superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this this is all the superior
+colliculus all of these upper layers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus all of these upper layers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus all of these upper layers it
+goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+to about where you see the arrow saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about where you see the arrow saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about where you see the arrow saying
+spinothalamic tract okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinothalamic tract okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinothalamic tract okay
+those are the deeper layers and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the deeper layers and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the deeper layers and some
+anatomists actually include at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists actually include at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists actually include at least the
+upper part of the central gray as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part of the central gray as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part of the central gray as part
+of the sphere colliculus but most most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere colliculus but most most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere colliculus but most most
+synonymous do not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous do not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous do not do that
+they are connected though central gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected though central gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected though central gray
+is more of a limbic system structure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more of a limbic system structure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more of a limbic system structure but
+it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does
+influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the
+deeper layers of the colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper layers of the colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper layers of the colliculus
+what i'm showing here is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm showing here is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm showing here is that there are
+large neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the colliculus not at the very bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the colliculus not at the very bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the colliculus not at the very bottom
+of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but
+very large neurons that give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large neurons that give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large neurons that give rise to
+output fibers that affect head and eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fibers that affect head and eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fibers that affect head and eye
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+and they do that by way of a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do that by way of a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do that by way of a couple of
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+the major one for orienting movements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major one for orienting movements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major one for orienting movements is
+a cross pathway called the tectospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross pathway called the tectospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross pathway called the tectospinal
+tract you can see the axon going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract you can see the axon going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract you can see the axon going here
+entering a tract that travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a tract that travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering a tract that travels
+immediately on the opposite side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are other pathways that descend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other pathways that descend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other pathways that descend
+for control of other kinds of movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for control of other kinds of movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for control of other kinds of movements
+the other path other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other path other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other path other
+pathway i'm pointing out here is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway i'm pointing out here is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway i'm pointing out here is a very
+different kind of output one concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of output one concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of output one concerned
+with limb movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limb movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limb movements
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+the red nucleus because in human in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red nucleus because in human in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red nucleus because in human in a
+human brain dissection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain dissection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain dissection
+it has a red pigment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a red pigment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a red pigment
+and there's two structures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two structures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's two structures in the
+midbrain that are have some pigment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain that are have some pigment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain that are have some pigment in
+human brain one down here the substantia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain one down here the substantia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain one down here the substantia
+ related to the corpus triatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ related to the corpus triatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ related to the corpus triatum
+and the red nucleus and it has an ac the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red nucleus and it has an ac the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the red nucleus and it has an ac the
+red nucleus is an axon that also crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red nucleus is an axon that also crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red nucleus is an axon that also crosses
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+goes to a more lateral position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a more lateral position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to a more lateral position and
+descends through the lateral hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descends through the lateral hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descends through the lateral hind brain
+reaches the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just
+go through some species comparisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through some species comparisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through some species comparisons
+it'll help you remember the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll help you remember the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll help you remember the midbrain
+it's really an exercise in topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an exercise in topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an exercise in topology
+because these are huge size distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are huge size distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are huge size distortions
+but all the basic structures are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the basic structures are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the basic structures are there
+in these different species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these different species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these different species
+but the outline of the midbrain just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the outline of the midbrain just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the outline of the midbrain just
+looks very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a human
+how's that different from that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that different from that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that different from that little
+rodent we're looking at here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent we're looking at here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent we're looking at here's the
+an outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based more on rodent it's commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based more on rodent it's commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based more on rodent it's commonly used
+in anatomy now just look at the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in anatomy now just look at the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in anatomy now just look at the relative
+size of the these fibers at the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the these fibers at the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the these fibers at the base
+here the cerebral peduncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the cerebral peduncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the cerebral peduncle
+these are accents coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are accents coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are accents coming from the
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mostly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly from the
+neocortex going towards spinal cord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex going towards spinal cord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex going towards spinal cord and
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+pontine gray to influence the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontine gray to influence the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontine gray to influence the cerebellum
+okay now look at the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now look at the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now look at the human
+you should the obvious thing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should the obvious thing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should the obvious thing here is
+this huge cerebral peduncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge cerebral peduncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge cerebral peduncle
+and that's going to be true in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be true in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be true in any
+species with the large neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with the large neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species with the large neocortex
+anything related to the neocortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything related to the neocortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything related to the neocortex is
+going to be big too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be big too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be big too
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+these are axons coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are axons coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are axons coming from the
+cortex contains all the corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex contains all the corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex contains all the corticospinal
+axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+accents from cortex to hindbrain as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents from cortex to hindbrain as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents from cortex to hindbrain as well
+accents from cortex to the pons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents from cortex to the pons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents from cortex to the pons
+going which is pre-cerebellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spirit caliculus up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks relatively small it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks relatively small it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks relatively small it's not really
+smaller than it is in a road and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it is in a road and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it is in a road and it's
+actually a little bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little bigger
+in absolute terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute terms
+the red nucleus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red nucleus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red nucleus is
+in a fiber stain is it would be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fiber stain is it would be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fiber stain is it would be much
+clearer in the cell stain but it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer in the cell stain but it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer in the cell stain but it's right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you see a lot of axons those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see a lot of axons those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see a lot of axons those are
+axons actually coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons actually coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons actually coming
+from a nucleus right here again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nucleus right here again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a nucleus right here again the
+cells aren't staying here but we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells aren't staying here but we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells aren't staying here but we see
+their axons it's the akimoto nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons it's the akimoto nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons it's the akimoto nucleus and
+their axons go right out at the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons go right out at the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their axons go right out at the base
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that's the rostral most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rostral most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rostral most
+group of motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of motor neurons
+going to striated muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to striated muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to striated muscles
+controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the
+lateral rectus muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral rectus muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral rectus muscle
+of the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this says actual size down here but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says actual size down here but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says actual size down here but of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+that would be true only in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be true only in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be true only in the original
+printed version that i got this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now i've not drawn these to relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've not drawn these to relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i've not drawn these to relative
+scale but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but
+i've shown a rodent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown a rodent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown a rodent
+like a hamster or a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hamster or a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hamster or a rat
+this would be like most like the hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like most like the hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like most like the hamster
+human and tree shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and tree shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and tree shoe
+we've already pointed out the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already pointed out the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already pointed out the huge
+circle pete uncle of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle pete uncle of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle pete uncle of human
+look at the colliculus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the colliculus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the colliculus now
+in relative terms if you just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relative terms if you just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relative terms if you just look at
+the upper half the midbrain human is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper half the midbrain human is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper half the midbrain human is not
+so different from rodent but look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different from rodent but look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different from rodent but look at the
+tree shoe and the squirrel would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree shoe and the squirrel would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree shoe and the squirrel would be
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+the distortion here is this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion here is this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion here is this huge
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+optic tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tectum
+okay the visual layers of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the visual layers of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the visual layers of the midbrain
+tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas in relative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in relative terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in relative terms
+the cerebral peduncle is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebral peduncle is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebral peduncle is much smaller
+it's actually not smaller than in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not smaller than in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not smaller than in the
+rodent it's just the way i've drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent it's just the way i've drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent it's just the way i've drawn it
+here okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this
+this this midbrain would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this midbrain would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this midbrain would be
+a lot bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot bigger than
+this midbrain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this midbrain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this midbrain here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's talk about the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's talk about the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's talk about the long
+accents going through we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents going through we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents going through we talked about
+that behind branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind branch
+we should be able to find all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to find all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to find all these
+things i put pantene in red there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i put pantene in red there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i put pantene in red there
+because on your hand thought it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on your hand thought it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because on your hand thought it probably
+says corticospinal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says corticospinal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says corticospinal right
+i think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was
+i did a correction there usually when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a correction there usually when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a correction there usually when i
+put something in red that's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something in red that's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something in red that's what it's
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've already pointed out where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already pointed out where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already pointed out where those
+axons are in the cervopeduncle so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons are in the cervopeduncle so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons are in the cervopeduncle so those
+are long axons going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long axons going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are long axons going through the
+midbrain so now let's find spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain so now let's find spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain so now let's find spinal
+thalamic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract
+let's find the medial meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the medial meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the medial meniscus
+trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+trigeminal meniscus the ascending fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal meniscus the ascending fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal meniscus the ascending fibers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there's the spinal thalamic tract in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the spinal thalamic tract in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the spinal thalamic tract in
+fact many of those accents come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact many of those accents come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact many of those accents come in and
+terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate
+in the spirit colliculus but many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirit colliculus but many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spirit colliculus but many of
+them go just ventral to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go just ventral to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go just ventral to it
+on their way into the lateral part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their way into the lateral part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their way into the lateral part of
+the ventral posterior nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral posterior nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral posterior nucleus
+whereas the medial meniscus fibers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the medial meniscus fibers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the medial meniscus fibers here
+are further down or medially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are further down or medially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are further down or medially and
+the most medial ones there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most medial ones there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most medial ones there would be
+trigeminal meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal meniscus
+okay representing the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna
+summarize that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're going to terminate most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to terminate most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to terminate most
+immediately in the ventral nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in the ventral nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in the ventral nucleus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we've been rushing through the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been rushing through the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been rushing through the midbrain
+because we really want to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really want to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really want to get to the
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+and try to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to help you
+to simplify a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify a little bit
+i'm pointing out here that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pointing out here that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pointing out here that we can think
+of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+and forebrain in terms of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forebrain in terms of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forebrain in terms of two
+types of regions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of regions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of regions one
+somatic and one limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic and one limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic and one limbic
+the somatic means connected somatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic means connected somatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic means connected somatic
+sensory and motor systems and by somatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and motor systems and by somatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and motor systems and by somatic
+sensory systems i mean all the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory systems i mean all the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory systems i mean all the sensory
+systems except the ones coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems except the ones coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems except the ones coming from the
+viscera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscera
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so they include visual addition somatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they include visual addition somatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they include visual addition somatic
+sensation except for visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation except for visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation except for visceral
+olfactory we would include with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory we would include with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory we would include with
+limbic okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected to the autonomic nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the autonomic nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the autonomic nervous
+system and closely associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and closely associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and closely associated with the
+limbic forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically always associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically always associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically always associated with
+hypothalamus so let's first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so let's first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so let's first look at
+the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limbic structures then are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic structures then are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic structures then are
+the central gray there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the
+akira motor nuclei there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akira motor nuclei there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akira motor nuclei there
+and then this area which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this area which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this area which we call the
+ventral pigmental area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral pigmental area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral pigmental area
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the dopamine containing neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dopamine containing neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dopamine containing neurons
+that are always activated when we feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are always activated when we feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are always activated when we feel
+pleasure when we get rewarded okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure when we get rewarded okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure when we get rewarded okay
+those are the limbic regions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the limbic regions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the limbic regions in the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+and they're closely connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're closely connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're closely connected
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this part of the forebrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the forebrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the forebrain the
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'll just color it on one side there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're also connected with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also connected with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also connected with the
+epithalamus up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are the limbic structures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the limbic structures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the limbic structures of the
+tween ring okay so now we're entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tween ring okay so now we're entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tween ring okay so now we're entering
+the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain
+and that is the continuity i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the continuity i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the continuity i want you to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the continuity between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limbic midbrain area named that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic midbrain area named that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic midbrain area named that way
+by nauta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nauta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nauta
+after he had studied the connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had studied the connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had studied the connections
+was able to extend the limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to extend the limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to extend the limbic system
+convert concept into the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert concept into the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert concept into the midbrain
+as well as in explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as in explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as in explaining
+how it gives the anatomical definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it gives the anatomical definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it gives the anatomical definition
+of the limbic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so when we get into the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we get into the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we get into the forebrain
+we're going to go over the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go over the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go over the general
+picture subdivisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll review several times how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review several times how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll review several times how the
+hypothalamus and epithalamus are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and epithalamus are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and epithalamus are related
+to limbic structures we just outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limbic structures we just outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limbic structures we just outline
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+and the thalamus and subtalamus together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thalamus and subtalamus together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thalamus and subtalamus together
+are related to the somatic sensory motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related to the somatic sensory motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related to the somatic sensory motor
+systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay
+and then i'm going to talk about the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to talk about the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to talk about the two
+major pathways coming out we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major pathways coming out we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major pathways coming out we've already
+talked about one of them a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one of them a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about one of them a lot
+okay the the corticospinal cardiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the corticospinal cardiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the corticospinal cardiac
+cortex behind brain that's all called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex behind brain that's all called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex behind brain that's all called
+the lateral forebrain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral forebrain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral forebrain bundle
+and then there's a medial one related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a medial one related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a medial one related to
+the limbic systems let's just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic systems let's just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic systems let's just take a
+look at all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all that
+so here's our cross sections we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our cross sections we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our cross sections we've seen
+this figure a number of times before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure a number of times before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure a number of times before
+now we're at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're at this
+roster level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roster level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roster level
+the level of the in brain and tween
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the in brain and tween
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the in brain and tween
+brain and you should get familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you should get familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and you should get familiar with
+these cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cross sections
+the general shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see them enough eventually you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them enough eventually you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them enough eventually you'll be
+able to draw them in your sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw them in your sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to draw them in your sleep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to use red here commonly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use red here commonly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to use red here commonly to
+mark the limit system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark the limit system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark the limit system
+and blue for the somatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+in the diencephalon tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diencephalon tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diencephalon tween brain
+and the epithalamus we can group with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the epithalamus we can group with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the epithalamus we can group with
+the hypothalamus though we know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus though we know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus though we know most
+about the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hypothalamus
+is the area that gets visceral inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area that gets visceral inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area that gets visceral inputs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's connected with those limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected with those limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected with those limbic
+systemic midbrain areas and in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic midbrain areas and in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemic midbrain areas and in the in
+brain the structure is closely connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the structure is closely connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the structure is closely connected
+to hypothalamus we group together and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hypothalamus we group together and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hypothalamus we group together and we
+call them the lympic systemic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the lympic systemic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the lympic systemic system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but it's really called limbic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really called limbic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really called limbic not
+because of that it's called limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that it's called limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that it's called limbic
+because of where it's located in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of where it's located in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of where it's located in the
+hemispheres it's located at the limbus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres it's located at the limbus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres it's located at the limbus
+of the hemispheres the fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hemispheres the fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hemispheres the fringes
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+visceral inputs what are visceral inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral inputs what are visceral inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral inputs what are visceral inputs
+coming from the guts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the guts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the guts
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+the intestinal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestinal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intestinal tract
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+other organs that we associate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organs that we associate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organs that we associate with the
+viscera sexual organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscera sexual organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscera sexual organs
+uh connected with gland tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connected with gland tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connected with gland tissue
+okay of various sources of the endocrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of various sources of the endocrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of various sources of the endocrine
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the
+somatic part of the diencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic part of the diencephalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic part of the diencephalon
+thalamus and subthalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the somatic inputs from the lymnuscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic inputs from the lymnuscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic inputs from the lymnuscle
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+we've followed mainly metasensory so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've followed mainly metasensory so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've followed mainly metasensory so far
+into the ventral nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it also gets connections from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also gets connections from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also gets connections from the
+midbrain tectum integmatum pigment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain tectum integmatum pigment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain tectum integmatum pigment on
+the somatic parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic parts
+of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain
+major inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major inputs
+probably in evolution appeared earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in evolution appeared earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in evolution appeared earlier
+than the more direct visual pathways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the more direct visual pathways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the more direct visual pathways to
+the diencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diencephalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diencephalon
+we had these animals had the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these animals had the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these animals had the connection
+from the midbrain tectum into the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain tectum into the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain tectum into the dorsal
+thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that was the root to the corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the root to the corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was the root to the corpus
+triadum before there was much neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triadum before there was much neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triadum before there was much neocortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all i've done here is add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all i've done here is add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all i've done here is add to the
+diagram we looked at before but now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we looked at before but now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we looked at before but now i'm
+adding the somatic regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the somatic regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the somatic regions
+including in the midbrain here the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including in the midbrain here the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including in the midbrain here the whole
+what we call the midbrain reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the midbrain reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the midbrain reticular
+formation which i've marked there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation which i've marked there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation which i've marked there
+but then the optic you should include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the optic you should include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the optic you should include
+the optic tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic tectum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and also related the somatic system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also related the somatic system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also related the somatic system is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+this structure which gets output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure which gets output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure which gets output from
+the corpus triadum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corpus triadum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corpus triadum
+and has major connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the thalamus to the corpus tree atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thalamus to the corpus tree atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thalamus to the corpus tree atom
+and also to the membrane tectum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to the membrane tectum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to the membrane tectum okay
+it's all part of the somatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about
+the major outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major outputs
+these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the
+set cross sections now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh the n brain and tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the n brain and tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the n brain and tween brain
+that we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to use
+they're similar to cross sections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar to cross sections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're similar to cross sections in
+rodents that are commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents that are commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents that are commonly used in
+anatomy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy but
+it's also like embryonic human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also like embryonic human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also like embryonic human
+okay before the neocortex has grown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before the neocortex has grown so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay before the neocortex has grown so
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you would have cross sections that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have cross sections that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have cross sections that are
+not so dissimilar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to talk about
+now is the lateral forebrain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the lateral forebrain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is the lateral forebrain bundle
+in the medial forebrain level in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medial forebrain level in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medial forebrain level in the
+next few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all the lateral forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the lateral forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the lateral forebrain
+bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the accents coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the accents coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the accents coming from
+neocortex and here they are entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and here they are entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex and here they are entering the
+cerebral peduncle okay they've all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral peduncle okay they've all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral peduncle okay they've all come
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+the cortex which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex which
+out there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there okay
+surrounding there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding there
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+the hemispheres sort of balloon out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemispheres sort of balloon out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemispheres sort of balloon out it's
+you imagine the neural tube like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine the neural tube like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine the neural tube like a
+balloon here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon here okay
+and it develops a couple little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it develops a couple little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it develops a couple little
+weaknesses up anteriorly and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses up anteriorly and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses up anteriorly and it
+balloons out that's how the hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons out that's how the hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons out that's how the hemispheres
+form out of the ross land okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form out of the ross land okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form out of the ross land okay
+you can see that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+okay let's look in the upper left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look in the upper left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look in the upper left here
+there you see the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see the neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see the neural tube
+and here you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see it
+ballooning out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballooning out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballooning out
+forming these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming these two
+hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the lateral forebrain bundle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the lateral forebrain bundle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the lateral forebrain bundle is
+the are the axons coming out of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are the axons coming out of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are the axons coming out of the in
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+and going globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there are accents going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are accents going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are accents going in the
+opposite direction too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction too
+and i show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show that
+if you look at this this neuron i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this this neuron i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this this neuron i'm
+coloring green that would be accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring green that would be accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring green that would be accents
+going in the opposite direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the lateral forebrain bundled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lateral forebrain bundled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lateral forebrain bundled
+on the output side are all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output side are all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output side are all those
+corticospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal
+axons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons okay
+and then the medial forebrain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the medial forebrain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the medial forebrain bundle
+travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels
+is coming from the limbic in brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming from the limbic in brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming from the limbic in brain
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+and it's going through and connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going through and connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going through and connecting
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the hypothalamus and it goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus and it goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus and it goes through the
+lateral hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral hypothalamus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on both sides of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides of course
+that's called the medial forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the medial forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the medial forebrain
+little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and
+in in your anatomical textbooks now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your anatomical textbooks now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in your anatomical textbooks now
+the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term
+lateral for brain bundle is not used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral for brain bundle is not used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral for brain bundle is not used
+very much they always talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much they always talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much they always talk about
+the circle they use all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle they use all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle they use all these different
+terms that all mean the same group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that all mean the same group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that all mean the same group of
+fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+it's very confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very confusing
+the embryologists had the right idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryologists had the right idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embryologists had the right idea
+they classified them more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they classified them more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they classified them more broadly
+much easier to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to learn
+but the term medial forebrain bundle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the term medial forebrain bundle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the term medial forebrain bundle is
+still pretty commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty commonly used
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but even then we mostly hear about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even then we mostly hear about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even then we mostly hear about the
+big bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+coming from the hippocampus or fornix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the hippocampus or fornix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the hippocampus or fornix
+fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but
+hippocampal fibers are just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal fibers are just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal fibers are just one
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+the many groups of fibers coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many groups of fibers coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many groups of fibers coming out of
+the limbic in brain structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic in brain structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic in brain structures
+coming down to the hypothalamus they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down to the hypothalamus they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down to the hypothalamus they all
+connect hypocente almost all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect hypocente almost all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect hypocente almost all these
+limbic and brain structures and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic and brain structures and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic and brain structures and then
+there's some of them the longer fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some of them the longer fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some of them the longer fibers
+go right on into the midbrain limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right on into the midbrain limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right on into the midbrain limbic
+midbrain areas central gray area and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain areas central gray area and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain areas central gray area and the
+ventral pigmental area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral pigmental area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral pigmental area
+okay very few of them go caudal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very few of them go caudal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very few of them go caudal to the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+it fits the pattern of the early schmoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits the pattern of the early schmoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fits the pattern of the early schmoo
+brain without neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain without neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain without neocortex
+the midbrain was the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain was the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain was the link
+between the forebrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the forebrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the forebrain and
+the motor system controlled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor system controlled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor system controlled by the
+hindbrain spinal cord it's with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain spinal cord it's with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain spinal cord it's with the
+arrival of neocortex that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of neocortex that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival of neocortex that
+the midbrain starts to be bypassed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if we go just anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we go just anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we go just anterior
+i'm showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing here
+there there are those axons the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are those axons the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are those axons the medial
+foramen bundle and on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foramen bundle and on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foramen bundle and on the other side
+here i'm showing you where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm showing you where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm showing you where they're
+coming from they're coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from they're coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from they're coming from this
+cortex which is olfactory cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex which is olfactory cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex which is olfactory cortex and
+they're entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're entering
+that bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bundle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're also coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also coming from
+those structures at the fringes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structures at the fringes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structures at the fringes of the
+hemisphere and you'll find them at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and you'll find them at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and you'll find them at all
+levels of the hemisphere you'll find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the hemisphere you'll find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the hemisphere you'll find a
+limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic
+cortex or and also subcortical regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or and also subcortical regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or and also subcortical regions
+for example this one here's one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this one here's one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this one here's one from
+hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+it's also entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also entering
+the medial forebrain bundle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial forebrain bundle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial forebrain bundle okay
+so both cortical and subsubcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both cortical and subsubcortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both cortical and subsubcortical
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+okay enter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+structures here in the ventral part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures here in the ventral part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures here in the ventral part
+of the corpus triatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corpus triatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corpus triatum
+we call the ventral striatum that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the ventral striatum that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the ventral striatum that also
+contribute to the medial forebrain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the medial forebrain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the medial forebrain level
+most the larger part of the striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does what you're seeing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sending fibers into the lateral the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending fibers into the lateral the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending fibers into the lateral the
+lateral forebrain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral forebrain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral forebrain bundle
+but most of the lateral forebrain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the lateral forebrain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the lateral forebrain level
+is made up of axons like these coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of axons like these coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is made up of axons like these coming
+from neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neocortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's by far the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's by far the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's by far the bigger
+of these two bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two bundles
+in the higher mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the higher mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the higher mammals
+because of the large size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the large size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the large size the
+hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm pointing out here somewhere those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pointing out here somewhere those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm pointing out here somewhere those
+things come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyramidal tract is the big one in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal tract is the big one in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal tract is the big one in human
+but it also goes to the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also goes to the thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also goes to the thalamus
+midbrain reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain reticular formation
+optic tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic tectum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+other other also the auditory tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other also the auditory tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other also the auditory tectum
+so it goes to midbrain structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and thalamic structures in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thalamic structures in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thalamic structures in addition to
+the hind brain and ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hind brain and ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hind brain and ridiculous
+and the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spinal cord
+pyramidal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal tract
+always means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means
+axons going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons going to
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+or hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hind brain
+because pyramidal tract is named in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pyramidal tract is named in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pyramidal tract is named in the
+hindbrain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain level
+okay when it's further up it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when it's further up it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when it's further up it's got
+different names so that's very confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names so that's very confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different names so that's very confusing
+to students too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to students too
+so we'll go over that a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go over that a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go over that a little bit but
+first of all just the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all just the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all just the summary
+of these two major bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two major bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two major bundles
+the lateral forebrain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral forebrain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral forebrain bundle
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+of the corpus triadum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then from the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from the neocortex
+so it starts in the neocortical white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts in the neocortical white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts in the neocortical white
+matter and then it comes down through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and then it comes down through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and then it comes down through
+the copper stratum or we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper stratum or we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copper stratum or we call it the
+internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule
+and then it becomes a cerebral peduncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes a cerebral peduncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes a cerebral peduncle
+and then it becomes pyramidal tract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes pyramidal tract so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes pyramidal tract so
+we'll look at a picture of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at a picture of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at a picture of that
+next this is the summary of medial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is the summary of medial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is the summary of medial for
+brain metal coming from alpha just i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain metal coming from alpha just i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain metal coming from alpha just i
+showed in the picture olfactory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in the picture olfactory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in the picture olfactory cortex
+limbic cortex subcortical limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic cortex subcortical limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic cortex subcortical limbic system
+structures like the amygdala and basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like the amygdala and basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like the amygdala and basal
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+you'll encounter this in your section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll encounter this in your section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll encounter this in your section
+especially the basal forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the basal forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the basal forebrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember how the far brain forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're still in hemispheres here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still in hemispheres here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still in hemispheres here
+but when this be when this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when this be when this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when this be when this becomes
+using too small a pen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when this becomes joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when this becomes joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when this becomes joined
+okay it'll be continuous across the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll be continuous across the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it'll be continuous across the uh
+across the bottom okay so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the bottom okay so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the bottom okay so there's no
+hemispheres there that's basal forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres there that's basal forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres there that's basal forebrain
+as you follow basal forebrain caudally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you follow basal forebrain caudally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you follow basal forebrain caudally
+you're in hypothalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here you're looking in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're looking in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're looking in the upper left
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you're looking at the hemispheres if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the hemispheres if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the hemispheres if i
+had cut that section a little further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had cut that section a little further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had cut that section a little further
+down okay we wouldn't see hemispheres we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay we wouldn't see hemispheres we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay we wouldn't see hemispheres we
+would just see the continuous neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just see the continuous neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just see the continuous neural
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+below where the hemispheres of ballooned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below where the hemispheres of ballooned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below where the hemispheres of ballooned
+out okay that's the basal forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay that's the basal forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay that's the basal forebrain
+try to i'm trying to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to i'm trying to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to i'm trying to give you some
+spatial idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial idea
+what the brain is like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it'll become more clear to you when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll become more clear to you when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll become more clear to you when we
+see more cross-sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+so then it goes through lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it goes through lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it goes through lateral
+hypothalamic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic area
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the midbrain areas as we pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain areas as we pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain areas as we pointed out
+okay now let's take another look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take another look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take another look at the
+lateral forebrain bundle here i put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral forebrain bundle here i put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral forebrain bundle here i put it
+in orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orange
+and i'm doing it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm doing it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm doing it this way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+try to help you with something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help you with something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help you with something that's
+very confusing to students reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confusing to students reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confusing to students reading
+anatomy because they don't realize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy because they don't realize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy because they don't realize these
+are all the same group of axons it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the same group of axons it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the same group of axons it's all
+lateral for brain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral for brain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral for brain bundle
+mostly coming from neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly coming from neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly coming from neocortex
+and i'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing
+if you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look
+here in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the left
+we're seeing them originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing them originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing them originate
+mostly in the hemispheres also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the hemispheres also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in the hemispheres also in the
+carpentry atom okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's sort of not a very fair way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of not a very fair way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of not a very fair way to
+represent corpus chriotim it comes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent corpus chriotim it comes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent corpus chriotim it comes more
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+bulging out of the neural tube at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulging out of the neural tube at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulging out of the neural tube at the
+further down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but anyway those are the two origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway those are the two origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway those are the two origins of
+those accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those accents
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+they come through the internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come through the internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come through the internal capsule
+and then they're along the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're along the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're along the side of the
+twin brain here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin brain here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin brain here
+and that's where we start calling them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we start calling them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we start calling them
+cerebral peduncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral peduncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral peduncle
+we keep calling and here they are over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep calling and here they are over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep calling and here they are over
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+then they go through the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go through the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go through the midbrain
+through the hindbrainous pyramidal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hindbrainous pyramidal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hindbrainous pyramidal tract
+then they cross over the decussation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they cross over the decussation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they cross over the decussation the
+primal tract then they go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal tract then they go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primal tract then they go through the
+lateral column and the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral column and the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral column and the cord
+okay so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we are
+do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again
+here we are in this cross section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are in this cross section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are in this cross section of the
+embry and there they are coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embry and there they are coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embry and there they are coming out of
+the neocortex forming the white matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex forming the white matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex forming the white matter
+of the hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hemispheres
+and then they come down through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come down through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come down through the
+corpuscle atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpuscle atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpuscle atom
+that's where we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we call them
+internal capsule okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry i did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because i had numbered the sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i had numbered the sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i had numbered the sections
+starting a b a with the spinal cord bc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a b a with the spinal cord bc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting a b a with the spinal cord bc
+and so forth going in that direction i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth going in that direction i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth going in that direction i
+did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that
+i should have put them in the up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should have put them in the up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should have put them in the up the
+same order here but here i started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order here but here i started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order here but here i started with
+spinal cord but we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord but we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord but we're gonna have to
+start at the bottom here so in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the bottom here so in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the bottom here so in the in
+brain we call them internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain we call them internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain we call them internal capsule
+but first it's the cortical light matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first it's the cortical light matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first it's the cortical light matter
+okay so there's it's in the cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's it's in the cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's it's in the cortical
+light matter then it becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light matter then it becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light matter then it becomes the
+internal capsule coming down through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule coming down through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal capsule coming down through the
+corpus triatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus triatum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now at this level we're still seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at this level we're still seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at this level we're still seeing
+them as white matter of the hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as white matter of the hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as white matter of the hemisphere
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but to get down here of course they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get down here of course they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get down here of course they had
+to go through internal capsule and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through internal capsule and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through internal capsule and they
+had to go the ones from the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go the ones from the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go the ones from the total
+hemisphere had to run forward and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere had to run forward and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere had to run forward and then
+out through the internal capsule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through the internal capsule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through the internal capsule in
+order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get
+into this verbal pedicle so now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this verbal pedicle so now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this verbal pedicle so now here
+we're all on the side of the twin brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on the side of the twin brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all on the side of the twin brain
+and all those axons are along the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those axons are along the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those axons are along the side
+here they're called cerebral peduncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the brain's little feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain's little feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain's little feet
+and here at the base the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here at the base the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here at the base the midbrain
+remember those fibers at the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those fibers at the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those fibers at the base
+midbrain that did become so huge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain that did become so huge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain that did become so huge in
+humans when we saw that cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans when we saw that cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans when we saw that cross section
+the midway so here they are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midway so here they are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midway so here they are in the
+embryonic midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic midbrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+still called cerebral peduncle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still called cerebral peduncle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still called cerebral peduncle there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then it goes through the pons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes through the pons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes through the pons the
+rostral hind brain level here and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral hind brain level here and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral hind brain level here and when
+they emerges from the pons they're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emerges from the pons they're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emerges from the pons they're right
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+the very bottom and that's where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very bottom and that's where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very bottom and that's where they're
+called pyramidal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pyramidal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pyramidal tract
+because of the pyramidal shape and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pyramidal shape and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pyramidal shape and the
+cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+same axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same axons
+of course there's fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's fewer
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we've lost a huge number of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lost a huge number of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've lost a huge number of them that
+went to the ponds because they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the ponds because they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the ponds because they're going
+to the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cerebellum
+and a few of them in the mid brain too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of them in the mid brain too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of them in the mid brain too
+but now we have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have left
+as we come out of the ponds we have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we come out of the ponds we have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we come out of the ponds we have left
+all the ones going to hind bran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones going to hind bran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ones going to hind bran and
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+okay so the ones that don't terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ones that don't terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the ones that don't terminate
+behind brain and a lot of times it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain and a lot of times it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain and a lot of times it's
+just branches that terminate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just branches that terminate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just branches that terminate there
+they cross over most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross over most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross over most of them
+a few of them stay uncrossed depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of them stay uncrossed depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of them stay uncrossed depending
+on the human family you're in okay most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the human family you're in okay most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the human family you're in okay most
+of them cross over in all of us and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them cross over in all of us and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them cross over in all of us and then
+they travel in humans in the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel in humans in the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel in humans in the lateral
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+seen there on the embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there on the embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen there on the embryonic
+spinal cord section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord section
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the lateral forebrain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the lateral forebrain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the lateral forebrain bundle
+it's got so many anatomical terms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got so many anatomical terms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got so many anatomical terms we
+refer we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer we we
+describe it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it with
+but it's just because they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just because they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just because they give
+different words at different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words at different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words at different levels of
+the nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system
+and you're gonna have to get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna have to get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna have to get used to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+anatomists get bored you know so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists get bored you know so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists get bored you know so we've
+got to think of these nice terms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think of these nice terms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think of these nice terms for
+everything and sometimes we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and sometimes we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and sometimes we think of
+three or four terms for the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four terms for the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four terms for the same thing
+we'll name them after the person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll name them after the person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll name them after the person that
+described them and then we'll name them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described them and then we'll name them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described them and then we'll name them
+for what they look like and a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what they look like and a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what they look like and a few other
+and sometimes different atoms give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes different atoms give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes different atoms give them
+different words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've already done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done this
+but remember here for the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember here for the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember here for the limbic
+limbic regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic regions
+in the tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tween brain
+the lateral for the medial forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral for the medial forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral for the medial forebrain
+bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle
+is lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lateral
+but all the hypothalamus is limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the hypothalamus is limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the hypothalamus is limbic
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+it's just that the long axons that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the long axons that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the long axons that we
+call medial forebrain bundle coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call medial forebrain bundle coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call medial forebrain bundle coming from
+the limbic embry are traveling at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic embry are traveling at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic embry are traveling at the
+lateral part here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some of them have come up here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this we did before too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we did before too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we did before too
+i'm just outlining the limbic areas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just outlining the limbic areas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just outlining the limbic areas here
+and then here i'm showing the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here i'm showing the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here i'm showing the entire
+limbic system as seen in this embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system as seen in this embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system as seen in this embryonic
+cross-section of the embryonic in brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of the embryonic in brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of the embryonic in brain
+where the outputs collect here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the outputs collect here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the outputs collect here in the
+media for brain bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media for brain bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media for brain bundle
+but they originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they originate
+we come to the neocortex here and go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to the neocortex here and go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come to the neocortex here and go to
+the very edges we come to limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very edges we come to limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very edges we come to limbic system
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and we come to limbic system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we come to limbic system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we come to limbic system here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the neocortex is involved in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the neocortex is involved in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the neocortex is involved in both
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+what i want you to look at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to look at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want you to look at here
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+i hate purple well too late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate purple well too late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate purple well too late
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex
+i want to show you that it's involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show you that it's involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to show you that it's involved in
+both systems nothing escapes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both systems nothing escapes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both systems nothing escapes the
+influence the neocortex in evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the neocortex in evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the neocortex in evolution
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it was a big change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and its outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its outputs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+its outputs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its outputs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its outputs here
+go to limit structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to limit structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to limit structures
+which then connect to hypothalamus a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then connect to hypothalamus a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then connect to hypothalamus a few
+of them right down into the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the larger connections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger connections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger connections are
+to the striatum first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the striatum first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the striatum first of all
+which then has outputs to the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then has outputs to the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then has outputs to the brain stem
+and in humans even larger outputs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in humans even larger outputs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in humans even larger outputs into
+the thalamus and right back to neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus and right back to neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thalamus and right back to neocortex
+but then the neocortex goes remember to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the neocortex goes remember to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the neocortex goes remember to
+every level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every level
+of interaxis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaxis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaxis
+midbrain hindbrain and spinal cord okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain hindbrain and spinal cord okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain hindbrain and spinal cord okay
+now with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with that
+this is putting the emphasis on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is putting the emphasis on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is putting the emphasis on the
+larger part of the striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger part of the striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger part of the striatum
+okay related to the somatic system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay related to the somatic system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay related to the somatic system okay
+in recent years we found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years we found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years we found out
+that there's a ventral striatum too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a ventral striatum too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a ventral striatum too
+that's more related to the limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more related to the limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more related to the limbic system
+it's very critical in habit formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very critical in habit formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very critical in habit formation
+uh probably is the most primitive part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably is the most primitive part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably is the most primitive part
+of the corpuscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corpuscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corpuscle
+in my view of evolution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view of evolution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view of evolution it's
+evolved before the somatic structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved before the somatic structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved before the somatic structures
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+it was really part of the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really part of the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really part of the olfactory
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course if habit formation is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if habit formation is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if habit formation is so
+critical then we've got to have reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical then we've got to have reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical then we've got to have reward
+and punishment mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and punishment mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and punishment mechanisms
+involving roles of ascending pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving roles of ascending pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving roles of ascending pathways
+involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+reward from taste and also punishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward from taste and also punishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward from taste and also punishment
+pain systems and we find those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain systems and we find those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain systems and we find those
+anatomists have outlined those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists have outlined those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomists have outlined those kinds of
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+so i don't expect you to learn all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't expect you to learn all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't expect you to learn all of
+this but it's actually a very simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's actually a very simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's actually a very simplified
+summary picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary picture
+now of how the neocortex is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of how the neocortex is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of how the neocortex is related to
+these two systems and here we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems and here we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems and here we simply
+added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added
+ventral striatum so all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral striatum so all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral striatum so all of this is
+subcortical striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ventral part of the stratum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral part of the stratum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral part of the stratum is
+related to the limbic system the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the limbic system the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the limbic system the rest of
+it is related only to the somatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is related only to the somatic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is related only to the somatic system
+and then i'm pointing out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm pointing out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm pointing out here
+note that here the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that here the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that here the neocortex
+in its limbic type connections has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its limbic type connections has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its limbic type connections has no
+connections to brain stem and spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to brain stem and spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to brain stem and spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+they don't go directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't go directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't go directly
+but for the somatic system they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the somatic system they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the somatic system they do
+now they used to point out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they used to point out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they used to point out that the
+neocortex is very weakly related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex is very weakly related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex is very weakly related to the
+limbic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limbic system
+now we know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that there are
+more association connections than he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more association connections than he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more association connections than he
+knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about
+and they're probably very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're probably very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're probably very important in
+our learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our learning
+and i showed them here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i showed them here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i showed them here as
+interconnections within the end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections within the end brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnections within the end brain
+within the brain structures a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the brain structures a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the brain structures a little bit
+to the tween brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tween brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tween brain
+and i'm showing here a weak connection a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing here a weak connection a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing here a weak connection a
+little dashed line here of neocortex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dashed line here of neocortex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dashed line here of neocortex to
+hypothalamus our orbital prefrontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus our orbital prefrontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus our orbital prefrontal
+cortex the cortex just above your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the cortex just above your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the cortex just above your eyes
+okay does have some connections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does have some connections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does have some connections to the
+hypothalamus that's probably the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus that's probably the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus that's probably the only
+direct control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct control
+we have over our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over our
+basic instincts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to switch suddenly to behavioral terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch suddenly to behavioral terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch suddenly to behavioral terms
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the other connections that i show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other connections that i show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other connections that i show
+here all can be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all can be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all can be found
+and there are connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are connections between
+ventral and dorsal striatum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral and dorsal striatum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral and dorsal striatum here
+that we know less about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know less about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know less about
+if we knew more about them we'd probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew more about them we'd probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we knew more about them we'd probably
+understand learning a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand learning a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand learning a lot better
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u9YrIxLZJ6s.txt b/u9YrIxLZJ6s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95ac5f0a9418afc0446ba53d963055c80589f3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u9YrIxLZJ6s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+video, I'd like us to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I'd like us to do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I'd like us to do the following
+two problems, both related to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems, both related to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two problems, both related to the same
+uh position vector. So, we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh position vector. So, we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh position vector. So, we're starting
+off with a position vector defined uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a position vector defined uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with a position vector defined uh as
+r of t is equal to 1 - 2t ^2 i + t ^2 j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of t is equal to 1 - 2t ^2 i + t ^2 j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of t is equal to 1 - 2t ^2 i + t ^2 j
++ -2 + 2t ^2 k. So that's our position
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ -2 + 2t ^2 k. So that's our position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ -2 + 2t ^2 k. So that's our position
+vector. And I'd like us to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. And I'd like us to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. And I'd like us to do the
+following two things. And you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two things. And you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two things. And you'll notice
+this problem is pretty much just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is pretty much just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is pretty much just a
+computational problem. We want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem. We want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem. We want to make
+sure that we know what these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we know what these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we know what these these
+things I'm about to to talk about are,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm about to to talk about are,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm about to to talk about are,
+how you define them, and how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you define them, and how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you define them, and how you get
+from the position vector to each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the position vector to each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the position vector to each of
+these things. So we want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. So we want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. So we want to compute the
+velocity, the speed, the acceleration,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity, the speed, the acceleration,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity, the speed, the acceleration,
+and find the unit tangent vector for r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the unit tangent vector for r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the unit tangent vector for r
+oft. And then the second part, we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oft. And then the second part, we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oft. And then the second part, we want
+to compute the arc length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the arc length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the arc length of the
+trajectory from tals 0 to t= 2. So I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory from tals 0 to t= 2. So I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory from tals 0 to t= 2. So I'll
+give you a moment to do that problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a moment to do that problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a moment to do that problem.
+Why don't you pause the video, work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't you pause the video, work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why don't you pause the video, work on
+the problem. When you're ready to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. When you're ready to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem. When you're ready to check
+your work, bring the video back up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work, bring the video back up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work, bring the video back up and
+I'll show you how I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Okay, welcome back. Well, hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, welcome back. Well, hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, welcome back. Well, hopefully
+you felt comfortable with with answering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you felt comfortable with with answering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you felt comfortable with with answering
+these questions. So now I will answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions. So now I will answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions. So now I will answer
+them and you can you can compare your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you can you can compare your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you can you can compare your
+answers with mine. So let me start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers with mine. So let me start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers with mine. So let me start off
+with part A. Part A, the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with part A. Part A, the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with part A. Part A, the first thing
+we're going to do is find the velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is find the velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is find the velocity.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+velocity is really all we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is really all we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is really all we need to do is
+take the derivative of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of the position
+vector with respect to t. So I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with respect to t. So I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with respect to t. So I'm just
+going to take r prime of t. And now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take r prime of t. And now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take r prime of t. And now I'm
+going to write it in the the shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it in the the shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it in the the shorter
+shorthand notation that you've seen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation that you've seen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand notation that you've seen uh
+with the with the brackets to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the brackets to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the brackets to denote
+that it's not a point but it's a vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a point but it's a vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a point but it's a vector.
+So the this is what you've seen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the this is what you've seen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the this is what you've seen to
+denote uh a vector rather than a point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote uh a vector rather than a point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote uh a vector rather than a point.
+So the derivative with respect to t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative with respect to t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the derivative with respect to t of
+the first component is just -4 t. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component is just -4 t. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component is just -4 t. The
+derivative with respect to t of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to t of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to t of the
+second component is just 2t because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component is just 2t because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component is just 2t because we
+had t ^2. So when we take its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had t ^2. So when we take its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had t ^2. So when we take its derivative
+we just get 2 t. And the third component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get 2 t. And the third component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just get 2 t. And the third component
+uh was -2 + 2t ^2. So when I take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was -2 + 2t ^2. So when I take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was -2 + 2t ^2. So when I take its
+derivative, I get a 4t. So that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative, I get a 4t. So that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative, I get a 4t. So that is
+actually v of t. Okay. And then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually v of t. Okay. And then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually v of t. Okay. And then the next
+thing I asked you to do is is determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I asked you to do is is determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I asked you to do is is determine
+the speed. And the speed of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed. And the speed of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed. And the speed of course is
+just the length of the velocity vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the length of the velocity vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the length of the velocity vector.
+Right? So we just need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we just need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So we just need to find the
+length of v. Now to do that to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of v. Now to do that to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of v. Now to do that to remind
+ourselves what we do for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what we do for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what we do for that we
+actually take the inner product of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the inner product of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the inner product of v
+with itself. the dotproduct of v with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself. the dotproduct of v with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself. the dotproduct of v with
+itself and then we uh we take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then we uh we take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then we uh we take the square
+root of that. So let's look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that. So let's look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of that. So let's look at what the
+dotproduct will be. Let me let me find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct will be. Let me let me find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotproduct will be. Let me let me find
+the squared thing first and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared thing first and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared thing first and then I will
+take the square root. So v dotted with v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root. So v dotted with v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root. So v dotted with v
+the first component I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component I'm going to have
+-4t^2. So that's going to be 16 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4t^2. So that's going to be 16 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4t^2. So that's going to be 16 t
+^2. And then the second component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. And then the second component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. And then the second component is
+going to be 2 tant^ 2. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 tant^ 2. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 tant^ 2. So I'm going to
+have plus 4 t ^2 and the third component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus 4 t ^2 and the third component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus 4 t ^2 and the third component
+is going to be another it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be another it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be another it's going to be
+4t quantity^ squar. So I get another 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t quantity^ squar. So I get another 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t quantity^ squar. So I get another 16
+t ^2. So when I add those up I believe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t ^2. So when I add those up I believe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t ^2. So when I add those up I believe I
+get 36 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 36 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 36 t
+^2. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. Yes.
+Good. And so then I just have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. And so then I just have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. And so then I just have to take
+the square root of both sides to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of both sides to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of both sides to get
+what the speed actually is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the speed actually is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the speed actually is instead of
+the square of the speed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the speed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the speed.
+So I get 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I get 6
+t. Okay. So that's the velocity, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Okay. So that's the velocity, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Okay. So that's the velocity, that's
+the speed. Now I need to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed. Now I need to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed. Now I need to find the
+acceleration and I need to find the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and I need to find the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and I need to find the unit
+tangent vector. Okay. So let me see. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector. Okay. So let me see. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector. Okay. So let me see. I
+will come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come over
+here. Let me step off here and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let me step off here and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Let me step off here and I will
+find the acceleration and the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the acceleration and the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the acceleration and the unit
+tangent vector. So the acceleration if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector. So the acceleration if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector. So the acceleration if
+you remember the acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the acceleration is
+actually just the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the derivative of the
+velocity with respect to t. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to t. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to t. So the
+acceleration is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is going to be the
+derivative of -4t is just -4. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of -4t is just -4. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of -4t is just -4. The
+derivative of 2t is just 2. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 2t is just 2. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 2t is just 2. And the
+derivative of 4t is just 4 all with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 4t is just 4 all with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of 4t is just 4 all with
+respect to t. Okay. So the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to t. Okay. So the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to t. Okay. So the acceleration
+vector is equal to -4 comma 2a 4. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is equal to -4 comma 2a 4. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is equal to -4 comma 2a 4. So you
+see this actually has constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this actually has constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this actually has constant
+acceleration. So at any point your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. So at any point your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. So at any point your
+acceleration is always this value. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is always this value. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is always this value. So
+it's not surprising that our velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising that our velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not surprising that our velocity is
+increasing. And actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. And actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. And actually it's
+increasing. You'll notice each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. You'll notice each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing. You'll notice each of these
+components is constant. The velocity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is constant. The velocity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is constant. The velocity,
+each of the components is linear. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the components is linear. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the components is linear. And if
+we went back, we look at the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back, we look at the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went back, we look at the position
+vector, each of those components is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, each of those components is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, each of those components is
+quadratic. And this is exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic. And this is exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic. And this is exactly what you
+expect from just your understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from just your understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from just your understanding of
+derivatives of in single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of in single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of in single variable
+calculus. If you start off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. If you start off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus. If you start off with a
+constant and you find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and you find an
+anti-derivative, it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative, it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative, it's going to be
+linear. And you find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear. And you find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear. And you find another
+anti-derivative, you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative, you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative, you're going to have a
+a quadratic. So, we shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic. So, we shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic. So, we shouldn't be
+surprised by any of that. Now, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by any of that. Now, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by any of that. Now, we have
+one more thing to do with part A, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing to do with part A, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing to do with part A, and
+that is to find the unit tangent vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to find the unit tangent vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to find the unit tangent vector.
+And that's fairly easy because all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's fairly easy because all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's fairly easy because all we
+have to do is, if you notice, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is, if you notice, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is, if you notice, we have
+the the velocity vector and we have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity vector and we have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity vector and we have its
+length. And so to find the unit tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. And so to find the unit tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. And so to find the unit tangent
+vector, all we have to do is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, all we have to do is take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, all we have to do is take the
+velocity and divide it by its length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and divide it by its length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and divide it by its length.
+And that will normalize it. That means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that will normalize it. That means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that will normalize it. That means
+that it's its length will be one at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's its length will be one at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's its length will be one at that
+point because you're taking you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because you're taking you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because you're taking you're
+taking a vector dividing by its length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a vector dividing by its length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a vector dividing by its length.
+So, the new leng the length of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the new leng the length of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the new leng the length of the new
+vector will have to be length one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector will have to be length one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector will have to be length one. So
+let me uh write that down. And actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh write that down. And actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh write that down. And actually
+I guess the point to remember here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the point to remember here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the point to remember here is
+that the velocity vector is tangent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity vector is tangent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity vector is tangent uh
+to the path you're you're carving out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the path you're you're carving out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the path you're you're carving out to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory. Okay. So this is a vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory. Okay. So this is a vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory. Okay. So this is a vector.
+This is a scalar. So, I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a scalar. So, I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a scalar. So, I'm going to take
+1 over 6t and I'm going to multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 6t and I'm going to multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 6t and I'm going to multiply it
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+-4t 2 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4t 2 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4t 2 t
+4t and this gives me when I do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t and this gives me when I do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4t and this gives me when I do my
+division looks like it gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division looks like it gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division looks like it gives me a
+-23 right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-23 right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-23 right uh
+1/3 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2/3 so that is the unit that is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so that is the unit that is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so that is the unit that is the unit
+tangent vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector.
+Okay. Okay. And now we have one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And now we have one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And now we have one more
+point we want to make and that is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we want to make and that is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we want to make and that is having
+to do with the uh the arc length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the uh the arc length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the uh the arc length of the
+trajectory. That was the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory. That was the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory. That was the second part of
+this problem was to find the arc length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem was to find the arc length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem was to find the arc length
+of the tra trajectory from t= 0 to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tra trajectory from t= 0 to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tra trajectory from t= 0 to t
+equals 2. So let me just draw another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2. So let me just draw another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2. So let me just draw another
+line here. And what we want to do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here. And what we want to do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here. And what we want to do there
+then is really what we want to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is really what we want to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is really what we want to do is we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate the
+speed right we want to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right we want to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right we want to integrate the
+speed from 0 to two. So this let me come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed from 0 to two. So this let me come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed from 0 to two. So this let me come
+over here. This absolute v you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. This absolute v you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. This absolute v you might
+have also seen it written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also seen it written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also seen it written as
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+dsdt right and so we want to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsdt right and so we want to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dsdt right and so we want to integrate
+this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in
+dt in c tt t sorry from 0 to two. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt in c tt t sorry from 0 to two. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt in c tt t sorry from 0 to two. And so
+if we come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we come over
+here we're going to integrate from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to integrate from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to integrate from 0 to
+2 6t dt. That's fairly easy. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 6t dt. That's fairly easy. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 6t dt. That's fairly easy. That's
+going to be 6 t ^2 / 2 evaluated from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 6 t ^2 / 2 evaluated from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 6 t ^2 / 2 evaluated from 0
+to 2. And so when I when I write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2. And so when I when I write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2. And so when I when I write that
+down, I'm going to get 6 * 4 / 2, 24 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, I'm going to get 6 * 4 / 2, 24 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, I'm going to get 6 * 4 / 2, 24 /
+2, I just get 12. And the other term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, I just get 12. And the other term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, I just get 12. And the other term is
+zero. So the arc length uh is from of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So the arc length uh is from of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So the arc length uh is from of
+the trajectory from 0 to two is just 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory from 0 to two is just 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory from 0 to two is just 12
+units. So this really was a purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. So this really was a purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units. So this really was a purely
+computational type of problem. All we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational type of problem. All we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational type of problem. All we
+were doing, if you come back over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing, if you come back over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing, if you come back over here
+and you recall what we were trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recall what we were trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you recall what we were trying to do
+is we started off with a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we started off with a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we started off with a position
+vector. We just did a a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. We just did a a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. We just did a a lot of
+computation. We found the velocity, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation. We found the velocity, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation. We found the velocity, the
+speed, the acceleration, the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, the acceleration, the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, the acceleration, the unit
+tangent vector, and then we we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector, and then we we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector, and then we we just
+wanted to find the arc length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to find the arc length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to find the arc length of the
+trajectory. So this was all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory. So this was all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory. So this was all very
+computational, but just to make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational, but just to make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational, but just to make sure we
+understood what all the terms meant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what all the terms meant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what all the terms meant and
+how to how they were related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how they were related to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how they were related to one
+another. So I'll stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uFx7fWujWsU.txt b/uFx7fWujWsU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f8f31372e6f3287d21976293d3cbf6a25b52682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uFx7fWujWsU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of our examples so far have involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our examples so far have involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our examples so far have involved
+functions G of X that are monotonic in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions G of X that are monotonic in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions G of X that are monotonic in X
+at least over the range of X's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least over the range of X's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least over the range of X's of
+interest let us now look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest let us now look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest let us now look at an example
+that involves a non monotonic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves a non monotonic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves a non monotonic function
+we're going to consider the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the square
+function which has the shape shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has the shape shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has the shape shown in
+this diagram and we will assume that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram and we will assume that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram and we will assume that X
+has a general distribution so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a general distribution so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a general distribution so that it
+can take both positive and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take both positive and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take both positive and negative
+values and so over the range of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so over the range of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so over the range of values
+of X the function that we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the function that we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X the function that we're dealing
+with is decreasing and then increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is decreasing and then increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is decreasing and then increasing
+so it is not monotonic how can we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is not monotonic how can we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is not monotonic how can we find
+the distribution of Y as a warm-up let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of Y as a warm-up let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of Y as a warm-up let
+us look at the discrete case and as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us look at the discrete case and as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us look at the discrete case and as an
+example of the calculation let us find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the calculation let us find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the calculation let us find a
+formula for the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the probability that the
+random variable Y takes a value of 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y takes a value of 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y takes a value of 9
+this event can happen in two ways it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event can happen in two ways it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event can happen in two ways it can
+happen if X is equal to 3 but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if X is equal to 3 but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if X is equal to 3 but it can
+also happen if X is equal to negative 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happen if X is equal to negative 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also happen if X is equal to negative 3
+and these are the two and only two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two and only two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two and only two ways
+that Y can take a value of 9 we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y can take a value of 9 we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Y can take a value of 9 we can
+generalize this calculation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this calculation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this calculation the
+probability that the random variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the random variable Y
+takes on a specific value little Y this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a specific value little Y this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes on a specific value little Y this
+probability can be found by adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be found by adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability can be found by adding the
+probabilities of all the different X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the different X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the different X's
+that lead to this particular value now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to this particular value now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to this particular value now
+for x squared to be equal to little Y we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x squared to be equal to little Y we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x squared to be equal to little Y we
+need to have X be equal either to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have X be equal either to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have X be equal either to the
+positive square root of Y or to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root of Y or to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive square root of Y or to be equal
+to the negative square root of Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative square root of Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative square root of Y and
+this is the general formula for the PMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general formula for the PMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the general formula for the PMF
+of the random variable Y and it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Y and it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random variable Y and it involves
+two terms because any given value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms because any given value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms because any given value of
+little Y can happen in two ways either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y can happen in two ways either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y can happen in two ways either
+by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having
+X equal to the negative square root of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal to the negative square root of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X equal to the negative square root of Y
+or by having X be equal to the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by having X be equal to the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by having X be equal to the positive
+square root of Y we have here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Y we have here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Y we have here a
+situation where the function that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the function that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the function that we're
+dealing with is not invertible for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is not invertible for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with is not invertible for a
+given value of y we cannot find a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of y we cannot find a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of y we cannot find a single
+value of x that will lead to that Y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x that will lead to that Y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x that will lead to that Y but
+instead we typically have two values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we typically have two values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we typically have two values of
+X that lead to that particular Y namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that lead to that particular Y namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that lead to that particular Y namely
+the positive and the negative square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and the negative square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and the negative square
+root of Y so we cannot use the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of Y so we cannot use the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of Y so we cannot use the tools
+that we used before in the monotonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used before in the monotonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used before in the monotonic
+case where we dealt with the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we dealt with the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we dealt with the inverse
+function what we can do instead is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what we can do instead is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what we can do instead is to
+proceed from first principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed from first principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed from first principles and
+calculate the CDF of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the CDF of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the CDF of the random variable
+Y CDF of Y is the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y CDF of Y is the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y CDF of Y is the probability that the
+random variable is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is less than or equal to
+a certain number and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number and we're going to
+focus only on the case where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus only on the case where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus only on the case where that
+certain number is non-negative if little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number is non-negative if little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number is non-negative if little
+Y is negative then we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is negative then we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is negative then we know that this
+probability is going to be 0 because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is going to be 0 because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is going to be 0 because the
+random variable Y cannot take negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y cannot take negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Y cannot take negative
+values now this is the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now this is the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now this is the probability that
+the random variable x squared is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable x squared is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable x squared is less
+than or equal to Y so what we did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Y so what we did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to Y so what we did here
+it is to express this event in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to express this event in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to express this event in terms of
+the original random variable capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original random variable capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original random variable capital X
+whose PDF is presumably available now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose PDF is presumably available now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose PDF is presumably available now
+this event is the same as requiring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event is the same as requiring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this event is the same as requiring the
+absolute value of x to be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x to be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x to be less than or
+equal to the square root of y and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of y and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of y and this
+event again is the same as having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event again is the same as having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event again is the same as having the
+random variable X be between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X be between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable X be between the
+negative and the positive square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the positive square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the positive square root of
+Y in terms of a picture the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in terms of a picture the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y in terms of a picture the random
+variable capital y takes a value less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital y takes a value less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable capital y takes a value less
+than or equal to this particular little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this particular little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this particular little
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+if and only if the random variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the random variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the random variable X
+falls inside this range now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls inside this range now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls inside this range now we want to
+express this probability in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this probability in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this probability in terms of the
+CDF of X the probability that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of X the probability that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDF of X the probability that we're
+looking at the probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability of this
+interval is equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is equal to the probability
+that X is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is less than or equal to the
+square root of y this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of y this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of y this is the probability
+from minus infinity up to square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity up to square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity up to square root of
+y but from this we need to subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but from this we need to subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y but from this we need to subtract the
+probability of this interval and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this interval and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this interval and that
+would be the CDF of the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the CDF of the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the CDF of the random variable
+X up to the point square root of y so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X up to the point square root of y so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X up to the point square root of y so we
+now have an expression for the CDF of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have an expression for the CDF of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have an expression for the CDF of Y
+in terms of the CDF of X at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the CDF of X at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the CDF of X at this point
+now we can take derivatives and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can take derivatives and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can take derivatives and use the
+chain rule the PDF of Y is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule the PDF of Y is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule the PDF of Y is going to be
+equal to the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the derivative of this
+expression the derivative of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the derivative of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the derivative of the first
+term by the chain rule is the PDF of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by the chain rule is the PDF of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by the chain rule is the PDF of X
+evaluated at the square root of Y times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the square root of Y times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the square root of Y times
+the derivative of this argument with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this argument with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this argument with
+respect to Y which is 1 over 2 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y which is 1 over 2 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y which is 1 over 2 square
+root Y and then we need the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Y and then we need the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Y and then we need the derivative
+of the second term we have a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second term we have a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second term we have a minus sign
+then the derivative of the CDF which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative of the CDF which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the derivative of the CDF which is
+the PDF evaluated at minus square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF evaluated at minus square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF evaluated at minus square root
+of Y and then the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y and then the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y and then the derivative of this
+term with respect to Y which is minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with respect to Y which is minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with respect to Y which is minus 1
+over 2 square root of Y now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 square root of Y now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 square root of Y now we have a
+minus sign here and a minus sign there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here and a minus sign there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here and a minus sign there
+so the two cancel out we can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two cancel out we can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two cancel out we can get rid of
+this minus 1 term and change this - into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus 1 term and change this - into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus 1 term and change this - into
+a plus and this is the final form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus and this is the final form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus and this is the final form of the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+so we see that the PDF of Y evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that the PDF of Y evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that the PDF of Y evaluated at
+a particular point which tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point which tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular point which tells us
+something about the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the probability that the
+random variable takes values around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes values around this
+point has to do with the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has to do with the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has to do with the probabilities
+that the random variable X takes values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable X takes values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the random variable X takes values
+around here or around there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here or around there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here or around there there are
+two contributions and this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two contributions and this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two contributions and this is because
+there are two different ways that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different ways that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different ways that a
+value of y may occur either x falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y may occur either x falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y may occur either x falling
+here or X falling there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uHtKGf4AymM.txt b/uHtKGf4AymM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d87006584280c71f4c92232d30e67a470d05a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uHtKGf4AymM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+down. Hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Hey
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hi. Today I'd like to do what I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi. Today I'd like to do what I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi. Today I'd like to do what I'm sure
+is my own favorite example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my own favorite example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my own favorite example of the
+application of some of the concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of some of the concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of some of the concepts that
+we've been talking about throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about throughout this
+series to a system. Uh in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to a system. Uh in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to a system. Uh in particular,
+I'd like to look at how we can use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to look at how we can use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to look at how we can use some
+of these ideas for speed control of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas for speed control of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas for speed control of a
+model train engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model train engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model train engine.
+I've been virtually a lifelong collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been virtually a lifelong collector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been virtually a lifelong collector
+and operator of model trains and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operator of model trains and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and operator of model trains and and uh
+this is a way of combining a profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of combining a profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of combining a profession
+with one of my hobbies. I don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of my hobbies. I don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of my hobbies. I don't worry
+about those little tiny trains HO and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those little tiny trains HO and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those little tiny trains HO and
+end gauge and all those sorts of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end gauge and all those sorts of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end gauge and all those sorts of things.
+I mean real trains, line trains. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean real trains, line trains. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean real trains, line trains. I think
+this is the only kind of trains that a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only kind of trains that a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only kind of trains that a a
+person should really collect. Uh along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person should really collect. Uh along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person should really collect. Uh along
+that line, incidentally, if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line, incidentally, if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line, incidentally, if any of you
+have real trains hidden away in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real trains hidden away in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have real trains hidden away in your
+basement or attic, I'd be very happy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement or attic, I'd be very happy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement or attic, I'd be very happy if
+you'd contact me. I'd be pleased to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd contact me. I'd be pleased to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd contact me. I'd be pleased to make
+an offer for whatever collection you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an offer for whatever collection you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an offer for whatever collection you
+have. But I think that if we go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. But I think that if we go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. But I think that if we go back and
+look at some of the things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some of the things that the
+Lionel Corporation has done, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lionel Corporation has done, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lionel Corporation has done, I think
+Joshua Lionel Cohen when he ran the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joshua Lionel Cohen when he ran the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joshua Lionel Cohen when he ran the
+corporation certainly knew how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation certainly knew how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation certainly knew how to
+attract the fancy of children and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the fancy of children and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the fancy of children and
+probably MIT professors. Uh, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably MIT professors. Uh, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably MIT professors. Uh, for
+example, here's a car which was sold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, here's a car which was sold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, here's a car which was sold in
+large quantity and the technology really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large quantity and the technology really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large quantity and the technology really
+isn't very high. It's a little search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't very high. It's a little search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't very high. It's a little search
+light car and what you have is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light car and what you have is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light car and what you have is is a
+little light and a reel for the cable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light and a reel for the cable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light and a reel for the cable uh
+that that the power that powers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the power that powers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the power that powers the
+light. It of course picks up its primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. It of course picks up its primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. It of course picks up its primary
+power from the tracks. uh the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from the tracks. uh the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from the tracks. uh the technology
+obviously isn't very high but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously isn't very high but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously isn't very high but I think
+the detail and just some of the you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail and just some of the you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail and just some of the you can
+get an insight into the personalities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an insight into the personalities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an insight into the personalities of
+the people who designed this by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who designed this by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who designed this by looking
+at one particular feature search light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one particular feature search light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one particular feature search light
+the reel the wire well when we go to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reel the wire well when we go to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reel the wire well when we go to put
+the search light back on anybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search light back on anybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the search light back on anybody could
+just wind up the reel by hand but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wind up the reel by hand but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wind up the reel by hand but if
+it's a line toy you get a little crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a line toy you get a little crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a line toy you get a little crank
+and when you go to wind up the reel why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you go to wind up the reel why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you go to wind up the reel why
+you do it this way and it's it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it this way and it's it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it this way and it's it's that
+sort of touchup I think that makes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of touchup I think that makes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of touchup I think that makes these
+really classic toys. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really classic toys. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really classic toys. Anyway,
+uh I have a dream that to this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have a dream that to this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have a dream that to this point is
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+unfulfilled like many dreams, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfulfilled like many dreams, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfulfilled like many dreams, but
+the it revolves around finding a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it revolves around finding a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it revolves around finding a way to
+control independently the speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control independently the speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control independently the speed and
+direction and behavior of a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and behavior of a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and behavior of a large number
+of trains on a single layout. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trains on a single layout. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trains on a single layout. The
+problem of course is that all the trains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course is that all the trains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course is that all the trains
+receive power from a common track. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive power from a common track. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive power from a common track. uh
+you put a common voltage on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a common voltage on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a common voltage on all the
+trains on a single track. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains on a single track. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains on a single track. There's
+various schemes that I'm sure many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various schemes that I'm sure many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various schemes that I'm sure many of
+you are aware of for blocking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are aware of for blocking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are aware of for blocking off
+sections of the track and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the track and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the track and that sort of
+thing, but those are all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but those are all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but those are all sort of
+cumbersome. And what I eventually hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome. And what I eventually hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome. And what I eventually hope
+to do is get a setup where I'm able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is get a setup where I'm able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is get a setup where I'm able to
+totally independently control a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally independently control a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally independently control a large
+number of trains on a single layout. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of trains on a single layout. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of trains on a single layout. And
+I've had most of this running at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had most of this running at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had most of this running at one
+time or another. The way I do it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or another. The way I do it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or another. The way I do it is is
+to put a little carrier on the track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little carrier on the track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a little carrier on the track and
+weave in sort of a a rather complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave in sort of a a rather complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weave in sort of a a rather complicated
+time division multiplex scheme that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time division multiplex scheme that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time division multiplex scheme that that
+time phases commands for a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time phases commands for a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time phases commands for a large number
+of independent trains. And the commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent trains. And the commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent trains. And the commands
+tell thing tell the trains things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell thing tell the trains things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell thing tell the trains things like
+the speed at which they should run, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed at which they should run, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed at which they should run, what
+direction they should run. It enables me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction they should run. It enables me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction they should run. It enables me
+to light lights and turn them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light lights and turn them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light lights and turn them off
+remotely and operate all these wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely and operate all these wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely and operate all these wonderful
+operating cars that Lel Corporation made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cars that Lel Corporation made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cars that Lel Corporation made
+again remotely. Um, one of the pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remotely. Um, one of the pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again remotely. Um, one of the pieces of
+that system is a need for good speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system is a need for good speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system is a need for good speed
+control of the engines that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the engines that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the engines that you're
+using. And in particular, that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using. And in particular, that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using. And in particular, that's what
+this demonstration will focus on. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demonstration will focus on. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demonstration will focus on. I
+don't have the time division multiplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the time division multiplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the time division multiplex
+scheme here, but I do have the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here, but I do have the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme here, but I do have the speed
+control system. And that's that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system. And that's that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system. And that's that's really
+a good illustration of some of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good illustration of some of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good illustration of some of the ideas
+that we've been discussing. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been discussing. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been discussing. That's what
+I'd like to demonstrate. The problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to demonstrate. The problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to demonstrate. The problem is
+as follows. Here I have a standard line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows. Here I have a standard line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows. Here I have a standard line
+engine which I'm actually running from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine which I'm actually running from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine which I'm actually running from
+this power supply. Uh they normally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power supply. Uh they normally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power supply. Uh they normally uh
+line normally runs their trains off AC.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line normally runs their trains off AC.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line normally runs their trains off AC.
+They use a transformer, a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They use a transformer, a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They use a transformer, a variable
+transformer as the power supply. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer as the power supply. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer as the power supply. The
+motor that LL uses is a little uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that LL uses is a little uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that LL uses is a little uh uh
+universal motor. So we can certainly use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal motor. So we can certainly use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal motor. So we can certainly use
+direct current to power that motor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct current to power that motor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct current to power that motor and
+that's what I'm doing here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have one of the problems that even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one of the problems that even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one of the problems that even an
+electronic system can't cure, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system can't cure, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic system can't cure, which
+happens to be the train off the track.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the train off the track.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the train off the track.
+But let's see if we can straighten that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let's see if we can straighten that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let's see if we can straighten that
+out. All right. Here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. Here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. Here we have the
+standard line engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard line engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard line engine
+running from a DC power supply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from a DC power supply.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from a DC power supply.
+Now, there's several problems from a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's several problems from a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, there's several problems from a a
+purist operator's point of view. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purist operator's point of view. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purist operator's point of view. One is
+that there's a fairly small dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fairly small dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a fairly small dynamic
+range of speeds over which the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of speeds over which the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of speeds over which the train
+will operate satisfactory. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will operate satisfactory. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will operate satisfactory. There's
+certainly a maximum speed that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a maximum speed that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a maximum speed that occurs
+when the train falls off the track, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the train falls off the track, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the train falls off the track, but
+there's also a lower limit. If we slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a lower limit. If we slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a lower limit. If we slow
+the train down, it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train down, it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train down, it's very difficult to
+get the engine to run reliably. It will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the engine to run reliably. It will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the engine to run reliably. It will
+at times stop. The the motor tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times stop. The the motor tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times stop. The the motor tends to
+cog. It's very hard to get it to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cog. It's very hard to get it to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cog. It's very hard to get it to run
+predictably at a low speed and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictably at a low speed and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictably at a low speed and you'd
+like to have it run at a low speed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have it run at a low speed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have it run at a low speed so
+you can bring all these wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bring all these wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can bring all these wonderful
+operating cars up to the stations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cars up to the stations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cars up to the stations at
+which they operate and so forth. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they operate and so forth. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they operate and so forth. And
+that's a, as I say, a difficult thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a, as I say, a difficult thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a, as I say, a difficult thing to
+do with a standard line engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a standard line engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with a standard line engine.
+Furthermore, consider what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, consider what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, consider what happens if
+you have a a a layout that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a a layout that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a a a layout that includes
+mountains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains and
+whatnot. And while we can get the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot. And while we can get the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot. And while we can get the engine
+to run fairly reliably this way, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run fairly reliably this way, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run fairly reliably this way, let's
+consider what happens if we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens if we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens if we have it
+climb a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mountain. So here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mountain. And now, of course, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain. And now, of course, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain. And now, of course, we have
+the anticipated problem where the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipated problem where the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anticipated problem where the engine
+doesn't go very well uphill, but goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go very well uphill, but goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go very well uphill, but goes
+like mad downhill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mad downhill.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mad downhill.
+And that again is is something that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that again is is something that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that again is is something that a
+purist operator is is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purist operator is is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purist operator is is a little bit
+disturbed by. And what I'd like to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed by. And what I'd like to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed by. And what I'd like to look
+at is a method that will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is a method that will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is a method that will allow us to
+control the speed independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the speed independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the speed independent of the
+grade that the engine is on or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade that the engine is on or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade that the engine is on or other
+changes in load applied to the engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in load applied to the engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in load applied to the engine.
+And furthermore, that same technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, that same technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, that same technique
+will give us a method that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us a method that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us a method that allows us to
+move fairly slowly and gets around some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move fairly slowly and gets around some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move fairly slowly and gets around some
+of the cogging problems that the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cogging problems that the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cogging problems that the usual
+engine has when we ask it to run at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine has when we ask it to run at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine has when we ask it to run at a
+very low speed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low speed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low speed.
+The technique is to measure the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The technique is to measure the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The technique is to measure the speed of
+the engine and I'll describe in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine and I'll describe in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine and I'll describe in a moment
+how we accomplish that, but to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we accomplish that, but to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we accomplish that, but to measure
+the speed of the engine and then build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the engine and then build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the engine and then build a
+feedback system that makes the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system that makes the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system that makes the engine
+run at a prescribed speed. And I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run at a prescribed speed. And I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run at a prescribed speed. And I have an
+engine that incorporates these features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that incorporates these features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that incorporates these features
+here. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh
+the hardware is uh there's a few pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware is uh there's a few pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware is uh there's a few pieces
+of of hardware necessary to do this. Yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of hardware necessary to do this. Yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of hardware necessary to do this. Yet
+it all does fit inside a standard line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all does fit inside a standard line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all does fit inside a standard line
+engine. I am able to get a shell on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. I am able to get a shell on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. I am able to get a shell on top
+of this. And in fact, I'm able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. And in fact, I'm able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. And in fact, I'm able to get
+the receiver, which is not included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver, which is not included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver, which is not included
+here. I'm able to get the receiver for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I'm able to get the receiver for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I'm able to get the receiver for
+the time division multiplex scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time division multiplex scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time division multiplex scheme
+inside the same shell. Let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the same shell. Let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the same shell. Let's see how
+much better this one performs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In order to do this, rather than change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to do this, rather than change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to do this, rather than change
+the voltage uh to control speed, why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage uh to control speed, why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage uh to control speed, why I
+apply a fixed voltage to the track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a fixed voltage to the track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a fixed voltage to the track and
+the speed control system that's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed control system that's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed control system that's built
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+engine controls then the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine controls then the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine controls then the speed of the
+engine using the fixed voltage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine using the fixed voltage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine using the fixed voltage on the
+track as its power supply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here we have the engine again the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we have the engine again the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here we have the engine again the same
+the same hill. We notice the much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same hill. We notice the much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same hill. We notice the much
+greater uniformity of speed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater uniformity of speed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater uniformity of speed that this
+engine exhibits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine exhibits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine exhibits.
+um I can change that that speed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can change that that speed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can change that that speed in this
+case by simply changing an adjustment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by simply changing an adjustment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by simply changing an adjustment on
+the engine but of course in in my dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine but of course in in my dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine but of course in in my dream
+layout why I do that via the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout why I do that via the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout why I do that via the time
+division multiplex telemetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division multiplex telemetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division multiplex telemetry
+scheme. A side benefit of this is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme. A side benefit of this is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme. A side benefit of this is that I
+can command quite a slow speed and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can command quite a slow speed and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can command quite a slow speed and once
+again have the feedback system control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have the feedback system control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have the feedback system control
+the engine in quite a predictable way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that we can crawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uphill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uphill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uphill and
+downhill with very little evidence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cogging. If we ask it to go slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogging. If we ask it to go slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cogging. If we ask it to go slowly
+enough, we will run into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough, we will run into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough, we will run into some
+problems. But again, it it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. But again, it it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. But again, it it certainly
+works far more reliably than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works far more reliably than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works far more reliably than the
+unmodified engine. It starts with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodified engine. It starts with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmodified engine. It starts with a
+basic line engine. And I use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic line engine. And I use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic line engine. And I use the same
+motor as is used in the line engine, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor as is used in the line engine, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor as is used in the line engine, but
+uh add the electronics in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh add the electronics in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh add the electronics in order to
+affect speed control. Let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect speed control. Let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect speed control. Let's go back to
+a more reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speed. Well, I'd like to look at how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. Well, I'd like to look at how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. Well, I'd like to look at how we
+the system that that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that that does
+this. And this is really an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And this is really an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And this is really an example of a
+phase lock loop of the general kind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lock loop of the general kind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lock loop of the general kind that
+we discussed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last
+time. What we have is a loop that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. What we have is a loop that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. What we have is a loop that I've
+indicated here. We have to have a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here. We have to have a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here. We have to have a method
+for measuring the speed of the engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for measuring the speed of the engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for measuring the speed of the engine.
+And the way that we do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way that we do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way that we do that is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+count commutator pulses from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count commutator pulses from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count commutator pulses from the
+electric motor that powers the engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric motor that powers the engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric motor that powers the engine.
+Uh line motors are constructed with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh line motors are constructed with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh line motors are constructed with a
+commutator that has only three segments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator that has only three segments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator that has only three segments.
+If we look down at the end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look down at the end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we look down at the end of a
+commutator, we find out that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator, we find out that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator, we find out that it's
+circular. Here's the axle for the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular. Here's the axle for the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular. Here's the axle for the motor
+or the shaft for the motor. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the shaft for the motor. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the shaft for the motor. The
+commutator, the motor turns this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator, the motor turns this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator, the motor turns this way.
+And the commutator simply consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the commutator simply consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the commutator simply consists of
+three pieces of separated copper like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces of separated copper like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces of separated copper like
+so. And in operation uh there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. And in operation uh there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. And in operation uh there are two
+brushes that ride that span one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brushes that ride that span one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brushes that ride that span one two
+pieces of the commutator like this. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the commutator like this. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of the commutator like this. That
+sort of commutation is is rather poor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of commutation is is rather poor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of commutation is is rather poor.
+There's a fair change in current as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a fair change in current as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a fair change in current as you
+go past a break in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go past a break in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go past a break in the
+commutator. And as a result, you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator. And as a result, you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator. And as a result, you get a
+very large spike when the motor when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large spike when the motor when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large spike when the motor when the
+motor commutator goes over a brush. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor commutator goes over a brush. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor commutator goes over a brush. And
+you get six of these spikes per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get six of these spikes per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get six of these spikes per
+revolution. There are two brushes, three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution. There are two brushes, three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution. There are two brushes, three
+segments in the commutator every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments in the commutator every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments in the commutator every time
+you change a segment with a brush while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change a segment with a brush while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change a segment with a brush while
+you get a spike. And so you get six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a spike. And so you get six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a spike. And so you get six
+large spikes in operating current per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large spikes in operating current per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large spikes in operating current per
+revolution of the armature of the motor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution of the armature of the motor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution of the armature of the motor.
+That of course translates to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That of course translates to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That of course translates to some
+distance traveled uh reflecting the gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance traveled uh reflecting the gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance traveled uh reflecting the gear
+ratio and the size of the wheels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and the size of the wheels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and the size of the wheels and
+that sort of thing. But those spikes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing. But those spikes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing. But those spikes are
+quite easy to detect and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to detect and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy to detect and so you can
+build you can use that as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build you can use that as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build you can use that as your
+indication of speed and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of speed and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of speed and you can use
+those commutator pulses appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those commutator pulses appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those commutator pulses appropriately
+shaped by some sort of a pulse network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by some sort of a pulse network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped by some sort of a pulse network
+uh to really mechanize a phase lock loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to really mechanize a phase lock loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to really mechanize a phase lock loop
+and the phase lock loop looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase lock loop looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase lock loop looks something
+as follows. I use an up- down counter as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows. I use an up- down counter as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows. I use an up- down counter as
+the phase comparator. I mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase comparator. I mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase comparator. I mentioned that
+last time. That's one technique for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. That's one technique for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. That's one technique for
+doing a phase comparison. You really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a phase comparison. You really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a phase comparison. You really
+keep track of the total number of cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the total number of cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the total number of cycles
+different between the commanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the commanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between the commanded
+frequency and the frequency that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the frequency that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the frequency that comes
+back in. So what I do is apply a command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in. So what I do is apply a command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in. So what I do is apply a command
+proportional to the speed at which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the speed at which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the speed at which I
+want the engine to run to the up line on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the engine to run to the up line on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the engine to run to the up line on
+on an up down counter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an up down counter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an up down counter.
+And I come back from a measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I come back from a measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I come back from a measurement of
+motor speed through a pulse circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor speed through a pulse circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor speed through a pulse circuit that
+detects the commutator pulses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects the commutator pulses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects the commutator pulses I
+mentioned earlier turns them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier turns them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier turns them into
+digital kinds of pulses and I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital kinds of pulses and I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital kinds of pulses and I apply
+those pulses to the down control or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pulses to the down control or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pulses to the down control or the
+down count line on the same up- down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down count line on the same up- down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down count line on the same up- down
+counter. The net result is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter. The net result is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter. The net result is that the
+number stored in the up- down counter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number stored in the up- down counter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number stored in the up- down counter is
+a measure of the total excess of command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the total excess of command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the total excess of command
+pulses over the total number of pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses over the total number of pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses over the total number of pulses
+that I have gotten reflecting motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have gotten reflecting motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have gotten reflecting motor
+revolution. Ideally uh if the motor had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution. Ideally uh if the motor had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution. Ideally uh if the motor had
+gone exactly the same amount uh same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone exactly the same amount uh same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone exactly the same amount uh same the
+correct commanded displacement if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct commanded displacement if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct commanded displacement if you
+will the net count and the up down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the net count and the up down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the net count and the up down
+counter would be zero. uh if the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter would be zero. uh if the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter would be zero. uh if the count
+ideally were positive. Actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally were positive. Actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally were positive. Actually this
+this does not count in both uh both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not count in both uh both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not count in both uh both
+positive and negative but higher counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative but higher counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative but higher counts
+stored in the upown counter indicate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the upown counter indicate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the upown counter indicate a
+greater number of pulses commanded. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater number of pulses commanded. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater number of pulses commanded. A
+lower count indicates that the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower count indicates that the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower count indicates that the engine
+has basically caught up. We've gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has basically caught up. We've gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has basically caught up. We've gotten a
+larger number of pulses proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number of pulses proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number of pulses proportional to
+motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+revolution. In my particular system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution. In my particular system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution. In my particular system I
+use a sixbit up down counter. So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a sixbit up down counter. So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a sixbit up down counter. So I have
+resolution to a parton 2 to the 6th or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution to a parton 2 to the 6th or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution to a parton 2 to the 6th or a
+parton 64.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parton 64.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parton 64.
+I apply those six bits to a digital to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply those six bits to a digital to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apply those six bits to a digital to
+analog converter. So at this point I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog converter. So at this point I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog converter. So at this point I get
+a voltage that's proportional to the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage that's proportional to the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage that's proportional to the net
+count in the up down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in the up down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in the up down
+counter and I use that voltage to oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and I use that voltage to oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and I use that voltage to oper
+amplifier the input to a power amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the input to a power amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier the input to a power amplifier
+and the power amplifier then applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power amplifier then applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power amplifier then applies
+power to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the
+motor. Again as we complete the loop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. Again as we complete the loop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. Again as we complete the loop the
+motor now turning gives me an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor now turning gives me an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor now turning gives me an average
+frequency of commutator pulses. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of commutator pulses. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of commutator pulses. Those
+pulses are shaped, converted to digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses are shaped, converted to digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses are shaped, converted to digital
+form and we close the loop in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and we close the loop in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and we close the loop in that
+fashion. If we go to make again a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion. If we go to make again a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion. If we go to make again a a
+linearized block diagram for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized block diagram for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized block diagram for this
+system, we have our command pulses here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, we have our command pulses here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, we have our command pulses here
+fubc and this is the frequency at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fubc and this is the frequency at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fubc and this is the frequency at at
+which we're commanding the engine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're commanding the engine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're commanding the engine to
+run. Uh we have the down pulses. uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run. Uh we have the down pulses. uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run. Uh we have the down pulses. uh very
+conveniently if we consider our speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently if we consider our speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently if we consider our speed in
+radians/s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if we use that as the units for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we use that as the units for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we use that as the units for our
+shaft velocity on the motor. Why? Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft velocity on the motor. Why? Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaft velocity on the motor. Why? Uh we
+find out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that we
+get since we get six pulses uh per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get since we get six pulses uh per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get since we get six pulses uh per
+revolution and since one radian per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and since one radian per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and since one radian per
+second is 1/5 16th or about 16 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is 1/5 16th or about 16 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is 1/5 16th or about 16 1 over 2
+pi revolutions per second a one radian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi revolutions per second a one radian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi revolutions per second a one radian
+per second speed gives me a net one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second speed gives me a net one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second speed gives me a net one
+pulse per second uh from the pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse per second uh from the pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse per second uh from the pulse
+shaping circuitry. So the feedback path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping circuitry. So the feedback path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping circuitry. So the feedback path
+in this sort of digital kind of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of digital kind of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of digital kind of feedback
+system that links speed and radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that links speed and radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that links speed and radians per
+second to down pulses is just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to down pulses is just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second to down pulses is just about
+unity. It's actually 6 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. It's actually 6 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity. It's actually 6 over 2
+pi. Uh those are the down pulses. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Uh those are the down pulses. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Uh those are the down pulses. The
+up- down counter subtracts up pulses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up- down counter subtracts up pulses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up- down counter subtracts up pulses or
+down pulses from up pulses. And the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down pulses from up pulses. And the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down pulses from up pulses. And the net
+count in the counter is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in the counter is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count in the counter is the integral of
+the frequency difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency difference between these
+two signals. Uh, of course, as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signals. Uh, of course, as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signals. Uh, of course, as we have
+in in a normal phase lock loop, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a normal phase lock loop, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a normal phase lock loop, the
+phase detector, in this case, the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase detector, in this case, the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase detector, in this case, the up
+down counter is measuring the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down counter is measuring the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down counter is measuring the net
+slippage in in phase, if you will. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage in in phase, if you will. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage in in phase, if you will. Uh,
+that's the integral of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integral of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the integral of the difference
+between these two frequencies. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two frequencies. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two frequencies. So, we
+get a 1 / s that links the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 1 / s that links the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 1 / s that links the difference
+between these two frequencies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two frequencies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two frequencies to the
+state of the counter. again in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the counter. again in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the counter. again in a in a
+block diagram that sort of implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram that sort of implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram that sort of implements
+what's going on here. Ignoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here. Ignoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here. Ignoring the
+quantization intrinsic to the DTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization intrinsic to the DTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization intrinsic to the DTA
+converter and some of the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and some of the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and some of the sampling
+problems uh with this pulse kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh with this pulse kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh with this pulse kind of
+feedback scheme, we take a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback scheme, we take a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback scheme, we take a number
+proportional to counter state or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to counter state or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to counter state or a
+voltage proportional to counter state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage proportional to counter state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage proportional to counter state
+and amplify that do some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplify that do some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplify that do some some
+compensation. The power amplifier also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation. The power amplifier also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation. The power amplifier also
+includes provision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes provision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes provision for
+compensation. We apply that to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation. We apply that to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation. We apply that to our
+motor. the voltage that's been modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. the voltage that's been modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. the voltage that's been modified
+by the compensation, the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the compensation, the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the compensation, the transfer
+function that we use for compensation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we use for compensation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we use for compensation.
+Apply that to the motor. Uh the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apply that to the motor. Uh the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apply that to the motor. Uh the transfer
+function for the motor is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the motor is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the motor is approximately
+first order. When the variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order. When the variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order. When the variables are
+voltage in versus speed out, you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in versus speed out, you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in versus speed out, you recall
+that if we use total shaft position as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we use total shaft position as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we use total shaft position as
+our variable, we'd have an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variable, we'd have an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variable, we'd have an integration
+between motor voltage and total shaft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between motor voltage and total shaft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between motor voltage and total shaft
+rotation. Uh if we use shaft velocity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. Uh if we use shaft velocity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. Uh if we use shaft velocity as
+our output variable then we get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our output variable then we get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our output variable then we get a a
+first order time constant as shown some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order time constant as shown some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order time constant as shown some
+constant uh and then a time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh and then a time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh and then a time constant
+reflecting the fact that if we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the fact that if we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the fact that if we put a
+constant voltage a step of voltage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant voltage a step of voltage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant voltage a step of voltage on
+the motor it would take a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor it would take a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor it would take a little while
+for the motor to accelerate to final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the motor to accelerate to final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the motor to accelerate to final
+value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value.
+The numbers in our system uh if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The numbers in our system uh if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The numbers in our system uh if we go
+and and now look at at the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now look at at the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now look at at the loop
+transmission for this sort of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for this sort of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for this sort of a system
+uh the numbers are are roughly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the numbers are are roughly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the numbers are are roughly as
+follows. The overall scale factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. The overall scale factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. The overall scale factor
+uh including the conversion factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including the conversion factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh including the conversion factor of
+the da from counts to da output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the da from counts to da output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the da from counts to da output voltage
+the gain of the power amplifier and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the power amplifier and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain of the power amplifier and the
+constant associated with the motor. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with the motor. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with the motor. the
+overall scale factor uh works out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall scale factor uh works out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall scale factor uh works out to be
+about 20 radians per second per count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 radians per second per count.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 radians per second per count.
+And that lumps all of these constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that lumps all of these constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that lumps all of these constants
+together. So the transfer function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So the transfer function from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. So the transfer function from
+here to here uh where the dimensions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here uh where the dimensions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here uh where the dimensions are
+radians per second per count uh is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second per count uh is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second per count uh is 20
+divided by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by by
+s. If we make a loop transmission plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. If we make a loop transmission plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. If we make a loop transmission plot
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+system at low frequencies, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at low frequencies, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at low frequencies, this is the
+usual Bodie plot, the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual Bodie plot, the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual Bodie plot, the magnitude of the
+loop transmission versus frequency. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission versus frequency. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission versus frequency. At
+low frequencies, we're going as 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies, we're going as 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies, we're going as 20
+overs. The mechanical time constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overs. The mechanical time constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overs. The mechanical time constant for
+the type of motor that's used in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of motor that's used in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of motor that's used in that
+engine is about one radian per second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is about one radian per second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is about one radian per second.
+Um, you might question whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you might question whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you might question whether that's
+not a function of the load applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a function of the load applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a function of the load applied to
+the engine. Certainly in the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine. Certainly in the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine. Certainly in the mechanical
+time constant also includes any inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant also includes any inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant also includes any inertia
+that might be reflected back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be reflected back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be reflected back to the
+armature. We have to make some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armature. We have to make some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armature. We have to make some sort of a
+calculation that reflects load inertias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that reflects load inertias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that reflects load inertias
+back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the
+armature. When you go through that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armature. When you go through that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armature. When you go through that, you
+find out that the acceleration time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the acceleration time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the acceleration time or
+the time constant associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time constant associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time constant associated with the
+motor is really virtually independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor is really virtually independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor is really virtually independent of
+the total load. There's enough of a gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total load. There's enough of a gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total load. There's enough of a gear
+reduction between the motor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction between the motor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction between the motor and the
+cars, if you will, if you take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars, if you will, if you take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars, if you will, if you take into
+account all of that, that the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account all of that, that the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account all of that, that the principal
+inertia load seen at the armature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia load seen at the armature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia load seen at the armature of the
+motor is really the the armature inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor is really the the armature inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor is really the the armature inertia
+itself rather than the load reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself rather than the load reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself rather than the load reflected
+from from any load the car the train may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from any load the car the train may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from any load the car the train may
+be pulling. So this time constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pulling. So this time constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pulling. So this time constant of
+about 1 second uh is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 second uh is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 second uh is pretty much
+independent of any the number of cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of any the number of cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of any the number of cars
+we're pulling and that sort of thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pulling and that sort of thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're pulling and that sort of thing. So
+with that we get a loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we get a loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we get a loop transmission
+that looks something as follows. The 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks something as follows. The 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks something as follows. The 1 /
+s rolloff or 20 overs rolloff at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s rolloff or 20 overs rolloff at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s rolloff or 20 overs rolloff at low
+frequencies. An additional pole at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. An additional pole at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. An additional pole at 1
+radian per second. We would then cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second. We would then cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radian per second. We would then cross
+over since we're dropping off as 1 / s^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over since we're dropping off as 1 / s^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over since we're dropping off as 1 / s^
+squar. Uh if this were the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar. Uh if this were the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar. Uh if this were the total
+dynamics of the loop, we'd cross over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the loop, we'd cross over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the loop, we'd cross over at
+the square root of 20 about 4.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 20 about 4.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 20 about 4.5
+uh radians/s squared. and we'd have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radians/s squared. and we'd have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh radians/s squared. and we'd have only
+about 12 or 15 degrees of phase margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 or 15 degrees of phase margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 or 15 degrees of phase margin
+because we'd be crossing over a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'd be crossing over a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'd be crossing over a factor
+of 4.5 above the second pole in the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4.5 above the second pole in the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4.5 above the second pole in the loop
+transmission. So if we build our engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission. So if we build our engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission. So if we build our engine
+without our our speed control system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without our our speed control system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without our our speed control system
+without any compensation, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any compensation, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any compensation, this is the
+the kind of body plot we'd get. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of body plot we'd get. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of body plot we'd get. Uh we
+compensate by adding a lead type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate by adding a lead type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate by adding a lead type
+transfer function. This is a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function. This is a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function. This is a a very
+likely candidate for lead kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely candidate for lead kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely candidate for lead kind of
+compensation and actually for reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and actually for reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and actually for reasons
+that I'll describe in a moment why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll describe in a moment why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll describe in a moment why we
+want a fairly small alpha in the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a fairly small alpha in the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a fairly small alpha in the lead
+network. I actually use an alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. I actually use an alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. I actually use an alpha of
+four and put that in put the zero in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and put that in put the zero in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and put that in put the zero in at
+about 3.5 radians per second. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3.5 radians per second. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3.5 radians per second. uh
+crossover. Then if we keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover. Then if we keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover. Then if we keep track of the
+numbers, crossover occurs at about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, crossover occurs at about seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, crossover occurs at about seven
+radians per second, roughly one cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second, roughly one cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per second, roughly one cycle
+per second. And then because the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second. And then because the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second. And then because the alpha
+of the lead network is only four, we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lead network is only four, we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lead network is only four, we get
+finally a roll off the second pole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a roll off the second pole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally a roll off the second pole in
+the system at about 14 radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at about 14 radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system at about 14 radians per
+second. Again, if we keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Again, if we keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Again, if we keep track of the
+numbers involved, we find out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers involved, we find out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers involved, we find out that we
+increase the phase margin of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the phase margin of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the phase margin of the system
+to something like 40° by adding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like 40° by adding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something like 40° by adding this
+lead network with an alpha of four. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead network with an alpha of four. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead network with an alpha of four. So,
+we convert from a system that originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convert from a system that originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we convert from a system that originally
+had a phase margin of of maybe 12° to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a phase margin of of maybe 12° to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a phase margin of of maybe 12° to a
+new value of something on on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value of something on on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new value of something on on the order
+of 40°, far more stable system. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40°, far more stable system. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 40°, far more stable system. Of
+course, the system operates uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the system operates uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, the system operates uh when we
+are for example increasing when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for example increasing when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for example increasing when we have
+an increased load on the motor. uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increased load on the motor. uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increased load on the motor. uh we
+can uh when the motor is going uphill,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh when the motor is going uphill,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh when the motor is going uphill,
+when the engine's just turned the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the engine's just turned the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the engine's just turned the corner
+and is going uphill, we find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is going uphill, we find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is going uphill, we find that the
+the system tend the motor tends to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system tend the motor tends to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system tend the motor tends to slow
+down a little bit. Consequently, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit. Consequently, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit. Consequently, we
+accumulate additional up counts. The uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate additional up counts. The uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate additional up counts. The uh
+reference frequency doesn't change. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frequency doesn't change. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frequency doesn't change. Uh
+the command frequency doesn't change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command frequency doesn't change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command frequency doesn't change.
+The motor slows down a little bit. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The motor slows down a little bit. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The motor slows down a little bit. We
+increment the net count in the up down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the net count in the up down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment the net count in the up down
+counter that gets converted, applies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter that gets converted, applies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter that gets converted, applies a
+higher voltage to the motor. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltage to the motor. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltage to the motor. Uh
+similarly when we round the corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when we round the corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when we round the corner and
+go downhill uh the motor over speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go downhill uh the motor over speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go downhill uh the motor over speeds
+just a little bit the load is greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit the load is greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit the load is greatly
+reduced when we go downhill. Uh we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced when we go downhill. Uh we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced when we go downhill. Uh we get
+additional pulses off the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pulses off the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pulses off the commutator
+that in our up- down counter decrements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our up- down counter decrements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our up- down counter decrements
+the up- down counter. We apply a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up- down counter. We apply a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up- down counter. We apply a smaller
+voltage to the motor and so we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to the motor and so we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to the motor and so we get that
+sort of speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of speed
+control. we can look at at the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. we can look at at the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. we can look at at the engine
+and see at least some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see at least some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see at least some of
+the hardware that allows us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware that allows us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardware that allows us to do
+this. Uh here we have the motor itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Uh here we have the motor itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Uh here we have the motor itself
+in here. This is this little universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. This is this little universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. This is this little universal
+motor. The wound commutator as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. The wound commutator as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. The wound commutator as well as a
+wound field out here. I happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound field out here. I happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound field out here. I happen to
+operate them in series in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate them in series in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate them in series in this
+particular application. But that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application. But that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application. But that's the
+standard line motor simply geared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard line motor simply geared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard line motor simply geared to the
+wheels. Uh this is the up down counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels. Uh this is the up down counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels. Uh this is the up down counter
+and the DTA converter. The logic in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the DTA converter. The logic in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the DTA converter. The logic in here
+all this runs off off COS sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this runs off off COS sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this runs off off COS sorts of
+logic. Uh which means that if I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic. Uh which means that if I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic. Uh which means that if I get a
+momentary power interruption I can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentary power interruption I can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentary power interruption I can store
+enough power to run the cos for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough power to run the cos for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough power to run the cos for a second
+or two on a capacitor so I don't lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two on a capacitor so I don't lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two on a capacitor so I don't lose
+track of the state for brief power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the state for brief power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the state for brief power
+interruptions which are fairly frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions which are fairly frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions which are fairly frequent
+in this kind of a system as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of a system as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of a system as you might
+imagine. So, here's the up down counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine. So, here's the up down counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine. So, here's the up down counter
+in the D-Day converter. Actually, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the D-Day converter. Actually, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the D-Day converter. Actually, the
+D-Day converter is simply a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D-Day converter is simply a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D-Day converter is simply a resistor
+network running off the CMOS. CMOS makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network running off the CMOS. CMOS makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network running off the CMOS. CMOS makes
+a very nice switch and and so I use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice switch and and so I use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice switch and and so I use that
+technique to do the D-Day conversion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to do the D-Day conversion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to do the D-Day conversion.
+And the power amplifier is back in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the power amplifier is back in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the power amplifier is back in this
+rear section, a reversing relay in here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear section, a reversing relay in here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear section, a reversing relay in here,
+which I haven't exercised, but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't exercised, but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't exercised, but there is
+a reversing relay. Uh, and the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversing relay. Uh, and the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reversing relay. Uh, and the power
+amplifier itself, and as I say, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier itself, and as I say, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier itself, and as I say, I'll
+talk a little bit about how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about how that works
+later. The bottom board uh is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. The bottom board uh is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. The bottom board uh is simply the
+circuit that gives me the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that gives me the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that gives me the command
+pulses. In the usual normal system, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses. In the usual normal system, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulses. In the usual normal system, this
+would be replaced by the board that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replaced by the board that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replaced by the board that
+receives commands via the uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives commands via the uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives commands via the uh time
+division multiplex telemetry system. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division multiplex telemetry system. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division multiplex telemetry system. So,
+uh for our purposes, we we have a board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our purposes, we we have a board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our purposes, we we have a board
+here that provides speed pulses. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that provides speed pulses. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that provides speed pulses. Uh the
+frequency of those pulses is controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of those pulses is controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of those pulses is controlled
+by the potentiometer on the board, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the potentiometer on the board, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the potentiometer on the board, but
+that's simply for demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply for demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply for demonstration
+purposes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes.
+I'd now like to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd now like to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd now like to look at the
+behavior of the engine other than on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the engine other than on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the engine other than on a
+track. We've seen that it runs quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track. We've seen that it runs quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track. We've seen that it runs quite
+well on the track, but I'd like to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the track, but I'd like to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the track, but I'd like to uh
+look at at sort of more usual step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at sort of more usual step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at sort of more usual step
+responses of the thing. So for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses of the thing. So for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses of the thing. So for that
+reason why I'll mount the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and simply apply power to it. As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and simply apply power to it. As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and simply apply power to it. As
+yet have not turned on the power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet have not turned on the power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet have not turned on the power supply
+but I'll put power on the engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll put power on the engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll put power on the engine.
+Um, what I'm then going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what I'm then going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what I'm then going to do in
+addition to the free running oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the free running oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the free running oscillator
+that supplies command pulses, I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supplies command pulses, I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supplies command pulses, I have
+another input to the oscillator so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input to the oscillator so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another input to the oscillator so that
+I'm able to modulate it to frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able to modulate it to frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm able to modulate it to frequency
+modulate the oscillator. And so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate the oscillator. And so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate the oscillator. And so what
+I'll I'll do here is take uh our signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll do here is take uh our signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll do here is take uh our signal
+generator with a very low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator with a very low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator with a very low frequency
+square wave. A square wave at a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave. A square wave at a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square wave. A square wave at a fraction
+of a hertz and I'll apply that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hertz and I'll apply that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hertz and I'll apply that to the
+modulation input on the generator that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation input on the generator that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation input on the generator that's
+that's getting me the frequency uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting me the frequency uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting me the frequency uh or
+commanding the frequency of operation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding the frequency of operation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding the frequency of operation or
+the speed of operation of my engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this gets us a way of modulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this gets us a way of modulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this gets us a way of modulating
+the speed. There's also provision on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed. There's also provision on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed. There's also provision on
+this little board that as I say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little board that as I say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little board that as I say is
+really included only for demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really included only for demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really included only for demonstration
+purposes. Uh I have a rough analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. Uh I have a rough analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. Uh I have a rough analog
+measure of speed available on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of speed available on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of speed available on that
+board. I have a oneshot that's triggered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. I have a oneshot that's triggered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. I have a oneshot that's triggered
+uh from the motor pulses. The pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the motor pulses. The pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the motor pulses. The pulses
+that are derived from the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are derived from the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are derived from the commutator
+spikes. Uh I average the output of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes. Uh I average the output of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes. Uh I average the output of that
+oneshot. It's a the oneshot multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneshot. It's a the oneshot multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneshot. It's a the oneshot multi
+vibrator gives us a fixed width pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrator gives us a fixed width pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrator gives us a fixed width pulse
+every time we get a commutator spike. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we get a commutator spike. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we get a commutator spike. Uh
+those pulses are converted to standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pulses are converted to standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pulses are converted to standard
+amplitude and then averaged go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and then averaged go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and then averaged go through a
+lowass network that gets an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass network that gets an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass network that gets an average
+value for the pulse train. That average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the pulse train. That average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the pulse train. That average
+value is proportional to speed. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is proportional to speed. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is proportional to speed. Uh the
+reason I didn't use that as a speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I didn't use that as a speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I didn't use that as a speed
+measuring scheme is simply that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring scheme is simply that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring scheme is simply that we get
+some additional lowass characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional lowass characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional lowass characteristics
+out of the averaging network. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the averaging network. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the averaging network. That's
+perfectly all right to observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly all right to observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly all right to observe the
+speed, but if we use that information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, but if we use that information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, but if we use that information as
+part of the loop, we'd have additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the loop, we'd have additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the loop, we'd have additional
+stability problems. So, I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability problems. So, I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability problems. So, I do have
+provision in here for monitoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision in here for monitoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision in here for monitoring the
+speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engine and getting an analog measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and getting an analog measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and getting an analog measure
+which we can display on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscilloscope. Now, let me put power back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Now, let me put power back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Now, let me put power back
+on this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I believe you can hear the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I believe you can hear the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I believe you can hear the change in
+speed there. The engine's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed there. The engine's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed there. The engine's going
+faster. There it's slower. Here it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. There it's slower. Here it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. There it's slower. Here it goes
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again.
+Slower. Faster. Uh, and we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slower. Faster. Uh, and we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slower. Faster. Uh, and we can look at
+that same transient on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscilloscope. Uh, we have a storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Uh, we have a storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope. Uh, we have a storage
+scope since this happens fairly slowly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope since this happens fairly slowly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope since this happens fairly slowly.
+Uh, well, there's one shot, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, well, there's one shot, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, well, there's one shot, one
+transient. We're at about 2/10 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient. We're at about 2/10 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient. We're at about 2/10 of a
+second. I believe the scale is 2/10 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. I believe the scale is 2/10 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. I believe the scale is 2/10 of a
+second per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per
+division. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division. Uh,
+yes. And we're looking at a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. And we're looking at a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes. And we're looking at a measure of
+engine speed, as I say, derived via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine speed, as I say, derived via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine speed, as I say, derived via
+this oneshot and smoothing network. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oneshot and smoothing network. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oneshot and smoothing network. Uh,
+we notice that that's not a transient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that that's not a transient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that that's not a transient uh
+anything like we've seen before. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like we've seen before. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like we've seen before. This
+really reflects the real world. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reflects the real world. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reflects the real world. When
+we're dealing with mathematical systems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with mathematical systems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with mathematical systems,
+why we can uh uh draw very nice second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can uh uh draw very nice second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we can uh uh draw very nice second
+order kinds of responses, we get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order kinds of responses, we get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order kinds of responses, we get very
+very prettyl looking responses. Here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prettyl looking responses. Here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very prettyl looking responses. Here we
+have a mechanical system that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mechanical system that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mechanical system that was
+designed uh really for a very real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed uh really for a very real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed uh really for a very real
+purpose. It was designed to entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose. It was designed to entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose. It was designed to entertain
+children. It was designed to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. It was designed to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. It was designed to be very
+reliable, very rugged, and sell for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable, very rugged, and sell for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable, very rugged, and sell for an
+incredibly modest price. And you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly modest price. And you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly modest price. And you might
+imagine when you put those constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine when you put those constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine when you put those constraints
+together, uh, for example, you don't end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, uh, for example, you don't end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, uh, for example, you don't end
+up with the best quality gears in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the best quality gears in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the best quality gears in the
+world. You end up with gears that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. You end up with gears that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. You end up with gears that have a
+good deal of backlash. You end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal of backlash. You end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal of backlash. You end up with a
+motor that has a remarkably high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that has a remarkably high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that has a remarkably high
+friction level. The commutation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction level. The commutation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction level. The commutation is not
+very good. So the torque isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good. So the torque isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good. So the torque isn't
+particularly uniform over the revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly uniform over the revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly uniform over the revolution
+of the motor. uh there are a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motor. uh there are a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motor. uh there are a whole
+collection of of mechanical kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of of mechanical kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of of mechanical kinds of
+problems none of which influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems none of which influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems none of which influence the
+reliability of the system or affect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability of the system or affect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability of the system or affect it
+adversely at all when it's being run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversely at all when it's being run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversely at all when it's being run in
+its normal mode. But we see the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normal mode. But we see the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normal mode. But we see the effects
+of that on the oscilloscope trace. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that on the oscilloscope trace. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that on the oscilloscope trace. If we
+look at at that trace rather than seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at that trace rather than seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at that trace rather than seeing
+a nice kind of second order sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice kind of second order sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice kind of second order sort of
+response, we see all kinds of of toothy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response, we see all kinds of of toothy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response, we see all kinds of of toothy
+kinds of things that has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that has nothing to do
+with the basic dynamics of the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the basic dynamics of the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the basic dynamics of the system.
+uh those are just little imperfections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are just little imperfections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those are just little imperfections
+that reflect things like backlash in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect things like backlash in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflect things like backlash in the
+gear train and and stiction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear train and and stiction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear train and and stiction in the
+mechanical portions of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical portions of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical portions of the system and
+that kind of thing. So those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing. So those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing. So those little
+ripples on the leading edge have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples on the leading edge have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples on the leading edge have very
+little to do with the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little to do with the fundamental
+dynamics of the system. The rise time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the system. The rise time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of the system. The rise time uh
+is reflective of the crossover frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflective of the crossover frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reflective of the crossover frequency
+of the system but but those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system but but those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system but but those little
+ripples really are are aberrations as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples really are are aberrations as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples really are are aberrations as a
+consequence of imperfect mechanics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of imperfect mechanics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of imperfect mechanics.
+Furthermore, uh they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, uh they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, uh they're basically
+different every time we we do it. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different every time we we do it. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different every time we we do it. Let's
+look at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another
+trace. It will trigger uh in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. It will trigger uh in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace. It will trigger uh in a minute
+presumably that's a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that's a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably that's a little different
+than the last one. The uh we we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the last one. The uh we we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the last one. The uh we we're not
+on the same portion of the gear T pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same portion of the gear T pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same portion of the gear T pass
+for example when we applied the pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when we applied the pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when we applied the pulse
+this time or applied the step change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time or applied the step change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time or applied the step change
+this time and we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again if we keep it up. We at times can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we keep it up. We at times can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we keep it up. We at times can
+get very very nicel looking ones uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very very nicel looking ones uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very very nicel looking ones uh that
+almost do look like the textbook kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost do look like the textbook kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost do look like the textbook kind of
+second order responses. There's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order responses. There's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order responses. There's not a
+bad one. Uh there's just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad one. Uh there's just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad one. Uh there's just a little bit of
+ripple in that, but we don't see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple in that, but we don't see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripple in that, but we don't see the the
+really bad performance that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad performance that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad performance that has to do
+with with gears chattering and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with gears chattering and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with gears chattering and and so
+forth. Uh but at times we get the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh but at times we get the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh but at times we get the very
+bad ones as well. I think the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ones as well. I think the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad ones as well. I think the first one
+that I had up was an example of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had up was an example of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had up was an example of a of a
+very bad one. There's there's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad one. There's there's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad one. There's there's one that
+has some little wiggles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some little wiggles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some little wiggles in
+it, but it's different every time. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but it's different every time. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but it's different every time. Just
+reflecting uh the the vagaries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting uh the the vagaries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting uh the the vagaries of the
+motor. There's there's a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. There's there's a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. There's there's a particularly
+toothy one that we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothy one that we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothy one that we got this
+time. Well, right now we have the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Well, right now we have the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Well, right now we have the engine
+running as I've described it and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running as I've described it and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running as I've described it and with
+all of its real world imperfections. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its real world imperfections. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its real world imperfections. But
+this is compensated. Let's go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compensated. Let's go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is compensated. Let's go back and
+show how much worse. If you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how much worse. If you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how much worse. If you think this
+trace is ugly, let's go back and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is ugly, let's go back and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is ugly, let's go back and see how
+much worse things are when we eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse things are when we eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse things are when we eliminate
+compensation in the engine. What I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation in the engine. What I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation in the engine. What I will
+do is get rid of the lead network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is get rid of the lead network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is get rid of the lead network that
+gives me this characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me this characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me this characteristic
+uh by simply removing a capacitor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by simply removing a capacitor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by simply removing a capacitor which
+is responsible for giving me this lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for giving me this lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for giving me this lead
+type transfer function. why I can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type transfer function. why I can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type transfer function. why I can end up
+with this sort of a loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of a loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of a loop transmission
+magnitude of the system that has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the system that has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the system that has only
+the 12 or 15 degrees of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 or 15 degrees of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 or 15 degrees of phase
+margin. I do that by removing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin. I do that by removing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin. I do that by removing a
+capacitor. The compensation is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. The compensation is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. The compensation is actually
+buried down inside the power amplifier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried down inside the power amplifier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried down inside the power amplifier.
+As I mentioned earlier, the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As I mentioned earlier, the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As I mentioned earlier, the power
+amplifier for the motor is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier for the motor is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier for the motor is in this
+portion of the configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the configuration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the configuration.
+And buried right in here is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And buried right in here is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And buried right in here is a little
+capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor
+actually, uh, which is the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, uh, which is the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, uh, which is the thing that's
+doing the compensation. And let me pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the compensation. And let me pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the compensation. And let me pull
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out. And now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice a very different nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a very different nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a very different nature
+and a very different behavior to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very different behavior to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very different behavior to the
+system. We can hear it. We don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. We can hear it. We don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. We can hear it. We don't have to
+as yet look at the oscilloscope trace.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as yet look at the oscilloscope trace.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as yet look at the oscilloscope trace.
+You can actually hear the the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pulsating. There's the startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsating. There's the startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsating. There's the startup
+transient. And we hear it pulsating. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient. And we hear it pulsating. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient. And we hear it pulsating. We
+didn't hear that before when we had when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't hear that before when we had when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't hear that before when we had when
+we had the system adequately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the system adequately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the system adequately
+compensated. We didn't hear the you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated. We didn't hear the you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated. We didn't hear the you can
+actually hear the speed changes, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hear the speed changes, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hear the speed changes, the
+overshoots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We can show the same thing a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can show the same thing a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can show the same thing a little bit
+more scientifically if we now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scientifically if we now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scientifically if we now look at
+the speed transient look at motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed transient look at motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed transient look at motor
+velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh now here we have a basic ring. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now here we have a basic ring. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now here we have a basic ring. We
+also of course have the teeth. Once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course have the teeth. Once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course have the teeth. Once
+again we clearly haven't eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we clearly haven't eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we clearly haven't eliminated
+the mechanical imperfections by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical imperfections by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical imperfections by doing
+this. But here we see a very definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. But here we see a very definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. But here we see a very definite
+rocking in addition to the little spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocking in addition to the little spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocking in addition to the little spikes
+that are reflective of the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reflective of the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reflective of the mechanical
+imperfections of the system. We have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections of the system. We have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections of the system. We have a a
+slow rocking uh at something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow rocking uh at something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow rocking uh at something on the
+order of one cycle per second or maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one cycle per second or maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one cycle per second or maybe a
+little less. We I indicated that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less. We I indicated that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less. We I indicated that we
+cross over in this system at somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over in this system at somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over in this system at somewhere
+on the order of 4.5 radians per second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 4.5 radians per second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 4.5 radians per second.
+That's an estimate uh maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's an estimate uh maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's an estimate uh maybe a little bit
+under one hertz. We notice that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under one hertz. We notice that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under one hertz. We notice that to the
+extent we can measure the frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we can measure the frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent we can measure the frequency the
+basic frequency of oscillation it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic frequency of oscillation it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic frequency of oscillation it goes
+maybe five divisions or so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five divisions or so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five divisions or so on the
+oscilloscope uh roughly uh 1 second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope uh roughly uh 1 second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope uh roughly uh 1 second so
+somewhere around one hertz let's get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around one hertz let's get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around one hertz let's get a
+few more traces if we can again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more traces if we can again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more traces if we can again we have
+the perturbations from the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbations from the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbations from the mechanical
+imperfections particularly as the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections particularly as the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections particularly as the speed
+changes the motor overshoots it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the motor overshoots it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the motor overshoots it now
+tries to slow down and momentarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to slow down and momentarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to slow down and momentarily the
+gears disengage you get the uh the teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears disengage you get the uh the teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears disengage you get the uh the teeth
+in that area. Uh and you see then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that area. Uh and you see then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that area. Uh and you see then the
+gentle rocking later on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle rocking later on that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle rocking later on that's
+reflective of the basic uh lowphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of the basic uh lowphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of the basic uh lowphase
+margin of the system. We'll do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Again, the same thing, a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Again, the same thing, a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Again, the same thing, a nonlinear
+response because we have no way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response because we have no way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response because we have no way of
+slowing down the motor. The power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down the motor. The power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down the motor. The power
+amplifier that I have can only apply can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that I have can only apply can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that I have can only apply can
+only accelerate the motor. the best it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only accelerate the motor. the best it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only accelerate the motor. the best it
+can do is stop accelerating it, reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is stop accelerating it, reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is stop accelerating it, reduce
+the motor voltage, uh, and let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor voltage, uh, and let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor voltage, uh, and let the
+friction of the system slow it down. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction of the system slow it down. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction of the system slow it down. So,
+it's nonlinear. It turns on better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonlinear. It turns on better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nonlinear. It turns on better than
+it turns off. We're looking only at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns off. We're looking only at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns off. We're looking only at the
+positive transition, uh, here. But when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive transition, uh, here. But when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive transition, uh, here. But when
+we come come around the corner when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come come around the corner when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come come around the corner when the
+motor has to slow down to recover from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor has to slow down to recover from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor has to slow down to recover from
+an overshoot uh, why there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overshoot uh, why there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overshoot uh, why there's a
+nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. There we get a response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. There we get a response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. There we get a response that
+where we see quite clearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see quite clearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we see quite clearly the
+oscillations. Not sure if I can trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations. Not sure if I can trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations. Not sure if I can trigger
+easily on the on the falling part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily on the on the falling part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily on the on the falling part of the
+waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform
+too. Let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It
+won't trigger on that. So, let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back. But again we see the uh much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. But again we see the uh much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. But again we see the uh much
+poorer transient response and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer transient response and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer transient response and we get
+very good audible indication as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good audible indication as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good audible indication as well.
+Let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go back to
+the the better damped one. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the better damped one. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the better damped one. And I think
+now I really have to use glasses to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I really have to use glasses to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I really have to use glasses to be
+able to get enough depth perception to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get enough depth perception to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get enough depth perception to
+get the capacitor back in its hole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And here we see the very much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here we see the very much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here we see the very much better
+response or here the very much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or here the very much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response or here the very much better
+response. We'll we'll see it in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. We'll we'll see it in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. We'll we'll see it in a moment
+that results when we have adequate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results when we have adequate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results when we have adequate phase
+margin in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system. Again, we're now back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Again, we're now back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Again, we're now back to the
+well damped case. We get just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well damped case. We get just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well damped case. We get just a little
+bit of overshoot. We still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of overshoot. We still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of overshoot. We still have the
+mechanical imperfections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But the considerably better performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the considerably better performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the considerably better performance
+that that we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way. That's a fairly nice response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. That's a fairly nice response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. That's a fairly nice response.
+Again, almost like a textbook second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, almost like a textbook second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, almost like a textbook second
+order response with just a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order response with just a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order response with just a little bit of
+additional ripple associated with it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ripple associated with it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ripple associated with it. So
+there we had a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we had a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we had a particularly
+fortuitous set of circumstances. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortuitous set of circumstances. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortuitous set of circumstances. There
+we had a rather bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Another good one. All right, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Another good one. All right, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Another good one. All right, let
+me pull this down, put the train back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pull this down, put the train back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pull this down, put the train back on
+the track, and then I'd like to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track, and then I'd like to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track, and then I'd like to discuss
+one or two of the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two of the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two of the practical
+considerations that are necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that are necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations that are necessary to
+make a system like this work acceptably.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's an additional mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an additional mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an additional mechanical
+imperfection that uh uh involves wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection that uh uh involves wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection that uh uh involves wheel
+slippage at an incline that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage at an incline that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippage at an incline that's this
+great. Uh and that happened, you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Uh and that happened, you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. Uh and that happened, you notice
+when it started up, the engine actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it started up, the engine actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it started up, the engine actually
+got up to speed very rapidly. The motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to speed very rapidly. The motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to speed very rapidly. The motor
+got up to speed. There's some slippage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to speed. There's some slippage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up to speed. There's some slippage
+on the track at this incline and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the track at this incline and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the track at this incline and so the
+thing didn't actually physically start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing didn't actually physically start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing didn't actually physically start
+to move. that's not nearly as much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move. that's not nearly as much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move. that's not nearly as much of a
+problem when it's running normally when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when it's running normally when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when it's running normally when
+once it's gotten up to speed. This is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's gotten up to speed. This is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's gotten up to speed. This is so
+much better than the alternative uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than the alternative uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than the alternative uh the
+usual use of the uh uh the usual line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual use of the uh uh the usual line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual use of the uh uh the usual line
+engine. You can really get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. You can really get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. You can really get into the
+spirit of this thing when you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of this thing when you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of this thing when you have uh
+have an engine that really responds as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an engine that really responds as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an engine that really responds as
+you might hope it does. Let me talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might hope it does. Let me talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might hope it does. Let me talk a
+little bit about some of the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about some of the practical
+implications for a system like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for a system like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for a system like this.
+First of all, you recall that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, you recall that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, you recall that I
+mentioned we used a lead network with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we used a lead network with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned we used a lead network with
+only an alpha of four, a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an alpha of four, a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an alpha of four, a very small
+value of alpha that doesn't give us much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha that doesn't give us much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha that doesn't give us much
+positive phase shift. It gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive phase shift. It gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive phase shift. It gives us a
+maximum positive phase shift at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum positive phase shift at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum positive phase shift at its
+point of maximum phase. Uh that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of maximum phase. Uh that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of maximum phase. Uh that's uh
+what the sign of three the ark sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sign of three the ark sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sign of three the ark sign of
+of 35ths. The angle whose sign is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 35ths. The angle whose sign is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 35ths. The angle whose sign is is
+35ths and that might be 30° or somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35ths and that might be 30° or somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35ths and that might be 30° or somewhere
+under 40° I guess. So we don't get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 40° I guess. So we don't get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 40° I guess. So we don't get very
+much positive phase shift out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much positive phase shift out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much positive phase shift out of this
+network. But the reason for using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. But the reason for using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. But the reason for using that
+small a value of alpha is as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small a value of alpha is as follows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small a value of alpha is as follows.
+Remember that a lead network has of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that a lead network has of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that a lead network has of
+course higher high frequency gain than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course higher high frequency gain than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course higher high frequency gain than
+low frequency gain. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency gain. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency gain. That's the
+implication. I use this lead network in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication. I use this lead network in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication. I use this lead network in
+conjunction with the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with the power
+amplifier. The driving signal for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. The driving signal for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. The driving signal for the
+power amplifier is a staircase kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power amplifier is a staircase kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power amplifier is a staircase kind of a
+thing. It's coming from a DToA converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's coming from a DToA converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's coming from a DToA converter
+and the peak magnitude of that step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the peak magnitude of that step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the peak magnitude of that step of
+those steps are a significant fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are a significant fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are a significant fraction
+of the maximum voltage applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum voltage applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum voltage applied to the
+motor. At least the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. At least the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. At least the amplitude of the
+steps when the D-day converter changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps when the D-day converter changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps when the D-day converter changes
+state are each a couple of percent or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state are each a couple of percent or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state are each a couple of percent or so
+of full scale reflect a couple percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of full scale reflect a couple percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of full scale reflect a couple percent
+of full scale amplifier output. Now once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of full scale amplifier output. Now once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of full scale amplifier output. Now once
+we go through the lead network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through the lead network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through the lead network the
+transition is accentuated because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is accentuated because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is accentuated because of the
+greater high frequency gain of the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater high frequency gain of the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater high frequency gain of the lead
+network compared to its low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network compared to its low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network compared to its low frequency
+gain. If I had a large alpha the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain. If I had a large alpha the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain. If I had a large alpha the power
+amplifier would be saturating or cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier would be saturating or cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier would be saturating or cutting
+off every time we get a transition out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off every time we get a transition out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off every time we get a transition out
+of the D-day. We get a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the D-day. We get a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the D-day. We get a number of
+transitions uh uh when when the motor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh uh when when the motor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions uh uh when when the motor is
+running at at 5,000 uh RPM we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at at 5,000 uh RPM we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at at 5,000 uh RPM we get
+something like uh 500 pulses per second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh 500 pulses per second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh 500 pulses per second.
+And so we'd have the amplifier spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we'd have the amplifier spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we'd have the amplifier spending
+all of its time banging into the stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its time banging into the stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its time banging into the stops
+one way or the other if we had a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other if we had a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or the other if we had a large
+value for alpha in the lead network. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for alpha in the lead network. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for alpha in the lead network. And
+that's not a very satisfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very satisfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very satisfactory
+situation. So in an attempt to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. So in an attempt to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. So in an attempt to improve
+that, we go with a very a rather small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we go with a very a rather small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we go with a very a rather small
+value of alpha. We found out that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha. We found out that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha. We found out that we do
+get acceptable stability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get acceptable stability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get acceptable stability.
+The imperfections that are resulted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The imperfections that are resulted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The imperfections that are resulted
+result from inadequate loop stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from inadequate loop stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from inadequate loop stability
+are completely masked by the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely masked by the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely masked by the mechanical
+imperfections. when we use the alpha 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections. when we use the alpha 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections. when we use the alpha 4.
+So that's an acceptable value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an acceptable value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an acceptable value for
+alpha. Uh I'd mentioned earlier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. Uh I'd mentioned earlier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. Uh I'd mentioned earlier that the
+way that we do the digital to analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do the digital to analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do the digital to analog
+conversion is to simply come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion is to simply come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion is to simply come from a
+register uh which is actually off the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register uh which is actually off the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register uh which is actually off the up
+down counter directly off the up down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down counter directly off the up down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down counter directly off the up down
+counter through a resistor network. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter through a resistor network. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter through a resistor network. I
+use a binary weighted resistor network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a binary weighted resistor network.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a binary weighted resistor network.
+I use the cos logic really as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the cos logic really as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the cos logic really as the
+switches for the DTA converter and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches for the DTA converter and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches for the DTA converter and that
+makes a very very nice sort of a system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a very very nice sort of a system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a very very nice sort of a system.
+So one of the little boards in here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the little boards in here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the little boards in here uh
+in association with the logic simply has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in association with the logic simply has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in association with the logic simply has
+six resistors on it and and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six resistors on it and and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six resistors on it and and those
+provide the DA conversion. Uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the DA conversion. Uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the DA conversion. Uh there's a
+question as to how do we do the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as to how do we do the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as to how do we do the power
+amplification. A line motor takes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification. A line motor takes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification. A line motor takes uh
+something on the order of an amp and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of an amp and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of an amp and a
+half to operate under normal load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to operate under normal load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to operate under normal load
+conditions at maybe 10 volts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at maybe 10 volts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at maybe 10 volts or
+thereabouts. So we have to put somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereabouts. So we have to put somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereabouts. So we have to put somewhere
+between 10 and 20 watts into the motor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10 and 20 watts into the motor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 10 and 20 watts into the motor.
+Furthermore, again, my grand plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, again, my grand plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furthermore, again, my grand plan
+involves running more than one motor per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves running more than one motor per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves running more than one motor per
+engine. You uh uh can really climb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. You uh uh can really climb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. You uh uh can really climb the
+highest mountains and whatnot if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest mountains and whatnot if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest mountains and whatnot if you
+have more than one motor. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one motor. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one motor. So, I
+anticipate normally using at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate normally using at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate normally using at least two
+motors per engine or backto back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors per engine or backto back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motors per engine or backto back
+diesels, something like that. And I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesels, something like that. And I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diesels, something like that. And I'd
+like to run them off a common power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to run them off a common power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to run them off a common power
+amplifier. So, I have to have a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. So, I have to have a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. So, I have to have a power
+amplifier that maybe can put out 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that maybe can put out 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that maybe can put out 25
+watts or something like that order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts or something like that order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watts or something like that order to
+power uh my engines. The uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh my engines. The uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh my engines. The uh the
+difficulty there of course is is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty there of course is is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty there of course is is that of
+heat sinking. If you build a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat sinking. If you build a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat sinking. If you build a linear
+amplifier uh a linear power amplifier as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh a linear power amplifier as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier uh a linear power amplifier as
+you recall sort of looks like a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall sort of looks like a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall sort of looks like a variable
+resistor between the power supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the power supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor between the power supply and
+the motor or whatever load you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor or whatever load you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor or whatever load you're
+driving. It's a problem that's common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving. It's a problem that's common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving. It's a problem that's common to
+audio amplifiers or any other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio amplifiers or any other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio amplifiers or any other kind of
+amplifier. If you build a a true linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. If you build a a true linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. If you build a a true linear
+amplifier, uh it's lossy. uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier, uh it's lossy. uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier, uh it's lossy. uh if the
+output voltage is half the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is half the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is half the supply
+voltage, you're putting an equal amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage, you're putting an equal amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage, you're putting an equal amount
+of power into the control element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power into the control element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power into the control element and
+into the motor in this case. And if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the motor in this case. And if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the motor in this case. And if we
+had to be able to get 20 watts or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be able to get 20 watts or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be able to get 20 watts or so
+into our load, why would we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our load, why would we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our load, why would we be
+dissipating that kind of power in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating that kind of power in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipating that kind of power in the
+controller? Well, that's unacceptable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller? Well, that's unacceptable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller? Well, that's unacceptable.
+You just have trouble getting 20 watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just have trouble getting 20 watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just have trouble getting 20 watts
+worth of heat sink on an engine like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of heat sink on an engine like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of heat sink on an engine like
+this. I would like to be able to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I would like to be able to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I would like to be able to get the
+cover on the engine. The underside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover on the engine. The underside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover on the engine. The underside is
+pretty much taken up with wheels and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much taken up with wheels and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much taken up with wheels and I I
+have a little weight uh in addition just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little weight uh in addition just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little weight uh in addition just
+to give give the engine a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give give the engine a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give give the engine a little bit of
+weight. This block that you see running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. This block that you see running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight. This block that you see running
+by and between the two sets of wheels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and between the two sets of wheels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and between the two sets of wheels is
+just a little brass weight. But I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little brass weight. But I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little brass weight. But I really
+don't have room for a heat sink uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have room for a heat sink uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have room for a heat sink uh and
+still be able to to cover the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be able to to cover the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be able to to cover the engine
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+shell. One solution to that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell. One solution to that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell. One solution to that sort of
+thing is to use a switching amplifier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to use a switching amplifier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to use a switching amplifier.
+and and uh the technique that I use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the technique that I use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the technique that I use for
+that was one actually pioneered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one actually pioneered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one actually pioneered by
+professor Bose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Bose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Bose
+uh which is is illustrated here. Uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is is illustrated here. Uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is is illustrated here. Uh we
+have the supply voltage and the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the supply voltage and the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the supply voltage and the motor
+which I'm sort of loosely indicating as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm sort of loosely indicating as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm sort of loosely indicating as
+an inductor plus some loss and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inductor plus some loss and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inductor plus some loss and there's
+actually a back generator and a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a back generator and a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a back generator and a couple
+of other things but we can use a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things but we can use a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other things but we can use a very
+simplified model that consists of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model that consists of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified model that consists of an
+inductor and uh some loss in the motor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and uh some loss in the motor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor and uh some loss in the motor.
+And what we now do is modulate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we now do is modulate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we now do is modulate this
+switch at some very high frequency. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch at some very high frequency. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch at some very high frequency. I
+run the switch at 100 kHz or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the switch at 100 kHz or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the switch at 100 kHz or
+thereabouts. And when the switch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereabouts. And when the switch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereabouts. And when the switch is
+closed, we have the motor directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed, we have the motor directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed, we have the motor directly
+connected to the supply voltage. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the supply voltage. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the supply voltage. Uh
+build up current in the inductor. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up current in the inductor. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up current in the inductor. You
+then open the switch. Uh current was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open the switch. Uh current was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then open the switch. Uh current was
+flowing in this direction through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in this direction through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in this direction through the
+switch to ground. Uh the motor on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to ground. Uh the motor on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to ground. Uh the motor on the
+voltage flies back. You catch it on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage flies back. You catch it on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage flies back. You catch it on this
+diode. So you continue motor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode. So you continue motor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode. So you continue motor current
+that way. Later you once again close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. Later you once again close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. Later you once again close the
+switch, apply power from the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch, apply power from the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch, apply power from the power
+supply. Uh providing you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply. Uh providing you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply. Uh providing you do this
+operation fast uh at a high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation fast uh at a high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation fast uh at a high frequency
+compared to the uh fundamental time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the uh fundamental time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the uh fundamental time
+constant of the LR uh the inductance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the LR uh the inductance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the LR uh the inductance and
+the resistance in this loop. While you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance in this loop. While you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance in this loop. While you
+end up with effectively constant current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with effectively constant current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with effectively constant current
+uh you're modulating you're switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're modulating you're switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're modulating you're switching
+fast enough uh so that you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough uh so that you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast enough uh so that you end up with
+effectively constant current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively constant current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively constant current in the
+motor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor.
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+uh nice part about this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nice part about this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nice part about this is of course
+that that when the switch is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that when the switch is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that when the switch is closed
+there's current flow through it but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's current flow through it but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's current flow through it but no
+voltage and so you get no power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and so you get no power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and so you get no power
+dissipation in the switch. Conversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation in the switch. Conversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipation in the switch. Conversely
+when the switch is open why there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is open why there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is open why there's
+voltage across it but no current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across it but no current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across it but no current flow
+through it so there's no dissipation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it so there's no dissipation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it so there's no dissipation in
+the switch element to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch element to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch element to the extent that
+it's an ideal switch. Uh again we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an ideal switch. Uh again we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an ideal switch. Uh again we use a
+shotkey diode a power shotkey diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shotkey diode a power shotkey diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shotkey diode a power shotkey diode
+here. So there's not many the power loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So there's not many the power loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So there's not many the power loss
+in that diode is fairly small. The net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that diode is fairly small. The net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that diode is fairly small. The net
+result is we can build an amplifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is we can build an amplifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is we can build an amplifier that
+puts out 10 or 20 or 30 watts and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts out 10 or 20 or 30 watts and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts out 10 or 20 or 30 watts and only
+dissipates two or three watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates two or three watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates two or three watts
+internally. And so I don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally. And so I don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally. And so I don't have this
+problem of of getting rid of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of of getting rid of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of of getting rid of a large
+amount of of heat that I would if I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of of heat that I would if I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of of heat that I would if I used
+a linear amplifier. The control scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear amplifier. The control scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear amplifier. The control scheme
+for all this. People have known about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this. People have known about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this. People have known about
+switching amplifiers for a long time. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching amplifiers for a long time. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching amplifiers for a long time. Uh
+the control scheme is a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control scheme is a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control scheme is a sort of an
+interesting one which I won't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one which I won't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one which I won't get into
+in detail here. uh but basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail here. uh but basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail here. uh but basically what
+you do is derive is figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is derive is figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is derive is figure out the
+average motor voltage with simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average motor voltage with simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average motor voltage with simply a
+lowass filter. Now remember we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass filter. Now remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowass filter. Now remember we're
+switching at something like a 100 kHz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching at something like a 100 kHz.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching at something like a 100 kHz.
+Uh so we can get the motor voltage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we can get the motor voltage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we can get the motor voltage uh
+with a filter here that has a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a filter here that has a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a filter here that has a time
+constant of a millisecond or or even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of a millisecond or or even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of a millisecond or or even a
+shorter time constant than that. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time constant than that. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time constant than that. We can
+get a very good estimation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very good estimation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a very good estimation of the
+average motor voltage. Uh and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average motor voltage. Uh and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average motor voltage. Uh and we can
+then close a feedback loop that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then close a feedback loop that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then close a feedback loop that changes
+the duty cycle of the switch. uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty cycle of the switch. uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the duty cycle of the switch. uh in
+order to force the average voltage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to force the average voltage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to force the average voltage on
+the motor to be equal to our command.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor to be equal to our command.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor to be equal to our command.
+And so what we do is apply our DToA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what we do is apply our DToA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what we do is apply our DToA
+output, the output from our digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output, the output from our digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output, the output from our digital
+analog converter to this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog converter to this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog converter to this sort of a
+switching amplifier. We close the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching amplifier. We close the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching amplifier. We close the loop
+around the switching amplifier with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the switching amplifier with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the switching amplifier with this
+little lowass filter that uh effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lowass filter that uh effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lowass filter that uh effectively
+uh uh forces the average voltage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh forces the average voltage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh forces the average voltage on the
+motor to be proportional to the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor to be proportional to the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor to be proportional to the voltage
+from the DA converter. The technique for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the DA converter. The technique for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the DA converter. The technique for
+affecting duty cycle control is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting duty cycle control is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting duty cycle control is the part
+that was was suggested by professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was was suggested by professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was was suggested by professor
+Bose. In fact, he has a patent on it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose. In fact, he has a patent on it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose. In fact, he has a patent on it as
+I recall. Uh and you find out I say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recall. Uh and you find out I say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recall. Uh and you find out I say I
+won't go into this in detail but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into this in detail but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go into this in detail but I do
+discuss it in the book I believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the book I believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the book I believe in
+chapter 11. Uh you can put use a Schmidt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 11. Uh you can put use a Schmidt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 11. Uh you can put use a Schmidt
+trigger and what what happens then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger and what what happens then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger and what what happens then you
+apply your command to one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply your command to one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply your command to one side of the
+Schmidt trigger. uh when that voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt trigger. uh when that voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt trigger. uh when that voltage
+the command voltage exceeds this RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command voltage exceeds this RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the command voltage exceeds this RC
+voltage while you close the switch uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage while you close the switch uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage while you close the switch uh
+the voltage on the capacitor begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage on the capacitor begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage on the capacitor begins to
+increase when you have the switch closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase when you have the switch closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase when you have the switch closed
+you've got the full supply voltage at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the full supply voltage at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the full supply voltage at
+this point uh the capacitor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point uh the capacitor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point uh the capacitor voltage
+begins to ramp up a little bit uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to ramp up a little bit uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to ramp up a little bit uh pretty
+soon it exceeds the hysteresus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon it exceeds the hysteresus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon it exceeds the hysteresus on the
+Schmidt trigger the system switches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt trigger the system switches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt trigger the system switches the
+switch opens up the thing flies back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch opens up the thing flies back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch opens up the thing flies back you
+have basically zero volts here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically zero volts here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have basically zero volts here the
+capacitor voltage begins to ramp down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage begins to ramp down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage begins to ramp down
+again you exceed feed the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you exceed feed the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you exceed feed the other
+transition point on the Schmidt trigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition point on the Schmidt trigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition point on the Schmidt trigger.
+Once again, close the switch. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again, close the switch. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once again, close the switch. So you
+build a free running oscillator by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a free running oscillator by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a free running oscillator by going
+from this output through a Schmidt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this output through a Schmidt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this output through a Schmidt
+trigger back to the switch. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger back to the switch. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger back to the switch. And if you
+take go through the numbers associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take go through the numbers associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take go through the numbers associated
+with that loop, you find out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that loop, you find out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that loop, you find out that that
+of course the loop works to force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the loop works to force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the loop works to force the
+average voltage on the capacitor to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage on the capacitor to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average voltage on the capacitor to be
+proportional to the command. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the command. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the command. So that's
+the way I do the the power amplifier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I do the the power amplifier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I do the the power amplifier and
+by using a smoothing network here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a smoothing network here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a smoothing network here again
+recognizing the very great difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the very great difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the very great difference
+between the frequencies of interest for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the frequencies of interest for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the frequencies of interest for
+commanding the motor which are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding the motor which are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding the motor which are several
+hertz and the switching frequency which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz and the switching frequency which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz and the switching frequency which
+is 100 kHz or thereabouts. Uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 kHz or thereabouts. Uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 100 kHz or thereabouts. Uh you can
+very easily use a a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily use a a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily use a a slightly more
+sophisticated network in here get lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated network in here get lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated network in here get lead
+kinds of characteristics out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of characteristics out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of characteristics out of the
+power amplifier. The place where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power amplifier. The place where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power amplifier. The place where I
+actually do the amplifier compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the amplifier compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the amplifier compensation
+is in the power amplifier by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the power amplifier by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the power amplifier by an
+appropriate modification of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate modification of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate modification of the elements
+in this portion of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this portion of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this portion of the of the
+network. So uh as I indicated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. So uh as I indicated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. So uh as I indicated at the
+outset, I think this is probably my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset, I think this is probably my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset, I think this is probably my
+favorite demonstration. Uh shows that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite demonstration. Uh shows that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite demonstration. Uh shows that in
+addition to doing all the the wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to doing all the the wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to doing all the the wonderful
+things we thought we could with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we thought we could with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we thought we could with
+feedback, we can also use it just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback, we can also use it just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback, we can also use it just to
+have fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun.
+This concludes uh my series on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This concludes uh my series on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This concludes uh my series on on
+electronic feedback systems. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic feedback systems. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic feedback systems. I've
+certainly enjoyed doing it. Uh if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly enjoyed doing it. Uh if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly enjoyed doing it. Uh if any of
+you would like to contact me, I welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to contact me, I welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to contact me, I welcome
+that and you can get a hold of me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can get a hold of me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can get a hold of me uh
+care of the department of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the department of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the department of electrical
+engineering and computer science at MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and computer science at MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and computer science at MIT.
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ut04RoDL-gk.txt b/ut04RoDL-gk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98406e63d56e22731a245443459ac530ef1c9254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ut04RoDL-gk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1572 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this
+
+lecture on nonlinear finite
+element analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+In the previous lectures,
+we discussed the general
+
+continuum mechanics formulations
+that we use in
+
+nonlinear finite element
+analysis.
+
+And we also derived some
+element matrices.
+
+In this lecture, I'd like
+to discuss this
+
+you the truss element.
+
+The truss element is a very
+interesting element and a very
+
+important element.
+
+It is important because it's
+used in the analysis of many
+
+truss structures and also
+in the analysis of cable
+
+structures.
+
+It's an interesting element to
+study from a theoretical point
+
+of view because we can use the
+general continuum mechanics
+
+equations analytically and
+derive directly the finite
+
+element equations and the finite
+matrices corresponding
+
+to truss element.
+
+These are derived
+in closed form.
+
+We can study these matrices
+and get some insight, some
+
+physical insight, into what
+really these individual terms
+
+in the continuum mechanics
+equations mean.
+
+We want to study in this lecture
+the updated Lagrangian
+
+formulation.
+
+And in the next lecture, the
+total Lagrangian formulation.
+
+I mentioned earlier in a
+lecture that these two
+
+formulations really reduce to
+exactly the same matrices
+
+provided certain
+
+transformations routes are followed.
+
+And for the truss element, we
+can actually very nicely
+
+analytically demonstrate
+that all is true.
+
+So let us study now the updated
+Lagrangian formulation
+
+and later on the total
+Lagrangian
+
+formulation of the element.
+
+The assumptions that we are
+using for the truss element
+
+are that the stresses are
+transmitted only in the
+
+direction normal to
+the cross section.
+
+The stress is constant over
+the cross section.
+
+And the cross sectional area
+remains constant doing
+
+deformations.
+
+Of course, these first two
+assumptions here are those
+
+that we are also using
+in linear analysis.
+
+This we add now as an
+assumption, meaning that we
+
+really only consider small
+strain problems.
+
+We will consider large rotation,
+large displacement,
+
+but only small strain
+problems.
+
+Here we have a typical
+element.
+
+We align that to another truss
+element with the x1 in its
+
+original configuration.
+
+And the elemental goes through
+large deformations as you can
+
+see and the large
+rotation, theta.
+
+This is node 1, originally
+here, moves there.
+
+This node 2, originally
+here, moves there.
+
+Notice that the length of the
+element is L in its original
+
+configuration and it
+is also L in the
+
+configuration at time t.
+
+We use Young's modulus, an
+elastic material, in other
+
+words, we assume for
+the element.
+
+The cross sectional area is A.
+And once again, we also use
+
+the fact that the element lies
+in the x1, x2 space.
+
+The same kind of deviation that
+I'm now following through
+
+could, of course, also be
+generalized to the three
+
+dimensional case, in other
+words were you have three
+
+axes, x3 being included.
+
+But all of the relevant
+information, particularly the
+
+physical insight that we want to
+get from this deviation, is
+
+very well obtained by just
+considering element lying in
+
+the x1, x2 plane and moving
+in that plane.
+
+If we now look at the
+deformations of the element,
+
+we can see that at times 0
+it was here once again.
+
+The displacement off node 2
+is into the x1 direction
+
+signified by this symbol here,
+time t, u, into the 1
+
+direction at node 2.
+
+Into the 2 direction,
+we have u2.
+
+The lower 2 means 2 direction,
+2 of course being upwards.
+
+The upper 2 means node 2.
+
+The t, once again,
+means at time t.
+
+If you look at the left node
+here, node 1, that one moves
+
+this way and that way.
+
+We use, of course, a
+similar symbolism
+
+to denote this movement.
+
+So this is the deformation from
+time 0 to times t given
+
+by these nodal point
+displacements.
+
+Now from time t to time t plus
+delta t, we obtain am addition
+
+deformation.
+
+And that additional deformation
+is given by these
+
+displacements, at node 2 here
+and at node 1 here.
+
+Notice that, in other words,
+from time t to times t plus
+
+delta t, the truss has moved
+from the red configuration to
+
+the blue configuration.
+
+Of course, note that these
+displacements are measured in
+
+the stationary coordinate
+frame.
+
+I made a big point in the
+earlier lectures out of the
+
+fact that the coordinate frame
+remains stationary and the
+
+elements move through the
+coordinate frame.
+
+Of course, what we're interested
+in doing is to
+
+calculate, in the finite
+element solution, these
+
+incremental displacements.
+
+We assume that the
+configuration
+
+at time t is known.
+
+We want to calculate the
+new configuration.
+
+That means we want to calculate
+these incremental
+
+displacements.
+
+And we achieve that by setting
+up the appropriate matrices
+
+for the element.
+
+Well to develop the appropriate
+matrices for the
+
+updated Lagrangian formulation
+which I would like to discuss
+
+in this lecture, it is best
+to introduce an auxiliary
+
+coordinate frame.
+
+And that auxiliary coordinate
+frame is one that is aligned
+
+with one axis along
+the element.
+
+We introduce x1 curl
+and x2 curl.
+
+The curl always meaning body
+aligned coordinate frame.
+
+Notice that this is now the
+rotation here that the element
+
+has undergone.
+
+And of course, we really want to
+get the stiffness matrix in
+
+the x1, x2 frame.
+
+x2, of course, being
+perpendicular to x1, not shown
+
+on this viewgraph, but shown
+on the earlier viewgraphs.
+
+We know that if we have
+calculated the matrices in
+
+this curl coordinate frame, the
+body attached coordinate
+
+frame, we very easily can
+transform to the stationary
+
+coordinate frame.
+
+So let us now concentrate on
+finding the K-matrix, the
+
+F-vector, corresponding
+to this body
+
+attached coordinate frame.
+
+To do so, we look back to our
+continuum mechanics equations
+
+that we developed in
+earlier lectures.
+
+Here we have the basic continuum
+mechanics equation,
+
+the principal of virtual work
+written for the update
+
+Lagrangian formulation in the
+curled coordinate frame, see
+
+that curl there.
+
+And this was the starting point
+for the development off
+
+all of the equations that we're
+using in the update
+
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+The linearization resided
+in this equation.
+
+And we talked about this
+equation quite a bit.
+
+Except, of course, we did not
+have to curls there because we
+
+were talking about the x1, x2,
+x3 uncurled coordinate frame.
+
+Now we're talking about this
+curled coordinate frame, so I
+
+simply put a curl on there.
+
+But otherwise, the terms
+are identical.
+
+Because for the truss as I
+state earlier the only
+
+non-zero stress is the stress
+along the length of the truss
+
+which acts normally to the cross
+section of the truss, we
+
+can simplify this general
+equation to this equation.
+
+The only non-zero stress
+is tau curl 1 1.
+
+The only strain that we call
+stress, only small strain that
+
+we call stress, is e curl 1 1.
+
+Of course a t on the left-hand
+side because it's referred to
+
+as the configuration
+at time t.
+
+So this very general equation
+reduces to a much simpler
+
+equation already
+as shown here.
+
+What we are out now to do is to
+evaluate these quantities
+
+here and there using the finite
+element interpolation.
+
+First let us now look at what
+are some of the terms that we
+
+easily can identify.
+
+We identify this tensile
+term here to be
+
+simply Young's modulus.
+
+This stress term to be simply
+the force in the truss divided
+
+by the cross sectional area.
+
+The volume of the truss
+is given here.
+
+Notice, once again, the length
+of the truss is assumed to be
+
+constant, therefore we only
+consider small strain
+
+conditions, I mentioned
+that earlier.
+
+If we now use this information
+in the general equation, we
+
+directly arrive at this
+equation here.
+
+You simply substitute and you
+will see immediately that
+
+these are the terms.
+
+Of course, what we now have to
+evaluate are these curled
+
+terms here.
+
+To proceed, we identify that
+the e curl 1 1, the linear
+
+strain term, is simply given
+by the linear strain
+
+displacement matrix with a curl
+on it times the nodal
+
+point displacement vector.
+
+These are the nodal point
+displacements.
+
+There are four such
+displacements because we have
+
+two nodes and two displacements
+per node.
+
+Notice that I have a curl here
+signifying that we're talking
+
+about the curled coordinate
+frame.
+
+And there's a hat on top off
+that curl as you can see here.
+
+That hat means these are
+discrete nodal point
+
+displacements.
+
+This term here is evaluated
+via that term.
+
+Notice that we construct the
+BNL in such a way that this
+
+right-hand side is equal
+to that left-hand side.
+
+I mentioned that also in the
+earlier lectures for the two
+
+dimensional and the
+three dimensional
+
+finite element cases.
+
+Well the vector of nodal point
+displacements, this vector
+
+here, is listed out here.
+
+Notice it contains the four
+displacements that I referred
+
+to earlier.
+
+And these are the displacements,
+u curl
+
+1 1, u curl 2 1.
+
+This upper 1 always denoting
+nodal point, the lower 1 and 2
+
+meaning coordinate directions.
+
+Similarly for these two terms.
+
+To evaluate now these terms,
+we recognize that the total
+
+strain, the total incremental
+Green-Lagrange strain I should
+
+say, is given by this
+relationship here from our
+
+general continuum mechanics
+equation.
+
+The linear strain term
+is given here.
+
+And the nonlinear strain
+term is the rest.
+
+The rest meaning taking this
+total, subtracting the linear
+
+one, you're left
+with that one.
+
+And once again, these
+expressions are directly
+
+obtained by just taking the
+general continuum mechanics
+
+equations and varying the
+indices the way you want to
+
+see them varied.
+
+1 1, for i and j, if you
+would refer back.
+
+And k, the k that used earlier
+goes over 1 and 2 in this
+
+particular case.
+
+In a three dimensional case,
+of course, you would have k
+
+also going to 3.
+
+The variation on this term
+resides directly in this
+
+expression.
+
+And we notice that this
+expression can also be written
+
+in matrix form.
+
+One row vector times
+one column vector.
+
+It is convenient to work now
+with this matrix form because
+
+we want to bring it into a
+form BNL transposed BNL.
+
+Before doing so, let us identify
+one important point,
+
+namely that the displacement
+derivatives are
+
+constant along the truss.
+
+The reason for it is that we
+have only two nodes and these
+
+two notes can only specify
+a linear variation and
+
+displacement between the two
+nodes, meaning a linear
+
+variation along the truss and
+the displacement derivatives
+
+are therefore constant.
+
+For example, this displacement
+derivative is simply obtained
+
+by taking the difference in the
+nodal point displacements,
+
+of course, in direction 1
+because we're talking about 1
+
+here, over the length L.
+
+So this is directly obtained
+as u curl 1 comma 1.
+
+Similarly, we also evaluate u
+curl 2, 1 and you see the
+
+lower part here gives
+us that expression.
+
+Of course, the upper row here
+is nothing else than the
+
+rewriting of that equation.
+
+If you rewrite this equation in
+matrix form, you directly
+
+obtain this relationship.
+
+Or another check would be simply
+takes this vector,
+
+multiply this matrix by that
+vector, and the upper part of
+
+that multiplication will
+directly be this result.
+
+If we now use this information,
+we directly
+
+extract the BL matrix, which of
+course links up the linear
+
+strain increment with the nodal
+point displacements.
+
+Here there is a small error.
+
+Let me just point it out.
+
+This bracket, of course, should
+go to there because the
+
+B matrix does not contain
+the nodal point
+
+displacement vector.
+
+It only goes up to there.
+
+Because the e curl 1 1 is equal
+to B matrix times the
+
+nodal point displacement
+vector.
+
+Similarly we can write
+now the variation in
+
+eta 1 1 in this form.
+
+Notice that this part here
+captures this amount and this
+
+part here captures
+that amount.
+
+This one, of course, we had
+already derived earlier.
+
+We just plug it in now.
+
+With this information
+we can not directly
+
+develop the k matrices.
+
+We notice that the linear strain
+stiffness matrix is
+
+obtained from this expression.
+
+And here you have it.
+
+You simply substitute for these
+terms and obtain this
+
+matrix, much in the
+same way as we are
+
+dealing in linear analysis.
+
+The nonlinear strain stiffness
+matrix, that's the one we want
+
+to look at next, is obtained
+from this relationship.
+
+And we simply now substitute
+what we have derived for this
+
+term and directly obtain
+this expression here.
+
+And what's under this blue
+bracket, of course, is our
+
+nonlinear strain stiffness
+matrix.
+
+Finally, the force vector is
+obtained from this expression.
+
+And you, once again, simply
+plug in and obtain this
+
+expression here where what's
+under the blue
+
+is the force vector.
+
+The beauty is that we have
+started with a fairly
+
+complicated continuum
+mechanics equation.
+
+We have specialized it to the
+truss element, recognizing
+
+that only certain terms really
+need to be included or are
+
+included in this particular
+case.
+
+We have evaluated them in a
+fairly simple, straightforward
+
+manner, plugged in, and obtained
+now matrices that can
+
+of course be analytically
+evaluated the way that they
+
+have it done.
+
+And now we can in fact even
+think about these matrices and
+
+try to physically interpret
+their meaning.
+
+We will do that just now.
+
+However, before getting into
+that, we want to get back to
+
+one point, namely that we have
+sued so far a curled
+
+coordinate system.
+
+And as we mentioned earlier, we
+will have to transform from
+
+that curled coordinate system
+to the stationary global
+
+coordinate system.
+
+That is achieved by this
+transformation.
+
+Notice that the curled
+displacements are nothing else
+
+than transformation matrix
+times the uncurled
+
+displacement.
+
+This transformation matrix
+is very well
+
+known from linear analysis.
+
+It simply transforms
+displacement from one
+
+coordinate system
+into another.
+
+This is the one that holds
+anywhere along the element for
+
+the continuous displacement.
+
+But it also holds
+at the nodes.
+
+So if we apply that relationship
+at the nodes, be
+
+directly obtain this
+transformation here.
+
+The curled displacements at the
+nodes are given in terms
+
+of the transformation matrix
+times the uncurled
+
+displacement at the nodes.
+
+Of course, we want to get the
+matrix expressions related to
+
+this uncurled displacement
+vector.
+
+Well having obtained this
+relationship, we go back to
+
+the basic equations, recognizing
+that this part
+
+here is coming from the linear
+strain stiffness matrix.
+
+We substitute for u curl,
+the uncurled vectors
+
+with the T's in front.
+
+There is a transpose
+appearing now here.
+
+This capital transpose has to
+be there because there's a
+
+transpose there.
+
+And what's in here underlined
+in red is the linear strain
+
+stiffness matrix of the element
+corresponding to the
+
+stationery global coordinate
+system.
+
+We proceed much the same way
+for the nonlinear strain
+
+stiffness matrix.
+
+And what's in here now is what
+we want to get, the nonlinear
+
+strain stiffness matrix
+corresponding to the global
+
+stationary coordinate frame.
+
+Same thing holds of course
+for the F-vector.
+
+And here we have the F-vector
+now in the uncurled global
+
+stationary coordinate frame.
+
+So it's really this part, that
+part, and this part that we're
+
+using in our finite element
+analysis when we assemble
+
+truss elements into a global
+assemblage of truss elements.
+
+Performing the indicated matrix
+multiplications gives
+
+this expression here.
+
+In fact, this is the same
+stiffness matrix that we use
+
+in linear analysis when we
+have an element that is
+
+oriented at an angle theta
+to the global x-axis, the
+
+horizontal x-axis.
+
+So you might have very well
+seen this matrix before.
+
+The nonlinear strain stiffness
+matrix looks this way.
+
+Notice there is a tP over
+L and then these terms.
+
+Of course, it's also
+symmetric.
+
+And this is the matrix
+corresponding to the global
+
+coordinate frame now.
+
+We notice immediately that this
+matrix is in fact the
+
+same matrix that we already had
+evaluated in the curved
+
+coordinate frame.
+
+We will get back to
+that just now.
+
+The F-vector comes
+out to be this.
+
+Let's now look at these
+terms physically.
+
+Here we have a single truss
+element pinned at the
+
+left-hand side.
+
+And a load R is applied to that
+truss at the other end.
+
+Of course, this direction of
+the load must be along the
+
+truss element.
+
+Or rather the truss element
+aligns its direction so that
+
+it balances this load
+that is applied.
+
+The internal force is tP.
+
+tP balances tR.
+
+And tP, of course, acts along
+the truss element.
+
+Now if you look at this node
+here, node 2, we notice
+
+immediately that this tR vector
+can be decomposed.
+
+Or this tR can be decomposed
+into tR cosine theta along
+
+this axis and tR sin theta
+along that axis.
+
+P is acting here and P can also
+be decomposed as shown.
+
+Now if we look here, we find
+therefore that the tR vector
+
+corresponding to the global
+coordinate system contains
+
+these two entries shown here.
+
+And the tF from our earlier
+viewgraph at node 2 was indeed
+
+simply this part.
+
+We notice therefore that tR is
+equal to tF as show here or tR
+
+minus ttF equal to 0.
+
+And that is, of course, what
+has to hold when we satisfy
+
+equilibrium at that node.
+
+So we have a nice
+
+interpretation of this F-vector.
+
+And in fact, we can see that our
+arithmetic of getting that
+
+F-vector has been correct.
+
+Let's look now at the KNL
+matrix, the nonlinear strain
+
+stiffness matrix.
+
+We already pointed out earlier
+that the KNL in the uncurled
+
+frame was equal to the KNL
+in the curled frame.
+
+And we can ask ourself, of
+course, why is that so?
+
+Well the reason is
+the following.
+
+Let's look again at this truss
+element pinned here and we
+
+look at node 2, then we see that
+this vector here, which
+
+is by Pythagoras the component
+or the resultant vector of
+
+these two displacements,
+has this length.
+
+Now this length can be evaluated
+as shown here.
+
+Because the derivatives are
+constants, we discussed that
+
+earlier, we can write this
+derivative squared plus that
+
+derivative squared, square root
+out of it, times L, being
+
+equal to that.
+
+But then we recognize that
+what we're seeing here is
+
+nothing else than that term
+there, in other words, our
+
+nonlinear strain increment.
+
+Which in this particular case
+we can see, for the given
+
+displacement is constant and
+independent of the coordinate
+
+frame used.
+
+And that is really the reason
+why the KNL matrix is constant
+
+for any coordinate frame
+that we are using.
+
+Let us now try to understand
+what the elements in the KNL
+
+matrix physically mean.
+
+They, in fact, give the change
+in force, the required change
+
+in the externally applied
+force, when
+
+the element is rotated.
+
+Here we have an element at time
+t, once again fixed at
+
+the left end, and subjected
+to a force tR.
+
+Of course, this force tR
+is balanced by the
+
+internal force tP.
+
+Let us now impose a displacement
+such that the
+
+element rotates about
+this point.
+
+We reach the configuration
+at time t plus delta t by
+
+imposing this displacement
+here, which we
+
+denote u curl 2 2.
+
+Now in this configuration,
+a new force has
+
+to act on this element.
+
+And this new force, denoted
+as t plus delta
+
+tR, is shown here.
+
+Here we have the force
+t plus delta tR.
+
+Notice it is aligned with the
+red element at time t plus
+
+delta t now.
+
+The change in the force from
+configuration t to t plus
+
+delta t is given
+by this vector.
+
+And the element in that vector
+can be calculated by taking
+
+moment equilibrium
+about this point.
+
+We do just that right here.
+
+This is the equation of moment
+equilibrium about the fixed
+
+point of the truss.
+
+Notice that, of course, this
+displacement is small.
+
+And from this, we directly
+obtain that delta R is given
+
+as shown here on the
+right-hand side.
+
+And this is actually the entry
+4, 4 of the KNL matrix.
+
+Now the same information is
+also expressed here on the
+
+right-hand side where we have
+written the delta R as a
+
+matrix product of KNL times u
+hat being equal to t plus
+
+delta tR minus tR.
+
+So this completes our discussion
+of the finite
+
+element matrices of the truss
+element corresponding to the
+
+updated Lagrangian
+formulation.
+
+In the next lecture, we will
+actually discuss the total
+
+Lagrangian formulation
+of the truss element.
+
+And we will find that
+identically the same matrices
+
+are obtained as in the updated
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+That will be a very interesting
+theoretical point,
+
+as well as practical point.
+
+Let us now look at an example
+of using the truss element.
+
+And the example is a
+simple one, and yet
+
+quite practical one.
+
+We will analyze a prestressed
+cable.
+
+The cable has a length 2L.
+
+At the midpoint, a load
+of 2 tR is supplied.
+
+The Young's modulus of the
+cable is E, the cross
+
+sectional area of
+the cable is A.
+
+We can model one half of the
+cable because of symmetry
+
+conditions as shown down here.
+
+Notice that, of course, we
+assume the transverse
+
+displacement to be small, the
+angle therefore to be small,
+
+because we assume that the
+length of the cable element
+
+remains the same.
+
+In other words, it does not
+change from time zero to time
+
+t to time t plus delta
+t and so on.
+
+Using the U.L. Formation, we
+obtain directly from the
+
+general matrices that we
+discussed us now, this
+
+equation here.
+
+Which gives the tangent
+stiffness matrix times the
+
+displacement increment equal to
+the externally applied load
+
+minus the nodal point force
+corresponding to the internal
+
+element stress, the internal
+element force tP, of course,
+
+in this case.
+
+Notice that this is the
+equilibrium equation that
+
+carries us from time t to
+time t plus delta t.
+
+We would iterate on this, of
+course, introducing an
+
+iteration counter here on
+the right-hand side.
+
+We have discussed all that in
+earlier lectures to obtain an
+
+accurate solution for time t
+plus delta t, but these are
+
+some details that we don't
+need to look at now.
+
+For the moment, let's just look
+at this equation here, in
+
+which we imply basically a
+simple step by step forward
+
+incrementation of load
+without iteration.
+
+In practice once again, we would
+actually iterate to make
+
+sure that we are satisfying
+equilibrium at the end
+
+of each time step.
+
+Of particular interest is the
+configuration at time 0.
+
+And there we recognized that
+the linear strain stiffness
+
+matrix up here is 0.
+
+And that's all we have in terms
+of stiffness is the
+
+nonlinear strain stiffness.
+
+And that is expressed in
+this equation here.
+
+Notice that therefore if P0 is
+equal to 0, in other words,
+
+there's no prestress in the
+cable, then initially it has
+
+no stiffness.
+
+Of course, this element here,
+let's look at it here at time
+
+t, this element here will
+increase ad the deformations
+
+increase because tP
+will increase.
+
+And this element here will
+also increase as the
+
+deformations increase.
+
+And in fact, this is expressed
+once more here.
+
+This total matrix will in
+fact be increasing.
+
+We say the cable stiffens
+and the load is applied.
+
+If theta becomes very large, in
+fact if as theta goes to 90
+
+degrees, the stiffness becomes
+quite large and the stiffness
+
+approaches as theta goes to 90
+degrees EA over L. Now this,
+
+of course, is rather theoretical
+because we assume
+
+in our formulation that the
+length remains constant and
+
+therefore that the deformations
+are small, as I
+
+pointed out earlier.
+
+Let us now look at the actual
+load displacement curve that
+
+is calculated for this
+particular truss structure,
+
+which is really a cable
+structure, we could look also
+
+at it as a trust structure
+because it is made up of two
+
+truss elements.
+
+Here we have the deflection
+plotted.
+
+And here we have the applied
+force plotted for
+
+a particular case.
+
+Notice that L is 120 inches,
+A is 1 square inch.
+
+Notice that the maximum
+displacement we're looking at
+
+here is about 2 inches.
+
+So 2 inches over the length, 120
+inches, means really small
+
+deformations.
+
+But notice the stiffening effect
+shown by the increase
+
+in the slope of this curve.
+
+We can actually show the
+stiffness matrix components as
+
+a function of the
+applied load.
+
+And this is a very interesting
+viewgraph.
+
+Here we see that at 0 load,
+the only stiffness that is
+
+there is given by KNL.
+
+We pointed that out
+already earlier.
+
+KL is equal to 0.
+
+As the load increases,
+KNL increases as
+
+shown by the blue curve.
+
+As a load increases, also KL
+increases as shown here.
+
+And the sum of these two curves,
+of course, gives us
+
+the red curve.
+
+And the red curve is the total
+tangent stiffness matrix.
+
+At any particular applied force,
+we can directly read
+
+off the stiffness
+corresponding to
+
+that applied force.
+
+Or, more naturally, we would
+of course look for the
+
+corresponding displacement.
+
+In other words, at a particular
+applied force, we
+
+have a corresponding
+displacement.
+
+And for that corresponding
+displacement, we
+
+would have a stiffness.
+
+Of course, these curves are
+directly obtained from the
+
+expression that I just
+showed you earlier.
+
+Well, this brings us to the
+end of this lecture.
+
+In the next lecture then, as I
+pointed out already, I'd like
+
+to look with you at the total
+Lagrangian formulation of the
+
+truss element.
+
+And as I mentioned earlier, we
+will find something very
+
+interesting, namely that
+reducing all of these complex
+
+continuum mechanics equations
+down to what we really need
+
+for the truss element, we will
+find that the same matrices in
+
+a total Lagrangian formulation
+are obtained as in the updated
+
+Lagrangian formulation.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/v6eIvQ9wU1w.txt b/v6eIvQ9wU1w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c2e3ccd56f4cd590fde8bdce92080207e1b075c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/v6eIvQ9wU1w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+In order to anchor the class and provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to anchor the class and provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In order to anchor the class and provide
+an application that is at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application that is at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application that is at the same time
+realistic but not overly complex, uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but not overly complex, uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic but not overly complex, uh we
+chose to participate in the 2016 CANSAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to participate in the 2016 CANSAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose to participate in the 2016 CANSAT
+competition. And CANSAT is just what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition. And CANSAT is just what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition. And CANSAT is just what the
+name stands for. It's the design of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name stands for. It's the design of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name stands for. It's the design of a
+satellite that fits into a can that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite that fits into a can that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite that fits into a can that is
+launched not into space but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched not into space but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched not into space but at
+relatively high altitude with a sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively high altitude with a sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively high altitude with a sounding
+rocket essentially. And so the Canad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket essentially. And so the Canad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocket essentially. And so the Canad
+competition has been run for about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition has been run for about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition has been run for about 20
+years. It's quite well known and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. It's quite well known and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. It's quite well known and there's
+teams from all across the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams from all across the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams from all across the world that
+participate. There is now a Canset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate. There is now a Canset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate. There is now a Canset
+competition in the US. There's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the US. There's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in the US. There's also a
+European version of it. The goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European version of it. The goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European version of it. The goal of the
+CANSAT competition is for students to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CANSAT competition is for students to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CANSAT competition is for students to go
+step by step through the design process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step by step through the design process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step by step through the design process.
+The starting point for the students is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The starting point for the students is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The starting point for the students is a
+set of requirements uh 47 requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of requirements uh 47 requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of requirements uh 47 requirements
+that are given by the organizers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given by the organizers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are given by the organizers about
+what the particular system has to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the particular system has to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the particular system has to do.
+For example, the cans has to fit within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, the cans has to fit within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, the cans has to fit within
+the payload fairing of the rocket. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payload fairing of the rocket. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payload fairing of the rocket. It
+has to survive the launch. So a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to survive the launch. So a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to survive the launch. So a certain
+number of G- loads and vibrations have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of G- loads and vibrations have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of G- loads and vibrations have
+to be survivable by the payload. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be survivable by the payload. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be survivable by the payload. The
+payload then has to separate into both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload then has to separate into both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload then has to separate into both
+the glider portion and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glider portion and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glider portion and the actual
+container that contains the payload. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container that contains the payload. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container that contains the payload. On
+its way down, the payload has to fly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way down, the payload has to fly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way down, the payload has to fly in
+a circular pattern for about 2 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular pattern for about 2 minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular pattern for about 2 minutes.
+And during the descent, it has to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And during the descent, it has to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And during the descent, it has to record
+u temperature and pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u temperature and pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u temperature and pressure of the
+atmosphere. And you get extra bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere. And you get extra bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere. And you get extra bonus
+points if you record images and transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if you record images and transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points if you record images and transmit
+those images to the ground. The students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those images to the ground. The students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those images to the ground. The students
+are responsible for everything except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for everything except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for everything except
+the rocket itself. So the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket itself. So the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocket itself. So the design of the
+glider, the container, the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider, the container, the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glider, the container, the ground
+station and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and all the
+procedures. So what what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures. So what what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures. So what what's interesting
+about uh systems engineering and design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh systems engineering and design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh systems engineering and design
+and design is that there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design is that there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design is that there are different
+approaches how to tackle the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches how to tackle the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches how to tackle the problem.
+One is an approach where you take take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is an approach where you take take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is an approach where you take take
+it step by step and you try to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it step by step and you try to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it step by step and you try to um
+basically get the the right answer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get the the right answer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get the the right answer at
+every step but at some point you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step but at some point you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every step but at some point you need to
+check yourself as well with milestones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself as well with milestones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yourself as well with milestones.
+The other approach and that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other approach and that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other approach and that's typically
+what we call a waterfall or stagegate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a waterfall or stagegate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a waterfall or stagegate
+process which is what's applied in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is what's applied in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is what's applied in very
+large systems where um it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large systems where um it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large systems where um it's too
+expensive to do a lot of prototypes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do a lot of prototypes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do a lot of prototypes and
+you have to get it right the first time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get it right the first time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get it right the first time.
+The other approach is spiral development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other approach is spiral development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other approach is spiral development
+or agile or rapid development where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or agile or rapid development where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or agile or rapid development where you
+do quick prototypes and you learn very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quick prototypes and you learn very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quick prototypes and you learn very
+quickly and iterate your design and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and iterate your design and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and iterate your design and in
+some sense what we're doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense what we're doing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense what we're doing in this
+class is a combination of the two. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is a combination of the two. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is a combination of the two. Um
+what was very rewarding is to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was very rewarding is to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was very rewarding is to see how
+students um ideuliated their concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um ideuliated their concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um ideuliated their concepts
+always keeping in mind the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keeping in mind the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always keeping in mind the requirements
+and the end goal in mind but also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end goal in mind but also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end goal in mind but also um
+testing those ideas either through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing those ideas either through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing those ideas either through
+modeling and simulation or with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and simulation or with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and simulation or with very
+simple prototypes that can be made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple prototypes that can be made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple prototypes that can be made out
+of paper. uh one team actually produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper. uh one team actually produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper. uh one team actually produced
+a 3D printed version of their glider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3D printed version of their glider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3D printed version of their glider
+even though that wasn't officially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that wasn't officially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that wasn't officially uh
+necessary uh before the the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary uh before the the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary uh before the the the key
+milestone which is the PDR. And so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone which is the PDR. And so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone which is the PDR. And so it
+was interesting to see how every team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting to see how every team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting to see how every team
+approached it slightly differently.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vIydsgrYGIY.txt b/vIydsgrYGIY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9634b93c8835bb9eb231f65dfe653b2ec50eb2d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vIydsgrYGIY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a creative common
+license. Additional information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Additional information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Additional information about
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Several pieces of good news. Uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Several pieces of good news. Uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Several pieces of good news. Uh since
+Brett is back now, uh all of chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brett is back now, uh all of chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brett is back now, uh all of chapters
+five and six uh of my notes, that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six uh of my notes, that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six uh of my notes, that is to
+say, all that we've covered in class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, all that we've covered in class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, all that we've covered in class,
+plus a little more, uh are on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a little more, uh are on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a little more, uh are on the web
+page now. So, I was cautious at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page now. So, I was cautious at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page now. So, I was cautious at the
+beginning of the semester and didn't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the semester and didn't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the semester and didn't put
+that up and then forgot that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up and then forgot that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up and then forgot that it wasn't
+there. So now you have something to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So now you have something to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So now you have something to work
+with particularly on any uh experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particularly on any uh experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particularly on any uh experiments
+of uh for example minimum degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh for example minimum degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh for example minimum degree
+ordering. Oh, and also uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. Oh, and also uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering. Oh, and also uh there's a
+movie now uh uh Tim Davis from Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie now uh uh Tim Davis from Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie now uh uh Tim Davis from Florida
+and Perolof Pearson uh my friend here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Perolof Pearson uh my friend here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Perolof Pearson uh my friend here uh
+created a little movie to show the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a little movie to show the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a little movie to show the order
+that um elimination occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um elimination occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um elimination occurs
+and I had a lot of email with Tim Davis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a lot of email with Tim Davis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a lot of email with Tim Davis.
+So uh on those on that one-page handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh on those on that one-page handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh on those on that one-page handout
+it mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mentions
+for 2D leelass's equation it mentions n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2D leelass's equation it mentions n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2D leelass's equation it mentions n
+cubed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed for the
+for the nested dissection where you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nested dissection where you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nested dissection where you cut
+the region in half and half and half by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region in half and half and half by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region in half and half and half by
+separators. I I believe and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separators. I I believe and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separators. I I believe and I think it
+experiments will show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments will show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments will show that
+minimum degree is even better but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum degree is even better but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum degree is even better but the
+analysis is extremely weak apparently on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is extremely weak apparently on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is extremely weak apparently on
+minimum degree. So uh anyway, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum degree. So uh anyway, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum degree. So uh anyway, one
+possible project either for now or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible project either for now or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible project either for now or for
+uh the the final project would be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the final project would be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the final project would be some
+experiments to see what the actual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to see what the actual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to see what the actual uh
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+is like and maybe a little understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and maybe a little understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and maybe a little understanding
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh minimum degree. Yeah. So we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minimum degree. Yeah. So we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minimum degree. Yeah. So we'll talk
+more about that. Anyway, there's a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that. Anyway, there's a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that. Anyway, there's a movie
+and um a lot more material there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a lot more material there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a lot more material there on the
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+and it's getting up it'll get updated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's getting up it'll get updated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's getting up it'll get updated as
+uh and corrected as I as I do the edits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and corrected as I as I do the edits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and corrected as I as I do the edits.
+Okay. Uh second announcement, second bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh second announcement, second bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh second announcement, second bit
+of good news. Uh I made a mistake.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good news. Uh I made a mistake.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good news. Uh I made a mistake.
+That's not normally good news, but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not normally good news, but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not normally good news, but this
+time uh when I was I reported a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh when I was I reported a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh when I was I reported a little
+calculation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for
+multi-grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-grid
+and I computed the wrong thing. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I computed the wrong thing. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I computed the wrong thing. You
+remember that I computed M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I computed M.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that I computed M.
+M was the Jacobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M was the Jacobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M was the Jacobe
+uh so M was the the Jacobi matrix the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so M was the the Jacobi matrix the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so M was the the Jacobi matrix the I
+the the iteration matrix with Jacobi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the iteration matrix with Jacobi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the iteration matrix with Jacobi
+which is I - D inverse A this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I - D inverse A this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I - D inverse A this is for the
+1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D
+second differences so in fact 5 by five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differences so in fact 5 by five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second differences so in fact 5 by five
+was my this was the this was the 5x5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my this was the this was the 5x5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my this was the this was the 5x5
+matrix that we've been talking about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that we've been talking about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that we've been talking about and
+Now this is multiplied by it's divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is multiplied by it's divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is multiplied by it's divided
+by multiplied by d inverse which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplied by d inverse which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplied by d inverse which is a
+half but then with a waiting factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but then with a waiting factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but then with a waiting factor that
+becomes a third.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a third.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a third.
+So that's weighted jacobi now and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's weighted jacobi now and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's weighted jacobi now and this
+is what we would get for ordinary simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we would get for ordinary simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we would get for ordinary simple
+iteration and it's not satisfactory. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and it's not satisfactory. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and it's not satisfactory. You
+remember it had an igen value lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it had an igen value lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it had an igen value lambda
+max. The spectral radius was about 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. The spectral radius was about 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max. The spectral radius was about 0.9
+let's say. Okay. Then I reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say. Okay. Then I reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say. Okay. Then I reported
+about the igen values of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the igen values of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the igen values of M
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+the the multi-grid matrix S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the multi-grid matrix S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the multi-grid matrix S
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+and I was a little disappointed in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was a little disappointed in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was a little disappointed in its
+igen values. The reason is I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values. The reason is I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values. The reason is I should have
+been doing I minus S N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing I minus S N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing I minus S N.
+When I do that, I'm not disappointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I do that, I'm not disappointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I do that, I'm not disappointed
+anymore. The igen values. So this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. The igen values. So this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. The igen values. So this has
+let's see what what are the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what what are the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what what are the igen values
+of this. You remember S has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. You remember S has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. You remember S has
+S is the is the matrix that tells us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is the is the matrix that tells us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is the is the matrix that tells us how
+much error we're capturing. S is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much error we're capturing. S is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much error we're capturing. S is the
+matrix that came from uh the error we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that came from uh the error we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that came from uh the error we
+captured at the end of multigrid was S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured at the end of multigrid was S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured at the end of multigrid was S
+times the error that we entered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the error that we entered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the error that we entered with
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um so the error that's left so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the error that's left so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the error that's left so the the
+remaining error the new error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining error the new error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining error the new error
+is is the rest is the part we don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the rest is the part we don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the rest is the part we don't get
+and that's what I forgot that's I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I forgot that's I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I forgot that's I minus
+S E. So that's why I should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S E. So that's why I should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S E. So that's why I should have been
+using I minus S. So then the step one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using I minus S. So then the step one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using I minus S. So then the step one of
+multigrid does a smoother. Steps 2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigrid does a smoother. Steps 2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigrid does a smoother. Steps 2,
+three, four do leave me with leave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four do leave me with leave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, four do leave me with leave me
+with I minus S. And step five did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I minus S. And step five did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I minus S. And step five did
+another smoother. And this is just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another smoother. And this is just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another smoother. And this is just with
+one smoother which one Jacobe step which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one smoother which one Jacobe step which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one smoother which one Jacobe step which
+you would probably do three. Anyway, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably do three. Anyway, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably do three. Anyway, the
+igen values of this were what? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of this were what? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of this were what? Well,
+this has two zero igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has two zero igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has two zero igen values
+and three ones. So, this this matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three ones. So, this this matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three ones. So, this this matrix has
+values 0 0 1 one1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because why is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is that?
+Well, we get two zeros. You remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we get two zeros. You remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we get two zeros. You remember the
+igen values had to be zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values had to be zero or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values had to be zero or one
+because s^2= s and i - square s^2= i -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because s^2= s and i - square s^2= i -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because s^2= s and i - square s^2= i -
+s. So we remember that now the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So we remember that now the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So we remember that now the question
+is what's the what are these and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the what are these and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the what are these and the
+answer was 1 nth is a triple igen value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was 1 nth is a triple igen value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was 1 nth is a triple igen value.
+I was astonished to discover 1 ninth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was astonished to discover 1 ninth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was astonished to discover 1 ninth of
+course 00 survive the rank is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 00 survive the rank is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 00 survive the rank is three
+and this this is now looking much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is now looking much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is now looking much better
+I mean what I reported last time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what I reported last time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean what I reported last time was
+some more like 7/8 or something and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more like 7/8 or something and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more like 7/8 or something and I
+thought oh multi- grid what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh multi- grid what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh multi- grid what you know
+it's not showing its true colors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not showing its true colors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not showing its true colors but
+actually it does so that's the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it does so that's the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it does so that's the this is
+the kind of value we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of value we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of value we expect
+like one/10enth for uh for a multi-grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one/10enth for uh for a multi-grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one/10enth for uh for a multi-grid
+cycle and uh so much better if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and uh so much better if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and uh so much better if we just
+did 3 m for example I would get to down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 3 m for example I would get to down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did 3 m for example I would get to down
+to 0.9 cubed which is more than 7 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.9 cubed which is more than 7 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.9 cubed which is more than 7 where
+by doing multigrid instead we're down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing multigrid instead we're down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing multigrid instead we're down to
+0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1
+okay so that's the that's the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the good news
+and of course if you experiment a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you experiment a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you experiment a little
+you'll find different numbers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find different numbers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find different numbers for
+different sizes and really see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes and really see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes and really see what's
+happening. And in fact, you could do 2D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. And in fact, you could do 2D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening. And in fact, you could do 2D.
+I I'm I mention all this partly for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm I mention all this partly for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm I mention all this partly for now
+if you're wanting to do it now or partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wanting to do it now or partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're wanting to do it now or partly
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+eventually later. Oh, and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually later. Oh, and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually later. Oh, and thinking about
+projects, just one word to repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects, just one word to repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects, just one word to repeat that
+uh the Monday after spring break, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Monday after spring break, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Monday after spring break, I
+think that's April the 3, uh no class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's April the 3, uh no class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's April the 3, uh no class.
+Um so it won't be w it'll be Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it won't be w it'll be Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so it won't be w it'll be Wednesday
+that I'll see you again, but uh Mr. Cho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll see you again, but uh Mr. Cho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll see you again, but uh Mr. Cho
+will be available his office hour. So So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be available his office hour. So So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be available his office hour. So So
+that's April
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's April
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's April
+3rd. If you wanted to discuss issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd. If you wanted to discuss issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3rd. If you wanted to discuss issues
+with your project with Mr. Cho, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your project with Mr. Cho, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your project with Mr. Cho, that
+would be at class time in in his office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at class time in in his office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at class time in in his office
+21:30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21:30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21:30
+at at 1 at 1:00.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at 1 at 1:00.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at 1 at 1:00.
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+So, otherwise, take an extra spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, otherwise, take an extra spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, otherwise, take an extra spring
+break and I'll see you Wednesday. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and I'll see you Wednesday. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and I'll see you Wednesday. Okay?
+So that's various bits of good news and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's various bits of good news and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's various bits of good news and
+oh one other thing that I guess I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one other thing that I guess I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one other thing that I guess I didn't
+finish in that lecture was to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in that lecture was to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in that lecture was to identify
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the two values. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two values. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two values. Um
+yeah well IGEN vectors maybe th those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well IGEN vectors maybe th those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well IGEN vectors maybe th those
+will be in the notes too. the the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the notes too. the the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the notes too. the the I
+guess I found one igon vector 1 2 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I found one igon vector 1 2 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I found one igon vector 1 2 2 1
+and glancing at the matrix I didn't spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glancing at the matrix I didn't spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glancing at the matrix I didn't spot
+the other one but it's it has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one but it's it has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one but it's it has one
+oscillation it's 1 2 0 - 2 minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it's 1 2 0 - 2 minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it's 1 2 0 - 2 minus one
+anyway this is the main thing this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the main thing this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the main thing this much
+better result okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better result okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better result okay
+so that's multi- grid which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's multi- grid which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's multi- grid which we
+now can use as our iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Or we can use it as a preconditioner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or we can use it as a preconditioner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or we can use it as a preconditioner.
+Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh recommended methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recommended methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recommended methods
+use multigrid as a preconditioner before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use multigrid as a preconditioner before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use multigrid as a preconditioner before
+something even more powerful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even more powerful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even more powerful.
+Well, I don't know about even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I don't know about even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I don't know about even more
+powerful. Multigrid people would say not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful. Multigrid people would say not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful. Multigrid people would say not
+possible. But uh some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. But uh some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. But uh some some
+situations we may want to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations we may want to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations we may want to go to a
+different method but we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different method but we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different method but we want a
+preconditioner and multigrid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner and multigrid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconditioner and multigrid is
+excellent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent.
+Okay by multigrid I include the smoother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay by multigrid I include the smoother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay by multigrid I include the smoother
+so it' be that would be a good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it' be that would be a good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it' be that would be a good that
+would be a possible preconditioner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a possible preconditioner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a possible preconditioner for
+something else. Okay so where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. Okay so where are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. Okay so where are we
+now? We're into the new section starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now? We're into the new section starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now? We're into the new section starting
+this moment. And uh what's this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment. And uh what's this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment. And uh what's this section
+about? It it's about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? It it's about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? It it's about this
+things associated with this name Kryof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things associated with this name Kryof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things associated with this name Kryof.
+So I'm going to use the letter K for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to use the letter K for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to use the letter K for the
+things that are associated and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are associated and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are associated and I'm
+always solving AU equal B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always solving AU equal B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always solving AU equal B.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So what's the there's a kryof matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the there's a kryof matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the there's a kryof matrix
+that's created exactly as you see here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created exactly as you see here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created exactly as you see here.
+That's this is the J the one with J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's this is the J the one with J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's this is the J the one with J
+columns B A B A 2 B up to A to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns B A B A 2 B up to A to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns B A B A 2 B up to A to the J
+minus 1 B and the Kryoff space is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 B and the Kryoff space is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 B and the Kryoff space is the
+combinations of those vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those vectors.
+That's what this word span means. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what this word span means. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what this word span means. All
+com I I could erase spand and say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com I I could erase spand and say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com I I could erase spand and say all
+combinations of maybe that's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of maybe that's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of maybe that's even more
+familiar. So spand by is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. So spand by is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. So spand by is the same thing
+as saying all linear combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying all linear combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying all linear combinations
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of those J vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those J vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those J vectors.
+And of course that's the same as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course that's the same as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course that's the same as saying
+it's the column space of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the column space of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the column space of the matrix
+because the column space is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the column space is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the column space is all
+combinations. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why am I interested? Why was Kryop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I interested? Why was Kryop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I interested? Why was Kryop
+interested? Why is everybody interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested? Why is everybody interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested? Why is everybody interested
+in these vectors?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these vectors?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these vectors?
+Because actually that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because actually that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because actually that's what
+an iteration like Jacobe produces. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iteration like Jacobe produces. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iteration like Jacobe produces. If I
+use Jacob's method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Jacob's method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use Jacob's method
+or any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any of the
+Gaussidell any of those after one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussidell any of those after one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussidell any of those after one step
+I've got B after two steps there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got B after two steps there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got B after two steps there's a
+multiplication by A in there right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by A in there right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by A in there right and
+some combination is taken depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination is taken depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination is taken depending on
+the particular method so after two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular method so after two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular method so after two steps
+I've got a combination of B and AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a combination of B and AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a combination of B and AB
+after three steps Jacobe produces some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after three steps Jacobe produces some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after three steps Jacobe produces some
+combination of B A 2 B. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of B A 2 B. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of B A 2 B. In other words,
+all those iterative methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those iterative methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those iterative methods are
+picking their J approximation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking their J approximation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking their J approximation in this
+space KJ. I should put a little J on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space KJ. I should put a little J on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space KJ. I should put a little J on to
+be indicate that that's so we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indicate that that's so we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indicate that that's so we have these
+spaces are growing. They grow by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are growing. They grow by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces are growing. They grow by one
+dimension by one new basis vector at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension by one new basis vector at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension by one new basis vector at
+each iteration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each iteration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each iteration.
+And the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is
+Jacobe makes a particular choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobe makes a particular choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobe makes a particular choice
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+XJ the or U.J the approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ the or U.J the approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ the or U.J the approximation
+at after J steps. But does it make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at after J steps. But does it make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at after J steps. But does it make the
+best choice?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice?
+Probably not. In fact, pretty definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not. In fact, pretty definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probably not. In fact, pretty definitely
+not. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. And
+so the idea is let's make the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is let's make the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is let's make the best
+choice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice.
+Let's not just use a simple iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's not just use a simple iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's not just use a simple iteration
+that builds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that builds in
+a choice that might not be so terrific.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice that might not be so terrific.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice that might not be so terrific.
+Let's make the best choice. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's make the best choice. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's make the best choice. So that's
+there are a whole lot of Kryof methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole lot of Kryof methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a whole lot of Kryof methods
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+all choose XJ. I'm let me since I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all choose XJ. I'm let me since I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all choose XJ. I'm let me since I think
+this section we use X I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section we use X I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section we use X I'm going to
+change that to X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They'll all be iterative. They'll all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll all be iterative. They'll all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll all be iterative. They'll all
+start with X0 as zero say and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with X0 as zero say and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with X0 as zero say and then the
+first guess will be B maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess will be B maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess will be B maybe
+or maybe not. Maybe some multiple of B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe not. Maybe some multiple of B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe not. Maybe some multiple of B.
+Actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually
+a good cryoff method will take the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good cryoff method will take the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good cryoff method will take the best
+multiple of B as the first guess and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of B as the first guess and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of B as the first guess and not
+necessarily one times B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily one times B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily one times B
+and onwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and onwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and onwards.
+So uh we have this word best coming up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we have this word best coming up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh we have this word best coming up.
+What's the best vector in this space?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the best vector in this space?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the best vector in this space?
+And uh there are different methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh there are different methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh there are different methods
+depending what I mean by best and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending what I mean by best and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending what I mean by best and they
+oh let me tell you the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me tell you the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me tell you the name of the
+method that I'm going to concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that I'm going to concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that I'm going to concentrate on
+first and and most will be the will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and and most will be the will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and and most will be the will be
+the conjugate gradient method CG the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate gradient method CG the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate gradient method CG the
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+gradient method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And and how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what determines XJ? It chooses XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+K J. the the space that we always look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K J. the the space that we always look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K J. the the space that we always look
+for the we look for our approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the we look for our approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the we look for our approximation
+in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in.
+Let me not forget to say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me not forget to say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me not forget to say these
+these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors
+B A square B and so on. They're easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B A square B and so on. They're easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B A square B and so on. They're easy to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+because each one is just a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one is just a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one is just a matrix
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+from the previous one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous one.
+and a matrix is we're assuming we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a matrix is we're assuming we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a matrix is we're assuming we're
+working with sparse matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with sparse matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with sparse matrices
+and mostly and especially sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly and especially sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly and especially sometimes
+especially symmetric ones. So, so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially symmetric ones. So, so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially symmetric ones. So, so I just
+let me put in here before I even finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in here before I even finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in here before I even finish
+that sentence that CG this is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence that CG this is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sentence that CG this is for a
+transpose equal a symmetric it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equal a symmetric it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose equal a symmetric it's it's
+only for those and positive definite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for those and positive definite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for those and positive definite so
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a a limited class of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a a limited class of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a a limited class of problems
+but a highly highly important class And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a highly highly important class And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a highly highly important class And
+uh you you may say what do we do if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you may say what do we do if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you may say what do we do if the
+matrix is symmetric but indefinite?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is symmetric but indefinite?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is symmetric but indefinite?
+Well, that comes next. Or what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that comes next. Or what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that comes next. Or what if the
+matrix is not symmetric at all?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not symmetric at all?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not symmetric at all?
+Well, if you're brave, you might try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you're brave, you might try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you're brave, you might try
+conjugate gradients anyway. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients anyway. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients anyway. But if
+you're cautious, then you would use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cautious, then you would use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cautious, then you would use one
+of the other methods like minres. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other methods like minres. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other methods like minres. Maybe
+I just multi mention one more on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just multi mention one more on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just multi mention one more on the on
+our eventual list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eventual list.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eventual list.
+Actually, that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, that tells us
+probably what choice it makes. Minres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what choice it makes. Minres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what choice it makes. Minres
+chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses
+the XJ with to minimize the residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XJ with to minimize the residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XJ with to minimize the residual
+minimum R. You remember r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum R. You remember r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum R. You remember r is
+b minus a x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b minus a x
+the resid the residual r will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resid the residual r will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resid the residual r will always
+denote the error in the equation and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the error in the equation and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the error in the equation and uh
+so it's minimum residual. Okay. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's minimum residual. Okay. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's minimum residual. Okay. So that
+that's a natural choice. But you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a natural choice. But you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a natural choice. But you'll see
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+is a fantastic uh method superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fantastic uh method superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fantastic uh method superior
+just quicker than minres in for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quicker than minres in for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quicker than minres in for for a
+nice a nice reason. So it chooses XJ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice a nice reason. So it chooses XJ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice a nice reason. So it chooses XJ in
+KJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KJ
+and I think the rule it uses is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the rule it uses is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the rule it uses is that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I think XJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think XJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think XJ
+should be orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll go and check it in my notes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go and check it in my notes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go and check it in my notes to the
+residual RJ. Let me just be sure if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual RJ. Let me just be sure if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual RJ. Let me just be sure if I if
+I'm going to write that down, I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write that down, I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write that down, I better
+be sure I said it correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure I said it correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure I said it correctly.
+Yeah. Well, no, actually I didn't say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, no, actually I didn't say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, no, actually I didn't say it
+correctly. Okay. RJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is orthogonal to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is orthogonal to the whole
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+KJ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KJ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KJ.
+It turns out that we can choose XJ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It turns out that we can choose XJ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It turns out that we can choose XJ.
+When I make a choice of XJ, it's in KJ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I make a choice of XJ, it's in KJ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I make a choice of XJ, it's in KJ.
+Now, when I compute R, that's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, when I compute R, that's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, when I compute R, that's a there's
+a multiplication by A to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication by A to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication by A to get the
+residual. So, that moves us up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual. So, that moves us up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual. So, that moves us up to the
+next space. And I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next space. And I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next space. And I'm going to make a
+choice to where this is orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice to where this is orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice to where this is orthogonal to
+the whole space KJ. Well, you we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space KJ. Well, you we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space KJ. Well, you we have to
+do conjugate gradients. And I'm not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do conjugate gradients. And I'm not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do conjugate gradients. And I'm not I
+can't start on that for a good reason. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't start on that for a good reason. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't start on that for a good reason. I
+have to start with a with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start with a with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start with a with something
+called Arnoldi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Arnoldi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Arnoldi.
+And what's Arnoldi about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's Arnoldi about?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's Arnoldi about?
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+let me come back to these vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Easy to quick to compute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Easy to quick to compute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Easy to quick to compute.
+But what's the other property? every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what's the other property? every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But what's the other property? every
+everything in applied math, numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in applied math, numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in applied math, numerical
+mathematics, you're choosing basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics, you're choosing basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics, you're choosing basis
+vectors and you're looking for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and you're looking for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and you're looking for two
+properties. And and I guess this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. And and I guess this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. And and I guess this is like
+a general rule whenever you meet a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general rule whenever you meet a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general rule whenever you meet a whole
+new problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problem.
+You're you're in the end you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're you're in the end you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're you're in the end you're going to
+construct some basis vectors if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some basis vectors if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some basis vectors if you're
+going to compute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute.
+And what properties are you after?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what properties are you after?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what properties are you after?
+You're after speed. So they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're after speed. So they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're after speed. So they have to be
+quick to compute and work with. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to compute and work with. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to compute and work with. Well,
+these are multiplying by a is sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are multiplying by a is sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are multiplying by a is sparse
+matrix multiplication. You can't beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication. You can't beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication. You can't beat
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+But the other property that you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the other property that you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the other property that you need is
+some decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some decent
+independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence
+and not just barely independent. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just barely independent. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not just barely independent. You
+want the condition number of the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the condition number of the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the condition number of the basis
+somehow if I use that word to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow if I use that word to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow if I use that word to be
+uh good. not not enormous. And and best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good. not not enormous. And and best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good. not not enormous. And and best
+of all, you would like the basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all, you would like the basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all, you would like the basis vectors
+to be orthonormal. Orthonormal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthonormal. Orthonormal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthonormal. Orthonormal that's
+the best that's a condition number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that's a condition number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that's a condition number of
+one. That's the best basis you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's the best basis you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That's the best basis you could
+hope for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for.
+And the point is that this construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is that this construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is that this construction
+produces a lousy basis from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a lousy basis from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a lousy basis from the point of
+view of conditioning. So Arnoldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of conditioning. So Arnoldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of conditioning. So Arnoldi
+Arnold's job is orthogonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the Kryof basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is B A B and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh producing
+orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis Q1 1 Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis Q1 1 Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis Q1 1 Q2
+up to QJ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to QJ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to QJ.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And and it's just beautiful. So So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and it's just beautiful. So So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and it's just beautiful. So So
+Arnoldi is taking like a a preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arnoldi is taking like a a preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arnoldi is taking like a a preliminary
+step that Kryof has to has to make to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that Kryof has to has to make to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that Kryof has to has to make to
+get something that's numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's numerically
+reasonable to work with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to work with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to work with.
+Then then if it's fast and our noli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then then if it's fast and our noli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then then if it's fast and our noli
+doesn't so we we have to form the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so we we have to form the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so we we have to form the we
+have to do a multiplication by a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a multiplication by a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a multiplication by a and
+you'll see one here in the middle of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see one here in the middle of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see one here in the middle of our
+noli and then of course so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noli and then of course so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noli and then of course so if you look
+at those 10 lines of mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll we could go through them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll we could go through them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll we could go through them a
+little you know carefully but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know carefully but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know carefully but let's just
+take a first look. So the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is like Graham Schmidt, right? It's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Graham Schmidt, right? It's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like Graham Schmidt, right? It's it's
+this is a sort of Graham Schmidt idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of Graham Schmidt idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of Graham Schmidt idea.
+You take the first vector B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take the first vector B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take the first vector B,
+you accept that direction and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept that direction and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you accept that direction and the only
+step remaining is to normalize it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step remaining is to normalize it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step remaining is to normalize it.
+Divide by its length. Fine. Then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide by its length. Fine. Then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide by its length. Fine. Then you go
+on to the next. Then you have some trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next. Then you have some trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next. Then you have some trial
+vector t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which would in this case be ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which won't be orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which won't be orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which won't be orthogonal to the
+original b right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original b right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original b right?
+So this won't be orthogonal to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this won't be orthogonal to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this won't be orthogonal to that one
+normally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally.
+So of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course
+you've got to compute uh an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to compute uh an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to compute uh an inner
+product between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product between them
+and subtract off the right multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract off the right multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract off the right multiple of
+the previous one from the current T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one from the current T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one from the current T to
+get the improved T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the improved T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the improved T and
+then you're going to normalize it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to normalize it again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to normalize it again.
+So you compute its length and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you compute its length and divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you compute its length and divide by
+the length. You see that overall pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length. You see that overall pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length. You see that overall pattern
+in Arnoldi?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arnoldi?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arnoldi?
+It's it's a the familiar idea of Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a the familiar idea of Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's a the familiar idea of Graham
+Schmidt of take a new vector,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find its projections onto the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its projections onto the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its projections onto the ones that
+are already set, subtract those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already set, subtract those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already set, subtract those
+components off, you're left with a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components off, you're left with a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components off, you're left with a piece
+that and you find its length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you find its length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you find its length and
+normalize that to be a unit vector. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize that to be a unit vector. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize that to be a unit vector. So
+it's very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very familiar
+exactly the type of algorithm that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the type of algorithm that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the type of algorithm that we
+would you would write down immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would write down immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would write down immediately
+and it's it just involves the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it just involves the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it just involves the one
+multiplication by a so that uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by a so that uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by a so that uh it's not
+going to cost us a lot to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost us a lot to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost us a lot to make the
+vectors orthonormal. Well, wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors orthonormal. Well, wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors orthonormal. Well, wait a
+minute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it going to be expensive or not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it going to be expensive or not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it going to be expensive or not?
+That's like the key question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's like the key question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's like the key question.
+It's certainly going to produce a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's certainly going to produce a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's certainly going to produce a good
+result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result.
+Producing orthonormal vectors is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Producing orthonormal vectors is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Producing orthonormal vectors is going
+to be a good thing to do, but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good thing to do, but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good thing to do, but is it
+expensive or not? Well, that depends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It it's it's it's certainly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it's it's it's certainly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it's it's it's certainly not
+expensive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive if
+the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+trial vector t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial vector t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial vector t
+has only components in the in one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only components in the in one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has only components in the in one or two
+of the already settled directions. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the already settled directions. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the already settled directions. In
+other words, if if I only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, if if I only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, if if I only have to
+subtract off a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off a couple of
+earlier components,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier components,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier components,
+then I'm golden. And that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm golden. And that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm golden. And that's the case
+when a is symmetric. So that that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a is symmetric. So that that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a is symmetric. So that that is the
+will be the key point here. And I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the key point here. And I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the key point here. And I just
+make it here. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it here. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it here. If
+a is symmetric, a transpose equals a,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is symmetric, a transpose equals a,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is symmetric, a transpose equals a,
+then I only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this subtracting off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I'm headed for the new Q. I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm headed for the new Q. I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm headed for the new Q. I only
+need to subtract off H JJ J multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to subtract off H JJ J multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to subtract off H JJ J multiplying
+the qj the the Q that was just set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qj the the Q that was just set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qj the the Q that was just set and
+the one before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one before
+h J minus one J only need I'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h J minus one J only need I'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h J minus one J only need I'll call that
+a short recurrence. It's short because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short recurrence. It's short because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short recurrence. It's short because
+it only has two terms. And then there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has two terms. And then there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only has two terms. And then there'll
+be a new H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a new H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a new H
+J + one J which is just the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J + one J which is just the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J + one J which is just the length
+there. So it'll be really be there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So it'll be really be there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So it'll be really be there'll be
+a the one of these magic things in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the one of these magic things in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the one of these magic things in so
+many parts of mathematical analysis. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parts of mathematical analysis. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parts of mathematical analysis. A
+three-term recurrence relation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-term recurrence relation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-term recurrence relation will
+hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold.
+In fact, I guess the reason we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, I guess the reason we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, I guess the reason we see
+three-term recurrence relations in oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-term recurrence relations in oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-term recurrence relations in oh
+the genre polomials,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre polomials,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre polomials,
+chby chap polinomials, all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chby chap polinomials, all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chby chap polinomials, all those
+classical things. The reason is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical things. The reason is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical things. The reason is actually
+the same as it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as it is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as it is here
+that some thing in the background is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some thing in the background is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some thing in the background is
+symmetric. Okay. So I have to I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. Okay. So I have to I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. Okay. So I have to I guess
+I'm I want to put a few numbers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I want to put a few numbers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I want to put a few numbers on the
+board so you see what is a typical input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so you see what is a typical input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so you see what is a typical input
+and output to our nulli and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output to our nulli and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output to our nulli and you'll see
+it's symmetric and then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric and then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric and then we want to
+you'll see it's short recurrence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's short recurrence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's short recurrence and
+then we'll want to see why. Okay. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll want to see why. Okay. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll want to see why. Okay. So, so
+I I worked out a typical Arnoldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I worked out a typical Arnoldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I worked out a typical Arnoldi
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+Uh, now that one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, now that one here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, now that one here.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, I think this is a good example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I think this is a good example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I think this is a good example to
+look at. So, the matrix A is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at. So, the matrix A is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at. So, the matrix A is not only
+symmetric, it's diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric, it's diagonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric, it's diagonal.
+So, of course, to find A inverse B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, of course, to find A inverse B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, of course, to find A inverse B is
+like not difficult. But we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not difficult. But we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not difficult. But we're going to
+do it through conjugate gradients. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it through conjugate gradients. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it through conjugate gradients. So
+that means that we don't figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we don't figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we don't figure out a
+inverse which of course we easily could.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which of course we easily could.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which of course we easily could.
+We just use a very sparse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just use a very sparse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just use a very sparse.
+Here's our right hand side. Here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our right hand side. Here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our right hand side. Here's our
+quoff matrix. It has b in its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoff matrix. It has b in its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoff matrix. It has b in its first
+column. It has a * b in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. It has a * b in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. It has a * b in the second
+column. multiply by a again to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. multiply by a again to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. multiply by a again to get the
+third column and a one more time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column and a one more time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column and a one more time to get
+the fourth column. So that's k four,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth column. So that's k four,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth column. So that's k four,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+for a 4x4 problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 4x4 problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a 4x4 problem,
+um that's the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's the end.
+So actually here I'm carrying Kryof to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually here I'm carrying Kryof to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually here I'm carrying Kryof to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+to the end to to the point it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end to to the point it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end to to the point it just
+there's no more to do because once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more to do because once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more to do because once I've
+got the the KJ the combinations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the KJ the combinations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the KJ the combinations of those
+are all of R4 all of fourdimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of R4 all of fourdimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of R4 all of fourdimensional
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+now oh yeah that that raises an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh yeah that that raises an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh yeah that that raises an
+important point about how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point about how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point about how we're
+improving on iteration. If I was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving on iteration. If I was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving on iteration. If I was using
+Jacobe or Gaus Sidell or one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobe or Gaus Sidell or one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobe or Gaus Sidell or one of those
+others then well I won't say for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others then well I won't say for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others then well I won't say for this
+particular A but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular A but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular A but usually
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+after four steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four steps
+I am by no means finished.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am by no means finished.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am by no means finished.
+It's I've taken four steps I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's I've taken four steps I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's I've taken four steps I've got
+closer but I haven't got the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer but I haven't got the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer but I haven't got the exact
+answer. But now in this new world of Kov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. But now in this new world of Kov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. But now in this new world of Kov
+methods after four steps I will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods after four steps I will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods after four steps I will have the
+exact answer. Why? Because Krylooff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer. Why? Because Krylooff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer. Why? Because Krylooff
+methods take the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x4
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+space spanned by those four columns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by those four columns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by those four columns.
+Well, the whole spaces R4 is spanned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the whole spaces R4 is spanned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the whole spaces R4 is spanned by
+those columns and picking the best one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns and picking the best one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those columns and picking the best one
+must be the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the answer.
+So, so X4 will actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so X4 will actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so X4 will actually be
+a inverse b the answer we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse b the answer we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse b the answer we're looking
+for. So, these methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. So, these methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. So, these methods are
+oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that
+are on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direct methods. They finish after four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct methods. They finish after four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct methods. They finish after four
+steps. Finish. You've got the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. Finish. You've got the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. Finish. You've got the answer.
+Now, that's actually how they were born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, that's actually how they were born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, that's actually how they were born
+as direct methods that gave the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as direct methods that gave the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as direct methods that gave the answer
+from a from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from a
+an interesting iteration and they nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting iteration and they nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting iteration and they nearly
+died for that reason. They were not born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died for that reason. They were not born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died for that reason. They were not born
+and died or were on death's door as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and died or were on death's door as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and died or were on death's door as
+direct methods because for as direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct methods because for as direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct methods because for as direct
+methods there they're there they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods there they're there they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods there they're there they're
+there are better ones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are better ones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are better ones.
+Then some years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then some years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then some years later
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+people went back to it and back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went back to it and back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people went back to it and back to
+conjugate gradients and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients and notice that
+thought of as a just going part way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a just going part way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a just going part way
+gave very successful answers. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave very successful answers. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave very successful answers. So, so
+we're going to think of Krylooff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think of Krylooff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think of Krylooff.
+We're we're planning to stop before J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're we're planning to stop before J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're we're planning to stop before J
+equals N here in this picture. J equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals N here in this picture. J equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals N here in this picture. J equals
+N= 4 here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N= 4 here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N= 4 here,
+but we plan to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we plan to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we plan to stop
+for J much below N. I mean our we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for J much below N. I mean our we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for J much below N. I mean our we're
+thinking of applications where n is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of applications where n is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of applications where n is 10
+the 5th and we're going to stop at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th and we're going to stop at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5th and we're going to stop at 10
+squared 100 steps maybe or 10 steps. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 100 steps maybe or 10 steps. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 100 steps maybe or 10 steps. So
+so that took that meant a total re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that took that meant a total re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that took that meant a total re
+consideration reanalysis of conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration reanalysis of conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration reanalysis of conjugate
+gradients and it was a it's now back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and it was a it's now back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and it was a it's now back to
+a big success. So that's a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big success. So that's a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big success. So that's a rather
+unusual thing that uh a method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual thing that uh a method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual thing that uh a method that
+people have put aside gets picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have put aside gets picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have put aside gets picked up
+again and becomes a favorite as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and becomes a favorite as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and becomes a favorite as as
+conjugate gradients have. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients have. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients have. Okay.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+let's just see what first of all I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what first of all I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just see what first of all I was
+saying that the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the basis
+those basis vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those basis vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those basis vectors
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not very independent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's not a good basis. It's it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not a good basis. It's it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not a good basis. It's it's of
+course it's a detractive basis. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a detractive basis. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a detractive basis. And
+maybe do you know the name for a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do you know the name for a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do you know the name for a matrix
+that has this particular form? the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this particular form? the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this particular form? the
+columns are constant then that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are constant then that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are constant then that's the key
+column there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column there
+and then it's first powers second powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's first powers second powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's first powers second powers
+third powers do you remember whose name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third powers do you remember whose name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third powers do you remember whose name
+is associated with that matrix it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with that matrix it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with that matrix it comes
+up in interpolation and it starts with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in interpolation and it starts with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in interpolation and it starts with a
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah anybody know Vandermond yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody know Vandermond yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah anybody know Vandermond yeah
+Vandermond so so I could call it V for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vandermond so so I could call it V for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vandermond so so I could call it V for
+Vandermond here. Yeah. And Vandermon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vandermond here. Yeah. And Vandermon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vandermond here. Yeah. And Vandermon
+matrices are not very well conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are not very well conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are not very well conditioned
+and actually Yeah. It's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually Yeah. It's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually Yeah. It's it's
+how do you how do you uh so so now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you how do you uh so so now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you how do you uh so so now a
+little time out to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time out to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time out to say
+um because it's so important h how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's so important h how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it's so important h how do
+you judge the good or poor conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you judge the good or poor conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you judge the good or poor conditioning
+of a matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix?
+How do you how I mean these those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you how I mean these those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you how I mean these those
+vectors are linearly independent. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are linearly independent. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are linearly independent. The
+determinant of V is not zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A matrix is not singular, but it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A matrix is not singular, but it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A matrix is not singular, but it's too
+close to singular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to singular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to singular.
+And and how do you test the the suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and how do you test the the suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and how do you test the the suppose
+you have a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a basis
+uh as we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we have here
+and you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know
+is it good or not good. So, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it good or not good. So, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it good or not good. So, of course,
+you always put your basis vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always put your basis vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always put your basis vectors.
+Let me call them just well, I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me call them just well, I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me call them just well, I don't want
+to call them V because well, I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them V because well, I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them V because well, I guess I
+could call them V. They come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call them V. They come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call them V. They come out of
+Vandermon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vandermon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vandermon.
+V1, V2, V3, V4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1, V2, V3, V4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1, V2, V3, V4.
+Okay, that's our matrix. Well, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's our matrix. Well, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's our matrix. Well, I I
+essentially I want its condition number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I want its condition number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I want its condition number.
+And and to find its condition number, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and to find its condition number, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and to find its condition number, I
+it's not symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric.
+So I can't just take the igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can't just take the igen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can't just take the igen values of
+that. You might say look at lambda max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You might say look at lambda max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You might say look at lambda max
+and lambda min.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda min.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda min.
+The condition number is associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The condition number is associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The condition number is associated with
+max divided by min. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max divided by min. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max divided by min. But
+when the matrix isn't symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the matrix isn't symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the matrix isn't symmetric
+uh just taking its igen values directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just taking its igen values directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just taking its igen values directly
+is not cool. It's uh it's not reliable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not cool. It's uh it's not reliable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not cool. It's uh it's not reliable.
+I I could have a matrix that's badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I could have a matrix that's badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I could have a matrix that's badly
+conditioned but all its igen values were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned but all its igen values were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned but all its igen values were
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean a matrix with ones on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a matrix with ones on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a matrix with ones on the
+diagonal and zillions up above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and zillions up above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and zillions up above the
+diagonal would be would have values one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal would be would have values one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal would be would have values one
+but it would be badly conditioned. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be badly conditioned. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be badly conditioned. So
+the right way to take it is vranspose v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to take it is vranspose v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to take it is vranspose v
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+look at v1 transpose v2 transpose v3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at v1 transpose v2 transpose v3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at v1 transpose v2 transpose v3.
+As always, if a matrix isn't symmetric,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As always, if a matrix isn't symmetric,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As always, if a matrix isn't symmetric,
+if the matrix V is not symmetric, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the matrix V is not symmetric, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the matrix V is not symmetric, good
+idea to form VRpose V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to form VRpose V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to form VRpose V.
+That is symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is symmetric.
+It does have positive igen values. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does have positive igen values. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does have positive igen values. And
+those igen values,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those igen values,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those igen values,
+the igen values of VRpose V are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values of VRpose V are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values of VRpose V are the
+singular values or rather the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values or rather the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values or rather the singular
+values squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values squared.
+of V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V.
+So I guess I'm saying you can't trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I guess I'm saying you can't trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I guess I'm saying you can't trust
+the igen values of V. It's the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values of V. It's the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values of V. It's the singular
+values you can trust. And the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you can trust. And the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you can trust. And the way to
+find singular values is form VRpose V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find singular values is form VRpose V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find singular values is form VRpose V
+that gives you a symmetric matrix its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a symmetric matrix its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a symmetric matrix its
+igen values. So the the ice value would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values. So the the ice value would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values. So the the ice value would
+be the ice singular value squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the ice singular value squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the ice singular value squared.
+It's just,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just,
+you know, it's just it's like somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's just it's like somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's just it's like somehow
+it's got the phase out and it's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the phase out and it's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the phase out and it's looking
+at magnitude. Okay. Anyway, if I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at magnitude. Okay. Anyway, if I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at magnitude. Okay. Anyway, if I looked
+at, so the condition number, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, so the condition number, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, so the condition number, the
+condition number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number
+is sigma max over sigma min.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+well, it's not enormous for this 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, it's not enormous for this 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, it's not enormous for this 4x4
+matrix, but if I go up to 10 by 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, but if I go up to 10 by 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, but if I go up to 10 by 10 or
+100 by 100, 100 by 100 would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 by 100, 100 by 100 would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 by 100, 100 by 100 would just
+totally wipe me out. 10 by 10 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally wipe me out. 10 by 10 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally wipe me out. 10 by 10 would
+already be disastrous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already be disastrous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already be disastrous.
+Completely disastrous actually. 10 by 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Completely disastrous actually. 10 by 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Completely disastrous actually. 10 by 10
+um Vanderbone matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Vanderbone matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Vanderbone matrix
+with one, two, three, four up to 10 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one, two, three, four up to 10 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one, two, three, four up to 10 as
+the points would be uh well it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points would be uh well it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points would be uh well it would
+have entries of if if that ended in a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have entries of if if that ended in a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have entries of if if that ended in a 10
+and I had 10 rows would that'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had 10 rows would that'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had 10 rows would that'd be
+something like 10 to the 9th power. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 10 to the 9th power. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 10 to the 9th power. I
+mean the the dynamic scale would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the the dynamic scale would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the the dynamic scale would be
+terrible. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible. Okay. So
+finally just to V transpose V is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just to V transpose V is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally just to V transpose V is called
+the Graham matrix. So that guy Graham is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Graham matrix. So that guy Graham is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Graham matrix. So that guy Graham is
+coming back in as uh as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back in as uh as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back in as uh as uh
+giving the good measure. It measures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the good measure. It measures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the good measure. It measures uh
+that so the point was then that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the point was then that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the point was then that this
+measures the dependence or independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the dependence or independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the dependence or independence
+of the V's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the V's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the V's.
+This that ratio the bigger that ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This that ratio the bigger that ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This that ratio the bigger that ratio is
+the more dependent they are. And what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more dependent they are. And what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more dependent they are. And what's
+the ratio if they're orthonormal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio if they're orthonormal?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio if they're orthonormal?
+What's the ratio of the Q's?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the ratio of the Q's?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the ratio of the Q's?
+What's the condition number of the Q's?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the condition number of the Q's?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the condition number of the Q's?
+If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If
+if we've run our noldly and got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've run our noldly and got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've run our noldly and got a good
+basis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis,
+it's one. If what is this? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one. If what is this? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one. If what is this? What's the
+Graham matrix? If this is qranspose q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham matrix? If this is qranspose q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham matrix? If this is qranspose q
+with the q's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the q's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the q's
+the orthonormal basis in the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthonormal basis in the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orthonormal basis in the columns
+then qranspose q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then qranspose q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then qranspose q is
+the identity right so so it's a gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity right so so it's a gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity right so so it's a gram
+matrix so so qranspose q would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so so qranspose q would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so so qranspose q would be the
+identity and its condition number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and its condition number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and its condition number
+is the best possible one lambda max is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best possible one lambda max is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best possible one lambda max is
+one lambda min is one the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lambda min is one the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lambda min is one the condition
+number is one. Okay, so that's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one. Okay, so that's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is one. Okay, so that's just some
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+that about why why Arnoldi gets brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about why why Arnoldi gets brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about why why Arnoldi gets brought
+in to fix the situation. Okay. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to fix the situation. Okay. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to fix the situation. Okay. So, so
+now I'll just leave those 10 Arnoldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll just leave those 10 Arnoldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll just leave those 10 Arnoldi
+steps on the board. The notes uh give 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps on the board. The notes uh give 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps on the board. The notes uh give 10
+comments. I'm quite proud of of my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments. I'm quite proud of of my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments. I'm quite proud of of my my
+mat lab is unreliable actually. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab is unreliable actually. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab is unreliable actually. You'll
+you'll find a few errors like after end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a few errors like after end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find a few errors like after end
+I accidentally put a semicolon which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I accidentally put a semicolon which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I accidentally put a semicolon which was
+absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd
+but the comments I'm pleased with. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the comments I'm pleased with. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the comments I'm pleased with. And
+then the numerical example that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the numerical example that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the numerical example that runs
+through one cycle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one cycle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one cycle of this
+um to with this with these numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to with this with these numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to with this with these numbers to
+see what uh Q2 is is I hope useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what uh Q2 is is I hope useful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what uh Q2 is is I hope useful.
+Okay. So that's uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's uh now
+why do we have a short recurrence? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have a short recurrence? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have a short recurrence? This
+was this is a key point here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in this example, if I work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this example, if I work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this example, if I work out the
+hes, I'll discover sure enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes, I'll discover sure enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hes, I'll discover sure enough
+uh H13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh H13
+will be zero. H14 will be zero. The H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero. H14 will be zero. The H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be zero. H14 will be zero. The H
+matrix Oh, well, now let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Oh, well, now let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Oh, well, now let me tell you
+what the H matrix Oh, here's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the H matrix Oh, here's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the H matrix Oh, here's the key
+equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation.
+Here's our nully.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here's our noldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our noldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our noldi
+in matrix language.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix language.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matrix language.
+Let me see if I can remember our ni in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me see if I can remember our ni in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me see if I can remember our ni in
+matrix language. So arnoldi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language. So arnoldi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language. So arnoldi
+is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking
+the matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix.
+Yeah. So arnoldi in matrix language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So arnoldi in matrix language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So arnoldi in matrix language is
+going to be this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this.
+It's going to be I'm I'm It's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be I'm I'm It's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be I'm I'm It's going to
+be a Q=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Q=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Q=
+Q h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually let me put in well I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me put in well I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me put in well I don't know
+can I I I I can't write out all of Q. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I I I I can't write out all of Q. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I I I I can't write out all of Q. Uh
+so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+what's the first so this is that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first so this is that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first so this is that's the
+big equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big equation
+a very important equation that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important equation that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important equation that we have
+now all the pieces for so so a is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all the pieces for so so a is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all the pieces for so so a is our
+original matrix that we were given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix that we were given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix that we were given
+symmetric let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric let's say
+q is our basis from out of our ni and h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is our basis from out of our ni and h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is our basis from out of our ni and h
+is the as the multipliers that that gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the as the multipliers that that gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the as the multipliers that that gave
+that basis. So this QH is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basis. So this QH is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basis. So this QH is a little bit
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+Graham Schmidt. Do you remember Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Schmidt. Do you remember Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graham Schmidt. Do you remember Graham
+Schmidt is described by Q * R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q again is
+orthonormal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal.
+So it's an orthogonal matrix. In Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's an orthogonal matrix. In Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's an orthogonal matrix. In Graham
+Schmidt, R is upper triangular. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt, R is upper triangular. Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmidt, R is upper triangular. Here
+it's not. Here it's Hessenberg. So H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not. Here it's Hessenberg. So H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not. Here it's Hessenberg. So H
+stands for Hessenberg. Let let me I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for Hessenberg. Let let me I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for Hessenberg. Let let me I'll
+write down what the actual H is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the actual H is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the actual H is for
+these for these numbers. I won't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for these numbers. I won't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for these numbers. I won't write
+down the Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the Q.
+Okay, I'll just write down what H turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll just write down what H turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'll just write down what H turned
+out to be for those numbers if I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be for those numbers if I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be for those numbers if I did it
+right. Five halves. The lengths were Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Five halves. The lengths were Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Five halves. The lengths were Oh,
+interesting. The lengths all turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. The lengths all turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. The lengths all turned out
+to be five halves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this turned out to be<unk> five on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this turned out to be<unk> five on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this turned out to be<unk> five on
+two. This turned out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. This turned out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. This turned out to be the
+square<unk> of four five four over five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of four five four over five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of four five four over five.
+And this turned out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this turned out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this turned out to be the
+square<unk> of 9 over 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of 9 over 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of 9 over 20.
+And the point is there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the point is there'll be
+from here there's this one is just below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here there's this one is just below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here there's this one is just below
+the diagonal and the the and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal and the the and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal and the the and it will
+show show up as symmetric roo<unk> 5 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show show up as symmetric roo<unk> 5 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show show up as symmetric roo<unk> 5 /
+2<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2<unk>
+45s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45s
+and<unk> 9/20ths.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and<unk> 9/20ths.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and<unk> 9/20ths.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So what am I seeing from that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what am I seeing from that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what am I seeing from that particular
+H which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which
+somehow can't be an accident. It must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow can't be an accident. It must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow can't be an accident. It must be
+that it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's um
+built in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in.
+It's the fact that H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the fact that H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the fact that H is
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and trid diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus tri diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus tri diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus tri diagonal
+and and what does that triagonal tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what does that triagonal tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what does that triagonal tell
+us? It tells us that we have short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? It tells us that we have short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us? It tells us that we have short
+recurrences. It's the three it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences. It's the three it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences. It's the three it's this
+three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh
+three term recurrence relation is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three term recurrence relation is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three term recurrence relation is is
+what is what I'm seeing here in matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what I'm seeing here in matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what I'm seeing here in matrix
+language because there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because there are three
+nonzeros in in the columns of H. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros in in the columns of H. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzeros in in the columns of H. All
+right. I was going to write out I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I was going to write out I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. I was going to write out I was
+going to try to understand this one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to understand this one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to understand this one by
+by looking at the first column. What if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the first column. What if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at the first column. What if
+I take the first column of both sides?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the first column of both sides?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the first column of both sides?
+That'll be a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That'll be a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That'll be a times
+q1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 right
+q1 is the first column vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 is the first column vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 is the first column vector in the
+first basis vector and what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first basis vector and what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first basis vector and what do I have
+here when I take q's times h's do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I take q's times h's do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when I take q's times h's do you
+you remember do you do matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember do you do matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember do you do matrix
+multiplication a column at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication a column at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication a column at a time
+you you should okay so so this says take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should okay so so this says take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you should okay so so this says take
+five halves of the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this says take that factor times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this says take that factor times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this says take that factor times the
+second column.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And I could track back and see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I could track back and see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I could track back and see.
+Yes, that's what Arnoldi has produced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that's what Arnoldi has produced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes, that's what Arnoldi has produced.
+Okay. And then the second one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then the second one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then the second one,
+the next one would be an AQ2. The next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one would be an AQ2. The next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one would be an AQ2. The next
+would be an AQ3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an AQ3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an AQ3.
+What?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What?
+Well, look here it is. I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, look here it is. I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, look here it is. I want to show
+that H is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when A is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when A is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when A is.
+Could you do that? We know what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you do that? We know what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you do that? We know what we know
+what the property of Q is here. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the property of Q is here. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the property of Q is here. We know
+that Q is because Arnoldi made it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q is because Arnoldi made it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q is because Arnoldi made it that
+way. Has QRanspose Q equal I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I can in one step show that H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can in one step show that H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can in one step show that H is
+symmetric if A is symmetric. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if A is symmetric. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if A is symmetric. How do you
+do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess we need a formula for H. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we need a formula for H. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we need a formula for H. So I
+just multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply
+by Q inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's good.
+And even better is to recognize what Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And even better is to recognize what Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And even better is to recognize what Q
+inverse is. So what is Q inverse here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is. So what is Q inverse here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is. So what is Q inverse here?
+It's qranspose. Anytime we see Q, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's qranspose. Anytime we see Q, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's qranspose. Anytime we see Q, that's
+my letter always for an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my letter always for an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my letter always for an orthogonal
+matrix. So this is qranspose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So this is qranspose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So this is qranspose
+a Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Q.
+And now what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now what?
+The arguments finished. We're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The arguments finished. We're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The arguments finished. We're we're
+we're here. Q if A if now this if A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here. Q if A if now this if A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here. Q if A if now this if A is
+symmetric, what can you say about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric, what can you say about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric, what can you say about that
+combination? If A is a symmetric matrix,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination? If A is a symmetric matrix,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination? If A is a symmetric matrix,
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric, right? That's that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric, right? That's that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric, right? That's that's how you
+get symmetric matrices. You start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get symmetric matrices. You start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get symmetric matrices. You start with
+one, you multiply on one side by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, you multiply on one side by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, you multiply on one side by a
+matrix and on the other side by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and on the other side by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and on the other side by its
+transpose. The thing has to be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose. The thing has to be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose. The thing has to be symmetric
+because if I take it's if I transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I take it's if I transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I take it's if I transpose
+this whole thing, what will happen? To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing, what will happen? To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing, what will happen? To
+transpose things I write them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose things I write them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose things I write them I
+transpose I their transposes come in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I their transposes come in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose I their transposes come in the
+opposite order. So Q its transpose comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order. So Q its transpose comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite order. So Q its transpose comes
+first. A its transpose comes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. A its transpose comes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. A its transpose comes in the
+middle. But what's that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. But what's that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. But what's that?
+The transpose of A is A. We're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The transpose of A is A. We're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The transpose of A is A. We're assuming
+A to be symmetric. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to be symmetric. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to be symmetric. And then the
+transpose of QRPOSE is is Q. So we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of QRPOSE is is Q. So we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of QRPOSE is is Q. So we got
+this back again but when we transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back again but when we transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back again but when we transpose so
+it's symmetric. So h is symmetric. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric. So h is symmetric. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric. So h is symmetric. So
+this so so the conclusion is h H h h h h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so the conclusion is h H h h h h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so the conclusion is h H h h h h
+h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h
+h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h equals
+hpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpose.
+And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+we know immediately that it's tragonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know immediately that it's tragonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know immediately that it's tragonal
+because every h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every h
+from arnoldi is hessenberg. We know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from arnoldi is hessenberg. We know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from arnoldi is hessenberg. We know that
+these zeros are here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zeros are here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these zeros are here.
+the the the Arnoli cycle ended with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the Arnoli cycle ended with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the Arnoli cycle ended with this
+went down. It produced HIG's in column J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down. It produced HIG's in column J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down. It produced HIG's in column J
+but it stopped one below the diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stopped one below the diagonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it stopped one below the diagonal.
+So we know these are zero. But now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know these are zero. But now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know these are zero. But now if we
+know the matrix is symmetric then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the matrix is symmetric then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the matrix is symmetric then we
+know these are zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are zero.
+And of course it works out that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course it works out that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course it works out that way.
+Okay. So the conclusion is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the conclusion is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the conclusion is that we can
+orthogonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the Krylooff basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Krylooff basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Krylooff basis
+uh quickly, easily and work with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quickly, easily and work with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quickly, easily and work with that
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+either explicitly by computing it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either explicitly by computing it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either explicitly by computing it or
+implicitly by by keeping things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly by by keeping things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly by by keeping things
+orthogonal. And that's what conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal. And that's what conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal. And that's what conjugate
+gradients will do. So next time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients will do. So next time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients will do. So next time I'm
+going to make an effort to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make an effort to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make an effort to describe the
+conjugate gradient method. I I'll pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient method. I I'll pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient method. I I'll pick
+the highlights of it. It's uh it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights of it. It's uh it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights of it. It's uh it's uh
+uh has fantastic properties and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has fantastic properties and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has fantastic properties and to
+verify those properties in full detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify those properties in full detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify those properties in full detail
+is often more confusing than not. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often more confusing than not. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often more confusing than not. If you
+if I I if you see today's lecture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I if you see today's lecture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I if you see today's lecture,
+you're seeing the important points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the important points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the important points uh
+the role of uh symmetry of a and the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of uh symmetry of a and the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of uh symmetry of a and the in
+and the arnoli algorithm. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the arnoli algorithm. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the arnoli algorithm. Okay, so
+that's uh our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh our first
+lecture on the uh Kryoff ideas and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on the uh Kryoff ideas and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on the uh Kryoff ideas and uh
+next time we'll probably be we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll probably be we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll probably be we'll
+complete that topic and it will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that topic and it will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that topic and it will be on
+the web. Okay, so I'll see you Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web. Okay, so I'll see you Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web. Okay, so I'll see you Wednesday
+for the for the end of Kry. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the end of Kry. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the end of Kry. Thanks.
+Good.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vXB3QmTg8YQ.txt b/vXB3QmTg8YQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b7eda92f5e85d7dd0ade86846041a17741482a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vXB3QmTg8YQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2943 @@
+PROFESSOR: So the idea behind
+the encoder is increase the
+
+minimum distance at the cost
+of spectral efficiency.
+
+The idea behind the decoder
+was the following.
+
+You have a received signal, y.
+
+And the job of the decoder is
+to find x hat, which belongs
+
+to the signal set so that
+you minimize your
+
+probability of error.
+
+And the probability of error
+x is not equal to x-hat.
+
+That's the probability of
+error for your decoder.
+
+And we saw a bunch of
+equivalence rules -- we said
+
+that the minimum probability of
+error rule, which is this
+
+rule here, is the same as the
+maximum a posteriori rule.
+
+And this just follows
+by the definition.
+
+This was the same as the maximum
+likelihood rule.
+
+And here we made one assumption
+that all the
+
+signals in your signal set
+A are equally likely.
+
+And this was shown to be
+equivalent to your minimum
+
+distance decision rule.
+
+And in order to show this
+equivalence, we use the fact
+
+that the noise was White
+and Gaussian.
+
+So this assumes equi-probable
+signals.
+
+And this assumes AWGN channel.
+
+OK.
+
+In fact, the minimum distance
+decisions has very nice
+
+geometrical properties.
+
+We basically said that the
+decision regions had a
+
+particular shape.
+
+They were convex polytopes.
+
+And they were also known
+as Voronoi regions.
+
+However, finding the exact
+expression for the probability
+
+of error seemed quite tedious
+so we decided
+
+to settle with bounds.
+
+And we developed some bounds for
+the probability of error.
+
+And the main bounds were -- we
+had a strict upper bound,
+
+which was the summation.
+
+OK.
+
+This is a strict upper bound.
+
+Well, the inequality here, say
+it's a strict upper bound.
+
+We also had a union
+bound estimate.
+
+Because this is a sum of various
+Q functions, this is
+
+still a very cumbersome
+expression to evaluate.
+
+So we wanted a simpler
+expression.
+
+So we then approximated this
+by K_min of aj times Q of
+
+d_min over 2 sigma.
+
+OK, and now if we take the
+average on both sides, what we
+
+get is the probability of error
+is approximately equal
+
+to K_min of the constellation,
+which is the average number of
+
+nearest neighbors, times Q
+of d_min over 2 sigma.
+
+And this expression is known as
+the union bound estimate.
+
+We call it an estimate because
+it's not a bound anymore.
+
+We have made an approximation
+going from here to here.
+
+So this is what we came
+up with last time.
+
+Throughout the analysis today,
+whenever we have a probability
+
+of error expression, we will be
+estimating it by the union
+
+bound estimate.
+
+So this union bound estimate
+is quite important.
+
+Are there any questions
+on this?
+
+OK, so today we will start by
+introducing the notion of
+
+effective coding gain.
+
+And we'll use the symbol
+gamma sub f for that.
+
+What do we mean by effective
+coding gain?
+
+First you have to decide what
+region you're operating in.
+
+It's defined for both
+bandwidth-limited regime and
+
+power-limited regimes.
+
+So let us start with the
+power-limited regime.
+
+Remember in the power-limited
+regime, the trade-off we care
+
+about is the probability of bit
+error versus Eb over N_0.
+
+The baseline scheme is 2-PAM.
+
+And for 2-PAM, we showed two
+lectures ago that the
+
+probability of bit error is
+given by Q of root 2 Eb N_0.
+
+OK, it should be --
+
+so now the idea is to plot your
+probability of bit error
+
+as a function of Eb N_0.
+
+Eb N_0 is always plotted
+in dB on the x-axis.
+
+The probability of bit
+error we also plot on
+
+a logarithmic scale.
+
+So this is ten to
+the minus six.
+
+This is ten to the minus
+five, ten to the
+
+minus four and so on.
+
+The Shannon limit is at --
+
+this is the Shannon limit --
+
+is at minus 1.59 dB.
+
+OK?
+
+For the power-limited regime,
+the performance of 2-PAM,
+
+which is given by this
+expression, is here.
+
+And we basically go to say that
+when the probability of
+
+bit error is ten to the minus
+five, the EbN _0 that you
+
+require is 9.6 dB.
+
+This is a nine.
+
+So what's the idea behind the
+effective coding gain?
+
+Well, suppose I give you a
+certain constellation, OK, a
+
+certain signal set.
+
+And you find the probability
+of bit error for that,
+
+and you plot it.
+
+And it comes out to be
+something like this.
+
+So this is the performance for
+some given signal set A. This
+
+is your 2-PAM.
+
+And now you want to quantify how
+much better is the signal
+
+set over the baseline system.
+
+Now, so in other words you
+want to look at the gap
+
+between the two curves.
+
+Now clearly the gap is going
+to be a function of the
+
+probability of bit
+error, right?
+
+But the basic idea now is you
+want to fix a certain
+
+probability of bit error because
+if you're designing a
+
+system, the probability of bit
+error is something that the
+
+system tolerates and is
+going to be fixed
+
+throughout the analysis.
+
+So in this course, we'll
+be fixing it at ten
+
+to the minus five.
+
+You fix this probability of bit
+error to ten to the minus
+
+five, and you look at how
+much a gap you have
+
+between the two curves.
+
+And this gap is going
+to be your effective
+
+coding gain in dB.
+
+So in other words, effective
+coding gain, I can write here,
+
+is the gap between a given
+signal set and concordant
+
+system, 2-PAM, at a fixed
+probability of bit error.
+
+OK?
+
+So now let us try to quantify
+this effective coding gain
+
+using the union bound estimate
+that we have here.
+
+So if I have a certain signal
+set, A, then I know from the
+
+union bound estimate that the
+probability of error is given
+
+by K_min of A times
+approximately Q of
+
+d_min over 2 sigma.
+
+So since I want that expression
+in terms of
+
+probability of bit error,
+I will use the fact that
+
+probability of bit error is
+probability of error per
+
+symbols or the number
+of bits per symobl.
+
+Since I have endpoints in my
+signal set, I have logM bits
+
+per symbol.
+
+And this is then K_min of A over
+logM base 2 times Q of
+
+d_min over 2 sigma.
+
+So I'm going to rewrite my
+probability of bit error
+
+expression now in this --
+
+in fact the right side
+in this quad.
+
+K_b of A times Q of root
+2 gamma_c of A
+
+times Eb over N_0.
+
+So I'm just going to define
+the right hand
+
+side in this way.
+
+And I'm going to relate gamma_c
+of A and K_b of A to
+
+the parameters I have on the
+right hand side there.
+
+And why do I want to
+do it this way?
+
+Because I want to get an
+expression as close as
+
+possible to the performance
+of an uncoded 2-PAM system
+
+because that way things will be
+easier to do if I want to
+
+calculate the effective
+coding gain, OK?
+
+So how do the parameters
+relate?
+
+Well, K_b of A is K_min of A
+over logM to the base 2.
+
+And this is the average number
+of nearest neighbors per
+
+information bit.
+
+If I compare the arguments
+inside the Q function, what I
+
+have is 2 gamma_c of A times Eb
+N_0 is the argument d_min
+
+over 2 sigma squared, which I
+will write as d_min squared
+
+over 4 sigma squared.
+
+So remember sigma squared
+is N_0 over 2.
+
+So if I simplify this
+expression, what I will end up
+
+getting is gamma_c of A is
+d_min squared over 4 Eb.
+
+Gamma_c of A is known as the
+nominal coding gain.
+
+It's not the same as the
+effective coding gain, which
+
+is the distance between
+the two curves.
+
+OK, are there any questions
+so far?
+
+So far what I have done is given
+a constellation A, I can
+
+find two parameters.
+
+I can find the nominal coding
+gain, and I can find the
+
+average number of nearest
+neighbors per information bit.
+
+And using these two parameters,
+we will try to get
+
+a handle over the effective
+coding gain.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+So how can we plot --
+
+so given this constellation
+A, we want to plot the
+
+probability of bit error
+curve like this.
+
+But instead of plotting the
+exact curve we will be
+
+plotting this curve here,
+which is the union bound
+
+estimate of your probability
+of bit error.
+
+So we will always be plotting
+the union bound estimate.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+So we'll again start with
+a curve like that.
+
+Probability of bit error as
+a function of Eb N_0.
+
+This is in dB.
+
+The y-axis is also in dB.
+
+Sorry, not in dB but
+on the log scale.
+
+And so on.
+
+This is the Shannon
+limit at minus 1.
+
+59 dB.
+
+This is the 2-PAM performance.
+
+So if we want to plot this union
+bound estimate, you will
+
+be doing two steps.
+
+First, we'll be plotting this
+Q function, a curve
+
+corresponding to
+the Q function.
+
+And then we'll be scaling it.
+
+So if I just want to plot this
+Q function, how will it
+
+compare to this curve here?
+
+Well, you're just scaling the
+argument inside the Q
+
+function, right?
+
+But now because we are plotting
+the x-axis on a dB
+
+scale, it simply means that we
+are translating to the left by
+
+an amount of gamma_c in dB.
+
+Is that clear?
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+What we are doing is we are
+going to scale the x-axis by a
+
+certain constant.
+
+So this means that we will have
+to scale x-axis here.
+
+But, our Eb N_0 is being plotted
+on a dB scale, right?
+
+So multiplying in the linear
+scale corresponds to an
+
+addition on the logarithmic
+scale.
+
+An addition on the logarithmic
+scale simply implies a shift
+
+on the x-axis so that's the
+constant shift on the x-axis.
+
+I'm going to plot it here.
+
+This curve is going to be
+parallel to the original 2-PAM
+
+curve to the best
+of my abilities.
+
+OK, so this is what we get
+as your Q function.
+
+Now we are going to scale the
+y-axis by this factor here,
+
+K_b of A. But remember the
+y-axis is also on a
+
+logarithmic scale, rather
+than the linear scale.
+
+So multiply [INAUDIBLE] by a
+factor of K_b of A implies a
+
+vertical shift by a
+certain factor.
+
+So I'm going to do a vertical
+shift here.
+
+So let me make that
+darker now.
+
+So this is what I
+end up getting.
+
+OK, now note that the distance
+between these two curves is
+
+not fixed anymore.
+
+If the slope is steeper, then
+this distance is small,
+
+meaning that this distance
+here is large.
+
+On the other hand, if the slope
+is going to be smaller
+
+here, then this distance
+is large.
+
+So this means that a distance
+between these two curves is no
+
+longer fixed.
+
+And basically what we're saying
+here is that if the
+
+probability of error is large,
+then the number of nearest
+
+neighbors matters much more.
+
+But if the probability of error
+is going to be quite
+
+small, then the more important
+factor is your exponent, how
+
+fast the slope decays as opposed
+to the number of
+
+nearest neighbors, OK?
+
+This distance here is your
+effective coding gain.
+
+And this constant horizontal
+distance here is your nominal
+
+coding gain in dB.
+
+Are there any questions
+on this curve?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+on the right of four 2-PAM
+because these are the logM.
+
+PROFESSOR: So so what I'm
+really assuming is that
+
+gamma_c of A is greater
+than 1.
+
+So if I'm adding it, then
+I'm going to shift
+
+to the left, right?
+
+OK, so a couple of remarks.
+
+I'm just summarizing a few
+remarks I made while
+
+plotting the curve.
+
+First is the log-log scale is
+very convenient because any
+
+multiplicative factor simply
+involves a translation along
+
+the x and y directions.
+
+The second point is that the
+accuracy we have in the
+
+effective coding gain in this
+way is determined by the union
+
+bound estimate because that's
+all we are plotting.
+
+We are not really plotting
+the exact curve.
+
+And the third point is that
+we have a rule of thumb.
+
+Because the distance between the
+curves is not fixed, it's
+
+still too tedious to find the
+exact numerical value of
+
+effective coding gain.
+
+So what we can find is the value
+of the nominal coding
+
+gain and K_b of A exactly,
+given a constellation.
+
+So we want to have a rule
+of thumb for the
+
+effective coding gain.
+
+And the rule of thumb is that
+the effective coding gain is
+
+given by the nominal coding gain
+in dB minus 0.2 log2 of
+
+K_b of A. This is in dB.
+
+What this means is every factor
+of two increase is K_b
+
+results in a loss of 0.2 dB in
+the effective coding gain.
+
+OK, and this is our probability
+of bit error of
+
+ten to the minus five.
+
+So that's the region that we
+will be doing our analysis in.
+
+So this rule of thumb
+is quite helpful.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: This rule of thumb?
+
+Well, it works quite well
+in practice so you
+
+want to use that rule.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+If things are clear, let
+us do some examples.
+
+So let us start with a
+2-PAM for examples.
+
+The first is 2-PAM system.
+
+What's the effective coding
+gain going to be for this
+
+constellation?
+
+It's going to be 0 dB, right?
+
+It just follows from
+the definition.
+
+I mean the effective coding gain
+tells us how much gap we
+
+have between this new
+constellation and 2-PAM.
+
+If your new constellation is
+2-PAM itself, we don't have
+
+any effective coding gain.
+
+What about the 4-QAM?
+
+It's going to be still 0,
+because a 4-QAM is a Cartesian
+
+product of two 2-PAM
+constellations.
+
+And we argued last time that
+there is no coding gain if you
+
+use a Cartesian product.
+
+If you want to verify it using
+the framework that we have
+
+just developed, say we
+have four points.
+
+This point is alpha, alpha.
+
+This point is minus alpha,
+alpha, minus alpha, minus
+
+alpha, and alpha minus alpha.
+
+The nominal coding gain
+is given by d_min
+
+squared over 4 Eb.
+
+The minimum distance is 3 alpha
+between any two points.
+
+So we have 4 alpha squared.
+
+Then what's the energy
+per bit?
+
+Well, the energy per symbol
+is 2 alpha squared.
+
+Then we have two bits per
+symbol, so the energy per bit
+
+is alpha squared.
+
+So we have 4 alpha squared,
+and so that's 1.
+
+So we do not have any
+nominal coding gain.
+
+K_b of A, what's that
+going to be?
+
+Well, we have two nearest
+neighbors per symbol, but we
+
+also have two bits per symbol.
+
+So the number of nearest
+neighbors per bit
+
+is going to be one.
+
+So your nominal coding gain is
+1, K_b of A is going to be 1.
+
+And so we do not see
+any coding gain
+
+for the 4-QAM system.
+
+Now let me do a slightly
+different case.
+
+Let me start with a 4-QAM,
+but I remove two points.
+
+I remove this point, and
+I remove this point.
+
+And I only keep the
+two points here.
+
+So I have a constellation, say,
+A prime, which only has
+
+two points, one point here
+and one point here.
+
+So this point is alpha, alpha,
+and this point is minus alpha,
+
+minus alpha.
+
+Any idea what the effective
+coding gain
+
+will be for this case?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think
+it's the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's still
+zero, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, because it's
+saying that's 2-PAM.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+All this is a 2-PAM
+constellation embedded in two
+
+dimensions.
+
+It's 2-PAM along this
+line, right?
+
+So I cannot hope to have a
+higher coding gain for this
+
+constellation over
+the original one.
+
+I mean I told you the story that
+we can take a subset of
+
+points, and we can increase
+the minimum distance by
+
+throwing away some points.
+
+But one has to be careful
+in that analysis.
+
+There could be examples where
+you're strictly improving the
+
+minimum distance.
+
+Note that the minimum distance
+here is going to 8 alpha
+
+squared now.
+
+OK, so the minimum distance
+is strictly improved.
+
+But what happens to be
+your energy per bit?
+
+Well, the energy per symbol
+is 2 alpha squared.
+
+But you only have one bit per
+symbol, so the energy per bit
+
+is 2 alpha squared.
+
+So your nominal coding gain is
+d_min squared over 4 Eb, which
+
+follows from the relation
+we have here.
+
+And d_min squared is
+8 alpha squared.
+
+4 Eb is also 8 alpha squared, so
+the nominal coding gain is
+
+1, or 0 dB.
+
+The average number of nearest
+neighbors, well, we only have
+
+one nearest neighbor, and we
+have one bit per symbol, so
+
+that's -- and this is A
+prime by the way --
+
+is going to be 1.
+
+And so the effective coding
+gain is still 0 dB.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So probability of
+symbol error as a function of
+
+alpha has definitely
+decreased, right.
+
+But the trade-off we care about
+is probability of bit
+
+error as a function of Eb N_0.
+
+In other words, this curve
+is still here.
+
+It's not changed.
+
+I just shifted right by
+reducing my spectral
+
+efficiency.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's do one last example
+just to prove that it's not
+
+always the case that you get
+nothing by removing points.
+
+OK, so the contellation that
+I have in mind is the one I
+
+introduced last time.
+
+We'll start with a 3, 4
+Cartesian product of 2-PAM.
+
+OK, so in three dimensions
+it's a cube, and the 3,4
+
+Cartesian product will
+have a point on each
+
+vertex of the cube.
+
+And we only keep four points.
+
+So the points we keep are
+these four points.
+
+OK?
+
+So I write B, the coordinates
+are alpha, alpha, alpha, minus
+
+alpha, minus alpha, alpha,
+minus alpha, alpha, minus
+
+alpha, and alpha, minus
+alpha, minus alpha.
+
+So these are the vertices.
+
+These are the coordinates of the
+four points here where we
+
+have the standard x, y and
+z-axis, which I'm not drawing
+
+because it will just
+look confusing.
+
+So now we'll see that for this
+particular signal set, we do
+
+have a coding gain, OK?
+
+Let's find the minimum
+distance.
+
+The minimum distance
+here is what?
+
+It's the distance along
+a diagonal.
+
+And the diagonal is of length to
+-- each side of the cube is
+
+off-length to alpha.
+
+So the diagonal is of
+length to alpha.
+
+So d_min squared is
+8 alpha squared.
+
+What is the energy per bit
+going to be in this case?
+
+Well, what's the energy
+per symbol now?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: 3 alpha squared
+over 2 is the Eb, right?
+
+We have 3 alpha squared units
+of energy per symbol.
+
+We have four points, so we
+have two bits per symbol.
+
+So the energy per bit is
+3 alpha squared over 2.
+
+So now if I look at my nominal
+coding gain, that's going to
+
+be d_min squared over 4 Eb.
+
+d_min squared is 8
+alpha squared.
+
+4 dB is 6 alpha squared.
+
+So that's 4/3.
+
+On a linear scale and on a dB
+scale, this is going to be?
+
+You guys should remember
+your dB tables.
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.2?
+
+PROFESSOR: 12.
+
+You have to multiply by ten.
+
+So actually I think it's 1.3,
+more like 1.3 dB if you look
+
+at the last significant digit.
+
+OK, so what's K_b of A going
+to be in this case?
+
+Or K_b of B I should say.
+
+I'm calling the signal
+set B here.
+
+So what is K_b if
+B going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: 3 by 2, right?
+
+You have three nearest neighbors
+per point, for each
+
+point has three nearest
+neighbors.
+
+They're all equidistant.
+
+And you have two bits
+per symbol.
+
+OK?
+
+So if you work out your
+effective coding again using
+
+this rule of thumb here, take
+gamma_c of A in dB and
+
+subtract 0.2 log2 you will see
+that the effective coding gain
+
+is approximately 1 dB.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+OK, so it might seem that
+this is still not a
+
+very impressive number.
+
+Yes, you had a question.
+
+AUDIENCE: What was it about this
+constellation that gave
+
+us coding gain?
+
+Was is the face that we went
+to higher dimensions?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so usually
+you do get a coding gain if
+
+you trade-off minimum distance
+with spectral efficiency.
+
+So that's usually the case.
+
+So that's why I presented you
+an example of that case.
+
+It's just that this was a very
+special case where you end up
+
+with a 2-PAM constellation
+to start with.
+
+OK, so the comment I was going
+to make is that 1.2 dB still
+
+might not be like a very
+impressive number.
+
+I mean after all the hard
+work, you just get 1 dB
+
+effective coding gain.
+
+So the question to ask at this
+point is are there any
+
+constellations that have much
+higher coding gains?
+
+In particular, other
+constellations that come close
+
+to the Shannon limit at all.
+
+And we'll look at one
+interesting class of signal
+
+sets, which are known as
+orthogonal signal sets.
+
+And you probably saw these
+examples back in 6.450, but
+
+we're just reviewing
+it again here.
+
+And these signal sets have a
+property that as you increase
+
+the number of dimensions, you
+come arbitrarily close to the
+
+Shannon limit.
+
+So the definition of the signal
+sets is your A --
+
+it's a collection of signals aj,
+where j goes from 1 to M
+
+such that the inner product
+between ai and aj is E A times
+
+delta_i,j, meaning that if i
+is not equal to j, the two
+
+signals are orthogonal.
+
+And if i equals j, the
+energy is E(A).
+
+Geometrically, we
+have two points.
+
+The two points can be
+thought of as two
+
+points on the two axes.
+
+So this is a case
+when M equals 2.
+
+When M equals 3, the three
+points will lie on those three
+
+corresponding axes.
+
+So this is the case when
+M equals 3 and so on.
+
+So generally when you have
+M points, your signal
+
+spatializes in M dimensions, and
+each point can be thought
+
+of as a point on one
+of the axes.
+
+So if you look at the distance
+between any two points, it's
+
+the norm of ai minus
+aj squared.
+
+I could simplify this simply as
+the norm of ai squared plus
+
+the norm of aj squared because
+the end product
+
+is going to be zero.
+
+OK, now ai squared is
+going to be E(A).
+
+aj squared is going
+to be E(A).
+
+So this is 2E(A).
+
+So what we're saying here
+is that every point is
+
+equidistant from every other
+point, and the square of the
+
+distance is 2 E(A).
+
+OK?
+
+So in other words, the average
+number of nearest neighbors is
+
+always going to be
+a M minus 1.
+
+So let us calculate the nominal
+coding gain for this
+
+constellation.
+
+That's going to be d_min
+squared over 4 Eb.
+
+d_min squared is 2E(A)
+over 4 Eb.
+
+Well, the energy per bit is the
+energy per symbol, which
+
+is E(A) over the number of bits
+per symbol, which is log
+
+M to the base 2.
+
+And this I'm going to write
+here is 1/2 log
+
+M to the base 2.
+
+So as I increase my M, my
+number of dimensions, my
+
+nominal coding gain
+goes to infinity.
+
+OK?
+
+What do we expect for the
+effective coding gain?
+
+Will it also go to infinity?
+
+AUDIENCE: It approaches
+the Shannon limit.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, we don't know
+whether it approaches the
+
+Shannon limit as of yet,
+but we know it
+
+cannot go to infinity.
+
+It's upper bounded by
+the Shannon limit.
+
+Right?
+
+So the effective coding gain
+cannot really become
+
+unbounded, and what's really
+happening here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, but why does
+the effective coding gain stay
+
+bounded and the nominal
+coding gain blow up?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, the number
+of nearest neighbors also
+
+increases with M, right?
+
+Not just the nominal
+coding gain.
+
+So let's write that down.
+
+If I look at the number of
+nearest neighbors per
+
+information bit --
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: These don't
+have 0 mean, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, they
+don't have 0 mean.
+
+That's a good point.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's see, what
+happens to the mean as M goes
+
+to infinity?
+
+If we look at what happens to
+the mean, it will be 1 over M.
+
+You find the mean of this guy,
+it's 1 over 2 times the
+
+distance here times distance
+here is 1 over 2 E(A), E(A).
+
+OK?
+
+If you look at three dimensions,
+it's 1 over 3
+
+E(A), E(A), E(A).
+
+So in M dimensions, it's going
+to be 1 over M times all these
+
+coordinates.
+
+If we look at the mean squared,
+it goes to 0 as M
+
+goes to infinity.
+
+So that's a good point.
+
+So the mean does go
+to 0, and so we
+
+approach the Shannon limit.
+
+So we have K_b of A over
+logM What's the
+
+number of nearest neighbors?
+
+We saw it was M minus 1 over
+log M. And that goes to
+
+infinity as M goes
+to infinity.
+
+OK, so the average number
+of nearest neighbors per
+
+information bit also
+go to infinity
+
+as M goes to infinity.
+
+And if we look at the mean --
+just to write down the comment
+
+that was made.
+
+If we look at the mean of this
+constellation, that's going to
+
+be 1 over the number of points
+times root E(A) root
+
+E(A) and root E(A).
+
+So there are M coordinates.
+
+So that's going to be the mean
+if you believe this is the
+
+coordinate axis here.
+
+And if you we look at the norm
+of M(A) squared, then it's
+
+going to be E(A) over M. And
+as M goes to infinity,
+
+this goes to 0.
+
+And because the mean goes to
+0, it's not unreasonable to
+
+expect that the performance does
+approach to the ultimate
+
+Shanon limit.
+
+OK, so so far we have looked at
+K_b of A and gamma_c of A.
+
+If you look at the
+effective coding
+
+gain, it is still bounded.
+
+It's always bounded.
+
+It is not clear at this point
+what really happens to it.
+
+And in fact, it's not quite
+straightforward to actually
+
+show what happens to the
+effective coding gain.
+
+If you have taken 6.450, then
+Professor Bob Gallager really
+
+goes into the details of proving
+how the effective
+
+coding gain for this signal set
+indeed does approach the
+
+Shannon limit.
+
+But it can be shown that the
+effective coding gain does
+
+approach 11.2 dB as M
+goes to infinity.
+
+The main trick here is that
+union bound is usually quite
+
+weak if the probability
+of error is small.
+
+So we replace the probability of
+error just by 1, instead of
+
+the union bound,
+at some point.
+
+And if you do that change, then
+things work out nicely.
+
+But in this course, we will
+just assert that the
+
+orthogonal signal sets
+do achieve the
+
+ultimate Shannon limit.
+
+And you can see 6.450
+notes for the proof.
+
+So that's the assertion that
+we are making right now.
+
+So let's step back and
+take a look at what's
+
+happening so far.
+
+We have a class of signal sets
+which are conceptually quite
+
+easy to describe.
+
+They are just orthogonal
+signal sets.
+
+They are not too hard
+to analyze, and they
+
+asymptotically approach the
+ultimate Shannon limit.
+
+So this seems quite nice.
+
+So why not we just
+implement them?
+
+Now it turns that these are not
+very common in practice.
+
+They are not implemented as
+often as you might think when
+
+you first look at
+them and because
+
+they have some drawbacks.
+
+And there are a couple of
+drawbacks which make them very
+
+less appealing than what you
+might otherwise think.
+
+And first of all, what's the
+spectral efficiency for these
+
+signal sets?
+
+AUDIENCE:0, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: It goes to 0.
+
+And how does it go to 0?
+
+It's 2log M to the base 2 over
+M. As M goes to infinity,
+
+this goes to 0.
+
+And in fact, it goes
+to 0 quite sharply.
+
+Now that's fine, but if you
+want to approach Shannon
+
+limit, our spectral efficiency
+should indeed go to 0.
+
+But if you're looking at the
+system design problem, what do
+
+you really want?
+
+You have a certain effective
+coding gain that you have in
+
+mind, and suppose you are
+presented with a list of
+
+several different signal sets
+that achieve this effective
+
+coding gain.
+
+And your job is to pick one of
+these possible signal sets.
+
+Which one will you pick?
+
+Well, there are two things
+you will look for, right?
+
+You will look for the spectral
+efficiency that these
+
+different signal sets require
+or achieve in order to get
+
+this effective coding gain.
+
+And the higher the spectral
+efficiency the better.
+
+And secondly, you will also
+want to look at the
+
+implementation complexity.
+
+You do not want something which
+really takes a lot of
+
+time to decode.
+
+OK?
+
+So it turns out that because the
+spectral efficiency goes
+
+to 0 so sharply, it's not very
+surprising that there are
+
+other codes that have the same
+effective coding gain but
+
+higher spectral efficiency.
+
+So there are binary codes that
+have a higher spectral
+
+efficiency for same effective
+coding gain.
+
+And so they would be a natural
+choice over the orthogonal
+
+signal set.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+high-spectrum efficiency to
+
+mean bandwidth?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, because in
+practice, bandwidth is never
+
+really infinite, right?
+
+So if you are achieving
+the same --
+
+the first objective is
+to have a certain
+
+effective coding gain.
+
+If you do have that, you want to
+pick something which has a
+
+higher spectral efficiency.
+
+And indeed, the subject of
+chapters six and eight is to
+
+come up with binary codes that
+have a much better performance
+
+than the orthogonal signal
+set for a given
+
+effective coding gain.
+
+Chapter six deals with the the
+block codes, whereas chapter
+
+eight deals with convolutional
+codes.
+
+And chapter seven basically
+develops all the finite field
+
+theory that you require to study
+convolutional codes.
+
+So the point is, in the
+subsequent lectures we will be
+
+focusing a lot on improving
+the performance over
+
+orthogonal signal sets.
+
+The second point I mentioned was
+implementation complexity.
+
+Now one particular way of
+implementing orthogonal codes,
+
+which you saw in the first
+homework, was using this idea
+
+of Hadamard transforms, right?
+
+You have a Hardamard matrix,
+which is an M by M matrix.
+
+The rows of the Hadamard matrix
+are your orthogonal
+
+signal sets, which
+are elements aj.
+
+And at the receiver, what you
+would do is when you get the
+
+signal y, you simply multiply
+by the Hadamard matrix and
+
+look at the coordinate
+which is the largest.
+
+So this is something
+you did in the
+
+first homework exercise.
+
+And how many computations did
+you require for an orthogonal
+
+signal set of size M?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+OK, so I meant M being
+the size of the
+
+orthogonal signal set.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: 2 to the
+M by 2 to the M.
+
+PROFESSOR: If it is 2 to the M
+by 2 to the M, it is M times 2
+
+to the M. But there are M
+orthogonal signal sets, then
+
+it will be M log M, where M is
+the number of signal sets.
+
+So that's the number
+of computations
+
+that you would require.
+
+Now, the question to ask is, is
+this fast or is this slow?
+
+Is this too many computations
+or is this too little
+
+computations?
+
+And if you're looking in the
+power-limited regime, what we
+
+really want is to see the
+complexity per information bit
+
+because we normalize things
+per information bit.
+
+Now, how many bits are sent
+when you have orthogonal
+
+signal set of size M?
+
+We have log M bits, right?
+
+So this quantity is actually
+exponential in the number of
+
+transmitted bits that we are
+sending, and so in fact this
+
+is quite slow.
+
+Or in other words we are saying
+it is we require M
+
+times 2 to the M computations,
+where M is the number of
+
+information bits that
+we are sending.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if M is the size
+of your [INAUDIBLE]
+
+then you have log M bits?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So M log M
+over log M is M.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why are
+you adding by M?
+
+AUDIENCE: You need M log M
+operations to decode a symbol.
+
+PROFESSOR: To decode a symbol.
+
+AUDIENCE: And each symbol
+gives you log M bits.
+
+So you have M operations
+per bit.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, when you send,
+say, log M bits, right,
+
+you can only send one of
+the M possible symbols.
+
+And when you want to decode the
+symbol, you would end up
+
+recovering log M bits.
+
+So you should not be
+dividing by M here.
+
+AUDIENCE: You're dividing by log
+M because you want to do
+
+it per bit.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+You're right.
+
+So you're dividing by log M.
+You have M log M bits.
+
+You're dividing by log M,
+so you still have --
+
+AUDIENCE: You have M
+calculations per bit.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So we are sending
+-- so I need this many
+
+computations to get
+log M bits.
+
+So is this expression
+exponential in log M or not?
+
+So that's all I was saying.
+
+AUDIENCE: I just put it another
+way that you could
+
+divide by log M.
+
+PROFESSOR: M for information,
+right.
+
+OK, are there any questions?
+
+I mean we are both agreeing to
+the fact that this is too many
+
+computations than
+you would want.
+
+And there exist other decoding
+algorithms for which the
+
+number of computations is much
+smaller than exponential.
+
+OK, so let's next look at the
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+Well, actually before that I
+wanted to mention a couple of
+
+other signal sets as well.
+
+So there are two other important
+class of signal sets
+
+which are related to the
+orthogonal signal sets.
+
+The first is this class of
+simplex signal sets.
+
+And the other class is
+bi-orthogonal signal sets.
+
+So the idea behind simplex
+signal sets goes back to the
+
+observation that was made that
+we have a non-zero mean for
+
+this signal set here.
+
+So if we do, we can indeed
+subtract of the mean and get a
+
+performance which is
+better than the
+
+orthogonal signal set.
+
+So in particular if I subtract
+of the mean here, I get a
+
+signal set, which
+is like this.
+
+This is the simplex signal
+set when M equals 2.
+
+When M equals 3, I'm going to
+subtract of the mean from this
+
+plane here.
+
+The points lie on this
+particular plane.
+
+And what I end up with is
+an equilateral triangle.
+
+So this is the case
+when M equals 3.
+
+What do you think M equals
+4 would look like?
+
+A tetrahedron right here.
+
+That's a simplex signal set.
+
+So basically, it's also not too
+hard to write an algebraic
+
+expression for these
+signal sets.
+
+E of A prime is going to be
+E of A minus M of A. You
+
+subtract off the mean from your
+orthogonal signal set.
+
+If I want to write it in terms
+of inner products, the inner
+
+product between ai and aj is
+given by E(A) if i equals j.
+
+And it's I believe minus of 1
+over M minus 1 times E(A) if i
+
+is not equal to j.
+
+So this is the inner product
+between ai and aj.
+
+And I mean there are also many
+properties of this simplex
+
+signal set, but I believe that
+that's going to be in your
+
+next homework exercise
+so I'm not going
+
+into too many details.
+
+What' the spectral efficiency
+in this case going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+So what is a simplex?
+
+Is a simplex just a reference to
+anything with [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Simplex signal set is
+derived from the orthogonal
+
+signal set by subtracting
+off its mean.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, but in general
+simplex means anything
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm not
+sure about that.
+
+What's the spectral efficiency
+going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, almost.
+
+AUDIENCE: You use
+one dimension.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, you just
+use one dimension.
+
+OK, and there are other
+properties that you'll be
+
+looking at it in the homework.
+
+Now the idea behind this --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: This is 2 log
+M over [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So the idea behind the
+bi-orthogonal signal set is
+
+you start with an orthogonal
+signal set, and for each
+
+point, you also put the
+negative signal of it.
+
+So in addition to this, you will
+have a point here, and
+
+you will have a point here.
+
+So the case in two dimensions, M
+equals 2, you will have four
+
+points like this.
+
+So in this case you are
+increasing the number of
+
+signal points by a
+factor of two.
+
+But this does come at
+a price, right?
+
+Because if you're increasing the
+number of signal points,
+
+the number of nearest neighbors
+is also going to
+
+increase by a factor of two.
+
+In this case, you have two
+nearest neighbors now.
+
+So you have both of the
+effects going on.
+
+I mean ultimately, all the
+signal sets, as M goes to
+
+infinity, are going to approach
+the Shannon limit.
+
+So again, but they do suffer
+from the same kind of
+
+drawbacks that we saw for the
+orthogonal signal sets.
+
+So these are more of theoretical
+interest as
+
+opposed to real, practical
+implementation points.
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Minus [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a bit
+involved to show.
+
+I think you'll be showing it
+in the homework exercise or
+
+for an exam problem
+at one point.
+
+You basically start with the
+orthogonal signal sets here,
+
+look at the inner product here,
+and use the relation
+
+between the simplex signal sets
+and the orthogonal signal
+
+sets to do a subtraction
+of the mean.
+
+And then you can derive in
+a product expression.
+
+OK, so let's now move on to the
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+OK, so the main difference
+between --
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You mean here?
+
+For each --
+
+AUDIENCE: How far can
+you [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: A factor of two.
+
+I said a factor right?
+
+So if you have M points in the
+orthogonal signal set, you
+
+have 2M points in the
+bi-orthogonal signal set
+
+because for each --
+
+AUDIENCE: In the orthogonal
+sets you have 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: And in
+this you have 6.
+
+So let's look at the
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+The trade-off we care about is
+the probability of error for
+
+two dimensions as a function
+of SNR norm.
+
+OK?
+
+The baseline scheme here
+is your M-PAM scheme.
+
+And we showed a couple of
+lectures ago that the
+
+probability of error for two
+dimensions is approximately 4
+
+Q times root 3 SNR norm.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's plot the performance
+graph.
+
+So on the x-axis I
+plot SNR norm.
+
+On the y-axis I plot Ps of E
+again on a log-log scale.
+
+This is ten to the negative six,
+ten to the negative five,
+
+ten to the negative four,
+ten to the negative
+
+three and so on.
+
+The intercept is at 0
+dB, this point here.
+
+So this is your Shannon
+limit in the
+
+bandwidth-limited regime.
+
+Now your performance curve is
+going to be something like
+
+this for the M-PAM system.
+
+And we want to basically
+quantify now the effective
+
+coding gain in this regime.
+
+So it's the same story as in
+the power-limited regime.
+
+We will start off with the
+probability of error using the
+
+union bound estimate, which is
+K_min of A times Q of d_min
+
+over 2 sigma.
+
+Now Ps of E is the probability
+of error for two dimensions.
+
+Assuming we have N dimensions
+here, it is two times the
+
+probability of error over N.
+So this is probability of
+
+error per symbol.
+
+We are dividing by the number of
+dimensions and multiplying
+
+by two because it is
+for two dimensions.
+
+And this is going to be 2 times
+K_min of A over N, times
+
+Q of d_min over 2 sigma.
+
+So now let's do the same trick
+that we did in the
+
+power-limited regime.
+
+We will write Ps of E
+be approximately --
+
+and instead of the right hand
+side, I will write it as Ks of
+
+A times Q of root 3 SNR norm.
+
+But because I have a factor of
+four up there, I will also
+
+multiply and divide by 4.
+
+That's not going to
+change anything.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+per two dimensions
+or by symbol.
+
+PROFESSOR: Per two dimensions.
+
+And for bandwidth-limited
+regime, we normalize
+
+everything by two dimensions.
+
+AUDIENCE: But for N band we used
+it for symbols, right?
+
+The calculations represent --
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it was
+for two dimensions.
+
+OK?, so now let's compare
+the two expressions.
+
+We have Ks of A, which we'll
+define by two times K_min of A
+
+over N. And this is the number
+of nearest neighbors per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+And I can write 3 times SNR norm
+is d_min squared over 4
+
+sigma squared, OK?
+
+Actually, I was missing
+this factor of gamma.
+
+I knew I was missing
+something.
+
+It's not just 3 SNR norm.
+
+It's 3 times this nominal coding
+gain times SNR norm.
+
+So 3 times SNR norm times
+gamma_c of A here.
+
+So this is d_min squared
+over 2N_0.
+
+So what do I have for the
+gamma_c c o A is d_min squared
+
+over 6 N_0 times SNR norm.
+
+Remember SNR norm is SNR over
+2 to the rho minus 1.
+
+It's normalized signal-to-noise
+ratio.
+
+So this is the d_min squared
+times 2 to the rho minus 1
+
+over 6 times N_0 times SNR.
+
+But N_0 times SNR is just Es.
+
+So this is 6 times Es.
+
+So this is the expression
+you have for the
+
+nominal coding gain.
+
+So now again, given a signal
+set A, I can find those two
+
+parameters, the nominal coding
+gain and the number of nearest
+
+neighbors per two dimensions.
+
+And I can use those to
+plot on the Ps of E
+
+versus SNR norm curve.
+
+Again, the exact same story.
+
+If I have a certain nominal
+coding gain, I will simply
+
+shift my curve around the x-axis
+by that factor as a
+
+pure translation.
+
+And then because I have a factor
+of Ks A over 4, I'm
+
+going to plot --
+
+how did that expression go?
+
+This expression on the top.
+
+Remember this curve here is 4
+times root 3 SNR norm, right?
+
+So the multiplicative factor
+I have is Ks(A) over 4.
+
+So I will shift my curve
+up by that factor.
+
+And I will get something
+which is like this.
+
+And that's my union bound
+estimate for this new
+
+constellation A.
+
+The distance here is
+gamma effective.
+
+This distance here is gamma_c of
+A. Are there any questions?
+
+So now we also have a similar
+rule of thumb as in the
+
+power-limited regime.
+
+I will write that rule
+of thumb here.
+
+We have that gamma effective is
+going to be gamma_c in dB
+
+minus 0.2 times log2 times
+Ks of A over 4 in dB.
+
+OK, so again, a factor of 2NKs
+will decrease your nominal
+
+coding gain by a factor
+of 0.2 in dB.
+
+Are there any questions?
+
+Well, so I mean this is the
+end of chapter five.
+
+We still have like ten minutes
+remaining, so I thought I
+
+would give you a preview
+of the next chapter.
+
+Professor Forney will be coming
+next class, and he will
+
+be starting chapter six
+all over I believe.
+
+This chalk is much nicer to
+erase than that other one.
+
+So in chapter six, we'll
+be looking at the
+
+binary block codes.
+
+OK, and what is the main
+architecture of these codes?
+
+Well, for an encoder, remember
+we have K bits coming in.
+
+And we pass it now through
+a binary block code.
+
+And what we get out is
+a binary sequence
+
+of length N. OK?
+
+So x belongs to c, where c is
+a subset of binary sequences
+
+of length N.
+
+So we start with K bits, and
+we convert them to N bits,
+
+where N is going to be greater
+than or equal to K. Once we
+
+have this sequence of N bits,
+what we end up doing is we
+
+pass it through a binary
+signal constellation.
+
+So I'm writing in as
+binary signaling.
+
+And what we get out is
+S of x, which is a
+
+sequence of N symbols.
+
+Each symbol can either take
+value minus alpha or alpha.
+
+So this binary signalling is
+actually quite a trivial step.
+
+Basically, the relation is S of
+0 is going to be alpha, S
+
+of 1 is going to
+be minus alpha.
+
+If I have a 0 coming in, I
+will produce an alpha.
+
+if I have a 1 coming in, I will
+produce a minus alpha.
+
+So this part here is trivial.
+
+All our energy will be
+focused on will be
+
+to find a good code.
+
+Given a sequence of input bits,
+we want to find a good
+
+binary code in order to
+optimize the minimum
+
+distance and so on.
+
+So that's the architecture that
+we will be using for the
+
+binary linear codes.
+
+Both chapters six and
+eight will be only
+
+focusing on this part.
+
+And this binary signalling
+scheme, for the most part,
+
+will be implicit in
+our architecture.
+
+So at this point, one might ask
+is there anything to lose
+
+in having imposed this
+type of architecture?
+
+Remember, the nice thing about
+this architecture is we have
+
+coding, which is going on here,
+and we have modulation
+
+that is happening here.
+
+And the modulation step
+is quite simple.
+
+So we have a separation between
+coding and modulation.
+
+OK?
+
+And the question is, is this
+the right thing to do?
+
+Now, it turns out that if we
+are going to live in this
+
+binary world where we are only
+constrained ourselves to
+
+sending binary signals over the
+channel, this is in fact
+
+an economical structure.
+
+There isn't much improvement we
+can get, and that is quite
+
+obvious, right?
+
+But it turns out that if you are
+going to go for non-binary
+
+signaling, particularly in the
+bandwidth-limited regime,
+
+there is a cost to be paid for
+this kind of separation.
+
+In fact, in the 1980's there
+was this whole idea of
+
+turbo-coded modulation or
+trellis-coded modulation.
+
+And the idea there was to
+combine coding and modulation
+
+in one step.
+
+So this is not optimal for
+non-binary signalling, but's
+
+it's OK for binary.
+
+So we will be focusing on this
+type of an architecture.
+
+The other issue is OK, nobody
+told us that you can only send
+
+binary signals over
+the channel.
+
+If you want to achieve the
+Shannon limit, when we derived
+
+the capacity expression --
+
+or we just stated it but
+you can derive it.
+
+We said that the Shannon
+limit is always less
+
+than log2 1 plus SNR.
+
+And we never said that we can
+only send binary signals over
+
+the channel.
+
+So it could be that this is some
+inherence of optimality
+
+in this type of architecture.
+
+Why send binary signals
+in the first place?
+
+Again, it turns out that the
+regime that we are interested
+
+in here is the power-limited
+regime because the spectral
+
+efficiency can never be more
+than two bits per two
+
+dimensions, right?
+
+Remember, rho is 2K over N here,
+and K is going to be
+
+less than that.
+
+So we are inherently in the
+power-limited regime.
+
+And so a natural thing to do
+in order to understand how
+
+much fundamental loss we have
+in imposing this type of
+
+binary constraint over the
+signals is to not look at this
+
+expression, but to find the best
+possible performance we
+
+can have if we constrain
+ourselves to binary signals
+
+over the channel.
+
+If we impose a certain signaling
+constraint, we can
+
+find another fundamental limit
+on the spectral efficiency.
+
+So the point being, the best
+possible binary code can only
+
+achieve this upper bound here.
+
+Now, this upper bound
+has to be less than
+
+log2 1 plus SNR, right?
+
+Because the Shannon code assumes
+the binary signaling
+
+is a special case.
+
+So it turns out that this
+expression is actually quite
+
+tedious to write out.
+
+I'm not even sure if the
+closed-form expression exists,
+
+but you can calculate
+this numerically.
+
+It's just some kind of a convex
+optimization problem.
+
+And now, to understand how
+much loss we have, we can
+
+compare the two expressions in
+the power-limited regime.
+
+So I'm going to plot the curves
+for the two cases.
+
+I'm going to plot the spectral
+efficiency on the y-axis as a
+
+function of Eb N_0.
+
+You can easily convert from
+SNR to Eb N_0 using the
+
+relations we discussed
+in chapter four.
+
+Now we first plot the
+Shannon limit.
+
+The ultimate Shannon limit
+is minus 1.59 dB.
+
+This is going to be 0 dB here.
+
+And if I'm plot the Shannon
+limit, it will be
+
+some code like this.
+
+It increases with Eb N_0.
+
+And minus 1.59 dB is 0.
+
+This point here is 1.
+
+Some point here is 2.
+
+So actually I want to draw this
+horizontal asymptote at
+
+two when rho Shannon equals 2.
+
+So this is my rho Shannon.
+
+Now, I can now also plot
+rho binary from
+
+this expression here.
+
+I can never exceed two bits
+per two dimensions.
+
+So I had plotted this
+horizontal line.
+
+So as Eb N_0 goes to infinity,
+the most I can get is two bits
+
+per two dimensions.
+
+If Eb N_0 is smaller, I cannot
+do better so I will be doing
+
+worse and worse, and I will
+always be below this line.
+
+Ultimately, it can be shown
+that I will have the same
+
+Shannon limit here.
+
+So this is rho binary.
+
+And the main observation here is
+if I'm in the power-limited
+
+regime, which is say, in this
+part of the curve --
+
+like, say around one bit per two
+dimension -- the gap here
+
+is quite small.
+
+In fact, this gap can be shown
+to be at most 0.2 dB.
+
+So if I want to achieve a
+certain spectral efficiency,
+
+if I impose a binary signaling
+constraint, the additional Eb
+
+N_0 that I require when the
+spectral efficiency is 1 dB,
+
+one bit per two dimensions,
+is at most 0.2 dB.
+
+So there is not much to lose by
+imposing a binary signaling
+
+constraint.
+
+Said in different words words
+if you had the best possible
+
+binary linear code, followed
+by a binary signaling
+
+constellation, the most you
+can lose is 0.2 dB.
+
+And so this type of an
+architecture does make sense.
+
+There are a lot of details that
+the next powerpoint will
+
+be to kind of formalize the
+notion of a binary block code,
+
+then specialize it to the
+case of binary linear
+
+codes and so on.
+
+Unfortunately, the first thing
+to do is to start with some
+
+finite field theory because
+there's a lot of finite field
+
+algebra involved in this
+algebraic block codes.
+
+So how many of you have seen
+finite field theory before?
+
+OK, if you haven't seen it,
+don't worry about it.
+
+We'll be starting right
+from the basics.
+
+But I think I will be stopping
+here for today because I don't
+
+want to go into those
+details today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w56ICZB3IfI.txt b/w56ICZB3IfI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03c4903cd158419e388fd310bca16bded5956754
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w56ICZB3IfI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8579 @@
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+ 
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
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+although a word table is fine I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a word table is fine I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a word table is fine I would
+like to see a table yeah I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see a table yeah I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see a table yeah I think that's
+that's ok so it looks like as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ok so it looks like as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ok so it looks like as if you
+convert your table and then you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert your table and then you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert your table and then you did
+convert table to text or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert table to text or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert table to text or something like
+that and it looks like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it looks like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it looks like this this
+paragraph format that's fine as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph format that's fine as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph format that's fine as long as
+I can sort of chase a history of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of chase a history of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can sort of chase a history of your
+game yeah and the reason is why you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah and the reason is why you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game yeah and the reason is why you make
+changes that's the thing are we looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that's the thing are we looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that's the thing are we looking
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+yeah the the table format does make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the table format does make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the the table format does make it
+slightly easier for me to read in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly easier for me to read in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly easier for me to read in the
+future like future things but because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future like future things but because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future like future things but because I
+didn't make that clear this assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make that clear this assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make that clear this assignment
+and you know as long as I can trace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as long as I can trace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as long as I can trace the
+history of the game I'm good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the game I'm good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the game I'm good
+other questions and if anyone has a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions and if anyone has a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions and if anyone has a copy
+of the syllabus to eject it at lights I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the syllabus to eject it at lights I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the syllabus to eject it at lights I
+do think the one page write-up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think the one page write-up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think the one page write-up is
+through the following week on Monday is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the following week on Monday is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the following week on Monday is
+you know this coming Monday I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this coming Monday I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this coming Monday I'm actually
+not gonna be here on Monday I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be here on Monday I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be here on Monday I'm
+travelling to giving a talk so Rick I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling to giving a talk so Rick I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling to giving a talk so Rick I
+will be handling Nick's next week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be handling Nick's next week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be handling Nick's next week's
+class that's basically Monday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's basically Monday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's basically Monday and
+Wednesday so I will catch you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so I will catch you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so I will catch you are
+grading might be delayed by a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading might be delayed by a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading might be delayed by a little
+a little Estella yeah that one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little Estella yeah that one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little Estella yeah that one in
+particular a bloated study for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a bloated study for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a bloated study for
+assignment for the assignment itself all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment for the assignment itself all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment for the assignment itself all
+the group submissions I would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group submissions I would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group submissions I would actually
+like to see a hard copy so I can keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see a hard copy so I can keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see a hard copy so I can keep it
+all together the game itself obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together the game itself obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together the game itself obviously
+needs to be hard copy but ni if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be hard copy but ni if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be hard copy but ni if I can
+get you know a printout of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know a printout of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know a printout of your
+changelog and everything is all in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changelog and everything is all in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changelog and everything is all in one
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+oh by the way on Wednesday I will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way on Wednesday I will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way on Wednesday I will come
+in with a whole bunch of Amazon boxes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a whole bunch of Amazon boxes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a whole bunch of Amazon boxes or
+Amazon empty boxes so that you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon empty boxes so that you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon empty boxes so that you can just
+like put put your games into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put put your games into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like put put your games into an
+appropriately sized box if you yes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately sized box if you yes after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately sized box if you yes after
+this after this talk I will go in grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this after this talk I will go in grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this after this talk I will go in grab
+the prototyping in cases bring it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prototyping in cases bring it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prototyping in cases bring it down
+here and you'll probably have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you'll probably have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you'll probably have at least
+an hour and a half if not two always to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and a half if not two always to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour and a half if not two always to
+work on it alright so um today's reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it alright so um today's reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it alright so um today's reading
+was from the design of everyday things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the design of everyday things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the design of everyday things
+also known as a psychology of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as a psychology of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as a psychology of all of
+everyday things we you know your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things we you know your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday things we you know your problem
+bodies we step from chapter 1 all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies we step from chapter 1 all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies we step from chapter 1 all the
+way to chapter 4 and part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to chapter 4 and part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to chapter 4 and part of the reason
+for this chapter 4 is kind of a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this chapter 4 is kind of a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this chapter 4 is kind of a summary
+of chapter 2 and 3 you know it chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chapter 2 and 3 you know it chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chapter 2 and 3 you know it chapter
+23 has like tons of nice case examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 has like tons of nice case examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 has like tons of nice case examples
+and it sort of walks you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of walks you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it sort of walks you through the
+reasoning explains things in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning explains things in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning explains things in detail
+again I would recommend this book to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I would recommend this book to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I would recommend this book to
+anybody who's doing any kind of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's doing any kind of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's doing any kind of design
+where human beings expected to touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where human beings expected to touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where human beings expected to touch the
+flesh your design and it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh your design and it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flesh your design and it's really really
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+hopefully you enjoy today's so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you enjoy today's so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you enjoy today's so what I'm
+going to go into to today is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into to today is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into to today is actually a
+little bit more detail about the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about the stuff
+that wasn't covered in chapter 4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't covered in chapter 4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't covered in chapter 4 in
+chapter 3 in this book but on Alban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 3 in this book but on Alban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 3 in this book but on Alban
+actually lays out this this mental model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lays out this this mental model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lays out this this mental model
+of how people make decisions when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how people make decisions when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how people make decisions when they
+are confronted with a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confronted with a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are confronted with a piece of
+technology or a designed object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or a designed object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or a designed object that
+they don't quite understand you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't quite understand you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't quite understand you know and
+he refers to this briefly in chapter 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he refers to this briefly in chapter 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he refers to this briefly in chapter 4
+but I thought I'd like to go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I'd like to go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought I'd like to go into a
+little bit more detail about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail about this before
+going to the stuff that's actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the stuff that's actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the stuff that's actually in
+chapter 4 so he's got this this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 4 so he's got this this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 4 so he's got this this basic
+idea that every time you interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that every time you interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that every time you interact with
+any kind of technology you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of technology you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of technology you know well
+whether that's like a chair that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's like a chair that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's like a chair that you've
+never seen before or a car computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen before or a car computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen before or a car computer
+program you kind of go through this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you kind of go through this loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you kind of go through this loop
+you've got some goals as a individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some goals as a individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some goals as a individual
+human being you know you get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being you know you get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being you know you get a new
+microwave oven SS man I will like to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave oven SS man I will like to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave oven SS man I will like to eat
+something and and then you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and then you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and and then you go through
+this loop of trying to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loop of trying to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loop of trying to figure out how
+this new microwave oven works you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new microwave oven works you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new microwave oven works you had
+some sort of intention you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of intention you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of intention you know that the
+goal might be okay I want to know I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal might be okay I want to know I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal might be okay I want to know I want
+to eat something so my intention is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat something so my intention is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat something so my intention is to
+warm up this TV dinner or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up this TV dinner or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up this TV dinner or something like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I plan okay the plan is that I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan okay the plan is that I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plan okay the plan is that I've got to
+prep this TV dinner somehow you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep this TV dinner somehow you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep this TV dinner somehow you know so
+I'm going to go through the series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through the series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through the series of
+steps I guess I need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I guess I need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps I guess I need to take the
+wrapping off maybe I peel back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping off maybe I peel back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping off maybe I peel back the
+plastic a little bit I mean sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic a little bit I mean sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic a little bit I mean sometimes I
+get confused too and then you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused too and then you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused too and then you actually
+have to like peel it and then instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like peel it and then instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like peel it and then instead of
+peeling up nicely it peels off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeling up nicely it peels off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeling up nicely it peels off into
+little strips that's ever happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strips that's ever happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little strips that's ever happened to
+you and and it comes off in your fingers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and and it comes off in your fingers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and and it comes off in your fingers
+that's the execution part right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the execution part right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the execution part right so it's
+like I know that I wanted to do but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I know that I wanted to do but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I know that I wanted to do but I
+actually have to go and do it and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to go and do it and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to go and do it and then I
+get feedback I guess I thought were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get feedback I guess I thought were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get feedback I guess I thought were you
+talking microwave ovens I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking microwave ovens I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking microwave ovens I'm talking
+about just the TV dinner right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just the TV dinner right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just the TV dinner right now you
+know okay I see the feedback you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay I see the feedback you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay I see the feedback you know
+the thing peeled back but I didn't peel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing peeled back but I didn't peel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing peeled back but I didn't peel
+back in the way that I wanted to I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the way that I wanted to I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the way that I wanted to I see
+it I have to interpret whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have to interpret whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have to interpret whether that's
+getting me closer to my goal it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting me closer to my goal it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting me closer to my goal it says
+well all I really want is a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all I really want is a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all I really want is a couple of
+holes for the steam to come out so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes for the steam to come out so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes for the steam to come out so okay
+I guess that's good enough and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that's good enough and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that's good enough and I
+evaluate that as being good enough so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that as being good enough so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that as being good enough so I
+can proceed to the next time on my plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can proceed to the next time on my plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can proceed to the next time on my plan
+Oh getting there so my my intention now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh getting there so my my intention now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh getting there so my my intention now
+is to actually put this thing into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually put this thing into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually put this thing into the
+microwave oven I've planned to heat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave oven I've planned to heat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave oven I've planned to heat it
+up for 30 seconds which means a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for 30 seconds which means a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for 30 seconds which means a series
+of steps to actually pushing buttons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps to actually pushing buttons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps to actually pushing buttons to
+heat it up for 30 seconds I have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up for 30 seconds I have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it up for 30 seconds I have to make
+sure I don't set it to 30 minutes so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I don't set it to 30 minutes so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I don't set it to 30 minutes so I
+actually like punch the buttons and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like punch the buttons and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like punch the buttons and make
+sure I don't hit too many zeroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I don't hit too many zeroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I don't hit too many zeroes
+I see the feedback on the screen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see the feedback on the screen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see the feedback on the screen I
+perceive whether that's what I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive whether that's what I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive whether that's what I want it
+or not sometimes that's not what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not sometimes that's not what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not sometimes that's not what I want
+- oh I punched in 30 minutes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- oh I punched in 30 minutes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- oh I punched in 30 minutes like
+bye-bye by mistake I interpret that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye-bye by mistake I interpret that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bye-bye by mistake I interpret that the
+3000's 30 minutes I evaluate that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3000's 30 minutes I evaluate that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3000's 30 minutes I evaluate that's not
+where I wanted to do and then I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wanted to do and then I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wanted to do and then I make
+another set see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set see
+of intentions to solve that problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intentions to solve that problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intentions to solve that problem so
+this is the model and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model and it's actually
+seven steps even though I've got 8 boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven steps even though I've got 8 boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven steps even though I've got 8 boxes
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 this this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 this this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 this this thing here
+happens in the system happens with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the system happens with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the system happens with the
+thing that you're trying to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're trying to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're trying to interact
+with you can expand this into if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you can expand this into if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you can expand this into if you
+were using a computer program you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using a computer program you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using a computer program you can
+this this will be expanded into a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will be expanded into a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will be expanded into a huge
+algorithm right now there's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right now there's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm right now there's the thing
+that the computer has itself and Sun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computer has itself and Sun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computer has itself and Sun of
+figuring out what you were trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what you were trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what you were trying to do
+and try to do the and try to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do the and try to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do the and try to communicate
+back to you whether that was successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you whether that was successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to you whether that was successful
+or not that's not really what I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that's not really what I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not that's not really what I want you
+to worry about right now are these 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about right now are these 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about right now are these 7
+steps all happening in the human and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps all happening in the human and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps all happening in the human and all
+those steps are an opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are an opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are an opportunity for
+something to go wrong let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to go wrong let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to go wrong let me give you an
+example from games in particular ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from games in particular ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from games in particular ok so
+these are some of the considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some of the considerations
+that you might have in a game you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have in a game you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have in a game you know
+re si is a competitive game you wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re si is a competitive game you wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re si is a competitive game you wanna
+win you don't want to lose so you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win you don't want to lose so you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win you don't want to lose so you forget
+how do I want how how can I win all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I want how how can I win all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I want how how can I win all this
+gathering a lot of money or resources or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering a lot of money or resources or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering a lot of money or resources or
+getting more points or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more points or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more points or something like
+that knocking out my opponent what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knocking out my opponent what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knocking out my opponent what are
+my options right right now maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my options right right now maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my options right right now maybe the
+card based game and the option it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card based game and the option it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card based game and the option it's all
+laid out in the cards that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out in the cards that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out in the cards that you're
+holding maybe you have the same three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding maybe you have the same three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding maybe you have the same three
+decisions every turn so you know given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions every turn so you know given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions every turn so you know given
+all those options what do I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those options what do I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those options what do I want to do
+and then you actually have to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you actually have to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you actually have to execute
+that right you know if it's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you know if it's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you know if it's some sort of
+dexterity game where you have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity game where you have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity game where you have to like
+flick tokens on a board or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flick tokens on a board or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flick tokens on a board or something
+like that okay you know that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay you know that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay you know that's kind of
+tough maybe is you just players place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough maybe is you just players place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough maybe is you just players place
+the card facedown ready to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card facedown ready to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card facedown ready to make sure you
+pick the right card before placing face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the right card before placing face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the right card before placing face
+not and not placing it face left by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and not placing it face left by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and not placing it face left by
+accident the game you know reacts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident the game you know reacts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident the game you know reacts that
+could involve other people that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could involve other people that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could involve other people that could
+involve a computer that could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a computer that could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a computer that could just
+involve how the board looks and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve how the board looks and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve how the board looks and then you
+and you as a human being now how to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you as a human being now how to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you as a human being now how to see
+the perceived the state of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perceived the state of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perceived the state of the of the
+game I figure out whether that can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I figure out whether that can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I figure out whether that can't you
+any closer to where you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any closer to where you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any closer to where you want it to be
+you know you say oh I made that move and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say oh I made that move and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say oh I made that move and
+man that was a terrible move that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that was a terrible move that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that was a terrible move that the
+and I know that because that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that because that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that because that took
+away from me so now I need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me so now I need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me so now I need to figure out
+what's my next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my next step
+I make a plan and going and and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea that Donald Norman talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that Donald Norman talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that Donald Norman talks about
+mental models is basically this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental models is basically this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental models is basically this idea
+that the human beings who are playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human beings who are playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human beings who are playing
+your game have an idea of how your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game have an idea of how your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game have an idea of how your game
+works and it might be right it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it might be right it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it might be right it might be
+wrong or maybe somewhat vaguely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or maybe somewhat vaguely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or maybe somewhat vaguely right
+but you know not quite there now in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know not quite there now in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know not quite there now in your
+designer of a game then you are creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of a game then you are creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of a game then you are creating
+that system that the player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system that the player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system that the player is
+interacting with everything that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with everything that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with everything that I
+talked about earlier was happening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier was happening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier was happening to
+the player and system may your designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player and system may your designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player and system may your designer
+who's trying to like machine the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to like machine the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to like machine the system
+into something that a player can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that a player can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that a player can
+understand now that should actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now that should actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now that should actually kind
+of sound familiar because we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound familiar because we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sound familiar because we talked a
+little bit about this mechanics dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this mechanics dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this mechanics dynamic
+aesthetics you as a designer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetics you as a designer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetics you as a designer in
+designing a system is creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a system is creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a system is creating the
+mechanics of the game players experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the game players experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the game players experience
+in the aesthetics on the game there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aesthetics on the game there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aesthetics on the game there all
+kinds of resultant dynamics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of resultant dynamics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of resultant dynamics that are
+coming up from both how your rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up from both how your rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up from both how your rules
+define what the player is going to do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what the player is going to do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what the player is going to do as
+well as how the player decides they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as how the player decides they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as how the player decides they're
+going to execute your rules so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute your rules so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to execute your rules so is this
+weird like Horrible's a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird like Horrible's a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird like Horrible's a second order
+problem which results in you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which results in you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which results in you trying to
+communicate to the player this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to the player this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to the player this is what's
+happening underneath the hood and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening underneath the hood and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening underneath the hood and you
+really need to understand this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to understand this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to understand this to be
+able to make good good decisions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make good good decisions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make good good decisions so
+again the player develops a mental model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the player develops a mental model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the player develops a mental model
+about how the system works my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the system works my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the system works my
+interactive is assistant you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive is assistant you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive is assistant you you know
+the the player tries to play a game by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the player tries to play a game by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the player tries to play a game by
+poking at it and the user then uses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking at it and the user then uses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poking at it and the user then uses that
+metal model that happens to be it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal model that happens to be it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal model that happens to be it to
+exist in the players head to anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the players head to anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the players head to anticipate
+what that system is going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that system is going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that system is going to do in the
+future if they did something differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if they did something differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future if they did something differently
+then and no and and and that metal model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and no and and and that metal model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and no and and and that metal model
+gives the player an explanation but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the player an explanation but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the player an explanation but why
+the system is behaving in a way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is behaving in a way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is behaving in a way that it
+does the designer also has a mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the designer also has a mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the designer also has a mental
+model you all have an idea of how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you all have an idea of how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you all have an idea of how your
+games currently work whether or not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games currently work whether or not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games currently work whether or not your
+games actually work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games actually work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games actually work that way
+because you know if I read your rules I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if I read your rules I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if I read your rules I
+may interpret it differently but right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may interpret it differently but right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may interpret it differently but right
+now you have an idea of how your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have an idea of how your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have an idea of how your game
+works because you've been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works because you've been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works because you've been working with
+these things for like two weeks now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for like two weeks now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things for like two weeks now
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and you're materializing that into a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're materializing that into a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're materializing that into a set
+of game mechanics bunch of rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of game mechanics bunch of rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of game mechanics bunch of rules that
+the player that has to interpret and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player that has to interpret and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player that has to interpret and
+then create their own mental model out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then create their own mental model out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then create their own mental model out
+of that so you can imagine so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so you can imagine so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so you can imagine so many
+different possibilities of things just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities of things just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities of things just
+going wrong I'm gonna talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong I'm gonna talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong I'm gonna talk a little bit
+about that so for them our mistakes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so for them our mistakes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so for them our mistakes that
+a player makes there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a player makes there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a player makes there are two different
+kinds of mistakes that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of mistakes that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of mistakes that I want to talk
+about I'm trying to introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'm trying to introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'm trying to introduce this
+vocabulary to you so that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary to you so that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary to you so that when you're
+talking it with it with your team's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking it with it with your team's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking it with it with your team's you
+can use clear language if you've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use clear language if you've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use clear language if you've gone
+through CMS six eleven before you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through CMS six eleven before you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through CMS six eleven before you've
+seen a version of this presentation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a version of this presentation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a version of this presentation I
+tried to cheat to change up the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to cheat to change up the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to cheat to change up the examples
+so that these are ball game examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these are ball game examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these are ball game examples
+slips are the player knows what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips are the player knows what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slips are the player knows what's
+supposed to happen and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to happen and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to happen and what you're
+supposed to do the player just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do the player just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do the player just happens
+to accidentally do the wrong thing real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accidentally do the wrong thing real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accidentally do the wrong thing real
+world slips including and anybody like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world slips including and anybody like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world slips including and anybody like
+try to call somebody on the phone dialed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to call somebody on the phone dialed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to call somebody on the phone dialed
+in a number and accidentally dialed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number and accidentally dialed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number and accidentally dialed
+somebody else that you know really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else that you know really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else that you know really well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's not like you didn't know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you didn't know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you didn't know each
+person's phone numbers you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's phone numbers you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's phone numbers you just
+automatically started dialing the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically started dialing the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically started dialing the wrong
+number which you knew you also knew very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which you knew you also knew very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which you knew you also knew very
+well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right
+if you drive you do you want to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drive you do you want to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drive you do you want to drive
+your friend's house you accidentally end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend's house you accidentally end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend's house you accidentally end
+up at work you know because it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at work you know because it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at work you know because it kind of
+just got into a routine halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got into a routine halfway through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got into a routine halfway through
+a task you forget what you're doing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a task you forget what you're doing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a task you forget what you're doing it's
+not like you don't actually know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you don't actually know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like you don't actually know what
+your task is you just happy to forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task is you just happy to forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task is you just happy to forget it
+in the middle of doing it pushing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of doing it pushing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of doing it pushing a
+similar button to the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar button to the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar button to the one that you
+actually wanted that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted that sort of thing
+dealing a copy of dealing cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing a copy of dealing cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing a copy of dealing cards
+everybody gets five cards how many ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody gets five cards how many ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody gets five cards how many ever
+doubts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts
+you know it's like well that person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like well that person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like well that person has
+you know five six cards five cards five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know five six cards five cards five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know five six cards five cards five
+cards or something like that and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or something like that and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards or something like that and people
+come up with systems like this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with systems like this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with systems like this to be
+able to help them keep track of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to help them keep track of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to help them keep track of how many
+cards are in town but it's not like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards are in town but it's not like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards are in town but it's not like you
+didn't know that you were supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that you were supposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that you were supposed to do
+five cars everybody just kind of lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cars everybody just kind of lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five cars everybody just kind of lost
+track halfway so that that's a slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track halfway so that that's a slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track halfway so that that's a slip
+that's not a problem of a player's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a problem of a player's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a problem of a player's
+mental model player actually understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental model player actually understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental model player actually understands
+how this game is supposed to work yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there are also mistakes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also mistakes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also mistakes which are
+errors in the players mental model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the players mental model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the players mental model the
+player thinks the game works in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player thinks the game works in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player thinks the game works in a
+certain way in a game doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way in a game doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way in a game doesn't actually
+isn't actually supposed to work in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually supposed to work in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually supposed to work in that
+way so this is a product placement shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this is a product placement shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this is a product placement shot
+now okay what's wrong with that yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay what's wrong with that yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay what's wrong with that yeah you
+can put cities on that Jason slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put cities on that Jason slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put cities on that Jason slot
+like you like like but actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you like like but actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you like like but actually I think
+you you can't even put it adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't even put it adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't even put it adjacent to
+your opponent's sin ass right - yeah -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's sin ass right - yeah -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's sin ass right - yeah -
+cities cannot be right next to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities cannot be right next to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities cannot be right next to each
+other you know it makes for a nice photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know it makes for a nice photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know it makes for a nice photo
+but you know the person who set this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the person who set this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the person who set this up
+actually play the game but is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play the game but is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play the game but is still a
+beautiful work you see that that player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful work you see that that player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful work you see that that player
+has if this person was actually playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has if this person was actually playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has if this person was actually playing
+the game this person has the wrong idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game this person has the wrong idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game this person has the wrong idea
+about how this game is played that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this game is played that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this game is played that's
+actually sometimes perfectly fine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sometimes perfectly fine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sometimes perfectly fine that's
+part of learning you know you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of learning you know you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of learning you know you have it
+you make a mistake if the game corrects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a mistake if the game corrects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a mistake if the game corrects
+you and then you learn how to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then you learn how to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then you learn how to compensate
+for that or play differently then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that or play differently then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that or play differently then that's
+just the process of learning the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the process of learning the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the process of learning the game
+people make mistakes while they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make mistakes while they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make mistakes while they're
+learning the game on time if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the game on time if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the game on time if you're
+playing a computer game sometimes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a computer game sometimes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a computer game sometimes that's
+all the fun I'm playing the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fun I'm playing the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fun I'm playing the game is
+trying to figure out how this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how this crazy
+computer game works by crowding it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer game works by crowding it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer game works by crowding it and
+then the game punishes you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the game punishes you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the game punishes you because
+because that was the wrong decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the wrong decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the wrong decision and
+then you learn not to do that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you learn not to do that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you learn not to do that and you
+try to you try a different strategy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you try a different strategy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to you try a different strategy in
+fact a game where you never fail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a game where you never fail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a game where you never fail and
+it's actually fairly easy to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly easy to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly easy to make a
+computer game where you just like never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer game where you just like never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer game where you just like never
+fail isn't that interesting for a player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail isn't that interesting for a player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail isn't that interesting for a player
+because that means you can just do use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means you can just do use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means you can just do use
+whatever strategy you went in with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever strategy you went in with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever strategy you went in with and
+it will always work there's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will always work there's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will always work there's no reason
+for you to think that this game needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think that this game needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think that this game needs
+more strategy or has any depth to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strategy or has any depth to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strategy or has any depth to it
+whereas a game where you try out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a game where you try out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas a game where you try out the
+strategy that you came in with and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that you came in with and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy that you came in with and maybe
+once a little bit and then stops working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a little bit and then stops working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a little bit and then stops working
+and you're getting feedback on why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're getting feedback on why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're getting feedback on why it
+might not be working now that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be working now that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be working now that's that
+that tells you you know he doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you you know he doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you you know he doesn't know
+it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something
+something at least a hood here maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at least a hood here maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at least a hood here maybe I
+can explore this game a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explore this game a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explore this game a little bit
+further I was an interesting study from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further I was an interesting study from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further I was an interesting study from
+yes / you who is a game scholar who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes / you who is a game scholar who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes / you who is a game scholar who
+wrote the book the art of failure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the book the art of failure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the book the art of failure and
+one of the tricks that he do he he made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tricks that he do he he made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tricks that he do he he made
+it really simple kind of snake type game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really simple kind of snake type game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really simple kind of snake type game
+where you pick things up and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pick things up and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pick things up and then just
+make gets longer and he compared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make gets longer and he compared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make gets longer and he compared and
+then he asked people to just rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he asked people to just rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he asked people to just rate the
+game at the end of the game became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at the end of the game became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at the end of the game became the
+same no matter who played it but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same no matter who played it but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same no matter who played it but some
+people played it better and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people played it better and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people played it better and some people
+played played it worse the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played played it worse the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played played it worse the people who
+never fail once in beating I think my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fail once in beating I think my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fail once in beating I think my
+five levels off the game rated that rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five levels off the game rated that rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five levels off the game rated that rate
+at that game as being lower as someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that game as being lower as someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that game as being lower as someone
+who failed once or twice and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who failed once or twice and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who failed once or twice and somebody
+who played once or twice were rated like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played once or twice were rated like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played once or twice were rated like
+a seven or eight some people who never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven or eight some people who never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seven or eight some people who never
+failed they were like five and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed they were like five and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed they were like five and people
+who liked could never get past the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who liked could never get past the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who liked could never get past the first
+level will also read it like a five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level will also read it like a five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level will also read it like a five or
+four so people who get frustrated if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so people who get frustrated if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so people who get frustrated if
+they can't find the right mental model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't find the right mental model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't find the right mental model
+to play this game it's like none of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this game it's like none of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this game it's like none of my
+strategies work I don't understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies work I don't understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies work I don't understand this
+game I don't get this game this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I don't get this game this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I don't get this game this is
+frustrating I hate this game and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating I hate this game and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating I hate this game and the
+alternative is I completely get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is I completely get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is I completely get this
+game I saw right through it a moment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I saw right through it a moment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I saw right through it a moment I
+you put this in front of me I beat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this in front of me I beat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this in front of me I beat it
+you know in less than five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in less than five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in less than five minutes
+my strategy just worked not much there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strategy just worked not much there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strategy just worked not much there
+and the people who kind of feel a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who kind of feel a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who kind of feel a little
+bit halfway but then managed to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit halfway but then managed to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit halfway but then managed to complete
+the rest of the game because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the game because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the game because they
+changed the strategy give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the strategy give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the strategy give you a
+challenge and I'll became it let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and I'll became it let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and I'll became it let's talk
+a lot about feedback how do we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about feedback how do we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about feedback how do we give
+users this kind of really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users this kind of really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users this kind of really really
+valuable information to correct those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable information to correct those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable information to correct those
+mental mental models I guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental mental models I guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental mental models I guess I'm
+sleeping to the slide here so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping to the slide here so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping to the slide here so we need to
+tell a player that an area has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a player that an area has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a player that an area has happened
+and we need to give them tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to give them tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to give them tools to
+recover often in a board game or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover often in a board game or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover often in a board game or in a
+card game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card game
+that that kind of telling the player in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of telling the player in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that kind of telling the player in
+error has happened it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error has happened it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error has happened it needs to be
+enforced by other people so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced by other people so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced by other people so you need to
+give play other players tools to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give play other players tools to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give play other players tools to detect
+when the game is it's on the verge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the game is it's on the verge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the game is it's on the verge of
+crashing right now when someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing right now when someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing right now when someone's
+executed an illegal move and then give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed an illegal move and then give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed an illegal move and then give
+them some sort of structure to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some sort of structure to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some sort of structure to be able
+to correct that I'll give it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct that I'll give it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct that I'll give it a little
+bit more examples about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more examples about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more examples about that
+in a second the alternative or process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second the alternative or process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second the alternative or process
+you just let them make the mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just let them make the mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just let them make the mistake
+there's occasion or on occasion they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's occasion or on occasion they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's occasion or on occasion they're
+making a move things at para that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a move things at para that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a move things at para that is a
+mistake because they didn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because they didn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because they didn't understand
+how this game is supposed to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this game is supposed to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this game is supposed to work but
+it's a legal move and then you want as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legal move and then you want as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legal move and then you want as a
+designer you have the option of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer you have the option of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer you have the option of giving
+them tools to fix that problem it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tools to fix that problem it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them tools to fix that problem it's like
+all right you'd made a suboptimal move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you'd made a suboptimal move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you'd made a suboptimal move
+it wasn't going to get you anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't going to get you anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't going to get you anywhere
+closer to your winning goal but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to your winning goal but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to your winning goal but I'm
+going to give you various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you various kinds of
+mechanics various kinds of rules to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics various kinds of rules to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics various kinds of rules to be
+able to then recover from that mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to then recover from that mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to then recover from that mistake
+of course you can also just prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can also just prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can also just prevent
+there's none of those mistakes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's none of those mistakes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's none of those mistakes from
+happening right in the Settlers of Catan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right in the Settlers of Catan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening right in the Settlers of Catan
+board they actually had slots you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they actually had slots you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they actually had slots you know
+off the right size to be able to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the right size to be able to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the right size to be able to put
+various pieces and you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various pieces and you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various pieces and you know that's a
+constraint that's a physical constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's a physical constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's a physical constraint
+that prevents you from putting the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents you from putting the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents you from putting the wrong
+piece in the wrong place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in the wrong place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in the wrong place
+ways to be checks and Confirmation again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to be checks and Confirmation again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to be checks and Confirmation again
+usually tend to happen with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tend to happen with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tend to happen with other
+players all maybe a referee especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players all maybe a referee especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players all maybe a referee especially
+in sports you wants you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sports you wants you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sports you wants you to think about
+the role of the referee and what the ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of the referee and what the ref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of the referee and what the ref
+you should be checking for but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be checking for but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be checking for but if you're
+making computer game than because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making computer game than because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making computer game than because the
+computer is doing that for you let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is doing that for you let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is doing that for you let's
+talk about several kinds of error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about several kinds of error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about several kinds of error
+recovery that's backward error recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery that's backward error recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery that's backward error recovery
+which is undo basically I'm taking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is undo basically I'm taking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is undo basically I'm taking back
+that move in chess the rule is if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move in chess the rule is if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that move in chess the rule is if you've
+got your hands still on the piece you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your hands still on the piece you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your hands still on the piece you
+can still take it back yes you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still take it back yes you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still take it back yes you have to
+make a legal move with that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a legal move with that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a legal move with that but you
+could know like if it's a light I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could know like if it's a light I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could know like if it's a light I could
+move this way or I can move that way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this way or I can move that way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this way or I can move that way if
+I move it that way I can still move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move it that way I can still move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move it that way I can still move it
+over there if I haven't let go yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there if I haven't let go yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there if I haven't let go yeah
+that's a hit o'clock because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hit o'clock because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hit o'clock because in
+tournament play especially when clocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament play especially when clocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament play especially when clocked
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in time for the monthly which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time for the monthly which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time for the monthly which is how
+it's usually done there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually done there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually done there's still a
+penalty for that they're still losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for that they're still losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for that they're still losing
+time even if you're correct but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even if you're correct but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time even if you're correct but at least
+there is a very clear statement set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very clear statement set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a very clear statement set in
+the rules of this is how you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of this is how you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of this is how you take your
+move back you know and this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back you know and this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back you know and this is when
+you're not allowed to take your move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to take your move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to take your move
+back which is basically when you let go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back which is basically when you let go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back which is basically when you let go
+of the piece for error recovery is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the piece for error recovery is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the piece for error recovery is more
+about you know again giving people tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know again giving people tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know again giving people tools
+to be able to compensate Mario this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to compensate Mario this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to compensate Mario this is
+not important example obviously you jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important example obviously you jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not important example obviously you jump
+and you can change your direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can change your direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can change your direction in
+midair right so you can do a jump that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midair right so you can do a jump that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midair right so you can do a jump that
+you're not going to complete and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to complete and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to complete and you
+will follow to your death but you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow to your death but you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will follow to your death but you can go
+backwards while you're flying in midair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards while you're flying in midair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards while you're flying in midair
+and then you know land back where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know land back where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know land back where you
+started and again you lose time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and again you lose time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and again you lose time but
+otherwise you haven't must game it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you haven't must game it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you haven't must game it so
+that's for an error recovery right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for an error recovery right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for an error recovery right
+you've made the decision whoops that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made the decision whoops that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made the decision whoops that's
+not decision I want it and then you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not decision I want it and then you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not decision I want it and then you fix
+it so you take a new action to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you take a new action to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you take a new action to
+compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now affordances comes up in Donald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now affordances comes up in Donald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now affordances comes up in Donald
+moment but I believe he goes into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but I believe he goes into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but I believe he goes into more
+detail about that in chapter 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that in chapter 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about that in chapter 2 and
+chapter 1 so I'm just going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 1 so I'm just going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 1 so I'm just going to go into
+two different kinds of affordances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different kinds of affordances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different kinds of affordances and
+constraints so affordances are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so affordances are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so affordances are things
+are aspects of the thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects of the thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects of the thing that you're
+confronted with that invites you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with that invites you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with that invites you to do
+something so we talked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we talked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so we talked a little bit
+about the affordances of materials right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the affordances of materials right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the affordances of materials right
+glass invites breaking porous wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass invites breaking porous wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass invites breaking porous wood
+invites writing on door handles are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invites writing on door handles are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invites writing on door handles are one
+thing that comes up a lot in Donald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes up a lot in Donald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes up a lot in Donald
+Norman you know we have a door handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman you know we have a door handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norman you know we have a door handle
+that's not all that different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not all that different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not all that different from this
+on on the door in this class and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the door in this class and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the door in this class and there
+are and that handle it's about hand size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that handle it's about hand size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that handle it's about hand size
+it invites you to sort of grab it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invites you to sort of grab it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it invites you to sort of grab it you
+could turn it you could pull it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn it you could pull it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn it you could pull it you
+could push it so there but but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push it so there but but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push it so there but but there are
+various constraints when you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constraints when you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various constraints when you look at a
+door like that door that that tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door like that door that that tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door like that door that that tell you
+about what that function of this handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that function of this handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that function of this handle
+is supposed to be first of all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be first of all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be first of all that's
+like a semantic constraint right you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a semantic constraint right you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a semantic constraint right you've
+been taught that thing is a door is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught that thing is a door is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been taught that thing is a door is you
+know you've seen a million doors just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've seen a million doors just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've seen a million doors just
+like that and so you say it's a door it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you say it's a door it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so you say it's a door it
+must open somehow any of you die just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must open somehow any of you die just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must open somehow any of you die just
+like found a random door on campus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like found a random door on campus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like found a random door on campus that
+just doesn't open but it's not not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't open but it's not not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doesn't open but it's not not like
+like it's locked it's actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's locked it's actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's locked it's actually just
+doesn't open oh maybe it opens into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't open oh maybe it opens into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't open oh maybe it opens into a
+brick wall yeah yeah yeah and and and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick wall yeah yeah yeah and and and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick wall yeah yeah yeah and and and an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+or nah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nah right
+yeah with the that's it not just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with the that's it not just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with the that's it not just not
+open or does it open InDesign it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or does it open InDesign it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open or does it open InDesign it's a
+brick wall right yeah sorry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick wall right yeah sorry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick wall right yeah sorry that's
+that's betraying the semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's betraying the semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's betraying the semantics
+concentrate right the door is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate right the door is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate right the door is not
+supposed to open into a wall it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to open into a wall it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to open into a wall it's
+supposed to open into another space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to open into another space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to open into another space that
+you can go through it's a door it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through it's a door it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through it's a door it must
+open somehow um and so you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open somehow um and so you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open somehow um and so you know you you
+look at the door and see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the door and see all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the door and see all of
+different ways that you can open it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can open it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can open it you
+get these things often called crash bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these things often called crash bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these things often called crash bars
+and what you see over there is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see over there is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see over there is pretty
+popular not the only way to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular not the only way to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular not the only way to implement
+this idea a crash bar is designed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea a crash bar is designed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea a crash bar is designed so
+that you make it very very clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make it very very clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make it very very clear that
+this door only opens in one way try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this door only opens in one way try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this door only opens in one way try to
+limit how how much metal processing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit how how much metal processing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit how how much metal processing you
+need to think about because it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about because it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about because it's usually
+put on emergency exit but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on emergency exit but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on emergency exit but this
+particular one you can grab this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one you can grab this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one you can grab this you
+could wrap this with your hand you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wrap this with your hand you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wrap this with your hand you could
+push it you could grab it you can pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it you could grab it you can pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it you could grab it you can pull
+it up you can push it down there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you can push it down there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you can push it down there is a
+logical constraint you got your hands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical constraint you got your hands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical constraint you got your hands on
+something like this assume that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this assume that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this assume that you
+can't see the bar you just see the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the bar you just see the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see the bar you just see the door
+and the door is closed as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the door is closed as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the door is closed as soon as you
+grab this thing you realize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this thing you realize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this thing you realize that this
+hinge is spring-loaded and can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge is spring-loaded and can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinge is spring-loaded and can already
+go down so this is logic there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down so this is logic there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down so this is logic there's a
+logical constraint there that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical constraint there that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical constraint there that you know
+this this is a hinge sticking go up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a hinge sticking go up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a hinge sticking go up and
+down by it's already in the up position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by it's already in the up position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by it's already in the up position
+so in order to activate this thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to activate this thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to activate this thing you
+push it down which encourages pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it down which encourages pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it down which encourages pushing
+rather than pulling right so you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than pulling right so you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than pulling right so you already
+encourages you to exert force in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to exert force in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to exert force in in the
+correct direction assuming your the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direction assuming your the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct direction assuming your the door
+opens outlets if it opens inwards then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens outlets if it opens inwards then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens outlets if it opens inwards then
+you've really put the door handle on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've really put the door handle on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've really put the door handle on the
+wrong side there are also physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side there are also physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong side there are also physical
+constraints back back to the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints back back to the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints back back to the example
+that I talked about there's such as cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talked about there's such as cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talked about there's such as cat
+on board this is a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board this is a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board this is a different kind of
+freshwater but this one I think does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshwater but this one I think does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshwater but this one I think does a
+slightly better job because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better job because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better job because it was
+actually kind of difficult to grab as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of difficult to grab as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of difficult to grab as I
+should be pretty wide and it's much law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty wide and it's much law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty wide and it's much law
+and is wider than a lot of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is wider than a lot of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is wider than a lot of people's
+hands it's really easy to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands it's really easy to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands it's really easy to push
+so so just physically makes it difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just physically makes it difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just physically makes it difficult
+for you to do to do the wrong thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do to do the wrong thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do to do the wrong thing to
+pull on the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on the door
+HOV opens outwards but of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HOV opens outwards but of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HOV opens outwards but of course this
+thing doesn't tell you where the hinges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't tell you where the hinges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing doesn't tell you where the hinges
+it doesn't tell you where the door opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell you where the door opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell you where the door opens
+to the left or the wrong pin through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left or the wrong pin through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left or the wrong pin through
+right now you push too hard on the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you push too hard on the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you push too hard on the wrong
+side of the door of where the hinges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the door of where the hinges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the door of where the hinges are
+the door doesn't really open I guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door doesn't really open I guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door doesn't really open I guess if
+you push me be hardly just offset to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push me be hardly just offset to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push me be hardly just offset to one
+side and their cultural constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and their cultural constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and their cultural constraints that
+are associated with that by the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with that by the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with that by the blue
+slightly rubberized Rumpy surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly rubberized Rumpy surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly rubberized Rumpy surface
+encourages you to put your hands on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to put your hands on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourages you to put your hands on that
+there's a physical constraint of because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical constraint of because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a physical constraint of because
+it's off center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's off center
+if you push anywhere along this party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you push anywhere along this party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you push anywhere along this party
+started generating not talk to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started generating not talk to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started generating not talk to be able
+to open the door easily I'm not so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open the door easily I'm not so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open the door easily I'm not so sure
+about this speaker it's over here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this speaker it's over here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this speaker it's over here but I
+but I do think that kind of informs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do think that kind of informs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do think that kind of informs you
+that this is not actually something why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not actually something why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not actually something why
+are you putting a head on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you putting a head on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you putting a head on because
+stickers rubber coated and clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickers rubber coated and clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stickers rubber coated and clearly
+hand-sized is inviting you to push it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-sized is inviting you to push it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-sized is inviting you to push it so
+there is cultural surface of the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is cultural surface of the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is cultural surface of the colors
+of the material of the rubber that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material of the rubber that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material of the rubber that says
+this is something for you to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something for you to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something for you to put your
+hands on so therefore so there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on so therefore so there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on so therefore so there's a whole
+different kinds of constraints that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of constraints that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of constraints that I
+went through the cultural constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the cultural constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the cultural constraints
+which is what I was something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I was something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I was something about the
+the blue that's a physical on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue that's a physical on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue that's a physical on the
+physical constraints I'll just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical constraints I'll just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical constraints I'll just make
+making it hard for you to do the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it hard for you to do the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it hard for you to do the wrong
+thing in the same way that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the same way that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the same way that certain
+pieces in certain games are easy to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces in certain games are easy to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces in certain games are easy to pick
+up because they're gonna be picking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because they're gonna be picking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because they're gonna be picking them
+up a lot certain things are easy to roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lot certain things are easy to roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lot certain things are easy to roll
+and so things are hard to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so things are hard to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so things are hard to pick up
+because you're not suppose we became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not suppose we became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not suppose we became
+about maybe I suppose me sliding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe I suppose me sliding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe I suppose me sliding them
+around there are magical constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there are magical constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there are magical constraints
+where if you like just look at it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you like just look at it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you like just look at it for a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+you will say well it can't beat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say well it can't beat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will say well it can't beat this
+therefore it must be that and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must be that and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must be that and finally
+there are semantic constraints on when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are semantic constraints on when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are semantic constraints on when I
+say something is at or you expect two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something is at or you expect two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something is at or you expect two
+people to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go through it
+same thing for a game if you see a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for a game if you see a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing for a game if you see a door
+in a game as labeled door you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a game as labeled door you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a game as labeled door you expect
+that door lead somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door lead somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door lead somewhere
+in the game I think there's a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game I think there's a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game I think there's a version of
+clewd and what I used to play when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clewd and what I used to play when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clewd and what I used to play when I was
+a very very little kid and and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very little kid and and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very little kid and and if you
+remember the clue board it kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the clue board it kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the clue board it kind of looks
+like a floor plan of a house but and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a floor plan of a house but and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a floor plan of a house but and it
+has windows and stuff like that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has windows and stuff like that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has windows and stuff like that and that
+implies that you can go outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that you can go outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that you can go outside of the
+house but you can't really go outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house but you can't really go outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house but you can't really go outside of
+the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house
+you can't that would be breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't that would be breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't that would be breaking the
+rules and that confused me when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and that confused me when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and that confused me when I was
+five years old because I expected that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years old because I expected that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years old because I expected that
+you'll be able to go through an eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to go through an eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to go through an eighth
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+couple of other things that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things that you can do
+to help people understand your game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people understand your game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people understand your game is
+context where how things are placed next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context where how things are placed next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context where how things are placed next
+to other things that suggest how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other things that suggest how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other things that suggest how they're
+supposed to be used so this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be used so this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be used so this is you know
+boggle and when you open it you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boggle and when you open it you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boggle and when you open it you get
+these two pieces well but but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces well but but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces well but but but you
+get these two things together and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these two things together and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these two things together and as
+soon as you see there's that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you see there's that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you see there's that you know
+what an hourglass is you immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an hourglass is you immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an hourglass is you immediately
+know that this is a tiny game whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is a tiny game whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is a tiny game whether or
+not you read it on the box that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you read it on the box that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you read it on the box that this was
+a game that was tired now whether you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that was tired now whether you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that was tired now whether you've
+ever played this game before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played this game before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever played this game before
+when you see a timer that's packed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a timer that's packed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see a timer that's packed in
+the same box were things that suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same box were things that suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same box were things that suggest
+that this is a game that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a game that's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a game that's gonna be
+played with tiny minutes so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with tiny minutes so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with tiny minutes so that's one
+way of taking context I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of taking context I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of taking context I'm going to go
+into a few more examples later on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a few more examples later on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a few more examples later on that
+and I want you to think about how just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to think about how just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to think about how just
+how things are placed next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are placed next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things are placed next to each other
+suggests how they're supposed to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests how they're supposed to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests how they're supposed to be used
+context also comes from just the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context also comes from just the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context also comes from just the way how
+you name things and how you provide art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name things and how you provide art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you name things and how you provide art
+this is not something that you can worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something that you can worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something that you can worry
+for about in assignment one and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about in assignment one and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about in assignment one and you're
+gonna have to start worrying about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to start worrying about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to start worrying about in
+assignment two how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment two how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment two how many of you have
+played diplomacy okay you still play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played diplomacy okay you still play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played diplomacy okay you still play
+diplomacy with the same people that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy with the same people that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy with the same people that you
+play with you don't talk to them anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many you play risk okay if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many you play risk okay if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many you play risk okay if you just
+look at a diplomacy board or a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a diplomacy board or a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a diplomacy board or a risk
+board they don't look all that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they don't look all that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they don't look all that different
+it's a world map or I think in diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a world map or I think in diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a world map or I think in diplomacy
+is like a modern European map but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a modern European map but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a modern European map but now
+this game is a game of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is a game of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is a game of international
+intrigue trust and treachery and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigue trust and treachery and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigue trust and treachery and it's
+called diplomacy this game is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called diplomacy this game is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called diplomacy this game is called the
+game of global domination risk I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of global domination risk I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of global domination risk I just
+look at the way how they're presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way how they're presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way how they're presented
+right actually what why don't you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually what why don't you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually what why don't you tell
+me what do these boxes tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what do these boxes tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what do these boxes tell you about
+these games okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games okay
+yeah conflict wheeling and dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah conflict wheeling and dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah conflict wheeling and dealing
+mostly okay be a lot of talking in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly okay be a lot of talking in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly okay be a lot of talking in this
+game there's a wall back yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there's a wall back yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there's a wall back yeah let me
+think this decisions on behalf of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this decisions on behalf of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this decisions on behalf of all
+the world yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh shadow precedence as I'm there an act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh shadow precedence as I'm there an act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh shadow precedence as I'm there an act
+you know or Kingsley I guess at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or Kingsley I guess at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or Kingsley I guess at the time
+of death that this game is so light but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death that this game is so light but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death that this game is so light but
+the don't the world of SARS and Kaiser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the don't the world of SARS and Kaiser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the don't the world of SARS and Kaiser
+is in and then okay alright so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in and then okay alright so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in and then okay alright so you're
+making shady deals in diplomacy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making shady deals in diplomacy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making shady deals in diplomacy to be
+able to determine the fate of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine the fate of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to determine the fate of the world
+and risk just over everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk just over everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk just over everything
+I'm gonna take my Harvey and I we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take my Harvey and I we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna take my Harvey and I we're
+gonna beat your army and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna beat your army and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna beat your army and then we're
+going to like figure out who's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like figure out who's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like figure out who's got a
+bigger army but that's there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger army but that's there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger army but that's there's also
+another hint right in the titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hint right in the titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hint right in the titles
+diplomacy and risk diplomacy is a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy and risk diplomacy is a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy and risk diplomacy is a game
+about diplomacy is about talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diplomacy is about talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diplomacy is about talking to
+people and making deals and breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and making deals and breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and making deals and breaking
+deals and all opportune times and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals and all opportune times and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals and all opportune times and this
+is why people who play diplomacy don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why people who play diplomacy don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why people who play diplomacy don't
+often play with diplomacy using people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often play with diplomacy using people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often play with diplomacy using people
+anymore it's a great friendship cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's a great friendship cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's a great friendship cooler
+risk it's a game about you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it's a game about you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it's a game about you know you know
+I'm going all-in you know it's like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going all-in you know it's like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going all-in you know it's like and
+I might win this if the dice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might win this if the dice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might win this if the dice you know
+roll in my favor so it's about risk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll in my favor so it's about risk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll in my favor so it's about risk the
+games about about risking everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games about about risking everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games about about risking everything on
+big gambles and and it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big gambles and and it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big gambles and and it's actually a
+pretty good example of what this games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good example of what this games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good example of what this games
+expecting you to to do so immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you to to do so immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you to to do so immediately
+just by looking at the box you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the box you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking at the box you're in the
+games already trying to condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games already trying to condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games already trying to condition you
+new thinking the way that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thinking the way that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new thinking the way that you need to
+think in order to do well if in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in order to do well if in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in order to do well if in this
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see visibility this comes up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see visibility this comes up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see visibility this comes up like
+a million times in your and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million times in your and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million times in your and when you're
+designing your games you're gonna think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your games you're gonna think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your games you're gonna think
+about how to be able to make what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to be able to make what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to be able to make what's
+happening in your game more more visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in your game more more visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in your game more more visible
+to the players who need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the players who need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the players who need to make
+decisions about that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about that this is a very
+close-up view of a game called Cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up view of a game called Cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up view of a game called Cosmic
+Encounter which we will play later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encounter which we will play later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encounter which we will play later on
+and it has kind of this wrist like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has kind of this wrist like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has kind of this wrist like
+element that I am going to put my arm my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that I am going to put my arm my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that I am going to put my arm my
+my army of flying saucers against your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my army of flying saucers against your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my army of flying saucers against your
+army of flying saucers but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army of flying saucers but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army of flying saucers but we're going
+to be fighting on multiple fronts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fighting on multiple fronts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fighting on multiple fronts at
+once and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and as I
+to be in that game you can join forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in that game you can join forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in that game you can join forces
+so I can keep up with you to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can keep up with you to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can keep up with you to go up
+against a planet that's being held by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a planet that's being held by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a planet that's being held by
+you but then somebody else is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but then somebody else is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but then somebody else is going to
+join in and try to help defend your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join in and try to help defend your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join in and try to help defend your
+planet and so they have this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet and so they have this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet and so they have this system of
+stackable tokens to bake to basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stackable tokens to bake to basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stackable tokens to bake to basically to
+be able to be very very easily see whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be very very easily see whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be very very easily see whose
+pile is higher right now these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile is higher right now these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile is higher right now these are all
+the defenders so they're all on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defenders so they're all on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defenders so they're all on these
+little finer ship discs there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little finer ship discs there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little finer ship discs there's actually
+this big big flat spike where you stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big big flat spike where you stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big big flat spike where you stack
+all of the attacking ships and you point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the attacking ships and you point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the attacking ships and you point
+them in the direction of the planet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the direction of the planet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the direction of the planet that
+you're attacking so it just makes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're attacking so it just makes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're attacking so it just makes things
+very very clear this is how big your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear this is how big your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very clear this is how big your
+army that's attacking us this is how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army that's attacking us this is how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army that's attacking us this is how big
+the army that's defending it even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the army that's defending it even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the army that's defending it even though
+there are many many many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many many different
+forces being involved so they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces being involved so they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces being involved so they're making
+visible what the kind of state is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible what the kind of state is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible what the kind of state is and
+again it's kind of a diplomatic game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's kind of a diplomatic game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's kind of a diplomatic game of
+like diplomacy in the middle of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diplomacy in the middle of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like diplomacy in the middle of every
+combat you have both sides just asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combat you have both sides just asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combat you have both sides just asking
+all the players who are not involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the players who are not involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the players who are not involved in
+a combat to please contribute something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combat to please contribute something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combat to please contribute something
+to this please contribute a ship or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this please contribute a ship or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this please contribute a ship or two
+to to do this attack in the making deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this attack in the making deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this attack in the making deals
+all the time even games that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time even games that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time even games that are not
+really about visibility take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about visibility take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about visibility take advantage
+of visibility right the whole idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visibility right the whole idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visibility right the whole idea of
+battleship is that you don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battleship is that you don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battleship is that you don't know where
+your opponents are but they gave you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponents are but they gave you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponents are but they gave you all
+these useful tools these these red pegs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these useful tools these these red pegs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these useful tools these these red pegs
+and white pegs it's a whole extra grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white pegs it's a whole extra grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white pegs it's a whole extra grid
+to be able to keep track of where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to keep track of where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to keep track of where where
+you you bombed before and where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you bombed before and where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you bombed before and where you're
+in which ones was what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which ones was what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which ones was what we were
+successful yeah I mean you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful yeah I mean you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful yeah I mean you'll probably
+end up draw your second grid pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up draw your second grid pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up draw your second grid pretty
+quickly just people keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of all these and anything and to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these and anything and to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these and anything and to be that
+actually has words describing how big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has words describing how big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has words describing how big a
+ship is that's you've got your own we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship is that's you've got your own we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship is that's you've got your own we
+keep track of what all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of what all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of what all the possible
+ships are you up this person actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships are you up this person actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships are you up this person actually
+uses white tokens to keep track of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses white tokens to keep track of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses white tokens to keep track of where
+the enemy has bumped which is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemy has bumped which is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemy has bumped which is something
+you don't have to do it in the game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do it in the game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do it in the game in
+order to do well there's it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do well there's it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do well there's it's not really
+useful information but you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information but you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information but you have the
+tools the the player has all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools the the player has all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools the the player has all of these
+tools to be able to to keep track of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to be able to to keep track of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to be able to to keep track of it
+information so this game has got a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so this game has got a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so this game has got a long
+way to try to make the little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to try to make the little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to try to make the little bit of
+information that you do get over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you do get over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you do get over the
+play of the game a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play of the game a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play of the game a little bit of
+information that that you reveal over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that you reveal over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that you reveal over
+the game as visible as possible so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game as visible as possible so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game as visible as possible so that
+you can make the next logical decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make the next logical decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make the next logical decision
+as easy as possible we our previous user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easy as possible we our previous user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as easy as possible we our previous user
+experience goes a long way in helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience goes a long way in helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience goes a long way in helping
+people understand games and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand games and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand games and all these
+art I swear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art I swear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art I swear
+non-traditional numbers that you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional numbers that you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional numbers that you expect
+to find out on on a nice but you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out on on a nice but you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out on on a nice but you see a
+dice I don't know what to do with it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice I don't know what to do with it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice I don't know what to do with it you
+pick it up you roll it and it will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up you roll it and it will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up you roll it and it will give
+you a number and that number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number and that number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number and that number is the
+number that you have for that trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you have for that trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you have for that trip
+there's also like the little dot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like the little dot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like the little dot that
+sort of distinguishes the mines from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of distinguishes the mines from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of distinguishes the mines from the
+sixes and that comes from other games I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes and that comes from other games I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes and that comes from other games I
+think I think a lot of people see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think a lot of people see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think a lot of people see that
+from games in particular because I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from games in particular because I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from games in particular because I can't
+think of any other situations in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any other situations in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any other situations in real
+life or something maybe flipped upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or something maybe flipped upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life or something maybe flipped upside
+down and then you have to interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then you have to interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then you have to interpret that
+number in fact there's a Kickstarter out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in fact there's a Kickstarter out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in fact there's a Kickstarter out
+or Lisa was the Kickstarter round for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Lisa was the Kickstarter round for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Lisa was the Kickstarter round for
+this project which was just a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project which was just a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project which was just a whole
+bunch of cards we have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cards we have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cards we have a whole bunch of
+different randomized things depicted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different randomized things depicted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different randomized things depicted in
+a sort of a Photoshop photo so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a Photoshop photo so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of a Photoshop photo so it was a
+whole deck of cards I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole deck of cards I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole deck of cards I think it was
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+standard poker deck but they also had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard poker deck but they also had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard poker deck but they also had
+all of these other randomizing things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other randomizing things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these other randomizing things so
+I had a dreidel it had dice pursuits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a dreidel it had dice pursuits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a dreidel it had dice pursuits on
+it and have different sides of dices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and have different sides of dices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and have different sides of dices
+they have one of those holding sticks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one of those holding sticks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have one of those holding sticks I
+mean there's a couple of things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a couple of things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's a couple of things here
+that I'm not even sure about if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not even sure about if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not even sure about if I if I
+had if I can tell you the name of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if I can tell you the name of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had if I can tell you the name of it but
+you can probably figure out how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably figure out how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably figure out how it works
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+like uh like what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh like what does that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh like what does that look like
+right here looks like the compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here looks like the compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here looks like the compass
+now don't worry that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now don't worry that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now don't worry that this is a
+randomizing element how do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing element how do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing element how do you think
+that will be used if you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a hex transmitter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a hex transmitter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a hex transmitter in
+particular from one of six sites on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular from one of six sites on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular from one of six sites on the
+inside and one of eight sites I did want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and one of eight sites I did want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and one of eight sites I did want
+one out of eight directions I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of eight directions I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out of eight directions I have no
+idea what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there are a couple of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a couple of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a couple of these things
+might like the coin right in points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like the coin right in points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might like the coin right in points you
+can use this anyway it's cute that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this anyway it's cute that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this anyway it's cute that's
+cute no idea but you don't I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute no idea but you don't I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute no idea but you don't I don't need
+to explain to you how to use this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to you how to use this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain to you how to use this it's
+just a whole deck of different pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a whole deck of different pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a whole deck of different pictures
+on it and you know and you can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and you know and you can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it and you know and you can use it to
+randomize letters and different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize letters and different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize letters and different numbers
+I forget the name of it the point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget the name of it the point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget the name of it the point was
+that you you will get a deck of cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you will get a deck of cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you will get a deck of cards
+with with every card is different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with every card is different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with every card is different and
+every card looks kind of like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every card looks kind of like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every card looks kind of like this but
+it has different randomizing results on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has different randomizing results on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has different randomizing results on
+it cultural cues this was actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cultural cues this was actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cultural cues this was actually quite
+a pair of friends um there is a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of friends um there is a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of friends um there is a game
+called a war on terror it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a war on terror it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a war on terror it's a very
+satirical game basically everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satirical game basically everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satirical game basically everybody has
+exactly the same strategy everyone's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same strategy everyone's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same strategy everyone's in
+charge of a country basically everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of a country basically everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of a country basically everyone's
+after oil everybody has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after oil everybody has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after oil everybody has the same
+strategies and the same tactics but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and the same tactics but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and the same tactics but yeah
+you cross a certain point you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross a certain point you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cross a certain point you get
+branded as evil and you have the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branded as evil and you have the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branded as evil and you have the word
+evil balaclava and that immediately is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil balaclava and that immediately is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil balaclava and that immediately is a
+trigger for everybody to gang up on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger for everybody to gang up on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger for everybody to gang up on that
+person well that's what the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person well that's what the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person well that's what the game is
+really trying the whole point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying the whole point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trying the whole point of the
+game is that the game is trying to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is that the game is trying to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is that the game is trying to drive
+drive home the point that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive home the point that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive home the point that everybody
+isn't gay all the powers are engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't gay all the powers are engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't gay all the powers are engaging
+exactly the same tactics and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same tactics and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same tactics and at the
+moment that you actually did get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you actually did get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you actually did get
+declared as evil you actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared as evil you actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared as evil you actually get a
+little bit more more freedom on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more more freedom on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more more freedom on what
+you're allowed to do because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to do because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to do because you don't
+have to worry about other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about other people
+branding you as evil so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding you as evil so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding you as evil so you know the
+whole idea of here's this person in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of here's this person in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of here's this person in this
+balaclava and it has an only half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balaclava and it has an only half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balaclava and it has an only half the
+word evil on top to make it clear by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word evil on top to make it clear by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word evil on top to make it clear by the
+whole thing that was actually necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing that was actually necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing that was actually necessary
+I just do this in rather irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just do this in rather irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just do this in rather irregular
+bursts of I guess it cost a point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of I guess it cost a point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of I guess it cost a point that
+this person is now marked as the bad guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction metaphors is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction metaphors is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction metaphors is something that
+I actually had some trouble coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually had some trouble coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually had some trouble coming up
+with boy game examples if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with boy game examples if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with boy game examples if you have a
+not more often in computers where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more often in computers where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more often in computers where you
+get some sort of metaphor to imply how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some sort of metaphor to imply how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some sort of metaphor to imply how
+it's supposed to be used but you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be used but you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be used but you're not
+going to exactly use it in that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exactly use it in that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exactly use it in that way so
+for instance what are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance what are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance what are these things
+mail starts so what do you think you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail starts so what do you think you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail starts so what do you think you do
+is that in the game in in in this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the game in in in this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the game in in in this piece
+of software you can you can sign up send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software you can you can sign up send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software you can you can sign up send
+send messages you know and and we check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send messages you know and and we check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send messages you know and and we check
+what messages you received that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what messages you received that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what messages you received that's the
+best metaphor that we've you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best metaphor that we've you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best metaphor that we've you know that
+we've kind of that we same kind kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of that we same kind kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kind of that we same kind kind of
+keep it in bill software today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in bill software today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in bill software today
+anybody recognize that that's cool what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody recognize that that's cool what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody recognize that that's cool what
+is the role of xtube contacts so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the role of xtube contacts so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the role of xtube contacts so that
+just you know gives you a list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know gives you a list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know gives you a list of all
+the people who benefit this gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who benefit this gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who benefit this gives you an
+idea of how all this for each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jeez Jeannie you click on it and Dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeez Jeannie you click on it and Dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeez Jeannie you click on it and Dean
+young-ja me asking things help maybe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young-ja me asking things help maybe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young-ja me asking things help maybe my
+picture wishes with wishes may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture wishes with wishes may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture wishes with wishes may be
+connects you to do tech support you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects you to do tech support you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects you to do tech support you can
+sort of see the brick the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see the brick the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see the brick the the the the
+metaphor break down here you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor break down here you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor break down here you know this
+is a phone a fax me what I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a phone a fax me what I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a phone a fax me what I'm looking at
+this and it's like I didn't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's like I didn't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's like I didn't know a
+little bit about it about the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about it about the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about it about the machine
+that this was designed for and it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was designed for and it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was designed for and it didn't
+happen you couldn't make phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you couldn't make phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you couldn't make phone calls
+with it so how do you define what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so how do you define what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so how do you define what this
+thing actually does business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually does business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing actually does business and
+pictures or something but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures or something but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures or something but it might be
+cash transactions and I and but I doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transactions and I and but I doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transactions and I and but I doubt
+it could be your files that you see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be your files that you see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be your files that you see who
+don't think that's I need to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that's I need to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that's I need to sort of
+recap but you saw what this desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap but you saw what this desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap but you saw what this desktop
+metaphor that we still maintain in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor that we still maintain in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor that we still maintain in a lot
+of user interfaces no idea what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user interfaces no idea what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of user interfaces no idea what we
+expected the hallways of this user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected the hallways of this user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected the hallways of this user
+interface maybe that maybe maybe other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface maybe that maybe maybe other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface maybe that maybe maybe other
+applications or something we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or something we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or something we have that
+there are many more games especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many more games especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many more games especially
+board games that produce how many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board games that produce how many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board games that produce how many many
+many different languages because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different languages because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different languages because they
+have the the they can't slap words on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the they can't slap words on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the they can't slap words on on
+the tokens because if you slap words on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens because if you slap words on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens because if you slap words on
+a you want to then release the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you want to then release the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you want to then release the same
+product in a different language for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in a different language for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in a different language for a
+different country then you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country then you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country then you haven't
+changed all the words and that increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed all the words and that increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed all the words and that increases
+manufacturing cost so so they try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing cost so so they try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing cost so so they try to use
+generic logan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic logan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic logan's
+a lot and then just explain everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and then just explain everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot and then just explain everything
+in the rules which they can print fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rules which they can print fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rules which they can print fairly
+cheaply and it can include six European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply and it can include six European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply and it can include six European
+languages in the same bomb and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in the same bomb and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in the same bomb and probably
+this is a game called Agricola and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game called Agricola and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a game called Agricola and it's
+called a worker placement game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a worker placement game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a worker placement game
+because what it basically is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it basically is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it basically is is that
+you've got a bunch of members of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bunch of members of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bunch of members of your
+family of your little farming homestead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of your little farming homestead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of your little farming homestead
+and then you send it out every turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you send it out every turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you send it out every turn to
+do various tasks like go to file place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do various tasks like go to file place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do various tasks like go to file place
+and cook some meat or go to the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cook some meat or go to the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cook some meat or go to the market
+and buy some more seeds get built or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy some more seeds get built or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and buy some more seeds get built or
+build some fences or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some fences or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some fences or something like that
+so what you do is that you take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is that you take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is that you take these
+tokens and you put them on the card no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens and you put them on the card no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens and you put them on the card no
+yet so this is both context and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so this is both context and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so this is both context and an
+interaction metaphor by taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction metaphor by taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction metaphor by taking this
+thing and putting it on this card I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and putting it on this card I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and putting it on this card I'm
+achieving quite a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving quite a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving quite a large number of
+different things I'm saying this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things I'm saying this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things I'm saying this is the
+action that I'm taking I am saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that I'm taking I am saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that I'm taking I am saying I
+have one two three four five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one two three four five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one two three four five different
+things that I could do it but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I could do it but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I could do it but actually
+this might be but that's like or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be but that's like or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be but that's like or at
+least four different things that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four different things that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four different things that I can
+do on on my turn every time I take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on on my turn every time I take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on on my turn every time I take one
+of these things and I put it on a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and I put it on a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things and I put it on a card
+like the card that you see on on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the card that you see on on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the card that you see on on on the
+right that means that that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that means that that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that means that that's going to be
+my action for this turn the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my action for this turn the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my action for this turn the other thing
+that this game does is that once what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this game does is that once what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this game does is that once what
+I've decided that I'm going to do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've decided that I'm going to do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've decided that I'm going to do that I
+think in Agricola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Agricola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in Agricola
+one side you've placed it nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side you've placed it nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side you've placed it nobody else
+can place it so like I can sort of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can place it so like I can sort of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can place it so like I can sort of take
+over the fireplace and the one else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the fireplace and the one else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the fireplace and the one else
+getting over the fireplace I can put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting over the fireplace I can put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting over the fireplace I can put two
+people on the same fireplace with me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the same fireplace with me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the same fireplace with me so
+that's a metaphor right now it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metaphor right now it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a metaphor right now it doesn't
+really matter that you you don't does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter that you you don't does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter that you you don't does
+the state they don't really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state they don't really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state they don't really have to
+count everything in the family members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count everything in the family members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count everything in the family members
+it could just say you have all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just say you have all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just say you have all four
+actions that you can take per turn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you can take per turn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you can take per turn you
+know and you just choose which four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you just choose which four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you just choose which four
+actions that you get to do do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you get to do do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you get to do do all the
+math that's necessarily doing to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's necessarily doing to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math that's necessarily doing to improve
+your farm and that's it but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your farm and that's it but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your farm and that's it but they they
+turned your family members into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned your family members into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned your family members into your
+action counter it's your action points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action counter it's your action points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action counter it's your action points
+the more family members that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more family members that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more family members that you have
+the more different actions that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more different actions that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more different actions that you can
+take with it insurance so your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with it insurance so your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with it insurance so your your
+family members are your metaphor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family members are your metaphor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family members are your metaphor for
+action points you get the same thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action points you get the same thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action points you get the same thing in
+other games with things like workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+family and just a very quick word about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and just a very quick word about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and just a very quick word about
+accessibility this is usually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility this is usually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility this is usually something
+I go into much more detail into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go into much more detail into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go into much more detail into my
+computer game classes but with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer game classes but with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer game classes but with more
+games classes one thing I do want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games classes one thing I do want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games classes one thing I do want you to
+keep in mind is color blindness I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind is color blindness I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind is color blindness I want
+you to if you know if you have color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to if you know if you have color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to if you know if you have color
+blindness or if you have friends who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness or if you have friends who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness or if you have friends who
+call mine you definitely want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call mine you definitely want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call mine you definitely want them to
+take a look at your design and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at your design and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at your design and see
+whether it is possible for for for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is possible for for for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is possible for for for them
+to play your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your game
+take a picture through you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture through you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture through you know
+histogram or something like that and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram or something like that and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram or something like that and put
+in a black and white filter see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a black and white filter see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a black and white filter see whether
+your game is still legible and possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is still legible and possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is still legible and possible
+to play yeah with all the colors removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play yeah with all the colors removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play yeah with all the colors removed
+you can accomplish a lot of things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can accomplish a lot of things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can accomplish a lot of things by
+just changing up your tokens by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changing up your tokens by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changing up your tokens by putting
+additional marks on the tokens high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional marks on the tokens high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional marks on the tokens high
+contrast so that they don't you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast so that they don't you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast so that they don't you know not
+completely reliant on color information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely reliant on color information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely reliant on color information
+you can look at bright and target as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at bright and target as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at bright and target as
+well if you take that into consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you take that into consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you take that into consideration
+your this on in your design you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your this on in your design you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your this on in your design you will
+definitely get kudos from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get kudos from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get kudos from the
+instructors when you're grading because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors when you're grading because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors when you're grading because
+there is particularly effort in trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is particularly effort in trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is particularly effort in trying
+to increase the range of people who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the range of people who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the range of people who can
+play your game so that's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play your game so that's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play your game so that's pretty much
+what I have to say about usability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to say about usability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to say about usability for
+today any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not something here to worry too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something here to worry too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not something here to worry too
+much about for assign for assignment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about for assign for assignment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about for assign for assignment one
+but it's something that you definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something that you definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's something that you definitely
+have to think about whenever you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about whenever you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about whenever you are
+trying to create a game for lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create a game for lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create a game for lots and
+lots and lots of other people to play so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of other people to play so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of other people to play so
+far I want to definitely start taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I want to definitely start taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I want to definitely start taking
+this into consideration what pieces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into consideration what pieces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into consideration what pieces are
+you choosing how what do the pieces tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choosing how what do the pieces tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choosing how what do the pieces tell
+you about how to play this game how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about how to play this game how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about how to play this game how does
+your board tell you how to play your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your board tell you how to play your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your board tell you how to play your
+game even if your rules are not printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game even if your rules are not printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game even if your rules are not printed
+on the board you know what are the clues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board you know what are the clues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board you know what are the clues
+that you're giving to be able to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're giving to be able to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're giving to be able to form
+that metal model so you can get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metal model so you can get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metal model so you can get them
+past that learning stage where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that learning stage where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past that learning stage where you're
+just making mistakes and start making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making mistakes and start making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making mistakes and start making
+decisions about how they want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how they want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how they want to play
+the game and so in a way that satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and so in a way that satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and so in a way that satisfying
+to them and giving them feedback on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and giving them feedback on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and giving them feedback on
+whether those decisions works out or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether those decisions works out or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether those decisions works out or not
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so that's the presentation and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the presentation and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the presentation and now I
+guess it's team time to work on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's team time to work on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's team time to work on your
+projects I am going brick and I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects I am going brick and I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects I am going brick and I will go
+in get boxes and we'll be right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in get boxes and we'll be right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in get boxes and we'll be right back
+okay anyone needs to take a break mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone needs to take a break mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyone needs to take a break mm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wcj5WV1BV28.txt b/wcj5WV1BV28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..397ab6fb36caba3109f6777b7a7edc613e01358d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wcj5WV1BV28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8051 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided by MIT
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware under a Creative Common
+License. Additional information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+License. Additional information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+License. Additional information about
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our license and MIT Open Courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The goal is to count up all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The goal is to count up all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The goal is to count up all of the
+veence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons
+that you have in a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in a molecule
+and then distribute those veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then distribute those veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then distribute those veence
+electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons.
+So that uh between each two atoms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that uh between each two atoms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that uh between each two atoms there
+are at least two electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least two electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least two electrons.
+And then what you do is you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what you do is you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what you do is you take the
+rest of the electrons and distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the electrons and distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the electrons and distribute
+them around the molecule so that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around the molecule so that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around the molecule so that each
+atom has an inner gas configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom has an inner gas configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom has an inner gas configuration
+around it. So that's usually an octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it. So that's usually an octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it. So that's usually an octet
+unless you are dealing with hydrogen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you are dealing with hydrogen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you are dealing with hydrogen.
+That's the that's the main idea. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the that's the main idea. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the that's the main idea. And so
+what that means is that you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that you have to know
+what those veence electrons are. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those veence electrons are. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those veence electrons are. And so
+that is something that you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that you should get
+used to knowing so you could just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to knowing so you could just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to knowing so you could just really
+write that down immediately.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down immediately.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down immediately.
+But we also saw last time that uh a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we also saw last time that uh a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we also saw last time that uh a very
+critical concept was this concept here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical concept was this concept here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical concept was this concept here
+of formal charge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal charge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal charge.
+Formal charge is a measure of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formal charge is a measure of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formal charge is a measure of how much
+an atom has gained or lost an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom has gained or lost an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom has gained or lost an electron
+when it has formed a bond in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it has formed a bond in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it has formed a bond in a
+particular structure. And we saw how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular structure. And we saw how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular structure. And we saw how
+this idea of formal charge was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of formal charge was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of formal charge was really
+critical in being able to determine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical in being able to determine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical in being able to determine what
+was the lowest energy structure. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lowest energy structure. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lowest energy structure. In
+fact, what was the lowest skeletal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, what was the lowest skeletal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, what was the lowest skeletal the
+lowest energy skeletal structure, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy skeletal structure, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy skeletal structure, right?
+Often times when you start out, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often times when you start out, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often times when you start out, you
+don't know what atoms are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what atoms are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what atoms are connected to
+each other. You have to take a guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. You have to take a guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. You have to take a guess.
+You take a guess. You put out the Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take a guess. You put out the Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You take a guess. You put out the Lewis
+structure. You draw out the Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You draw out the Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You draw out the Lewis
+structure and then you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then you calculate the
+formal charge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge.
+And if you find on that Lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you find on that Lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you find on that Lewis structure
+that any atom has a formal charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any atom has a formal charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any atom has a formal charge of
+minus2 or +2 or minus3 or + three, hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 or +2 or minus3 or + three, hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2 or +2 or minus3 or + three, hey,
+that cannot possibly be the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot possibly be the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot possibly be the lowest
+energy structure. And then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy structure. And then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy structure. And then you start
+again. You find another skeletal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. You find another skeletal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. You find another skeletal
+structure, draw out the Lewis diagrams,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, draw out the Lewis diagrams,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, draw out the Lewis diagrams,
+calculate the formal charges,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charges,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charges,
+and you keep doing that till you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep doing that till you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep doing that till you find a
+skeletal structure that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure that gives you the
+lowest set or the lowest absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest set or the lowest absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest set or the lowest absolute values
+of formal charges. All right, so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal charges. All right, so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal charges. All right, so this is
+very important concept. That's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept. That's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important concept. That's how you
+do it. Now we also saw last time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. Now we also saw last time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. Now we also saw last time that we
+were able to draw a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to draw a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to draw a couple of different
+structures, skeletal structures where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, skeletal structures where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, skeletal structures where
+the set of formal charges was the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of formal charges was the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of formal charges was the same
+except that in those two different Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that in those two different Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that in those two different Lewis
+structures, one structure had the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, one structure had the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, one structure had the formal
+charge on an formal negative charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on an formal negative charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on an formal negative charge on
+an oxygen and the other one had it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen and the other one had it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxygen and the other one had it on
+the nitrogen. In that case, we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen. In that case, we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen. In that case, we want to
+always make sure we put the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make sure we put the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make sure we put the negative
+formal charge on the most electrogative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on the most electrogative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on the most electrogative
+element. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element. All right.
+And then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally
+in our uh discussion of formal charge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our uh discussion of formal charge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our uh discussion of formal charge,
+we were talking about this ion here NO3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this ion here NO3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about this ion here NO3
+minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus.
+And this formal charge concept helped us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this formal charge concept helped us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this formal charge concept helped us
+to understand when we had a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand when we had a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand when we had a resonance
+structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure.
+So for example, we did a le structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, we did a le structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, we did a le structure
+that looked like this and we put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like this and we put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like this and we put this
+double bond here between one nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond here between one nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond here between one nitrogen
+and one of the oxygens. But we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the oxygens. But we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the oxygens. But we realized
+we could have also put it between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have also put it between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have also put it between this
+nitrogen and oxygen. And we realized we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and oxygen. And we realized we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and oxygen. And we realized we
+could have put it between this oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put it between this oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have put it between this oxygen
+and this nitrogen. And of course in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this nitrogen. And of course in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this nitrogen. And of course in all
+three cases we've got the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases we've got the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cases we've got the same set of
+formal charges. They look identical. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges. They look identical. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges. They look identical. So
+what happens in this case? Well, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in this case? Well, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in this case? Well, when
+you've got this situation where it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this situation where it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this situation where it looks
+like you've got three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've got three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you've got three different
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+and the formal charges are the same,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal charges are the same,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formal charges are the same,
+well, this is a hint that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, this is a hint that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, this is a hint that you have a
+resonance structure. That is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structure. That is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structure. That is that these
+two electrons here, these two extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons here, these two extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons here, these two extra
+electrons are not sitting between just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are not sitting between just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are not sitting between just
+one nitrogen and an oxygen, but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nitrogen and an oxygen, but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nitrogen and an oxygen, but rather
+these two electrons are deoized over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons are deoized over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons are deoized over all
+three bonds. All right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bonds. All right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bonds. All right?
+That is to say these three bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is to say these three bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is to say these three bonds
+nitrogen oxygen nitrogen oxygen nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen nitrogen oxygen nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen nitrogen oxygen nitrogen
+oxygen those three bonds are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen those three bonds are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen those three bonds are all
+equivalent. It is not the case where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent. It is not the case where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent. It is not the case where one
+of the bonds is a double bond and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bonds is a double bond and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bonds is a double bond and the
+other two are single bonds. Rather those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two are single bonds. Rather those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two are single bonds. Rather those
+extra two electrons are distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra two electrons are distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra two electrons are distributed
+equally over all three bonds. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally over all three bonds. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally over all three bonds. And so
+each one of these bonds kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these bonds kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these bonds kind of looks
+like a bond and a third. All right. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bond and a third. All right. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bond and a third. All right. It's
+a little bit shorter than a single bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit shorter than a single bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit shorter than a single bond
+and a little bit stronger than a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit stronger than a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit stronger than a single
+bond, but not as short as a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond, but not as short as a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond, but not as short as a double bond
+and not as strong as a double bond. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not as strong as a double bond. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not as strong as a double bond. All
+right? So, when you have the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, when you have the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, when you have the situation
+of a three sets, you know, three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a three sets, you know, three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a three sets, you know, three
+different structures, three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures, three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures, three different
+Lewis structures, but same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis structures, but same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis structures, but same set of
+absolute values, hey, that's a clue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values, hey, that's a clue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values, hey, that's a clue.
+You've got a resonance structure. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got a resonance structure. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've got a resonance structure. Okay.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, the uh lone pairs here are not. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, the uh lone pairs here are not. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, the uh lone pairs here are not. They
+are act they actually reside. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are act they actually reside. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are act they actually reside. They're
+most close to the actual atom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most close to the actual atom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most close to the actual atom that
+they're shown, right? It's only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shown, right? It's only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shown, right? It's only the
+bonding electrons that exhibit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons that exhibit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons that exhibit this
+deoization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoization.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So now what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now what we want to do
+today is um I want to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is um I want to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is um I want to show you some
+exceptions to the octet rule. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to the octet rule. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to the octet rule. There are
+always exceptions and we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exceptions and we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exceptions and we started out
+saying that these Lewis diagrams and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that these Lewis diagrams and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that these Lewis diagrams and the
+octet rule, hey, that worked 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet rule, hey, that worked 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet rule, hey, that worked 90% of the
+time. So now I want to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So now I want to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So now I want to show you the
+other 10%. Okay, when it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other 10%. Okay, when it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other 10%. Okay, when it actually
+doesn't work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work.
+And so here's the first exception when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here's the first exception when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here's the first exception when
+it doesn't work. It doesn't work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work. It doesn't work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work. It doesn't work when
+you have an odd number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an odd number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an odd number of veence
+electrons, right? Because this Louis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, right? Because this Louis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, right? Because this Louis
+Lewis diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams
+are based on the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on the idea that
+a bond shares a bond is composed of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond shares a bond is composed of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond shares a bond is composed of two
+electrons and those two electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and those two electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and those two electrons are
+shared between the two atoms and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between the two atoms and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between the two atoms and so if
+you've got an odd number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an odd number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an odd number of veence
+electrons, this whole idea breaks down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, this whole idea breaks down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, this whole idea breaks down.
+So for example this methyl radical CH3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example this methyl radical CH3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example this methyl radical CH3
+dot right a methyl radical has a odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right a methyl radical has a odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right a methyl radical has a odd
+number of veence electrons. It has seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of veence electrons. It has seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of veence electrons. It has seven
+veence electrons. It is because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons. It is because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons. It is because it has
+that one unpaired electron that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one unpaired electron that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one unpaired electron that it's
+actually really very reactive. And so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really very reactive. And so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really very reactive. And so if
+you try to use your Lewis rules that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to use your Lewis rules that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to use your Lewis rules that we
+had on this kind of situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on this kind of situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had on this kind of situation where
+you've got an odd number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an odd number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got an odd number of veence
+electrons, everything really just breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, everything really just breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons, everything really just breaks
+down. So if you're given a structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So if you're given a structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So if you're given a structure to
+draw and you've got an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and you've got an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and you've got an odd number of
+veence electrons, forget it. You really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons, forget it. You really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons, forget it. You really
+can't use the octet rule and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use the octet rule and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use the octet rule and then the
+Lewis diagrams to do that. you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams to do that. you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams to do that. you need a
+more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated
+scheme for looking at the bonding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme for looking at the bonding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme for looking at the bonding of
+molecules which have an odd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which have an odd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules which have an odd number of
+veence electrons and we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and we're going to look
+at some of those more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of those more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of those more sophisticated
+schemes in a couple of days or so. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes in a couple of days or so. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes in a couple of days or so. All
+right, so that's one exception.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so that's one exception.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so that's one exception.
+But here comes the second exception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But here comes the second exception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But here comes the second exception and
+this is an exception to the octet rule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exception to the octet rule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exception to the octet rule.
+The octet rule is going to break down,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The octet rule is going to break down,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The octet rule is going to break down,
+but we are still going to draw a Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are still going to draw a Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are still going to draw a Lewis
+diagram. Okay? And I'll show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the octet rule is going to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octet rule is going to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octet rule is going to break down
+for these elements in group 13. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these elements in group 13. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these elements in group 13. The
+octet rule is going to break down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet rule is going to break down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet rule is going to break down for
+boron, aluminum, uh, gallium, indium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron, aluminum, uh, gallium, indium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron, aluminum, uh, gallium, indium in
+the group 13.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group 13.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group 13.
+So you come to a problem where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you come to a problem where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you come to a problem where you've
+got to draw a Lewis diagram for a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to draw a Lewis diagram for a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to draw a Lewis diagram for a group
+13 element, you know what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 element, you know what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 element, you know what should happen
+in your mind? Buzzers ought to go off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind? Buzzers ought to go off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind? Buzzers ought to go off.
+Meaning, hey, there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaning, hey, there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaning, hey, there's going to be an
+exception here, right? I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception here, right? I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception here, right? I mean this
+really You see boron aluminum. Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really You see boron aluminum. Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really You see boron aluminum. Hey,
+you're on heightened alert here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on heightened alert here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on heightened alert here.
+Something something uh unusual could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something something uh unusual could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something something uh unusual could
+happen. So, let me explain this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. So, let me explain this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. So, let me explain this.
+Suppose we are writing the Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we are writing the Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we are writing the Lewis
+structure for BF3. All right, we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for BF3. All right, we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for BF3. All right, we need
+the skeletal structure first. Well, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skeletal structure first. Well, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skeletal structure first. Well, I
+said last time that the florines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time that the florines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time that the florines,
+they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just
+almost always terminal atoms. So, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always terminal atoms. So, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always terminal atoms. So, good
+guess. Put the boron in the center. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Put the boron in the center. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Put the boron in the center. All
+right. So now let's uh count up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now let's uh count up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So now let's uh count up the
+number of veence electrons. Well, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of veence electrons. Well, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of veence electrons. Well, we
+have four atoms here. Each uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four atoms here. Each uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four atoms here. Each uh uh the
+three florines are bringing in seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three florines are bringing in seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three florines are bringing in seven
+veence electrons and the boron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and the boron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons and the boron is
+bringing in three. Hey, we got a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in three. Hey, we got a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in three. Hey, we got a total
+number of 24 veence electrons here. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of 24 veence electrons here. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of 24 veence electrons here. I
+just drew them out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drew them out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drew them out.
+All right. So now we want to count up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now we want to count up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now we want to count up
+our step three here. the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our step three here. the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our step three here. the number of
+electrons that we would have to have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we would have to have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that we would have to have if
+each one of these atoms had an octed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these atoms had an octed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these atoms had an octed
+around it. So we got four atoms. Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it. So we got four atoms. Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it. So we got four atoms. Each
+one wants eight. So we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants eight. So we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants eight. So we would have to
+have 32 electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 32 electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 32 electrons.
+To calculate the number of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To calculate the number of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To calculate the number of bonding
+electrons in step four, we subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in step four, we subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in step four, we subtract the
+uh number of uh electrons that we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of uh electrons that we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number of uh electrons that we'd have
+to have for an inner gas configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for an inner gas configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have for an inner gas configuration
+from the number of veence electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the number of veence electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the number of veence electrons that
+we do have. And that's eight. And what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have. And that's eight. And what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have. And that's eight. And what I
+did last time is I put a square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time is I put a square here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time is I put a square here
+around the veence electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the veence electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the veence electrons that are
+going to be bonding electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bonding electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bonding electrons.
+All right. Now, our next step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, our next step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now, our next step in the
+Lewis diagram said we're going to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagram said we're going to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagram said we're going to assign
+those bonding electrons. Two to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonding electrons. Two to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonding electrons. Two to each
+bond. Let's do that. Well, we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Let's do that. Well, we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Let's do that. Well, we just did
+it. Here's two. Here's two. Here's two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Here's two. Here's two. Here's two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Here's two. Here's two. Here's two.
+Hey, we used up six of the bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, we used up six of the bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, we used up six of the bonding
+electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons.
+And our next step says, do we have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And our next step says, do we have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And our next step says, do we have any
+remaining bonding electrons?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bonding electrons?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bonding electrons?
+Well, yeah, we do. We got two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, yeah, we do. We got two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, yeah, we do. We got two electrons
+here, bonding electrons that we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, bonding electrons that we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, bonding electrons that we haven't
+used. And we said last time in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used. And we said last time in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used. And we said last time in this
+case, what we usually do or what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, what we usually do or what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, what we usually do or what we do
+is that we assign those electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we assign those electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we assign those electrons so
+that we have multiple bonds. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have multiple bonds. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have multiple bonds. We have a
+double bond. So, for example, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond. So, for example, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond. So, for example, we're
+going to choose one of these boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose one of these boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose one of these boron
+florine bonds and put in another two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine bonds and put in another two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine bonds and put in another two
+electrons so that we have a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so that we have a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so that we have a double bond
+between the boron and the florine. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the boron and the florine. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the boron and the florine. All
+right, that's what our rules said last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that's what our rules said last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that's what our rules said last
+time. So, let's follow them for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So, let's follow them for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So, let's follow them for a
+moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment.
+Okay, so we did that. Now, we've used up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we did that. Now, we've used up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we did that. Now, we've used up
+all of our bonding electrons. Do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our bonding electrons. Do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our bonding electrons. Do we have
+any veence electrons left? Yep, we sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any veence electrons left? Yep, we sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any veence electrons left? Yep, we sure
+do. Gobs of them, right? We only used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Gobs of them, right? We only used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Gobs of them, right? We only used
+eight of them for the bond. So, we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of them for the bond. So, we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of them for the bond. So, we got
+16 veence electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 veence electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 veence electrons.
+That means we're going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means we're going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means we're going to have to make
+uh eight lone pairs and we distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight lone pairs and we distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight lone pairs and we distribute
+them around each atom in the molecule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around each atom in the molecule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around each atom in the molecule so
+that each atom has an octet. So, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each atom has an octet. So, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each atom has an octet. So, let's
+do that. Here we got eight around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Here we got eight around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Here we got eight around
+florine, eight around this florine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine, eight around this florine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine, eight around this florine,
+there's eight around the boron, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight around the boron, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight around the boron, and
+there's eight around the florine. Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight around the florine. Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's eight around the florine. Hey,
+everything looks normal. Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks normal. Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks normal. Everything
+looks great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks great.
+All right. But uh now let's calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But uh now let's calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But uh now let's calculate
+the formal charge. That's something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge. That's something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge. That's something else
+we got to check. Formal charge is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to check. Formal charge is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to check. Formal charge is number
+of veence electrons minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veence electrons minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veence electrons minus the number of
+electrons that are lone pairs minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are lone pairs minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are lone pairs minus the
+number of bonding electrons divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons divided by
+two. So let's calculate that for boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So let's calculate that for boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So let's calculate that for boron
+in this structure. All right. So we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this structure. All right. So we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this structure. All right. So we said
+boron has three veence electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron has three veence electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron has three veence electrons.
+How many lone pairs does boron have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many lone pairs does boron have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many lone pairs does boron have in
+this structure?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure?
+How many lone pairs? None. They're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many lone pairs? None. They're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many lone pairs? None. They're all
+bonding electrons. How many bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons. How many bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons. How many bonding
+electrons?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons?
+How many bonding electrons does boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many bonding electrons does boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many bonding electrons does boron
+have? Eight. 8 / two is four. Hey, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Eight. 8 / two is four. Hey, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Eight. 8 / two is four. Hey, the
+formal charge on this boron is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on this boron is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on this boron is minus
+one. So, we're going to put a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, we're going to put a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, we're going to put a minus one
+right there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there.
+And then if you proceed to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you proceed to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if you proceed to calculate the
+formal charge on this doubly bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on this doubly bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on this doubly bonded
+florine right here, you would find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine right here, you would find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine right here, you would find that
+that formal charge was + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal charge was + one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal charge was + one.
+And if you go and you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you go and you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you go and you calculate the
+formal charges on the singly bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges on the singly bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges on the singly bonded
+florines, you'd find that that was zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florines, you'd find that that was zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florines, you'd find that that was zero.
+So I'll put a zero and a zero there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll put a zero and a zero there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll put a zero and a zero there. And
+now remember last time we said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember last time we said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember last time we said that the
+sum of those formal charges has to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those formal charges has to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of those formal charges has to equal
+the overall charge on the molecule. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall charge on the molecule. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall charge on the molecule. If
+it doesn't, you've done something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't, you've done something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't, you've done something wrong
+somewhere. And so I just summed them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. And so I just summed them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. And so I just summed them up
+at sum zero. Hey, the overall charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sum zero. Hey, the overall charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sum zero. Hey, the overall charge on
+BF3 is zero. Hey, we did things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF3 is zero. Hey, we did things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF3 is zero. Hey, we did things
+correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly.
+All right. But now when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But now when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But now when you look at
+this, you say, well, hey, this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you say, well, hey, this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you say, well, hey, this looks
+like NO3 minus, right? in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like NO3 minus, right? in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like NO3 minus, right? in the sense that
+I could have taken these two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have taken these two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have taken these two electrons
+and put them in this bond to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them in this bond to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them in this bond to make that
+structure. If I did, hey, I'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. If I did, hey, I'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. If I did, hey, I'd have the
+same set of formal charges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of formal charges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of formal charges.
+Or I could have taken those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or I could have taken those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or I could have taken those two
+electrons and put them right here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and put them right here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and put them right here,
+right? Like that. If I did so, I'd still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like that. If I did so, I'd still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Like that. If I did so, I'd still
+have the same set of formal charges. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of formal charges. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of formal charges. So
+look, this looks like one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, this looks like one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look, this looks like one of these
+resonance structures that I just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures that I just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures that I just told
+you about. Hey, that's what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about. Hey, that's what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about. Hey, that's what it looks
+like. Why not resonance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Why not resonance?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. Why not resonance?
+Well, why not? Because this beeper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, why not? Because this beeper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, why not? Because this beeper is
+going off in your head. Beep beep beep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off in your head. Beep beep beep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off in your head. Beep beep beep
+beep. This is boron. Boron is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep. This is boron. Boron is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beep. This is boron. Boron is an
+exception. Let me show you how it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception. Let me show you how it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception. Let me show you how it's an
+exception.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Experimentally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimentally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimentally.
+If you look at these boron florine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at these boron florine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at these boron florine
+bonds, all right, you would not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, all right, you would not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, all right, you would not see
+that there would be one double bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there would be one double bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there would be one double bond and
+two single bonds. You would not find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two single bonds. You would not find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two single bonds. You would not find a
+boron florine bond that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron florine bond that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron florine bond that looks like a
+double bond and two that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond and two that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond and two that look like
+single bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bonds.
+You would also not find that these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would also not find that these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would also not find that these three
+bonds were a bond and a third like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds were a bond and a third like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds were a bond and a third like in
+NO3 minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO3 minus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO3 minus.
+Experimentally you would find that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimentally you would find that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experimentally you would find that these
+boron florine bonds all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron florine bonds all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron florine bonds all have the same
+length but they are typical of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length but they are typical of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length but they are typical of a single
+bond. Unlike in NO3 minus where it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Unlike in NO3 minus where it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond. Unlike in NO3 minus where it was a
+bond and a third. These boron florine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and a third. These boron florine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and a third. These boron florine
+bonds all look like single bonds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds all look like single bonds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds all look like single bonds in
+terms of their lengths, in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their lengths, in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of their lengths, in terms of
+their strength.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strength.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strength.
+Very different, right, than NO3 minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very different, right, than NO3 minus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very different, right, than NO3 minus.
+So given that experimental observation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So given that experimental observation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So given that experimental observation,
+what are we going to do? Well, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to do? Well, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to do? Well, we're
+going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write
+a structure here where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure here where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure here where we're going to
+give every atom in that structure an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give every atom in that structure an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give every atom in that structure an
+octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet
+except for the boron. All right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the boron. All right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the boron. All right. So,
+what did I do? I took this extra two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I do? I took this extra two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I do? I took this extra two
+electrons here, removed it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here, removed it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here, removed it from the
+boron florine bond and gave it just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron florine bond and gave it just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron florine bond and gave it just to
+the florine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the florine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the florine.
+So that every florine or every atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that every florine or every atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that every florine or every atom in
+this molecule has an octet except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule has an octet except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule has an octet except for
+this outlier boron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outlier boron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outlier boron.
+Okay, still got the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, still got the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, still got the same number of
+electrons. Everything's fine. But I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Everything's fine. But I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Everything's fine. But I move
+these electrons from here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons from here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons from here to the
+florine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine.
+Let me calculate the formal charge here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me calculate the formal charge here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me calculate the formal charge here.
+All right. If I do that, I find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. If I do that, I find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. If I do that, I find that the
+formal charge on boron is zero. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on boron is zero. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on boron is zero. Now
+instead of minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of minus1
+I find that the formal charge on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that the formal charge on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that the formal charge on this
+florine is zero. This florine is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine is zero. This florine is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florine is zero. This florine is zero.
+And this florine hey that's zero. Hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this florine hey that's zero. Hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this florine hey that's zero. Hey I
+got a structure with all zero formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a structure with all zero formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a structure with all zero formal
+charges. That is awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges. That is awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges. That is awesome.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So we just you know the the octet rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just you know the the octet rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we just you know the the octet rule
+just broke down here and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just broke down here and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just broke down here and that is the
+case for the elements in group 13 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for the elements in group 13 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for the elements in group 13 or
+that is often times the case for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often times the case for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is often times the case for the
+elements in group 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in B4 minus for example the octet rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B4 minus for example the octet rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B4 minus for example the octet rule
+doesn't break down but in BF3 B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't break down but in BF3 B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't break down but in BF3 B3
+um aluminum triricloride same thing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aluminum triricloride same thing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aluminum triricloride same thing all
+right the group 13 elements are octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the group 13 elements are octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the group 13 elements are octet
+deficient all right so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient all right so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient all right so that's an
+exception that you have to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception that you have to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception that you have to know about
+and in fact this is the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this is the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this is the structure
+experimentally we can tell that and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally we can tell that and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally we can tell that and it's
+the lowest energy structure hey we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy structure hey we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy structure hey we got a
+set of zero formal charges okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of zero formal charges okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of zero formal charges okay
+so that's group 13. That's our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's group 13. That's our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's group 13. That's our second
+exception.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, okay. This just repeats that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. This just repeats that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. This just repeats that.
+Great. Now, here's our third exception.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Now, here's our third exception.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Now, here's our third exception.
+So, we got an exception now where um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we got an exception now where um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we got an exception now where um we
+don't put an octet around some atoms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put an octet around some atoms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put an octet around some atoms.
+And now this is the opposite case. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this is the opposite case. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now this is the opposite case. The
+third exception is where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third exception is where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third exception is where we're going to
+put more than an octet around an atom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more than an octet around an atom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put more than an octet around an atom.
+All right, we're going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we're going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we're going to call this
+veilance shell expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance shell expansion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance shell expansion.
+All right, and the example we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, and the example we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, and the example we're going
+to use is phosphorus pentacloride.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is phosphorus pentacloride.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is phosphorus pentacloride.
+Okay, so let's draw the le structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's draw the le structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's draw the le structure
+first and then we'll see how our rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll see how our rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll see how our rules
+are going to kind of break down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to kind of break down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to kind of break down.
+uh for phosphorus penttochloride. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for phosphorus penttochloride. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for phosphorus penttochloride. Let's
+put the phosphorus in the center because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the phosphorus in the center because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the phosphorus in the center because
+uh the chlorines are usually terminal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the chlorines are usually terminal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the chlorines are usually terminal.
+Not always but usually. So let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not always but usually. So let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not always but usually. So let's start
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+We do that. Let's calculate the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We do that. Let's calculate the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We do that. Let's calculate the number
+of veence electrons. All right. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veence electrons. All right. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of veence electrons. All right. Well,
+chlorine it brings in seven veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine it brings in seven veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine it brings in seven veence
+electrons. There's five of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. There's five of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. There's five of them.
+Phosphorus it brings five veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phosphorus it brings five veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phosphorus it brings five veence
+electrons into the party. We got 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the party. We got 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the party. We got 40
+veence electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons.
+How many electrons would we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many electrons would we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many electrons would we have to have
+if we had an inner gas configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had an inner gas configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had an inner gas configuration
+around each atom? Well, we got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each atom? Well, we got six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each atom? Well, we got six
+atoms. 6 * 8 is 48.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. 6 * 8 is 48.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. 6 * 8 is 48.
+So, what do our rules say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what do our rules say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what do our rules say about the
+number of bonding electrons? Well, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons? Well, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonding electrons? Well, our
+rules say that we got eight bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules say that we got eight bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules say that we got eight bonding
+electrons because 48 minus 40 is eight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because 48 minus 40 is eight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because 48 minus 40 is eight.
+Well, that's great. Eight bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's great. Eight bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's great. Eight bonding
+electrons. Hey, we can make four bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Hey, we can make four bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Hey, we can make four bonds.
+But we got a problem, right? You can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we got a problem, right? You can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we got a problem, right? You can see
+already that we're going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that we're going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already that we're going to have to make
+at least five bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least five bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least five bonds.
+So, we got a problem. All right. Our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we got a problem. All right. Our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we got a problem. All right. Our
+kind of formula here for writing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of formula here for writing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of formula here for writing these
+Lewis structures broke down. It's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis structures broke down. It's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis structures broke down. It's clear
+we're going to have to make 10 bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to make 10 bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to make 10 bonds.
+But in our procedure here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in our procedure here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in our procedure here,
+it let us make only four bonds. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let us make only four bonds. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let us make only four bonds. So, what
+are we going to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do?
+Fudge. Good. That's exactly what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fudge. Good. That's exactly what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fudge. Good. That's exactly what we're
+going to do. We're going to fudge. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. We're going to fudge. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do. We're going to fudge. We're
+going to forget our rules. We're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forget our rules. We're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forget our rules. We're going
+to draw five bonds. Okay? Each one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw five bonds. Okay? Each one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw five bonds. Okay? Each one to
+chlorine. So now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine. So now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine. So now we
+of our 40 veence electrons,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our 40 veence electrons,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our 40 veence electrons,
+10 of them have been used as bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of them have been used as bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of them have been used as bonding
+electrons. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. Okay.
+So that means we've got 30 veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means we've got 30 veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means we've got 30 veence
+electrons left over. We're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons left over. We're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons left over. We're going to have
+to distribute them around the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribute them around the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribute them around the molecule
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+each atom except the phosphorus has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom except the phosphorus has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom except the phosphorus has an
+octed around it. So we'll do that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octed around it. So we'll do that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octed around it. So we'll do that. So
+here's six for that chlorine. Now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's six for that chlorine. Now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's six for that chlorine. Now we
+used another six. 12 for that chlorine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used another six. 12 for that chlorine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used another six. 12 for that chlorine.
+Another six for that chlorine. 18.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another six for that chlorine. 18.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another six for that chlorine. 18.
+Another six for that chlorine. 24.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another six for that chlorine. 24.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another six for that chlorine. 24.
+Another six for that chlorine. Hey 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another six for that chlorine. Hey 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another six for that chlorine. Hey 30.
+We just used them all up. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just used them all up. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just used them all up. Let's
+calculate the formal charges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charges.
+Formal charge on phosphorus is number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formal charge on phosphorus is number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formal charge on phosphorus is number of
+veence electrons on phosphorus which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons on phosphorus which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons on phosphorus which is
+zero. Number of lone pairs on phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Number of lone pairs on phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Number of lone pairs on phosphorus
+which is zero. And number of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is zero. And number of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is zero. And number of bonding
+electrons divided by two on phosphorus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons divided by two on phosphorus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons divided by two on phosphorus.
+Well, there are 10 bonding electrons. 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there are 10 bonding electrons. 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there are 10 bonding electrons. 2
+4 6 8 10 divided by two. That's five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 6 8 10 divided by two. That's five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 6 8 10 divided by two. That's five.
+Formal charge on phosphorus is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formal charge on phosphorus is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formal charge on phosphorus is zero.
+And now if you go and you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now if you go and you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now if you go and you calculate the
+formal charges on the chlorines, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges on the chlorines, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges on the chlorines, they're
+all zero. And hey, we got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zero. And hey, we got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zero. And hey, we got another
+awesome looking structure here. Set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome looking structure here. Set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome looking structure here. Set of
+zero formal charges for phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero formal charges for phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero formal charges for phosphorus
+pentacloride.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentacloride.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentacloride.
+That's very nice except for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's very nice except for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's very nice except for the fact
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we've got more than an octet around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got more than an octet around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got more than an octet around the
+phosphorus. The phosphorus has what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus. The phosphorus has what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus. The phosphorus has what we
+call an expanded shell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an expanded shell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call an expanded shell.
+And that is the case. That will be often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is the case. That will be often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is the case. That will be often
+the case for elements which have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for elements which have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for elements which have their
+outermost electrons in a shell where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost electrons in a shell where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost electrons in a shell where the
+principal quantum number is three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number is three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number is three or
+greater. Those elements have emptyd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater. Those elements have emptyd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater. Those elements have emptyd
+states. Emptyd states that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states. Emptyd states that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states. Emptyd states that can
+accommodate more than eight electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate more than eight electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate more than eight electrons
+that can accommodate more than an octet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can accommodate more than an octet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can accommodate more than an octet.
+and phosphorus is one of those elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphorus is one of those elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphorus is one of those elements.
+All right? So, when you start to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? So, when you start to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? So, when you start to get to
+the larger elements like phosphorus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger elements like phosphorus,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger elements like phosphorus,
+like the next example, iodine that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the next example, iodine that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the next example, iodine that I'm
+going to show you, hey, we can put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you, hey, we can put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you, hey, we can put more
+than an octet around those larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an octet around those larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an octet around those larger
+elements. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. All right,
+let's do another example here with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another example here with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another example here with this
+veilance shell expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance shell expansion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veilance shell expansion.
+Here's IF4 minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion.
+So, how do you draw first of all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do you draw first of all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do you draw first of all a
+skeletal structure? What is a good guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure? What is a good guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure? What is a good guess
+for a skeletal structure here? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a skeletal structure here? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a skeletal structure here? Well,
+florines are always terminal. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florines are always terminal. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florines are always terminal. All right.
+So, let's put them on the outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's put them on the outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's put them on the outside and
+the iodine in the middle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iodine in the middle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iodine in the middle.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is there a question over there? Can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a question over there? Can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a question over there? Can I
+help you out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you out?
+Okay. Any questions right now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's try this. Let's uh count up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's try this. Let's uh count up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's try this. Let's uh count up
+the number of veence electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of veence electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of veence electrons.
+Well, we've got one, two, three, four,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we've got one, two, three, four,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we've got one, two, three, four,
+five atoms and they're H hallogens. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five atoms and they're H hallogens. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five atoms and they're H hallogens. So,
+H hallogens bring in seven veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H hallogens bring in seven veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H hallogens bring in seven veence
+electrons. So, 5 time 7 is 35. But hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So, 5 time 7 is 35. But hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So, 5 time 7 is 35. But hey,
+and this is important, we got an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is important, we got an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is important, we got an extra
+charge here, right? This is an ion. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here, right? This is an ion. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here, right? This is an ion. It's
+minus one. And so we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And so we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. And so we're going to have to
+add one to the number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one to the number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one to the number of veence
+electrons. So we got 36 veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So we got 36 veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So we got 36 veence
+electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons.
+Now the number of electrons of each had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the number of electrons of each had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the number of electrons of each had
+an octet. Well, that would be 40, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octet. Well, that would be 40, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octet. Well, that would be 40, right?
+Because we have five. 5* 8 is 40.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we have five. 5* 8 is 40.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we have five. 5* 8 is 40.
+According to our rules, then the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+According to our rules, then the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+According to our rules, then the number
+of bonding electrons is 40 minus 36,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonding electrons is 40 minus 36,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonding electrons is 40 minus 36,
+which is six, which is four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is six, which is four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is six, which is four.
+All right, it's four. But what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, it's four. But what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, it's four. But what do we
+need? We need eight electrons bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need? We need eight electrons bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need? We need eight electrons bonding
+electrons because we got to make four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because we got to make four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons because we got to make four
+bonds, right? So here again, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, right? So here again, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds, right? So here again, we have a
+breakdown in our rules. Something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown in our rules. Something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown in our rules. Something's
+wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong.
+So we're going to have to fudge as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to have to fudge as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to have to fudge as
+somebody said, right? We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said, right? We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said, right? We're going to
+ignore our rules. We got to make eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore our rules. We got to make eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore our rules. We got to make eight
+bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds.
+So we need we got to make Oh jeez. got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need we got to make Oh jeez. got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need we got to make Oh jeez. got
+to make four bonds. So, we need eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make four bonds. So, we need eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make four bonds. So, we need eight
+electrons. So, let's make them. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So, let's make them. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. So, let's make them. There
+they are. All right. So, we used eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. All right. So, we used eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. All right. So, we used eight
+of the veence electrons as bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the veence electrons as bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the veence electrons as bonding
+electrons. 36 - 8 is 28. We got 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. 36 - 8 is 28. We got 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. 36 - 8 is 28. We got 28
+remaining veence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining veence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining veence electrons
+for 14 lone pairs. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 14 lone pairs. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 14 lone pairs. We're going to
+distribute them around that florine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute them around that florine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute them around that florine.
+There's six. That florine, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's six. That florine, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's six. That florine, there's
+another six. That's 12. That florine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another six. That's 12. That florine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another six. That's 12. That florine is
+18. This florine is 24. Hey, we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18. This florine is 24. Hey, we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18. This florine is 24. Hey, we just
+used up 24 of those veence electrons,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up 24 of those veence electrons,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up 24 of those veence electrons,
+but we haven't used them all. We've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't used them all. We've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't used them all. We've got
+four veence electrons remaining. Where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four veence electrons remaining. Where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four veence electrons remaining. Where
+are they going to go? Well, where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to go? Well, where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going to go? Well, where we're
+going to put those four remaining veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put those four remaining veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put those four remaining veence
+electrons are around the iodine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are around the iodine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are around the iodine right
+there. We're going to give them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. We're going to give them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. We're going to give them to the
+iodine. And the iodine is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine. And the iodine is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine. And the iodine is going to have
+two lone pairs. So the iodine here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs. So the iodine here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs. So the iodine here has
+four more electrons around it. Okay? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more electrons around it. Okay? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more electrons around it. Okay? And
+we can do that again because the iodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that again because the iodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that again because the iodine
+has got some empty 5d states that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got some empty 5d states that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got some empty 5d states that can
+accept these electrons. And it does. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept these electrons. And it does. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept these electrons. And it does. All
+right. So everything's got an octet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So everything's got an octet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So everything's got an octet here
+except for the iodine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the iodine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the iodine.
+Let's check the formal charges. Make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's check the formal charges. Make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's check the formal charges. Make
+sure we have did everything correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we have did everything correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we have did everything correctly.
+Calculate the formal charge on iodine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculate the formal charge on iodine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculate the formal charge on iodine.
+Well, number of veence electrons, seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, number of veence electrons, seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, number of veence electrons, seven
+minus the number of lone pairs. Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the number of lone pairs. Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the number of lone pairs. Hey,
+look at how many lone lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how many lone lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how many lone lone pair
+electrons we have on the iodine. Two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we have on the iodine. Two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we have on the iodine. Two,
+four. We got four lone pair electrons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. We got four lone pair electrons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. We got four lone pair electrons on
+iodine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine.
+Minus 1/2 the number of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minus 1/2 the number of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minus 1/2 the number of bonding
+electrons on iodine. Well, we got eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on iodine. Well, we got eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on iodine. Well, we got eight
+bonding electrons. Here they are. 2 4 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons. Here they are. 2 4 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons. Here they are. 2 4 6
+8. These red ones don't count. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8. These red ones don't count. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8. These red ones don't count. They're
+the lone pairs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lone pairs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lone pairs.
+All right. 8 over two is four. Hey, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. 8 over two is four. Hey, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. 8 over two is four. Hey, the
+formal charge on iodine is minus1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on iodine is minus1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on iodine is minus1.
+If you go and you calculate the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you go and you calculate the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you go and you calculate the formal
+charges on florine, hey, they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on florine, hey, they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on florine, hey, they are all
+zero. Sum of those is minus1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Sum of those is minus1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Sum of those is minus1.
+That is indeed the overall charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is indeed the overall charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is indeed the overall charge on
+this iodine trilouide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iodine trilouide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iodine trilouide
+tetraflloride. Okay, so we did it right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetraflloride. Okay, so we did it right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetraflloride. Okay, so we did it right.
+So here's another case where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's another case where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's another case where there's a
+octet around each one of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet around each one of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet around each one of the atoms
+except for that larger atom, the iodine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for that larger atom, the iodine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for that larger atom, the iodine,
+which has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has actually
+2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 electrons around it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 electrons around it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 electrons around it.
+Yes. I was just wondering because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I was just wondering because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I was just wondering because
+there's 12 electrons around that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that mean what? I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, no. These aren't involved in the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. These aren't involved in the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. These aren't involved in the d
+these aren't d electrons necessarily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't d electrons necessarily.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't d electrons necessarily.
+Okay. These are in empty states here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. These are in empty states here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. These are in empty states here.
+Okay. There's there's plenty of room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. There's there's plenty of room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. There's there's plenty of room
+even to put some more in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to put some more in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to put some more in the case of
+iodine. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+we saw that these uh Lewis diagrams, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that these uh Lewis diagrams, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that these uh Lewis diagrams, the
+octet idea works 90% of the time, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet idea works 90% of the time, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet idea works 90% of the time, but
+three exceptions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three exceptions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three exceptions.
+An odd number of electrons, forget it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An odd number of electrons, forget it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An odd number of electrons, forget it.
+You can't use it. We're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't use it. We're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't use it. We're going to find
+some more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more sophisticated
+sophisticated models for bonding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated models for bonding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated models for bonding.
+It doesn't work on group 13. Group 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't work on group 13. Group 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't work on group 13. Group 13
+elements often have less than an octet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements often have less than an octet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements often have less than an octet.
+And then finally, if you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally, if you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally, if you get to the
+heavier elements like iodine, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier elements like iodine, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier elements like iodine, like
+phosphorus that we looked at, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus that we looked at, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus that we looked at, like
+chromium, it's one example in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium, it's one example in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium, it's one example in the notes
+that I didn't work through, but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't work through, but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't work through, but you'll
+work through that in recitation. You've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through that in recitation. You've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through that in recitation. You've
+got some MTD states. You can put more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some MTD states. You can put more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some MTD states. You can put more
+than an octet around those heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an octet around those heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an octet around those heavier
+atoms. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Okay.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, um, that's what I wanted to say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, that's what I wanted to say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, that's what I wanted to say here
+about the Lewis diagrams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Lewis diagrams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Lewis diagrams.
+And, uh, next on Friday, we're going to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, uh, next on Friday, we're going to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, uh, next on Friday, we're going to,
+uh, start looking at, um, a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, start looking at, um, a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, start looking at, um, a little bit
+more sophisticated model for chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated model for chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated model for chemical
+bonding, which is molecular orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding, which is molecular orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding, which is molecular orbital
+theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory.
+But right now, what I want to do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But right now, what I want to do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But right now, what I want to do is I
+want to talk about um, one other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about um, one other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about um, one other kind of
+classical model for chemical bonds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model for chemical bonds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical model for chemical bonds.
+It's a model that works only for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a model that works only for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a model that works only for a very
+ionic bond like sodium chloride. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bond like sodium chloride. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bond like sodium chloride. All
+right, so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so that's what we're going to
+talk about here. And in particular, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about here. And in particular, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about here. And in particular, it's
+a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model
+that's simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple
+but accurate in terms of giving us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but accurate in terms of giving us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but accurate in terms of giving us a
+physical picture of actually how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical picture of actually how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical picture of actually how this
+chemical bond forms. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond forms. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond forms. Okay.
+Okay. So, let's talk about it. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's talk about it. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's talk about it. We're
+going to talk about the formation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the formation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the formation of a
+bond between a sodium atom and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond between a sodium atom and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond between a sodium atom and a
+chlorine atom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine atom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine atom.
+How does this happen? Well, we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does this happen? Well, we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does this happen? Well, we got
+sodium and chlorine coming together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chlorine coming together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chlorine coming together.
+What happens here is that this sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens here is that this sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens here is that this sodium
+ejects an electron, right? and it spears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejects an electron, right? and it spears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ejects an electron, right? and it spears
+the chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine
+and that electron now is stuck on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that electron now is stuck on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that electron now is stuck on the
+chlorine. And so now the chlorine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine. And so now the chlorine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine. And so now the chlorine is
+chlorine minus. It's pretty big. Sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine minus. It's pretty big. Sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine minus. It's pretty big. Sodium
+is sodium plus it's small. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sodium plus it's small. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sodium plus it's small. All right.
+And once that happens, hey, that sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once that happens, hey, that sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once that happens, hey, that sodium
+just ropes that chlorine right in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ropes that chlorine right in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ropes that chlorine right in,
+right? Just pulls it right into it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just pulls it right into it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just pulls it right into it.
+Okay? It's called the harpoon mechanism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's called the harpoon mechanism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's called the harpoon mechanism.
+Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now
+once that electron jump happens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that electron jump happens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that electron jump happens of
+course these two ions come together. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these two ions come together. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these two ions come together. So
+what is this rope in between the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this rope in between the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this rope in between the sodium
+plus and the chlorine minus. Hey well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and the chlorine minus. Hey well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and the chlorine minus. Hey well
+that rope is the kum force the kum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rope is the kum force the kum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rope is the kum force the kum
+interaction right because we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right because we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction right because we now have
+once that electron has jumped from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that electron has jumped from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that electron has jumped from
+sodium to the chlorine. Hey, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to the chlorine. Hey, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to the chlorine. Hey, we have a
+positive charge and a negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and a negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge and a negative charge
+and they're attracted and they just zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're attracted and they just zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're attracted and they just zoom
+right in together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in together
+until you get to the bond length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the bond length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the bond length and
+they form a chemical bond. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form a chemical bond. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form a chemical bond. All right,
+that's literally what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's literally what happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's literally what happens.
+So the sodium ejects an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sodium ejects an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the sodium ejects an electron
+that jumps to the chlorine and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jumps to the chlorine and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that jumps to the chlorine and then the
+two just zoop right into each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just zoop right into each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two just zoop right into each other and
+form a chemical bond called the harpoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a chemical bond called the harpoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a chemical bond called the harpoon
+mechanism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism.
+This is a mechanism here that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a mechanism here that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a mechanism here that was
+really uh shown experimentally by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh shown experimentally by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh shown experimentally by uh
+Dudley Hersbach here at Harvard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dudley Hersbach here at Harvard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dudley Hersbach here at Harvard in
+chemistry department, John Palani and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department, John Palani and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry department, John Palani and in
+Toronto and Yuan Lee in UC Berkeley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto and Yuan Lee in UC Berkeley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toronto and Yuan Lee in UC Berkeley and
+for this mechanism and for many other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this mechanism and for many other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this mechanism and for many other uh
+dynamics of chemical reactions they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of chemical reactions they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of chemical reactions they got
+a Nobel Prize in 1986
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nobel Prize in 1986
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Nobel Prize in 1986
+and uh Yuan Lee over here was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Yuan Lee over here was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Yuan Lee over here was actually
+my thesis advisor. advisor uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis advisor. advisor uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis advisor. advisor uh at
+Berkeley.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+this seems like a very peculiar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very peculiar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very peculiar kind of
+uh way for a chemical bond to form but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way for a chemical bond to form but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way for a chemical bond to form but
+in fact it's accurate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's accurate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's accurate.
+Let me talk about the energetics here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me talk about the energetics here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me talk about the energetics here of
+this process because uh that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process because uh that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process because uh that will help
+in trying to understand physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to understand physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to understand physically
+really what is going on in this uh bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what is going on in this uh bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what is going on in this uh bond
+formation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation.
+All right? Because the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? Because the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? Because the first thing
+you're saying is, well, you know, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is, well, you know, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is, well, you know, when
+that electron jumps, hey, that costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron jumps, hey, that costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron jumps, hey, that costs
+energy, right? We know that. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, right? We know that. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, right? We know that. We know
+that for a sodium atom to remove an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a sodium atom to remove an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a sodium atom to remove an
+electron here that there's an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here that there's an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here that there's an energy
+cost delta E. Hey, that energy cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost delta E. Hey, that energy cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost delta E. Hey, that energy cost is
+what? Physically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Physically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Physically,
+the ionization energy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy,
+right? That's the ionization energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's the ionization energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's the ionization energy.
+That's 496 K per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's 496 K per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's 496 K per mole.
+All right. But it is also true that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But it is also true that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But it is also true that once
+that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron
+gets in the vicinity of the chlorine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the vicinity of the chlorine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in the vicinity of the chlorine,
+the chlorine grabs it. Right? That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine grabs it. Right? That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine grabs it. Right? That is
+the chlorine plus the electron here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine plus the electron here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine plus the electron here.
+When that happens, right, some energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When that happens, right, some energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When that happens, right, some energy is
+released to make the chlorine minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released to make the chlorine minus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released to make the chlorine minus.
+That energy delta E is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That energy delta E is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That energy delta E is minus the
+electron affinity. That was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity. That was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity. That was one of the
+definitions that we worked on a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that we worked on a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions that we worked on a few days
+ago. And minus the electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. And minus the electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. And minus the electron affinity
+there is minus 349 K per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is minus 349 K per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is minus 349 K per mole.
+So you get some energy back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get some energy back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get some energy back
+when that electron attaches to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that electron attaches to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that electron attaches to the
+chlorine. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine. But
+overall, if I sum things up here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall, if I sum things up here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall, if I sum things up here with a
+sodium gas phase atom and a chlorine gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium gas phase atom and a chlorine gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium gas phase atom and a chlorine gas
+phase atom going to sodium chloride plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase atom going to sodium chloride plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase atom going to sodium chloride plus
+going to sodium plus plus minus, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sodium plus plus minus, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sodium plus plus minus, the
+delta E for this reaction here overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta E for this reaction here overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta E for this reaction here overall
+is still positive 147 K per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still positive 147 K per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still positive 147 K per mole.
+You still have to put some energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You still have to put some energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You still have to put some energy into
+the system to make this reaction go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to make this reaction go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to make this reaction go.
+And of course, this delta E here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, this delta E here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, this delta E here, you
+know, I used I used the number 147. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I used I used the number 147. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I used I used the number 147. I
+added these up. But delta E also can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added these up. But delta E also can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added these up. But delta E also can be
+written here as the ionization of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here as the ionization of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here as the ionization of sodium
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine.
+Okay. But it's still uphill to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it's still uphill to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But it's still uphill to get the
+electron to go from sodium to chlorine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to go from sodium to chlorine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to go from sodium to chlorine.
+However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to get this right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this right,
+I think. Okay. However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think. Okay. However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think. Okay. However,
+the sodium and the chlorine now once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and the chlorine now once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and the chlorine now once
+they're two ions and they come together,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two ions and they come together,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're two ions and they come together,
+we're going to have some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have some energy
+released, right? Because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released, right? Because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released, right? Because we're going to
+form a bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a bond.
+So, sodium plus plus chlorine minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, sodium plus plus chlorine minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, sodium plus plus chlorine minus
+going to sodium chloride. Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sodium chloride. Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sodium chloride. Well, the
+delta E for that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta E for that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta E for that reaction
+is minus 592
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 592
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 592
+K per mole. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole. Right.
+So then overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then overall
+overall I'm going to add up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall I'm going to add up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall I'm going to add up this
+reaction to that reaction. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to that reaction. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to that reaction. So these are
+going to cancel. So we have sodium gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel. So we have sodium gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel. So we have sodium gas
+phase plus chlorine gas phase to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plus chlorine gas phase to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase plus chlorine gas phase to make
+sodium chloride. Right? That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride. Right? That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride. Right? That's the
+initial reaction we were looking at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial reaction we were looking at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial reaction we were looking at.
+Sodium and chlorine to make a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sodium and chlorine to make a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sodium and chlorine to make a sodium
+chloride molecule. Overall that delta E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride molecule. Overall that delta E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride molecule. Overall that delta E
+is -445
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -445
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -445
+K per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole.
+So overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overall
+the reaction is releasing energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is releasing energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is releasing energy and
+that's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good.
+But things still seem a little strange,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But things still seem a little strange,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But things still seem a little strange,
+right? Still seems a little strange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Still seems a little strange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Still seems a little strange that
+this sodium is ejecting an electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sodium is ejecting an electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sodium is ejecting an electron and
+that chlorine's grabbing it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chlorine's grabbing it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chlorine's grabbing it and then
+they come together. this ejecting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together. this ejecting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together. this ejecting of the
+electron is a little bothersome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a little bothersome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a little bothersome.
+So, uh let's look a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh let's look a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh let's look a little more
+carefully at what's going on. An energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at what's going on. An energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at what's going on. An energy
+level diagram. Those are the energetics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram. Those are the energetics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level diagram. Those are the energetics.
+And now I'm going to put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to put those
+energetics that I just described onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics that I just described onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics that I just described onto a
+diagram to try to make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to try to make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to try to make it a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+uh realistic for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So what I drew here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what I drew here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what I drew here
+is the energy of interaction for sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy of interaction for sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy of interaction for sodium
+plus a chlorine atom. Hey, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a chlorine atom. Hey, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a chlorine atom. Hey, this is the
+same shape that I drew for two hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape that I drew for two hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape that I drew for two hydrogen
+atoms. It's the same shape because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. It's the same shape because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. It's the same shape because
+whenever two atoms come together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever two atoms come together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever two atoms come together to form
+a bond, the energy of interaction looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond, the energy of interaction looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond, the energy of interaction looks
+like this. Right? This is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Right? This is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Right? This is a general
+phenomenon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon.
+way out here. The two atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out here. The two atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out here. The two atoms are
+separated. The energy of interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. The energy of interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated. The energy of interaction is
+zero. As they come together, there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. As they come together, there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. As they come together, there's an
+attractive interaction. The energy gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive interaction. The energy gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive interaction. The energy gets
+lower.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower.
+It continues to get lower until we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It continues to get lower until we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It continues to get lower until we get
+to some value, which is the bond length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some value, which is the bond length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some value, which is the bond length.
+Right? It is at this point, it is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It is at this point, it is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? It is at this point, it is at
+this value of r that you have the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of r that you have the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of r that you have the most
+stable configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable configuration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable configuration.
+This is the chemical bond. You push them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the chemical bond. You push them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the chemical bond. You push them
+closer together, the energy goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together, the energy goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together, the energy goes back
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+And then this well depth here from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this well depth here from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then this well depth here from here
+to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here
+or backwards from down here up here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or backwards from down here up here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or backwards from down here up here from
+down here to up there. Hey, that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here to up there. Hey, that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here to up there. Hey, that's the
+bond association energy. Delta E subd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond association energy. Delta E subd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond association energy. Delta E subd
+in this drawing. I reversed it. I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this drawing. I reversed it. I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this drawing. I reversed it. I went
+from here to here. That's minus delta E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here. That's minus delta E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here. That's minus delta E
+subd. It's minus 445 K per mole. Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd. It's minus 445 K per mole. Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd. It's minus 445 K per mole. Hey,
+that's this number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this number.
+that I calculated right here. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I calculated right here. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I calculated right here. This is
+the bond strength that 445 kles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond strength that 445 kles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond strength that 445 kles per
+mole. That's the bond strength in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole. That's the bond strength in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole. That's the bond strength in the
+sodium chloride molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride molecule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride molecule.
+All right? That's how much energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? That's how much energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? That's how much energy it's
+going to be required to take sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be required to take sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be required to take sodium
+chloride and pull it apart into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and pull it apart into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and pull it apart into the
+neutral atom sodium and the neutral atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atom sodium and the neutral atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral atom sodium and the neutral atom
+chlorine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine.
+That's physically what that number is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's physically what that number is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's physically what that number is.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+But now what did I say earlier? I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now what did I say earlier? I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now what did I say earlier? I said
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+that sodium ejects an electron which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium ejects an electron which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium ejects an electron which
+ends up on the chlorine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up on the chlorine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up on the chlorine.
+And that if that's the case, that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that if that's the case, that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that if that's the case, that is if
+that sodium ejects an electron that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium ejects an electron that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sodium ejects an electron that ends
+up on the chlorine and it does it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the chlorine and it does it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the chlorine and it does it when
+the sodium and the chlorine are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and the chlorine are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and the chlorine are far
+apart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart.
+Hey, that's going to require 147 kles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, that's going to require 147 kles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey, that's going to require 147 kles
+per mole, right? That's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole, right? That's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole, right? That's what we
+calculated there. That's this number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated there. That's this number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated there. That's this number.
+That's 147 kilo calories uphill. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's 147 kilo calories uphill. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's 147 kilo calories uphill. So if
+sodium and chlorine are really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chlorine are really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chlorine are really far
+apart, that's how much energy it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart, that's how much energy it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart, that's how much energy it's going
+to require to pull that electron off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require to pull that electron off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to require to pull that electron off of
+sodium and put it onto the chlorine. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and put it onto the chlorine. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and put it onto the chlorine. All
+right, this is this IE ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this is this IE ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this is this IE ionization energy
+minus the electron affinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity.
+Okay, but I said that that happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but I said that that happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but I said that that happens when
+it's far apart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far apart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's far apart.
+But now the sodium ion and the chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now the sodium ion and the chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But now the sodium ion and the chlorine
+ion come together. They come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion come together. They come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion come together. They come together to
+the bond length and at the bond length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond length and at the bond length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond length and at the bond length
+they form this chemical bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form this chemical bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form this chemical bond.
+And when they form this chemical bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when they form this chemical bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when they form this chemical bond
+well then what we have released is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what we have released is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what we have released is this
+much energy minus 592
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy minus 592
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy minus 592
+K per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per mole.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now where did this number come from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now where did this number come from?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now where did this number come from?
+Well, that number comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that number comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that number comes from the
+following simple model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following simple model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following simple model.
+That number comes from the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That number comes from the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That number comes from the potential
+energy of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction
+between a bare plus charge and a bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a bare plus charge and a bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a bare plus charge and a bare
+minus charge at r= 2.36 anstroms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus charge at r= 2.36 anstroms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus charge at r= 2.36 anstroms.
+All right, this is the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, this is the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, this is the potential energy
+of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction
+for a plus charge and a minus charge. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a plus charge and a minus charge. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a plus charge and a minus charge. So
+it's minus E^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus E^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus E^2.
+R here is this bond length 2.36.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R here is this bond length 2.36.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R here is this bond length 2.36.
+If you evaluate that at R 2.36, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you evaluate that at R 2.36, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you evaluate that at R 2.36, you'll
+get 592 KJ per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 592 KJ per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 592 KJ per mole.
+So what did I do here? I treated sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what did I do here? I treated sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what did I do here? I treated sodium
+ion and chlorine ions like two bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and chlorine ions like two bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and chlorine ions like two bare
+point charges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point charges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point charges.
+I forgot about the fact that sodium here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot about the fact that sodium here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot about the fact that sodium here
+has got other electrons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got other electrons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has got other electrons.
+I forgot about the fact that chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot about the fact that chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot about the fact that chlorine
+here has got other electrons. Hey, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has got other electrons. Hey, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has got other electrons. Hey, I
+just approximated it as two point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just approximated it as two point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just approximated it as two point
+charges and used the kulum interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and used the kulum interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and used the kulum interaction
+between a bare plus charge and a bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a bare plus charge and a bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a bare plus charge and a bare
+minus charge to get this energy 592 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus charge to get this energy 592 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus charge to get this energy 592 k
+per mole. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole. Okay,
+that's where that comes from. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that comes from. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that comes from. So when
+the sodium and chlorine come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and chlorine come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and chlorine come together to
+this bond length, right? Well, then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond length, right? Well, then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond length, right? Well, then they
+form a bond and this much energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a bond and this much energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a bond and this much energy is
+released within this model here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released within this model here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released within this model here.
+Okay, so we're beginning to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're beginning to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we're beginning to understand
+what all these numbers are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all these numbers are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all these numbers are and
+physically what's going on. except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically what's going on. except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically what's going on. except
+maybe what's still bothering you is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what's still bothering you is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what's still bothering you is the
+fact that it still looks like in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it still looks like in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it still looks like in order
+for this reaction to go that I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction to go that I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction to go that I got to
+put in 147 kJ per mole into the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in 147 kJ per mole into the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in 147 kJ per mole into the reaction
+before I'm going to get any energy back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm going to get any energy back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm going to get any energy back.
+It kind of looks like there's a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It kind of looks like there's a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It kind of looks like there's a barrier
+to this reaction from the what I've told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this reaction from the what I've told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this reaction from the what I've told
+you so far.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far.
+But the answer is there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the answer is there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the answer is there isn't
+because when the electron jumps is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the electron jumps is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when the electron jumps is not
+when the sodium and the chlorine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sodium and the chlorine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the sodium and the chlorine are
+infinitely far apart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far apart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far apart.
+But when the electron jumps is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when the electron jumps is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when the electron jumps is when the
+sodium and chlorine are right here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chlorine are right here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and chlorine are right here at
+this value of r star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of r star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value of r star.
+Why right here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why right here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why right here?
+Well, it happens right here because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it happens right here because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it happens right here because of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this blue line here. See this blue line?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue line here. See this blue line?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue line here. See this blue line?
+What that is is the kulum energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What that is is the kulum energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What that is is the kulum energy of
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+as a function of r between two point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of r between two point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of r between two point
+charges + one and minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges + one and minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges + one and minus one.
+So way out here when R is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So way out here when R is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So way out here when R is very large
+that energy of interaction for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy of interaction for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy of interaction for these two
+ions is zero right but as these two ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions is zero right but as these two ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions is zero right but as these two ions
+come closer together that energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come closer together that energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come closer together that energy of
+interaction becomes more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction becomes more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction becomes more and more
+negative there's a one over R dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there's a one over R dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there's a one over R dependence
+here and that's what that blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what that blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what that blue line
+approximates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+At some point that kulum interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At some point that kulum interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At some point that kulum interaction
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+crosses this black curve here. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses this black curve here. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses this black curve here. Right.
+This black curve which represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This black curve which represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This black curve which represents the
+interaction energy between a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy between a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy between a neutral
+atom and a chlorine atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and a chlorine atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and a chlorine atom
+right here. Right. Right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right here. The coolum interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right here. The coolum interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right here. The coolum interaction
+energy is the energy difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the energy difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is the energy difference between
+up here to down here. Right? Right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here to down here. Right? Right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here to down here. Right? Right here.
+This is the kum interaction energy minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the kum interaction energy minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the kum interaction energy minus
+e^2 4 pi epsilon kn at r star. Now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 4 pi epsilon kn at r star. Now not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^2 4 pi epsilon kn at r star. Now not
+equilibrium distance at r star where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium distance at r star where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium distance at r star where the
+electron jumps right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron jumps right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron jumps right here.
+This kum energy of interaction equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This kum energy of interaction equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This kum energy of interaction equals
+this energy difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy difference between the two
+separated ions and the two separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated ions and the two separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated ions and the two separated
+atoms. Right? This energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Right? This energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms. Right? This energy difference
+here measured from here to here is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here measured from here to here is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here measured from here to here is minus
+the ionization energy minus the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy minus the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy minus the electron
+affinity. Right? So right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity. Right? So right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity. Right? So right here this
+electron can jump and it doesn't cost us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can jump and it doesn't cost us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron can jump and it doesn't cost us
+any energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy
+because the coolum interaction has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coolum interaction has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coolum interaction has
+already sit in already set in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sit in already set in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already sit in already set in right
+right here. That coolum interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. That coolum interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here. That coolum interaction
+energy is equal to this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is equal to this energy
+difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference.
+That's when the electron jumps right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's when the electron jumps right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's when the electron jumps right
+here. And then it's at that point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then it's at that point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And then it's at that point that
+the sodium and the chlorine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and the chlorine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium and the chlorine are
+accelerated together. All right, and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated together. All right, and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated together. All right, and up
+to the equilibrium bond length, form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equilibrium bond length, form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the equilibrium bond length, form a
+bond, and you have the sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond, and you have the sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond, and you have the sodium chloride
+molecule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule.
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+let's calculate what this value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate what this value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate what this value of R
+star is. When does the at what value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is. When does the at what value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is. When does the at what value of
+R does this electron actually jump?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R does this electron actually jump?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R does this electron actually jump?
+Well, we can do that. All right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can do that. All right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can do that. All right. So,
+this is minus E^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus E^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus E^2
+over 4 pi epsilon KN R star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 pi epsilon KN R star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 pi epsilon KN R star.
+That's going to be equal to minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's going to be equal to minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's going to be equal to minus the
+quantity ionization energy of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity ionization energy of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity ionization energy of sodium
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine.
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+let me uh let me rearrange this here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh let me rearrange this here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh let me rearrange this here.
+So, I'm going to solve for R star. R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to solve for R star. R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to solve for R star. R
+star is equal to E^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is equal to E^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is equal to E^2
+over 4 pi epsilon KN times the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 pi epsilon KN times the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 pi epsilon KN times the quantity
+ionization energy of sodium minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of sodium minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of sodium minus the
+electron affinity of chlorine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity of chlorine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity of chlorine.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So R star is equal to E²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So R star is equal to E²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So R star is equal to E²
+E^2 is 1.602 602
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E^2 is 1.602 602
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E^2 is 1.602 602
+* 10 -19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 -19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 -19
+kum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kum
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+over 4<unk> epsilon KN. You can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4<unk> epsilon KN. You can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4<unk> epsilon KN. You can look up
+epsilon KN times this difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon KN times this difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon KN times this difference in
+energy the ionization energy of sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the ionization energy of sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the ionization energy of sodium
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the electron affinity of chlorine
+which way over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way over here
+right we said was 147 k per mole. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said was 147 k per mole. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said was 147 k per mole. So let
+me put that into jewels. So my units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put that into jewels. So my units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put that into jewels. So my units are
+consistent. 1.47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent. 1.47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent. 1.47
+* 10 5th jewels per mole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 5th jewels per mole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 5th jewels per mole.
+Okay. But now be careful here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now be careful here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now be careful here.
+When you calculate our star,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you calculate our star,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you calculate our star,
+this is for a molecule,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for a molecule,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for a molecule,
+not for a mole of molecules. So I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for a mole of molecules. So I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for a mole of molecules. So I got to
+change all of these things that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all of these things that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all of these things that are in
+here per mole to molecules. So I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here per mole to molecules. So I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here per mole to molecules. So I got to
+multiply this by 6.022 * 10 23rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by 6.022 * 10 23rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this by 6.022 * 10 23rd
+molecules per mole. And then the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules per mole. And then the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules per mole. And then the value
+of our star is equal to 9.45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our star is equal to 9.45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our star is equal to 9.45
+* 10 -10 m. That's when the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 -10 m. That's when the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 10 -10 m. That's when the electron
+jumps. Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps. Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps. Hey,
+let's draw a picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw a picture.
+And what actually what the relative size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what actually what the relative size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what actually what the relative size
+is here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So we have a sodium atom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we have a sodium atom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we have a sodium atom.
+That sodium atom has a diameter of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sodium atom has a diameter of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That sodium atom has a diameter of about
+3.8 anstroms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.8 anstroms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.8 anstroms.
+And we have a chlorine atom. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have a chlorine atom. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have a chlorine atom. That
+chlorine atom has a diameter of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine atom has a diameter of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine atom has a diameter of about
+two angstroms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angstroms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angstroms.
+It is 9 45 angstroms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is 9 45 angstroms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is 9 45 angstroms.
+That's the distance between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the distance between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the distance between those two
+neutral species when that electron jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral species when that electron jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral species when that electron jump
+process actually happens. All right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually happens. All right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually happens. All right? So,
+they're pretty far apart. Pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty far apart. Pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty far apart. Pretty far
+apart compared to the bond length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart compared to the bond length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart compared to the bond length of
+2.36 angstros. And indeed, it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.36 angstros. And indeed, it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.36 angstros. And indeed, it turns out
+that this number 9.45 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number 9.45 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number 9.45 four five
+angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms
+is very very close to what is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very close to what is measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very close to what is measured
+experimentally when that electron jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally when that electron jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally when that electron jump
+process happens. This simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happens. This simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happens. This simple model
+treating sodium and chlorine as point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating sodium and chlorine as point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating sodium and chlorine as point
+charges works but it works because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges works but it works because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges works but it works because
+sodium chloride is a very ionic bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride is a very ionic bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride is a very ionic bond.
+This simple model will not work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This simple model will not work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This simple model will not work for
+bonds that are not very ionic. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are not very ionic. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are not very ionic. All
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Okay. See you Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wfr4XbR5VP8.txt b/wfr4XbR5VP8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42b4240b1f413f5e401509a3ef40fab60c2cd248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wfr4XbR5VP8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's other kinds of bogus proofs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other kinds of bogus proofs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's other kinds of bogus proofs that
+come up. Let's just run through this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up. Let's just run through this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up. Let's just run through this one
+quickly. Here's a fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Here's a fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Here's a fact that you know
+about roots of polinomials. Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about roots of polinomials. Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about roots of polinomials. Every
+polomial has two roots at least over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial has two roots at least over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial has two roots at least over the
+complex numbers over C. And how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers over C. And how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers over C. And how do you
+prove that? Well, you just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that? Well, you just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that? Well, you just write down
+the formulas for the roots. You know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas for the roots. You know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas for the roots. You know the
+quadratic formula. One root is minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula. One root is minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula. One root is minus b
+plus this square root of square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this square root of square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this square root of square root of
+this quantity over 2 a. And the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity over 2 a. And the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity over 2 a. And the other
+root is minus b minus this square<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is minus b minus this square<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is minus b minus this square<unk>
+of b^ 2 - 4 a c over 2 a. And that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b^ 2 - 4 a c over 2 a. And that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b^ 2 - 4 a c over 2 a. And that's the
+end of the proof. You could just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the proof. You could just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the proof. You could just plug in
+this formula for R1 into this for X into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for R1 into this for X into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for R1 into this for X into
+this polomial and it would simplify to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polomial and it would simplify to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polomial and it would simplify to
+be equaling to zero which shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equaling to zero which shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equaling to zero which shows that
+this is a root. You could plug that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a root. You could plug that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a root. You could plug that one
+into this formula for X and simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this formula for X and simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this formula for X and simplify
+algebraically and discover it was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically and discover it was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically and discover it was zero
+proving that R2 is a root. We've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that R2 is a root. We've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that R2 is a root. We've just
+proved that every polomial has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that every polomial has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that every polomial has two
+roots. Well, that's not true. We haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Well, that's not true. We haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. Well, that's not true. We haven't
+proved it. This is a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved it. This is a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved it. This is a proof by
+calculation that has problems. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that has problems. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that has problems. What's
+the problem? Well, let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem? Well, let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem? Well, let's look at a
+counter example. What about the polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example. What about the polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example. What about the polomial
+0x^2 + 0x + 1? It doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0x^2 + 0x + 1? It doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0x^2 + 0x + 1? It doesn't have any
+roots. It's just a constant one. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. It's just a constant one. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots. It's just a constant one. Um, and
+which never crosses the origin. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which never crosses the origin. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which never crosses the origin. So, it's
+got no roots. What about uh 0x^2 + 1x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got no roots. What about uh 0x^2 + 1x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got no roots. What about uh 0x^2 + 1x +
+1? Well, that's a 45 degree line, the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1? Well, that's a 45 degree line, the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1? Well, that's a 45 degree line, the uh
+the x line um and or the y equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x line um and or the y equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x line um and or the y equals x
+line. And it only crosses the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And it only crosses the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And it only crosses the origin
+once. It has only one rooe. what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. It has only one rooe. what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. It has only one rooe. what
+happened to the two formulas R1 and R2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the two formulas R1 and R2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the two formulas R1 and R2?
+And the answer was that in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer was that in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer was that in this case we
+had a divide by zero error. If you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a divide by zero error. If you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a divide by zero error. If you look
+at that formula um there's a quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that formula um there's a quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that formula um there's a quotient
+there's a denominator of 2 a divide by 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a denominator of 2 a divide by 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a denominator of 2 a divide by 0
+and these formulas don't work right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these formulas don't work right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these formulas don't work right.
+They aren't the roots and so implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They aren't the roots and so implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They aren't the roots and so implicitly
+in order to have two roots we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have two roots we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have two roots we need to
+assume that the denominator a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the denominator a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the denominator a the
+leading coefficient of the polomial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading coefficient of the polomial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading coefficient of the polomial is
+not zero. So that fixes those two bugs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. So that fixes those two bugs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero. So that fixes those two bugs.
+Is that all? Well, no. Because look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that all? Well, no. Because look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that all? Well, no. Because look at
+this polomial of 1x^2 + 0x + 0 has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polomial of 1x^2 + 0x + 0 has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polomial of 1x^2 + 0x + 0 has one
+root. The only possible root uh of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. The only possible root uh of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. The only possible root uh of this
+is is zero because uh if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is zero because uh if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is zero because uh if you look at
+this, the only way to get 1* something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, the only way to get 1* something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, the only way to get 1* something
+plus uh 0 to equal zero is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh 0 to equal zero is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh 0 to equal zero is if the
+something is zero. So there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is zero. So there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is zero. So there's only one
+root. And what's going on here? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. And what's going on here? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. And what's going on here? Well,
+uh, what's happened is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, what's happened is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, what's happened is that in this
+case, the two formulas R1 and R2, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, the two formulas R1 and R2, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, the two formulas R1 and R2, which
+were different formulas, evaluate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different formulas, evaluate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different formulas, evaluate to the
+same thing when B is 0 and C is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing when B is 0 and C is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing when B is 0 and C is zero and
+A is one. And that's why they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is one. And that's why they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is one. And that's why they look like
+different formulas, but they evaluate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulas, but they evaluate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different formulas, but they evaluate to
+the same thing. So there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. So there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. So there's only one
+root. The fix to that is to require the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. The fix to that is to require the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. The fix to that is to require the
+quantity by which the two root the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity by which the two root the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity by which the two root the
+formulas R1 and R2 differ to be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas R1 and R2 differ to be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas R1 and R2 differ to be non
+zero. And that's the the quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that's the the quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that's the the quantity that
+you were taking the square root of. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking the square root of. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were taking the square root of. Uh
+the discriminant it's called b ^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discriminant it's called b ^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discriminant it's called b ^2 minus
+4 a c needs to be zero. And then r1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 a c needs to be zero. And then r1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 a c needs to be zero. And then r1 and
+r2 will differ and we will get the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 will differ and we will get the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r2 will differ and we will get the two
+roots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots.
+Now there's still a complication. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's still a complication. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's still a complication. It
+sounds like we've now verified that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like we've now verified that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like we've now verified that
+indeed uh our proof by calculation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh our proof by calculation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed uh our proof by calculation is
+correct now that we put in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now that we put in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now that we put in these
+qualifiers that a is positive uh and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifiers that a is positive uh and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifiers that a is positive uh and d
+is non zero. But what happens if d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non zero. But what happens if d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non zero. But what happens if d is
+non zero but negative? There's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero but negative? There's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero but negative? There's an
+interesting complication. Then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting complication. Then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting complication. Then let's
+look at the formula x^2 + 1 where b ^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the formula x^2 + 1 where b ^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the formula x^2 + 1 where b ^2 -
+4 a c is going to be minus3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 a c is going to be minus3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 a c is going to be minus3.
+Uh and that will turn out to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and that will turn out to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and that will turn out to have two
+roots namely i and minus i. And it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots namely i and minus i. And it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots namely i and minus i. And it's not
+possible to tell which is which. R1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to tell which is which. R1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to tell which is which. R1 is
+taking the square root of minus1 and R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the square root of minus1 and R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the square root of minus1 and R2
+is taking the square root of minus1. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking the square root of minus1. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking the square root of minus1. Um,
+one of them's adding the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them's adding the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them's adding the square root of
+minus1, the other one's subtracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1, the other one's subtracting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1, the other one's subtracting the
+square root of minus1. But which square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus1. But which square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus1. But which square
+root of minus one? There's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of minus one? There's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of minus one? There's no way to
+tell the difference between I and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between I and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the difference between I and minus
+I. Abstractly, they both behave the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. Abstractly, they both behave the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. Abstractly, they both behave the same
+way. And so we have an ambiguity about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And so we have an ambiguity about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And so we have an ambiguity about
+which one is R1 and which one is R2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is R1 and which one is R2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is R1 and which one is R2.
+Doesn't hurt at all for the theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't hurt at all for the theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't hurt at all for the theorem that
+R1 and R2 are different. And so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 and R2 are different. And so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 and R2 are different. And so there
+are two roots. But ambiguity can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two roots. But ambiguity can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two roots. But ambiguity can be
+problematic. And let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic. And let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic. And let me give you an
+illustration of that. Um when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of that. Um when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of that. Um when there's
+ambiguity, I can do things like proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity, I can do things like proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity, I can do things like proving
+easily that one is equal to minus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily that one is equal to minus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily that one is equal to minus one.
+Here's the proof. And I will let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the proof. And I will let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the proof. And I will let you
+contemplate that and try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate that and try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate that and try to figure out
+just where in this reasoning that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where in this reasoning that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where in this reasoning that step
+by step seems pretty reasonable. And but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step seems pretty reasonable. And but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step seems pretty reasonable. And but
+nevertheless, I've concluded that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless, I've concluded that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless, I've concluded that one is
+equal to minus1 which is absurd. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus1 which is absurd. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus1 which is absurd. It's
+taking advantage of the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking advantage of the fact that you
+don't know whether the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether the square root of
+minus1 means i or minus i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 means i or minus i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 means i or minus i.
+So the moral of all of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the moral of all of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the moral of all of this is that
+first of all be sure that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all be sure that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all be sure that you are
+applying the rules properly. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the rules properly. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the rules properly. There's a
+assumption of an algebraic rule in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of an algebraic rule in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of an algebraic rule in there
+that isn't true. Uh and again that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't true. Uh and again that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't true. Uh and again that kind
+of mindless calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mindless calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mindless calculation
+uh is risky when you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is risky when you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is risky when you don't really
+understand what you're doing and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what you're doing and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what you're doing and don't
+have a clear memory of what the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clear memory of what the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clear memory of what the exact
+rules are. Uh so uh it's understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are. Uh so uh it's understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are. Uh so uh it's understanding
+that bails you out of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bails you out of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bails you out of this kind of
+blunder. Um let's look at one equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunder. Um let's look at one equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunder. Um let's look at one equals
+minus1 a little because it lets us wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 a little because it lets us wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 a little because it lets us wrap
+up with an amusing remark. Um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an amusing remark. Um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an amusing remark. Um what's
+terrible about 1 equals minus1? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible about 1 equals minus1? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible about 1 equals minus1? Well,
+it's false. And you don't want to ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's false. And you don't want to ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's false. And you don't want to ever
+conclude something that's false. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude something that's false. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude something that's false. That's
+worrisome. It's disastrous when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome. It's disastrous when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome. It's disastrous when you
+conclude that something is false. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that something is false. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that something is false. Let me
+give you an illustration of why. Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an illustration of why. Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an illustration of why. Because
+let's suppose that one is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that one is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that one is equal to minus
+one. Let's reason in a correct way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Let's reason in a correct way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Let's reason in a correct way from
+that assumption that we have falsely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption that we have falsely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption that we have falsely
+proved. But let's assume that we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved. But let's assume that we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved. But let's assume that we start
+off with the assumption that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with the assumption that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with the assumption that one is
+minus one. Well, if I multiply both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. Well, if I multiply both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. Well, if I multiply both
+sides of an equation by the same thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of an equation by the same thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of an equation by the same thing,
+it's equal. So I can multiply both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal. So I can multiply both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal. So I can multiply both sides
+by a half and I get a half is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a half and I get a half is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a half and I get a half is equal to
+minus a half. Now I can also add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half. Now I can also add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half. Now I can also add the
+same thing to both sides. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to both sides. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to both sides. That's a
+perfectly sound rule for reasoning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sound rule for reasoning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sound rule for reasoning about
+equalities. If I add three halves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalities. If I add three halves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalities. If I add three halves to
+both sides, I've turned 1= -1 into 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides, I've turned 1= -1 into 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides, I've turned 1= -1 into 2 is
+equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1.
+Now, I'm in great shape to prove all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I'm in great shape to prove all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I'm in great shape to prove all
+kinds of things. Here's a famous one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Here's a famous one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Here's a famous one.
+Um, since I and the pope are clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, since I and the pope are clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, since I and the pope are clearly
+two, we conclude that I and the pope are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, we conclude that I and the pope are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, we conclude that I and the pope are
+one. That is, I am the pope. And I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That is, I am the pope. And I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. That is, I am the pope. And I've
+just proved to you this absurd fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved to you this absurd fact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proved to you this absurd fact.
+This uh is a joke that's attributed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This uh is a joke that's attributed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This uh is a joke that's attributed a
+witty remark that's attributed to Burton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witty remark that's attributed to Burton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witty remark that's attributed to Burton
+Russell uh the famous uh philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell uh the famous uh philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russell uh the famous uh philosopher
+logician pacifist Nobel Prize winner uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logician pacifist Nobel Prize winner uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logician pacifist Nobel Prize winner uh
+who supposedly was approached uh by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who supposedly was approached uh by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who supposedly was approached uh by some
+socialite in the party uh who had heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialite in the party uh who had heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialite in the party uh who had heard
+that mathematicians thought that if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematicians thought that if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematicians thought that if one
+is equal to minus one then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus one then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus one then you could
+prove anything and so she challenged him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything and so she challenged him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove anything and so she challenged him
+prove that you're the pope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you're the pope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you're the pope and
+supposedly Russell who was a notoriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly Russell who was a notoriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly Russell who was a notoriously
+quick wit came up with this uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick wit came up with this uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick wit came up with this uh example
+who knows whether it's true. It's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows whether it's true. It's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows whether it's true. It's a good
+story. Um there's a picture of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. Um there's a picture of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story. Um there's a picture of the great
+man. Uh and uh you might care to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man. Uh and uh you might care to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man. Uh and uh you might care to learn
+more about this remarkable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this remarkable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this remarkable uh
+contributor to logic and philosophy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor to logic and philosophy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor to logic and philosophy and
+politics.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wt7a5BOztuM.txt b/wt7a5BOztuM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b1fe11a23fc730ad3e8b152b4f501852f97e894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wt7a5BOztuM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+good afternoon everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon everyone
+so today we have TB shuttle here he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we have TB shuttle here he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we have TB shuttle here he's
+going to give us the lecture on seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us the lecture on seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us the lecture on seat
+assembly so TB is a research scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so TB is a research scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so TB is a research scientist
+here at MIT working with charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT working with charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT working with charles
+leiserson he also taught this class with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leiserson he also taught this class with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leiserson he also taught this class with
+me last year and he got one of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me last year and he got one of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me last year and he got one of the best
+ratings ever for this class so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings ever for this class so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings ever for this class so I'm
+really looking forward to his lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking forward to his lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking forward to his lecture
+all right great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right great
+so thank you for the introduction Julien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for the introduction Julien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for the introduction Julien
+today will be I so I hear you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will be I so I hear you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will be I so I hear you just
+submitted the beta for project 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted the beta for project 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted the beta for project 1
+hopefully that went pretty well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that went pretty well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that went pretty well how many
+of you slept in the last 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you slept in the last 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you slept in the last 24 hours
+okay good all right so you know it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good all right so you know it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good all right so you know it went
+pretty well but that sounds great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but that sounds great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but that sounds great
+yeah so today we're gonna be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so today we're gonna be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so today we're gonna be talking
+about C to assembly and this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about C to assembly and this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about C to assembly and this is really a
+continuation from the topic of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation from the topic of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation from the topic of last
+lecture where you saw computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where you saw computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where you saw computer
+architecture if I understand correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture if I understand correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture if I understand correctly
+is that right you've looked at computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right you've looked at computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right you've looked at computer
+architecture x86 64 assembly that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture x86 64 assembly that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture x86 64 assembly that sort
+of thing so how many of you walked away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing so how many of you walked away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing so how many of you walked away
+from that lecture thinking oh yeah x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that lecture thinking oh yeah x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that lecture thinking oh yeah x86
+64 assembly this is easy this is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 assembly this is easy this is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 assembly this is easy this is totally
+intuitive everything makes perfect sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive everything makes perfect sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive everything makes perfect sense
+you know there's no weirdness going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no weirdness going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's no weirdness going on
+here whatsoever how many of you walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whatsoever how many of you walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here whatsoever how many of you walked
+away not thinking that thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away not thinking that thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away not thinking that thinking that
+perhaps this is a little bit strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this is a little bit strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this is a little bit strange
+this whole assembly language like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole assembly language like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole assembly language like yeah
+I'm really in the later camp x86 is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really in the later camp x86 is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really in the later camp x86 is kind
+of a strange beast you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange beast you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange beast you know there are
+things in there that make no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there that make no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there that make no sense
+you know quadword has eight bytes P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quadword has eight bytes P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quadword has eight bytes P
+stands for integer you know what a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for integer you know what a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for integer you know what a that
+sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+and that's going to so when we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to so when we move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to so when we move on
+to the topic of you know seeing how C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the topic of you know seeing how C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the topic of you know seeing how C
+code gets translated into assembly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code gets translated into assembly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code gets translated into assembly we're
+translating into something that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating into something that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating into something that's all
+pretty complicated and the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated and the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated and the translation
+itself isn't going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself isn't going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself isn't going to be that
+straightforward so we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so we're gonna have to
+find a way to work through that and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to work through that and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a way to work through that and I'll
+outline the strategy that that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline the strategy that that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline the strategy that that we'll be
+using in the start of this presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in the start of this presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using in the start of this presentation
+but first let's quickly review why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's quickly review why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's quickly review why do we
+care about looking at assembly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about looking at assembly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about looking at assembly you
+should have seen this slide from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen this slide from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen this slide from the
+last lecture but essentially assembly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture but essentially assembly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture but essentially assembly is
+a is more a more precise representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is more a more precise representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is more a more precise representation
+of the program than the C code itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program than the C code itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the program than the C code itself
+and if you look at the assembly that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the assembly that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the assembly that can
+reveal details about the program they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal details about the program they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal details about the program they're
+not obvious when you just look at the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious when you just look at the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obvious when you just look at the C
+code directly they're implicit things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code directly they're implicit things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code directly they're implicit things
+going on in the C code such as type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the C code such as type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the C code such as type
+casts or the usage of registers versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casts or the usage of registers versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casts or the usage of registers versus
+memory on the machine and those can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory on the machine and those can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory on the machine and those can have
+performance implications so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance implications so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance implications so it's
+valuable to take a look at the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to take a look at the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable to take a look at the assembly
+code directly it can also reveal what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code directly it can also reveal what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code directly it can also reveal what
+the compiler did or did not do when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler did or did not do when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler did or did not do when it
+tried to optimize the program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to optimize the program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to optimize the program for
+example you may have written a division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you may have written a division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you may have written a division
+operation or a multiply operation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation or a multiply operation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation or a multiply operation but
+somehow the compiler figured out that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the compiler figured out that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the compiler figured out that it
+didn't really need to do a divide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to do a divide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to do a divide or
+multiply to implement that operation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to implement that operation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to implement that operation it
+could implement it more quickly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could implement it more quickly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could implement it more quickly using
+simpler faster operations like addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler faster operations like addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler faster operations like addition
+and subtraction or shift and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtraction or shift and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtraction or shift and you would
+be able to see that from looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see that from looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to see that from looking at the
+assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+bugs can also arise only at a low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs can also arise only at a low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs can also arise only at a low level
+for example there may be a bug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there may be a bug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there may be a bug in the
+program that only creates unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that only creates unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that only creates unexpected
+behavior when you optimize the code at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior when you optimize the code at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior when you optimize the code at
+oh three so that means when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh three so that means when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh three so that means when you're
+debugging with og or - oh one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging with og or - oh one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging with og or - oh one you
+wouldn't see any unusual behaviors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see any unusual behaviors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't see any unusual behaviors but
+when you crank up the optimization level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you crank up the optimization level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you crank up the optimization level
+suddenly things start to fall apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly things start to fall apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly things start to fall apart and
+those bug and because the C code itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bug and because the C code itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bug and because the C code itself
+didn't change it can be hard to spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change it can be hard to spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change it can be hard to spot
+those bugs looking at the assembly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bugs looking at the assembly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bugs looking at the assembly can
+help out in that regard and when worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out in that regard and when worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help out in that regard and when worse
+comes worse if you really want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes worse if you really want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes worse if you really want to make
+your code fast it is possible to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code fast it is possible to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code fast it is possible to modify
+the assembly code by hand one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly code by hand one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly code by hand one of my
+favorite uses of looking at the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite uses of looking at the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite uses of looking at the assembly
+though is actually reverse engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is actually reverse engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is actually reverse engineering
+if you can read the assembly for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can read the assembly for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can read the assembly for some
+code you can actually decipher what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you can actually decipher what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you can actually decipher what that
+program does even when you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does even when you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does even when you only have
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+the binary of that program which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary of that program which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary of that program which is kind
+of a cool thing it takes some practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cool thing it takes some practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cool thing it takes some practice
+to read assembly at that level but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read assembly at that level but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read assembly at that level but this
+is actually one trick that we that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually one trick that we that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually one trick that we that some
+of us in professor license research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in professor license research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in professor license research
+group have used in the past to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group have used in the past to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group have used in the past to say
+figure out what Intel's math kernal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what Intel's math kernal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what Intel's math kernal
+library is doing to multiply matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now as I mentioned before at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I mentioned before at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I mentioned before at the end of
+last lecture you saw some computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture you saw some computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture you saw some computer
+architecture and you saw the basics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and you saw the basics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and you saw the basics of
+x86 64 assembly including all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 assembly including all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 assembly including all this stuff
+like the instructions the registers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the instructions the registers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the instructions the registers the
+various data types memory addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various data types memory addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various data types memory addressing
+modes the are flags register with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes the are flags register with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes the are flags register with those
+condition codes and that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition codes and that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition codes and that sort of thing
+and today we want to talk about how C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we want to talk about how C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we want to talk about how C
+code gets implemented in that assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code gets implemented in that assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code gets implemented in that assembly
+language okay well if we consider how C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay well if we consider how C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay well if we consider how C
+code becomes assembly what that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code becomes assembly what that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code becomes assembly what that process
+actually looks like we know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like we know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like we know that there's
+a compiler involved and the compiler is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compiler involved and the compiler is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compiler involved and the compiler is
+a pretty sophisticated piece of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty sophisticated piece of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty sophisticated piece of software
+and frankly the compiler has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly the compiler has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly the compiler has a lot of
+work to do in order to translate a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do in order to translate a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do in order to translate a C
+program into assembly for example it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program into assembly for example it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program into assembly for example it has
+to choose what assembly instructions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose what assembly instructions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose what assembly instructions are
+going to be used to implement those C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used to implement those C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used to implement those C
+operations it has to implement C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it has to implement C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it has to implement C
+conditionals and loops those if-then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and loops those if-then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals and loops those if-then
+else's and those loops foreign while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's and those loops foreign while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's and those loops foreign while
+loops into jumps and branches it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops into jumps and branches it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops into jumps and branches it has to
+choose registers and memory locations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose registers and memory locations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose registers and memory locations to
+store all the data in the program it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the data in the program it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the data in the program it has
+to move data it may have to move data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move data it may have to move data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move data it may have to move data
+among the registers and the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the registers and the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the registers and the memory
+locations in order to satisfy various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in order to satisfy various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in order to satisfy various
+data dependencies it has to coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data dependencies it has to coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data dependencies it has to coordinate
+all the function calls that happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the function calls that happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the function calls that happen when
+subroutine a calls B call C and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine a calls B call C and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine a calls B call C and then
+returns and so on and so forth and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and so on and so forth and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and so on and so forth and on
+top of that these days we expect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that these days we expect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that these days we expect our
+compiler to try really hard to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler to try really hard to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler to try really hard to make that
+code fast so that's a lot of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code fast so that's a lot of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code fast so that's a lot of work that
+the compiler has to do and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler has to do and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler has to do and as a result
+if we take a look at the assembly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a look at the assembly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a look at the assembly for
+any arbitrary piece of C code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary piece of C code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any arbitrary piece of C code the
+mapping from that C code to the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from that C code to the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from that C code to the assembly
+is not exactly obvious which makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly obvious which makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not exactly obvious which makes it
+hard to describe hard to execute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to describe hard to execute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to describe hard to execute this
+particular lecture and it hard to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture and it hard to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture and it hard to in
+general read the binary or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general read the binary or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general read the binary or these
+for some program I figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some program I figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some program I figure out what's
+really going on so what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on so what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on so what we're gonna do
+today to understand this translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to understand this translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to understand this translation
+process is we're going to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is we're going to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is we're going to take a look at
+how that compiler actually reasons about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that compiler actually reasons about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that compiler actually reasons about
+translating C code into assembly now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating C code into assembly now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating C code into assembly now
+this is not a compiler class 6 172 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a compiler class 6 172 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a compiler class 6 172 is
+not a class that you take if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a class that you take if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a class that you take if you want to
+learn how to build a compiler and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to build a compiler and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to build a compiler and you're
+not going to need to know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to need to know everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to need to know everything
+about a compiler to follow today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a compiler to follow today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a compiler to follow today's
+lecture but but what we will see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but but what we will see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but but what we will see are
+just a little bit it's just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit it's just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit it's just a little bit
+about how the compiler understands a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the compiler understands a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the compiler understands a
+program and later on how about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and later on how about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and later on how about how the
+compiler can translate that program into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler can translate that program into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler can translate that program into
+assembly code now when a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly code now when a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly code now when a compiler
+compiles a program it does so through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles a program it does so through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles a program it does so through a
+sequence of stages which are illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of stages which are illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of stages which are illustrated
+on this slide starting from the C code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide starting from the C code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide starting from the C code
+at first pre processes that code dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first pre processes that code dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first pre processes that code dealing
+with all the macros and that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the macros and that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the macros and that produces
+pre-process source then the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process source then the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process source then the compiler
+will translate that source code into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will translate that source code into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will translate that source code into an
+intermediate representation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate representation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate representation for the
+client Copiah that you're using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client Copiah that you're using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client Copiah that you're using that
+intermediate representation is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate representation is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate representation is called
+LLVM ir LLVM being the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM ir LLVM being the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM ir LLVM being the name of the
+underlying compiler and i are being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying compiler and i are being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying compiler and i are being the
+creative name for the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative name for the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative name for the intermediate
+representation that l vm ir is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that l vm ir is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that l vm ir is really a
+sort of pseudo assembly it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pseudo assembly it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pseudo assembly it's kind of
+like assembly but as we'll see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assembly but as we'll see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like assembly but as we'll see that's
+actually it's actually a lot simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually a lot simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually a lot simpler
+than x86 64 assembly and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x86 64 assembly and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x86 64 assembly and that's why
+we'll use it to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it to understand this
+translation process now it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation process now it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation process now it turns out
+that the compiler does a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the compiler does a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the compiler does a whole lot of
+work on that intermediate representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that intermediate representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on that intermediate representation
+we're not going to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to worry about that
+today we'll just skip to the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll just skip to the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll just skip to the end of this
+pipeline when the compiler translates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline when the compiler translates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline when the compiler translates
+LLVM ir ultimately into assembly code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM ir ultimately into assembly code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM ir ultimately into assembly code
+now the nice thing about taking a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the nice thing about taking a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the nice thing about taking a look
+at the LVM IR is that if you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the LVM IR is that if you're curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the LVM IR is that if you're curious
+you can actually follow along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually follow along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually follow along with the
+compiler it is possible to ask clang to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler it is possible to ask clang to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler it is possible to ask clang to
+compile your code and give you the LLVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile your code and give you the LLVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compile your code and give you the LLVM
+ir rather than the assembly and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir rather than the assembly and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir rather than the assembly and the
+flags to do that are somewhat familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags to do that are somewhat familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags to do that are somewhat familiar
+rather than passing the - s flag which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than passing the - s flag which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than passing the - s flag which
+hopefully you've already seen that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've already seen that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've already seen that will
+translate C code directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate C code directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate C code directly
+to assembly if you pass - yes - Amit LVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assembly if you pass - yes - Amit LVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assembly if you pass - yes - Amit LVM
+that will produce the LV Mir you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will produce the LV Mir you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will produce the LV Mir you can
+also ask clang to translate LLB Mir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ask clang to translate LLB Mir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ask clang to translate LLB Mir
+itself directly into assembly code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself directly into assembly code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself directly into assembly code and
+that process is pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process is pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process is pretty straightforward
+you just use the - s flag once again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use the - s flag once again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use the - s flag once again so
+this is the outline of today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the outline of today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the outline of today's lecture
+first we're gonna start with a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're gonna start with a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're gonna start with a simple
+primer on LLVM ir i know that l vm ir it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer on LLVM ir i know that l vm ir it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer on LLVM ir i know that l vm ir it
+sounds like another language oh gosh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like another language oh gosh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like another language oh gosh we
+have to learn another language but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn another language but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn another language but don't
+worry this primer I would say is simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry this primer I would say is simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry this primer I would say is simpler
+than the x86 64 primer based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the x86 64 primer based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the x86 64 primer based on the
+slides for x86 64 that primer was 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides for x86 64 that primer was 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides for x86 64 that primer was 20
+some slides long this primer is 6 slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides long this primer is 6 slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slides long this primer is 6 slides
+so maybe a little bit little over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe a little bit little over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe a little bit little over a
+quarter then we'll take a look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter then we'll take a look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter then we'll take a look at how
+the various constructs in the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various constructs in the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various constructs in the C
+programming language get translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language get translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language get translated into
+ellaby mi are including straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellaby mi are including straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellaby mi are including straight line
+code c functions conditionals in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code c functions conditionals in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code c functions conditionals in other
+words if then else loops and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if then else loops and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if then else loops and will
+conclude that section with just a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that section with just a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that section with just a brief
+mention of LVM are attributes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention of LVM are attributes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention of LVM are attributes and
+finally we'll take a look at how LLVM ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we'll take a look at how LLVM ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we'll take a look at how LLVM ir
+gets translated into assembly and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets translated into assembly and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets translated into assembly and for
+that we'll have to focus on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll have to focus on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll have to focus on what's
+called the Linux x86 64 calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Linux x86 64 calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Linux x86 64 calling
+convention and we'll conclude with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and we'll conclude with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and we'll conclude with a
+case study where we see how all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study where we see how all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study where we see how all this
+whole process works on a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process works on a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process works on a very simple
+code to compute Fibonacci numbers any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to compute Fibonacci numbers any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to compute Fibonacci numbers any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's get started
+brief primer on LVM ir so I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief primer on LVM ir so I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief primer on LVM ir so I've shown
+this in smaller font on some previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in smaller font on some previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in smaller font on some previous
+slides but here is a snippet of Olivia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides but here is a snippet of Olivia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides but here is a snippet of Olivia
+Meyer code in particular this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer code in particular this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer code in particular this is one
+function within an LLVM ir file and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function within an LLVM ir file and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function within an LLVM ir file and just
+from looking at this code we can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at this code we can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at this code we can see a
+couple of the basic components of LLVM I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the basic components of LLVM I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the basic components of LLVM I
+are in LOV Mir we have functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in LOV Mir we have functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in LOV Mir we have functions
+that's how code is organized into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how code is organized into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how code is organized into these
+chunks chunks called functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks chunks called functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks chunks called functions and
+within each function the operations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each function the operations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each function the operations of
+the function are encoded within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function are encoded within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function are encoded within
+instructions and each instruction shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and each instruction shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and each instruction shows
+up and at least on this slide on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and at least on this slide on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and at least on this slide on a
+separate line those functions operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate line those functions operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate line those functions operate on
+what are called LLVM IR registers these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called LLVM IR registers these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called LLVM IR registers these
+are kind of like the variables and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of like the variables and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of like the variables and each
+of those variables has some Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those variables has some Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those variables has some Associated
+type so the types are actually explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so the types are actually explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so the types are actually explicit
+within the IR and we'll take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the IR and we'll take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the IR and we'll take a look at
+the types in more detail in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types in more detail in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types in more detail in a couple of
+slides so based on that so based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so based on that so based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so based on that so based on that
+high-level overview we actually see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview we actually see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level overview we actually see a
+couple we can do a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple we can do a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple we can do a little bit of a
+comparison between LLVM IR and assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between LLVM IR and assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between LLVM IR and assembly
+language the first thing that we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the first thing that we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the first thing that we see is
+that it looks kind of similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks kind of similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks kind of similar to
+assembly right it still has a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly right it still has a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly right it still has a simple
+instruction format there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction format there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction format there's some
+destination operand which we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination operand which we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination operand which we were
+calling a register and then there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a register and then there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling a register and then there's an
+equal sign and then an opcode be it add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign and then an opcode be it add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sign and then an opcode be it add
+or call or what have you and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or call or what have you and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or call or what have you and then some
+list of source operands that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of source operands that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of source operands that's roughly
+what each instruction looks like we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each instruction looks like we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each instruction looks like we can
+also see that the LVM our code adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that the LVM our code adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that the LVM our code adopt
+it'll turn out rather that the LLVM IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out rather that the LLVM IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out rather that the LLVM IR
+code adopts a similar structure to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code adopts a similar structure to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code adopts a similar structure to the
+assembly code itself and control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly code itself and control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly code itself and control flow
+once again is implemented using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again is implemented using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again is implemented using
+conditional branches as well as on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches as well as on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches as well as on
+conditional branches but one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches but one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches but one thing that
+we'll notice is that LVM ir is simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll notice is that LVM ir is simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll notice is that LVM ir is simpler
+than assembly it has a much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than assembly it has a much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than assembly it has a much smaller
+instruction sets and unlike assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets and unlike assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction sets and unlike assembly
+language LVM are supports an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language LVM are supports an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language LVM are supports an infinite
+number of registers if you can name it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of registers if you can name it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of registers if you can name it
+it's a register so in that sense lVN's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a register so in that sense lVN's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a register so in that sense lVN's
+notion of registers is a lot closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of registers is a lot closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of registers is a lot closer to
+C's notion of variables and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's notion of variables and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's notion of variables and when you
+read lv Mir and you see those registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read lv Mir and you see those registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read lv Mir and you see those registers
+you should just think about see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just think about see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just think about see
+variables there's nothing there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's nothing there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's nothing there's no
+implicit are flags register there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit are flags register there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit are flags register there are no
+implicit condition codes going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit condition codes going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit condition codes going on
+everything is pretty explicit in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is pretty explicit in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is pretty explicit in terms
+of the LLVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the LLVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the LLVM
+there's no explicit stack pointer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no explicit stack pointer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no explicit stack pointer or
+frame pointer there's a type system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer there's a type system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer there's a type system
+that's explicit in the IR itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explicit in the IR itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explicit in the IR itself and
+it's see like in nature and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's see like in nature and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's see like in nature and there are
+see like functions for organizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like functions for organizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like functions for organizing the
+code overall so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code overall so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code overall so let's take a look at
+each of these components starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these components starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these components starting with
+LLVM i/o registers this is basically LVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM i/o registers this is basically LVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM i/o registers this is basically LVM
+x' name for a variable all the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x' name for a variable all the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x' name for a variable all the data and
+LVM is stored in these variables which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LVM is stored in these variables which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LVM is stored in these variables which
+are called registers and the syntax is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called registers and the syntax is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called registers and the syntax is a
+percent symbol followed by a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent symbol followed by a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent symbol followed by a name
+so present 0% 1% to that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so present 0% 1% to that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so present 0% 1% to that sort of thing
+and as I mentioned before LVM registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned before LVM registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned before LVM registers
+are a lot like sea variables algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot like sea variables algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot like sea variables algorithm
+supports an infinite number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports an infinite number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports an infinite number of these
+things and each distinct register is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and each distinct register is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and each distinct register is
+just distinguished by its name so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just distinguished by its name so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just distinguished by its name so
+percent zero is different from percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent zero is different from percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent zero is different from percent
+one because they have different names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because they have different names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because they have different names
+register names are also local to each LV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register names are also local to each LV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register names are also local to each LV
+Mir function and in this regard they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mir function and in this regard they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mir function and in this regard they're
+also similar to C variables if you wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also similar to C variables if you wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also similar to C variables if you wrote
+a C program with two functions a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C program with two functions a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a C program with two functions a and B
+and each function had a local variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each function had a local variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each function had a local variable
+Apple those are two different apples the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple those are two different apples the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple those are two different apples the
+Apple an a is not the same thing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple an a is not the same thing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple an a is not the same thing as the
+Apple and B similarly if you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple and B similarly if you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple and B similarly if you had two
+different LV Mir functions and they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different LV Mir functions and they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different LV Mir functions and they both
+described some register v those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described some register v those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described some register v those are two
+different variables they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables they're not
+automatically aliased so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically aliased so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically aliased so here's an
+example of um IRS snippet and what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of um IRS snippet and what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of um IRS snippet and what we've
+done here is just highlighted all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is just highlighted all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is just highlighted all of the
+registers some of them are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers some of them are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers some of them are being
+assigned because they're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned because they're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned because they're on the
+left-hand side of an equal symbol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side of an equal symbol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side of an equal symbol and
+some of them are being used as arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are being used as arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are being used as arguments
+when they show up on the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they show up on the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they show up on the right-hand side
+there is one catch which we'll see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one catch which we'll see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one catch which we'll see later
+on namely that the syntax for LVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on namely that the syntax for LVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on namely that the syntax for LVM
+registers ends up being hijacked when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers ends up being hijacked when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers ends up being hijacked when we
+when LLVM needs to refer to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when LLVM needs to refer to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when LLVM needs to refer to different
+basic blocks we haven't defined basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks we haven't defined basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks we haven't defined basic
+blocks yet we'll see what that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks yet we'll see what that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks yet we'll see what that's all
+about injustice just a couple slides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about injustice just a couple slides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about injustice just a couple slides are
+going good so far all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so LVM i our code is organized into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LVM i our code is organized into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so LVM i our code is organized into
+instructions and the syntax for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and the syntax for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and the syntax for these
+instructions is pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions is pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions is pretty straightforward
+we have a register name on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a register name on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a register name on the left hand
+side then an equal symbol and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then an equal symbol and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then an equal symbol and then an
+opcode followed by an operand list for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode followed by an operand list for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode followed by an operand list for
+example the highlighted instruction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the highlighted instruction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the highlighted instruction the
+top highlighted instruction has register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top highlighted instruction has register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top highlighted instruction has register
+sticks equal to add of some arguments I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks equal to add of some arguments I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks equal to add of some arguments I
+will see a little bit more about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a little bit more about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see a little bit more about those
+arguments later that's the syntax for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments later that's the syntax for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments later that's the syntax for
+when an instruction actually returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an instruction actually returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an instruction actually returns
+some value so addition returns there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value so addition returns there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value so addition returns there was
+the sum of the two operands other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the two operands other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the two operands other
+instructions don't return a value per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions don't return a value per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions don't return a value per se
+not a value that you'd store in a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a value that you'd store in a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a value that you'd store in a local
+register and so the syntax for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and so the syntax for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and so the syntax for those
+instructions is just an opcode followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions is just an opcode followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions is just an opcode followed
+by a list of operands ironically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a list of operands ironically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a list of operands ironically the
+return function that you'd find at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return function that you'd find at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return function that you'd find at the
+end of a the return instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a the return instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a the return instruction that
+you'd find at the end of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find at the end of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find at the end of a function
+doesn't assign a particular register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't assign a particular register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't assign a particular register
+value and of course the operands can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and of course the operands can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and of course the operands can be
+either registers or constants or as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either registers or constants or as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either registers or constants or as well
+see you later on and they can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you later on and they can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you later on and they can identify
+basic blocks within the within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks within the within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks within the within the
+function the LV Mir instruction set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the LV Mir instruction set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the LV Mir instruction set is
+smaller than that of x86 x86 contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that of x86 x86 contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that of x86 x86 contains
+hundreds of instructions when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of instructions when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of instructions when you start
+counting up all the vector instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting up all the vector instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting up all the vector instructions
+and llv Mir is far more modest in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and llv Mir is far more modest in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and llv Mir is far more modest in that
+regard there are some instructions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard there are some instructions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard there are some instructions for
+data movements including stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data movements including stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data movements including stack
+allocation reading memory writing memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation reading memory writing memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation reading memory writing memory
+converting between types or doing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting between types or doing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting between types or doing well
+yeah that's pretty much it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's pretty much it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's pretty much it there are
+some instructions for doing arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instructions for doing arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instructions for doing arithmetic
+or logic including integer arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or logic including integer arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or logic including integer arithmetic
+floating-point arithmetic boolean logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point arithmetic boolean logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating-point arithmetic boolean logic
+binary logic or address calculations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary logic or address calculations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary logic or address calculations and
+then there are a couple of instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are a couple of instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are a couple of instructions
+to do control flow there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do control flow there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do control flow there are
+unconditional branches or jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional branches or jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional branches or jumps
+conditional branches or jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches or jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches or jumps
+subroutines that's call or return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutines that's call or return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutines that's call or return and
+then there's this magical fee function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this magical fee function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's this magical fee function
+which we'll see more of and if later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll see more of and if later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll see more of and if later on
+this slide in these slides finally as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide in these slides finally as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide in these slides finally as I
+mentioned for everything in LV Mir is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned for everything in LV Mir is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned for everything in LV Mir is
+exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed
+types it's a strongly typed language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types it's a strongly typed language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types it's a strongly typed language in
+that sense and the type system looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense and the type system looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense and the type system looks
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+for integers whenever there's a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integers whenever there's a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for integers whenever there's a variable
+of an integer type you'll see an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an integer type you'll see an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an integer type you'll see an eye
+followed by some number a number defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by some number a number defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by some number a number defines
+the number of bits in that integer so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bits in that integer so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bits in that integer so if
+you see a variable of type I 64 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a variable of type I 64 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a variable of type I 64 that
+means it's a 64-bit integer if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a 64-bit integer if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a 64-bit integer if you see a
+variable of type I 1 that would be a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of type I 1 that would be a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of type I 1 that would be a 1
+bit integer or in other words a boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit integer or in other words a boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit integer or in other words a boolean
+value there are also floating-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there are also floating-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there are also floating-point
+types such as double and float there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types such as double and float there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types such as double and float there are
+pointer types when you follow it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer types when you follow it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer types when you follow it with
+follow an integer or floating-point type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow an integer or floating-point type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow an integer or floating-point type
+with a star much like in C you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a star much like in C you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a star much like in C you can have
+a raise and that uses a bracket notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a raise and that uses a bracket notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a raise and that uses a bracket notation
+square bracket notation where within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket notation where within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket notation where within the
+square brackets you'll have some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets you'll have some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets you'll have some number
+and then times and then some other type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times and then some other type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times and then some other type
+maybe it's a primitive type like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a primitive type like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a primitive type like an
+integer or floating-point maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or floating-point maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer or floating-point maybe it's
+something more complicated you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complicated you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more complicated you can have
+structs with an LV miR and that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structs with an LV miR and that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structs with an LV miR and that uses
+squiggly brackets with types and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly brackets with types and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly brackets with types and new
+breeding on the inside you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding on the inside you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding on the inside you can have
+vector types which uses angle brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector types which uses angle brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector types which uses angle brackets
+and otherwise adopts a similar syntax to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise adopts a similar syntax to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise adopts a similar syntax to
+the array type finally you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array type finally you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array type finally you can you can
+occasionally see a variable which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally see a variable which looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally see a variable which looks
+like an ordinary register except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an ordinary register except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an ordinary register except that
+it's type is label and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's type is label and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's type is label and that actually
+refers to a basic block those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to a basic block those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to a basic block those are the
+basic components of LV miR any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic components of LV miR any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic components of LV miR any questions
+so far everything clear everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far everything clear everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far everything clear everything
+unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that should be unclear and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be unclear and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be unclear and we'll talk
+about it yeah is a vector notation used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it yeah is a vector notation used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it yeah is a vector notation used
+for the vector registers in a sense yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the vector registers in a sense yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the vector registers in a sense yes
+the vector operations within LLVM don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector operations within LLVM don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector operations within LLVM don't
+look like sse or AVX per se there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like sse or AVX per se there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like sse or AVX per se there they
+look more like ordinary operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like ordinary operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more like ordinary operations
+except those ordinary operations work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except those ordinary operations work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except those ordinary operations work on
+a vector type so that's how the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector type so that's how the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector type so that's how the vector
+operations show up in LV Mir that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations show up in LV Mir that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations show up in LV Mir that make
+some sense cool anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the whole Primmer that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the whole Primmer that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the whole Primmer that's a
+that's pretty much all of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much all of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much all of the language
+that you're going to need to know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to need to know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to need to know at
+least for this slide deck we'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for this slide deck we'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for this slide deck we'll cover
+some of the details as we go long let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the details as we go long let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the details as we go long let's
+start translating C code into LLVM ir so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start translating C code into LLVM ir so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start translating C code into LLVM ir so
+good all right let's start with pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right let's start with pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good all right let's start with pretty
+much the simplest thing we can straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the simplest thing we can straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the simplest thing we can straight
+line C code what do I mean by straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line C code what do I mean by straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line C code what do I mean by straight
+line C code I mean that this is a blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line C code I mean that this is a blob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line C code I mean that this is a blob
+of C code that contains no conditionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C code that contains no conditionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C code that contains no conditionals
+or loops so it's just a whole sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or loops so it's just a whole sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or loops so it's just a whole sequence
+of operations and that sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations and that sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations and that sequence of
+operations in C code turns into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in C code turns into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in C code turns into a
+sequence of operations in LLVM ir so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of operations in LLVM ir so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of operations in LLVM ir so in
+this example here we have foo of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example here we have foo of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example here we have foo of n minus
+1 plus bar of n minus 2 that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus bar of n minus 2 that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus bar of n minus 2 that is a
+sequence of operations and it turns into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of operations and it turns into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of operations and it turns into
+the LLVM ir on the right we can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LLVM ir on the right we can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LLVM ir on the right we can see how
+that happens there are a couple of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens there are a couple of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens there are a couple of rules
+of thumb when reading straight line C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb when reading straight line C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb when reading straight line C
+code and interpreting it and in the ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and interpreting it and in the ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and interpreting it and in the ir
+arguments to any operation are evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to any operation are evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments to any operation are evaluated
+before the operation itself so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the operation itself so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the operation itself so what do I
+mean by that well in this case we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that well in this case we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that well in this case we need
+to evaluate n minus 1 before we pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate n minus 1 before we pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate n minus 1 before we pass the
+results to foo and what we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to foo and what we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to foo and what we see in the
+LLVM ir is that we have an addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM ir is that we have an addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLVM ir is that we have an addition
+operation that computes n minus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that computes n minus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that computes n minus 1 and
+then the result of that stored in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result of that stored in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result of that stored in to
+register for gets passed to the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for gets passed to the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for gets passed to the call
+instruction on the next line which calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction on the next line which calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction on the next line which calls
+out to function foo sound good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly we need to evaluate at minus-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we need to evaluate at minus-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we need to evaluate at minus-2
+before passing its results to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before passing its results to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before passing its results to the
+function bar and we see that sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function bar and we see that sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function bar and we see that sequence of
+instructions showing up next in the LLVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions showing up next in the LLVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions showing up next in the LLVM
+ir and now we actually need the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir and now we actually need the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ir and now we actually need the return
+Val yeah question NSW that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val yeah question NSW that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val yeah question NSW that is a
+essentially that it's an attribute which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that it's an attribute which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that it's an attribute which
+we'll talk about later these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later these are things
+that decorate the instructions as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decorate the instructions as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decorate the instructions as well
+as the types within LVM basically as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the types within LVM basically as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the types within LVM basically as the
+compiler figure stuff out so it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler figure stuff out so it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler figure stuff out so it helps
+the compiler along with analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler along with analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler along with analysis and
+optimization good so for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization good so for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization good so for the last
+operation here we had to evaluate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation here we had to evaluate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation here we had to evaluate both
+foo and bar and get their return their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo and bar and get their return their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foo and bar and get their return their
+return values before we could add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return values before we could add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return values before we could add them
+together and so the very last operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so the very last operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so the very last operation
+in this sequence is the addition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence is the addition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence is the addition that
+just takes those return values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes those return values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes those return values and
+computes their sum now all of that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes their sum now all of that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes their sum now all of that use
+primitive types in particular integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive types in particular integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive types in particular integers
+but it's possible that your code uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's possible that your code uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's possible that your code uses
+aggregate types by aggregate types I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate types by aggregate types I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate types by aggregate types I
+mean arrays or structs that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean arrays or structs that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean arrays or structs that sort of
+thing and aggregate types are harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and aggregate types are harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and aggregate types are harder to
+store within registers typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store within registers typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store within registers typically
+speaking and so they're typically stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and so they're typically stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and so they're typically stored
+within memory as a result if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within memory as a result if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within memory as a result if you want to
+access something within an aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access something within an aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access something within an aggregate
+type if you want to read some elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type if you want to read some elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type if you want to read some elements
+out of an array that involves performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an array that involves performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of an array that involves performing
+a memory access or more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory access or more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory access or more precisely
+computing some address into memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing some address into memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing some address into memory and
+then loading or storing that address so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then loading or storing that address so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then loading or storing that address so
+here for example we have an array a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example we have an array a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example we have an array a of
+seven integers and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven integers and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven integers and then we're going to
+access a sub X in LLVM IR that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a sub X in LLVM IR that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a sub X in LLVM IR that turns
+into two instructions this get element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two instructions this get element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two instructions this get element
+pointer instruction followed by a load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer instruction followed by a load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer instruction followed by a load
+and in the get element pointer case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the get element pointer case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the get element pointer case this
+computes an address into memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes an address into memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes an address into memory and
+stores the result of that address into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the result of that address into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores the result of that address into a
+register in this case register five the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register in this case register five the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register in this case register five the
+next instruction the load takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction the load takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction the load takes the
+address stored in register five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address stored in register five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address stored in register five and
+simply loads that particular memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply loads that particular memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply loads that particular memory
+address storing the result into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address storing the result into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address storing the result into
+another register in this case six pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another register in this case six pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another register in this case six pretty
+simple when reading the get element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple when reading the get element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple when reading the get element
+pointer instruction the basic syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer instruction the basic syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer instruction the basic syntax
+involves a pointer into memory followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a pointer into memory followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a pointer into memory followed
+by a sequence of indices and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a sequence of indices and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a sequence of indices and all that
+ghetto and pointer really does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghetto and pointer really does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghetto and pointer really does is it
+computes an address by taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes an address by taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes an address by taking that
+pointer and then adding on that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and then adding on that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and then adding on that sequence
+of indices so in this case we have a get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indices so in this case we have a get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indices so in this case we have a get
+element pointer instruction which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element pointer instruction which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element pointer instruction which takes
+the address in register two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address in register two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address in register two and then
+adds on to it yeah that's a pointer into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds on to it yeah that's a pointer into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds on to it yeah that's a pointer into
+memory and then it adds onto a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and then it adds onto a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and then it adds onto a two
+indices one is the literal value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices one is the literal value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices one is the literal value zero
+and the other is the value stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is the value stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is the value stored in
+register for that just computes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for that just computes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for that just computes the
+address starting at two plus zero plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address starting at two plus zero plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address starting at two plus zero plus
+whatever was in register four so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was in register four so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was in register four so that's
+all for straight line code good so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feel free to interrupt if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to interrupt if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to interrupt if you have
+questions cool functions let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions cool functions let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions cool functions let's talk
+about C functions so when there's a C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about C functions so when there's a C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about C functions so when there's a C
+function when there's a function in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when there's a function in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function when there's a function in your
+C code generally speaking you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C code generally speaking you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C code generally speaking you'll have a
+function within the LVM code as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function within the LVM code as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function within the LVM code as well and
+similarly when there's a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when there's a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when there's a return
+statement in the C code you'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the C code you'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the C code you'll end up
+with a return statement in the LV Mir so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a return statement in the LV Mir so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a return statement in the LV Mir so
+here we have just the bare-bones C code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have just the bare-bones C code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have just the bare-bones C code
+for this fib routine that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this fib routine that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this fib routine that corresponds to
+this fib call with it or not fib call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fib call with it or not fib call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fib call with it or not fib call
+this fib function with in LV Mir and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fib function with in LV Mir and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fib function with in LV Mir and the
+function declaration itself looks pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function declaration itself looks pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function declaration itself looks pretty
+similar to what you would get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you would get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what you would get in
+ordinary see the return statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary see the return statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary see the return statement is
+also similar it may take an argument if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also similar it may take an argument if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also similar it may take an argument if
+you're returning some value to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're returning some value to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're returning some value to the
+caller in this case for the fib routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller in this case for the fib routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller in this case for the fib routine
+we're going to return a 64-bit integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return a 64-bit integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return a 64-bit integer
+and so we see that this return statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see that this return statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we see that this return statement
+returns the 64-bit integer stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the 64-bit integer stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns the 64-bit integer stored in
+register 0 a lot like in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions cannot parameters and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions cannot parameters and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions cannot parameters and when you
+have a C function with a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a C function with a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a C function with a list of
+parameters basically in LV Mir you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters basically in LV Mir you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters basically in LV Mir you're
+gonna end up with a similar-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with a similar-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna end up with a similar-looking
+function with the exact same list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the exact same list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with the exact same list of
+parameters just translate it into LV Mir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters just translate it into LV Mir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters just translate it into LV Mir
+so here we have this C code for the mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have this C code for the mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have this C code for the mm
+base routine and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base routine and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base routine and we have the
+corresponding LV Mir for an mm based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding LV Mir for an mm based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding LV Mir for an mm based
+function and what we see is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what we see is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what we see is we have a
+pointer to a double as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a double as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to a double as the first
+parameter followed by a 32-bit integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter followed by a 32-bit integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter followed by a 32-bit integer
+followed by another pointer to a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another pointer to a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another pointer to a double
+followed by another 32-bit integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another 32-bit integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another 32-bit integer
+follow my another pointer to a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow my another pointer to a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow my another pointer to a double
+and another 32-bit nature and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another 32-bit nature and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another 32-bit nature and another
+32-bit integer one implicit thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit integer one implicit thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit integer one implicit thing with
+an LP Mir if you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LP Mir if you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LP Mir if you're looking at a
+function declaration or definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function declaration or definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function declaration or definition the
+parameters are automatically named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are automatically named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are automatically named
+present zero percent one percent two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present zero percent one percent two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present zero percent one percent two so
+on and so forth there's one unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth there's one unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth there's one unfortunate
+thing about LVM ir the registers are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about LVM ir the registers are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about LVM ir the registers are a
+lot like c functions but unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like c functions but unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like c functions but unfortunately
+that implies that when you're reading LV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that when you're reading LV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that when you're reading LV
+Mir it's a lot like reading the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mir it's a lot like reading the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mir it's a lot like reading the code
+from your teammate who always insists on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your teammate who always insists on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your teammate who always insists on
+naming things with nondescript single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming things with nondescript single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming things with nondescript single
+letter variable names also that teammate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter variable names also that teammate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter variable names also that teammate
+doesn't comment is code or her code or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't comment is code or her code or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't comment is code or her code or
+their code yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their code yeah okay
+so basic blocks when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic blocks when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basic blocks when you look at the
+code within a function that code gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code within a function that code gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code within a function that code gets
+partitioned into chunks which are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into chunks which are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned into chunks which are called
+basic blocks a basic block has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks a basic block has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks a basic block has a
+property that's a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's a sequence of
+instructions in other words it's a blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in other words it's a blob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in other words it's a blob
+of straight line code where control can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straight line code where control can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straight line code where control can
+only enter from the first instruction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only enter from the first instruction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only enter from the first instruction in
+that block and it can only leave from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block and it can only leave from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block and it can only leave from
+the last instruction in that block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last instruction in that block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last instruction in that block so
+here we have the C code for this routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the C code for this routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the C code for this routine
+fib dot C we're gonna see a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib dot C we're gonna see a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib dot C we're gonna see a lot of this
+routine v dot C by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine v dot C by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine v dot C by the way
+and we have the corresponding LV Mir and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the corresponding LV Mir and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the corresponding LV Mir and
+what we have in the C code what the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have in the C code what the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have in the C code what the C
+code is telling us is that if n is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is telling us is that if n is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is telling us is that if n is less
+than 2 you want to do one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 you want to do one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 you want to do one thing
+otherwise you want to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you want to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you want to do some
+complicated computation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated computation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated computation and then
+return that result and if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that result and if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that result and if we think about
+that we've got this branch in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got this branch in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got this branch in our
+control flow and we'll end up with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow and we'll end up with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow and we'll end up with our
+three different blocks within the LV Mir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different blocks within the LV Mir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different blocks within the LV Mir
+so we end up with one block which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with one block which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with one block which
+figures out which does the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out which does the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out which does the computation
+is and less than two and then we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and less than two and then we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and less than two and then we end up
+with an up with another block that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an up with another block that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an up with another block that says
+well in one case just go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in one case just go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in one case just go ahead and
+return something in this case the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return something in this case the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return something in this case the input
+to the function in the other case do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function in the other case do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function in the other case do
+some complicated calculations some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complicated calculations some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some complicated calculations some
+straight line code and then return that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line code and then return that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line code and then return that
+result now when we have when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now when we have when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now when we have when we
+partition the the code of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the the code of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the the code of a function
+into these basic blocks we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these basic blocks we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these basic blocks we actually have
+connections between the basic blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the basic blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the basic blocks
+based on how control can move between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how control can move between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how control can move between
+the basic blocks these control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic blocks these control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic blocks these control flow
+instructions in particular the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in particular the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in particular the branch
+instructions as we'll see induce edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions as we'll see induce edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions as we'll see induce edges
+among these basic blocks whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these basic blocks whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these basic blocks whenever
+there's a branch instruction that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a branch instruction that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a branch instruction that can
+specify that control can leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that control can leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify that control can leave this
+basic block and go to that other basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block and go to that other basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block and go to that other basic
+block or that other basic block or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block or that other basic block or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block or that other basic block or may
+be one or the other depending on how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one or the other depending on how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one or the other depending on how the
+result of some computation unfolded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of some computation unfolded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of some computation unfolded and
+so for the for the fib function that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the for the fib function that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the for the fib function that we
+saw before we had those three basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before we had those three basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before we had those three basic
+blocks and based on whether or not n was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and based on whether or not n was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and based on whether or not n was
+less than two either we would execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two either we would execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than two either we would execute
+the simple return statement or we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple return statement or we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple return statement or we would
+execute the blob a straight line code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the blob a straight line code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the blob a straight line code
+shown on the left so those are basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the left so those are basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the left so those are basic
+blocks and functions everyone's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and functions everyone's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and functions everyone's still
+good so far any questions clear as mud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's talk about conditionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about conditionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about conditionals
+we've already seen one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen one of these
+conditionals that's given rise to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals that's given rise to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditionals that's given rise to these
+basic blocks and these control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks and these control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks and these control flow
+edges so let's let's tease that apart a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so let's let's tease that apart a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so let's let's tease that apart a
+little bit further when we have a see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further when we have a see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further when we have a see
+conditional in other words an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional in other words an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional in other words an
+if-then-else statement or a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if-then-else statement or a switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if-then-else statement or a switch
+statement for that matter that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for that matter that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for that matter that gets
+translated into a conditional branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into a conditional branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into a conditional branch
+instruction or B are in the LLVM ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction or B are in the LLVM ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction or B are in the LLVM ir
+representation so we saw before is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we saw before is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we saw before is that
+we had this if and lesson and less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this if and lesson and less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this if and lesson and less than
+two and this basic block with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this basic block with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this basic block with two
+outgoing edges if we take a really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges if we take a really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges if we take a really close
+look at that first at that first basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that first at that first basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that first at that first basic
+block we can tease it apart and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block we can tease it apart and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block we can tease it apart and see what
+each what each operation does so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each what each operation does so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each what each operation does so first
+in order to do this conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this conditional
+operation we need to compute whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we need to compute whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation we need to compute whether or
+not n is less than two we need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not n is less than two we need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not n is less than two we need to do a
+comparison between N and the literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between N and the literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between N and the literal
+value two and that comparison operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value two and that comparison operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value two and that comparison operation
+turns into an eye comp instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into an eye comp instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into an eye comp instruction
+within the LLVM ir and integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the LLVM ir and integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the LLVM ir and integer
+comparison in the lv m ir the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison in the lv m ir the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison in the lv m ir the result of
+that comparison then gets passed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comparison then gets passed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comparison then gets passed to a
+conditional branch as one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch as one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch as one of its
+arguments and the conditional branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and the conditional branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and the conditional branch
+specifies a couple other a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies a couple other a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies a couple other a couple of
+things beyond that one argument in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things beyond that one argument in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things beyond that one argument in
+particular that conditional branch takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that conditional branch takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that conditional branch takes
+that one bit integer that boolean result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one bit integer that boolean result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one bit integer that boolean result
+as well as labels of two different basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as labels of two different basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as labels of two different basic
+blocks so that boolean value is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so that boolean value is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks so that boolean value is called
+the predicate and that's in this case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicate and that's in this case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicate and that's in this case a
+result of that comparison from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that comparison from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that comparison from before
+and then the two basic blocks say where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the two basic blocks say where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the two basic blocks say where
+to go if the predicate is true or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go if the predicate is true or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go if the predicate is true or where
+to go if the predicate is false the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go if the predicate is false the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go if the predicate is false the
+first label is the destination when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first label is the destination when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first label is the destination when it's
+true second label destination when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true second label destination when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true second label destination when it's
+false pretty straightforward and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false pretty straightforward and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false pretty straightforward and if we
+decide to map this onto our control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to map this onto our control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to map this onto our control flow
+graph which we were looking at before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which we were looking at before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph which we were looking at before we
+can identify the two branches coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify the two branches coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify the two branches coming out
+of our first basic block as either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our first basic block as either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our first basic block as either the
+true branch or the false branch based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true branch or the false branch based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true branch or the false branch based on
+whether or not you follow that edge when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you follow that edge when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you follow that edge when
+the predicate is true or you follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicate is true or you follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicate is true or you follow it
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+false it's not good this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's not good this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's not good this should be
+straightforward let me know if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward let me know if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward let me know if it's not
+let me know if if it's confusing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know if if it's confusing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know if if it's confusing now
+it's also possible that you can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also possible that you can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also possible that you can have an
+unconditional branch in LLVM ir you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional branch in LLVM ir you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional branch in LLVM ir you can
+just have a branch instruction with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a branch instruction with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a branch instruction with one
+operand and that one operand specifies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand and that one operand specifies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operand and that one operand specifies a
+basic block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block
+there's no predicate there's no true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no predicate there's no true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no predicate there's no true or
+false it's just the one basic block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's just the one basic block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false it's just the one basic block and
+what that what that instruction says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what that instruction says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what that instruction says is
+when you get here now go to that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get here now go to that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get here now go to that other
+basic block this might seem kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block this might seem kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block this might seem kind of
+silly right why would we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly right why would we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly right why would we just need to
+jump to another basic block with why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to another basic block with why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to another basic block with why not
+just merge this code with the code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just merge this code with the code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just merge this code with the code of
+the subsequent basic block any thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct other things might go to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct other things might go to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct other things might go to that
+basic block and in general when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block and in general when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block and in general when we look
+at the the structure that we get for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the structure that we get for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the structure that we get for any
+particular conditional and see we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular conditional and see we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular conditional and see we end up
+with this sort of diamond shape and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of diamond shape and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of diamond shape and in
+order to implement that diamond shape we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to implement that diamond shape we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to implement that diamond shape we
+need these unconditional branches so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these unconditional branches so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these unconditional branches so
+there's a good reason for them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good reason for them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good reason for them to be
+around and here we just have an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and here we just have an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and here we just have an example
+of a slightly more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a slightly more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a slightly more complicated
+conditional that that creates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional that that creates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional that that creates this
+diamond shape in our control flow graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond shape in our control flow graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond shape in our control flow graph
+so let's choose this this piece of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's choose this this piece of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's choose this this piece of code
+apart in the first block we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart in the first block we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart in the first block we're going to
+evaluate if some predicate in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate if some predicate in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate if some predicate in this case
+our predicate is X bitwise and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predicate is X bitwise and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predicate is X bitwise and one and
+when we see in the first basic block is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see in the first basic block is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we see in the first basic block is
+that we compute the bitwise and store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we compute the bitwise and store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we compute the bitwise and store
+that results do a comparison between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results do a comparison between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results do a comparison between
+that result and the literal value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result and the literal value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result and the literal value one
+that gives us a boolean a boolean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a boolean a boolean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a boolean a boolean value
+which is store in register three and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is store in register three and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is store in register three and we
+branch conditionally on whether three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch conditionally on whether three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch conditionally on whether three is
+true or false in the case that it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false in the case that it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false in the case that it's true
+we'll branch to block four and in block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll branch to block four and in block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll branch to block four and in block
+four that contains the code for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that contains the code for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that contains the code for the
+consequent the venn Clause of the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequent the venn Clause of the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequent the venn Clause of the if
+then else and in the consequent we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then else and in the consequent we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then else and in the consequent we just
+call function foo and then we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call function foo and then we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call function foo and then we need to
+leave the conditional so we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the conditional so we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the conditional so we'll just
+branch unconditionally the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch unconditionally the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch unconditionally the alternative
+if x + 1 is 0 if it's false then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x + 1 is 0 if it's false then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x + 1 is 0 if it's false then we will
+execute the function bar but then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the function bar but then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the function bar but then also
+need to leave the conditional and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to leave the conditional and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to leave the conditional and so we
+see in block 5 following the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in block 5 following the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in block 5 following the false
+branch that we call bar and we'd just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that we call bar and we'd just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch that we call bar and we'd just
+branch a block 6 and finally in block 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch a block 6 and finally in block 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch a block 6 and finally in block 6
+we return the results so we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return the results so we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return the results so we end up with
+this diamond pattern whenever we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diamond pattern whenever we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diamond pattern whenever we have a
+conditional in general we may delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional in general we may delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional in general we may delete
+certain basic blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain basic blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain basic blocks
+if conditionals are Perdition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if conditionals are Perdition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if conditionals are Perdition and the
+code is particularly simple but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is particularly simple but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is particularly simple but in
+general is going to be this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is going to be this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is going to be this kind of
+diamond looking thing everyone good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond looking thing everyone good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond looking thing everyone good so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one lassie construct loops unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lassie construct loops unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lassie construct loops unfortunately
+this is the most complicated si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most complicated si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most complicated si
+construct when it comes to the LLVM ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct when it comes to the LLVM ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct when it comes to the LLVM ir
+but things haven't been too bad so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things haven't been too bad so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things haven't been too bad so far
+so yeah let's walk into this with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah let's walk into this with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah let's walk into this with some
+confidence so the simple part is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence so the simple part is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence so the simple part is that
+what we'll see is the C code for a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is the C code for a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is the C code for a loop
+translates into LV Mir that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates into LV Mir that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates into LV Mir that in the
+control flow graph representation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow graph representation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow graph representation is a
+loop so loop and C is literally a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so loop and C is literally a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so loop and C is literally a loop
+in this graph representation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph representation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this graph representation which is
+kind of nice but to figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice but to figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice but to figure out what's
+really going on with these loops we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on with these loops we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on with these loops we need
+to tease apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tease apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tease apart
+let's first tease apart the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first tease apart the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first tease apart the components
+of a C loop because we have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a C loop because we have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a C loop because we have a couple
+different pieces in an arbitrary seal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces in an arbitrary seal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces in an arbitrary seal if
+we have a loop body which is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a loop body which is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a loop body which is what's
+executed on each iteration and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed on each iteration and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed on each iteration and then we
+have some loop control which manages all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some loop control which manages all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some loop control which manages all
+the iterations of that loop so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iterations of that loop so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iterations of that loop so in this
+case we have a simple C loop which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have a simple C loop which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have a simple C loop which
+multiplies each element of an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies each element of an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies each element of an input
+vector X by some scalar a and stores our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X by some scalar a and stores our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector X by some scalar a and stores our
+results into y that body gets translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results into y that body gets translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results into y that body gets translated
+into a blob of straight line code I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a blob of straight line code I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a blob of straight line code I
+won't step through all this straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't step through all this straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't step through all this straight
+line code just now there's plenty of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line code just now there's plenty of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line code just now there's plenty of it
+and you'll be able to see the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be able to see the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be able to see the slides
+after this after this lecture but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this after this lecture but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this after this lecture but that
+blob a straight line code corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob a straight line code corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob a straight line code corresponds to
+the loop body and the rest of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop body and the rest of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop body and the rest of the code
+in the LLVM Arsene if it corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the LLVM Arsene if it corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the LLVM Arsene if it corresponds to
+the loop control so we have the assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop control so we have the assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop control so we have the assign
+the initial assignment of the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial assignment of the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial assignment of the induction
+variable the comparison with the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the comparison with the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the comparison with the end of
+the loop and the you know increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop and the you know increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop and the you know increment
+operation at the end all that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation at the end all that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation at the end all that gets
+encoded in this stuff highlighted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in this stuff highlighted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in this stuff highlighted in
+yellow that loop control part now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow that loop control part now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow that loop control part now if we
+take a look at this code there's one odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this code there's one odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this code there's one odd
+piece that we haven't really understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we haven't really understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that we haven't really understood
+yet and it's this fie instruction at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and it's this fie instruction at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and it's this fie instruction at the
+beginning the fie instruction is weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the fie instruction is weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the fie instruction is weird
+and it arises pretty commonly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it arises pretty commonly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it arises pretty commonly when
+you're dealing with loops and it arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with loops and it arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with loops and it arises
+for it basically is there to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it basically is there to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it basically is there to solve a
+problem with LLVM representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with LLVM representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with LLVM representation of the
+code so before we describe the fie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so before we describe the fie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so before we describe the fie
+instruction let's actually take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction let's actually take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction let's actually take a look
+at the problem that this fee instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the problem that this fee instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the problem that this fee instruction
+tries to solve so let's let's first easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to solve so let's let's first easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to solve so let's let's first easy
+part of the tease apart the lupin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the tease apart the lupin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the tease apart the lupin to
+reveal the problem the c loop produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the problem the c loop produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal the problem the c loop produces
+this looping pattern in the control flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looping pattern in the control flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looping pattern in the control flow
+graph literally an edge that goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph literally an edge that goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph literally an edge that goes back
+to the beginning and if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning and if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning and if we look at the
+different basic blocks we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different basic blocks we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different basic blocks we have we have
+one block at the beginning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one block at the beginning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one block at the beginning which
+initializes the induction variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializes the induction variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializes the induction variable and
+sees if there are any iterations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees if there are any iterations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees if there are any iterations of the
+loop that need to be run assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that need to be run assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that need to be run assuming that
+there are some iterations oh if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some iterations oh if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some iterations oh if there
+aren't any iterations and that'll branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any iterations and that'll branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any iterations and that'll branch
+directly to the end of the loop it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the end of the loop it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the end of the loop it'll
+just skip the loop entirely no need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip the loop entirely no need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just skip the loop entirely no need to
+try to execute any of that code and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to execute any of that code and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to execute any of that code and in
+this case it would simply return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it would simply return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it would simply return and
+then inside the loop block we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside the loop block we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inside the loop block we have these
+two incoming edges one from the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two incoming edges one from the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two incoming edges one from the entry
+point of the loop where I has just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the loop where I has just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the loop where I has just been
+set to zero and another where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to zero and another where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to zero and another where we're
+repeating the loop where we've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the loop where we've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating the loop where we've decided
+there's one more iteration to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more iteration to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more iteration to execute
+and we're going to go back from the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to go back from the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to go back from the end
+of the loop to the beginning and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop to the beginning and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop to the beginning and that
+back edge is what creates the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back edge is what creates the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back edge is what creates the loop
+structure in the control flow graph make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the control flow graph make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the control flow graph make
+sense all right at least see one nod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right at least see one nod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right at least see one nod
+over there so that's that's encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we take a look at the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we take a look at the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we take a look at the loop
+control there a couple of components to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control there a couple of components to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control there a couple of components to
+that loop control there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loop control there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loop control there's the
+initialization of the induction variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization of the induction variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization of the induction variable
+there's the condition and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the condition and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the condition and there's the
+increment condition says when do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment condition says when do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment condition says when do you
+exit increments updates the updates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit increments updates the updates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit increments updates the updates and
+value of the induction variable and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the induction variable and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the induction variable and we
+can translate each of these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can translate each of these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can translate each of these components
+from the C code for the loop control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the C code for the loop control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the C code for the loop control
+into the LLVM ir code for that loop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the LLVM ir code for that loop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the LLVM ir code for that loop so
+the increments we would expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increments we would expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increments we would expect to see
+some sort of addition with an addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of addition with an addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of addition with an addition
+where we add one to some register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we add one to some register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we add one to some register
+somewhere and lo and behold there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and lo and behold there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and lo and behold there's an
+ADD operation so we'll call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADD operation so we'll call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADD operation so we'll call that the
+increment for the condition we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment for the condition we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment for the condition we expect
+some comparison operation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comparison operation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comparison operation and the
+conditional branch based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch based on that
+comparison look at that right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison look at that right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison look at that right after the
+increment there's a compare and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment there's a compare and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment there's a compare and a
+conditional branch that will either take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch that will either take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branch that will either take
+us back to the beginning of the loop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back to the beginning of the loop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us back to the beginning of the loop or
+out of loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of loop
+entirely and we do see that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and we do see that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and we do see that there is
+some form of initialization the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of initialization the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of initialization the initial
+value of this induction variable is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this induction variable is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this induction variable is zero
+and we do see a zero among this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do see a zero among this loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do see a zero among this loop
+control code it's kind of squirreled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control code it's kind of squirreled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control code it's kind of squirreled
+away in that weird notation there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in that weird notation there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in that weird notation there and
+that weird notation sitting next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird notation sitting next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that weird notation sitting next to the
+fee instruction what's not so clear here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee instruction what's not so clear here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee instruction what's not so clear here
+is what where exactly is the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what where exactly is the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what where exactly is the induction
+variable we had the single variable I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we had the single variable I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we had the single variable I in
+our C code and what we're looking at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our C code and what we're looking at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our C code and what we're looking at in
+the LLVM eye are are a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LLVM eye are are a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LLVM eye are are a whole bunch of
+different registers we have a register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different registers we have a register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different registers we have a register
+that stores what we're claiming to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stores what we're claiming to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stores what we're claiming to be I
+plus 1 then we do this comparison and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 then we do this comparison and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 then we do this comparison and
+branch thing and then we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch thing and then we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch thing and then we have this this
+fee instruction that takes that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee instruction that takes that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee instruction that takes that takes
+zero or the result of the increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or the result of the increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or the result of the increment
+where did I actually go so the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I actually go so the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did I actually go so the problem
+here is that I is really represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I is really represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I is really represented
+across all of those instructions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all of those instructions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all of those instructions and
+that happens because the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens because the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens because the value of the
+induction variable changes as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction variable changes as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction variable changes as you
+execute the loop the value of I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the loop the value of I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the loop the value of I is
+different on iteration zero versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on iteration zero versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on iteration zero versus
+iteration 1 versus iteration 2 versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration 1 versus iteration 2 versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration 1 versus iteration 2 versus
+iteration 3 and so on and so forth I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration 3 and so on and so forth I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration 3 and so on and so forth I is
+changing as you execute the loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as you execute the loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as you execute the loop and
+there's this funny invariant yeah so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this funny invariant yeah so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this funny invariant yeah so if
+we try to map that induction variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to map that induction variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to map that induction variable to
+the LV Mir it kind of maps to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LV Mir it kind of maps to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LV Mir it kind of maps to all of
+these locations it maps to various uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these locations it maps to various uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these locations it maps to various uses
+in the loop body and maps roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop body and maps roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop body and maps roughly
+speaking to the return value of this fie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to the return value of this fie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to the return value of this fie
+instruction even though we're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction even though we're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction even though we're not sure
+what that's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's all about
+but we can tell it maps to that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can tell it maps to that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can tell it maps to that because
+we're going to increment that later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to increment that later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to increment that later on
+and then we're gonna use that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna use that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna use that in a
+comparison so it kind of maps all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so it kind of maps all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so it kind of maps all over
+the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it changes values we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it changes values we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it changes values we're we're
+going to encounter because it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to encounter because it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to encounter because it changes
+values with the increment operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values with the increment operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values with the increment operation
+we're going to encounter oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to encounter oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to encounter oh yeah
+so why does it change registers well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does it change registers well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does it change registers well we
+have this property in LVM that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property in LVM that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property in LVM that each
+instruction defines the value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction defines the value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction defines the value of a
+register at most once so for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register at most once so for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register at most once so for any
+particular register with an LLVM we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular register with an LLVM we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular register with an LLVM we can
+identify unique place in the code of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify unique place in the code of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify unique place in the code of the
+function that defines that register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that defines that register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that defines that register
+value this invariant is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this invariant is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this invariant is called the
+static single assignment environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static single assignment environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static single assignment environment and
+it seems a little bit weird but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems a little bit weird but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems a little bit weird but it turns
+out to be an extremely powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be an extremely powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be an extremely powerful
+invariant within the compiler it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant within the compiler it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant within the compiler it
+assisted with a lot of the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted with a lot of the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisted with a lot of the compiler
+analysis and it also can help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and it also can help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and it also can help with
+reading the LLVM ir if you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the LLVM ir if you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the LLVM ir if you know if you
+if you expect it so this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expect it so this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expect it so this is a nice
+invariant but it poses a problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but it poses a problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but it poses a problem when
+we're dealing with induction variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with induction variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with induction variables
+which change as the iteration or as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which change as the iteration or as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which change as the iteration or as the
+loop unfolds and so what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop unfolds and so what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop unfolds and so what happens when
+control flow merges at the point of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow merges at the point of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control flow merges at the point of at
+the entry point of a loop for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry point of a loop for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry point of a loop for example
+how do we define what the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we define what the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we define what the induction
+variable is at that location because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is at that location because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is at that location because it
+could either be 0 if this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either be 0 if this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either be 0 if this is the first
+time through the loop or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through the loop or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through the loop or whatever you
+last incremented and the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last incremented and the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last incremented and the solution to
+that problem is the fie instruction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem is the fie instruction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem is the fie instruction the
+fie instruction specifies it defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fie instruction specifies it defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fie instruction specifies it defines a
+red shirt that says depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red shirt that says depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red shirt that says depending on how you
+get to this location in the code this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this location in the code this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this location in the code this
+register will have one of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will have one of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will have one of several
+different values and the P instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values and the P instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values and the P instruction
+simply lists what the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply lists what the value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply lists what the value of that
+register will be depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will be depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register will be depending on which
+basic block you came from so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block you came from so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic block you came from so in this
+particular code the fie instruction says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular code the fie instruction says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular code the fie instruction says
+if you came from block 6 which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you came from block 6 which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you came from block 6 which was the
+entry point of the loop where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point of the loop where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry point of the loop where you
+initially where you initially compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially where you initially compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially where you initially compared
+you initially checked if there were any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initially checked if there were any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initially checked if there were any
+loop iterations to perform if you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop iterations to perform if you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop iterations to perform if you come
+from that block then this register 9 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that block then this register 9 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that block then this register 9 is
+going to adopt the value 0 if however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adopt the value 0 if however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adopt the value 0 if however
+you followed the back edge of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you followed the back edge of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you followed the back edge of the loop
+then the register is going to adopt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the register is going to adopt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the register is going to adopt the
+value in this case 14 and 14 low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this case 14 and 14 low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this case 14 and 14 low and
+behold as there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold as there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold as there is
+the increment operation and so this fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment operation and so this fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increment operation and so this fee
+instruction says either you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction says either you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction says either you're going to
+start from zero or you're gonna be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from zero or you're gonna be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from zero or you're gonna be I
+plus 1 just to note the fee instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 just to note the fee instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 just to note the fee instruction
+is not a real instruction it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a real instruction it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a real instruction it's really a
+solution to a problem within LLVM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a problem within LLVM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a problem within LLVM and
+when you translate this code into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you translate this code into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you translate this code into
+assembly the fee instruction isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly the fee instruction isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly the fee instruction isn't going
+to map to any particular assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map to any particular assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map to any particular assembly
+instruction it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it's really a
+representational trick does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational trick does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representational trick does that make
+some sense any questions about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense any questions about that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense any questions about that yeah
+why is it called fee that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called fee that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it called fee that's a great
+question I actually don't know why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I actually don't know why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I actually don't know why it's
+called why they chose the name fee I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called why they chose the name fee I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called why they chose the name fee I
+don't think they had a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they had a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they had a particular
+affinity for the golden ratio but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for the golden ratio but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for the golden ratio but I'm
+not sure what the rationale was I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what the rationale was I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure what the rationale was I don't
+know if anyone else knows yeah Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anyone else knows yeah Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if anyone else knows yeah Google
+knows all sort of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all sort of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all sort of yeah
+so adopt the value SiC zero from block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adopt the value SiC zero from block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adopt the value SiC zero from block
+six or a 14 from block eight so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or a 14 from block eight so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or a 14 from block eight so that's
+all of the basic components of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the basic components of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the basic components of C
+translating into LV Mir the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating into LV Mir the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating into LV Mir the last thing I
+want to leave you with in this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave you with in this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to leave you with in this section
+on LV Mir is a discussion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on LV Mir is a discussion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on LV Mir is a discussion of these
+attributes and we already saw one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and we already saw one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and we already saw one of
+these attributes before is this NSW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attributes before is this NSW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attributes before is this NSW
+thing attach the add instruction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing attach the add instruction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing attach the add instruction in
+general the these LV Mir constructs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the these LV Mir constructs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the these LV Mir constructs
+might be decorated with these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be decorated with these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be decorated with these extra
+words and key words and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and key words and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and key words and those are the
+key words that I'm referring to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key words that I'm referring to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key words that I'm referring to as
+attributes those attributes can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes those attributes can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes those attributes can be a
+variety of a variety of information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of a variety of information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of a variety of information so
+in this case what we have here is C code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what we have here is C code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what we have here is C code
+that performs this memory calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performs this memory calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performs this memory calculation
+which you might have seen from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might have seen from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might have seen from a
+previous lecture and we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture and we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture and we see in the
+corresponding LV Mir is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding LV Mir is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding LV Mir is that there's
+some extra stuff associated attacked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra stuff associated attacked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra stuff associated attacked on
+to that load instruction where you load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that load instruction where you load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that load instruction where you load
+memory one of those pieces of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory one of those pieces of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory one of those pieces of extra
+information is this a line four and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is this a line four and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is this a line four and what
+that a line for attribute says is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a line for attribute says is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a line for attribute says is it
+describes the alignment of that read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the alignment of that read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the alignment of that read
+from memory and so if subsequent stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory and so if subsequent stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory and so if subsequent stages
+of the compiler can employ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compiler can employ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the compiler can employ that
+information if they can opt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if they can opt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if they can opt
+reeds that are aligned that are 4-byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reeds that are aligned that are 4-byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reeds that are aligned that are 4-byte
+aligned then this attribute will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned then this attribute will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned then this attribute will say
+this is a load that you can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a load that you can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a load that you can go ahead and
+optimize there are a bunch of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize there are a bunch of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize there are a bunch of places
+where attributes might come from some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where attributes might come from some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where attributes might come from some of
+them are derived directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are derived directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are derived directly from the
+source code if you write a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code if you write a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code if you write a function that
+takes a parameter marked as Const or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a parameter marked as Const or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a parameter marked as Const or
+marked as restrict then in the LV miR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked as restrict then in the LV miR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked as restrict then in the LV miR
+you might see that the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see that the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might see that the corresponding
+function parameter is marked as no alias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function parameter is marked as no alias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function parameter is marked as no alias
+because the restrict keyword said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the restrict keyword said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the restrict keyword said this
+pointer can never alias or the cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer can never alias or the cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer can never alias or the cause
+keyword says you're only ever going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword says you're only ever going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyword says you're only ever going to
+read from this pointer so this pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from this pointer so this pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from this pointer so this pointer
+is going to be marked read-only so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be marked read-only so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be marked read-only so in
+that case the source code itself the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case the source code itself the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case the source code itself the C
+code was the the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was the the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was the the source of the
+information for those attributes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for those attributes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for those attributes there's
+some other attributes that occur simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other attributes that occur simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other attributes that occur simply
+because the compiler is smart and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the compiler is smart and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the compiler is smart and it
+does some clever analysis so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does some clever analysis so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does some clever analysis so in this
+case the LV Mir has a load operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the LV Mir has a load operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the LV Mir has a load operation
+that's eight eight byte aligned it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's eight eight byte aligned it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's eight eight byte aligned it was
+really analysis that figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really analysis that figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really analysis that figured out the
+alignment of that load operation good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of that load operation good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of that load operation good so
+far cool so let's summarize this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far cool so let's summarize this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far cool so let's summarize this part of
+the part of discussion with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of discussion with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of discussion with you know
+will be seen about LLVM ir l vm r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be seen about LLVM ir l vm r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be seen about LLVM ir l vm r is
+similar to assembly but a lot simpler in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to assembly but a lot simpler in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to assembly but a lot simpler in
+many many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many ways
+all the computed values are stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the computed values are stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the computed values are stored in
+registers and really when you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and really when you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and really when you're reading
+lv Mir you can think of those registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lv Mir you can think of those registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lv Mir you can think of those registers
+a lot like ordinary C variables l vm ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like ordinary C variables l vm ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like ordinary C variables l vm ir
+is a little bit funny and that it adopts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit funny and that it adopts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit funny and that it adopts
+this static single assignment paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this static single assignment paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this static single assignment paradigm
+this invariant where each register name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this invariant where each register name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this invariant where each register name
+each variable is written by a most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable is written by a most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable is written by a most one
+instruction within the LLVM ir code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction within the LLVM ir code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction within the LLVM ir code so
+if you're ever curious where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever curious where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever curious where you know
+percent 14 is defined within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 14 is defined within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 14 is defined within this
+function just do a search for where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just do a search for where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just do a search for where
+percent 14 is on the left hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 14 is on the left hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 14 is on the left hand side of
+an equals and there you go we can model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equals and there you go we can model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equals and there you go we can model
+a function in Elvia Meier as a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function in Elvia Meier as a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function in Elvia Meier as a control
+flow graph whose nodes correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow graph whose nodes correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow graph whose nodes correspond to
+basic blocks these blobs of straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks these blobs of straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic blocks these blobs of straight
+line code and whose edges denote control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line code and whose edges denote control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line code and whose edges denote control
+flow among those basic blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow among those basic blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow among those basic blocks and
+compared to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to C
+ellaby meyer is pretty similar except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellaby meyer is pretty similar except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellaby meyer is pretty similar except
+that all of these operations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these operations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these operations are
+explicit the types are explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit the types are explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit the types are explicit
+everywhere the integer sizes are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the integer sizes are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere the integer sizes are all
+apparent you don't have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent you don't have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent you don't have to remember that
+int really means a 32-bit integer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int really means a 32-bit integer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int really means a 32-bit integer and
+you need in 64 to be a 64-bit integer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in 64 to be a 64-bit integer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in 64 to be a 64-bit integer or
+you need a long or anything it's just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a long or anything it's just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a long or anything it's just I
+and then a bit loop and then a bit width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bit loop and then a bit width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bit loop and then a bit width
+there are no implicit operations at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no implicit operations at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no implicit operations at the
+all of you admire level all the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you admire level all the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you admire level all the type
+castes are explicit in some sense lb Mir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castes are explicit in some sense lb Mir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castes are explicit in some sense lb Mir
+is like assembly if assembly were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like assembly if assembly were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like assembly if assembly were more
+like C and that's definitely a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like C and that's definitely a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like C and that's definitely a statement
+that would not have made sense forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have made sense forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have made sense forty
+minutes ago alright so we've seen how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago alright so we've seen how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago alright so we've seen how to
+translate C code into LLVM ir there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate C code into LLVM ir there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate C code into LLVM ir there's
+one last step we want to translate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last step we want to translate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last step we want to translate the
+LVM ir into assembly and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LVM ir into assembly and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LVM ir into assembly and it turns out
+that structurally speaking LLVM ir is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structurally speaking LLVM ir is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structurally speaking LLVM ir is
+very similar to assembly we can more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to assembly we can more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to assembly we can more or
+less map each line of LLVM ir to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less map each line of LLVM ir to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less map each line of LLVM ir to some
+sequence of lines in the final assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of lines in the final assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of lines in the final assembly
+code but there is some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but there is some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but there is some additional
+complexity the compiler isn't done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity the compiler isn't done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity the compiler isn't done with
+its work yet when it's compiling c to lv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its work yet when it's compiling c to lv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its work yet when it's compiling c to lv
+mir-2 assembly and there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mir-2 assembly and there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mir-2 assembly and there are a couple
+there are three main tasks that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main tasks that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main tasks that the
+compiler still has to perform in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler still has to perform in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler still has to perform in order
+to generate x86 64 first it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate x86 64 first it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate x86 64 first it has to
+select the actual x86 assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the actual x86 assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the actual x86 assembly
+instructions that are going to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that are going to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions that are going to implement
+these various LLVM ir operations it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various LLVM ir operations it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various LLVM ir operations it has
+to decide which general-purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide which general-purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide which general-purpose
+registers are going to hold different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers are going to hold different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers are going to hold different
+values and which values need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and which values need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and which values need to be
+squirreled away into memory because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirreled away into memory because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirreled away into memory because it
+just has no other choice and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has no other choice and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has no other choice and it has to
+coordinate all of the function calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate all of the function calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate all of the function calls
+it's not just the function calls within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the function calls within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the function calls within
+this particular source file it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular source file it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular source file it's also
+function calls between that source file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls between that source file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls between that source file
+and other source files that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other source files that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other source files that you're
+compiling and binary libraries that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling and binary libraries that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling and binary libraries that are
+just sitting on the system but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting on the system but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting on the system but the
+compiler never really gets to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler never really gets to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler never really gets to touch
+that's according all of those calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's according all of those calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's according all of those calls
+that's a bit complicated that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit complicated that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit complicated that's going to
+be the reason for a lot of the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the reason for a lot of the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the reason for a lot of the remaining
+complexity and that's what brings our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and that's what brings our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and that's what brings our
+discussion to the Linux x86 64 calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to the Linux x86 64 calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to the Linux x86 64 calling
+convention this isn't a very fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention this isn't a very fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention this isn't a very fun
+convention don't worry but never losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention don't worry but never losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention don't worry but never losses
+so it's useful so to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's useful so to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's useful so to talk about this
+convention we need to let's first take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention we need to let's first take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention we need to let's first take a
+look at how a program gets laid out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how a program gets laid out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how a program gets laid out in
+memory when you run it so when a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when you run it so when a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when you run it so when a program
+executes s-- virtual memory gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes s-- virtual memory gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes s-- virtual memory gets
+organized into a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized into a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized into a whole bunch of
+different chunks which are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chunks which are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chunks which are called
+segments there's a segment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments there's a segment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments there's a segment that
+corresponds to the stack that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the stack that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the stack that's actually
+located near the top a virtual memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located near the top a virtual memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located near the top a virtual memory
+and it grows downwards the stack grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it grows downwards the stack grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it grows downwards the stack grows
+down remember this there is a heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down remember this there is a heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down remember this there is a heap
+segment which grows upwards from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment which grows upwards from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment which grows upwards from a
+middle location in memory and those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle location in memory and those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle location in memory and those two
+those two dynamically allocated segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two dynamically allocated segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two dynamically allocated segments
+live at the top of the virtual address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live at the top of the virtual address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live at the top of the virtual address
+space there are then two additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there are then two additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there are then two additional
+segments the BSS segment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments the BSS segment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments the BSS segment for
+uninitialized data and the data segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninitialized data and the data segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninitialized data and the data segment
+for initialized data and finally at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for initialized data and finally at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for initialized data and finally at the
+bottom of virtual address space there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of virtual address space there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of virtual address space there is
+a text segment and that just stores the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a text segment and that just stores the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a text segment and that just stores the
+code of the program itself now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the program itself now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the program itself now when you
+read assembly code directly you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read assembly code directly you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read assembly code directly you'll see
+that the assembly code contains more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the assembly code contains more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the assembly code contains more
+than just some labels and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just some labels and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just some labels and some
+instructions in fact it's decorated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in fact it's decorated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions in fact it's decorated with
+a whole bunch of other stuff and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of other stuff and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of other stuff and these
+are called assembly assembler directives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called assembly assembler directives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called assembly assembler directives
+and these directives operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these directives operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these directives operate on
+different sections of the assembly code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sections of the assembly code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sections of the assembly code
+some of those directives refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those directives refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those directives refer to the
+various segments of virtual memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various segments of virtual memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various segments of virtual memory and
+the and those segments directives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and those segments directives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and those segments directives are
+used to organize the content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to organize the content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to organize the content of the
+assembly file for example the dot text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly file for example the dot text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly file for example the dot text
+directive identifies some chunk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive identifies some chunk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive identifies some chunk of the
+assembly which is really code and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly which is really code and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly which is really code and should
+be located in the text segment when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be located in the text segment when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be located in the text segment when the
+program is run the dot BSS segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is run the dot BSS segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is run the dot BSS segment
+identifies stuff that lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies stuff that lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies stuff that lives in the
+assembler directive identify stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler directive identify stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler directive identify stuff in
+the BSS segment the data directive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BSS segment the data directive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BSS segment the data directive
+identify stuff in the data segment so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify stuff in the data segment so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify stuff in the data segment so on
+and so forth they're also very storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth they're also very storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth they're also very storage
+directives that will store content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives that will store content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives that will store content of
+some variety directly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variety directly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variety directly into the
+her in segments whatever was last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in segments whatever was last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in segments whatever was last
+identified by a segment directive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by a segment directive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by a segment directive so if
+at some point there is a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point there is a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point there is a there's a
+directive X colon dot space xx that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive X colon dot space xx that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive X colon dot space xx that
+space directive says allocates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space directive says allocates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space directive says allocates some
+amount of memory and in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of memory and in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of memory and in this case it
+says allocate 20 bytes of memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says allocate 20 bytes of memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says allocate 20 bytes of memory and
+we're gonna label that location X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna label that location X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna label that location X the
+dot long segment says soirée says store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot long segment says soirée says store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot long segment says soirée says store
+a constant long integer value in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant long integer value in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant long integer value in this
+case 172 in this example at location Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 172 in this example at location Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 172 in this example at location Y
+the asked ez segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asked ez segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asked ez segment
+similarly stores a string at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly stores a string at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly stores a string at that
+particular location so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location so here we're
+storing the string 6.17 2 at location Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the string 6.17 2 at location Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing the string 6.17 2 at location Z
+there's an aligned segment or an aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an aligned segment or an aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an aligned segment or an aligned
+directive that aligns the content the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive that aligns the content the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive that aligns the content the
+next content in the assembly file to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next content in the assembly file to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next content in the assembly file to an
+8 byte boundary there additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 byte boundary there additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 byte boundary there additional
+segments for the linker to obey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments for the linker to obey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments for the linker to obey and
+those are the scope and linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the scope and linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the scope and linkage
+directives for example you might see Doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives for example you might see Doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives for example you might see Doc
+global in front of a label and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global in front of a label and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global in front of a label and that
+single sill linker that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sill linker that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single sill linker that that's
+particulars imbel should be visible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars imbel should be visible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particulars imbel should be visible to
+the other files that the linker touches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other files that the linker touches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other files that the linker touches
+this case doc global fib makes viv fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case doc global fib makes viv fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case doc global fib makes viv fib
+visible to the other object files and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to the other object files and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible to the other object files and
+that allows those other object files to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows those other object files to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows those other object files to
+call or refer to this fib location now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call or refer to this fib location now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call or refer to this fib location now
+let's turn our attention to this segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn our attention to this segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's turn our attention to this segment
+at the top the call or the stack segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top the call or the stack segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top the call or the stack segment
+this segment is used to store data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment is used to store data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment is used to store data and
+memory in order to manage function calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in order to manage function calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in order to manage function calls
+and returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns
+that's a nice high-level description but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice high-level description but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nice high-level description but
+what exactly ends up in the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly ends up in the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly ends up in the stack
+segment why do we need a stack what Dana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment why do we need a stack what Dana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment why do we need a stack what Dana
+will end up going there can't even tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up going there can't even tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up going there can't even tell
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+local variables and function anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and function anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and function anything
+else you already answered once let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you already answered once let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you already answered once let me
+I've made calling you again but go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made calling you again but go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made calling you again but go ahead
+sorry function arguments very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry function arguments very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry function arguments very good
+anything else I thought I saw a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I thought I saw a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I thought I saw a hand
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the return address anything else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address anything else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address anything else yeah
+there's at least yeah there's one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least yeah there's one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at least yeah there's one other
+thing that one other important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that one other important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that one other important thing
+that gets stored on the stack yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets stored on the stack yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets stored on the stack yeah
+the return value actually that one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return value actually that one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return value actually that one's
+interesting it might be stored on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it might be stored on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it might be stored on the
+stack but it might not be stored on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack but it might not be stored on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack but it might not be stored on the
+stack good guess though yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack good guess though yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack good guess though yeah
+intermediate results in a manner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate results in a manner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate results in a manner of
+speaking yes there are more intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking yes there are more intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking yes there are more intermediate
+results than meets the eye when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results than meets the eye when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results than meets the eye when it comes
+to assembly or comparing comparing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assembly or comparing comparing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assembly or comparing comparing it to
+see but in particular by intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but in particular by intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but in particular by intermediate
+results let's say register state there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results let's say register state there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results let's say register state there
+are only so many registers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only so many registers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only so many registers on the
+machine and sometimes that's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and sometimes that's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and sometimes that's not enough
+and so the and so the the function may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the and so the the function may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the and so the the function may
+want to screw away some data that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to screw away some data that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to screw away some data that's in
+registers and stash it somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and stash it somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and stash it somewhere in
+order to read it back later the stack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to read it back later the stack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to read it back later the stack is
+a very natural place to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very natural place to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very natural place to do it
+that's the dedicated place to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dedicated place to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the dedicated place to do it so
+yeah that's pretty much all the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's pretty much all the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's pretty much all the content
+of the what ends up on the call stack as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what ends up on the call stack as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the what ends up on the call stack as
+the program executes now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program executes now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program executes now here's the
+thing there are a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there are a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there are a whole bunch of
+functions in the program some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the program some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the program some of them
+are in the may have been defined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the may have been defined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the may have been defined in the
+in the source file that you're compiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the source file that you're compiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the source file that you're compiling
+right now some of them might be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now some of them might be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now some of them might be defined
+in other source files some of them might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other source files some of them might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other source files some of them might
+be defined in libraries that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined in libraries that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined in libraries that were
+compiled by someone else possibly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled by someone else possibly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled by someone else possibly using
+a different compiler with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different compiler with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different compiler with different
+flags under different parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags under different parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flags under different parameters
+presumably for this architecture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably for this architecture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably for this architecture at
+least one hopes but they're those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one hopes but they're those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one hopes but they're those
+libraries are completely out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries are completely out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries are completely out of your
+control and now we have this problem all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and now we have this problem all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and now we have this problem all
+those object files might define these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those object files might define these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those object files might define these
+functions and those functions want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and those functions want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and those functions want to
+call each other regardless of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call each other regardless of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call each other regardless of where
+those functions are necessarily defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions are necessarily defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions are necessarily defined
+and so somehow we need to coordinate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow we need to coordinate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow we need to coordinate all
+those function calls and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those function calls and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those function calls and make sure that
+if one function wants to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one function wants to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one function wants to use these
+registers and this other function wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and this other function wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers and this other function wants
+to use the same registers those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the same registers those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the same registers those
+functions aren't going to interfere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions aren't going to interfere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions aren't going to interfere with
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+or if they both want to read stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they both want to read stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if they both want to read stack
+memory they're not going to clobber each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory they're not going to clobber each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory they're not going to clobber each
+other stacks so how do we deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stacks so how do we deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stacks so how do we deal with this
+coordination problem out of a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination problem out of a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination problem out of a high level
+what's the high level strategy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the high level strategy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the high level strategy we're
+gonna adopt to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna adopt to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna adopt to deal with this
+coordination problem that will be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination problem that will be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination problem that will be part
+of it but for the higher level strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but for the higher level strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but for the higher level strategy
+so that's a component of this higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a component of this higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a component of this higher
+level strategy so what yeah good calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level strategy so what yeah good calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level strategy so what yeah good calling
+convention you remember the title of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention you remember the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention you remember the title of
+this section of the talk great we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section of the talk great we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this section of the talk great we're
+going to make sure that every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that every single
+function regardless of where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function regardless of where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function regardless of where it's
+defined they all abide by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined they all abide by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined they all abide by the same
+calling convention so it's a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling convention so it's a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling convention so it's a standard
+that all the functions will obey in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the functions will obey in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the functions will obey in
+order to make sure they all play nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make sure they all play nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make sure they all play nicely
+together so let's unpack the linux x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so let's unpack the linux x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so let's unpack the linux x86
+64 calling convention well not the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 calling convention well not the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 calling convention well not the whole
+thing because it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's actually pretty
+complicated but at least enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but at least enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but at least enough to
+understand the basics of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basics of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basics of what's going on
+so at a high level this calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a high level this calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a high level this calling
+convention organizes the stack segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention organizes the stack segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention organizes the stack segment
+into frames such that each function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into frames such that each function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into frames such that each function
+instantiation each time you call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation each time you call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation each time you call a
+function that instantiation gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that instantiation gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that instantiation gets a
+single frame all to itself and to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frame all to itself and to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single frame all to itself and to manage
+all those stack frames the calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those stack frames the calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those stack frames the calling
+convention is going to use these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is going to use these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is going to use these two
+pointers our VP and our SP which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers our VP and our SP which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers our VP and our SP which you
+should have seen last time are BP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen last time are BP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen last time are BP the
+base pointer will point to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pointer will point to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pointer will point to the top of
+the current stack frame RSP will point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current stack frame RSP will point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current stack frame RSP will point
+to the bottom of the current stack frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom of the current stack frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom of the current stack frame
+and remember the stack grows down now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the stack grows down now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the stack grows down now
+when the code executes call and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the code executes call and return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the code executes call and return
+instructions those instructions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions those instructions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions those instructions are
+going to operate on the stack on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate on the stack on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate on the stack on these
+various on the stack these various stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various on the stack these various stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various on the stack these various stack
+pointers as well as the instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers as well as the instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers as well as the instruction
+pointer are IP in order to manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer are IP in order to manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer are IP in order to manage the
+return address of each function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address of each function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return address of each function in
+particular when a call instruction gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when a call instruction gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular when a call instruction gets
+executed in x86 that call instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed in x86 that call instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed in x86 that call instruction
+will push the current value of our IP on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push the current value of our IP on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push the current value of our IP on
+to the stack and that will be the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stack and that will be the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stack and that will be the return
+address and then the column structuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and then the column structuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and then the column structuring
+will jump to its operand this opera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will jump to its operand this opera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will jump to its operand this opera and
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+the address of some function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address of some function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address of some function in the
+program memory or at least one hopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program memory or at least one hopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program memory or at least one hopes
+perhaps there was buffer overflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there was buffer overflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps there was buffer overflow
+corruption of some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption of some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption of some kind
+and your program is is in dire straits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your program is is in dire straits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your program is is in dire straits
+but presumably is the address of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but presumably is the address of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but presumably is the address of a
+function the return instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the return instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the return instruction
+complements the call and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements the call and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements the call and it's going to
+undo the operations all of that call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo the operations all of that call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undo the operations all of that call
+instruction it'll pop the return address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it'll pop the return address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it'll pop the return address
+off the stack and put that into our IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the stack and put that into our IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the stack and put that into our IP
+and that will cause the execution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will cause the execution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will cause the execution to
+return to the caller and resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the caller and resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the caller and resume
+execution from the statement right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution from the statement right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution from the statement right after
+the original call so that's the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original call so that's the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original call so that's the high
+level of how the stack gets managed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of how the stack gets managed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of how the stack gets managed as
+well as the return address how about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the return address how about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the return address how about how
+do we maintain registers across all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we maintain registers across all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we maintain registers across all of
+those calls well there's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those calls well there's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those calls well there's a bit of a
+problem because we might have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we might have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because we might have two
+different functions that want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions that want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions that want to use the
+same registers some of this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same registers some of this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same registers some of this might be
+review by the way from six double four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by the way from six double four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by the way from six double four
+but if it's not hopefully you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's not hopefully you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's not hopefully you know if
+you have questions just let me know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions just let me know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have questions just let me know so
+we have this problem where two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this problem where two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this problem where two different
+functions function a which might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions function a which might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions function a which might call
+another function B those two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function B those two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another function B those two functions
+might want to use the same registers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use the same registers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use the same registers so
+who's responsible for making sure that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's responsible for making sure that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's responsible for making sure that a
+function B operates on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function B operates on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function B operates on the same
+registers as a that one B is done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers as a that one B is done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers as a that one B is done a
+doesn't end up with corrupted State in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't end up with corrupted State in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't end up with corrupted State in
+its registers well they're two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its registers well they're two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its registers well they're two different
+strategies that could be adopted one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that could be adopted one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that could be adopted one is
+to have the caller save off the register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the caller save off the register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the caller save off the register
+state before invoking a call but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state before invoking a call but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state before invoking a call but that
+has some downsides the caller might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some downsides the caller might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some downsides the caller might
+waste work saying well I have to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste work saying well I have to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste work saying well I have to save
+all of this register state in case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this register state in case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this register state in case the
+call in case the function I'm calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in case the function I'm calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in case the function I'm calling
+wants to use those registers if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to use those registers if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to use those registers if the
+calling function doesn't use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling function doesn't use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling function doesn't use those
+registers that was a bunch of wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that was a bunch of wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that was a bunch of wasted
+work so on the other side we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so on the other side we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so on the other side we might say
+well let's just have the Kali save all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just have the Kali save all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just have the Kali save all
+that register state that could waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that register state that could waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that register state that could waste
+work if the Kali is going to save off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if the Kali is going to save off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if the Kali is going to save off
+register state that the caller wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register state that the caller wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register state that the caller wasn't
+using so the Kali says well I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so the Kali says well I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so the Kali says well I want to
+use all these registers I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all these registers I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use all these registers I don't know
+what what the calling function used so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the calling function used so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the calling function used so
+I'm just going to push everything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to push everything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to push everything on the
+stack that could be a lot of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack that could be a lot of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack that could be a lot of ways to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+so what does the x86 calling convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the x86 calling convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does the x86 calling convention
+do if you had to guess yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's exactly right it does a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right it does a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right it does a little
+bit of both it specifies some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of both it specifies some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of both it specifies some of the
+registers as being Kali save registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers as being Kali save registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers as being Kali save registers
+and the rest of the registers are call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the registers are call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the registers are call
+or save registers and so the caller will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or save registers and so the caller will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or save registers and so the caller will
+be responsible for saving some stuff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsible for saving some stuff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsible for saving some stuff the
+Kali will be responsible for saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kali will be responsible for saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kali will be responsible for saving
+other stuff and if either of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff and if either of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff and if either of those
+functions doesn't need one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions doesn't need one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions doesn't need one of those
+registers then it can avoid wasted work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers then it can avoid wasted work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers then it can avoid wasted work
+in x86 64 in this calling convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x86 64 in this calling convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x86 64 in this calling convention
+turns out that the RB x RB p and r 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the RB x RB p and r 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the RB x RB p and r 12
+through r15 registers are all Kali saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through r15 registers are all Kali saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through r15 registers are all Kali saved
+and the rest of the registers are caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the registers are caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the registers are caller
+saved in particular the see linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved in particular the see linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved in particular the see linkage
+defined by this calling convention for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by this calling convention for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by this calling convention for
+all the registers looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the registers looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the registers looks something like
+this and that identifies lots of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that identifies lots of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that identifies lots of stuff
+identifies a register for storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies a register for storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies a register for storing the
+return value registers restoring a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value registers restoring a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value registers restoring a bunch
+of the arguments caller save registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arguments caller save registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the arguments caller save registers
+Kali save registers a register just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kali save registers a register just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kali save registers a register just for
+linking I don't expect you to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking I don't expect you to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking I don't expect you to memorize
+this in in 12 seconds and I think on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in 12 seconds and I think on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in 12 seconds and I think on any
+quibble I won't say what the course app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quibble I won't say what the course app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quibble I won't say what the course app
+will do on quizzes this year but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do on quizzes this year but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do on quizzes this year but yeah
+okay well there you go so you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well there you go so you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well there you go so you'll have
+these slides later you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides later you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides later you can you can
+practice memorizing them not show on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice memorizing them not show on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice memorizing them not show on the
+slide there are a couple other registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide there are a couple other registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide there are a couple other registers
+that are used for saving function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used for saving function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used for saving function
+arguments and return values and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and return values and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and return values and in
+particular whenever you're placing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whenever you're placing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular whenever you're placing
+passing floating point stuff around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing floating point stuff around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing floating point stuff around the
+xmm register is 0 through 7 are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xmm register is 0 through 7 are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xmm register is 0 through 7 are used to
+deal with those floating point values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with those floating point values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with those floating point values
+cool so we have strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so we have strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so we have strategies for
+maintaining the stack we have strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the stack we have strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the stack we have strategies
+for maintaining register States but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maintaining register States but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maintaining register States but we
+still have the situation where functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the situation where functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the situation where functions
+may want to use overlapping parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to use overlapping parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to use overlapping parts of
+stack memory and so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack memory and so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack memory and so we need to
+coordinate how all those functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate how all those functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate how all those functions are
+going to use the stack memory itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the stack memory itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the stack memory itself
+this is a bit hard to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit hard to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit hard to describe the
+cleanest way I know to describe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest way I know to describe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest way I know to describe it is
+just to work through an example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to work through an example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to work through an example so
+here's the setup let's imagine that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the setup let's imagine that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the setup let's imagine that we
+have some function a that is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some function a that is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some function a that is called a
+function B and we're in the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function B and we're in the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function B and we're in the midst of
+executing function B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing function B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing function B
+and now function B is about to call some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now function B is about to call some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now function B is about to call some
+other function C as we've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function C as we've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function C as we've mentioned
+before B has a frame all to itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before B has a frame all to itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before B has a frame all to itself and
+that frame contains a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame contains a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame contains a whole bunch of
+stuff it contains arguments that a pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it contains arguments that a pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it contains arguments that a pass
+to be it contains a return address it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it contains a return address it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it contains a return address it
+contains a base pointer it contains some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a base pointer it contains some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a base pointer it contains some
+local variables and because B is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and because B is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and because B is about
+to call C it's also going to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call C it's also going to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call C it's also going to contain
+some data for arguments that B will pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data for arguments that B will pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data for arguments that B will pass
+to C so that's our setup we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C so that's our setup we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C so that's our setup we have one
+function ready to call another let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ready to call another let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ready to call another let's
+well let's take a let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take a let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's take a let's take a look at
+how this stack memory is organized first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this stack memory is organized first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this stack memory is organized first
+so at the top we have what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the top we have what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the top we have what's called a
+linkage block and in this linkage block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage block and in this linkage block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage block and in this linkage block
+this is the region of sack memory where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the region of sack memory where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the region of sack memory where
+function B will access nan register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function B will access nan register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function B will access nan register
+arguments from its caller function a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments from its caller function a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments from its caller function a and
+it'll access these by indexing off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll access these by indexing off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll access these by indexing off of
+the base pointer rbp using positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base pointer rbp using positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base pointer rbp using positive
+offsets again the stack grows down B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets again the stack grows down B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offsets again the stack grows down B
+will also have a block of stack space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have a block of stack space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have a block of stack space
+after the linkage block and return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the linkage block and return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the linkage block and return and
+base return address and base pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base return address and base pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base return address and base pointer
+he'll have a region of its frame for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have a region of its frame for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have a region of its frame for
+local variables and it can access those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and it can access those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and it can access those
+local variables by indexing off of RVP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables by indexing off of RVP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables by indexing off of RVP
+in the negative direction stack grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the negative direction stack grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the negative direction stack grows
+down if you don't remember anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you don't remember anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you don't remember anything else
+stack grows down now B is about to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack grows down now B is about to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack grows down now B is about to call
+a function C and we want to see how all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function C and we want to see how all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function C and we want to see how all
+of this unfolds so before calling C B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this unfolds so before calling C B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this unfolds so before calling C B is
+going to place non register arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place non register arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place non register arguments
+for C on to a reserved linkage block in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C on to a reserved linkage block in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for C on to a reserved linkage block in
+its own stack memory below its local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own stack memory below its local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own stack memory below its local
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+it'll access those by your next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll access those by your next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll access those by your next thing
+our VP with negative offsets so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our VP with negative offsets so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our VP with negative offsets so those
+arguments from B to its colors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments from B to its colors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments from B to its colors will
+we'll specify those to be arguments from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll specify those to be arguments from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll specify those to be arguments from
+B to C and then what's gonna happen then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to C and then what's gonna happen then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B to C and then what's gonna happen then
+B is going to call C and as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is going to call C and as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is going to call C and as we saw
+before the call instruction saves off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the call instruction saves off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the call instruction saves off
+the return address on to the stack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address on to the stack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address on to the stack and
+then it branches control to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it branches control to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it branches control to
+the entry point of a function see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry point of a function see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry point of a function see when
+the function C starts it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function C starts it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function C starts it's going to
+execute what's called a function Prolog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute what's called a function Prolog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute what's called a function Prolog
+and the function prototype consists of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function prototype consists of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function prototype consists of a
+couple of steps first it's going to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps first it's going to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps first it's going to save
+off the base pointer for B's stack frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the base pointer for B's stack frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the base pointer for B's stack frame
+so we'll just squirrel away the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just squirrel away the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just squirrel away the value of
+our BP on to the stack that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our BP on to the stack that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our BP on to the stack that's going to
+set our BP equal to our SP because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set our BP equal to our SP because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set our BP equal to our SP because we're
+now entering a brand new frame a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now entering a brand new frame a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now entering a brand new frame a frame
+for the invocation of C and then so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the invocation of C and then so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the invocation of C and then so you
+can go ahead and allocate the space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and allocate the space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and allocate the space that
+it needs on the stack and those who this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs on the stack and those who this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs on the stack and those who this
+will be space that C needs for its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be space that C needs for its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be space that C needs for its own
+local variables as well as space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables as well as space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables as well as space that's
+you will use for any linkage blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will use for any linkage blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will use for any linkage blocks that
+it creates for its callers or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates for its callers or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates for its callers or for the
+things that that it calls now there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that it calls now there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that it calls now there is
+one common optimization that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common optimization that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one common optimization that the
+compiler will attempt to perform if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will attempt to perform if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler will attempt to perform if a
+function never needs to perform stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function never needs to perform stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function never needs to perform stack
+allocations except to handle these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations except to handle these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations except to handle these
+function calls in other words if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls in other words if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls in other words if the
+difference between our BP and our SP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between our BP and our SP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between our BP and our SP is
+a compile time constant then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compile time constant then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compile time constant then the
+compiler might might go ahead and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler might might go ahead and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler might might go ahead and just
+get rid of our BP and do all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of our BP and do all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of our BP and do all of the
+indexing base off the stack pointer RSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing base off the stack pointer RSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing base off the stack pointer RSP
+and the reason we'll do that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we'll do that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we'll do that is because
+if it could get one more general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it could get one more general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it could get one more general purpose
+register out of our BP well now our VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register out of our BP well now our VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register out of our BP well now our VP
+is general-purpose and it has one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is general-purpose and it has one extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is general-purpose and it has one extra
+register to use to do all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to use to do all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to use to do all of its
+calculations reading from a register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations reading from a register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations reading from a register
+takes unit time reading from even l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes unit time reading from even l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes unit time reading from even l1
+cache takes significantly more for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache takes significantly more for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache takes significantly more for I
+think four times that amount and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think four times that amount and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think four times that amount and so this
+is a common optimizations the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a common optimizations the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a common optimizations the compiler
+will want to perform now turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to perform now turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to perform now turns out that
+there's a lot more to the calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to the calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more to the calling
+convention than just what's shown on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention than just what's shown on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention than just what's shown on
+these slides we're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides we're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides we're not going to go
+through that today if you'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that today if you'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that today if you'd like to have
+more details there is a there's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details there is a there's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details there is a there's a nice
+document the system 5 ABI that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the system 5 ABI that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document the system 5 ABI that describes
+the whole calling convention any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole calling convention any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole calling convention any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so lots let's wrap all this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so lots let's wrap all this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so lots let's wrap all this up
+with a final case study and let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a final case study and let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a final case study and let's take a
+look at how all these components fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how all these components fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how all these components fit
+together when we're translating a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when we're translating a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when we're translating a simple
+C function to compute Fibonacci numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C function to compute Fibonacci numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C function to compute Fibonacci numbers
+all the way down to assembly and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to assembly and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to assembly and as
+we've been describing this whole time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been describing this whole time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been describing this whole time
+we're gonna take this in two steps let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take this in two steps let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take this in two steps let's
+describe our starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe our starting point
+fib dot see this should be basically no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib dot see this should be basically no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib dot see this should be basically no
+surprise here at this point this is AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise here at this point this is AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise here at this point this is AC
+function fib which competes the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fib which competes the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fib which competes the nth
+Fibonacci number in one of the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number in one of the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number in one of the worst
+computational ways possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational ways possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational ways possible
+it turns out but it competes a fib the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out but it competes a fib the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out but it competes a fib the
+Fibonacci number F of n recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number F of n recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci number F of n recursively
+using the formula F of n is equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formula F of n is equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formula F of n is equal to n
+when n is either 0 or 1 or it computes F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is either 0 or 1 or it computes F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is either 0 or 1 or it computes F
+of n minus 1 and F of n minus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus 1 and F of n minus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus 1 and F of n minus 2 and
+takes their sum this is an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes their sum this is an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes their sum this is an exponential
+time algorithm to compute Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm to compute Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time algorithm to compute Fibonacci
+numbers I would say don't run this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I would say don't run this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I would say don't run this at
+home except invariably you'll run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home except invariably you'll run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home except invariably you'll run this
+at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home
+there are much faster algorithms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are much faster algorithms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are much faster algorithms to
+compute Fibonacci numbers but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Fibonacci numbers but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Fibonacci numbers but this is
+good enough for a didactic example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for a didactic example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for a didactic example we're
+not really worried about how fast can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really worried about how fast can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really worried about how fast can we
+compute fib today now the C code for fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fib today now the C code for fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute fib today now the C code for fib
+dot C is even simpler than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot C is even simpler than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot C is even simpler than the
+recurrence implies we're not even gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence implies we're not even gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence implies we're not even gonna
+bother checking that the input value n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother checking that the input value n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother checking that the input value n
+is some non-negative value what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some non-negative value what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some non-negative value what we're
+gonna do is say look if n is less than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is say look if n is less than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is say look if n is less than 2
+go ahead and return that value then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and return that value then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and return that value then
+otherwise do the recursive thing we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise do the recursive thing we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise do the recursive thing we've
+already seen in this code a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen in this code a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen in this code a couple of
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+everyone good so far any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone good so far any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone good so far any questions on
+these three lines great all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three lines great all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three lines great all right so
+let's translate fib C into fib LL we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's translate fib C into fib LL we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's translate fib C into fib LL we've
+seen a lot of these pieces in lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of these pieces in lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of these pieces in lecture so
+far and here we've just rewritten fib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and here we've just rewritten fib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and here we've just rewritten fib
+dot C a little bit to make drawing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot C a little bit to make drawing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot C a little bit to make drawing all
+the drawing other lines a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawing other lines a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawing other lines a little bit
+simpler so here we have the C code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so here we have the C code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so here we have the C code for
+fib dot see the corresponding LLVM IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib dot see the corresponding LLVM IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib dot see the corresponding LLVM IR
+looks like this and as we could guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and as we could guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and as we could guess
+from looking at the code for fitzy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at the code for fitzy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at the code for fitzy we
+have this conditional and then to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this conditional and then to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this conditional and then to two
+different things that might occur based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that might occur based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that might occur based
+on whether or not n is less than 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether or not n is less than 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether or not n is less than 2 and
+so we end up with three basic blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with three basic blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with three basic blocks
+within the LLVM ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the LLVM ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the LLVM ir
+the first basic block checks if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first basic block checks if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first basic block checks if n is
+less than 2 and then branches based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 2 and then branches based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 2 and then branches based on
+that result and we've seen how all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result and we've seen how all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result and we've seen how all that
+works previously if n happens to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works previously if n happens to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works previously if n happens to be less
+than 2 then the consequent the the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 then the consequent the the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2 then the consequent the the true
+case of that branch ends up showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of that branch ends up showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of that branch ends up showing up
+at the end and all it does is it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and all it does is it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and all it does is it returns
+the input value which is stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input value which is stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input value which is stored in
+register 0 otherwise it's gonna do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register 0 otherwise it's gonna do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register 0 otherwise it's gonna do some
+straight line code to compute fib of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line code to compute fib of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line code to compute fib of n
+minus 1 and fib of n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and fib of n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and fib of n minus 2
+it'll take those return values add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take those return values add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll take those return values add them
+together return that result that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together return that result that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together return that result that's the
+end Fibonacci number so that gets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Fibonacci number so that gets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end Fibonacci number so that gets us
+from C code to LV miR questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C code to LV miR questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from C code to LV miR questions about
+that alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright
+figure out a nice one there guys to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a nice one there guys to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a nice one there guys to add
+them return it we're good ok so one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them return it we're good ok so one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them return it we're good ok so one last
+step we want to compile LV Mir all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we want to compile LV Mir all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we want to compile LV Mir all the
+way down to assembly as I alluded you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to assembly as I alluded you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down to assembly as I alluded you
+before roughly speaking the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before roughly speaking the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before roughly speaking the structure of
+the LV miR resembles the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LV miR resembles the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LV miR resembles the structure of
+the assembly code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly code
+there's just extra stuff in the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just extra stuff in the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just extra stuff in the assembly
+code and so we're gonna translate the LV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so we're gonna translate the LV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so we're gonna translate the LV
+mi are more or less line by line into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi are more or less line by line into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi are more or less line by line into
+the assembly code and see where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly code and see where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly code and see where that
+extra stuff shows up so at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra stuff shows up so at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra stuff shows up so at the beginning
+we have a function we were defining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a function we were defining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a function we were defining a
+function fib and in the assembly code we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fib and in the assembly code we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function fib and in the assembly code we
+make sure that fib is a globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that fib is a globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that fib is a globally
+accessible function using some assembler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible function using some assembler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible function using some assembler
+directives the global fib directive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives the global fib directive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives the global fib directive and
+we align to make sure we do an alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we align to make sure we do an alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we align to make sure we do an alignment
+to make sure that function a lies in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that function a lies in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that function a lies in a
+nice location in instruction memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice location in instruction memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice location in instruction memory and
+then we declare the the symbol fib which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we declare the the symbol fib which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we declare the the symbol fib which
+just makes this function available or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes this function available or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just makes this function available or
+just defines where this function lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defines where this function lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defines where this function lives
+in memory all right let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory all right let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory all right let's take a look at
+this assembly the next thing that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assembly the next thing that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assembly the next thing that we see
+here are these two instructions a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are these two instructions a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are these two instructions a push
+queue or var BP and a mob queue of RSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue or var BP and a mob queue of RSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue or var BP and a mob queue of RSP
+rbp who can tell me what these do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool does that sound like a familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool does that sound like a familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool does that sound like a familiar
+thing we described earlier in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we described earlier in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we described earlier in this
+lecture yep it's part of the calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yep it's part of the calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yep it's part of the calling
+convention this is part of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention this is part of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention this is part of the function
+prologue save off our BP and then set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prologue save off our BP and then set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prologue save off our BP and then set
+our BP equal to our SP so we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our BP equal to our SP so we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our BP equal to our SP so we already
+have a couple extra instructions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple extra instructions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a couple extra instructions that
+weren't in the LLVM IR but must be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in the LLVM IR but must be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in the LLVM IR but must be in
+the assembly in order to coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly in order to coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assembly in order to coordinate
+everyone okay so now we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay so now we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone okay so now we have these two
+instructions we're now going to push a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions we're now going to push a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions we're now going to push a
+couple more registers onto the stack so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more registers onto the stack so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more registers onto the stack so
+why do why does the assembly do this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do why does the assembly do this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do why does the assembly do this any
+guesses yeah Kali save registers yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses yeah Kali save registers yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses yeah Kali save registers yes
+Kali save registers the fit routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kali save registers the fit routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kali save registers the fit routine
+we're guessing will want to use our 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guessing will want to use our 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're guessing will want to use our 14
+and RBX during his calculation and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RBX during his calculation and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RBX during his calculation and so if
+there were interesting values in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were interesting values in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were interesting values in those
+registers save them off onto the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers save them off onto the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers save them off onto the stack
+presumably we'll restore them later then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably we'll restore them later then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably we'll restore them later then
+we have this move instruction for our di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this move instruction for our di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this move instruction for our di
+into our BX this requires a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our BX this requires a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our BX this requires a little bit
+more arcane knowledge but can anyone any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arcane knowledge but can anyone any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arcane knowledge but can anyone any
+guesses as to what this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RTI is the argument to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTI is the argument to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTI is the argument to the function
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+that's the arcane knowledge so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the arcane knowledge so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the arcane knowledge so this is
+implicit from the from the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit from the from the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit from the from the assembly
+which is why you just you either have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why you just you either have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why you just you either have to
+memorize that huge chart of G PRC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize that huge chart of G PRC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize that huge chart of G PRC
+linkage nonsense but all this operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage nonsense but all this operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage nonsense but all this operation
+does is it takes whatever that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it takes whatever that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it takes whatever that argument
+was and it squirrels it away into the RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it squirrels it away into the RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and it squirrels it away into the RB
+x register for some purpose I will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x register for some purpose I will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x register for some purpose I will find
+out find out about soon then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out find out about soon then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out find out about soon then we have
+this instruction and this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instruction and this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instruction and this corresponds to
+the highlighted instruction on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlighted instruction on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlighted instruction on the left
+if in case that gives any hints what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in case that gives any hints what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in case that gives any hints what
+does this instruction do sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct it evaluates the predicate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it evaluates the predicate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it evaluates the predicate its
+checks whether it's just gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks whether it's just gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks whether it's just gonna do a
+comparison between the value of N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between the value of N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison between the value of N and
+the literal value to variance do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literal value to variance do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literal value to variance do so
+based on the result of that comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the result of that comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the result of that comparison
+if you recall last lecture the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall last lecture the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall last lecture the results
+of comparison will set some bits in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparison will set some bits in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comparison will set some bits in this
+implicit eflags register or are flags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit eflags register or are flags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit eflags register or are flags
+register and based on the setting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and based on the setting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and based on the setting of
+those bits the various conditional jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bits the various conditional jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bits the various conditional jumps
+that occur next in the code will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur next in the code will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur next in the code will have
+varying behavior so in case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying behavior so in case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying behavior so in case the
+comparison results to false if n is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison results to false if n is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison results to false if n is in
+fact greater than or equal to 2 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact greater than or equal to 2 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact greater than or equal to 2 then the
+next instruction this j ge will jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction this j ge will jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction this j ge will jump to
+the label lb be zero underscore one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label lb be zero underscore one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label lb be zero underscore one you
+can tell already that reading assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell already that reading assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell already that reading assembly
+is super fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's a conditional jump and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a conditional jump and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a conditional jump and it's
+possible that the the setting of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the the setting of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the the setting of bits
+and our flags doesn't actually follow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our flags doesn't actually follow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our flags doesn't actually follow or
+doesn't follow a true for that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't follow a true for that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't follow a true for that condition
+code and so it's possible that the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so it's possible that the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so it's possible that the code
+would just fall through pass this JGE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just fall through pass this JGE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just fall through pass this JGE
+instruction and instead execute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and instead execute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and instead execute these
+operations and these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and these operations
+correspond to the true side of the LLVM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the true side of the LLVM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the true side of the LLVM
+branch operation when n is less than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch operation when n is less than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch operation when n is less than 2
+this will move n into our X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will move n into our X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will move n into our X and then
+jump to the label lb b03
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the label lb b03
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump to the label lb b03
+any guesses as to Y moves n into our ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's a return value exactly the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a return value exactly the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a return value exactly the return
+value if you can return a value through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you can return a value through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you can return a value through
+registers it'll return it through our ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers it'll return it through our ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers it'll return it through our ax
+very good so now we see this label el
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so now we see this label el
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so now we see this label el
+bebé 0 1 that's the label as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bebé 0 1 that's the label as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bebé 0 1 that's the label as we saw
+before for the false side of the LVN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for the false side of the LVN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for the false side of the LVN
+branch and the first thing in that label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the first thing in that label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and the first thing in that label
+is this operation la q- one of our bx r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this operation la q- one of our bx r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this operation la q- one of our bx r
+di any guesses as to what that's for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di any guesses as to what that's for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di any guesses as to what that's for the
+corresponding ellaby mir is highlighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ellaby mir is highlighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding ellaby mir is highlighted
+on the left by the way this is the L EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left by the way this is the L EA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left by the way this is the L EA
+instruction means load effective address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction means load effective address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction means load effective address
+all L EA does is an address calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all L EA does is an address calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all L EA does is an address calculation
+but something that compilers really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something that compilers really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something that compilers really like
+to do is exploit the L EA instruction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is exploit the L EA instruction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is exploit the L EA instruction to
+do simple integer arithmetic as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do simple integer arithmetic as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do simple integer arithmetic as long as
+that arithmetic fits with the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arithmetic fits with the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arithmetic fits with the things
+that L EA can actually compute and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L EA can actually compute and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that L EA can actually compute and so
+all this instruction is doing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this instruction is doing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this instruction is doing is it's
+adding negative 1 to r bx + r bx as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding negative 1 to r bx + r bx as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding negative 1 to r bx + r bx as we
+recall stored the input value of n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall stored the input value of n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall stored the input value of n and
+it'll store the result in to r di that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll store the result in to r di that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll store the result in to r di that's
+all that this instruction does so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that this instruction does so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that this instruction does so
+COMPETES negative 1 stores r into r bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COMPETES negative 1 stores r into r bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+COMPETES negative 1 stores r into r bi
+how about this instruction dish this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this instruction dish this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this instruction dish this one
+should be easier her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no is there no add immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no is there no add immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no is there no add immediate
+instruction so you can do an add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so you can do an add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction so you can do an add
+instruction as in x86 and specify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction as in x86 and specify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction as in x86 and specify an
+immediate value the advantage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate value the advantage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate value the advantage of this
+instruction is that you can specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is that you can specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction is that you can specify a
+different destination operand yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different destination operand yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different destination operand yeah
+that's why compilers like to use it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why compilers like to use it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why compilers like to use it more
+arcane knowledge I don't blame you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcane knowledge I don't blame you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcane knowledge I don't blame you if
+you if you if this kind of thing turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you if this kind of thing turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you if this kind of thing turns
+you off from reading x86 it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off from reading x86 it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off from reading x86 it certainly
+turns me off from reading x86 but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns me off from reading x86 but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns me off from reading x86 but any
+case so this instruction should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so this instruction should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so this instruction should be a
+little bit easier guesses as to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier guesses as to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier guesses as to what it
+does feel free to shout it out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does feel free to shout it out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does feel free to shout it out because
+we're running a little short on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running a little short on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running a little short on time
+calls the function what function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the function what function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the function what function call
+fib exactly great then we have this move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib exactly great then we have this move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fib exactly great then we have this move
+operation which moves rx into R 14 any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which moves rx into R 14 any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which moves rx into R 14 any
+guesses as to why we do this say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses as to why we do this say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses as to why we do this say yeah
+sorry get the result of the call so Rx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry get the result of the call so Rx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry get the result of the call so Rx
+is gonna be there store the return value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be there store the return value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be there store the return value
+of that call and we're just gonna scroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that call and we're just gonna scroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that call and we're just gonna scroll
+it away into R 14 question sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away into R 14 question sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it away into R 14 question sorry
+uh it'll actually store the whole return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll actually store the whole return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it'll actually store the whole return
+value from the previous call it's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from the previous call it's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from the previous call it's part
+it's part of that result this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of that result this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of that result this will be a
+component in computing the the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in computing the the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in computing the the return
+value for this call of fib you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for this call of fib you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for this call of fib you're
+exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right
+but we need to save off this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need to save off this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need to save off this result
+because we're gonna do as we see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna do as we see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're gonna do as we see another
+call to fib and that's gonna clobber our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to fib and that's gonna clobber our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to fib and that's gonna clobber our
+ax so make sense cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax so make sense cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax so make sense cool
+so all right store as a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right store as a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right store as a result of the
+function save it into our 14 great these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function save it into our 14 great these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function save it into our 14 great these
+instructions since we're running short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions since we're running short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions since we're running short
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+well anyone tell me really quickly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyone tell me really quickly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyone tell me really quickly what
+these instructions do just a wild guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instructions do just a wild guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instructions do just a wild guess
+if you had to n minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to n minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to n minus 2
+compute itemize to buy this addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute itemize to buy this addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute itemize to buy this addition
+operation stash it into RDI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation stash it into RDI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation stash it into RDI
+and then you call fib on n minus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you call fib on n minus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you call fib on n minus 2 and
+that will return them and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will return them and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will return them and that will
+return the results into our ax as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the results into our ax as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the results into our ax as we saw
+before so now we do this operation add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so now we do this operation add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so now we do this operation add
+our 14 to our ax and this does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+add the thing so our next door is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the thing so our next door is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the thing so our next door is the
+result of the last function return'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the last function return'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the last function return'
+added into our 14 which is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added into our 14 which is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added into our 14 which is where we
+stash the result of fib of n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash the result of fib of n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stash the result of fib of n minus 1
+cool then we have the label for the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool then we have the label for the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool then we have the label for the true
+side of the branch this is the last pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the branch this is the last pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the branch this is the last pop
+quiz question I'll ask o puff quiz god I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz question I'll ask o puff quiz god I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz question I'll ask o puff quiz god I
+didn't even intend that one why do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even intend that one why do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even intend that one why do we do
+these pop operations in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restore the registers before anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the registers before anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the registers before anything
+the stack frame exactly that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack frame exactly that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack frame exactly that's in
+calling convention terms that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling convention terms that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling convention terms that's called
+the function epilogue and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function epilogue and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function epilogue and then finally
+we return so that is how we get from C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return so that is how we get from C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we return so that is how we get from C
+to assembly this is just a summary slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assembly this is just a summary slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assembly this is just a summary slide
+of everything we covered today we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything we covered today we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything we covered today we took
+we took the trip from C to assembly via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took the trip from C to assembly via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took the trip from C to assembly via
+l vm ir and we saw how we can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l vm ir and we saw how we can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l vm ir and we saw how we can represent
+things in a control flow graph as basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a control flow graph as basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a control flow graph as basic
+blocks connected by control flow edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks connected by control flow edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks connected by control flow edges
+and then there's additional complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's additional complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's additional complexity
+when you get to the actual assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to the actual assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to the actual assembly
+mostly to deal with this calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to deal with this calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly to deal with this calling
+invention that's all I have for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention that's all I have for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention that's all I have for you
+today thanks for your time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/x5WavAj2M8A.txt b/x5WavAj2M8A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b98881f1a86d21065d2100fa0bfc6b2d3b4f4d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/x5WavAj2M8A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's now consider the generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now consider the generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now consider the generalization of
+the result that the torque on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result that the torque on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result that the torque on a single
+particle about a point causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle about a point causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle about a point causes the
+angular momentum of that particle about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of that particle about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of that particle about
+that point to change to a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to change to a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to change to a collection of
+particles so let's begin by indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so let's begin by indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so let's begin by indicating
+some ice particle with momentum P I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ice particle with momentum P I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ice particle with momentum P I and
+some J particle over here with momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some J particle over here with momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some J particle over here with momentum
+P J and this is a big system of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P J and this is a big system of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P J and this is a big system of n
+particles and we'd like to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and we'd like to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and we'd like to calculate the
+angular momentum about some point s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum about some point s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum about some point s so
+that angular momentum will consist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular momentum will consist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angular momentum will consist of
+the direct product of the vector from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product of the vector from s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product of the vector from s
+to the I start achill and the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I start achill and the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I start achill and the direct
+particle product of the vector RS to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle product of the vector RS to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle product of the vector RS to the
+j DH particle so the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j DH particle so the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j DH particle so the angular momentum
+total will be the sum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total will be the sum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total will be the sum over all the
+particles one to end of this sum RS j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles one to end of this sum RS j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles one to end of this sum RS j
+cross P J now what we'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross P J now what we'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross P J now what we'd like to do is
+again as before take the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as before take the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as before take the time derivative
+of this angular momentum we have the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angular momentum we have the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this angular momentum we have the sum
+j goes from 1 to n we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goes from 1 to n we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j goes from 1 to n we have two
+derivatives here by the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here by the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives here by the product rule
+across PJ plus the sum J goes from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across PJ plus the sum J goes from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across PJ plus the sum J goes from 1 to
+N of RS j cross F J where we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N of RS j cross F J where we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N of RS j cross F J where we use the
+fact as we did before that the force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as we did before that the force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact as we did before that the force on
+the j particle is equal to the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j particle is equal to the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j particle is equal to the change in
+momentum of the j DH particle now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the j DH particle now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the j DH particle now this
+first piece again the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece again the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first piece again the derivative of the
+vector from s to the j part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from s to the j part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector from s to the j part is the
+velocity so we have J equals 1 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have J equals 1 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have J equals 1 to n of
+the the velocity of the j particle cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity of the j particle cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity of the j particle cross
+m j pj and that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m j pj and that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m j pj and that's zero
+as we know that a vector cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know that a vector cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know that a vector cross product
+with itself is zero and this piece in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself is zero and this piece in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself is zero and this piece in
+here now we have to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we have to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we have to be a little bit
+careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful
+but our s J cross F J is the torque on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our s J cross F J is the torque on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our s J cross F J is the torque on
+the jth particle so that is the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jth particle so that is the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jth particle so that is the torque
+on the J the particle now remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the J the particle now remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the J the particle now remember that
+we showed that internal the forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that internal the forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed that internal the forces on
+the J particle could be both due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J particle could be both due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J particle could be both due to
+internal or external forces and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal or external forces and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal or external forces and as long
+as the internal forces pointed between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the internal forces pointed between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the internal forces pointed between
+two particles pointed along the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles pointed along the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles pointed along the line
+connecting those particles the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting those particles the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting those particles the internal
+torques cancel in pairs and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques cancel in pairs and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques cancel in pairs and this will
+only be the external torque so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be the external torque so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be the external torque so we've
+assumed that the internal torques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the internal torques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that the internal torques
+canceled in pair and that has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled in pair and that has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled in pair and that has to do with
+an assumption about the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption about the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assumption about the direction of the
+internal forces and so we can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal forces and so we can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal forces and so we can conclude
+that this is just the total external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just the total external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is just the total external
+torque about the point s s total and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about the point s s total and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque about the point s s total and
+we'll drop that total and we'll conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll drop that total and we'll conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll drop that total and we'll conclude
+that the torque for a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the torque for a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the torque for a system of
+particles is just causes the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is just causes the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is just causes the angular
+momentum of the system of particles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system of particles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system of particles to
+change the calculation is exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the calculation is exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the calculation is exactly like
+the single particle with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single particle with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single particle with a few
+subtleties that have to do with internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that have to do with internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties that have to do with internal
+torques canceling in pairs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xEjZjz7oxbI.txt b/xEjZjz7oxbI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f5dc1d3ef3edd27c8533f572b886708b70a3335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xEjZjz7oxbI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture we'll be using data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll be using data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we'll be using data for
+movie Lin's to explain clustering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Lin's to explain clustering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Lin's to explain clustering and
+perform content filtering movie Lin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform content filtering movie Lin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform content filtering movie Lin's
+org is a movie recommendation website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+org is a movie recommendation website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+org is a movie recommendation website
+run by the group lens research lab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by the group lens research lab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by the group lens research lab at
+the University of Minnesota they collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Minnesota they collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Minnesota they collect
+user preferences about movies and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user preferences about movies and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user preferences about movies and do
+collaborative filtering to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative filtering to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative filtering to make
+recommendations to users based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations to users based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations to users based on the
+similarities between users will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities between users will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities between users will use
+their Movie Database to do content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Movie Database to do content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Movie Database to do content
+filtering using a technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering using a technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering using a technique called
+clustering first let's discuss what data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering first let's discuss what data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering first let's discuss what data
+we have movies in the movie lens dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have movies in the movie lens dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have movies in the movie lens dataset
+are categorized as belonging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are categorized as belonging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are categorized as belonging to
+different genres there are 18 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genres there are 18 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genres there are 18 different
+genres as well as an unknown category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres as well as an unknown category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres as well as an unknown category
+these genres include crime musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genres include crime musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genres include crime musical
+mystery and children's each movie may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery and children's each movie may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery and children's each movie may
+belong to many different genres so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to many different genres so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to many different genres so a
+movie could be classified as drama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie could be classified as drama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie could be classified as drama
+adventure and sci-fi the question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure and sci-fi the question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure and sci-fi the question we
+want to answer is can we systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to answer is can we systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to answer is can we systematically
+find groups of movies with similar sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find groups of movies with similar sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find groups of movies with similar sets
+of genres to answer this question we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genres to answer this question we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genres to answer this question we'll
+use a method called clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a method called clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a method called clustering
+clustering is different from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is different from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering is different from the other
+analytics methods we've covered so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics methods we've covered so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics methods we've covered so far
+it's called an unsupervised learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called an unsupervised learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called an unsupervised learning
+method this means that we're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this means that we're just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this means that we're just trying
+to segment the data into similar groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to segment the data into similar groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to segment the data into similar groups
+instead of trying to predict an outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying to predict an outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying to predict an outcome
+in this image on the slide based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this image on the slide based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this image on the slide based on the
+locations of points we've divided them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of points we've divided them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of points we've divided them
+into three clusters a blue cluster a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three clusters a blue cluster a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three clusters a blue cluster a red
+cluster and a yellow cluster this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and a yellow cluster this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster and a yellow cluster this is the
+goal of clustering to put each data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of clustering to put each data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of clustering to put each data
+point into a group with similar values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point into a group with similar values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point into a group with similar values
+in the data a clustering algorithm does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data a clustering algorithm does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data a clustering algorithm does
+not predict anything however clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not predict anything however clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not predict anything however clustering
+can be used to improve predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to improve predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to improve predictive
+methods you can cluster the data into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you can cluster the data into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods you can cluster the data into
+similar groups and then build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar groups and then build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar groups and then build a
+predictive model for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model for each
+this can often improve the accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can often improve the accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can often improve the accuracy of
+predictive methods but as a warning be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive methods but as a warning be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive methods but as a warning be
+careful not to over fit your model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to over fit your model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to over fit your model to
+the training set this works best for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set this works best for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set this works best for
+large data sets there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large data sets there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large data sets there are many different
+algorithms for clustering they differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for clustering they differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for clustering they differ in
+what makes a cluster and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes a cluster and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes a cluster and how the
+clusters are found in this class we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters are found in this class we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters are found in this class we'll
+cover hierarchical clustering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover hierarchical clustering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover hierarchical clustering and
+k-means clustering in this lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means clustering in this lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means clustering in this lecture we'll
+discuss hierarchical clustering and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss hierarchical clustering and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss hierarchical clustering and in
+the next lecture we'll discuss k-means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture we'll discuss k-means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture we'll discuss k-means
+clustering you'll learn how to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering you'll learn how to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering you'll learn how to create
+clusters using either method in R there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters using either method in R there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters using either method in R there
+are other clustering methods also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other clustering methods also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other clustering methods also
+but hierarchical and k-means are two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hierarchical and k-means are two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hierarchical and k-means are two of
+the most popular methods to cluster data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular methods to cluster data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular methods to cluster data
+points we need to compute how similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we need to compute how similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we need to compute how similar
+the points are this is done by computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points are this is done by computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points are this is done by computing
+the distance between points which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between points which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between points which we'll
+discuss in the next video
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xMohaACn0yY.txt b/xMohaACn0yY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecd3a858f25537dd16fcffff9e2fb2e284e655a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xMohaACn0yY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today um we're moving along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today um we're moving along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today um we're moving along
+chronologically and today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronologically and today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronologically and today we're going to
+look at two films from the 1920s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two films from the 1920s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two films from the 1920s and
+both of these films were extremely influ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these films were extremely influ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these films were extremely influ
+influential on later documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential on later documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential on later documentary
+filmmakers which is why we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers which is why we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers which is why we want to look
+at them but they have extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them but they have extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them but they have extremely
+different sensibilities and extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensibilities and extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensibilities and extremely
+different styles. Um and they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles. Um and they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different styles. Um and they also have
+extremely different visions of what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely different visions of what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely different visions of what they
+want to do with this new emerging camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with this new emerging camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with this new emerging camera
+uh film technology. Um and they also are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film technology. Um and they also are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film technology. Um and they also are
+in dialogue with science in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dialogue with science in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dialogue with science in different
+kinds of ways and we talked some about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways and we talked some about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ways and we talked some about
+science films before and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science films before and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science films before and that's
+something that's we're going to draw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's we're going to draw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's we're going to draw out
+in both of these um uh thinking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these um uh thinking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of these um uh thinking about in
+relation to both of these filmmakers. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to both of these filmmakers. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to both of these filmmakers. Um
+so as I mentioned in the last class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned in the last class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I mentioned in the last class the
+way that we do these Wednesday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do these Wednesday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we do these Wednesday night
+classes is generally I introduce um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes is generally I introduce um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes is generally I introduce um the
+films that we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that we're going to be talking
+about then we watch part of the films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then we watch part of the films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then we watch part of the films
+and then we have group discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have group discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have group discussion about
+it afterwards. um because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it afterwards. um because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it afterwards. um because we don't have
+enough time, unfortunately, we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time, unfortunately, we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time, unfortunately, we can't
+watch the documentaries in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the documentaries in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the documentaries in their
+entirety, but we do have copies of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety, but we do have copies of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirety, but we do have copies of most
+things over in the DV Lab office. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over in the DV Lab office. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over in the DV Lab office. And
+for a lot of the films, we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of the films, we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of the films, we have three
+copies of each. So, if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of each. So, if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of each. So, if you want to
+borrow DVDs and watch the rest of it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow DVDs and watch the rest of it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow DVDs and watch the rest of it at
+some point, if you have a chance, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point, if you have a chance, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point, if you have a chance, you
+can also um um get them out um take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also um um get them out um take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also um um get them out um take them
+out with Dave um in addition to getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with Dave um in addition to getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with Dave um in addition to getting
+camera equipment from him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera equipment from him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera equipment from him.
+Okay, so the first film we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the first film we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the first film we're going to
+look at is a film called Nanak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is a film called Nanak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is a film called Nanak of the
+North. I don't know how many of you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North. I don't know how many of you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North. I don't know how many of you ever
+heard of Nanoke. It's quite a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Nanoke. It's quite a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Nanoke. It's quite a famous
+documentary film. Um, and as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film. Um, and as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film. Um, and as you know
+from the reading it was made by Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reading it was made by Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reading it was made by Robert
+Flity. It came out in 1922. Um, and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity. It came out in 1922. Um, and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity. It came out in 1922. Um, and this
+film was made about Inwood peoples um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was made about Inwood peoples um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was made about Inwood peoples um
+who are often referred to historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are often referred to historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are often referred to historically
+by Europeans and Americans as Eskimo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Europeans and Americans as Eskimo.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Europeans and Americans as Eskimo.
+Um, people who a group that lived um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, people who a group that lived um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, people who a group that lived um
+historically um as well as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically um as well as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically um as well as in the
+contemporary period in northern Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary period in northern Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary period in northern Canada
+in the Arctic. Um, and the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Arctic. Um, and the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Arctic. Um, and the film
+ostensibly uh tracks the life of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly uh tracks the life of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly uh tracks the life of an
+Eskimo family and their struggles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eskimo family and their struggles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eskimo family and their struggles to
+survive in the harsh Arctic wilderness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive in the harsh Arctic wilderness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive in the harsh Arctic wilderness.
+And in thinking about um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in thinking about um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in thinking about um the
+relationship between science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between science and
+documentary in this class, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary in this class, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary in this class, there's a
+couple reasons why why Nanuko the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple reasons why why Nanuko the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple reasons why why Nanuko the North
+is important to think about. First of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important to think about. First of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important to think about. First of
+all, because it's often credited as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, because it's often credited as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, because it's often credited as
+being the first documentary film. And as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the first documentary film. And as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the first documentary film. And as
+we talked about in the last class, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in the last class, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in the last class, the
+term documentary itself wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term documentary itself wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term documentary itself wasn't really
+coined until the 1930s. So you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined until the 1930s. So you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coined until the 1930s. So you didn't
+really at this point, it was still too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at this point, it was still too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at this point, it was still too
+early, you didn't really have a distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early, you didn't really have a distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early, you didn't really have a distinct
+genre of documentary film. But in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of documentary film. But in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre of documentary film. But in for
+documentary film theorists when they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film theorists when they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film theorists when they go
+back and look at the history of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the history of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the history of various
+kinds of films, they often position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of films, they often position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of films, they often position
+Enoch of the North as being being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enoch of the North as being being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enoch of the North as being being the
+first documentary um film historically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first documentary um film historically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first documentary um film historically.
+Um and it's also been influential among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and it's also been influential among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and it's also been influential among
+anthropologists in the social sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologists in the social sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologists in the social sciences
+because many people saw it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many people saw it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many people saw it as a
+precursor to ethnographic film. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to ethnographic film. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursor to ethnographic film. Um, and
+if you're not sure about anthropology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not sure about anthropology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not sure about anthropology or
+ethnographic film, we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnographic film, we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnographic film, we're going to be
+talking about that a couple classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that a couple classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that a couple classes
+later down the line. So, so there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later down the line. So, so there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later down the line. So, so there'll be
+more discussion um about that coming up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discussion um about that coming up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discussion um about that coming up.
+Um, so I mentioned in the last class how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I mentioned in the last class how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I mentioned in the last class how
+from the very beginning, from the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning, from the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very beginning, from the time
+that you had the Lumiere brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had the Lumiere brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had the Lumiere brothers
+inventing their their camera um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing their their camera um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing their their camera um in the
+1890s, the early histories of film were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s, the early histories of film were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s, the early histories of film were
+very international in in origin. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very international in in origin. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very international in in origin. Um,
+right. So we we talked about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So we we talked about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So we we talked about how the
+Lumiè they immediately had their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumiè they immediately had their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumiè they immediately had their
+operators um going out different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators um going out different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators um going out different parts
+of the world taking these films showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world taking these films showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world taking these films showing
+them to audiences. So so from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to audiences. So so from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to audiences. So so from the very
+very beginning it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning it was a very
+international um um it had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international um um it had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international um um it had a very
+international scope and I also mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international scope and I also mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international scope and I also mentioned
+in the last class that you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last class that you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last class that you have to keep
+in mind this was also the colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind this was also the colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind this was also the colonial
+period. So this was really the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So this was really the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So this was really the height of
+European um the height of European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European um the height of European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European um the height of European
+colonialism. um onethird of the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism. um onethird of the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonialism. um onethird of the land
+mass of the globe um during this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the globe um during this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the globe um during this period
+was controlled by the British in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was controlled by the British in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was controlled by the British in some
+form either through direct colonies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form either through direct colonies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form either through direct colonies or
+indirect protectorates. Um some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect protectorates. Um some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect protectorates. Um some people
+argue that one quarter of the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that one quarter of the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that one quarter of the world's
+population were under some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population were under some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population were under some form of
+British dominion. So between the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British dominion. So between the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British dominion. So between the various
+um major European powers um and the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um major European powers um and the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um major European powers um and the US
+also had you know it its hands in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had you know it its hands in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had you know it its hands in in
+some of this but but it was very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this but but it was very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this but but it was very much a
+colonial um a colonial international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial um a colonial international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial um a colonial international
+terrain. Um, and so you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain. Um, and so you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain. Um, and so you have to think
+about the dissemination of cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dissemination of cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dissemination of cameras and
+early films in that kind of context as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films in that kind of context as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early films in that kind of context as
+they moved internationally. And you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they moved internationally. And you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they moved internationally. And you also
+have to think in the context of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think in the context of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think in the context of the US
+and Canada. You also had internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Canada. You also had internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Canada. You also had internally
+colonized people like Native Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonized people like Native Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonized people like Native Americans
+or the Inuit um in Arctic Canada. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Inuit um in Arctic Canada. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Inuit um in Arctic Canada. And I
+don't know how many of you have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many of you have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many of you have talked
+about this in basic history classes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in basic history classes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in basic history classes um
+elsewhere, but in the 19th and 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere, but in the 19th and 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere, but in the 19th and 20th
+centuries, you might know that ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries, you might know that ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries, you might know that ideas of
+social evolution were very common. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social evolution were very common. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social evolution were very common. Any
+sense of what those ideas of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what those ideas of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what those ideas of social
+evolution were about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I mean some some people refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I mean some some people refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I mean some some people refer to
+it as social Darwinism. I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as social Darwinism. I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as social Darwinism. I mean there's
+that was kind of a later strand. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of a later strand. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was kind of a later strand. Um it
+also had um um earlier historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had um um earlier historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had um um earlier historical
+origins, but basically the idea um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins, but basically the idea um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins, but basically the idea um in
+much of 19th century European and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of 19th century European and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of 19th century European and
+American thought that you could rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American thought that you could rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American thought that you could rank
+societies hierarchically that societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies hierarchically that societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies hierarchically that societies
+were ranked. There were some societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ranked. There were some societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ranked. There were some societies
+that were seen as being more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were seen as being more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were seen as being more more
+primitive or more traditional and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive or more traditional and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive or more traditional and they
+were seen as as being ranked and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were seen as as being ranked and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were seen as as being ranked and the the
+groups that were seen as being sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that were seen as being sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that were seen as being sort of
+the most civilized or modern or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most civilized or modern or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most civilized or modern or
+progressive were European countries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive were European countries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive were European countries um
+and Americans thought of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Americans thought of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Americans thought of course
+Americans were. But but it was very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans were. But but it was very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans were. But but it was very much
+this idea that somehow societies could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that somehow societies could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that somehow societies could
+be ranked in a certain kind of way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ranked in a certain kind of way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ranked in a certain kind of way and
+the idea that societies would evolve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that societies would evolve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that societies would evolve or
+transform from being more primitive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform from being more primitive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform from being more primitive or
+traditional to being um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional to being um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional to being um um
+you know more um more modern. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more um more modern. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more um more modern. So these
+ideas so these kinds of stereotypes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so these kinds of stereotypes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so these kinds of stereotypes and
+ideas were very pervasive during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas were very pervasive during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas were very pervasive during this
+period and many of these stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and many of these stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and many of these stereotypes
+then about non-western societies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about non-western societies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about non-western societies were
+extremely negative and partly that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely negative and partly that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely negative and partly that came
+out of the colonial context. It was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the colonial context. It was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the colonial context. It was it
+was part of sort of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of sort of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of sort of um the
+understandings of this hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of this hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of this hierarchical
+relationships between people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between people in
+different parts of the world. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the world. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the world. But in
+addition to the overtly negative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the overtly negative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the overtly negative um
+stereotypes of non-western people, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes of non-western people, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes of non-western people, you
+also had a certain kind of romantic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had a certain kind of romantic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also had a certain kind of romantic um
+rousoan ideas of of sort of the noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rousoan ideas of of sort of the noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rousoan ideas of of sort of the noble
+primitive um savage that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive um savage that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive um savage that that that
+certain primitives peoples were seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain primitives peoples were seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain primitives peoples were seen as
+in kind of a romantic light as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of a romantic light as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of a romantic light as being
+closer to nature um as being potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to nature um as being potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to nature um as being potentially
+more authentic. So there was this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more authentic. So there was this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more authentic. So there was this kind
+of countercurrent in European and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of countercurrent in European and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of countercurrent in European and and
+American thought where at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American thought where at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American thought where at least some
+people would argue well modern society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would argue well modern society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would argue well modern society
+is corrupting and these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupting and these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupting and these sort of
+non-western more more quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-western more more quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-western more more quote unquote
+primitive peoples are somehow more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive peoples are somehow more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive peoples are somehow more
+authentic. They're not they haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic. They're not they haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic. They're not they haven't been
+corrupted by by modern contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted by by modern contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted by by modern contemporary
+life. And so um many people have talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. And so um many people have talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. And so um many people have talked
+about Nanuka the North as being a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Nanuka the North as being a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Nanuka the North as being a film
+that sort of came out of this romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of came out of this romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of came out of this romantic
+um this romantic primitivist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this romantic primitivist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this romantic primitivist uh
+tradition. It was a wildly popular film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition. It was a wildly popular film.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition. It was a wildly popular film.
+Okay. And we talked in the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we talked in the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we talked in the last class
+about how the early science films were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the early science films were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the early science films were
+also part of popular entertainment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of popular entertainment,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of popular entertainment,
+right? They were shown in movie theaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They were shown in movie theaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? They were shown in movie theaters
+with vaudeville shows. Um um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vaudeville shows. Um um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vaudeville shows. Um um so
+entertainment was um very much a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment was um very much a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment was um very much a part of
+uh the early film terrain and nanuk as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the early film terrain and nanuk as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the early film terrain and nanuk as
+entertainment was wildly successful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment was wildly successful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment was wildly successful.
+There were press kits and I actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were press kits and I actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were press kits and I actually I
+can't remember whether I had this online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember whether I had this online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember whether I had this online
+but for those of you interested I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for those of you interested I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for those of you interested I'll
+pass this around. This is um one some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this around. This is um one some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this around. This is um one some of
+the early press kits that that um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early press kits that that um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early press kits that that um when
+Nano was being shown in theaters. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano was being shown in theaters. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano was being shown in theaters. They
+had all these ideas for um shopkeepers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all these ideas for um shopkeepers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had all these ideas for um shopkeepers
+about what you should do to publicize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you should do to publicize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you should do to publicize it
+and all these ideas about how you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these ideas about how you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these ideas about how you should
+build igloos in your lobby and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build igloos in your lobby and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build igloos in your lobby and put
+around fake snow and um uh so anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around fake snow and um uh so anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around fake snow and um uh so anyway the
+press the press kit from the 1920s is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the press kit from the 1920s is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the press kit from the 1920s is is
+quite interesting about ideas about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting about ideas about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting about ideas about how
+Nuk should be publicized. So, Neneuk was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuk should be publicized. So, Neneuk was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuk should be publicized. So, Neneuk was
+it turned in kind of a pop culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned in kind of a pop culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned in kind of a pop culture
+craze, right? All these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craze, right? All these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craze, right? All these kinds of
+commercial tie-ins, Eskimo pies became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial tie-ins, Eskimo pies became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial tie-ins, Eskimo pies became
+um you know, big item in pop culture. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know, big item in pop culture. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know, big item in pop culture. Um
+so, so one of the questions to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so one of the questions to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so one of the questions to think
+about then was why was this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then was why was this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then was why was this kind of
+romantic primitivism so popular at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic primitivism so popular at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic primitivism so popular at the
+time? And Anna Grimshaw is one author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? And Anna Grimshaw is one author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? And Anna Grimshaw is one author
+um who's argued that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's argued that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who's argued that in order to
+understand the popularity of films like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the popularity of films like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the popularity of films like
+Nanuk and these kinds of ideas, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk and these kinds of ideas, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk and these kinds of ideas, you have
+to think about the US and Europe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the US and Europe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the US and Europe in the
+context of the aftermath of World War I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the aftermath of World War I.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the aftermath of World War I.
+Okay. And what she argued was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what she argued was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what she argued was that the
+first world war was so deeply traumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war was so deeply traumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war was so deeply traumatic
+for so many people that it caused them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so many people that it caused them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so many people that it caused them
+to question the kind of 19th century um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to question the kind of 19th century um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to question the kind of 19th century um
+you know strong faith in ideas of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know strong faith in ideas of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know strong faith in ideas of uh
+science and technology is always leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology is always leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology is always leading
+to greater rationality. Um and for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to greater rationality. Um and for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to greater rationality. Um and for a lot
+of people those kinds of ideas sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people those kinds of ideas sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people those kinds of ideas sort of
+that society was just uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that society was just uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that society was just uh you know
+evolving in this kind of upward way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in this kind of upward way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving in this kind of upward way and
+everything was be become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was be become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was be become more
+progressive and that you know science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive and that you know science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive and that you know science
+and technology were going to bring sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology were going to bring sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology were going to bring sort
+of only wonderful things. uh the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only wonderful things. uh the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only wonderful things. uh the first
+world war was a very strong challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war was a very strong challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war was a very strong challenge
+for um a lot of people and she argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um a lot of people and she argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um a lot of people and she argues
+that there were a couple responses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a couple responses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a couple responses to
+this that that surrealism if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that that surrealism if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that that surrealism if you think
+about other kinds of art movements like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other kinds of art movements like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other kinds of art movements like
+surrealism and dataism were were one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealism and dataism were were one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealism and dataism were were one
+kind of response um because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of response um because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of response um because the
+surrealist ideas of sort of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealist ideas of sort of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealist ideas of sort of breaking
+down rationality and focusing on dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down rationality and focusing on dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down rationality and focusing on dream
+states for example that that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for example that that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for example that that was one
+kind of um response to that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um response to that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um response to that kind of
+disillusionment and she argues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disillusionment and she argues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disillusionment and she argues that
+another response was a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another response was a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another response was a certain kind of
+romantic primitivism um right this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic primitivism um right this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic primitivism um right this kind
+of idea then that well the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea then that well the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of idea then that well the these
+supposedly primitive peoples were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly primitive peoples were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly primitive peoples were sort
+of leading more simple authentic lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leading more simple authentic lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leading more simple authentic lives
+and that they didn't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they didn't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they didn't have to worry about
+the horrors of modern warfare or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horrors of modern warfare or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horrors of modern warfare or the
+alienation of modern life. And so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienation of modern life. And so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alienation of modern life. And so so
+there was this kind of fascination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this kind of fascination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this kind of fascination
+um at that particular historical moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at that particular historical moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at that particular historical moment
+um with these kinds of groups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with these kinds of groups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with these kinds of groups.
+Um so and in addition to focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so and in addition to focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so and in addition to focusing on
+what were thought of as the time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were thought of as the time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were thought of as the time at the
+time as being primitive peoples there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as being primitive peoples there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as being primitive peoples there
+also the romantic tradition has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the romantic tradition has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the romantic tradition has
+historically focused very strongly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically focused very strongly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically focused very strongly on
+nature. Okay. And there was often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. Okay. And there was often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. Okay. And there was often
+expressed a kind of um longing for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed a kind of um longing for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed a kind of um longing for an
+untamed nature and wild spaces um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untamed nature and wild spaces um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untamed nature and wild spaces um which
+was associated with the fact that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was associated with the fact that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was associated with the fact that many
+of those spaces were being transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those spaces were being transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those spaces were being transformed
+because of uh colonialism or because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of uh colonialism or because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of uh colonialism or because of
+economic expansion. So there was often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic expansion. So there was often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic expansion. So there was often a
+kind of nostalgia um for certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nostalgia um for certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nostalgia um for certain kinds
+of um certain kinds of landscapes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um certain kinds of landscapes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um certain kinds of landscapes. So
+Nanuk was was a film that brought both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk was was a film that brought both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk was was a film that brought both
+of those trends together. A certain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those trends together. A certain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those trends together. A certain an
+interest in a certain kind of romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in a certain kind of romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in a certain kind of romantic
+primitivism that was also tried tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitivism that was also tried tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitivism that was also tried tied to
+certain kinds of nostalgia for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of nostalgia for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of nostalgia for certain
+kinds of natural landscapes. Um and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of natural landscapes. Um and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of natural landscapes. Um and if
+you've read a bit in the readings about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read a bit in the readings about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've read a bit in the readings about
+Flity's background, the filmmaker, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity's background, the filmmaker, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity's background, the filmmaker, um
+you know that he was the son of a mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that he was the son of a mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that he was the son of a mining
+engineer. He grew up in northern uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer. He grew up in northern uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer. He grew up in northern uh in
+northern Michigan. He was very kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Michigan. He was very kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Michigan. He was very kind of
+outdoorsy type ever since he he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoorsy type ever since he he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoorsy type ever since he he was a
+kid and he started out in the north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and he started out in the north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and he started out in the north
+because he was searching for mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was searching for mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was searching for mining
+deposits. Um um and then he increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits. Um um and then he increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits. Um um and then he increasingly
+began working on film projects with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began working on film projects with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began working on film projects with the
+Inuit. Um you might have read about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit. Um you might have read about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit. Um you might have read about how
+he had an early version of the film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an early version of the film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an early version of the film that
+ended up being set on fire and destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being set on fire and destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being set on fire and destroyed
+and he ended up going back and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he ended up going back and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he ended up going back and sort of
+reworking uh working it completely. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworking uh working it completely. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworking uh working it completely. Um,
+but anyway, we'll we can talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway, we'll we can talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway, we'll we can talk more about
+flarity after you've seen a bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flarity after you've seen a bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flarity after you've seen a bit of the
+film. So, just a couple things I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. So, just a couple things I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. So, just a couple things I want
+you to be thinking about as you watch as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be thinking about as you watch as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be thinking about as you watch as
+we watch a bit of Nanoko the North. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we watch a bit of Nanoko the North. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we watch a bit of Nanoko the North. Um,
+the question of why was it so appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of why was it so appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of why was it so appealing
+to so many people at the time? Why was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so many people at the time? Why was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so many people at the time? Why was
+this considered to be a classic film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this considered to be a classic film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this considered to be a classic film and
+it still is is, you know, often on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is is, you know, often on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is is, you know, often on the
+list of, you know, top films ever made.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of, you know, top films ever made.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of, you know, top films ever made.
+Uh the second question to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the second question to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the second question to think about is
+how is it constructed as a film as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it constructed as a film as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it constructed as a film as a
+documentary film? How is it put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film? How is it put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film? How is it put
+together? How is it made? Um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together? How is it made? Um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together? How is it made? Um and the
+third question is um how what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third question is um how what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third question is um how what are the
+kinds of representations at work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of representations at work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of representations at work in the
+film about Inuit um as as a group. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film about Inuit um as as a group. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film about Inuit um as as a group. Okay.
+So just a few things to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just a few things to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just a few things to be thinking
+about as we watch it. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as we watch it. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as we watch it. We're going to
+watch about you know 20 minutes to half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch about you know 20 minutes to half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch about you know 20 minutes to half
+an hour of the film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hey, heat. Hey, heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hallelujah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hallelujah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hallelujah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hallelujah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hallelujah.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+There we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hallelujah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hallelujah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hallelujah.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Amen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Amen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hallelujah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey,
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+heat. Hey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. Hey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. Hey.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Where are you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+I am.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So cute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pray. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Hey, Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Hey, Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Hey, Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay. Reactions, thoughts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do y'all think?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Something made in the 19 early 1900s. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something made in the 19 early 1900s. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something made in the 19 early 1900s. It
+wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+It was pretty good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was pretty good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was pretty good.
+Yeah, it is. It kind of holds up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it is. It kind of holds up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it is. It kind of holds up,
+doesn't it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it?
+Yeah. So, what did you like about it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, what did you like about it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, what did you like about it?
+Um, I don't know. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I don't know. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I don't know. I I
+I don't know. I guess it sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. I guess it sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. I guess it sort of just
+had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that
+old movie feel to it. It reminded me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old movie feel to it. It reminded me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old movie feel to it. It reminded me of
+the last the last STS class I was in. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last the last STS class I was in. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last the last STS class I was in. We
+watched um we watched a few clips from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched um we watched a few clips from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched um we watched a few clips from
+Charlie Chaplan's Modern Times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie Chaplan's Modern Times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie Chaplan's Modern Times.
+Yeah, that's great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's great.
+And it it just sort of reminded me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it it just sort of reminded me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it it just sort of reminded me of
+like that like that similar type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that like that similar type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that like that similar type of
+movie. It just has that feelgood type.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie. It just has that feelgood type.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie. It just has that feelgood type.
+I don't know how to express it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to express it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to express it
+personally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally.
+Other thoughts, comments?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other thoughts, comments?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other thoughts, comments?
+It's cool cuz the stuff like that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cool cuz the stuff like that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's cool cuz the stuff like that I've
+never seen like as far as like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen like as far as like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seen like as far as like the
+building and stuff. I mean, even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and stuff. I mean, even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and stuff. I mean, even though
+nowadays you could probably go out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you could probably go out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you could probably go out there
+a lot easier with the equipment, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier with the equipment, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier with the equipment, but
+yeah, like they don't show that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, like they don't show that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, like they don't show that.
+So, because it's more like not following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, because it's more like not following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, because it's more like not following
+one person in modern films about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person in modern films about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person in modern films about like
+visiting places. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting places. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting places. So,
+yeah. And I mean, and just we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. And I mean, and just we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. And I mean, and just we're going
+to be talking particularly when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking particularly when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking particularly when we look
+at Vertov's film um which is a film very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Vertov's film um which is a film very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Vertov's film um which is a film very
+much about the modern technology of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the modern technology of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the modern technology of the
+time. So, so again um thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So, so again um thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So, so again um thinking about
+flarity as somebody who's partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flarity as somebody who's partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flarity as somebody who's partly
+reacting against that. And so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting against that. And so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting against that. And so here is
+like a real appreciation with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real appreciation with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real appreciation with that
+building. It's like ah look at here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. It's like ah look at here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. It's like ah look at here's a
+technology that wouldn't be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that wouldn't be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that wouldn't be considered
+you know modern by by contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know modern by by contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know modern by by contemporary
+southerners as as Inuit people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southerners as as Inuit people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southerners as as Inuit people would
+refer to people down here. But isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to people down here. But isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to people down here. But isn't
+this fascinating watching the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fascinating watching the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fascinating watching the way that
+they put it together and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it together and the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it together and the amount of
+ingenuity that goes into doing it. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenuity that goes into doing it. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenuity that goes into doing it. So,
+so it's about technology in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about technology in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about technology in an
+interesting way, but but different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way, but but different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way, but but different than
+than um some of the focus on technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um some of the focus on technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um some of the focus on technology
+that we'll see in in some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see in in some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see in in some of the other
+films. Jessica, you had a hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. Jessica, you had a hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films. Jessica, you had a hand.
+Oh, yeah. I was going to say what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. I was going to say what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. I was going to say what I
+found interesting uh or at least what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting uh or at least what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found interesting uh or at least what
+got me really interested in the film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got me really interested in the film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got me really interested in the film was
+that it's like a it's a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like a it's a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's like a it's a totally
+different way of life that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of life that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of life that you know
+different from the viewers in that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the viewers in that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the viewers in that day
+when it was published or shown and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was published or shown and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was published or shown and and
+now. I think that was what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I think that was what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. I think that was what really
+fascinated me. Um, and it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated me. Um, and it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated me. Um, and it was just
+interesting how I think how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how I think how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how I think how they
+interacted like with the filmer. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted like with the filmer. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted like with the filmer. Like
+sometimes they'd look at the camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they'd look at the camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they'd look at the camera and
+sometimes they I don't know. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they I don't know. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they I don't know. Sometimes
+it seems scripted like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems scripted like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems scripted like you know the
+fishing part where he's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing part where he's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing part where he's like you know
+there's all these different angles and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these different angles and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these different angles and I
+was like wait like how is he there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like wait like how is he there like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like wait like how is he there like
+all the time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time. So
+yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah.
+Yeah. So that's an important point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that's an important point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So that's an important point that
+we should go back to is sort of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go back to is sort of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go back to is sort of how the
+piece was put together. Maybe we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece was put together. Maybe we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece was put together. Maybe we could
+talk about the film more generally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the film more generally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the film more generally and
+then go back to those questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back to those questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back to those questions about
+how it was put together. Oh, and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was put together. Oh, and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was put together. Oh, and I
+should just say the parts that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just say the parts that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just say the parts that you
+didn't see. Um, for any of you who get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see. Um, for any of you who get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see. Um, for any of you who get a
+chance to watch the rest of it, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to watch the rest of it, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to watch the rest of it, there's
+a number of really interesting hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of really interesting hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of really interesting hunting
+scenes. So, there's more with Nanuk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes. So, there's more with Nanuk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes. So, there's more with Nanuk
+fishing. And then there's also a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing. And then there's also a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing. And then there's also a very
+famous um scene with a seal um trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous um scene with a seal um trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous um scene with a seal um trying to
+to hook a seal through through an ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hook a seal through through an ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hook a seal through through an ice
+hole, a very famous um wall walrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole, a very famous um wall walrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole, a very famous um wall walrus
+hunting scene. So, a lot of it's hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting scene. So, a lot of it's hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting scene. So, a lot of it's hunting
+and then there's also a big storm comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also a big storm comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also a big storm comes
+up and they have to get to safety and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they have to get to safety and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and they have to get to safety and so
+so basically it's about, you know, sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it's about, you know, sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it's about, you know, sort
+of day-to-day survival. Um, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day-to-day survival. Um, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day-to-day survival. Um, so that's
+the the pieces that you didn't see. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pieces that you didn't see. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pieces that you didn't see. But
+then what you started out by saying sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you started out by saying sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you started out by saying sort
+of the fascination with this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fascination with this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fascination with this way of
+life. I mean, one thing to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. I mean, one thing to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. I mean, one thing to keep in mind
+at the time period and it's still true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time period and it's still true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time period and it's still true
+still true today that one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true today that one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true today that one of the things
+that people were interested in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were interested in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were interested in with the
+very early films was using it as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early films was using it as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early films was using it as a way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+explore or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore or
+gain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain some
+knowledge, however superficial or deep,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge, however superficial or deep,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge, however superficial or deep,
+of people in other places. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in other places. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in other places. So you can
+think of it you know at a during a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it you know at a during a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it you know at a during a time
+period when you know contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you know contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when you know contemporary
+tourism in in you know with the ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism in in you know with the ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism in in you know with the ease
+which which we do it was obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we do it was obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we do it was obviously not
+an option for many people. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option for many people. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option for many people. So, a
+fascination with film as a way to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with film as a way to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with film as a way to sort
+of get some um sense of what life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get some um sense of what life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get some um sense of what life
+figures were like in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures were like in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures were like in different places
+being a primary interest for people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a primary interest for people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a primary interest for people um
+um in in early cinema. Other man, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in early cinema. Other man, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in early cinema. Other man, I
+think you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had
+I found it interesting the uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found it interesting the uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found it interesting the uh I mean
+obviously in modern day you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in modern day you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in modern day you have a
+narrator going on while they're doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrator going on while they're doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrator going on while they're doing uh
+the action, but he had to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action, but he had to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action, but he had to sort of
+preface it as much as he could but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface it as much as he could but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preface it as much as he could but as
+short as he could.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short as he could.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short as he could.
+He had to preface every scene as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He had to preface every scene as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He had to preface every scene as much as
+he could but in as short of a sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could but in as short of a sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could but in as short of a sentences
+as he could since he can't just fill a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he could since he can't just fill a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he could since he can't just fill a
+screen with you know two paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen with you know two paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen with you know two paragraphs
+worth of writing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of writing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth of writing.
+Right. So so it because it's a silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So so it because it's a silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So so it because it's a silent
+film and there's no narration there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and there's no narration there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and there's no narration there's no
+dialogue. So to try to explain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue. So to try to explain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue. So to try to explain things
+for audiences who wouldn't be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for audiences who wouldn't be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for audiences who wouldn't be familiar
+he these really brief intertitles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he these really brief intertitles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he these really brief intertitles um
+yeah and and and quite evocative also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and and quite evocative also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and and quite evocative also
+you know for a popular audience. um many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a popular audience. um many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for a popular audience. um many
+of the titles in terms of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the titles in terms of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the titles in terms of sort of
+picking interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking interest in
+I think just to build up what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just to build up what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just to build up what you were
+saying about kind of how different these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about kind of how different these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about kind of how different these
+people look or have been represented. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look or have been represented. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look or have been represented. I
+think there is really this interplay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is really this interplay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is really this interplay of
+similarity and difference is what's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity and difference is what's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity and difference is what's most
+striking about the film like he he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking about the film like he he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking about the film like he he has
+the FL team has made all the efforts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FL team has made all the efforts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FL team has made all the efforts to
+show them as very you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them as very you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them as very you know different
+kind of the environment they live is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the environment they live is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the environment they live is
+nothing you know the audience have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you know the audience have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you know the audience have seen
+or or can even imagine they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or can even imagine they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or can even imagine they're
+completely unfamiliar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unfamiliar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unfamiliar with the
+gramophone or at least they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gramophone or at least they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gramophone or at least they're
+represented to be so there is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented to be so there is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented to be so there is like
+absolutely no and yet at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no and yet at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no and yet at the same time
+they they're very similar to kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're very similar to kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're very similar to kind of a
+European nuclear their family. The wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European nuclear their family. The wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European nuclear their family. The wife
+is clean, beautifully cleaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clean, beautifully cleaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clean, beautifully cleaning the
+window and um the kids are given their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and um the kids are given their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and um the kids are given their
+medicine and the play while the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and the play while the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and the play while the father
+works. So there is also something kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So there is also something kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So there is also something kind
+of reassuring like these people are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reassuring like these people are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reassuring like these people are so
+different and yet they're they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and yet they're they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and yet they're they're like
+us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us.
+Yeah. So let's so let's talk about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So let's so let's talk about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So let's so let's talk about this.
+Um so one of the the questions I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so one of the the questions I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so one of the the questions I asked
+you to think about is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about is sort of
+representations of the Inuit in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the Inuit in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the Inuit in the uh
+the representation of the Inuit in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of the Inuit in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation of the Inuit in this
+film. Um, and also the question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Um, and also the question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Um, and also the question about
+why it would have been appealing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it would have been appealing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it would have been appealing at the
+time. And so what you're saying sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so what you're saying sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so what you're saying sort of
+goes a bit to both of those, but can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a bit to both of those, but can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes a bit to both of those, but can we
+draw that out um a bit more sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that out um a bit more sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that out um a bit more sort of um
+so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+what was the image of the Inuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the image of the Inuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the image of the Inuit that
+Flarity was trying to construct through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flarity was trying to construct through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flarity was trying to construct through
+this film? very hard workshop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film? very hard workshop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film? very hard workshop.
+Um, I think that I mean a big part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I think that I mean a big part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I think that I mean a big part of it
+was like the music, but like it made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the music, but like it made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like the music, but like it made the
+Inuit lifestyle seem very they like said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit lifestyle seem very they like said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit lifestyle seem very they like said
+like they're happy golucky even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're happy golucky even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're happy golucky even though
+like their lifestyle is like building an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their lifestyle is like building an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like their lifestyle is like building an
+igloo is not like fun um by any means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igloo is not like fun um by any means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igloo is not like fun um by any means
+I'm sure. Um, so like they are portrayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure. Um, so like they are portrayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure. Um, so like they are portrayed
+as like it almost seems like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like it almost seems like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like it almost seems like kind of
+like story book like with like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like story book like with like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like story book like with like the
+prefaces and then it's like they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefaces and then it's like they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefaces and then it's like they're the
+parents are building the igloo and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are building the igloo and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are building the igloo and then
+the kids are playing like everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids are playing like everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids are playing like everything
+seems like easy and fun but like I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like easy and fun but like I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like easy and fun but like I guess
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+like the dangers that they face in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dangers that they face in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dangers that they face in a
+day-to-day lifestyle like the starvation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day lifestyle like the starvation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day lifestyle like the starvation
+um isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um isn't really
+brought across in the film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought across in the film.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought across in the film.
+Yeah. If we had seen the hunting scenes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. If we had seen the hunting scenes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. If we had seen the hunting scenes,
+you would have got a a bit more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have got a a bit more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have got a a bit more of that
+because the walrus scene is shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the walrus scene is shown to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the walrus scene is shown to be
+a very dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very dangerous
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+enterprise. But but but anyway, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise. But but but anyway, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise. But but but anyway, but but
+your larger point being um again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your larger point being um again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your larger point being um again these
+questions you have, how are they how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have, how are they how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have, how are they how are
+they being represented? Um any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they being represented? Um any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they being represented? Um any any
+thought thoughts sort of building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought thoughts sort of building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought thoughts sort of building on
+on these questions, comments? They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these questions, comments? They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these questions, comments? They're
+very I mean the childlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very I mean the childlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very I mean the childlike
+h everything is kind of cute ingenious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h everything is kind of cute ingenious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h everything is kind of cute ingenious
+children even the starting scene when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children even the starting scene when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children even the starting scene when
+you know all of them supposedly come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of them supposedly come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of them supposedly come out
+of the tiny boat and they they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tiny boat and they they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tiny boat and they they're kind
+of smiling in this clumsy way and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smiling in this clumsy way and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smiling in this clumsy way and there
+there is like no self-reflection there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like no self-reflection there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like no self-reflection there
+is no you know quotes from them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no you know quotes from them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no you know quotes from them they're
+not I'm sure they participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm sure they participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm sure they participate in the
+film but they're not represented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but they're not represented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film but they're not represented as
+being engaged in the film so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being engaged in the film so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being engaged in the film so
+yeah so there's there's Definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's there's Definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's there's Definitely a
+sense of humor in a lot of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of humor in a lot of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of humor in a lot of the film
+which we could think of that as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could think of that as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could think of that as part of
+the reason why it was appealing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why it was appealing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why it was appealing at the
+time because there's parts quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because there's parts quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because there's parts quite quite
+funny in addition to the insanely cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in addition to the insanely cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in addition to the insanely cute
+parts with the kids. There's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts with the kids. There's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts with the kids. There's actually
+some incredibly cute stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incredibly cute stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incredibly cute stuff that you
+didn't see of uh some of the kids they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see of uh some of the kids they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see of uh some of the kids they
+make these little snow animals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these little snow animals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these little snow animals and then
+they have these little toy bow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these little toy bow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these little toy bow and
+arrows that they're shooting them with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that they're shooting them with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that they're shooting them with.
+It's just like the cutest they use. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just like the cutest they use. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just like the cutest they use. Like
+everybody goes like, "Oh, when I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody goes like, "Oh, when I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody goes like, "Oh, when I when I
+show it in my classes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it in my classes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it in my classes,
+but but so so there's there's uh the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so so there's there's uh the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so so there's there's uh the use
+of humor. There's um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor. There's um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humor. There's um um
+cute images of of of kids as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute images of of of kids as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute images of of of kids as a way to
+sort of create a sense sense of appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of create a sense sense of appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of create a sense sense of appeal
+as, you know, as part of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as, you know, as part of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as, you know, as part of it.
+But but again these larger questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but again these larger questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but again these larger questions
+that that you're raising I mean and Sean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you're raising I mean and Sean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you're raising I mean and Sean
+mentioned this also with the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this also with the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this also with the sort of the
+description of them as sort of happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of them as sort of happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of them as sort of happy
+golucky eskimos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golucky eskimos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golucky eskimos
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what what's potentially being left out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's potentially being left out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's potentially being left out
+of the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture
+I mean actually my impression was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean actually my impression was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean actually my impression was kind
+of the opposite that I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opposite that I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opposite that I don't know I
+think it's very subjective but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very subjective but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's very subjective but um I
+thought I mean building up on your idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I mean building up on your idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I mean building up on your idea
+the social revolution and the hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social revolution and the hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social revolution and the hierarchy
+I think it was more trying to show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was more trying to show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was more trying to show how
+we think of the primitive people I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the primitive people I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the primitive people I think
+they have this miserable life you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this miserable life you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this miserable life you know
+they have to starve They don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to starve They don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to starve They don't have
+technology and tech technology. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and tech technology. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and tech technology. So they
+have to put up with really awful stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put up with really awful stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put up with really awful stuff.
+But then we see that well they're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we see that well they're happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we see that well they're happy
+children. They still like live even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. They still like live even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. They still like live even
+though they have to go hunting but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they have to go hunting but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they have to go hunting but they
+still their their people. They have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still their their people. They have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still their their people. They have a
+happy life and they enjoy their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy life and they enjoy their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy life and they enjoy their life
+just as much as we do with all the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much as we do with all the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much as we do with all the war
+and the modernity and technology that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modernity and technology that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modernity and technology that we
+have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+Yeah. No, I think also it shows like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, I think also it shows like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. No, I think also it shows like how
+hardworking they really are because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardworking they really are because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardworking they really are because like
+all the stuff they're doing it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff they're doing it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff they're doing it's like
+something that we wouldn't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we wouldn't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we wouldn't know how to
+do like if we went out there we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like if we went out there we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like if we went out there we couldn't
+do it ourselves. And so even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it ourselves. And so even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it ourselves. And so even though it's
+different and like it might not be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and like it might not be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and like it might not be as
+complex as something that we think now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as something that we think now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex as something that we think now
+is modern technology, it's like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modern technology, it's like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modern technology, it's like really
+like they're working really hard which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're working really hard which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're working really hard which
+is good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good.
+Yeah. So I mean what what a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I mean what what a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I mean what what a lot of you
+are building on I mean there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are building on I mean there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are building on I mean there there's
+kind of two contradictory things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two contradictory things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of two contradictory things going
+on here, right? I mean in line with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here, right? I mean in line with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here, right? I mean in line with the
+kind of romantic primitivist ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of romantic primitivist ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of romantic primitivist ideas of
+the time there there is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time there there is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time there there is a certain
+portrayal of Inuit where you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal of Inuit where you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal of Inuit where you you don't
+see much of the you don't see their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see much of the you don't see their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see much of the you don't see their
+interaction with Europeans. I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with Europeans. I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with Europeans. I mean, you
+did see in the part that you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did see in the part that you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did see in the part that you saw the
+interaction with the traitor, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the traitor, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the traitor, but that's
+the only bit in the whole film um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only bit in the whole film um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only bit in the whole film um that
+actually shows interactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows interactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shows interactions with
+Europeans and and there's a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans and and there's a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans and and there's a very long
+history in this region of um you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in this region of um you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history in this region of um you know,
+whether Russians or you know, Canadians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Russians or you know, Canadians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether Russians or you know, Canadians
+or or whoever coming up and having sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whoever coming up and having sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whoever coming up and having sort
+of very problematic power relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very problematic power relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very problematic power relationships
+with with with Inuit people up in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with Inuit people up in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with Inuit people up in that
+region. And you don't you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. And you don't you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. And you don't you don't really
+get that other than the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that other than the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that other than the sort of the
+short scene with the traitor and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scene with the traitor and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short scene with the traitor and where
+it's all kind of presented as funny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all kind of presented as funny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all kind of presented as funny and
+cute. Um, so you don't have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute. Um, so you don't have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute. Um, so you don't have a sense of
+the historical context in which people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical context in which people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical context in which people
+are living. Um, for those of you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are living. Um, for those of you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are living. Um, for those of you and I
+know you've done different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've done different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've done different sets of
+reading because most of you just did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading because most of you just did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading because most of you just did the
+required reading and Katarina did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required reading and Katarina did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required reading and Katarina did the
+recommended reading where she has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended reading where she has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended reading where she has a
+little bit of extra added info. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra added info. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra added info. Um, but
+there are certain kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain kinds of things that
+got left out of the film, and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got left out of the film, and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got left out of the film, and we'll see
+this a little bit when we see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit when we see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit when we see another
+clip, but um um um but for um the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip, but um um um but for um the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip, but um um um but for um the fact
+that people used rifles at this point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people used rifles at this point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people used rifles at this point on
+the rifles, Flareity deliberately had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rifles, Flareity deliberately had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rifles, Flareity deliberately had
+people not appear with rifles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not appear with rifles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not appear with rifles in the
+film. He had them dress in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. He had them dress in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. He had them dress in a way that
+people might have historically, although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have historically, although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might have historically, although
+in some cases, like supposedly the polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases, like supposedly the polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases, like supposedly the polar
+skin pants, people in this area didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin pants, people in this area didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin pants, people in this area didn't
+didn't wear. Um but he had them dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't wear. Um but he had them dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't wear. Um but he had them dressed
+that way. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. Um
+so one of the ways that it gets talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ways that it gets talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ways that it gets talked
+about by Flity was that he argues at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about by Flity was that he argues at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about by Flity was that he argues at
+some point there's this this what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point there's this this what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point there's this this what's the
+quote I have it written down here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote I have it written down here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote I have it written down here that
+in order to capture the essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to capture the essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to capture the essence of
+something um that one often has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um that one often has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um that one often has to
+distort a thing to catch its true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort a thing to catch its true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort a thing to catch its true
+spirit. Okay. And what he did a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit. Okay. And what he did a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit. Okay. And what he did a lot in
+the film was sort of shape what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was sort of shape what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was sort of shape what he was
+filming in a way that accorded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming in a way that accorded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming in a way that accorded with
+ideas of how he thought Inuit people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of how he thought Inuit people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas of how he thought Inuit people had
+been in the past. This kind of mythic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the past. This kind of mythic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in the past. This kind of mythic
+portrayal of them sort of what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal of them sort of what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal of them sort of what he
+assumed they would have been like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed they would have been like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed they would have been like um
+sort of in a pure quote unquote past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a pure quote unquote past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a pure quote unquote past
+before contact with Europeans. And so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before contact with Europeans. And so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before contact with Europeans. And so he
+has this kind of some people refer to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of some people refer to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of some people refer to as
+as a salvage ethnography kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a salvage ethnography kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a salvage ethnography kind of
+perspective where it's it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective where it's it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective where it's it's kind of
+interest in these people but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in these people but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in these people but but but
+also interest in sort of what they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interest in sort of what they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interest in sort of what they would
+have been like prior to European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been like prior to European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been like prior to European
+European contact. And so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European contact. And so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European contact. And so there's a lot
+of kind of um taking certain things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of um taking certain things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of um taking certain things out
+of the the picture that didn't didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the picture that didn't didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the picture that didn't didn't
+fit with that um the the the problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit with that um the the the problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit with that um the the the problematic
+power relationships in which people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power relationships in which people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power relationships in which people were
+the economic relationships that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic relationships that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic relationships that were
+there. You don't really see that. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. You don't really see that. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. You don't really see that. You
+don't see people reflecting on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see people reflecting on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see people reflecting on their
+situation. Although with subtitles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Although with subtitles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Although with subtitles
+granted it would be I mean without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted it would be I mean without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted it would be I mean without
+subtitles that would be more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitles that would be more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtitles that would be more difficult
+to do but you don't necessarily get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but you don't necessarily get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but you don't necessarily get a
+sense of people as being sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of people as being sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of people as being sort of
+complicated people who are having their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated people who are having their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated people who are having their
+you know a whole range of thoughts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a whole range of thoughts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a whole range of thoughts in
+relation to this that scene with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to this that scene with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to this that scene with the
+with the gramophone scene. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gramophone scene. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gramophone scene. Um
+so one thing I mean as Karen knows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I mean as Karen knows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing I mean as Karen knows from
+the reading that she did actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading that she did actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading that she did actually um
+Flity worked very closely with uh Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity worked very closely with uh Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity worked very closely with uh Inuit
+people in the making of the film. Um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the making of the film. Um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the making of the film. Um he
+was very dependent on people. he was out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very dependent on people. he was out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very dependent on people. he was out
+um um the people that he was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the people that he was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the people that he was working
+with dayto-day were his Inuit um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dayto-day were his Inuit um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dayto-day were his Inuit um you
+know friends and and people that he that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know friends and and people that he that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know friends and and people that he that
+he was working with as he as he made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was working with as he as he made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was working with as he as he made the
+film. Um and sorry I just lost my train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Um and sorry I just lost my train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Um and sorry I just lost my train
+of thought. Um so he actually the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought. Um so he actually the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought. Um so he actually the people
+that he was working with actually had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was working with actually had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was working with actually had a
+fair amount quite a bit of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount quite a bit of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount quite a bit of technical
+knowledge um that they gained by working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge um that they gained by working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge um that they gained by working
+on this film. And so the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this film. And so the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this film. And so the some of the
+Inuit people that he worked with, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit people that he worked with, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit people that he worked with, you
+know, they were they took the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they were they took the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they were they took the camera
+apart, they put the camera back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart, they put the camera back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart, they put the camera back
+together, they did some of the shooting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, they did some of the shooting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, they did some of the shooting.
+Um, you know, they were very involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, they were very involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know, they were very involved in
+the film making process and and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film making process and and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film making process and and in the
+technologies of filmm in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies of filmm in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies of filmm in a way that's
+not acknowledged. And in that gramophone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acknowledged. And in that gramophone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not acknowledged. And in that gramophone
+scene, sort of the what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene, sort of the what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene, sort of the what is the
+implication of that gramophone scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of that gramophone scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of that gramophone scene
+when when Enuk bites the record?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when Enuk bites the record?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when Enuk bites the record?
+Yeah. Yeah, that it's this kind of port,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, that it's this kind of port,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, that it's this kind of port,
+you know, this portrayal that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this portrayal that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this portrayal that's that's
+that um appears to be showing like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um appears to be showing like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um appears to be showing like, you
+know, look how this this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, look how this this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, look how this this is so
+completely foreign to people, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely foreign to people, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely foreign to people, these
+kinds of European technologies kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of European technologies kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of European technologies kind of
+isn't it funny and isn't it bizarre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it funny and isn't it bizarre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it funny and isn't it bizarre and
+this is so weird and I'd have to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so weird and I'd have to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so weird and I'd have to even
+take a bite of it. But the reality was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bite of it. But the reality was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bite of it. But the reality was
+that um Flity was working closely with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Flity was working closely with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um Flity was working closely with
+the person who gets called Nanuk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who gets called Nanuk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who gets called Nanuk in the
+film that wasn't his real name. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that wasn't his real name. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that wasn't his real name. Um and
+Nuk actually the the person who plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuk actually the the person who plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuk actually the the person who plays
+Nanuk suggested a lot of the scenes was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk suggested a lot of the scenes was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk suggested a lot of the scenes was
+very involved in thinking up the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very involved in thinking up the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very involved in thinking up the film
+again you know uh um and other people as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know uh um and other people as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know uh um and other people as
+well working a lot with the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well working a lot with the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well working a lot with the technology
+to make it but all of that gets written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it but all of that gets written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it but all of that gets written
+out of the picture right you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the picture right you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the picture right you don't you
+don't see that that's outside the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see that that's outside the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see that that's outside the frame
+well there's a funny moment in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a funny moment in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a funny moment in the the
+very first uh inner title sequence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first uh inner title sequence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first uh inner title sequence you
+know the very long one where he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the very long one where he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the very long one where he says
+poor Nanuk hung around trying to get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor Nanuk hung around trying to get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor Nanuk hung around trying to get me
+to stay for another year you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay for another year you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay for another year you know
+talking about all the great uh films we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all the great uh films we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about all the great uh films we
+could make. And when I to me that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make. And when I to me that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make. And when I to me that kind
+of rings true because filmm is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rings true because filmm is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rings true because filmm is really
+fun and this guy's collaborating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and this guy's collaborating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun and this guy's collaborating with
+with Flareity and he doesn't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Flareity and he doesn't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Flareity and he doesn't want it to
+end. But the way of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. But the way of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. But the way of course it's
+presented in the in the in the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the in the in the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the in the in the inner
+titles, it's sort of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles, it's sort of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles, it's sort of this sort of
+simple, naive, but uh but you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple, naive, but uh but you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple, naive, but uh but you know,
+noble person who has this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble person who has this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble person who has this sort of
+simplistic idea of what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic idea of what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic idea of what they're doing
+and he and and isn't it sort of charming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he and and isn't it sort of charming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he and and isn't it sort of charming
+that he wants to continue to do it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to continue to do it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wants to continue to do it?
+But if you think of him as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you think of him as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you think of him as a
+collaborator, it's like, wow, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator, it's like, wow, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborator, it's like, wow, you know,
+this is great. Let's keep doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great. Let's keep doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great. Let's keep doing this
+because this is so exciting. and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is so exciting. and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is so exciting. and and
+that that one little thing really to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one little thing really to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that one little thing really to me
+kind of rings rings very true. So is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rings rings very true. So is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rings rings very true. So is
+anyone partner partners being these un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone partner partners being these un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone partner partners being these un
+unagnowledged collaborators in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unagnowledged collaborators in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unagnowledged collaborators in the film
+and and in part being unagnowledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in part being unagnowledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in part being unagnowledged
+because flity wants to present this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because flity wants to present this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because flity wants to present this as
+this was this is about a pre um European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this is about a pre um European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this is about a pre um European
+contact period where you know somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact period where you know somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact period where you know somehow
+I'm c capturing the essence of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm c capturing the essence of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm c capturing the essence of this this
+this primitive um these primitive people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primitive um these primitive people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this primitive um these primitive people
+um and actually for what uh people later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually for what uh people later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and actually for what uh people later
+discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that
+that that wasn't actually an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wasn't actually an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that wasn't actually an actual
+family that the the women who get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that the the women who get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that the the women who get
+portrayed as the wives of Nenuk were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayed as the wives of Nenuk were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayed as the wives of Nenuk were
+actually the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the common
+wives of Flity himself. Flity, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wives of Flity himself. Flity, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wives of Flity himself. Flity, it was
+not an uncommon thing during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an uncommon thing during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an uncommon thing during the
+colonial period for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial period for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial period for um
+European white men in the colonies um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European white men in the colonies um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European white men in the colonies um to
+to have relationships with women in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have relationships with women in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have relationships with women in the
+places they were working. He fathered um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places they were working. He fathered um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places they were working. He fathered um
+children in the north that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children in the north that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children in the north that were not
+acknowledged by his American wife. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by his American wife. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by his American wife. Um,
+so he had these very kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he had these very kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he had these very kinds of
+complicated relationships to the he with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated relationships to the he with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated relationships to the he with
+people that that he was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that that he was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that that he was working with
+that that is completely left out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is completely left out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is completely left out of the
+film. So on the one hand you have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. So on the one hand you have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. So on the one hand you have all of
+that. Okay. And on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. And on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. And on the other hand the
+one of the issues that Katarina also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues that Katarina also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the issues that Katarina also
+raised is is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised is is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised is is um
+the the kind of reassuring sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of reassuring sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of reassuring sense that
+you know well these people appear to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well these people appear to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well these people appear to be
+so different in the film but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different in the film but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different in the film but they also
+seem very sort of familiar in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem very sort of familiar in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem very sort of familiar in a sense
+that here's this family watch how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's this family watch how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here's this family watch how how
+the the family is working. Um but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the family is working. Um but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the family is working. Um but but
+something else to to keep in mind, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to to keep in mind, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to to keep in mind, I
+mean this is this is something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is this is something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is this is something that was
+quite innovative about what Flareity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite innovative about what Flareity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite innovative about what Flareity um
+um was doing was the fact that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was doing was the fact that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was doing was the fact that he was
+taking these images, but he was focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these images, but he was focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these images, but he was focusing
+on particular individuals and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on particular individuals and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on particular individuals and he was
+focusing on a family. Um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on a family. Um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on a family. Um a lot of
+photographs you would find at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs you would find at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs you would find at at the
+time during the colonial period um and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time during the colonial period um and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time during the colonial period um and a
+lot of uh films after this as well would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh films after this as well would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh films after this as well would
+often focus on non-western peoples as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often focus on non-western peoples as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often focus on non-western peoples as as
+ethnic types, right? So you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic types, right? So you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnic types, right? So you wouldn't
+necessarily see photos, for example, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily see photos, for example, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily see photos, for example, of
+individuals. You might see a photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals. You might see a photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals. You might see a photograph
+of an African woman that says bantto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an African woman that says bantto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an African woman that says bantto
+woman with basket on her head or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman with basket on her head or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman with basket on her head or
+something like that. Much much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Much much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Much much of the
+visual imagery was about these racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual imagery was about these racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual imagery was about these racial
+types rather than about individuals. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types rather than about individuals. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types rather than about individuals. And
+something that was distinctive um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was distinctive um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was distinctive um about
+this film was the focus on particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film was the focus on particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film was the focus on particular
+individuals. Um uh so so that was both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals. Um uh so so that was both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals. Um uh so so that was both
+breaking with with um um contemp much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking with with um um contemp much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking with with um um contemp much of
+the contemporary usage at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contemporary usage at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contemporary usage at the time and
+it was also a way to pull audiences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also a way to pull audiences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also a way to pull audiences in
+right because audiences you know became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because audiences you know became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because audiences you know became
+fascinated with with um this family with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with with um this family with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with with um this family with
+particular individuals and they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individuals and they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular individuals and they end up
+following um it becomes more of a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um it becomes more of a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um it becomes more of a story
+it becomes more of a narrative. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes more of a narrative. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes more of a narrative. Okay.
+And that also for a film theorist seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that also for a film theorist seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that also for a film theorist seen
+is seen as being one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seen as being one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seen as being one of the major
+contributions of this film that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of this film that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of this film that that
+instead of um sort of sort of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of um sort of sort of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of um sort of sort of random
+images of different places, the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of different places, the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of different places, the pieces
+get put together to create a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get put together to create a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get put together to create a story
+around this family and the story being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this family and the story being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this family and the story being
+about the the the struggle um to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the struggle um to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the the struggle um to survive
+in this kind of context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of context.
+We should change tape. We have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We should change tape. We have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We should change tape. We have to change
+tape. So, we're going to take just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape. So, we're going to take just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape. So, we're going to take just like
+a two-minute break to change tape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-minute break to change tape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-minute break to change tape and
+the cameras.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, just to recap a bit. So, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, just to recap a bit. So, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, just to recap a bit. So, for
+Flareity then this idea um that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flareity then this idea um that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flareity then this idea um that he had
+that many people at the time had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many people at the time had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many people at the time had that
+the the Eskimo way of life was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Eskimo way of life was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Eskimo way of life was
+disappearing and so it was important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing and so it was important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing and so it was important to
+capture the way that life would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the way that life would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the way that life would have
+been before pre-European contact before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been before pre-European contact before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been before pre-European contact before
+that was completely lost. So that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was completely lost. So that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was completely lost. So that being
+part of the idea of salvage ethnography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the idea of salvage ethnography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the idea of salvage ethnography
+of the time um which even though Flity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time um which even though Flity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time um which even though Flity
+was not an anthropologist but but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not an anthropologist but but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not an anthropologist but but that
+being um part of the um some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um part of the um some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um part of the um some of the the
+larger um language around the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um language around the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um language around the stuff that
+we he would have been um um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we he would have been um um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we he would have been um um um
+participating in. But let's before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in. But let's before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in. But let's before we go
+on um let's just talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um let's just talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um let's just talk a little bit about
+how this was shot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was shot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was shot.
+So how was it shot? Any ideas, thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how was it shot? Any ideas, thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how was it shot? Any ideas, thoughts
+about how was it put together? What were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how was it put together? What were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how was it put together? What were
+what was the impact of the way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the impact of the way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the impact of the way that it
+was put together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put together?
+I mean, one way to think about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, one way to think about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, one way to think about it for
+those of you who were here last week,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who were here last week,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who were here last week,
+think about the way we the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the way we the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the way we the way the
+Lumiere shorts were shot, some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumiere shorts were shot, some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumiere shorts were shot, some of the
+other stuff we've seen and compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff we've seen and compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff we've seen and compare to
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+I was too much for the hand hand cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was too much for the hand hand cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was too much for the hand hand cream
+because otherwise electricity would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise electricity would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise electricity would be
+an issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue.
+And then I also heard somehow like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I also heard somehow like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I also heard somehow like they
+showed it to Nanuk or like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it to Nanuk or like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it to Nanuk or like I don't know
+if it said it on the screen at the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it said it on the screen at the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it said it on the screen at the time.
+So like they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like they saw
+Yeah. So again in terms of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So again in terms of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So again in terms of his
+collaborative relationships with Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative relationships with Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative relationships with Inuit
+people that he was working with they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that he was working with they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that he was working with they
+would have been seeing the rushes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been seeing the rushes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been seeing the rushes as
+they um as they were created and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um as they were created and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um as they were created and also
+had input into what was shot. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had input into what was shot. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had input into what was shot. So
+supposedly Nanuk and some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly Nanuk and some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly Nanuk and some of the other
+people had ideas you know and as Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had ideas you know and as Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had ideas you know and as Chris
+was mentioned earlier that the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioned earlier that the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioned earlier that the person
+who who plays the person of Nanuk was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who plays the person of Nanuk was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who plays the person of Nanuk was
+really into the whole filmmaking process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into the whole filmmaking process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into the whole filmmaking process
+and supposedly was always coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supposedly was always coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supposedly was always coming up with
+ideas. Why don't we shoot this? Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. Why don't we shoot this? Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. Why don't we shoot this? Why
+don't we shoot this? Because he he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we shoot this? Because he he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we shoot this? Because he he was
+having fun and enjoying it. But so he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun and enjoying it. But so he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun and enjoying it. But so he he
+so Flity was also getting feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Flity was also getting feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Flity was also getting feedback from
+people as he was shooting it. And some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as he was shooting it. And some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as he was shooting it. And some
+people have argued that even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have argued that even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have argued that even the
+aesthetic sensibility of the film, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic sensibility of the film, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic sensibility of the film, um,
+in the clips we saw, you didn't see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clips we saw, you didn't see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clips we saw, you didn't see so
+much of it, but some of them are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it, but some of them are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it, but some of them are just
+these gorgeous pans across the landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gorgeous pans across the landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gorgeous pans across the landscape
+that just have you, you know, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just have you, you know, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just have you, you know, the the
+snow and ice and then you might see like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and ice and then you might see like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and ice and then you might see like
+a few dogs in the distance. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few dogs in the distance. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few dogs in the distance. And it's
+very similar to Inuit painting styles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to Inuit painting styles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to Inuit painting styles.
+Um, and some people have argued either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and some people have argued either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and some people have argued either
+that Flity was sort of deeply influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Flity was sort of deeply influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Flity was sort of deeply influenced
+by Inuit painting styles or it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Inuit painting styles or it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Inuit painting styles or it might
+have been also some of his Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been also some of his Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been also some of his Inuit
+collaborators themselves using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators themselves using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators themselves using the
+camera and shooting it according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and shooting it according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and shooting it according to
+their own aesthetics. So again, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own aesthetics. So again, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own aesthetics. So again, this
+kind of um, uh, Inuit influence on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um, uh, Inuit influence on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of um, uh, Inuit influence on what
+Flity Flity was doing and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity Flity was doing and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity Flity was doing and that's not
+really sort of more formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of more formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of more formally
+acknowledged. Um, but other thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged. Um, but other thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged. Um, but other thoughts on
+on how it was how it was put together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how it was how it was put together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how it was how it was put together?
+An Aita? It's interesting because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An Aita? It's interesting because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An Aita? It's interesting because I
+think that's very similar to the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's very similar to the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's very similar to the kind of
+movies we watch today like they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we watch today like they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies we watch today like they start
+establishing shots they go on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shots they go on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shots they go on these
+closeups and like to it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeups and like to it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeups and like to it's very
+interesting how it exactly follows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how it exactly follows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting how it exactly follows that
+or like I guess that's what primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like I guess that's what primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like I guess that's what primarily
+invented the kind of idea of uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the kind of idea of uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented the kind of idea of uh using
+different kind of shots to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of shots to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of shots to tell the
+story in a certain way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in a certain way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in a certain way and
+personalize the story and show these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalize the story and show these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalize the story and show these
+characters as a individual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters as a individual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters as a individual.
+Yeah. One thing that that is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. One thing that that is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. One thing that that is interesting
+is that in the 20 years between Cheese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the 20 years between Cheese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the 20 years between Cheese
+Mites and some of the other shorts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mites and some of the other shorts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mites and some of the other shorts that
+we saw last week and this or slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last week and this or slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last week and this or slightly
+more than 20 years, film grammar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 years, film grammar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 years, film grammar has
+been really established. Uh DW Griffith,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really established. Uh DW Griffith,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really established. Uh DW Griffith,
+you know, has been pioneering that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, has been pioneering that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, has been pioneering that with
+with with fiction films, narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with fiction films, narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with fiction films, narrative
+films, which again, you know, have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, which again, you know, have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, which again, you know, have have
+a lot of overlap with documentary, quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of overlap with documentary, quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of overlap with documentary, quote
+unquote, which isn't even really a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote, which isn't even really a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote, which isn't even really a term
+that people are using at this point. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are using at this point. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are using at this point. But
+yeah, close-ups, establishing shots,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, close-ups, establishing shots,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, close-ups, establishing shots,
+pans, all of those are are really new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pans, all of those are are really new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pans, all of those are are really new
+and kind of exciting things that at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of exciting things that at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of exciting things that at this
+by this point people are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point people are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this point people are used to
+watching in theaters, but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching in theaters, but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching in theaters, but they're not
+that old. And it completely changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old. And it completely changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that old. And it completely changes the
+way um the the camera and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the the camera and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the the camera and then the
+audience receives the information, quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience receives the information, quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience receives the information, quote
+unquote, uh and the way that the stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote, uh and the way that the stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote, uh and the way that the stories
+are are uh edited, created, manipulated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh edited, created, manipulated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are uh edited, created, manipulated.
+Um, and I'm not using that term in a,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I'm not using that term in a,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I'm not using that term in a,
+you know, pjorative way, although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, pjorative way, although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, pjorative way, although
+obviously there's a lot of manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a lot of manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a lot of manipulation
+here. Um, the, you know, and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, the, you know, and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, the, you know, and and it
+gives you just all of this latitude. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you just all of this latitude. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you just all of this latitude. I
+mean, think about how the the characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, think about how the the characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, think about how the the characters
+are introduced, Nanuk and his, uh, his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introduced, Nanuk and his, uh, his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introduced, Nanuk and his, uh, his
+family,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family,
+title, you know, name, closeup, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title, you know, name, closeup, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title, you know, name, closeup, and the
+close-up just extends for a long time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up just extends for a long time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up just extends for a long time.
+And it and that's basically telling you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it and that's basically telling you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it and that's basically telling you,
+you know, pay attention to these people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, pay attention to these people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, pay attention to these people,
+pay attention to these human beings. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to these human beings. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to these human beings. Um,
+and you know, you're just asked to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, you're just asked to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know, you're just asked to like
+right at eye level, cameras, right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at eye level, cameras, right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at eye level, cameras, right at
+eye level, look at their faces for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye level, look at their faces for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye level, look at their faces for a
+very long time um or a comparatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time um or a comparatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time um or a comparatively
+long time. And that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. And that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. And that is
+something that just completely locates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just completely locates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just completely locates
+you kind of um in what the film is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of um in what the film is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of um in what the film is going
+to be about, who it's going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about, who it's going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about, who it's going to be about
+in a very powerful way, which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very powerful way, which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very powerful way, which of course
+to us is kind of second nature because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us is kind of second nature because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us is kind of second nature because
+we read films all the time, but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read films all the time, but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read films all the time, but but it's
+a big deal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal.
+Also, um just some of these terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, um just some of these terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, um just some of these terms in
+case some of you aren't aware,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case some of you aren't aware,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case some of you aren't aware,
+establishing shots. Do you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shots. Do you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shots. Do you know what
+that is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of sort um a wide shot of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sort um a wide shot of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sort um a wide shot of whatever
+the place is so that when a viewer sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place is so that when a viewer sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place is so that when a viewer sees
+it they know ah this is the place so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they know ah this is the place so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they know ah this is the place so for
+example if you're going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're going to do an
+establishing shot of MIT you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shot of MIT you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing shot of MIT you might do
+stand on Massav and do the big dome or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on Massav and do the big dome or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on Massav and do the big dome or
+you know so like ah that what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so like ah that what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so like ah that what you're
+going to see next is at MIT you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see next is at MIT you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see next is at MIT you know so
+here establishing shots it helps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here establishing shots it helps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here establishing shots it helps the
+viewer locate where where the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer locate where where the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer locate where where the action is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+or in the you know the Eskimo or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the you know the Eskimo or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the you know the Eskimo or the
+igloo building scene uh you a wide shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igloo building scene uh you a wide shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igloo building scene uh you a wide shot
+that shows the people working and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the people working and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the people working and the
+kids over here and where the igloo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids over here and where the igloo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids over here and where the igloo is
+taking shape. So, you're kind of located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking shape. So, you're kind of located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking shape. So, you're kind of located
+in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space
+and then you might go into close-ups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might go into close-ups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might go into close-ups of
+the, you know, the knives and the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the knives and the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, you know, the knives and the people
+working and the kids playing. The scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and the kids playing. The scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and the kids playing. The scene
+gets fragmented after the establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets fragmented after the establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets fragmented after the establishing
+shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+and also reaction shots, um, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also reaction shots, um, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also reaction shots, um, which
+Clarity didn't have in the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarity didn't have in the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clarity didn't have in the earlier
+version of the film that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the film that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the film that that that
+burned, but he has in this version. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned, but he has in this version. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned, but he has in this version. So,
+again, coming out of the the the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, coming out of the the the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, coming out of the the the film
+grammar that's emerging emerging out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar that's emerging emerging out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar that's emerging emerging out of
+fiction film. So reaction shots then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film. So reaction shots then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film. So reaction shots then
+being where you see action happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being where you see action happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being where you see action happening
+with one person and then another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one person and then another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one person and then another person
+reacting to that. And in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting to that. And in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting to that. And in order to do
+that with the camera, you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the camera, you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the camera, you really have to
+have two cameras going or you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two cameras going or you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two cameras going or you have to
+reshoot something and reenact something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshoot something and reenact something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reshoot something and reenact something
+with a different camera angle if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different camera angle if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different camera angle if you
+only have one camera, right? So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one camera, right? So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one camera, right? So um
+so I mean imagine in this class if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean imagine in this class if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean imagine in this class if we
+had one camera and not three, uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one camera and not three, uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had one camera and not three, uh and we
+asked you all to stay after and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you all to stay after and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you all to stay after and
+reproduce all your comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce all your comments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce all your comments.
+that would be one camera shooting as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one camera shooting as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one camera shooting as if
+we had multiple cameras. And that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had multiple cameras. And that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had multiple cameras. And that's what
+essentially what Flarity was doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what Flarity was doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what Flarity was doing.
+So, and just there's a a very nice quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and just there's a a very nice quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and just there's a a very nice quote
+in in Barno um one of the readings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Barno um one of the readings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Barno um one of the readings for
+today that that that talks about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that that that talks about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that that that talks about this
+issue. Um Flarity had apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Um Flarity had apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue. Um Flarity had apparently
+mastered unlike previous documentarist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastered unlike previous documentarist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mastered unlike previous documentarist
+documentarists, excuse me, uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentarists, excuse me, uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentarists, excuse me, uh the
+grammar of film as it had evolved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar of film as it had evolved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar of film as it had evolved in the
+film in fiction film. This evolution had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in fiction film. This evolution had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in fiction film. This evolution had
+not merely changed techniques. It had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not merely changed techniques. It had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not merely changed techniques. It had
+transformed the sensibilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed the sensibilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed the sensibilities of
+audiences. The ability to witness an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences. The ability to witness an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences. The ability to witness an
+episode from many angles and distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode from many angles and distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode from many angles and distances
+seen in quick succession. A totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in quick succession. A totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in quick succession. A totally
+surrealistic privilege unmatched in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealistic privilege unmatched in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealistic privilege unmatched in
+human experience. I mean again if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experience. I mean again if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human experience. I mean again if you
+just had a camera that's not the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a camera that's not the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a camera that's not the way the
+camera would actually be seeing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera would actually be seeing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera would actually be seeing or
+recording things had become so much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording things had become so much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording things had become so much a
+part of film viewing that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of film viewing that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of film viewing that it was
+unconsciously accepted as natural.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconsciously accepted as natural.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconsciously accepted as natural.
+Right? So much of this the shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So much of this the shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So much of this the shooting
+style that we just sort of take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style that we just sort of take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style that we just sort of take for
+granted. This is showing us what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted. This is showing us what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted. This is showing us what's
+really going on the place is is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on the place is is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going on the place is is is an
+artificial construction, but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial construction, but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial construction, but we don't
+necessarily recognize it as such because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily recognize it as such because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily recognize it as such because
+we're so used to it um being put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so used to it um being put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so used to it um being put
+together in that kind of way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in that kind of way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in that kind of way.
+And it relates back to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it relates back to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it relates back to the whole
+question of the frame that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the frame that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the frame that we talked
+about in the first class. And it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first class. And it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the first class. And it's going
+to be just a huge preoccupation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just a huge preoccupation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just a huge preoccupation for
+everyone as you make your own films.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone as you make your own films.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone as you make your own films.
+What do you put in the frame? And not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you put in the frame? And not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you put in the frame? And not
+just in a particular shot, but how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a particular shot, but how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in a particular shot, but how does
+what you put in that frame relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put in that frame relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put in that frame relate to
+what you put in the frame of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put in the frame of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put in the frame of the next
+shot and the shot after that? And how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot and the shot after that? And how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot and the shot after that? And how
+does one influence the other? And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does one influence the other? And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does one influence the other? And then
+when you're editing, what order do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're editing, what order do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're editing, what order do you
+put it all in?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all in?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all in?
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and one other issue to think about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one other issue to think about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one other issue to think about here
+is how is the editing done? Um, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is the editing done? Um, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how is the editing done? Um, so the
+editing here being described as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing here being described as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing here being described as
+continuity editing. Um, in other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity editing. Um, in other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity editing. Um, in other words,
+that the editing is done in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the editing is done in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the editing is done in such a way
+as to give the viewer the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to give the viewer the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to give the viewer the sense of
+illusion, a realist sense of illusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion, a realist sense of illusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion, a realist sense of illusion of
+being in the place and experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the place and experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the place and experiencing
+things, right? which is which is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? which is which is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, right? which is which is as
+you'll see later when we see the veral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see later when we see the veral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see later when we see the veral
+film with man with the movie camera it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film with man with the movie camera it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film with man with the movie camera it's
+completely different from the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from the kind of
+editing that was coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing that was coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing that was coming out of the
+Soviet um um film making during during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet um um film making during during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet um um film making during during
+this time period. So, a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period. So, a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time period. So, a certain kind of
+editing meant to capture that sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing meant to capture that sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing meant to capture that sense of
+that you're you're you're in a place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're you're in a place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're you're in a place.
+Um, so a realistic sensibility, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so a realistic sensibility, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so a realistic sensibility, but it's
+a realistic sensibility, but again, keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic sensibility, but again, keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a realistic sensibility, but again, keep
+in mind that's not how the eye or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that's not how the eye or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that's not how the eye or the
+the camera necessarily um actually sees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera necessarily um actually sees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera necessarily um actually sees.
+That's a construction that we take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a construction that we take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a construction that we take as
+natural rather than it simply being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rather than it simply being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rather than it simply being
+that. And we're so used to watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And we're so used to watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And we're so used to watching
+films at this point that we don't even I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films at this point that we don't even I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films at this point that we don't even I
+mean unless we suddenly become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unless we suddenly become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unless we suddenly become
+interested in how films are constructed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how films are constructed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how films are constructed,
+most of us don't even think about it. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us don't even think about it. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us don't even think about it. We
+don't even think about the multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even think about the multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even think about the multiple
+shots and angles and and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots and angles and and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shots and angles and and how they're
+fitting together and how our our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting together and how our our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting together and how our our brain
+and our experience of watching other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our experience of watching other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our experience of watching other
+films is is assisting us in making sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films is is assisting us in making sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films is is assisting us in making sense
+of something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something.
+Okay. So these kinds of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So these kinds of questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So these kinds of questions about
+how the the film is put together, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the film is put together, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the film is put together, we're
+going to be talking about more when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about more when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about more when we
+see um Vertov's man with the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um Vertov's man with the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um Vertov's man with the movie
+camera that was made in 1929. But before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that was made in 1929. But before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that was made in 1929. But before
+we jump to that, um just to follow up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump to that, um just to follow up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we jump to that, um just to follow up on
+this question of representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of representations of
+Inuit um a little bit, I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit um a little bit, I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inuit um a little bit, I just want to
+show you a um um a short bit from a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a um um a short bit from a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a um um a short bit from a film
+that was made um in the 90s called Nanuk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made um in the 90s called Nanuk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made um in the 90s called Nanuk
+Revisited um that was done by a French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revisited um that was done by a French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revisited um that was done by a French
+um um filmmaker who went back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um filmmaker who went back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um filmmaker who went back into the
+area where Nanuk was shot and talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where Nanuk was shot and talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where Nanuk was shot and talked to
+people uh in people who lived in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh in people who lived in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh in people who lived in that
+area about um the making of Nanuka the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area about um the making of Nanuka the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area about um the making of Nanuka the
+North um and their reactions to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North um and their reactions to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North um and their reactions to it.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I need a little light. Can we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a little light. Can we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a little light. Can we get a
+little light? I just need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light? I just need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light? I just need to be able to
+fast forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Friday, April 18th, 1988. We are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday, April 18th, 1988. We are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday, April 18th, 1988. We are now
+flying towards Inukjuak at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying towards Inukjuak at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying towards Inukjuak at the
+northeastern borders of the Hudson Bay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeastern borders of the Hudson Bay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeastern borders of the Hudson Bay.
+Hardly ever noted on maps, nevertheless,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardly ever noted on maps, nevertheless,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardly ever noted on maps, nevertheless,
+this small village has been the seat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small village has been the seat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small village has been the seat of
+a cinematographic adventure which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cinematographic adventure which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cinematographic adventure which will
+create decisive change in cinema after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create decisive change in cinema after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create decisive change in cinema after
+doing so with the life of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so with the life of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so with the life of the little
+Eskimo community.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The scene takes place in 1920. An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scene takes place in 1920. An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scene takes place in 1920. An
+American of Irish origins decides to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American of Irish origins decides to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American of Irish origins decides to go
+and shoot a film on the life of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shoot a film on the life of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shoot a film on the life of a small
+Eskimo group. Nowadays, we call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eskimo group. Nowadays, we call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eskimo group. Nowadays, we call it a
+documentary, but at the time it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary, but at the time it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary, but at the time it didn't
+have a name, and the plan seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name, and the plan seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a name, and the plan seemed
+extravagant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extravagant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extravagant.
+The film is called Nanuk. The filmmaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The film is called Nanuk. The filmmaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The film is called Nanuk. The filmmaker
+Robert Flity. For the historians of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Flity. For the historians of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Flity. For the historians of
+cinema, he is the father of documentary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Today we are heading towards Inukjak 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today we are heading towards Inukjak 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today we are heading towards Inukjak 68
+years after him bringing with us a tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after him bringing with us a tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after him bringing with us a tape
+of his film and 70 pictures found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his film and 70 pictures found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his film and 70 pictures found in the
+archives of Rebong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Flity enters Inukjuak, then called Port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity enters Inukjuak, then called Port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flity enters Inukjuak, then called Port
+Harrison, during summer 1920. He will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrison, during summer 1920. He will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrison, during summer 1920. He will
+stay there a year.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there a year.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there a year.
+He writes in his journal. On August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He writes in his journal. On August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He writes in his journal. On August
+15th, we drop anchor at the mouth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th, we drop anchor at the mouth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th, we drop anchor at the mouth of the
+Inosuk River. Less than half a mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inosuk River. Less than half a mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inosuk River. Less than half a mile
+away, we discover fastened onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, we discover fastened onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, we discover fastened onto the
+hillside five desolated and melancholy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hillside five desolated and melancholy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hillside five desolated and melancholy
+huts which form the whole of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huts which form the whole of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huts which form the whole of the
+station. The inhabitants of Port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station. The inhabitants of Port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station. The inhabitants of Port
+Harrison are the poorest people I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrison are the poorest people I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harrison are the poorest people I've
+ever seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The day following our arrival, the mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The day following our arrival, the mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The day following our arrival, the mayor
+announces on the radio that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announces on the radio that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announces on the radio that we are
+organizing a projection of Nanukbert.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This film of Robert Flity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was shot towards 1920 a long time ago.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Today you're shooting a film on us but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today you're shooting a film on us but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today you're shooting a film on us but
+was the very first one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This great film has been seen all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This great film has been seen all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This great film has been seen all over
+the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Our friends filmmakers come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our friends filmmakers come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our friends filmmakers come from the
+other side of the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the ocean
+from a far country.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We are going to watch with them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We are going to watch with them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We are going to watch with them this
+film and pictures of those times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. So, you saw a bit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, you saw a bit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, you saw a bit of that
+and again I'll leave the rest I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'll leave the rest I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'll leave the rest I'll leave
+um the VHS types and DV Lab in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the VHS types and DV Lab in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the VHS types and DV Lab in case
+anybody wants to um uh you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to um uh you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to um uh you can make
+appointments uh with um Amberly Stewart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments uh with um Amberly Stewart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointments uh with um Amberly Stewart
+in the anthro office if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the anthro office if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the anthro office if you want to
+borrow our TV and VCR and watch him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow our TV and VCR and watch him in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow our TV and VCR and watch him in
+the small conference room where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small conference room where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small conference room where we have
+in case anybody wants to see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case anybody wants to see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case anybody wants to see the the
+rest of these films. Um but I also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of these films. Um but I also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of these films. Um but I also just
+wanted to show you a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you a little bit of a
+piece called Starting Fire with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called Starting Fire with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called Starting Fire with
+Gunpowder um that was made by Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gunpowder um that was made by Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gunpowder um that was made by Inuit
+Media Makers themselves. I mean one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Media Makers themselves. I mean one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Media Makers themselves. I mean one of
+the things I mean so you have Nanuk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I mean so you have Nanuk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I mean so you have Nanuk
+revisited which is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisited which is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisited which is an interesting
+historical perspective in the 80s at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical perspective in the 80s at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical perspective in the 80s at
+that point as you can see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point as you can see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point as you can see from the
+documentary um uh media making by Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary um uh media making by Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary um uh media making by Inuit
+um producers was becoming um a quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um producers was becoming um a quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um producers was becoming um a quite
+interesting movement um in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting movement um in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting movement um in this region
+both in fiction film and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in fiction film and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in fiction film and in terms of
+documentary film there's quite I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film there's quite I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary film there's quite I don't
+know how how many have heard of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how many have heard of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how many have heard of the film
+um Anton I'm not sure exactly how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Anton I'm not sure exactly how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Anton I'm not sure exactly how to
+pronounce it the Fastrunner um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it the Fastrunner um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce it the Fastrunner um I think
+it was about five years ago it won a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about five years ago it won a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about five years ago it won a
+major award at Khan. It was sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major award at Khan. It was sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major award at Khan. It was sort of the
+first um Inuit written, acted, produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um Inuit written, acted, produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um Inuit written, acted, produced
+fiction film that did quite well. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film that did quite well. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film that did quite well. And
+we're actually going to see Zach Kunuk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to see Zach Kunuk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to see Zach Kunuk
+has another uh documentary film that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has another uh documentary film that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has another uh documentary film that he
+just recently made about climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recently made about climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recently made about climate change
+that we're going to be watching a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be watching a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be watching a little
+a little later in class. Um but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later in class. Um but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little later in class. Um but also in
+this region, you have through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region, you have through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region, you have through the
+Canadian government, you had um um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian government, you had um um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian government, you had um um and
+you had people who were living in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had people who were living in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had people who were living in this
+area were able to um uh obtain funds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area were able to um uh obtain funds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area were able to um uh obtain funds.
+they pressed for funds to fund their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pressed for funds to fund their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pressed for funds to fund their
+some of their own TV um film program. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their own TV um film program. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their own TV um film program. So
+there's al also documentary work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's al also documentary work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's al also documentary work that's
+been made by Inuit um documentary makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made by Inuit um documentary makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made by Inuit um documentary makers
+for local TV audiences in this area. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for local TV audiences in this area. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for local TV audiences in this area. So
+I'm just going to let you see a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to let you see a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to let you see a couple
+minutes of that so you get a sense of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of that so you get a sense of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of that so you get a sense of um
+of what some of that image making is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some of that image making is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what some of that image making is
+like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think Ginu are not shy of television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Ginu are not shy of television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Ginu are not shy of television
+and all radio. One of the main reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all radio. One of the main reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all radio. One of the main reasons
+is that they've always been very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they've always been very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they've always been very uh
+uh communicating kind of people but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh communicating kind of people but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh communicating kind of people but it
+has been very slow because they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very slow because they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been very slow because they would
+take messages from one community to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take messages from one community to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take messages from one community to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+from one region to another only by doc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one region to another only by doc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one region to another only by doc
+teams and it was only through word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams and it was only through word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams and it was only through word of
+mouth that uh they were able to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth that uh they were able to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth that uh they were able to pass
+this message on and being uh or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message on and being uh or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message on and being uh or not
+having any written history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any written history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any written history
+uh this uh form of communication radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh form of communication radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this uh form of communication radio
+and television was uh as uh old as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and television was uh as uh old as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and television was uh as uh old as it
+was new uh an oral form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was new uh an oral form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was new uh an oral form of
+communication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication.
+Jose is right. We are a communicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jose is right. We are a communicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jose is right. We are a communicative
+people. Our language is called intitude.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Our language is called intitude.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Our language is called intitude.
+There are far more films and television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are far more films and television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are far more films and television
+shows made in intitude than there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows made in intitude than there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows made in intitude than there are
+books written in our language. I am an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books written in our language. I am an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books written in our language. I am an
+Mik Duke Hansen. I'm a broadcaster, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mik Duke Hansen. I'm a broadcaster, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mik Duke Hansen. I'm a broadcaster, a
+journalist, and a storyteller. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist, and a storyteller. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journalist, and a storyteller. This is a
+story of Inuit television.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Inuit television.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Inuit television.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Maybe I should call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should call.
+White Match TV arrived suddenly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White Match TV arrived suddenly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White Match TV arrived suddenly in the
+Arctic. It was very seductive to many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arctic. It was very seductive to many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arctic. It was very seductive to many of
+us. But the exposure to that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. But the exposure to that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. But the exposure to that much
+English language could have wiped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language could have wiped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language could have wiped out
+our culture in a single generation. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture in a single generation. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture in a single generation. We
+had to find our own broadcasting voice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to find our own broadcasting voice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to find our own broadcasting voice.
+In television started as a backlash in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In television started as a backlash in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In television started as a backlash in
+northern Quebec where the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Quebec where the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern Quebec where the introduction
+of white man's TV was met by stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of white man's TV was met by stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of white man's TV was met by stiff
+resistance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. Unfortunately, we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Unfortunately, we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Unfortunately, we don't have
+time to watch more, but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to watch more, but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to watch more, but it's really
+interesting that there's um so the soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that there's um so the soap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that there's um so the soap
+opera partly dealing with issue issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera partly dealing with issue issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opera partly dealing with issue issues
+of um um substance abuse um in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um um substance abuse um in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um um substance abuse um in in the
+area among young people and it took um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area among young people and it took um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area among young people and it took um
+the part of things like um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of things like um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of things like um um
+uh glue sniffing and um anyway, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh glue sniffing and um anyway, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh glue sniffing and um anyway, so
+there's there's partly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's partly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's partly sort of
+educational soap operas and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational soap operas and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational soap operas and there's a
+really interesting series that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting series that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting series that they did
+that's kind of an Inuit version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an Inuit version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an Inuit version of
+Superman for kids which is really fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman for kids which is really fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman for kids which is really fun
+super um but but anyway so if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super um but but anyway so if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super um but but anyway so if anybody
+wants to borrow it I I recommend it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to borrow it I I recommend it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to borrow it I I recommend it.
+It's a really interesting um documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a really interesting um documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a really interesting um documentary
+about Inuit uh media making. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Inuit uh media making. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Inuit uh media making. So
+reactions thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions thoughts
+about all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I mean the kinds of representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean the kinds of representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean the kinds of representations
+well the different different questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the different different questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the different different questions
+for each of this let's maybe talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of this let's maybe talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of this let's maybe talk about
+nano revisited first which was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano revisited first which was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nano revisited first which was the first
+one that you saw so at least in the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you saw so at least in the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you saw so at least in the bit
+that that you were able to see um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you were able to see um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you were able to see um how
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+Nanuk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk
+understood at that historical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood at that historical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood at that historical point
+um when they were filming in the 90s,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they were filming in the 90s,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they were filming in the 90s,
+late 80s,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of like they were still like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like they were still like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like they were still like
+had their relatives like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their relatives like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their relatives like their
+grandparents might have been in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents might have been in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents might have been in the film
+or not. And then it's also interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. And then it's also interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not. And then it's also interesting
+to see how since it was filmed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how since it was filmed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how since it was filmed in the
+late 80s and this is like oh the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 80s and this is like oh the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 80s and this is like oh the modern
+view of what it's like now there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of what it's like now there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of what it's like now there and
+it's like kind of like that was like 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like kind of like that was like 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like kind of like that was like 20
+or to 30 years ago.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to 30 years ago.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to 30 years ago.
+weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+like takes you back in time again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like takes you back in time again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like takes you back in time again just
+to see to see why people were were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see to see why people were were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see to see why people were were like
+what was funny about the film that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was funny about the film that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was funny about the film that was
+they were laughing so loud was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were laughing so loud was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were laughing so loud was it
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+I mean film already was representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean film already was representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean film already was representing
+things that were would would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were would would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were would would have been
+funny at the time so probably even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny at the time so probably even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny at the time so probably even
+funnier for people who remembered who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnier for people who remembered who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnier for people who remembered who
+were children then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were children then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were children then
+yeah whole movies in some ways yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whole movies in some ways yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whole movies in some ways yeah
+that Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Okay.
+I find it interesting. It was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find it interesting. It was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find it interesting. It was kind of
+like a deja vu for lack of better words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a deja vu for lack of better words.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a deja vu for lack of better words.
+And how they all packed the uh hall to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how they all packed the uh hall to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how they all packed the uh hall to
+watch the movie that everyone had packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the movie that everyone had packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the movie that everyone had packed
+to watch, you know, like 68 years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch, you know, like 68 years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch, you know, like 68 years before
+how it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's still
+uh in the sense of like brought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the sense of like brought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the sense of like brought the
+community together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community together.
+Yeah. Yeah. I mean, so you have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I mean, so you have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I mean, so you have kind of
+two different things going on. On the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things going on. On the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things going on. On the
+one hand, um as people say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand, um as people say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand, um as people say that this is
+an important historical record, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important historical record, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important historical record, right?
+because they're they're there um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they're there um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they're there um those
+kinds of visual documents from the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of visual documents from the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of visual documents from the time
+period aren't available otherwise and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period aren't available otherwise and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period aren't available otherwise and so
+you know as gets mentioned in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as gets mentioned in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as gets mentioned in the film
+in some ways the images and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways the images and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways the images and the
+photographs taken by flare to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs taken by flare to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs taken by flare to become
+kind of this big family album where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this big family album where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of this big family album where you
+know sort of people get to you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of people get to you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of people get to you know like
+ah you know I remember so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah you know I remember so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah you know I remember so and so
+remember so and so and all this laughing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so and so and all this laughing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so and so and all this laughing
+yeah it's hard to know exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's hard to know exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's hard to know exactly what the
+laughing is about I mean is it just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing is about I mean is it just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing is about I mean is it just sort
+of the fun of seeing themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fun of seeing themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fun of seeing themselves and
+people they know or is it also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they know or is it also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they know or is it also because
+the construction of the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction of the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction of the film is
+different than the way that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the way that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the way that they would
+have put it together and so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put it together and so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put it together and so it seems
+funny in that way. I mean it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in that way. I mean it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in that way. I mean it might be a
+bit of both. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of both. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of both. Um
+people people dressed people that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people dressed people that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people dressed people that they
+know dressed in polar bear pants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dressed in polar bear pants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dressed in polar bear pants.
+Right. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Yes.
+Exactly. Which again was done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Which again was done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. Which again was done for
+southern audiences. So it might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern audiences. So it might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern audiences. So it might be some
+um uh some mix of the two. Um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some mix of the two. Um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh some mix of the two. Um so you
+have um I just turn the flap. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um I just turn the flap. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um I just turn the flap. So you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I had some point that I was leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some point that I was leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had some point that I was leading to
+and I've just forgotten it but it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just forgotten it but it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've just forgotten it but it'll
+come back to me. Well, one one quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to me. Well, one one quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to me. Well, one one quick
+point I I would make is it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I would make is it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I I would make is it's also
+interesting to then start to deconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to then start to deconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to then start to deconstruct
+an revisited. Um, you know, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an revisited. Um, you know, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an revisited. Um, you know, you have
+this what we were talking about as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we were talking about as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we were talking about as the
+voice of God narration, you know, in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice of God narration, you know, in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice of God narration, you know, in the
+first class, very triedand-true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class, very triedand-true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class, very triedand-true
+documentary technique that leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary technique that leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary technique that leads to a
+certain kind of relationship or feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of relationship or feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of relationship or feeling
+with the with the subject. um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the subject. um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the subject. um you know
+this guy with a plumby British accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with a plumby British accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with a plumby British accent
+translating what the Inuit women are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating what the Inuit women are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating what the Inuit women are
+saying and and you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and and you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and and you know sort of
+pronouncing kind of the the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing kind of the the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing kind of the the situation
+that you're going to be finding yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be finding yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be finding yourself
+in in the film. Um, so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the film. Um, so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the film. Um, so it's it's
+interesting because the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because the point of the
+film, and it does it quite effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, and it does it quite effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, and it does it quite effectively
+in many places, is to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places, is to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many places, is to kind of
+deconstruct Nana of the North and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct Nana of the North and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct Nana of the North and
+deconstruct Flarity's technique, but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct Flarity's technique, but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconstruct Flarity's technique, but at
+the same time, it's also constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time, it's also constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time, it's also constructing
+its own reality and its own point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own reality and its own point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own reality and its own point of
+view with this with this narration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view with this with this narration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view with this with this narration and
+with, you know, the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, you know, the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, you know, the the sort of the
+people flying in at the beginning,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people flying in at the beginning,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people flying in at the beginning,
+swooping into the village. I mean, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swooping into the village. I mean, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swooping into the village. I mean, it's
+very uh it's a very sort of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh it's a very sort of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh it's a very sort of interesting
+thing where where they're deconstructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where where they're deconstructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where where they're deconstructing
+this other film for very legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other film for very legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other film for very legitimate
+reasons, but that other film is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons, but that other film is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons, but that other film is also
+extremely personal and extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely personal and extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely personal and extremely
+uh oriented towards people in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oriented towards people in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oriented towards people in a way that
+that one doesn't isn't quite so so quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't isn't quite so so quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't isn't quite so so quite
+a quite a dissonance there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quite a dissonance there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quite a dissonance there.
+The point I was thinking of was that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The point I was thinking of was that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The point I was thinking of was that so
+on the one hand you have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one hand you have people
+responding to Nanuk again as if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to Nanuk again as if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to Nanuk again as if it's a
+family album and it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family album and it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family album and it's really important
+to have these images on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these images on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have these images on the other hand
+you also have hear critical commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have hear critical commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have hear critical commentary
+like one of the TV producers talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the TV producers talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of the TV producers talking
+about the gramophone scene I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gramophone scene I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the gramophone scene I mean
+clearly not being happy about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not being happy about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not being happy about the
+portrayal there and so so people both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal there and so so people both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portrayal there and so so people both
+see being you know somewhat critical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see being you know somewhat critical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see being you know somewhat critical of
+the representations but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representations but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representations but at the same time
+thinking that it's a really again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that it's a really again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that it's a really again a
+really important historical record for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important historical record for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important historical record for
+people to have. So this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have. So this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to have. So this kind of
+complicated relationship to the film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated relationship to the film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated relationship to the film and
+then we have starting fire fire with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have starting fire fire with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have starting fire fire with
+gunpowder which I believe came out in 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gunpowder which I believe came out in 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gunpowder which I believe came out in 97
+91 I'm sorry uh that came out in ' 91.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 I'm sorry uh that came out in ' 91.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 I'm sorry uh that came out in ' 91.
+um thoughts about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thoughts about that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thoughts about that?
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mhm.
+Um I thought based comparing the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I thought based comparing the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I thought based comparing the last
+two films we watched, the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two films we watched, the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two films we watched, the sense of
+agency in the the third film was so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency in the the third film was so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency in the the third film was so much
+stronger just because of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger just because of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger just because of the different
+narrator, somebody of the community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrator, somebody of the community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrator, somebody of the community and
+them in the third film. They had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the third film. They had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the third film. They had a
+different relationship with technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relationship with technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relationship with technology
+than in the man who visited in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the man who visited in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in the man who visited in which
+they were still kind of passively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were still kind of passively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were still kind of passively
+watching this movie and criticizing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this movie and criticizing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this movie and criticizing but
+still watching and laughing and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still watching and laughing and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still watching and laughing and looking
+at the pictures and then the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pictures and then the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pictures and then the third one
+they had a much they had a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a much they had a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a much they had a lot more
+control over the technology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over the technology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over the technology.
+Right? So it's Inuit media producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's Inuit media producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's Inuit media producers
+using this technology for their own ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this technology for their own ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this technology for their own ends
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+right constructing the media for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right constructing the media for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right constructing the media for um for
+the questions that they're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that they're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions that they're interested
+in. But I think it's really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. But I think it's really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. But I think it's really interesting
+how I mean maybe just a fragment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I mean maybe just a fragment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I mean maybe just a fragment we
+watch but she really does stress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch but she really does stress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch but she really does stress that
+you know an inate film and it's made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an inate film and it's made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an inate film and it's made in
+this language and there is more filming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language and there is more filming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language and there is more filming
+in that language and written language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that language and written language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that language and written language
+brings a community together and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a community together and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a community together and these
+things come up over and over again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come up over and over again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come up over and over again and
+if it was a documentary about TV in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a documentary about TV in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a documentary about TV in
+Italy people wouldn't be stressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy people wouldn't be stressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy people wouldn't be stressing that
+it brings Italians together and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings Italians together and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it brings Italians together and it's
+filmed in Italian because it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed in Italian because it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed in Italian because it would be
+like of course that's what you know TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of course that's what you know TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like of course that's what you know TV
+does communicates messages is usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does communicates messages is usually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does communicates messages is usually in
+the kind of local language. So it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of local language. So it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of local language. So it's it
+signifies that this yeah in intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies that this yeah in intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies that this yeah in intense
+relationship with the technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with the technology and
+kind of the political significance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the political significance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the political significance and
+maybe the hopes uh attached to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the hopes uh attached to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the hopes uh attached to this
+project.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project.
+An interesting analogy to that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An interesting analogy to that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An interesting analogy to that in in
+parts of Europe though is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe though is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe though is the uh the
+sort of the stress on having a national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the stress on having a national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the stress on having a national
+film industry in many countries. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film industry in many countries. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film industry in many countries. You
+know a native quote unquote language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a native quote unquote language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a native quote unquote language
+film industry that is supported by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film industry that is supported by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film industry that is supported by the
+government. I mean, you think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. I mean, you think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. I mean, you think about um
+Eastern European countries, Germany, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern European countries, Germany, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern European countries, Germany, I
+mean, lots of lots of countries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, lots of lots of countries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, lots of lots of countries in
+Europe have a film industry because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe have a film industry because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe have a film industry because the
+government intervenes to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government intervenes to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government intervenes to make sure that
+they have a film industry. And it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a film industry. And it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a film industry. And it's for
+reasons of um language and culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of um language and culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons of um language and culture and
+and defining yourself in opposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and defining yourself in opposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and defining yourself in opposition to
+these sort of hegemonic film industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of hegemonic film industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of hegemonic film industries
+like the American film industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the American film industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the American film industry and
+increasingly, you know, even Bollywood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly, you know, even Bollywood.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly, you know, even Bollywood.
+Um, so, so that's a very that's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, so that's a very that's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, so that's a very that's a kind
+of I mean I think I think film often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I mean I think I think film often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I mean I think I think film often
+ends up carrying those kinds of weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up carrying those kinds of weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up carrying those kinds of weights
+uh for for communities, cultures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for communities, cultures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for communities, cultures,
+but I think what Katarina is getting at,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think what Katarina is getting at,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think what Katarina is getting at,
+I mean this move towards Inuit media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this move towards Inuit media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this move towards Inuit media
+making is also part of a particular kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making is also part of a particular kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making is also part of a particular kind
+of social movement um which gets talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social movement um which gets talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social movement um which gets talked
+about if you're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you're interested in the
+recommended reading for this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended reading for this class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended reading for this class.
+There's an article by FA Ginsburg called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an article by FA Ginsburg called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an article by FA Ginsburg called
+Screen Memories where she talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Screen Memories where she talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Screen Memories where she talks about
+the work of filmmaker Zach Kuk and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of filmmaker Zach Kuk and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of filmmaker Zach Kuk and he's
+the person who did the mo the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who did the mo the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who did the mo the the
+fiction film that I mentioned Fastrunner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film that I mentioned Fastrunner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film that I mentioned Fastrunner
+and he's also the one who did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's also the one who did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's also the one who did the
+documentary about climate change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary about climate change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary about climate change that
+just got made this year that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got made this year that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got made this year that we're going
+to see a little later in the class. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a little later in the class. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a little later in the class. Um
+and what what FA Ginsburg argues there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what FA Ginsburg argues there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what FA Ginsburg argues there
+is that for many um uh indigenous groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for many um uh indigenous groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for many um uh indigenous groups
+in different parts of the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the world that
+often the discussion around media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the discussion around media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the discussion around media
+technologies is is that this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies is is that this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies is is that this is sort of
+modern technology sort of doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern technology sort of doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern technology sort of doing things
+to them. And she talks about how for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. And she talks about how for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. And she talks about how for
+many indigenous groups they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many indigenous groups they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many indigenous groups they talk about
+both the power that sort of outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the power that sort of outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the power that sort of outside
+media representations can have to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media representations can have to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media representations can have to to do
+things like encourage language loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like encourage language loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like encourage language loss
+within particular communities which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within particular communities which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within particular communities which is a
+real issue here. But she also argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issue here. But she also argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issue here. But she also argues
+that how many groups have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how many groups have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how many groups have sort of
+mobilized around using media for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized around using media for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilized around using media for their
+own ends for purposes of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ends for purposes of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ends for purposes of cultural
+revitalization. And so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalization. And so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalization. And so it's very
+interesting if you see a film like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you see a film like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you see a film like
+Fastrunner um that film by Zach Kuk,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fastrunner um that film by Zach Kuk,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fastrunner um that film by Zach Kuk,
+it's a fiction film that's based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fiction film that's based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fiction film that's based on a
+16th century myth. Um and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th century myth. Um and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th century myth. Um and it's kind of
+like Flarities in the sense that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Flarities in the sense that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Flarities in the sense that it's
+meant to be part of this pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be part of this pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be part of this pre
+pre-European contact portrait of Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-European contact portrait of Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-European contact portrait of Inuit
+society, but it's done for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, but it's done for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, but it's done for very
+different reasons. And so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons. And so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reasons. And so it's very
+interesting to see them back to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see them back to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see them back to back
+because they're they're both kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they're both kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they're both kind of
+historical nostalgia pieces in a way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical nostalgia pieces in a way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical nostalgia pieces in a way but
+for different ends whereas Flarity's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different ends whereas Flarity's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different ends whereas Flarity's
+kind of historical nostalgia is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of historical nostalgia is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of historical nostalgia is more
+sort of a European romantic primitivist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a European romantic primitivist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a European romantic primitivist
+idea and on the Inuit end it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and on the Inuit end it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and on the Inuit end it's kind of a
+romantic historical nostalgia piece but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic historical nostalgia piece but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic historical nostalgia piece but
+but about but for the purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about but for the purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about but for the purposes of
+cultural revitalization among Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural revitalization among Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural revitalization among Inuit
+peoples themselves and to sort of pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples themselves and to sort of pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peoples themselves and to sort of pull
+people together both both both socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together both both both socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together both both both socially
+and um socially and politically. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um socially and politically. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um socially and politically. So it's
+it's so they're interesting to see back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so they're interesting to see back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so they're interesting to see back
+toback. So I would encourage you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toback. So I would encourage you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toback. So I would encourage you know
+anybody who's interested in these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's interested in these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who's interested in these issues
+and have time which I know all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have time which I know all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have time which I know all of you
+have so much extra time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so much extra time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so much extra time
+in terms of portrayal. One interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of portrayal. One interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of portrayal. One interesting
+thing about the fast runner is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the fast runner is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the fast runner is that um
+like Nanuk, you have people dressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Nanuk, you have people dressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Nanuk, you have people dressed in
+uh traditional uh Inuit garb do hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traditional uh Inuit garb do hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh traditional uh Inuit garb do hunting
+in traditional ways and and as as Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in traditional ways and and as as Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in traditional ways and and as as Chris
+said, it's set in the 16th century, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, it's set in the 16th century, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, it's set in the 16th century, but
+but at the end during the credits, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end during the credits, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end during the credits, you
+see all of the actors dressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all of the actors dressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all of the actors dressed in
+contemporary garb, riding snowmobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary garb, riding snowmobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary garb, riding snowmobiles
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+black leather jackets,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black leather jackets,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black leather jackets,
+black leather jackets. And and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black leather jackets. And and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black leather jackets. And and the whole
+point of that is to make clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that is to make clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that is to make clear to
+anybody who might be, you know, remotely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who might be, you know, remotely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who might be, you know, remotely
+confused that this was a this was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused that this was a this was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused that this was a this was a a
+fiction film. These were actors. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film. These were actors. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film. These were actors. There
+was a, you know, there there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a, you know, there there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a, you know, there there were
+costumes there there were sets and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes there there were sets and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costumes there there were sets and it's
+not real life. It's not it's not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real life. It's not it's not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not real life. It's not it's not sort of
+this eternal culture, Inuit culture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eternal culture, Inuit culture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eternal culture, Inuit culture.
+So just to conclude our our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to conclude our our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to conclude our our discussion
+of flare because we need to move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flare because we need to move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flare because we need to move on to
+to Vertov. Um so so Flity again has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vertov. Um so so Flity again has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vertov. Um so so Flity again has been
+this incredibly influential figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly influential figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this incredibly influential figure
+within within documentary film. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within documentary film. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within documentary film. Um but
+there's also been a lot of um more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also been a lot of um more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also been a lot of um more
+recent debate about his work partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent debate about his work partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent debate about his work partly
+based on some of the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some of the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some of the things that we
+talked about sort of what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sort of what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about sort of what kinds of
+representations were being constructed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations were being constructed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations were being constructed.
+What about sort of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about sort of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about sort of the um
+the the stuff that was faked in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stuff that was faked in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the stuff that was faked in the film
+and sort of how do people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of how do people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of how do people think about
+that? And I think some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? And I think some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? And I think some of those
+historical bates debates have kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical bates debates have kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical bates debates have kind of um
+some of those debates have died down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those debates have died down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those debates have died down a
+bit now. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit now. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit now. Um
+but but so so basically you had the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so so basically you had the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but so so basically you had the kind
+the kind of two sides. One side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of two sides. One side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of two sides. One side that
+sort of was celebrating the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of was celebrating the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of was celebrating the work of
+flirty and the other side was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flirty and the other side was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flirty and the other side was sort of
+the more revisionist side that that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more revisionist side that that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more revisionist side that that said
+you know look these um there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look these um there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know look these um there's also
+quite problematic um aspects of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite problematic um aspects of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite problematic um aspects of these
+representations. And I think now at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations. And I think now at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations. And I think now at this
+point the idea is sort of more that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the idea is sort of more that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the idea is sort of more that um
+it's a bit of both. Um that it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of both. Um that it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit of both. Um that it was a
+very innovative and important piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very innovative and important piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very innovative and important piece of
+work for a variety of reasons. Um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for a variety of reasons. Um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for a variety of reasons. Um and it
+also has remained important to um Inuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has remained important to um Inuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has remained important to um Inuit
+people themselves again because of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people themselves again because of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people themselves again because of its
+historical record. At the same time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical record. At the same time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical record. At the same time it
+was very much coming out of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much coming out of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much coming out of a particular
+historical context that very much did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context that very much did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical context that very much did
+feed into sort of European um romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed into sort of European um romantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed into sort of European um romantic
+primitivist ideas at the time. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitivist ideas at the time. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitivist ideas at the time. So it's a
+complicated piece that has that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated piece that has that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated piece that has that has some
+of some of both going on. Um any final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of both going on. Um any final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of both going on. Um any final
+thoughts that any of you had before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts that any of you had before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts that any of you had before we
+move on to our discussion of air talk?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to our discussion of air talk?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to our discussion of air talk?
+So now we're going back to the 1920s. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we're going back to the 1920s. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we're going back to the 1920s. Um
+so the film uh this film Man with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the film uh this film Man with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the film uh this film Man with a
+Movie Camera came out in 1929. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movie Camera came out in 1929. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movie Camera came out in 1929. So it's
+slightly later than the Flity Nano of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly later than the Flity Nano of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly later than the Flity Nano of
+the North. Um it's an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North. Um it's an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North. Um it's an extremely
+different film um in almost every kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different film um in almost every kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different film um in almost every kind
+of way. It was made by a Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way. It was made by a Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way. It was made by a Russian
+filmmaker Za Verto who was born in 1896
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker Za Verto who was born in 1896
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker Za Verto who was born in 1896
+died in 1954. Um his name was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in 1954. Um his name was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in 1954. Um his name was a
+pseudonym. It meant uh spinning top. His
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudonym. It meant uh spinning top. His
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudonym. It meant uh spinning top. His
+actual name was Dennis Kaufman or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual name was Dennis Kaufman or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual name was Dennis Kaufman or
+original name who is born um as the son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original name who is born um as the son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original name who is born um as the son
+of Jewish intellectuals in an outlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jewish intellectuals in an outlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Jewish intellectuals in an outlying
+re region of Russia. And as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re region of Russia. And as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re region of Russia. And as you know
+from the reading, Verto started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reading, Verto started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reading, Verto started out
+editing news reels for the the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing news reels for the the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing news reels for the the new
+Soviet government right after it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet government right after it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet government right after it was
+formed when he was in his early 20s. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed when he was in his early 20s. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed when he was in his early 20s. Um
+and he made many films later on with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made many films later on with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made many films later on with his
+wife uh ElizabethVa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife uh ElizabethVa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife uh ElizabethVa.
+Sorry I can't say pronounce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry I can't say pronounce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry I can't say pronounce it
+correctly. Um and his brother Muel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Um and his brother Muel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. Um and his brother Muel
+Kaufman. um and often in his writings he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaufman. um and often in his writings he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kaufman. um and often in his writings he
+referred to them as the council of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to them as the council of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to them as the council of three
+and they issued a number of manifestos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they issued a number of manifestos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they issued a number of manifestos
+um about film and about a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about film and about a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about film and about a new kind of
+film journalism um that they were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film journalism um that they were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film journalism um that they were um
+arguing was was about capturing um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing was was about capturing um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing was was about capturing um the
+quoteunquote pros of life. He was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoteunquote pros of life. He was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoteunquote pros of life. He was an
+impassion believer in the ability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impassion believer in the ability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impassion believer in the ability of
+film to allow people to look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film to allow people to look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film to allow people to look at their
+world in new ways. Um which you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in new ways. Um which you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in new ways. Um which you see in
+his manifestos. Um and it was also he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his manifestos. Um and it was also he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his manifestos. Um and it was also he
+saw it as part of the um the the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it as part of the um the the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it as part of the um the the this
+kind of thinking about the world in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking about the world in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking about the world in new
+ways is also for him being associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways is also for him being associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways is also for him being associated
+with the political transformations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the political transformations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the political transformations that
+he associated with um the the uh Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he associated with um the the uh Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he associated with um the the uh Russian
+revolution at the time. Later on he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution at the time. Later on he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution at the time. Later on he
+became involved in more feature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became involved in more feature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became involved in more feature uh
+featurelength films and he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength films and he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featurelength films and he also
+developed an increasingly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed an increasingly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed an increasingly complicated
+relationship to the Soviet government um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the Soviet government um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the Soviet government um
+particularly under Stalin as things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly under Stalin as things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly under Stalin as things
+became more um bureaucratized. Vertov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more um bureaucratized. Vertov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more um bureaucratized. Vertov
+was a very independent-minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very independent-minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very independent-minded
+um artist and filmmaker and he was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um artist and filmmaker and he was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um artist and filmmaker and he was um
+increasingly se seen as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly se seen as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly se seen as being
+anti-planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-planning
+um and sort of marginalized within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of marginalized within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and sort of marginalized within
+Soviet film making. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet film making. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet film making. Um
+but despite his marginalization over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but despite his marginalization over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but despite his marginalization over
+time within Soviet film making, he's had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time within Soviet film making, he's had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time within Soviet film making, he's had
+an enormous influence on European um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous influence on European um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous influence on European um
+filmmakers, particularly avantgard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers, particularly avantgard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers, particularly avantgard
+filmmakers um who still consider this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers um who still consider this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers um who still consider this to
+be um a classic film. Um and it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um a classic film. Um and it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um a classic film. Um and it's this
+film in particular, Man with a Movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in particular, Man with a Movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film in particular, Man with a Movie
+Camera, that's that's most uh widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camera, that's that's most uh widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camera, that's that's most uh widely
+known of his work. So this film is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known of his work. So this film is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known of his work. So this film is a
+dawn to dust portrait of an archetypal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn to dust portrait of an archetypal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn to dust portrait of an archetypal
+Soviet city. Okay. And it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet city. Okay. And it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet city. Okay. And it was actually
+shot in three different cities, Moscow,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in three different cities, Moscow,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot in three different cities, Moscow,
+Kiev, and Odessa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kiev, and Odessa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kiev, and Odessa.
+um a couple questions that uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple questions that uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple questions that uh you should
+be thinking about as you watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about as you watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about as you watch this
+film. Okay. What is the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Okay. What is the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. Okay. What is the particular
+vision of filmm Vertov is trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of filmm Vertov is trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of filmm Vertov is trying to get
+at in this film? And so he put out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in this film? And so he put out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in this film? And so he put out a
+newsletter called Kinopravda or film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletter called Kinopravda or film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newsletter called Kinopravda or film
+truth. So this question of what was film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. So this question of what was film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. So this question of what was film
+truth to Vertov? What did he mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth to Vertov? What did he mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth to Vertov? What did he mean by
+this term? What was he trying to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term? What was he trying to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term? What was he trying to capture
+through his documentary film making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his documentary film making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through his documentary film making
+work? Um and also he had a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Um and also he had a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Um and also he had a very strong
+vision of science um and technology. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of science um and technology. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision of science um and technology. How
+does that come out um in in the film?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that come out um in in the film?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that come out um in in the film?
+What's the what's the portrayals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the what's the portrayals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the what's the portrayals of
+science and technology in this piece?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology in this piece?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology in this piece?
+And then the third question being how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the third question being how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the third question being how
+does this film compare with Nanuk? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this film compare with Nanuk? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this film compare with Nanuk? Um
+because it's again it's a extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's again it's a extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's again it's a extremely
+different style than Robert Flity's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different style than Robert Flity's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different style than Robert Flity's um
+piece. If we think of the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. If we think of the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. If we think of the two of them
+together both sort of coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together both sort of coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together both sort of coming out of the
+context of the 20s um you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the 20s um you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the 20s um you know you know
+what do those those contrasting styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do those those contrasting styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do those those contrasting styles
+potentially suggest for us?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, you see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you see um
+you see people at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people at work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people at work
+um doing a variety of things. You see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doing a variety of things. You see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um doing a variety of things. You see uh
+different life events. So you see babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different life events. So you see babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different life events. So you see babies
+being born in a hospital, people getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being born in a hospital, people getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being born in a hospital, people getting
+married, people in divorce court,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married, people in divorce court,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married, people in divorce court,
+um a funeral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a funeral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a funeral.
+Uh towards the end of the day when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh towards the end of the day when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh towards the end of the day when the
+sun starts go doing going down, you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun starts go doing going down, you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun starts go doing going down, you see
+recreation, people going out to sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation, people going out to sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation, people going out to sports
+events or to other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or to other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events or to other kinds of
+entertainment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment.
+And then the the last piece we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the the last piece we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the the last piece we want to
+show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you haven't gotten to see all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't gotten to see all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't gotten to see all of this
+film, but what is it about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go ahead.
+Um, so what I got out of it is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what I got out of it is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what I got out of it is that it's
+like trying to say that like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to say that like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to say that like uh
+technology is like stagnant without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is like stagnant without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is like stagnant without
+people and people are stagnant without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and people are stagnant without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and people are stagnant without
+technology. But like film has its life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. But like film has its life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. But like film has its life
+of its own that like people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its own that like people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its own that like people need to
+embrace.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace.
+Yeah. So it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it has
+it's it's making an argument about film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's making an argument about film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's making an argument about film
+and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bunch of different arguments other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different arguments other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different arguments other
+expansions on that or thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions on that or thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions on that or thoughts
+of manipulation. But it's not like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manipulation. But it's not like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manipulation. But it's not like he's
+trying to hide it. He's trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hide it. He's trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to hide it. He's trying to show
+you what the camera can do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the camera can do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the camera can do.
+Trying to show you what the camera can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trying to show you what the camera can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trying to show you what the camera can
+do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is there a narrative to this film?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a narrative to this film?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there a narrative to this film?
+A day in the life kind of. I mean, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A day in the life kind of. I mean, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A day in the life kind of. I mean, not
+quite, but like it does show from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite, but like it does show from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite, but like it does show from the
+beginning when there's nobody out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when there's nobody out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning when there's nobody out and
+then lots of people are out and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lots of people are out and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lots of people are out and then um
+people sitting down watching a movie at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sitting down watching a movie at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sitting down watching a movie at
+the end kind of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end kind of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end kind of.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. So, you don't And again, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, you don't And again, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, you don't And again, because
+you only saw a piece of it, it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only saw a piece of it, it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only saw a piece of it, it might be
+a little less clear, but again, it it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less clear, but again, it it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less clear, but again, it it is
+supposed to be this dawn to dusk in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be this dawn to dusk in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be this dawn to dusk in an
+archetypal city. And again, it's images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archetypal city. And again, it's images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archetypal city. And again, it's images
+from three different cities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three different cities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three different cities that are
+that are edited together to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are edited together to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are edited together to make it
+appear as if it's like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as if it's like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as if it's like this
+quintessential uh Soviet city. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential uh Soviet city. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintessential uh Soviet city. So you
+see people waking up at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people waking up at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people waking up at the beginning
+and then they go to work and we there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they go to work and we there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they go to work and we there's
+a lot of stuff in the middle about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff in the middle about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff in the middle about
+people working and and watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working and and watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working and and watching
+technology and machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and machines
+um uh you know move as part of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know move as part of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know move as part of uh
+everyday kinds of work and then as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday kinds of work and then as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday kinds of work and then as I
+mentioned there's all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned there's all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned there's all these different
+kinds of life events that you're shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of life events that you're shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of life events that you're shown
+going going on and then towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going on and then towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going on and then towards the end
+of the day people are done working they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day people are done working they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day people are done working they
+go um you see people um you see various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um you see people um you see various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go um you see people um you see various
+recreation scenes people going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation scenes people going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation scenes people going to
+sporting of events and then at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporting of events and then at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporting of events and then at the end
+they go to the cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to the cinema
+right? And they and they watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And they and they watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And they and they watch this
+film. So there's there's so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. So there's there's so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film. So there's there's so there's one
+kind of loose plot line that's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of loose plot line that's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of loose plot line that's about the
+dawn to dusk in the life of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn to dusk in the life of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dawn to dusk in the life of an
+archetypal city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archetypal city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archetypal city
+and then intertwined with that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then intertwined with that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then intertwined with that you have
+this thread about the filmmaker,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thread about the filmmaker,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thread about the filmmaker,
+right? So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what's the
+what's the thread about the filmmaker?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the thread about the filmmaker?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the thread about the filmmaker?
+I think it's interesting because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's interesting because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's interesting because it
+starts with this cameraman and a camera.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with this cameraman and a camera.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with this cameraman and a camera.
+I'm sorry. They the scene I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry. They the scene I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry. They the scene I mean the
+film starts with the camera man two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starts with the camera man two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film starts with the camera man two
+cameras one camera man with a camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras one camera man with a camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras one camera man with a camera and
+a camera and it kind of carries on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera and it kind of carries on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera and it kind of carries on
+throughout the movie the idea of the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the movie the idea of the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the movie the idea of the eye
+watching the eye or the camera watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the eye or the camera watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the eye or the camera watching
+the camera and then people watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and then people watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and then people watching the
+camera that shoot the camera and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that shoot the camera and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that shoot the camera and it's
+like kind of the chain of the camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of the chain of the camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of the chain of the camera or
+the eyes looking at each other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes looking at each other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes looking at each other and the
+kind of aperture of the eye and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of aperture of the eye and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of aperture of the eye and the the
+curtain opening and it was just like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtain opening and it was just like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtain opening and it was just like I
+know kind of theme had motion pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of theme had motion pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of theme had motion pictures
+versus uh kind of static pictures. Um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh kind of static pictures. Um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh kind of static pictures. Um at
+the beginning that was also interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that was also interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that was also interesting
+because the music on the minimalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the music on the minimalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the music on the minimalist
+music the progression of you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music the progression of you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music the progression of you know it
+starts slow and then the editing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts slow and then the editing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts slow and then the editing was
+very like with the end of the music I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like with the end of the music I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like with the end of the music I
+think that was new in this one rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was new in this one rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that was new in this one rather
+than like the other m other ones that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like the other m other ones that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than like the other m other ones that we
+watched before that. So the music, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched before that. So the music, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched before that. So the music, just
+to interrupt, but the music, this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interrupt, but the music, this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interrupt, but the music, this would
+have been shown with music, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been shown with music, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been shown with music, but the
+music would have varied and it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music would have varied and it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music would have varied and it wouldn't
+have been exactly this music.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exactly this music.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been exactly this music.
+But I believe um Verto did I mean he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I believe um Verto did I mean he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I believe um Verto did I mean he
+started out early on doing um avantgard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out early on doing um avantgard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out early on doing um avantgard
+sound compositions and I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound compositions and I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound compositions and I believe that
+this was actually reconstruction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually reconstruction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually reconstruction of the
+movie.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie.
+Yeah, it's inspired by or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's inspired by or something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's inspired by or something.
+Yeah. But I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But I mean
+it was an original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an original
+the music I mean this is a silent film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music I mean this is a silent film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the music I mean this is a silent film
+but they would be played they when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they would be played they when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they would be played they when these
+films were shown this one or Nanuk there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were shown this one or Nanuk there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were shown this one or Nanuk there
+would have been an orchestra or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been an orchestra or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been an orchestra or some
+kind of musical accompaniment and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of musical accompaniment and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of musical accompaniment and I
+think that this soundtrack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this soundtrack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this soundtrack is
+sort of inspired by or a reconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inspired by or a reconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inspired by or a reconstruction
+of the kinds of things that that Vertov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of things that that Vertov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of things that that Vertov
+experimented with musically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with musically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimented with musically.
+Yes. So it's it's it's it's it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So it's it's it's it's it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So it's it's it's it's it is a
+separate thing uh you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate thing uh you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate thing uh you know it's not
+anything based on the music.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything based on the music.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything based on the music.
+Uh it's it's a little bit of a not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's it's a little bit of a not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's it's a little bit of a not quite
+one to one ratio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one ratio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one ratio.
+So the music was done by the composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the music was done by the composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the music was done by the composer
+Michael um Nyman who did research on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael um Nyman who did research on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael um Nyman who did research on the
+period the the the incredible artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the the the incredible artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the the the incredible artistic
+creativity that followed um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that followed um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity that followed um the the
+immediately followed the Russ Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately followed the Russ Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately followed the Russ Russian
+Revolution. And so it's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution. And so it's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution. And so it's based on
+research imagining what the music might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research imagining what the music might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research imagining what the music might
+have been.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been.
+Interesting. I think they they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting. I think they they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interesting. I think they they were like
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+closely related or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related or very
+Yeah. Well, the the editing is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, the the editing is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, the the editing is kind of
+stunning. I mean, if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning. I mean, if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning. I mean, if you think about the
+time period, um it's, you know, then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period, um it's, you know, then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period, um it's, you know, then and
+then compare that to Nanuk. Um it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare that to Nanuk. Um it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compare that to Nanuk. Um it's just
+a completely different relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely different relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely different relationship to
+film, a completely different rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, a completely different rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film, a completely different rel
+relationship to editing, and as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to editing, and as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to editing, and as people
+have said, what the camera can do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said, what the camera can do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said, what the camera can do.
+Yeah. But before we get into comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But before we get into comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. But before we get into comparison
+of Nanuk and and and Vertov because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Nanuk and and and Vertov because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Nanuk and and and Vertov because I
+think that's where we want this to go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where we want this to go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where we want this to go.
+But but but first can we get out a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but but first can we get out a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but but first can we get out a bit
+more a bit about sort of Vertov and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a bit about sort of Vertov and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a bit about sort of Vertov and
+what's going on here? So we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here? So we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here? So we have the
+parallels as you note between um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels as you note between um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels as you note between um the
+human eye and the camera eye going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye and the camera eye going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye and the camera eye going back
+and forth making comparisons between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth making comparisons between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth making comparisons between
+them and what kind of argument is is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what kind of argument is is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and what kind of argument is is he
+making? Do you guys have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making? Do you guys have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making? Do you guys have a
+There's a bit of a danger in like I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a bit of a danger in like I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a bit of a danger in like I mean
+he's climbing like a bridge over where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's climbing like a bridge over where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's climbing like a bridge over where
+the trains come in and then also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains come in and then also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trains come in and then also going
+underneath the train track and stuff. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the train track and stuff. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the train track and stuff. So
+it's not like and like as soon as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like and like as soon as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like and like as soon as like
+the train looks like it might have run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train looks like it might have run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train looks like it might have run
+him over like the girl wakes up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him over like the girl wakes up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him over like the girl wakes up like
+something has gone on. I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has gone on. I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has gone on. I don't know if
+she's like related to him or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's like related to him or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's like related to him or something
+supposedly but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly but yeah
+it's such a so beautiful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a so beautiful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a so beautiful.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and I mean it's incredible how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean it's incredible how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I mean it's incredible how
+this the camera has a life on its own.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the camera has a life on its own.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the camera has a life on its own.
+The cameraman is trying to you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cameraman is trying to you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cameraman is trying to you have the
+cameraman trying to film what the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameraman trying to film what the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameraman trying to film what the camera
+wants to wants to film, right? It's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to wants to film, right? It's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to wants to film, right? It's kind
+of and it's never really there. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and it's never really there. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and it's never really there. It's
+always climbing and making an effort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always climbing and making an effort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always climbing and making an effort and
+the camera is showing all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is showing all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera is showing all these things
+that you would never be able to to see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would never be able to to see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would never be able to to see.
+I'm mediated by the camera and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mediated by the camera and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mediated by the camera and I'm
+mediated by the other process of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated by the other process of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated by the other process of making
+the film that they show. So kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that they show. So kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that they show. So kind of
+montage and and and screening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montage and and and screening.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montage and and and screening.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah, is this really dazzling?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, is this really dazzling?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, is this really dazzling?
+So a lot of different threads going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a lot of different threads going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a lot of different threads going on.
+Um maybe one place to start um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe one place to start um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe one place to start um
+in terms of Vertov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Vertov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Vertov
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one thing that you might have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that you might have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that you might have gotten
+from from your readings that was that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from your readings that was that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from your readings that was that he
+was heavily um influenced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was heavily um influenced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was heavily um influenced by the
+futurist movement in Europe. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futurist movement in Europe. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futurist movement in Europe. So the
+futurist movement coming out of um being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futurist movement coming out of um being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+futurist movement coming out of um being
+inspired partly by Italian futurism um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired partly by Italian futurism um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired partly by Italian futurism um
+French cubism. Any sense of what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French cubism. Any sense of what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French cubism. Any sense of what those
+artistic movements were about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there are a bunch of young mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are a bunch of young mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are a bunch of young mayor
+in Italy in in the 20s and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italy in in the 20s and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italy in in the 20s and they they
+traveled a lot in Paris to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled a lot in Paris to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled a lot in Paris to see what the
+cubids are up to. But the Cubans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubids are up to. But the Cubans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubids are up to. But the Cubans are
+mainly interested in in space and in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly interested in in space and in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly interested in in space and in how
+you know emptiness is full and bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know emptiness is full and bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know emptiness is full and bringing
+up. But the future is interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. But the future is interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. But the future is interesting in
+movement. And this is why the cubists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. And this is why the cubists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. And this is why the cubists
+would only paint like brown and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only paint like brown and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only paint like brown and white
+and the futurist paint with colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the futurist paint with colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the futurist paint with colors
+because colors with movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because colors with movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because colors with movement and
+movement associated with um all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement associated with um all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement associated with um all these
+cool things the young males like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things the young males like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool things the young males like like
+sports, fast cars, war, Ital has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports, fast cars, war, Ital has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports, fast cars, war, Ital has a
+couple of colonies in Africa and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of colonies in Africa and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of colonies in Africa and um
+these guys really excited about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys really excited about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys really excited about it.
+They're excited about fast plays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're excited about fast plays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're excited about fast plays and
+they're excited about breaking down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're excited about breaking down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're excited about breaking down the
+language. We have this future manifesto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. We have this future manifesto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language. We have this future manifesto
+where they develop a way of um writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they develop a way of um writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they develop a way of um writing
+without kind of giving up punctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without kind of giving up punctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without kind of giving up punctuation
+like rules of punctuation and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rules of punctuation and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rules of punctuation and and and
+rules of plot and this and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of plot and this and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of plot and this and there is a
+lot of um communication between Paris,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um communication between Paris,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um communication between Paris,
+Italy and and Russia a lot of back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy and and Russia a lot of back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy and and Russia a lot of back and
+forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth.
+Yeah, exactly. So, so part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, exactly. So, so part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, exactly. So, so part of the
+influence on Veratov of the futurist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on Veratov of the futurist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on Veratov of the futurist
+movement would be being a fascination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement would be being a fascination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement would be being a fascination
+with the future which was very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the future which was very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the future which was very much
+associated with the possibilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the possibilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the possibilities of
+technology as they were seen by at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as they were seen by at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as they were seen by at least
+some people during during this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people during during this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people during during this time
+period. So a fascinate fascination with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So a fascinate fascination with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. So a fascinate fascination with
+m machinery, modern technologies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m machinery, modern technologies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m machinery, modern technologies of
+various kinds, a fascination with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds, a fascination with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds, a fascination with
+movement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement,
+a fascination uh linked to both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fascination uh linked to both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fascination uh linked to both of those
+about what can the camera eye do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what can the camera eye do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what can the camera eye do
+differently or allow us to see about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently or allow us to see about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently or allow us to see about the
+world that the human eye can't. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that the human eye can't. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that the human eye can't. Okay.
+So, so this is where a lot of Vertov was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this is where a lot of Vertov was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this is where a lot of Vertov was
+coming from and and like some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and and like some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and and like some of the
+other futurists, he wrote a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other futurists, he wrote a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other futurists, he wrote a lot of
+manifestos. Um, for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestos. Um, for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestos. Um, for those of you
+interested, it's it's on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested, it's it's on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested, it's it's on the the
+website. But just to read you a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website. But just to read you a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website. But just to read you a bit of
+one of those where he writes, um, I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those where he writes, um, I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those where he writes, um, I am
+kino eye, meaning cinema eye. I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kino eye, meaning cinema eye. I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kino eye, meaning cinema eye. I am a
+mechanical eye. I am machine show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical eye. I am machine show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical eye. I am machine show you
+the world as only I can see it now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world as only I can see it now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world as only I can see it now and
+forever. I free myself from human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. I free myself from human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. I free myself from human
+immobility. I am in constant motion. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobility. I am in constant motion. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobility. I am in constant motion. I
+draw near then away from objects. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw near then away from objects. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw near then away from objects. I
+crawl under. I climb onto them. I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawl under. I climb onto them. I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crawl under. I climb onto them. I move
+space with the muzzle of a I'm sorry. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with the muzzle of a I'm sorry. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with the muzzle of a I'm sorry. I
+move a pace with the muzzle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a pace with the muzzle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a pace with the muzzle of a
+galloping horse. I plunge full speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galloping horse. I plunge full speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galloping horse. I plunge full speed
+into a crowd. I outstrip running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a crowd. I outstrip running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a crowd. I outstrip running
+soldiers. I fall on my back. I ascend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers. I fall on my back. I ascend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers. I fall on my back. I ascend
+with an airplane. I plunge and sore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an airplane. I plunge and sore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an airplane. I plunge and sore
+together with plunging and sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with plunging and sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with plunging and sorting
+bodies. Um, and he goes on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. Um, and he goes on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. Um, and he goes on and on
+celebrating uh the movement, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating uh the movement, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating uh the movement, the
+technology, the camera eye, that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, the camera eye, that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, the camera eye, that the
+camera eye is superior to the human eye.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera eye is superior to the human eye.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera eye is superior to the human eye.
+Um, this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is a a
+directly contradicts what I said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly contradicts what I said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly contradicts what I said in the
+first class, but it's coming from a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class, but it's coming from a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class, but it's coming from a very
+different perspective. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective. Yeah.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+But but similar to some of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but similar to some of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but similar to some of what was
+discussed in last week's class, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in last week's class, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in last week's class, a
+fascination. Well, what can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination. Well, what can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination. Well, what can you see
+differently with the camera lens than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently with the camera lens than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently with the camera lens than
+you would potentially with the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would potentially with the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would potentially with the human
+eye? And the human eye and and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye? And the human eye and and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye? And the human eye and and a lot of
+people have critiqued Verto for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have critiqued Verto for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have critiqued Verto for this
+that there's this incredible celebration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this incredible celebration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this incredible celebration
+of machinery and technology, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machinery and technology, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machinery and technology, but the
+human eye is amazing. That actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye is amazing. That actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human eye is amazing. That actually the
+the camera lens can't do a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera lens can't do a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera lens can't do a lot of things
+that the human eye is capable of doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human eye is capable of doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human eye is capable of doing.
+But there are some things that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are some things that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there are some things that the
+camera can do that the human that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can do that the human that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can do that the human that the
+human um eye can't do. And so last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human um eye can't do. And so last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human um eye can't do. And so last week
+we saw some of the you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw some of the you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw some of the you know the the
+micro cinemat cinematography the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro cinemat cinematography the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro cinemat cinematography the time
+lapse um you know the fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse um you know the fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapse um you know the fascinating
+perspective you get by doing by by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you get by doing by by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you get by doing by by doing
+time-lapse film making it to see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse film making it to see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse film making it to see things
+in a new way. And so here Vertov's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new way. And so here Vertov's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new way. And so here Vertov's
+fascination with how can we see using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with how can we see using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination with how can we see using
+this using the camera lens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the camera lens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the camera lens.
+Okay. And so as part of that, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so as part of that, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so as part of that, you get
+this kind of heroic portrait of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of heroic portrait of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of heroic portrait of the
+filmmaker is this kind of hero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker is this kind of hero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker is this kind of hero that's
+going to get out there and get people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out there and get people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out there and get people to
+think differently using the camera eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differently using the camera eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differently using the camera eye
+from all these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all these different kinds of
+angles, right? That you can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles, right? That you can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles, right? That you can capture
+things in time, see it at another time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in time, see it at another time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in time, see it at another time
+period. You could get perspectives on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. You could get perspectives on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period. You could get perspectives on
+things that you wouldn't be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wouldn't be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wouldn't be able to see
+before. Um, you know, you could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Um, you know, you could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Um, you know, you could have the
+the the the filmmaker climb under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the filmmaker climb under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the filmmaker climb under the
+train in a pit and capture that angle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train in a pit and capture that angle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train in a pit and capture that angle,
+which which the rest of us could do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which the rest of us could do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which the rest of us could do if
+we did that. um but but the camera eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that. um but but the camera eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that. um but but the camera eye
+allowing um uh those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing um uh those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing um uh those kinds of
+perspectives to be recorded and and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives to be recorded and and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives to be recorded and and to
+be shared and in addition to this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shared and in addition to this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shared and in addition to this the
+focus on editing. So what is the editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on editing. So what is the editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on editing. So what is the editing
+like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here
+and how is it different than what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is it different than what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is it different than what we saw
+in Flarity for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Flarity for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Flarity for example
+Matt?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt?
+I mean he tried to make the editing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he tried to make the editing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he tried to make the editing like
+really like profound at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like profound at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like profound at the same time
+really obvious that he put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obvious that he put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really obvious that he put a lot of
+effort into making it profound uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into making it profound uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort into making it profound uh by the
+fact that Percy exposed himself. to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Percy exposed himself. to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Percy exposed himself. to know
+the guy who's actually doing the editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who's actually doing the editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who's actually doing the editing
+and also shows the woman doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also shows the woman doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also shows the woman doing the
+editing and then he does some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing and then he does some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing and then he does some really
+like ridiculous thing for the like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ridiculous thing for the like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ridiculous thing for the like when
+the two scene like split and then put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two scene like split and then put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two scene like split and then put
+upside down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down.
+So I mean sort of it's almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mean sort of it's almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I mean sort of it's almost like
+controlled chaos in a way like he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled chaos in a way like he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled chaos in a way like he took
+everything and then just put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then just put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and then just put it all
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+something logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something logical
+right whereas I mean again you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas I mean again you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas I mean again you know with
+Nanuk you're you're using editing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk you're you're using editing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nanuk you're you're using editing to
+create an illusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an illusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an illusion of
+the way we perceive reality with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we perceive reality with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we perceive reality with our
+eyes and our brains taking in a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and our brains taking in a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and our brains taking in a scene
+closeups establishing shots pans here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeups establishing shots pans here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeups establishing shots pans here
+it's very much saying no editing ing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much saying no editing ing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much saying no editing ing is
+its own thing. Editing for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own thing. Editing for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own thing. Editing for the sake of
+editing is what film making is. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing is what film making is. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing is what film making is. And
+it's, you know, it this links up to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's, you know, it this links up to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's, you know, it this links up to sort
+of theories of montage, which is, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories of montage, which is, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories of montage, which is, you
+know, sort of like sequences of shot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, sort of like sequences of shot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, sort of like sequences of shot,
+which were very big in Soviet cinema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were very big in Soviet cinema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were very big in Soviet cinema.
+But, but it's basically saying again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, but it's basically saying again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, but it's basically saying again,
+you know, this is not the human eye.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this is not the human eye.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this is not the human eye.
+This is not the human brain perceiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not the human brain perceiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is not the human brain perceiving
+stuff. We're doing something, in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. We're doing something, in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. We're doing something, in his
+opinion, better, something you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion, better, something you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion, better, something you can't do
+with your eye and your brain. And here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your eye and your brain. And here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your eye and your brain. And here's
+how it works. I'm going to break it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works. I'm going to break it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works. I'm going to break it down
+for you. I'm going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. I'm going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. I'm going to show you the
+person doing it. I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doing it. I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doing it. I'm going to show you
+what then I'm going to show you how film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then I'm going to show you how film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then I'm going to show you how film
+works, stills going into motion. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works, stills going into motion. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works, stills going into motion. I'm
+going to show you what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what happens when you
+take this shot and put it next to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this shot and put it next to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this shot and put it next to that
+shot and how it changes when this shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot and how it changes when this shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot and how it changes when this shot
+is now next to that shot and how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now next to that shot and how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now next to that shot and how you
+reverse them and how you split screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse them and how you split screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse them and how you split screen
+and what that does. I mean, it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that does. I mean, it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that does. I mean, it's it's
+really interesting. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting. Um
+so just to follow up um what what Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to follow up um what what Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to follow up um what what Chris
+was saying so so montage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying so so montage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying so so montage
+um being strongly um a particular kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being strongly um a particular kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being strongly um a particular kind
+of montage anyway being being strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of montage anyway being being strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of montage anyway being being strongly
+associated with um early Soviet film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with um early Soviet film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with um early Soviet film
+making so how is meaning created then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+the juosition of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juosition of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juosition of images
+yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+what kind of images do you want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of images do you want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of images do you want to just
+or what's the what what philosophically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's the what what philosophically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's the what what philosophically
+are you trying to do when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you trying to do when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you trying to do when you're
+juaposing these images?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juaposing these images?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juaposing these images?
+You're saying they're connected and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're saying they're connected and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're saying they're connected and then
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+depending I mean like depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending I mean like depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending I mean like depending on how
+you edit it, it could be like making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you edit it, it could be like making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you edit it, it could be like making it
+more glamorous or something or I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more glamorous or something or I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more glamorous or something or I guess
+in this case it is more showing off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it is more showing off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it is more showing off.
+Yeah. So again unlike unlike flare where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So again unlike unlike flare where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So again unlike unlike flare where
+it's where the editing would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the editing would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where the editing would be to
+create a sense of continuity and a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sense of continuity and a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a sense of continuity and a sense
+of sort of realism and being in a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of realism and being in a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of realism and being in a space
+here the meaning what is the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the meaning what is the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the meaning what is the meaning
+created out of it's taking things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created out of it's taking things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created out of it's taking things that
+are completely different putting them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely different putting them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely different putting them in
+relation to each other and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to each other and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to each other and the idea
+being that if you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that if you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that if you have something
+different over here something over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different over here something over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different over here something over here
+and you put it and you jam it up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it and you jam it up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it and you jam it up against
+the other thing that it creates a new a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that it creates a new a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that it creates a new a
+new kind of meaning by putting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of meaning by putting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new kind of meaning by putting those
+things together. Okay. So, so the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together. Okay. So, so the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together. Okay. So, so the Soviet
+idea of of um of montage and meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of um of montage and meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of of um of montage and meaning
+then coming out of the fact that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coming out of the fact that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coming out of the fact that you're
+taking disparate elements and and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking disparate elements and and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking disparate elements and and by
+using the camera in this way, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the camera in this way, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the camera in this way, you're
+creating new ways of seeing the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating new ways of seeing the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating new ways of seeing the world
+because you're juxtaposing images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're juxtaposing images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're juxtaposing images that
+you wouldn't normally be juxtaposing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't normally be juxtaposing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't normally be juxtaposing in
+in experience. But by juxtaposing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experience. But by juxtaposing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experience. But by juxtaposing them
+in certain kinds of ways, you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain kinds of ways, you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain kinds of ways, you can make
+arguments, you can express ideas, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments, you can express ideas, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments, you can express ideas, you
+create meaning. That's how you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create meaning. That's how you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create meaning. That's how you create
+meaning is through the montage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is through the montage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is through the montage.
+Okay? rather than creating meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? rather than creating meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? rather than creating meaning
+through a through a sense of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a through a sense of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a through a sense of continuity
+or a sense that you actually were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sense that you actually were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a sense that you actually were in a
+place or that you're capturing some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or that you're capturing some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or that you're capturing some kind
+of reality. Okay. So kinoprabda or film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reality. Okay. So kinoprabda or film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reality. Okay. So kinoprabda or film
+truth for vertov means something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth for vertov means something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth for vertov means something very
+different um than the sense of truth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um than the sense of truth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um than the sense of truth in
+film might might mean for fleer or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film might might mean for fleer or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film might might mean for fleer or or
+for other people here it's very much not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people here it's very much not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other people here it's very much not
+the truth of trying to be realistic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth of trying to be realistic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth of trying to be realistic to
+people's experiences of day-to-day life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's experiences of day-to-day life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's experiences of day-to-day life
+but a sense of being a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a sense of being a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a sense of being a certain kind of
+film truth where you're trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film truth where you're trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film truth where you're trying to use
+the camera and what the camera can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and what the camera can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and what the camera can do to
+get people to think about the world in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to think about the world in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people to think about the world in a
+new way and according to him kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way and according to him kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way and according to him kind of
+have some um kind of truth revelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some um kind of truth revelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some um kind of truth revelation
+about the world and how the world works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world and how the world works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world and how the world works
+through these arguments that constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these arguments that constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these arguments that constructed
+through the montage in the film. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the montage in the film. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the montage in the film. Okay.
+So, it's a very particular conception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a very particular conception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's a very particular conception of
+film truth and that's quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film truth and that's quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film truth and that's quite different
+than the one that you would often hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one that you would often hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one that you would often hear
+people talking about say in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about say in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talking about say in the United
+States in relation to documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in relation to documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in relation to documentary
+and you you can one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can one way to think about
+it is in terms of manipulation. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in terms of manipulation. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in terms of manipulation. I mean
+all film on one level or another is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all film on one level or another is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all film on one level or another is a
+manipulation and with the flarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and with the flarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and with the flarity
+approach the whole point is to hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the whole point is to hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the whole point is to hide the
+manipulation. all the all the stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation. all the all the stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation. all the all the stuff we
+were talking about in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about in terms of the
+background, the behind the scenes, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background, the behind the scenes, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background, the behind the scenes, all
+of the things that were done, all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that were done, all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that were done, all the
+changes that were made, the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that were made, the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that were made, the the the the
+repositioning of the camera, the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositioning of the camera, the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositioning of the camera, the way
+it's edited, it's all designed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's edited, it's all designed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's edited, it's all designed to make
+you forget about that as a viewer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget about that as a viewer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget about that as a viewer and
+just immerse yourself in this world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just immerse yourself in this world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just immerse yourself in this world that
+he's constructed, even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's constructed, even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's constructed, even though it's a
+documentary. Whereas here, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary. Whereas here, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary. Whereas here, the
+manipulation is the point. It's all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation is the point. It's all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation is the point. It's all it's
+all in your face. The whole point of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in your face. The whole point of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in your face. The whole point of it
+is to jam it down your throat as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to jam it down your throat as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to jam it down your throat as a as a
+viewer and say, "Revel in it. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer and say, "Revel in it. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer and say, "Revel in it. This is
+exciting. This is what this art form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting. This is what this art form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting. This is what this art form is
+about. This manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. This manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. This manipulation
+and how does this relate to narrative, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does this relate to narrative, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does this relate to narrative, a
+sense of narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of narrative
+being a question. I mean, again, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a question. I mean, again, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a question. I mean, again, the
+question of sort of what's the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of what's the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of sort of what's the narrative
+here?" I mean, we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?" I mean, we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?" I mean, we've talked about
+loosely there's there's certain themes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely there's there's certain themes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely there's there's certain themes.
+Um whether we want to see it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whether we want to see it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whether we want to see it as a
+fullyfledged narrative might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullyfledged narrative might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fullyfledged narrative might be
+something else. But one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. But one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else. But one of the things
+that um uh Vertov um and the council of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um uh Vertov um and the council of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um uh Vertov um and the council of
+three very strongly argued for is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three very strongly argued for is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three very strongly argued for is that
+they want to break that this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to break that this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to break that this is about
+film experiments and the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film experiments and the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film experiments and the idea is to
+completely break with theater and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely break with theater and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely break with theater and
+literature and other kinds of fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and other kinds of fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and other kinds of fiction
+film making right so so they're arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film making right so so they're arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film making right so so they're arguing
+for a radical break that they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a radical break that they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a radical break that they want to
+break with narratives that you commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break with narratives that you commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break with narratives that you commonly
+found in Hollywood films that were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Hollywood films that were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in Hollywood films that were being
+being made um starting to be made during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made um starting to be made during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made um starting to be made during
+this period with literature with theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period with literature with theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period with literature with theater
+and they're saying no we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying no we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying no we want to
+completely get rid of that and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely get rid of that and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely get rid of that and do
+something different. Um, and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different. Um, and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different. Um, and just to
+read a little bit more of the manifesto.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little bit more of the manifesto.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a little bit more of the manifesto.
+Um, Vertov writes, "We proclaim the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Vertov writes, "We proclaim the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Vertov writes, "We proclaim the old
+films based on the romance, theatrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films based on the romance, theatrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films based on the romance, theatrical
+films, and the like to be lepous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, and the like to be lepous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films, and the like to be lepous.
+Keep them away." exclamation mark. Keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep them away." exclamation mark. Keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep them away." exclamation mark. Keep
+your eyes off them. They're mortally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes off them. They're mortally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes off them. They're mortally
+dangerous, contagious, exclamation mark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous, contagious, exclamation mark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous, contagious, exclamation mark.
+And it's really fun to read some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really fun to read some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really fun to read some of the
+manifestos. They're they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestos. They're they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestos. They're they're quite
+manifesto- like. We affirm the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifesto- like. We affirm the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifesto- like. We affirm the future of
+cinema art by denying its present.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema art by denying its present.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema art by denying its present.
+Cinematography must die so that the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinematography must die so that the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinematography must die so that the art
+of cinema may live. We call for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cinema may live. We call for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cinema may live. We call for its
+death to be hastened. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death to be hastened. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death to be hastened. So basically
+making a very radical critique of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a very radical critique of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a very radical critique of other
+kinds of film making that would be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of film making that would be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of film making that would be out
+there. He would be making a very radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. He would be making a very radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. He would be making a very radical
+critique of say flity's style of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of say flity's style of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of say flity's style of of
+making film that sort of more has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making film that sort of more has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making film that sort of more has more
+continuities with fiction film um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuities with fiction film um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuities with fiction film um
+fiction film making at the time and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film making at the time and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction film making at the time and and
+other kinds of storytelling. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of storytelling. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of storytelling. Um
+what about the relationship to people?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the relationship to people?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the relationship to people?
+So again, think about clarity and nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, think about clarity and nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, think about clarity and nano
+of the north and this piece.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's what's the relationship to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's what's the relationship to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's what's the relationship to people
+that gets conveyed um by the filmmaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets conveyed um by the filmmaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets conveyed um by the filmmaker
+in in both of these pieces? How is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in both of these pieces? How is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in both of these pieces? How is it
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+um in the in like one family that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in like one family that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the in like one family that you're
+kind of identifying more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of identifying more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of identifying more specifically
+with Nanuk versus in this one? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Nanuk versus in this one? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Nanuk versus in this one? Like
+there's no one person that you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one person that you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one person that you really
+follow too much. I mean, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow too much. I mean, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow too much. I mean, there's a
+little bit where they could cut back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit where they could cut back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit where they could cut back and
+forth the same person, but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the same person, but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the same person, but it's just
+like the whole population, which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole population, which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the whole population, which is kind
+of I guess the Soviet culture they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess the Soviet culture they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I guess the Soviet culture they're
+trying. Is it about people?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying. Is it about people?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying. Is it about people?
+It seems like there's no distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It seems like there's no distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It seems like there's no distinction
+between like people and like inanimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like people and like inanimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like people and like inanimate
+objects. It seems like they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects. It seems like they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects. It seems like they just
+I don't know. Sometimes like in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. Sometimes like in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know. Sometimes like in some of
+the parts there was like the girl doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts there was like the girl doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts there was like the girl doing
+something that related there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that related there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that related there was a
+parallel right to something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel right to something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel right to something like
+physical and and um and then in the nan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and and um and then in the nan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and and um and then in the nan
+nanuk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanuk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanuk
+um story it was all based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um story it was all based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um story it was all based on their
+relationship with people what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with people what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship with people what they're
+doing their interaction with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their interaction with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their interaction with the world
+around them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them.
+Yeah. So in that so it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So in that so it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So in that so it's about
+individuals f following individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals f following individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals f following individual
+stories creating a narrative in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories creating a narrative in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories creating a narrative in that way
+and here to the ex I mean certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here to the ex I mean certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here to the ex I mean certainly
+there are people in there but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people in there but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people in there but it's more
+of a visual representation of society in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a visual representation of society in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a visual representation of society in
+a sense if you want to see it that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense if you want to see it that way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense if you want to see it that way.
+So the idea is not to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is not to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is not to capture
+individuals and follow them and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and follow them and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and follow them and their
+experiences but to convey some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences but to convey some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences but to convey some kind of
+more abstract idea of what say Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract idea of what say Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstract idea of what say Soviet
+society would be and to see its pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society would be and to see its pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society would be and to see its pieces
+as working um as being about movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as working um as being about movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as working um as being about movement
+maybe about sort of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about sort of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about sort of the the the
+interdependencies in the division of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependencies in the division of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependencies in the division of
+labor where you you know you see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor where you you know you see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor where you you know you see um
+different categories of people doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories of people doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different categories of people doing
+different kinds of things. There's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things. There's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of things. There's also
+a critique implicit in here for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critique implicit in here for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critique implicit in here for those of
+you who read um you might have read some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who read um you might have read some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who read um you might have read some
+of the background information but others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the background information but others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the background information but others
+you wouldn't you know so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't you know so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't you know so you know
+immediately after the the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after the the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after the the Russian
+revolution there was a lot of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution there was a lot of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution there was a lot of sort of
+creative dynamic stuff happening also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative dynamic stuff happening also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative dynamic stuff happening also uh
+very uh difficult times economically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh difficult times economically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh difficult times economically and
+so Lenin at a certain point instituted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lenin at a certain point instituted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lenin at a certain point instituted
+the the new economic program which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new economic program which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new economic program which was
+sort of a a bit of a retreat from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a bit of a retreat from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a bit of a retreat from the
+revolution at that point and so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution at that point and so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution at that point and so it was
+more um sort of allowing more sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um sort of allowing more sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um sort of allowing more sort of
+capitalist relations to to reemerge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist relations to to reemerge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist relations to to reemerge a
+bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and
+partly vertov is making a critique. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly vertov is making a critique. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly vertov is making a critique. I
+mean you see the kind of you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you see the kind of you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you see the kind of you know you
+see some people lying on benches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some people lying on benches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some people lying on benches and
+then you see other people who look quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see other people who look quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see other people who look quite
+prosperous. So I think part of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous. So I think part of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosperous. So I think part of what's
+going on there is making a critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there is making a critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there is making a critique
+Vertov making a critique of sort of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertov making a critique of sort of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertov making a critique of sort of with
+the new economic policies during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new economic policies during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new economic policies during this
+period that you have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that you have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period that you have sort of a
+resurgence of sort of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurgence of sort of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurgence of sort of economic
+inequalities that would have been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that would have been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities that would have been there
+before the revolution. So he's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the revolution. So he's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the revolution. So he's also
+making his own argument within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making his own argument within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making his own argument within the
+context of sort of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of sort of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of sort of that that
+post-revolutionary uh period in Russia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-revolutionary uh period in Russia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-revolutionary uh period in Russia.
+So for those of you who didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for those of you who didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for those of you who didn't have
+haven't done the background reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the background reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the background reading
+that's something that would have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that would have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that would have come
+out in there but that's partly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in there but that's partly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in there but that's partly what's
+also going on um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going on um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going on um um
+uh with those with those uh juositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with those with those uh juositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with those with those uh juositions
+but sort of in general then the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of in general then the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of in general then the sense
+that you get of people is a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get of people is a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get of people is a sense of
+society in a broader sense sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in a broader sense sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in a broader sense sort of the
+relationships and and and connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and and and connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and and and connections
+between people as part of Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people as part of Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people as part of Soviet
+society. It's a collective image rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. It's a collective image rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society. It's a collective image rather
+than being about individual stories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being about individual stories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being about individual stories and
+narration. And what um again reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narration. And what um again reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narration. And what um again reading
+from the manifesto um Vertov writes, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the manifesto um Vertov writes, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the manifesto um Vertov writes, we
+temporarily exclude man as a subject for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily exclude man as a subject for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporarily exclude man as a subject for
+film.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film.
+Our path leads through the poetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our path leads through the poetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our path leads through the poetry of
+machines from the bungling citizen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines from the bungling citizen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines from the bungling citizen to
+the perfect electric man. In revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect electric man. In revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect electric man. In revealing
+the machine's soul, in causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine's soul, in causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine's soul, in causing the
+worker to love his workbench, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker to love his workbench, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker to love his workbench, the
+peasant his tractor, the engineer his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasant his tractor, the engineer his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasant his tractor, the engineer his
+engine, we introduce creative joy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine, we introduce creative joy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine, we introduce creative joy into
+all mechanical labor. We bring people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all mechanical labor. We bring people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all mechanical labor. We bring people
+into closer kinship with machines. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into closer kinship with machines. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into closer kinship with machines. We
+foster new people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, what's the kind of image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's the kind of image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what's the kind of image of
+society here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Each person has a role in the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each person has a role in the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each person has a role in the bigger
+society, which she's trying to show like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, which she's trying to show like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society, which she's trying to show like
+how it all works together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the relationship to technology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the relationship to technology here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the relationship to technology here
+very much an MIT theme. You know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much an MIT theme. You know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much an MIT theme. You know, we
+love technology. That's what it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love technology. That's what it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love technology. That's what it's going
+to save the world. We don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save the world. We don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save the world. We don't need
+politics. We just need better iPhones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics. We just need better iPhones.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics. We just need better iPhones.
+It's beautiful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's beautiful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's beautiful.
+So, it's very much about people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's very much about people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's very much about people's
+kinship with machines and and again, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinship with machines and and again, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinship with machines and and again, a
+very different image of sort of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different image of sort of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different image of sort of modern
+technology than you find in in Flareity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology than you find in in Flareity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology than you find in in Flareity,
+right? Just a few years a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just a few years a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Just a few years a few years
+apart. So you're think so you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart. So you're think so you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart. So you're think so you're seeing
+sort of two different trends, two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two different trends, two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two different trends, two
+different artistic traditions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different artistic traditions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different artistic traditions um
+happening not that far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening not that far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening not that far apart
+chronologically, but this one being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronologically, but this one being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronologically, but this one being very
+much about the celebration of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the celebration of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the celebration of modern
+technology and where it can lead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and where it can lead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and where it can lead and
+sort of wanting to bring people into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wanting to bring people into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wanting to bring people into
+closer kinship with machines and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer kinship with machines and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer kinship with machines and sort of
+what can we see through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we see through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we see through these
+technologies? How does it let us see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies? How does it let us see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies? How does it let us see the
+world a new and sort of in flarity using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a new and sort of in flarity using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a new and sort of in flarity using
+the newer technology but also sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer technology but also sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer technology but also sort of a
+critique of what he would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of what he would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of what he would have been
+seeing as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing as as
+modern modern social life looking sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern modern social life looking sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern modern social life looking sort
+of at other kinds of technologies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at other kinds of technologies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at other kinds of technologies with
+sort of with longer histories again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of with longer histories again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of with longer histories again in
+this kind of romantic primitivist mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of romantic primitivist mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of romantic primitivist mode
+but also a certain amount of of of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a certain amount of of of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a certain amount of of of real
+respect for those other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for those other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for those other kinds of
+technologies. So again, you've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. So again, you've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. So again, you've got these
+two filmmakers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two filmmakers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two filmmakers,
+you know, both incredibly influ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, both incredibly influ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, both incredibly influ
+influential filmmakers doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential filmmakers doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential filmmakers doing very
+interesting, fascinating, innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, fascinating, innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting, fascinating, innovative
+things, but coming from completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but coming from completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but coming from completely
+different perspectives on these topics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on these topics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives on these topics.
+But yet, I think the reason it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yet, I think the reason it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yet, I think the reason it is in
+parallel because they both have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel because they both have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel because they both have a
+romantic representation. So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic representation. So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic representation. So there's a
+very romantic presentation of machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very romantic presentation of machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very romantic presentation of machines
+here. They're beautiful. The m the mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. They're beautiful. The m the mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. They're beautiful. The m the mood
+is perfect. you don't really see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect. you don't really see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect. you don't really see what
+these machines do or you know when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines do or you know when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines do or you know when they
+break down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down or
+the kind of it's it's just about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of it's it's just about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of it's it's just about their
+as if they were exist in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were exist in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if they were exist in this kind of
+timeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeless
+wall in the same way the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall in the same way the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall in the same way the people are
+represented in flirty so I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in flirty so I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in flirty so I think it's a
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+one other one other thing about Vertov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other one other thing about Vertov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other one other thing about Vertov
+and you know at the beginning he he very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at the beginning he he very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at the beginning he he very
+much describes the film as an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much describes the film as an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much describes the film as an experiment
+I mean the film itself film technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the film itself film technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the film itself film technology
+is one of the technologies that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the technologies that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the technologies that he's
+talking about and that he's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and that he's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and that he's completely
+obsessed with and it's a scientific or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed with and it's a scientific or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed with and it's a scientific or
+pseudoscientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscientific
+um representation. He doesn't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um representation. He doesn't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um representation. He doesn't call
+himself a film director. He calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself a film director. He calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself a film director. He calls
+himself what I chief experimentalist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself what I chief experimentalist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself what I chief experimentalist or
+something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that.
+And and the film itself is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and the film itself is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and the film itself is an
+experiment. And that raises sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. And that raises sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. And that raises sort of a
+very very interesting question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very interesting question that
+we're going to return to periodically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return to periodically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return to periodically as
+we make films and look at films which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make films and look at films which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make films and look at films which is
+what's the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship between
+documentaries and documentary film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentaries and documentary film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentaries and documentary film
+making and and science itself? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and and science itself? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and and science itself? We're
+talking about making science films. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about making science films. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about making science films. But
+when you make a documentary, you go out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a documentary, you go out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make a documentary, you go out,
+you collect evidence, you collect data,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect evidence, you collect data,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect evidence, you collect data,
+you process the data in various ways,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you process the data in various ways,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you process the data in various ways,
+and you come to some kind of conclusion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come to some kind of conclusion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you come to some kind of conclusion.
+And there are parallels. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are parallels. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are parallels. I mean,
+certainly it's a very different process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's a very different process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly it's a very different process
+in many ways, but there are parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways, but there are parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways, but there are parallels
+between that and science. And Verdov is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that and science. And Verdov is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that and science. And Verdov is
+saying parallels, hell, it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying parallels, hell, it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying parallels, hell, it's the same
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But
+as we go on, we're going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go on, we're going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go on, we're going to be looking
+at, you know, what's the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, you know, what's the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at, you know, what's the relationship
+between those two those two processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two those two processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two those two processes
+and truth, reality, whatever word you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truth, reality, whatever word you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and truth, reality, whatever word you
+want to use to describe what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use to describe what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use to describe what we're
+after. So, just to conclude, um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after. So, just to conclude, um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after. So, just to conclude, um just to
+throw out a couple things to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out a couple things to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out a couple things to be thinking
+about then, um following on what Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then, um following on what Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about then, um following on what Chris
+is saying, um as we go through the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying, um as we go through the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying, um as we go through the rest
+of the class on you think about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class on you think about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class on you think about making
+final projects for yourself in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final projects for yourself in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final projects for yourself in different
+kind of pieces, um to thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pieces, um to thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pieces, um to thinking about the
+different techniques you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different techniques you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different techniques you might be
+interested in using um and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in using um and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in using um and what kind of
+story do you want to tell? Do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story do you want to tell? Do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story do you want to tell? Do you want
+to tell a story from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell a story from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell a story from the point of view
+of an individual and follow him or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an individual and follow him or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an individual and follow him or her
+around? Do you want to use montage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around? Do you want to use montage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around? Do you want to use montage to
+tell your story? Is the focus going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your story? Is the focus going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell your story? Is the focus going to
+be on editing as a way to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on editing as a way to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on editing as a way to construct the
+ideas in the piece that you're doing? Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in the piece that you're doing? Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in the piece that you're doing? Do
+you want it to be more narrative driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be more narrative driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to be more narrative driven
+or more non-narrative driven? Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more non-narrative driven? Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more non-narrative driven? Do you
+want it to be a realist aesthetic where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be a realist aesthetic where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be a realist aesthetic where
+you're you're drawing attention away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're drawing attention away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're drawing attention away
+from the camera? Or this is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the camera? Or this is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the camera? Or this is a highly
+reflexive in some ways. This is very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive in some ways. This is very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive in some ways. This is very um
+um uh the Vertov piece is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the Vertov piece is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the Vertov piece is very
+contemporary in the sense of of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary in the sense of of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary in the sense of of being
+reflexive in the sense of focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive in the sense of focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive in the sense of focusing on
+the process of film making itself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of film making itself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of film making itself as
+being part of what it's doing. Would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of what it's doing. Would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being part of what it's doing. Would you
+want to be reflexive in your film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be reflexive in your film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be reflexive in your film
+making? Would you include, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making? Would you include, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making? Would you include, you know,
+sort of references to yourself as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of references to yourself as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of references to yourself as the
+filmmaker? Shots of yourself, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker? Shots of yourself, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmaker? Shots of yourself, you know,
+kind of talking to people or, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talking to people or, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talking to people or, you know,
+your hand going out and doing various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand going out and doing various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand going out and doing various
+things or I mean, do you want to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or I mean, do you want to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or I mean, do you want to include
+yourself as as part of this process? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as as part of this process? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as as part of this process? Um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+do you in relation to issues of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you in relation to issues of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you in relation to issues of science
+and technology, do you want to celebrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology, do you want to celebrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology, do you want to celebrate
+technology or are you interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or are you interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or are you interested in in
+exploring other kinds of issues? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring other kinds of issues? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring other kinds of issues? What
+kinds of relationships do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of relationships do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of relationships do you want to
+foster with the the subjects that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster with the the subjects that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foster with the the subjects that you're
+going to be portraying in your film? Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be portraying in your film? Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be portraying in your film? Do
+you want to have kind of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have kind of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have kind of a a
+collaborative relationship that Flarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative relationship that Flarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative relationship that Flarity
+had to some degree, even though it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to some degree, even though it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to some degree, even though it was a
+hierarchical one, it was it was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical one, it was it was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical one, it was it was it was
+still based on a certain degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still based on a certain degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still based on a certain degree of
+collaboration. Is that your interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. Is that your interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration. Is that your interest in
+creating that kind of relationship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating that kind of relationship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating that kind of relationship with
+your subjects? Or are you interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects? Or are you interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects? Or are you interested
+more in not so much the subject's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in not so much the subject's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in not so much the subject's point
+of view, but more what you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view, but more what you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view, but more what you want to say
+as a filmmaker using those images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a filmmaker using those images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a filmmaker using those images that
+you take to say to say something else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take to say to say something else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take to say to say something else?
+What kinds of relationships do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What kinds of relationships do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What kinds of relationships do you want
+to foster in the process of um uh making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foster in the process of um uh making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foster in the process of um uh making
+films? Anything else I'm leaving out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films? Anything else I'm leaving out?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films? Anything else I'm leaving out?
+Well, a whole semester's worth. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, a whole semester's worth. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, a whole semester's worth. Yeah,
+we'll we'll we'll keep going. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll keep going. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll keep going. But
+anyway, so the idea is to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, so the idea is to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, so the idea is to be thinking
+about these these completely, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these these completely, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these these completely, you know,
+two classic films that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classic films that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classic films that have been
+incredibly influential and powerful,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly influential and powerful,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly influential and powerful,
+completely different techniques, styles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different techniques, styles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different techniques, styles,
+ways of editing, everything else, and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of editing, everything else, and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of editing, everything else, and to
+think about the range of choices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the range of choices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the range of choices that
+you all have. And when you go to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have. And when you go to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have. And when you go to think
+about doing your own pieces, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing your own pieces, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing your own pieces, what
+interests you? What do you want to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you? What do you want to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you? What do you want to drive
+you? What do you want to drive the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? What do you want to drive the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? What do you want to drive the piece
+that you're going to do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to do?
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so just the last word, just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just the last word, just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just the last word, just looking
+ahead to Friday, uh these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to Friday, uh these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to Friday, uh these are both
+silent films. On on Friday, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent films. On on Friday, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent films. On on Friday, we're going
+to introduce sound. Uh you got to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce sound. Uh you got to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce sound. Uh you got to play
+with the camera last week, so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera last week, so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the camera last week, so now we're
+going to take the next step. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the next step. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the next step. Uh and
+we'll also look at some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also look at some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also look at some of the things
+that people shot and talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people shot and talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people shot and talk about what
+worked and what didn't.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xbDqd-dVVb0.txt b/xbDqd-dVVb0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a23bf5691ac3b01b8db3dc834b16b67132a755c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xbDqd-dVVb0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8826 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm a new student with a camera culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a new student with a camera culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a new student with a camera culture
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but for a little over a year i worked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a little over a year i worked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a little over a year i worked at
+a company called miter which one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called miter which one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company called miter which one of them
+is up in the road the other ones in dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up in the road the other ones in dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up in the road the other ones in dc
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we sort of on and off worked on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sort of on and off worked on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sort of on and off worked on this
+project um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+myself with a guy named gary and robbie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself with a guy named gary and robbie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself with a guy named gary and robbie
+and then mark lavoy who is from stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mark lavoy who is from stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then mark lavoy who is from stanford
+and together we eventually put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together we eventually put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together we eventually put together
+a nice target um but it took a bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice target um but it took a bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice target um but it took a bit so
+2009 2008 it's kind of the general time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 2008 it's kind of the general time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 2008 it's kind of the general time
+for him we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him we did this
+but this is going along the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is going along the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is going along the lines of
+capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing
+sort of multi-domain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-domain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-domain or
+multi-dimensional data spectral data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional data spectral data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional data spectral data or
+polar metric information or high dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar metric information or high dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar metric information or high dynamic
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+with your camera but doing it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your camera but doing it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your camera but doing it in a
+single snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single snapshot
+so i'll discuss that in a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll discuss that in a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll discuss that in a little bit of
+detail um but first just some background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um but first just some background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um but first just some background
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just give me an idea of what i mean when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me an idea of what i mean when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give me an idea of what i mean when
+i say multi-domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say multi-domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say multi-domain
+um so we know there's a ton of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we know there's a ton of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we know there's a ton of pixels
+where mesh shows some slides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mesh shows some slides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mesh shows some slides of the
+increase in number of pixels per sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in number of pixels per sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in number of pixels per sensor
+and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the sort of thrust of this research was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thrust of this research was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of thrust of this research was
+finding a new way to use those pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a new way to use those pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a new way to use those pixels
+besides just spatial resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides just spatial resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides just spatial resolution
+we think there's plenty of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think there's plenty of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think there's plenty of spatial
+resolution out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution out there
+what about color or some other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about color or some other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about color or some other uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+interesting properties of light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties of light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties of light to
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+so some of those include polarization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of those include polarization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of those include polarization so
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+a group used a polarimeter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group used a polarimeter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group used a polarimeter to
+distinguish a man-made object this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a man-made object this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish a man-made object this is
+metal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some plants um the way it works is metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plants um the way it works is metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some plants um the way it works is metal
+reflects more polarized light than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects more polarized light than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects more polarized light than a
+plant does which actually reflects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant does which actually reflects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant does which actually reflects a
+little bit of polarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of polarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of polarized light
+and they can pick out objects like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can pick out objects like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can pick out objects like that
+i'll show some examples of that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show some examples of that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show some examples of that what we
+did later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did later
+i think um anyways you can see cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think um anyways you can see cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think um anyways you can see cool
+effects like biorefringence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects like biorefringence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects like biorefringence
+and glasses or transparent media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glasses or transparent media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and glasses or transparent media
+and then obviously it was known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously it was known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then obviously it was known for
+photographers is it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+i get to forget the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get to forget the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get to forget the word
+but clarify uh sort of haziness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but clarify uh sort of haziness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but clarify uh sort of haziness
+in images of water because water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in images of water because water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in images of water because water
+reflects polarized light so does the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects polarized light so does the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects polarized light so does the sky
+so you get a clear blue sky with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a clear blue sky with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a clear blue sky with a
+polarizing filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing filter
+for conventional photography you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conventional photography you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conventional photography you can
+also do the multispectral imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do the multispectral imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do the multispectral imaging
+which is just capturing a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just capturing a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just capturing a very specific
+spectral information instead of just red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral information instead of just red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral information instead of just red
+green and blue which are huge sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and blue which are huge sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and blue which are huge sort of
+bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands
+in the um frequency dimension these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um frequency dimension these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um frequency dimension these are
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+narrow band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow band
+images these are both captured over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images these are both captured over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images these are both captured over time
+so this one shows a sort of aerial view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one shows a sort of aerial view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one shows a sort of aerial view
+they're often used in airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often used in airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're often used in airplanes
+to capture information about foliage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture information about foliage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture information about foliage or
+stuff the usgs is using them a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the usgs is using them a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff the usgs is using them a lot and
+then this is an example of detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is an example of detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is an example of detecting
+blood oxygenation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood oxygenation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood oxygenation so
+this is an image of a thumb next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an image of a thumb next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an image of a thumb next to
+another thumb one has a rubber band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thumb one has a rubber band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thumb one has a rubber band
+wrapped around it the other one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around it the other one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped around it the other one doesn't
+so you can obviously tell the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can obviously tell the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can obviously tell the difference
+and then hide it with range imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hide it with range imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then hide it with range imaging
+which i'll get talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll get talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll get talked about
+so we want to capture all that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to capture all that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to capture all that in a
+single snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single snapshot
+and basically what happens when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what happens when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what happens when you want
+to do that is you're presented with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is you're presented with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that is you're presented with this
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+dimensional dimensionality mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional dimensionality mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional dimensionality mismatch
+which is you know kind of true of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know kind of true of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know kind of true of all
+camera capture techniques you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera capture techniques you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera capture techniques you just have
+this two-dimensional sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two-dimensional sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two-dimensional sensor
+that's small and it's flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small and it's flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small and it's flat
+soon it might not be flat but right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon it might not be flat but right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon it might not be flat but right now
+and you also have the time dimension to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the time dimension to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the time dimension to
+work over but you have the seven or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work over but you have the seven or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work over but you have the seven or more
+argue the seven dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue the seven dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue the seven dimensions of
+information out there you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out there you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out there you have a
+four dimensional light field which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional light field which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional light field which i
+guess you'll learn about more some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you'll learn about more some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you'll learn about more some of
+you might know about you also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know about you also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know about you also have the
+temporal the changing of whatever scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal the changing of whatever scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal the changing of whatever scene
+you're looking at you have spectral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at you have spectral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at you have spectral and
+polarization information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization information
+so there's a lot of different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of different ways that
+people have come up with to capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with to capture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have come up with to capture this
+and i'll talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll talk about some
+one of the most direct is just doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most direct is just doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most direct is just doing it
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+so this is a picture of one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a picture of one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a picture of one of the first
+color motion picture processes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color motion picture processes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color motion picture processes it's
+called kinema color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kinema color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kinema color
+what they did is they just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they just put a
+rotating green and red filter in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating green and red filter in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating green and red filter in front
+of a regular old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a regular old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a regular old
+movie film camera and it captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie film camera and it captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie film camera and it captured
+sequential images then when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential images then when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential images then when they
+projected it they didn't have blue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected it they didn't have blue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected it they didn't have blue for
+some reason i don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason i don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason i don't know why
+but when they projected it they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they projected it they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when they projected it they just
+projected it through the same rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected it through the same rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected it through the same rotating
+color filter and you get and your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color filter and you get and your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color filter and you get and your eyes
+couldn't distinguish the fast frame rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't distinguish the fast frame rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't distinguish the fast frame rate
+so it looked like a color film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looked like a color film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looked like a color film
+and then some other things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some other things have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some other things have been
+done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with
+hyperspectral imaging so the way i push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspectral imaging so the way i push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperspectral imaging so the way i push
+from hyperspectral imager works is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hyperspectral imager works is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from hyperspectral imager works is it's
+a two-dimensional sensor one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional sensor one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional sensor one dimension
+is used to capture spatial information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to capture spatial information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used to capture spatial information
+and the other is used to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is used to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is used to capture
+spectral information and you put it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral information and you put it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral information and you put it up
+on a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a plane
+and it flies and it sweeps out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it flies and it sweeps out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it flies and it sweeps out the
+second spatial dimension so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second spatial dimension so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second spatial dimension so you're
+capturing this three-dimensional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing this three-dimensional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing this three-dimensional data
+cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+in over time in two dimensions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in over time in two dimensions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in over time in two dimensions but
+you're capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're capturing
+spectrum is full direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is full direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is full direction
+it's a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different
+and then this is very similar to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is very similar to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is very similar to what
+i'm kid was talking about but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kid was talking about but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kid was talking about but there's
+tons of different ways to do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of different ways to do that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of different ways to do that over
+over um spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um spatial
+so you can work overtime you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can work overtime you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can work overtime you can also
+work over space the bayer filter image i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work over space the bayer filter image i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work over space the bayer filter image i
+think this is the exact image that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the exact image that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the exact image that you
+should um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um
+you guys talked about people have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys talked about people have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys talked about people have also
+done it with polarization filters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it with polarization filters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it with polarization filters and
+then our kid also talked about assorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our kid also talked about assorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our kid also talked about assorted
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+which was from sheree nyers group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was from sheree nyers group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was from sheree nyers group and
+you kind of mix and match neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of mix and match neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of mix and match neutral
+density and polarization and spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and polarization and spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and polarization and spectral
+filters on them all over a sensor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters on them all over a sensor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters on them all over a sensor the
+problem with that is it's extremely hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is it's extremely hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is it's extremely hard
+to to sort of fabricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to sort of fabricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to sort of fabricate
+and once you once you make it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you once you make it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you once you make it you're
+stuck with it so you can't very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with it so you can't very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with it so you can't very easily
+take off your lens and peel off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off your lens and peel off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off your lens and peel off your
+filters and tape put another one on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and tape put another one on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and tape put another one on it
+very you know sensitive to alignment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know sensitive to alignment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know sensitive to alignment and
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+so other people have tried capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other people have tried capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other people have tried capturing
+multi-spectral information or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-spectral information or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-spectral information or other
+types of information with just many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information with just many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of information with just many
+cameras so you guys saw the profusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras so you guys saw the profusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras so you guys saw the profusion
+camera we had on the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera we had on the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera we had on the first day
+this is for us very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for us very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for us very simple
+similar design called periodic or tombow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar design called periodic or tombow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar design called periodic or tombow
+you also learned about where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also learned about where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also learned about where you just
+put different color filters over each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put different color filters over each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put different color filters over each
+little camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little camera
+and you can get a single snapshot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get a single snapshot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get a single snapshot from
+all the cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cameras
+and the problem with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem with this is
+there's issues of registration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's issues of registration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's issues of registration and
+alignment with the cameras and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment with the cameras and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment with the cameras and it's
+expensive that a camera costs ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive that a camera costs ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive that a camera costs ten
+thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars
+so you know it's a good method but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's a good method but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's a good method but
+um our method is a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our method is a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our method is a little bit different
+i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess
+the third way i think the coolest way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third way i think the coolest way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third way i think the coolest way of
+doing this is with this method called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is with this method called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is with this method called
+co-division multiplexing there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-division multiplexing there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-division multiplexing there's only a
+couple of examples of this but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of this but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of this but basically
+you computationally capture you capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you computationally capture you capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you computationally capture you capture
+a three-dimensional data cube on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional data cube on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional data cube on two
+dimensions and then computationally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then computationally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then computationally um
+try and guess the third dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and guess the third dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and guess the third dimension
+so you're not you're trading off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not you're trading off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're not you're trading off in
+computational power and also error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational power and also error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational power and also error
+associated with your estimations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with your estimations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with your estimations
+but some examples of this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some examples of this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some examples of this is this
+cassie which was developed at duke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassie which was developed at duke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cassie which was developed at duke
+and it's a single snapshot spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a single snapshot spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a single snapshot spectral
+imager similar to what we did what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imager similar to what we did what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imager similar to what we did what they
+do is they put a coated mask in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they put a coated mask in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they put a coated mask in an
+intermediate image plane and it shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate image plane and it shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate image plane and it shifts
+the data cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data cube
+sort of in three dimensions and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in three dimensions and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in three dimensions and they can
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+many color channels from a single image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many color channels from a single image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many color channels from a single image
+and a similar very famous example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a similar very famous example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a similar very famous example of
+that it's called cetus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's called cetus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's called cetus
+it stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+computed tomography infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed tomography infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed tomography infrared
+spectrometer but it was invented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer but it was invented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer but it was invented in
+arizona and what they do is they use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arizona and what they do is they use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arizona and what they do is they use a
+very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+special cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cool
+sort of holographic plate and with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of holographic plate and with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of holographic plate and with that
+you can take an image in the holographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take an image in the holographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take an image in the holographic
+plate makes this very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate makes this very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate makes this very interesting
+spectral dispersion which they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral dispersion which they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral dispersion which they know
+exactly how it's being dispersed so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how it's being dispersed so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how it's being dispersed so they
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+reverse the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the spectrum of
+spectral dispersion to get a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral dispersion to get a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral dispersion to get a full
+dimensional image but also have all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional image but also have all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional image but also have all this
+color information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color information
+the problem with it is the the hologram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with it is the the hologram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with it is the the hologram
+they use is very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use is very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use is very sensitive to
+directionality of light so it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality of light so it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality of light so it has a very
+very narrow field of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow field of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow field of view
+so basically i have a really cool movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically i have a really cool movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically i have a really cool movie
+of some guy like lighting a lighter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some guy like lighting a lighter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some guy like lighting a lighter and
+you see all this spectral stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see all this spectral stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see all this spectral stuff but
+that's as wide as the field of view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as wide as the field of view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as wide as the field of view is
+like one little lighter but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one little lighter but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one little lighter but it's really
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just a basic idea of our approach i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a basic idea of our approach i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just a basic idea of our approach i
+won't get into too many details i'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into too many details i'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get into too many details i'll go
+over this kind of quickly um but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this kind of quickly um but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this kind of quickly um but you
+have a camera right and you're capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a camera right and you're capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a camera right and you're capturing
+two spots on an object on one thread one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spots on an object on one thread one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spots on an object on one thread one
+blue and at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and at the center
+the rays let's pick the red spot are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays let's pick the red spot are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays let's pick the red spot are
+both integrated at the sensor so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both integrated at the sensor so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both integrated at the sensor so you
+can't tell which ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+came from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from where
+in either part of the lens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either part of the lens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either part of the lens if you
+mis-focus your sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mis-focus your sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mis-focus your sensor
+you can tell once again so you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell once again so you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell once again so you know this
+ray is not not integrated with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray is not not integrated with that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray is not not integrated with that one
+so you know it's i'm coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's i'm coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's i'm coming from this
+spot and once the mic was for that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and once the mic was for that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and once the mic was for that one
+but when you miss focus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you miss focus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you miss focus something
+everything just blurs together there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just blurs together there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just blurs together there's
+no separation spatially of the rays um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no separation spatially of the rays um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no separation spatially of the rays um
+it's hard to distinguish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to distinguish them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to distinguish them
+unless you're doing like astronomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're doing like astronomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're doing like astronomical
+imaging where those the stars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging where those the stars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging where those the stars are
+surrounded by black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by black and
+we have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we did is we put a pinhole array um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we put a pinhole array um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we put a pinhole array um
+on top of the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of the sensor
+and that has a couple interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has a couple interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has a couple interesting
+properties it's very similar to a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it's very similar to a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties it's very similar to a light
+field i won't really get into it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field i won't really get into it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field i won't really get into it but
+basically what it allows you to do is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it allows you to do is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it allows you to do is it
+allows you to take your bayer filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to take your bayer filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to take your bayer filter
+array that you originally had at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that you originally had at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that you originally had at the
+sensor plane and just kind of move it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor plane and just kind of move it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor plane and just kind of move it up
+into the length so now instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the length so now instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the length so now instead of having
+a repeated bayer filter pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeated bayer filter pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeated bayer filter pattern
+over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your
+your um focal plane you just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um focal plane you just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um focal plane you just have one
+filter array and you can stick it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter array and you can stick it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter array and you can stick it in
+your lens and what each of the pinholes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lens and what each of the pinholes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lens and what each of the pinholes
+are doing is they're effectively imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing is they're effectively imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing is they're effectively imaging
+this aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this aperture
+so you can think of like each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of like each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of like each of these
+being a little pinhole camera each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little pinhole camera each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little pinhole camera each of
+them all they can see is this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all they can see is this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all they can see is this filter
+so you're creating this tile to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're creating this tile to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're creating this tile to pull
+through it but it's also still capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but it's also still capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but it's also still capturing
+the information about the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information about the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information about the object
+so for example if you put a red filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you put a red filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if you put a red filter
+in this part of the rayon blue filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the rayon blue filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the rayon blue filter
+there the red filter will attenuate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the red filter will attenuate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the red filter will attenuate the
+blue ray um so you'll see it figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue ray um so you'll see it figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue ray um so you'll see it figure out
+it's red there on a product this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's red there on a product this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's red there on a product this is a
+grayscale sensor only one of the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale sensor only one of the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grayscale sensor only one of the center
+areas will light up same with the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas will light up same with the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas will light up same with the blue
+filter area on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter area on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter area on the other
+can hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the general idea um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general idea um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general idea um
+but the the trade-off with this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the trade-off with this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the trade-off with this is now
+you have a reduced spacial res facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a reduced spacial res facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a reduced spacial res facial
+resolution and your spatial resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and your spatial resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and your spatial resolution
+of your output image is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your output image is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your output image is going to be
+given by the number of pinholes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the number of pinholes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the number of pinholes you have
+in your pin holder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your pin holder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your pin holder
+and your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your your
+your filter resolution or whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filter resolution or whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filter resolution or whatever it's
+not really color resolution anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really color resolution anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really color resolution anymore
+we're going to put different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put different types of
+filters in here it's going to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in here it's going to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in here it's going to be given
+by the number of filters you stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of filters you stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of filters you stick in
+your filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filter
+there's an interesting trade out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting trade out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting trade out there
+which i might have time to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i might have time to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i might have time to talk about
+i don't really talk about the specifics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really talk about the specifics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really talk about the specifics
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+basically that just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that just the
+since we have a digital image now on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a digital image now on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we have a digital image now on a
+film sort of setup this wouldn't work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film sort of setup this wouldn't work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film sort of setup this wouldn't work at
+all because you can't really cut out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because you can't really cut out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because you can't really cut out the
+little pieces of different spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of different spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of different spectral
+areas and stitch them together it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and stitch them together it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and stitch them together it'd be
+really difficult um you could reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult um you could reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult um you could reverse
+project it which people have done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it which people have done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project it which people have done with
+them um but anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um but anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um but anyways
+we just take different areas so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take different areas so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take different areas so let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+this is just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just sort of a
+piece of an image which i'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of an image which i'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of an image which i'll show you
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+and each of these is kind of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is kind of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is kind of not
+projecting well each of these white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting well each of these white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting well each of these white
+boxes is the area where the filters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes is the area where the filters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes is the area where the filters are
+being projected so there's a three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being projected so there's a three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being projected so there's a three by
+three filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three filter
+the center one i think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say this is the green filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say this is the green filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say this is the green filter
+from this area you can take all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this area you can take all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this area you can take all these
+green filters stationed together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green filters stationed together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green filters stationed together and
+make a green image and let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a green image and let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a green image and let's say this is
+the red filter that means you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red filter that means you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red filter that means you can do
+that and make the red image um you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and make the red image um you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and make the red image um you just
+do that digitally it's just like a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that digitally it's just like a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that digitally it's just like a look
+up table it's very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up table it's very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up table it's very straightforward
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and this is what our setup looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what our setup looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what our setup looked like
+we just had a regular lens it's a nikon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just had a regular lens it's a nikon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just had a regular lens it's a nikon
+lenses you know like 100 and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses you know like 100 and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses you know like 100 and they're
+really easy to take apart so if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to take apart so if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to take apart so if any of
+you ever wants for whatever your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever wants for whatever your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever wants for whatever your project
+for this class to put stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class to put stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class to put stuff in the
+aperture of a lens um come to me i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of a lens um come to me i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of a lens um come to me i can
+teach you how to do it in like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you how to do it in like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you how to do it in like five
+minutes and it'll take you like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and it'll take you like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and it'll take you like 30
+seconds each time to undo the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds each time to undo the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds each time to undo the lens and
+put it back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back together
+but we put color filters in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put color filters in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we put color filters in there
+um you can't really see them that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can't really see them that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can't really see them that well
+but we just put these little color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just put these little color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just put these little color
+filter discs that made them and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter discs that made them and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter discs that made them and then we
+also i'll show you some results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i'll show you some results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i'll show you some results for
+something i did this summer i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i did this summer i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i did this summer i put a
+spectral filter in the aperture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral filter in the aperture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral filter in the aperture which
+changes our design into sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes our design into sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes our design into sort of a
+snapshot spectral imager and then here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot spectral imager and then here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot spectral imager and then here
+we have our pinhole array um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our pinhole array um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our pinhole array um this is the
+ccd and this is uh yeah you just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccd and this is uh yeah you just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccd and this is uh yeah you just kind of
+sandwich a pinhole array right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich a pinhole array right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich a pinhole array right up
+against the ccd and the cover glass over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the ccd and the cover glass over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the ccd and the cover glass over
+the ccd which is like a millimeter thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ccd which is like a millimeter thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ccd which is like a millimeter thick
+sort of dictates the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dictates the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dictates the distance between
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here's some example images this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's some example images this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's some example images this is
+just the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the image
+raw data image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data image
+and here's a zoomed up version you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a zoomed up version you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a zoomed up version you can
+kind of see each little pinhole region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see each little pinhole region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see each little pinhole region
+close up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close up
+and then you can do some lamborghini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can do some lamborghini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can do some lamborghini
+division which is just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which is just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which is just sort of
+normalizing the image because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the image because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the image because
+instead of using so basically we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using so basically we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using so basically we wanted
+to use a lens lid array which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a lens lid array which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a lens lid array which is just
+almost the same thing as a pinhole array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same thing as a pinhole array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same thing as a pinhole array
+um on kids showed you some slides from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on kids showed you some slides from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on kids showed you some slides from
+stanford where they have the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford where they have the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford where they have the lens
+literary that's just really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary that's just really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary that's just really expensive
+and once you get it it's sort of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you get it it's sort of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you get it it's sort of fixed
+pinhole sort of pinhole arrays you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole sort of pinhole arrays you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole sort of pinhole arrays you can
+print off and you can vary the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print off and you can vary the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print off and you can vary the distances
+between pinholes and the sizes of panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pinholes and the sizes of panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pinholes and the sizes of panels
+so it's a much easier way to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a much easier way to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a much easier way to check
+when you're doing an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing an experiment
+but uh they have imperfections obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh they have imperfections obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh they have imperfections obviously
+especially from printing so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially from printing so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially from printing so that's why
+we did the inversion division to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the inversion division to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the inversion division to sort of
+get rid of those imperfections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of those imperfections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of those imperfections
+and so this was done on a grayscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was done on a grayscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was done on a grayscale
+sensor so it's just a you know gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so it's just a you know gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor so it's just a you know gray
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+no color information but we put six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no color information but we put six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no color information but we put six
+filters in the aperture for this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in the aperture for this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in the aperture for this picture
+a red green and blue filter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red green and blue filter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red green and blue filter and then
+three polarizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three polarizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three polarizers
+so we took an image and the images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took an image and the images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took an image and the images of
+there's a big tv back here and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big tv back here and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big tv back here and there's a
+color chart here and a book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color chart here and a book um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color chart here and a book um
+and then a polarizer sheet over here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a polarizer sheet over here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a polarizer sheet over here but
+you can see we got a color image which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we got a color image which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see we got a color image which
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+approximates the color of the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates the color of the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximates the color of the scene
+pretty well yes when you say pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well yes when you say pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well yes when you say pretty
+why do you say printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you say printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you say printing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so there's this company called pageworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this company called pageworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this company called pageworks
+it's actually in cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in cambridge
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what's the process called a blanket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the process called a blanket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the process called a blanket
+because it's just written you just print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just written you just print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just written you just print
+that you don't want you just leave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want you just leave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want you just leave a
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+so it's on our transparency so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's on our transparency so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's on our transparency so it's just
+like printing a transparency yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like printing a transparency yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like printing a transparency yeah okay
+it's just easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just easy to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+and the contrast isn't great but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contrast isn't great but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contrast isn't great but it's
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the pinhole sizes are about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pinhole sizes are about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pinhole sizes are about 50
+microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+so i don't think the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i mean it does work right for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it does work right for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it does work right for what
+we wanted to do we needed skill much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to do we needed skill much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to do we needed skill much
+more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so
+but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so yeah you just print out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you just print out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you just print out our
+transparency but you have to use like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency but you have to use like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency but you have to use like a
+you can't just do it on a normal printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do it on a normal printer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do it on a normal printer
+you need a high resolution thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a high resolution thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a high resolution thing
+well we didn't because we needed like 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't because we needed like 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we didn't because we needed like 25
+microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+720 i think dpi is what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+720 i think dpi is what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+720 i think dpi is what it is
+um but anyways so in one image we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyways so in one image we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyways so in one image we get a
+color picture but we also get a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color picture but we also get a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color picture but we also get a degree
+of polar polarization picture so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polar polarization picture so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polar polarization picture so you can
+see the tds polarized these tvs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the tds polarized these tvs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the tds polarized these tvs have
+polarizers in them and then you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizers in them and then you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizers in them and then you can kind
+of see down there there's a polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see down there there's a polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see down there there's a polarizer
+down there over a resolution chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was a simple example then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a simple example then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a simple example then we did
+one of 16 filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of 16 filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of 16 filters
+so basically i bought every filter i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically i bought every filter i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically i bought every filter i
+could from edmonds that was cheap i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could from edmonds that was cheap i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could from edmonds that was cheap i
+didn't put them in a filter right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put them in a filter right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't put them in a filter right so
+they have red green blue yellow magenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have red green blue yellow magenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have red green blue yellow magenta
+cyan i got an ir filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan i got an ir filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyan i got an ir filter
+i got a bunch of different polarizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a bunch of different polarizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got a bunch of different polarizers
+going to different sort of angles you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to different sort of angles you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to different sort of angles you've
+got a precise degree of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a precise degree of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a precise degree of polarization
+measurement and then i put three neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and then i put three neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and then i put three neutral
+density filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density filters
+and so these are the 16 images you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are the 16 images you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are the 16 images you get
+from one single image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one single image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one single image
+you just separate them with a lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just separate them with a lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just separate them with a lookup
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+so you can see up here is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see up here is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see up here is sort of the
+color information it's kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color information it's kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color information it's kind of hard to
+see from the projection but the spots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the projection but the spots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from the projection but the spots on
+the color wheel are changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color wheel are changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color wheel are changing
+like the checkerboard patterns changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the checkerboard patterns changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the checkerboard patterns changing
+for the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the color
+the near ir is really dark and i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near ir is really dark and i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near ir is really dark and i've got
+lamp here which is saturated on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp here which is saturated on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp here which is saturated on some
+but you can see the resolution chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see the resolution chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see the resolution chart
+within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your
+the polarization filter you can see kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization filter you can see kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization filter you can see kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the tv screens changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tv screens changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tv screens changing in
+how bright it is and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bright it is and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bright it is and stuff
+and the neutral density is just darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+should all be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be understood
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+but when you break your spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you break your spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you break your spectrum
+no they're not stacked on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're not stacked on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they're not stacked on top of each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here are the filters they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the filters they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are the filters they're just
+it's hard to see on the projector um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see on the projector um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see on the projector um but
+here you can see it's just this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see it's just this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see it's just this little
+uh 3x3 filter array here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3x3 filter array here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 3x3 filter array here
+so basically it's just literally a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it's just literally a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it's just literally a flat
+2d array of filters and i put it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d array of filters and i put it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d array of filters and i put it right
+on the aperture stop um you have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the aperture stop um you have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the aperture stop um you have about
+this much room on the aperture style a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much room on the aperture style a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much room on the aperture style a
+little bit bigger than a quarter or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than a quarter or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than a quarter or so
+so you can put as many filters in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put as many filters in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can put as many filters in that
+space as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you can
+so this also decreases resolution yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also decreases resolution yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also decreases resolution yeah
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely
+so so your your spatial resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so your your spatial resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so your your spatial resolution is
+going to be decreased at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be decreased at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be decreased at least
+proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+if you did it perfectly and you put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did it perfectly and you put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did it perfectly and you put one
+pinhole image of each filter to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole image of each filter to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole image of each filter to one
+pixel it would be decreased by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel it would be decreased by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel it would be decreased by the
+number of filters right so i have 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of filters right so i have 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of filters right so i have 16
+filters my spatial resolution is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters my spatial resolution is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters my spatial resolution is going
+to be at least 1 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at least 1 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at least 1 16
+the original spatial resolution that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original spatial resolution that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original spatial resolution that's a
+critical point um so these are very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point um so these are very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point um so these are very low
+spatial resolution images the effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution images the effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial resolution images the effect is
+very similar to what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to what they are
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+so it's the same thing as a bayer filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same thing as a bayer filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same thing as a bayer filter
+right you have a red green and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a red green and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a red green and blue
+filter so that's the third but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so that's the third but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so that's the third but the
+filters from the lens right so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters from the lens right so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters from the lens right so it's not
+on on the sensor so how how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the sensor so how how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the sensor so how how do you know
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+pixels are affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels are affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels are affected by
+those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys
+yeah so so each image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so each image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so each image
+because if you go back to this fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go back to this fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you go back to this fight
+when you show okay this this path of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you show okay this this path of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you show okay this this path of the
+rack was yeah so i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rack was yeah so i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rack was yeah so i mean
+you can't actually know exactly which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually know exactly which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually know exactly which
+silver was impacted by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver was impacted by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver was impacted by you know
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so so i'm thinking a pinhole array over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm thinking a pinhole array over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm thinking a pinhole array over
+the sensor right so the pinhole array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor right so the pinhole array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor right so the pinhole array is
+going to create multiple images right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create multiple images right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create multiple images right
+each one of these dots is a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these dots is a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these dots is a pinhole
+array which essentially when we zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which essentially when we zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which essentially when we zoom
+into that i'm highlighting one pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that i'm highlighting one pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that i'm highlighting one pinhole
+array image with this white box right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array image with this white box right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array image with this white box right
+and so i know just from a priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i know just from a priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i know just from a priority
+knowledge when i put the filter right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge when i put the filter right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge when i put the filter right in
+there that this center fill this center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that this center fill this center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that this center fill this center
+filter is a red filter i know the one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is a red filter i know the one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is a red filter i know the one on
+the upper left is a green filter the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left is a green filter the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper left is a green filter the one
+level right the blue filter for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right the blue filter for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level right the blue filter for example
+right because i put the filter right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i put the filter right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because i put the filter right in
+there so now under each pinhole i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now under each pinhole i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now under each pinhole i have
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+you know ideally i would have nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ideally i would have nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ideally i would have nine
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+and i would know which each pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would know which each pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would know which each pixel
+corresponds to just from the orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to just from the orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to just from the orientation
+of how i put the filter right in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it has to be um in order for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to be um in order for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has to be um in order for this
+to work right yes so i i kind of glanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work right yes so i i kind of glanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work right yes so i i kind of glanced
+over that um i skipped that side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that um i skipped that side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that um i skipped that side but
+yes like you basically have to be imaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like you basically have to be imaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like you basically have to be imaged
+at infinity you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infinity you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at infinity you can't
+change the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the focus
+once you change the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you change the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you change the focus
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you're basically crossing those rays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically crossing those rays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically crossing those rays in
+front of the sensor plane and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the sensor plane and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the sensor plane and that's
+that's destroying your ear detective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's destroying your ear detective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's destroying your ear detective
+detection diversity so the scene has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection diversity so the scene has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection diversity so the scene has to
+be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be played
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the scene has to be planner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene has to be planner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene has to be planner and
+lamborghini will not know technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamborghini will not know technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamborghini will not know technically
+their version it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their version it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their version it has to
+emit polarization or spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit polarization or spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit polarization or spectral
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+but they should be all at all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they should be all at all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they should be all at all the same
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+did you try uh removing the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you try uh removing the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you try uh removing the effect of
+reducing the spatial resolution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the spatial resolution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the spatial resolution by
+trying to demodulate because see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to demodulate because see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to demodulate because see the
+pinhole array is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole array is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole array is basically a
+transparency which sort of has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency which sort of has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency which sort of has a
+modulation function on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation function on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation function on it
+so so if we demodulate it on computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we demodulate it on computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we demodulate it on computers
+once the image has been captured you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the image has been captured you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the image has been captured you can
+actually regain the spatial resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually regain the spatial resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually regain the spatial resolution
+reduced by the modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't really know what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really know what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really know what you mean by
+modulation i mean basically since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation i mean basically since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation i mean basically since you
+have filters in your aperture those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have filters in your aperture those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have filters in your aperture those are
+attenuating light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuating light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuating light
+like operating a function over the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operating a function over the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operating a function over the image
+right yeah but you're also mixing in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but you're also mixing in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah but you're also mixing in all
+this diversity right so now you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diversity right so now you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diversity right so now you have all
+this spectral and polarization diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectral and polarization diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectral and polarization diversity
+mixed in from the different filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in from the different filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in from the different filters
+which are going to change depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to change depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to change depending on
+your spatial location right so if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spatial location right so if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spatial location right so if i have
+a polarized object up here it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarized object up here it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarized object up here it will be
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+modulated by one polarizer but not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by one polarizer but not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by one polarizer but not by
+itself it's just like their mosaic i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's just like their mosaic i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's just like their mosaic i
+mean you can develop some sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can develop some sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can develop some sophisticated
+demonstrating algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating algorithm that
+fills in the this information but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills in the this information but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills in the this information but it
+just couldn't just be hard it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just couldn't just be hard it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just couldn't just be hard it's not
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+physically yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay i'll just try and finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay i'll just try and finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay i'll just try and finish up
+quickly so just an example of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so just an example of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so just an example of using
+those 16 images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 16 images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 16 images
+um people ask why do you want 16 images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people ask why do you want 16 images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people ask why do you want 16 images
+of all these different things so i try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these different things so i try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these different things so i try
+to come up with a clever example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a clever example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a clever example
+but basically you can create a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you can create a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you can create a color
+image right and you have this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right and you have this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image right and you have this huge
+saturated area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated area
+from the sun or from a lamp or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sun or from a lamp or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sun or from a lamp or whatever
+so you can just make a quick hdr image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just make a quick hdr image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just make a quick hdr image
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+using the three hdr filters on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the three hdr filters on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the three hdr filters on top of
+the color information so now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color information so now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color information so now you can see
+there's kind of like a resolution chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of like a resolution chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of like a resolution chart
+back there um and then what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there um and then what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there um and then what you can do
+is take a degree of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take a degree of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take a degree of polarization
+measurement using the five polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement using the five polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement using the five polarization
+filters and that'll kind of find things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and that'll kind of find things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and that'll kind of find things
+that are reflecting polarized light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reflecting polarized light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reflecting polarized light or
+emitting polarized light so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting polarized light so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting polarized light so for example
+the man-made object sort of example i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man-made object sort of example i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man-made object sort of example i
+showed you before you can pick out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before you can pick out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before you can pick out which
+objects are man-made which are knees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are man-made which are knees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are man-made which are knees or
+whatever and you can also pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you can also pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and you can also pick out
+things emitting ir information within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things emitting ir information within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things emitting ir information within
+your ir filter so people or well i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ir filter so people or well i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ir filter so people or well i guess
+plants have been near i are more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants have been near i are more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants have been near i are more than
+people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+created this sort of foliated or region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this sort of foliated or region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this sort of foliated or region
+of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest
+extended dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended dynamic range
+color image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color image
+and you can see there's some errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see there's some errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see there's some errors
+obviously and that's because when i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and that's because when i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and that's because when i was
+trying to find polarization for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find polarization for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find polarization for example
+if it's a low intensity area it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a low intensity area it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a low intensity area it's not
+going to emit any real information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to emit any real information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to emit any real information about
+polarization it's just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization it's just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization it's just going to be a
+dark area things like that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark area things like that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark area things like that are
+causing air and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing air and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing air and also
+from the angular or the different planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the angular or the different planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the angular or the different planes
+perspective you can kind of see down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you can kind of see down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you can kind of see down
+here that there's a bar sticking out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that there's a bar sticking out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that there's a bar sticking out and
+that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because
+as things get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things get closer
+error associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error associated with
+essentially having different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially having different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially having different
+perspectives on an object becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives on an object becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives on an object becomes
+apparent so it only works for planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent so it only works for planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent so it only works for planar
+objects towards infinity where it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects towards infinity where it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects towards infinity where it works
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next example this is i just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next example this is i just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next example this is i just did
+this over the summer for a quick paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over the summer for a quick paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over the summer for a quick paper
+instead of putting a filter array we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting a filter array we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting a filter array we put
+a spectral filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectral filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectral filter
+in the aperture down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aperture down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aperture down here
+and what this does is essentially like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this does is essentially like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this does is essentially like a
+grading just splits up the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading just splits up the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading just splits up the incoming
+light into all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into all
+different wavelengths it went from 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths it went from 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths it went from 400
+to 700 nanometers so across the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 700 nanometers so across the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 700 nanometers so across the color
+spectrum and it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and it had a
+resolution of about 10 nanometers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of about 10 nanometers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of about 10 nanometers so
+that's pretty good and they're cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good and they're cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good and they're cheap
+they're like 200 bucks at edmonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like 200 bucks at edmonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like 200 bucks at edmonds and
+they're small enough to fit in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small enough to fit in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small enough to fit in an
+aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+so they're really useful to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're really useful to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're really useful to do
+experiments with cameras um so i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with cameras um so i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with cameras um so i just
+took a picture of some crayons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a picture of some crayons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a picture of some crayons
+and picking out different crystals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and picking out different crystals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and picking out different crystals so
+this is a reduced resolution image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reduced resolution image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reduced resolution image of
+some crayons but picking out certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crayons but picking out certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crayons but picking out certain
+pixels you can get a it was roughly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels you can get a it was roughly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels you can get a it was roughly you
+know 25 pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 25 pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 25 pixel
+resolution of the 400 to 700 nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the 400 to 700 nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the 400 to 700 nanometer
+range so you can see this is the magenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so you can see this is the magenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so you can see this is the magenta
+it has the red moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the red moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the red moving
+green points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green points
+warmer and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmer and blue
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so yeah i have one more example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i have one more example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah i have one more example
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+um so this is the different same crayons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the different same crayons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the different same crayons
+different pictures but i just so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pictures but i just so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pictures but i just so i
+noticed when i was doing the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed when i was doing the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed when i was doing the experiment
+that if i like had the lights on or if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i like had the lights on or if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i like had the lights on or if i
+had another light on i would just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had another light on i would just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had another light on i would just get
+really different results i was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different results i was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really different results i was like
+scratching my head why does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching my head why does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratching my head why does that happen
+well it's obvious because fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's obvious because fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's obvious because fluorescent
+lights emit so much different spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights emit so much different spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights emit so much different spectral
+spectral information our eyes just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral information our eyes just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral information our eyes just can't
+really tell but these lights versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell but these lights versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell but these lights versus
+these fluorescent lights have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fluorescent lights have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fluorescent lights have a very
+different spectral um distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectral um distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spectral um distribution
+so i didn't really label them but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't really label them but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't really label them but these
+are definitely just fluorescent lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely just fluorescent lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely just fluorescent lights
+or maybe ones flashing lights and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe ones flashing lights and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe ones flashing lights and ones
+another desktop fluorescent light so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another desktop fluorescent light so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another desktop fluorescent light so you
+can see the sharp peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the sharp peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the sharp peak
+most pixels just have a sharp key my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most pixels just have a sharp key my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most pixels just have a sharp key my
+eyes just integrate over all of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes just integrate over all of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes just integrate over all of that so
+we don't really notice it just looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really notice it just looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really notice it just looks
+like white light but if i just put on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like white light but if i just put on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like white light but if i just put on a
+regular desk clamp like a old fashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular desk clamp like a old fashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular desk clamp like a old fashioned
+bulb you get this sort of distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb you get this sort of distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb you get this sort of distribution
+so these are all from the same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all from the same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all from the same exact
+pixel but i was just changing the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel but i was just changing the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel but i was just changing the lights
+so that's pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty interesting
+basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+light coming in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming in is
+multiplication of the incident incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+challenges this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+roughly 25 it just depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 25 it just depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 25 it just depends on your
+pinhole right pitch right another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole right pitch right another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole right pitch right another thing
+so i really want to do this and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i really want to do this and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i really want to do this and make a
+better filter because the filter i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better filter because the filter i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better filter because the filter i use
+is just a one dimensional filter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a one dimensional filter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a one dimensional filter it's
+generally used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally used for
+like laser experiments so you like hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like laser experiments so you like hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like laser experiments so you like hit
+the laser on it and you can tilt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser on it and you can tilt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laser on it and you can tilt it
+different ways and select a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and select a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and select a specific
+wavelength if the laser is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength if the laser is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength if the laser is more
+broadband than 10 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband than 10 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadband than 10 nanometers
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it was only one-dimensional right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was only one-dimensional right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was only one-dimensional right so
+it'd be cool much better and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be cool much better and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be cool much better and more
+efficient if i had a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if i had a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient if i had a two-dimensional
+filter so then i could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so then i could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so then i could use
+all the validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the validation
+but yeah roughly 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah roughly 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah roughly 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i started with a uh i think it's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i started with a uh i think it's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i started with a uh i think it's 10
+megapixel sensor and my spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel sensor and my spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel sensor and my spatial
+resolution was around 300 by 300 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution was around 300 by 300 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution was around 300 by 300 for
+each of the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the images
+so i mean that's for like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean that's for like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean that's for like you know
+something like 16 filters or nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 16 filters or nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 16 filters or nine
+kilograms so a ton is getting thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms so a ton is getting thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms so a ton is getting thrown
+away somewhere um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away somewhere um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away somewhere um
+and each each filter is not being imaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each each filter is not being imaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each each filter is not being imaged
+to one single pixel it's being imaged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one single pixel it's being imaged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one single pixel it's being imaged to
+like a three by three or four by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a three by three or four by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a three by three or four by four
+array of distance so i mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of distance so i mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array of distance so i mean it's
+incredibly wasteful but it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly wasteful but it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly wasteful but it's just an
+idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so
+you could really fine tune it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could really fine tune it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could really fine tune it and
+probably make it more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably make it more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably make it more efficient
+i think the big advantages is you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the big advantages is you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the big advantages is you can do
+all of those things while putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things while putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those things while putting a
+filter in the lens and not have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in the lens and not have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in the lens and not have to put
+it on the sensor so like someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the sensor so like someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the sensor so like someone was
+asking can you change this can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking can you change this can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking can you change this can you see
+yes you can just take it out and put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can just take it out and put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can just take it out and put a
+new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one
+a different spectral response if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different spectral response if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different spectral response if you
+need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it
+so that's what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's interesting
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+can you say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say something about the
+diffraction issues do you have any yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction issues do you have any yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction issues do you have any yeah
+um a little bit so so pinholes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit so so pinholes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit so so pinholes are
+really pretty inefficient pretty bad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty inefficient pretty bad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty inefficient pretty bad at
+resolving light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving light
+which you guys might learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys might learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys might learn about
+so so lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so lenses
+everything has an associate it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has an associate it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has an associate it's called
+a point spread function i don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point spread function i don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point spread function i don't know if
+you've heard that term but basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard that term but basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard that term but basically a
+blur spot size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur spot size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur spot size
+then whole blur spot sizes are more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whole blur spot sizes are more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whole blur spot sizes are more of a
+geometric projection of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric projection of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric projection of the size of the
+pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinhole
+so you want to let a lot of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to let a lot of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to let a lot of light
+through with a pinhole um but depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with a pinhole um but depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with a pinhole um but depending
+on the size of the pinwheel you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of the pinwheel you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of the pinwheel you could
+just imagine light just passing straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine light just passing straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine light just passing straight
+through the pinhole right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pinhole right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the pinhole right
+and not changing its direction so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not changing its direction so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not changing its direction so that
+light will have the blur spot size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will have the blur spot size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will have the blur spot size
+roughly the size of the actual pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the size of the actual pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the size of the actual pinhole
+so that blur spot size in my case i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that blur spot size in my case i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that blur spot size in my case i was
+using 50 micron pimples it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 50 micron pimples it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 50 micron pimples it's going to be
+50 microns which is relatively large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 microns which is relatively large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 microns which is relatively large
+because the pixel is about 10 microns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pixel is about 10 microns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the pixel is about 10 microns so
+that's why i was imaging to about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i was imaging to about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i was imaging to about five
+pixels per filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels per filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels per filter
+um if i used the lens litter it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i used the lens litter it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i used the lens litter it would
+have been much much better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been much much better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been much much better um
+diffraction effects and whatnot would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction effects and whatnot would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction effects and whatnot would
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+i think we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're going to be talking about
+using the lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another interesting thing is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another interesting thing is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another interesting thing is that um
+so the point spread function in a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point spread function in a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point spread function in a camera
+or the blur spot in a camera is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the blur spot in a camera is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the blur spot in a camera is given by
+the shape of the aperture so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the aperture so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the aperture so if you're
+taking a picture and you go out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a picture and you go out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a picture and you go out of focus
+the things out of focus have a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things out of focus have a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things out of focus have a circle
+right like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like a little
+blur spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur spot
+that's because the aperture is a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the aperture is a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the aperture is a circle
+right if it was a square aperture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it was a square aperture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it was a square aperture the
+things would have a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would have a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would have a square
+and so on but when you're in focus even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but when you're in focus even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but when you're in focus even
+the little blur spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little blur spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little blur spot
+is given by the shape of the aperture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the shape of the aperture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the shape of the aperture so
+i was putting all these crazy filters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was putting all these crazy filters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was putting all these crazy filters in
+the aperture and each filter is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture and each filter is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aperture and each filter is going to
+change the point spread function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the point spread function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the point spread function
+depending on on the color of the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on the color of the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on the color of the scene
+so basically across my image i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically across my image i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically across my image i was
+getting many different types of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting many different types of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting many different types of points
+break functions some were strange you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break functions some were strange you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break functions some were strange you
+know shapes because of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know shapes because of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know shapes because of the different
+properties of the objects in the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the objects in the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the objects in the scene
+so it's very different problems to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very different problems to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very different problems to try
+and fix or analyze because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix or analyze because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fix or analyze because
+of all the filters in the app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have just a couple of more points i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have just a couple of more points i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have just a couple of more points i
+wanted to make before we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make before we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make before we and
+we've seen uh like right at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen uh like right at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen uh like right at the start
+beginning of the class i had these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class i had these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class i had these four
+or five things that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five things that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five things that we wanted to
+improve about cameras and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve about cameras and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve about cameras and one of them
+was improving the spatial resolution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was improving the spatial resolution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was improving the spatial resolution so
+in the case of film it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of film it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of film it's sort of
+ambiguous because there is no it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous because there is no it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous because there is no it's hard
+to define what resolution is for film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define what resolution is for film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define what resolution is for film
+but for sensors or for digital it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for sensors or for digital it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for sensors or for digital it's
+usually that just the number of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that just the number of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that just the number of pixels
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it would be hard to imagine how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be hard to imagine how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be hard to imagine how you can
+increase the information you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the information you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the information you're coming
+getting from a fixed number of pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from a fixed number of pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from a fixed number of pixels
+but there are techniques for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are techniques for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are techniques for doing that
+and the most popular ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most popular ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most popular ones are
+what's called super resolution i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called super resolution i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called super resolution i'm not
+going to go too much into deep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go too much into deep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go too much into deep the
+details of what super resolution is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of what super resolution is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of what super resolution is and
+how you do it but just to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it but just to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do it but just to give you an
+intuition the idea is that you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the idea is that you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition the idea is that you take an
+image with your camera fixed at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with your camera fixed at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with your camera fixed at one
+position and then you move the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then you move the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then you move the image
+sensor by a fraction of the pixel size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor by a fraction of the pixel size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor by a fraction of the pixel size
+and then you take another image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take another image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you take another image and
+since you've moved it by a fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you've moved it by a fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you've moved it by a fraction of a
+pixel size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel size the
+you can you the information that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you the information that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you the information that you
+capture is actually different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture is actually different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture is actually different from the
+first one and you can combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and you can combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one and you can combine these two
+images together to get a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images together to get a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images together to get a higher
+resolution image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image
+there are obviously issues with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are obviously issues with that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are obviously issues with that one
+of which is that you have to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is that you have to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which is that you have to move the
+sensor by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor by
+less than on pixel size which is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than on pixel size which is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than on pixel size which is usually
+one or two microns and it has to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two microns and it has to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two microns and it has to be very
+precisely controlled so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely controlled so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely controlled so
+you find this in really high-end cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this in really high-end cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find this in really high-end cameras
+i think cyanide makes cameras which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think cyanide makes cameras which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think cyanide makes cameras which
+which do this medium format with medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do this medium format with medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which do this medium format with medium
+format cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format cameras
+and there are also fundamental limits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also fundamental limits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also fundamental limits to
+how much you can do using this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can do using this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can do using this you
+cannot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just
+you can usually not go beyond a 3x or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can usually not go beyond a 3x or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can usually not go beyond a 3x or a
+4x or even just a 2x increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x or even just a 2x increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x or even just a 2x increase in
+resolution anything beyond that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution anything beyond that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution anything beyond that is what
+they call hallucination is you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call hallucination is you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call hallucination is you may
+create an image which is 100x resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an image which is 100x resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an image which is 100x resolution
+but it doesn't have any information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have any information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't have any information in
+those higher frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher frequencies
+so that's super resolution so panoramas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's super resolution so panoramas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's super resolution so panoramas
+over time is just taking an image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time is just taking an image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time is just taking an image and
+just scanning it like this and stitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scanning it like this and stitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scanning it like this and stitching
+them all together create a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all together create a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all together create a large
+panorama you have a big high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panorama you have a big high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panorama you have a big high resolution
+image and you do so in doing so you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and you do so in doing so you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and you do so in doing so you also
+get a wider field of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a wider field of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a wider field of view
+so recently this technique was adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently this technique was adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently this technique was adopted
+by people at microsoft research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people at microsoft research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people at microsoft research and
+university of constance where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of constance where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of constance where they
+built a device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a device that
+essentially scanned the whole scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially scanned the whole scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially scanned the whole scene and
+took a whole bunch of images so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a whole bunch of images so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a whole bunch of images so this one
+was created out of 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created out of 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created out of 800
+images that were captured over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that were captured over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that were captured over the
+period of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of a few
+hours and then they were all they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and then they were all they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and then they were all they they
+found correspondence points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found correspondence points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found correspondence points and
+essentially just stitched them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just stitched them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just stitched them together
+to create this one large 1.5 megapixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this one large 1.5 megapixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this one large 1.5 megapixel
+image i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image i think
+or 3.5 gigabits image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3.5 gigabits image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 3.5 gigabits image
+and just to give you a sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to give you a sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to give you a sense for
+how much information is there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much information is there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much information is there you can
+actually see the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the person
+sitting inside that crane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside that crane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside that crane
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+whatever that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is
+and there is a website i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a website i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a website i think it's
+called gigapan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gigapan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gigapan
+is what the development like they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the development like they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the development like they sell
+this device now and microsoft gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device now and microsoft gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device now and microsoft gives you
+the software i think it's called hd view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software i think it's called hd view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software i think it's called hd view
+which you can use to both view these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can use to both view these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can use to both view these
+images and also generate your own images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and also generate your own images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and also generate your own images
+and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just
+you you buy this thing you put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you buy this thing you put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you buy this thing you put your
+camera on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera on it
+sits there and takes images for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits there and takes images for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits there and takes images for a few
+hours and then you just stitch them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and then you just stitch them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and then you just stitch them all
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+uh the there is also a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the there is also a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the there is also a group
+there's a husband and wife group couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a husband and wife group couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a husband and wife group couple
+who who've been doing this for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who've been doing this for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who've been doing this for a while
+using film photography they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using film photography they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using film photography they have this
+large format film camera that they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large format film camera that they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large format film camera that they go
+out and take these huge gigapixel images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and take these huge gigapixel images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and take these huge gigapixel images
+with and they have their own custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and they have their own custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and they have their own custom
+scanners in order to scan them and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners in order to scan them and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners in order to scan them and get a
+critical image out of it and a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical image out of it and a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical image out of it and a number of
+other people who have done this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who have done this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who have done this kind of
+thing but if this is a consumer device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if this is a consumer device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but if this is a consumer device
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+how i imagine this this actually having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i imagine this this actually having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i imagine this this actually having
+the camera move around a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera move around a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera move around a lot so
+so the way they have is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way they have is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way they have is something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you know if you can see it it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can see it it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you can see it it just
+rotates and takes multiple images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates and takes multiple images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates and takes multiple images
+it doesn't have to move around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to move around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to move around so
+it's this thing the one um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing the one um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing the one um they
+the one that they're selling is it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that they're selling is it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that they're selling is it has a
+it has a very cute like shutter release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a very cute like shutter release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a very cute like shutter release
+button also so you can just use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button also so you can just use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button also so you can just use any
+camera and as long as you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and as long as you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and as long as you can just
+move the arm and have it so that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the arm and have it so that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the arm and have it so that it can
+click the shutter release button and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the shutter release button and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the shutter release button and it
+will go out and you can actually program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go out and you can actually program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go out and you can actually program
+it to say how many images you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to say how many images you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to say how many images you want and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+so either you can just create a panorama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either you can just create a panorama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either you can just create a panorama
+or you can create a very very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can create a very very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can create a very very high
+resolution panorama like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution panorama like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution panorama like that
+so some of the challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the challenges in
+in this thing that i just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing that i just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing that i just wanted to
+point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is
+uh there's a huge variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a huge variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a huge variation in
+intensity and this is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and this is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and this is something that we
+sort of discussed the high dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussed the high dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of discussed the high dynamic range
+issues when you're moving the camera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues when you're moving the camera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues when you're moving the camera and
+you're doing all of this you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing all of this you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing all of this you could you
+could have parts of the image that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have parts of the image that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have parts of the image that are
+much much much darker than other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much much darker than other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much much darker than other parts
+or much brighter and then how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or much brighter and then how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or much brighter and then how you
+stretch them together how what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch them together how what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch them together how what kind of
+exposure issues do you have to take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure issues do you have to take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure issues do you have to take care
+of because you just do auto exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because you just do auto exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of because you just do auto exposure
+then one part of the image may be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one part of the image may be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one part of the image may be too
+bright than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright than the other
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you then it might not line up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you then it might not line up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you then it might not line up you
+might not get the alignment right or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not get the alignment right or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not get the alignment right or you
+might have issues with finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have issues with finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have issues with finding
+correspondences and that's all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences and that's all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences and that's all of that
+is taken care of with the software from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken care of with the software from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken care of with the software from
+microsoft called hd view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another way of doing high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of doing high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of doing high resolution
+this is again going back to those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again going back to those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again going back to those the
+three basic things the this this one i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic things the this this one i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic things the this this one i
+just talked about this was epsilon in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about this was epsilon in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about this was epsilon in in
+time but you could do epsilon in sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but you could do epsilon in sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but you could do epsilon in sensors
+you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a
+500 cameras and you just take lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 cameras and you just take lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 cameras and you just take lots of
+images at the same time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images at the same time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images at the same time so this is
+similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the
+camera array we saw earlier but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array we saw earlier but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array we saw earlier but the
+difference in this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in this is that
+the cameras are both are all looking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cameras are both are all looking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cameras are both are all looking out
+uh or thought sort of parallel to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or thought sort of parallel to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or thought sort of parallel to one
+another in the previous case they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in the previous case they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in the previous case they were
+all looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all looking at
+something in between so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in between so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in between so there was a
+larger overlap in this the overlap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger overlap in this the overlap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger overlap in this the overlap is
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+less uh it says 50 percent i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh it says 50 percent i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh it says 50 percent i think it's
+even less than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less than that and
+what you can do with this is you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with this is you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with this is you can get
+all of these images and then just again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these images and then just again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these images and then just again
+find the correspondences and fix just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the correspondences and fix just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the correspondences and fix just
+stitch them all together and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitch them all together and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stitch them all together and get
+something like this this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this this is a very very
+high resolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high resolution and
+it has lots of information and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has lots of information and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has lots of information and then
+again you can again those find those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can again those find those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can again those find those
+correspondences wipe the images stitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences wipe the images stitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondences wipe the images stitch
+them together but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together but there's also
+uh issues of geometric and color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issues of geometric and color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issues of geometric and color
+calibration and also high dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration and also high dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration and also high dynamic range
+issues because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues because
+which i briefly discussed earlier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i briefly discussed earlier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i briefly discussed earlier so
+this is what you get once you fix all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get once you fix all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you get once you fix all of
+those for some reason it's really dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for some reason it's really dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for some reason it's really dark
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and again it shows you can really zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it shows you can really zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it shows you can really zoom
+in and get a high resolution image i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and get a high resolution image i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and get a high resolution image i
+don't think this is anywhere close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is anywhere close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is anywhere close to
+the pixel because this is a much older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel because this is a much older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel because this is a much older
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh again similar to the assorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh again similar to the assorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh again similar to the assorted
+pixels they actually have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels they actually have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels they actually have different
+exposures for different cameras and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures for different cameras and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures for different cameras and so
+you can combine all of that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine all of that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine all of that information
+together to get not just a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get not just a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to get not just a high
+resolution image but also a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image but also a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution image but also a higher
+resolution high dynamic range image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last thing i want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing i want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing i want to talk about is
+increasing the temporal resolution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the temporal resolution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the temporal resolution so
+so far we've seen how we can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've seen how we can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've seen how we can increase
+the spatial resolution we've seen how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial resolution we've seen how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial resolution we've seen how we
+can increase the dynamic range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase the dynamic range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase the dynamic range
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+focus depth of fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus depth of fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus depth of fear
+and sort of the other thing that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the other thing that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the other thing that remains
+the temporal resolution and you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal resolution and you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temporal resolution and you can now
+buy cameras that have a thousand frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cameras that have a thousand frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cameras that have a thousand frames
+per second or even more and you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second or even more and you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second or even more and you can just
+hit the shutter and it takes a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the shutter and it takes a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the shutter and it takes a whole
+series of images but this is from a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images but this is from a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of images but this is from a few
+years ago where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago where
+what they said was that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they said was that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they said was that instead of
+taking one camera with very high frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one camera with very high frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one camera with very high frame
+rate what if you took multiple cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what if you took multiple cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what if you took multiple cameras
+with more reasonable frame rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more reasonable frame rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more reasonable frame rates and
+then you combined that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you combined that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you combined that information
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and uh sure enough they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sure enough they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sure enough they came up with
+their own camera array this is also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own camera array this is also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own camera array this is also from
+stanford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford and
+you can combine i think they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine i think they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine i think they they
+trigger them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger them
+in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that
+they can then later combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can then later combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can then later combine the
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+but again you need to calibrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again you need to calibrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again you need to calibrate the
+images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+color correct them and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color correct them and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color correct them and so on
+it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balloon popping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the sort of
+light artifacts as the thing moves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light artifacts as the thing moves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light artifacts as the thing moves and
+because the calibration isn't perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the calibration isn't perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the calibration isn't perfect
+and each of these is a relatively low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is a relatively low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these is a relatively low
+resolution camera i think about 640 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution camera i think about 640 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution camera i think about 640 or
+480 or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's basically it so that's epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically it so that's epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically it so that's epsilon
+photography it's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography it's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography it's how we
+enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance
+film-based photography and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film-based photography and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film-based photography and the idea is
+to modify the exposure settings spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the exposure settings spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the exposure settings spectrum
+or color focus camera scene illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or color focus camera scene illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or color focus camera scene illumination
+basically anything else that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically anything else that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically anything else that is a
+parameter of the camera and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the camera and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of the camera and take
+multiple images or take images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple images or take images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple images or take images
+bracketed over time or sensor or pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed over time or sensor or pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracketed over time or sensor or pixels
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the end result is you get a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is you get a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is you get a better
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+and as we'll see in the next class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll see in the next class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we'll see in the next class and
+future classes that this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes that this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes that this is not the
+interesting part of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of computational
+cameras this is just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras this is just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras this is just something
+that it's good to know about and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's good to know about and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's good to know about and there's
+still research going on on many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still research going on on many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still research going on on many of these
+topics it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics it's just it's
+furthering or making even better cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthering or making even better cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthering or making even better cameras
+the way cameras were about for more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way cameras were about for more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way cameras were about for more than
+a century rather than coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century rather than coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a century rather than coming up with
+cameras that do new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras that do new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras that do new things
+yes that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xmjvqbYvY9o.txt b/xmjvqbYvY9o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec38ef66bed2708b3a5bc729c68af7a15ea08b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xmjvqbYvY9o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose you define now one stay called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you define now one stay called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you define now one stay called
+Phi 1 as a dagger acting on Phi 0 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 1 as a dagger acting on Phi 0 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 1 as a dagger acting on Phi 0 you
+could not define any interesting state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not define any interesting state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not define any interesting state
+with a acting on Phi 0 because a kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a acting on Phi 0 because a kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a acting on Phi 0 because a kills
+Phi 0 so you try Phi 0 like this now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 0 so you try Phi 0 like this now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 0 so you try Phi 0 like this now you
+could ask okay what energy does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask okay what energy does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask okay what energy does it have
+is it an energy eigenstate well it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it an energy eigenstate well it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it an energy eigenstate well it is an
+energy eigenstate if it's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate if it's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate if it's a number
+eigenstate and we can see if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate and we can see if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate and we can see if it's a
+number eigenstate by acting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eigenstate by acting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eigenstate by acting with the
+number operator so n Phi 1 is equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator so n Phi 1 is equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number operator so n Phi 1 is equal to n
+a dagger Phi 0 okay here comes trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger Phi 0 okay here comes trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger Phi 0 okay here comes trick
+maybe it's too much to even call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's too much to even call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's too much to even call it a
+trick number one this thing you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick number one this thing you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick number one this thing you look at
+it and you say I want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you say I want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you say I want to sort of
+simplify this learn something about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this learn something about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this learn something about it
+if it's if this is supposed to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if this is supposed to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's if this is supposed to be an
+eigenstate of n hat I have to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of n hat I have to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of n hat I have to make it
+happen somehow now n hat kills Phi 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen somehow now n hat kills Phi 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen somehow now n hat kills Phi 0 so
+if I would have a term a dagger times N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I would have a term a dagger times N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I would have a term a dagger times N
+and hot near Phi 0 it would be zero so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hot near Phi 0 it would be zero so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hot near Phi 0 it would be zero so I
+claim and this is a step that I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim and this is a step that I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim and this is a step that I want you
+to be able to do all so quickly that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do all so quickly that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do all so quickly that I
+can replace this by the commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace this by the commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace this by the commutator of
+these two operators the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operators the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two operators the product is
+replaced by the commutator and say Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the commutator and say Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by the commutator and say Y is
+an iron product simpler than commutators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron product simpler than commutators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iron product simpler than commutators
+know we have formulas for coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have formulas for coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have formulas for coming
+theatres and products are in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatres and products are in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatres and products are in general
+more complicated and why is this correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and why is this correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and why is this correct
+and you say well it is correct because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well it is correct because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well it is correct because
+this has two terms the term I want - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has two terms the term I want - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has two terms the term I want - a
+dagger and hot but the term a dagger M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and hot but the term a dagger M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and hot but the term a dagger M
+hat is zero because M hat kills phi0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is zero because M hat kills phi0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is zero because M hat kills phi0 so
+I can do that because this is M dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that because this is M dagger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that because this is M dagger a
+hat which is with I hat - a hat dagger n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat which is with I hat - a hat dagger n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat which is with I hat - a hat dagger n
+on Phi 0 and this term is 0 so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Phi 0 and this term is 0 so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Phi 0 and this term is 0 so you could
+have put a 2 here a 3 here or any number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put a 2 here a 3 here or any number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put a 2 here a 3 here or any number
+even but the right one to put is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even but the right one to put is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even but the right one to put is the
+commutator so that's this and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator so that's this and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator so that's this and now this
+commutator is already known that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is already known that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator is already known that's why
+we computed it it's just a dagger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed it it's just a dagger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed it it's just a dagger so
+this is a dagger Phi 0 and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dagger Phi 0 and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dagger Phi 0 and that's what
+we call Phi 1 so n hat on Phi 1 is Phi 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call Phi 1 so n hat on Phi 1 is Phi 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call Phi 1 so n hat on Phi 1 is Phi 1
+n hat has eigen value 1 on Phi 1 so n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n hat has eigen value 1 on Phi 1 so n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n hat has eigen value 1 on Phi 1 so n is
+equal to 1 that's the eigen value it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 that's the eigen value it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 that's the eigen value it is
+an eigenstate it is an energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenstate it is an energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenstate it is an energy eigenstate
+in fact how much energy E is h-bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact how much energy E is h-bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact how much energy E is h-bar Omega
+times n which is 1 plus 1/2 which is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n which is 1 plus 1/2 which is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times n which is 1 plus 1/2 which is 3
+halves H bar Omega and look what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves H bar Omega and look what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves H bar Omega and look what this is
+this is the reason this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason this is called the
+creation operator because by acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation operator because by acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation operator because by acting on
+the ground state what people sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state what people sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state what people sometimes
+called the vacuum the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the vacuum the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the vacuum the lowest energy
+state the vacuum is called the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the vacuum is called the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the vacuum is called the lowest
+energy state by acting on the vacuum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state by acting on the vacuum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state by acting on the vacuum you
+get a state and if created a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a state and if created a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a state and if created a state
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how is this concretely done remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this concretely done remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this concretely done remember you
+had five zero of X where it is an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had five zero of X where it is an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had five zero of X where it is an a
+dagger over there is X minus I P over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger over there is X minus I P over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger over there is X minus I P over m
+Omega so this is X minus o or minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is X minus o or minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is X minus o or minus H
+bar over m Omega D DX so you can act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over m Omega D DX so you can act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar over m Omega D DX so you can act on
+it it may be a little messy but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it may be a little messy but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it may be a little messy but that's
+it it's a very close form expression now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a very close form expression now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a very close form expression now
+Phi 0 was defined in the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 0 was defined in the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 0 was defined in the ground state
+such as it's a normalized state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as it's a normalized state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as it's a normalized state
+this means the integral Phi 0 multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means the integral Phi 0 multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means the integral Phi 0 multiplied
+with Phi 0 over X is 1 that's how we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Phi 0 over X is 1 that's how we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Phi 0 over X is 1 that's how we had
+the ground state you could ask if I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state you could ask if I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state you could ask if I've
+defined Phi 1 this way is it normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined Phi 1 this way is it normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined Phi 1 this way is it normalized
+so I'll try it and now you can say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll try it and now you can say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll try it and now you can say oh
+this is going to be a nightmare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a nightmare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a nightmare
+normalizing Phi 0 is difficult now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing Phi 0 is difficult now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing Phi 0 is difficult now I
+have to act with a dagger which means up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to act with a dagger which means up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to act with a dagger which means up
+with X take derivatives is going to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X take derivatives is going to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X take derivatives is going to grow
+twice as big then I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as big then I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as big then I'm going to have to
+square it and integrate it it looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it and integrate it it looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it and integrate it it looks very
+bad the good thing is that with this ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the good thing is that with this ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the good thing is that with this ace
+and a daggers you don't have to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a daggers you don't have to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a daggers you don't have to compute
+anything pretty much see how we do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything pretty much see how we do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything pretty much see how we do it I
+want to know how much is Phi 1 with Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how much is Phi 1 with Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how much is Phi 1 with Phi
+1 is it 1 and it's normalized or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is it 1 and it's normalized or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is it 1 and it's normalized or not
+then I say look Phi 1 is a dagger Phi 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I say look Phi 1 is a dagger Phi 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I say look Phi 1 is a dagger Phi 0
+a dagger Phi 0 so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I just know things about Phi 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just know things about Phi 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just know things about Phi 0 so
+let's clear up 1 5 0 at least I can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's clear up 1 5 0 at least I can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's clear up 1 5 0 at least I can move
+the a dagger as an a so this is Phi 0 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a dagger as an a so this is Phi 0 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a dagger as an a so this is Phi 0 a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+agar phi0 ok can I finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agar phi0 ok can I finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agar phi0 ok can I finish the
+computation in this line yes I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in this line yes I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in this line yes I think we
+can 5-0 a with a dagger same story as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can 5-0 a with a dagger same story as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can 5-0 a with a dagger same story as
+before a would kill Phi 0 so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a would kill Phi 0 so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a would kill Phi 0 so you can
+replace that by a commutator commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that by a commutator commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that by a commutator commutator
+of a with a dagger Phi 0 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with a dagger Phi 0 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a with a dagger Phi 0 but the
+commutator of a with a dagger is 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of a with a dagger is 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of a with a dagger is 1 so
+this is Phi 0 Phi 0 and is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Phi 0 Phi 0 and is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Phi 0 Phi 0 and is equal to 1
+yes it is properly normalized so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it is properly normalized so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it is properly normalized so that's
+the nice thing about this s and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about this s and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about this s and a
+daggers you start moving them around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers you start moving them around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers you start moving them around and
+you have to get practice where should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get practice where should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get practice where should
+you move it where should you put it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it where should you put it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it where should you put it when
+you replace something by a commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace something by a commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace something by a commutator
+when you don't it's a matter of practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't it's a matter of practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you don't it's a matter of practice
+there's no other way you have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other way you have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other way you have to do a
+lot of these commentators so to to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these commentators so to to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these commentators so to to get a
+feeling of how they work and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of how they work and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of how they work and what you're
+supposed to do let's do another state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do let's do another state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do let's do another state
+let's try to do Phi 2 I'll put a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to do Phi 2 I'll put a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to do Phi 2 I'll put a prime
+because I'm not sure this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not sure this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not sure this is going to
+work out exactly right and this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out exactly right and this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out exactly right and this time
+I'll put an a dagger a dagger on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put an a dagger a dagger on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put an a dagger a dagger on the
+vacuum to a daggers to creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum to a daggers to creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum to a daggers to creation
+operators on the vacuum and now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on the vacuum and now I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators on the vacuum and now I want
+to see if this is an energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if this is an energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if this is an energy eigenstate
+well this is a dagger squared on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a dagger squared on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is a dagger squared on the
+vacuum so let's ask is M hat on is phi2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so let's ask is M hat on is phi2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so let's ask is M hat on is phi2
+prime an eigenstate of n hat what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime an eigenstate of n hat what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime an eigenstate of n hat what I
+would have M hat on a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have M hat on a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have M hat on a dagger
+squared on five zero again by now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on five zero again by now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared on five zero again by now you
+know I should replace this by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I should replace this by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I should replace this by a
+commutator because n hat kills the phi0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator because n hat kills the phi0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator because n hat kills the phi0
+so and hot with a dagger squared Phi 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and hot with a dagger squared Phi 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and hot with a dagger squared Phi 0
+and that commutator has been done it's 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that commutator has been done it's 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that commutator has been done it's 2
+times a hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a hat
+diagur squared 2 times a dagger squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagur squared 2 times a dagger squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagur squared 2 times a dagger squared
+on Phi 0 which is 2 Phi 2 that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Phi 0 which is 2 Phi 2 that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Phi 0 which is 2 Phi 2 that's what we
+call the state Phi 2 Prime I'm sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the state Phi 2 Prime I'm sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the state Phi 2 Prime I'm sorry so
+again it is an energy eigenstate isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it is an energy eigenstate isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it is an energy eigenstate isn't
+normalized well let's try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized well let's try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized well let's try it
+Phi 2 prime Phi 2 prime is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 2 prime Phi 2 prime is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi 2 prime Phi 2 prime is equal to a
+dagger a rather let me not put the hats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger a rather let me not put the hats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger a rather let me not put the hats
+I'm getting tired of them 1/2 a dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting tired of them 1/2 a dagger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting tired of them 1/2 a dagger a
+dagger Phi 0 now I move all of them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger Phi 0 now I move all of them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger Phi 0 now I move all of them this
+a dagger becomes an A and the next a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger becomes an A and the next a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger becomes an A and the next a
+dagger becomes an a here so this is Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger becomes an a here so this is Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger becomes an a here so this is Phi
+0 a a a dagger a dagger Phi 0 wow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a a a dagger a dagger Phi 0 wow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a a a dagger a dagger Phi 0 wow this
+looks a little more complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little more complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little more complicated because
+we don't want to calculate anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to calculate anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to calculate anything
+really we definitely don't want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we definitely don't want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we definitely don't want to start
+writing X and piece so but you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing X and piece so but you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing X and piece so but you know you
+decide take it one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide take it one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide take it one at a time
+this a is here and wants to act on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a is here and wants to act on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a is here and wants to act on this
+thing and then this other a will but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then this other a will but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then this other a will but
+let's just concentrate on the first a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just concentrate on the first a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just concentrate on the first a
+that wants to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wants to act
+a would kill phi0 so we can replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a would kill phi0 so we can replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a would kill phi0 so we can replace this
+whole thing by a commutator so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing by a commutator so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing by a commutator so this is
+phi0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi0
+the first a still there but the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first a still there but the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first a still there but the second
+we replace it by the commutator this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace it by the commutator this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace it by the commutator this
+comedy I've replaced this product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy I've replaced this product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy I've replaced this product the
+product of a trans this thing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a trans this thing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a trans this thing by the
+commutator of those two operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of those two operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of those two operators and
+then I say look we've done that a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I say look we've done that a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I say look we've done that a with a
+dagger to the K is K a dollar K minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger to the K is K a dollar K minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger to the K is K a dollar K minus 1
+so I'll write it here this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write it here this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll write it here this would be a
+factor of 2 Phi naught a and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 Phi naught a and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 2 Phi naught a and this is
+supposed to be now a dagger 2 1 power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be now a dagger 2 1 power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be now a dagger 2 1 power
+less so it's just a dagger Phi 0 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so it's just a dagger Phi 0 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so it's just a dagger Phi 0 so this
+is supposed to be 2 a dagger so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be 2 a dagger so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be 2 a dagger so that's
+what I did and again is a once to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did and again is a once to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did and again is a once to act
+and Phi 0 and it's just blocked by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi 0 and it's just blocked by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Phi 0 and it's just blocked by a
+dagger but you can replace it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger but you can replace it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger but you can replace it by a
+commutator a with a dagger Phi 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator a with a dagger Phi 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator a with a dagger Phi 0 and
+this is therefore a 1 so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is therefore a 1 so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is therefore a 1 so this whole
+result is a 2 so this Phi 2 Prime yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a 2 so this Phi 2 Prime yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a 2 so this Phi 2 Prime yes it
+is something is the next excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something is the next excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something is the next excited state
+to creation operators on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to creation operators on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to creation operators on the ground
+state energy n eigenvalues to you had n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy n eigenvalues to you had n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy n eigenvalues to you had n
+equals zero eigenvalue for the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero eigenvalue for the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero eigenvalue for the ground
+state 1 4 5 1 2 4 5 2 prime but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 4 5 1 2 4 5 2 prime but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 4 5 1 2 4 5 2 prime but it's not
+properly normalized well if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly normalized well if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly normalized well if the
+normalization gives you 2 then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization gives you 2 then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization gives you 2 then you
+should define Phi 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should define Phi 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should define Phi 2
+as one over square root of 2 a dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one over square root of 2 a dagger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one over square root of 2 a dagger a
+dagger on Phi 0 and that's proper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger on Phi 0 and that's proper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger on Phi 0 and that's proper so
+it's time to go general the ants excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to go general the ants excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time to go general the ants excited
+state we claim is given by an a dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we claim is given by an a dagger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we claim is given by an a dagger a
+dagger n of them acting on Phi 0 with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger n of them acting on Phi 0 with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger n of them acting on Phi 0 with a
+coefficient 1 over square root off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 1 over square root off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient 1 over square root off with
+my thing it's n but it's actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thing it's n but it's actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thing it's n but it's actually you
+can tell at this file at this moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell at this file at this moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell at this file at this moment is
+n factorial that's what you need that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial that's what you need that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n factorial that's what you need that is
+the state and what is the number of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and what is the number of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state and what is the number of this
+state what is the number eigenvalue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what is the number eigenvalue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state what is the number eigenvalue on
+phi n well it is 1 over square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi n well it is 1 over square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi n well it is 1 over square root of n
+factorial the number acting on the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial the number acting on the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial the number acting on the a
+daggers the end of them well 5 0 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers the end of them well 5 0 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers the end of them well 5 0 you can
+replace by the commutator with at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace by the commutator with at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace by the commutator with at least
+two times already so it's n commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times already so it's n commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times already so it's n commutator
+with a dagger to the little n fine not 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dagger to the little n fine not 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a dagger to the little n fine not 1
+over square root of n and how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of n and how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of n and how much is
+this commutator over there this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commutator over there this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commutator over there this is n
+times a dagger to the N find out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a dagger to the N find out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a dagger to the N find out so
+between these three factors you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these three factors you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these three factors you're still
+getting n 5 to the N so the number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting n 5 to the N so the number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting n 5 to the N so the number for
+this state is little n it is an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state is little n it is an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state is little n it is an energy
+eigenstate the n eigen value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate the n eigen value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate the n eigen value is
+little m and the energy is H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m and the energy is H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m and the energy is H bar Omega
+the eigenvalue of cotton hat which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue of cotton hat which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalue of cotton hat which is
+little n plus 1/2 so it is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n plus 1/2 so it is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n plus 1/2 so it is the energy
+eigenstate of number little n this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of number little n this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of number little n this is a
+definition and the last thing you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and the last thing you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and the last thing you may
+want to check is a normalization let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check is a normalization let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check is a normalization let me
+almost check it here Oh Reba I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost check it here Oh Reba I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost check it here Oh Reba I know I
+will change let's say I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change let's say I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change let's say I think this is a
+full derivation Phi and with Phi n would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full derivation Phi and with Phi n would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full derivation Phi and with Phi n would
+be two factors of those so I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two factors of those so I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two factors of those so I would have
+1 over n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n factorial
+a dagger a dagger n of them on fine not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger a dagger n of them on fine not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger a dagger n of them on fine not
+a dagger a dagger n of them again on Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger a dagger n of them again on Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dagger a dagger n of them again on Phi
+not so then that's equal to 1 over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so then that's equal to 1 over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so then that's equal to 1 over N
+factorial fine not a a lots of a n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial fine not a a lots of a n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial fine not a a lots of a n of
+them and a daggers find not like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and a daggers find not like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and a daggers find not like that
+that's what it is now we had to move all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is now we had to move all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is now we had to move all
+the a daggers that were acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a daggers that were acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a daggers that were acting on the
+left input of the integral or the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left input of the integral or the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left input of the integral or the inner
+product all the way to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product all the way to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product all the way to the right and
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+so now comes the this step and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now comes the this step and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now comes the this step and I think
+you can see why it's working think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why it's working think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why it's working think of
+moving the first a all the way here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the first a all the way here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the first a all the way here well
+you can replace the first a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can replace the first a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can replace the first a with a
+commutator but that a with lots of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator but that a with lots of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator but that a with lots of a
+daggers with em a dagger would give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers with em a dagger would give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daggers with em a dagger would give you
+a factor of n with n and daggers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of n with n and daggers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of n with n and daggers will
+give you a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a factor of
+times 1 a dagger less so to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 a dagger less so to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 a dagger less so to move the
+first a there any daggers and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a there any daggers and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a there any daggers and you get
+one factor of n from this a but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor of n from this a but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor of n from this a but for the
+next a there's now n minus 1 a daggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a there's now n minus 1 a daggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a there's now n minus 1 a daggers
+so this time you get a factor of n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time you get a factor of n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this time you get a factor of n minus
+1 when you move it from the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 when you move it from the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 when you move it from the next one
+there's going to be n minus 2 a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be n minus 2 a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be n minus 2 a dagger
+so n minus 2 all of them all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n minus 2 all of them all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so n minus 2 all of them all the way up
+to 1 cancels this n factorial and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 cancels this n factorial and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 cancels this n factorial and that's
+equal to 1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yBYebcVw8Zk.txt b/yBYebcVw8Zk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e99103da74d5760df12da2e031f782b52413dc53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yBYebcVw8Zk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2170 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, good afternoon.
+
+Today's lecture is going to
+be on child development.
+
+How they go from infancy and
+head towards adulthood.
+
+Next Thursday we'll talk about
+development after infancy and
+
+into adulthood and over age.
+
+And this amazing thing about
+babies and how do they get
+
+going, and how do scientists
+discover from babies and young
+
+children how their minds
+are fundamentally
+
+different than adults.
+
+And how your mind was
+fundamentally different than
+
+it is as an adult.
+
+And then the last thing will
+be a dangerous experiment,
+
+where my wife will come over
+with my two-year-old and my
+
+four-year-old and we'll try
+to do a developmental
+
+demonstration in front of you.
+
+But I should warn you
+that live children
+
+have their own will.
+
+So we'll see how that
+goes, okay?
+
+All right.
+
+So one thing that people are
+struck by babies is that
+
+babies are cute.
+
+And it's not just--
+
+It's thought to be not just
+fun, but kind of a really
+
+important biological thing.
+
+We talked about motherese
+before.
+
+Singsong talk to babies that
+help them learn a language.
+
+There's something about adults
+finding babies cute that makes
+
+them want to help babies.
+
+Parents and friends--
+
+The cuteness is thought to be
+an evolutionary reward for
+
+dealing with a baby.
+
+And people have said, well what
+is it that's a little bit
+
+different about a baby's
+face than an adult?
+
+They have rounder heads, they
+have foreheads that protrude
+
+more towards--
+
+that slope back more.
+
+They have larger eyes
+proportionately.
+
+Smaller jaw bones
+proportionally.
+
+And people use the term neotony
+to describe this kind
+
+of infant proportions, or
+properties, of faces, which
+
+are universal.
+
+And, of course, a lot of
+people discover this in
+
+advertising or cartoons.
+
+And so here's an interesting
+example of how Mickey Mouse
+
+has, over the years, from the
+original version of Mickey
+
+Mouse to the current super
+cute, super tested, super
+
+Disney version of Mickey Mouse,
+has become increasingly
+
+neotonized.
+
+And how much the cartoonists
+literally know that, or just
+
+have kept saying, what makes
+cuter, and cuter, and cuter,
+
+and ended up with a lot of the
+same proportions in Mickey
+
+Mouse's face that make infants
+so cute and desirable.
+
+We don't really know.
+
+But the world kind
+of feels this.
+
+Even adult research-- there's
+a little funny line of
+
+research-- that says adults who
+look more baby-faced get
+
+treated a little bit
+different socially.
+
+So here's Leonardo DiCaprio.
+
+And baby-faced adults in
+experiments are perceived as,
+
+just by their faces, as more
+naive, more honest, more
+
+helpless, more kind,
+more warm.
+
+People think, this is going
+to be a nice warm person.
+
+Guessing from faces they're
+using the cues of neotony.
+
+Other studies have found that
+people who are baby-faced are
+
+statistically more likely to be
+found innocent in cases of
+
+intentional wrongdoing.
+
+So where they're trying to prove
+if somebody on purpose
+
+tried to do something
+bad, they go, not
+
+that cute little person.
+
+But there's no difference if
+it's cases that involve
+
+negligence.
+
+Something where you should
+have done something.
+
+Because we know babies aren't
+super responsible
+
+for how they behave.
+
+And they're less likely to
+receive votes in elections.
+
+So people have done--
+
+I won't even tell you this-- but
+people have done all kinds
+
+of analyses of faces that
+win elections in the US
+
+and around the world.
+
+And there's two dimensions
+that people look for.
+
+What looks like somebody's
+empathetic and what looks like
+
+somebody's competent.
+
+So you want babies when it's
+fun, but when you have to
+
+figure out how to balance the
+budget that doesn't seem like
+
+a baby task.
+
+So it's kind of funny.
+
+And a lot of voters go by
+instincts as well as by facts
+
+or stated values.
+
+So in the development of infants
+into adults, the
+
+classic debates about how our
+mind grasps the world have
+
+played out, yet again,
+in a powerful way.
+
+You know, the nature-nurture
+debate.
+
+What's in our genes
+and gets us going?
+
+What's acquired from
+the environment?
+
+Philosophers who say that
+knowledge starts with innate,
+
+or genetic, or more evolved
+capacities.
+
+Other ones who've emphasized
+that we pick it up from the
+
+world empirically as measuring
+scientists.
+
+So, for example, Aristotle
+wrote, "There's nothing in the
+
+intellect which was not first
+in the senses." that's the
+
+empirical view.
+
+It's out there in the world
+and you solve it.
+
+And starting with
+a blank slate.
+
+And, in fact, the behaviorists
+believed in this with a
+
+vengeance in psychology.
+
+So Watson wrote, "Give me a
+dozen healthy infants, well
+
+formed, and my own specified
+world to bring them up.
+
+And I'll guarantee to take any
+of them, one at random, and
+
+train him to become any type of
+specialist I might select.
+
+A doctor, lawyer, artist,
+merchant, chief, and, yes,
+
+even beggerman and thief.
+
+That it's all the environment
+and a blank slate.
+
+And who really knows?"
+
+But infants are born with some
+incredible things, an we'll
+
+talk about them today.
+
+One of them is this experiment
+from Andy
+
+Meltzoff, which is this.
+
+That it seems like within
+moments of birth, infants are
+
+equipped with a desire
+to imitate adults.
+
+A desire to imitate.
+
+And why people have been really
+impressed by this is,
+
+if you have that in your genes
+and in your nature, it's a
+
+good way to learn about the
+world is to imitate people you
+
+see around you.
+
+It's kind of a driving
+principal.
+
+I'll imitate their language,
+their social mores.
+
+Here's what Meltzoff did.
+
+Sticks out his tongue, opens
+his mouth, purses his lips.
+
+And here's the infant, one day
+or a couple days old, tongue
+
+out, mouth open, lips pursed.
+
+Now, I should warn you
+about one thing.
+
+These are the greatest hits
+pieces of that research.
+
+People debate about
+how perfectly this
+
+happens, all right?
+
+So I was frustrated when my
+infant came home and I did all
+
+this stuff and she would not
+instantly do everything she
+
+was supposed to do.
+
+It's a statistical thing.
+
+Because when you see these
+pictures, they're showing you
+
+the best moments.
+
+They have to defend that it
+happens above chances
+
+statistically.
+
+But it's not like every
+expression you
+
+make they copy you.
+
+And that's why there's still
+some debate about exactly
+
+what's going on.
+
+But they definitely, on average,
+imitate an adult
+
+within a day or two of birth
+for completely arbitrary--
+
+as far as we think--
+
+expressions.
+
+So it's a very powerful
+mechanism for learning that
+
+appears to be in place.
+
+Because there's two ways that
+we could imagine genetically
+
+programmed learning.
+
+One is that you know the
+content of it already.
+
+But another way is that
+you just have stuff
+
+that makes you a learner.
+
+So being an imitator is a
+general way to make you a
+
+learner without being very
+specific to the content.
+
+So we talked a little bit
+about this already, but
+
+psychologists are unbelievably
+brilliant--
+
+I think, I'm really blown away--
+about how they can
+
+figure out when an infant knows
+and doesn't know, or
+
+young child knows
+or doesn't know.
+
+And they do this indirectly by
+things like looking time.
+
+And you've seen this.
+
+I'll give you an
+example or two.
+
+And you'll see some
+more examples.
+
+As a measure of what
+the baby knows, or
+
+the young child knows.
+
+And, of course, if they look
+longer at something it could
+
+be because they prefer it.
+
+And, also, if it's based
+on a memory task--
+
+like you saw something,
+you see it again--
+
+that would tell you there's some
+sort of discrimination .
+
+They can tell things apart
+based on memory.
+
+And then, sometimes, people will
+push this memory thing
+
+with habituation or
+familiarization, so if you
+
+show something to a baby over,
+and over, and over again, they
+
+get sort of tired of it.
+
+And at that moment they'll
+change the stimulus.
+
+And they'll see whether the
+baby gets newly attentive.
+
+Now, if it's something that the
+baby doesn't grasp, they
+
+won't get newly attentive.
+
+You know, nothing's changed
+in their mind.
+
+If it's something the baby
+understands, then they'll say,
+
+wow, something interesting
+is happening.
+
+And they'll look longer.
+
+So, here's an example.
+
+Baby getting bored because
+they're showing something over
+
+and over, and something
+new, oh!
+
+That's the kind of things
+that people measure.
+
+And we're doing it
+loosely here.
+
+They measure it pretty
+carefully.
+
+I should tell you, the people
+who do this kind of research--
+
+they'll film it, they'll show
+it to unbiased people like
+
+you, maybe judges.
+
+OK, to say, how long is
+the baby looking?
+
+Where's it looking?
+
+You don't know where the baby
+should be looking at or not.
+
+So researchers take care to make
+it not just that you're
+
+convinced in your heart
+of hearts that
+
+they're looking more.
+
+They film it.
+
+They show it to people who don't
+know what's going on.
+
+They try to make it a blind
+procedure in many ways, the
+
+better research.
+
+So how do we know things?
+
+Even very young infants look
+selectively at novel objects.
+
+If something's new, even at
+one day, if you show them
+
+checkerboards with different
+size squares, same size, same
+
+size, same size, wait a couple
+seconds, smaller squares.
+
+They look more.
+
+This shows you they saw the
+difference in the squares.
+
+They even remember, somehow in
+their mind, the difference
+
+between the squares.
+
+Because when you switch it
+they start looking more.
+
+Something interesting has
+happened based on perception
+
+and memory.
+
+Another thing that
+we've mentioned--
+
+I'll just remind you-- is that
+infants, almost from birth,
+
+seem to love to control, or
+provoke, their environment.
+
+So we already mentioned to you
+that 20 month olds prefer a
+
+mobile that responds to their
+bodily movements.
+
+They like things that
+they control.
+
+If they take a two-month-old,
+and they put a string on their
+
+wrist by which they can control
+a showing of Sesame
+
+Street, they kind
+of like that.
+
+And if you stop Sesame Street,
+they show anger on their face.
+
+Hey, I was in charge here, who
+has the remote control now.
+
+And four and five month olds,
+a little bit older, remain
+
+angry when the video comes back
+on because that's not
+
+what they wanted.
+
+They wanted to control the
+presentation of the video.
+
+So infants have this apparent
+craving to explore and feel
+
+like they have some control over
+their environment, at an
+
+age when they don't control a
+lot because of their limited
+
+physical capacity.
+
+In the first three or four
+months, infants explore the
+
+world a lot by their mouths.
+
+That's why people worry to not
+leave around things that they
+
+will put into their mouth and
+swallow, that are dangerous.
+
+Because their visual and
+auditory systems, and their
+
+system with their hand,
+are slowly developing.
+
+By five or six months around
+the world, they start to
+
+explore with their hands and
+their eyes around them.
+
+As their motor system
+gets more mature.
+
+As their visual system
+gains acuity.
+
+And we already know that infants
+use social cues to
+
+guide exploration.
+
+One of the big changes this
+happened in the last 10 years,
+
+I'd say, in infant studies or
+child studies, has been a lot
+
+of appreciation about the
+intersection between cognition
+
+and social interaction.
+
+There used to be like two
+different worlds of people who
+
+studied language.
+
+They would have algorithms and
+formulas about the language.
+
+And then the social people who'd
+study how babies were
+
+cute or something, right?
+
+But there's been more and more
+thought that a deep thing in
+
+us that helps cognition grow,
+is the social relations that
+
+an infant is drawn to parents
+and caretakers.
+
+So, for example, a
+six-month-old, if their mother
+
+rolls or pounds a ball, they
+tend to copy, they tend to
+
+imitate that action.
+
+They follow the eyes
+of a person.
+
+Joint attention.
+
+You know, eyes are the
+windows on the soul.
+
+We know eyes mean a lot.
+
+Where are people putting
+their attention?
+
+What are they paying
+attention to?
+
+Infants pick up on this
+very early on.
+
+And if somebody looks over there
+they look over there.
+
+If you look at them they
+know your attention
+
+is focused on them.
+
+And sometimes people
+will say--
+
+because psychologists love to
+test everything-- is it just
+
+the way the head is turning?
+
+So if you cover somebody's
+head they
+
+don't follow it anymore.
+
+They know it has to be the eyes
+reflecting where the mind
+
+is putting its attention.
+
+It's not the head direction.
+
+It's the eyes.
+
+Here's something, infants who
+are a little bit better at
+
+following eyes--
+
+either maturing faster
+or something--
+
+also learn language faster.
+
+They get words faster,
+and syntax faster.
+
+It's as if part of that social
+interaction is helping to
+
+drive the language learning.
+
+So that's how these social
+things and language things
+
+interact very substantially.
+
+And we already said that a
+12-month-old will stop at a
+
+visual cliff, but if the mother
+smiles there they go.
+
+So constant learning
+that mixes in the
+
+cognitive and the social.
+
+Now the epic name in
+developmental psychology is
+
+Jean Piaget.
+
+Because prior to him, roughly
+speaking, in the science of
+
+child development, people just
+thought children were sort of
+
+boring and dumb.
+
+They need a lot of attention.
+
+Please finish MIT so we can talk
+with you intelligently.
+
+I guess people were not
+that interested.
+
+Partly is the world was
+different in so many ways.
+
+There was no-- practically
+no--
+
+formal psychology
+experimentation or thought
+
+about what really children's
+mental lives were like.
+
+And Piaget--
+
+I have a wrong year
+there, 1886--
+
+developed--
+
+he himself was a child prodigy,
+trained in biology.
+
+Very early interest in whether
+categories are in our heads or
+
+in the world.
+
+Tried poetry.
+
+Worked with Binet on
+intelligence testing.
+
+Became interested in patterns
+of errors and successes.
+
+You'll see that in many ways,
+what he discovered about how a
+
+child mind is different than
+yours fundamentally, is based
+
+on the patterns of
+their errors.
+
+And he said, there's two
+basic things going on.
+
+This is a huge idea.
+
+One is assimilation, you
+incorporate new knowledge into
+
+existing cognitive structures.
+
+It's basically ways you
+think about the world.
+
+And new knowledge is added.
+
+That's important.
+
+But he thought the dramatic
+thing that happens in infancy
+
+and childhood is what he
+called adaptation.
+
+That the fundamental ways in
+which you understand the world
+
+are shifted, through
+development, to accommodate
+
+new evidence.
+
+So there's a wonderful book if
+you come across it called The
+
+Scientist in the Crib.
+
+But it's kind of a pun.
+
+It's written by scientists
+who study infants.
+
+But the idea is that, in a
+sense, every infant is kind of
+
+his or her own scientist--
+
+as you were--
+
+probing the world and
+discovering the physical and
+
+social laws of the world.
+
+Because they don't know them
+coming in and they're going to
+
+pick up a lot of them.
+
+They're going to probe them.
+
+But fail to publish
+the results.
+
+So Piaget postulated that were
+these big stages, what he
+
+called the Sensorimotor age,
+zero to two, where the world
+
+is one of what you see and
+the physical actions.
+
+And there's not much
+representation of ideas or
+
+lasting thoughts.
+
+And we'll see some examples
+of these.
+
+Between two and seven, you start
+to be able to keep a
+
+thought in your mind.
+
+You still have an egocentric
+prospective.
+
+You see the world from your view
+but not appreciating the
+
+views of somebody else.
+
+You start to use language.
+
+A lot of flimsy discussion about
+fantasy and reality.
+
+I could tell you with my own
+daughter, who you'll meet,
+
+she's still working out
+whether fairies
+
+really exist or not.
+
+This was chaotic because we
+went to some skating show
+
+where Tinkerbell was a human
+dancing, and that totally made
+
+the situation very
+complicated.
+
+She's still working on that.
+
+Concrete, as you get 7 to 11,
+organize logical thought.
+
+Still concrete, as opposed
+to sort of abstract.
+
+And then you move to more adult
+like cognition, which
+
+we'll talk about next week.
+
+So the idea is from birth to two
+years, you would love to
+
+have an infant just tell you
+what do I think the world is
+
+really like.
+
+They have very modest language,
+of course, so they
+
+can't tell you what they see.
+
+So the thought is they have
+fleeting, disconnected sensory
+
+impressions and motor
+reactions.
+
+It's all, what do I see?
+
+How am I responding?
+
+That their focus of thought is
+centered on actions, not
+
+things or intentions.
+
+And I'll show you in a
+very concrete way.
+
+That there's no distinction in
+their mind between things that
+
+are stable in the world
+and transient events.
+
+No distinction between
+themselves and the world
+
+around them.
+
+It's all just one big mush until
+they connect abstract
+
+representations that separate
+these things out.
+
+So let's talk about
+object permanence.
+
+I'm going to show you that you
+have object permanence just by
+
+saying, here's my pointer.
+
+I need a volunteer.
+
+This is so easy that you
+will not feel scared.
+
+I promise.
+
+All right.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+So you see this?
+
+Where do you think it is now?
+
+OK.
+
+If I was really cool
+teacher who did
+
+magic it would be gone.
+
+But yes, and you know
+it's there.
+
+That's object permanence.
+
+If you turn your head
+you believe it's
+
+probably still there.
+
+But that's going beyond the
+fundamentals of perception,
+
+that's your knowledge, and
+representing in your head,
+
+there's something I don't see
+but I know it's there.
+
+That is not available to
+a zero to two year old.
+
+So, for example, if they see a
+rattle they feel a rattle.
+
+But now if they look away, or
+if you just put a sheet of
+
+paper in front of it--
+
+I'll show you a couple
+of examples--
+
+they behave as if the rattle
+no longer exists.
+
+Just like I did in
+front of you.
+
+If you just cover it up, it's
+gone as if it doesn't exist.
+
+Because their mind cannot
+represent what they do not see
+
+right in front of them.
+
+So out of sight out
+of existence.
+
+So you can show them a toy they
+love, and until about
+
+eight months, you
+could do this.
+
+They'll start crying.
+
+They'll protest.
+
+But they won't reach for it,
+even when it's easily within
+
+their reach.
+
+Out of sight, out of mind.
+
+It doesn't exist.
+
+They can't represent in their
+mind what they don't see.
+
+And then there's another one.
+
+You'll see a film of this.
+
+But let me tell you this.
+
+Which tells you about actions
+verses other things.
+
+So imagine you hide a toy under
+one location, the child
+
+searches there, finds it.
+
+You hide it again in
+the same location.
+
+You encourage the
+child to search.
+
+They find it.
+
+They do it two or three times.
+
+Now, in front of the child, you
+take that same object that
+
+you've shown them like
+this several times.
+
+They've grabbed several times.
+
+And you simply, in front
+of them, pick it up
+
+and put it over here.
+
+And they're viewing everything
+in full view,
+
+just like you did.
+
+What do they do?
+
+When it's their turn to
+grab they grab here.
+
+The wrong place.
+
+The place where they
+grab before.
+
+Because what's in their mind
+is the action they did.
+
+Not the object as an independent
+thing they can put
+
+in their mind.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+And I'll show you several
+pieces of this.
+
+It's called the A-not-B
+effect.
+
+I put this A, A, A, A in
+the front, full view.
+
+Put it over here and they reach
+over here to get it.
+
+So this is this idea, that in
+their head is not a toy.
+
+Their head is representing the
+thing on the right that they
+
+reached for.
+
+Because they don't represent
+ideas of things.
+
+They represent actions
+that they've done.
+
+So here's object permanence.
+
+Here's a child sees
+a toy they like.
+
+You put up, in front of them,
+this thing and tragically,
+
+it's disappeared.
+
+It's gone out of existence
+in the world.
+
+Some people have done some
+sort of NIRS imaging
+
+suggesting that kids who get
+past this stage are developing
+
+some frontal maturation.
+
+But I think the most compelling
+things are the
+
+videos of the kids themselves.
+
+So let me show you another film,
+again very cleverly, the
+
+Renee Baillergon has been one
+the leaders in this field--
+
+very cleverly showing you what
+infants grasp and don't grasp.
+
+Not only the brilliance
+of these experiments.
+
+These infants are really trying
+to figure out the
+
+world, and coming up with
+hypotheses that they're
+
+confirming.
+
+And then when they're broken
+down they're upset with
+
+what's going on.
+
+So let's move on to age two to
+seven, especially in the early
+
+years, so-called a
+preoperational stage.
+
+And one of the coolest things,
+and we'll try this and see how
+
+it goes with some girls in a
+few minutes, is this idea.
+
+So if you see two glasses filled
+with equal amounts of
+
+liquid, and you pour one over
+into the thinner, taller
+
+glass, c, which will have
+more water in it?
+
+A or C?
+
+The same.
+
+But not if you're a two year
+old or a four-year-old.
+
+So it's called conservation
+of liquid.
+
+So, it's kind of fascinating,
+isn't it?
+
+It's kind of amazing.
+
+If you do this with a three
+year old it's virtually
+
+guaranteed they'll do this.
+
+All of you did it all
+over the world.
+
+And, in some sense, as far as we
+can guess , all throughout
+
+our species' history.
+
+So brilliant ways of showing
+that babies, or young
+
+children, really see a little
+bit of a different world than
+
+you and I as adults.
+
+So here's another very powerful
+area of research,
+
+which is taking perspectives
+from the view that other
+
+people have thoughts and
+feelings besides yourself and
+
+how you interact with them.
+
+And people call this idea
+theory of mind.
+
+The idea that you understand
+that other people out there
+
+have their own thoughts, their
+own feelings distinct from
+
+yours, and in the most
+challenging case, they can
+
+even be false beliefs.
+
+A person can have wrong
+information in their head and
+
+truly believe it, even when
+you know it's wrong.
+
+Because you, as an adult,
+realize that thoughts are one
+
+thing and physical reality
+is another thing.
+
+But that's not what
+children think.
+
+They think there's
+just one reality.
+
+That's why at the very youngest
+age, they think if
+
+they cover their eyes that you
+don't know where they are,.
+
+Because they think there's one
+physical reality only.
+
+And they don't realize there's
+another prospective
+
+besides their own.
+
+So here's a very clever
+experiment showing you that at
+
+three months, children code the
+word in terms of actions.
+
+And by six to nine months,
+they begin to understand
+
+intentions, that people out
+there-- animals too but we'll
+
+just focus on people--
+have intentions and
+
+goals in their head.
+
+So here's what the experiment
+they do using this
+
+habituation.
+
+There's two pedestals here, and
+a person reaches again and
+
+again for a ball.
+
+So now, what do you believe
+the intention is?
+
+To reach for the ball.
+
+You see it 10 times, the
+baby's losing interest.
+
+Now comes their shocker to get
+the baby crying, or laughing,
+
+or drooling.
+
+Get the baby's attention
+that you can
+
+measure by how they respond.
+
+And in some conditions,
+something goes down, and when
+
+it goes back up the
+person reaches.
+
+But now they take
+the same action.
+
+They reach for the left
+pedestal, but
+
+it's a teddy bear.
+
+Or another case, they reach
+for the ball in
+
+the opposite side.
+
+Who, depending on their age,
+sees these two different
+
+changes in the scenario
+as startling?
+
+The three month olds are
+startled when the person
+
+reaches for the same object.
+
+The three month old.
+
+Because in their mind, the only
+thing that was really
+
+happening was reach for the
+left, reach for the left,
+
+reach for the left.
+
+And now you're reaching
+for the right.
+
+The action changed.
+
+Because the action is
+independent of intention.
+
+It's just what happened, what
+happened, what happened.
+
+They're shocked when
+the person goes for
+
+the ball over here.
+
+By six to nine months,
+they're shocked--
+
+relatively speaking--
+
+when the person reaches for the
+same action but now the
+
+goal is different.
+
+Grabbing the teddy bear.
+
+It's as if they understand the
+intention of the person was to
+
+get the ball, and these children
+think the only thing
+
+that's happening is physical
+action, physical action,
+
+physical action.
+
+So very clever experiment by
+this habituation and looking
+
+time to show at three months
+all you see is actions.
+
+And by six to nine months you
+start to grasp that people
+
+have intentions in their head
+above and beyond their actions
+
+that govern their actions.
+
+So to make it really tricky,
+there's this very clever
+
+experiment that makes--
+
+and we'll try it in
+a few minutes--
+
+this way.
+
+This so-called Sally-Anne
+problem because it's been so
+
+widely cited and discussed.
+
+So you tell a child
+this story.
+
+Imagine there's two girls
+here, Sally and Anne.
+
+And Sally takes a ball and
+puts it in this basket.
+
+And then she leaves the room.
+
+Anne, who's a little bit of a
+troublemaker takes the ball
+
+out of here and puts it into
+this box, and closes the box.
+
+Here's the big question.
+
+When Sally comes back and looks
+for this ball, where
+
+will she look?
+
+And a three year old
+says, in the box.
+
+Now if she was out of the room
+there's no way for her to look
+
+that's in the box.
+
+But for the three year
+old, there's not
+
+thoughts and reality.
+
+There's just kind of reality.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+The three year old can't
+entertain the idea that Sally
+
+has, in her head, wrong
+knowledge of
+
+where this ball is.
+
+The she couldn't have known
+where it is and she's going to
+
+act on the knowledge
+that's in her head.
+
+That's the content
+of her mind.
+
+The three year old says there's
+one reality, the ball
+
+is over here.
+
+I know it.
+
+Everybody knows it.
+
+What else is there to
+even think about?
+
+But that typical five-year-old
+will say, Sally will look in
+
+the wrong place.
+
+She'll look in the basket.
+
+She'll look in the wrong
+place compared to
+
+where the ball is now.
+
+Because she believes
+it's there.
+
+She has the wrong idea
+in her head.
+
+That ideas can be independent of
+physical, observable things
+
+in the world.
+
+This is a universal finding.
+
+I'm going to have to
+change my settings.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Your handout has this.
+
+In practically every country
+where they've tested this,
+
+three year olds don't have
+a theory of mind,
+
+five year olds do.
+
+Turns out--
+
+and you could take a guess--
+
+the older sibling you have,
+the younger you become at
+
+getting a good theory of mind.
+
+Nobody really knows what the
+answer but what's your guess?
+
+The more siblings you
+have that are older
+
+than you, the younger--
+
+by some number of months--
+people tend to show that they
+
+can understand that people have
+all kinds of thoughts and
+
+beliefs in their head.
+
+What's your guess?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: They have gone
+through versions of the
+
+Sally-Anne problem themselves.
+
+PROFESSOR: They may have been
+tortured by their siblings.
+
+But on top of that, the
+intuition is-- and we don't
+
+really know, this is hard to--
+
+they're living in a world,
+because they have older
+
+siblings who do unkind things
+to them, who have superior
+
+powers over them physically,
+they're much more socially--
+
+have to figure out what's going
+on to survive happily
+
+and make their way
+in the world.
+
+The big five year old, he or she
+is dominant, and the two
+
+year old is trying
+to steer around.
+
+Like, what is does that
+five year old think?
+
+How will I not get into
+trouble with that
+
+five-year-old and my mother
+and my father?
+
+A younger sibling has more
+social pressures to figure out
+
+what's going on and steer your
+way around, and not get in
+
+trouble with your
+older siblings.
+
+We'll come back to autism.
+
+I'll just say a word
+about this now.
+
+You hear a lot about it.
+
+The current guess is that it's
+approximately 1 out of every
+
+140 children.
+
+A shockinging increase in
+numbers to what people
+
+believed it was many
+years ago.
+
+Mysteriously, there's
+many more boys
+
+than girls with autism.
+
+Estimates are 4 to 1, or 10
+to 1 range, all there.
+
+It's hard to know for sure.
+
+We'll talk more about that.
+
+Autism is defined
+by three things.
+
+A sort of weakness, or
+deficit, in social
+
+interaction.
+
+Children with autism, or adults,
+have difficulty in
+
+social interaction.
+
+In communication.
+
+And they have lots of repetitive
+behaviors that can
+
+be difficult to help in
+interaction with others.
+
+And when people test theory of
+mind in children with autism,
+
+it's typically delayed by five
+or six years on average, for
+
+those children who can
+take the test at all.
+
+They have a very slowly
+developing, very delayed
+
+theory of mind and understanding
+what's in the
+
+content of the thoughts
+of other people.
+
+And that's considered one of
+their biggest challenges.
+
+How they relate to
+other people.
+
+Understanding what the other
+person's thinking and feeling.
+
+Just for a couple minutes I'm
+going to show you a video and
+
+then we're going to try--
+
+So the biggest challenges to
+Piaget have been this idea
+
+that there's these distinct
+stages of thought.
+
+That your mind shifts,
+literally, how it's
+
+constructed and understands
+the world.
+
+And that people have thought
+that the process is much more
+
+continuous than Piaget
+had suggested.
+
+And here's one compelling
+example of that kind.
+
+So this is the A-not-B
+experiment.
+
+There's a two food wells,
+and something of
+
+interest in this infant.
+
+The seven month old looks
+at the toy here.
+
+It gets covered up.
+
+It's placed in b, and b is
+one of the two wells.
+
+He continues to look at b
+when both are covered.
+
+He knows the toy
+is over there.
+
+And the toy has been placed
+over and over again in a.
+
+So he gets the A-not-B error.
+
+He has the action.
+
+And even though he sees the
+toy is placed there.
+
+It's covered up.
+
+He's looking where the toy is.
+
+When it's time to reach
+he goes to this well.
+
+So this is A-not-B error.
+
+A part of his mind that guides
+action is stuck and guides
+
+what he reaches for.
+
+But obviously another part of
+his mind knows perfectly well
+
+where the toy is.
+
+So it's not as if it's all of
+one, or all of another.
+
+His mind is representing that
+there's a toy down there, but
+
+the part of his brain or mind
+that guides his action is
+
+still stuck at this early
+developmental stage. it's if
+
+he were two ages.
+
+One guiding where
+his eyes goes.
+
+And one guiding the
+ultimate action of
+
+where his hands goes.
+
+And as he gets a little older,
+his eyes and hands will go in
+
+the same place.
+
+OK, last couple of things
+about how infants are
+
+mathematicians.
+
+Because, of course, we focused
+on language, or social
+
+thought, but the ideas of
+counting and, ultimately,
+
+arithmetic or math also come
+out of children's minds.
+
+And a very clever experiment--
+
+and I'll show you
+two of them--
+
+that shows even at six months,
+infants are starting to
+
+prepare themselves to become
+mathematicians.
+
+And here's how they begin
+the counting.
+
+They're shown displays of three
+objects or two objects.
+
+And then they hear two sounds
+like boom boom.
+
+And where do they look?
+
+They tend to look at the
+one with two objects.
+
+So this is pretty impressive.
+
+They're counting the two.
+
+They're relating something in
+sound to something in sight
+
+that's arbitrarily related,
+but that shares the
+
+numerosity.
+
+And if they get boom, boom,
+boom, three boom sounds, then
+
+they go, OK, now I like the
+display with three things.
+
+They understand, in some level,
+twoness and threeness.
+
+And so you start to have the
+basis of having numbers.
+
+And not only that, Karen Wynn
+at Yale has shown quite
+
+cleverly, not only do infants
+have numbers.
+
+They can do a little bit of
+subtraction and addition.
+
+So here's the experiment
+she does.
+
+She places an object
+in a case.
+
+The screen comes up.
+
+Now comes the second object.
+
+And the hand leaves.
+
+OK.
+
+The screen drops.
+
+And there are two.
+
+One plus one equals two.
+
+And the infant goes,
+OK, no big deal.
+
+But if the screen drops and
+there's one, the infant is
+
+startled and looks longer.
+
+And they can do it the
+other way around.
+
+They can do subtraction
+as well.
+
+So one plus one equals two, and
+if there's one left by the
+
+trickery of the kind you saw
+earlier, they're disturbed
+
+that the addition has not
+occurred correctly.
+
+Or the subtraction has not
+occurred correctly.
+
+And there's kind of a debate--
+this is the last slide--
+
+and here's the core idea,
+though, which is this.
+
+That our minds afford us, by
+evolution, counting up to
+
+about four objects
+in the world.
+
+And many animals do
+that as well.
+
+That sort of has to develop a
+little bit, but we've at lot
+
+running in us.
+
+So that infants can do.
+
+Because, of course, if you show
+7-- if you give 77 booms,
+
+they don't look for the display
+with 77 versus 78.
+
+They can't do that.
+
+So they can operate in the world
+of 1 to 3 or 1 to 4.
+
+And then they discovered--
+
+there's been a series of studies
+in tribes, that are
+
+relatively isolated in different
+parts of the world,
+
+where in their language they
+only have words for
+
+one, two, and three.
+
+And everything after that
+is really described as
+
+many, or a whole lot.
+
+They don't have words
+for five and up.
+
+There's no word in
+their language.
+
+Because they've never needed it,
+apparently, in the worlds
+
+they live in.
+
+So they go to them and
+they have them do
+
+little counting tasks.
+
+And as soon as they get beyond
+about four they get very
+
+inaccurate.
+
+It's as if the mind naturally
+can represent about four
+
+things in the object world, four
+things in the counting
+
+world-- maybe because
+of that--
+
+and after that everything is a
+cultural invention of higher
+
+level mathematics.
+
+It builds off one to four.
+
+But you don't have it
+unless your culture
+
+teaches it to you.
+
+Or your culture invents it.
+
+And there's been brain imaging
+studies too, suggesting that
+
+counting one to four is very
+different in the brain than
+
+exact mathematics beyond the
+number four or five.
+
+That's all culturally learned
+and invented.
+
+It's based on an innate
+one to four capacity.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yCd_OSJmtfg.txt b/yCd_OSJmtfg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42c2be7225e9209a1fa06e678c639ed97bf6ca27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yCd_OSJmtfg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2797 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We're going to start
+with an interesting
+
+application of demand curve
+analysis, of the kind of
+
+indifference curve and
+constrained choice analysis
+
+we've been doing, the
+case of food stamps.
+
+And then we're going to move
+on and talk about deriving
+
+demand curves.
+
+So let's talk about
+food stamps.
+
+It's an interesting case.
+
+This is a policy that's been in
+place in the US government
+
+for a very long time, which are
+essentially coupons that
+
+individuals can use
+to buy food.
+
+It used to literally
+be coupons.
+
+It used to literally, you'd
+get a stamp, a coupon, and
+
+you'd go to the supermarket and
+hand this in instead of
+
+cash to buy your goods.
+
+Now it's actually
+a debit card.
+
+And it's given to low-income
+individuals as a way of
+
+redistributing income
+in society.
+
+So individuals of income below
+a certain level, typically,
+
+say, a family with income below
+about $25,000 a year,
+
+below what we call the US
+poverty line, will be eligible
+
+for food stamps, which is a
+debit card they can use to
+
+charge their food purchases.
+
+Now, what I want to talk about
+today is how we can use the
+
+kind of analysis we've done so
+far to think about the effect
+
+of food stamps.
+
+So let's start with
+figure 6-1.
+
+And let's think about someone
+with an original budget line.
+
+If someone has a budget line,
+they have income of $1,000.
+
+OK, a very poor person, they
+have income of $1,000.
+
+And let's talk about them, their
+choices between food and
+
+all other goods.
+
+Once again we have
+this analysis.
+
+We put everything in
+two dimensions.
+
+What we think about is via
+mental accounting, as we
+
+talked about last time.
+
+However you want to justify it
+to yourself, the way we model
+
+it is thinking about people
+having this choice along two
+
+dimensions, food and other
+goods, and they
+
+have income of $1000.
+
+Let's say we'll have
+two individuals,
+
+individual x and y.
+
+Individual x doesn't care
+that much about food.
+
+They really like consuming
+other goods.
+
+So they spend $600 of their
+income on other
+
+goods and $400 on food.
+
+Individual y cares
+a lot about food.
+
+They end up spending $900
+of their budget on food.
+
+And that should be 100.
+
+100 on other goods.
+
+So that y-intercept should
+be 100 for person y.
+
+So they spend 900 on food
+and 100 on other goods.
+
+Now let's say the government
+comes in and wants to consider
+
+two options.
+
+The government decides, look,
+we want to help poor people.
+
+And particularly we want to give
+people like these people
+
+$500 in resources.
+
+Let's think of two different
+ways the
+
+government could do that.
+
+One way the government
+could do it is it
+
+could give them cash.
+
+It could say, look, we're
+going to send
+
+you a check for $500.
+
+What would that do to their
+budget constraint?
+
+Well that would shift it out, as
+we talked about last time.
+
+It would be an outward shift
+of $500 at every point.
+
+So their new budget constraint
+would be the line that runs
+
+from $1,500 of all other goods
+to $1,500 dollars in food.
+
+So include that.
+
+So both the solid and dashed
+portions would be their new
+
+budget constraint.
+
+So the new budget constraint
+would run from 1,500 to 1,500.
+
+Person x would choose to
+move from x1 to x2.
+
+I'm sorry, they would choose
+to move from x1.
+
+It's not labeled as a point.
+
+But they would actually choose
+to move from indifference
+
+curve 2 to indifference
+curve 3.
+
+OK, that's where they'd choose
+to move if they could choose
+
+along this entire line.
+
+Let me sort of, well, I'm not
+going to draw it, because I'll
+
+do a bad job.
+
+But basically, if you can think
+about the new budget
+
+constraint running from 1,500 to
+1,500, person x would move
+
+from indifference curve 2
+to indifference curve 3.
+
+They would choose--
+
+Actually, you know what?
+
+Let's put this graph aside.
+
+It's not quite right along
+the number of dimensions.
+
+I'm going to draw this, because
+there's a number of
+
+problems with that.
+
+So you've got an original budget
+line that runs from
+
+1,000 to 1,000.
+
+And we've got person x up here,
+and they're choosing to
+
+spend 400 on food and
+600 on other goods.
+
+And we've got person
+y down here.
+
+This is person x, and they're
+in section x1.
+
+And person y intercepts at y1
+where they choose to spend 900
+
+on food and 100 on
+other goods.
+
+Now, the government first says,
+look, we're going to
+
+give people $500 in cash.
+
+That just shifts the budget
+constraint out parallel, but
+
+now runs from 1,500 to 1,500.
+
+Let's say that the choices
+people make--
+
+Person x would say, great, I'm
+going to take that money, I'm
+
+going to spend almost all
+of it on other goods.
+
+So I'm going to move to a point
+like x2, where I'm going
+
+to consume $1,200 on--
+
+I'm going to consume--
+
+They were consuming--
+
+No, I'm sorry.
+
+15, right.
+
+They're going to move from
+spending $600 on other goods
+
+and $400 on food to spending
+$1,100 of their dollars on
+
+other goods, and--
+
+let me think for a second.
+
+Let's say they would
+go vertically.
+
+So let's say they'd choose
+to spend all
+
+of it on other goods.
+
+So they'd take the whole 500,
+and they'd go from spending--
+
+they'd continue to spend 400 on
+food, but now they'd spend
+
+1,100 on other goods.
+
+So person x, they would
+continue to
+
+spend $400 on food.
+
+They'd say I'm going to take
+that entire $500, instead of
+
+spending $600 on other goods,
+I'm going to spend $1,100 on
+
+other goods.
+
+Let's say person y, they would
+say, well I'm going to
+
+sort of split it.
+
+I'm going to spend
+some on food.
+
+So this is their new
+intercept x2.
+
+I'm going to spend some on food,
+and I'm going to spend
+
+some on other goods.
+
+So I'm going to go out here.
+
+I'm going to spend now--
+
+instead of spending
+$900 on food, I'll
+
+spend $1,200 on food.
+
+I'll take $300 and
+spend it on food.
+
+Instead of spending $100 on
+other goods, I'll spend $300
+
+on other goods.
+
+OK, so that's person y2.
+
+OK, so that's what they'd do if
+we gave them $500 in cash.
+
+Now say the government came in
+and said, you know, we're
+
+going to give you $500 but in
+the form of a coupon that you
+
+can spend on food.
+
+So the first question is, what
+does that do to the budget
+
+constraint?
+
+This is a bit tricky.
+
+We've got to think about this.
+
+Think about their budget
+constraint.
+
+What that says is for anyone who
+wants to continue to, at
+
+least spend $1,000 on--
+
+anyone who wants to at least
+spend $500 on food, it does
+
+not change their opportunities
+at all.
+
+So the new budget constraint
+looks like this.
+
+It's a solid line to here,
+and then it goes down.
+
+This intersects at 500.
+
+It's a solid line to the point
+at $500, and then it goes down
+
+and follows the old
+budget constraint.
+
+Why does it do that?
+
+Because for anyone to this side,
+they are $500 richer
+
+regardless of whether you
+give them cash or food.
+
+Either way they're
+$500 richer.
+
+Why?
+
+Because as long as you intended
+to spend $500 on food
+
+anyway, it doesn't matter the
+form in which the government
+
+gives you the money.
+
+Think about that for a second.
+
+It's very important.
+
+If you were going to spend $500
+on food anyway, it does
+
+not matter if the government
+gives you a check for 500, or
+
+a food card for 500.
+
+Why is that?
+
+That's because your budget
+is what we call fungible.
+
+You can always move money around
+within your budget.
+
+So let's say you're spending
+500 on cash.
+
+Let's take a person like y.
+
+Let's take a person like y.
+
+They were spending 900 on food
+and 100 on other goods.
+
+The government comes
+in and gives them a
+
+food card for 500.
+
+Well to them that's the same
+as $500 in cash because
+
+they're already spending
+$900 on food.
+
+They can just take some of the
+cash on food, spend it on
+
+other things, and use the card
+for the food instead.
+
+So for them, there's no
+difference in giving them cash
+
+or giving them the food card.
+
+It has the same effect.
+
+They move to y2 either way.
+
+Now let's take a
+person like x.
+
+Well, if you gave them cash,
+$500 cash, they'd spend none
+
+of it on food.
+
+So they've been consuming
+$1,100 of other
+
+goods and $400 of food.
+
+But they can't do that if you
+give them a food card, right,
+
+if you give them food stamps.
+
+That's not a choice.
+
+They are now constrained to
+move to a point like x3.
+
+They're now constrained to move
+to a point like x3 where
+
+they have to go to this
+intersection.
+
+Because this point is
+not attainable.
+
+This point is not attainable.
+
+If you give them food stamps,
+the new budget
+
+constraint is this.
+
+So x2 is no longer attainable.
+
+They have to move to
+a point like x3.
+
+So what do we know about their
+level of happiness
+
+at x3 versus x2?
+
+Someone raise their
+hand and tell me.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's lower.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Lower.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's lower.
+
+And how do you know that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it's kind of
+like, if it was on the full
+
+curve, they would
+be elsewhere.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well OK, so there's
+two different ways to see it.
+
+One is you could say, look
+they're at a lower
+
+indifference curve.
+
+You can see what's wrong
+with this graph.
+
+The indifference curves cross.
+
+The indifference curves
+can never cross.
+
+So that's wrong there.
+
+They're on a lower indifference
+curve, OK.
+
+But what's the other way
+to think about it?
+
+AUDIENCE: The marginal rate
+of substitution and
+
+transformation aren't
+the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: The marginal rate
+of substitution and
+
+transformation aren't
+the same.
+
+That's another way
+to think about.
+
+And that's always true
+at the optimum.
+
+But what else do we know about
+a point like this?
+
+They could have chosen that
+point before and didn't.
+
+Right?
+
+When they had the cash, they
+had the option of choosing
+
+this point, but they didn't,
+they chose a different point.
+
+So we know by something called
+revealed preference that
+
+they're worse off.
+
+This is a very important
+concept.
+
+If someone makes a choice that
+they turned down before, then
+
+by revealed preference they're
+less well off.
+
+We've revealed that they're
+worse, because they could have
+
+chosen this point before,
+but they didn't.
+
+When you gave them the cash,
+they chose this point.
+
+So by revealed preference we
+revealed they're worse off.
+
+So it's the same
+as saying their
+
+indifference curve is lower.
+
+We've revealed they're
+worse off.
+
+So what we've learned is for
+person y, they don't care if
+
+you give them cash or a food
+card, food stamps.
+
+It's called food stamps, but
+it's now a debit card.
+
+Person x is made worse off if
+you give them the food stamps
+
+instead of the cash.
+
+Why do it?
+
+You're the government.
+
+The US government spends $35
+billion every year giving
+
+people food stamps
+instead of cash.
+
+Why don't we just take that
+$35 billion and give it to
+
+them in cash?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably because the
+government doesn't trust
+
+people to spend it on what
+they actually need.
+
+And that will just lead to
+more poverty and people
+
+wasting it on things
+they don't need.
+
+PROFESSOR: Or to put it more
+succinctly, what if this axis
+
+was not labeled other goods
+but labeled cocaine.
+
+Then we might be sad that you
+took the whole $500 and spent
+
+it on cocaine.
+
+We might want you to take that
+$500 and spend it on food.
+
+So it's paternalism.
+
+The reason we give the guys food
+stamps instead of cash is
+
+we don't trust them
+with the cash.
+
+If we trusted people with the
+cash, there'd be no reason not
+
+to give them the cash.
+
+We are unambiguously making them
+worse off by forcing them
+
+to consume a bundle that's on
+a lower utility curve, lower
+
+indifference curve.
+
+But since we don't trust them,
+since we're paternalistic, we
+
+are willing to go ahead and
+force them to do that.
+
+So then the interesting question
+becomes, well, how
+
+much are we costing them?
+
+In fact, it's not obvious.
+
+If everyone in the world looks
+like y, then there's no cost
+
+to food stamps.
+
+There's no good done either.
+
+Then it doesn't matter if we
+give them cash or food stamps.
+
+But if a lot of people look
+like x, then there is a
+
+welfare cost to people.
+
+They are worse off, from
+their own perspective,
+
+getting food stamps.
+
+Society may think they're
+better off.
+
+So how do we tell?
+
+How do we tell?
+
+Can anyone take a guess?
+
+If you're now an empirical
+economist, and you want to
+
+test, how would you tell if
+people are like x or like y?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+It's tricky, but let's see if we
+have any budding empirical
+
+economists here.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: You'd see if they're
+spending any cash beyond the
+
+$500 that you gave them, because
+then you'd basically
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: See if they're buying
+food beyond the $500
+
+you gave them.
+
+AUDIENCE: They might spend
+$100 cash on food.
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+So that's one way you'd do it.
+
+You could look at people who
+get food stamps and see if
+
+they're spending more.
+
+That's a great idea.
+
+The other thing you could
+do is you could actually
+
+literally run an experiment
+where you take people who are
+
+getting food stamps and replace
+them with cash or vice
+
+versa and see what happens
+to their behavior.
+
+When we do this, we find
+that about 15% of
+
+people are like x.
+
+Or in other words, the
+way to say it, is
+
+about $0.15 more precisely.
+
+When you give people food stamps
+instead of cash, they
+
+spend 15% more on food than they
+would if you just gave
+
+them the cash.
+
+So there's about 15% lower
+utility compared to what
+
+they'd want for spending it on
+the food instead of the cash.
+
+So the question is,
+is it worth it?
+
+We're basically taking people
+and making them spend $0.15
+
+more on food than
+they'd want to.
+
+That's the right way
+to think about it.
+
+If you give them food stamps
+instead of cash, they spend
+
+$0.15 more on food than
+they would if you
+
+just gave them cash.
+
+Is it worth it?
+
+That's a great question.
+
+It depends on how stupid we
+think people are and how
+
+paternalistic we want to be.
+
+If we think people would really
+waste the money, then
+
+$0.15 is not much to give up
+to make sure they eat.
+
+If we think nobody would waste
+the money, then we're just
+
+throwing $0.15 down the toilet
+by making them buy food
+
+instead of goods they prefer.
+
+And that's the interesting kind
+of public policy question
+
+we have to struggle with.
+
+We think about government policy
+and redistribution.
+
+That's exactly the kind
+of question we
+
+need to struggle with.
+
+And we'll come back to that
+again later in the course when
+
+we talk about efficiency
+versus equity.
+
+OK, questions about that?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+I mean, so basically you
+make a good point.
+
+We sort of like to know.
+
+Actually that's a
+very good point.
+
+You say, when we run these
+experiments and replace the
+
+food stamps with cash,
+we like to know what
+
+they spend the cash.
+
+We want to know not just what
+happens to food consumption.
+
+So if you run the experiment,
+and you say, I was giving you
+
+food stamps.
+
+I now cash you out and
+give you cash.
+
+And I find you spend
+15% less on food.
+
+Well what do you
+spend more on?
+
+If it's clothes, maybe
+we're not so worried.
+
+If it's cocaine, maybe we are.
+
+So that's a very good point.
+
+That's something we
+could look at.
+
+Excellent.
+
+OK, so that's an example of
+how we can use the kind of
+
+analysis we did last time to
+think about policy making.
+
+Once again, this is
+an incredibly
+
+simple framework, right?
+
+Yet I just described to you a
+succinct way to think about
+
+the implications for society of
+
+different government policies.
+
+That's the power of this kind
+of simplified framework.
+
+Now let's move on, and let's
+get to the core of
+
+why we did all this.
+
+The reason we did all this is we
+wanted to figure out how we
+
+come up with demand curves,
+where demand curves come from.
+
+The stork doesn't bring them.
+
+Demand curves come from
+underlying utility
+
+maximization.
+
+And we'll see that now.
+
+And basically the way to do
+this is to return to our
+
+example from last time.
+
+Your parents gave you $96.
+
+You could buy movies at $8 a
+pop or pizzas at $16 a pop.
+
+So we said last time,
+if you turn to the
+
+next page of the handout.
+
+What we said last time is if
+given your utility function, u
+
+equals square root of p times
+m, you would choose
+
+a point like a.
+
+If the price of pizzas was $16,
+the price of movies was
+
+$8, your income was $96, you
+would choose a point like a,
+
+where you consumed--
+
+At point a, you're consuming six
+movies and three pizzas.
+
+Once again that should
+be p on the y-axis.
+
+You're consuming six movies and
+three pizzas at point a.
+
+Now let's say the price
+of pizzas rises.
+
+I'm sorry, now let's say the
+price of movies rises to $12.
+
+So the price of movies
+rises from $8 to $12.
+
+Well what does that do to
+the budget constraint?
+
+That steepens the budget
+constraint, moves it inward.
+
+Because now think about
+your opportunity set.
+
+For the same income of $96 you
+can buy the same number of
+
+pizzas you could have before,
+but now you're
+
+buying fewer movies.
+
+Same number of pizzas you could
+have bought before, but
+
+now you can buy fewer movies.
+
+So your new budget constraint,
+you have a new constrained
+
+opportunity set.
+
+With a steeper budget
+constraint, the slope, instead
+
+of being minus 1/2,
+is minus 3/4.
+
+And given the preference I
+wrote, u equals square root of
+
+c times m, you should be able
+to show yourself that you'd
+
+now choose a point like b, where
+you have three pizzas
+
+but now only four movies.
+
+So you reduce the number of
+movies, you keep the number of
+
+pizzas constant.
+
+And you check that we still
+spent our total budget.
+
+Well, 4 times 12 plus 3
+times 16 is still $96.
+
+So we're still spending
+our total budget.
+
+The marginal rate of
+substitution you can compute
+
+if you write it down from that
+utility function, will be
+
+minus 3/4, which is the same
+as the marginal rate of
+
+transformation with
+this new price.
+
+So you will choose a
+point like point b.
+
+Now let's say instead
+the price of movies
+
+fell from $8 to $6.
+
+Well in that case, your budget
+constraint would flatten.
+
+It would move outwards.
+
+Your opportunity set would
+expand in that case, because
+
+effectively you're richer.
+
+Your opportunity set expands.
+
+You move to bc little 3.
+
+You move to bc little 3.
+
+And given those preferences I
+wrote down, u equals square
+
+root of p times m.
+
+u equals square root
+of p times m.
+
+You end up choosing point c,
+with the same three pizzas but
+
+now eight movies.
+
+Once again, how do we
+know that's right?
+
+Well first of all the marginal
+rate of substitution, you can
+
+compute, will equal the
+new marginal rate of
+
+transformation.
+
+And also you can see you spend
+your entire $96 income.
+
+You're still roughly splitting
+it with $48 on movies and $48
+
+on pizza, exactly
+splitting it.
+
+So all we've done here--
+
+Forget the bottom diagram
+for a second.
+
+All we're doing in this top
+diagram is saying, given your
+
+utility is u equals square root
+of p times m and given
+
+your income and the prices,
+these are the choices you
+
+would make as prices change.
+
+Are there questions
+about that?
+
+Now armed with that, we can
+draw a demand curve.
+
+Because what have we done?
+
+We've just given you three
+different prices for movies
+
+and three different quantities
+of movies you choose.
+
+We know when the price
+of movies was $8,
+
+you chose six movies.
+
+That's point b.
+
+I'm sorry, that's point a.
+
+The points are mislabeled
+too on this.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+If you go to this bottom
+graph, these points are
+
+mislabeled.
+
+So it should go b, a, c.
+
+It should go b, a, c.
+
+So when the price of movies is
+$8, that's point a in the
+
+middle, you choose 6 movies.
+
+When the price of movies
+rises to $12, your
+
+demand for movies falls.
+
+You only choose 4 movies.
+
+When the price of movies falls
+to $6, you choose 8 movies.
+
+Thus the demand curve.
+
+And we're done.
+
+That's where demand
+curves come from.
+
+They just come from utility,
+constrained utility
+
+maximization.
+
+You just take your utility
+function, you maximize it,
+
+given the constraint the budget
+constraint places on
+
+you, and boom, you have
+a demand curve.
+
+Now note that this a particular
+case we did.
+
+And it's a particular case
+that's interesting.
+
+In this case as we change the
+price of movies, what happened
+
+to demand for pizzas?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stayed the same.
+
+PROFESSOR: Stayed the same.
+
+That is a particular case.
+
+It's basically the case that
+will happen with utility
+
+function of this form.
+
+It's a case of what we call
+no cross-price elasticity.
+
+This example has no cross-price
+elasticity.
+
+What that means is that in this
+particular case we chose,
+
+as the price of one good
+changes, it does not change
+
+your demand for the
+other good.
+
+That's a special case that will
+not in general be true.
+
+You can imagine if your income
+was only $96, and the price of
+
+movies was swinging around, that
+might affect your taste
+
+for pizzas.
+
+That might affect your demand
+for pizzas as well, because
+
+you're only have
+a fixed budget.
+
+That's a more general case.
+
+We've chosen a particular case
+here with no cross-price
+
+elasticity.
+
+But don't think that's
+general.
+
+This is not a general lesson.
+
+There's the price of one good
+changes the other goods
+
+unaffected.
+
+In fact, in general, both goods
+will be affected when
+
+any one price changes.
+
+That's a more general result.
+
+You should be able to check at
+home that you can do this
+
+exact same exercise for pizzas
+and draw the demand curve for
+
+pizzas the exact same way.
+
+You'll still get a flat--
+you'll still get no
+
+cross-price elasticity.
+
+You'll still get this flat
+curve-- well now it will be
+
+vertical curve with respect
+to movie purchases.
+
+But you can see as you change
+the price of pizzas, you'll
+
+find a well-defined pizza
+demand curve as well.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's where demand
+curves come from.
+
+We basically maximize utility at
+different prices given your
+
+income, and we end up with a
+demand curve that shows us the
+
+relationship between how many
+movies you choose and the
+
+price of movies.
+
+Demand curves themselves
+can also shift.
+
+We talked about that in
+the second lecture.
+
+We talked about demand
+curve shifting.
+
+And one reason demand
+curves can shift is
+
+because you get richer.
+
+So let's talk about how
+that can happen.
+
+Let's now turn to figure 6-3,
+which is really tiny.
+
+My bifocals are in
+at the mall.
+
+I just haven't picked
+them up yet.
+
+So let's take the glasses
+off for this one.
+
+Now let's take a case.
+
+Once again, originally you're
+at point a, where you're
+
+choosing six movies
+and three pizzas.
+
+Now let's say your
+income rises.
+
+Your parents are feeling
+generous.
+
+And instead of giving
+you $96, they're
+
+going to give you $128.
+
+Once again, on that y-axis it
+should be labeled p, not c.
+
+You can now afford up to 8
+movies and up to 16 pizzas
+
+with your $128 income.
+
+So your budget constraint
+has shifted
+
+outwards from bc1 to bc2.
+
+At that new higher budget
+constraint, you're going to
+
+choose, instead of choosing a,
+which is six movies and three
+
+pizzas, you'll choose
+b, which is eight
+
+movies and four pizzas.
+
+You're richer so you choose
+more of both.
+
+Likewise if your parents cut
+your income to $64, you're
+
+budget constraint will
+shift inwards.
+
+Your opportunity set will
+be constricted.
+
+You move to budget
+constraint three.
+
+And you choose fewer of both
+pizzas and movies.
+
+So you can see as your budget
+constraint shifts, how you
+
+choose different amounts of
+both pizza and movies.
+
+We can translate that
+to shifting
+
+demand curves for movies.
+
+So if you draw that down to
+the next diagram, you say,
+
+look, I can now graph that at
+a given price of movies--
+
+prices have not changed
+in the example.
+
+The slope of the budget
+constraint is the same.
+
+Only your income has changed.
+
+At a given price of movies of
+$8, as my income changes, I am
+
+on different demand curves.
+
+You can see the demand curve for
+movies shifting out and in
+
+as my income changes.
+
+So as my income went up, the
+demand curve for movies went
+
+out and moved from point
+a to point b.
+
+As my income fell, the demand
+curve for movies went up,
+
+shifted in, moved from
+point a to point c.
+
+We can then drop that down one
+more level, just to make life
+
+especially interesting, and draw
+the relationship between
+
+your income and your
+demand for movies.
+
+And that's the third figure.
+
+Here we graph the relationship
+of your income and your demand
+
+for movies.
+
+This is not a demand curve.
+
+Demand curves only relate
+price to quantity.
+
+This is what we call
+an Engel curve.
+
+Those of you who studied your
+socialism theory will remember
+
+Engels worked with Marx.
+
+It's not him.
+
+It's Engel not Engels.
+
+Different guy.
+
+So basically this is
+an Engel curve.
+
+And basically it shows the
+relationship between your
+
+income and your demand
+for a good.
+
+And this turns out to be a
+very important concept.
+
+Because an important thing that
+we'll focus on now is
+
+what we call the income
+elasticity of demand.
+
+We've talked about price
+elasticities.
+
+What's the price elasticity
+of demand?
+
+Someone quickly, someone raise
+their hand and tell me, what's
+
+the price elasticity
+of demand?
+
+Get some other folks
+involved here.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: How demand changes
+with the price of the item?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so as price
+changes, how demand changes.
+
+The income elasticity
+is the same concept.
+
+It's a change in demand as
+your income changes.
+
+In the book it's this
+fancy letter.
+
+I can't write, so I'm going
+to call it gamma.
+
+But it's some c thing that
+I can't draw in the book.
+
+Which is delta Q over Q
+over delta y over y.
+
+So just like the price
+elasticity is the percentage
+
+change of quantity, percentage
+change in price, the income
+
+elasticity is the percent
+change in quantity with
+
+percent change in income.
+
+Once again, just like price
+elasticities are locals.
+
+You talked about
+it in section.
+
+You talked about, sort of,
+local versus global price
+
+elasticities and how it's really
+local to that segment
+
+of the curve.
+
+Income elasticities
+are local too.
+
+Your income elasticity will
+obviously change along an
+
+Engel, could change along
+an Engel curve.
+
+But the key point is that for
+most goods the Engel curve is
+
+upward sloping.
+
+That is for most goods, this
+is greater than zero.
+
+Just like we talked about the
+price elasticity being less
+
+than zero in general, this is
+less general, but for most
+
+goods, the income elasticity
+is greater than zero.
+
+We call these normal goods.
+
+Normal goods are goods for which
+the income elasticity is
+
+greater than zero.
+
+As you have more income,
+you buy more of them.
+
+On the other hand, if the income
+elasticity was less
+
+than zero, we would call
+those inferior goods.
+
+Inferior goods, goods where as
+your income goes up, you buy
+
+less of them.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any term
+for when income elasticity
+
+equals zero?
+
+PROFESSOR: If it equals zero,
+you're just income inelastic.
+
+It's in between normal
+and inferior.
+
+I don't think there's
+a precise term.
+
+You're just income inelastic.
+
+So can someone tell me how you
+could get an inferior good?
+
+Does anyone have a good
+idea of an example
+
+of an inferior good?
+
+How could a good be inferior?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Canned food, because
+if you have a low income, you
+
+buy canned food because
+it's cheaper.
+
+But [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly, so canned
+food versus fresh food.
+
+As your income goes up, you'll
+substitute away from canned
+
+food to fresh food.
+
+So actually as you get
+richer, you'll
+
+consume less canned food.
+
+So canned food is an
+inferior good.
+
+Excellent.
+
+The classic example
+uses potatoes.
+
+Potatoes is a good
+cost-effective, cheap source
+
+of nutrition.
+
+But, you know, no one wants to
+eat potatoes all the time if
+
+they don't have to.
+
+So when the income goes up, we
+substitute away from potatoes
+
+towards arugula or whatever.
+
+So basically, essentially
+we could think of
+
+inferior goods as goods--
+
+Once again, more is
+always better.
+
+There's no goods
+we don't like.
+
+More is always better.
+
+But there are goods we'd like
+to substitute away from.
+
+We'd like to have
+others instead.
+
+And goods you substitute away
+from as you get richer are
+
+inferior goods.
+
+Goods you move towards as you
+get richer are normal goods.
+
+Moreover, we can break
+this down further.
+
+Within the class of normal goods
+we can talk about gamma
+
+less than one and gamma
+greater than one.
+
+Any guess as to what terms
+I'll use for gamma?
+
+Any examples in, sort of, the
+class of goods where it would
+
+be less than one versus
+greater than one?
+
+What's an example of a good that
+would be less than one?
+
+Think about what that means.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Perhaps food,
+because if your income
+
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+if your income increases.
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+So we call these necessities.
+
+And we call these luxuries.
+
+Goods where the income
+elasticity is less than one
+
+are necessities.
+
+You want more of them
+as you get richer.
+
+But you don't want as much
+more as you get richer.
+
+So you've got the food as
+the classic example.
+
+As your income doubles, you're
+going to eat more food but not
+
+twice as much food.
+
+Likewise luxuries are things
+where as your income doubles,
+
+you'll buy more than
+twice as much.
+
+So you think about fancy cars.
+
+You might buy one with your
+first million but three with
+
+your next million.
+
+So those are luxuries.
+
+They'll increase more than
+proportionally as
+
+your income goes up.
+
+Necessities will increase less
+than proportionally as your
+
+income goes up.
+
+Now, of course, it's a very
+hard distinction to draw.
+
+And of course it varies
+by person.
+
+So take clothing.
+
+Is clothing a necessity
+or a luxury?
+
+Well, some clothing is probably
+a necessity, and some
+
+clothing is probably a luxury.
+
+You know, Dolce and Gabbana
+is a luxury.
+
+You know, Keds is a necessity.
+
+Or whatever, I don't know, what,
+The Gap is a necessity.
+
+So basically we could think
+about, it's actually a subtle
+
+distinction what makes
+luxury and what's--
+
+Normal versus inferior
+is kind of stark.
+
+Luxury versus necessity, that's
+a little bit trickier.
+
+That's going to depend on
+the person and depend
+
+on the type of goods.
+
+But it's important to understand
+that concept.
+
+OK, questions about that.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question
+in general.
+
+Is there a way to relate income
+elasticity to, like,
+
+own-price elasticity?
+
+PROFESSOR: Actually that's
+a great question.
+
+That's a great segue to what
+we're going to do next.
+
+It's actually a fundamental
+determinant of own-price
+
+elasticity, and we'll
+talk about why next.
+
+Other questions about
+this concept?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, income
+elasticity is, once again,
+
+just like price elasticities are
+not necessarily constant.
+
+You could have a constant income
+elasticity curve or a
+
+non-constant income
+elasticity curve.
+
+It can absolutely change.
+
+In general it will.
+
+But it might not.
+
+Good questions.
+
+But that other question in the
+back, gee, how does this
+
+relate to own-price
+elasticity?
+
+Great segue.
+
+In fact the income effect is
+going to be one of two key
+
+determinants of own-price
+elasticity.
+
+Now what we're going to do is
+we're going to go even further
+
+behind the demand curve.
+
+We talked about the demand
+curve comes from.
+
+We talked before about how the
+slope of the demand curve is
+
+the price elasticity.
+
+Remember, the price elasticity
+was the slope.
+
+Now we're going to talk
+about where does
+
+the slope come from.
+
+Where do price elasticities
+come from?
+
+So I've shown you where the
+demand curve comes from.
+
+Now let's talk about what
+determines the underlying
+
+slope of the demand curve.
+
+What determines the
+price elasticity.
+
+And what's going to determine
+it is two different effects
+
+which work generally together
+but sometimes in opposition.
+
+There are two effects that
+determine price elasticity.
+
+The first is the substitution
+effect.
+
+The Substitution Effect is the
+change in quantity demanded
+
+when price increases holding
+utility constant.
+
+So the Substitution Effect
+is delta p--
+
+it's in percentage terms-- delta
+p over p, over delta q
+
+over q, holding utility
+constant at a
+
+fixed level u bar.
+
+So given that your utility has
+not changed, how does your
+
+demand for the good shift?
+
+We're now getting
+kind of deep.
+
+Think of this as, as a good gets
+relatively expensive, how
+
+do you shift away
+from that good?
+
+Think of this as the
+shift away from the
+
+good as it gets expensive.
+
+But at the same time, there's a
+second effect which we just
+
+introduced, which is
+the Income Effect.
+
+The Income Effect is the
+complement of the Substitution
+
+Effect, which is the change in
+quantity demanded because of a
+
+change in income holding
+prices constant.
+
+So this is the Income Effect
+we just introduced.
+
+So it's delta Q over Q
+over delta y over y.
+
+But this is holding
+prices constant.
+
+And these two put together
+determine your
+
+own elasticity demand.
+
+Think of it intuitively.
+
+We'll do it intuitively,
+and graphically, and
+
+mathematically.
+
+Intuitively, it's when a price
+goes up, two things happen.
+
+On the one hand, you're like,
+gee, at that different price
+
+ratio, I might want
+to substitute
+
+my consumption bundle.
+
+The second is, gee, the
+price just went up,
+
+I'm effectively poorer.
+
+And that's also going
+to affect my demand.
+
+So to see that let's
+go to the graphical
+
+analysis and figure 6-4.
+
+And we're going to actually
+decompose income and
+
+substitution effects.
+
+This is one of the things that's
+sort of hard to do it
+
+intuitively.
+
+The graphics kind of makes
+it the most clear.
+
+We're going to start
+at a point like a.
+
+Point a is our initial
+equilibrium at our budget
+
+constraint one, where
+we're choosing six
+
+movies and three pizzas.
+
+Once again, this is
+pizzas not CDs.
+
+We're choosing six movies
+and three pizzas.
+
+That's at point a.
+
+Now we're going to say imagine
+the price of movies
+
+has risen to $12.
+
+Well we know that ultimately
+you'll end up at
+
+a point like c.
+
+We demonstrated that before.
+
+That was when we derived the
+demand curve for movies.
+
+We know that if the price of
+movies rises from $8 to $12,
+
+your demand for movies
+will shrink from six
+
+movies to four movies.
+
+We already established that.
+
+But now what we can see is
+that that's actually a
+
+composition of two effects.
+
+The first effect is the
+Substitution Effect.
+
+And the Substitution Effect is
+the change in prices holding
+
+utility constant.
+
+How do we hold utility
+constant?
+
+You have to be on the same
+indifference curve.
+
+So the way to measure the
+Substitution Effect is we
+
+effectively draw an imaginary
+budget constraint.
+
+We say, look, imagine you're
+on the same indifference
+
+curve, but prices changed.
+
+So we draw budget constraint--
+
+you're originally on budget
+constraint one.
+
+Now we draw a new budget
+constraint,
+
+budget constraint three.
+
+Budget constraint three, it's
+sort of hard to see.
+
+Budget constraint three is drawn
+so that it has the new
+
+price ratio.
+
+That is, it's parallel to the
+final budget constraint bc2,
+
+but it's tangent to the original
+indifference curve.
+
+This is hard, so let me just
+walk this through again.
+
+You've got your original budget
+constraint, bc 1.
+
+You chose your point a.
+
+Now the price of movies has just
+increased, so you move to
+
+bc2 in reality.
+
+And at bc2, you choose
+point c.
+
+But for the Substitution Effect
+we're going to say,
+
+let's hold utility constant
+and ask what package you'd
+
+choose at these new price
+holding utility constant?
+
+Well the way to do that is to
+draw an imaginary bc3--
+
+bc3 never existed in reality--
+
+that is parallel to the new
+budget constraint, that is the
+
+new set of prices, but it's
+tangent to your old
+
+indifference curve, that
+is utility is constant.
+
+If that were the case,
+you'd choose point b.
+
+You'd choose 4.89 movies.
+
+Therefore we say that the
+Substitution Effect is 1.11.
+
+We reduce your movies by 1.11
+through the Substitution
+
+Effect only.
+
+The price change only, holding
+your income, holding utility
+
+constant, is 1.11.
+
+Then we say, well, what's
+the Income Effect?
+
+The income effect is given
+prices are fixed, what's the
+
+effect of just being poorer,
+because movies
+
+are now more expensive.
+
+We know how to make
+someone poorer, we
+
+just lower their income.
+
+So we shift from bc3 to bc2 and
+from point b to point c,
+
+and we're done.
+
+We get the total effect
+of the price.
+
+So we have to shift from a to
+c is all that you see in the
+
+real world.
+
+But behind that is the
+Substitution Effect which
+
+shifts you from a to b and the
+Income Effect, which is this
+
+parallel shift inwards of the
+budget constraint, which
+
+shifts you from b to c.
+
+I'm going to go through that
+again in a minute.
+
+But let me first answer these
+questions, then I want to show
+
+you some of the math of this.
+
+Are there questions about
+what's going on here?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: The income effect can
+have either sign, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: The income effect
+can have either sign.
+
+Excellent point.
+
+What have I illustrated here?
+
+What kind of good is this?
+
+This is a normal good.
+
+Excellent point.
+
+This is a normal good.
+
+I've assumed a normal good.
+
+And this should actually say
+in the title income and
+
+substitution effects
+for normal good.
+
+So I've assumed a normal good.
+
+And we know this student aptly
+pointed out the normal good,
+
+because we know that as your
+income fell, moving from point
+
+b to c, you consumed
+less of it.
+
+This comes to the question that
+was in the back, which is
+
+as the price changes, whether
+we consume more or less is
+
+related to the Income Effect but
+doesn't tell you precisely
+
+what the Income Effect is.
+
+But as your income changes, if
+you consume more or less,
+
+that's directly Income Effect.
+
+So we see it's a normal good.
+
+So the Substitution Effect
+moves us from a to b.
+
+The Income Effect,
+from b to c.
+
+What I want to do is one more
+thing before we stop.
+
+And then I'm going to come back
+next time and go back
+
+over this and then talk about
+some applications.
+
+What I want to do right
+now is I want to--
+
+The Income Effect, say the
+following, the sign is
+
+ambiguous, because it depends
+on if it's a normal or an
+
+inferior good.
+
+The Substitution Effect
+is unambiguous.
+
+Substitution Effects are
+always negative.
+
+Holding utility constant, a
+price increase of a good
+
+always shifts you away
+from that good.
+
+Negative or less than or equal
+to zero could have no effect.
+
+But once again, I always talk
+in inequalities even though
+
+they're typically inexact.
+
+The key is the Substitution
+Effect is always negative.
+
+We can think about this in two
+different ways depending on
+
+how you want to think
+about it.
+
+Graphically we could
+show this by the
+
+fact that if the price--
+
+think about it graphically.
+
+If you're on the same
+indifference
+
+curve as you were before--
+
+that's the definition of
+Substitution Effect where I
+
+keep the same indifference
+curve--
+
+but you're tangent to a steeper
+budget constraint,
+
+which is what happened when
+prices go up, you must be
+
+choosing less of the good.
+
+Think of it graphically.
+
+Just look at the graph.
+
+I'm in the same indifference
+curve.
+
+But to be tangent to a steeper
+curve, it's going to have to
+
+be to the left.
+
+So graphically it's going to
+have to be that I'll choose
+
+fewer movies when the price
+of movies goes up.
+
+That's graphically.
+
+Mathematically we can just say,
+look, what do we know is
+
+our rule for utility
+maximization?
+
+We know our rule for utility
+maximization is that the
+
+marginal utility of movies over
+the marginal utility of
+
+prices equals the price of
+movies over the price--
+
+marginal utility of pizza.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+Marginal utility of pizza.
+
+So the price of movies,
+so the price of pizza.
+
+Or the MRS equals the MRT.
+
+We know that mathematically.
+
+That's our maximization
+condition right?
+
+Well if the price of movies goes
+up, holding the price of
+
+pizza constant, then the right
+hand side has risen.
+
+If the right hand side rises,
+then the left hand side has to
+
+rise to get this equality.
+
+How does the left
+hand side rise?
+
+The left hand side rises by
+either the marginal utility of
+
+movies going up or the marginal
+
+utility of pizzas falling.
+
+And how do you do that?
+
+By shifting away from movies
+towards pizza.
+
+How do you make the marginal
+utility of movies go up?
+
+Consume fewer movies.
+
+How do you make the marginal
+utility of pizza go down?
+
+Consume more pizza.
+
+Now in this case, pizza
+doesn't change in this
+
+particular case, but
+in general it can.
+
+But the key point is you are
+going to see this Substitution
+
+Effect is going to shift
+you towards fewer
+
+movies to try to get--
+
+basically because given utility
+constant, to try to
+
+equilibrate this, you're going
+to have to move to a higher
+
+marginal utility of movies.
+
+Given that the price of movies
+has gone up, you're going to
+
+have to move to worlds where you
+care about movies more, or
+
+you're not in equilibrium.
+
+Think about it this way.
+
+If the price of movies goes to
+$100 a movie, and you're going
+
+to be indifferent to where you
+were before, on the same
+
+utilities you were before, it
+can't possibly be true that
+
+you consume the same
+number of movies.
+
+You'd have to be sadder if you
+consumed the same movies.
+
+You're going to have to
+move away from movies.
+
+And that's why the Substitution
+
+Effect is always negative.
+
+You're always going to move away
+from the good where the
+
+price increases, holding
+utility constant.
+
+But then we have the second
+effect with the Income Effect,
+
+which then basically, if the
+good is normal, reinforces
+
+that Substitution Effect.
+
+It says not only do you not want
+movies because they've
+
+gotten more expensive, you also
+don't want movies because
+
+you're poorer.
+
+Your opportunity set's
+restricted.
+
+And when your opportunity set's
+restricted, you buy less
+
+of everything including
+movies.
+
+So there's two reasons.
+
+We only saw one own-price
+elasticity demand, one shift.
+
+But there's two reasons
+behind that.
+
+The first reason is because the
+
+relative prices have changed.
+
+And the other is because you're
+effectively poorer.
+
+You add those up, and you
+get the final effect.
+
+Now the first, as I said,
+is unambiguous.
+
+That Substitution Effect will
+always move you to the left.
+
+You're always going to want less
+of a good if its price
+
+goes up from Substitution
+Effect.
+
+The second is ambiguous.
+
+That depends on whether the good
+is normal or inferior.
+
+Next time we'll talk
+about what happens
+
+with inferior goods.
+
+With inferior goods, we can see
+that we can actually get
+
+what we call a Giffen good.
+
+A Giffen Good is a good where
+it's inferior, so the income
+
+effect goes the other way.
+
+And you can actually technically
+get a good where
+
+when the price goes up, you
+actually want more of it.
+
+When the price goes down
+you want less of it.
+
+That is, you can get
+a wrong sign, wrong
+
+slope demand curve.
+
+I say demand curves
+always slope down.
+
+I might even refer to it
+as the law of demand.
+
+That's not technically true.
+
+Technically there exist goods,
+we'll talk about the next
+
+time, called Giffen Goods where
+you can actually get the
+
+demand curve sloping
+the wrong way.
+
+The price increase can actually
+cause you to want
+
+more of it.
+
+In fact, these are based--
+
+I like the name Giffen because
+it's close to griffin.
+
+And griffins are imaginary
+and so are Giffens.
+
+In fact, there's no evidence
+such goods exist, but it's a
+
+nice theoretical concept to
+build your understanding of
+
+Income versus Substitution
+Effects.
+
+So for next time think a bit
+about how that could be.
+
+And we'll come and show you
+graphically how you can get
+
+Giffen goods depending on the
+sign of the Income Effect.
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,15155 @@
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+ 
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+anyway the um if if you're sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the um if if you're sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the um if if you're sitting there
+saying what are they talking about weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what are they talking about weird
+ 
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+saying what are they talking about weird
+thing in the syllabus that suggests you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for Rachel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for Rachel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know Rachel knows because I told her
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
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+ align:start position:0%
+um but
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googled because several years ago when
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+make sure people were reading it and you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+know within 10 seconds of handing out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know within 10 seconds of handing out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus half the class said oh yeah
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus half the class said oh yeah
+that's from Like Richard III or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from Like Richard III or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so this this one couldn't be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so this this one couldn't be
+Googled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Googled
+um it is in fact from uh a a book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is in fact from uh a a book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is in fact from uh a a book by
+John Steinbeck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Steinbeck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Steinbeck
+um You probably all read some Stein back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um You probably all read some Stein back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um You probably all read some Stein back
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in high school those of you who are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans of Arthurian literature might want
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read his rewrites of um of the King
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read his rewrites of um of the King
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+that that line about thinking about what
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+ align:start position:0%
+that that line about thinking about what
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions of similar moment
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay well what I'm going to talk
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay well what I'm going to talk
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is
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+ align:start position:0%
+more of the detail if you like
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+ align:start position:0%
+more of the detail if you like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the last last time I had up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the last last time I had up on the
+board this business about you're a slave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this business about you're a slave
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment you're a slave to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment you're a slave to
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+ align:start position:0%
+your brain well this is the details of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain well this is the details of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the way in which you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the way in which you are a
+slave to your environment now typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave to your environment now typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slave to your environment now typically
+that is uh I'm the heading of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh I'm the heading of the the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh I'm the heading of the the
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+um you're here thinking that what you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're here thinking that what you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+learning that you are doing here
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning that you are doing here
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+ align:start position:0%
+is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is material that really gets
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is material that really gets
+covered in memory I I present material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in memory I I present material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in memory I I present material
+to you you store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you store it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you you store it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in memory somewhere at the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in memory somewhere at the
+appropriate time you retrieve it from
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+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate time you retrieve it from
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate time you retrieve it from
+memory we'll talk about that in a few uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we'll talk about that in a few uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory we'll talk about that in a few uh
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+of learning which you can think of as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+ align:start position:0%
+a very reflexive uh form of learning a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very reflexive uh form of learning a
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+ align:start position:0%
+form of learning that um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of learning that um
+is phylogenetically very old uh it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is phylogenetically very old uh it shows
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is phylogenetically very old uh it shows
+up in all sorts of uh essentially in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in all sorts of uh essentially in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in all sorts of uh essentially in any
+Beast you care to try it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast you care to try it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beast you care to try it out in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um indeed if you were to go to uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um indeed if you were to go to uh
+those of you who are budding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are budding
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are budding
+Neuroscience sorts if you were to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience sorts if you were to go to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience sorts if you were to go to
+Eric kandel's website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric kandel's website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric kandel's website
+um and uh look at his Nobel Prize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh look at his Nobel Prize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh look at his Nobel Prize uh
+lecture because he won the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because he won the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because he won the Nobel Prize
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't usually post your Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't usually post your Nobel Prize
+lecture until you win it because little
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+ align:start position:0%
+lecture until you win it because little
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture until you win it because little
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+ align:start position:0%
+arrogant otherwise
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um he won the Nobel Prize for working
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+ align:start position:0%
+um he won the Nobel Prize for working
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he won the Nobel Prize for working
+out the details of of simple Association
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+ align:start position:0%
+out the details of of simple Association
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the details of of simple Association
+learning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um in a Beastie known as and initially
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+ align:start position:0%
+um in a Beastie known as and initially
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a Beastie known as and initially
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+ align:start position:0%
+his work was done in a Beastie known as
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+a plesia or aplesia which is a sea slug
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+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like a dill pickle and has just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like a dill pickle and has just
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+ align:start position:0%
+about as much personality in brain but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+it is capable of this form of
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+
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+it is capable of this form of
+um of learning gorgeous I I
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+ align:start position:0%
+um of learning gorgeous I I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of learning gorgeous I I
+it's it's a gorgeous lecture nice nice
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+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a gorgeous lecture nice nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a gorgeous lecture nice nice
+uh
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um nice art on the website and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nice art on the website and uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nice art on the website and uh
+um you know if you're gonna give a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you're gonna give a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you're gonna give a Nobel
+Prize lecture you kind of don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize lecture you kind of don't want to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize lecture you kind of don't want to
+waste it so I heard him give a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste it so I heard him give a version
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+of this at a different meeting in
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+ align:start position:0%
+of this at a different meeting in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+lecture
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+lecture
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right what kind of learning is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what kind of learning is this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what kind of learning is this
+um that we're talking about how many
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+ align:start position:0%
+um that we're talking about how many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that we're talking about how many
+people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people here
+um like strawberries
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+ align:start position:0%
+um like strawberries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like strawberries
+some people like strawberries some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like strawberries some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people like strawberries some
+people don't like strawberries now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like strawberries now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like strawberries now you
+did not come into the world knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come into the world knowing that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come into the world knowing that
+fact you now know that fact and I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you now know that fact and I do not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you now know that fact and I do not
+think that most of you learned that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that most of you learned that fact
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that most of you learned that fact
+you know like in circle time at
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+ align:start position:0%
+you know like in circle time at
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like in circle time at
+preschool hello children today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschool hello children today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschool hello children today we're
+gonna just decide if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just decide if you like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just decide if you like
+strawberries you like strawberries you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries you like strawberries you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strawberries you like strawberries you
+don't like strawberries they make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like strawberries they make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like strawberries they make you
+buy you know break out in a rash there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you know break out in a rash there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you know break out in a rash there's
+no right you learned about your taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right you learned about your taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right you learned about your taste
+for strawberries in some different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strawberries in some different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strawberries in some different way
+you learned that you should you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned that you should you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned that you should you know
+dive under the bed when you see a flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive under the bed when you see a flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive under the bed when you see a flash
+of lightning because you're scared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightning because you're scared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lightning because you're scared of
+the Thunder you learned about that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thunder you learned about that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thunder you learned about that not
+because you went to thunder school but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you went to thunder school but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you went to thunder school but
+because you learned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you learned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you learned about the
+association
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+ align:start position:0%
+association
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+um you picked it up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you picked it up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you picked it up from the
+you picked it up from the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked it up from the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you picked it up from the environment
+um and that's what uh it's that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's what uh it's that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's what uh it's that sort of
+Association learning that I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning that I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning that I'm gonna
+um talk about today I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talk about today I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talk about today I'm going to talk
+about two different versions one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different versions one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two different versions one of them
+is learning associations between stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is learning associations between stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is learning associations between stimuli
+in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world
+um traditionally known as classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um traditionally known as classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um traditionally known as classical
+conditioning or pavlovian conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning or pavlovian conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning or pavlovian conditioning
+in honor of Ivan Pavlov the other is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honor of Ivan Pavlov the other is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honor of Ivan Pavlov the other is the
+learning the associations between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the associations between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the associations between what
+you do and the consequences of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and the consequences of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do and the consequences of what you
+do often called operant conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do often called operant conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do often called operant conditioning
+sometimes called skinarian conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called skinarian conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called skinarian conditioning
+in honor of BF Skinner one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honor of BF Skinner one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in honor of BF Skinner one of its
+great uh practitioners now let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh practitioners now let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh practitioners now let's let's
+start with this stimulus stimulus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this stimulus stimulus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this stimulus stimulus uh
+form of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of learning
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+um the basic classical conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic classical conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the basic classical conditioning
+experiment is one of those experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is one of those experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is one of those experiments
+that people know about before they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people know about before they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people know about before they come
+into a site class typically that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a site class typically that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a site class typically that's
+Pavlov and his salivating dogs what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov and his salivating dogs what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov and his salivating dogs what
+Pavlov was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov was doing
+um was studying digestion in uh and dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was studying digestion in uh and dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was studying digestion in uh and dogs
+were his animal of choice in fact he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were his animal of choice in fact he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were his animal of choice in fact he's
+also a Nobel Prize winner but his Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a Nobel Prize winner but his Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a Nobel Prize winner but his Nobel
+Prize as uh lecture well it probably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize as uh lecture well it probably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize as uh lecture well it probably is
+posted on the web somewhere but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web somewhere but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web somewhere but anyway
+he won the Nobel Prize for working out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won the Nobel Prize for working out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he won the Nobel Prize for working out
+the digestive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digestive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digestive
+work on the digestive enzymes in uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the digestive enzymes in uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the digestive enzymes in uh I
+think the stomach he then decided he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the stomach he then decided he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the stomach he then decided he was
+interested in digestive enzymes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in digestive enzymes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in digestive enzymes in
+saliva and he needed a supply of saliva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saliva and he needed a supply of saliva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saliva and he needed a supply of saliva
+where are you going to get saliva from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you going to get saliva from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you going to get saliva from
+well what he did was um he put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what he did was um he put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what he did was um he put a little
+cannula a little hole in the cheek of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannula a little hole in the cheek of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannula a little hole in the cheek of a
+dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog
+um and a little collection tube and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a little collection tube and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a little collection tube and then
+he took his dog put him in a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took his dog put him in a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took his dog put him in a sort of a
+harness and sprayed powdered meat into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness and sprayed powdered meat into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness and sprayed powdered meat into
+the dog's mouth if you spray powdered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog's mouth if you spray powdered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog's mouth if you spray powdered
+meat into a dog's mouth the dog does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat into a dog's mouth the dog does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat into a dog's mouth the dog does
+what the dog salivates and since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dog salivates and since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dog salivates and since the
+dogs got a little hole in here some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs got a little hole in here some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs got a little hole in here some of
+the saliva drools out and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saliva drools out and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saliva drools out and and and you
+can go off and study it what Pavlov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off and study it what Pavlov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go off and study it what Pavlov
+discovered that was of interest to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that was of interest to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that was of interest to him
+well it turned out to be of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turned out to be of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turned out to be of interest to
+him was that he'd get up in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him was that he'd get up in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him was that he'd get up in the morning
+grab the dog put the dog in the harness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the dog put the dog in the harness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab the dog put the dog in the harness
+and the dog would start salivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dog would start salivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dog would start salivating
+before any meat powder showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any meat powder showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any meat powder showed up
+Pavlov's thinking Hmm I can save on meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov's thinking Hmm I can save on meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pavlov's thinking Hmm I can save on meat
+powder the but well that the reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder the but well that the reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder the but well that the reason the
+difference between the rest of us slumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the rest of us slumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the rest of us slumps
+and Nobel prize-winning guys is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nobel prize-winning guys is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nobel prize-winning guys is when
+they see something interesting they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see something interesting they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see something interesting they know
+that it's interesting and what Pavlov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's interesting and what Pavlov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's interesting and what Pavlov
+figured out is the dog is anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out is the dog is anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out is the dog is anticipating
+the meat powder the dog has learned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat powder the dog has learned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat powder the dog has learned that
+this situation means meat powder in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation means meat powder in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation means meat powder in some
+fashion gee that's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion gee that's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion gee that's actually more
+interesting said Pavlov than dog drool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting said Pavlov than dog drool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting said Pavlov than dog drool
+I'm gonna study that for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna study that for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna study that for a while
+um and so what he did was he set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what he did was he set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what he did was he set up the
+the more familiar form of this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more familiar form of this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more familiar form of this where
+let's introduce some terminology he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce some terminology he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's introduce some terminology he had
+food the meat powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food the meat powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food the meat powder
+we will call that unconditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will call that unconditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will call that unconditioned
+conditions the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the character
+character unconditioned stimulus is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character unconditioned stimulus is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character unconditioned stimulus is that
+it produces an unconditioned whoops an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces an unconditioned whoops an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it produces an unconditioned whoops an
+unconditioned response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned response
+saliva in this case without you having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saliva in this case without you having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saliva in this case without you having
+to do anything yeah get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything yeah get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything yeah get your
+off-the-shelf dog that dog's gonna drool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-shelf dog that dog's gonna drool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off-the-shelf dog that dog's gonna drool
+for you if you give it food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you if you give it food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you if you give it food
+um then what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then what he did
+was to pair that unconditioned stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to pair that unconditioned stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to pair that unconditioned stimulus
+with a conditioned stimulus like a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a conditioned stimulus like a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a conditioned stimulus like a bell
+or a tone or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a tone or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a tone or something like that
+so now he was going Bell food and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now he was going Bell food and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now he was going Bell food and the
+dog obligingly drooled Bell food drool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog obligingly drooled Bell food drool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog obligingly drooled Bell food drool
+boom boom boom over and over again then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom boom over and over again then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom boom boom over and over again then
+the critical thing to do is you turn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing to do is you turn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical thing to do is you turn uh
+you you do just the Bell by itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you do just the Bell by itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you do just the Bell by itself and
+skip the food what do you discover you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the food what do you discover you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the food what do you discover you
+discovered that the Bell by itself now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that the Bell by itself now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that the Bell by itself now
+produces the saliva and when the bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the saliva and when the bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces the saliva and when the bell
+when the conditioned stimulus alone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the conditioned stimulus alone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the conditioned stimulus alone is
+producing the response we call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the response we call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the response we call that the
+conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned
+response the animal has learned an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the animal has learned an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the animal has learned an
+association between Bell and food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between Bell and food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association between Bell and food and
+you're seeing that learning by measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing that learning by measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing that learning by measuring
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um
+this this conditioned response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this conditioned response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this conditioned response
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that kind of learning which is what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of learning which is what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of learning which is what what
+candel was studying in aplesia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candel was studying in aplesia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candel was studying in aplesia is
+presumably reflexive automatic outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably reflexive automatic outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably reflexive automatic outside
+of the realm of Consciousness even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realm of Consciousness even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the realm of Consciousness even if I
+fall into sort of sloppy kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into sort of sloppy kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into sort of sloppy kind of
+language later understand that the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language later understand that the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language later understand that the dog
+is not presumed to be sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not presumed to be sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not presumed to be sitting there
+thinking Hmm Bell what what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking Hmm Bell what what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking Hmm Bell what what does that
+Bell mean that Bell symbolizes for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell mean that Bell symbolizes for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell mean that Bell symbolizes for me
+the appearance of uh reflexive happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of uh reflexive happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of uh reflexive happening
+automatically doesn't matter what uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically doesn't matter what uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically doesn't matter what uh the
+you know what the dog does or does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the dog does or does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the dog does or does not
+think indeed you can fall victim to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think indeed you can fall victim to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think indeed you can fall victim to this
+sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing
+um quite apart from your conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite apart from your conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um quite apart from your conscious
+wishes desires whatever there's a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes desires whatever there's a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes desires whatever there's a uh a
+vision researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision researcher
+um sort of a half a generation older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a half a generation older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of a half a generation older
+than me who's still mad at me because 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me who's still mad at me because 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than me who's still mad at me because 30
+years ago I couldn't escape being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I couldn't escape being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I couldn't escape being uh
+conditioned in this fashion back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned in this fashion back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned in this fashion back in
+those days the Apple when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days the Apple when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days the Apple when you were
+putting up a visual stimulus made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up a visual stimulus made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up a visual stimulus made a
+noise I was supposed to push one button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise I was supposed to push one button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise I was supposed to push one button
+as quickly as I could one button if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quickly as I could one button if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as quickly as I could one button if I
+saw something and another button if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw something and another button if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw something and another button if I
+didn't see something but every time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see something but every time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see something but every time he
+put up a stimulus the apparatus went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up a stimulus the apparatus went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up a stimulus the apparatus went
+click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+and I just would hit the stupid button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just would hit the stupid button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just would hit the stupid button
+um I I had learned the association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I had learned the association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I had learned the association
+between click and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between click and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between click and and
+um and the stimulus and and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the stimulus and and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the stimulus and and uh you know
+my my little sea slug brain was refusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my little sea slug brain was refusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my little sea slug brain was refusing
+to be overridden by this young great big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be overridden by this young great big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be overridden by this young great big
+conscious apparatus of this guy wants me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious apparatus of this guy wants me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious apparatus of this guy wants me
+to look for some really boring thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for some really boring thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for some really boring thing
+that and he's still mad at me it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he's still mad at me it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he's still mad at me it's very
+very sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a very rule governed behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very rule governed behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very rule governed behavior in
+fact it probably says that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it probably says that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it probably says that on the
+handout no it says what's being learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout no it says what's being learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout no it says what's being learned
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh
+it's a very rule-governed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rule-governed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rule-governed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Behavior Pavlov himself worked out many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Pavlov himself worked out many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Pavlov himself worked out many
+of the rules and then a large body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules and then a large body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rules and then a large body of
+research afterwards continued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research afterwards continued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research afterwards continued
+um that effort and let me tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that effort and let me tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that effort and let me tell you about
+some of the constraints on this form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the constraints on this form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the constraints on this form of
+learning and then explain a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and then explain a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and then explain a bit about
+how it is that this might actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that this might actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it is that this might actually have
+anything to do with learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with learning more
+interesting uh things than well what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh things than well what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh things than well what the
+sea slug learns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea slug learns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea slug learns is
+um that gee when the uh when I sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that gee when the uh when I sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that gee when the uh when I sense
+shrimp juice as I recall in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrimp juice as I recall in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrimp juice as I recall in the water
+that means somebody's gonna poke me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means somebody's gonna poke me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means somebody's gonna poke me you
+know so I should retract my Gill that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I should retract my Gill that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I should retract my Gill that's
+the the the the response that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the response that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the response that the the
+sea slug makes is to retracted skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea slug makes is to retracted skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea slug makes is to retracted skill
+response the dog makes is to drool I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the dog makes is to drool I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the dog makes is to drool I
+mean that's nice but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's nice but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's nice but it's not
+how does that relate to anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that relate to anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that relate to anything like
+human behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior
+um so let me tell you a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me tell you a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me tell you a few of the
+constraints on it uh first a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on it uh first a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on it uh first a a
+constraint that's really more like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's really more like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that's really more like an
+advertisement for next time is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement for next time is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement for next time is to say
+that we talk about these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talk about these uh
+conditions stimuli out there in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions stimuli out there in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions stimuli out there in this
+case the uh the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the uh the Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the uh the Bell
+even something like deciding what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something like deciding what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even something like deciding what the
+stimulus is is not an entirely trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus is is not an entirely trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus is is not an entirely trivial
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+so suppose I was to come in here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I was to come in here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose I was to come in here with
+um well with with with a rabbit let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well with with with a rabbit let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well with with with a rabbit let's
+say come here and with a rabbit every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say come here and with a rabbit every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say come here and with a rabbit every
+time I walk in with the rabbit I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I walk in with the rabbit I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I walk in with the rabbit I uh
+activate the uh electric grid that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the uh electric grid that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the uh electric grid that's in
+your seat yeah and and you all get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seat yeah and and you all get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your seat yeah and and you all get a
+little zits and um you know you jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zits and um you know you jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zits and um you know you jump in
+the air eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air eventually
+um I bring the rabbit in and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I bring the rabbit in and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I bring the rabbit in and what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+you jump without me having to bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump without me having to bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump without me having to bother
+running electric current through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running electric current through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running electric current through your
+through your posterior what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your posterior what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your posterior what's the
+stimulus there well we sort of naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus there well we sort of naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus there well we sort of naturally
+would say it's you know it's the rabbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's you know it's the rabbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's you know it's the rabbit
+um and it could be the rabbit's ear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it could be the rabbit's ear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it could be the rabbit's ear it
+could be rabbit ear uh combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be rabbit ear uh combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be rabbit ear uh combined with
+Blackboard or something like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard or something like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard or something like that it
+turns out that we have natural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that we have natural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that we have natural and
+animals have natural ways of carving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have natural ways of carving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have natural ways of carving up
+the world into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world into
+stimuli into objects perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli into objects perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimuli into objects perhaps
+um and even answering when you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even answering when you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even answering when you're trying
+to figure out what's governing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's governing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what's governing the
+behavior in animal it's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in animal it's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in animal it's not even
+immediately trivially obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately trivially obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately trivially obvious
+um what that stimulus might be that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what that stimulus might be that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what that stimulus might be that's
+what we'll end up talking about for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll end up talking about for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll end up talking about for the
+next few lectures after this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few lectures after this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few lectures after this but
+sticking with the realm of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with the realm of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking with the realm of um
+of the constraints on the learning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraints on the learning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the constraints on the learning uh
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+um one important constraint is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one important constraint is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one important constraint is that you
+have to notice the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to notice the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to notice the relationship between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um conditioned stimulus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditioned stimulus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditioned stimulus and the
+unconditioned stimulus one version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned stimulus one version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned stimulus one version of
+that is completely trivial if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you big deal the more interesting case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you big deal the more interesting case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you big deal the more interesting case
+um is uh is illustrated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh is illustrated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh is illustrated by a
+phenomenon known as overshadowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon known as overshadowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon known as overshadowing
+suppose what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what I do is
+um I I produced I have two stimuli that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I produced I have two stimuli that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I produced I have two stimuli that
+appear at the same time uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at the same time uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at the same time uh this this
+Bell and and a a little light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell and and a a little light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell and and a a little light
+you know a nice little you know little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nice little you know little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nice little you know little
+LED or something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED or something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LED or something like that so
+um Bell and light followed by food Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Bell and light followed by food Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Bell and light followed by food Bell
+and light followed by food Bell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light followed by food Bell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light followed by food Bell and
+light thought there's a loud Bell and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light thought there's a loud Bell and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light thought there's a loud Bell and a
+little light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little light
+got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+okay what happens in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens in this situation
+is that when you play the Bell by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you play the Bell by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you play the Bell by itself
+you get salivation when you play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get salivation when you play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get salivation when you play the
+light by itself even though the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light by itself even though the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light by itself even though the light
+was always followed by the food you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always followed by the food you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always followed by the food you
+don't get salivation because the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get salivation because the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get salivation because the light
+has been overshadowed that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been overshadowed that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been overshadowed that's where the
+the where the jargon comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the jargon comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the jargon comes from the
+light's been overshadowed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light's been overshadowed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light's been overshadowed by the
+presence of the Bell what's the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the Bell what's the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the Bell what's the critical
+control experiment in an overshadowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control experiment in an overshadowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control experiment in an overshadowing
+Paradigm what do you need to know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm what do you need to know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm what do you need to know here
+for this to be interesting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to be interesting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to be interesting yeah
+you have to do a training session with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a training session with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a training session with
+some other dog or rat or something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other dog or rat or something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other dog or rat or something with
+just the light you have to go light food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the light you have to go light food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the light you have to go light food
+light food light food and show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light food light food and show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light food light food and show that this
+relatively wimpy light if presented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively wimpy light if presented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively wimpy light if presented in
+isolation will produce perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation will produce perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation will produce perfectly fine
+learning and that you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and that you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and that you know in the
+interesting version of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting version of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting version of the experiment
+that's in fact the case but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in fact the case but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in fact the case but when you
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+um you know Bell and lights together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Bell and lights together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Bell and lights together the
+stronger Bell captures the learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger Bell captures the learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger Bell captures the learning and
+the weaker light loses so you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker light loses so you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker light loses so you know it's
+a silly example where I was bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silly example where I was bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silly example where I was bringing in
+a rabbit you know if if the rabbit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rabbit you know if if the rabbit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rabbit you know if if the rabbit uh
+was oh I don't know wearing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was oh I don't know wearing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was oh I don't know wearing a little
+silver ring or something like that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver ring or something like that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver ring or something like that you'd
+learn the association between rabbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the association between rabbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the association between rabbit and
+shock but not the association between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock but not the association between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock but not the association between
+ring and shock perhaps because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and shock perhaps because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and shock perhaps because it was
+too small to uh it was overshadowed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to uh it was overshadowed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to uh it was overshadowed as a
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+um it is also critical that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is also critical that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is also critical that the
+um CS predicts the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CS predicts the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CS predicts the U.S
+did I get that right yes this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get that right yes this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I get that right yes this is the
+condition stimulus has to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition stimulus has to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition stimulus has to predict the
+unconditioned stimulus it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned stimulus it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned stimulus it is not
+adequate simply for the uh CS to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate simply for the uh CS to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate simply for the uh CS to just
+show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up
+every time the U.S shows up so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the U.S shows up so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the U.S shows up so as a
+um as a silly example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a silly example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a silly example
+um everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everybody
+who uh bombs the midterm in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh bombs the midterm in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh bombs the midterm in this class
+uh almost everybody maybe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost everybody maybe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost everybody maybe it's not
+perfect but it's a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but it's a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect but it's a pretty good
+Association almost everybody who bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association almost everybody who bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association almost everybody who bombs
+the midterm in this class drank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm in this class drank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm in this class drank
+something shortly before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something shortly before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something shortly before
+doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that
+right so drink bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so drink bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so drink bomb
+and it works every year so there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works every year so there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it works every year so there's lots
+of pairings drink Bomb drink look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairings drink Bomb drink look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pairings drink Bomb drink look I
+wouldn't on the basis of that give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't on the basis of that give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't on the basis of that give up
+drinking that there's there's no there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking that there's there's no there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking that there's there's no there's
+no predictive value there because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no predictive value there because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no predictive value there because you
+drink a bunch of times when nothing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a bunch of times when nothing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a bunch of times when nothing has
+anything to do with the midterm there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the midterm there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the midterm there's
+no relationship what's important is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relationship what's important is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no relationship what's important is a
+contingent predictive relationship this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent predictive relationship this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent predictive relationship this
+is a brain mechanism that's there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a brain mechanism that's there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a brain mechanism that's there to
+learn what in the world predicts what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what in the world predicts what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn what in the world predicts what
+other thing in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing in the world
+in the standard pavlovian setup here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard pavlovian setup here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the standard pavlovian setup here the
+prediction is perfect every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is perfect every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is perfect every time you
+ring the bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring the bell
+um you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get
+the food if you cut that down so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food if you cut that down so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food if you cut that down so that
+the prediction is imperfect it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction is imperfect it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction is imperfect it's sort of
+correlational you'll still learn but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational you'll still learn but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlational you'll still learn but
+you'll learn less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn less
+and you'll learn more slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll learn more slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll learn more slowly
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+um you know if half the time the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if half the time the Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if half the time the Bell
+ran you got food and the bell never rang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran you got food and the bell never rang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran you got food and the bell never rang
+any other time the animal would learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other time the animal would learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other time the animal would learn
+the Bell more or less means food but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell more or less means food but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bell more or less means food but it
+would be slower and and and less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be slower and and and less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be slower and and and less uh
+and unless strong that's not what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless strong that's not what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless strong that's not what I
+wanted to move you know I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to move you know I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to move you know I've been
+speaking of learning I've been teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of learning I've been teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking of learning I've been teaching
+in this room for years and I've still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room for years and I've still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room for years and I've still
+never managed to reliably use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never managed to reliably use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never managed to reliably use these
+boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards
+always push the wrong button all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always push the wrong button all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always push the wrong button all right
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+if you've got a if you've got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a if you've got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've got a if you've got a good
+strong you know Bell food Bell food Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong you know Bell food Bell food Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong you know Bell food Bell food Bell
+food kind of thing what you're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food kind of thing what you're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food kind of thing what you're gonna do
+is over time you build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over time you build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over time you build up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a rate of responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate of responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rate of responding
+to some sort of asymptotic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sort of asymptotic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some sort of asymptotic level
+what happens if you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you change the
+contingency most particularly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency most particularly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency most particularly what
+happens if you stop feeding the the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you stop feeding the the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you stop feeding the the dog
+after the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh the response will go away not the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the response will go away not the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the response will go away not the dog
+the dog doesn't have the option in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog doesn't have the option in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog doesn't have the option in this
+particular case yeah the the the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case yeah the the the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case yeah the the the uh the
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+will go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go away
+um that's known in the conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's known in the conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's known in the conditioning
+literature as Extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature as Extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature as Extinction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the response will extinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response will extinguish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response will extinguish the
+interesting question I mean that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question I mean that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question I mean that that
+makes sense right you know if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right you know if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right you know if if the
+contingency no longer applies why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency no longer applies why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency no longer applies why should
+I continue to respond on the basis of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I continue to respond on the basis of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I continue to respond on the basis of a
+contingency that's no longer valid did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency that's no longer valid did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency that's no longer valid did
+you forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget
+um you the dog did you forget that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you the dog did you forget that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you the dog did you forget that
+contingency or unlearn that contingency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency or unlearn that contingency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingency or unlearn that contingency
+is it gone the answer is no it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gone the answer is no it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gone the answer is no it still
+seems to be there in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be there in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be there in some sense
+um it's just it's just you're no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just it's just you're no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just it's just you're no longer
+making the response how do we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the response how do we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the response how do we know that
+well for instance if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for instance if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for instance if you were to
+give the dog a little break send him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the dog a little break send him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the dog a little break send him
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+then put him back in the apparatus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put him back in the apparatus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put him back in the apparatus you
+would discover that the response even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would discover that the response even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would discover that the response even if
+you never presented any more food the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never presented any more food the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never presented any more food the
+response would come back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response would come back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response would come back and then
+extinguish again this is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish again this is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish again this is known as
+spontaneous recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know to use the language that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know to use the language that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know to use the language that we
+shouldn't be using it's like the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be using it's like the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be using it's like the dog
+saying all right all right Belle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying all right all right Belle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying all right all right Belle
+predicts food oh Bale doesn't predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts food oh Bale doesn't predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts food oh Bale doesn't predict
+food anymore I mean it's not like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food anymore I mean it's not like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food anymore I mean it's not like I
+forgot that the bell used to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot that the bell used to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot that the bell used to predict the
+food I'm not a dumb dog I remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food I'm not a dumb dog I remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food I'm not a dumb dog I remember that
+but it doesn't anymore so why should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't anymore so why should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't anymore so why should I
+drool okay now I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drool okay now I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drool okay now I wonder
+what situation we're in here is it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what situation we're in here is it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what situation we're in here is it are
+we back here are we here well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we back here are we here well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we back here are we here well we'll
+drool a little bit just to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drool a little bit just to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drool a little bit just to see
+the uh you know again the dog is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know again the dog is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh you know again the dog is not
+presumed to be doing anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumed to be doing anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumed to be doing anything like that
+kind of thinking um but it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking um but it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thinking um but it's not that
+far off from from more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far off from from more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far off from from more complicated
+situations that you could imagine in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that you could imagine in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that you could imagine in in
+um in the real world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the real world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the real world so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you uh you develop a relationship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you develop a relationship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh you develop a relationship with
+another person that produces some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person that produces some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person that produces some rate
+of of uh of conditioned response or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh of conditioned response or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh of conditioned response or
+something like that because uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because uh you know
+that you know while you're responding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know while you're responding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know while you're responding in
+any case then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case then she
+she decides not to have anything further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she decides not to have anything further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she decides not to have anything further
+to do with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with you
+response disappears then comes oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response disappears then comes oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response disappears then comes oh I
+don't know summer vacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know summer vacation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know summer vacation
+and you see her again after vacation do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see her again after vacation do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see her again after vacation do
+you emit a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you emit a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you emit a response
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+are we here or maybe we're back here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we here or maybe we're back here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we here or maybe we're back here you
+know so you know maybe a little response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know maybe a little response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know maybe a little response
+and then so it's that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so it's that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then so it's that's that's that's
+spontaneous that's spontaneous recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous that's spontaneous recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous that's spontaneous recovery
+um I mentioned last time that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mentioned last time that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mentioned last time that you are
+better set up to the original notion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better set up to the original notion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better set up to the original notion was
+sort of that you were a general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that you were a general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that you were a general purpose
+Association learner you could learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learner you could learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learner you could learn
+anything the the evidence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the the evidence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the the evidence from
+preparedness which I talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness which I talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparedness which I talked about before
+suggests that you are better prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that you are better prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that you are better prepared to
+learn some things than others so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some things than others so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some things than others so you're
+better prepared to learn that snakes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better prepared to learn that snakes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better prepared to learn that snakes are
+scary than that bunnies are scary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary than that bunnies are scary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary than that bunnies are scary for
+instance so it's not yeah it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so it's not yeah it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so it's not yeah it's fairly
+general purpose or at least there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose or at least there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose or at least there are
+aspects of Association learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of Association learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of Association learning that
+seem to be general purpose but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be general purpose but not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be general purpose but not all
+of it is is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is is completely
+um general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um general purpose
+um one constraint the one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one constraint the one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one constraint the one thing that
+you're certainly set up to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're certainly set up to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're certainly set up to do is to
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+um associations only over a limited time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um associations only over a limited time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um associations only over a limited time
+window so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here oh I lost it underneath there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh I lost it underneath there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh I lost it underneath there right
+tone followed by food tone followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone followed by food tone followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone followed by food tone followed by
+food that's the Cs followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that's the Cs followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that's the Cs followed by
+um the U.S right so let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the U.S right so let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the U.S right so let's take this
+asymptotic point here and plot that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic point here and plot that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic point here and plot that over
+here now suppose that we systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now suppose that we systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now suppose that we systematically
+vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary
+the relationship in time between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship in time between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship in time between the
+conditioned stimulus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned stimulus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned stimulus and the
+unconditioned stimulus well this is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned stimulus well this is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditioned stimulus well this is on
+this is on the order say of one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on the order say of one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on the order say of one or two
+seconds if I feed you if I ring the bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds if I feed you if I ring the bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds if I feed you if I ring the bell
+today and feed you tomorrow how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and feed you tomorrow how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and feed you tomorrow how much
+learning you figure we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not a lot first of all it's a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot first of all it's a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot first of all it's a very long
+boring experiment since we need lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring experiment since we need lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring experiment since we need lots of
+pairings but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairings but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairings but basically
+um you don't you don't have to go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't you don't have to go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't you don't have to go that
+far but it's going to fade off in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but it's going to fade off in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but it's going to fade off in this
+direction that it you can't have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that it you can't have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that it you can't have too
+long a period between the conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long a period between the conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long a period between the conditioned
+stimulus and the unconditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and the unconditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and the unconditioned
+stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+zero doesn't produce much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero doesn't produce much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero doesn't produce much uh
+conditioning and negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and negative
+relationships so I give you food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so I give you food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so I give you food and
+then I ring a bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I ring a bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I ring a bell
+that says you know food that was food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you know food that was food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says you know food that was food
+food that was food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that was food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food that was food
+you know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay
+little did there it doesn't hit zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little did there it doesn't hit zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little did there it doesn't hit zero at
+zero but but there's really basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but but there's really basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but but there's really basically
+very little happening down that way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little happening down that way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little happening down that way so
+there's a narrow time window within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a narrow time window within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a narrow time window within
+which this chunk of you is looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this chunk of you is looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this chunk of you is looking for
+associations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations
+um out there in in in the world uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out there in in in the world uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um out there in in in the world uh the
+the real world example here might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world example here might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world example here might be
+bump signs on the highway when is a bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump signs on the highway when is a bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump signs on the highway when is a bump
+sign on the highway useful if the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign on the highway useful if the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign on the highway useful if the bump
+sign shows up at exactly the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign shows up at exactly the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign shows up at exactly the same place
+as the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bump
+thank you you want it to show up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you you want it to show up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you you want it to show up a
+little bit before the bump shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before the bump shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit before the bump shows up
+after the bump you know that was a bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not that useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that useful
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so cons it's it's limited constrained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cons it's it's limited constrained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cons it's it's limited constrained in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um in time now how can we go and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in time now how can we go and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in time now how can we go and get
+from this nice rule-governed behavior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this nice rule-governed behavior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this nice rule-governed behavior to
+um more complicated behaviors one route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more complicated behaviors one route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more complicated behaviors one route
+to that is um or one one way to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that is um or one one way to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that is um or one one way to see how
+that might work is is it is a paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might work is is it is a paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might work is is it is a paradigm
+in the conditioning literature known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conditioning literature known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conditioning literature known as
+uh sensory did it again didn't I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sensory did it again didn't I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sensory did it again didn't I look at
+that got it got it wrong on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got it got it wrong on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got it got it wrong on both
+dimensions it's called sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's called sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions it's called sensory
+preconditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and do I I'll just restart this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do I I'll just restart this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do I I'll just restart this over
+here it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's easier
+um here's how a sensory preconditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's how a sensory preconditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's how a sensory preconditioning
+experiment what might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what might
+work if you were a rat or a dog or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if you were a rat or a dog or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work if you were a rat or a dog or
+something like that so step one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so step one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so step one I'm
+gonna show you a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to
+turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around
+don't do that a bunch of times light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that a bunch of times light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that a bunch of times light
+tone light tone light tone now I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone light tone light tone now I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone light tone light tone now I'm gonna
+play the light Alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the light Alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the light Alone
+um or I play the tone alone do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I play the tone alone do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or I play the tone alone do you
+salivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivate
+no why should you salivate it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why should you salivate it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why should you salivate it's got
+nothing to do with salivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with salivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with salivation
+step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tone food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone food
+that's just the Classic uh the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the Classic uh the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the Classic uh the classic
+classical conditioning Paradigm tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning Paradigm tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning Paradigm tone
+food tone food tone food play the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food tone food tone food play the tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food tone food tone food play the tone
+alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone
+well tone food whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saliva so now I'm gonna play the tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saliva so now I'm gonna play the tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saliva so now I'm gonna play the tone
+alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and lo and behold we know I'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and behold we know I'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and behold we know I'll get the
+the conditioned response of salivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioned response of salivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioned response of salivation
+here the critical test is now I play I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the critical test is now I play I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the critical test is now I play I
+show the light in isolation what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the light in isolation what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the light in isolation what happens
+well what happens is that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the conditioned response the animal will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioned response the animal will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditioned response the animal will
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+will now salivate in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now salivate in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now salivate in response to the
+um uh to the light alone why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to the light alone why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh to the light alone why is this
+interesting well what's the animal doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well what's the animal doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well what's the animal doing
+well again we can sort of think in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again we can sort of think in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again we can sort of think in in
+sort of conscious terms that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conscious terms that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of conscious terms that aren't
+appropriate the animal is saying light I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate the animal is saying light I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate the animal is saying light I
+know about light light means tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about light light means tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about light light means tone
+aha tone I know about tone tone means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha tone I know about tone tone means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha tone I know about tone tone means
+food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+um so if tone needs food I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if tone needs food I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if tone needs food I should be
+like salivating and if light means tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salivating and if light means tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like salivating and if light means tone
+I should be salivating there so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be salivating there so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be salivating there so I think
+I'll just start you know drooling all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just start you know drooling all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just start you know drooling all
+over the place now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place now
+um what's important about this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's important about this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's important about this is you
+can see actually you can see sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually you can see sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually you can see sort of
+graphically here I'm managing to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically here I'm managing to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically here I'm managing to get
+more remote from the response I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more remote from the response I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more remote from the response I'm
+working my way way backwards suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working my way way backwards suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working my way way backwards suppose it
+was the case that at the end of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the case that at the end of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the case that at the end of every
+one of my lectures around 3 23 I was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my lectures around 3 23 I was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my lectures around 3 23 I was to
+say in summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in summary
+um and that your habit was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that your habit was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that your habit was to
+immediately run out of class thereafter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately run out of class thereafter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately run out of class thereafter
+and get yourself a snack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get yourself a snack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get yourself a snack
+you might discover that as I said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might discover that as I said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might discover that as I said in
+summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that somebody walked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that somebody walked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that somebody walked in
+um you might discover that as I said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might discover that as I said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might discover that as I said in
+summary that you started to feel hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary that you started to feel hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary that you started to feel hungry
+um because because of a learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because of a learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because of a learned
+Association it might never occur to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association it might never occur to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association it might never occur to you
+until you examine this why you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you examine this why you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you examine this why you feel
+hungry when I when I said in summary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry when I when I said in summary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry when I when I said in summary but
+um if we look at this timing thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we look at this timing thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we look at this timing thing it's
+not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case
+three and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and once
+Eminem's into your mouth or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eminem's into your mouth or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eminem's into your mouth or something
+like that you've got to somehow explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you've got to somehow explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you've got to somehow explain
+how you work backwards from the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you work backwards from the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you work backwards from the the the
+eventual M Ms here back to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual M Ms here back to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual M Ms here back to something
+that I said and this is one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said and this is one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said and this is one way to do it
+you imagine that what you've got is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine that what you've got is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine that what you've got is a an
+automatic Association learner that's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic Association learner that's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic Association learner that's its
+job is to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to look for
+um sort of if a then B situations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of if a then B situations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of if a then B situations in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+and that it is capable of chaining those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it is capable of chaining those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it is capable of chaining those
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+that you can go if a then B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go if a then B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can go if a then B
+um if B then C if C then they are oh hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if B then C if C then they are oh hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if B then C if C then they are oh hey
+look if this then this thing way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if this then this thing way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if this then this thing way down
+the line somewhere and if you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line somewhere and if you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line somewhere and if you can start
+chaining these simple associations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining these simple associations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining these simple associations
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+all of a sudden you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden you've got the
+possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+of having a much more complicated kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having a much more complicated kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having a much more complicated kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um uh a tool that could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a tool that could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a tool that could potentially
+explain much more complicated kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain much more complicated kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain much more complicated kinds of
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+um now this is so that's classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this is so that's classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this is so that's classical
+conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning
+good for explaining or good for talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for explaining or good for talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for explaining or good for talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+relationships between stimuli out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between stimuli out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between stimuli out in the
+world the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the other thing
+another thing that you would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you would want to
+learn about is the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about is the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about is the relationship between
+what you do and its consequences that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and its consequences that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and its consequences that's
+what we talked about a bit last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about a bit last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about a bit last time
+when I did that puzzle box the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did that puzzle box the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did that puzzle box the the
+Thorndike puzzle box example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thorndike puzzle box example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thorndike puzzle box example
+um you know thorndike's cat wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know thorndike's cat wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know thorndike's cat wasn't
+learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh what was was not so interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was was not so interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was was not so interested in
+learning about relations of stimuli in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about relations of stimuli in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about relations of stimuli in
+the world what it was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world what it was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world what it was interested in
+learning is if I do this then I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is if I do this then I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is if I do this then I get that
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+um and that's the core of of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's the core of of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's the core of of um of
+operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operant
+um conditioning now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditioning now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditioning now
+um if this was well I I I took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this was well I I I took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this was well I I I took this
+course Once Upon a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Once Upon a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course Once Upon a Time
+um but I took it at Princeton where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I took it at Princeton where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I took it at Princeton where I
+was an undergrad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergrad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an undergrad and
+um the this that allows me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the this that allows me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the this that allows me to
+encapsulate the basic difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate the basic difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate the basic difference between
+a Princeton undergraduate education oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Princeton undergraduate education oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Princeton undergraduate education oh
+look at that there's a guy wearing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that there's a guy wearing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that there's a guy wearing a
+Princeton sweatshirt right now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton sweatshirt right now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton sweatshirt right now that's
+don't don't cover it up you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't cover it up you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't cover it up you just you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+unless she's no longer talking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless she's no longer talking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless she's no longer talking to you
+that's that's that's the extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's the extinction
+curve over there um anyway the uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve over there um anyway the uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve over there um anyway the uh where
+were we oh yes the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we oh yes the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we oh yes the difference between a
+a a a Princeton education and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a Princeton education and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a Princeton education and MIT
+education is that at Princeton this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is that at Princeton this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is that at Princeton this
+course satisfied the science requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course satisfied the science requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course satisfied the science requirement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you laugh
+um but if I was to give this lecture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I was to give this lecture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I was to give this lecture at
+Princeton and say at MIT this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton and say at MIT this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton and say at MIT this course
+satisfies a sort of a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies a sort of a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies a sort of a you know
+Humanities literature kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities literature kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities literature kind of
+requirement they'd all laugh so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement they'd all laugh so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement they'd all laugh so the main
+difference between the courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the courses
+um was not in what the the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was not in what the the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was not in what the the you know the
+guy standing up front did in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy standing up front did in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy standing up front did in the way of
+lecturing but here of course to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing but here of course to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing but here of course to satisfy
+the to make it a half course you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to make it a half course you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to make it a half course you do a
+lot of writing and at Princeton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of writing and at Princeton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of writing and at Princeton
+um we had it was a lab course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had it was a lab course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had it was a lab course
+um and it's a great pity in some way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a great pity in some way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a great pity in some way I
+mean too excellent that you are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean too excellent that you are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean too excellent that you are off
+writing but it's a great pity not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing but it's a great pity not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing but it's a great pity not to
+have a lab component to this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lab component to this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lab component to this because
+um this operant conditioning thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this operant conditioning thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this operant conditioning thing
+is a lot cooler if you got a pigeon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot cooler if you got a pigeon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot cooler if you got a pigeon of
+your own which is which is what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own which is which is what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own which is which is what we had
+so the if people and then you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the if people and then you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the if people and then you don't you
+don't end up with a salivating dog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up with a salivating dog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up with a salivating dog of
+your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+um but but pigeons pigeons are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but pigeons pigeons are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but pigeons pigeons are okay
+um so the the the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the the classic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the version of a uh of an operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of a uh of an operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of a uh of an operant
+conditioning experiment that people tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning experiment that people tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning experiment that people tend
+to know something about before they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something about before they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something about before they come
+into a course is a so-called Skinner box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a course is a so-called Skinner box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a course is a so-called Skinner box
+which is uh you know a a pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh you know a a pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh you know a a pigeon
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh well
+he can be a rat too if you want I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be a rat too if you want I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can be a rat too if you want I'm
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's just a matter of where you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a matter of where you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a matter of where you put the
+whiskers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers
+um anyway so the idea of a Skinner box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so the idea of a Skinner box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so the idea of a Skinner box
+was you you'd have an environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you you'd have an environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you you'd have an environment that
+could really control the the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really control the the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really control the the options
+available to the pigeon or the rat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the pigeon or the rat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the pigeon or the rat and
+and what you'd have in a in a pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'd have in a in a pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'd have in a in a pigeon
+Skinner box is a um uh a box that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skinner box is a um uh a box that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skinner box is a um uh a box that had
+nothing much in it except for a key here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much in it except for a key here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing much in it except for a key here
+that that is hooked up to a little micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is hooked up to a little micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is hooked up to a little micro
+switch or something and that the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch or something and that the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch or something and that the animal
+could Peck at and we could record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Peck at and we could record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Peck at and we could record the
+packs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packs
+um and and a little bin down here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and a little bin down here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and a little bin down here where
+the bird seed could show up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird seed could show up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird seed could show up and you
+stick a pigeon in there and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a pigeon in there and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick a pigeon in there and this is a
+hungry pigeon because you haven't fed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry pigeon because you haven't fed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry pigeon because you haven't fed it
+um and so yeah that's you know bummed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so yeah that's you know bummed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so yeah that's you know bummed
+out pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pigeon
+um but if he pecks there under in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if he pecks there under in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if he pecks there under in the
+right ways we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ways we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ways we will
+um we'll feed him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll feed him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll feed him
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is this is simply the the somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is simply the the somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is simply the the somewhat
+higher Tech version of of thorndike's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Tech version of of thorndike's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Tech version of of thorndike's
+puzzle box you'll recognize the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle box you'll recognize the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle box you'll recognize the the
+pigeon has to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon has to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon has to figure out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to Peck at the key if you just stick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Peck at the key if you just stick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Peck at the key if you just stick a
+pigeon in a Skinner box even a hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon in a Skinner box even a hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon in a Skinner box even a hungry
+pigeon the pigeon just sits there I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon the pigeon just sits there I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon the pigeon just sits there I mean
+you know does stuff but the pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know does stuff but the pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know does stuff but the pigeon
+doesn't immediately say hey I'd take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't immediately say hey I'd take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't immediately say hey I'd take an
+intro psych I know about this I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych I know about this I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro psych I know about this I'm gonna
+go and pick that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and pick that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and pick that thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you have to do what's known as shaping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do what's known as shaping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do what's known as shaping
+its uh Behavior the first thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh Behavior the first thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh Behavior the first thing you have
+to do that's important is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that's important is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that's important is you have to
+get your pigeon from the basement to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your pigeon from the basement to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your pigeon from the basement to the
+fourth floor where the lab was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth floor where the lab was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth floor where the lab was
+um and should you ever need to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and should you ever need to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and should you ever need to do that
+the important thing to know is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing to know is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing to know is that that
+plastic juice containers are really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic juice containers are really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic juice containers are really good
+to take the pitch and stick them head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the pitch and stick them head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the pitch and stick them head
+first in the plastic juice container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the plastic juice container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the plastic juice container
+um not with the juice in it uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not with the juice in it uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not with the juice in it uh and and
+then the uh the pigeon is actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh the pigeon is actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh the pigeon is actually quite
+calm under those circumstances if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm under those circumstances if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm under those circumstances if you
+decide how tough can a pigeon be and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how tough can a pigeon be and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how tough can a pigeon be and you
+don't need to do that because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do that because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do that because you can't
+find your juice container anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your juice container anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your juice container anyway you
+just grab your pigeon because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just grab your pigeon because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just grab your pigeon because you're
+bigger than the pigeon try to carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the pigeon try to carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the pigeon try to carry it
+upstairs what you end up is with loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs what you end up is with loose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs what you end up is with loose
+pigeons on like the second and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons on like the second and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons on like the second and third
+floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor
+um so uh things that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh things that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh things that you're going to
+miss out on just because you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss out on just because you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss out on just because you're writing
+papers instead what you do once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers instead what you do once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers instead what you do once you
+stick that pigeon in the Pigeon in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that pigeon in the Pigeon in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that pigeon in the Pigeon in the
+Skinner box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skinner box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skinner box
+if you just sit there it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just sit there it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just sit there it's going to be a
+long day what you have to do is shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long day what you have to do is shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long day what you have to do is shape
+the pigeon's Behavior it probably says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon's Behavior it probably says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon's Behavior it probably says
+shaping somewhere on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping somewhere on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping somewhere on the handout
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah yeah use the law of effect to shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah use the law of effect to shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah use the law of effect to shape
+the uh the animal it says there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the animal it says there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the animal it says there that
+doesn't mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean like
+what it means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the pigeon's just sitting there moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon's just sitting there moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon's just sitting there moving
+around doing pidginy like things feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around doing pidginy like things feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around doing pidginy like things feeling
+hungry and the pigeon turns towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and the pigeon turns towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and the pigeon turns towards the
+wall that's got the key on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall that's got the key on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall that's got the key on and you
+push a little button that gives them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push a little button that gives them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push a little button that gives them a
+little bird seed and he goes eats the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bird seed and he goes eats the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bird seed and he goes eats the
+bird seed and goes back to doing pigeony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird seed and goes back to doing pigeony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird seed and goes back to doing pigeony
+things but now the law of effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but now the law of effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but now the law of effects
+working that that bird seed is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working that that bird seed is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working that that bird seed is a
+positive reinforcer right so the trunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive reinforcer right so the trunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive reinforcer right so the trunk
+of the bird's brain that is doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bird's brain that is doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bird's brain that is doing this
+Association learning between action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning between action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning between action and
+its consequences saying bird suit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its consequences saying bird suit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its consequences saying bird suit that
+was good bird seed I liked the bird seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good bird seed I liked the bird seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good bird seed I liked the bird seed
+what do I do to get more bird seed well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do to get more bird seed well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do to get more bird seed well
+it's not saying that explicitly but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not saying that explicitly but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not saying that explicitly but it's
+saying we'll do whatever we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we'll do whatever we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we'll do whatever we were just
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+okay well now you don't want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well now you don't want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well now you don't want them to
+just be looking at the wall so now after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be looking at the wall so now after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be looking at the wall so now after
+a couple of rounds of that you say Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of rounds of that you say Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of rounds of that you say Okay
+bird you only get the bird seed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird you only get the bird seed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird you only get the bird seed if you
+move a little closer to the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a little closer to the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move a little closer to the wall
+the bird moves closer to the wall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird moves closer to the wall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird moves closer to the wall and
+you know all right all right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all right all right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all right all right now you
+only get it if you're looking at the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get it if you're looking at the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get it if you're looking at the key
+now you're only getting if you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're only getting if you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're only getting if you're right
+up there and eventually you get the bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and eventually you get the bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and eventually you get the bird
+pecking at the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking at the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecking at the um
+uh at the key and then you can go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the key and then you can go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the key and then you can go off
+and do other cool experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do other cool experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do other cool experiments
+um from there but you have to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from there but you have to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from there but you have to you have
+to shape the behavior in the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shape the behavior in the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shape the behavior in the way you
+want and and and the key business I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and and and the key business I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and and and the key business I mean
+this is the key there's the bird food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key there's the bird food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key there's the bird food
+that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+somewhat arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat arbitrary
+um it's just you know what Skinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just you know what Skinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just you know what Skinner
+wanted to use to control the birds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use to control the birds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use to control the birds you
+know to make it possible to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to make it possible to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to make it possible to measure the
+bird's behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's behavior
+um we had a very clever pigeon when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had a very clever pigeon when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we had a very clever pigeon when I
+did this lab and we got through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this lab and we got through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this lab and we got through the
+stuff that was in the lab book like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that was in the lab book like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that was in the lab book like
+really quickly probably because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly probably because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly probably because the
+pigeon had been the pigeon for a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon had been the pigeon for a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon had been the pigeon for a half a
+dozen other yeah oh yeah yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen other yeah oh yeah yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozen other yeah oh yeah yeah I'm
+supposed to fake it here and claim I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to fake it here and claim I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to fake it here and claim I
+don't know what's going on here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on here all
+right yeah all right oh good we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah all right oh good we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah all right oh good we're
+shaped Now give me the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped Now give me the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped Now give me the food
+um but anyway we decided that this pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway we decided that this pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway we decided that this pit
+we we still had some time we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we still had some time we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we still had some time we thought
+we'll we'll we'll we'll mess with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll we'll mess with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll we'll we'll mess with this
+pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon
+um and so we started reinforcing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we started reinforcing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we started reinforcing the
+pigeon for turns so you know no bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon for turns so you know no bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon for turns so you know no bird
+seed unless you make a quarter turn okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed unless you make a quarter turn okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed unless you make a quarter turn okay
+no court unless you make it after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no court unless you make it after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no court unless you make it after we
+eventually had the bird making three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually had the bird making three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually had the bird making three
+full turns for each and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full turns for each and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full turns for each and that sort of
+Stack ring over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stack ring over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stack ring over to the
+third seat but we we had this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third seat but we we had this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third seat but we we had this great
+ballet dancing pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballet dancing pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballet dancing pigeon
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that's in fact the basis of trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in fact the basis of trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in fact the basis of trained
+animal acts that you may have seen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal acts that you may have seen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal acts that you may have seen at
+various places and I should advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places and I should advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places and I should advertise
+that it's not confined to uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not confined to uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not confined to uh to to
+pigeons and things like that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons and things like that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons and things like that you can
+perfectly well condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well condition
+um human beings I already I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um human beings I already I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um human beings I already I think I've
+used in the last uh lecture the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the last uh lecture the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the last uh lecture the example
+of jokes as a case of behavior getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jokes as a case of behavior getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jokes as a case of behavior getting
+shaped jokes that get rewarded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped jokes that get rewarded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped jokes that get rewarded with
+laughs are get repeated jokes that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs are get repeated jokes that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughs are get repeated jokes that get
+rewarded with smacks don't get repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded with smacks don't get repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded with smacks don't get repeated
+um but uh again going back to my intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh again going back to my intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh again going back to my intro
+psych class I should tell you that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych class I should tell you that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych class I should tell you that it is
+possible to condition the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to condition the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to condition the professor
+um what you need to do is figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you need to do is figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you need to do is figure out
+well what reinforces uh professors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what reinforces uh professors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what reinforces uh professors the
+answer at least in this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at least in this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at least in this sort of a
+setting is students who look kinda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is students who look kinda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is students who look kinda
+interested and and smile and write notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and and smile and write notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and and smile and write notes
+um at least that's what my professor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least that's what my professor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least that's what my professor who
+was in fact an important learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact an important learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact an important learning
+theorist in his own right that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist in his own right that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist in his own right that's what he
+told us he said if you look yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us he said if you look yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us he said if you look yeah it's
+it's reinforcing if you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reinforcing if you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reinforcing if you if you're
+looking like you're interested in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like you're interested in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like you're interested in your
+writing notes and so you should he told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing notes and so you should he told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing notes and so you should he told
+us be able to pick a behavior that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us be able to pick a behavior that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us be able to pick a behavior that the
+professor is doing and reinforce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor is doing and reinforce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor is doing and reinforce it
+um by smiling and writing notes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by smiling and writing notes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by smiling and writing notes at the
+appropriate time so you know I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate time so you know I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate time so you know I was going
+to be a psych major I did what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a psych major I did what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a psych major I did what I was
+told I was sitting about there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told I was sitting about there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told I was sitting about there
+um my friend and I every time the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my friend and I every time the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my friend and I every time the next
+next psych lecture every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next psych lecture every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next psych lecture every time
+um the professor Cayman moved to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the professor Cayman moved to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the professor Cayman moved to the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+um we smiled and took notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we smiled and took notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we smiled and took notes
+and by the end of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the end of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the end of lecture
+he was most of the way out the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was most of the way out the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was most of the way out the door
+it was great now as evidence for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was great now as evidence for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was great now as evidence for the
+notion that this is quite unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that this is quite unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that this is quite unconscious
+and reflexive kind of learning we told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reflexive kind of learning we told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reflexive kind of learning we told
+him about it afterwards and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him about it afterwards and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him about it afterwards and he
+absolutely believed that it was possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely believed that it was possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely believed that it was possible
+that it had happened and absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had happened and absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it had happened and absolutely
+reported no awareness that it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported no awareness that it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported no awareness that it had
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+um so you're welcome to try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're welcome to try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're welcome to try this
+um you're even welcome to try it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're even welcome to try it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're even welcome to try it here
+let me tell you that I have made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you that I have made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you that I have made this
+offer in years past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer in years past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer in years past
+um the uh and no nobody has reported a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh and no nobody has reported a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh and no nobody has reported a
+great success but the the great failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success but the the great failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success but the the great failure
+was when one recitation section got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when one recitation section got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was when one recitation section got
+together and decided there's strength in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and decided there's strength in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and decided there's strength in
+numbers but it turns out that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but it turns out that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but it turns out that if
+everybody in a recitation sits I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in a recitation sits I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in a recitation sits I still
+remember they were all sitting there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they were all sitting there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they were all sitting there if
+you all sit in one place and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all sit in one place and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all sit in one place and I don't
+remember what I was supposed to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I was supposed to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I was supposed to do but
+when I did it they all went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I kind of cracked up but I don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of cracked up but I don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of cracked up but I don't believe
+I learned anything particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned anything particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned anything particular
+um but but uh but it it can sit out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but uh but it it can sit out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but uh but it it can sit out
+there as a challenge for you if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a challenge for you if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as a challenge for you if anybody
+gets it to work on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it to work on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it to work on you know
+the math guy or something so Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math guy or something so Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math guy or something so Arthur
+Matic still teaching 18-0 whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matic still teaching 18-0 whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matic still teaching 18-0 whatever
+1803 in the spring oh that's too long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 in the spring oh that's too long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 in the spring oh that's too long to
+wait I've never been sure Matic would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I've never been sure Matic would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I've never been sure Matic would
+notice anyway but that's a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice anyway but that's a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice anyway but that's a separate
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+um anyway if anybody succeeds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+the point here is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that this is
+a form of learning that does apply in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of learning that does apply in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of learning that does apply in in
+in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the human world as well as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human world as well as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human world as well as in the
+um as well as in the pigeon World once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as in the pigeon World once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as in the pigeon World once
+you've got that animal shaped to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that animal shaped to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got that animal shaped to do what
+you want you can then start studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can then start studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you can then start studying
+um the rules that govern that behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rules that govern that behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the rules that govern that behavior
+let me say a word about schedules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a word about schedules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a word about schedules of
+reinforcement since I see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement since I see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement since I see that it's
+there on the hand actually it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the hand actually it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the hand actually it doesn't
+say schedule oh it does fixed invariable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say schedule oh it does fixed invariable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say schedule oh it does fixed invariable
+ratio and fixed and variable interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and fixed and variable interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and fixed and variable interval
+schedules of reinforcement what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules of reinforcement what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules of reinforcement what that
+means is if you're reinforcing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you're reinforcing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you're reinforcing the
+pigeon every time he pecks he's on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon every time he pecks he's on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon every time he pecks he's on a
+fixed ratio One schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you shape up the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you shape up the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you shape up the behavior
+and at some point the pigeon is trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point the pigeon is trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point the pigeon is trained
+and if you're reinforcing him every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're reinforcing him every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're reinforcing him every time
+he makes a peck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes a peck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes a peck
+he will emit packs so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will emit packs so let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will emit packs so let's call this
+the peck rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peck rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peck rate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+kill emit packs at some asymptotic rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill emit packs at some asymptotic rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill emit packs at some asymptotic rate
+not unlike the salivation thing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unlike the salivation thing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unlike the salivation thing over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+actually I want to save myself a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want to save myself a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want to save myself a little
+space here so let's only go this far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here so let's only go this far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here so let's only go this far so
+as an asymptotic rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an asymptotic rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an asymptotic rate
+of responding now suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responding now suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of responding now suppose that you
+change the rule suppose you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rule suppose you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rule suppose you say you
+don't tell you well you can say it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you well you can say it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you well you can say it to
+the pigeon because the pigeon won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon because the pigeon won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon because the pigeon won't
+understand you say to the pigeon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you say to the pigeon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you say to the pigeon okay
+now you get reinforced only every 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get reinforced only every 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you get reinforced only every 10th
+pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack
+what's the pigeon gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the pigeon gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the pigeon gonna do
+do you think what's that what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think what's that what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think what's that what what's the
+how how's the change how's the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how's the change how's the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how's the change how's the behavior
+going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's gonna go squiggly a pound what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go squiggly a pound what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go squiggly a pound what is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+no every every 10th Peck not every 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no every every 10th Peck not every 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no every every 10th Peck not every 10
+seconds you're you're I I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds you're you're I I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds you're you're I I I'm
+interpreting your squiggle as the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting your squiggle as the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting your squiggle as the answer
+to the to a later question so save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to a later question so save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to a later question so save the
+squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggle
+um it'll it'll be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll it'll be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll it'll be good
+faster that's so whoever said that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that's so whoever said that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster that's so whoever said that uh
+that that that sounds well if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that sounds well if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that sounds well if you've got
+to work harder to get the same reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work harder to get the same reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work harder to get the same reward
+you're gonna you're gonna end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna you're gonna end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna you're gonna end up
+um pecking faster right so I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pecking faster right so I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pecking faster right so I mean if you
+sort of think about it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think about it in terms of
+um your you know once upon a time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your you know once upon a time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your you know once upon a time you
+could get an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get an A
+in uh in whatever you know writing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in whatever you know writing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in whatever you know writing for
+writing like but my eight-year-old wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing like but my eight-year-old wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing like but my eight-year-old wrote
+this morning seven sentences of at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning seven sentences of at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning seven sentences of at least
+six words each took him took him all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six words each took him took him all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six words each took him took him all of
+breakfast to do that because he'd lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast to do that because he'd lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast to do that because he'd lost
+his book and anyways long story but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book and anyways long story but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book and anyways long story but you
+know so he emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so he emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so he emitted
+um his uh writing Behavior relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his uh writing Behavior relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his uh writing Behavior relatively
+low rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rate
+um if you emit your writing Behavior at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you emit your writing Behavior at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you emit your writing Behavior at
+that rate you guys are going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate you guys are going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rate you guys are going to be in
+serious trouble right to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble right to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious trouble right to get the same
+reward you now have to produce more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward you now have to produce more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward you now have to produce more work
+and as a result you'll crank up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result you'll crank up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result you'll crank up the
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+so that would be a fixed ratio what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a fixed ratio what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a fixed ratio what I
+was describing is whatever every 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was describing is whatever every 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was describing is whatever every 10
+pecks that would be a fixed ratio of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecks that would be a fixed ratio of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pecks that would be a fixed ratio of ten
+a variable ratio is um is on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable ratio is um is on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable ratio is um is on average
+every 10 pecks you get reinforced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10 pecks you get reinforced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 10 pecks you get reinforced
+um and that actually produces even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that actually produces even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that actually produces even
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of
+um responding now what what the squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um responding now what what the squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um responding now what what the squiggle
+was the answer to Is what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the answer to Is what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the answer to Is what happens if
+instead of the ratio schedule you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the ratio schedule you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the ratio schedule you have
+an interval schedule suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval schedule suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interval schedule suppose you
+reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce
+um the behavior only for the first pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the behavior only for the first pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the behavior only for the first pack
+after every minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every minute
+make a different graph over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a different graph over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a different graph over here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um bird can peck it all they want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bird can peck it all they want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bird can peck it all they want but
+only when they Peck after this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when they Peck after this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when they Peck after this interval
+marker goes by are they going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker goes by are they going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker goes by are they going to get
+reinforced well I mean a pigeon with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced well I mean a pigeon with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced well I mean a pigeon with a
+wrist watch is going to look at his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist watch is going to look at his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist watch is going to look at his
+watch and say pigeon doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and say pigeon doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and say pigeon doesn't have a
+wristwatch of course but they do have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wristwatch of course but they do have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wristwatch of course but they do have an
+ability to estimate time and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to estimate time and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to estimate time and so what
+they do you know immediately after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do you know immediately after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do you know immediately after
+getting rewarded they just sort of sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rewarded they just sort of sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rewarded they just sort of sit
+there so this is again going to be rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is again going to be rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is again going to be rate
+of response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they just sit there and then they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just sit there and then they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just sit there and then they say
+it's like a minute gone yet oh little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a minute gone yet oh little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a minute gone yet oh little
+nah nothing happened all right it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah nothing happened all right it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah nothing happened all right it's got
+it got it gotta be gotta be now no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got it gotta be gotta be now no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got it gotta be gotta be now no no
+still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get this very scallopy behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this very scallopy behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this very scallopy behavior
+and now if you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you don't think
+that has anything to do with human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has anything to do with human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has anything to do with human
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+well first of all you can ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all you can ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all you can ask yourself
+about your writing output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your writing output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your writing output
+um so for instance there's a paper due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for instance there's a paper due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for instance there's a paper due
+on a sort of a regular interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a smart pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart pigeon
+would be emitting words at about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be emitting words at about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be emitting words at about that
+rate right oh well actually I did meet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right oh well actually I did meet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right oh well actually I did meet a
+student who claimed he was doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who claimed he was doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who claimed he was doing that
+more power to him but I think most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power to him but I think most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power to him but I think most of
+you you know this is when it's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know this is when it's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know this is when it's due
+Friday I think this this point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday I think this this point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday I think this this point here is
+is is like uh um Friday 4 P.M or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is like uh um Friday 4 P.M or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is like uh um Friday 4 P.M or
+something or anyway so people do or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or anyway so people do or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or anyway so people do or you
+come to my house where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to my house where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to my house where
+um if you're an eight-year-old you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're an eight-year-old you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're an eight-year-old you get
+your allowance on the weekend right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your allowance on the weekend right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your allowance on the weekend right but
+only if you do your chores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you do your chores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if you do your chores
+so Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Monday
+is my kid asking what chores he should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my kid asking what chores he should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my kid asking what chores he should
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+no Saturday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Saturday morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Saturday morning
+you bet what can I do what can I do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet what can I do what can I do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet what can I do what can I do you
+know make maybe I made my bed can I lick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make maybe I made my bed can I lick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make maybe I made my bed can I lick
+the floor now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor now you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so these sorts of things oh and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these sorts of things oh and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these sorts of things oh and and the
+downside of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside of this is
+um one of the reasons for paying people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the reasons for paying people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the reasons for paying people
+on a Friday is that if you pay them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Friday is that if you pay them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a Friday is that if you pay them on a
+Thursday they don't show up on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday they don't show up on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday they don't show up on Friday
+they get I mean even though at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get I mean even though at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get I mean even though at some
+level they they're much more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level they they're much more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level they they're much more likely to
+be sick on the Friday if you if you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sick on the Friday if you if you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sick on the Friday if you if you pay
+them on the Thursday so you want to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the Thursday so you want to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the Thursday so you want to pay
+them on a Friday and then they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a Friday and then they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a Friday and then they can be
+sick all weekend on their own time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick all weekend on their own time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick all weekend on their own time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um that's that's what we mean by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's what we mean by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's that's what we mean by by the
+schedules of reinforcement this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules of reinforcement this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules of reinforcement this is also
+operant conditioning is also a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operant conditioning is also a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operant conditioning is also a very
+rule-governed Behavior it is governed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-governed Behavior it is governed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule-governed Behavior it is governed by
+rules that are in many ways similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are in many ways similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are in many ways similar to
+the rules for classical conditioning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules for classical conditioning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules for classical conditioning so
+unsurprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's just do this one as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do this one as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do this one as an example
+it's probably later on in the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably later on in the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably later on in the handout
+um so I uh I I reward little old pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I uh I I reward little old pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I uh I I reward little old pigeon
+every time he pecks the key now I stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time he pecks the key now I stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time he pecks the key now I stop
+rewarding him what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding him what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding him what happens to the
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that is I take that boom to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is I take that boom to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that is I take that boom to mean
+yeah it extinguishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it extinguishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it extinguishes
+um if I give him a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I give him a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I give him a break
+I'll get some spontaneous recovery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get some spontaneous recovery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get some spontaneous recovery and
+it'll extinguish again just like you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll extinguish again just like you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll extinguish again just like you'll
+get in classical conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in classical conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in classical conditioning
+um what happens in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens in these
+how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in a schedule like this to a schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a schedule like this to a schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a schedule like this to a schedule
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+how about a hand I'm hearing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a hand I'm hearing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a hand I'm hearing good
+mutterings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutterings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutterings but
+nobody has a hand yeah I know I well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has a hand yeah I know I well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has a hand yeah I know I well all
+right so slower I heard some more slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so slower I heard some more slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so slower I heard some more slower
+mutterings it's slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutterings it's slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutterings it's slower
+um if that's not intuitively obvious ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if that's not intuitively obvious ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if that's not intuitively obvious ask
+yourself about the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself about the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself about the difference between
+um a slot machine and a Coke machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a slot machine and a Coke machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a slot machine and a Coke machine
+right you put a buck in the Coke machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you put a buck in the Coke machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you put a buck in the Coke machine
+you get a Coke right you put a buck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a Coke right you put a buck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a Coke right you put a buck in
+the Coke machine you don't get a Coke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Coke machine you don't get a Coke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Coke machine you don't get a Coke
+how many more bucks do you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many more bucks do you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many more bucks do you put in
+wow all right so you're not too dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow all right so you're not too dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow all right so you're not too dumb
+that's good okay now you go to Las Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good okay now you go to Las Vegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good okay now you go to Las Vegas
+you put a buck in the slot machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a buck in the slot machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a buck in the slot machine and
+and you don't get anything out what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't get anything out what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't get anything out what do
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+another buck in actually Las Vegas is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another buck in actually Las Vegas is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another buck in actually Las Vegas is a
+beautiful example of of Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful example of of Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful example of of Applied
+um conditioning Theory it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditioning Theory it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um conditioning Theory it's it's just
+you you could you we could send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could you we could send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could you we could send
+everybody on a class trip that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody on a class trip that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody on a class trip that actually
+we did that didn't we sort of there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that didn't we sort of there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did that didn't we sort of there's
+that MIT there's a bestseller about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT there's a bestseller about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that MIT there's a bestseller about the
+that that was more applied math than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was more applied math than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was more applied math than
+applied psychology the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied psychology the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied psychology the applied
+psychology thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology thing is
+um when a slot machine pays off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when a slot machine pays off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when a slot machine pays off
+traditionally what happens is the coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally what happens is the coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally what happens is the coins
+come out right not now often they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right not now often they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right not now often they're
+electronic but they simulate It Anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic but they simulate It Anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic but they simulate It Anyway
+the coins come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coins come out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do the coins hit when they come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the coins hit when they come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do the coins hit when they come out
+metal why do they hit metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal why do they hit metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal why do they hit metal
+to make a racket why do you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a racket why do you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a racket why do you want to make
+a racket well that racket itself becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racket well that racket itself becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a racket well that racket itself becomes
+positively reinforcing you want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively reinforcing you want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively reinforcing you want to hear
+that sound right you want to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound right you want to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sound right you want to put that
+buck in and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck in and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buck in and here
+oh yeah this is very good stuff now slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this is very good stuff now slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this is very good stuff now slot
+machines when you I mean you don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines when you I mean you don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines when you I mean you don't go
+off and play slot machines a lot but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and play slot machines a lot but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and play slot machines a lot but you
+see the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the movies
+um I hope if you anyway slot machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope if you anyway slot machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I hope if you anyway slot machines
+are typically located in small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically located in small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically located in small
+soundproof booths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundproof booths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundproof booths
+no where are they located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no where are they located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no where are they located
+on a giant floor with thousands of slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a giant floor with thousands of slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a giant floor with thousands of slot
+machines what does that mean that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines what does that mean that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines what does that mean that means
+when somebody five blocks over gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody five blocks over gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody five blocks over gets a
+payoff what do you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff what do you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff what do you hear
+you hear the sound well that sound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the sound well that sound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear the sound well that sound is
+what you're conditioned to that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're conditioned to that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're conditioned to that you've
+been conditioned to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been conditioned to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been conditioned to find that
+reinforcing and you are so dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing and you are so dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing and you are so dumb
+they know that you are gonna you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that you are gonna you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know that you are gonna you're
+willing to be reinforced by somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to be reinforced by somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to be reinforced by somebody
+else getting paid off and you say oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else getting paid off and you say oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else getting paid off and you say oh oh
+man there's money Happening Here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man there's money Happening Here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man there's money Happening Here let me
+put some more into this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some more into this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some more into this thing
+um anyway lovely applied psycho lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway lovely applied psycho lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway lovely applied psycho lovely
+applied psychology in in the worst sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied psychology in in the worst sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied psychology in in the worst sense
+of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+at the worst I can think of a few others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the worst I can think of a few others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the worst I can think of a few others
+but while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but while I'm
+other worst ones to uh take a minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other worst ones to uh take a minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other worst ones to uh take a minute to
+uh to stretch reinforce your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to stretch reinforce your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to stretch reinforce your neighbor
+wake up your neighbor if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up your neighbor if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake up your neighbor if that's
+necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+we're not stretching oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's okay what are you reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay what are you reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay what are you reading
+anything good oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything good oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything good oh
+this is this is this is good I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is good I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is good I suppose
+is it suitably high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it suitably high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it suitably high
+is the price suitably High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so you know sleep deprived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you know sleep deprived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you know sleep deprived and
+depressed all at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me talk there is a sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk there is a sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk there is a sense in which
+you are a general purpose Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a general purpose Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a general purpose Association
+learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner
+and have you know your mechanisms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you know your mechanisms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you know your mechanisms in
+your brain that are basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain that are basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain that are basically saying
+um you know teach me about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know teach me about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know teach me about the
+associations between stimuli and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between stimuli and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between stimuli and
+associations between my acts and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between my acts and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations between my acts and their
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+um and and I can be fairly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and I can be fairly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and I can be fairly uh
+broad-minded about what those stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad-minded about what those stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad-minded about what those stimuli
+are or what those acts might be and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or what those acts might be and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or what those acts might be and then
+the there are special purpose versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are special purpose versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are special purpose versions
+of these things designed for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things designed for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things designed for very
+particular tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tasks
+um and to uh let me let me fish around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to uh let me let me fish around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to uh let me let me fish around
+for what's perhaps the best example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's perhaps the best example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's perhaps the best example of
+this is there anybody here who knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there anybody here who knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there anybody here who knows the
+uh who can think of in the in their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who can think of in the in their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who can think of in the in their life
+of food that they used to love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food that they used to love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of food that they used to love
+um but they now hate or won't touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they now hate or won't touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they now hate or won't touch and
+they know exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know exactly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know exactly why
+yeah out there in the cheap seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+gee first try no weird examples this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee first try no weird examples this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee first try no weird examples this
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+um now you got the flu let's let's get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you got the flu let's let's get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now you got the flu let's let's get a
+little graphic here you got the flu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little graphic here you got the flu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little graphic here you got the flu and
+what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened
+thank you that's what we needed to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's what we needed to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that's what we needed to know
+um and not only that we also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and not only that we also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and not only that we also need to
+know do you believe that the chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you believe that the chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do you believe that the chocolate
+cupcake gave you the flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh he doesn't care that I already have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he doesn't care that I already have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he doesn't care that I already have a
+good example he wants to give me another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example he wants to give me another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example he wants to give me another
+cool example all right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool example all right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool example all right all right
+all right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right
+it's not as good and then I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as good and then I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as good and then I was in
+kindergarten uh uh first day of school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten uh uh first day of school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten uh uh first day of school
+or the first week I ate lunch in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the first week I ate lunch in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the first week I ate lunch in the
+cafeteria right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria right
+and I got dreadfully sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got dreadfully sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got dreadfully sick
+and I didn't eat a school lunch again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't eat a school lunch again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't eat a school lunch again
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+five six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six years
+this is why why he's slim to this day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why why he's slim to this day uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why why he's slim to this day uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this will actually we'll come back to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will actually we'll come back to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will actually we'll come back to to
+that example it serves useful a a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example it serves useful a a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example it serves useful a a useful
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+a useful function too now the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful function too now the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful function too now the important
+pieces of this so so she ate the cupcake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of this so so she ate the cupcake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of this so so she ate the cupcake
+she got sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she got sick
+she knows at some level it wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows at some level it wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she knows at some level it wasn't the
+cupcake that made her sick but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupcake that made her sick but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupcake that made her sick but there is
+a chunk of brain that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of brain that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of brain that says
+I got sick I I ate eight cupcake shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got sick I I ate eight cupcake shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got sick I I ate eight cupcake shortly
+thereafter got sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter got sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter got sick
+um don't want to eat cupcake anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't want to eat cupcake anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't want to eat cupcake anymore
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a chunk of your brain that is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of your brain that is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of your brain that is quite
+immune or it's actually very hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune or it's actually very hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune or it's actually very hard for
+you to talk to and say wait a second we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to talk to and say wait a second we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to talk to and say wait a second we
+used to love cupcakes cupcakes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to love cupcakes cupcakes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to love cupcakes cupcakes are
+really good it doesn't want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good it doesn't want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good it doesn't want to hear
+about this it says you ate it you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this it says you ate it you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this it says you ate it you got
+sick and this is a form of Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and this is a form of Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and this is a form of Association
+learning it's got some in well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's got some in well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's got some in well the
+original version of this was discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version of this was discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version of this was discovered
+um in well the original version was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in well the original version was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in well the original version was
+discovered by some rat who ate a cupcake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by some rat who ate a cupcake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by some rat who ate a cupcake
+and threw up but the uh in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and threw up but the uh in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and threw up but the uh in in the in the
+learning literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning literature
+it was studied by a guy named Garcia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was studied by a guy named Garcia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was studied by a guy named Garcia so
+it sometimes goes by the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes goes by the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes goes by the name of the
+Garcia effect what he did was he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garcia effect what he did was he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garcia effect what he did was he had
+rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats
+um in a sort of a Skinner box situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a sort of a Skinner box situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a sort of a Skinner box situation
+they had uh and he gave them a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had uh and he gave them a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had uh and he gave them a new
+flavor of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of water
+like spearmint or something and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like spearmint or something and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like spearmint or something and then he
+made the poor rat sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the poor rat sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the poor rat sick
+strapped it to uh the turntable of a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped it to uh the turntable of a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped it to uh the turntable of a of
+a record player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+government you can't anymore because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government you can't anymore because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government you can't anymore because you
+can't fit the rat into the CD drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um the uh and and then the next day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh and and then the next day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh and and then the next day you
+give the rat a choice you want spearmint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the rat a choice you want spearmint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the rat a choice you want spearmint
+water or you want this other new weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or you want this other new weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or you want this other new weird
+flavor and the rat goes for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and the rat goes for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and the rat goes for the other
+flavor says forget it you know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor says forget it you know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor says forget it you know I'm not
+going for the spearmint water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for the spearmint water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for the spearmint water
+um but this is a very specific form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is a very specific form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is a very specific form of
+learning it's sometimes called taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's sometimes called taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's sometimes called taste
+diversion which is not quite right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion which is not quite right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion which is not quite right if
+you happen to be a sensation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to be a sensation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to be a sensation and
+perception person taste as The Sensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception person taste as The Sensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception person taste as The Sensation
+that your tongue does for you is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your tongue does for you is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your tongue does for you is really
+restricted to sweet sour salty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to sweet sour salty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to sweet sour salty and
+bitter what you become averse to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter what you become averse to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter what you become averse to
+um is the flavor most of which is smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the flavor most of which is smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the flavor most of which is smell
+or perhaps in human cases a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps in human cases a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps in human cases a larger
+context like school lunch or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context like school lunch or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context like school lunch or something
+like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but
+um there are strong restrictions on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are strong restrictions on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are strong restrictions on what
+it is that that you will develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that that you will develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that that you will develop an
+aversion to particularly if you're a rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion to particularly if you're a rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion to particularly if you're a rat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the other version of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other version of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other version of the experiment
+that Garcia did was he gave rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Garcia did was he gave rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Garcia did was he gave rats
+um a new bottle of water and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a new bottle of water and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a new bottle of water and this one
+was flashing lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was flashing lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was flashing lights
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+water never did that before drink the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water never did that before drink the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water never did that before drink the
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+get sick next day you got a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick next day you got a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick next day you got a choice
+between the flashing light one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the flashing light one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the flashing light one and the
+one that's making clicking noises or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's making clicking noises or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's making clicking noises or
+something like that rap doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that rap doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that rap doesn't care
+this little chunk of brain was not built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chunk of brain was not built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chunk of brain was not built
+to figure out that flashing water is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that flashing water is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that flashing water is a
+problem this is a this is a chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a this is a chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a this is a chunk of
+brain that is there to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that is there to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that is there to tell you that
+there are things that you know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that you know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that you know that we
+know that it knows some things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it knows some things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it knows some things about
+food foods have flavors and if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food foods have flavors and if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food foods have flavors and if if you
+get sick some chunk of time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick some chunk of time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sick some chunk of time after
+eating you should avoid that flavor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating you should avoid that flavor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating you should avoid that flavor the
+next time and things associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and things associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and things associated with
+that flavor also the timing word my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flavor also the timing word my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that flavor also the timing word my
+timing parameter go the timing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing parameter go the timing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing parameter go the timing is
+different if you eat something and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you eat something and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you eat something and get
+sick instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick instantly
+nothing happens you don't learn anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens you don't learn anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens you don't learn anything
+because this little box knows it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this little box knows it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this little box knows it takes a
+while to get sick I think your story was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to get sick I think your story was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while to get sick I think your story was
+ate the cupcake went home got the flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate the cupcake went home got the flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate the cupcake went home got the flu
+hours later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours later
+she's losing it and this little chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's losing it and this little chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's losing it and this little chunk of
+brain is working back in time it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is working back in time it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain is working back in time it's got
+its own time window it's working back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own time window it's working back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own time window it's working back in
+time saying what did we eat a few hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time saying what did we eat a few hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time saying what did we eat a few hours
+a cupcake don't want to eat the cupcake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cupcake don't want to eat the cupcake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cupcake don't want to eat the cupcake
+very useful thing right if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful thing right if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful thing right if you're a
+grazing an omnivore kind of animal very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing an omnivore kind of animal very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grazing an omnivore kind of animal very
+useful thing to have a device that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to have a device that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to have a device that says
+don't eat it because you know last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat it because you know last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat it because you know last time
+you ate it it made you sick oh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ate it it made you sick oh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ate it it made you sick oh the other
+thing when we were doing this tone food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when we were doing this tone food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when we were doing this tone food
+tone food pairing over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone food pairing over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone food pairing over and over again
+how many cupcakes did you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cupcakes did you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cupcakes did you eat
+one cupcake and and and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cupcake and and and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cupcake and and and and and you
+repeated this lots of time no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated this lots of time no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated this lots of time no right
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this is a a little Association mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a little Association mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a little Association mechanism
+designed to keep you alive and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to keep you alive and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to keep you alive and if you
+know eat the cupcake almost die you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eat the cupcake almost die you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eat the cupcake almost die you know
+you don't want a bunch more pairings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want a bunch more pairings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want a bunch more pairings of
+eat the cupcake almost died eat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat the cupcake almost died eat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat the cupcake almost died eat the
+cupcake oh man that time dead you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupcake oh man that time dead you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupcake oh man that time dead you know
+so one trial learning which by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one trial learning which by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one trial learning which by the way
+when Garcia discovered it um was thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Garcia discovered it um was thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Garcia discovered it um was thought
+to be impossible but it's a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be impossible but it's a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be impossible but it's a special case
+of an association learning that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an association learning that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an association learning that uh that
+works in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in a
+a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single
+um a single trial it has its pitfalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a single trial it has its pitfalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a single trial it has its pitfalls
+um and and in fact it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in fact it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in fact it's it's sort of
+cognitive impenetrability the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive impenetrability the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive impenetrability the fact that
+it doesn't care what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't care what you know
+um is a problem so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a problem so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a problem so um
+except for the seniors here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the seniors here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the seniors here of course
+nobody here has uh has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody here has uh has ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody here has uh has ever
+um alcohol alcohol has not passed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alcohol alcohol has not passed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alcohol alcohol has not passed your
+lips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips
+um and um and even the seniors have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and even the seniors have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um and even the seniors have not
+drunk to excess so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk to excess so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk to excess so um
+what may be news to you is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may be news to you is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may be news to you is that if you
+drink too much alcohol you can get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink too much alcohol you can get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink too much alcohol you can get sick
+they knew that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew that okay
+um anyway drink too much alcohol you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway drink too much alcohol you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway drink too much alcohol you get
+sick right the question is what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick right the question is what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick right the question is what do you
+develop the aversion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the aversion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the aversion to
+a smart system rather like this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart system rather like this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart system rather like this you know
+the writing example the smart system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing example the smart system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing example the smart system
+would say I just drank you know 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say I just drank you know 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say I just drank you know 12
+screwdrivers in a row or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdrivers in a row or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwdrivers in a row or something like
+that no more vodka for me the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no more vodka for me the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no more vodka for me the problem is
+that alcohol has very minimal flavor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alcohol has very minimal flavor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alcohol has very minimal flavor to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um and what happens is you drink orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happens is you drink orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what happens is you drink orange
+juice plus vodka or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice plus vodka or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juice plus vodka or something like that
+get violently sick I'm not gonna touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get violently sick I'm not gonna touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get violently sick I'm not gonna touch
+that orange juice anymore or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orange juice anymore or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orange juice anymore or
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Isle of beers and a pile of pretzels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isle of beers and a pile of pretzels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isle of beers and a pile of pretzels
+you're violently ill and the pretzels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're violently ill and the pretzels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're violently ill and the pretzels
+just look miserable to you yeah so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look miserable to you yeah so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look miserable to you yeah so it it
+is a disadvantage it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a disadvantage it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a disadvantage it's
+thing is not it is out there to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is not it is out there to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is not it is out there to save
+your life unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life unfortunately
+um in in Civilization we have figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in Civilization we have figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in Civilization we have figured
+out clever ways uh to uh misuse it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out clever ways uh to uh misuse it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out clever ways uh to uh misuse it I'm
+afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+well since it says example two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since it says example two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since it says example two is
+superstitious Behavior let me say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superstitious Behavior let me say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superstitious Behavior let me say a
+quick word about superstitious Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about superstitious Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick word about superstitious Behavior
+this is the best time to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best time to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best time to see what
+Skinner called superstitious Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skinner called superstitious Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skinner called superstitious Behavior
+because all you have to do is watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you have to do is watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all you have to do is watch
+baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball
+um if you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you um
+law of effect says if something good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of effect says if something good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of effect says if something good
+happens you're going to do what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you're going to do what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you're going to do what you were
+doing just beforehand think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just beforehand think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just beforehand think about
+baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball
+um what's something good that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's something good that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's something good that can happen
+you get up to the plate you hit the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get up to the plate you hit the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get up to the plate you hit the ball
+it goes over the fence and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes over the fence and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes over the fence and and and you
+get to run around and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to run around and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to run around and stuff
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well what were you doing just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what were you doing just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what were you doing just before
+well you know maybe wiped off your shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know maybe wiped off your shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know maybe wiped off your shoes
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+so next time you come up to the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time you come up to the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time you come up to the plate
+you wipe off your shoes don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wipe off your shoes don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wipe off your shoes don't think
+anything about it pretty soon you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it pretty soon you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it pretty soon you're
+doing this all the time some sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this all the time some sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this all the time some sports
+writer asks you you know how come you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer asks you you know how come you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer asks you you know how come you
+wipe off the shoes every time now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe off the shoes every time now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe off the shoes every time now the
+Plate's slippery or some story like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plate's slippery or some story like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plate's slippery or some story like that
+you've got no idea why it is but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got no idea why it is but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got no idea why it is but it's
+probably been shaped into place by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been shaped into place by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been shaped into place by the
+contingencies of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies of of
+of reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reinforcement
+um the second best place to see this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second best place to see this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second best place to see this uh
+in my experience is at exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience is at exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience is at exams
+look around at exams perhaps look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around at exams perhaps look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around at exams perhaps look at
+yourself at exams and say look at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself at exams and say look at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself at exams and say look at those
+three neatly lined up pencils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neatly lined up pencils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three neatly lined up pencils
+points exactly lined up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points exactly lined up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points exactly lined up there
+the coke has to be exactly to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coke has to be exactly to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coke has to be exactly to the left
+of the test paper and the Snickers bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test paper and the Snickers bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test paper and the Snickers bar
+has to be right there you know or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be right there you know or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be right there you know or I'm
+gonna flunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um again if you're at if you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again if you're at if you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again if you're at if you're asked
+about it the answer is I don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the answer is I don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the answer is I don't know you
+know it just makes me feel comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just makes me feel comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it just makes me feel comfortable
+or something like that but it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that but it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that but it's again
+sort of superstitious Behavior perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of superstitious Behavior perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of superstitious Behavior perhaps
+shaped into place by this sort of um law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped into place by this sort of um law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped into place by this sort of um law
+of effect kind of um uh kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effect kind of um uh kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effect kind of um uh kind of work
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the schedules of reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedules of reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedules of reinforcement
+let me let me say a bit more about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me say a bit more about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me say a bit more about how
+this applies out out in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies out out in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies out out in the real world
+the schedules of reinforcement are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedules of reinforcement are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schedules of reinforcement are the
+sorts of things that uh we do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things that uh we do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things that uh we do to
+ourselves all the time for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves all the time for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves all the time for example in
+child rearing is that actually the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child rearing is that actually the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child rearing is that actually the next
+example on the handout maybe yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the handout maybe yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example on the handout maybe yeah it
+says something about parents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something about parents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something about parents and
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well suppose suppose that uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose suppose that uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose suppose that uh that that
+you're a little kid which once upon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little kid which once upon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a little kid which once upon a
+time you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you were
+um and uh and and you want a cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and and you want a cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and and you want a cookie
+so you say can I have a cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say can I have a cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say can I have a cookie
+and your mom gives you a cookie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your mom gives you a cookie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your mom gives you a cookie and
+that's good the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good the next time
+say can I have a cookie and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say can I have a cookie and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say can I have a cookie and it's just
+before dinner so she says no so you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before dinner so she says no so you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before dinner so she says no so you what
+do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do
+well maybe you extinguish the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe you extinguish the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe you extinguish the behavior
+immediately and you're a perfect model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and you're a perfect model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and you're a perfect model
+child and you end up at you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and you end up at you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and you end up at you know like
+MIT or something like that but odds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or something like that but odds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT or something like that but odds are
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+can I have a cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie
+please can I have a cookie pretty please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please can I have a cookie pretty please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please can I have a cookie pretty please
+can I have a cookie eventually am I oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie eventually am I oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie eventually am I oh
+here have a cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a cookie
+right all right so what have you done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so what have you done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so what have you done
+we've now moved you from an fr1 to an FR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now moved you from an fr1 to an FR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now moved you from an fr1 to an FR
+something else kind or actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else kind or actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else kind or actually it's
+probably a VR schedule of some sort so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a VR schedule of some sort so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a VR schedule of some sort so
+now you're going to be emitting cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to be emitting cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to be emitting cookie
+Behavior at a much more rapid rate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior at a much more rapid rate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior at a much more rapid rate right
+can I have a cookie can I have a cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie can I have a cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie can I have a cookie
+please can I have a cookie I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please can I have a cookie I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please can I have a cookie I want a
+cookie and a cookie right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie and a cookie right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie and a cookie right now
+um eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um eventually
+eventually you know your parents get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know your parents get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know your parents get
+tired of this they decide to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of this they decide to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of this they decide to you know
+gonna cut you off here but you're now up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cut you off here but you're now up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna cut you off here but you're now up
+here somewhere how's that Extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere how's that Extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere how's that Extinction
+curve look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve look
+oh man it goes out to about you know age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man it goes out to about you know age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man it goes out to about you know age
+23 or something like that plus parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 or something like that plus parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 or something like that plus parents
+are not good at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not good at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not good at this
+so what you do is I have a cookie can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is I have a cookie can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is I have a cookie can I
+have a cookie can I have a cookie can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cookie can I have a cookie can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cookie can I have a cookie can I
+have a cookie I really want a cookie oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cookie I really want a cookie oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cookie I really want a cookie oh
+can I have a cookie okay now we're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie okay now we're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a cookie okay now we're on a
+VR 2064 kind of schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR 2064 kind of schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VR 2064 kind of schedule
+and everybody's going nuts uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody's going nuts uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody's going nuts uh the other
+place you see that a similar sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you see that a similar sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you see that a similar sort of
+example is sleeping through the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is sleeping through the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is sleeping through the night
+the kid cries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid cries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid cries
+right you go and comfort the kid put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you go and comfort the kid put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you go and comfort the kid put the
+kid back down to go to sleep eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid back down to go to sleep eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid back down to go to sleep eventually
+decide this little monster needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide this little monster needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide this little monster needs to
+sleep through the night because like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep through the night because like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep through the night because like I
+need to sleep through the night so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sleep through the night so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sleep through the night so
+um I'm gonna not get up when he cries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm gonna not get up when he cries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm gonna not get up when he cries
+he's crying I can't sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's crying I can't sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's crying I can't sleep
+he's been crying for like an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been crying for like an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's been crying for like an hour
+oh maybe just this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe just this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe just this time
+all right now you've rewarded him for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now you've rewarded him for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now you've rewarded him for
+crying for an hour rather than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying for an hour rather than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying for an hour rather than for
+crying for a couple of seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying for a couple of seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying for a couple of seconds
+um and and again you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and again you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and again you end up with a
+similar sort of problem the uh act my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of problem the uh act my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of problem the uh act my
+eldest actually had this to an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eldest actually had this to an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eldest actually had this to an absolute
+art when he was little of course he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art when he was little of course he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art when he was little of course he
+didn't know it again because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know it again because it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know it again because it's all
+nice unconscious and reflective stuff he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice unconscious and reflective stuff he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice unconscious and reflective stuff he
+came into the world built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into the world built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came into the world built
+so that if he cried for more than a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if he cried for more than a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if he cried for more than a few
+minutes he also threw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes he also threw up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes he also threw up
+right so you know decide it's time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know decide it's time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know decide it's time for
+him to sleep through the night he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to sleep through the night he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to sleep through the night he's
+crying you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying you're saying
+oh man if he doesn't go back to sleep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man if he doesn't go back to sleep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man if he doesn't go back to sleep in
+a second not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second not only
+am I gonna go nuts but I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I gonna go nuts but I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I gonna go nuts but I'm gonna have to
+do the laundry again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the laundry again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the laundry again
+but if I reward him for um and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I reward him for um and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I reward him for um and and you
+know so he's I don't think they sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so he's I don't think they sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so he's I don't think they sleep
+through the night yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the night yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the night yet but
+um does this is this encouraging yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does this is this encouraging yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does this is this encouraging yet
+Mara is getting so depressed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mara is getting so depressed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mara is getting so depressed there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the uh all right that you're not babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all right that you're not babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all right that you're not babies
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+um let's let's give an ex an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's give an ex an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's give an ex an example of
+the relevance of this that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevance of this that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevance of this that might have
+something to do with uh something closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with uh something closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with uh something closer
+to adult behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adult behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adult behavior
+um one of the interesting Realms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the interesting Realms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the interesting Realms where
+these schedules of reinforcement may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these schedules of reinforcement may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these schedules of reinforcement may
+have an unintentioned well none of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an unintentioned well none of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an unintentioned well none of it
+has intention to it right an unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has intention to it right an unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has intention to it right an unfortunate
+negative consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative consequence
+um is a phenomenon known in in the uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a phenomenon known in in the uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a phenomenon known in in the uh in
+at least in the research on um sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the research on um sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the research on um sexual
+behavior as getting to Yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior as getting to Yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior as getting to Yes
+um what is this about uh typically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is this about uh typically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is this about uh typically in
+heterosexual relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexual relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterosexual relationships
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the request uh verbal or otherwise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request uh verbal or otherwise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the request uh verbal or otherwise for
+some sort of positive reinforcement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of positive reinforcement of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of positive reinforcement of a
+sexual nature comes from the guy and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual nature comes from the guy and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual nature comes from the guy and is
+delivered to the woman in some fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to the woman in some fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered to the woman in some fashion
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+that request verbal or otherwise is met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request verbal or otherwise is met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request verbal or otherwise is met
+with a no initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+develops over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops over time
+eventually odds are that there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually odds are that there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually odds are that there will be a
+yes well what does that sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well what does that sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well what does that sound like
+that's some sort of a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some sort of a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some sort of a variable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+schedule of reinforcement oh why might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of reinforcement oh why might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of reinforcement oh why might
+that be the case we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be the case we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be the case we'll talk about this
+more later in the term but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later in the term but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later in the term but there is
+interesting evidence that uh that guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting evidence that uh that guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting evidence that uh that guys
+are not just some you know unbridled bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just some you know unbridled bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just some you know unbridled bag
+of hormones that that but that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hormones that that but that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hormones that that but that they
+actually fall in love faster than women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fall in love faster than women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fall in love faster than women
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know
+well you're not a guy yeah it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're not a guy yeah it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're not a guy yeah it's the
+Romeo and Juliet thing right you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romeo and Juliet thing right you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romeo and Juliet thing right you know he
+he he's allegedly in in love with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he's allegedly in in love with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he's allegedly in in love with
+Rosalind he goes and sees uh Juliet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosalind he goes and sees uh Juliet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosalind he goes and sees uh Juliet and
+and two seconds later it's you know oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two seconds later it's you know oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two seconds later it's you know oh
+shida teach the Torches to burn bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shida teach the Torches to burn bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shida teach the Torches to burn bright
+and all that sort of stuff yeah he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that sort of stuff yeah he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that sort of stuff yeah he's
+gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone
+um and and when he walks out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and when he walks out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and when he walks out of the
+party later and and meets his friend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party later and and meets his friend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party later and and meets his friend the
+psychologist who does a survey kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who does a survey kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist who does a survey kind of
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um he will report he feels like he's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he will report he feels like he's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he will report he feels like he's in
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+um and I don't know what Juliet may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I don't know what Juliet may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I don't know what Juliet may be a
+different example I mean they all end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example I mean they all end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different example I mean they all end up
+dead and things like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead and things like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead and things like that but
+um but typically she will uh be slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but typically she will uh be slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but typically she will uh be slower
+to report the she feels like she's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report the she feels like she's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to report the she feels like she's in
+love so he's sitting there saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love so he's sitting there saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love so he's sitting there saying you
+know I'm in love and and I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm in love and and I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm in love and and I'm going to be
+with her forever and and if I'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her forever and and if I'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her forever and and if I'm gonna be
+with her forever there's certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her forever there's certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her forever there's certain things
+that we might be interested in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might be interested in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might be interested in and and
+and so maybe and and she saying I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe and and she saying I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe and and she saying I just
+met him five minutes ago I mean what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him five minutes ago I mean what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met him five minutes ago I mean what is
+this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about
+um anyway the result is some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway the result is some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway the result is some sort of a
+variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
+and you might in in most cases this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might in in most cases this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might in in most cases this
+works itself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works itself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works itself out
+um just fine but suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just fine but suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just fine but suppose the
+relationship doesn't go particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship doesn't go particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship doesn't go particularly
+well suppose for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose for example
+um well so where's my extinct Extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well so where's my extinct Extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well so where's my extinct Extinction
+curve here's a good Extinction curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here's a good Extinction curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here's a good Extinction curve so
+you're up here somewhere on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up here somewhere on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up here somewhere on this
+variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
+um and and let's say she decides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and let's say she decides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and let's say she decides that
+this is not a relationship that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a relationship that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a relationship that she's
+interested in anymore it takes him now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in anymore it takes him now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in anymore it takes him now
+an extremely long time potentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely long time potentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely long time potentially to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh get the hint and stop uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get the hint and stop uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get the hint and stop uh you know
+pressing that that that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing that that that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing that that that that that that
+key in the Skinner box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in the Skinner box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in the Skinner box
+um and it's well we'll talk later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's well we'll talk later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's well we'll talk later
+um about the the ambiguous nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the the ambiguous nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the the ambiguous nature of
+Communications in in this regard if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications in in this regard if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications in in this regard if he's
+not sure whether she's saying yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether she's saying yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure whether she's saying yes or no
+or whatever you can end up in in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you can end up in in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you can end up in in trouble
+and this is an example of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an example of sort of
+Applied you know where these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied you know where these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied you know where these sort of
+rules of Association learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of Association learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of Association learning
+um suddenly become relevant in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suddenly become relevant in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suddenly become relevant in in
+Behavior that's much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior that's much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior that's much more complicated
+than whether or not you're uh pecking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than whether or not you're uh pecking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than whether or not you're uh pecking a
+response key in in a Skinner box it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response key in in a Skinner box it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response key in in a Skinner box it's
+that kind of application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of application
+the the possibility of going from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the possibility of going from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the possibility of going from these
+very simple behaviors to much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple behaviors to much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple behaviors to much more
+complicated much richer behaviors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated much richer behaviors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated much richer behaviors that
+drove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove
+um what was the leading uh School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the leading uh School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what was the leading uh School of
+Psychology in the first half of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology in the first half of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology in the first half of the 20th
+century in the U.S which was known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in the U.S which was known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century in the U.S which was known as
+behaviorism which was the doctrine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorism which was the doctrine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviorism which was the doctrine that
+basically said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said look
+classical conditioning operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning operant
+conditioning a couple other bits those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning a couple other bits those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning a couple other bits those
+are the atoms of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the atoms of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the atoms of behavior
+and we can build up the molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can build up the molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can build up the molecules and
+the rest of the organism out of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the organism out of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the organism out of those
+atoms that's all we need in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that's all we need in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that's all we need in the same way
+that um and so I put this quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and so I put this quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and so I put this quote from
+John Watson who's the founder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Watson who's the founder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Watson who's the founder of
+American behaviorism on there where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American behaviorism on there where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American behaviorism on there where he
+says you know we can write a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know we can write a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know we can write a a
+psychology Define it as the science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology Define it as the science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology Define it as the science of
+behavior that was a move by itself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that was a move by itself right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that was a move by itself right
+no science of behavior and mental life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no science of behavior and mental life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no science of behavior and mental life
+or no science of human mental life or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no science of human mental life or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no science of human mental life or
+something the science of behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the science of behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the science of behavior of
+observable Behavior never go back on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable Behavior never go back on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable Behavior never go back on our
+definition never use terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition never use terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition never use terms like
+Consciousness mental States mind content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness mental States mind content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness mental States mind content
+and so on it can be done in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it can be done in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on it can be done in terms of
+habit formation habit integration which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit formation habit integration which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habit formation habit integration which
+are our terms for for this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our terms for for this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our terms for for this sort of
+Association learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association learning
+um he is basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he is basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he is basically saying
+that look if you were if you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look if you were if you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look if you were if you're taking
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+and you go to the the the the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to the the the the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to the the the the chemistry
+Prof and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prof and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prof and say
+you know these elements you got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these elements you got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these elements you got here
+they're nice elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice elements
+but I think I want another 16 kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I want another 16 kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think I want another 16 kind of
+constructs to explain what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs to explain what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs to explain what's going on
+here the chemistry professor is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the chemistry professor is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the chemistry professor is going to
+look at you and say no sorry these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you and say no sorry these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you and say no sorry these are
+the elements everything can be built out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements everything can be built out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements everything can be built out
+of this stuff you don't like it you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff you don't like it you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this stuff you don't like it you got
+a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+um and they and the behaviorists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they and the behaviorists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they and the behaviorists were
+saying essentially the same thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying essentially the same thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying essentially the same thing about
+psychology they thought that the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology they thought that the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology they thought that the very
+small set of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small set of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small set of atoms
+in this case these laws of Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case these laws of Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case these laws of Association
+were the you know the the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the you know the the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the you know the the elementary
+properties and you could build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and you could build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and you could build
+um build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um build up
+everything out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out of that
+um that carried with it a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that carried with it a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that carried with it a couple of
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+um bits of uh of ideology that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bits of uh of ideology that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bits of uh of ideology that will
+recur later in the course one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur later in the course one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recur later in the course one of them
+was the idea that you were basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that you were basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea that you were basically an
+association engine you were there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association engine you were there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association engine you were there to
+learn associations and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn associations and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn associations and that
+um everything that was worth knowing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything that was worth knowing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything that was worth knowing in
+psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology
+um everything that was worth studying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything that was worth studying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything that was worth studying in
+Psychology was something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology was something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology was something that was
+learnable that it was not interesting
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+ align:start position:0%
+learnable that it was not interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learnable that it was not interesting
+beyond the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the you know
+for their purposes kind of trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their purposes kind of trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their purposes kind of trivial
+things like you came with with eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you came with with eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like you came with with eyes and
+not radar dishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not radar dishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not radar dishes
+um yeah beyond that sort of thing it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah beyond that sort of thing it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah beyond that sort of thing it was
+uninteresting what nature had provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting what nature had provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninteresting what nature had provided
+to you Psychology was what what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you Psychology was what what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you Psychology was what what was the
+effect of what the environment uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of what the environment uh the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+interaction of the environment and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the environment and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the environment and these
+atoms of um of learning that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of um of learning that everybody
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of um of learning that everybody
+was essentially identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was essentially identical
+until this learning started and what got
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+ align:start position:0%
+until this learning started and what got
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this learning started and what got
+you to MIT was the contingencies of
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+ align:start position:0%
+you to MIT was the contingencies of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to MIT was the contingencies of
+reinforcement over the the prior 18
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+reinforcement over the the prior 18
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement over the the prior 18
+years
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+of your life this resonated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life this resonated with a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your life this resonated with a
+certain Democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Democratic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
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+current in American political thought
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+current in American political thought
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+current in American political thought
+this is in in America in in sort of you
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+ align:start position:0%
+this is in in America in in sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in in America in in sort of you
+know grade school Civics lessons form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know grade school Civics lessons form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know grade school Civics lessons form
+this was the doctrine that anybody could
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+ align:start position:0%
+this was the doctrine that anybody could
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the doctrine that anybody could
+grow up to be president
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+ align:start position:0%
+grow up to be president
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up to be president
+you didn't actually have to be a bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't actually have to be a bush
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't actually have to be a bush
+to uh you know to to to be to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know to to to be to be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh you know to to to be to be
+president anybody could be president
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+ align:start position:0%
+president anybody could be president
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+president anybody could be president
+what was important was
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+ align:start position:0%
+what was important was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was important was
+um how the environment
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+ align:start position:0%
+um how the environment
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how the environment
+um shaped you that's a Doctrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shaped you that's a Doctrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shaped you that's a Doctrine
+um and it's a radical in his strongest
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+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's a radical in his strongest
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+
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+um and it's a radical in his strongest
+form known as empiricism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+like that look about right in peers
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+like that look about right in peers
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+
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+like that look about right in peers
+because I mean okay the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean okay the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean okay the the
+um uh the opposite pole is nativism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the opposite pole is nativism the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the opposite pole is nativism the
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that your genetic innate endowment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your genetic innate endowment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your genetic innate endowment
+is determinative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determinative
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determinative
+and that um you're here because you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that um you're here because you were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that um you're here because you were
+born with uh you know you you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with uh you know you you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with uh you know you you've got the
+gene for calculus in there somewhere and
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+gene for calculus in there somewhere and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene for calculus in there somewhere and
+you know some of you may have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of you may have now
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some of you may have now
+decided you lost it somewhere but you
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+ align:start position:0%
+decided you lost it somewhere but you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided you lost it somewhere but you
+had it you had it once upon a time
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it you had it once upon a time
+um so the the notion here is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the notion here is that it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the notion here is that it's
+what's critically important that what
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+ align:start position:0%
+what's critically important that what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the behaviors thought was they they were
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+
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+strongly weighted towards this
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+ align:start position:0%
+strongly weighted towards this
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+
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+empiricist environmentally
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um driven
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+ align:start position:0%
+um driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um driven
+side of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things
+in a couple of minutes why aren't we why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of minutes why aren't we why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of minutes why aren't we why
+am I using the past tense why aren't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I using the past tense why aren't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I using the past tense why aren't we
+all behaviorists now there are a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all behaviorists now there are a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all behaviorists now there are a number
+of of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of reasons
+um I suppose the broadest reason is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose the broadest reason is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose the broadest reason is look
+this the course a course like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the course a course like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the course a course like this is
+full of you know on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of you know on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of you know on the one hand
+position and on the other hand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and on the other hand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and on the other hand you know
+empiricism and nativism and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricism and nativism and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empiricism and nativism and I'll give
+you a hint for the exam the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint for the exam the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a hint for the exam the answer
+always turns out to be both right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always turns out to be both right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always turns out to be both right the
+the extreme positions the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme positions the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme positions the extreme
+theoretical positions in Psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical positions in Psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical positions in Psychology
+never seem to quite work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seem to quite work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never seem to quite work out
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+um more sort of less trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more sort of less trivially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more sort of less trivially
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+the association uh the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the association uh the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the association uh the the the the the
+basics of Association learning theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of Association learning theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of Association learning theory
+are absolutely worth a lecture in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely worth a lecture in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are absolutely worth a lecture in this
+course an absolutely worth chapter four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course an absolutely worth chapter four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course an absolutely worth chapter four
+and you'll find on the handout some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll find on the handout some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll find on the handout some you
+know guide guide for reading in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know guide guide for reading in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know guide guide for reading in in
+chapter four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter four
+um but they're not all of psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not all of psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're not all of psychology
+um Watson's uh statement says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Watson's uh statement says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Watson's uh statement says you know
+we can we can uh build a science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can uh build a science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can uh build a science of
+behavior without ever talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior without ever talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior without ever talking about uh
+you know Consciousness for example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Consciousness for example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Consciousness for example but
+you know that's an interesting topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's an interesting topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's an interesting topic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if I want to know about it I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to know about it I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to know about it I don't want
+to be told by the the fields ideologues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be told by the the fields ideologues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be told by the the fields ideologues
+that it's not a legitimate area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a legitimate area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a legitimate area of
+inquiry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry
+um I don't want to be told that emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want to be told that emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't want to be told that emotion
+uh that the the the feelings are um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the the the feelings are um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the the the feelings are um of
+the the feeling aspect of emotion is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the feeling aspect of emotion is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the feeling aspect of emotion is not
+a legitimate topic of psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legitimate topic of psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legitimate topic of psychology
+um and that the only thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that the only thing we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that the only thing we can do is
+you know observe how many tears are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know observe how many tears are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know observe how many tears are
+coming out or or something like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out or or something like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out or or something like that it
+proved to be an incomplete psychology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved to be an incomplete psychology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved to be an incomplete psychology in
+the same way I should say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way I should say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way I should say that you know
+the the occupants of the nativist poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the occupants of the nativist poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the occupants of the nativist poll
+at the moment are are the most dogmatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment are are the most dogmatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment are are the most dogmatic
+of the um evolutionary psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um evolutionary psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um evolutionary psychologists
+Evolution has wonderful explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution has wonderful explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution has wonderful explanatory
+power in in Psychology but evolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in in Psychology but evolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in in Psychology but evolution is
+not itself is psychology it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not itself is psychology it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not itself is psychology it's not a
+complete psychology by itself it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete psychology by itself it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete psychology by itself it doesn't
+give you the the richness of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the the richness of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the the richness of the uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+of the field as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field as a whole
+another important reason we're not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important reason we're not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important reason we're not all
+behavior is is it turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is is it turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is is it turned out to be
+um somewhere between uninteresting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhere between uninteresting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhere between uninteresting and
+wrong to argue that everything uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to argue that everything uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong to argue that everything uh that
+was of any interest was learnable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of any interest was learnable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of any interest was learnable uh
+language we'll see later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we'll see later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language we'll see later in the course
+is an example of course you learned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of course you learned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of course you learned the
+language that you speak but you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you speak but you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you speak but you learned
+it because you had a brain that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you had a brain that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you had a brain that was
+built to learn a language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to learn a language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to learn a language and
+um that innate endowment that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that innate endowment that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that innate endowment that language
+learning endowment is worth study in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning endowment is worth study in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning endowment is worth study in its
+own right and it wasn't something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own right and it wasn't something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own right and it wasn't something that
+fit into the behaviors program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into the behaviors program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into the behaviors program
+so that's why you're not a uh that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you're not a uh that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you're not a uh that's why
+you're not a behaviorist now but even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a behaviorist now but even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a behaviorist now but even if
+you're not a behaviorist you still want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a behaviorist you still want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a behaviorist you still want
+to read chapter four
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yYAHcATzuno.txt b/yYAHcATzuno.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07f8d17efc4b5ea7e2abd9596f6781a09b71081a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yYAHcATzuno.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+What we're going to do is work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're going to do is work through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're going to do is work through
+several case studies. Um so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several case studies. Um so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several case studies. Um so you'll see
+it sort of get more and more applied. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of get more and more applied. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of get more and more applied. Um
+I'll start with doing a little more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start with doing a little more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start with doing a little more of
+alloy theory and cluster expansions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy theory and cluster expansions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy theory and cluster expansions
+which sort of u is really a follow up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of u is really a follow up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of u is really a follow up on
+the Monte Carlo work we did and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monte Carlo work we did and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monte Carlo work we did and you'll
+see how that fits in with course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that fits in with course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that fits in with course
+grading. So essentially the part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. So essentially the part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading. So essentially the part we
+didn't get to uh when I finished. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to uh when I finished. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to uh when I finished. Um
+and then I'll do a variety of things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll do a variety of things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll do a variety of things on
+Tuesday. Uh one of them is kind of neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday. Uh one of them is kind of neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday. Uh one of them is kind of neat
+is accelerated molecular dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accelerated molecular dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is accelerated molecular dynamics
+techniques which is sort of a specialty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which is sort of a specialty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which is sort of a specialty
+topic but gives you an idea of um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but gives you an idea of um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic but gives you an idea of um where
+people kind of you know are push trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of you know are push trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of you know are push trying
+to push the boundaries. Um and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the boundaries. Um and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push the boundaries. Um and then on
+Thursday we'll actually have a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we'll actually have a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we'll actually have a guest
+lecture. We'll have Chris Wolverton from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. We'll have Chris Wolverton from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. We'll have Chris Wolverton from
+Ford Motor Company lecture. Um it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford Motor Company lecture. Um it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford Motor Company lecture. Um it's kind
+of cool. He actually lectures from Ford.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool. He actually lectures from Ford.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool. He actually lectures from Ford.
+So you're going to have see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're going to have see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're going to have see him
+projected on the screen. He does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected on the screen. He does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected on the screen. He does it
+every year and people usually find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year and people usually find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year and people usually find that
+a really good lecture. He he essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good lecture. He he essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good lecture. He he essentially
+talks about how they use um modeling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how they use um modeling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how they use um modeling in
+general, but in particular first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, but in particular first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, but in particular first
+principles methodology uh at Ford Motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles methodology uh at Ford Motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles methodology uh at Ford Motor
+Company sort of um he has a few really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company sort of um he has a few really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company sort of um he has a few really
+cool stories. Um he he won't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stories. Um he he won't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stories. Um he he won't tell you
+how much money they saved the company,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money they saved the company,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money they saved the company,
+but it's actually in the tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually in the tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually in the tens of
+millions of dollars. So that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars. So that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars. So that's why
+they're still there. U he won't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still there. U he won't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still there. U he won't tell you
+that, but I can tell you that before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but I can tell you that before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but I can tell you that before he
+talks. So that's on Thursday and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks. So that's on Thursday and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks. So that's on Thursday and then we
+go into the last week and I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the last week and I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the last week and I think we
+have only one more lecture left there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only one more lecture left there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only one more lecture left there.
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the things I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things I wanted to do
+today is be a little more systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is be a little more systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is be a little more systematic
+about some of the models we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the models we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the models we've
+introduced like for your lab you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced like for your lab you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced like for your lab you know we
+introduced this lattice model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this lattice model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this lattice model for
+example hydrogen absorption on palladium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example hydrogen absorption on palladium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example hydrogen absorption on palladium
+and several people had questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several people had questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and several people had questions you
+know how do you know that this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you know that this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you know that this is a good
+model um those lattice models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um those lattice models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um those lattice models are
+actually um occur all the time in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um occur all the time in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um occur all the time in uh
+solid state structure equilibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state structure equilibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid state structure equilibration
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+um and I'll sort of go through them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll sort of go through them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'll sort of go through them a
+little more systematic today and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more systematic today and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more systematic today and then in
+the end towards the end prove you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end towards the end prove you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end towards the end prove you that
+they actually are a very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually are a very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually are a very accurate
+representation uh of the thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh of the thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation uh of the thermodynamics
+of real systems. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me sort of um show you again where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me sort of um show you again where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me sort of um show you again where
+they will tend to show up. Um you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will tend to show up. Um you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will tend to show up. Um you know I
+introduced the lattice model to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the lattice model to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the lattice model to you
+simply as a magnetic spin model. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as a magnetic spin model. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as a magnetic spin model. That's
+how we started. You know you model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we started. You know you model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we started. You know you model a
+magnet and you have up and down spins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and you have up and down spins.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and you have up and down spins.
+Um but as soon as you realize that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but as soon as you realize that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but as soon as you realize that those
+spins are really just general occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins are really just general occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins are really just general occupation
+variables sort of they tell you a b the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables sort of they tell you a b the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables sort of they tell you a b the
+result of a binary outcome you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a binary outcome you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a binary outcome you know uh
+you can also use them to represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use them to represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use them to represent a
+whole lot of other things. uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of other things. uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of other things. uh for
+example if you look at super structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at super structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you look at super structures
+in the copper gold system uh copper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the copper gold system uh copper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the copper gold system uh copper is
+FCC gold is FCC all the structures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC gold is FCC all the structures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC gold is FCC all the structures in
+between are on FCC latice. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between are on FCC latice. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between are on FCC latice. So if you
+really want to know how they look, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know how they look, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know how they look, you
+really the question is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the question is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the question is how do you
+distribute copper and gold on an FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute copper and gold on an FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute copper and gold on an FCC
+latice? So really all you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice? So really all you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice? So really all you need to know
+is on every lattice site is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on every lattice site is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on every lattice site is there a
+copper there or is there a gold? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper there or is there a gold? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper there or is there a gold? So
+again that's a binary outcome. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a binary outcome. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's a binary outcome. So you
+can represent that with spin variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent that with spin variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent that with spin variables.
+So essentially the energetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially the energetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially the energetics and
+thermodynamics of this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of this will be
+represented by a spin model also by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a spin model also by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a spin model also by a
+lapis model. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis model. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis model. Um
+it doesn't necessarily have to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily have to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't necessarily have to be you
+know atoms. It can be atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know atoms. It can be atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know atoms. It can be atoms and
+vacancies. This is an example I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies. This is an example I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies. This is an example I'll come
+back to later. This is lithium cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to later. This is lithium cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to later. This is lithium cobalt
+oxide. Um the the purple things up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. Um the the purple things up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide. Um the the purple things up there
+are lithium. Uh red is oxygen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lithium. Uh red is oxygen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lithium. Uh red is oxygen and the
+green is cobalt. Um when you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is cobalt. Um when you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is cobalt. Um when you can
+actually extract lithium from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extract lithium from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extract lithium from these
+materials and so start removing some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and so start removing some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and so start removing some of
+the lithiums. And so essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lithiums. And so essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lithiums. And so essentially what
+you have then is a distribution problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have then is a distribution problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have then is a distribution problem
+of lithiums and vacancies on a given set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lithiums and vacancies on a given set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lithiums and vacancies on a given set
+of sides. In this case, those planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sides. In this case, those planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sides. In this case, those planes
+that you're looking head on are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking head on are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking head on are actually
+triangular or latas. Okay? And I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular or latas. Okay? And I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular or latas. Okay? And I'll come
+back to that as well. So here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that as well. So here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that as well. So here the the
+spin variable would indicate whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin variable would indicate whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin variable would indicate whether a
+side is occupied by a lithium or not. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you can do surfaces. That's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do surfaces. That's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do surfaces. That's you know
+latis models are classics for surfaces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis models are classics for surfaces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis models are classics for surfaces.
+Here's a typical 111 surface with stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a typical 111 surface with stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a typical 111 surface with stuff
+absorbed on it. So if you look at a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed on it. So if you look at a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed on it. So if you look at a an
+FCC metal like platinum and you look on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC metal like platinum and you look on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC metal like platinum and you look on
+the 11 one you look at the 111 surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 11 one you look at the 111 surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 11 one you look at the 111 surface
+um the absorption sites of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absorption sites of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absorption sites of the same
+symmetry for example the hollows which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry for example the hollows which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry for example the hollows which
+I've kind of indicated here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of indicated here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've kind of indicated here um
+so the hollows are form a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hollows are form a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hollows are form a triangular
+latice okay and so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice okay and so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice okay and so if you look at
+absorption again all you need to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption again all you need to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption again all you need to know is
+is there something added at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something added at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something added at at the
+absorption site or not so again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption site or not so again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption site or not so again you
+would use a binary variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so what I first want to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what I first want to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so what I first want to show you is
+that a an an easing like model or an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a an an easing like model or an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a an an easing like model or an a
+latis Hamiltonian as you've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis Hamiltonian as you've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis Hamiltonian as you've seen before
+is actually a very natural way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very natural way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very natural way of
+writing the energy and actually I extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the energy and actually I extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the energy and actually I extend
+that later to any property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later to any property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later to any property of
+configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration.
+Um, so I'm going to do that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to do that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to do that a little
+more formally than we've done before. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally than we've done before. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally than we've done before. Um
+essentially if you want to study all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you want to study all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if you want to study all
+these models that are lattice models you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models that are lattice models you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models that are lattice models you
+need some Hamiltonian for them. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some Hamiltonian for them. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some Hamiltonian for them. And so
+I'm going to use this sigma between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this sigma between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use this sigma between
+square uh between these squiggly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square uh between these squiggly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square uh between these squiggly
+brackets as an a variable to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets as an a variable to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets as an a variable to indicate
+the configuration on the whole lattice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration on the whole lattice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration on the whole lattice.
+So the variable sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the variable sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the variable sigma
+is essentially a combination of sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a combination of sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a combination of sigma 1
+sigma 2 sigma 3. So you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 2 sigma 3. So you can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 2 sigma 3. So you can think of as
+a vector in the configurational space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in the configurational space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in the configurational space of
+all the occupation variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the occupation variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the occupation variables.
+So what you need is a practical way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you need is a practical way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you need is a practical way of
+writing that um configurational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that um configurational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that um configurational
+Hamiltonian. Um and the way you make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian. Um and the way you make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian. Um and the way you make you
+know write out almost any practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know write out almost any practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know write out almost any practical
+Hamiltonian or any practical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian or any practical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian or any practical energy
+function that you want as accurate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you want as accurate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you want as accurate as
+possible is that you write it as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is that you write it as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is that you write it as some
+expansion in a suitable basis set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in a suitable basis set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in a suitable basis set of
+functions. Okay? You know think of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. Okay? You know think of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. Okay? You know think of how
+you explain uh wave functions in plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain uh wave functions in plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explain uh wave functions in plain
+waves. how you sometimes expand it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. how you sometimes expand it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. how you sometimes expand it in
+signs or cosiness. Um the typical basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or cosiness. Um the typical basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or cosiness. Um the typical basis
+that's used here is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used here is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used here is what's called
+cluster functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster functions.
+Um a cluster function which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a cluster function which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um a cluster function which I'm going to
+label by fi alpha is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label by fi alpha is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label by fi alpha is essentially the
+spin product of all the sides of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin product of all the sides of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin product of all the sides of that
+cluster alpha. So if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster alpha. So if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster alpha. So if I make
+a pair cluster let's say this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair cluster let's say this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair cluster let's say this one you
+know I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I and J
+the cluster function fi alpha then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster function fi alpha then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster function fi alpha then is
+sigma i time sigma j but you know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma i time sigma j but you know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma i time sigma j but you know I can
+make um many other ones I could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um many other ones I could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um many other ones I could make
+sort of a fourbody one they don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a fourbody one they don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a fourbody one they don't even
+have to be connected and so for the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be connected and so for the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be connected and so for the red
+phi alpha would be you know let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi alpha would be you know let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi alpha would be you know let's call
+it i j k l would be sigma i sigma A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i j k l would be sigma i sigma A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i j k l would be sigma i sigma A
+sigma K sigma L. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the computer gets like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the computer gets like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the computer gets like more
+tired as well as we proceed. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired as well as we proceed. Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired as well as we proceed. Okay. Um
+the first thing so when you expand in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing so when you expand in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing so when you expand in a
+in a basis you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a basis you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a basis you want to make sure that
+the basis is complete to describe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis is complete to describe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis is complete to describe your
+full space. Uh and then sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full space. Uh and then sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full space. Uh and then sometimes it's
+useful that your basis is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful that your basis is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful that your basis is that your
+basis set is orthogonal that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set is orthogonal that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set is orthogonal that that's not
+necessary but it can be practical. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but it can be practical. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but it can be practical. Um
+it's easy to see here that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to see here that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to see here that it's
+complete. I mean if you have n lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. I mean if you have n lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. I mean if you have n lattice
+sites what's the size of the space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites what's the size of the space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites what's the size of the space you
+know what's the the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the the size of the
+configurational space well it's two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational space well it's two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational space well it's two to
+the end you know on each lice point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you know on each lice point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you know on each lice point you
+can put two things essentially so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put two things essentially so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put two things essentially so the
+number of combinations is two to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations is two to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of combinations is two to the n
+well how many basis functions are there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many basis functions are there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many basis functions are there?
+Well, if you think of what's what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you think of what's what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if you think of what's what's a
+choice of basis function, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of basis function, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of basis function, it's
+essentially picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially picking
+a combination of sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of sides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of sides.
+So that's also two to the end. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's also two to the end. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's also two to the end. There are
+two to the n combinations of sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n combinations of sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n combinations of sides
+because it's also a binary problem. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also a binary problem. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also a binary problem. For
+every side, you include it or you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every side, you include it or you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every side, you include it or you don't
+include it in the basis function. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it in the basis function. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include it in the basis function. So
+there are two to the n basis functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two to the n basis functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two to the n basis functions.
+Um I'm going to show you in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm going to show you in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm going to show you in a second
+that they're orthogonal. So they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're orthogonal. So they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're orthogonal. So they're the
+the basis that is complete in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis that is complete in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis that is complete in a very
+trivial sense. There are as many basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial sense. There are as many basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial sense. There are as many basis
+functions as states. Okay, so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as states. Okay, so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as states. Okay, so you may
+ask yourself, what have you won? We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself, what have you won? We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself, what have you won? We're
+actually going to expand things in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to expand things in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to expand things in this
+basis set, but there's as many basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set, but there's as many basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set, but there's as many basis
+functions and state. Well, the hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and state. Well, the hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and state. Well, the hope is
+that we can formulate these basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can formulate these basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can formulate these basis
+functions so that whatever quantity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that whatever quantity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that whatever quantity we
+expand is more rapidly convergent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so let me prove you that the basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let me prove you that the basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let me prove you that the basis is
+set is orthogonal if you take a suitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is orthogonal if you take a suitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is orthogonal if you take a suitable
+scalar product. um the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product. um the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product. um the way I'm going to
+define the scalar product between say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the scalar product between say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the scalar product between say
+any two functions of conf configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two functions of conf configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two functions of conf configuration
+which I'll call f sigma and g sigma okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll call f sigma and g sigma okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll call f sigma and g sigma okay
+I'm going to define the scalar product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define the scalar product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define the scalar product
+simply as the sum over the configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as the sum over the configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as the sum over the configuration
+space properly normalized okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space properly normalized okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space properly normalized okay so you
+know this is equivalent to if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is equivalent to if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is equivalent to if you're
+working in a continuous space you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a continuous space you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a continuous space you know
+you defining your u scalar product as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you defining your u scalar product as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you defining your u scalar product as
+the integral of the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the product of the two
+functions over the configuration space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions over the configuration space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions over the configuration space
+you might be more familiar because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be more familiar because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be more familiar because we
+have a discrete configuration space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discrete configuration space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discrete configuration space that
+integrals essentially a sum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals essentially a sum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals essentially a sum over all the
+possible configurations. Um let me prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible configurations. Um let me prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible configurations. Um let me prove
+you that the functions are orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the functions are orthogonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the functions are orthogonal.
+Um first you can note that for any basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um first you can note that for any basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um first you can note that for any basis
+function if you sum its value over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you sum its value over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you sum its value over the
+space it gives you zero and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it gives you zero and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it gives you zero and you can
+easily see that you know you you'll um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily see that you know you you'll um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily see that you know you you'll um
+let's say that function will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that function will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that function will look
+something like sigma i sigma j sigma k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sigma i sigma j sigma k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sigma i sigma j sigma k
+maybe with more terms essentially these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with more terms essentially these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with more terms essentially these
+terms will alternate as having plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms will alternate as having plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms will alternate as having plus and
+minus one and so they will sum to one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and so they will sum to one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and so they will sum to one um
+using that you can easily prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that you can easily prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that you can easily prove that the
+functions are orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are orthogonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are orthogonal.
+So um if you dot the two basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if you dot the two basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if you dot the two basis functions
+into each other. So you're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other. So you're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each other. So you're essentially
+summing their product.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing their product.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing their product.
+Okay. So let's say we have a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say we have a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say we have a cluster
+alpha and a cluster beta. You know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and a cluster beta. You know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and a cluster beta. You know maybe
+this is the cluster alpha and u maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cluster alpha and u maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cluster alpha and u maybe
+this is the cluster beta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So they have a partial overlap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So they have a partial overlap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So they have a partial overlap.
+So you can write the product of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can write the product of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can write the product of alpha
+and beta then as first as the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta then as first as the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta then as first as the product of
+the spins that are in both alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spins that are in both alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spins that are in both alpha and
+beta and for those of you get sigma i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and for those of you get sigma i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and for those of you get sigma i
+squared and then the spins that are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then the spins that are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then the spins that are only
+in alpha and the spins that are only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha and the spins that are only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha and the spins that are only in
+beta. Of course sigma i squar is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta. Of course sigma i squar is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta. Of course sigma i squar is always
+one. Okay, because sigma is plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, because sigma is plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, because sigma is plus or
+minus one your occupation variable in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one your occupation variable in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one your occupation variable in a
+spin model. So essentially this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model. So essentially this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model. So essentially this goes
+away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away.
+Okay. And this is simply a function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You could write this as the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could write this as the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could write this as the basis
+function of um alpha + beta minus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of um alpha + beta minus alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of um alpha + beta minus alpha
+intersection beta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection beta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection beta.
+Okay, you're essentially here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you're essentially here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you're essentially here
+multiplying all the spins that are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying all the spins that are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying all the spins that are only
+in alpha or only in beta. Okay, but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha or only in beta. Okay, but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in alpha or only in beta. Okay, but not
+in both. So that's trivially zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both. So that's trivially zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both. So that's trivially zero.
+So the only time that this product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only time that this product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only time that this product is
+not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero
+is when this part doesn't exist. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when this part doesn't exist. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when this part doesn't exist. That
+means when all the spins are in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when all the spins are in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means when all the spins are in both
+alpha and beta. Okay. So this product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta. Okay. So this product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta. Okay. So this product is
+equal to the chronicer delta. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the chronicer delta. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the chronicer delta. It's
+actually not this product. I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not this product. I'm sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not this product. I'm sorry.
+It's this product uh sum overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's this product uh sum overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's this product uh sum overall
+configuration. So I should correct this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration. So I should correct this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration. So I should correct this.
+It's 1 / 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 1 / 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 1 / 2 to the n
+some sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sigma
+and then that should go in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that should go in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that should go in front of
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the basis set is orthogonal. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the basis set is orthogonal. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the basis set is orthogonal. Okay. So
+we have a very practical expansion. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very practical expansion. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very practical expansion. Now
+we have a complete and orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a complete and orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a complete and orthogonal
+expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So one of the first things we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the first things we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the first things we're going
+to do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is um
+expand the energy in this basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the energy in this basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the energy in this basis set
+because the energy is a quantity we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy is a quantity we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the energy is a quantity we'll
+need in things like Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in things like Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in things like Monte Carlo
+simulation but you should right away see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation but you should right away see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation but you should right away see
+that this is much more powerful. Huh?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is much more powerful. Huh?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is much more powerful. Huh?
+You can expand any property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can expand any property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can expand any property of
+configuration in this basis set. uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in this basis set. uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in this basis set. uh they
+will have you know may have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have you know may have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have you know may have different
+rates of conversions but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of conversions but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of conversions but essentially
+this is a basis in set in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a basis in set in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a basis in set in which you can
+expand anything that depends on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand anything that depends on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand anything that depends on how you
+arrange the atoms on a lattice. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the atoms on a lattice. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the atoms on a lattice. So
+people have done things like expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done things like expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done things like expand the
+band gap of materials. Okay. And if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of materials. Okay. And if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of materials. Okay. And if if
+that converges fast, you have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges fast, you have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges fast, you have a model
+that you can rapidly search them. Uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can rapidly search them. Uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can rapidly search them. Uh you
+know people have expanded things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have expanded things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have expanded things like
+the vibrational entropy in it. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational entropy in it. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational entropy in it. Um you
+know people have expanded things like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have expanded things like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have expanded things like um
+even tried to expand things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tried to expand things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tried to expand things like
+conductivity and so which goes not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and so which goes not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and so which goes not as
+well but essentially anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but essentially anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but essentially anything that
+becomes a property of the arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a property of the arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a property of the arrangement of
+atoms on that latis. So in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms on that latis. So in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms on that latis. So in that
+substitutional space can be expanded. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional space can be expanded. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional space can be expanded. Um
+for now I'm going to stick to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now I'm going to stick to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now I'm going to stick to the
+energy. So if we expand the energy as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. So if we expand the energy as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. So if we expand the energy as a
+function of configuration. So we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of configuration. So we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of configuration. So we get an
+expansion over all the possible clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion over all the possible clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion over all the possible clusters
+alpha the basis function and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the basis function and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha the basis function and then the
+expansion coefficient which we'll call V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient which we'll call V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient which we'll call V
+alpha. And it's of course the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. And it's of course the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha. And it's of course the expansion
+coefficient that's going to contain all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that's going to contain all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that's going to contain all
+the energetic information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energetic information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energetic information.
+Um and I'll show you in a second how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and I'll show you in a second how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and I'll show you in a second how
+it's defined. Uh but first I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined. Uh but first I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined. Uh but first I want to
+write out what this um cluster expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what this um cluster expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what this um cluster expansion
+as it's called looks like. I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's called looks like. I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's called looks like. I mean if you
+if you pull out what these cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pull out what these cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pull out what these cluster
+functions are you'll essentially get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are you'll essentially get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are you'll essentially get
+something that looks like this. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this. Um you
+know they'll be an empty cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll be an empty cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll be an empty cluster
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+So that's this term. Uh when alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's this term. Uh when alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's this term. Uh when alpha is
+just a point you'll have this term. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a point you'll have this term. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a point you'll have this term. So
+this is almost like point sight energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is almost like point sight energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is almost like point sight energies
+or chemical potential like if alphas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chemical potential like if alphas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chemical potential like if alphas are
+pairs you'll get the standard pair term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs you'll get the standard pair term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs you'll get the standard pair term
+that we see in latis models but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in latis models but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in latis models but you know
+this keeps on going huh you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this keeps on going huh you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this keeps on going huh you'll have
+triplet terms quadruplet terms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet terms quadruplet terms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet terms quadruplet terms and so
+on. So essentially the cluster expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So essentially the cluster expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So essentially the cluster expansion
+is the same as what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as what's called a
+generalized icing model or easing model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized icing model or easing model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized icing model or easing model.
+Okay. So where you you you go away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So where you you you go away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So where you you you go away from
+relying only on on two body terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying only on on two body terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying only on on two body terms to
+sort of higher body terms as well. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of higher body terms as well. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of higher body terms as well. And
+and and what it essentially is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what it essentially is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what it essentially is is a
+generalization of that approach. Um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that approach. Um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of that approach. Um I'm
+sorry I'm going back and forth. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm going back and forth. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm going back and forth. I'm
+interchanging and using E and H. H for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging and using E and H. H for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanging and using E and H. H for
+the Hamiltonian, E for the energy. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian, E for the energy. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hamiltonian, E for the energy. And
+that one of the reasons is that I cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the reasons is that I cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the reasons is that I cut
+and paste equations from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste equations from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste equations from various
+PowerPoint slides and wasn't quite able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides and wasn't quite able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides and wasn't quite able
+to modify them due due to the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify them due due to the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify them due due to the great
+Microsoft software. Um, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft software. Um, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft software. Um, okay.
+But I think what's the really nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I think what's the really nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I think what's the really nice thing
+is that um this this formal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um this this formal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um this this formal expansion
+will allow you to define exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to define exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to define exactly what
+these V's are because you may have asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these V's are because you may have asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these V's are because you may have asked
+yourself you know when you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you know when you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you know when you you were
+doing in the lab and and are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the lab and and are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the lab and and are probably
+still doing the hydrogen on palladium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing the hydrogen on palladium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing the hydrogen on palladium
+what those interactions actually are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those interactions actually are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those interactions actually are.
+Are they sort of physical potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they sort of physical potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they sort of physical potentials
+between the hydrogen or not? You'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hydrogen or not? You'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hydrogen or not? You'll see
+in a second that they're not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second that they're not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second that they're not that
+they're much more uh complex than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more uh complex than that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more uh complex than that.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+you know whenever you write an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whenever you write an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whenever you write an expansion
+in orthogonal basis functions how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orthogonal basis functions how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orthogonal basis functions how do you
+get the expansion coefficients? Well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the expansion coefficients? Well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the expansion coefficients? Well um
+the expansion coefficient is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion coefficient is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion coefficient is essentially
+the projection of your function onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of your function onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of your function onto the
+corresponding basis function. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding basis function. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding basis function. And that's
+what you'll see here. And you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see here. And you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see here. And you'll get
+something really interesting come out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really interesting come out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really interesting come out.
+Um so the way to to know what how a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the way to to know what how a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the way to to know what how a v
+alpha is defined um you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is defined um you can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is defined um you can essentially
+take the scalar product of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the scalar product of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the scalar product of this
+expression on both sides with pi beta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on both sides with pi beta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on both sides with pi beta.
+So you multiply with five beta and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you multiply with five beta and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you multiply with five beta and then
+sum over all configurations. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all configurations. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all configurations. Okay.
+You're essentially taking the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're essentially taking the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're essentially taking the scalar
+product here beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 beta
+on this end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this end.
+Uh we know that this is the chronicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we know that this is the chronicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we know that this is the chronicer
+delta. So this is v beta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. So this is v beta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. So this is v beta.
+Okay. So we've projected out v beta out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we've projected out v beta out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we've projected out v beta out
+of this expansion. And now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expansion. And now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expansion. And now we have to
+work out essentially what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out essentially what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out essentially what this is
+to know exactly what v beta means. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what v beta means. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know exactly what v beta means. and
+you'll see this is the projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this is the projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this is the projection of the
+energy onto the basis function 5A. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy onto the basis function 5A. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy onto the basis function 5A. But
+it's interesting when you work that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting when you work that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting when you work that out
+what it physically looks like. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it physically looks like. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it physically looks like. Uh so
+that's what I'm going to do here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm going to do here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm going to do here. So
+I've written out the scalar product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written out the scalar product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written out the scalar product
+here. Okay. Um what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. Um what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. Um what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to set this is the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set this is the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set this is the sum over
+all possible configurations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible configurations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible configurations of the
+lapis. Since I have a basis function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis. Since I have a basis function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis. Since I have a basis function
+five beta here, I'm going to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five beta here, I'm going to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five beta here, I'm going to separate
+that into a sum over the spins, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a sum over the spins, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a sum over the spins, the
+configurations on the spins that belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations on the spins that belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations on the spins that belong
+to beta. So let's say this is beta, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beta. So let's say this is beta, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beta. So let's say this is beta, you
+know, some triplet. So I'm going to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, some triplet. So I'm going to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, some triplet. So I'm going to sum
+over those spins and then separate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those spins and then separate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those spins and then separate that
+and sum over all the other spins on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum over all the other spins on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sum over all the other spins on the
+rest of the lattice. So I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the lattice. So I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the lattice. So I've written
+that here as a sum over all the i's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here as a sum over all the i's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here as a sum over all the i's.
+This should be sorry this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should be sorry this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This should be sorry this should be
+sigma i uh that are in beta and summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma i uh that are in beta and summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma i uh that are in beta and summing
+over all the configurations. You get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the configurations. You get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the configurations. You get
+that by just making all the sigma i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by just making all the sigma i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by just making all the sigma i is
+plus or minus one. Okay. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one. Okay. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus one. Okay. And then
+summing over the configuration space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the configuration space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the configuration space
+minus what lives on beta. And this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what lives on beta. And this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus what lives on beta. And this is a
+bit shorthand notation. It's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit shorthand notation. It's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit shorthand notation. It's a little
+hard to um to to to write formally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to um to to to write formally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to um to to to write formally what
+you're actually doing here. But those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually doing here. But those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually doing here. But those of
+you who are familiar with quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are familiar with quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who are familiar with quantum
+mechanics and so may recognize this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so may recognize this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so may recognize this as a
+reduced trace. you're essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced trace. you're essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced trace. you're essentially um
+tracing over all of the configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing over all of the configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracing over all of the configuration
+space except what lives on beta. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space except what lives on beta. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space except what lives on beta. Okay.
+Okay. So, what I want to do is work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what I want to do is work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what I want to do is work out
+the example for a pair interaction since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example for a pair interaction since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example for a pair interaction since
+the math is is is is about just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is is is is about just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is is is is about just the
+right level to do in class. A threebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right level to do in class. A threebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right level to do in class. A threebody
+gets a little harder. Um so, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little harder. Um so, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little harder. Um so, we're going
+to work this out when five when sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this out when five when sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work this out when five when sorry
+when beta consists of sites I and J. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when beta consists of sites I and J. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when beta consists of sites I and J. So,
+it's a pair interaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pair interaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pair interaction.
+So you'll see that in this first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you'll see that in this first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you'll see that in this first term
+I'm going to get four terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get four terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get four terms.
+Okay, because I have two sides. I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because I have two sides. I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because I have two sides. I can do
+a or b. Let's say uh let me call you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a or b. Let's say uh let me call you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a or b. Let's say uh let me call you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
++ one is a say and minus one is b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one is a say and minus one is b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one is a say and minus one is b.
+So um if I do the term let's say I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if I do the term let's say I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um if I do the term let's say I do
+the term i = +1 j = + one. Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term i = +1 j = + one. Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term i = +1 j = + one. Okay. So the
+the basis function is going to be one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis function is going to be one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis function is going to be one.
+Okay? Because I have + one times + one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because I have + one times + one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because I have + one times + one.
+And then what is this? What is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what is this? What is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what is this? What is this
+really? Think about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really? Think about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really? Think about this.
+So when I and J are + one that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I and J are + one that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I and J are + one that means I
+essentially decorate this cluster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially decorate this cluster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially decorate this cluster of
+sides I and J with an A atom and an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides I and J with an A atom and an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides I and J with an A atom and an A
+atom. So it's an AA pair. But what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom. So it's an AA pair. But what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom. So it's an AA pair. But what is
+this term? Essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm summing over all the configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over all the configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over all the configurations
+outside of this cluster. Okay, all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this cluster. Okay, all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this cluster. Okay, all the
+spins. So this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins. So this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins. So this is essentially
+the average energy of the AA of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy of the AA of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average energy of the AA of that of
+the configuration with AA pairs at J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration with AA pairs at J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration with AA pairs at J
+because look at what I'm summing over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look at what I'm summing over.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look at what I'm summing over.
+So I'm summing it over the energy of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm summing it over the energy of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm summing it over the energy of all
+the possible configurations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible configurations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible configurations,
+but it's configurations that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's configurations that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's configurations that have a
+fixed beta occupancy because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed beta occupancy because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed beta occupancy because I'm not
+summing over beta. So this first term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over beta. So this first term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over beta. So this first term is
+essentially what I'll call EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I'll call EA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what I'll call EA
+averaged.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged.
+So do you see what it is? It's I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do you see what it is? It's I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do you see what it is? It's I put a
+at j a a at i a at j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at j a a at i a at j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at j a a at i a at j
+and then I essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I essentially
+trace over the remaining configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace over the remaining configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace over the remaining configuration
+space. So I put all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So I put all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So I put all possible
+configurations on the rest of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations on the rest of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations on the rest of the system
+and calculate that a average energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate that a average energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate that a average energy.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you can do that for the other terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll write out explicitly now vig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll write out explicitly now vig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll write out explicitly now vig
+because beta is a cluster consisting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because beta is a cluster consisting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because beta is a cluster consisting of
+i and j. We're going to find is uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and j. We're going to find is uh n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and j. We're going to find is uh n
+beta is the number of sites in beta. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the number of sites in beta. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the number of sites in beta. So
+we get 1 over four because the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1 over four because the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1 over four because the number of
+sites is two. So the first term I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites is two. So the first term I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites is two. So the first term I got
+was e aa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. If I do i= minus1 and j equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I do i= minus1 and j equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I do i= minus1 and j equals
+minus1 I'll get again a plus for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 I'll get again a plus for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 I'll get again a plus for five
+beta. So I get plus E b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then if I do I and J a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if I do I and J a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if I do I and J a different
+spin. So + one and minus one I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin. So + one and minus one I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin. So + one and minus one I'm going
+to get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get minus
+E A B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E A B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E A B
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+E aba.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Does everybody very roughly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does everybody very roughly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Does everybody very roughly see
+where that comes from? So I essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from? So I essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from? So I essentially
+explicitly evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly evaluate
+the four terms in that sum. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four terms in that sum. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four terms in that sum. Okay. And
+every time I essentially get the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I essentially get the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I essentially get the average
+energy of that configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If your system is symmetric, if I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If your system is symmetric, if I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If your system is symmetric, if I and J
+are equivalent, then these are the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent, then these are the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent, then these are the same.
+Okay? If you have translational symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If you have translational symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If you have translational symmetry
+between I and J. So then you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I and J. So then you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between I and J. So then you'll get
+something like minus2 EAB. And those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like minus2 EAB. And those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like minus2 EAB. And those of
+you who've seen like regular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've seen like regular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who've seen like regular solution
+thermodynamics may recognize this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics may recognize this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics may recognize this very
+much as a sort of effective um prefactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a sort of effective um prefactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a sort of effective um prefactor
+in the enthalpy of mixing. You'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the enthalpy of mixing. You'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the enthalpy of mixing. You'll get
+something like the AA interaction plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the AA interaction plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the AA interaction plus
+the BB interaction minus 2 times the AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BB interaction minus 2 times the AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BB interaction minus 2 times the AB
+interaction. Just sort of pointing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Just sort of pointing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Just sort of pointing that
+out. But it's sort of interesting. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. But it's sort of interesting. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. But it's sort of interesting. This
+is the formal definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the formal definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the formal definition of the
+expansion coefficients. First of all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficients. First of all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficients. First of all,
+notice that they are not potentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they are not potentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that they are not potentials.
+They are energies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are energies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are energies.
+Okay? And they are energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And they are energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And they are energies of
+configurations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+So you know this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know this is not
+the potential between a the aa atom at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential between a the aa atom at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential between a the aa atom at
+the a atom at i and the a atom at j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a atom at i and the a atom at j.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a atom at i and the a atom at j.
+Okay. The reason is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The reason is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The reason is that the
+configuration around it modifies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration around it modifies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration around it modifies that
+interaction substantially. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction substantially. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction substantially. Okay.
+Typically what you'll find is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically what you'll find is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Typically what you'll find is that these
+V's are much much smaller than direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's are much much smaller than direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's are much much smaller than direct
+interaction energies and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energies and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energies and the reason is
+they contain an enormous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contain an enormous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contain an enormous amount of
+cancellation. If you think about it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation. If you think about it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation. If you think about it this
+is a a energy BB energy and minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a energy BB energy and minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a energy BB energy and minus two
+times the AB energy. So they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the AB energy. So they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the AB energy. So they they're
+often several orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often several orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often several orders of magnitude
+smaller than direct uh interactions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than direct uh interactions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than direct uh interactions if
+such a thing were to exist. Um the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing were to exist. Um the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing were to exist. Um the other
+thing is that um indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that um indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that um indirect
+effects can be included like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects can be included like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects can be included like if you
+truncate your lapis model at pair terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate your lapis model at pair terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate your lapis model at pair terms
+okay because it's an infinite expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's an infinite expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's an infinite expansion
+at some point you'll have to truncate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you'll have to truncate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point you'll have to truncate it
+you are still including many body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are still including many body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are still including many body
+quantum mechanical effects because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical effects because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical effects because the
+many body quantum mechanical effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body quantum mechanical effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many body quantum mechanical effects
+enter in the calculation of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in the calculation of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter in the calculation of the energy
+of these. Okay. So what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these. Okay. So what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these. Okay. So what you should
+understand is that the level of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that the level of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that the level of physics
+or the the the the level at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the the the level at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the the the level at which you
+truncate the cluster expansion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate the cluster expansion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate the cluster expansion the
+latonian has no correspondence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latonian has no correspondence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latonian has no correspondence to the
+level of physics for your say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of physics for your say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of physics for your say your
+electron physics. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron physics. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron physics. Okay.
+Um let me give you an example just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me give you an example just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me give you an example just to
+sort of think through what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think through what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think through what these things
+are. Let's say you had a a model on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Let's say you had a a model on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Let's say you had a a model on a
+latis where things just interacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis where things just interacted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis where things just interacted with
+pair potentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair potentials.
+Okay. So a very simplistic energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So a very simplistic energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So a very simplistic energetic
+scheme. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme. If
+if the site if the atoms don't relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the site if the atoms don't relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the site if the atoms don't relax
+away from the lapis points okay then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the lapis points okay then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the lapis points okay then you
+can really then these energies can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really then these energies can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really then these energies can
+really be written as a pair-wise sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be written as a pair-wise sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be written as a pair-wise sum.
+Okay. Because then you know the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Because then you know the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Because then you know the total
+energy of a system is really this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a system is really this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a system is really this the
+pair wise sum between all the pairs. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair wise sum between all the pairs. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair wise sum between all the pairs. And
+then what you're going to find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're going to find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're going to find is that
+essentially all of the pair-wise sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all of the pair-wise sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all of the pair-wise sum
+cancels in this difference except the AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels in this difference except the AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels in this difference except the AA
+interaction, the BB interaction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction, the BB interaction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction, the BB interaction and the
+AB interaction. So if you do pair just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB interaction. So if you do pair just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB interaction. So if you do pair just a
+pair-wise energy expression and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise energy expression and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise energy expression and you
+should try this once it's sort of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try this once it's sort of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try this once it's sort of very
+pedagogical. Um and the atoms don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical. Um and the atoms don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical. Um and the atoms don't
+relax away from the latis. Okay, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax away from the latis. Okay, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax away from the latis. Okay, then
+you'll find exactly that these are pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find exactly that these are pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find exactly that these are pair
+energies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies.
+Okay, pair potentials. Now, as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, pair potentials. Now, as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, pair potentials. Now, as soon as
+you let the atoms relax away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the atoms relax away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let the atoms relax away from the
+lapis point, you know, like maybe the A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis point, you know, like maybe the A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lapis point, you know, like maybe the A1
+is bigger than the B1, even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than the B1, even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than the B1, even in a
+pair-wise energy Hamiltonian, these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise energy Hamiltonian, these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair-wise energy Hamiltonian, these will
+not be the pair interactions. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the pair interactions. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the pair interactions. Okay?
+Because you cannot you cannot remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you cannot you cannot remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you cannot you cannot remove
+from these energies, you cannot cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these energies, you cannot cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these energies, you cannot cancel
+the the you know the energetic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know the energetic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the you know the energetic effects
+between A and the rest of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and the rest of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and the rest of the material
+and B and the rest of the material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and the rest of the material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and the rest of the material.
+Okay. So the the really cool thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the the really cool thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the the really cool thing about
+these expansion coefficients is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expansion coefficients is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expansion coefficients is that um
+they will include all that extra physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will include all that extra physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will include all that extra physics
+like relaxation away from um um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like relaxation away from um um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like relaxation away from um um the
+equilibrium lite and I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lite and I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lite and I'll come back to
+that later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Come on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Shouldn't write so much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Glass is over. No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ah, here we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, here we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, here we go.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+you know, I'll go back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I'll go back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I'll go back and forth between
+writing the cluster expansion in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the cluster expansion in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the cluster expansion in terms
+of the fi alpha, so the basis functions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fi alpha, so the basis functions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fi alpha, so the basis functions,
+or being more explicit and writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or being more explicit and writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or being more explicit and writing the
+basis functions out as the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions out as the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions out as the products of
+spins right away. Um so all your physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins right away. Um so all your physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins right away. Um so all your physics
+of your system all the energetics sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system all the energetics sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your system all the energetics sits
+in those coefficients V of course. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those coefficients V of course. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those coefficients V of course. So
+the question is how do you get them? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you get them? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you get them? Um
+well you know there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know there's a lot of different
+ways that people have tried to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people have tried to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people have tried to get them
+and it depends a little bit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends a little bit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it depends a little bit on the
+problem. For simple Hamiltonians you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. For simple Hamiltonians you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. For simple Hamiltonians you can
+often do the really just calculate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do the really just calculate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do the really just calculate them
+directly by their definition essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly by their definition essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly by their definition essentially
+as the projection of the energy onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the projection of the energy onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the projection of the energy onto
+that basis function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basis function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basis function.
+um you can do that for pair-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do that for pair-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do that for pair-wise
+Hamiltonians even including force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonians even including force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonians even including force
+relaxation. So even when atoms don't sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation. So even when atoms don't sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation. So even when atoms don't sit
+on a latis um you can do it um by fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a latis um you can do it um by fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a latis um you can do it um by fier
+transforming and um that's in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming and um that's in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming and um that's in one of the
+reference that I give you. Uh but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that I give you. Uh but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that I give you. Uh but as
+soon as your physics is very multi-body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as your physics is very multi-body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as your physics is very multi-body
+uh it becomes very hard to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it becomes very hard to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it becomes very hard to do it
+analytically. Um there are people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically. Um there are people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically. Um there are people who do
+it numerically very much according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it numerically very much according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it numerically very much according to
+the definition. So you literally, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition. So you literally, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition. So you literally, you
+know, you take a system with put an AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you take a system with put an AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you take a system with put an AA
+at them here and then calculate a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them here and then calculate a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them here and then calculate a lot of
+different configurations around that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations around that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations around that.
+And so really start to approximate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so really start to approximate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so really start to approximate those
+averages. E AAA average, EBB average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages. E AAA average, EBB average.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages. E AAA average, EBB average.
+The practical way that's um um people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The practical way that's um um people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The practical way that's um um people
+pretty much do it now most of the time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much do it now most of the time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much do it now most of the time,
+which is also the least elegant way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the least elegant way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also the least elegant way is
+that essentially you fit your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially you fit your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially you fit your whole
+expansion at once to a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion at once to a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion at once to a large number of
+energy calculations. So um the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy calculations. So um the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy calculations. So um the first
+thing you have to do of course is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to do of course is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have to do of course is to
+truncate your Hamiltonian because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate your Hamiltonian because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate your Hamiltonian because this
+is is an infinite expansion. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an infinite expansion. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an infinite expansion. You know
+you should really see this. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really see this. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really see this. This is a
+trivial expansion. You're expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial expansion. You're expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial expansion. You're expansion
+you're expanding 2 to the n quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expanding 2 to the n quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expanding 2 to the n quantities
+in two to the n basis function. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two to the n basis function. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two to the n basis function. Okay. So
+it's only practical if you truncate it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only practical if you truncate it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only practical if you truncate it.
+Uh but once you truncate you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but once you truncate you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but once you truncate you have a
+finite set of coefficients to determine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of coefficients to determine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of coefficients to determine.
+So what you can do is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you can do is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you can do is literally
+calculate the Hamiltonian or in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Hamiltonian or in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the Hamiltonian or in this
+case the energy for a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the energy for a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the energy for a lot of these
+configurations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+Let's say there's 20 of these V's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say there's 20 of these V's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say there's 20 of these V's you
+have to determine then essentially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to determine then essentially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to determine then essentially if
+you have the energy at 20 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the energy at 20 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the energy at 20 different
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+uh you could you know determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could you know determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could you know determine the
+interaction coefficients typically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction coefficients typically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction coefficients typically uh
+people use very overdetermined sets. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use very overdetermined sets. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use very overdetermined sets. So
+you know if you want 20 of these you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want 20 of these you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want 20 of these you may
+do 50 of 50 energies and do a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 50 of 50 energies and do a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 50 of 50 energies and do a kind of
+these squares fitting just to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares fitting just to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares fitting just to make the
+determination of interactions much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of interactions much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination of interactions much more
+stable. But so that's essentially how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable. But so that's essentially how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable. But so that's essentially how
+it's done. You have an energy method. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done. You have an energy method. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done. You have an energy method. I
+sort of wrote it as a first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote it as a first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote it as a first principles
+method here. Could be any energy method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method here. Could be any energy method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method here. Could be any energy method.
+You calculate a lot of energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You calculate a lot of energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You calculate a lot of energies of
+different configurations and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configurations and then you
+fit the Hamiltonian and you get the cl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the Hamiltonian and you get the cl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the Hamiltonian and you get the cl
+the interactions out. It's really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions out. It's really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions out. It's really that
+simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple.
+Um and once you have your lats model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and once you have your lats model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and once you have your lats model
+Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian
+um you now know that it's fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you now know that it's fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you now know that it's fairly easy to
+equilibrate that. So you can get ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate that. So you can get ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate that. So you can get ground
+states out of that. You can do uh Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states out of that. You can do uh Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states out of that. You can do uh Monte
+Carlo simulation on it just like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation on it just like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation on it just like you're
+doing in the lab and then get phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the lab and then get phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the lab and then get phase
+diagrams, thermodynamic properties out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams, thermodynamic properties out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams, thermodynamic properties out.
+So essentially you can get both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially you can get both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially you can get both the
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures
+and all the thermodynamic information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the thermodynamic information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the thermodynamic information
+and more important as I'll show in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more important as I'll show in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more important as I'll show in a
+second all the information you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all the information you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all the information you can
+derive from that thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from that thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from that thermodynamic
+information which is something people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is something people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is something people
+often forget.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often forget.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often forget.
+So what I was going to do is show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I was going to do is show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I was going to do is show you a
+few examples of kind of how this is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples of kind of how this is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples of kind of how this is used
+and then in the end essentially come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the end essentially come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the end essentially come
+back to some of the theory of that. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the theory of that. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to some of the theory of that. Uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh here's one that shows how elegant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's one that shows how elegant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's one that shows how elegant it
+can be. Um this is what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be. Um this is what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be. Um this is what I'm going to
+show you is a calculation to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is a calculation to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is a calculation to try to get
+the calcium the solid part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calcium the solid part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calcium the solid part of the
+calcium oxide magnesium oxide phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide magnesium oxide phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide magnesium oxide phase
+diagram. Um this is sort of perfect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Um this is sort of perfect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. Um this is sort of perfect for
+a cluster expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster expansion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster expansion.
+Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide are
+both rocksol structures. So a rock salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rocksol structures. So a rock salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both rocksol structures. So a rock salt
+is essentially an FCC lus of oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially an FCC lus of oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially an FCC lus of oxygens
+which uh I think are in this picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh I think are in this picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh I think are in this picture the
+purple ones. Uh and then the cations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple ones. Uh and then the cations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple ones. Uh and then the cations
+ions either calcium or magnesium sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions either calcium or magnesium sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions either calcium or magnesium sit in
+the octahedral sites octaedal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octahedral sites octaedal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the octahedral sites octaedal
+interstitials and the octaal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and the octaal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and the octaal
+interstitials of an FCC lice also form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials of an FCC lice also form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials of an FCC lice also form
+an FCC latice. So you can think of rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FCC latice. So you can think of rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FCC latice. So you can think of rock
+solo as two interpenetrating FCC lus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo as two interpenetrating FCC lus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo as two interpenetrating FCC lus one
+of cations one of an ions. Um, so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cations one of an ions. Um, so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cations one of an ions. Um, so when
+you mix the two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix the two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix the two,
+you're essentially asking the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially asking the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially asking the question
+at each interstitial,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each interstitial,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each interstitial,
+is there a calcium or a magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a calcium or a magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a calcium or a magnesium
+sitting there? So again, you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there? So again, you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there? So again, you have a
+perfect binary crumb. It's a lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect binary crumb. It's a lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect binary crumb. It's a lattice
+model. But this already illustrates sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. But this already illustrates sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. But this already illustrates sort
+of a nice thing of this approach. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice thing of this approach. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nice thing of this approach. In
+your whole lattice model, the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole lattice model, the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole lattice model, the oxygen
+won't appear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't appear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't appear.
+So the variables you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the variables you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the variables you use
+are only going to be defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only going to be defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only going to be defined on the
+cation latice. So the currents are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation latice. So the currents are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cation latice. So the currents are the
+smaller ones. So on this one you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones. So on this one you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller ones. So on this one you'll have
+you know sigma i is say + one and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sigma i is say + one and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sigma i is say + one and on
+this one you'll have sigma j equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you'll have sigma j equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you'll have sigma j equals
+minus one. So you're essentially going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So you're essentially going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one. So you're essentially going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+express the energy solely in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the energy solely in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the energy solely in terms of
+spin variables on the cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin variables on the cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin variables on the cation
+sites.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that makes sense. There's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that makes sense. There's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that makes sense. There's nothing
+unknown about the annion sites. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown about the annion sites. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown about the annion sites. They're
+always fully occupied. Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fully occupied. Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always fully occupied. Okay. So the
+annions will show up when you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annions will show up when you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annions will show up when you calculate
+the energies of these configurations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of these configurations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of these configurations of
+course but there's really no need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but there's really no need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but there's really no need to
+expand the energy in their occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the energy in their occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the energy in their occupation
+variables because they're always there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because they're always there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables because they're always there.
+They're always minus one. So you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're always minus one. So you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're always minus one. So you see
+we're going to end up with an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with an effective
+Hamiltonian between the cations ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian between the cations ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian between the cations ions
+that includes the energetic intermediary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes the energetic intermediary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes the energetic intermediary
+of the annions without explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the annions without explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the annions without explicitly
+including them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So how do you do something like that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you do something like that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you do something like that?
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know, you truncate your Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you truncate your Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you truncate your Hamiltonian
+number. It's always going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. It's always going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. It's always going to be the same
+procedure. You calculate the energy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. You calculate the energy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure. You calculate the energy a
+lot of different configurations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different configurations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different configurations.
+Um, this is old work, so it wasn't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is old work, so it wasn't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is old work, so it wasn't fully
+quantum mechanical. There are two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical. There are two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical. There are two sets
+of points. So this is actually energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points. So this is actually energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points. So this is actually energy.
+I'm sorry. This is in electron volt per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry. This is in electron volt per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry. This is in electron volt per
+cation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um the blue points are done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the blue points are done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the blue points are done with
+empirical potentials. Remember we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potentials. Remember we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potentials. Remember we did
+that all the way in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the way in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the way in the beginning of
+class. You know these are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. You know these are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. You know these are essentially
+Buckingham potentials with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buckingham potentials with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buckingham potentials with
+electrostatics and shell models attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics and shell models attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics and shell models attached
+to them. Um and the the open red circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. Um and the the open red circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. Um and the the open red circles
+is a self-consistent PIB which is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a self-consistent PIB which is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a self-consistent PIB which is a a
+really poor man's quantum mechanics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really poor man's quantum mechanics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really poor man's quantum mechanics.
+It's a it's a sort of intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a it's a sort of intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a it's a sort of intermediate
+between Thomas Fermy theory and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Thomas Fermy theory and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Thomas Fermy theory and better
+quantum mechanics. But think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics. But think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics. But think of it as a
+poor man's quantum mechanics. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor man's quantum mechanics. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor man's quantum mechanics. Um, and
+these are mixing energies. So they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mixing energies. So they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mixing energies. So they're
+the their reference to zero here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their reference to zero here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the their reference to zero here and
+here. Okay, that's why they have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, that's why they have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, that's why they have that
+sort of parabolic shape because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parabolic shape because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parabolic shape because you
+force them to zero at zero and one. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force them to zero at zero and one. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force them to zero at zero and one. Um,
+you know, first of all, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, first of all, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, first of all, they're
+positive. So that means the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So that means the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. So that means the two things
+don't want to mix, which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to mix, which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to mix, which is in
+accordance to the phase diagram. Uh, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance to the phase diagram. Uh, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance to the phase diagram. Uh, but
+you may notice something already that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may notice something already that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may notice something already that's
+kind of interesting. the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting. the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting. the quantum
+mechanical values are actually tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical values are actually tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical values are actually tend to
+be lower than the potential ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower than the potential ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower than the potential ones and
+this is very common. Um typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very common. Um typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very common. Um typically
+when you a better energy model will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you a better energy model will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you a better energy model will
+lower the energy of low symmetry states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the energy of low symmetry states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the energy of low symmetry states
+more than a bad energy model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a bad energy model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a bad energy model.
+And the reason is that um usually a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason is that um usually a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason is that um usually a good
+energy model has more degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy model has more degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy model has more degrees of
+freedom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom.
+Okay, if you think of, you know, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if you think of, you know, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, if you think of, you know, your
+potential model has no electrons in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential model has no electrons in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential model has no electrons in it.
+There can be no electronic relaxation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There can be no electronic relaxation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There can be no electronic relaxation by
+definition in a in a model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in a in a model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in a in a model with
+empirical potentials because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potentials because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potentials because you don't
+have electrons. Okay, a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electrons. Okay, a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electrons. Okay, a quantum
+mechanical model has electrons in it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model has electrons in it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical model has electrons in it. So
+you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more
+ways for the system to relax and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for the system to relax and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for the system to relax and the
+lower the symmetry, the more a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the symmetry, the more a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the symmetry, the more a system
+can actually use those methods. If your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use those methods. If your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually use those methods. If your
+system is fully constrained by symmetry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is fully constrained by symmetry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is fully constrained by symmetry,
+then there's barely any way the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's barely any way the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's barely any way the system
+can relax. Okay, so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relax. Okay, so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relax. Okay, so this is something
+you very typically see. Um, if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very typically see. Um, if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very typically see. Um, if you have
+energy methods that are fitted to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy methods that are fitted to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy methods that are fitted to uh
+perfect bulk properties, so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bulk properties, so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bulk properties, so they're
+fitted in high symmetry environments, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted in high symmetry environments, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitted in high symmetry environments, if
+you then use them on defect properties,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then use them on defect properties,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then use them on defect properties,
+the better the physics of the model, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better the physics of the model, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better the physics of the model, the
+more degrees of freedom, usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more degrees of freedom, usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more degrees of freedom, usually the
+lower the defect energy will be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the defect energy will be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the defect energy will be.
+But anyway, so you'd use this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, so you'd use this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, so you'd use this,
+you know, you'd fit your Hamiltonian to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you'd fit your Hamiltonian to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you'd fit your Hamiltonian to
+it, your cluster expansion to it, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, your cluster expansion to it, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, your cluster expansion to it, uh,
+and you'd get a bunch of pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd get a bunch of pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd get a bunch of pair
+interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions.
+So the first six are pair interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first six are pair interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first six are pair interactions.
+Again, blue, uh, I, oh dear, change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, blue, uh, I, oh dear, change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, blue, uh, I, oh dear, change the
+color scheme here. Blue is the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color scheme here. Blue is the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color scheme here. Blue is the quantum
+mechanics now, the open circles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics now, the open circles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics now, the open circles of the
+potentials. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials. Um
+and then there are some triplet triplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some triplet triplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some triplet triplets
+interactions and some quadruplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and some quadruplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and some quadruplets
+interactions. And notice that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. And notice that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. And notice that the first
+pair interaction is negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair interaction is negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair interaction is negative.
+So what does that mean? That means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does that mean? That means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does that mean? That means the
+nearest neighbor spin product wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor spin product wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor spin product wants to
+be positive. Get your energy down. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive. Get your energy down. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive. Get your energy down. So
+that means like things want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means like things want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means like things want to be
+together. Plus ones want to be with plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Plus ones want to be with plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Plus ones want to be with plus
+ones. Minus ones want to be with minus1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. Minus ones want to be with minus1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. Minus ones want to be with minus1.
+So that's phase separation. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's phase separation. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's phase separation. So you can
+already see it from the interaction. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see it from the interaction. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see it from the interaction. But
+notice the scale of the interaction, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the scale of the interaction, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the scale of the interaction, you
+know. So this is now about 40 mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So this is now about 40 mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So this is now about 40 mill
+electron volt per cation. Uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt per cation. Uh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt per cation. Uh so this is
+a far cry. This is you know much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far cry. This is you know much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a far cry. This is you know much lower
+than any direct electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any direct electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any direct electrostatic
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+um or even any direct evaluation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or even any direct evaluation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or even any direct evaluation of a
+Buckingham potential because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buckingham potential because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buckingham potential because you have
+effective interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions.
+Um actually if you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um actually if you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um actually if you think of the
+definition of the effective pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the effective pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the effective pair
+interaction in this case. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in this case. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in this case. So let me
+write it out. So, VIG would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out. So, VIG would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out. So, VIG would be one
+quarter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter.
+Let me actually put calcium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me actually put calcium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me actually put calcium and
+magnesium on here. So, it would be E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium on here. So, it would be E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium on here. So, it would be E
+magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium
+magnesium averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium averaged
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+E calcium calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E calcium calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E calcium calcium
+minus 2 E calcium magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 E calcium magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 E calcium magnesium
+on the J sites.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the J sites.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the J sites.
+So you should think about where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should think about where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should think about where that
+interaction that effective interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that effective interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that effective interaction
+comes from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from.
+Uh because look at the electrostatics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because look at the electrostatics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because look at the electrostatics.
+Does the electrostatics contribute?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the electrostatics contribute?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does the electrostatics contribute?
+Magnesium and calcium are both two plus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Essentially, if you froze those two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially, if you froze those two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially, if you froze those two on
+their lattice sides, you'd have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lattice sides, you'd have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lattice sides, you'd have in the
+first term two plus two plus a two plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term two plus two plus a two plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term two plus two plus a two plus
+two plus minus two times a 2 plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus minus two times a 2 plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus minus two times a 2 plus 2
+plus. So the electrostatics completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. So the electrostatics completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. So the electrostatics completely
+vanishes from the effective cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes from the effective cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes from the effective cluster
+interaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction.
+So you know it's sort of interesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know it's sort of interesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know it's sort of interesting the
+fact that you do this projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you do this projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you do this projection
+essentially filters out uh the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially filters out uh the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially filters out uh the largest
+part of the energy here in this system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the energy here in this system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the energy here in this system.
+But because it's the same for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because it's the same for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because it's the same for both
+magnesium, magnesium and calcium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium, magnesium and calcium,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium, magnesium and calcium,
+calcium and magnesium calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium and magnesium calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium and magnesium calcium
+interactions, it's irrelevant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions, it's irrelevant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions, it's irrelevant for the
+configuration of thermodynamics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of thermodynamics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of thermodynamics and the
+projection essentially filters that out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection essentially filters that out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection essentially filters that out.
+So where where does the remaining VIG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where where does the remaining VIG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So where where does the remaining VIG
+come from? Where does the balance come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from? Where does the balance come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from? Where does the balance come
+from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you do a bucking, if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you do a bucking, if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you do a bucking, if you remember
+what what we taught you in empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we taught you in empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we taught you in empirical
+potentials, the way you set up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials, the way you set up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials, the way you set up an
+empirical potential model for oxides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potential model for oxides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical potential model for oxides is
+that you usually have a of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you usually have a of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you usually have a of course the
+electrostatics, then you usually have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics, then you usually have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics, then you usually have an
+oxygen oxygen potential because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen oxygen potential because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen oxygen potential because the
+oxygen is the biggest ion they touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is the biggest ion they touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is the biggest ion they touch and
+then you have a cation oxygen potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a cation oxygen potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a cation oxygen potential.
+Rarely do you have a cation cation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rarely do you have a cation cation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rarely do you have a cation cation
+potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential.
+So there's not even a direct potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's not even a direct potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's not even a direct potential
+between the two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two.
+So if you actually froze these things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you actually froze these things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you actually froze these things on
+their lite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lite
+that VIG is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that VIG is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that VIG is zero
+because we just said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just said that the
+electrostatics disappears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics disappears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics disappears.
+There is no direct cation cation term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is no direct cation cation term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is no direct cation cation term.
+Okay. So VIG is zero in the C. So I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So VIG is zero in the C. So I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So VIG is zero in the C. So I sort
+of gave the answer away. I said if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gave the answer away. I said if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gave the answer away. I said if you
+freeze these things on their lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze these things on their lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze these things on their lattice
+side where does the interaction come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side where does the interaction come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side where does the interaction come
+from? Well if you freeze them there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? Well if you freeze them there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from? Well if you freeze them there's no
+interaction. So all the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. So all the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. So all the interaction
+comes from relaxation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from relaxation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from relaxation.
+Okay, the interaction comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the interaction comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the interaction comes from the
+fact that calcium is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that calcium is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that calcium is bigger than
+magnesium and so that sets up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and so that sets up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and so that sets up an
+effective interaction. So it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interaction. So it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interaction. So it's kind of
+cool because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool because
+you with these interactions you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with these interactions you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with these interactions you have a
+Hamiltonian on a latis model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian on a latis model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian on a latis model which
+people always tend to associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always tend to associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always tend to associate with
+frozen positions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen positions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen positions.
+But the interaction comes essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the interaction comes essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the interaction comes essentially
+from the positions not being frozen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positions not being frozen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positions not being frozen.
+Okay, from the the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, from the the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, from the the fact that you know
+the bigger atom pushes the smaller one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger atom pushes the smaller one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger atom pushes the smaller one
+away. Okay, and so this is maybe the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Okay, and so this is maybe the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Okay, and so this is maybe the key
+point to remember that uh once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to remember that uh once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to remember that uh once you
+parameterize your Hamiltonian with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize your Hamiltonian with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize your Hamiltonian with
+relaxed calculations that easing model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed calculations that easing model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed calculations that easing model
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+okay the energy of those relaxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the energy of those relaxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the energy of those relaxed
+configuration not the ones where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration not the ones where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration not the ones where you're
+frozen at ltoides. So when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen at ltoides. So when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen at ltoides. So when you do
+hydrogen on palladium, okay, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on palladium, okay, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on palladium, okay, you know, a
+lot of that interaction that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that interaction that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that interaction that you get
+between hydrogen on one spot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hydrogen on one spot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between hydrogen on one spot on the
+surface and the other one has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the other one has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the other one has nothing to
+do with hydrogen hydrogen interaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with hydrogen hydrogen interaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with hydrogen hydrogen interaction.
+It's actually all has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually all has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually all has to do with
+relaxation of the surface sites around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation of the surface sites around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation of the surface sites around
+the hydrogen. You put a hydrogen here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen. You put a hydrogen here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen. You put a hydrogen here,
+the palladium around it relaxes. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the palladium around it relaxes. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the palladium around it relaxes. That's
+how it sees the other hydrogen, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it sees the other hydrogen, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it sees the other hydrogen, not
+because of a direct interaction. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a direct interaction. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of a direct interaction. And
+that's um with hydrogen, that's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um with hydrogen, that's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um with hydrogen, that's not so
+dramatic. If you do that with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic. If you do that with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic. If you do that with other
+absorbents like oxygen, it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbents like oxygen, it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbents like oxygen, it's very
+dramatic. Okay? They largely interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic. Okay? They largely interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic. Okay? They largely interact
+through a strain induced in the surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So then you do Monte Carlo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then you do Monte Carlo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then you do Monte Carlo and
+here's the phase diagram.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the phase diagram.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the phase diagram.
+It's a bit too many things on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bit too many things on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a bit too many things on this slide
+but essentially this is the line you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially this is the line you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially this is the line you
+should be looking at. Uh this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking at. Uh this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking at. Uh this is the one
+with potentials. So these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with potentials. So these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with potentials. So these are the
+solubility limits at low temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limits at low temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limits at low temperature.
+So it's a two-phase region in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a two-phase region in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a two-phase region in between
+but you have some solubility of MGO in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have some solubility of MGO in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have some solubility of MGO in
+CAO and of uh CAO in MGO. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAO and of uh CAO in MGO. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CAO and of uh CAO in MGO. And this is
+the quantum mechanical one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanical one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanical one.
+So of course this becomes a missibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course this becomes a missibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course this becomes a missibility
+gap because there's no liquid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap because there's no liquid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap because there's no liquid in the
+calculation. So if if you somehow could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation. So if if you somehow could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation. So if if you somehow could
+include the free energy of the liquid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the free energy of the liquid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the free energy of the liquid,
+it would cut off that missibility gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would cut off that missibility gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would cut off that missibility gap
+and form a utctic. Okay? But because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a utctic. Okay? But because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a utctic. Okay? But because you
+don't have a liquid, you're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a liquid, you're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a liquid, you're essentially
+looking at only solid state transitions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at only solid state transitions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at only solid state transitions.
+And again, you see the same thing. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, you see the same thing. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And again, you see the same thing. The
+quantum mechanics gives you a lower u a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics gives you a lower u a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics gives you a lower u a
+lower solub gives you a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower solub gives you a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower solub gives you a higher
+solubility limit. So lower temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limit. So lower temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility limit. So lower temperature
+at which you can get full uh solution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you can get full uh solution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you can get full uh solution uh
+because it's some sense easier. It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's some sense easier. It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's some sense easier. It can
+it can deal better with the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can deal better with the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can deal better with the lower
+symmetry state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So you know this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you know this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you know this is sort of the
+classic technique now to deal with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic technique now to deal with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic technique now to deal with any
+substitutional problem and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional problem and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional problem and I would say
+almost any crystalline problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any crystalline problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any crystalline problem because
+uh even if you work on systems that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if you work on systems that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even if you work on systems that have
+where there are multiple latis types in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are multiple latis types in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are multiple latis types in
+play I mean if you think of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I mean if you think of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I mean if you think of simple
+metals you could think well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals you could think well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals you could think well maybe
+there's some that ordered on an BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some that ordered on an BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some that ordered on an BCC
+lattice and some that order on an FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and some that order on an FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and some that order on an FCC
+lice. you can cluster expand them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lice. you can cluster expand them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lice. you can cluster expand them
+separately and and and obtain free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and and and obtain free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and and and obtain free
+energies from Monte Cara and then put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies from Monte Cara and then put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies from Monte Cara and then put
+them together. Um that's why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together. Um that's why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together. Um that's why this is
+essentially the method by which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the method by which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the method by which you know
+any sort of multicomponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of multicomponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sort of multicomponent
+um crystalline problem is equilibrated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um crystalline problem is equilibrated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um crystalline problem is equilibrated.
+Um but I'll show you some of the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but I'll show you some of the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but I'll show you some of the older
+work just because historically it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just because historically it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just because historically it's kind
+of cool. Um this is the lithium aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool. Um this is the lithium aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool. Um this is the lithium aluminum
+system which was uh I think only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which was uh I think only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which was uh I think only the
+second or third system that is was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third system that is was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or third system that is was done
+atio by this method. This was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atio by this method. This was done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atio by this method. This was done in
+the early 80s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 80s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 80s.
+Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so
+the reason they did this in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason they did this in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason they did this in the early
+80s because everybody thought we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s because everybody thought we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s because everybody thought we were
+going to make airplanes out of lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make airplanes out of lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make airplanes out of lithium
+aluminum because lithium is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum because lithium is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum because lithium is the the
+lightest solid element in the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest solid element in the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest solid element in the periodic
+table. So any lithium you can put in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. So any lithium you can put in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table. So any lithium you can put in an
+alloy makes it really considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy makes it really considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alloy makes it really considerably
+lighter. Um, and the interesting piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter. Um, and the interesting piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter. Um, and the interesting piece
+occurs here which you can't see. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs here which you can't see. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs here which you can't see. There's
+a delta phase here which is metastable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta phase here which is metastable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta phase here which is metastable
+uh sits about here. And what typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sits about here. And what typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sits about here. And what typically
+people do is they uh solution treat high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is they uh solution treat high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do is they uh solution treat high
+temperature then quench down so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then quench down so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then quench down so that you
+precipitate out delta phase to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate out delta phase to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate out delta phase to
+strengthen the alloy. Um it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the alloy. Um it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the alloy. Um it's difficult
+to care to do experimentally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care to do experimentally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care to do experimentally because
+this is a metastable phase. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a metastable phase. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a metastable phase. So it's a
+little hard to study it. But of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to study it. But of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to study it. But of course
+computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+um meta all what all metastability means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meta all what all metastability means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meta all what all metastability means
+is that there's something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something else that's
+more stable. So as soon as you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable. So as soon as you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable. So as soon as you remove
+that from the picture in the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the picture in the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from the picture in the simulation
+you can stabilize it. And so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stabilize it. And so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stabilize it. And so this was
+one of those early calculations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those early calculations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those early calculations where
+they did exactly what we showed here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did exactly what we showed here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did exactly what we showed here.
+Build a cluster expansion parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Build a cluster expansion parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Build a cluster expansion parameterize
+it with density functional theory. in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with density functional theory. in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with density functional theory. in
+this case uh did Monte Carlo to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh did Monte Carlo to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh did Monte Carlo to do the
+statistical mechanics to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics to find a
+temperature and essentially get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and essentially get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and essentially get this
+calculated phase diagram and uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated phase diagram and uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated phase diagram and uh there's
+the equilibrium phase diagram but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium phase diagram but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium phase diagram but then
+you can also do the meas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do the meas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also do the meas
+precipitate by essentially removing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate by essentially removing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate by essentially removing the
+free energy curves of the stable phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy curves of the stable phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy curves of the stable phases
+and look at them. Uh the liquid was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at them. Uh the liquid was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at them. Uh the liquid was kind
+of empirically added I think to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empirically added I think to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empirically added I think to this
+calculation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+this was my own PhD thesis so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was my own PhD thesis so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was my own PhD thesis so I have to
+show it. Um most of my PhD thesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it. Um most of my PhD thesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it. Um most of my PhD thesis was
+just what is it one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is it one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what is it one two three four
+lines. So um I got off easily. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. So um I got off easily. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. So um I got off easily. Um but
+this is the phase angum of itrium copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the phase angum of itrium copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the phase angum of itrium copper
+oxide um uh which probably most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide um uh which probably most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide um uh which probably most of you
+familiar is a fairly well-known high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is a fairly well-known high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar is a fairly well-known high
+temperature superconductor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature superconductor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature superconductor and the
+critical issue or one of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issue or one of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical issue or one of the critical
+issues was how the material behaves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues was how the material behaves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues was how the material behaves as a
+function of oxygen content. Essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of oxygen content. Essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of oxygen content. Essentially
+that Z up in the formula can go anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z up in the formula can go anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z up in the formula can go anywhere
+from six to seven and at seven it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from six to seven and at seven it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from six to seven and at seven it's a
+high temperature superconductor. Um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature superconductor. Um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature superconductor. Um at
+six and a half it's a low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and a half it's a low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and a half it's a low temperature
+superconductor and at six it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superconductor and at six it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superconductor and at six it's an
+antiferamagnet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiferamagnet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiferamagnet.
+Um and so figuring out what the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so figuring out what the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so figuring out what the phase
+diagram looked like was I guess worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram looked like was I guess worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram looked like was I guess worth
+the PhD thesis. Um and essentially it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PhD thesis. Um and essentially it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PhD thesis. Um and essentially it's
+again a lapis model problem. You have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lapis model problem. You have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lapis model problem. You have a
+bunch of sites where the oxygen can sit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sites where the oxygen can sit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sites where the oxygen can sit.
+when you start taking out the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start taking out the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start taking out the oxygen
+it's now the site can be vacant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now the site can be vacant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now the site can be vacant or
+filled with oxygen so it's a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with oxygen so it's a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with oxygen so it's a binary
+problem so you cluster expanded same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you cluster expanded same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you cluster expanded same
+thing you know in the those days the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know in the those days the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know in the those days the
+quantum mechanics wasn't all that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics wasn't all that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics wasn't all that good
+and you do Monte Carl and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do Monte Carl and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do Monte Carl and you get a
+phase diagram and what's neat about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram and what's neat about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram and what's neat about this
+O2 to my knowledge this phase I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 to my knowledge this phase I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 to my knowledge this phase I think
+there's sort of just some history with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of just some history with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of just some history with
+it was probably the first structure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was probably the first structure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was probably the first structure I
+think that ever was predicted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that ever was predicted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that ever was predicted with
+quantum mechanics before it was seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics before it was seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics before it was seen
+experimentally now have been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally now have been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally now have been a lot of
+cases of that, but this goes back to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of that, but this goes back to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of that, but this goes back to uh
+was actually in the late 80s and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually in the late 80s and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually in the late 80s and it may
+have been the first case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the first case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the first case where the
+experimental evidence came afterwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence came afterwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental evidence came afterwards.
+Okay. Uh here's a lot more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh here's a lot more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh here's a lot more complicated
+system. So, you know, this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So, you know, this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So, you know, this is the
+lithium cobalt oxide I showed you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium cobalt oxide I showed you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium cobalt oxide I showed you in the
+beginning. There's, you know, cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. There's, you know, cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. There's, you know, cobalt
+layers, there's oxygen layers, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers, there's oxygen layers, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers, there's oxygen layers, but the
+key component is the lithium layer. As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key component is the lithium layer. As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key component is the lithium layer. As
+you take lithium out, you have a vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take lithium out, you have a vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take lithium out, you have a vacancy
+lithium problem. So again, you expand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium problem. So again, you expand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium problem. So again, you expand in
+variables that only describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that only describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that only describe the
+occupation on this layer. Okay? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation on this layer. Okay? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation on this layer. Okay? So you
+don't really have to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have to deal with the
+cobalt with the oxygen. You just deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt with the oxygen. You just deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt with the oxygen. You just deal
+with that when you do the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that when you do the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that when you do the energy
+calculations. And you get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. And you get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations. And you get a bunch of
+effective interactions. And again, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions. And again, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions. And again, let
+me stress um that these ECI are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me stress um that these ECI are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me stress um that these ECI are
+effective interactions. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions. If you look at
+the first neighbor, it's only 30 mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first neighbor, it's only 30 mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first neighbor, it's only 30 mill
+electron volt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt.
+Okay? You know to give you an idea those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? You know to give you an idea those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? You know to give you an idea those
+first neighbor distances in the lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neighbor distances in the lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first neighbor distances in the lithium
+plane are about three angstrom. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane are about three angstrom. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane are about three angstrom. If you
+evaluated the electrostatics of a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the electrostatics of a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the electrostatics of a plus
+one charge and a plus one charge over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one charge and a plus one charge over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one charge and a plus one charge over
+three angstrom you'd get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three angstrom you'd get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three angstrom you'd get something
+that's close to an electron volt. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close to an electron volt. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's close to an electron volt. Okay.
+But you see because you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see because you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you see because you're taking
+effective interactions you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective interactions you essentially
+remove most of that. Well per first some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove most of that. Well per first some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove most of that. Well per first some
+of it is screened because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is screened because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is screened because you know
+you're not in a vacuum doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in a vacuum doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in a vacuum doing your
+electrostatic. disc screened by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic. disc screened by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic. disc screened by the
+oxygen that are close by, but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that are close by, but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that are close by, but you're
+also cancelelling a lot of uh energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cancelelling a lot of uh energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cancelelling a lot of uh energetic
+effect and really seeing the only part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and really seeing the only part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and really seeing the only part
+that's relevant for the thermodynamics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant for the thermodynamics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant for the thermodynamics.
+Um and u then you can again do Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and u then you can again do Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and u then you can again do Monte
+Carlo just like we've done in the lab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo just like we've done in the lab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo just like we've done in the lab.
+Get a phase diagram. Uh this is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get a phase diagram. Uh this is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get a phase diagram. Uh this is the kind
+of phase diagram that that you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase diagram that that you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase diagram that that you would not
+get out of straight Monte Carlo. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of straight Monte Carlo. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of straight Monte Carlo. Um the
+hydrogen on palladium problem we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on palladium problem we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on palladium problem we gave
+you. You can do that literally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You can do that literally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You can do that literally by
+looking at the output of the Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the output of the Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the output of the Monte
+Carlo, by looking at the heat capacity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo, by looking at the heat capacity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo, by looking at the heat capacity,
+looking at the energy. Uh because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the energy. Uh because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the energy. Uh because the
+system equilibrates very well. When it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system equilibrates very well. When it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system equilibrates very well. When it
+doesn't equilibrate, you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't equilibrate, you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't equilibrate, you really have to
+do free energy integrations and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do free energy integrations and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do free energy integrations and look at
+where they intersect. And so um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they intersect. And so um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they intersect. And so um this
+phase also was predicted three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase also was predicted three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase also was predicted three years
+before it was seen experimentally. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was seen experimentally. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was seen experimentally. So
+this approach has really very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach has really very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach has really very powerful
+predictive capability because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive capability because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive capability because you
+control almost all the approximations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control almost all the approximations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control almost all the approximations.
+So essentially you know you have to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially you know you have to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially you know you have to live
+with the approximations in density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the approximations in density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the approximations in density
+functional theory you know you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory you know you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory you know you so
+whatever the accuracy of your h your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the accuracy of your h your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the accuracy of your h your
+electronic Hamiltonian you can't do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian you can't do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic Hamiltonian you can't do any
+better okay but from there you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay but from there you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay but from there you control
+all the approximations so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the approximations so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the approximations so if you don't
+like the convergence of your cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the convergence of your cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the convergence of your cluster
+expansion well you know you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well you know you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion well you know you add more
+terms to it okay so essentially you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to it okay so essentially you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to it okay so essentially you can
+make as accurate a representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make as accurate a representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make as accurate a representation of
+your quantum mechanics as you want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quantum mechanics as you want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quantum mechanics as you want and
+that's why you can make Hamiltonians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can make Hamiltonians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can make Hamiltonians
+that are very accurate but they live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very accurate but they live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very accurate but they live on
+a latis model so they're extremely fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a latis model so they're extremely fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a latis model so they're extremely fast
+to search. I mean you've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search. I mean you've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to search. I mean you've done the
+hydrogen on palladium hydronon palladium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on palladium hydronon palladium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on palladium hydronon palladium
+does you know that that trivial Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you know that that trivial Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you know that that trivial Java
+code this four five million spin flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this four five million spin flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this four five million spin flips
+per second on a stupid IBM old IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second on a stupid IBM old IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second on a stupid IBM old IBM
+computer. So on a new machine you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. So on a new machine you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer. So on a new machine you you
+can run 10 15 million spin flips per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run 10 15 million spin flips per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run 10 15 million spin flips per
+second. So you can search configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. So you can search configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. So you can search configuration
+space extremely fast. Okay. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space extremely fast. Okay. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space extremely fast. Okay. And so
+that's why it's so good at finding new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so good at finding new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so good at finding new
+structures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I was going to show you a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I was going to show you a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I was going to show you a surface
+problem. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Um,
+so here's platinum 111. Reason I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's platinum 111. Reason I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's platinum 111. Reason I took
+platinum, it's sort of a important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum, it's sort of a important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum, it's sort of a important
+material for all kinds of catalysts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for all kinds of catalysts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for all kinds of catalysts and
+so and every time you have these FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and every time you have these FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and every time you have these FCC
+surfaces, uh, the possible absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces, uh, the possible absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces, uh, the possible absorption
+sites essentially form a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites essentially form a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites essentially form a triangular
+latice. I should get go to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice. I should get go to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice. I should get go to a different
+color here. So you have these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color here. So you have these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color here. So you have these.
+These really all form a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These really all form a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These really all form a triangular
+latice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There we go. Triangular latice. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we go. Triangular latice. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we go. Triangular latice. Um so
+if you want to study the absorption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to study the absorption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to study the absorption of
+something like uh hydrogen or oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh hydrogen or oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like uh hydrogen or oxygen
+again you build a latis model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you build a latis model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you build a latis model
+um then you have to do density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you have to do density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you have to do density
+functional theory calculations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory calculations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional theory calculations to
+parameterize it and I think you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it and I think you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it and I think you've done
+that now in the lab. So because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in the lab. So because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now in the lab. So because this is
+a surface you would set up a slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface you would set up a slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface you would set up a slab
+geometry. So you essentially would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. So you essentially would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. So you essentially would take
+a few layers of um platinum and then put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few layers of um platinum and then put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few layers of um platinum and then put
+stuff on the surface to absorb it u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the surface to absorb it u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the surface to absorb it u and
+you put a a set of vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a a set of vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a a set of vacuum
+a range of vacuum above that then do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of vacuum above that then do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range of vacuum above that then do the
+DFT calculations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so here's that result again. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's that result again. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here's that result again. Um
+this shows both LDA and GGA but again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows both LDA and GGA but again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows both LDA and GGA but again we
+plot them. Uh this is oxygen absorbed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot them. Uh this is oxygen absorbed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot them. Uh this is oxygen absorbed on
+platinum 111. We reference the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum 111. We reference the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum 111. We reference the full
+coverage and the zero coverage to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage and the zero coverage to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage and the zero coverage to zero.
+Uh you may be a little surprised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you may be a little surprised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you may be a little surprised that
+you can set two points to zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set two points to zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can set two points to zero on the
+energy scale. Well, one of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale. Well, one of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale. Well, one of course is
+obvious. So you can always reference one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious. So you can always reference one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious. So you can always reference one
+point to zero on energy scale. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to zero on energy scale. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to zero on energy scale. The
+reason you can set the second one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can set the second one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you can set the second one to
+zero. What you're essentially doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. What you're essentially doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. What you're essentially doing is
+setting a zero for the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a zero for the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a zero for the chemical
+potential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential.
+Uh because the chemical potential is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because the chemical potential is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because the chemical potential is in
+some sense the slope of that curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the slope of that curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense the slope of that curve.
+Okay? It's the energy change just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's the energy change just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's the energy change just by
+adding oxygen in this case. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding oxygen in this case. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding oxygen in this case. So you're
+essentially referencing the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially referencing the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially referencing the chemical
+potential to zero by setting two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to zero by setting two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to zero by setting two points
+to zero. Um so you do that same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. Um so you do that same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. Um so you do that same thing
+you fit interactions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit interactions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit interactions.
+Um you know I've shown here um I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know I've shown here um I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know I've shown here um I've
+actually made some copies of real notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made some copies of real notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made some copies of real notes
+so you see how this is really done. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how this is really done. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how this is really done. So
+people sketching out on a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sketching out on a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sketching out on a triangular
+latice different interactions you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice different interactions you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latice different interactions you find
+their value. Again they're very small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value. Again they're very small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their value. Again they're very small.
+The black points is for oxygen platinum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The black points is for oxygen platinum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The black points is for oxygen platinum.
+The L1 is on routinium. You know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The L1 is on routinium. You know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The L1 is on routinium. You know this is
+about 75 for a near neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75 for a near neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 75 for a near neighbor
+interaction. Uh and then it decays very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Uh and then it decays very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. Uh and then it decays very
+quickly very fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly very fast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly very fast.
+And you know that they actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know that they actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know that they actually have to
+be in that range because if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that range because if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that range because if you're going
+to see phase transitions in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see phase transitions in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see phase transitions in the range of
+say 0 to a,000 Kelvin, your energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 0 to a,000 Kelvin, your energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 0 to a,000 Kelvin, your energies
+have to live on that energy scale. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to live on that energy scale. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to live on that energy scale. And
+you know a th00and Kelvin is what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a th00and Kelvin is what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a th00and Kelvin is what about
+100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000
+Celsius is about 100 mill electron volt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius is about 100 mill electron volt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius is about 100 mill electron volt.
+So your interactions have to kind of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So your interactions have to kind of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So your interactions have to kind of be
+in that range if there's for stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that range if there's for stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that range if there's for stuff to
+happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen.
+So I thought I'd show you rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I thought I'd show you rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I thought I'd show you rather than a
+nice picture of a phase. Hold on. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice picture of a phase. Hold on. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice picture of a phase. Hold on. Um so
+how would you look for phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you look for phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you look for phase
+transitions? You do this the same stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions? You do this the same stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions? You do this the same stuff
+you do in the lab. You track heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in the lab. You track heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in the lab. You track heat
+capacities. You track energies. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities. You track energies. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities. You track energies. So this
+is for the same run different oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the same run different oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the same run different oxygen
+chemical potentials. So with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials. So with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials. So with your
+experience, what's happening here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, what's happening here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience, what's happening here at
+about 940K?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 940K?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 940K?
+This clearly looks like a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This clearly looks like a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This clearly looks like a phase
+transition first or second order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's your guess?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your guess?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your guess?
+Second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second.
+It's hard to say but it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's hard to say but it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's hard to say but it looks like
+second order. I mean you know it's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order. I mean you know it's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order. I mean you know it's maybe
+not refined enough to look but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not refined enough to look but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not refined enough to look but there's
+clearly a peak in the heat capacity like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a peak in the heat capacity like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a peak in the heat capacity like
+let's say we take I don't know the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we take I don't know the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we take I don't know the green
+curve you know which is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you know which is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you know which is at the
+particular oxygen chem there's a peak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular oxygen chem there's a peak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular oxygen chem there's a peak in
+the heat capacity is not very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity is not very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity is not very well
+defined you know you shouldn't let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined you know you shouldn't let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined you know you shouldn't let
+yourself mislead you know that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself mislead you know that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself mislead you know that if you
+didn't draw the lines here but just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't draw the lines here but just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't draw the lines here but just the
+points that peak is essentially defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that peak is essentially defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that peak is essentially defined
+by one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one point
+you should always be careful you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always be careful you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always be careful you know
+you may have very speurious behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have very speurious behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have very speurious behavior
+going on in one similar Monte Carlo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in one similar Monte Carlo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in one similar Monte Carlo the
+other peak have slightly more points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other peak have slightly more points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other peak have slightly more points.
+But normally, if you really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But normally, if you really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But normally, if you really wanted to
+know whether it's first or second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's first or second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's first or second order
+or you would refine it a lot more near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you would refine it a lot more near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you would refine it a lot more near
+the phase transition. Um, again, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase transition. Um, again, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase transition. Um, again, the
+energy seems to be continuous, but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy seems to be continuous, but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy seems to be continuous, but don't
+let the lines fool you. Huh? You've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the lines fool you. Huh? You've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the lines fool you. Huh? You've
+taken like say this point and that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken like say this point and that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken like say this point and that point
+and connected them. So, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected them. So, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connected them. So, of course,
+they're continuous. But, you know, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continuous. But, you know, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're continuous. But, you know, maybe
+what this thing does is it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing does is it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing does is it kind of
+continues and then shoots down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues and then shoots down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues and then shoots down to the
+other vertically. So, it could still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertically. So, it could still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertically. So, it could still be
+first order. So you would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order. So you would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order. So you would normally
+refine this a lot more. And the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine this a lot more. And the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine this a lot more. And the other
+thing if you really want to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you really want to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you really want to know that
+something's second order, you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's second order, you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's second order, you look at
+the scaling of the heat capacity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling of the heat capacity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling of the heat capacity with
+system size. And that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system size. And that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system size. And that's the that's the
+really accurate way to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really accurate way to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really accurate way to know that
+something's second order. Um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's second order. Um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's second order. Um your
+normalized heat capacity in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized heat capacity in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized heat capacity in a second
+order transition. So the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order transition. So the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order transition. So the heat capacity
+per site scales like the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per site scales like the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per site scales like the square root of
+the number of flat sites. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of flat sites. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of flat sites. Okay.
+uh you you'll find that already in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you'll find that already in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you'll find that already in your
+simple example, your simple homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example, your simple homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example, your simple homework
+problem of hydrogen on on palladium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of hydrogen on on palladium,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of hydrogen on on palladium,
+you'll find it remarkably hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it remarkably hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find it remarkably hard to
+identify in certain regions where their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify in certain regions where their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify in certain regions where their
+face transitions are first or second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face transitions are first or second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face transitions are first or second
+order. Um that's why you put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Um that's why you put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Um that's why you put them in
+there are both first and second order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are both first and second order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are both first and second order.
+So rather than a beautiful phasing, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So rather than a beautiful phasing, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So rather than a beautiful phasing, I
+thought I'd show you guys how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd show you guys how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I'd show you guys how it's
+really done. Um you know, when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done. Um you know, when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really done. Um you know, when we do
+Monte Carlo, this is sort of it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo, this is sort of it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo, this is sort of it's really
+like a puzzle. You know in papers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a puzzle. You know in papers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a puzzle. You know in papers we
+always show these nicely drawn things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always show these nicely drawn things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always show these nicely drawn things
+but this is how you get to it. Uh you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how you get to it. Uh you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how you get to it. Uh you do
+an enormous amount of scans in mu. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous amount of scans in mu. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormous amount of scans in mu. So
+you scan this way then you scan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan this way then you scan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scan this way then you scan in
+temperature and you slowly start piecing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you slowly start piecing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you slowly start piecing
+together you know which phases exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know which phases exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you know which phases exist
+where where they disappear how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where they disappear how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where they disappear how they
+disappear first or second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear first or second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear first or second order
+reaction. So um this is like one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So um this is like one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So um this is like one that is
+near completion with a few sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near completion with a few sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near completion with a few sort of
+question marks whether these are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks whether these are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks whether these are like
+first or second order and then later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second order and then later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second order and then later you
+draw like nice lines but but it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw like nice lines but but it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw like nice lines but but it really
+this is one of the problems with Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the problems with Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the problems with Monte
+Carlo because it's a stochastic method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo because it's a stochastic method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo because it's a stochastic method.
+Um it really is a lot a lot of puzzling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it really is a lot a lot of puzzling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it really is a lot a lot of puzzling.
+Um and what you'll find is that the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and what you'll find is that the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and what you'll find is that the last
+thing that's useful the least useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's useful the least useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's useful the least useful
+thing is actually looking at the spins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually looking at the spins.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually looking at the spins.
+That's that's people's first intuition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's people's first intuition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's people's first intuition.
+I'm going to actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually look at the
+configuration in my system. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in my system. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in my system. You know,
+anytime systems are sort of partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime systems are sort of partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime systems are sort of partially
+disordered, just looking at them is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered, just looking at them is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered, just looking at them is like
+the best way to fool you. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to fool you. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to fool you. If you look at
+something partially disordered, half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something partially disordered, half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something partially disordered, half of
+the class will say it's ordered and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will say it's ordered and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will say it's ordered and half
+of the class will say it's disordered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class will say it's disordered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class will say it's disordered.
+And it's really the thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really the thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's really the thermodynamic
+behavior that tells you in which phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that tells you in which phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that tells you in which phase
+it still is. If it's in an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is. If it's in an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still is. If it's in an ordered
+state, so in a compound state, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, so in a compound state, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, so in a compound state, that
+means that you should be able to push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you should be able to push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you should be able to push it
+to a disordered state. Okay, that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a disordered state. Okay, that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a disordered state. Okay, that means
+you should see somewhere a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see somewhere a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see somewhere a phase
+transition as you raise the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition as you raise the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition as you raise the temperature
+or drive the chemical potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drive the chemical potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drive the chemical potential to
+another phase. If it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phase. If it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another phase. If it's already
+disordered, if you heat it further up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered, if you heat it further up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered, if you heat it further up,
+it won't it won't go to a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't it won't go to a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't it won't go to a phase
+transition anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition anymore.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+just to show you that um you can push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that um you can push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you that um you can push
+this a lot harder and make it a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot harder and make it a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot harder and make it a lot more
+complicated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated um
+um I'll show you something that gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll show you something that gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll show you something that gets a
+little more abstract. Um and it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more abstract. Um and it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more abstract. Um and it's sort
+of from a problem that I I worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from a problem that I I worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from a problem that I I worked on
+quite recently. Um it's absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite recently. Um it's absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite recently. Um it's absorption
+induced segregation and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced segregation and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced segregation and here's the
+problem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So
+the pro problem before was oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro problem before was oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro problem before was oxygen
+absorbent on platinum. Uh but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent on platinum. Uh but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent on platinum. Uh but if you
+have actually a platinum metal alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually a platinum metal alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually a platinum metal alloy
+like platinum metal catalyst in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like platinum metal catalyst in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like platinum metal catalyst in this
+case platinum ruinium then you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case platinum ruinium then you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case platinum ruinium then you have two
+configurational problems. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational problems. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational problems. So the first
+question is what's on the surface?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's on the surface?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what's on the surface?
+Is it oxygen or vacancy? either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it oxygen or vacancy? either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it oxygen or vacancy? either side
+oxygen or vacancy but there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or vacancy but there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or vacancy but there's also a
+segregation thermodynamics now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation thermodynamics now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation thermodynamics now on the
+surface you now may not have pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you now may not have pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you now may not have pure
+platinum you may have either platinum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum you may have either platinum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platinum you may have either platinum or
+ruinium okay and the two interact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruinium okay and the two interact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruinium okay and the two interact what
+segregates to the surface is influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregates to the surface is influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregates to the surface is influenced
+by what absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what absorbs
+you see that's actually you may think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that's actually you may think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that's actually you may think of
+that as a quadinary problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a quadinary problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a quadinary problem because
+essentially what's in play now platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's in play now platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's in play now platinum
+is in play routinium is in play oxygen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in play routinium is in play oxygen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in play routinium is in play oxygen's
+in play and vacancies are in play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play and vacancies are in play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play and vacancies are in play
+vacancies being vacant absorption sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies being vacant absorption sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies being vacant absorption sites
+But it's actually a 2 plus2 problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's actually a 2 plus2 problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's actually a 2 plus2 problem.
+It's really a binary configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really a binary configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really a binary configuration
+problem in the surface layer and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the surface layer and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the surface layer and then a
+binary configuration problem on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary configuration problem on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary configuration problem on top of
+the surface layer. And so you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface layer. And so you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface layer. And so you can still
+perfectly solve this with a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly solve this with a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly solve this with a binary
+cluster expansion. It's just that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster expansion. It's just that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster expansion. It's just that your
+spin means something different when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin means something different when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin means something different when
+you're in the surface layer or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the surface layer or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the surface layer or when
+you're in the absorbent layer. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the absorbent layer. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the absorbent layer. So you
+could call them different but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call them different but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call them different but you don't
+have to. You could say well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to. You could say well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to. You could say well there are
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+that is say whatever this describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is say whatever this describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is say whatever this describes
+what's in the absorptant layer and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the absorptant layer and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the absorptant layer and I
+could just call a new set of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just call a new set of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just call a new set of variables
+delta this describes what's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta this describes what's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta this describes what's in the
+surface layer okay and then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer okay and then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer okay and then I could
+literally expand in the products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally expand in the products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally expand in the products of
+these but to be honest you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but to be honest you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but to be honest you could just
+all call them sigas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all call them sigas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all call them sigas
+okay they just mean something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they just mean something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they just mean something different
+whether they're defined on these sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're defined on these sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're defined on these sides
+or on that side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on that side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on that side okay
+and so you can do the same technique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do the same technique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can do the same technique and
+now essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially
+expand a quadinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand a quadinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand a quadinary
+problem and you know you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know you do the same
+whole thing you calculate a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing you calculate a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing you calculate a lot of
+configurations uh because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations uh because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations uh because your
+configuration space is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space is essentially
+bigger you'll need more information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you'll need more information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you'll need more information to
+parameterize it and then you know you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it and then you know you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize it and then you know you do
+Monte Carl and you equibrate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carl and you equibrate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carl and you equibrate it and
+here's an example um this is at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example um this is at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example um this is at a given
+temperature driving up the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature driving up the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature driving up the oxygen
+chemical potential so you expect more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential so you expect more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential so you expect more
+oxygen to absorb and that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to absorb and that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to absorb and that's what you
+But you can actually track the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can actually track the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can actually track the amount of
+runinium segregating to the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runinium segregating to the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runinium segregating to the surface and
+as you bring more oxygen to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you bring more oxygen to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you bring more oxygen to the surface
+you actually start increasing the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually start increasing the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually start increasing the amount
+of runinium in the surface as well. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of runinium in the surface as well. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of runinium in the surface as well. And
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+you can you know you can solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know you can solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know you can solve the
+thermodynamics of these problems by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of these problems by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of these problems by
+abinio methods by going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinio methods by going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abinio methods by going through this
+cluster expansion approach. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster expansion approach. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster expansion approach. You can
+actually look at the sides. Uh um orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the sides. Uh um orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the sides. Uh um orange
+is the platinum surface, red is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the platinum surface, red is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the platinum surface, red is the
+oxygen absorbed and uh um this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen absorbed and uh um this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen absorbed and uh um this picture
+here is the same with the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same with the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same with the oxygen
+stripped off. So you see underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped off. So you see underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripped off. So you see underlying
+routinium. So as you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinium. So as you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinium. So as you increase the
+oxidation, you essentially get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation, you essentially get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation, you essentially get more
+routinium to the surface and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinium to the surface and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routinium to the surface and more
+oxidation. This is sort of more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation. This is sort of more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation. This is sort of more and more
+higher and higher oxygen pressure. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher oxygen pressure. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher oxygen pressure. So,
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, let me show you one more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let me show you one more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let me show you one more quickly
+before I continue the theory. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I continue the theory. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I continue the theory. And the
+reason I want to show you is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to show you is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to show you is because
+it's sort of a little different. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a little different. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a little different. Um,
+this is a a structural problem from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a structural problem from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a structural problem from
+hydrogen modified aluminum fracture. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen modified aluminum fracture. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen modified aluminum fracture. Um,
+okay. The the the problem there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. The the the problem there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. The the the problem there is that
+um impurity and brittlement in metals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impurity and brittlement in metals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impurity and brittlement in metals is
+a big issue. Um there's a lot of metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big issue. Um there's a lot of metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big issue. Um there's a lot of metals
+that uh whose ductal behavior uh becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh whose ductal behavior uh becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh whose ductal behavior uh becomes
+very poor uh when there's impurity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor uh when there's impurity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor uh when there's impurity
+present and hydrogen imbr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrogen is so much worse than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is so much worse than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is so much worse than other
+impurities but first of all hydrogen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities but first of all hydrogen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities but first of all hydrogen uh
+is tends to be a common impur because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tends to be a common impur because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tends to be a common impur because
+it's available everywhere. Anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's available everywhere. Anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's available everywhere. Anytime you
+have oxid you know corrosion reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oxid you know corrosion reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oxid you know corrosion reactions
+going on you often produce hydrogen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you often produce hydrogen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you often produce hydrogen.
+Anytime you're working in acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anytime you're working in acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anytime you're working in acid
+environments you produce hydrogen and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you produce hydrogen and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you produce hydrogen and it
+tends to be a fast diffuser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be a fast diffuser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be a fast diffuser.
+So there's a lot of other impurities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a lot of other impurities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a lot of other impurities but
+a lot of other impurities sort of never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other impurities sort of never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other impurities sort of never
+make it to the problem areas in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the problem areas in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the problem areas in a
+material but hydrogen tends to be a fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but hydrogen tends to be a fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but hydrogen tends to be a fast
+diffuser. Um so the way people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser. Um so the way people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuser. Um so the way people have
+dealt with this in quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with this in quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with this in quantum mechanics is
+literally by looking at how planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally by looking at how planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally by looking at how planes
+decoheree with and without hydrogen. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoheree with and without hydrogen. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoheree with and without hydrogen. And
+of course if you put hydrogen in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you put hydrogen in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you put hydrogen in between
+it it decoheres more easily. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it decoheres more easily. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it decoheres more easily. There's
+less work of decohesion. Um but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less work of decohesion. Um but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less work of decohesion. Um but if you
+want to look at the structural problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the structural problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the structural problem
+of what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what happens
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you do this with hydrogen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this with hydrogen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this with hydrogen if you
+want to equilibrate the hydrogen becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to equilibrate the hydrogen becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to equilibrate the hydrogen becomes
+a lot harder. So let me sort of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot harder. So let me sort of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot harder. So let me sort of first
+tell how would you do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how would you do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how would you do this without
+hydrogen you know you could make a slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you know you could make a slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you know you could make a slab
+you would sort of you know define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would sort of you know define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would sort of you know define a
+plane where you open up the slab and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane where you open up the slab and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane where you open up the slab and you
+pull you know you remove the two slabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull you know you remove the two slabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull you know you remove the two slabs
+farther and farther apart. So it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther and farther apart. So it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther and farther apart. So it's like
+you're opening a crack. You keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're opening a crack. You keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're opening a crack. You keep track
+of the energy and the derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy and the derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy and the derivative of that
+is of course the force required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course the force required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course the force required to
+separate the slab. But think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the slab. But think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the slab. But think of the
+problem now if you want to do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now if you want to do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now if you want to do that with
+an impur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an impur
+you have to now equilibrate the impur at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to now equilibrate the impur at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to now equilibrate the impur at
+every separation of the slab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every separation of the slab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every separation of the slab.
+Okay? So you know you sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So you know you sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So you know you sort of you know
+pull this the crack open a little more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this the crack open a little more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this the crack open a little more.
+You have to figure out what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to figure out what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to figure out what happens to
+that impurity there. Because as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that impurity there. Because as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that impurity there. Because as that
+impur equilibrates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impur equilibrates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impur equilibrates,
+okay, not only its structure, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, not only its structure, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, not only its structure, it
+equilibrates by the way, but also its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrates by the way, but also its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrates by the way, but also its
+composition because segregation to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition because segregation to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition because segregation to those
+surfaces isn't is an open system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces isn't is an open system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces isn't is an open system
+problem. Okay, the concentration there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay, the concentration there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay, the concentration there
+is not fixed because it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed because it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed because it comes from the
+bulk or from a gas phase. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk or from a gas phase. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk or from a gas phase. So it's
+actually a grand canonical problem. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a grand canonical problem. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a grand canonical problem. It's
+an a constant chemical potential problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a constant chemical potential problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a constant chemical potential problem
+rather than a constant composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a constant composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a constant composition
+problem. So you see that the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So you see that the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So you see that the hard
+problem you have not only have to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have not only have to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you have not only have to do you
+have to arrange the impurities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to arrange the impurities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to arrange the impurities in the
+most stable way because that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable way because that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable way because that's going to
+determine the energy and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the energy and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the energy and therefore the
+force it requires to open up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it requires to open up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it requires to open up those
+planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+but you also need to equilibrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also need to equilibrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also need to equilibrate the
+amount of impur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of impur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of impur
+in that crack. And so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that crack. And so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that crack. And so this is actually
+why it's so hard to include chemistry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's so hard to include chemistry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's so hard to include chemistry in
+mechanical calculations because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical calculations because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical calculations because you know
+you're really working on two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really working on two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really working on two different
+time scales that are very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales that are very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scales that are very hard to
+combine. And so um the solution here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine. And so um the solution here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine. And so um the solution here was
+essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to
+calculate the relevant free energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the relevant free energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the relevant free energy of
+hydrogen for any state of crack opening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen for any state of crack opening.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen for any state of crack opening.
+Okay, for any state of separation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, for any state of separation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, for any state of separation of the
+planes you try to get the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes you try to get the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes you try to get the equilibrium
+hydrogen content by a cluster expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen content by a cluster expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen content by a cluster expansion
+and then from that envelope of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that envelope of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from that envelope of free
+energies you get the force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's again the same thing you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's again the same thing you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's again the same thing you define
+a lattice model for this was hydrogen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lattice model for this was hydrogen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lattice model for this was hydrogen on
+one side of the crack opening hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the crack opening hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the crack opening hydrogen
+sites on another side of the crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites on another side of the crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites on another side of the crack
+opening. So now you have interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening. So now you have interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening. So now you have interactions
+within one plane but also between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one plane but also between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one plane but also between the
+two you know you do a bunch of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you know you do a bunch of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you know you do a bunch of first
+principles computations. So it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles computations. So it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles computations. So it's again
+the same thing to fit those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to fit those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing to fit those
+interactions. Then you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. Then you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions. Then you're going to do
+Monte Carlo. You're going to in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo. You're going to in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo. You're going to in this
+case get your free energies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case get your free energies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case get your free energies and the
+derivatives of the free energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the free energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the free energy with
+respect to the separation is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the separation is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the separation is going to be
+the force. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force. So,
+so in this case this is the force as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case this is the force as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case this is the force as a
+function of slab separation for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of slab separation for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of slab separation for all the
+different hydrogen coverages.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hydrogen coverages.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hydrogen coverages.
+So, I plotted the force. I really should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I plotted the force. I really should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I plotted the force. I really should
+have plotted the energy because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plotted the energy because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plotted the energy because it's the
+energy the qu is the quantity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the qu is the quantity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the qu is the quantity that's
+expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you get interactions. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get interactions. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get interactions. In this
+case, I'm only showing two. So, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I'm only showing two. So, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I'm only showing two. So, there's
+an um inplane hydrogen interaction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an um inplane hydrogen interaction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an um inplane hydrogen interaction.
+That's the red one here. And there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the red one here. And there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the red one here. And there's an
+interplane. The interplane is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplane. The interplane is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplane. The interplane is between
+the two openings of the crack. And of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two openings of the crack. And of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two openings of the crack. And of
+course, that one tends to go to zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, that one tends to go to zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, that one tends to go to zero as
+you separate more and more. Okay? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you separate more and more. Okay? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you separate more and more. Okay? So
+now, you know, the cool thing is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, you know, the cool thing is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, you know, the cool thing is at
+every state of the crack opening, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state of the crack opening, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state of the crack opening, you
+can actually get the free energy of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get the free energy of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get the free energy of this
+system fully equilibrated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system fully equilibrated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system fully equilibrated.
+And so if you get the free energy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you get the free energy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you get the free energy,
+you can actually find the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and this is the fully equilibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the fully equilibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is the fully equilibrated
+thermodynamic trajectory that red line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic trajectory that red line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic trajectory that red line.
+And be what's really surprising is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And be what's really surprising is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And be what's really surprising is that
+um because you fully equilibrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you fully equilibrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you fully equilibrate the
+system, it suddenly looks very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, it suddenly looks very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, it suddenly looks very different
+from what you thought it would be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you thought it would be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you thought it would be and
+what you would have gotten in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have gotten in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would have gotten in an
+unequilated calculation. You know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequilated calculation. You know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequilated calculation. You know these
+black lines, this is what you got in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lines, this is what you got in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lines, this is what you got in an
+unequilated calculation. It sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequilated calculation. It sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequilated calculation. It sort of
+makes sense. You know, as you pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. You know, as you pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. You know, as you pull the
+force goes up. No surprise. I mean, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force goes up. No surprise. I mean, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force goes up. No surprise. I mean, and
+then you reach a critical point, point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you reach a critical point, point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you reach a critical point, point
+of maximum force. At that point, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum force. At that point, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum force. At that point, you're
+unstable because essentially the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because essentially the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because essentially the force
+as you pull further goes down. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you pull further goes down. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you pull further goes down. So you're
+unstable. On the down slope, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable. On the down slope, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable. On the down slope, you're
+essentially unstable. But look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially unstable. But look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially unstable. But look at the
+red line. So this is a chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line. So this is a chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red line. So this is a chemically
+equilibriated system behaves very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibriated system behaves very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibriated system behaves very
+different. Essentially,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Essentially,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Essentially,
+you pull a little bit, okay? You open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull a little bit, okay? You open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull a little bit, okay? You open
+the crack a little bit and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crack a little bit and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crack a little bit and then the
+crack opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack opens
+with no increase in force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no increase in force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no increase in force.
+Okay? And then you pull the saturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then you pull the saturated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then you pull the saturated
+crack apart. And essentially what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack apart. And essentially what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack apart. And essentially what this
+is is because you've done your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is because you've done your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is because you've done your
+thermodynamics, right? You actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics, right? You actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics, right? You actually have
+a force first order transition in length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force first order transition in length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force first order transition in length
+space. Okay, this is you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay, this is you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay, this is you know this is
+just like a this is a linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a this is a linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a this is a linked
+discontinuity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity.
+It's just like a volume discontinuity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just like a volume discontinuity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just like a volume discontinuity in
+a regular first order transition. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular first order transition. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular first order transition. Okay,
+here essentially the crack is separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially the crack is separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially the crack is separating
+at constant uh force. Okay, you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant uh force. Okay, you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at constant uh force. Okay, you know
+it's like um if you think you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like um if you think you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like um if you think you know it's
+like when you do a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you do a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you do a first order
+transition upon heating you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition upon heating you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition upon heating you're putting
+in enthalpy at constant temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enthalpy at constant temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enthalpy at constant temperature for
+example or if you do a pressure induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or if you do a pressure induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or if you do a pressure induced
+um phase transition you get a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phase transition you get a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um phase transition you get a volume
+change at constant pressure. Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at constant pressure. Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at constant pressure. Okay so
+it's the same thing but you see that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing but you see that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing but you see that by
+doing the chemistry right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the chemistry right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the chemistry right and the
+equilibration you get very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration you get very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibration you get very different
+results. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the last thing I want to do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the last thing I want to do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the last thing I want to do is sort
+of come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come back
+to the idea that we started with and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea that we started with and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea that we started with and um
+I wrote down the energy as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote down the energy as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote down the energy as a function of
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+uh and and then showed you how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and then showed you how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and then showed you how you
+cluster expand it. What I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster expand it. What I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster expand it. What I want to do is
+now come back again to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now come back again to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now come back again to what the
+definition should be of that energy. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition should be of that energy. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition should be of that energy. And
+we sort of did that at the back end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of did that at the back end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of did that at the back end of
+the Monte Carlo lecture, but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monte Carlo lecture, but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monte Carlo lecture, but because
+it's kind of important, I want to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of important, I want to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of important, I want to come
+back to it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it. Um
+because it's not totally clear what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not totally clear what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not totally clear what that
+energy or that Hamiltonian in the Latas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or that Hamiltonian in the Latas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or that Hamiltonian in the Latas
+model should be. Um so let me take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model should be. Um so let me take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model should be. Um so let me take a
+step back and I know you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and I know you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back and I know you've seen this
+but I want to go through it. Um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to go through it. Um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to go through it. Um if you
+want to get the free energy of a system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the free energy of a system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the free energy of a system,
+you normally want to include all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normally want to include all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you normally want to include all
+excitations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations.
+Okay? Because you essentially you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because you essentially you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because you essentially you have
+to calculate the partition function. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the partition function. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the partition function. You
+have to trace over all excitations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trace over all excitations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trace over all excitations and
+that will give you the full partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you the full partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you the full partition
+function and the logarithm will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the logarithm will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the logarithm will give you
+the free energy. So if you think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy. So if you think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy. So if you think of the
+most basic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic system
+um will always have vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will always have vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will always have vibrational
+excitations. Okay. If we have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations. Okay. If we have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations. Okay. If we have anything
+with a binary problem like AS's or B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a binary problem like AS's or B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a binary problem like AS's or B's
+or something in vacancies, we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something in vacancies, we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something in vacancies, we'll have
+configurational excitations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational excitations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational excitations.
+And then unless you're in an insulator,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then unless you're in an insulator,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then unless you're in an insulator,
+you'll have electronic excitations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have electronic excitations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have electronic excitations.
+Um the idea we talked about last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the idea we talked about last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the idea we talked about last time is
+that the way you can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way you can define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way you can define a
+Hamiltonian that lives in this space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that lives in this space,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that lives in this space,
+which is the one with the slower time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one with the slower time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one with the slower time
+scale, is by integrating over the faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, is by integrating over the faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale, is by integrating over the faster
+time scale. And I started to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale. And I started to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale. And I started to show that
+you last time, I think. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we finish the Monte Carlo lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me sort of go through that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me sort of go through that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me sort of go through that sort
+of formal description again so we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal description again so we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal description again so we see
+exactly what our lapis model Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what our lapis model Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what our lapis model Hamiltonian
+is. Um so I'm going to do it here only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um so I'm going to do it here only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um so I'm going to do it here only
+with vibrations as the fast time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vibrations as the fast time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vibrations as the fast time scale
+and substitutions as the slow time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitutions as the slow time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitutions as the slow time scale
+and after that you'll see how it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that you'll see how it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that you'll see how it would
+go with electronic excitations as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with electronic excitations as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with electronic excitations as well.
+So I replace the coordinate ra I. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I replace the coordinate ra I. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I replace the coordinate ra I. So
+this is a set of coordinates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set of coordinates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set of coordinates that
+describe the atom into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the atom into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the atom into
+uh a latite position and a deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a latite position and a deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a latite position and a deviation
+from that lite. Okay. the letter side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that lite. Okay. the letter side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that lite. Okay. the letter side
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+that is fully defined by the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fully defined by the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is fully defined by the set of
+configurational variable sigma and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational variable sigma and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational variable sigma and the
+deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation
+from the ideal atite position I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ideal atite position I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ideal atite position I'll call
+the configuration new so the combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration new so the combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration new so the combination
+of sigma and new is really the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sigma and new is really the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sigma and new is really the same as
+the set of vectors ra I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to do is you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is you know you
+always see where I'm going value I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always see where I'm going value I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always see where I'm going value I'm
+going to trace over the news to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trace over the news to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trace over the news to get a
+Hamiltonian in the sigas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the full partition function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the full partition function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the full partition function is
+the sum of the exponential of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the exponential of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the exponential of the energy
+which depends both on sigma and new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends both on sigma and new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends both on sigma and new and
+I sum over the sigma states and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sum over the sigma states and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sum over the sigma states and the new
+states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states.
+Okay, what I'm going to do is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what I'm going to do is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what I'm going to do is I'm going
+to do the inner sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the inner sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the inner sum
+to them only left with a sum over sigas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them only left with a sum over sigas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them only left with a sum over sigas.
+Okay, of some f which is the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, of some f which is the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, of some f which is the Hamiltonian
+in the configurational space. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the configurational space. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the configurational space. And if you
+look to make these two the same, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to make these two the same, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to make these two the same, what
+that f should be? Well, f is the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f should be? Well, f is the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f should be? Well, f is the free
+energy that I get by tracing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that I get by tracing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that I get by tracing over the
+news.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news.
+Okay, I mean there's no physics here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I mean there's no physics here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I mean there's no physics here,
+huh? This is pure and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh? This is pure and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh? This is pure and simple
+substitution of uh variables. So I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of uh variables. So I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution of uh variables. So I call
+essentially this sum here is um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this sum here is um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this sum here is um the
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus
+um beta f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta f.
+Okay, which means that f is the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which means that f is the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which means that f is the log of
+that exponential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+but look at what I sort of formally end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what I sort of formally end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at what I sort of formally end
+up with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with.
+I have a partition function that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a partition function that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a partition function that only
+sums over substitutional states. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums over substitutional states. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums over substitutional states. So this
+is a problem that lives in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem that lives in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem that lives in the same
+space as a lapis model. Okay? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as a lapis model. Okay? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as a lapis model. Okay? Because
+I'm only summing over discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only summing over discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only summing over discrete
+configurational states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational states.
+So what I'm really saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'm really saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I'm really saying is that
+if I do this partition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do this partition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do this partition function
+correctly, I have the full partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly, I have the full partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly, I have the full partition
+function and therefore the free energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and therefore the free energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and therefore the free energy.
+But to do it correctly, my Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to do it correctly, my Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to do it correctly, my Hamiltonian
+in my lapis model state needs to be f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lapis model state needs to be f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lapis model state needs to be f
+not e. And what is that f? Well, f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not e. And what is that f? Well, f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not e. And what is that f? Well, f is
+essentially a free energy. It's the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a free energy. It's the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a free energy. It's the log
+of a partition function. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a partition function. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a partition function. And what
+partition function is it? It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function is it? It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function is it? It's the
+partition function by summing over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function by summing over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function by summing over all
+the faster states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faster states.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faster states.
+So the problem is essentially simple,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the problem is essentially simple,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the problem is essentially simple,
+huh? uh the Hamiltonian you should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh? uh the Hamiltonian you should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh? uh the Hamiltonian you should use
+in your slow time scale space is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your slow time scale space is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your slow time scale space is the one
+you get by integrating or by calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by integrating or by calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by integrating or by calculating
+the free energy of your fast time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy of your fast time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy of your fast time
+scales. So in this case what should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales. So in this case what should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales. So in this case what should you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+in everything I showed you earlier this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything I showed you earlier this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in everything I showed you earlier this
+morning? I used the energy as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning? I used the energy as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning? I used the energy as the
+Hamiltonian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian.
+Okay, I used the direct DFT energy in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I used the direct DFT energy in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I used the direct DFT energy in my
+Hamiltonian. What I really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian. What I really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian. What I really should have
+used is the vibrational free energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used is the vibrational free energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used is the vibrational free energy to
+be correct. If I used the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be correct. If I used the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be correct. If I used the vibrational
+free energy in that Hamiltonium, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy in that Hamiltonium, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy in that Hamiltonium, I would
+have gotten the full partition function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten the full partition function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten the full partition function
+and therefore I would have gotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I would have gotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I would have gotten the
+total free energy of the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total free energy of the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total free energy of the system.
+So what did I do instead? I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what did I do instead? I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what did I do instead? I didn't
+calculate this. I approximated this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this. I approximated this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this. I approximated this by
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+You know, I approximated this by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, I approximated this by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, I approximated this by the
+state in this ensemble with the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in this ensemble with the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in this ensemble with the lowest
+energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy.
+I mean, if you think of this as a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, if you think of this as a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, if you think of this as a free
+energy, this is going to be a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, this is going to be a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy, this is going to be a free
+energy plus some entropy plus an entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus some entropy plus an entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus some entropy plus an entropy
+term, which you could think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, which you could think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, which you could think of as a
+ground state energy plus contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy plus contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy plus contributions
+from excited states. Okay, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from excited states. Okay, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from excited states. Okay, I've
+basically said I'm taking this just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said I'm taking this just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically said I'm taking this just as
+the ground state energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state energy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state energy in this
+ensemble.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble.
+Okay, because I'm taking the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because I'm taking the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, because I'm taking the lowest
+energy configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy configuration
+that I can get by varying over this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get by varying over this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get by varying over this.
+Okay, and what is varying over this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and what is varying over this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and what is varying over this?
+What are the news? The news are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the news? The news are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the news? The news are the
+displacement from the lattice sides. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from the lattice sides. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement from the lattice sides. So
+essentially, I'm relaxing my system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, I'm relaxing my system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, I'm relaxing my system,
+letting it displace from the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting it displace from the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting it displace from the lattice
+sides. I get the lowest energy state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. I get the lowest energy state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. I get the lowest energy state in
+the ensemble and that's what I expand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ensemble and that's what I expand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ensemble and that's what I expand.
+So when I'm done, what do I have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I'm done, what do I have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I'm done, what do I have?
+When I'm done and I do Monte Carlo with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I'm done and I do Monte Carlo with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I'm done and I do Monte Carlo with
+that Hamiltonian, you know, I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hamiltonian, you know, I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hamiltonian, you know, I have
+essentially the right energetics. I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the right energetics. I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the right energetics. I have
+configurational entropy, but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy, but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy, but I don't
+have vibrational entropy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vibrational entropy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vibrational entropy.
+To have vibrational entropy, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To have vibrational entropy, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To have vibrational entropy, I would
+have to do this sum, not just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this sum, not just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this sum, not just take the
+lowest energy term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy term.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Come on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me sort of skip that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+people actually have done examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually have done examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually have done examples
+where they do the full integration over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they do the full integration over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they do the full integration over
+vibrational states uh rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational states uh rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational states uh rather than just
+approximating that ensemble with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating that ensemble with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating that ensemble with its
+lowest energy term. You see that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy term. You see that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy term. You see that it's a
+lot more work. Remember that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more work. Remember that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more work. Remember that to
+parameterize the cluster expansion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the cluster expansion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the cluster expansion I
+need the Hamiltonian evaluated for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the Hamiltonian evaluated for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the Hamiltonian evaluated for a
+bunch of configurations. Even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of configurations. Even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of configurations. Even in the
+simplest case that's easily 40 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case that's easily 40 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case that's easily 40 50
+configurations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations.
+So if you want to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you want to include the
+vibrations, you actually have to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations, you actually have to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations, you actually have to do for
+50 configurations the full phon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 configurations the full phon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 configurations the full phon and
+there or or do molecular dynamics on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or or do molecular dynamics on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or or do molecular dynamics on
+them and integrate the phone and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and integrate the phone and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and integrate the phone and get the
+vibrational free energy through that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational free energy through that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational free energy through that. So
+it's like two orders of magnitude more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like two orders of magnitude more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like two orders of magnitude more
+work. So rather than just the energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So rather than just the energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So rather than just the energy you
+want to get the whole vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the whole vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the whole vibrational
+spectrum that's why people usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's why people usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's why people usually don't
+do it. But the nice thing is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. But the nice thing is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. But the nice thing is that in
+this approach you can do it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach you can do it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach you can do it if you
+really want to. But I'll show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to. But I'll show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to. But I'll show you one
+example where people did it and looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where people did it and looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where people did it and looked
+at the difference. It was the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the difference. It was the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the difference. It was the very
+simple case of the cadmium magnesium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case of the cadmium magnesium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case of the cadmium magnesium
+phase diagram. It was done by Mark A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram. It was done by Mark A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram. It was done by Mark A
+who's now Northwestern. Um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now Northwestern. Um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now Northwestern. Um so this is
+the experimental phase diagram actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental phase diagram actually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental phase diagram actually.
+So this is the calculation with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the calculation with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the calculation with no
+vibrational entropy and with vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy and with vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy and with vibrational
+entropy. So the first one is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy. So the first one is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy. So the first one is the one
+that I sort of showed you as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of showed you as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sort of showed you as the
+standard one. You just take the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard one. You just take the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard one. You just take the lowest
+energy for a latis model configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for a latis model configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for a latis model configuration
+and you do Monte Carlo then with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do Monte Carlo then with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do Monte Carlo then with that
+and this is if you literally do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is if you literally do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is if you literally do the
+whole fall on dust for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole fall on dust for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole fall on dust for every
+configuration and what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and what you see is that
+you know there is some change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is some change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is some change in
+topology I mean look at this point has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology I mean look at this point has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology I mean look at this point has
+come down considerably and even has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down considerably and even has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down considerably and even has um
+changed the topology somewhat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the topology somewhat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the topology somewhat and
+usually that's what you'll see um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's what you'll see um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually that's what you'll see um you
+you rarely see new phases new ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rarely see new phases new ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rarely see new phases new ground
+states come in when you include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states come in when you include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states come in when you include
+vibrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations
+um but you those change the topology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you those change the topology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you those change the topology of
+phase diagrams. For example, um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams. For example, um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams. For example, um there
+are a few known cases, you know, usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few known cases, you know, usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a few known cases, you know, usually
+people write a physical review letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write a physical review letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people write a physical review letter
+whenever they find one where phases come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they find one where phases come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they find one where phases come
+in purely stabilized by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in purely stabilized by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in purely stabilized by their
+vibrational entropy. Um it's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy. Um it's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational entropy. Um it's a bit of a
+puzzle actually why it doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle actually why it doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle actually why it doesn't happen
+more because the vibrational entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because the vibrational entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more because the vibrational entropy is
+large. It's essentially you know 3 R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. It's essentially you know 3 R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. It's essentially you know 3 R.
+Remember the law of the law it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the law of the law it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the law of the law it's you
+know the entropy is 3 RT. The heat graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the entropy is 3 RT. The heat graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the entropy is 3 RT. The heat graph
+is 3 R. So the entropy is 3 RT. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 R. So the entropy is 3 RT. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 R. So the entropy is 3 RT. Um the
+configurational entropy at its maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy at its maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurational entropy at its maximum
+is only R log 2. You know at 50/50 in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only R log 2. You know at 50/50 in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only R log 2. You know at 50/50 in an
+binary all you have the maximum entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary all you have the maximum entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary all you have the maximum entropy
+and that's only it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's only it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's only it's actually the
+logarithm of 1/2. So it's minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of 1/2. So it's minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of 1/2. So it's minus the
+logarithm of two. So you either have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of two. So you either have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of two. So you either have
+that's about what 67. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about what 67. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about what 67. So the
+configuration entropy is only about 67R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration entropy is only about 67R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration entropy is only about 67R.
+The vibration one is 3 R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The vibration one is 3 R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The vibration one is 3 R.
+So it's a lot bigger. But of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a lot bigger. But of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a lot bigger. But of course,
+what matters is the difference in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is the difference in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is the difference in that
+quantity between different structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity between different structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity between different structures
+and different states. And even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different states. And even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different states. And even though
+the configurational entropy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurational entropy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurational entropy is the
+smaller one, it tends to be the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller one, it tends to be the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller one, it tends to be the one
+that's more different between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more different between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more different between different
+states than the vibrational one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states than the vibrational one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states than the vibrational one. And
+that's why um we sort of all hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why um we sort of all hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why um we sort of all hope that
+it's okay to often leave the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to often leave the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to often leave the vibrational
+uh entropy out because it often most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entropy out because it often most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entropy out because it often most of
+it tends to cancel u between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to cancel u between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to cancel u between different
+states.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So um sometime in 1994 somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um sometime in 1994 somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um sometime in 1994 somebody
+compiled all the systems done with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled all the systems done with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled all the systems done with these
+methods. This was 1994. Uh we stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. This was 1994. Uh we stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. This was 1994. Uh we stopped
+compiling after 94 because there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling after 94 because there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling after 94 because there were
+just way too many uh studies going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just way too many uh studies going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just way too many uh studies going on.
+But this kind of approach has now been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this kind of approach has now been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this kind of approach has now been
+used for to study hundreds and hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for to study hundreds and hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for to study hundreds and hundreds
+of sort of abitial structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of abitial structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of abitial structure and
+thermodynamics problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics problems.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+people do higher component now turnaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do higher component now turnaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do higher component now turnaries
+it's still a lot more work this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a lot more work this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a lot more work this is a
+simple turnary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple turnary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple turnary um
+and then I gave you a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I gave you a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I gave you a series of
+references um I wanted to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references um I wanted to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references um I wanted to show you some
+of the older work that's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the older work that's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the older work that's actually the
+last references here you know often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last references here you know often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last references here you know often the
+older work even though it's not up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older work even though it's not up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older work even though it's not up to
+date but uh it's also not confused by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date but uh it's also not confused by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date but uh it's also not confused by a
+lot of complications so it's often very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complications so it's often very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complications so it's often very
+easy to read very elegant to read Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to read very elegant to read Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to read very elegant to read Um but
+the key review paper is essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key review paper is essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key review paper is essentially this
+one uh which is like 150 pages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which is like 150 pages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh which is like 150 pages or
+something like that. Um which contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um which contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um which contains
+the ideas of the cluster expansion and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas of the cluster expansion and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas of the cluster expansion and a
+lot more. Um and then my own work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more. Um and then my own work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more. Um and then my own work is
+this a short review on how that works,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a short review on how that works,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a short review on how that works,
+how you apply that in oxides and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you apply that in oxides and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you apply that in oxides and the one
+by Alex Zunger is essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alex Zunger is essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alex Zunger is essentially the same
+thing but how you apply that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but how you apply that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but how you apply that in
+semiconductors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors.
+Um and the fourth one is u kind of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the fourth one is u kind of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the fourth one is u kind of if
+the most recent one which uh my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent one which uh my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent one which uh my own
+graduate student wrote actual Vanderwala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student wrote actual Vanderwala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student wrote actual Vanderwala
+because he's been kind of instrumental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's been kind of instrumental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's been kind of instrumental
+um um you know he's he's gone to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know he's he's gone to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um you know he's he's gone to making
+this into automated codes and so has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into automated codes and so has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into automated codes and so has a
+whole code suite and the paper is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole code suite and the paper is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole code suite and the paper is about
+that how you how you train Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how you how you train Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how you how you train Monte Carlo
+and so to automatically look for phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to automatically look for phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to automatically look for phase
+transitions and things like that. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and things like that. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and things like that. Okay,
+I think that's it. So let's see what day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's it. So let's see what day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's it. So let's see what day
+is today. Today's Thursday. So Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today. Today's Thursday. So Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today. Today's Thursday. So Tuesday
+we'll meet again here. Uh I'll cover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll meet again here. Uh I'll cover uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll meet again here. Uh I'll cover uh
+I'll start talking about accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start talking about accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll start talking about accelerated
+molecular dynamics and uh find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics and uh find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics and uh find another
+topic to talk about as well. So and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic to talk about as well. So and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic to talk about as well. So and then
+Thursday is Chris Wolverton. So I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday is Chris Wolverton. So I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday is Chris Wolverton. So I'll see
+you. Have a good weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zBJMh-m9b1E.txt b/zBJMh-m9b1E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0da780f7e88d8b970f8a3254b4c094690b8a685a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zBJMh-m9b1E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this lecture I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture I would like to
+demonstrate the effects of sampling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the effects of sampling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the effects of sampling and
+aliasing and also some of the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing and also some of the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing and also some of the properties
+of discrete-time linear systems what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discrete-time linear systems what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discrete-time linear systems what
+we'll be using to demonstrate this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using to demonstrate this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be using to demonstrate this is a
+programmable digital filter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable digital filter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable digital filter which is
+contained in this box programmable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this box programmable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this box programmable in
+the sense that many of the parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that many of the parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that many of the parameters of
+the filter for example the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter for example the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter for example the filter
+coefficients the coefficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the coefficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the coefficient and
+arithmetic word length the sampling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic word length the sampling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic word length the sampling rate
+etc are easily changed in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc are easily changed in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc are easily changed in other words
+programmable so this is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable so this is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable so this is the basic
+digital filter and then of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter and then of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter and then of course we
+have some associated equipment to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some associated equipment to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some associated equipment to help
+us with the demonstration well we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with the demonstration well we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us with the demonstration well we'll be
+returning to this filter in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to this filter in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to this filter in a few
+minutes when together with my colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes when together with my colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes when together with my colleagues
+Mike Porten off and Dave Harris I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike Porten off and Dave Harris I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike Porten off and Dave Harris I'll be
+demonstrating several of the ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating several of the ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrating several of the ideas that
+we're about to talk about but first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to talk about but first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to talk about but first of
+all let me explain what the basic set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me explain what the basic set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me explain what the basic set up
+is the programmable digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the programmable digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the programmable digital filter
+consists essentially of a system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists essentially of a system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists essentially of a system which
+is a sampler a continuous-time or a C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sampler a continuous-time or a C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sampler a continuous-time or a C to
+D converter which converts a an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D converter which converts a an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D converter which converts a an impulse
+train to a sequence a digital filter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to a sequence a digital filter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to a sequence a digital filter to
+obtain a filtered output sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a filtered output sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a filtered output sequence a
+discrete-time two continuous-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time two continuous-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time two continuous-time
+converter to convert the sequence back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter to convert the sequence back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter to convert the sequence back
+to an impulse train and finally a de sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an impulse train and finally a de sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an impulse train and finally a de sam
+playing or smoothing low-pass filter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing or smoothing low-pass filter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing or smoothing low-pass filter so
+at this point we have a continuous-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we have a continuous-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we have a continuous-time
+input at this point we have a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input at this point we have a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input at this point we have a continuous
+time impulse train at this point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time impulse train at this point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time impulse train at this point a
+sequence then a sequence here an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then a sequence here an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then a sequence here an impulse
+train and back to a smooth continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and back to a smooth continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and back to a smooth continuous
+time function for the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function for the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time function for the first part of the
+demonstration what I would like to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration what I would like to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration what I would like to focus
+on is just simply the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is just simply the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is just simply the effects of
+sampling and aliasing and so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and aliasing and so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and aliasing and so for the
+first part I'll just simply choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part I'll just simply choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part I'll just simply choose this
+digital filter to be an identity system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter to be an identity system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter to be an identity system
+in other words the impulse response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the impulse response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the impulse response of
+this system is just simply an impulse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is just simply an impulse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is just simply an impulse in
+that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+this overall system collapses to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall system collapses to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this overall system collapses to a
+somewhat simpler system as I have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simpler system as I have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat simpler system as I have on
+this next view graph where we convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next view graph where we convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next view graph where we convert
+from a continuous-time input to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a continuous-time input to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a continuous-time input to a
+sequence and then back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and then back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and then back to the
+continuous-time input and in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time input and in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time input and in fact we
+could really collapse the a to D or C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really collapse the a to D or C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really collapse the a to D or C to
+D converter and D to a converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D converter and D to a converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D converter and D to a converter
+together since we're simply converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together since we're simply converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together since we're simply converting
+from an impulse train to a sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an impulse train to a sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an impulse train to a sequence and
+then back to the same impulse train to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then back to the same impulse train to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then back to the same impulse train to
+see what the effect of this system is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the effect of this system is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the effect of this system is in
+both the time domain and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the time domain and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the time domain and frequency
+domain we can look at the Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we can look at the Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain we can look at the Associated
+time waveforms and spectra on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms and spectra on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms and spectra on the
+left-hand side we have the Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side we have the Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side we have the Associated
+time waveforms and sequences on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms and sequences on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms and sequences on the
+right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side
+The Associated Fourier transforms so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Associated Fourier transforms so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Associated Fourier transforms so we
+can think of an input continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of an input continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of an input continuous time
+function which is of some general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is of some general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is of some general form
+with a band limited spectrum band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a band limited spectrum band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a band limited spectrum band
+limited from minus Omega C 2 plus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited from minus Omega C 2 plus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited from minus Omega C 2 plus Omega
+C when we sample this to obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C when we sample this to obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C when we sample this to obtain the
+impulse train with a sampling period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train with a sampling period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse train with a sampling period of
+capital T the Associated spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T the Associated spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T the Associated spectrum is
+then a periodic replication of this band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a periodic replication of this band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a periodic replication of this band
+limited spectrum so we have the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited spectrum so we have the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited spectrum so we have the Fourier
+transform of X sub a of T then the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X sub a of T then the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of X sub a of T then the same
+thing reproduced at multiples of 2/pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing reproduced at multiples of 2/pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing reproduced at multiples of 2/pi
+over capital T when we then convert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital T when we then convert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital T when we then convert this
+back to a seek convert this to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a seek convert this to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a seek convert this to a
+sequence that implies a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that implies a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that implies a frequency
+normalization a normalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization a normalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization a normalization of the
+frequency axis so that this periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis so that this periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis so that this periodicity
+gets converted to a periodicity with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets converted to a periodicity with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets converted to a periodicity with a
+period of 2pi in the digital frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of 2pi in the digital frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of 2pi in the digital frequency
+variable small Omega otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable small Omega otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable small Omega otherwise the
+general shape of the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general shape of the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general shape of the Fourier transform
+stays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same
+we then go back through the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then go back through the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then go back through the system
+converting back to an impulse train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting back to an impulse train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting back to an impulse train and
+then finally by low-pass filtering we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally by low-pass filtering we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally by low-pass filtering we
+extract just the 1 replica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract just the 1 replica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract just the 1 replica
+of the original Fourier transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original Fourier transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original Fourier transform and
+what we would recover is X sub a of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would recover is X sub a of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would recover is X sub a of J
+Omega we would recover this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we would recover this exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega we would recover this exactly
+provided that the bandwidth is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the bandwidth is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the bandwidth is small
+enough compared with the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough compared with the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough compared with the sampling
+frequency if on the other hand Omega sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if on the other hand Omega sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if on the other hand Omega sub
+C is too large in relation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is too large in relation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is too large in relation to the
+sampling frequency then what we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency then what we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency then what we end up
+with is then an interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is then an interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is then an interaction between
+these two pieces of the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of the Fourier
+transform and that interaction is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and that interaction is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and that interaction is what's
+referred to as aliasing the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as aliasing the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as aliasing the effect of
+aliasing is most easily understood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing is most easily understood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing is most easily understood in
+terms of a simple example namely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a simple example namely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a simple example namely a
+sinusoidal input so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal input so let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal input so let's consider
+specifically what happens with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically what happens with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically what happens with the
+spectra in the case of a sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra in the case of a sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra in the case of a sinusoidal
+input here we have an input cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input here we have an input cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input here we have an input cosine Omega
+0 T an assumed sampling rate of 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 T an assumed sampling rate of 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 T an assumed sampling rate of 2 pi
+over capital T this then is the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital T this then is the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over capital T this then is the Fourier
+transform of this sinusoid or cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this sinusoid or cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of this sinusoid or cosine
+after sampling that is just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after sampling that is just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after sampling that is just simply
+periodically repeated with a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically repeated with a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically repeated with a period
+equal to the sampling frequency and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sampling frequency and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sampling frequency and we
+see that if Omega 0 the input frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if Omega 0 the input frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if Omega 0 the input frequency
+is low enough then the original spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low enough then the original spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low enough then the original spectrum
+or Fourier transform falls within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Fourier transform falls within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Fourier transform falls within the
+pass band of the low-pass filter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band of the low-pass filter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band of the low-pass filter this
+dashed line corresponds to the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line corresponds to the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line corresponds to the frequency
+response and ideal frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and ideal frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and ideal frequency response
+associated with the D sampling low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the D sampling low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the D sampling low-pass
+filter and of course if the spectra fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and of course if the spectra fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and of course if the spectra fall
+as I've shown them here then there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've shown them here then there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've shown them here then there is no
+aliasing in other words what we recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing in other words what we recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing in other words what we recover
+at the output of the low-pass filter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output of the low-pass filter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output of the low-pass filter is
+just simply the original Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply the original Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply the original Fourier
+transform or equivalently the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or equivalently the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or equivalently the original
+signal now let's consider on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal now let's consider on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal now let's consider on the other
+hand the effect of increasing Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the effect of increasing Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the effect of increasing Omega 0
+the input frequency and we can think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input frequency and we can think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input frequency and we can think in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+of what the effect is on each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the effect is on each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the effect is on each one of
+these impulses in the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impulses in the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impulses in the Fourier transform
+as Omega 0 increases this impulse moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Omega 0 increases this impulse moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Omega 0 increases this impulse moves
+to the right this impulse moves to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right this impulse moves to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right this impulse moves to the
+left and likewise in the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and likewise in the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and likewise in the periodic
+replications this impulse moves down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications this impulse moves down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications this impulse moves down in
+frequency this impulse moves up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this impulse moves up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this impulse moves up in
+frequency etc now if Omega sub s minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency etc now if Omega sub s minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency etc now if Omega sub s minus
+Omega 0 is greater than Omega 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 is greater than Omega 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 is greater than Omega 0 then
+these two impulses haven't crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two impulses haven't crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two impulses haven't crossed
+however if Omega sub s minus Omega 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if Omega sub s minus Omega 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if Omega sub s minus Omega 0 is
+less than Omega 0 then the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Omega 0 then the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Omega 0 then the situation
+that we have is what I've Illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have is what I've Illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have is what I've Illustrated
+here where now the impulses that lie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where now the impulses that lie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where now the impulses that lie in
+the passband of the filter are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passband of the filter are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passband of the filter are at the
+frequency Omega sub s minus Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega sub s minus Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega sub s minus Omega 0
+rather than at the frequency Omega 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than at the frequency Omega 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than at the frequency Omega 0 so
+as we think of increasing the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we think of increasing the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we think of increasing the input
+frequency what happens for a while is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what happens for a while is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what happens for a while is
+that the output frequency will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output frequency will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output frequency will
+correspondingly increase but after we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly increase but after we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly increase but after we've
+increased Omega 0 past this point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased Omega 0 past this point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased Omega 0 past this point then
+the output of the low-pass filter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the low-pass filter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the low-pass filter will
+decrease in frequency because it's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in frequency because it's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in frequency because it's taken
+on the alias of a new frequency or a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the alias of a new frequency or a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the alias of a new frequency or a new
+sinusoid and so the output in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and so the output in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and so the output in that case
+is cosine Omega sub s minus Omega 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine Omega sub s minus Omega 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine Omega sub s minus Omega 0 and
+there's a little T over here there is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little T over here there is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little T over here there is I
+want to demonstrate this effect there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to demonstrate this effect there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to demonstrate this effect there is
+another effect that we'll observe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another effect that we'll observe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another effect that we'll observe in the
+process of demonstrating this because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of demonstrating this because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of demonstrating this because of
+the fact that in any real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in any real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in any real-world
+situation in fact this low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in fact this low-pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in fact this low-pass filter
+is not going to be an ideal low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be an ideal low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be an ideal low-pass
+filter as I've shown here but in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter as I've shown here but in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter as I've shown here but in fact is
+going to have some transition with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some transition with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some transition with
+associated with it and so as Omega 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and so as Omega 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it and so as Omega 0 and
+Omega sub s minus Omega 0 get very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sub s minus Omega 0 get very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sub s minus Omega 0 get very close
+in frequency in essence both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency in essence both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency in essence both of them are
+having some influence on the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some influence on the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some influence on the output
+because of the effect the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the effect the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the effect the fact that
+there isn't infinite attenuation of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't infinite attenuation of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't infinite attenuation of one
+of the impulses and exact replication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impulses and exact replication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the impulses and exact replication of
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+so what we'll see in that case as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll see in that case as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll see in that case as we get
+an input frequency which is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input frequency which is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input frequency which is close to
+half the sampling frequency we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the sampling frequency we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the sampling frequency we'll see in
+addition to the effect of aliasing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the effect of aliasing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the effect of aliasing that
+we want to demonstrate we'll see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to demonstrate we'll see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to demonstrate we'll see an
+effect which essentially is a beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which essentially is a beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which essentially is a beating
+phenomenon so let's move over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon so let's move over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon so let's move over to the
+digital filter and demonstrate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter and demonstrate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter and demonstrate these
+effects where I remind you now that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects where I remind you now that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects where I remind you now that this
+filter the digital filter aspect of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter the digital filter aspect of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter the digital filter aspect of it
+is just simply an identity system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply an identity system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply an identity system so
+that it corresponds to sampling and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it corresponds to sampling and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it corresponds to sampling and then
+simply D sampling and low-pass filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply D sampling and low-pass filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply D sampling and low-pass filtering
+what we have as an input if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have as an input if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have as an input if we look at
+the oscilloscope is on the upper trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscilloscope is on the upper trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscilloscope is on the upper trace
+the input sinusoid on the lower trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input sinusoid on the lower trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input sinusoid on the lower trace
+the output sinusoid and as we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sinusoid and as we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sinusoid and as we see it
+right now the input sinusoid to be a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the input sinusoid to be a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the input sinusoid to be a low
+enough frequency so that in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough frequency so that in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough frequency so that in fact there
+is no aliasing well let's now increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no aliasing well let's now increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no aliasing well let's now increase
+the input frequency and what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input frequency and what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input frequency and what we'll
+observe is that the output frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is that the output frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is that the output frequency
+increases likewise the output frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases likewise the output frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases likewise the output frequency
+is still equal to the input frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still equal to the input frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still equal to the input frequency
+we're now getting into the vicinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting into the vicinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now getting into the vicinity of
+half the sampling frequency so that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the sampling frequency so that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the sampling frequency so that what
+we're beginning to see now in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're beginning to see now in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're beginning to see now in the output
+is not just a sinusoidal output but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a sinusoidal output but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a sinusoidal output but in
+fact what we see are the two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we see are the two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we see are the two components
+in other words we see this beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we see this beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we see this beating
+effect due to the fact that the low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect due to the fact that the low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect due to the fact that the low-pass
+filter is not an ideal low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is not an ideal low-pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is not an ideal low-pass filter
+now what we want to observe as we sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we want to observe as we sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we want to observe as we sweep
+past half the sampling frequency is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past half the sampling frequency is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past half the sampling frequency is the
+aliasing effect in other words the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing effect in other words the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing effect in other words the fact
+that the output sinusoid will decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output sinusoid will decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output sinusoid will decrease
+in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency
+let's first sweep down back down to DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first sweep down back down to DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first sweep down back down to DC
+so the output sinusoid follows the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the output sinusoid follows the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the output sinusoid follows the input
+sinusoid and then we'll sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and then we'll sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and then we'll sweep
+automatically from 0 up to the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically from 0 up to the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically from 0 up to the sampling
+frequency and let's see that so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and let's see that so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and let's see that so on the
+bottom trace is the output sinusoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom trace is the output sinusoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom trace is the output sinusoid the
+top trace is the input sinusoid we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top trace is the input sinusoid we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top trace is the input sinusoid we're
+now in the vicinity of 1/2 the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the vicinity of 1/2 the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the vicinity of 1/2 the same
+frequency we're now past half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we're now past half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we're now past half the
+sampling frequency and you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency and you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency and you see that the
+output is decreasing in frequency while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is decreasing in frequency while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is decreasing in frequency while
+the input was increasing let's finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input was increasing let's finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input was increasing let's finally
+look at that again but this time let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that again but this time let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that again but this time let's
+also listen to the output sinusoid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also listen to the output sinusoid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also listen to the output sinusoid and
+what you'll hear in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll hear in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll hear in addition to
+observing this on the bottom trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this on the bottom trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing this on the bottom trace of
+the scope is the fact that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope is the fact that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope is the fact that the output
+frequency first increases and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency first increases and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency first increases and then
+decreases even though the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases even though the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases even though the input
+frequencies is continuing to increase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies is continuing to increase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies is continuing to increase so
+let's do that again but now in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that again but now in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that again but now in this case
+let's listen to the output okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's listen to the output okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's listen to the output okay
+now what we would now like to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we would now like to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we would now like to consider
+is the effect of actually carrying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect of actually carrying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect of actually carrying out
+some digital filtering in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some digital filtering in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some digital filtering in between the
+sampling and D sampling and so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and D sampling and so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and D sampling and so let me
+return to the basic system again where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the basic system again where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the basic system again where
+we had previously removed this digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had previously removed this digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had previously removed this digital
+filter and now what we want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and now what we want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and now what we want to consider
+is the effect of the overall system when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect of the overall system when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect of the overall system when
+we in fact insert an interesting or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact insert an interesting or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in fact insert an interesting or a
+more interesting digital filter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting digital filter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting digital filter in the
+middle the digital filter that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the digital filter that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle the digital filter that we're
+going to insert is a low-pass filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to insert is a low-pass filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to insert is a low-pass filter and
+the impulse response of the low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response of the low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response of the low-pass
+filter or the unit-sample response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter or the unit-sample response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter or the unit-sample response of
+the low-pass filter is as I've shown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low-pass filter is as I've shown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low-pass filter is as I've shown up
+here and it's a symmetric unit-sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's a symmetric unit-sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's a symmetric unit-sample
+response and consequently it corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and consequently it corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and consequently it corresponds
+to a linear phase filter The Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a linear phase filter The Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a linear phase filter The Associated
+frequency response I show down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response I show down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response I show down here
+where this is now the filter passband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is now the filter passband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is now the filter passband
+this is the filter stop band and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the filter stop band and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the filter stop band and of
+course there is some ripple there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is some ripple there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is some ripple there is an
+infinite attenuation in the stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite attenuation in the stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite attenuation in the stop band
+and I remind you of the fact that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I remind you of the fact that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I remind you of the fact that of
+course the digital filter frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the digital filter frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the digital filter frequency
+response must by necessity be periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response must by necessity be periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response must by necessity be periodic
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+period of 2pi the cutoff frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of 2pi the cutoff frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of 2pi the cutoff frequency
+associated with the particular filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the particular filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the particular filter
+that we want to demonstrate is pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to demonstrate is pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to demonstrate is pi over
+five or one tenth of two pi and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or one tenth of two pi and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or one tenth of two pi and the
+factor one tenth is a factor that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one tenth is a factor that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor one tenth is a factor that I'll
+want to refer to again shortly now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to refer to again shortly now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to refer to again shortly now the
+overall system of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system of course is a
+continuous-time system in other words we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time system in other words we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time system in other words we
+have a continuous-time input we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous-time input we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous-time input we have a
+continuous-time output and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time output and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time output and the question
+then is what is the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is what is the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is what is the equivalent
+continuous-time system in relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time system in relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time system in relation to
+the digital filter frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital filter frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital filter frequency response
+that we have illustrated here in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have illustrated here in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have illustrated here in other
+words what is the equivalent frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what is the equivalent frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what is the equivalent frequency
+response of the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the corresponding
+continuous-time system we can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time system we can answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time system we can answer
+that by simply referring to the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by simply referring to the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by simply referring to the basic
+definition of frequency response for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of frequency response for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of frequency response for the
+continuous-time case and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time case and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time case and frequency
+response for the discrete-time case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the discrete-time case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response for the discrete-time case in
+the continuous-time case for a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous-time case for a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous-time case for a linear
+time-invariant filter the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-invariant filter the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-invariant filter the frequency
+response is defined as the gain change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is defined as the gain change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is defined as the gain change
+applied to a complex exponential so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a complex exponential so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a complex exponential so if
+we consider a complex exponential as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider a complex exponential as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider a complex exponential as the
+input then the output of the system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input then the output of the system is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input then the output of the system is a
+complex exponential at the same complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential at the same complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential at the same complex
+frequency but with an amplitude which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but with an amplitude which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but with an amplitude which is
+equal to the frequency response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the frequency response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the frequency response of the
+system at that frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at that frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at that frequency
+likewise for a discrete-time system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise for a discrete-time system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise for a discrete-time system we
+can consider a complex exponential input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider a complex exponential input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider a complex exponential input
+at a frequency small Omega and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frequency small Omega and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a frequency small Omega and the
+output is a complex exponential at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a complex exponential at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a complex exponential at the
+same complex frequency with a with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same complex frequency with a with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same complex frequency with a with an
+amplitude change which is the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude change which is the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude change which is the frequency
+response of the digital filter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the digital filter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the digital filter or
+discrete time filter again evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time filter again evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time filter again evaluated at
+that frequency well simply from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency well simply from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency well simply from these
+definitions we can trace our way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions we can trace our way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions we can trace our way through
+the system and see fairly easily what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and see fairly easily what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and see fairly easily what
+the equivalent analog or continuous-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent analog or continuous-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent analog or continuous-time
+filter frequency response is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter frequency response is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter frequency response is let's
+consider the overall system and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the overall system and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the overall system and let's
+choose an input which is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an input which is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an input which is a complex
+exponential and we'll choose the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and we'll choose the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and we'll choose the complex
+exponential carefully to avoid aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential carefully to avoid aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential carefully to avoid aliasing
+we then sample this complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then sample this complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then sample this complex exponential
+and convert that to a sequence and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert that to a sequence and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert that to a sequence and the
+sequence values are therefore e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence values are therefore e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence values are therefore e to the J
+Omega and capital T well this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and capital T well this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and capital T well this is just
+the discrete-time complex exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete-time complex exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete-time complex exponential
+with a frequency of capital Omega times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a frequency of capital Omega times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a frequency of capital Omega times
+capital T so the output of the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T so the output of the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T so the output of the digital
+filter is a complex exponential with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is a complex exponential with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is a complex exponential with the
+same complex frequency capital Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same complex frequency capital Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same complex frequency capital Omega
+times capital T with an amplitude which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times capital T with an amplitude which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times capital T with an amplitude which
+is the frequency response of this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the frequency response of this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the frequency response of this filter
+evaluated at the frequency of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the frequency of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at the frequency of the input
+in other words evaluated at capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words evaluated at capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words evaluated at capital
+Omega times capital T then we convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times capital T then we convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times capital T then we convert
+that back to an impulse train and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back to an impulse train and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back to an impulse train and
+finally low-pass filter and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally low-pass filter and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally low-pass filter and the output
+of the low-pass filter then has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low-pass filter then has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low-pass filter then has this
+same amplitude but a but now multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitude but a but now multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitude but a but now multiplying
+a continuous time complex exponential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous time complex exponential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous time complex exponential at
+the original input frequency so simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original input frequency so simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original input frequency so simply
+from the definition comparing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition comparing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition comparing this to
+the input from the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from the definition of the
+continuous time frequency response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time frequency response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time frequency response the
+continuous time frequency response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time frequency response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time frequency response is
+equal to this term in other words it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this term in other words it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this term in other words it's
+the frequency response of the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response of the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response of the digital
+filter but with a rescaling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter but with a rescaling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter but with a rescaling of the
+frequency axis in other words with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis in other words with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis in other words with the
+digital frequency variable small Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency variable small Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency variable small Omega
+replaced by capital Omega times capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by capital Omega times capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by capital Omega times capital
+T the consequence of that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the consequence of that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the consequence of that for the
+particular digital filter that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular digital filter that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular digital filter that we're
+talking about or in fact for any digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about or in fact for any digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about or in fact for any digital
+filter is that the continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is that the continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is that the continuous time
+filter frequency response has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter frequency response has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter frequency response has the same
+shape as the digital filter frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape as the digital filter frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape as the digital filter frequency
+response but has a rescaled frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but has a rescaled frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but has a rescaled frequency
+axis rescaled according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis rescaled according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis rescaled according to this
+geylang and in essence what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geylang and in essence what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geylang and in essence what the
+rescaling corresponds to and i think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling corresponds to and i think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling corresponds to and i think you
+can verify this on your own is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can verify this on your own is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can verify this on your own is to
+reconvert or rescale the frequency to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvert or rescale the frequency to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconvert or rescale the frequency to pi
+in small Omega to the sampling frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small Omega to the sampling frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small Omega to the sampling frequency
+in large Omega and the upshot of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large Omega and the upshot of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large Omega and the upshot of all of
+this is that this cutoff frequency which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this cutoff frequency which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this cutoff frequency which
+in the digital filter is at PI over five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the digital filter is at PI over five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the digital filter is at PI over five
+is now rescaled to PI over five capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now rescaled to PI over five capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now rescaled to PI over five capital
+T and what we would observe is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what we would observe is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and what we would observe is that as
+capital T the sampling period changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T the sampling period changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T the sampling period changes
+then the bandwidth or the cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the bandwidth or the cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the bandwidth or the cutoff
+frequency of the continuous-time filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the continuous-time filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the continuous-time filter
+changes also so let me remind you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes also so let me remind you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes also so let me remind you of the
+fact that the digital filter had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the digital filter had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the digital filter had a
+cutoff frequency which was one tenth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff frequency which was one tenth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff frequency which was one tenth of
+two pi two pi gets rescaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi two pi gets rescaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pi two pi gets rescaled
+to the sampling frequency in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sampling frequency in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sampling frequency in the
+continuous time domain and the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time domain and the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time domain and the filter
+cutoff frequency will then get rescaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff frequency will then get rescaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff frequency will then get rescaled
+to one tenth of the filter sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one tenth of the filter sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one tenth of the filter sampling
+frequency let's illustrate some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency let's illustrate some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency let's illustrate some of these
+effects with the digital filter what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects with the digital filter what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects with the digital filter what we
+have as i said was is a low-pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as i said was is a low-pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as i said was is a low-pass filter
+impulse response and frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response and frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response and frequency response
+first let's look at the impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's look at the impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's look at the impulse response
+of the filter of the overall system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter of the overall system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter of the overall system in
+other words after the D sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words after the D sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words after the D sampling
+low-pass filter what we see here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filter what we see here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filter what we see here is the
+impulse response of the overall system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response of the overall system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response of the overall system
+and we observe for one thing that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we observe for one thing that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we observe for one thing that it's a
+symmetrical impulse response in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical impulse response in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical impulse response in other
+words corresponds to a linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words corresponds to a linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words corresponds to a linear phase
+filter we can also look at the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we can also look at the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we can also look at the impulse
+response before the D sampling low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response before the D sampling low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response before the D sampling low-pass
+filter let's take out the de Sam plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter let's take out the de Sam plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter let's take out the de Sam plan
+low-pass filter slowly and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filter slowly and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filter slowly and what we
+observe is basically the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is basically the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe is basically the output of the
+digital to analog converter which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital to analog converter which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital to analog converter which of
+course is a staircase or boxcar function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a staircase or boxcar function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a staircase or boxcar function
+not an impulse train in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an impulse train in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an impulse train in the real world
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+put of a deed a converter generally as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put of a deed a converter generally as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put of a deed a converter generally as a
+boxcar type of function we can put the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxcar type of function we can put the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxcar type of function we can put the D
+sampling filter back in now and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling filter back in now and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling filter back in now and notice
+that the effect of the D sampling filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect of the D sampling filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect of the D sampling filter
+is basically to smooth out the rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically to smooth out the rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically to smooth out the rough
+edges in the boxcar output from the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in the boxcar output from the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in the boxcar output from the D
+Day converter all right now what we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Day converter all right now what we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Day converter all right now what we'd
+like to demonstrate is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to demonstrate is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to demonstrate is the actual
+frequency response of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the overall
+continuous-time filter and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time filter and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous-time filter and we can do
+that by sweeping the system with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by sweeping the system with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by sweeping the system with a
+sinusoidal input and what we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal input and what we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal input and what we expect to
+see of course is as the sinusoidal input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of course is as the sinusoidal input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of course is as the sinusoidal input
+frequency gets past the effective cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gets past the effective cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gets past the effective cutoff
+frequency then the output sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then the output sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then the output sinusoid
+is greatly attenuated let's now sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greatly attenuated let's now sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greatly attenuated let's now sweep
+the filter frequency response and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter frequency response and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter frequency response and there
+is the filter cutoff frequency we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the filter cutoff frequency we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the filter cutoff frequency we can
+demonstrate the filter characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the filter characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the filter characteristics
+in several other ways one way is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several other ways one way is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several other ways one way is to
+choose as a display instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as a display instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose as a display instead of the
+output as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output as a function of time
+we can display the output sinusoid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can display the output sinusoid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can display the output sinusoid as a
+function of frequency and so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency and so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency and so we'll
+observe that on the left-hand scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that on the left-hand scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that on the left-hand scope
+while on the right-hand scope will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while on the right-hand scope will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while on the right-hand scope will have
+the same trace that we just saw namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same trace that we just saw namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same trace that we just saw namely
+two traces the upper trace is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two traces the upper trace is the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two traces the upper trace is the input
+sinusoid the lower trace is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid the lower trace is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid the lower trace is the output
+sinusoid and in addition to observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and in addition to observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid and in addition to observing
+the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response
+let's also listen to the output sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also listen to the output sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also listen to the output sinusoid
+and observe the attenuation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe the attenuation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe the attenuation in the
+output as we go from the filter pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output as we go from the filter pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output as we go from the filter pass
+band to the filter stop and again a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to the filter stop and again a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to the filter stop and again a 20
+kilohertz sampling rate and a sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz sampling rate and a sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz sampling rate and a sweep
+range from 0 to 10 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now of course we're in the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we're in the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we're in the filter
+stopping now if we increase the sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping now if we increase the sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping now if we increase the sweep
+range from 10 kilohertz to 20 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 10 kilohertz to 20 kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from 10 kilohertz to 20 kilohertz
+so that the sweep range is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sweep range is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sweep range is equal to the
+sampling frequency in essence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency in essence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency in essence that
+corresponds to sweeping out the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to sweeping out the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to sweeping out the digital
+filter from 0 to 2 pi and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter from 0 to 2 pi and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter from 0 to 2 pi and in that case
+we'll begin to see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin to see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin to see some of the
+periodicity in the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in the digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity in the digital filter
+frequency response so let's do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response so let's do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response so let's do that now
+with a 20 kilohertz sampling rate and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 20 kilohertz sampling rate and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 20 kilohertz sampling rate and a
+sweep range of 0 to 20 kilohertz now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep range of 0 to 20 kilohertz now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweep range of 0 to 20 kilohertz now as
+we come near to PI we get back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come near to PI we get back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come near to PI we get back into the
+past beta and finally back to a 0 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past beta and finally back to a 0 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past beta and finally back to a 0 to 10
+kilohertz sweep so that we're again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz sweep so that we're again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz sweep so that we're again
+sweeping only from 0 to pi with regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping only from 0 to pi with regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeping only from 0 to pi with regard
+to the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we would like to
+demonstrate is the effect of changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate is the effect of changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate is the effect of changing
+the sampling frequency and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling frequency and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling frequency and we know that
+the sampling that the effective filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling that the effective filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling that the effective filter
+cutoff frequency is tied to the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff frequency is tied to the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff frequency is tied to the sampling
+frequency and for this particular filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and for this particular filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and for this particular filter
+corresponds to a tenth of the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a tenth of the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a tenth of the sampling
+frequency consequently if we double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency consequently if we double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency consequently if we double the
+sampling frequency we should double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency we should double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency we should double the
+effective filter pass bandwidth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective filter pass bandwidth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective filter pass bandwidth or
+double the filter cutoff frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the filter cutoff frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the filter cutoff frequency and
+so let's do that now again a zero to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that now again a zero to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that now again a zero to 10
+kilohertz sweep range but a 40 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz sweep range but a 40 kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz sweep range but a 40 kilohertz
+sampling frequency and we should observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency and we should observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency and we should observe
+that the filter cutoff frequency has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filter cutoff frequency has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filter cutoff frequency has now
+doubled out to four kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled out to four kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled out to four kilohertz
+now let's begin to decrease the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's begin to decrease the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's begin to decrease the filter
+sampling frequency so from 40 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency so from 40 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency so from 40 let's
+change the sampling frequency to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sampling frequency to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sampling frequency to 20
+kilohertz we should see the cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz we should see the cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz we should see the cutoff
+frequency cut in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we can go even further we can cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can go even further we can cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can go even further we can cut
+the sampling frequency down to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling frequency down to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sampling frequency down to 10
+kilohertz and remember that the sweep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and remember that the sweep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz and remember that the sweep
+range is 0 to 10 kilohertz so now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is 0 to 10 kilohertz so now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is 0 to 10 kilohertz so now we'll
+be sweeping from 0 to 2 pi so as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sweeping from 0 to 2 pi so as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sweeping from 0 to 2 pi so as we get
+close to 2 pi we'll see the pass band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 2 pi we'll see the pass band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 2 pi we'll see the pass band
+again and now let's cut down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now let's cut down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now let's cut down the
+sampling frequency either even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency either even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency either even further
+to 5 kilohertz here we are at 2 pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 kilohertz here we are at 2 pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 kilohertz here we are at 2 pi and
+then at 4 pi now finally let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at 4 pi now finally let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at 4 pi now finally let's
+demonstrate this effect of changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this effect of changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this effect of changing the
+effective filter cutoff frequency by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective filter cutoff frequency by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective filter cutoff frequency by
+changing the sampling rate by carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the sampling rate by carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the sampling rate by carrying
+out some low-pass filtering on some live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some low-pass filtering on some live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some low-pass filtering on some live
+audio and we'll demonstrate this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio and we'll demonstrate this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio and we'll demonstrate this by
+listening to the audio and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the audio and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the audio and also
+observing the audio on the single on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the audio on the single on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the audio on the single on a
+single trace the namely the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trace the namely the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trace the namely the time
+waveform and we'll begin it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and we'll begin it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform and we'll begin it with a
+sampling frequency of 40 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency of 40 kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling frequency of 40 kilohertz
+change that then to 20 kilohertz 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that then to 20 kilohertz 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that then to 20 kilohertz 10
+kilohertz 5 and then two-and-a-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz 5 and then two-and-a-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz 5 and then two-and-a-half
+corresponding to a filter cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a filter cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a filter cutoff
+frequency then of 4 kilohertz then 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then of 4 kilohertz then 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then of 4 kilohertz then 2
+kilohertz then 1 kilohertz then 500 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz then 1 kilohertz then 500 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz then 1 kilohertz then 500 250
+etc so let's begin 40 kilohertz and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so let's begin 40 kilohertz and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so let's begin 40 kilohertz and then
+we'll work our way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's reduce that to a 20 kilohertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's reduce that to a 20 kilohertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's reduce that to a 20 kilohertz
+am frequency or a 2 kilohertz filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then a 10 kilohertz sampling frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and finally a 5 kilohertz sampling rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally a 5 kilohertz sampling rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally a 5 kilohertz sampling rate
+are spawning to a 500 cycle equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spawning to a 500 cycle equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spawning to a 500 cycle equivalent
+analog filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright now let's finally conclude by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now let's finally conclude by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now let's finally conclude by
+returning to a little higher quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to a little higher quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning to a little higher quality
+ragtime by changing the sampling back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zFFnuPvbw9Y.txt b/zFFnuPvbw9Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f9c070c3401b1a709fabb69cea97ba8b1120a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zFFnuPvbw9Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+ciao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there isn't an h here if there was chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't an h here if there was chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't an h here if there was chop
+chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody from the back row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+and you we don't usually put the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you we don't usually put the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you we don't usually put the lines
+in between you just write it oh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between you just write it oh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between you just write it oh that was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+straight one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you're saying a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're saying a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're saying a word
+how do you know whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know whether it's
+like two r's or one r because i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two r's or one r because i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two r's or one r because i know
+like when it came to spelling it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when it came to spelling it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when it came to spelling it was
+kind of like that's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like that's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like that's a question of
+practice when it's too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice when it's too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice when it's too hard
+it's it's like you keep that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like you keep that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like you keep that a little
+bit longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cake
+or pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pie
+or tart yeah it's for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the name of this contact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry what does it mean let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what does it mean let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what does it mean let's try to
+learn something about what we're cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about what we're cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something about what we're cooking
+before we start making it okay it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we start making it okay it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we start making it okay it's very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is dialect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dialect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dialect for
+spiritual owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every
+region and even every time has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and even every time has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and even every time has a
+different dialect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dialect
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i don't understand other dialects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't understand other dialects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't understand other dialects
+it's like a different language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a different language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a different language
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+something here and there but mostly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here and there but mostly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here and there but mostly the
+dialects are really like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects are really like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects are really like different
+different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages
+so brisbane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so brisbane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so brisbane is
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+it's torta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's torta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's torta
+from the city of manutova
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+region of lombardia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral
+so this is crumbling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is crumbling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is crumbling
+it's crumbly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's crumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's crumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's crumb
+it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's an augmentative when something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an augmentative when something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an augmentative when something is
+like b large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like b large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like b large
+does a lot so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a lot so this is like
+the big crumbly thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's very important to note because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to note because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important to note because when
+we're going to prepare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prepare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prepare it
+you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to
+play too much with the dog you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play too much with the dog you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play too much with the dog you really
+want to keep all the crumbles okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep all the crumbles okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep all the crumbles okay you
+don't want to push them all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to push them all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to push them all together and
+make it homogenous you want a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it homogenous you want a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it homogenous you want a very
+inhomogene in um most generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogene in um most generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogene in um most generous
+inhomogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zIK5EnoiLL0.txt b/zIK5EnoiLL0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63b440a4488ab8f27a812ad595bea969474c9494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zIK5EnoiLL0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1915 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we started last
+week on the big topic for the
+
+rest of the semester,
+optimization.
+
+Maybe can you close that door
+or just part way anyway.
+
+Thanks.
+
+Great.
+
+That's perfect, just
+like that.
+
+So, since it was a few days ago,
+I wanted to recap what I
+
+did in the first lecture about
+optimization, which was to
+
+pick out the least squares
+problem as a
+
+beautiful model problem.
+
+I followed that through --
+
+the input is a matrix a
+rectangular, a right hand side
+
+b probably measurements.
+
+We would like to get au
+equal b but we can't.
+
+We got too many measurements.
+
+We do the best possible, which
+is the solution u hat of this
+
+normal equation.
+
+Then I rewrote the normal
+equations -- well, I also drew
+
+the picture that you see
+over here on the left.
+
+The picture that shows
+the two optimization
+
+problems at the same time.
+
+Here is the vector b.
+
+Here are all possible au's --
+
+this is the column space,
+this is all au's.
+
+The best au was the
+projection.
+
+The error e was what we couldn't
+get right, the part
+
+that's perpendicular to the
+column space we can't help.
+
+It's the solution to another
+projection problem that e is
+
+the same -- of course, it's
+the same over here -- as
+
+projecting b onto this
+perpendicular line, which is
+
+the line of all vectors,
+a tranpose e says --
+
+what that says in words is
+e is perpendicular to the
+
+columns of a.
+
+I've drawn it the best
+I could as a
+
+perpendicular to the columns.
+
+So that we have a plane
+of columns --
+
+this is like a 3 x 2 matrix.
+
+We have a plane with the
+two columns and the
+
+perpendicular line.
+
+Then just near the end, I said
+that it would be great to have
+
+-- this model would be almost
+all we need except it should
+
+have one more matrix and
+I call that matrix c.
+
+I want just to show you quickly
+where that comes.
+
+So this is all section 7.1 of
+the notes, except that these
+
+words are not yet typed.
+
+So they'll, as soon as possible,
+and an updated 7.1
+
+will include this, what
+I want to do.
+
+Because I think it's the very
+best introduction I could give
+
+to these pair of optimization
+problems.
+
+You might think who needs
+optimization.
+
+Your main activity
+might be solving
+
+differential equations.
+
+So, can I just take a time out
+here because I happened to see
+
+the homework upcoming.
+
+I think it's 16930, so it's a
+course a little bit like this,
+
+only the first word in the
+course title is "Advanced,"
+
+and our first word is
+"Introduction," but, of
+
+course, it's the same course
+or same stuff.
+
+This is the homework that I
+don't think has even been
+
+assigned, even been
+handed out yet.
+
+But I just thought it's a great
+example of a applied, so
+
+that you see where optimization
+appears and
+
+what's involved.
+
+So differential equations are
+involved, but also you got
+
+something that you
+want to optimize.
+
+So I just wrote it on this board
+and I simplified it a
+
+little over the homework that
+they'll actually get.
+
+so here's the problem.
+
+We want a certain distribution
+of heat.
+
+So I could draw a picture.
+
+We want a heat distribution for
+whatever reason that maybe
+
+goes like this over the
+integral zero to 1.
+
+What do we have at our
+disposal to get the
+
+heat to be that way?
+
+Well, we've got sources
+of heat.
+
+But we don't have a continuous
+source, we only have n
+
+parameters to play with.
+
+I mean right away
+you recognize an
+
+optimization problem.
+
+We're trying to get this
+function here u knot of x.
+
+We're trying to match a
+function, but we've only got n
+
+parameters.
+
+Those will be the
+right hand side.
+
+So what we're allowed to choose,
+we can put in little
+
+space heaters, and we can turn
+them to the temperatures we
+
+want to -- temperatures
+s1, s2, s3.
+
+That was probably a stupid
+choice to put an s for down
+
+there because I don't
+even know if
+
+negative heat is allowed.
+
+Anyway, we wouldn't want it
+if we're aiming for that
+
+distribution.
+
+Now you understand the s's
+are not supposed to
+
+match that u knot.
+
+The s's are the sources of
+heat, and the u's are the
+
+outputs, the distribution, and
+they are controlled by a
+
+differential equation.
+
+What we control is the right
+hand side of the equation, but
+
+we only control n parameters.
+
+Then we have to solve the
+equation and find out what
+
+distribution that gives.
+
+So that's all like differential
+equations, we
+
+know how to do it.
+
+It's one dimensional in this
+example, so straightforward.
+
+But now comes the optimization
+part.
+
+We take this result
+and we compare it
+
+with the desired result.
+
+So the actual result from some
+source of heat might be
+
+something like that.
+
+We want this u of x, the heat
+distribution that we're
+
+actually producing to be as
+close as possible to u knot.
+
+Close could mean different
+things, but if we measure
+
+closeness in this integral
+square mean square sense, then
+
+we're going to have
+nice problem.
+
+In fact, we're going
+to have a linear --
+
+everything's linear right now.
+
+Well, everything's quadratic
+here, so when we minimize it's
+
+going to give us a linear
+equation for the s's.
+
+I just think that's a
+good model problem.
+
+A good model of what
+we might do.
+
+I think actually in the problem
+to be assigned --
+
+well, it's not a big
+deal for us.
+
+There is convection as well.
+
+So this is a pure diffusion
+problem, just the second
+
+derivative.
+
+We know very well that if there
+was a first derivative
+
+in there, the stuff's
+convecting, passing through
+
+the region.
+
+So if I put on a convective
+term, cdudx, how does that
+
+change the problem?
+
+Not in a big, big major way, but
+one thing we can guess is
+
+that now that is not a symmetric
+term, right.
+
+We've seen the difference
+between first differences and
+
+second differences, first
+derivatives and second
+
+derivatives.
+
+So now it's a little trickier
+and it's not symmetric.
+
+So somehow there will be a
+primal problem, this one, and
+
+there will be a adjoint
+problem, dual problem,
+
+perpendicular problem, whatever
+name you want to give
+
+it, just as there is in our very
+first model over there.
+
+So that's my sort of quick look
+to kind of put on the
+
+board one example that I didn't
+invent, that came from
+
+applications and gives
+a sort of typical of
+
+what you have to do.
+
+You control an input, you get
+an output, so that's the
+
+analysis problem.
+
+Find the output.
+
+But then comes the optimization
+problem -- make
+
+that output close to something
+that you wish.
+
+So what's the typical algorithm
+going to do?
+
+It's going to make a choice of
+s, it's going to solve the
+
+analysis problem for the u,
+it's going to look and see
+
+what the error is, it's going
+to figure out probably the
+
+gradient somehow.
+
+What's the steepest way
+to make it closer?
+
+That's going to lead us
+to a change of s.
+
+We use a change of s, the new
+s, solve that, and iterate.
+
+That would be a typical
+algorithm.
+
+We might be able to shortcut
+it in a model
+
+problem like this.
+
+But that's totally the typical
+optimization idea, is an
+
+analysis problem and then figure
+out a gradient to get a
+
+better source back to
+the analysis problem
+
+with the new source.
+
+What the algebra, the math, has
+to do is those two steps
+
+of figuring out OK, how do we
+improve the error, how do we
+
+reduce the error, what's
+the steepest direction?
+
+Somehow we got to compute
+a derivative.
+
+Actually, that's what
+this month is about.
+
+Derivatives that are not just
+like the derivative of x cube
+
+or something.
+
+I often wondered how many
+presidents could take the
+
+derivative of x cube
+and I'm not sure.
+
+Anybody occur to you who you
+could count on being able to
+
+take the derivative
+of x cubed?
+
+I don't think the current
+president would
+
+know what it meant.
+
+But I think Carter could have
+done it, because he went to
+
+the Naval Academy.
+
+Jefferson was probably --
+he knew everything.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Anybody else has another
+candidate they can tell me.
+
+So there is our problem --
+finding derivatives that would
+
+be definitely beyond the
+capacity of the White House.
+
+Now I want to stay with this
+model a little more because
+
+it's the perfect model.
+
+So this was the like model 1,
+unweighted ordinary least
+
+squared, and it produced the
+identity matrix in there.
+
+I mentioned last time what I
+want to do, the more general
+
+model has another symmetric
+positive-definite matrix in
+
+there, but not necessarily i,
+and it comes from weighted
+
+least squares.
+
+So that's what I'm going
+to talk about.
+
+So what are weighted
+least squares.
+
+Well, you've got these
+measurements and you think
+
+they maybe don't all, maybe
+they're not independent, maybe
+
+they're not equally reliable.
+
+So you weight them by how
+reliable they are.
+
+A more reliable one you would
+put a heavier weight, w, on
+
+because you want that to
+be more important.
+
+So, you change to
+this problem.
+
+But it looks practically
+the same.
+
+The only difference is a has
+become wa, b has become wb.
+
+So the equations will be the
+same, but a is now wa, b is
+
+now wb, and those are
+the equations.
+
+I guess I should call, just
+to make clear that u is a
+
+different u, that the best
+u now depends on
+
+the choice of weights.
+
+I should really be calling that
+u -- somehow indicate
+
+that it depends on the weight.
+
+Now they key nice thing is that
+if I write this out as a
+
+tranpose --
+
+can you just write this out.
+
+You get the a tranpose, and
+the a is over here.
+
+But what's in the middle?
+
+What's this matrix c --
+
+I jumped the gun and called that
+matrix in the middle c,
+
+but how is it connected to w?
+
+You can see it here as c
+is w tranpose w, right?
+
+It's just sitting there
+in the middle.
+
+That's great that the fact
+that the combination w
+
+tranpose w is all you
+need to know.
+
+So we can forget w
+in favor of --
+
+I'll just put it here -- w
+tranpose w is now given the
+
+name c, and this matrix is
+symmetric positive-definite.
+
+So it's a great matrix and it's
+exactly the one we want.
+
+This is exactly the
+equation we want.
+
+So if I go back to writing it in
+this -- you know, this was
+
+the equation.
+
+You remember the point that we
+could go directly to one
+
+equation for the best u, or we
+could keep our options open
+
+and have two equations that
+led to the same one.
+
+They're totally equivalent.
+
+But the two equations will give
+us not only u, but the
+
+error, b minus au, as
+an other unknown.
+
+That's what we did up there.
+
+So we had two equations,
+and if we
+
+eliminated e we got to this.
+
+Now I want to have two
+equations, and if I eliminate
+
+e, I get to that.
+
+So let me see what
+those would be.
+
+Well, here's one of them.
+
+a tranpose c -- e is zero --
+you see, that's the only
+
+difference really.
+
+That the weighted normal
+equation, I just took a
+
+tranpose c, and then I took the
+b minus au together, and
+
+this is what I'm calling e.
+
+So one way to do it is just the
+new guy is just now e plus
+
+auw is still b.
+
+But now a tranpose ce is zero.
+
+Good deal.
+
+I mean that's quite nice.
+
+It isn't absolutely perfect
+though, because
+
+I've lost the symmetry.
+
+I'm putting a c in there and
+I don't really want it.
+
+I want a c but I don't
+want it there.
+
+So, I just make a
+small change.
+
+I'm going to introduce a new
+unknown that I'll call little
+
+w, apologies for the fact that
+it's also a w, it just
+
+happened to fit.
+
+That'll be the ce.
+
+So I'm just calling this
+a new name here.
+
+So that now my e -- of course,
+if I just invert, e
+
+is c inverse w.
+
+So now I'm just going to write
+these equations with w instead
+
+of e because I like it better.
+
+So this equation is now a
+tranpose w equals zero.
+
+This equation e is disappeared
+in favor of c inverse w plus
+
+au equals b.
+
+So that's the system
+that I really like.
+
+That's the saddle point system,
+the Kuhn-Tucker
+
+system, the primal dual system,
+the fundamental system
+
+of the whole subject in this
+linear matrix case.
+
+We haven't got functions, we
+got vectors, and we've got
+
+symmetry, and we've got
+linearity, and we've got a
+
+saddle point matrix that's now
+the s -- well, let me just
+
+change it here.
+
+It's just changed to
+this, c inverse.
+
+That's the fundamental matrix
+of the whole subject.
+
+So, s is the saddle
+point matrix.
+
+So I wanted to get that far.
+
+You see that the whole picture
+was elementary linear algebra.
+
+Let me come back to the
+elementary figure that
+
+illustrates what's
+the geometry.
+
+How was the geometry affected
+by introducing this guy w,
+
+this weighting matrix or the
+c equal w transport w?
+
+Well, here was the picture
+from last time.
+
+A right angle picture.
+
+This was a right triangle.
+
+This line was perpendicular
+to that plane,
+
+but not anymore now.
+
+The second one it's a
+tranpose ce is zero.
+
+That's still a line, but it's
+not any longer perpendicular
+
+to the -- this is still
+all the au's.
+
+This plane is still the column
+space of all the au's.
+
+We have the same b, but you see
+the problem is it lost its
+
+90 degree angle, because
+the projection is now a
+
+projection, it's now an oblique
+
+projection, it's slanted.
+
+This is the best au, and if I
+occasionally keep up-to-date
+
+I'll put that uw there.
+
+There's still an error e, and
+this is still a parallelogram
+
+but it's not a rectangle
+anymore.
+
+Forgive my enthusiasm.
+
+I'm sort of happy that the
+picture and the algebra both
+
+come out so neatly.
+
+I totally agree that at this
+point I'm asking you to follow
+
+a model without giving you an
+application, and that's one
+
+reason I threw in this mention
+of a specific application that
+
+came from somewhere else.
+
+But this is the picture there.
+
+So I'll say one more word
+about the picture.
+
+I said that we lost
+the right angle.
+
+We lost perpendicularity,
+and, of course,
+
+literally speaking we did.
+
+This is no longer -- this is
+not a right angle anymore.
+
+This is not a right
+angle anymore.
+
+It's not a right angle in the
+usual meaning of right angles.
+
+It is a right angle in the
+inner product that's
+
+associated with c.
+
+In other words, right
+angles here mean x
+
+transpose y equals zero.
+
+That's the idea of a right
+angle, right? x perpendicular
+
+to y, and they have different
+letters here.
+
+Now over here I still have
+perpendicular, but I don't --
+
+this is not the right inner
+product anymore.
+
+It should be a weighted inner
+product, weighted with this c
+
+in the middle.
+
+So that's really what I
+mean by c orthogonal.
+
+Maybe I'll put those
+words down.
+
+So this weighted thing is -- if
+I can squeeze it, I doubt
+
+if I can -- is c orthogonality,
+weighted
+
+orthogonality.
+
+So let me circle the
+whole thing.
+
+The c is the w tranpose w.
+
+Just to say that we aren't
+giving up on dot products and
+
+perpendiculars and good
+equations, we're just changing
+
+them by inserting c every
+time in a product.
+
+What it means is that this is
+the natural inner product for
+
+the particular problem.
+
+This is the natural inner
+product for Euclid, right?
+
+But then from some specific
+application like this one or a
+
+million others, they have
+their own natural inner
+
+product, and the inner product
+for that particular problem
+
+would be one of these guys with
+some kind of a matrix c
+
+showing up.
+
+So least squares and weighted
+least squares, that's my
+
+example one.
+
+Now I'd like to give a second
+example, a more mechanic --
+
+will come closer to mechanics.
+
+Because this is least squares,
+statistics, algebra.
+
+But let me put on the
+middle board an
+
+application out of mechanics.
+
+It will be, say, I'll make it
+small and just a couple of
+
+springs with a mass between them
+and fixed at both ends.
+
+So this spring extends
+by some amount.
+
+This spring extends
+by some amount.
+
+There's a force on this mass.
+
+So there's a force on there
+mass, maybe just gravity, f.
+
+That's the external force from
+the mass of that's here in
+
+between the springs.
+
+Then also acting on that
+mass are spring forces.
+
+This spring is pulling
+it up, right?
+
+There's a spring force, w1.
+
+Here, do you want
+me to draw --
+
+really which direction
+is this?
+
+I'm going to draw it this way
+just to show the w2 drawn that
+
+way would actually be negative,
+because I think that
+
+this spring would get
+compressed, right -- this mass
+
+is pushing it down.
+
+This spring would be
+under compression.
+
+It would be pushing
+the mass back up.
+
+So the w2 in that picture
+would be negative.
+
+So this w1 will actually be
+positive and go the way the
+
+arrow is showing.
+
+This w2 would actually be
+negative and go not that way
+
+the arrow is showing.
+
+But what's the -- oh, what
+equations have we got then?
+
+What's our optimization
+problem?
+
+Well actually, we
+have a choice.
+
+We could work with equations,
+period.
+
+Actually, one of the equations
+is pretty obvious.
+
+This mass is an equilibrium.
+
+So w1 is equal to w2 plus s.
+
+So it doesn't move.
+
+Or you might prefer me to write
+it, I would rather write
+
+it, with w's on one side and
+source terms on the other.
+
+So that's the equilibrium
+equation.
+
+So what decides, we want to know
+what these w's are, and
+
+these springs are extended.
+
+So that first spring is expanded
+by an amount e1, and
+
+this second spring is extended
+by an amount e2.
+
+Stretched or compressed.
+
+e1 is probably going to be
+positive here -- that spring's
+
+going to be stretched.
+
+This spring is going to be
+compressed, so that e2 is
+
+probably going to be negative.
+
+What's the mechanics here?
+
+Well, I can state it two
+ways, as I said.
+
+I can state the mechanics in
+terms of equations -- force
+
+and stretching elastic
+constant.
+
+That's how we did it in the
+first semester, 18085.
+
+It's a little clearer because
+simple equation
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+Or I can state the problem as
+a minimization of energy.
+
+That's what I want to
+do today in 1806.
+
+So I want to minimize 8.6.
+
+I want to minimize
+the total energy.
+
+The energy in these springs.
+
+Subject to the constraint --
+this constraint, equilibrium.
+
+So that's the optimization
+statement of
+
+the mechanical problem.
+
+Well, I guess all that
+remains is -- well,
+
+I guess what remains?
+
+First of all, I need an
+expression for this energy.
+
+If the springs are governed by
+Hooke's law, then it'll be
+
+pretty simple.
+
+If they're real springs that
+don't quite obey Hooke's law
+
+then there'll be none -- no,
+there'll be fourth degree,
+
+sixth degree , whatever,
+terms in the energy.
+
+It's like the energy in the
+first spring plus the energy
+
+in the second spring, anyway.
+
+e in the first spring, and the
+energy in a second spring,
+
+and, of course, the two springs
+could have different
+
+spring constants.
+
+So those e's --
+
+I'll make life easy in solving,
+if I choose Hooke's
+
+law, if I choose the energy
+to be just a square.
+
+The constraint is linear, so
+that'll be the model problem.
+
+And actually, that'll be the
+kind of problem I've got here.
+
+One reason for introducing a
+new example was to get some
+
+mechanics into the lecture,
+but also to get a problem
+
+where we're doing a minimization
+but we've got a
+
+condition on the w's.
+
+The question is how do
+you find a minimum?
+
+You can't just set derivatives
+of the energy to zero.
+
+You would discover w1 equal
+w2 equals zero.
+
+Nothing happening.
+
+That would be the minimum.
+
+But that minimum is ruled out,
+that solution is ruled out
+
+because we have this
+constraint.
+
+We've got to balance
+the external force.
+
+So this is the question and
+you'll maybe have met this
+
+question in other courses,
+but it's essential.
+
+How do you deal with minimizing
+when there's a
+
+constraint?
+
+I guess in some way we
+had it over here.
+
+We were minimizing something --
+well, the minimum would be,
+
+take u equal u knot.
+
+But no, there was a constraint
+that u had to satisfy a
+
+certain equilibrium equation.
+
+Here it was a differential
+equation so that problem is a
+
+little harder than this one
+where the equation is just
+
+discrete, one simple equation.
+
+So how are you going to do it?
+
+Well, actually the quickest way
+would be -- that's such an
+
+easy constraint that I could
+say hey, w2 is w1 minus f.
+
+So I could just, if I wanted to
+really like shortcut this
+
+whole lecture, I could say
+well, w2 is w1 minus f.
+
+Now I've accounted for
+the constraint.
+
+I've removed w2 from
+the problem.
+
+I have a minimization, an
+ordinary minimization with an
+
+unknown w1.
+
+I take the derivative.
+
+I solve derivative
+equals zero.
+
+I find w1, then I go back,
+I get that w2.
+
+That's the fast way.
+
+Of course, gets the
+right answer.
+
+But there's another way
+that in the end
+
+turns out to be better.
+
+It's not necessarily better for
+this simple problem, but
+
+it's better for the general
+approach to constrained
+
+optimization.
+
+So I'm going to not do the
+simple deal of solving for w2,
+
+but I'm going to keep the
+constraint around.
+
+It's the idea of Lagrange
+multipliers.
+
+You've heard those words and
+probably seen it happen.
+
+So what is Lagrange
+multiplier?
+
+What is Lagrange's idea?
+
+Lagrange's idea is he
+constructed a function of w,
+
+which is this to work with,
+which is the same energy.
+
+But he's going to include
+a multiplier.
+
+Now the next question is what
+letter shall I use for that
+
+multiplier, Lagrange's
+multiplier.
+
+Books on optimization often
+call it Lambda --
+
+Lambda's sort of like
+for Lagrange.
+
+So, Lagrange obviously wasn't
+Greek, but anyway -- close.
+
+Lambda for us always
+means eigenvalue --
+
+For me always means
+eigenvalue.
+
+So I'm reluctant
+to use Lambda.
+
+Sometimes in books on economics,
+which is we're
+
+doing this all the time, the
+multiplier's called pi because
+
+it turns out to be a price.
+
+But let me use u for the
+Lagrange multiplier.
+
+So that'll be the Lagrange
+multiplier.
+
+So what do I do with it?
+
+I multiply this equation by u
+and I build it in to this.
+
+So this thing is this part --
+
+I'll just copy that down there
+-- plus or minus, depending
+
+what I want, depending which
+sign I want to end up with, u
+
+the multiplier times the
+constraint -- w1 minus w2 --
+
+let me put it like that.
+
+So the constraint is that
+this should be zero.
+
+So you can say I haven't
+added anything.
+
+I've added zero.
+
+But that will only be true
+at the end when I have a
+
+specific w1 and w2.
+
+Right now what I've done is I've
+built in the constraint
+
+into the function.
+
+Lagrange's brilliant idea was
+that now I've got a function
+
+that I can -- my derivatives
+I can take.
+
+I could set the derivatives to
+zero. dldw1 is going to be
+
+zero. dldw2 is going
+to be zero.
+
+And dldu is going to be zero.
+
+So we got now three equations,
+three unknown.
+
+Instead of going from two
+to one, we've gone
+
+from two up to three.
+
+But it's so much more systematic
+that it's the right
+
+thing to do.
+
+What is this last equation?
+
+What's the u derivative
+of an expression?
+
+Well, u doesn't appear here, the
+derivative is just w1 --
+
+this just leads us to w1 minus
+w2 minus f, which is the
+
+constraint that we wanted.
+
+So the constraint is showing
+up as this equation.
+
+Just the way the constraint
+showed up as
+
+this equation here.
+
+I guess what I want to say is
+when I wrote this down, when
+
+we did this first example,
+I didn't say here's the
+
+constraint.
+
+I mean that equation kind of
+came out from the normal
+
+equations here.
+
+So what we're doing new here is
+the constraint equation is
+
+sort of part of the mechanics
+and we're asking the question
+
+how do I deal with it.
+
+Here it came out of the
+geometry, so it wasn't there
+
+at the beginning so we didn't
+have to say how do we deal
+
+with this equation.
+
+It just emerged.
+
+Here it's really forced
+on us right away.
+
+So anyway, we've still got to
+figure out the derivatives of
+
+those, and I guess I do have
+to finally now say
+
+what choice -- yeah.
+
+So this is --
+
+what is this, the derivative
+of e1 minus u.
+
+If I take the w1 derivative,
+I've got the derivative of v1
+
+with respect to w1.
+
+Then w1 doesn't appear there
+but it appears here,
+
+so it's minus u.
+
+This would be the derivative of
+v2 with respect to w2, that
+
+second spring minus --
+oh maybe plus cu.
+
+Well, those are the
+three equations.
+
+Let me move now to the linear
+case, just so we see the
+
+beautiful pattern.
+
+So if I make the equations
+linear, what's the energy in
+
+Hooke's law spring here if the
+extension is e1 and if it
+
+produces a force of w1, I want
+to know what is this e1 here.
+
+So let me just remember
+Hooke's law.
+
+I think Hooke's law would say
+that -- well, there's some
+
+elastic constant c1, so there's
+a c1 and a c2 that
+
+tell us how hard or soft
+the springs are.
+
+So these are physical
+constants.
+
+If I remember right,
+the energy --
+
+so I'm going to erase a little
+here just to -- well no.
+
+So what is the energy in
+that first spring?
+
+You remember, there's a 1/2
+of an c1 e1 squared.
+
+That's the energy in a spring
+with constant c1 and the
+
+stretch e1.
+
+But now I really want it not in
+terms of e1, I want it in
+
+terms of w1, just the
+way I did here.
+
+I've got to do the
+same thing here.
+
+I want to get to w, because
+the constraint
+
+is in terms of w.
+
+What does Hooke's law say?
+
+Hooke's law says w equals ce,
+that's Hooke, Hooke's law.
+
+The fourth is the elastic
+constant times the stretch.
+
+So in place of the e
+I have w over c.
+
+So this is 1/2, e1 squared will
+be w1 squared over c1
+
+squared, and then a c1 cancels
+-- that's what it looks like.
+
+I guess I'm certainly happy
+to see that I'm
+
+coming up with c inverse.
+
+This c is showing up in the
+denominator, and that's
+
+exactly the -- so this is what
+I mean, this is what I want
+
+for my energy is a 1/2, w1
+squared over c1, and a 1/2, w2
+
+squared over c2, and now I was
+doing a minus sign because
+
+that kind of goes well with
+mechanics where a plus sign
+
+would go well with all the
+other applications.
+
+So now I've got explicit
+energy.
+
+So now I can say what
+this thing really --
+
+the derivative with
+respect to w1.
+
+OK.
+
+The derivative with respect
+to w1 is just w1 over c1.
+
+Is that what I'm getting?
+
+This is zero.
+
+This says w2 over c2 minus u is
+zero, and this one says w1
+
+minus w2 equals f.
+
+Our three equations.
+
+Yes, so I will help kill these
+equal signs and just look at
+
+-- oh, that's a plus.
+
+We've got our saddle
+point matrix again.
+
+That's the nice thing here.
+
+This is a problem with a 3 x 3
+matrix, with three unknowns,
+
+w1, w2, and u.
+
+With right hand side
+zero zero and f.
+
+With what matrix?
+
+That looks like a 1 over
+c1, zero and a minus 1.
+
+This looks like zero, a 1
+over c2 and a plus 1.
+
+This looks like -- oh,
+wait a minute.
+
+I don't want this.
+
+w1 minus w2 equal f.
+
+I can live with 1 and minus 1
+there, but it's not really
+
+what I wanted.
+
+I wanted the signs to -- you
+know what I want here.
+
+I want the transpose of that to
+be here, and zero to be in
+
+that block.
+
+So that's what my saddle point
+matrix would look like.
+
+Well, let me just say that
+I could live with either.
+
+I was aiming for this one
+because it's symmetric.
+
+But a lot of people would rather
+have the opposite signs
+
+and have the 1 minus 1 there.
+
+I don't care which sign
+f has, of course.
+
+Some people these days are
+liking this form better
+
+because then it has a symmetric
+part and an
+
+anti-symmetric part.
+
+I mean the thing is at some
+point we're going to get
+
+problems like this with
+thousands of unknowns, and
+
+we're going to think how
+do we solve them
+
+and maybe some iteration.
+
+So we might want the matrix to
+be symmetric but indefinite,
+
+or we might want a
+positive-definite symmetric
+
+part and an anti-symmetric
+part.
+
+What we can't have is positive
+definite-symmetric.
+
+That's like asking for what
+can't happen here.
+
+The combination of the problems
+is producing a saddle
+
+point and we can play with that
+sign, but we can't make
+
+that zero something -- oh,
+we could actually.
+
+What I was going to say is we
+can't make that zero something
+
+different, but you could.
+
+That would be a possible
+way to --
+
+it's another way people thought
+of of solving these
+
+problems is artificially throw
+in a big number there, or even
+
+a small number, and push things
+towards positive.
+
+Anyway, my purpose today is
+essentially completed, that
+
+we're getting out of physical
+application after I linearized
+
+and it became a linear equation
+and it had that
+
+saddle point form.
+
+So, saddle point form here,
+saddle point form here, saddle
+
+point forms everywhere.
+
+I mean we'll have the saddle
+point forms for differential
+
+equations, as well as for
+matrix equations.
+
+So those are the examples to
+sort of hang on to, and it's
+
+section 7.1 that has
+a big part of it.
+
+Ah --
+
+I always have one last
+thing to say.
+
+What's the meaning of u?
+
+So, u was a Lagrange
+multiplier.
+
+Lagrange just like helped us out
+by saying OK, there was a
+
+constraint by using one
+of my multipliers.
+
+But the point is that
+the multiplier
+
+always has a real meaning.
+
+I mention prices before.
+
+Here, what's the meaning of u?
+
+What's the physical meaning of
+the Lagrange multiplier.
+
+It turns out to be the
+displacement of the math.
+
+It's the dual variable,
+so it always has some
+
+interpretation.
+
+In this case, with mechanics
+it's the amount, the mass
+
+comes down when the
+force asks.
+
+What's more, it also has a
+derivative interpretation.
+
+Turns out --
+
+I'll just put turns out that
+the Lagrange multiplier u
+
+turns out to be the derivative
+of the minimum energy in the
+
+system with respect to
+the source term.
+
+It's the sensitivity of
+the problem somehow.
+
+I'll just use sensitivity.
+
+You often want to know --
+
+it's actually this quantity
+that we need over there.
+
+We want to know how much does
+the answer depend on the
+
+source, and that's what the
+Lagrange multiplier tells us.
+
+So, if I computed the solution
+here, so the notes do this --
+
+maybe I'll leave it
+for the notes.
+
+The notes solve this
+little problem.
+
+That's easy to do.
+
+They figure out what the energy
+is in the springs.
+
+It depends on the right hand
+side, f, which is just a
+
+number here.
+
+The energy turns out
+to be quadratic.
+
+You can take its derivative and
+you find out that it's u.
+
+So that Lagrange multiplier,
+that's really a key message,
+
+is an important quantity
+in itself.
+
+Here it happens to mean
+displacement, which is
+
+obviously crucial quantity, and
+in general it tells us the
+
+change in the minimum energy
+with respect to a
+
+change in the input.
+
+That sensitivity's a natural
+word to use for that.
+
+So that's a final word about --
+well, a near to final word
+
+about Lagrange multipliers.
+
+So I'll see you Wednesday and
+by that time I'll know more
+
+about the projects and we'll
+be moving onward with
+
+optimization.
+
+Good.
+
+Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zwH9MjZl3v4.txt b/zwH9MjZl3v4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b4ab0360281e7122430d7c51405205905d0187e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zwH9MjZl3v4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I said at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said at the beginning of the
+course this is quantum mechanics for use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is quantum mechanics for use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is quantum mechanics for use
+not admiration and not historical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not admiration and not historical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not admiration and not historical that
+you're going to leave this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to leave this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to leave this course
+knowing how to solve a very large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to solve a very large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to solve a very large number
+of quantum mechanical problems or if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanical problems or if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum mechanical problems or if not
+to solve it to get insight into how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it to get insight into how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it to get insight into how you
+would solve it and so I've presented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve it and so I've presented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve it and so I've presented a
+couple of exactly solve problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of exactly solve problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of exactly solve problems and
+that's not because they're historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not because they're historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not because they're historically
+important it's because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's because you're going to
+use them and you're going to embed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them and you're going to embed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them and you're going to embed the
+results of those exactly solve problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of those exactly solve problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of those exactly solve problems
+in a an approximate approach to almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a an approximate approach to almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a an approximate approach to almost
+any problem and the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem and the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem and the vast majority of
+problems that you would face use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you would face use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you would face use the
+harmonic oscillator as the core of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator as the core of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator as the core of your
+understanding because almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding because almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding because almost all
+potentials have a minimum and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials have a minimum and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials have a minimum and so that
+means the first derivative is zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the first derivative is zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the first derivative is zero at
+the minimum so you don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum so you don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum so you don't care about the
+first derivative you care about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative you care about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative you care about where
+the minimum is and the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum is and the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum is and the second derivative
+is the the dominant thing and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the dominant thing and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the dominant thing and that's the
+harmonic oscillator and so using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and so using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and so using a
+harmonic oscillator basis set you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator basis set you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator basis set you are
+going to be able to attack every problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to attack every problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to attack every problem
+and another thing about the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing about the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing about the harmonic
+oscillator is that it uses these A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is that it uses these A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is that it uses these A's and
+a daggers which are magic and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daggers which are magic and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daggers which are magic and what
+happens is you forget totally about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you forget totally about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you forget totally about the
+wave functions the wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions the wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions the wave functions are
+there if you want to calculate some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you want to calculate some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you want to calculate some kind
+of probability amplitude distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability amplitude distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability amplitude distribution
+but you never look at them when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you never look at them when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you never look at them when you're
+solving the problem and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem and that's a
+fantastic thing now there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic thing now there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic thing now there's one more
+exactly solved problem that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved problem that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solved problem that I want to
+talk about today which is not usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today which is not usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today which is not usually
+included in the list of exactly solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the list of exactly solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the list of exactly solve
+problems because it's kind of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because it's kind of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems because it's kind of special
+the two-level problem the two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem the two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem the two-level
+problem is exactly solved because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is exactly solved because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is exactly solved because there
+are only two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only two levels
+and the solution of that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution of that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the solution of that problem
+involves a quadratic equation so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a quadratic equation so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a quadratic equation so and so
+there is an exact solution and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an exact solution and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an exact solution and this is
+used a lot in introducing new techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot in introducing new techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot in introducing new techniques
+in quantum mechanics and so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics and so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics and so you're going
+to see the two-level problem again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the two-level problem again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the two-level problem again and
+again as opening the door to being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as opening the door to being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as opening the door to being able
+to deal with much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with much more complicated
+problems and I'm going to try to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I'm going to try to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and I'm going to try to refer
+that a lot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot okay
+so we're about to go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're about to go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're about to go from the
+Schrodinger picture to matrix mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger picture to matrix mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger picture to matrix mechanics
+and I'd like to have some comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to have some comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd like to have some comments about
+what are the elements of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the elements of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the elements of this sort of
+your picture what and there's no wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your picture what and there's no wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your picture what and there's no wrong
+answer here but I'm looking for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here but I'm looking for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here but I'm looking for certain
+things anybody want to tell me yes so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things anybody want to tell me yes so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things anybody want to tell me yes so we
+have a differential equation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a differential equation and the
+solutions are wave functions more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well mathematics is challenging to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mathematics is challenging to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mathematics is challenging to some
+people some people really love it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some people really love it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some people really love it but
+yes it's much more mathematical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's much more mathematical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's much more mathematical because
+you're faced with solving differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're faced with solving differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're faced with solving differential
+equations coupled differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations coupled differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations coupled differential equations
+and you're challenged with calculating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're challenged with calculating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're challenged with calculating a
+lot of integrals and sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of integrals and sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of integrals and sometimes the
+integrals are not over simple functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are not over simple functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals are not over simple functions
+are complicated so but the main thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complicated so but the main thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complicated so but the main thing is
+you have this thing which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this thing which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this thing which you could
+never observe but is somehow the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never observe but is somehow the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never observe but is somehow the core of
+everything that you can know and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you can know and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you can know and that
+really you know as I get older it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know as I get older it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know as I get older it
+bothers me more and more it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothers me more and more it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothers me more and more it's not that
+I'm going to invent some way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to invent some way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to invent some way to do
+clutter mechanics totally without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter mechanics totally without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter mechanics totally without a
+wavefunction but it and that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction but it and that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction but it and that the most
+important thing I think is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing I think is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing I think is that when you
+work in the short of your picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the short of your picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the short of your picture you
+get one wavefunction and one eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one wavefunction and one eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one wavefunction and one eigenvalue
+at a time and so yes you can solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and so yes you can solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time and so yes you can solve these
+problems but no you don't get insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but no you don't get insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but no you don't get insight
+you don't see the overall structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see the overall structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see the overall structure you
+just see well if you did this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see well if you did this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see well if you did this experiment
+this is what you'd observe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you'd observe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you'd observe that's
+perfectly wonderful and now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly wonderful and now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly wonderful and now some
+anticipation what's so special about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation what's so special about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation what's so special about the
+Heisenberg picture or what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture or what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture or what is the
+Heisenberg picture now I haven't lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture now I haven't lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg picture now I haven't lecture
+on it so you know if you read my lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so you know if you read my lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so you know if you read my lecture
+notes you know the answers to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you know the answers to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you know the answers to all of
+this but can we speculate about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but can we speculate about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but can we speculate about what
+goes here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and okay so every operator can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so every operator can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so every operator can be
+represented by a matrix and the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a matrix and the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a matrix and the elements
+of that matrix are calculated usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that matrix are calculated usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that matrix are calculated usually
+automatically often they're an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically often they're an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically often they're an infinite
+number of basis states and so you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of basis states and so you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of basis states and so you sort
+of refer to this short of your picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refer to this short of your picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refer to this short of your picture
+but anyway these matrices are arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway these matrices are arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway these matrices are arrays of
+numbers and they can be infinite arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they can be infinite arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they can be infinite arrays
+of numbers but you don't write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers but you don't write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers but you don't write an
+infinite way of numbers down you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite way of numbers down you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite way of numbers down you write a
+few numbers and you recognize what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few numbers and you recognize what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few numbers and you recognize what the
+pattern is and usually you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is and usually you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is and usually you have some
+function of the quantum numbers and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the quantum numbers and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the quantum numbers and that
+generates all the elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates all the elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates all the elements in this
+matrix and the solutions are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the solutions are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the solutions are going to be
+certain I ghen vectors and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain I ghen vectors and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain I ghen vectors and instead of
+differential equations it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations it's linear
+algebra now for differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra now for differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra now for differential equations
+you'll learn a lot of tricks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn a lot of tricks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn a lot of tricks for
+integrals you learn a lot of tricks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you learn a lot of tricks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you learn a lot of tricks for
+linear algebra there aren't any tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra there aren't any tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra there aren't any tricks
+it's all right there and and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right there and and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right there and and so it's a
+much more transparent now it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more transparent now it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more transparent now it might be
+numerically demanding because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically demanding because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically demanding because you're
+dealing with very large arrays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with very large arrays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with very large arrays of
+numbers and you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you're trying to get
+something from it but the linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from it but the linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from it but the linear algebra
+is simple and and ok and we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple and and ok and we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple and and ok and we have these
+things called matrix elements I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called matrix elements I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called matrix elements I can use
+this word now because the the numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word now because the the numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word now because the the numbers in
+a matrix are called matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix are called matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix are called matrix elements
+they're integrals and but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're integrals and but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're integrals and but they're
+integrals that are more or less given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that are more or less given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that are more or less given to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have infinite matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have infinite matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have infinite matrices and
+in the Schrodinger picture we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Schrodinger picture we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Schrodinger picture we might have
+infinite basis sets but we not we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis sets but we not we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite basis sets but we not we don't
+really think too much about the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think too much about the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think too much about the problem
+of infinities because we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinities because we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infinities because we're looking at
+things one at a time here the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one at a time here the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one at a time here the operators
+are implicitly infinite and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implicitly infinite and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implicitly infinite and we have to
+do something about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something about that
+because no computer can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no computer can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no computer can find the
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an
+infinite matrix so somehow you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite matrix so somehow you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite matrix so somehow you have to
+truncate it and you have to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate it and you have to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate it and you have to use some
+approximations and the framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and the framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and the framework for
+that is perturbation theory now I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is perturbation theory now I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is perturbation theory now I love
+perturbation theory I've made my career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory I've made my career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory I've made my career
+on perturbation theory and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on perturbation theory and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on perturbation theory and you're going
+to see a lot of it but not today okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of it but not today okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a lot of it but not today okay
+the next exam is going to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next exam is going to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next exam is going to have a lot of
+perturbation theory okay so let's review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory okay so let's review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory okay so let's review
+where we've been with a two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've been with a two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've been with a two-level
+problem we have two energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is some interaction between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some interaction between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some interaction between them
+and we get d plus side plus and a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get d plus side plus and a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get d plus side plus and a minus
+sign - whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have these integrals H 2 to H 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these integrals H 2 to H 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these integrals H 2 to H 1 2
+and because it's a hermitian matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's a hermitian matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's a hermitian matrix it's
+equal to H 2 1 star that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H 2 1 star that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H 2 1 star that's that's the
+definition of a hermitian matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a hermitian matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a hermitian matrix and
+that means if the h 1 2 element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if the h 1 2 element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if the h 1 2 element is
+imaginary the H 2 1 matrix element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the H 2 1 matrix element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary the H 2 1 matrix element is
+imaginary but with the opposite sign now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary but with the opposite sign now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary but with the opposite sign now
+almost all of the problems we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the problems we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the problems we're going
+to face have are expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face have are expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face have are expressed in terms of
+real matrix elements and so all you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix elements and so all you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix elements and so all you're
+really doing to go from the 1/2 to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing to go from the 1/2 to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing to go from the 1/2 to the 2
+1 is just reversing the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is just reversing the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is just reversing the order of the
+index and nothing else is happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and nothing else is happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and nothing else is happening and
+that has also some great simplicity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has also some great simplicity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has also some great simplicity in
+the solutions we use to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions we use to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions we use to solve the
+two-level problems ok the solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problems ok the solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problems ok the solutions to
+the two-level problem are based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem are based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two-level problem are based on some
+simplifications so what we do is we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications so what we do is we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications so what we do is we make
+the 2 by 2 matrix symmetric by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 by 2 matrix symmetric by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 by 2 matrix symmetric by
+subtracting out the average energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting out the average energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting out the average energy and
+we define then two numbers which are H 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define then two numbers which are H 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define then two numbers which are H 1
+1 minus H 2 2 over 2 and this so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus H 2 2 over 2 and this so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus H 2 2 over 2 and this so we have
+e bar and Delta and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e bar and Delta and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e bar and Delta and we have the
+interaction energy interaction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy interaction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy interaction which is
+H 1 2 and we call it V and we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 1 2 and we call it V and we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H 1 2 and we call it V and we have to be
+a little careful because V could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little careful because V could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little careful because V could be
+complex or imaginary but for now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex or imaginary but for now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex or imaginary but for now we're
+just going to treat it always as real ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to treat it always as real ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to treat it always as real ok
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for this two-level problem the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this two-level problem the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this two-level problem the energy
+levels are given by E bar plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are given by E bar plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are given by E bar plus or minus
+Delta squared plus V squared or leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared plus V squared or leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta squared plus V squared or leave
+our plus or minus the square root of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plus or minus the square root of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plus or minus the square root of x
+where that's X and the the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's X and the the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's X and the the eigen
+functions are expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are expressed in terms of
+these coefficients 1 plus minus is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients 1 plus minus is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients 1 plus minus is equal
+to 1/2 1 plus or minus Delta over X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/2 1 plus or minus Delta over X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1/2 1 plus or minus Delta over X to
+the 1/2 square root square is outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2 square root square is outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2 square root square is outside
+the bracket and c2 plus - this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket and c2 plus - this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket and c2 plus - this looks
+almost the same except we have 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same except we have 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same except we have 1 minus
+or plus Delta X so in this reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plus Delta X so in this reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or plus Delta X so in this reduced
+picture there's not too much to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture there's not too much to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture there's not too much to remember
+you know the difference between the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+III ghen functions for the higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III ghen functions for the higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III ghen functions for the higher energy
+and the lower energy eigenfunctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower energy eigenfunctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower energy eigenfunctions
+differ only by these signs okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ only by these signs okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ only by these signs okay now this
+is a lot I derived it intellect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot I derived it intellect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot I derived it intellect your
+last time and the algebra is horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and the algebra is horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and the algebra is horrible
+and I'm not good at presenting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not good at presenting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not good at presenting or
+algebra but it's all in the notes but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but it's all in the notes but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra but it's all in the notes but if
+you take these formulas and you try them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take these formulas and you try them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take these formulas and you try them
+on for size you will be able to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for size you will be able to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for size you will be able to verify
+that these give normalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these give normalized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these give normalized and
+orthogonal eigen functions and which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigen functions and which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal eigen functions and which I
+recommend mostly is is ok we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend mostly is is ok we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend mostly is is ok we take this
+expression for the eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the eigen values
+and let's just take one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just take one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just take one of the
+eigenfunctions and find out whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions and find out whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions and find out whether it
+belongs to the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the correct
+I can value if it doesn't you've made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can value if it doesn't you've made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can value if it doesn't you've made an
+algebraic mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic mistake
+it's a very useful thing okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very useful thing okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very useful thing okay so now
+we're going to take the results for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the results for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the results for this
+two-level problem solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem solved
+algebraically and at the core of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically and at the core of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically and at the core of that
+was the quadratic energy formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the quadratic energy formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the quadratic energy formula the
+quadratic formula for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula for the for the
+equation that determines the energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that determines the energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that determines the energy the
+quadratic formula is always applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula is always applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic formula is always applicable
+it's exact it's it's so what we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exact it's it's so what we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exact it's it's so what we end up
+getting is analytical expressions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is analytical expressions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is analytical expressions it
+doesn't matter what the value of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what the value of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what the value of the two
+critical quantities Delta and X are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical quantities Delta and X are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical quantities Delta and X are you
+have solutions so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solutions so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have solutions so now we're going to
+take all this stuff and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all this stuff and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all this stuff and we're going to
+start over we're going to rearrange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over we're going to rearrange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over we're going to rearrange it
+so that we have a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we have a different way of
+approaching the problem so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the problem so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the problem so we're going
+to start talking about matrices rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about matrices rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about matrices rather
+than operators and so I represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than operators and so I represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than operators and so I represent a
+matrix by a boldface and this symbol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a boldface and this symbol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix by a boldface and this symbol is
+how you ask computer to make it yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you ask computer to make it yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you ask computer to make it yes it's
+how I representable at the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I representable at the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I representable at the matrix
+instead of a hat which is the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a hat which is the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a hat which is the way you
+represent an operator but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent an operator but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent an operator but now we're
+going to say every operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say every operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say every operator is
+represented by a matrix rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a matrix rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a matrix rather than the
+differential operator and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operator and so this
+Hamiltonian is e bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus Delta V and V is usually real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Delta V and V is usually real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Delta V and V is usually real and
+another way we can say this is it C bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way we can say this is it C bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way we can say this is it C bar
+and just fancy one with underbar plus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just fancy one with underbar plus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just fancy one with underbar plus so
+this is the Hamiltonian symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Hamiltonian symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Hamiltonian symmetric
+Hamiltonian matrix this is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian matrix this is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian matrix this is the unit
+matrix and now since we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and now since we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and now since we're going to be
+doing matrix multiplications let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing matrix multiplications let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing matrix multiplications let me just
+give you some mnemonics so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some mnemonics so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some mnemonics so we have a
+square matrix multiplying a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrix multiplying a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrix multiplying a square
+matrix what we do is we multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what we do is we multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix what we do is we multiply this
+row by that column and we get one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by that column and we get one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by that column and we get one number
+and you fill out the square matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fill out the square matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you fill out the square matrix and
+with a little practice this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little practice this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little practice this will be
+permanently ingrained in your head we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently ingrained in your head we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently ingrained in your head we
+also can have a matrix multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can have a matrix multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can have a matrix multiplying a
+vector and so matrix multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so matrix multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and so matrix multiplying a
+vector gives a vector and this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector gives a vector and this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector gives a vector and this product
+gives a number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you've probably all seen these sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've probably all seen these sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've probably all seen these sorts
+of things or could could have grasped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things or could could have grasped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things or could could have grasped
+them very quickly but it's useful just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very quickly but it's useful just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them very quickly but it's useful just
+do not get confused we can also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get confused we can also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not get confused we can also do
+something like this and again we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and again we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and again we use the
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+picture and we get a vector and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and we get a vector and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and we get a vector and I'm
+sorry we get a column and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we get a column and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we get a column and this is a
+difficult simple to make on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult simple to make on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult simple to make on a computer
+but and you get this first element here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and you get this first element here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and you get this first element here
+like that and of course you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and of course you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and of course you can do this
+times that you get a number and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that you get a number and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that you get a number and you can
+also do it the other way around you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do it the other way around you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do it the other way around you can
+do this times that I'm sorry you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this times that I'm sorry you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this times that I'm sorry you want to
+do that and you get a square matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and you get a square matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and you get a square matrix so
+those are the things that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that you have to
+practice and it becomes second nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and it becomes second nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and it becomes second nature
+very quickly and it's a lot easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and it's a lot easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and it's a lot easier than
+doing differential equations or matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing differential equations or matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing differential equations or matrices
+or integrals okay now we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or integrals okay now we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or integrals okay now we use this
+superscript this means transpose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript this means transpose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript this means transpose this
+means complex conjugate and transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means complex conjugate and transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means complex conjugate and transpose
+most of this the theory deals with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this the theory deals with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of this the theory deals with this
+but when the matrix when the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the matrix when the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the matrix when the Hamiltonian
+or the matrix you're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the matrix you're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the matrix you're interested in is
+real you're the transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you're the transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you're the transformation that
+diagonalizes it is always just given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes it is always just given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes it is always just given you
+need just the transpose so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need just the transpose so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need just the transpose so these two
+symbols look similar and you won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols look similar and you won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols look similar and you won't have
+any trouble with that and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble with that and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble with that and now we have
+this kind of symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of symbol
+so this is a normalization that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a normalization that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a normalization that should
+be equal to one and it is because 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one and it is because 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one and it is because 1
+times 1 is 1 plus 0 times 0 and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 is 1 plus 0 times 0 and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 is 1 plus 0 times 0 and we can
+also look at this and that's 0 because 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at this and that's 0 because 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at this and that's 0 because 0
+times 1 is 0 and 0 1 times 0 is 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 is 0 and 0 1 times 0 is 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 is 0 and 0 1 times 0 is 0 so
+this is normalization this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normalization this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is normalization this is
+orthogonality ok we're we're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality ok we're we're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality ok we're we're playing
+with numbers and we don't really look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers and we don't really look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with numbers and we don't really look at
+the size even though the numbers all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size even though the numbers all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size even though the numbers all are
+obtained by doing an integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by doing an integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by doing an integral over the
+wave functions and the operator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and the operator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions and the operator but
+that's something that you sort of do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that you sort of do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that you sort of do in
+1st grade of quantum mechanics and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st grade of quantum mechanics and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1st grade of quantum mechanics and you
+forget how you did it and you just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget how you did it and you just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget how you did it and you just know
+that they're there they're to be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're there they're to be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're there they're to be played
+with ok now a unitary operator is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ok now a unitary operator is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ok now a unitary operator is one
+where the complex the conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the complex the conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the complex the conjugate
+transpose the unitary matrix is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the unitary matrix is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the unitary matrix is equal to
+the inverse which means the minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse which means the minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse which means the minus 1
+times T equals 1 so it's nice to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T equals 1 so it's nice to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T equals 1 so it's nice to be able
+to derive the inverse of a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive the inverse of a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive the inverse of a matrix and
+for certain kinds of matrices this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain kinds of matrices this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain kinds of matrices this is
+really easy because all you do is tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy because all you do is tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy because all you do is tip
+along the main diagonal there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the main diagonal there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the main diagonal there are other
+matrices where you have to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices where you have to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices where you have to do a lot of
+work but whenever you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but whenever you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but whenever you're dealing with
+matrices you're not doing the work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you're not doing the work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you're not doing the work the
+computer is doing the work you teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is doing the work you teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is doing the work you teach the
+computer how to do matrix operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer how to do matrix operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer how to do matrix operations and
+even if it's a hard one computer says ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's a hard one computer says ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's a hard one computer says ok
+here it is this is what you sow ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a real symmetric matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a real symmetric matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a real symmetric matrix then
+you can say okay T transpose matrix T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay T transpose matrix T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay T transpose matrix T
+gives a one a zero zero so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a one a zero zero so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a one a zero zero so you can
+diagonalize and real symmetric matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize and real symmetric matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize and real symmetric matrix by
+this kind of a transfer transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a transfer transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a transfer transformation
+that's called an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called an orthogonal
+transformation and if it's not real then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and if it's not real then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and if it's not real then
+you use the conjugate transpose use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the conjugate transpose use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the conjugate transpose use the
+dagger and you still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and you still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and you still get the
+diagonalization now in most of the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization now in most of the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization now in most of the books
+that you'll ever look at about unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll ever look at about unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll ever look at about unitary
+transformations they actually are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations they actually are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations they actually are giving
+you what's called the orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's called the orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's called the orthogonal
+transformation and it's what works for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and it's what works for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and it's what works for a
+real matrix and I'm going to do that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix and I'm going to do that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real matrix and I'm going to do that too
+so when we have something like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we have something like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we have something like this we
+say that this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this transformation
+diagonalizes a or H or whatever and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes a or H or whatever and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes a or H or whatever and the
+word diagonalizes is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word diagonalizes is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word diagonalizes is really important
+because that's what you want because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what you want because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what you want because it
+presents all the eigenvalues remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents all the eigenvalues remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents all the eigenvalues remember
+one of the things about quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about quantum
+mechanics is you have an operator you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is you have an operator you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is you have an operator you're
+going to observe something connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to observe something connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to observe something connected
+with that operator the only things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that operator the only things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that operator the only things you
+can get are the eigenvalues so here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get are the eigenvalues so here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get are the eigenvalues so here they
+are all of them that's kind of useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the Heisenberg picture the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Heisenberg picture the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Heisenberg picture the key
+equation is the Hamiltonian as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the Hamiltonian as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the Hamiltonian as a matrix
+sum vector okay this is the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum vector okay this is the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum vector okay this is the analog of
+the Schrodinger equation but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation but it's the
+Heisenberg equations and mostly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg equations and mostly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg equations and mostly it's
+just notation and you have to get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just notation and you have to get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just notation and you have to get used
+to that so we want to find four we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so we want to find four we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so we want to find four we want
+to find the vectors that are eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the vectors that are eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the vectors that are eigen
+vectors of this Hamiltonian with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of this Hamiltonian with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of this Hamiltonian with
+eigenvalue e it's just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue e it's just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue e it's just like this
+ordinary equation except it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary equation except it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary equation except it's now
+looking for eigenvectors rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for eigenvectors rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for eigenvectors rather than
+eigenfunctions and I get energies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions and I get energies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions and I get energies okay
+now in order to solve this problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to solve this problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to solve this problem we
+exploit this kind of transformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this kind of transformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this kind of transformation and
+we insert the T dagger between H and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert the T dagger between H and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we insert the T dagger between H and C
+and that's just one so we don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just one so we don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just one so we don't even
+have to worry about the other side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the other side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about the other side okay
+we're just playing with matrices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just playing with matrices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just playing with matrices but
+they look like functions or variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like functions or variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like functions or variables
+everything is you know it's really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is you know it's really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is you know it's really neat
+how beautiful linear algebra is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how beautiful linear algebra is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how beautiful linear algebra is because
+you are now dealing with an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now dealing with an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now dealing with an infinite
+number equations at once you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equations at once you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equations at once you're dealing
+with these opera of these objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these opera of these objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these opera of these objects and
+you're using your insight from algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using your insight from algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using your insight from algebra
+as much as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as possible
+in order to figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to figure out what's going on
+it really beautiful okay and so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really beautiful okay and so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really beautiful okay and so now we
+multiply this equation on the left by T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this equation on the left by T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this equation on the left by T
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm dropping the underbars now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm dropping the underbars now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm dropping the underbars now okay
+so now what we say okay here we have H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we say okay here we have H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what we say okay here we have H
+twiddle and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle and here we have
+drivel and here we have C twiddle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivel and here we have C twiddle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivel and here we have C twiddle so
+this is now a different eigen function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a different eigen function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a different eigen function I
+can vector equation but we insisted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vector equation but we insisted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vector equation but we insisted this
+guy H swivel looks like II 1 u 2 yeah 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy H swivel looks like II 1 u 2 yeah 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy H swivel looks like II 1 u 2 yeah 0
+0 a diagonal matrix where all the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a diagonal matrix where all the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a diagonal matrix where all the eigen
+values are along the diagonal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are along the diagonal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are along the diagonal and so
+this is what we want and lo and behold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we want and lo and behold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we want and lo and behold
+this is what we need in order to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we need in order to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we need in order to say
+well yeah this thing has to be the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah this thing has to be the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah this thing has to be the eigen
+vector of this for one of the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of this for one of the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of this for one of the eigen
+values because this is an eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because this is an eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because this is an eigen value
+equation or an eigen vector equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or an eigen vector equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or an eigen vector equation so
+if we can diagonalize the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can diagonalize the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can diagonalize the Hamiltonian
+the transformation that diagonalizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation that diagonalizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation that diagonalizes the
+Hamiltonian gives you the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian gives you the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian gives you the linear
+combination of basis vectors that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of basis vectors that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of basis vectors that is the
+eigen vector and we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and we'll talk about this
+some more so for the two-level problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more so for the two-level problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more so for the two-level problem
+we want to find V Plus 0 0 and usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find V Plus 0 0 and usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find V Plus 0 0 and usually a
+plus is the higher energy eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is the higher energy eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is the higher energy eigenvalue
+than a minus always when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a minus always when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a minus always when you do this
+stuff you get eigenvalues and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you get eigenvalues and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you get eigenvalues and you get
+eigenvectors and frequently when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and frequently when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and frequently when you do
+the algebra as opposed to the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra as opposed to the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra as opposed to the computer
+doing the algebra you don't know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the algebra you don't know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the algebra you don't know that a
+particular eigen vector belongs to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen vector belongs to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen vector belongs to which
+eigen value so it's useful to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value so it's useful to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen value so it's useful to have a
+couple of things that you normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that you normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things that you normally
+insist on and so I like to label these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on and so I like to label these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist on and so I like to label these
+things by plus and minus corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by plus and minus corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by plus and minus corresponding
+to which is higher in energy and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is higher in energy and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which is higher in energy and which
+is lower you could also say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower you could also say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower you could also say well the
+plus is going to correspond to a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is going to correspond to a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is going to correspond to a plus
+linear combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations
+we're in the minor but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the minor but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the minor but that's that's
+really dangerous okay so now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous okay so now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous okay so now let's just
+play a little bit so we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little bit so we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little bit so we we have
+simplified H magically so far two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified H magically so far two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified H magically so far two
+diagonal form and so H C twiddle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal form and so H C twiddle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal form and so H C twiddle I'm
+sorry yes h c twiddle is going to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so h c plus is going to be e + 0 e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h c plus is going to be e + 0 e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so h c plus is going to be e + 0 e minus
+1 0 because that gives us e + x 1 + 0 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 because that gives us e + x 1 + 0 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 because that gives us e + x 1 + 0 x
+1 so multiplying these two think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so multiplying these two think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so multiplying these two think we have
+a column vector and that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector and that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector and that's the same
+thing as e + x 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we do the same sort of thing too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the same sort of thing too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the same sort of thing too
+instead of using c-plus where you see -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using c-plus where you see -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using c-plus where you see -
+that's a zero one and that'll give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a zero one and that'll give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a zero one and that'll give us a
+minus x 0 1 this is all just playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x 0 1 this is all just playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x 0 1 this is all just playing
+with notation and we're about to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with notation and we're about to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with notation and we're about to start
+doing some work okay so see dagger a T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some work okay so see dagger a T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some work okay so see dagger a T
+dagger times C is supposedly equal to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger times C is supposedly equal to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger times C is supposedly equal to C
+plus okay and so well we can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay and so well we can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay and so well we can write this
+formula in a schematic way and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in a schematic way and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in a schematic way and so we
+have T dagger and remember I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have T dagger and remember I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have T dagger and remember I always
+remember this because there used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this because there used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this because there used to be
+something and now I kissed a Coke and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and now I kissed a Coke and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and now I kissed a Coke and
+Pepsi called royal crown Cola and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepsi called royal crown Cola and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepsi called royal crown Cola and for
+royal crown that just reminds me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal crown that just reminds me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal crown that just reminds me that
+row first column second I don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row first column second I don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row first column second I don't believe
+that any of you may have have ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any of you may have have ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any of you may have have ever heard
+of royal crown but you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of royal crown but you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of royal crown but you know you could
+think of some other mnemonic and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of some other mnemonic and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of some other mnemonic and it's
+really important to keep the rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to keep the rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to keep the rows and
+the columns straight so we have 1 1 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns straight so we have 1 1 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns straight so we have 1 1 & 2
+dagger now what's what goes here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger now what's what goes here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger now what's what goes here this is
+in the first row second column so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first row second column so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first row second column so what
+do I put here yeah you could even say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put here yeah you could even say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I put here yeah you could even say it
+so that I okay and here we have T dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I okay and here we have T dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I okay and here we have T dagger
+2 1 and here we do okay and and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and here we do okay and and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 and here we do okay and and so now
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we multiply 1 0 that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we multiply 1 0 that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we multiply 1 0 that's what we're
+supposed to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do here
+we'll get T 1 1 plus T 1 2 times 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get T 1 1 plus T 1 2 times 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get T 1 1 plus T 1 2 times 0 right
+and then T 2 1 plus T 2 2 times 0 ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then T 2 1 plus T 2 2 times 0 ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then T 2 1 plus T 2 2 times 0 ok and
+that's simply T 1 1 dagger times 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply T 1 1 dagger times 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply T 1 1 dagger times 1 0
+plus T 2 1 dagger times 0 1 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T 2 1 dagger times 0 1 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T 2 1 dagger times 0 1 so this
+thing gives the linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gives the linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gives the linear combination of
+the basis vectors that is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors that is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis vectors that is equal to a
+particular eigen vector and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen vector and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular eigen vector and so that
+means if we can find T we can get T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if we can find T we can get T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if we can find T we can get T
+dagger and we can get T plus any - + C +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and we can get T plus any - + C +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and we can get T plus any - + C +
++ C - so we have completely solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ C - so we have completely solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ C - so we have completely solved the
+problem if we know what T is well with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if we know what T is well with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if we know what T is well with a
+two-level problem we know algebraically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem we know algebraically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem we know algebraically
+that there is such a T and that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is such a T and that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is such a T and that it's
+analytically determined there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically determined there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically determined there is another
+way of approaching this and that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of approaching this and that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of approaching this and that is to
+say the you the general orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the you the general orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the you the general orthogonal
+transformation which we'll call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which we'll call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which we'll call a
+unitary transformation but it's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary transformation but it's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary transformation but it's missing
+a little bit of stuff if it really wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of stuff if it really wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of stuff if it really wants
+to be unitary I'm going to call it so P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unitary I'm going to call it so P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unitary I'm going to call it so P
+dagger is ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is ghost
+sine theta minus sine theta cos theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta minus sine theta cos theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine theta minus sine theta cos theta so
+this is a matrix which is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix which is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a matrix which is determined by
+one thing data we want to find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing data we want to find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing data we want to find what
+theta needs to be in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta needs to be in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta needs to be in order to
+diagonalize the matrix now since we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the matrix now since we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the matrix now since we know
+we're talking about sines and cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about sines and cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about sines and cosines
+and that there is one theta we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there is one theta we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there is one theta we
+abbreviate this to CS minus SC because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate this to CS minus SC because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate this to CS minus SC because
+the algebra is heinous not as bad as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra is heinous not as bad as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra is heinous not as bad as in
+the short of your picture but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of your picture but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of your picture but it's
+terrible so you want to compress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible so you want to compress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible so you want to compress the
+symbols as much as possible okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols as much as possible okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols as much as possible okay so we
+want T dagger age T because that's H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want T dagger age T because that's H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want T dagger age T because that's H
+twiddle that's the thing we want and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle that's the thing we want and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddle that's the thing we want and we
+want T dagger HT and now since we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want T dagger HT and now since we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want T dagger HT and now since we've
+just we've expressed the T in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we've expressed the T in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we've expressed the T in this form
+we can multiply this out and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can multiply this out and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can multiply this out and so we have
+CS minus SC h delta v delta delta v v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS minus SC h delta v delta delta v v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CS minus SC h delta v delta delta v v
+minus Delta C minus s s C so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta C minus s s C so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta C minus s s C so we have
+three two by two matrices to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two by two matrices to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two by two matrices to multiply
+now that's not something you do in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not something you do in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not something you do in your
+head you could do two so you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head you could do two so you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head you could do two so you multiply
+these two and then you multiply by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and then you multiply by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and then you multiply by that
+and the result and I would be here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result and I would be here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result and I would be here for
+hours doing this and you wouldn't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours doing this and you wouldn't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours doing this and you wouldn't learn
+anything except that I'm a real klutz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except that I'm a real klutz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except that I'm a real klutz
+the result is I should write this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is I should write this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is I should write this on a
+at its own board because it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its own board because it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its own board because it's really
+important see if I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that matrix becomes a big matrix C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that matrix becomes a big matrix C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that matrix becomes a big matrix C
+squared minus s squared times Delta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus s squared times Delta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus s squared times Delta plus
+2's C times V and C squared minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's C times V and C squared minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's C times V and C squared minus s
+squared times V minus 2 C s Delta and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times V minus 2 C s Delta and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times V minus 2 C s Delta and we
+have the same thing down here C squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing down here C squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing down here C squared
+is s squared and V minus 2 C s times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s squared and V minus 2 C s times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s squared and V minus 2 C s times
+Delta and the last one is minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and the last one is minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and the last one is minus C
+squared minus s squared times Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus s squared times Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus s squared times Delta
+minus 2 C s so this is what we get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 C s so this is what we get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 C s so this is what we get when
+we take the general form for the unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the general form for the unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the general form for the unitary
+transformation and transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and transform the
+Hamiltonian with it and the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian with it and the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian with it and the first thing
+we do is we say well we want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we say well we want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we say well we want this to be
+0 if this is 0 then this is 0 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if this is 0 then this is 0 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 if this is 0 then this is 0 right so
+that would be diagonals it so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be diagonals it so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be diagonals it so that this
+turns out to be an equation that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be an equation that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be an equation that tells
+us what theta has to be okay and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what theta has to be okay and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what theta has to be okay and we also
+know from trigonometry C squared minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from trigonometry C squared minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from trigonometry C squared minus s
+squared is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I'm just uh I'm actually jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm just uh I'm actually jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm just uh I'm actually jumping
+ahead but it's just cosine 2 theta + 2 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but it's just cosine 2 theta + 2 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead but it's just cosine 2 theta + 2 s
+C is sine 2 theta so we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is sine 2 theta so we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is sine 2 theta so we're going to get
+a simplification based on this but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simplification based on this but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simplification based on this but now
+let's just say we want this to be 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say we want this to be 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say we want this to be 0 so
+that means that C squared is s squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that C squared is s squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that C squared is s squared
+times V has to be equal to 2 C s times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V has to be equal to 2 C s times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V has to be equal to 2 C s times
+Delta R which way am I going to see s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R which way am I going to see s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R which way am I going to see s
+over C squared times s squared is V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C squared times s squared is V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C squared times s squared is V over
+Delta well that's that looks pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta well that's that looks pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta well that's that looks pretty good
+especially because this is cosine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because this is cosine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because this is cosine this
+is sine 2 theta and this is cosine 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sine 2 theta and this is cosine 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sine 2 theta and this is cosine 2
+theta which is this is 10 this so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is this is 10 this so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is this is 10 this so now we
+have a simple equation we have the theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple equation we have the theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple equation we have the theta
+and we have the VD the VI over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I can cover this video so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can cover this video so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can cover this video so we can
+take this equation and solve it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this equation and solve it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this equation and solve it and we
+have that that theta is equal to 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that that theta is equal to 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that that theta is equal to 1/2
+inverse tangent o V over Delta there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse tangent o V over Delta there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse tangent o V over Delta there it
+is that's that's an analytic result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's that's an analytic result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's that's an analytic result so
+for any value of V over Delta we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any value of V over Delta we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any value of V over Delta we know
+what that is that's not a it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is that's not a it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is that's not a it's not an
+iterative solution that is a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative solution that is a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative solution that is a you know
+that's the complete analytical result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the complete analytical result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the complete analytical result
+and that's fantastic and it says just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fantastic and it says just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fantastic and it says just
+like with the quadratic formula which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the quadratic formula which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the quadratic formula which we
+used to look at the original Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to look at the original Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to look at the original Hamiltonian
+at the eigen values of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the eigen values of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the eigen values of the original
+Hamilton well yeah it says no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton well yeah it says no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamilton well yeah it says no matter
+what there is a solution and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there is a solution and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there is a solution and you can
+express the solution as some products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the solution as some products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the solution as some products
+some combination of V and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so when you do that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when you do that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so when you do that you get
+that the energy levels our Y bar plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy levels our Y bar plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy levels our Y bar plus or
+minus Delta x goes to theta plus V times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta x goes to theta plus V times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta x goes to theta plus V times
+sine 2 theta and there's no square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2 theta and there's no square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2 theta and there's no square root
+here why do you know that well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why do you know that well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why do you know that well this is
+dimensionless this has the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless this has the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless this has the units of
+energy and so you know square roots keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so you know square roots keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so you know square roots keep
+coming and popping up but you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and popping up but you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and popping up but you don't want
+to put one here because that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put one here because that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put one here because that would be
+wrong okay I mean even if you didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay I mean even if you didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay I mean even if you didn't do
+the derivation if you saw a square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation if you saw a square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation if you saw a square root
+here you know somebody is just writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know somebody is just writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know somebody is just writing
+down things from memory or copying badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down things from memory or copying badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down things from memory or copying badly
+and making corrections and so and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making corrections and so and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making corrections and so and that
+leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to
+a plus minus is equal to E bar plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus minus is equal to E bar plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus minus is equal to E bar plus or
+minus Delta squared plus b squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta squared plus b squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta squared plus b squared and
+there is a square root there this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a square root there this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a square root there this is
+what we read arrived via the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we read arrived via the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we read arrived via the quadratic
+formula we knew this and it came out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we knew this and it came out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we knew this and it came out to
+be the same it well stood it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same it well stood it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same it well stood it better
+enough and we can also determine what T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and we can also determine what T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and we can also determine what T
+is and I'm not gonna write it it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm not gonna write it it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'm not gonna write it it's in
+the notes it's a lot of symbols and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes it's a lot of symbols and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes it's a lot of symbols and but
+it's it's something this it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something this it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's something this it's so
+compressed they that you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed they that you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed they that you can you can
+guess the form and so you should look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the form and so you should look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the form and so you should look at
+that and we derived the eigenvector are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we derived the eigenvector are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we derived the eigenvector are
+the eigenfunctions of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenfunctions of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenfunctions of the hamiltonian
+and they are exactly the same as what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are exactly the same as what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are exactly the same as what we
+get here okay and remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here okay and remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here okay and remember that the
+column of t dagger or of t transpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eigen vector and sometimes we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and sometimes we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector and sometimes we want to
+know those eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah doing okay well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah doing okay well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah doing okay well what
+happens what happens if we go beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what happens if we go beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens what happens if we go beyond the
+two-level problem well you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem well you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-level problem well you know from
+algebra that there is no general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that there is no general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that there is no general
+solution to a cubic equation there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a cubic equation there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a cubic equation there so
+there are so limited range over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so limited range over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so limited range over which
+there is a analytic solution but mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a analytic solution but mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a analytic solution but mostly
+you don't use a cubic formula to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use a cubic formula to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't use a cubic formula to solve
+the cubic equation you do some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic equation you do some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic equation you do some kind of
+iteration so for the number of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration so for the number of levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration so for the number of levels
+greater than two we know we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two we know we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two we know we're going to
+have a problem because just approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem because just approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem because just approaching
+it by transformation theory or linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by transformation theory or linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by transformation theory or linear
+algebra as opposed to the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra as opposed to the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra as opposed to the Schrodinger
+picture if you can't get a solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if you can't get a solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture if you can't get a solution in
+one picture which requires solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picture which requires solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picture which requires solving a
+algebraic equation you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation you're not going to
+get it by playing with these unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it by playing with these unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it by playing with these unitary
+matrices so we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so we're going to be
+approaching a problem where we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching a problem where we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching a problem where we have to
+find the eigenvalues and the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenvalues and the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigenvalues and the elements of
+the transformation matrix in some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation matrix in some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation matrix in some sort
+of computer-based way we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer-based way we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer-based way we're not going to
+do it we would be nuts even to for a 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it we would be nuts even to for a 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it we would be nuts even to for a 3x3
+although I will give you an exam problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I will give you an exam problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I will give you an exam problem
+which will be a 3x3 and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a 3x3 and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a 3x3 and you're going to
+use perturbation theory to solve it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use perturbation theory to solve it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use perturbation theory to solve it I
+haven't told you about perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you about perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you about perturbation
+theory that's going to be next week but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that's going to be next week but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that's going to be next week but
+we're leading up to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but now the point is we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now the point is we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now the point is we have the
+machinery in place we have exactly solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery in place we have exactly solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery in place we have exactly solve
+problems problems and we have the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems problems and we have the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems problems and we have the key
+parameters for exactly solves problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for exactly solves problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for exactly solves problems
+so the structural so for the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the structural so for the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the structural so for the harmonic
+oscillator we have the force constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator we have the force constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator we have the force constant
+and the reduced mass for the particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reduced mass for the particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reduced mass for the particle in
+a box we have the bottom of the box v-0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box we have the bottom of the box v-0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box we have the bottom of the box v-0
+and we have the width of the box for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the width of the box for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the width of the box for the
+rigid rotor we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid rotor we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid rotor we're going to have the
+reduced mass and we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced mass and we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced mass and we're going to have the
+inter nuclear distance there's things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear distance there's things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter nuclear distance there's things
+that determine all of the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine all of the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine all of the energy levels
+for exact solve problems and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exact solve problems and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exact solve problems and they are
+basically the things that appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the things that appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the things that appear in the
+Hamiltonian and there's we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and there's we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and there's we call them
+structural parameters and we have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural parameters and we have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural parameters and we have energy
+levels and often these are some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and often these are some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and often these are some function
+of a polynomial this is what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polynomial this is what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polynomial this is what we can
+observe we observe the energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we observe the energy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe we observe the energy levels and
+we represent them by some formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent them by some formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent them by some formula and
+the coefficients of the quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of the quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of the quantum numbers
+relate to these things that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to these things that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to these things that we really
+want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so
+when you're not dealing with an exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not dealing with an exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're not dealing with an exactly
+solved problem like instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem like instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem like instead of having a
+home a casa later you have a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home a casa later you have a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home a casa later you have a harmonic
+oscillator with something at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator with something at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator with something at the bottom
+or you have a particle a box with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have a particle a box with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have a particle a box with a
+slant bottom or you have a rigid rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slant bottom or you have a rigid rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slant bottom or you have a rigid rotor
+where it's not rigid you have additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not rigid you have additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not rigid you have additional
+terms in the Hamiltonian and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the Hamiltonian and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the Hamiltonian and they are
+going to we are going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we are going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we are going to use
+perturbation theory to relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory to relate the
+numerical values of the things we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values of the things we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical values of the things we want
+to know to the things we can observe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to the things we can observe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to the things we can observe and
+perturbation theory gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory gives us the
+formulas of the quantum numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas of the quantum numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas of the quantum numbers and
+extent and tells us the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and tells us the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and tells us the explicit
+relationships of the coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships of the coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships of the coefficients of
+each term and the quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term and the quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each term and the quantum number
+expression to the things we want this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to the things we want this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to the things we want this is
+how we learn everything when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn everything when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn everything when we do
+spectroscopy we measure these energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy we measure these energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy we measure these energy
+levels and these energy levels encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and these energy levels encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and these energy levels encode
+all of the structure and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the structure and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the structure and all of the
+dynamics it's really neat okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics it's really neat okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics it's really neat okay now the
+last thing I want to do I have time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I want to do I have time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I want to do I have time yeah
+baby okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember when we do time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we do time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we do time-dependent
+quantum mechanics with the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics with the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics with the time
+independent Hamiltonian so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Hamiltonian so we want to
+have this I of X and T and usually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this I of X and T and usually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this I of X and T and usually we're
+given sy of XT equal zero we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sy of XT equal zero we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given sy of XT equal zero we're given
+the luck the initial state and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luck the initial state and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luck the initial state and that
+initial state if this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state if this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state if this is an interesting
+problem is not an eigen state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not an eigen state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not an eigen state of the
+Hamiltonian it's a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it's a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it's a linear combination of
+eigenstates of the Avett Hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of the Avett Hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of the Avett Hamiltonian and
+the kinds of plucks we almost always use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of plucks we almost always use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of plucks we almost always use
+to test our insight or actually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test our insight or actually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test our insight or actually because
+they're feasible experimentally is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're feasible experimentally is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're feasible experimentally is the
+initial state is one of the eigen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state is one of the eigen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state is one of the eigen states
+of an exactly solve problem it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exactly solve problem it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an exactly solve problem it's some
+special combination of easy stuff and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special combination of easy stuff and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special combination of easy stuff and we
+need to know how the coefficient of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how the coefficient of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how the coefficient of this
+thing how that is expressed as some J 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how that is expressed as some J 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how that is expressed as some J 1
+to n of CJ Phi J because if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n of CJ Phi J because if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n of CJ Phi J because if we can
+express the zero order stay the T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the zero order stay the T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the zero order stay the T equals
+0 pluck as a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 pluck as a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 pluck as a linear combination of the
+eigen States then it's just a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen States then it's just a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen States then it's just a matter of
+mindless manipulation because we have CJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindless manipulation because we have CJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindless manipulation because we have CJ
+e to the minus I ETA T over H bar J bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I ETA T over H bar J bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I ETA T over H bar J bang
+it's done so what we want to know is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done so what we want to know is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done so what we want to know is how
+to go from a not eigenstate to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a not eigenstate to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a not eigenstate to an
+eigenstate and lo and behold that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate and lo and behold that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate and lo and behold that's just
+the inverse of the transformation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the transformation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse of the transformation so
+what we want to know is ok since I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is ok since I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is ok since I don't
+have time to tell us we spell it out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to tell us we spell it out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to tell us we spell it out for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+we have T dagger which relates the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have T dagger which relates the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have T dagger which relates the zero
+order states to the eigenstates we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order states to the eigenstates we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order states to the eigenstates we want
+to go in the opposite direction we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in the opposite direction we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in the opposite direction we want
+the inverse transformation so we want T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transformation so we want T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transformation so we want T
+or we want to take instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we want to take instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we want to take instead of the
+columns of T dagger we take the rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of T dagger we take the rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of T dagger we take the rows and
+so if you have a machine or a brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a machine or a brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a machine or a brain and
+I'm not doubting this that enables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doubting this that enables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not doubting this that enables you
+to write down all of the elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down all of the elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down all of the elements in the
+T dagger matrix you could our arm to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T dagger matrix you could our arm to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T dagger matrix you could our arm to go
+both from zero order states to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from zero order states to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from zero order states to
+eigenstates and from plucks to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and from plucks to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and from plucks to time
+evolving wave packets it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving wave packets it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving wave packets it's really
+beautiful and simple and normally when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and simple and normally when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and simple and normally when
+it's presented these are presented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's presented these are presented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's presented these are presented as
+separate project problems and the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate project problems and the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate project problems and the whole
+point is you've got a unified picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you've got a unified picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is you've got a unified picture
+they've been able do to go get whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been able do to go get whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been able do to go get whatever
+you need in a simple way as long as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in a simple way as long as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in a simple way as long as a
+computer is able to diagonalize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is able to diagonalize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is able to diagonalize your
+critical matrices well I don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical matrices well I don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical matrices well I don't have time
+to talk about this in any detail but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in any detail but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about this in any detail but if
+we look at the eigen functions or eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the eigen functions or eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the eigen functions or eigen
+vectors for the two-level problem and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for the two-level problem and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for the two-level problem and we
+do power series expansions in theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do power series expansions in theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do power series expansions in theta
+which theta is V over D theta is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theta is V over D theta is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theta is V over D theta is also
+called the mixing angle we discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mixing angle we discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mixing angle we discover that
+we have some some formulas which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some some formulas which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some some formulas which says
+that the energy levels let's say the jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy levels let's say the jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy levels let's say the jet
+energy level is equal to V bar plus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level is equal to V bar plus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level is equal to V bar plus now
+I'm doing this and I have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this and I have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this and I have to somehow
+grab something from in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a sum of okay not equal to J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sum of okay not equal to J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sum of okay not equal to J of
+V of H this is a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of H this is a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V of H this is a formula for the
+correction of the energy my second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction of the energy my second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction of the energy my second order
+perturbation theory and we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory and we can also
+write the formula for the corrected wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula for the corrected wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the formula for the corrected wave
+function and we get the bite doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we get the bite doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we get the bite doing a
+power series expansion in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series expansion in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series expansion in terms of
+powers of V over D or of theta we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of V over D or of theta we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of V over D or of theta we we
+find what the structure has to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the structure has to be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find what the structure has to be for
+the solutions to the general problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the general problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to the general problem
+when n is not 2 and will I will develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is not 2 and will I will develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is not 2 and will I will develop
+the formal theory for non degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal theory for non degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal theory for non degenerate
+perturbation theory in Monday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory in Monday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory in Monday's lecture
+and that's really empowering it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really empowering it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really empowering it's really
+ugly but it's it's it gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly but it's it's it gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly but it's it's it gives you the
+answer is to essentially every problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is to essentially every problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is to essentially every problem
+you'll ever face in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever face in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll ever face in quantum mechanics
+kinda nice okay have a nice weekend
\ No newline at end of file